text: There is much debate on whether Polylepis was forced to exhibit such extreme elevation habitats due to habitat destruction by human interference. Physiological tolerances for growth at these elevations are subject to considerable debate among scientists, but evidence indicates that even before severe decimation by man, high elevation trees were limited in their distribution by the presence of specialized microhabitats. Due to the harsh environment in which many species of Polylepis grow the growth of the tree's stems and branches are generally contorted. This abnormal growth is often associated with windy, cold or arid habitats. The climate of the South American Andes changes drastically throughout the region creating lots of microhabitats. Overall, the climate consists of short southern summers when temperatures are warm and rainfall is high and long winters when temperatures are low and rainfall is limited. The temperature and amount of rainfall also depend on which side of the mountain (eastern or western side), elevation and latitude.

text: There is much debate on whether Polylepis was forced to exhibit such extreme elevation habitats due to habitat destruction by human interference. Physiological tolerances for growth at these elevations are subject to considerable debate among scientists, but evidence indicates that even before severe decimation by man, high elevation trees were limited in their distribution by the presence of specialized microhabitats. Due to the harsh environment in which many species of Polylepis grow the growth of the tree's stems and branches are generally contorted. This abnormal growth is often associated with windy, cold or arid habitats. The climate of the South American Andes changes drastically throughout the region creating lots of microhabitats. Overall, the climate consists of short southern summers when temperatures are warm and rainfall is high and long winters when temperatures are low and rainfall is limited. The temperature and amount of rainfall also depend on which side of the mountain (eastern or western side), elevation and latitude.

method: Bert-DRMMTKS

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: southern

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: short southern summers

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: The climate of the South American Andes changes drastically throughout the region

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: short southern summers when temperatures are warm

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: long winters when temperatures are low and rainfall is limited

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: unanswerable

answer_match: Using FLAN-T5-Large with this prompt: For the question "{question}" the correct answer is "{correct_answer}". Is "{answer}" an equally correct response to this question? Answer yes or no.

orig_prompt_class: QuestionPromptWithChoices

prompt_style: context: question:

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: southern

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: long winters

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: long winters

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: South American Andes

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: South American Andes

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: high

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: rainfall is high

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: South American Andes

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: South American Andes

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: South American Andes

text: Daly argued that observed warming in the years leading up 2003 could be explained by the combination of a maximum in the sunspot cycle and two successive severe El Nino climatic cycles. As a result, he predicted

text: Daly argued that observed warming in the years leading up 2003 could be explained by the combination of a maximum in the

entity_name: Solar cycle

text: sunspot cycle

text: and two successive severe

entity_name: El Niño

text: El Nino

text: climatic cycles. As a result, he predicted

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: 2003

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Daly argued that observed warming

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Daly

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: global warming

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: two successive severe El Nino

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: a maximum in the sunspot cycle and two successive severe El Nino

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: two successive severe El Nino climatic cycles.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: two successive severe El Nino climatic cycles.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: warming

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: two successive severe El Nino

text: This resting potential undergoes rhythmic oscillations, which have been termed slow waves, and reflect intrinsic activity of slow wave potentials. These slow waves are caused by changes in the distribution of Ca, Na, K and Cl ions between the intracellular and extracellular spaces, which, in turn, reflects the permeability of the plasma membrane to each of those ions. K is the major ion responsible for such changes in ion flux, reflecting  changes in various K channels.

text: This resting potential undergoes rhythmic oscillations, which have been termed slow waves, and reflect intrinsic activity of

entity_name: Slow-wave potential

text: slow wave potential

text: s. These slow waves are caused by changes in the distribution of

entity_name: Calcium

text: Ca

text: , Na, K and

entity_name: Chloride

text: Cl

text: ions between the intracellular and extracellular spaces, which, in turn, reflects the permeability of the plasma membrane to each of those ions. K is the major ion responsible for such changes in

entity_name: Flux

entity_section: Biology

text: ion flux

text: , reflecting  changes in various K channels.

method: Bert-ConvKNRM

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: equator

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: el nio events

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: slow waves

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: slow wave potentials undergoes rhythmic oscillations

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: slow waves

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Na, K and Cl ions between the intracellular and extracellular spaces,

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: This resting potential undergoes rhythmic oscillations,

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: This resting potential undergoes rhythmic oscillations,

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: slow waves, and reflect intrinsic activity of slow wave potentials.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: rhythmic oscillations,

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: This resting potential undergoes rhythmic oscillations,

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: resting potential undergoes rhythmic oscillations,

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: resting potential undergoes rhythmic oscillations,

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: slow waves,

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: slow waves, and reflect intrinsic activity of slow wave potentials.

text: The Köppen climate classification is based on the empirical relationship between climate and vegetation. This classification provides an efficient way to describe climatic conditions defined by temperature and precipitation and their seasonality with a single metric. Because climatic conditions identified by the Köppen classification are ecologically relevant, it has been widely used to map geographic distribution of long term climate and associated ecosystem conditions.

text: The Köppen climate classification is based on the empirical relationship between climate and vegetation. This classification provides an efficient way to describe climatic conditions defined by temperature and precipitation and their seasonality with a single metric. Because climatic conditions identified by the Köppen classification are ecologically relevant, it has been widely used to map geographic distribution of long term climate and associated ecosystem conditions.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: equator

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: temperature and precipitation

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: The Köppen climate classification is based on the empirical relationship between climate and vegetation

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Köppen climate classification

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Köppen climate classification is based on the empirical relationship between climate and vegetation

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: tropical storms

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Köppen

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: The Köppen climate classification

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: temperature and precipitation

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: The Köppen climate classification

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: The Köppen climate classification

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: The Köppen climate classification

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: The Köppen climate classification

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: temperature and precipitation

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: The Köppen climate classification

text: is the evolved form of Cherubi. During normal weather conditions, it appears as two crossing purple petals with a short purple stem, a green leafy sepal covering, and two deep pink feet. Similar to Castform and unlike Cherubi, however, Cherrim's appearance changes to the cherry blossom form during sunny conditions. Though the bud form is quite docile, the flower form is much more cheerful.

text: is the evolved form of

entity_name: List of Pokémon (387–440)

entity_section: Cherubi

text: Cherubi

text: . During normal weather conditions, it appears as two crossing purple petals with a short purple stem, a green leafy sepal covering, and two deep pink feet. Similar to

entity_name: List of Pokémon (320–386)

entity_section: Castform

text: Castform

text: and unlike Cherubi, however, Cherrim's appearance changes to the

entity_name: Cherry blossom

text: cherry blossom

text: form during sunny conditions. Though the bud form is quite docile, the flower form is much more cheerful.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: south

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: two crossing purple petals

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Cherrim's appearance changes to the cherry blossom form

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: normal weather conditions

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Cherrim's

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Cherrim's

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: During normal weather conditions, it appears as two crossing purple petals

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Cherrim's

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Cherrim's

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Cherrim's

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Cherrim's appearance changes to the cherry blossom form during sunny conditions.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Cherrim's appearance changes to the cherry blossom form during sunny conditions.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: is the evolved form of Cherubi.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Cherubi.

text: The normalization condition which determines

text: The normalization condition which determines

method: dangnt-nlp

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: equator

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: normal

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: climate is normal

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: climate normalization

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: The normalization condition which determines

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: normalization condition

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: normalization condition determines

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: la nia is a normalization condition

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: tropical depression

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: oscillation

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: The normalization condition

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: The normalization condition

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: The normalization condition

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: The normalization condition

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: The normalization condition

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: The normalization condition

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: The normalization condition

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: The normalization condition

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: The normalization condition

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: The normalization condition

text: Though Nino is affectionate toward his undersized and precocious brother, his actions to him are not protective. He promises to visit frequently to bring money and toys while the family is starving physically and emotionally, but rarely does. During one of his infrequent visits, he takes him to his guerrilla camp for the day, where in the course of a few hours, the three-year-old Useppe watches Nino have sex with his girlfriend, participate in a raid that kills three German soldiers, and rides home on a pack mule that is also carrying a hidden cache of grenades. With the retreat of the Nazis in late 1944 and the arrival of American forces, the narrative shifts from emphasizing the physical dangers of war to the psychological dangers of the post-war period, as the characters are exposed to increasingly horrifying images and stories of atrocities in the papers, and half-Jewish Ida is nearly paralyzed by racial paranoia and survivor's guilt. Nino continues to violently oppose the new governments, and is eventually killed fleeing the police while smuggling illegal guns into the country.

text: Though Nino is affectionate toward his undersized and precocious brother, his actions to him are not protective. He promises to visit frequently to bring money and toys while the family is starving physically and emotionally, but rarely does. During one of his infrequent visits, he takes him to his guerrilla camp for the day, where in the course of a few hours, the three-year-old Useppe watches Nino have sex with his girlfriend, participate in a raid that kills three German soldiers, and rides home on a pack mule that is also carrying a hidden cache of grenades. With the retreat of the Nazis in late 1944 and the arrival of American forces, the narrative shifts from emphasizing the physical dangers of war to the psychological dangers of the post-war period, as the characters are exposed to increasingly horrifying images and stories of atrocities in the papers, and half-Jewish Ida is nearly paralyzed by racial paranoia and survivor's guilt. Nino continues to violently oppose the new governments, and is eventually killed fleeing the police while smuggling illegal guns into the country.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: American forces

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: during one of his infrequent visits, he takes him to his guerrilla camp for the day

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Nino continues to violently oppose the new governments

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: the family is starving physically and emotionally

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: 1944

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: 1944

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: 1944

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: 1944

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Nino have sex with his girlfriend,

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: 1944

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Nino continues to violently oppose the new governments,

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Nino continues to violently oppose the new governments,

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: three German soldiers,

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Nino is affectionate toward his undersized and precocious brother,

text: The Middle East served as the source for many animals that could be domesticated, such as sheep, goats and pigs. This area was also the first region to domesticate the dromedary camel. Henri Fleisch discovered and termed the Shepherd Neolithic flint industry from the Bekaa Valley in Lebanon and suggested that it could have been used by the earliest nomadic shepherds. He dated this industry to the Epipaleolithic or Pre-Pottery Neolithic as it is evidently not Paleolithic, Mesolithic or even Pottery Neolithic. The presence of these animals gave the region a large advantage in cultural and economic development. As the climate in the Middle East changed and became drier, many of the farmers were forced to leave, taking their domesticated animals with them. It was this massive emigration from the Middle East that would later help distribute these animals to the rest of Afroeurasia. This emigration was mainly on an east-west axis of similar climates, as crops usually have a narrow optimal climatic range outside of which they cannot grow for reasons of light or rain changes. For instance, wheat does not normally grow in tropical climates, just like tropical crops such as bananas do not grow in colder climates. Some authors, like Jared Diamond, have postulated that this East-West axis is the main reason why plant and animal domestication spread so quickly from the Fertile Crescent to the rest of Eurasia and North Africa, while it did not reach through the North-South axis of Africa to reach the Mediterranean climates of South Africa, where temperate crops were successfully imported by ships in the last 500 years. Similarly, the African Zebu of central Africa and the domesticated bovines of the fertile-crescent — separated by the dry sahara desert — were not introduced into each other's region.

text: The Middle East served as the source for many animals that could be domesticated, such as sheep, goats and pigs. This area was also the first region to

entity_name: Domestication

text: domesticate

text: the

entity_name: Dromedary

text: dromedary

text: camel.

entity_name: Henri Fleisch

text: Henri Fleisch

text: discovered and termed the

entity_name: Shepherd Neolithic

text: Shepherd Neolithic

entity_name: Flint

text: flint

text: industry from the

entity_name: Beqaa Valley

text: Bekaa Valley

text: in

entity_name: Lebanon

text: Lebanon

text: and suggested that it could have been used by the earliest

entity_name: Nomad

text: nomad

text: ic

entity_name: Shepherd

text: shepherd

text: s. He dated this industry to the

entity_name: Epipaleolithic

text: Epipaleolithic

text: or

entity_name: Pre-Pottery Neolithic

text: Pre-Pottery Neolithic

text: as it is evidently not

entity_name: Paleolithic

text: Paleolithic

entity_name: Mesolithic

text: Mesolithic

text: or even

entity_name: Pottery

text: Pottery

entity_name: Neolithic

text: Neolithic

text: . The presence of these animals gave the region a large advantage in cultural and economic development. As the climate in the Middle East changed and became drier, many of the farmers were forced to leave, taking their domesticated animals with them. It was this massive emigration from the Middle East that would later help distribute these animals to the rest of

entity_name: Afro-Eurasia

text: Afroeurasia

text: . This emigration was mainly on an east-west axis of similar climates, as crops usually have a narrow optimal climatic range outside of which they cannot grow for reasons of light or rain changes. For instance, wheat does not normally grow in tropical climates, just like tropical crops such as bananas do not grow in colder climates. Some authors, like

entity_name: Jared Diamond

text: Jared Diamond

text: , have postulated that this East-West axis is the main reason why plant and animal domestication spread so quickly from the

entity_name: Fertile Crescent

text: Fertile Crescent

text: to the rest of Eurasia and North Africa, while it did not reach through the North-South axis of

entity_name: Africa

text: Africa

text: to reach the Mediterranean climates of

entity_name: South Africa

text: South Africa

text: , where temperate crops were successfully imported by ships in the last 500 years. Similarly, the African

entity_name: Zebu

text: Zebu

text: of central Africa and the domesticated bovines of the fertile-crescent — separated by the dry sahara desert — were not introduced into each other's region.

method: ICT-DRMMTKS

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Middle East

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: the presence of these animals gave the region a large advantage in cultural and economic development

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: East-West

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: east-west axis of similar climates,

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: wheat does not normally grow in tropical climates,

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: East-West axis

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: wheat does not normally grow in tropical climates,

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: wheat does not normally grow in tropical climates,

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: wheat does not normally grow in tropical climates,

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: wheat does not normally grow in tropical climates,

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: s of similar climates,

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: mainly on an east-west axis of similar climates,

text: Sydney experiences an urban heat island effect, making certain parts of the city more vulnerable to extreme heat, particularly the west. Efforts have been introduced to investigate and mitigate this heat effect, including increasing shade from tree canopies, adding rooftop gardens to high rise structures and changing pavement colour. The El Niño Southern Oscillation plays an important role in determining Sydney's weather patterns: drought and bushfire on the one hand, and storms and flooding on the other. Sydney is prone to heat waves and drought, which have become more common in recent years.

text: Sydney experiences an

entity_name: Urban heat island

text: urban heat island

text: effect, making certain parts of the city more vulnerable to extreme heat, particularly the west. Efforts have been introduced to investigate and mitigate this heat effect, including increasing shade from tree canopies, adding

entity_name: Roof garden

text: rooftop gardens

text: to high rise structures and changing pavement colour. The

text: El Niño

entity_name: El Niño–Southern Oscillation

entity_section: Southern Oscillation

text: Southern Oscillation

text: plays an important role in determining Sydney's weather patterns: drought and

entity_name: Bushfires in Australia

text: bushfire

text: on the one hand, and storms and flooding on the other. Sydney is prone to

entity_name: Heat wave

text: heat wave

text: s and

entity_name: Drought in Australia

text: drought

text: , which have become more common in recent years.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Sydney

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Sydney experiences an urban heat island effect

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Sydney experiences an urban heat island effect

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: El Ni<unk>o Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: The El Ni<unk>o Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Ni<unk>o Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: El Ni<unk>o Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: The El Ni<unk>o Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: El Ni<unk>o Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: drought and bushfire on the one hand, and storms and flooding

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: The El Ni<unk>o Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: storms and flooding

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: The El Ni<unk>o Southern Oscillation

text: Some ornaments represent long-term or short-term changes in overall condition. Elegant plumes in a bird or antlers in a deer grown once a year could signal the overall condition of an animal during the long period of growth; this is thus an example of a long-term change. Secondary characters like the inflatable bare patches of skin on a grouse species or the colorful patches of skin in a primate species could represent short-term changes.

text: Some ornaments represent long-term or short-term changes in overall condition. Elegant plumes in a bird or

entity_name: Antler

text: antlers

text: in a deer grown once a year could signal the overall condition of an animal during the long period of growth; this is thus an example of a long-term change. Secondary characters like the inflatable bare patches of skin on a

entity_name: Grouse

text: grouse

text: species or the colorful patches of skin in a

entity_name: Primate

text: primate

text: species could represent short-term changes.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: south

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: long-term

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: long-term change

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: short-term changes

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: long-term

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: grouse species could represent short-term changes

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: long-term change

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: grouse species

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: short-term changes.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: once a year

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: long-term or short-term changes in overall condition.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Some ornaments represent long-term or short-term changes in overall condition.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Some ornaments represent long-term or short-term changes in overall condition.

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: long period of growth;

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: long period of growth;

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: long-term or short-term changes in overall condition.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Some ornaments represent long-term or short-term changes in overall condition.

text: 10:10 was established by the team that produced climate change docudrama The Age of Stupid, and originally focused on helping people and organisations reduce their carbon emissions by 10% in 2010. By uniting people around a simple short term target, 10:10 aimed to demonstrate public commitment to action on climate change, and build pressure for a strong global treaty at the 2009 UN Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen.

text: 10:10 was established by the team that produced climate change

entity_name: Docudrama

text: docudrama

text: The Age of Stupid

text: , and originally focused on helping people and organisations reduce their carbon emissions by 10% in 2010. By uniting people around a simple short term target, 10:10 aimed to demonstrate public commitment to action on climate change, and build pressure for a strong global treaty at the

entity_name: 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference

text: 2009 UN Climate Change Conference

text: in Copenhagen.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Copenhagen

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: 10:10

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: 10:10 was established

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: 10:10 was established

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Copenhagen.

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: 10:10

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: 10% in 2010.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: 2009 UN Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: 10:10

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: 10:10

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: 10:10

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: 10:10

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: climate change,

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: 10:10

text: The economic success of authoritarian regimes, mainly in Asia, suggests that (at least in the short term) economic growth is independent from the democratisation of political institutions. However, economic development favours the development of democratic institutions—but only if economic growth leads to substantial changes in cultural and social structures. (R. Inglehart, "La società postmoderna").The "World Values Survey", which captures political values in 43 countries, shows that no country with a per capita income below the poverty line has democratic or free institutions. Almost the totality of nations with high per capita income are classified as democratic.

text: The economic success of authoritarian regimes, mainly in Asia, suggests that (at least in the short term) economic growth is independent from the democratisation of political institutions. However, economic development favours the development of democratic institutions—but only if economic growth leads to substantial changes in cultural and social structures. (

text: R. Inglehart

text: , "La società postmoderna").The "

text: World Values Survey

text: ", which captures political values in 43 countries, shows that no country with a per capita income below the poverty line has democratic or free institutions. Almost the totality of nations with high per capita income are classified as democratic.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Asia

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: economic growth is independent from the democratisation of political institutions

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: economic growth is independent from the democratisation of political institutions

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Asia,

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: economic growth is independent from the democratisation of political institutions.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: economic growth

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: The economic success of authoritarian regimes, mainly in Asia,

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: The economic success of authoritarian regimes,

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: The economic success of authoritarian regimes,

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: The economic success of authoritarian regimes,

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: economic growth is independent from the democratisation of political institutions.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: Asia,

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: economic growth is independent from the democratisation of political institutions.

text: El Nino can lead to drastic, though temporary, changes in the environment such as temperature fluctuations and flash floods. In addition, with global warming, there has been a marked trend towards more variable and anomalous weather. This has led to an increase in the number and severity of extreme weather events. This trend towards more variability and fluctuation is perhaps more important, in terms of its impact on human health, than that of a gradual and long-term trend towards higher average temperature. Infectious disease often accompanies extreme weather events, such as floods, earthquakes and drought.  These local epidemics occur due to loss of infrastructure, such as hospitals and sanitation services, but also because of changes in local ecology and environment. For example, malaria outbreaks have been strongly associated with the El Nino cycles of a number of countries (India and Venezuela, for example).

text: El Nino

text: can lead to drastic, though temporary, changes in the environment such as temperature fluctuations and

text: flash flood

text: s. In addition, with global warming, there has been a marked trend towards more variable and anomalous weather. This has led to an increase in the number and severity of extreme weather events. This trend towards more variability and fluctuation is perhaps more important, in terms of its impact on human health, than that of a gradual and long-term trend towards higher average temperature. Infectious disease often accompanies

text: extreme weather

text: events, such as floods, earthquakes and drought.  These local epidemics occur due to loss of infrastructure, such as hospitals and sanitation services, but also because of changes in local ecology and environment. For example, malaria outbreaks have been strongly associated with the El Nino cycles of a number of countries (India and Venezuela, for example).

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: drought

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: extreme weather events

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: flash floods

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: temperature fluctuations and flash floods

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: temperature fluctuations and flash floods

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: temperature fluctuations and flash floods.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: temperature fluctuations and flash floods.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: temperature fluctuations and flash floods.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: temperature fluctuations and flash floods.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: El Nino

text: An example of climate-forcing anomalies might be used to describe the events of 1998 to 2002, a strong El-Nino/La Nina cycle. The onset of the cycle can be influenced by global warming, which facilitated a larger increase of warm water in the tropics, rapidly enough that the thermocline was tolerant. A thermocline is a sharp temperature drop at depth; it varies during the year, with location, and over long periods of time. As the thermocline depth increases El-Nino events are more likely; however, during the peak of the event energy is dissipated and the thermocline decreases depth, possibly to below normal levels so the a strong La-Nina event can results. The world's oceans, particularly the depths of the Atlantic, are believed to be a sink for  that is adsorbed at the polar regions, as this builds into the Pacific the upwelling and warming of water can bring -rich waters trapped in the cold pressurized bottom layers to the surface. Local increases of  occur which allow more heat trapping; the La-Nina may be mild or aborted early in the process. However, if the return of the thermocline has enough momentum it could propel a strong La-Nina event that last for a few years. However, rapid cooling in the Arctic can allow for more  trapping and offset release of  during La-Nina in a specific area. The Pacific Decadal Anomaly (PDA See image) may influence the source, direction or momentum of rise of the cold water component of the thermocline. The extent and duration of the PDA are yet unpredictable, and its modulating effects on El-Nino/La-Nina patterns can only be speculated. These unknowns affect the ability for climate modelers to predict and indicate climate-forcing models need to accurate a wider sampling of data to be predictive.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Pacific

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: A thermocline is a sharp temperature drop at depth;

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Are El-Nino events more likely

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: La Nina patterns can only be speculated

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: rapid cooling in the Arctic can allow for more trapping

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Arctic

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: heat trapping;

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: rapid cooling in the Arctic

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: La-Nina

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El-Nino events are more likely;

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: rapid cooling

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: a strong El-Nino/La Nina cycle.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: rapid cooling in the Arctic can allow for more trapping and offset release

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: heat trapping;

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: El-Nino/La Nina cycle.

text: El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is an irregularly periodical variation in winds and sea surface temperatures over the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean, affecting much of the tropics and subtropics. The warming phase is known as El Niño and the cooling phase as La Niña. Southern Oscillation is the accompanying atmospheric component, coupled with the sea temperature change: El Niño is accompanied with high, and  La Niña with low air surface pressure in the tropical western Pacific. The two periods last several months each (typically occur every few years) and their effects vary in intensity.

text: El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is an irregularly periodical variation in

text: winds

text: and

text: sea surface temperature

text: s over the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean, affecting much of the tropics and subtropics. The warming phase is known as

text: El Niño

text: and the cooling phase as

text: La Niña

text: . Southern Oscillation is the accompanying atmospheric component, coupled with the sea temperature change: El Niño is accompanied with high, and  La Niña with low air

text: surface pressure

text: in the tropical western Pacific. The two periods last several months each (typically occur every few years) and their effects vary in intensity.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: eastern Pacific Ocean

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: low air surface pressure

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Ni o–Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: high air surface pressure

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: low air surface pressure

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: winds and sea surface temperatures

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: tropical eastern Pacific Ocean,

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: El Ni<unk>o–Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: (typically occur every few years)

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: El Ni<unk>o–Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: The warming phase

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: La Ni<unk>a with low air surface pressure

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: high, and La Ni<unk>a with low air surface pressure

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: low air surface pressure

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: winds and sea surface temperatures

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: El Ni<unk>o–Southern Oscillation

text: The Program for Strengthening of National Capacities to Manage the Impact of Climate Change and Air Pollution (PROCLIM) together with the Ministry of Environment and the Netherlands Cooperation Agency published a model for adaptation that estimated the impacts of climate change climate for several river basins. For instance, in the Mantaro River Basin one scenario presents a possible increase (greater than 50%) in precipitation along the entire basin, particularly over the west central mountain range and the Chinchaycocha plateau. According to a second scenario, precipitations in the west central range could increase in more than 100% while in the eastern region they could be reduced by 20%. In the Piura River Basin there is a (i) tendency towards increase of the minimum temperature peaks and the average sea level; (ii) greater probability that the intensity of future El Nino Events will increase; (iii) there will be an occurrence of an El Nino Phenomena during the 2009–2015 period similar to the one of 1982–1983; (iv) a deficit in the balance of water is foreseen during the period 2005–2035; and (v) tendency towards lengthier and more frequent drought periods is noticeable. In the Cordillera Blanca, Santa River Basin precipitations will become the main water resource in view of the severe retreat of the area's tropical glaciers. Because of the tendencies towards temperature increase, it is expected that the runoff levels will increase until they reach a peak in the first half of the century, to then exhibit a sustained decline in water resources.

text: The Program for Strengthening of National Capacities to Manage the Impact of Climate Change and Air Pollution (PROCLIM) together with the Ministry of Environment and the Netherlands Cooperation Agency published a model for adaptation that estimated the impacts of climate change climate for several river basins. For instance, in the

text: Mantaro River

text: Basin one scenario presents a possible increase (greater than 50%) in precipitation along the entire basin, particularly over the west central mountain range and the Chinchaycocha plateau. According to a second scenario, precipitations in the west central range could increase in more than 100% while in the eastern region they could be reduced by 20%. In the

text: Piura River Basin

text: there is a (i) tendency towards increase of the minimum temperature peaks and the average sea level; (ii) greater probability that the intensity of future El Nino Events will increase; (iii) there will be an occurrence of an El Nino Phenomena during the 2009–2015 period similar to the one of 1982–1983; (iv) a deficit in the balance of water is foreseen during the period 2005–2035; and (v) tendency towards lengthier and more frequent drought periods is noticeable. In the Cordillera Blanca,

text: Santa River

text: Basin precipitations will become the main water resource in view of the severe retreat of the area's tropical glaciers. Because of the tendencies towards temperature increase, it is expected that the runoff levels will increase until they reach a peak in the first half of the century, to then exhibit a sustained decline in water resources.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: the Chinchaycocha plateau

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: greater probability that the intensity of future El Nino Events will increase

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: 2009–2015 period similar to the one of 1982–1983

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: El Nino Phenomena

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: drought

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: (greater than 50%) in precipitation

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Nino Events will increase;

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: 2009–2015 period similar to the one of 1982–1983;

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: 1982–1983;

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: drought periods

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: El Nino

text: In the context of climate variation, anthropogenic factors are human activities which affect the climate. The scientific consensus on climate change is "that climate is changing and that these changes are in large part caused by human activities,"and it "is largely irreversible."

text: In the context of climate variation, anthropogenic factors are human activities which affect the climate. The

text: scientific consensus on climate change

text: is "that climate is changing and that these changes are in large part caused by human activities,"and it "is largely irreversible."

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: south america

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: are largely irreversible

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: anthropogenic factors are human activities

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: climate change is largely irreversible

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: climate variation, anthropogenic factors

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: climate variation,

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: climate variation,

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: anthropogenic factors

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: climate variation,

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: anthropogenic factors

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: climate variation, anthropogenic factors

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: climate variation,

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: climate variation,

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: climate variation,

text: Both long-term and short-term variations in solar activity are theorized to affect global climate, but it has proven challenging to quantify the link between solar variation and climate.

text: Both long-term and short-term variations in solar activity are theorized to affect global climate, but it has proven challenging to quantify the link between solar variation and climate.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: solar activity

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: can affect global climate

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: long-term variations in solar activity

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: solar activity is theorized to affect global climate

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: global climate

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: solar activity

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Both long-term and short-term variations in solar activity

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: solar activity

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Both long-term and short-term variations in solar activity

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Both long-term and short-term variations in solar activity

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Both long-term and short-term variations in solar activity

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Both long-term and short-term variations in solar activity

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Both long-term and short-term variations in solar activity

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: global climate,

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Both long-term and short-term variations in solar activity

text: The sign of an El Niño in the sea surface temperature pattern is when warm water spreads from the west Pacific and the Indian Ocean to the east Pacific. It takes the rain with it, causing extensive drought in the western Pacific and rainfall in the normally dry eastern Pacific.  El Niño's warm rush of nutrient-poor tropical water, heated by its eastward passage in the Equatorial Current, replaces the cold, nutrient-rich surface water of the Humboldt Current. When El Niño conditions last for many months, extensive ocean warming and the reduction in Easterly Trade winds limits upwelling of cold nutrient-rich deep water and its economic impact to local fishing for an international market can be serious.

text: The sign of an El Niño in the sea surface temperature pattern is when warm water spreads from the west Pacific and the

text: Indian Ocean

text: to the east Pacific. It takes the rain with it, causing extensive drought in the western Pacific and rainfall in the normally dry eastern Pacific.  El Niño's warm rush of nutrient-poor tropical water, heated by its eastward passage in the Equatorial Current, replaces the cold, nutrient-rich surface water of the

text: Humboldt Current

text: . When El Niño conditions last for many months, extensive ocean warming and the reduction in Easterly Trade winds limits upwelling of cold nutrient-rich deep water and its economic impact to local fishing for an international market can be serious.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: east

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: When El Ni o conditions last for many months

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: extensive drought in the western Pacific

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: extensive drought in the western Pacific

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: extensive drought

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Easterly

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Humboldt Current.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: rain

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Easterly Trade winds

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: The sign of an El Ni<unk>o in the sea surface temperature pattern

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: drought

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: causing extensive drought in the western Pacific and rainfall in the normally dry eastern Pacific.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: causing extensive drought in the western Pacific and rainfall in the normally dry eastern Pacific.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: drought

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: El Ni<unk>o

text: At the global level, most action towards climate resilience has been manifested in the signing of international agreements that set up guidelines and frameworks to address the impacts of climate change. Notable examples include the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the 1997 Kyoto Protocol to the UNFCCC, and the 2010 Cancun Agreement.In some cases, as is the case with the Kyoto Protocol for example, these international treaties involve placing legally binding requirements on participant nations to reduce processes that contribute to global warming such as greenhouse gas emissions.In other cases, such as the 2010 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Cancun, proposals for the creation of international funding pools to assist developing nations in combating climate change are seen.However, that enforcement of any of the requirements or principles that are established in such international treaties has ambiguous: for example, although the 2010 Cancun conference called for the creation of a 100 billion dollar “Green Climate Fund” for developing nations, if and how this fund will actually be created still remains unclear.

text: At the global level, most action towards climate resilience has been manifested in the signing of international agreements that set up guidelines and frameworks to address the impacts of climate change. Notable examples include the 1992

entity_name: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

text: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

text: (UNFCCC), the 1997

text: Kyoto Protocol

text: to the UNFCCC, and the 2010 Cancun Agreement.In some cases, as is the case with the Kyoto Protocol for example, these international treaties involve placing legally binding requirements on participant nations to reduce processes that contribute to global warming such as greenhouse gas emissions.In other cases, such as the

entity_name: 2010 United Nations Climate Change Conference

text: 2010 United Nations Climate Change Conference

text: in Cancun, proposals for the creation of international funding pools to assist developing nations in combating climate change are seen.However, that enforcement of any of the requirements or principles that are established in such international treaties has ambiguous: for example, although the 2010 Cancun conference called for the creation of a 100 billion dollar “Green Climate Fund” for developing nations, if and how this fund will actually be created still remains unclear.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Cancun

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: 1997 Kyoto Protocol to the UNFCCC

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: global warming

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Cancun

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: climate change.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: At the global level,

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Kyoto Protocol to the UNFCCC, and the 2010 Cancun Agreement.In

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: global warming

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Kyoto Protocol to the UNFCCC, and the 2010 Cancun Agreement.In

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: climate change.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: At the global level,

text: After making a television production: La Matiouette ou l'arrière-pays, (1983), Téchiné returned to critical attention with Rendez-vous (1985), a sexy noir melodrama replete with the seductive surface of the era. In the film a would-be actress, Nina, fleeing her provincial home for Paris, enters a turbulent love relationship with a sadistic, self-destructive young actor, who caused the death of his former girlfriend. When the actor himself is killed in an accident, or possible suicide, his former mentor/director, and father of the dead girlfriend, determines to cast the inexperienced Nina as the female lead in 'Romeo and Juliet', a role his deceased daughter played. The film is ultimately a vehicle for exploring the violent intensity of certain emotional attachments and their ability to cause one's life to spin off in unexpected directions. By now a key director of the post-New Wave, this film earned Téchiné the Cannes Festival Best Direction Award while helping launch the career of Juliette Binoche.

text: After making a television production: La Matiouette ou l'arrière-pays, (1983), Téchiné returned to critical attention with

text: Rendez-vous

text: (1985), a sexy noir melodrama replete with the seductive surface of the era. In the film a would-be actress, Nina, fleeing her provincial home for Paris, enters a turbulent love relationship with a sadistic, self-destructive young actor, who caused the death of his former girlfriend. When the actor himself is killed in an accident, or possible suicide, his former mentor/director, and father of the dead girlfriend, determines to cast the inexperienced Nina as the female lead in 'Romeo and Juliet', a role his deceased daughter played. The film is ultimately a vehicle for exploring the violent intensity of certain emotional attachments and their ability to cause one's life to spin off in unexpected directions. By now a key director of the post-

text: New Wave

text: , this film earned Téchiné the Cannes Festival Best Direction Award while helping launch the career of

text: Juliette Binoche

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Cannes

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: a sexy noir melodrama replete with the seductive surface of the era

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: who caused the death of his former girlfriend?

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Paris,

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: La Matiouette ou l'arrière-pays,

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: (1983),

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: La Matiouette ou l'arrière-pays,

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: the actor himself is killed in an accident, or possible suicide,

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: La Matiouette ou l'arrière-pays,

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: (1983),

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: fleeing her provincial home for Paris,

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: death of his former girlfriend.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: turbulent love relationship

text: Researchers at the Overseas Development Institute (ODI) have investigated the potential impacts climate change could have on agriculture, and how this would affect attempts at alleviating poverty in the developing world. They argued that the effects from moderate climate change are likely to be mixed for developing countries. However, the vulnerability of the poor in developing countries to short term impacts from climate change, notably the increased frequency and severity of adverse weather events is likely to have a negative impact. This, they say, should be taken into account when defining agricultural policy.

text: Researchers at the

text: Overseas Development Institute

text: (ODI) have investigated the potential impacts climate change could have on agriculture, and how this would affect attempts at alleviating poverty in the

text: developing world

text: . They argued that the effects from moderate climate change are likely to be mixed for developing countries. However, the vulnerability of the poor in developing countries to short term impacts from climate change, notably the increased frequency and severity of adverse weather events is likely to have a negative impact. This, they say, should be taken into account when defining

text: agricultural policy

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Africa

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: adverse weather events

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: are likely to have a negative impact

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: increased frequency and severity of adverse weather

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: ODI

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Overseas Development Institute

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Researchers at the Overseas Development Institute

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: adverse weather events

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: the increased frequency and severity of adverse weather events

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: adverse weather events

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: increased frequency and severity of adverse weather events

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: increased frequency and severity of adverse weather events

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Researchers at the Overseas Development Institute

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: adverse weather events

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Researchers at the Overseas Development Institute

text: In the far southern hemisphere (e.g. New Zealand and Antarctica), the warmest period during the Holocene appears to have been roughly 8,000 to 10,500 years ago, immediately following the end of the last ice age.  By 6,000 years ago, the time normally associated with the Holocene Climatic Optimum in the Northern Hemisphere, these regions had reached temperatures similar to those existing in the modern era, and did not participate in the temperature changes of the north.  However, some authors have used the term "Holocene Climatic Optimum" to describe this earlier southern warm period as well.

text: In the far southern hemisphere (e.g.

text: New Zealand

text: and

text: Antarctica

text: ), the warmest period during the Holocene appears to have been roughly 8,000 to 10,500 years ago, immediately following the end of the last ice age.  By 6,000 years ago, the time normally associated with the Holocene Climatic Optimum in the Northern Hemisphere, these regions had reached temperatures similar to those existing in the modern era, and did not participate in the temperature changes of the north.  However, some authors have used the term "Holocene Climatic Optimum" to describe this earlier southern warm period as well.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: northern hemisphere

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: temperatures similar to those existing in the modern era

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: el nio

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: New Zealand and Antarctica

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: New Zealand and Antarctica

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Northern Hemisphere,

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: did not participate in the temperature changes of the north.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: temperatures similar to those existing in the modern era,

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: did not participate in the temperature changes of the north.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: the warmest period during the Holocene

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: ice age.

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: the warmest period during the Holocene

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: the warmest period during the Holocene

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: Antarctica),

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: In the far southern hemisphere

text: Starting in 1983, John Spiesberger of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution,  and Ted Birdsall and Kurt Metzger of the University of Michigan developed the use of sound to infer information about the ocean's large-scale temperatures, and in particular to attempt the detection of global warming in the ocean.  This group transmitted sounds from Oahu that were recorded at about ten receivers stationed around the rim of the Pacific Ocean over distances of  4000 km. These experiments demonstrated that changes in temperature could be measured with an accuracy of about 20 millidegrees.  Spiesberger et  al. did not detect global warming. Instead they discovered that other natural climatic fluctuations, such as El Nino, were responsible in partfor substanstial fluctuations in temperature that may have masked any slower and smaller trends that may have occurred from global warming

text: Starting in 1983, John Spiesberger of the

text: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution

text: ,  and Ted Birdsall and Kurt Metzger of the

text: University of Michigan

text: developed the use of sound to infer information about the ocean's large-scale temperatures, and in particular to attempt the detection of global warming in the ocean.  This group transmitted sounds from Oahu that were recorded at about ten receivers stationed around the rim of the Pacific Ocean over distances of  4000 km. These experiments demonstrated that changes in temperature could be measured with an accuracy of about 20 millidegrees.  Spiesberger et  al. did not detect global warming. Instead they discovered that other natural climatic fluctuations, such as El Nino, were responsible in partfor substanstial fluctuations in temperature that may have masked any slower and smaller trends that may have occurred from global warming

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: natural climatic fluctuations, such as El Nino

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: natural climatic fluctuations

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: natural climatic fluctuations

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Oahu

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: El Nino,

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Nino,

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: El Nino,

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: climatic fluctuations,

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: El Nino,

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: substanstial fluctuations in temperature

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: El Nino,

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: substanstial fluctuations in temperature

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: El Nino,

text: In algebra, Serre's criterion for normality, introduced by Jean-Pierre Serre, gives necessary and sufficient conditions for a commutative Noetherian ring A to be a normal ring. The criterion involves the following two conditions for A:

text: In algebra, Serre's criterion for normality, introduced by

text: Jean-Pierre Serre

text: , gives necessary and sufficient conditions for a commutative

text: Noetherian ring

text: A to be a

text: normal ring

text: . The criterion involves the following two conditions for A:

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: the poles

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: normal

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: serre's criterion

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: climate in europe

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Nio (Spanish: El Nio del Nio) may refer to:

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: serre's criterion

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Jean-Pierre Serre

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: volcanic eruptions

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Context: In algebra, Serre's criterion for normality, introduced by Jean-Pierre Serre, gives necessary and sufficient conditions for a commutative Noetherian ring

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: A

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Serre's criterion for normality,

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: Serre's criterion for normality,

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: In algebra, Serre's criterion for normality,

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Serre's criterion for normality,

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: In algebra, Serre's criterion for normality,

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: In algebra, Serre's criterion for normality,

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Jean-Pierre Serre,

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: In algebra, Serre's criterion for normality,

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: A to be a normal ring.

text: In contrast to meteorology, which focuses on short term weather systems lasting up to a few weeks, climatology studies the frequency and trends of those systems. It studies the periodicity of weather events over years to millennia, as well as changes in long-term average weather patterns, in relation to atmospheric conditions. Climatologists study both the nature of climates – local, regional or global – and the natural or human-induced factors that cause climates to change. Climatology considers the past and can help predict future climate change.

text: In contrast to

text: meteorology

text: , which focuses on short term

text: weather

text: systems lasting up to a few weeks, climatology studies the frequency and trends of those systems. It studies the periodicity of weather events over years to millennia, as well as changes in long-term average weather patterns, in relation to atmospheric conditions.

text: Climatologists

text: study both the nature of climates – local, regional or global – and the natural or human-induced factors that cause climates to change. Climatology considers the past and can help

text: predict

text: future

text: climate change

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: global

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: average

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: can help predict future climate change

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: climatology studies the frequency and trends

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: climatology studies the frequency and trends

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: regional or global

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: climatology

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: average weather patterns,

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: climatology

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: climatology

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: climatology

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: weather systems lasting up to a few weeks,

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: years to millennia,

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: weather systems

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: climatology

text: The largest group in the lab centers on the developmentof numerical models for predictions and projections of climateon seasonal-to-centennial time scales. Major projects include the development of El Nino predictions for seasonal forecasting, and the production of IPCC-class climate models.

text: The largest group in the lab centers on the developmentof numerical models for predictions and projections of climateon seasonal-to-centennial time scales. Major projects include the development of El Nino predictions for seasonal forecasting, and the production of IPCC-class climate models.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Major projects include the development of El Nino predictions for seasonal forecasting

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Major projects include the development of El Nino

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Major projects include the development of El Nino

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: El Nino predictions for seasonal forecasting,

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: El Nino

text: The flux of sediment from an undisturbed drainage basin changes over the short-term as rainstorms come and go, individual hillslopes fail in mass movements, and riverbanks collapse. Over the long-term, the flux of sediment from a drainage basin oscillates around a mean value, producing a dynamic steady state, unless there are significant changes in boundary conditions such as climate, vegetation cover, or uplift rate.

text: The flux of sediment from an undisturbed drainage basin changes over the short-term as rainstorms come and go, individual hillslopes fail in mass movements, and riverbanks collapse. Over the long-term, the flux of sediment from a drainage basin oscillates around a mean value, producing a dynamic steady state, unless there are significant changes in boundary conditions such as climate, vegetation cover, or uplift rate.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: the Pacific Ocean

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: are not mentioned

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: floods occur

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: floods

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: sea level rise

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: climate,

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: a dynamic steady state,

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: rainstorms

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: climate, vegetation cover, or uplift rate.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: rainstorms

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: climate, vegetation cover, or uplift rate.

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: rainstorms

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: rainstorms

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: rainstorms

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: The flux of sediment from an undisturbed drainage basin

text: In , a working group of climatologists including Raymond S. Bradley, Malcolm K. Hughes, Jean Jouzel, Wibjörn Karlén, Jonathan Overpeck and Tom Wigley proposed a project to improve understanding of natural climatic variations over the last two thousand years so that their effect could be allowed for when evaluating human contributions to climate change. Climate proxy temperature data was needed at seasonal or annual resolution covering a wide geographical area to provide a framework for testing the part climate forcings had played in past variations, look for cycles in climate, and find if debated climatic events such as the Little Ice Age and Medieval Warm Period were global. Reconstructions were to be made of key climate systems, starting with three climatically sensitive regions: the Asian monsoon region, the El Niño–Southern Oscillation region and the Atlantic region. Areas where more data was needed were to be identified, and there was a need for improved data exchange with computer-based archiving and translation to give researchers access to worldwide paleoclimate information.

text: In , a working group of climatologists including

text: Raymond S. Bradley

text: Malcolm K. Hughes

text: Jean Jouzel

text: Wibjörn Karlén

text: Jonathan Overpeck

text: and

text: Tom Wigley

text: proposed a project to improve understanding of natural climatic variations over the last two thousand years so that their effect could be allowed for when evaluating human contributions to climate change.

text: Climate proxy

text: temperature data was needed at seasonal or annual resolution covering a wide geographical area to provide a framework for testing the part climate forcings had played in past variations, look for cycles in climate, and find if debated climatic events such as the Little Ice Age and Medieval Warm Period were global. Reconstructions were to be made of key climate systems, starting with three climatically sensitive regions: the Asian

text: monsoon

text: region, the

text: El Niño–Southern Oscillation

text: region and the Atlantic region. Areas where more data was needed were to be identified, and there was a need for improved data exchange with computer-based archiving and translation to give researchers access to worldwide paleoclimate information.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Atlantic

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: climate proxy temperature data

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: the El Ni o–Southern Oscillation region

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Atlantic region

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: El Ni o–Southern Oscillation region

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Atlantic

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: El Ni<unk>

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: Asian monsoon

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: El Ni<unk>o–Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Ni<unk>o–Southern Oscillation region

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: El Ni<unk>

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: El Ni<unk>o–Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: El Ni<unk>o–Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: El Ni<unk>o–Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: El Ni<unk>o–Southern Oscillation

text: (La) Nina Siciliana was the composer of one Italian sonnet, and a candidate to be the first Italian woman poet. She only came to light in 1780, along with 74 other poets, in the Étrennes du Parnasse (or Choix de Poësies). She is now considered legendary by most scholars.

text: (La) Nina Siciliana was the composer of one

text: Italian

text: sonnet

text: , and a candidate to be the first Italian woman

text: poet

text: . She only came to light in 1780, along with 74 other poets, in the Étrennes du Parnasse (or Choix de Poësies). She is now considered

text: legendary

text: by most scholars.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Parnasse

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Étrennes du Parnasse (or Choix de Po sies)

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Étrennes du Parnasse

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Parnasse

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: 1780,

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: 1780,

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: 74 other poets, in the Étrennes du Parnasse

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Étrennes du Parnasse

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: 74 other poets, in the Étrennes du Parnasse

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: 1780,

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: composer of one Italian sonnet,

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: (La) Nina Siciliana

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Nina Siciliana

text: Nino, a key villain, is portrayed by Ron Perlman, one of the last actors to join the cast. Regarding the casting of Perlman, Winding Refn said, "The character of Nino was originally not particularly interesting, so I asked Ron why he wanted to be in my movie when he's done so many great films. When Ron said, 'I always wanted to play a Jewish man who wants to be an Italian gangster', and I asked why, and he said, 'because that's what I am – a Jewish boy from New York', well, that automatically cemented it for me." Oscar Isaac portrays a Latino convict named Standard who is married to Irene and is just released from prison a week after Irene meets The driver. He found the role to be a bit unappealing and chose to turn the archetypal character into something more. He said of the role,

text: Nino, a key villain, is portrayed by

text: Ron Perlman

text: , one of the last actors to join the cast. Regarding the casting of Perlman, Winding Refn said, "The character of Nino was originally not particularly interesting, so I asked Ron why he wanted to be in my movie when he's done so many great films. When Ron said, 'I always wanted to play a Jewish man who wants to be an Italian gangster', and I asked why, and he said, 'because that's what I am – a Jewish boy from New York', well, that automatically cemented it for me."

text: Oscar Isaac

text: portrays a Latino convict named Standard who is married to Irene and is just released from prison a week after Irene meets The driver. He found the role to be a bit unappealing and chose to turn the

text: archetypal

text: character into something more. He said of the role,

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: New York

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: the peru current carries cold water north

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: a normal year

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: el nio events

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Ron Perlman

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Irene meets The Driver

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: earthquakes

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: New York',

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: He found the role to be a bit unappealing

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: a bit unappealing

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: chose to turn the archetypal character into something more.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: chose to turn the archetypal character into something more.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: He found the role to be a bit unappealing

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Ron Perlman,

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Oscar Isaac portrays a Latino convict named Standard

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: a bit unappealing

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: chose to turn the archetypal character into something more.

text: Nino is a 300-year-old boy who lives with his uncle, Dr. Victor, a sorcerer and scientist who is 3,000 years old, and his great-aunt Morgana, a witch who is 6,000 years old. The three live in a castle in the middle of the city of São Paulo. A sorcerer's apprentice, Nino never went to school because of his age. His parents let him live with Victor and Morgana because they needed to travel on an expedition to outer space, taking Nino's two younger brothers. Although he had supernatural and animal friends in the castle, Nino, missing friends like him, decides to make a spell he learned from his uncle Victor, bringing three children who had just left school to the castle. Free of loneliness, Nino receives the visit of the three daily, in addition to special visits of an old friend, the pizza man Bongo, the flamboyant TV reporter Penelope, the folk legend Caipora, and an alien called Etevaldo. To fill the evil side of the story is Dr. Abobrinha (Dr. Zucchini), a real estate speculator who wants to demolish the castle and, in its place, erect a building of a hundred floors.

text: Nino is a 300-year-old boy who lives with his uncle, Dr. Victor, a sorcerer and scientist who is 3,000 years old, and his great-aunt Morgana, a witch who is 6,000 years old. The three live in a castle in the middle of the city of

text: São Paulo

text: . A sorcerer's apprentice, Nino never went to school because of his age. His parents let him live with Victor and Morgana because they needed to travel on an expedition to outer space, taking Nino's two younger brothers. Although he had supernatural and animal friends in the castle, Nino, missing friends like him, decides to make a spell he learned from his uncle Victor, bringing three children who had just left school to the castle. Free of loneliness, Nino receives the visit of the three daily, in addition to special visits of an old friend, the pizza man Bongo, the flamboyant TV reporter Penelope, the folk legend

text: Caipora

text: , and an alien called Etevaldo. To fill the evil side of the story is Dr. Abobrinha (Dr. Zucchini), a real estate speculator who wants to demolish the castle and, in its place, erect a building of a hundred floors.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: S o

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: , along western South America

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: a sorcerer's apprentice

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Nino receives the visit of the three daily

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Nino receives the visit of the three daily

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: alien called Etevaldo

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: S<unk>o Paulo.

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: alien called Etevaldo.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: S<unk>o Paulo.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: alien called Etevaldo.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Nino receives the visit of the three daily,

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Dr. Abobrinha

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Nino receives the visit of the three daily,

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Nino receives the visit of the three daily,

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: outer space,

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Nino

text: Reasons for the persistence of circulation patterns that lead to drought are not entirely understood but are likely related to surface boundary conditions such as snow and ice cover, vegetation, soil moisture, and sea-surface temperatures (SSTs) that force the climate system through variations in their optical and thermal properties. These forcing factors directly influence local to regional atmospheric flow which in turn, can affect large-scale circulation over other areas of the globe (known as teleconnections). For Canada, significant relationships between El Niño and La Niña events and winter/spring temperature and precipitation have been determined. In general, El Niño is associated with warmer/drier winters while La Niña has an opposite effect. Linkages between Canadian climate and teleconnections such as the Pacific Decadal Oscillation and the North Atlantic Oscillation are also evident, but mainly during the winter season. Teleconnections during summer are not as strong. However, recent research has shown that some El Niño events are associated with a summer moisture deficit in the western two-thirds of Canada while La Niñas produce an abundance of summer moisture in extreme western Canada. The considerable lag between summer moisture and large-scale SSTs provides a basis for developing long-range forecasting of drought conditions in Canada.

text: Reasons for the persistence of circulation patterns that lead to drought are not entirely understood but are likely related to surface boundary conditions such as

text: snow

text: and

text: ice

text: cover, vegetation, soil moisture, and

text: sea-surface temperatures

text: (SSTs) that force the

text: climate system

text: through variations in their optical and thermal properties. These forcing factors directly influence local to regional atmospheric flow which in turn, can affect

text: large-scale circulation

text: over other areas of the globe (known as

text: teleconnection

text: s). For Canada, significant relationships between

text: El Niño

text: and La Niña events and winter/spring temperature and precipitation have been determined. In general,

text: El Niño

text: is associated with warmer/drier winters while

text: La Niña

text: has an opposite effect. Linkages between Canadian climate and teleconnections such as the

text: Pacific Decadal Oscillation

text: and the

text: North Atlantic Oscillation

text: are also evident, but mainly during the winter season.

text: Teleconnection

text: s during summer are not as strong. However, recent research has shown that some

text: El Niño

text: events are associated with a summer moisture deficit in the western two-thirds of Canada while La Niñas produce an abundance of summer moisture in extreme western Canada. The considerable lag between summer moisture and large-scale SSTs provides a basis for developing

text: long-range forecasting

text: of drought conditions in Canada.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: North Atlantic

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: mainly during the winter season

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: are associated with a summer moisture deficit in the western two-thirds of Canada

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: warmer/drier winters

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: summer moisture in extreme western Canada

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: warmer/drier winters

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: North Atlantic

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: El Ni<unk>o is associated with warmer/drier winters

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: snow and ice cover,

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: mainly during the winter season.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: a summer moisture deficit in the western two-thirds of Canada

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: El Ni<unk>o

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: warmer/drier winters

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: produce an abundance of summer moisture in extreme western Canada.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: warmer/drier winters

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: El Ni<unk>o is associated with warmer/drier winters

text: The 2007 National Research Council (NRC) Decadal Survey report, "Earth Science and Applications from Space: National Imperatives for the Next Decade and Beyond," provides the basis for the future direction of NASA’s space-based Earth observation system. Missions were ranked according to scientific merit, contributions to long-term observational records, societal benefits, affordability, and technological readiness. The four missions recommended for earliest implementation by NASA were classified as “Tier 1” missions and included CLARREO.  The NRC Decadal Survey concluded that the single most critical issue for current climate change observations was their lack of accuracy and low confidence in observing the small climate change signals over decade time scales. CLARREO observations of climate change on decadal scales address this issue by achieving the required levels of accuracy and traceability to SI standards for a set of observations sensitive to a wide range of key climate change observations.

text: The 2007

entity_name: National Research Council (United States)

text: National Research Council (NRC)

text: Decadal Survey report, "Earth Science and Applications from Space: National Imperatives for the Next Decade and Beyond," provides the basis for the future direction of NASA’s space-based Earth observation system. Missions were ranked according to scientific merit, contributions to long-term observational records, societal benefits, affordability, and technological readiness. The four missions recommended for earliest implementation by NASA were classified as “Tier 1” missions and included CLARREO.  The NRC Decadal Survey concluded that the single most critical issue for current climate change observations was their lack of accuracy and low confidence in observing the small climate change signals over decade time scales. CLARREO observations of climate change on decadal scales address this issue by achieving the required levels of accuracy and traceability to SI standards for a set of observations sensitive to a wide range of key climate change observations.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: the Equator

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: 2007 National Research Council (NRC) Decadal Survey report

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: CLARREO observations

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: CLARREO observations of climate change

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: The 2007 National Research Council (NRC) Decadal Survey

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: The 2007 National Research Council (NRC) Decadal Survey

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: The 2007 National Research Council (NRC) Decadal Survey

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: The 2007 National Research Council (NRC) Decadal Survey

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: The 2007 National Research Council (NRC) Decadal Survey

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: The 2007

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: The 2007

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: The 2007 National Research Council (NRC) Decadal Survey

text: Amid disastrous climate changes, the Red Hand and Short Buffalo tribes struggle for survival, and against each other.  In order to survive in the changing world, they must change with it, but to do that, they need the guidance of a new Dreamer, and the Red Hand's sacred Wolf Bundle must be renewed.

text: Amid disastrous climate changes, the Red Hand and Short Buffalo tribes struggle for survival, and against each other.  In order to survive in the changing world, they must change with it, but to do that, they need the guidance of a new Dreamer, and the Red Hand's sacred Wolf Bundle must be renewed.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: short buffalo

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: a normal year

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: the Red Hand

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Red Hand and Short Buffalo tribes struggle

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Red Hand and Short Buffalo tribes struggle for survival

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: catastrophic climate changes

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Short Buffalo

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Wolf Bundle must be renewed.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: climate changes,

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: climate changes,

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: disastrous climate changes,

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: climate changes,

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: disastrous climate changes,

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: disastrous climate changes,

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: climate changes,

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Red Hand and Short Buffalo tribes struggle for survival, and against each other.

text: Some scientists now consider that the effects of global dimming have masked the effect of global warming to some extent and that resolving global dimming may therefore lead to increases in predictions of future temperature rise. According to Beate Liepert, "We lived in a global warming plus a global dimming world and now we are taking out global dimming. So we end up with the global warming world, which will be much worse than we thought it will be, much hotter."  The magnitude of this masking effect is one of the central problems in climate change with significant implications for future climate changes and policy responses to global warming.

text: Some scientists now consider that the effects of global dimming have masked the effect of

text: global warming

text: to some extent and that resolving global dimming may therefore lead to increases in predictions of future temperature rise. According to Beate Liepert, "We lived in a global warming plus a global dimming world and now we are taking out global dimming. So we end up with the global warming world, which will be much worse than we thought it will be, much hotter."  The magnitude of this masking effect is one of the central problems in climate change with significant implications for future climate changes and policy responses to global warming.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: equator

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: much hotter

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: global dimming may lead to increases in predictions of future temperature rise

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Beate Liepert

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: global dimming

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: global dimming

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: temperature rise.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Some scientists now consider that the effects of global dimming

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Some scientists now consider that the effects of global dimming

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: global dimming

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Some scientists now consider that the effects of global dimming

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Beate Liepert,

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: temperature rise.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Some scientists now consider that the effects of global dimming

text: He was a lead author of the sixth chapter of the IPCC Second Assessment Report, published in 1995, and helped oversee the chapter about climate projections in the IPCC AR4, published in 2007. He is an ISI highly cited researcher, and is known for his research linking global warming to extreme weather. He has also done much research into the use of global climate models. One of these studies, in which Meehl et al. showed that models could not reproduce recent warming without including anthropogenic influences, was featured in a 2004 review of climate science by the George W. Bush administration. His research has also shown that record high temperatures in the continental United States were more than twice as common as record lows in the 2000s, that it may soon be possible to predict heat waves three weeks in advance (rather than 10 days, which is the best current forecasts can do), and that the global warming hiatus observed over the last 15 years or so may be caused by more heat accumulating in the deep ocean. When Meehl joined Matthew England to publish one such study in Nature Climate Change in 2014, Meehl said that this study "...makes the case that, though other factors could contribute somewhat to the early-2000s hiatus, the Pacific is a major driving force in producing naturally-occurring climate variability that can overwhelm the warming from ever-increasing greenhouse gases to produce the hiatus." He also proposed that this occurred because of the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation switching to its negative phase. In September 2014, Meehl et al. published another study on this topic, in which they attempted to simulate the hiatus with currently available climate models. They found that these models were able to simulate the hiatus, and concluded that it was largely caused by natural variability.

text: He was a lead author of the sixth chapter of the

text: IPCC Second Assessment Report

text: , published in 1995, and helped oversee the chapter about climate projections in the

text: IPCC AR4

text: , published in 2007. He is an ISI highly cited researcher, and is known for his research linking global warming to extreme weather. He has also done much research into the use of

text: global climate model

text: s. One of these studies, in which Meehl et al. showed that models could not reproduce recent warming without including anthropogenic influences, was featured in a 2004 review of climate science by the

text: George W. Bush administration

text: . His research has also shown that record high temperatures in the

text: continental United States

text: were more than twice as common as record lows in the 2000s, that it may soon be possible to predict

text: heat wave

text: s three weeks in advance (rather than 10 days, which is the best current forecasts can do), and that the

text: global warming hiatus

text: observed over the last 15 years or so may be caused by more heat accumulating in the deep ocean. When Meehl joined

text: Matthew England

text: to publish one such study in

text: Nature Climate Change

text: in 2014, Meehl said that this study "...makes the case that, though other factors could contribute somewhat to the early-2000s hiatus, the Pacific is a major driving force in producing naturally-occurring climate variability that can overwhelm the warming from ever-increasing greenhouse gases to produce the hiatus." He also proposed that this occurred because of the

text: Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation

text: switching to its negative phase. In September 2014, Meehl et al. published another study on this topic, in which they attempted to simulate the hiatus with currently available climate models. They found that these models were able to simulate the hiatus, and concluded that it was largely caused by natural variability.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Pacific

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: record high temperatures

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Nio

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Meehl et al

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Meehl et al

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Pacific

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation switching to its negative phase.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation switching to its negative phase.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation switching to its negative phase.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation switching to its negative phase.

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation switching to its negative phase.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation switching to its negative phase.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: hiatus,

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation

text: It is believed that outbreaks of Carrion's disease are influenced to the El Niño–Southern Oscillation climate phenomena.

text: It is believed that outbreaks of Carrion's disease are influenced to the

text: El Niño–Southern Oscillation

text: climate phenomena.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: southern hemisphere

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Nio

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: are influenced

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Carrion's disease outbreaks occur

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Carrion's disease

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: Carrion's disease

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: o–Southern

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: El Ni<unk>o–Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Ni<unk>o–Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: El Ni<unk>o–Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Ni<unk>o–Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: El Ni<unk>o–Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: outbreaks of Carrion's disease

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: El Ni<unk>o–Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: outbreaks of Carrion's disease

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: El Ni<unk>o–Southern Oscillation

text: He earned a BS, MS and PhD, respectively, in 1991, 1994 and 1997 from Lanzhou University. He is interested in climatic dynamics and predictability, monsoon, annular modes and their impacts, etc. He has published more than 140 scientific papers, some books, and has won numerous awards. He is the chief scientist of two National Basic Research projects (973AIPO and 973ALS) of China. The 973AIPO focuses on ocean-atmosphere interaction over Asia (AIPO) and its impact on the short-term climate variation in China, and 973ALS on Air-land-sea (ALS) interactions in Asia and their role in the global change.

text: He earned a BS, MS and PhD, respectively, in 1991, 1994 and 1997 from Lanzhou University. He is interested in

text: climatic dynamics

text: and predictability,

text: monsoon

text: annular mode

text: s and their impacts, etc. He has published more than 140 scientific papers, some books, and has won numerous awards. He is the chief scientist of two National Basic Research projects (973AIPO and 973ALS) of China. The 973AIPO focuses on ocean-atmosphere interaction over

text: Asia

text: (AIPO) and its impact on the short-term climate variation in

text: China

text: , and 973ALS on Air-land-sea (ALS) interactions in Asia and their role in the global change.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Asia

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: monsoon

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Nio

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Lanzhou University

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Lanzhou University

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Asia

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: monsoon,

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: monsoon,

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: climatic dynamics and predictability, monsoon, annular modes

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: monsoon,

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: monsoon,

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: monsoon,

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: 1991, 1994 and 1997

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: monsoon,

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: monsoon,

text: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is a scientific and intergovernmental body under the auspices of the United Nations, set up at the request of member governments, dedicated to the task of providing the world with an objective, scientific view of climate change and its political and economic impacts. It was first established in 1988 by two United Nations organizations, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), and later endorsed by the United Nations General Assembly through Resolution 43/53. Membership of the IPCC is open to all members of the WMO and UNEP.The IPCC produces reports that support the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), which is the main international treaty on climate change. The ultimate objective of the UNFCCC is to "stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic [i.e., human-induced] interference with the climate system". IPCC reports cover "the scientific, technical and socio-economic information relevant to understanding the scientific basis of risk of human-induced climate change, its potential impacts and options for adaptation and mitigation."

text: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is a scientific and

text: intergovernmental body

text: under the auspices of the

text: United Nations

text: , set up at the request of member governments, dedicated to the task of providing the world with an objective, scientific view of

text: climate change

text: and its political and economic impacts. It was first established in 1988 by two United Nations organizations, the

text: World Meteorological Organization

text: (WMO) and the

text: United Nations Environment Programme

text: (UNEP), and later endorsed by the

text: United Nations General Assembly

text: through Resolution 43/53. Membership of the IPCC is open to all members of the WMO and UNEP.The IPCC produces reports that support the

text: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

text: (UNFCCC), which is the main international treaty on climate change. The ultimate objective of the UNFCCC is to "stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic [i.e., human-induced] interference with the climate system". IPCC reports cover "the scientific, technical and socio-economic information relevant to understanding the scientific basis of risk of human-induced climate change,

text: its potential impacts

text: and options for

text: adaptation

text: and

text: mitigation

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Pacific Ocean

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: United Nations General Assembly through Resolution 43/53

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: World Meteorological Organization

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: 43/53.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

text: During the time of the Moche occupation at Pampa Grande the Lambayeque Valley generally had a moderate climate year round. The average temperature measures about 22 degrees C and ranges from 10 degrees C to 35 degrees C depending on the seasons. In the winter months from June to September the El Nino current picks up and brings torrential rains and wind changes to coastal areas. However, these rains rarely hit the valley, as the annual precipitation levels are minimal. The rainy season lasts from February to April. The Chancay River is filled to capacity during the rainy season.

text: During the time of the Moche occupation at Pampa Grande the Lambayeque Valley generally had a moderate climate year round. The average temperature measures about 22 degrees C and ranges from 10 degrees C to 35 degrees C depending on the seasons. In the winter months from June to September the El Nino current picks up and brings torrential rains and wind changes to coastal areas. However, these rains rarely hit the valley, as the annual precipitation levels are minimal. The rainy season lasts from February to April. The Chancay River is filled to capacity during the rainy season.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: average temperature measures about 22 degrees C

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: In the winter months from June to September

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: torrential rains and wind changes

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: El Nino current picks up and brings torrential rains and wind changes to coastal areas

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: torrential rains

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: The average temperature measures about 22 degrees C

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: brings torrential rains and wind changes to coastal areas.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: El Nino current

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: torrential rains and wind changes to coastal areas.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: torrential rains and wind changes

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: El Nino

text: A boundary condition which specifies the value of the normal derivative of the function is a Neumann boundary condition, or second-type boundary condition.  For example, if there is a heater at one end of an iron rod, then energy would be added at a constant rate but the actual temperature would not be known.

text: A boundary condition which specifies the value of the

text: normal derivative

text: of the function is a

text: Neumann boundary condition

text: , or second-type boundary condition.  For example, if there is a heater at one end of an iron rod, then energy would be added at a constant rate but the actual temperature would not be known.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: the Equator

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: a normal year

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Nio, also known as the Northern Oscillation or El Nio, was a tectonic plate movement that occurred in the Northern Hemisphere in the early part of the 20th century.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: a Neumann boundary condition

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Neumann boundary condition

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Neumann boundary condition

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Neumann

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Neumann boundary condition,

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: energy would be added at a constant rate

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Neumann boundary condition,

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: if there is a heater at one end of an iron rod,

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Neumann boundary condition,

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: energy would be added at a constant rate

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: energy would be added at a constant rate

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: A boundary condition which specifies the value of the normal derivative of the function

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: A boundary condition which specifies the value of the normal derivative of the function

text: The Climate System Sciences Section of ASRC, started in November 1989, conducts research to understand the Earth's global and regional climate system and to assess and evaluate the effects of climate change caused by both human activities and nature.

text: The Climate System Sciences Section of ASRC, started in November 1989, conducts research to understand the Earth's global and regional climate system and to assess and evaluate the effects of

text: climate change

text: caused by both human activities and nature.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Pacific Ocean

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: The Climate System Sciences Section of ASRC

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: climate system sciences section of asrc

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: the climate system sciences section

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: global and regional climate system

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: The Climate System Sciences Section of ASRC, started in November 1989,

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: The Climate System Sciences Section of ASRC, started in November 1989,

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: The Climate System Sciences Section of ASRC, started in November 1989,

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: The Climate System Sciences Section of ASRC, started in November 1989,

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: 1989,

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: 1989,

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: The Climate System Sciences Section of ASRC, started in November 1989,

text: Although many of these corporations have now become interested in halting climate change by 2050 through USCAP, both Yvo de Boer, UN Climate Chief and the EU have heavily criticized this long term plan for reductions as offering no short or mid-term solutions to the immediate problems of climate change.

text: Although many of these corporations have now become interested in halting climate change by 2050 through USCAP, both

text: Yvo de Boer

text: , UN Climate Chief and the EU have heavily criticized this long term plan for reductions as offering no short or mid-term solutions to the immediate problems of climate change.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Europe

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: yvo de boer

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Yvo de Boer

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: 2050

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: 2050

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: climate change by 2050

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: the EU

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: 2050

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: 2050

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: 2050

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Yvo de Boer,

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: 2050

text: But much remains unknown about exactly how climate change may affect farming and food security, in part because the role of farmer behaviour is poorly captured by crop-climate models.  For instance, Evan Fraser, a geographer at the University of Guelph in Ontario Canada, has conducted a number of studies that show that the socio-economic context of farming may play a huge role in determining whether a drought has a major, or an insignificant impact on crop production. In some cases, it seems that even minor droughts have big impacts on food security (such as what happened in Ethiopia in the early 1980s where a minor drought triggered a massive famine), versus cases where even relatively large weather-related problems were adapted to without much hardship. Evan Fraser combines socio-economic models along with climatic models to identify “vulnerability hotspots” One such study has identified US maize (corn) production as particularly vulnerable to climate change because it is expected to be exposed to worse droughts, but it does not have the socio-economic conditions that suggest farmers will adapt to these changing conditions. Other studies rely instead on projections of key agro-meteorological or agro-climate indices, such as growing season length, plant heat stress, or start of field operations, identified by land management stakeholders and that provide useful information on mechanisms driving climate change impact on agriculture

text: But much remains unknown about exactly how

text: climate change

text: may affect farming and

text: food security

text: , in part because the role of farmer behaviour is poorly captured by crop-climate models.  For instance, Evan Fraser, a geographer at the

text: University of Guelph

text: in

text: Ontario

text: Canada

text: , has conducted a number of studies that show that the socio-economic context of farming may play a huge role in determining whether a

text: drought

text: has a major, or an insignificant impact on crop production. In some cases, it seems that even minor droughts have big impacts on food security (such as what happened in

text: Ethiopia

text: in the early 1980s where a minor drought triggered a massive

text: famine

text: ), versus cases where even relatively large weather-related problems were adapted to without much hardship. Evan Fraser combines socio-economic models along with climatic models to identify “vulnerability hotspots” One such study has identified

text: US maize (corn) production

text: as particularly vulnerable to climate change because it is expected to be exposed to worse droughts, but it does not have the socio-economic conditions that suggest farmers will adapt to these changing conditions. Other studies rely instead on projections of key agro-meteorological or agro-climate indices, such as growing season length, plant heat stress, or start of field operations, identified by land management stakeholders and that provide useful information on mechanisms driving climate change impact on agriculture

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Canada

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: drought

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: drought has a major, or an insignificant impact on crop production

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: US maize production as particularly vulnerable to climate change

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: droughts

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: growing season

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: much remains unknown about exactly how climate change may affect farming and food security,

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: growing season length,

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: much remains unknown about exactly how climate change may affect farming and food security,

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Ethiopia in the early 1980s

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: “vulnerability hotspots”

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Ethiopia in the early 1980s

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Ethiopia in the early 1980s

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: famine),

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: much remains unknown about exactly how climate change may affect farming and food security,

text: With no special name, the shorter period mode is called simply the "short-period mode".  The short-period mode is a usually heavily damped oscillation with a period of only a few seconds. The motion is a rapid pitching of the aircraft about the center of gravity. The period is so short that the speed does not have time to change, so the oscillation is essentially an angle-of-attack variation. The time to damp the amplitude to one-half of its value is usually on the order of 1 second. Ability to quickly self damp when the stick is briefly displaced is one of the many criteria for general aircraft certification.

text: With no special name, the shorter period mode is called simply the "short-period mode".  The short-period mode is a usually heavily damped oscillation with a period of only a few seconds. The motion is a rapid pitching of the aircraft about the center of gravity. The period is so short that the speed does not have time to change, so the oscillation is essentially an angle-of-attack variation. The time to damp the amplitude to one-half of its value is usually on the order of 1 second. Ability to quickly self damp when the stick is briefly displaced is one of the many criteria for general aircraft

text: certification

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: south

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: short-period mode

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: short-period mode

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: center of gravity.

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: "short-period mode".

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: 1 second.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: angle-of-attack variation.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: angle-of-attack variation.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: "short-period mode".

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: rapid pitching of the aircraft about the center of gravity.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: rapid pitching of the aircraft about the center of gravity.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: rapid pitching of the aircraft

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: angle-of-attack variation.

text: A densely defined, closed operator  is called normal if it satisfies the following equivalent conditions:

text: A densely defined, closed operator  is called

text: normal

text: if it satisfies the following equivalent conditions:

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: east to west

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: normal

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: it will have a mean annual temperature of 73 °F

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: normal

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: are not normal

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: normal

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: a polar bear sat in the snow

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: la nia is a closed operator

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: normal

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: normal

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: normal

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: normal if it satisfies the following equivalent conditions:

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: normal

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: normal

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: normal

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: normal

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: normal

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: normal

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: normal

text: In axiomatic set theory, a function f : Ord → Ord is called normal (or a normal function) iff it is continuous (with respect to the order topology) and strictly monotonically increasing. This is equivalent to the following two conditions:

text: In

text: axiomatic set theory

text: , a function f :

text: Ord

text: → Ord is called normal (or a normal function)

text: iff

text: it is

entity_section: Continuous functions between partially ordered sets

text: continuous

text: (with respect to the

text: order topology

text: ) and

text: strictly monotonically increasing

text: . This is equivalent to the following two conditions:

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Ord

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: normal

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: f  Ord

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: el nio events

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: decreases

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: a function f : Ord  Ord

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: f : Ord  Ord is called normal

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Ord <unk> Ord

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: continuous (with respect to the order topology) and strictly monotonically increasing.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: continuous (with respect to the order topology) and strictly monotonically increasing.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: normal

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: normal

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: normal

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: increasing.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: continuous (with respect to the order topology) and strictly monotonically increasing.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: In axiomatic set theory,

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: continuous (with respect to the order topology) and strictly monotonically increasing.

text: The potential dangers of global warming are being increasingly studied by a wide global consortium of scientists. These scientists are increasingly concerned about the potential long-term effects of global warming on our natural environment and on the planet. Of particular concern is how climate change and global warming caused by anthropogenic, or human-made releases of greenhouse gases, most notably carbon dioxide, can act interactively, and have adverse effects upon the planet, its natural environment and humans' existence. It is clear the planet is warming, and warming rapidly.–This warming is also responsible for the extinction of natural habitats,which in turn leads to a reduction in wildlife population.The most recent report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (the group of the leading climate scientists in the world) concluded that the earth will warm anywhere from 2.7 to almost 11 degrees Fahrenheit (1.5 to 6 degrees Celsius) between 1990 and 2100.Efforts have been increasingly focused on the mitigation of greenhouse gases that are causing climatic changes, on developing adaptative strategies to global warming, to assist humans, other animal, and plant species, ecosystems, regions and nations in adjusting to the effects of global warming. Some examples of recent collaboration to address climate change and global warming include:

text: The potential dangers of

text: global warming

text: are being increasingly studied by a wide global consortium of scientists. These scientists are increasingly concerned about the potential long-term effects of global warming on our natural environment and on the planet. Of particular concern is how

text: climate change

text: and global warming caused by

text: anthropogenic

text: , or human-made releases of

text: greenhouse gas

text: es, most notably

text: carbon dioxide

text: , can act interactively, and have adverse effects upon the planet, its natural environment and humans' existence. It is clear the planet is warming, and warming rapidly.–This warming is also responsible for the extinction of natural habitats,which in turn leads to a reduction in wildlife population.The most recent report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (the group of the leading climate scientists in the world) concluded that the earth will warm anywhere from 2.7 to almost 11 degrees Fahrenheit (1.5 to 6 degrees Celsius) between 1990 and 2100.Efforts have been increasingly focused on the

text: mitigation

text: of greenhouse gases that are causing climatic changes, on

text: developing adaptative strategies

text: to global warming, to assist humans, other animal, and plant species, ecosystems, regions and

text: nation

text: s in adjusting to the

text: effects of global warming

text: . Some examples of recent collaboration to address climate change and global warming include:

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: equator

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: a normal year

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (the group of the leading climate scientists

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: global warming caused by human-made releases

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: global warming caused by anthropogenic

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: 2.7 to almost 11 degrees Fahrenheit (1.5 to 6 degrees Celsius)

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: 2.7 to almost 11 degrees Fahrenheit

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: 2.7 to almost 11 degrees Fahrenheit

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: extinction of natural habitats,which

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

text: Over North America, the main temperature and precipitation impacts of El Niño, generally occur in the six months between October and March. In particular the majority of Canada generally has a milder than normal winters and springs, with the exception of eastern Canada where no significant impacts occur. Within the United States, the impacts generally observed during the six-month period include; wetter-than-average conditions along the Gulf Coast between Texas and Florida, while drier conditions are observed in Hawaii, the Ohio Valley, Pacific Northwest and the Rocky Mountains. Over California and the South-Western United States, there is a weak relationship between El Nino and above-average precipitation, as it strongly depends on the strength of the El Niño event amongst other factors.

text: Over North America, the main temperature and precipitation impacts of El Niño, generally occur in the six months between October and March. In particular the majority of Canada generally has a milder than normal winters and springs, with the exception of eastern Canada where no significant impacts occur. Within the United States, the impacts generally observed during the six-month period include; wetter-than-average conditions along the

text: Gulf Coast

text: between

text: Texas

text: and

text: Florida

text: , while drier conditions are observed in

text: Hawaii

text: , the

text: Ohio Valley

text: Pacific Northwest

text: and the

text: Rocky Mountains

text: . Over California and the South-Western United States, there is a weak relationship between El Nino and above-average precipitation, as it strongly depends on the strength of the El Niño event amongst other factors.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: eastern Canada

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: no significant impacts occur

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: over North America, the main temperature and precipitation impacts of El Ni o, generally occur in the six months between October and March

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: drier conditions are observed in Hawaii, the Ohio Valley, Pacific Northwest and the Rocky Mountains

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: drier conditions are observed in Hawaii, the Ohio Valley, Pacific Northwest and the Rocky Mountains

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Gulf Coast

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: milder than normal winters and springs,

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: above-average precipitation,

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: North America,

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: generally occur in the six months between October and March.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: El Ni<unk>o,

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: generally occur in the six months between October and March.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: six months between October and March.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: above-average precipitation,

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: El Ni<unk>o,

text: In 2009, Business Insider cited Lomborg as one of "The 10 Most-Respected Global Warming Skeptics". While Lomborg campaigned against the Kyoto Protocol and other measures to cut carbon emissions in the short-term, he argued for adaptation to short-term temperature rises, and for spending money on research and development for longer-term environmental solutions. His issue is not with the reality of climate change, but rather with the economic and political approaches being taken (or not taken) to meet the challenges of that climate change. He is a strong advocate for focusing attention and resources on what he perceives as far more pressing world problems, such as AIDS, malaria and malnutrition. In his critique of the 2012 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, Lomborg stated: "Global warming is by no means our main environmental threat."  In 2011 and 2012, Lomborg was named a Top 100 Global Thinker by Foreign Policy "for looking more right than ever on the politics of climate change".

text: In 2009,

text: Business Insider

text: cited Lomborg as one of "The 10 Most-Respected Global Warming Skeptics". While Lomborg campaigned against the

text: Kyoto Protocol

text: and other measures to cut carbon emissions in the short-term, he argued for adaptation to short-term temperature rises, and for spending money on research and development for longer-term environmental solutions. His issue is not with the reality of climate change, but rather with the economic and political approaches being taken (or not taken) to meet the challenges of that climate change. He is a strong advocate for focusing attention and resources on what he perceives as far more pressing world problems, such as AIDS, malaria and malnutrition. In his critique of the 2012

text: United Nations Conference on Environment and Development

text: , Lomborg stated: "Global warming is by no means our main environmental threat."  In 2011 and 2012, Lomborg was named a Top 100 Global Thinker by

text: Foreign Policy

text: "for looking more right than ever on the politics of climate change".

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: south

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Lomborg campaigned against the Kyoto Protocol

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Lomborg campaigned against the Kyoto Protocol

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Lomborg campaigned against the Kyoto Protocol

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: short-term temperature rises,

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: short-term temperature rises,

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: temperature rises,

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: short-term temperature rises,

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Kyoto Protocol

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: short-term temperature rises,

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: AIDS, malaria and malnutrition.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: AIDS, malaria and malnutrition.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: temperature rises,

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: short-term temperature rises,

text: A cold start is an attempt to start a vehicle's engine when it is cold, relative to its normal operating temperature, often due to normal cold weather. A cold start situation is commonplace, as weather conditions in most climates will naturally be at a lower temperature than the typical operating temperature of an engine. Occasionally, the term also refers to starting the engine of a vehicle that has been inactive or abandoned for a significant amount of time such as months, years or even decades.

text: A cold start is an attempt to start a

text: vehicle

text: 's engine when it is cold, relative to its normal

text: operating temperature

text: , often due to normal cold

text: weather

text: . A cold start situation is commonplace, as weather conditions in most

text: climates

text: will naturally be at a lower

text: temperature

text: than the typical operating temperature of an engine. Occasionally, the term also refers to starting the engine of a vehicle that has been inactive or abandoned for a significant amount of time such as months, years or even decades.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: south

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: cold start

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: el nio

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: cold start situations are commonplace

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: cold start situations are commonplace

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: climates

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: cold start

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: cold weather.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: A cold start

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: A cold start

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: A cold start

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: cold start

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: A cold start

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: A cold start

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: A cold start

text: being standard-normal distributed. In this model, short-run population changes are dominated by the stochastic term,

text: being

text: standard-normal

text: distributed. In this model, short-run population changes are dominated by the stochastic term,

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: east to west

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: equator

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: population will be stable

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: it is a cyclone

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: are dominated by the stochastic term

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: as a result of global warming

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: population changes are dominated by the stochastic term

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: short-run population changes were dominated by the stochastic term

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: The oscillation is a seasonal cycle that occurs once per year.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: standard-normal distributed.

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: standard-normal distributed.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: standard-normal distributed.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: stochastic term,

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: stochastic term,

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: standard-normal distributed.

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: standard-normal distributed.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: standard-normal distributed.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: population changes

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: stochastic term,

text: During the five years of the Second World War the total contract work-load of the laboratory decreased dramatically although the personnel increased by 40%. However, it appears that a large number of subjects were studied in depth. When the Allied Forces entered the Netherlands in September 1944 the situation changed very dramatically. The food and fuel supply, already at a bare minimum, practically stopped. Everybody at the laboratory was mentally occupied with the problems of war, survival, food and fuel. It took several months after the Liberation Day on 5 May 1945 for the normal operations of the laboratory to become re-established. Although the laboratory did not incur physical damage during the war, it was not in good condition after the war. Above that, until 1952 there was a political climate unfavourable to NLL especially in terms of financial support for the expansion plans of the NLL that included a HST, among other facilities.

text: During the five years of the

text: Second World War

text: the total contract work-load of the laboratory decreased dramatically although the personnel increased by 40%. However, it appears that a large number of subjects were studied in depth. When the Allied Forces entered the Netherlands in September 1944 the situation changed very dramatically. The food and fuel supply, already at a bare minimum, practically stopped. Everybody at the laboratory was mentally occupied with the problems of war, survival, food and fuel. It took several months after the Liberation Day on 5 May 1945 for the normal operations of the laboratory to become re-established. Although the laboratory did not incur physical damage during the war, it was not in good condition after the war. Above that, until 1952 there was a political climate unfavourable to NLL especially in terms of financial support for the expansion plans of the NLL that included a HST, among other facilities.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: the east

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: When the Allied Forces entered the Netherlands in September 1944 the situation changed very dramatically

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: unfavourable to NLL

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Netherlands

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: HST,

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: 5 May 1945

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: During the five years of the Second World War

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Allied Forces entered the Netherlands in September 1944

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: HST,

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: 40%.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: the personnel increased by 40%.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: The food and fuel supply,

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: During the five years of the Second World War

text: So far, the effects of regional climate change on agriculture have been relatively limited. Changes in crop phenology provide important evidence of the response to recent regional climate change. Phenology is the study of natural phenomena that recur periodically, and how these phenomena relate to climate and seasonal changes. A significant advance in phenology has been observed for agriculture and forestry in large parts of the Northern Hemisphere.

text: So far, the effects of regional climate change on agriculture have been relatively limited. Changes in crop

text: phenology

text: provide important evidence of the response to recent regional climate change. Phenology is the study of natural phenomena that recur periodically, and how these phenomena relate to climate and seasonal changes. A significant advance in phenology has been observed for agriculture and forestry in large parts of the Northern Hemisphere.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: the Equator

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: a significant advance in phenology has been observed

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Nio is the name of:

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: changes in crop phenology provide important evidence of the response to recent regional climate change

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: the effects of regional climate change on agriculture have been relatively limited

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Northern Hemisphere.

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: So far, the effects of regional climate change on agriculture have been relatively limited.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: seasonal changes.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Northern Hemisphere.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Changes in crop phenology

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: So far, the effects of regional climate change

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Changes in crop phenology

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: So far, the effects of regional climate change

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: the effects of regional climate change

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Phenology

text: Manfrino’s research, especially on the smallest of the Cayman Islands, Little Cayman, investigates whether corals can survive climate-change events including prolonged sea surface heating. She began her long-term study in the Caribbean in 1998, the year that the most severe El Nino recorded led to prolonged high sea surface temperatures.  Coral reef mortality occurred globally and dire predictions about the future of corals continue to be the topic of scientific debate. Her long-term Caribbean study indicates that corals have the capacity to rebound from global stressors in places where local human pressures are low.  Her work also demonstrates that avoiding ecosystem collapse requires high levels of local protection.

text: Manfrino’s research, especially on the smallest of the Cayman Islands,

text: Little Cayman

text: , investigates whether corals can survive climate-change events including prolonged sea surface heating. She began her long-term study in the Caribbean in 1998, the year that the most severe

text: El Nino

text: recorded led to prolonged high sea surface temperatures.  Coral reef mortality occurred globally and dire predictions about the future of corals continue to be the topic of scientific debate. Her long-term Caribbean study indicates that corals have the capacity to rebound from global stressors in places where local human pressures are low.  Her work also demonstrates that avoiding ecosystem collapse requires high levels of local protection.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: 1998, the year that the most severe

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: 1998, the year that the most severe El Nino recorded led to prolonged high sea surface temperatures

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: the most severe El Nino recorded led to prolonged high sea surface temperatures

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: prolonged high sea surface temperatures

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: 1998, the year that the most severe El Nino

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: 1998, the year that the most severe El Nino

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: prolonged high sea surface temperatures.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: 1998,

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: prolonged high sea surface temperatures.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: prolonged high sea surface temperatures.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: El Nino

text: El Niño  () is the warm phase of the El Niño Southern Oscillation (commonly called ENSO) and is associated with a band of warm ocean water that develops in  the central and east-central equatorial Pacific (between approximately the International Date Line and 120°W), including off the Pacific coast of South America. El Niño Southern Oscillation refers to the cycle of warm and cold temperatures, as measured by sea surface temperature, SST, of the tropical  central and eastern Pacific Ocean. El Niño is accompanied by high air pressure in the western Pacific and low air pressure in the eastern Pacific. The cool phase of ENSO is called "La Niña" with SST in the eastern Pacific below average and air pressures high in the eastern and low in western Pacific. The ENSO cycle, both El Niño and La Niña, causes global changes of both temperatures and rainfall.

text: El Niño  () is the warm phase of the

text: El Niño Southern Oscillation

text: (commonly called ENSO) and is associated with a band of warm ocean water that develops in  the central and east-central equatorial

text: Pacific

text: (between approximately the

text: International Date Line

text: and 120°W), including off the Pacific coast of

text: South America

text: . El Niño Southern Oscillation refers to the cycle of warm and cold temperatures, as measured by

text: sea surface temperature

text: , SST, of the tropical  central and eastern Pacific Ocean. El Niño is accompanied by high

text: air pressure

text: in the western Pacific and low air pressure in the eastern Pacific. The cool phase of ENSO is called "

text: La Niña

text: " with SST in the eastern Pacific below average and air pressures high in the eastern and low in western Pacific. The ENSO cycle, both El Niño and La Niña, causes global changes of both temperatures and rainfall.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: the International Date Line

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: high air pressure

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Ni o

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: high air pressure in the western Pacific and low air pressure in the eastern

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: low air pressure in the eastern Pacific

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: band of warm ocean water

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: International Date Line and 120°W),

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: El Ni<unk>o

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: high air pressure

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: El Ni<unk>o Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Ni<unk>o Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: high air pressure

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: high air pressure in the western Pacific and low air pressure in the eastern Pacific.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: air pressures high in the eastern and low in western Pacific.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: a band of warm ocean water

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: The ENSO cycle,

text: Her greatest impact has been in research on the interactions the adaptation and effects of plankton to ocean climate change. Her work has modelled physical-biological interactions during bloom dynamics in coastal Antarctica, in particular the equilibrium between warming, glacier melt water and wind-induced physical turbulence in coastal waters. Her work on the role of plankton groups on CO dynamics indicated that diatoms are key contributors to atmospheric CO uptake in surface waters, providing a direct link between biodiversity and climate-relevant processes. Additionally, her work demonstrated links between large-scale atmospheric phenomena (e.g. Southern Annular Mode and El Niño Southern Oscillation) and local phytoplankton dynamics.

text: Her greatest impact has been in research on the interactions the adaptation and effects of plankton to ocean climate change. Her work has modelled physical-biological interactions during bloom dynamics in coastal Antarctica, in particular the equilibrium between warming, glacier melt water and wind-induced physical turbulence in coastal waters. Her work on the role of plankton groups on CO dynamics indicated that

text: diatoms

text: are key contributors to atmospheric CO uptake in surface waters, providing a direct link between biodiversity and climate-relevant processes. Additionally, her work demonstrated links between large-scale atmospheric phenomena (e.g.

text: Southern Annular Mode

text: and

text: El Niño Southern Oscillation

text: ) and local phytoplankton dynamics.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Antarctica

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Ni o

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Ni o Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Southern Annular Mode

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Southern Annular Mode

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Antarctica,

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: El Ni<unk>o Southern Oscillation)

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: bloom dynamics in coastal Antarctica,

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: El Ni<unk>o Southern Oscillation)

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Ni<unk>o Southern Oscillation)

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: glacier melt water

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: El Ni<unk>o Southern Oscillation)

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: El Ni<unk>o Southern Oscillation)

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: Southern Oscillation)

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: El Ni<unk>o Southern Oscillation)

text: As part of his Phd research, Michael E. Mann worked with seismologist Jeffrey Park on developing statistical techniques for find long term oscillations of natural variability in the instrumental temperature record of global surface temperatures over the last 140 years;  showed patterns relating to the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, and  found what was later termed the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation. They then teamed up with Raymond S. Bradley to use these techniques on the dataset from his  study with the aim of finding long term oscillations of natural variability in global climate. The resulting reconstruction went back to 1400, and was published in November as . They were able to detect that the multiple proxies were varying in a coherent oscillatory way, indicating both the multidecadal pattern in the North Atlantic and a longer term oscillation of roughly 250 years in the surrounding region. Their study did not calibrate these proxy patterns against a quantitative temperature scale, and a new statistical approach was needed to find how they related to surface temperatures in order to reconstruct past temperature patterns.

text: As part of his Phd research,

text: Michael E. Mann

text: worked with seismologist

text: Jeffrey Park

text: on developing statistical techniques for find long term oscillations of natural variability in the

text: instrumental temperature record

text: of global surface temperatures over the last 140 years;  showed patterns relating to the

text: El Niño–Southern Oscillation

text: , and  found what was later termed the

text: Atlantic multidecadal oscillation

text: . They then teamed up with

text: Raymond S. Bradley

text: to use these techniques on the dataset from his  study with the aim of finding long term oscillations of natural variability in global climate. The resulting reconstruction went back to 1400, and was published in November as . They were able to detect that the multiple proxies were varying in a coherent oscillatory way, indicating both the multidecadal pattern in the North Atlantic and a longer term oscillation of roughly 250 years in the surrounding region. Their study did not calibrate these proxy patterns against a quantitative temperature scale, and a new statistical approach was needed to find how they related to surface temperatures in order to reconstruct past temperature patterns.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Atlantic

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Michael E. Mann worked with seismologist Jeffrey Park on developing statistical techniques for find long term oscillations of natural variability

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: global surface temperatures

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: global surface temperatures over the last 140 years

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: Atlantic multidecadal oscillation

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: North Atlantic

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: El Ni<unk>o–Southern Oscillation,

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Ni<unk>o–Southern Oscillation,

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: multidecadal pattern in the North Atlantic

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Ni<unk>o–Southern Oscillation,

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: El Ni<unk>o–Southern Oscillation,

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: El Ni<unk>o–Southern Oscillation,

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: El Ni<unk>o–Southern Oscillation,

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: El Ni<unk>o–Southern Oscillation,

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: El Ni<unk>o–Southern Oscillation,

text: The Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum at about  was a significant global warming event; however, since the Azolla event of , the Cenozoic Era has been a period of long-term cooling. After the tectonic creation of Drake Passage, when South America fully detached from Antarctica during the Oligocene, the climate cooled significantly due to the advent of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current which brought cool deep Antarctic water to the surface. The cooling trend continued in the Miocene, with relatively short warmer periods. When South America became attached to North America creating the Isthmus of Panama, the Arctic region cooled due to the strengthening of the Humboldt and Gulf Stream currents, eventually leading to the glaciations of the Quaternary ice age, the current interglacial of which is the Holocene Epoch.Recent analysis of the geomagnetic reversal frequency, oxygen isotope record, and tectonic plate subduction rate, which are indicators of the changes in the heat flux at the core mantle boundary, climate and plate tectonic activity, shows that all these changes indicate similar rhythms on million years’ timescale in the Cenozoic Era occurring with the common fundamental periodicity of ∼13 Myr during most of the time.

text: The

text: Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum

text: at about  was a significant global warming event; however, since the

text: Azolla event

text: of , the Cenozoic Era has been a period of long-term cooling. After the tectonic creation of

text: Drake Passage

text: , when South America fully detached from Antarctica during the

text: Oligocene

text: , the climate cooled significantly due to the advent of the

text: Antarctic Circumpolar Current

text: which brought cool deep Antarctic water to the surface. The cooling trend continued in the

text: Miocene

text: , with relatively short warmer periods. When South America became attached to North America creating the

text: Isthmus of Panama

text: , the Arctic region cooled due to the strengthening of the

text: Humboldt

text: and

text: Gulf Stream

text: currents, eventually leading to the glaciations of the

text: Quaternary ice age

text: , the current

text: interglacial

text: of which is the

text: Holocene

text: Epoch.Recent analysis of the geomagnetic reversal frequency, oxygen isotope record, and tectonic plate subduction rate, which are indicators of the changes in the heat flux at the core mantle boundary, climate and plate tectonic activity, shows that all these changes indicate similar rhythms on million years’ timescale in the Cenozoic Era occurring with the common fundamental periodicity of ∼13 Myr during most of the time.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Gulf Stream

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: relatively short warmer periods

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Azolla event

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: The Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: the Cenozoic Era

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Gulf Stream

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Antarctic Circumpolar Current

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: warmer periods.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Humboldt and Gulf Stream currents,

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Azolla

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Antarctic Circumpolar Current

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Antarctic Circumpolar Current

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Azolla event

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: Antarctica

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: The Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum

text: Because confidence in expected outcomes is often greater in the short-term (e.g., 20 years) than the long-term future, it may be more reasonable to use short-term projections to guide actions. However, it is also important to consider whether the climate will remain suitable long enough for colonizing species to mature and reproduce, if that is the management goal.

text: Because confidence in expected outcomes is often greater in the short-term (e.g., 20 years) than the long-term future, it may be more reasonable to use short-term projections to guide actions. However, it is also important to consider whether the climate will remain suitable long enough for colonizing species to mature and reproduce, if that is the management goal.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Pacific Ocean

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: 20 years

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: climate will remain suitable long enough for colonizing species to mature and reproduce

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: long-term projections to guide actions

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: colonizing species

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: 20 years)

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: short-term projections

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: 20 years)

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: short-term projections

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: 20 years) than the long-term future,

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: short-term projections

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: 20 years)

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: 20 years) than the long-term future,

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: colonizing species

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Because confidence in expected outcomes is often greater in the short-term

text: When the motion at the equator is to the east, any deviation toward the north is brought back toward the equator because the Coriolis force acts to the right of the direction of motion in the Northern Hemisphere, and any deviation to the south is brought back toward the equator because the Coriolis force acts to the left of the direction of motion in the Southern Hemisphere. Note that for motion toward the west, the Coriolis force would not restore a northward or southward deviation back toward the equator; thus, equatorial Kelvin waves are only possible for eastward motion (as noted above). Both atmospheric and oceanic equatorial Kelvin waves play an important role in the dynamics of El Nino-Southern Oscillation, by transmitting changes in conditions in the Western Pacific to the Eastern Pacific.

text: When the motion at the equator is to the east, any deviation toward the north is brought back toward the equator because the

text: Coriolis force

text: acts to the right of the direction of motion in the Northern Hemisphere, and any deviation to the south is brought back toward the equator because the Coriolis force acts to the left of the direction of motion in the Southern Hemisphere. Note that for motion toward the west, the Coriolis force would not restore a northward or southward deviation back toward the equator; thus, equatorial Kelvin waves are only possible for eastward motion (as noted above). Both atmospheric and oceanic equatorial Kelvin waves play an important role in the dynamics of

text: El Nino-Southern Oscillation

text: , by transmitting changes in conditions in the Western Pacific to the Eastern Pacific.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: the equator

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Nino-Southern Oscillation, by transmitting changes in conditions in the Western Pacific to the Eastern Pacific.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Nino-Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: changes in conditions in the Western Pacific to the Eastern Pacific

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: El Nino-Southern Oscillation, by transmitting changes in conditions in the Western Pacific to the Eastern Pacific

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: changes in conditions

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: equator

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: El Nino-Southern Oscillation,

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Nino-Southern Oscillation,

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: El Nino-Southern Oscillation,

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Nino-Southern Oscillation,

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: El Nino-Southern Oscillation,

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: transmitting changes in conditions in the Western Pacific to the Eastern Pacific.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: El Nino-Southern Oscillation,

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: changes in conditions in the Western Pacific to the Eastern Pacific.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: El Nino-Southern Oscillation,

text: This article serves as a glossary of climate change terms. It lists terms that are related to global warming.

text: This article serves as a glossary of climate change terms. It lists terms that are related to

text: global warming

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Pacific Ocean

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Peru Current

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: North Atlantic Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Nio

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Warm water in the western Pacific Ocean

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: El Nio

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: La Nia

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: El Nio

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: El Nio

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: climate change terms. It lists terms that are related to global warming.

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: global warming.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: global warming.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: global warming.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: terms that are related to global warming.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: global warming.

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: global warming.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: global warming.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: global warming.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: climate change terms. It lists terms that are related to global warming.

text: The combined El Nino – Southern Oscillation, or ENSO, turned out to be a major contributor to seasonal climate variability with both human and economic implications.  Study of these linked phenomena continued through the 1970s and 1980s via a variety observational and modeling studies which included the discovery of equatorial kelvin waves, a potential precursor to the ENSO phenomena.

text: The combined El Nino – Southern Oscillation, or ENSO, turned out to be a major contributor to seasonal climate variability with both human and economic implications.  Study of these linked phenomena continued through the 1970s and 1980s via a variety observational and modeling studies which included the discovery of equatorial

text: kelvin waves

text: , a potential precursor to the ENSO phenomena.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: ENSO

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: ENSO

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: equatorial kelvin waves

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: equatorial kelvin waves

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: seasonal climate variability

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: equatorial

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: El Nino – Southern Oscillation,

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: El Nino – Southern Oscillation,

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Nino – Southern Oscillation,

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: seasonal climate variability

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: seasonal climate variability

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: El Nino – Southern Oscillation,

text: An especially strong Walker circulation causes a La Niña, resulting in cooler ocean temperatures in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean due to increased upwelling. La Niña (, ) is a coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon that is the counterpart of El Niño as part of the broader El Niño Southern Oscillation climate pattern. The name La Niña originates from Spanish, meaning "the girl", analogous to El Niño meaning "the boy". During a period of La Niña, the sea surface temperature across the equatorial eastern central Pacific will be lower than normal by 3–5 °C. In the United States, an appearance of La Niña happens for at least five months of La Niña conditions. However, each country and island nation has a different threshold for what constitutes a La Niña event, which is tailored to their specific interests. The Japan Meteorological Agency for example, declares that a La Niña event has started when the average five month sea surface temperature deviation for the NINO.3 region, is over 0.5 °C (0.90 °F) cooler for 6 consecutive months or longer.

text: An especially strong Walker circulation causes a La Niña, resulting in cooler ocean temperatures in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean due to increased upwelling. La Niña (, ) is a coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon that is the counterpart of El Niño as part of the broader El Niño Southern Oscillation

text: climate pattern

text: . The name La Niña originates from

text: Spanish

text: , meaning "the girl", analogous to El Niño meaning "the boy". During a period of La Niña, the

text: sea surface temperature

text: across the equatorial eastern central Pacific will be lower than normal by 3–5 °C. In the United States, an appearance of La Niña happens for at least five months of La Niña conditions. However, each country and island nation has a different threshold for what constitutes a La Niña event, which is tailored to their specific interests. The

text: Japan Meteorological Agency

text: for example, declares that a La Niña event has started when the average five month sea surface temperature deviation for the NINO.3 region, is over 0.5 °C (0.90 °F) cooler for 6 consecutive months or longer.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: equatorial

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: 3–5 °C

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: are the counterpart of El Ni o as part of the broader El Ni o Southern Oscillation climate pattern

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: the sea surface temperature across the equatorial eastern central Pacific will be lower than normal by 3–5 °C

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: the sea surface temperature across the equatorial eastern central Pacific will be lower than normal

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: cooler ocean temperatures

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Walker circulation

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: 3–5 °C.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: 3–5 °C.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: La Ni<unk>a,

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Ni<unk>o

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: upwelling.

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: 3–5 °C.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: lower than normal by 3–5 °C.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: cooler ocean temperatures

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: El Ni<unk>o Southern Oscillation

text: The encyclical highlights the role of fossil fuels in causing climate change.   "We know that technology based on the use of highly polluting fossil fuels – especially coal, but also oil and, to a lesser degree, gas – needs to be progressively replaced without delay", Francis says. "Until greater progress is made in developing widely accessible sources of renewable energy, it is legitimate to choose the less harmful alternative or to find short-term solutions."  The encyclical's comments on climate change are consistent with the scientific consensus on climate change.

text: The encyclical highlights the role of

text: fossil fuel

text: s in causing climate change.   "We know that technology based on the use of highly polluting fossil fuels – especially coal, but also oil and, to a lesser degree, gas – needs to be progressively replaced without delay", Francis says. "Until greater progress is made in developing widely accessible sources of renewable energy, it is legitimate to choose the less harmful alternative or to find short-term solutions."  The encyclical's comments on climate change are consistent with the

text: scientific consensus on climate change

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: equator

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: gas

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: encyclical highlights the role of fossil fuels in causing climate change.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: climate change.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: The encyclical highlights the role of fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: The encyclical

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Francis

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Francis

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: climate change.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: encyclical highlights the role of fossil fuels in causing climate change.

text: Nina (Marina) Yurasova (as Theodora Verdierin film Mister X) was born on the 3 of January, 1934, and received name Nina Yurasova from the berthday. For the film Mister X she changed name Nina to name Marina. Nina (Marina) Yurasiva was younger than Zoya Vinogradova (as Marie Latouche in film Mister X), but according to roles in the film Theodora Verdier had to be older than Marie Latouch. Family name Yurasov, if woman it must be Yurasova, formed from the short name Yura of official name Yuriy.

text: Nina (Marina) Yurasova

text: (as Theodora Verdierin film Mister X) was born on the 3 of January, 1934, and received name Nina Yurasova from the berthday. For the film Mister X she changed name Nina to name Marina. Nina (Marina) Yurasiva was younger than

text: Zoya Vinogradova

text: (as Marie Latouche in film Mister X), but according to roles in the film Theodora Verdier had to be older than Marie Latouch. Family name Yurasov, if woman it must be Yurasova, formed from the short name Yura of official name Yuriy.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: to the south

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: el nio

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Nina (Marina) Yurasiva

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Nina (Marina) Yurasova

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: What is the name of the cycle?

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Yuriy.

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Nina (Marina) Yurasova

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: 1934,

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Nina (Marina) Yurasova

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Nina (Marina) Yurasova

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Nina (Marina) Yurasova

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: 3 of January, 1934,

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Zoya Vinogradova

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: Nina (Marina) Yurasova

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Nina (Marina) Yurasova

text: A version of Yo soy Betty, la fea made by Bosnian Federalna Televizija (FTV), Croatian RTL Televizija and Serbian Fox Televizija began airing in October 2007. The title of the show was Ne daj se, Nina ("Don't give up, Nina"). After a long audition, newcomer Lana Gojak, who resembles America Ferrera, was cast in the role of Nina (Betty). Other cast members were established actors such as Robert Kurbaša, Edvin Livarić, Bojana Ordinačev, Petar Ćiritović, Andrija Milošević, Kristina Krepela and Sloboda Mićalović. The first, and only, season consisted of just over 50 episodes. Although the storyline basically followed that of Yo soy Betty, la fea, Lana Gojak's appearance as Nina seemed to be based more on the heroine of Ugly Betty than on that of Yo soy Betty, la fea. The series had a number of other elements that were directly borrowed from Ugly Betty, rather than from Yo soy Betty, la fea. The series did pretty well in the ratings, but was too expensive to produce, so a second season was never ordered.

text: A version of

text: Yo soy Betty, la fea

text: made by Bosnian Federalna Televizija (FTV), Croatian RTL Televizija and Serbian Fox Televizija began airing in October 2007. The title of the show was

text: Ne daj se, Nina

text: ("Don't give up, Nina"). After a long audition, newcomer Lana Gojak, who resembles

text: America Ferrera

text: , was cast in the role of Nina (Betty). Other cast members were established actors such as Robert Kurbaša, Edvin Livarić, Bojana Ordinačev, Petar Ćiritović, Andrija Milošević, Kristina Krepela and Sloboda Mićalović. The first, and only, season consisted of just over 50 episodes. Although the storyline basically followed that of Yo soy Betty, la fea, Lana Gojak's appearance as Nina seemed to be based more on the heroine of Ugly Betty than on that of Yo soy Betty, la fea. The series had a number of other elements that were directly borrowed from Ugly Betty, rather than from Yo soy Betty, la fea. The series did pretty well in the ratings, but was too expensive to produce, so a second season was never ordered.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Bosnia

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Yo soy Betty, la fea

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Bosnian Federalna Televizija

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Yo soy Betty, la fea

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Serbian Fox Televizija began airing in October 2007.

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: a second season was never ordered.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: 2007.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: a second season was never ordered.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Ne daj se, Nina

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: a second season was never ordered.

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: October 2007.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: ("Don't give up, Nina").

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: 2007.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Yo soy Betty, la fea,

text: The comparison of coral strontium/calcium minimums with sea surface temperature maximums, data recorded from NINO 3.4 SSTA, time can be correlated to coral strontium/calcium and δO variations. To confirm accuracy of the annual relationship between Sr/Ca and δO variations, a perceptible association to annual coral growth rings confirms the age conversion. Geochronology is established by the blending of Sr/Ca data, growth rings, and stable isotope data. El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is directly related to climate fluctuations that influence coral δO ratio from local salinity variations associated with the position of the South Pacific convergence zone (SPCZ) and can be used for ENSO modeling.

text: The comparison of coral strontium/calcium minimums with sea surface temperature maximums, data recorded from NINO 3.4 SSTA, time can be correlated to coral strontium/calcium and

text: δO

text: variations. To confirm accuracy of the annual relationship between Sr/Ca and

text: δO

text: variations, a perceptible association to annual coral growth rings confirms the age conversion.

text: Geochronology

text: is established by the blending of Sr/Ca data, growth rings, and

text: stable isotope

text: data.

text: El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO)

text: is directly related to climate fluctuations that influence coral

text: δO

text: ratio from local salinity variations associated with the position of the

text: South Pacific convergence zone (SPCZ)

text: and can be used for

text: ENSO

text: modeling.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: South Pacific

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: NINO 3.4

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: NINO 3.4

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: coral strontium/calcium minimums with sea surface temperature maximums

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: NINO 3.4 SSTA

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: climate fluctuations

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: South Pacific

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: El Nino-Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Nino-Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: El Nino-Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Nino-Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: sea surface temperature maximums,

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: El Nino-Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: El Nino-Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: South Pacific convergence zone

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: El Nino-Southern Oscillation

text: Nino also recently received acclaim in his theater debut as the happy-go-lucky Ethan Girard, one of the leads of the hit musical, The Full Monty, presented by Viva Atlantis Theatricals.

text: Nino also recently received acclaim in his theater debut as the happy-go-lucky Ethan Girard, one of the leads of the hit musical, The Full Monty, presented by Viva Atlantis Theatricals.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Atlantic Ocean

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: include

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: viva atlantis theatricals presented the full monty

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: viva atlantis theatricals presented the full monty

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Atlantis

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Viva Atlantis Theatricals.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: Viva Atlantis Theatricals.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Viva Atlantis Theatricals.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: theater debut

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Viva Atlantis Theatricals.

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Ethan Girard,

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Nino

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: Viva Atlantis

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Viva Atlantis Theatricals.

text: Climatology (from Greek κλίμα, klima, "place, zone"; and -λογία, -logia) or climate science is the study of climate, scientifically defined as weather conditions averaged over a period of time. This modern field of study is regarded as a branch of the atmospheric sciences and a subfield of physical geography, which is one of the Earth sciences. Climatology now includes aspects of oceanography and biogeochemistry.  Basic knowledge of climate can be used within shorter term weather forecasting using analog techniques such as the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO), the North Atlantic oscillation (NAO), the Northern Annular Mode (NAM) which is also known as the Arctic oscillation (AO), the Northern Pacific (NP) Index, the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO), and the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO).  Climate models are used for a variety of purposes from study of the dynamics of the weather and climate system to projections of future climate.

text: Climatology (from

text: Greek

text: κλίμα, klima, "place, zone"; and -λογία,

text: -logia

text: ) or climate science is the study of

text: climate

text: , scientifically defined as weather conditions averaged over a period of time. This modern field of study is regarded as a branch of the

text: atmospheric sciences

text: and a subfield of

text: physical geography

text: , which is one of the

text: Earth science

text: s. Climatology now includes aspects of

text: oceanography

text: and

text: biogeochemistry

text: .  Basic knowledge of climate can be used within shorter term

text: weather forecasting

text: using analog techniques such as the

text: El Niño–Southern Oscillation

text: (ENSO), the

text: Madden–Julian oscillation

text: (MJO), the

text: North Atlantic oscillation

text: (NAO), the

text: Northern Annular Mode

text: (NAM) which is also known as the

text: Arctic oscillation

text: (AO), the Northern Pacific (NP) Index, the

text: Pacific decadal oscillation

text: (PDO), and the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO).  Climate models are used for a variety of purposes from study of the dynamics of the weather and climate system to projections of future climate.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: North Atlantic

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Ni o–Southern Oscillation (ENSO)

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: North Atlantic oscillation (NAO)

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: basic knowledge of climate can be used within shorter term weather forecasting using analog techniques

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: North Atlantic

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: El Ni<unk>o–Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Ni<unk>o–Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: North Atlantic oscillation (NAO),

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Ni<unk>o–Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: (ENSO),

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: (ENSO),

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: o–Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: El Ni<unk>o–Southern Oscillation

text: The links between the gradual environmental degradation of climate change and displacement are complex: as the decision to migrate is taken at the household level, it is difficult to measure the respective influence of climate change in these decisions with regard to other influencing factors, such as poverty, population growth or employment options. This situates the debate on environmental migration in a highly contested field: the use of the term 'environmental refugee', although commonly used in some contexts, is disrecommended by agencies such as the UNHCR who argue that the term 'refugee' has a strict legal definition which does not apply to environmental migrants. Neither the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change nor the Kyoto Protocol, an international agreement on climate change, includes any provisions concerning specific assistance or protection for those who will be directly affected by climate change.

text: The links between the gradual environmental degradation of climate change and displacement are complex: as the decision to migrate is taken at the household level, it is difficult to measure the respective influence of climate change in these decisions with regard to other influencing factors, such as

text: poverty

text: population growth

text: or

text: employment

text: options. This situates the debate on

text: environmental migration

text: in a highly contested field: the use of the term 'environmental refugee', although commonly used in some contexts, is disrecommended by agencies such as the

entity_name: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees

text: UNHCR

text: who argue that the term 'refugee' has a strict legal definition which does not apply to environmental migrants. Neither the

text: UN Framework Convention on Climate Change

text: nor the

text: Kyoto Protocol

text: , an international agreement on climate change, includes any provisions concerning specific assistance or protection for those who will be directly affected by climate change.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: the Equator

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: climate change and displacement are complex

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Kyoto Protocol,

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: The links between the gradual environmental degradation of climate change

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: population growth

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: The links between the gradual environmental degradation of climate change

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Kyoto Protocol,

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: The links between the gradual environmental degradation of climate change

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Kyoto Protocol,

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: The links between the gradual environmental degradation of climate change

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: The links between the gradual environmental degradation of climate change

text: In the tropical and subtropical Pacific, the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) affects weather conditions.  To determine the phase of ENSO, the most recent three-month sea surface temperature average for the area approximately  to the southeast of Hawaii is computed, and if the region is more than  above or below normal for that period, then an El Niño or La Niña is considered in progress.

text: In the tropical and subtropical Pacific, the

text: El Niño Southern Oscillation

text: (ENSO) affects weather conditions.  To determine the phase of ENSO, the most recent three-month sea surface temperature average for the area approximately  to the southeast of

text: Hawaii

text: is computed, and if the region is more than  above or below normal for that period, then an

text: El Niño

text: or

text: La Niña

text: is considered in progress.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: southeast of Hawaii

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Ni o Southern Oscillation (ENSO)

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: ENSO affects weather conditions

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: sea surface temperature average

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: weather conditions

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: southeast of Hawaii

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: El Ni<unk>o Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: above or below normal for that period,

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: El Ni<unk>o Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Ni<unk>o or La Ni<unk>a is considered in progress.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: El Ni<unk>o Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: if the region is more than above or below normal for that period,

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: if the region is more than above or below normal for that period,

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: weather conditions.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: El Ni<unk>o Southern Oscillation

text: Nino Niederreiter (born 8 September 1992), nicknamed El Niño, is a Swiss ice hockey player currently playing for the Minnesota Wild of the National Hockey League (NHL). He was selected fifth overall by the New York Islanders in the 2010 NHL Entry Draft, making him the highest-drafted Swiss hockey player in NHL history. Niederreiter made his NHL debut with the Islanders early in the 2010–11 season before being returned to his junior club, the Portland Winterhawks of the Western Hockey League (WHL). Prior to coming over to North America Niederreiter had played in the junior system of the Swiss team HC Davos, and appeared in three playoff games for the senior club in 2010. He was traded to the Minnesota Wild on 30 June 2013 for Cal Clutterbuck and a third round pick in the 2013 NHL Entry Draft.

text: Nino Niederreiter (born 8 September 1992), nicknamed El Niño, is a

text: Swiss

text: ice hockey

text: player currently playing for the

text: Minnesota Wild

text: of the

text: National Hockey League

text: (NHL). He was selected fifth overall by the

text: New York Islanders

text: in the

text: 2010 NHL Entry Draft

text: , making him the highest-drafted Swiss hockey player in NHL history. Niederreiter made his NHL debut with the Islanders early in the

text: 2010–11 season

text: before being returned to his junior club, the

text: Portland Winterhawks

text: of the

text: Western Hockey League

text: (WHL). Prior to coming over to North America Niederreiter had played in the junior system of the Swiss team

text: HC Davos

text: , and appeared in three playoff games for the senior club in 2010. He was traded to the Minnesota Wild on 30 June 2013 for

text: Cal Clutterbuck

text: and a third round pick in the

text: 2013 NHL Entry Draft

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Pacific Ocean

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Nio

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: el nio events

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: he was traded to the Minnesota Wild

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: He was traded to the Minnesota Wild on 30 June 2013

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Ni<unk>o,

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: El Ni<unk>o,

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: 2010–11

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: El Ni<unk>o,

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: three playoff games for the senior club in 2010.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: El Ni<unk>o,

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: three playoff games for the senior club in 2010.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: three playoff games for the senior club in 2010.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: Ni<unk>o,

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: El Ni<unk>o,

text: in the steady term, the cosine in the time-varying term, and gamma in both terms. The phi term is what Taylor and Torza refer to as a “discriminating function” because its value determines whether the droplet will tend to spend more time in either a prolate or oblate shape. It is a function of all the material properties and the frequency of oscillation, but is completely independent of time. The time varying cosine term shows that the droplet does in fact oscillate at twice the frequency of the imposed electric field but is also generally out of phase due to the constant alpha term that arises due to the mathematics. The other variables are constants that depend on the geometric, electric, and thermodynamic properties of the relevant liquids in addition to the oscillation frequency.

text: in the steady term, the cosine in the time-varying term, and gamma in both terms. The phi term is what Taylor and Torza refer to as a “discriminating function” because its value determines whether the droplet will tend to spend more time in either a prolate or oblate shape. It is a function of all the material properties and the frequency of oscillation, but is completely independent of time. The time varying cosine term shows that the droplet does in fact oscillate at twice the frequency of the imposed electric field but is also generally out of phase due to the constant alpha term that arises due to the mathematics. The other variables are constants that depend on the geometric, electric, and thermodynamic properties of the relevant liquids in addition to the oscillation frequency.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: the Equator

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: el nio events

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: decreases sea levels

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: el nio

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Taylor and Torza

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: gamma

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: gamma in both terms.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: twice the frequency of the imposed electric field

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: gamma in both terms.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: phi term

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: gamma

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: oscillate at twice the frequency of the imposed electric field

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: oscillate at twice the frequency of the imposed electric field

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: oblate shape.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: twice the frequency of the imposed electric field

text: When the deal became known, Seattle Mayor Ed Murray and the Seattle City Council announced they would review it. On March 9, the city of Seattle began looking for ways it could hinder the deal. Murray asked Port to reconsider the contract with Foss, and said that the Port of Seattle must get permits for new uses in order to host the Arctic drilling fleet, explaining that, "This is an opportunity for the port and all of us to make a bold statement about how oil companies contribute to climate change, oil spills and other environmental disasters – and reject this short-term lease."

text: When the deal became known, Seattle Mayor

text: Ed Murray

text: and the

text: Seattle City Council

text: announced they would review it. On March 9, the city of Seattle began looking for ways it could hinder the deal. Murray asked Port to reconsider the contract with Foss, and said that the Port of Seattle must get permits for new uses in order to host the Arctic drilling fleet, explaining that, "This is an opportunity for the port and all of us to make a bold statement about how oil companies contribute to climate change, oil spills and other environmental disasters – and reject this short-term lease."

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Seattle

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: oil spills and other environmental disasters

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Seattle Mayor Ed Murray and the Seattle City Council

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Arctic

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Seattle Mayor Ed Murray and the Seattle City Council

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: climate change, oil spills and other environmental disasters

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: climate change,

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: oil spills and other environmental disasters

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: climate change,

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: March 9,

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: March 9,

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: oil spills

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Seattle Mayor Ed Murray and the Seattle City Council

text: The lithic assemblage in some of the late Pleistocene occupations at Shum Laka are unique in the presence of a quartz industry early than most other sites in the region. The presence of a microlithic quartz industry at Shum Laka, when combined with supporting evidence from other rockshelter and late Pleistocene sites in the Grasslands, is indicative of a more mobile population that exploited a variety of resources in the ecotonal landscape. This behavioral strategy is ascribed as an adaptation to common regional environmental changes during the late Pleistocene. It is well established that the late Pleistocene in northern Cameroon and the surrounding area was highly variable climatically. Particularly during the Last Glacial Maximum, refuge occupations by people would have been short-term and highly variable based on rapid, localized changes. Similar lithic assemblages and strategies as those found at Shum Laka have been delineated at other rockshelter sites in the area dating to the same period.

text: The lithic assemblage in some of the late Pleistocene occupations at Shum Laka are unique in the presence of a quartz industry early than most other sites in the region. The presence of a

text: microlithic

text: quartz industry at Shum Laka, when combined with supporting evidence from other rockshelter and late Pleistocene sites in the Grasslands, is indicative of a more mobile population that exploited a variety of resources in the ecotonal landscape. This behavioral strategy is ascribed as an adaptation to common regional environmental changes during the late Pleistocene. It is well established that the late Pleistocene in northern Cameroon and the surrounding area was highly variable climatically. Particularly during the

text: Last Glacial Maximum

text: , refuge occupations by people would have been short-term and highly variable based on rapid, localized changes. Similar lithic assemblages and strategies as those found at Shum Laka have been delineated at other rockshelter sites in the area dating to the same period.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Cameroon

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: a quartz industry early than most other sites in the region

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: During the Last Glacial Maximum, refuge occupations by people would have been short-term and highly variable based on rapid, localized changes

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: refuge occupations by people would have been short-term and highly variable based on rapid, localized changes

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: refuge occupations by people would have been short-term and highly variable based on rapid, localized changes

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: northern Cameroon

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Last Glacial Maximum,

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: Last Glacial Maximum,

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Last Glacial Maximum,

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Last Glacial Maximum,

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Last Glacial Maximum,

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Last Glacial Maximum,

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Last Glacial Maximum,

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: Last Glacial Maximum,

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: late Pleistocene occupations at Shum Laka

text: While ITM requires only changes in translation, induction of long-term memory requires changes in transcription as well. The change from short-term memory to long-term memory is thought to dependent on CREB, which regulates transcription, but because ITM does not involve a change in transcription, it is thought to be independent of CREB activity. According to the definition of ITM proposed by Sutton et al. in 2001, it disappears completely before long-term memory is induced.

text: While ITM requires only changes in translation, induction of long-term memory requires changes in transcription as well. The change from short-term memory to long-term memory is thought to dependent on

text: CREB

text: , which regulates transcription, but because ITM does not involve a change in transcription, it is thought to be independent of CREB activity. According to the definition of ITM proposed by Sutton et al. in 2001, it disappears completely before long-term memory is induced.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: equator

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: long-term memory

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: long-term memory is induced

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: CREB,

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: ITM requires only changes in translation,

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: 2001, it disappears completely before long-term memory is induced.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: ITM requires only changes in translation,

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: ITM requires only changes in translation,

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: CREB,

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: ITM requires only changes in translation,

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: ITM requires only changes in translation,

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: ITM requires only changes in translation,

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: While ITM requires only changes in translation,

text: For any subgroup, the following conditions are equivalent to normality. Therefore, any one of them may be taken as the definition:

text: For any subgroup, the following conditions are

text: equivalent

text: to normality. Therefore, any one of them may be taken as the definition:

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: south

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: normal

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: normal

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: normal

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: normality

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: normal

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: normality can be assumed

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: la nia is a subgroup

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: sea level rise

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: normal

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: normality.

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: normality.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: For any subgroup, the following conditions are equivalent to normality.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: normality.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: normality.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: normality.

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: normality.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: normality.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: For any subgroup, the following conditions are equivalent to normality.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: normality.

text: The term sometimes is used to refer specifically to climate change caused by human activity, as opposed to changes in climate that may have resulted as part of Earth's natural processes.In this sense, especially in the context of environmental policy, the term climate change has become synonymous with anthropogenic global warming. Within scientific journals, global warming refers to surface temperature increases while climate change includes global warming and everything else that increasing greenhouse gas levels affect.

text: The term sometimes is used to refer specifically to climate change caused by human activity, as opposed to changes in climate that may have resulted as part of Earth's natural processes.In this sense, especially in the context of

text: environmental policy

text: , the term climate change has become synonymous with

text: anthropogenic

text: global warming

text: . Within scientific journals, global warming refers to surface temperature increases while climate change includes global warming and everything else that increasing

text: greenhouse gas

text: levels affect.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: the Equator

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: surface temperature increases

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: are not the same thing

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: global warming refers to surface temperature increases

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: global warming refers to surface temperature increases

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Earth's natural processes.In

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: The term sometimes is used to refer specifically to climate change caused by human activity,

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: surface temperature increases

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: anthropogenic global warming.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: The term sometimes is used to refer specifically to climate change caused by human activity,

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: anthropogenic global warming.

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: surface temperature increases

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: The term sometimes is used to refer specifically to climate change caused by human activity,

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: The term sometimes is used to refer specifically to climate change caused by human activity,

text: The conference was officially referred to as the 17th session of the Conference of the Parties  to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the 7th session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties  to the Kyoto Protocol. In addition, the two permanent subsidiary bodies of the UNFCCC – the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice (SBSTA) and the Subsidiary Body for Implementation (SBI) – were likely to hold their 35th sessions. The 2010 United Nations Climate Change Conference extended the mandates of the two temporary subsidiary bodies – the Ad Hoc Working Group on Further Commitments for Annex I Parties under the Kyoto Protocol (AWG-KP) and the Ad Hoc Working Group on Long-term Cooperative Action under the Convention (AWG-LCA) – so they were expected to meet as well.

text: The conference was officially referred to as the 17th session of the Conference of the Parties  to the

text: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

text: (UNFCCC) and the 7th session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties  to the

text: Kyoto Protocol

text: . In addition, the two permanent subsidiary bodies of the UNFCCC – the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice (SBSTA) and the Subsidiary Body for Implementation (SBI) – were likely to hold their 35th sessions. The

text: 2010 United Nations Climate Change Conference

text: extended the mandates of the two temporary subsidiary bodies – the Ad Hoc Working Group on Further Commitments for Annex I Parties under the Kyoto Protocol (AWG-KP) and the Ad Hoc Working Group on Long-term Cooperative Action under the Convention (AWG-LCA) – so they were expected to meet as well.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: the Equator

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: The 2010 United Nations Climate Change Conference extended the mandates of the two temporary subsidiary bodies

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: 2010 United Nations Climate Change Conference

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Climate Change

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Climate Change

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: 2010

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Climate Change

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Kyoto Protocol.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Climate Change

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Kyoto Protocol.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: 2010 United Nations Climate Change Conference

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: Climate Change

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Kyoto Protocol.

text: Kevin Edward Trenberth (born November 8, 1944) is part of the Climate Analysis Section at the USA National Center for Atmospheric Research. He was a lead author of the 2001 and 2007 IPCC Scientific Assessment of Climate Change (see IPCC Fourth Assessment Report) and serves on the Scientific Steering Group for the Climate Variability and Predictability (CLIVAR) program.  In addition, he serves on the Joint Scientific Committee of the World Climate Research Programme, and has made significant contributions to research into El Niño-Southern Oscillation.

text: Kevin Edward Trenberth (born November 8, 1944) is part of the Climate Analysis Section at the USA

entity_name: National Center for Atmospheric Research

text: National Center for Atmospheric Research

text: . He was a lead author of the 2001 and 2007

entity_name: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

text: IPCC

text: Scientific Assessment of Climate Change (see

text: IPCC Fourth Assessment Report

text: ) and serves on the Scientific Steering Group for the Climate Variability and Predictability (

text: CLIVAR

text: ) program.  In addition, he serves on the Joint Scientific Committee of the

text: World Climate Research Programme

text: , and has made significant contributions to research into

text: El Niño-Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: South America

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Nio

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Ni o-Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Kevin Edward Trenberth

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Kevin Edward Trenberth

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: o-Southern

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: El Ni<unk>o-Southern Oscillation.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Ni<unk>o-Southern Oscillation.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: El Ni<unk>o-Southern Oscillation.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Ni<unk>o-Southern Oscillation.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: El Ni<unk>o-Southern Oscillation.

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: El Ni<unk>o-Southern Oscillation.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: El Ni<unk>o-Southern Oscillation.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: o-Southern Oscillation.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: El Ni<unk>o-Southern Oscillation.

text: El Laco has a classical cold mountain climate at the line between the dry Altiplano with summer precipitation and the hyper-arid Atacama Desert climate. A nearby weather station () at  altitude showed an average temperature of  in 1991, with strong short-term variability. The majority of precipitation falls during southern hemisphere summer; winter snowfall has been recorded. Air humidity recorded in 1991 was 10–30%.

text: El Laco has a classical cold mountain climate at the line between the dry Altiplano with summer precipitation and the hyper-arid Atacama Desert climate. A nearby weather station () at  altitude showed an average temperature of  in 1991, with strong short-term variability. The majority of precipitation falls during southern hemisphere summer; winter snowfall has been recorded. Air humidity recorded in 1991 was 10–30%.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: southern hemisphere

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: average temperature

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: in 1991, with strong short-term variability

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: winter snowfall has been recorded

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: air humidity recorded in 1991 was 10–30%

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Altiplano

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: The majority of precipitation falls during southern hemisphere summer;

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: The majority of precipitation falls during southern hemisphere summer;

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: The majority of precipitation falls during southern hemisphere summer;

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: winter snowfall has been recorded.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: The majority of precipitation falls during southern hemisphere summer;

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: winter snowfall

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: The majority of precipitation falls during southern hemisphere summer;

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: southern hemisphere

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: El Laco

text: Self-oscillation is the generation and maintenance of a periodic motion by a source of power that lacks any corresponding periodicity.  The oscillator itself controls the phase with which the external power acts on it.  Self-oscillators are therefore distinct from forced and parametric resonators, in which the power that sustains the motion must be modulated externally.  In linear systems, self-oscillation appears as an instability associated with a negative damping term, which causes small perturbations to grow exponentially in amplitude.  This negative damping is due to a positive feedback between the oscillation and the modulation of the external source of power.  The amplitude and waveform of steady self-oscillations are determined by the nonlinear characteristics of the system.

text: Self-oscillation is the generation and maintenance of a periodic motion by a source of power that lacks any corresponding periodicity.  The oscillator itself controls the phase with which the external power acts on it.  Self-oscillators are therefore distinct from

text: forced

text: and

text: parametric resonators

text: , in which the power that sustains the motion must be modulated externally.  In

text: linear systems

text: , self-oscillation appears as an instability associated with a negative

text: damping

text: term, which causes small perturbations to grow exponentially in amplitude.  This negative damping is due to a

text: positive feedback

text: between the oscillation and the modulation of the external source of power.  The amplitude and waveform of steady self-oscillations are determined by the

text: nonlinear

text: characteristics of the system.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: equator

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Nio

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: self-oscillation

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: self-oscillation

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: periodicity.

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Self-oscillation

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: periodicity.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Self-oscillation

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Self-oscillation

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Self-oscillation

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Self-oscillation

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Self-oscillation

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: Self-oscillation

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Self-oscillation

text: A policy that sets a carbon tax only in developed countries might lead to leakage of emissions to developing countries. However, a negative leakage (i.e., leakage having the effect of reducing emissions) could also occur due to a lowering in demand and price for oil and gas. This might lead coal-rich countries to use less coal and more oil and gas, thus lowering their emissions. While this is of short-term benefit, it reduces the insurance provided by limiting the consumption of oil and gas. The insurance is against the possibility of delayed arrival of backstop technologies. If the arrival of backstop technologies is delayed, the substitution of coal for oil and gas might have no long-term benefit. If the backstop technology arrives earlier, then the issue of substitution becomes unimportant. In terms of climate policy, the issue of substitution means that long-term leakage needs to be considered, and not just short-term leakage.

text: A policy that sets a

text: carbon tax

text: only in developed countries might lead to leakage of emissions to developing countries. However, a negative leakage (i.e., leakage having the effect of reducing emissions) could also occur due to a lowering in demand and price for oil and gas. This might lead coal-rich countries to use less coal and more oil and gas, thus lowering their emissions. While this is of short-term benefit, it reduces the insurance provided by limiting the consumption of oil and gas. The insurance is against the possibility of delayed arrival of backstop technologies. If the arrival of backstop technologies is delayed, the substitution of coal for oil and gas might have no long-term benefit. If the backstop technology arrives earlier, then the issue of substitution becomes unimportant. In terms of climate policy, the issue of substitution means that long-term leakage needs to be considered, and not just short-term leakage.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Africa

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: a negative leakage

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: The insurance is against the possibility of delayed arrival

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: lowering in demand and price for oil and gas

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: lowering in demand and price for oil and gas

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: negative leakage

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: developed countries

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: A policy that sets a carbon tax only in developed countries

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: short-term benefit,

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: lowering in demand and price for oil and gas.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: negative leakage

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: A policy that sets a carbon tax only in developed countries

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: lowering in demand and price for oil and gas.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: lowering in demand and price for oil and gas.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: leakage of emissions to developing countries.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: lowering in demand and price for oil and gas.

text: Within competitive markets, markets are often defined by their sub-sectors, such as the "short-term" or "long-term" market, the "seasonal" or "summer" market, or the "broad" or "remainder" market.  For example, in otherwise competitive market economies, where a large majority of the commercial exchanges are competitively determined by long term contracts and therefore long term market clearing prices, a “remainder market” is one where prices are determined by the small part of the market that deals with the availability of whatever is not cleared via long term transactions.  For example, in the sugar industry, about 94% to 95% of the market clearing price is determined by long term supply and purchase contracts.  The balance of the market, and world sugar prices, are determined by the ad hoc demand for the 5% to 6% that is not sold via long-term contracts; prices in the “remainder market” fluctuate more widely and are determined by short term supply and demand conditions; quoted prices can be significantly higher or lower than the long-term market clearing price. Similarly, in the US real estate housing market, appraisal prices can be determined by both short term or long term characteristics depending on short-term supply and demand factors; this can result in large price variations for a property at one location.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: summer

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: summer

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: are determined by short term supply and demand conditions

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: long term contracts are determined by long term supply and purchase contracts

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: the balance of the market, and world sugar prices

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: "summer"

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: "seasonal" or "summer"

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: "seasonal" or "summer"

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Within competitive markets, markets are often defined by their sub-sectors,

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Within competitive markets, markets are often defined by their sub-sectors,

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Within competitive markets, markets are often defined by their sub-sectors,

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: large price variations for a property at one location.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Within competitive markets, markets are often defined by their sub-sectors,

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: Within competitive markets,

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Within competitive markets,

text: The Climate Prediction Center (CPC) in College Park, Maryland is responsible for all of the NWS's climate-related forecasts. Their mission is to "serve the public by assessing and forecasting the impacts of short-term climate variability, emphasizing enhanced risks of weather-related extreme events, for use in mitigating losses and maximizing economic gains." Their products cover time scales from a week to seasons, extending into the future as far as technically feasible, and cover the land, the ocean and the atmosphere, extending into the stratosphere. Most of the products issued by the center cover the Contiguous U.S. and Alaska.

text: The

text: Climate Prediction Center

text: (CPC) in

text: College Park, Maryland

text: is responsible for all of the NWS's climate-related forecasts. Their mission is to "serve the public by assessing and forecasting the impacts of short-term climate variability, emphasizing enhanced risks of weather-related extreme events, for use in mitigating losses and maximizing economic gains." Their products cover time scales from a week to seasons, extending into the future as far as technically feasible, and cover the land, the ocean and the atmosphere, extending into the stratosphere. Most of the products issued by the center cover the

text: Contiguous U.S.

text: and

text: Alaska

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Alaska

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: most of the products issued by the center

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: College Park, Maryland

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: College Park, Maryland

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: sea level rise

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Alaska.

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: The Climate Prediction Center

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: seasons,

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: The Climate Prediction Center

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: weather-related extreme events,

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: The Climate Prediction Center

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: weather-related extreme events,

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: The Climate Prediction Center

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: weather-related extreme events,

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: The Climate Prediction Center

text: The failure of North Atlantic thermohaline circulation is used to explain rapid climate change in some science fiction writings as early as Stanley G. Weinbaum's 1937 short story "Shifting Seas" where the author described the freezing of Europe after the Gulf Stream was disrupted, and more recently in Kim Stanley Robinson's novels, particularly Fifty Degrees Below. It also underpinned the 1999 book, The Coming Global Superstorm. Likewise, the idea of rapid climate change caused by disruption of North Atlantic Ocean currents creates the setting for 2004 apocalyptic science-fiction film The Day After Tomorrow. Similar sudden cooling events have featured in other novels, such as John Christopher's The World in Winter, though not always with the same explicit links to the Younger Dryas event as is the case of Robinson's work.

text: The failure of North Atlantic

text: thermohaline circulation

text: is used to explain rapid climate change in some science fiction writings as early as

text: Stanley G. Weinbaum

text: 's 1937 short story "Shifting Seas" where the author described the freezing of Europe after the Gulf Stream was disrupted, and more recently in

text: Kim Stanley Robinson

text: 's novels, particularly

text: Fifty Degrees Below

text: . It also underpinned the 1999 book,

text: The Coming Global Superstorm

text: . Likewise, the idea of rapid climate change caused by disruption of North Atlantic Ocean currents creates the setting for 2004

entity_name: Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction

text: apocalyptic science-fiction

text: film

text: The Day After Tomorrow

text: . Similar sudden cooling events have featured in other novels, such as

text: John Christopher

text: 's The World in Winter, though not always with the same explicit links to the Younger Dryas event as is the case of Robinson's work.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: North Atlantic Ocean

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: the Gulf Stream was disrupted

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: The Coming Global Superstorm

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: sudden cooling

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Gulf Stream

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Gulf Stream

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: Gulf Stream

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: freezing of Europe after the Gulf Stream was disrupted,

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Younger Dryas

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Gulf Stream

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: freezing of Europe

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: freezing of Europe after the Gulf Stream was disrupted,

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: The failure of North Atlantic thermohaline circulation

text: Sanctuary staff are currently looking at how short term changes in climate can affect local conditions across large areas. Their work on the role of variability in jet stream trajectory and strength in determining seasonal variability in central Siberia allows a new and significantly more accurate ability to forecast the arrival of harsh winters several months in advance. This work has contributed to a better, more mechanistic understanding of the connectedness of climate processes across the Northern Hemisphere, from Siberia all the way to the US West Coast. More recently, they are looking at how these same processes manifest in long term data on winds along the Central and Southern California coast to see how climate variability signals can affect local winds in the Santa Barbara Channel area. Variation in wind strength has ecological effects by driving upwelling and also has a practical implication for local mariners: if climate change causes more windy days, there are fewer days for boating and fishing in the sanctuary. Additionally, the sanctuary’s ongoing maintenance of a network of moorings provides a continuous data series of oceanographic conditions in nearshore waters that is informing climate variability studies.

text: Sanctuary staff are currently looking at how short term changes in climate can affect local conditions across large areas. Their work on the role of variability in jet stream trajectory and strength in determining seasonal variability in central Siberia allows a new and significantly more accurate ability to forecast the arrival of harsh winters several months in advance. This work has contributed to a better, more mechanistic understanding of the connectedness of climate processes across the Northern Hemisphere, from Siberia all the way to the US West Coast. More recently, they are looking at how these same processes manifest in long term data on winds along the Central and Southern California coast to see how climate variability signals can affect local winds in the Santa Barbara Channel area. Variation in wind strength has ecological effects by driving upwelling and also has a practical implication for local mariners: if climate change causes more windy days, there are fewer days for boating and fishing in the sanctuary. Additionally, the sanctuary’s ongoing maintenance of a network of moorings provides a continuous data series of oceanographic conditions in nearshore waters that is informing climate variability studies.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Santa Barbara Channel

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: climate variability signals can affect local winds

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: the Santa Barbara Channel area

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: upwelling

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Santa Barbara Channel

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: jet stream trajectory and strength in determining seasonal variability in central Siberia

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: winds along the Central and Southern California coast

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: jet stream trajectory and strength in determining seasonal variability in central Siberia

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: harsh winters

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: US West Coast.

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: harsh winters

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: harsh winters several months in advance.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: upwelling

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: jet stream trajectory and strength in determining seasonal variability in central Siberia

text: Climate change may also increase the spread of HIV/AIDS. As climate change disasters sweep the globe, more people will become displaced, and be forced to live in close quarters to one another. There is evidence to suggest that this could “aggravate gender inequalities" that have the potential to raise the possibility of transmission of the disease. Migrants often have poor living conditions, are separated from their spouses and families, perform demanding and dangerous jobs and have limited access to health care. This can all lead to an increased risk of contracting HIV/AIDS.

text: Climate change may also increase the spread of HIV/AIDS. As climate change disasters sweep the globe, more people will become displaced, and be forced to live in close quarters to one another. There is evidence to suggest that this could “aggravate gender inequalities" that have the potential to raise the possibility of transmission of the disease. Migrants often have poor living conditions, are separated from their spouses and families, perform demanding and dangerous jobs and have limited access to health care. This can all lead to an increased risk of contracting HIV/AIDS.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Africa

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: climate change disasters

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: more people will become displaced

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: climate change disasters sweep the globe

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: gender inequalities"

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Climate change may also increase the spread of HIV/AIDS.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: Climate change may also increase the spread of HIV/AIDS.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Climate change may also increase the spread of HIV/AIDS.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Climate change may also increase the spread of HIV/AIDS.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Climate change

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: climate change disasters

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: climate change disasters

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: Climate change may also increase the spread of HIV/AIDS.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Climate change may also increase the spread of HIV/AIDS.

text: The study period for GEWEX is 22 years, and while some climate oscillations are short, such as El-Nino, some climate oscillations last for decades, such as the North Atlantic Oscillation. Some have proposed extrapolating pre-GEWEX information using new information and measurements taken with pre-GEWEX technology.  The MAGS project, located in Northwestern Canada utilized indigenous peoples traditional experiences. In addition, in other parts of the GEWEX study, these oscillations are an aspect of climate forcing, which allow testing of predictions and models. This modeling may be complicated by the fact that the North Atlantic Oscillation in switching state (see graph) as the effects of global warming are becoming more prominent. For example, 2006 and 2007 saw one of the most dramatic declines in Arctic Sea ice, a decline that was largely unpredicted and can shift the late summer albedo in the northern hemisphere. In 2008, sea ice extent decline has backed off from the previous years' trend, and researchers had forecast a strong La Nina event for late 2007 and 2008. However, unexpectedly the surface temperatures in the Eastern Pacific have already begun to rise to El-Nino temperature ranges, indicating the La Nina event may terminate unexpectedly. With this the loss of Northern Polar sea ice has begun to accelerate back toward the earlier trend. Such rapid and unexpected changes in climate-forcing events eventually suggest that modelers need to include parameters such as ocean temperature thermoclines, energy accumulation in the tropical oceans, sea ice extents in the polar regions, land glacial ice retraction in Greenland, and sheet ice and shelf ice remodeling in Antarctica. When multiple climate-forcing influences are acting simultaneously in which one of the events will eventually take dominance, lack of precedents from the past study of similar confluences of events, as well as knowledge of the uncertainty of sensitive 'switches' in the oceanic/atmospheric switches may affect the ability to provide accurate models and predictions. In addition, sampling points may be spread to monitor leading indicators in one common scenario may be useless during an oscillation where the pool of energy shifts to an unmonitored region so that the magnitude of the shift avoids computation.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: La Nina

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: La Nina

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Nio

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El-Nino

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: surface temperatures in the Eastern Pacific have already begun to rise

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: surface temperatures in the Eastern Pacific have already begun to rise to El-Nino temperature ranges

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: La Nina

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: La Nina

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: La Nina

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: North Atlantic Oscillation.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: climate oscillations are short,

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: La Nina event

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: El-Nino temperature ranges,

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: the La Nina event may terminate unexpectedly.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: loss of Northern Polar sea ice

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: multiple climate-forcing influences are acting simultaneously

text: Biological neural networks function on an electrochemical basis, while optical neural networks use electromagnetic waves. Optical interfaces to biological neural networks can be created with optogenetics, but is not the same as an optical neural networks. In biological neural networks there exist a lot of different mechanisms for dynamically changing the state of the neurons, these include short-term and long-term synaptic plasticity. Synaptic plasticity is among the electrophysiological phenomena used to control the efficiency of synaptic transmission, long-term for learning and memory, and short-term for short transient changes in synaptic transmission efficiency. Implementing this with optical components is difficult, and ideally requires advanced photonic materials. Properties that might be desirable in photonic materials for optical neural networks include the ability to change their efficiency of transmitting light, based on the intensity of incoming light.

text: Biological neural network

text: s function on an electrochemical basis, while optical neural networks use electromagnetic waves. Optical interfaces to

text: biological neural network

text: s can be created with

text: optogenetics

text: , but is not the same as an optical neural networks. In biological neural networks there exist a lot of different mechanisms for dynamically changing the state of the neurons, these include short-term and long-term

text: synaptic plasticity

text: . Synaptic plasticity is among the electrophysiological phenomena used to control the efficiency of synaptic transmission, long-term for learning and memory, and short-term for short transient changes in synaptic transmission efficiency. Implementing this with optical components is difficult, and ideally requires advanced photonic materials. Properties that might be desirable in photonic materials for optical neural networks include the ability to change their efficiency of transmitting light, based on the intensity of incoming light.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: south

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: el nio

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: biological neural networks function on an electrochemical basis

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: biological neural networks function on an electrochemical basis

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unspecified

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: electrochemical basis, while optical neural networks use electromagnetic waves.

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: optical neural networks use electromagnetic waves.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: waves.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Biological neural networks function on an electrochemical basis,

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: synaptic plasticity.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Biological neural networks

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Biological neural networks function on an electrochemical basis,

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: optogenetics,

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: electromagnetic waves.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Biological neural networks

text: The Pacific Climate Change Science Program Report (2011) describes the year-by-year volatility in the sea-level as resulting from the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO):

text: The Pacific Climate Change Science Program Report (2011) describes the year-by-year volatility in the sea-level as resulting from the

text: El Niño–Southern Oscillation

text: (ENSO):

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: El Nio

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Nio

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Nio–Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: El Nio–Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: sea-level fluctuates

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: sea-level fluctuated

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: volatility in the sea-level

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: o–Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: o–Southern

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: El Ni<unk>o–Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Ni<unk>o–Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: El Ni<unk>o–Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Ni<unk>o–Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: El Ni<unk>o–Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: volatility in the sea-level

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: El Ni<unk>o–Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: volatility in the sea-level

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: El Ni<unk>o–Southern Oscillation

text: CLIMAP has been a cornerstone of paleoclimate research and remains the most used sea surface temperature reconstruction of the global ocean during the last glacial maximum (Yin and Battisti 2001), but it has also been persistently controversial. CLIMAP resulted in estimates of global cooling of only 3.0 ± 0.6 °C relative to the modern day (Hoffert and Covey 1992). The climate change during an ice age that occurs far from the continental ice sheets themselves is believed to be primarily controlled by changes in greenhouse gases, hence the conditions during the last glacial maximum provide a natural experiment for measuring the impact of changes in greenhouse gases on climate. The cited estimates of 3.0 °C implies a climate sensitivity to carbon dioxide changes at the low end of the range proposed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change .

text: CLIMAP has been a cornerstone of

text: paleoclimate

text: research and remains the most used sea surface temperature reconstruction of the global ocean during the last glacial maximum (Yin and Battisti 2001), but it has also been persistently controversial. CLIMAP resulted in estimates of global cooling of only 3.0 ± 0.6 °C relative to the modern day (Hoffert and Covey 1992). The

text: climate change

text: during an

text: ice age

text: that occurs far from the continental

text: ice sheet

text: s themselves is believed to be primarily controlled by changes in

text: greenhouse gas

text: es, hence the conditions during the last glacial maximum provide a natural experiment for measuring the impact of changes in greenhouse gases on climate. The cited estimates of 3.0 °C implies a climate sensitivity to

text: carbon dioxide

text: changes at the low end of the range proposed by the

text: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: ice sheets

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: 0.6 °C

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Nio

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: CLIMAP

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: CLIMAP

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: global cooling

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: continental ice sheets

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: 3.0 <unk> 0.6 °C

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: 3.0 <unk> 0.6 °C

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: changes in greenhouse gases,

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: ice age

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: 3.0 <unk> 0.6 °C

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: CLIMAP

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: last glacial maximum

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: ice age

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: CLIMAP

text: The head of the United States Agency for International Development, Rajiv Shah, stated that climate change contributed to the severity of the crisis. "There's no question that hotter and drier growing conditions in sub-Saharan Africa have reduced the resiliency of these communities." On the other hand, two experts with the International Livestock Research Institute suggested that it was premature to blame climate change for the drought. While there is consensus that a particularly strong La Niña contributed to the intensity of the drought, the relationship between La Niña and climate change is not well-established.

text: The head of the

entity_name: United States Agency for International Development

text: United States Agency for International Development

text: Rajiv Shah

text: , stated that

text: climate change

text: contributed to the severity of the crisis. "There's no question that hotter and drier growing conditions in

text: sub-Saharan Africa

text: have reduced the resiliency of these communities." On the other hand, two experts with the

entity_name: International Livestock Research Institute

text: International Livestock Research Institute

text: suggested that it was premature to blame climate change for the drought. While there is consensus that a particularly strong

text: La Niña

text: contributed to the intensity of the drought, the relationship between La Niña and climate change is not well-established.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: La Nia

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: La Ni a

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: climate change is not well-established

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: drought

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: La Ni<unk>a

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: La Ni<unk>a

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: La Ni<unk>a

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: La Ni<unk>a

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: La Ni<unk>a

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: La Ni<unk>a

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: La Ni<unk>a contributed to the intensity of the drought,

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: a particularly strong La Ni<unk>a contributed to the intensity of the drought,

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: drought,

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: La Ni<unk>a

text: In July 2015, Nina took her exhibit Depójate/Take The Load Off to Kiosco Galería in Santa Cruz de La Sierra, Bolivia.

text: In July 2015, Nina took her exhibit Depójate/Take The Load Off to Kiosco Galería in Santa Cruz de La Sierra, Bolivia.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Santa Cruz

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: In July 2015, Nina took her exhibit Depójate/Take The Load Off to Kiosco Galer a

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Nina took her exhibit to Santa Cruz de La Sierra

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Depójate/Take The Load Off

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Santa Cruz de La Sierra,

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Bolivia.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: Bolivia.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Bolivia.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Nina

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Bolivia.

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Bolivia.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: July 2015,

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: Bolivia.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Bolivia.

text: El Salvador is party to the Convention on Biological Diversity, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification, CITES, Basel Convention, Partial Test Ban Treaty, Montreal Protocol, Ramsar Convention. El Salvador has signed, but not ratified the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.

text: El Salvador is party to the

text: Convention on Biological Diversity

text: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

text: Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

entity_name: United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification

text: United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification

text: CITES

text: Basel Convention

text: Partial Test Ban Treaty

text: Montreal Protocol

text: Ramsar Convention

text: . El Salvador has signed, but not ratified the

entity_name: United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea

text: United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: El Salvador

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: El Salvador ratified the Kyoto Protocol

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: El Salvador ratified the Convention on Biological Diversity

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: El Salvador

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: El Salvador is party to the Convention on Biological Diversity,

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Salvador

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change,

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change,

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Convention on Biological Diversity, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change,

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Kyoto Protocol

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: El Salvador is party to the Convention on Biological Diversity,

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: Sea.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: El Salvador is party to the Convention on Biological Diversity,

text: The consequence of this is twofold. Warm water ceases to surge into the eastern Pacific from the west (it was "piled" by past easterly winds) since there is no longer a surface wind to push it into the area of the west pacific. This and the corresponding effects of the Southern Oscillation result in long-term unseasonable temperatures and precipitation patterns in North and South America, Australia, and Southeast Africa, and the disruption of ocean currents.

text: The consequence of this is twofold. Warm water ceases to surge into the eastern Pacific from the west (it was "piled" by past easterly winds) since there is no longer a surface wind to push it into the area of the west pacific. This and the corresponding effects of the Southern Oscillation result in long-term unseasonable temperatures and precipitation patterns in North and South America, Australia, and Southeast Africa, and the disruption of ocean currents.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: easterly

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: unseasonable temperatures

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: unseasonable temperatures and precipitation patterns

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: unseasonable temperatures and precipitation patterns

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unseasonable temperatures and precipitation

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: west

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: disruption of ocean currents.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: precipitation patterns

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: there is no longer a surface wind

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Warm water ceases to surge into the eastern Pacific from the west

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Warm water ceases to surge into the eastern Pacific from the west

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: long-term unseasonable temperatures and precipitation patterns

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Southern Oscillation

text: Nina was Dalayrac's first collaboration with Marsollier des Vivetières, who would go on to write many more librettos for him, including Les deux petits savoyards. Revived by the Opéra-Comique at the Salle Feydeau in July 1802, Nina was a popular success, which it remained until receiving its last performance by the company in 1852. It was also performed in translation in London and Hamburg in 1787 and in Italy in 1788.

text: Nina was Dalayrac's first collaboration with Marsollier des Vivetières, who would go on to write many more librettos for him, including

text: Les deux petits savoyards

text: . Revived by the Opéra-Comique at the

text: Salle Feydeau

text: in July 1802, Nina was a popular success, which it remained until receiving its last performance by the company in 1852. It was also performed in translation in London and Hamburg in 1787 and in Italy in 1788.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: London

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: did nina receive its last performance by the company in 1852

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Marsollier des Vivetières

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: volcanic eruptions

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Hamburg in 1787

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: 1802,

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: 1787

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: 1852.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Les deux petits savoyards.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: 1802,

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: 1802,

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Dalayrac's first collaboration with Marsollier des Vivetières,

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: Les deux petits savoyards.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Les deux petits savoyards.

text: In late night negotiations over wording, the IPCC added clarifications including "due to natural variability, trends based on short records are very sensitive to the beginning and end dates and do not in general reflect long-term climate trends", but at the press conference releasing the IPCC Summary for Policymakers on 27 September, journalists focussed questions on the "pause" rather than the overall conclusions. This focus resulted in headlines such as "Global Warming Slowdown Seen as Emissions Rise to Record" from Reuters. The National Post used the subheading "IPCC report skeptics seize on lull in global warming". Even Nature headlined their news report "IPCC: Despite hiatus, climate change here to stay", though it said that "the 'hiatus' since the record hot year of 1998 — probably due to increased heat uptake by the oceans — is no sign that global warming has stopped, as some would like to hope", and quoted climatologist Thomas Stocker saying that "Comparing short-term observations with long-term model projections is inappropriate", and adding "We know that there is a lot of natural fluctuation in the climate system. A 15-year hiatus is not so unusual even though the jury is out as to what exactly may have caused the pause." He said that claims dismissing climate models would only be justified if "temperature were to remain constant for the next 20 years", and Brian Hoskins said other factors showed climate change.

text: In late night negotiations over wording, the IPCC added clarifications including "due to natural variability, trends based on short records are very sensitive to the beginning and end dates and do not in general reflect long-term climate trends", but at the press conference releasing the IPCC Summary for Policymakers on 27 September, journalists focussed questions on the "pause" rather than the overall conclusions. This focus resulted in headlines such as "Global Warming Slowdown Seen as Emissions Rise to Record" from Reuters. The

text: National Post

text: used the subheading "IPCC report skeptics seize on lull in global warming". Even

text: Nature

text: headlined their news report "IPCC: Despite hiatus, climate change here to stay", though it said that "the 'hiatus' since the record hot year of 1998 — probably due to increased heat uptake by the oceans — is no sign that global warming has stopped, as some would like to hope", and quoted climatologist

text: Thomas Stocker

text: saying that "Comparing short-term observations with long-term model projections is inappropriate", and adding "We know that there is a lot of natural fluctuation in the climate system. A 15-year hiatus is not so unusual even though the jury is out as to what exactly may have caused the pause." He said that claims dismissing climate models would only be justified if "temperature were to remain constant for the next 20 years", and

text: Brian Hoskins

text: said other factors showed climate change.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: the Equator

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: record hot year of 1998

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: record hot year of 1998

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: 1998 — probably due to increased heat uptake by the oceans

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: 1998

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: 1998

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: "due to natural variability,

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: 1998

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: increased heat uptake by the oceans

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: 1998

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: late night negotiations over wording, the IPCC

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: increased heat uptake by the oceans

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: In late night negotiations over wording, the IPCC

text: and various other Pacific Meteorological services, all contributed towards the Island Climate Update tropical cyclone outlook that was released during October 2014. The outlook took into account the ENSO neutral conditions that had been observed across the Pacific and analogue seasons that had ENSO neutral and weak El Nino conditions occurring during the season. The outlook called for a near average number of tropical cyclones for the 2014–15 season, with eight to twelve named tropical cyclones, to occur between 135°E and 120°W compared to an average of 10. At least four of the tropical cyclones were expected to become category 3 severe tropical cyclones, while three could become category 4 severe tropical cyclones, they also noted that a Category 5 severe tropical cyclone was unlikely to occur. In addition to contributing towards the Island Climate Update outlook, RSMC Nadi and the BoM issued their own seasonal forecasts for the South Pacific region.

text: and various other Pacific Meteorological services, all contributed towards the Island Climate Update tropical cyclone outlook that was released during October 2014. The outlook took into account the ENSO neutral conditions that had been observed across the Pacific and analogue seasons that had ENSO neutral and weak El Nino conditions occurring during the season. The outlook called for a near average number of tropical cyclones for the 2014–15 season, with eight to twelve named tropical cyclones, to occur between 135°E and 120°W compared to an average of 10. At least four of the tropical cyclones were expected to become category 3 severe tropical cyclones, while three could become category 4 severe tropical cyclones, they also noted that a Category 5 severe tropical cyclone was unlikely to occur. In addition to contributing towards the Island Climate Update outlook, RSMC Nadi and the BoM issued their own seasonal forecasts for the South Pacific region.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: 135°E

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Nino conditions occurring during the season

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: analogue seasons that had ENSO neutral and weak El

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: ENSO neutral and weak El Nino conditions

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Category 5 severe tropical cyclone was unlikely to occur

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: tropical cyclones

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: 135°E and 120°W

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: ENSO neutral and weak El Nino

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: 10.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: ENSO

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: weak El Nino

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: weak

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: tropical cyclones

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: El Nino

text: The effect of climate change on agriculture varies among regions and Montana’s agricultural production may not change substantially as global temperatures continue to increase over the short term according to the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report. Major challenges are projected for crops that are near the warm end of their suitable range or depend on highly utilized water resources .

text: The effect of

text: climate change

text: on

text: agriculture

text: varies among regions and Montana’s agricultural production may not change substantially as global temperatures continue to increase over the short term according to the

text: IPCC Fourth Assessment Report

text: . Major challenges are projected for crops that are near the warm end of their suitable range or depend on highly utilized water resources .

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Montana

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: are not mentioned

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: climate change on agriculture varies among regions

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Montana’s agricultural production may not change substantially

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: warm end of their suitable range

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Montana’s agricultural production may not change substantially

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: Montana’s agricultural production may not change substantially

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Montana’s

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: The effect of climate change on agriculture varies among regions and Montana’s

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Major challenges are projected for crops

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Montana’s

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: The effect of climate change on agriculture varies among regions and Montana’s

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: The effect of climate change

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: The effect of climate change on agriculture varies among regions

text: Located near the equator, Malaysia's climate is categorised as equatorial, being hot and humid throughout the year. The average rainfall is  a year and the average temperature is . The climates of the Peninsula and the East differ, as the climate on the peninsula is directly affected by wind from the mainland, as opposed to the more maritime weather of the East. Malaysia is exposed to the El Niño effect, which reduces rainfall in the dry season. Climate change is likely to have a significant effect on Malaysia, increasing sea levels and rainfall, increasing flooding risks and leading to large droughts.

text: Located near the

text: equator

text: , Malaysia's climate is categorised as

text: equatorial

text: , being hot and humid throughout the year. The average rainfall is  a year and the average temperature is . The climates of the Peninsula and the East differ, as the climate on the peninsula is directly affected by wind from the mainland, as opposed to the more maritime weather of the East. Malaysia is exposed to the

text: El Niño

text: effect, which reduces rainfall in the dry season.

text: Climate change

text: is likely to have a significant effect on Malaysia, increasing

text: sea level

text: s and rainfall, increasing flooding risks and leading to large droughts.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: equator

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: average rainfall is a year

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: are

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: rainfall in the dry season

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: reduces rainfall in the dry season

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: equator,

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: El Ni<unk>o effect,

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: The average rainfall is a year

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: El Ni<unk>o effect,

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: reduces rainfall in the dry season.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: El Ni<unk>o effect,

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: reduces rainfall in the dry season.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: reduces rainfall in the dry season.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: large droughts.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: El Ni<unk>o effect,

text: Since the 1990s, research on climate change has expanded and grown, linking many fields such as atmospheric sciences, numeric modeling, behavioral sciences, geology and economics.  Articles on climate change science are now frequently published in major journals such as Science by the American Association for the Advancement of Science  and Nature, in addition there are focused journals on climate change research such as Nature Climate Change, Climate Change, Journal of Climate, Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, and International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management; furthermore, many journals on related subjects continue to publish articles that build out the science behind climate change (e.g. Quaternary Research ).

text: Since the 1990s, research on climate change has expanded and grown, linking many fields such as atmospheric sciences, numeric modeling, behavioral sciences, geology and economics.  Articles on climate change science are now frequently published in major journals such as

text: Science

text: by the

entity_name: American Association for the Advancement of Science

text: American Association for the Advancement of Science

text: and

text: Nature

text: , in addition there are focused journals on climate change research such as

text: Nature Climate Change

text: , Climate Change,

text: Journal of Climate

text: , Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, and International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management; furthermore, many journals on related subjects continue to publish articles that build out the science behind climate change (e.g.

text: Quaternary Research

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Pacific Ocean

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: can not be used

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: climate change has expanded and grown

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: atmospheric sciences, numeric modeling, behavioral sciences, geology and economics.

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Since the 1990s,

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Nature Climate Change,

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Since the 1990s,

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Since the 1990s, research on climate change

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Since the 1990s,

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: the 1990s,

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Since the 1990s,

text: Due to close proximity to the equator and the warm Indian Ocean, the city experiences tropical climatic conditions similar to all Tanzanian coastal cities.The city experiences hot and humid weather throughout much of the year and has a tropical wet and dry climate (Köppen: Aw). Annual rainfall is approximately 1,290 mm (51 in), and in a normal year there are two rainy seasons: "the long rains" in April and May and "the short rains" in November and December.

text: Due to close proximity to the equator and the warm

text: Indian Ocean

text: , the city experiences tropical climatic conditions similar to all

text: Tanzania

text: n coastal cities.The city experiences hot and humid weather throughout much of the year and has a tropical wet and dry climate (

text: Köppen

text: : Aw). Annual rainfall is approximately 1,290 mm (51 in), and in a normal year there are two rainy seasons: "the long rains" in April and May and "the short rains" in November and December.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: the equator

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: there are two rainy seasons

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: annual rainfall is approximately 1,290 mm

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: the city experiences hot and humid weather throughout much of the year

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: equator

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: November and December.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: two rainy seasons:

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Tanzanian coastal cities.The

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: November and December.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Indian Ocean,

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: November and December.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: hot and humid weather throughout much of the year

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: Indian Ocean,

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Due to close proximity to the equator and the warm Indian Ocean,

text: Nino has a unique style at Jiu-Jitsu with focus on submission and a creative attacks.

text: Nino has a unique style at Jiu-Jitsu with focus on submission and a creative attacks.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: south

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: can you find nino?

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: were held

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Nino has a unique style at Jiu-Jitsu

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Nino was able to use his unique style of submission and creative attacks

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: creative attacks.

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: creative attacks.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: creative attacks.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: creative attacks.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Jiu-Jitsu

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Nino has a unique style at Jiu-Jitsu

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: focus on submission and a creative attacks.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Nino has a unique style at Jiu-Jitsu

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: creative attacks.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: creative attacks.

text: The conditions in the above theorems are sufficient, but not necessary for normality. Indeed, the family

text: The conditions in the above theorems are sufficient, but not necessary for normality. Indeed, the family

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: south to north

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: None of the above choices .

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: would not have a population of more than one million

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: it is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: are not necessary

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: it is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: normality is not necessary

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: la nia

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: The conditions in the above theorems

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: sufficient, but not necessary for normality.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: sufficient, but not necessary for normality.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: sufficient, but not necessary for normality.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: the family

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: sufficient, but not necessary for normality.

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: the family

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: the family

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: the family

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: sufficient, but not necessary for normality.

text: The black-throated blue warbler enjoys a large range and a big population. Its population trend is currently increasing. This species was ranked as Least Concern by the IUCN in 2012. Deforestation and habitat fragmentation are threatening the black-throated blue warbler in its tropical wintering areas. A report in 2000 discussed the impact of global climate change on the population dynamics of the black-throated blue warbler by an observation from 1986 to 1998. In particular, the effect of El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) was studied in relation to the survival, fecundity and recruitment of this migratory bird. It was found that El Niño years (the warm South Pacific oceanic phase) were associated with lower adult survival rate in their wintering ground, Jamaica, lower fecundity in the breeding habitats in New Hampshire of the United States, and lower annual recruitment of yearlings and juveniles to both breeding and wintering grounds. All the three factors were relatively higher during La Niña years (cold South Pacific ocean) when the weather was wetter and the food availability was much more abundant. Long-term global warming can aggravate the ENSO effect, adding to the fluctuation of the black-throated blue warbler population.

text: The black-throated blue warbler enjoys a large range and a big population. Its population trend is currently increasing. This species was ranked as

text: Least Concern

text: by the IUCN in 2012.

text: Deforestation

text: and

text: habitat fragmentation

text: are threatening the black-throated blue warbler in its tropical wintering areas. A report in 2000 discussed the impact of global climate change on the population dynamics of the black-throated blue warbler by an observation from 1986 to 1998. In particular, the effect of

text: El Niño Southern Oscillation

text: (ENSO) was studied in relation to the survival,

text: fecundity

text: and recruitment of this migratory bird. It was found that El Niño years (the warm South Pacific oceanic phase) were associated with lower adult survival rate in their wintering ground, Jamaica, lower fecundity in the breeding habitats in New Hampshire of the United States, and lower annual recruitment of yearlings and juveniles to both breeding and wintering grounds. All the three factors were relatively higher during La Niña years (cold South Pacific ocean) when the weather was wetter and the food availability was much more abundant. Long-term

text: global warming

text: can aggravate the ENSO effect, adding to the fluctuation of the black-throated blue warbler population.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: South Pacific

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: La Ni a years

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Ni o Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: lower adult survival rate

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: all the three factors were relatively higher

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: lower adult survival rate

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: South Pacific

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: La Ni<unk>a years

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: La Ni<unk>a years

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: El Ni<unk>o Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Ni<unk>o Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: La Ni<unk>a years

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: lower adult survival rate

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: the weather was wetter and the food availability was much more abundant.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: lower adult survival rate

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: El Ni<unk>o Southern Oscillation

text: According to later stories now generally accepted as only legend, Dante also kept up a correspondence with Nina of Sicily, the first Italian poetess, and with whom he fell in love. Their relationship became well-known and she grew in fame because of his writings so that she was called la Nina di Dante. She took up poetry, apparently, as a result of his influence.

text: According to later stories now generally accepted as only legend, Dante also kept up a correspondence with

text: Nina of Sicily

text: , the first Italian poetess, and with whom he fell in love. Their relationship became well-known and she grew in fame because of his writings so that she was called la Nina di Dante. She took up poetry, apparently, as a result of his influence.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Sicily

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Dante also kept up a correspondence

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: earthquakes

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Sicily,

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Nina of Sicily,

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: Dante also kept up a correspondence with Nina of Sicily,

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Nina of Sicily,

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: he fell in love.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Nina of Sicily,

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Dante also kept up a correspondence with Nina of Sicily,

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: he fell in love.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: Dante also kept up a correspondence with Nina of Sicily,

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: la Nina di Dante.

text: 2) Select whether to use climate change projections based on either a near term or far term projection period. The displayed climate change outcomes will be updated to reflect your choice.

text: 2) Select whether to use climate change projections based on either a near term or far term projection period. The displayed climate change outcomes will be updated to reflect your choice.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: far term

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: far term

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: far term projection

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: far term

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: far term projection

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: far term

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: far term projections

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: far term projections

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: 2)

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: near term or far term projection period.

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: near term or far term projection period.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: near term or far term projection period.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: near term or far term projection period.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: 2) Select whether to use climate change projections

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: near term or far term projection period.

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: 2) Select whether to use climate change projections

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: 2) Select whether to use climate change projections

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: near term or far term projection period.

text: Milutin Milanković (, pronounced ; 28 May 1879 – 12 December 1958) was a Serbian mathematician, astronomer, climatologist, geophysicist,  civil engineer, doctor of technology, university professor and popularizer of science. Milanković gave two fundamental contributions to global science. The first contribution is the "Canon of the Earth’s Insolation", which characterizes the climates of all the planets of the Solar system. The second contribution is the explanation of Earth's long-term climate changes caused by changes in the position of the Earth in comparison to the Sun, now known as Milankovitch cycles. This explained the ice ages occurring in the geological past of the Earth, as well as the climate changes on the Earth which can be expected in the future. He founded planetary climatology by calculating temperatures of the upper layers of the Earth's atmosphere as well as the temperature conditions on planets of the inner Solar system, Mercury, Venus, Mars, and the Moon, as well as the depth of the atmosphere of the outer planets. He demonstrated the interrelatedness of celestial mechanics and the Earth sciences, and enabled consistent transition from celestial mechanics to the Earth sciences and transformation of descriptive sciences into exact ones.

text: Milutin Milanković (, pronounced ; 28 May 1879 – 12 December 1958) was a

text: Serbian

text: mathematician

text: astronomer

text: climatologist

text: geophysicist

text: civil engineer

text: doctor of technology

text: university professor

text: and

entity_section: Notable English-language popularizers of science

text: popularizer of science

text: . Milanković gave two fundamental contributions to global science. The first contribution is the "Canon of the Earth’s

text: Insolation

text: ", which characterizes the climates of all the planets of the

text: Solar system

text: . The second contribution is the explanation of

text: Earth

text: 's long-term

text: climate change

text: s caused by changes in the position of the Earth in comparison to the

text: Sun

text: , now known as

text: Milankovitch cycles

text: . This explained the

text: ice age

text: s occurring in the geological past of the Earth, as well as the climate changes on the Earth which can be expected in the future. He founded planetary climatology by calculating temperatures of the upper layers of the Earth's atmosphere as well as the temperature conditions on planets of the inner Solar system,

text: Mercury

text: Venus

text: Mars

text: , and the

text: Moon

text: , as well as the depth of the atmosphere of the outer planets. He demonstrated the interrelatedness of

text: celestial mechanics

text: and the Earth sciences, and enabled consistent transition from celestial mechanics to the Earth sciences and transformation of

text: descriptive science

text: s into

text: exact ones

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: milutin milankovi

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: el nio events

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: sea levels

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Milankovitch cycles

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Milutin Milankovi

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: ice age

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Mercury,

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Milutin Milankovi<unk>

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: ice ages

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Milankovitch cycles.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Milankovitch cycles.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Milankovitch cycles.

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: 12 December 1958)

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Milutin Milankovi<unk>

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: ice ages

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Milankovitch cycles.

text: After the glaciers of the Vistula Glacial Stage retreated from Pomerania during the Allerød oscillation, a warming period that falls within the Early Stone Age, they left a tundra. First humans appeared, hunting reindeer in the summer. A climate change in 8000 BC allowed hunters and foragers of the Maglemosian culture, and from 6000 BC of the Ertebølle-Ellerbek culture, to continuously inhabit the area. These people became influenced by farmers of the Linear Pottery culture who settled in southern Pomerania. The hunters of the Ertebølle-Ellerbek culture became farmers of the Funnelbeaker culture in 3000 BC. The Havelland culture dominated in the Uckermark from 2500 to 2000 BC. In 2400 BC, the Corded Ware culture reached Pomerania and introduced the domestic horse. Both Linear Pottery and Corded Ware culture have been associated with Indo-Europeans. Except for Western Pomerania, the Funnelbeaker culture was replaced by the Globular Amphora culture a thousand years later.

text: After the

text: glaciers

text: of the

text: Vistula Glacial Stage

text: retreated from

text: Pomerania

text: during the

text: Allerød oscillation

text: , a warming period that falls within the

text: Early Stone Age

text: , they left a

text: tundra

text: . First humans appeared, hunting

text: reindeer

text: in the summer. A climate change in 8000 BC allowed hunters and foragers of the

text: Maglemosian culture

text: , and from 6000 BC of the

text: Ertebølle-Ellerbek culture

text: , to continuously inhabit the area. These people became influenced by farmers of the

text: Linear Pottery culture

text: who settled in southern Pomerania. The hunters of the Ertebølle-Ellerbek culture became farmers of the

text: Funnelbeaker culture

text: in 3000 BC. The

text: Havelland culture

text: dominated in the

text: Uckermark

text: from 2500 to 2000 BC. In 2400 BC, the

text: Corded Ware culture

text: reached Pomerania and introduced the domestic

text: horse

text: . Both Linear Pottery and Corded Ware culture have been associated with

text: Indo-Europeans

text: . Except for

text: Western Pomerania

text: , the Funnelbeaker culture was replaced by the

text: Globular Amphora culture

text: a thousand years later.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Havelland

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: The Havelland culture dominated in the Uckermark from 2500 to 2000 BC.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: a warming period that falls within the Early Stone Age

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: a warming period that falls within the Early Stone Age, they left a tundra

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Pomerania

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Aller<unk>d oscillation,

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: summer.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Aller<unk>d oscillation,

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Aller<unk>d oscillation,

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Aller<unk>d oscillation,

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Aller<unk>d oscillation,

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Aller<unk>d oscillation,

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: Pomerania

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Aller<unk>d oscillation,

text: Although they do not fit the definition of refugees set out in the UN Convention, people displaced by the effects of climate change have often been termed "climate refugees" or "climate change refugees". The term 'environmental refugee' is also commonly used and an estimated 25 million people can currently be classified as such. The alarming predictions by the UN, charities and some environmentalists, that between 200 million and 1 billion people could flood across international borders to escape the impacts of climate change in the next 40 years are realistic. Case studies from Bolivia, Senegal and Tanzania, three countries extremely prone to climate change, show that people affected by environmental degradation rarely move across borders. Instead, they adapt to new circumstances by moving short distances for short periods, often to cities. Millions of people live in places that are vulnerable to the effects of climate change. They face extreme weather conditions such as droughts or floods. Their lives and livelihoods might be threatened in new ways and create new vulnerabilities.

text: Although they do not fit the definition of refugees set out in the UN Convention, people displaced by the effects of

text: climate change

text: have often been termed "climate refugees" or "climate change refugees". The term 'environmental refugee' is also commonly used and an estimated 25 million people can currently be classified as such. The alarming predictions by the UN, charities and some environmentalists, that between 200 million and 1 billion people could flood across international borders to escape the impacts of climate change in the next 40 years are realistic. Case studies from Bolivia, Senegal and Tanzania, three countries extremely prone to climate change, show that people affected by environmental degradation rarely move across borders. Instead, they adapt to new circumstances by moving short distances for short periods, often to cities. Millions of people live in places that are vulnerable to the effects of climate change. They face extreme weather conditions such as droughts or floods. Their lives and livelihoods might be threatened in new ways and create new vulnerabilities.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Africa

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: The term 'environmental refugee'

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: droughts or floods

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: droughts or floods

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Bolivia, Senegal and Tanzania,

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: droughts or floods.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: droughts or floods.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: droughts or floods.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: droughts or floods.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: droughts or floods.

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: droughts or floods.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Although they do not fit the definition of refugees set out in the UN Convention,

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: droughts or floods.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Although they do not fit the definition of refugees set out in the UN Convention,

text: The pumping forebay, which is separated from the main reservoir by a dam located downstream from the Castaic Power Plant, functions in connection with the pumped storage operations of the plant. This assures the availability of at least  of water which can be pumped back to Pyramid Lake by the use of off peak energy when economical to do so. The pumping function at Castaic hydroelectric plant provides additional water for power generation beyond the supply of water available from the flow of the State Aqueduct. The City of Los Angeles has need for capacity to meet its peak requirements ranging from 3 to 6 hours per day in the winter to 6 to 10 hours per day in summer, depending upon climatic conditions. The water which normally flows through the West Branch of the State Aqueduct during off peak periods, is stored in the higher level Pyramid Lake. This water can be channeled through the turbine generators in a very short time to immediately meet short time peak demands on the DWP's electric system. If the need exists for power for longer than normal peak demand periods, extra water can be pumped back to Pyramid Lake from Elderberry Lake to extend the peaking period.

text: The pumping forebay, which is separated from the main reservoir by a dam located downstream from the Castaic Power Plant, functions in connection with the pumped storage operations of the plant. This assures the availability of at least  of water which can be pumped back to Pyramid Lake by the use of off peak energy when economical to do so. The pumping function at Castaic hydroelectric plant provides additional water for power generation beyond the supply of water available from the flow of the State Aqueduct. The City of Los Angeles has need for capacity to meet its peak requirements ranging from 3 to 6 hours per day in the winter to 6 to 10 hours per day in summer, depending upon climatic conditions. The water which normally flows through the West Branch of the State Aqueduct during off peak periods, is stored in the higher level Pyramid Lake. This water can be channeled through the turbine generators in a very short time to immediately meet short time peak demands on the DWP's electric system. If the need exists for power for longer than normal peak demand periods, extra water can be pumped back to Pyramid Lake from Elderberry Lake to extend the peaking period.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Los Angeles

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: summer

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: The City of Los Angeles has need for capacity to meet its peak requirements

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Castaic hydroelectric plant provides additional water for power generation

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: need for capacity to meet its peak requirements

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Elderberry Lake

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: 3 to 6 hours per day in the winter

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: 3 to 6 hours per day

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Castaic Power Plant,

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Castaic Power Plant,

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Castaic Power Plant,

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: 3 to 6 hours per day

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: The City of Los Angeles has need for capacity to meet its peak requirements

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: Castaic Power Plant,

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Castaic Power Plant,

text: The traditional ENSO (El Niño Southern Oscillation), also called Eastern Pacific (EP) ENSO, involves temperature anomalies in the eastern pacific. However, in the 1990s and 2000s, nontraditional ENSO conditions were observed, in which the usual place of the temperature anomaly (Niño 1 and 2) is not affected, but an anomaly arises in the central Pacific (Niño 3.4). The phenomenon is called Central Pacific (CP) ENSO, "dateline" ENSO (because the anomaly arises near the dateline), or ENSO "Modoki" (Modoki is Japanese for "similar, but different"). There are flavors of ENSO additional to EP and CP types and some scientists argue that ENSO exists as a continuum often with hybrid types.

text: The traditional ENSO (El Niño Southern Oscillation), also called Eastern Pacific (EP) ENSO, involves temperature anomalies in the eastern pacific. However, in the 1990s and 2000s, nontraditional ENSO conditions were observed, in which the usual place of the temperature anomaly (Niño 1 and 2) is not affected, but an anomaly arises in the central Pacific (Niño 3.4). The phenomenon is called Central Pacific (CP) ENSO, "dateline" ENSO (because the anomaly arises near the

text: dateline

text: ), or ENSO "Modoki" (Modoki is

text: Japanese

text: for "similar, but different"). There are flavors of ENSO additional to EP and CP types and some scientists argue that ENSO exists as a continuum often with hybrid types.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: eastern pacific

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Ni o Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: temperature anomalies in the eastern pacific

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: temperature anomalies in the eastern pacific

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: temperature anomalies

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Eastern Pacific

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: ENSO

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: (Ni<unk>o 1 and 2)

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: ENSO (El Ni<unk>o Southern Oscillation),

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: temperature anomalies in the eastern pacific.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: temperature anomalies in the eastern pacific.

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: temperature anomalies in the eastern pacific.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: temperature anomalies in the eastern pacific.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: temperature anomalies in the eastern pacific.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: ENSO

text: The El Nino event enhanced the 2015 short rains season between October and December 2015, with more rainfall than normal falling in eastern Africa. The 2014-2016 El Niño phenomenon, according to the World Meteorological Organization, is one of the three strongest since 1950. A number of countries in Africa including Lesotho, Swaziland and Zimbabwe declared national states of emergency, while the Southern African Development Community declared a regional drought disaster in March 2016.

text: The El Nino event enhanced the 2015 short rains season between October and December 2015, with more rainfall than normal falling in eastern Africa. The 2014-2016 El Niño phenomenon, according to the

text: World Meteorological Organization

text: , is one of the three strongest since 1950. A number of countries in Africa including

text: Lesotho

text: Swaziland

text: and

text: Zimbabwe

text: declared national states of emergency, while the

text: Southern African Development Community

text: declared a regional drought disaster in March 2016.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: less rainfall than normal

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: 2014-2016 El Ni o phenomenon

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: more rainfall than normal falling in eastern Africa

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: more rainfall than normal falling in eastern Africa

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: more rainfall than normal

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: eastern Africa.

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: The El Nino

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: The El Nino

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: The El Nino

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: enhanced the 2015 short rains season between October and December 2015,

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: The El Nino

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: more rainfall than normal falling in eastern Africa.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: more rainfall than normal falling in eastern Africa.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: short rains season

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: El Nino

text: The Equatorial Atmosphere Observatory of LAPAN are located at Koto Tabang, West Sumatera, has a function for research on, (1) High-resolution observations of wind vectors will make it possible to study the detailed structure of the equatorial atmosphere that is related to the growth and decay of cumulus convection; (2) From long-term continuous observations, relationships between atmospheric waves and global atmospheric circulation will be clarified; (3) By conducting observations from near the surface to the ionosphere, it will be possible to reveal dynamical couplings between the equatorial atmosphere and ionosphere. (4) Based on these results, transports of atmospheric constituents such as ozone and greenhouse gases, and the variations of the Earth's atmosphere that lead to climatic change such as El-Nino and La-Nina, will be revealed.

text: The Equatorial Atmosphere Observatory of LAPAN are located at

text: Koto Tabang, West Sumatera

text: , has a function for research on, (1) High-resolution observations of wind vectors will make it possible to study the detailed structure of the equatorial atmosphere that is related to the growth and decay of cumulus convection; (2) From long-term continuous observations, relationships between atmospheric waves and global atmospheric circulation will be clarified; (3) By conducting observations from near the surface to the ionosphere, it will be possible to reveal dynamical couplings between the equatorial atmosphere and ionosphere. (4) Based on these results, transports of atmospheric constituents such as ozone and greenhouse gases, and the variations of the Earth's atmosphere that lead to climatic change such as El-Nino and La-Nina, will be revealed.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: equatorial

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: La-Nina

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: La-Nina

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: El-Nino and La-Nina

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: climatic change

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: equatorial

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: El-Nino and La-Nina,

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El-Nino and La-Nina,

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: El-Nino and La-Nina,

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: climatic change

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: growth and decay of cumulus convection;

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: climatic change

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: climatic change

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: climatic change

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: the variations of the Earth's atmosphere that lead to climatic change

text: However, over time the term has evolved and now refers to the warm and negative phase of the El Niño Southern Oscillation and is the warming of the ocean surface or above-average sea surface temperatures in either the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. This warming causes a shift in the atmospheric circulation with rainfall becoming reduced over Indonesia and Australia, while rainfall and tropical cyclone formation increases over the tropical Pacific Ocean. The low-level surface trade winds, which normally blow from east to west along the equator, either weaken or start blowing from the other direction.

text: However, over time the term has evolved and now refers to the warm and negative phase of the

text: El Niño Southern Oscillation

text: and is the warming of the ocean surface or above-average sea surface temperatures in either the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. This warming causes a shift in the atmospheric circulation with rainfall becoming reduced over Indonesia and Australia, while rainfall and tropical cyclone formation increases over the tropical Pacific Ocean. The low-level surface trade winds, which normally blow from east to west along the equator, either weaken or start blowing from the other direction.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: east to west

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: low-level surface trade winds

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: tropical cyclone

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: above-average sea surface temperatures in either the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: low-level surface trade winds, which normally blow from east to west

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: tropical cyclone formation

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: east to west along the equator,

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: The low-level surface trade winds, which normally blow from east to west

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: The low-level surface trade winds, which normally blow from east to west

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: El Ni<unk>o Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Ni<unk>o Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: above-average sea surface temperatures in either the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: warming of the ocean surface or above-average sea surface temperatures

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: warming of the ocean surface or above-average sea surface temperatures

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: rainfall becoming reduced over Indonesia and Australia,

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: El Ni<unk>o Southern Oscillation

text: Born in Rio Tinto, Paraíba, Nino made his senior debuts with Atlético Cajazeirense in 2006. After appearing for Desportiva Guarabira, Auto Esporte, Náutico and Sousa, he signed for Vitória on 1 June 2009.

text: Born in

text: Rio Tinto, Paraíba

text: , Nino made his senior debuts with

text: Atlético Cajazeirense

text: in 2006. After appearing for

text: Desportiva Guarabira

text: Auto Esporte

text: Náutico

text: and

text: Sousa

text: , he signed for

text: Vitória

text: on 1 June 2009.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Para ba

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: where does nino live

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: he signed for Vitória on 1 June 2009

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: It is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: he signed for Vitória

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: he signed for Vitória

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: earthquakes

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Rio Tinto, Para<unk>ba,

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Vitória on 1 June 2009.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: 2006.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: 2006.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Auto Esporte, Náutico and Sousa,

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: 2006.

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: he signed for Vitória on 1 June 2009.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: he signed for Vitória on 1 June 2009.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: 2009.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Vitória on 1 June 2009.

text: In a literature assessment, Yohe et al. (2007:813) concluded that climate change would very likely make it more difficult for nations to achieve the MDGs for the middle of the century. In the short-term, it was judged very likely that climate change (as attributed with high confidence to human activities) would not be a significant extra impediment to nations reaching their 2015 Millennium Development Targets.

text: In a literature assessment, Yohe et al. (2007:813) concluded that climate change would very likely make it more difficult for nations to achieve the MDGs for the middle of the century. In the short-term, it was judged very likely that climate change (as attributed with high confidence to human activities) would not be a significant extra impediment to nations reaching their 2015 Millennium Development Targets.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: the Equator

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Yohe et al

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Yohe et al.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Yohe et al. (2007:813)

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Yohe et al. (2007:813)

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Yohe et al. (2007:813)

text: Climate change will produce a decrease in water flow and an increase on water demand due to increasing temperature, decreasing rainfall and more extreme weather conditions such as droughts and floods due to El Niño-Southern Oscillation and La Niña.

text: Climate change will produce a decrease in water flow and an increase on water demand due to increasing temperature, decreasing rainfall and more extreme weather conditions such as droughts and floods due to

text: El Niño-Southern Oscillation

text: and

text: La Niña

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: southern hemisphere

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: decrease in rainfall

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: can cause droughts

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: droughts and floods will occur

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: climate change will cause more extreme weather conditions

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: droughts

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: o-Southern Oscillation and La Ni<unk>a.

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: La Ni<unk>a.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: rainfall

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: El Ni<unk>o-Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Ni<unk>o-Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: El Ni<unk>o-Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: decreasing rainfall and more extreme weather conditions such as droughts and floods

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: decreasing rainfall and more extreme weather conditions such as droughts and floods

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: droughts and floods

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: o-Southern Oscillation

text: In Europe, opinion is not strongly divided among left and right parties. Although European political parties on the left, including Green parties, strongly support measures to address climate change, conservative European political parties maintain similar sentiments, most notably in Western and Northern Europe. For example, Margaret Thatcher, never a friend of the coal mining industry, was a strong supporter of an active climate protection policy and was instrumental in founding the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and the British Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research. Some speeches, as to the Royal Society on 27 September 1988 and to the UN general assembly in November 1989 helped to put climate change, acid rain, and general pollution in the British mainstream.. After her career, however, Thatcher was less of a climate activist, as she called climate action a "marvelous excuse for supranational socialism," and called Al Gore an "apocalyptic hyperbole". France's center-right President Chirac pushed key environmental and climate change policies in France in 2005–2007. Conservative German administrations (under the Christian Democratic Union and Christian Social Union) in the past two decades have supported European Union climate change initiatives; concern about forest dieback and acid rain regulation were initiated under Kohl's archconservative minister of the interior Friedrich Zimmermann. In the period after former President George W. Bush announced that the United States was leaving the Kyoto Treaty, European media and newspapers on both the left and right criticized the move. The conservative Spanish La Razón, the Irish Times, the Irish Independent, the Danish Berlingske Tidende, and the Greek Kathimerini all condemned the Bush administration's decision, as did left-leaning newspapers.

text: In Europe, opinion is not strongly divided among

text: left and right parties

text: . Although European political parties on the left, including

text: Green parties

text: , strongly support measures to address climate change, conservative European political parties maintain similar sentiments, most notably in Western and Northern Europe. For example,

text: Margaret Thatcher

text: , never a friend of the coal mining industry, was a strong supporter of an active climate protection policy and was instrumental in founding the

text: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

text: and the British

entity_name: Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research

text: Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research

text: . Some speeches, as to the Royal Society on 27 September 1988 and to the UN general assembly in November 1989 helped to put climate change, acid rain, and general pollution in the British mainstream.. After her career, however, Thatcher was less of a climate activist, as she called climate action a "marvelous excuse for supranational socialism," and called Al Gore an "apocalyptic hyperbole". France's center-right

text: President Chirac

text: pushed key environmental and climate change policies in France in 2005–2007. Conservative German administrations (under the

text: Christian Democratic Union

text: and

text: Christian Social Union

text: ) in the past two decades have supported

text: European Union

text: climate change initiatives; concern about

text: forest dieback

text: and

text: acid rain

text: regulation were initiated under Kohl's archconservative minister of the interior

text: Friedrich Zimmermann

text: . In the period after former President George W. Bush announced that the United States was leaving the

text: Kyoto Treaty

text: , European media and newspapers on both the left and right criticized the move. The conservative Spanish

text: La Razón

text: , the

text: Irish Times

text: , the

text: Irish Independent

text: , the Danish

text: Berlingske Tidende

text: , and the Greek

text: Kathimerini

text: all condemned the Bush administration's decision, as did left-leaning newspapers.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Europe

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: In the period after former President George W. Bush announced that the United States was leaving the Kyoto Treaty,

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Western and Northern Europe.

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Conservative German administrations (under the Christian Democratic Union and Christian Social Union)

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: Europe, opinion is not strongly divided among left and right parties.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Western and Northern Europe.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Spanish La Razón,

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: conservative European political parties maintain similar sentiments,

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Spanish La Razón,

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: La Razón,

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: forest dieback

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: In Europe, opinion is not strongly divided among left and right parties.

text: After Governor Scott took office in 2011, DEP employees were informed by regional administrators not to use the terms climate change, global warming or sustainability in publications or educational materials, because the DEP was the governor’s agency. The Florida Oceans and Coastal Council’s Annual Research Plan 2014-15 avoided the term climate change and used 'climate drivers' and 'climate-driven changes' instead. Some critical employees were terminated or gave their notice during that time. Until 2015, the term sea-level rise was not permitted and had to be replaced by the term 'nuisance flooding'.

text: After Governor Scott took office in 2011, DEP employees were informed by regional administrators not to use the terms

text: climate change

text: global warming

text: or

text: sustainability

text: in publications or educational materials, because the DEP was the governor’s agency. The Florida Oceans and Coastal Council’s Annual Research Plan 2014-15 avoided the term climate change and used 'climate drivers' and 'climate-driven changes' instead. Some critical employees were terminated or gave their notice during that time. Until 2015, the term

text: sea-level rise

text: was not permitted and had to be replaced by the term '

text: nuisance flooding

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Florida

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: sea-level rise

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: None of the above choices are available

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: some critical employees were terminated or gave their notice

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: sea-level rise

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Florida

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: After Governor Scott took office in 2011,

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: sea-level rise

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: After Governor Scott took office in 2011,

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: 2011,

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: sea-level rise

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Some critical employees were terminated or gave their notice

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Some critical employees were terminated or gave their notice

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: sea-level rise

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: After Governor Scott took office in 2011,

text: Adolfo Borgognoni first proposed that Nina was a fictional construct of male poets in 1891 and was soon followed by Giulio Bertoni. Specifically Borgognoni thought she was invented by the successors of printer Filippo Giunti: essa [Nina] nacque in Firenze, nella officina degli Eredi di Filippo Giunti, l'anno del Signore 1527 ("this one [Nina] was born in Florence, in the office of the heirs of Filippo Giunti, the year of the Lord 1527"). The historicity of Nina—and tangentially the sex of the author of the poem traditionally assigned to her—has been debated ever since. Liborio Azzolina tried to resuscitate her and also Compiuta Donzella, whom Borgognoni, with less supporters, also ascribed to later male poets' imaginations. More recently the Italian scholar Lino Pertile has called her fantomatica (phantomlike) and Paolo Cherchi dismissed her as "mythical", to be followed by Anne Klinck.

text: Adolfo Borgognoni first proposed that Nina was a fictional construct of male poets in 1891 and was soon followed by Giulio Bertoni. Specifically Borgognoni thought she was invented by the successors of printer

text: Filippo Giunti

text: : essa [Nina] nacque in Firenze, nella officina degli Eredi di Filippo Giunti, l'anno del Signore 1527 ("this one [Nina] was born in Florence, in the office of the heirs of Filippo Giunti, the year of the Lord 1527"). The historicity of Nina—and tangentially the sex of the author of the poem traditionally assigned to her—has been debated ever since. Liborio Azzolina tried to resuscitate her and also

text: Compiuta Donzella

text: , whom Borgognoni, with less supporters, also ascribed to later male poets' imaginations. More recently the Italian scholar Lino Pertile has called her fantomatica (phantomlike) and Paolo Cherchi dismissed her as "mythical", to be followed by Anne Klinck.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Florence

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: 1527

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: The historicity of Nina—and tangentially the sex of the author of the poem traditionally assigned to her—has been debated ever since.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: 1527

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: l'anno del Signore 1527

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: earthquakes

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Firenze,

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: 1527

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: 1527

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Nina was a fictional construct of male poets in 1891

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: l'anno del Signore 1527

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Nina was a fictional construct of male poets in 1891

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: 1527

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: l'anno del Signore 1527

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: 1527

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Nina was a fictional construct of male poets in 1891

text: The authors found that 99.4% agreed that the global climate is changing but that "the debate of the causes of climate change is particularly virulent among them." Analyzing their responses, the authors labelled 36% of respondents 'comply with Kyoto', as "they express the strong belief that climate change is happening, that it is not a normal cycle of nature, and humans are the main or central cause." 'Regulation activists' (10%) "diagnose climate change as being both human- and naturally caused, posing a moderate public risk, with only slight impact on their personal life." Skeptical of anthropogenic warming (sum 51%) they labelled 'nature is overwhelming' (24%), 'economic responsibility' (10%), and 'fatalists' (17%). Respondents giving these responses disagreed in various ways with mainstream scientific opinion on climate change, expressing views such as that climate change is 'natural', that its causes are unknown, that it is harmless, or that regulation such as that represented by Kyoto Protocol is in itself harmful.

text: The authors found that 99.4% agreed that the global climate is changing but that "the debate of the causes of climate change is particularly virulent among them." Analyzing their responses, the authors labelled 36% of respondents 'comply with Kyoto', as "they express the strong belief that climate change is happening, that it is not a normal cycle of nature, and humans are the main or central cause." 'Regulation activists' (10%) "diagnose climate change as being both human- and naturally caused, posing a moderate public risk, with only slight impact on their personal life." Skeptical of anthropogenic warming (sum 51%) they labelled 'nature is overwhelming' (24%), 'economic responsibility' (10%), and 'fatalists' (17%). Respondents giving these responses disagreed in various ways with

text: mainstream scientific opinion on climate change

text: , expressing views such as that climate change is 'natural', that its causes are unknown, that it is harmless, or that regulation such as that represented by

text: Kyoto Protocol

text: is in itself harmful.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: the Equator

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: climate change is 'natural'

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Kyoto',

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: a normal cycle of nature,

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: nature,

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: 99.4% agreed that the global climate is changing

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: 36% of respondents 'comply with Kyoto',

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: anthropogenic warming

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: 99.4%

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: 99.4%

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: 99.4% agreed that the global climate is changing

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: nature,

text: Carter was critical of the IPCC and believed statements about dangerous human-caused global warming are unjustified. He was on the research committee of the Institute of Public Affairs, an Australian free-market think tank promoting climate change denial.  In April 2006, he argued against climate change being "man-made" by asserting that the global average temperature "had stopped" for the eight years since 1998, while the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere increased. Chris Mooney refers to this article as an early example of statistically misleading use of the short period from the exceptionally strong El Niño year of 1998 which had set a temperature record. In 2007, Carter participated in an expert panel discussion after the airing of The Great Global Warming Swindle documentary on ABC.

text: Carter was critical of the

text: IPCC

text: and believed statements about dangerous human-caused global warming are unjustified. He was on the research committee of the

text: Institute of Public Affairs

text: , an Australian free-market think tank promoting

text: climate change denial

text: .  In April 2006, he argued against climate change being "man-made" by asserting that the

text: global average temperature "had stopped"

text: for the eight years since 1998, while the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere increased.

text: Chris Mooney

text: refers to this article as an early example of statistically misleading use of the short period from the exceptionally strong

text: El Niño

text: year of 1998 which had set a temperature record. In 2007, Carter participated in an expert panel discussion after the airing of

text: The Great Global Warming Swindle

text: documentary on

text: ABC

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: El Nio

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Nio

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: 1998 which had set a temperature record

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: 1998

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: 1998

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: El Ni<unk>o

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: El Ni<unk>o

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Ni<unk>o

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: El Ni<unk>o

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: exceptionally strong El Ni<unk>o year of 1998

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: El Ni<unk>o

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: 1998

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: 1998

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: temperature record.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: El Ni<unk>o

text: Climate change is a significant and lasting change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It may be a change in average weather conditions, or in the distribution of weather around the average conditions (such as more or fewer extreme weather events). Climate change is caused by factors that include oceanic processes (such as oceanic circulation), biotic processes, variations in solar radiation received by Earth, plate tectonics and volcanic eruptions, and human-induced alterations of the natural world. The latter effect is currently causing global warming, and "climate change" is often used to describe human-specific impacts.

text: Climate change is a significant and lasting change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It may be a change in average weather conditions, or in the distribution of weather around the average conditions (such as more or fewer extreme weather events). Climate change is caused by factors that include oceanic processes (such as oceanic circulation), biotic processes, variations in solar radiation received by Earth, plate tectonics and volcanic eruptions, and human-induced alterations of the natural world. The latter effect is currently causing global warming, and "climate change" is often used to describe human-specific impacts.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: oceanic

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: average weather conditions

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: volcanic eruptions

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: climate change is caused by factors that include oceanic processes

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: global warming

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: volcanic eruptions

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: oceanic processes

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Climate change

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: fewer extreme weather events).

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: plate tectonics and volcanic eruptions,

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: volcanic eruptions,

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: volcanic eruptions,

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: volcanic eruptions,

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: volcanic eruptions,

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: volcanic eruptions,

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Climate change

text: SAGE III temperature measurements will provide a unique data set for monitoring and understanding atmospheric temperature changes. In particular, the long-term stability and self-calibration capabilities of  may permit the detection of trends in stratospheric and mesospheric temperature that would be important diagnostics of climate change.  temperature measurements in the upper stratosphere and mesosphere will be the only source of long-term temperature measurements in this region of the atmosphere.  temperature measurements will also allow the monitoring of periodic temperature changes, such as those associated with the solar cycle and quasi-biennial oscillation, and the effects of radiative forcing by aerosols.

text: SAGE III temperature measurements will provide a unique data set for monitoring and understanding atmospheric temperature changes. In particular, the long-term stability and self-calibration capabilities of  may permit the detection of trends in stratospheric and mesospheric temperature that would be important diagnostics of climate change.  temperature measurements in the upper stratosphere and mesosphere will be the only source of long-term temperature measurements in this region of the atmosphere.  temperature measurements will also allow the monitoring of periodic temperature changes, such as those associated with the solar cycle and quasi-biennial oscillation, and the effects of radiative forcing by aerosols.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: quasi-biennial oscillation

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: el nio

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: sea levels

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: temperature measurements will also allow the monitoring of periodic temperature changes

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: SAGE III temperature measurements

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: SAGE III

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: quasi-biennial oscillation,

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: quasi-biennial oscillation,

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: SAGE III

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: radiative forcing by aerosols.

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: SAGE III

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: SAGE III

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: temperature changes.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: solar cycle

text: The Nina Tilden continued in use on the river by Johnson's company and his new Colorado Steam Navigation Company that succeeded it.  Nina Tilden carried the archives of the county seat of Yuma County from La Paz to Arizona City when its location was changed in 1870.

text: The Nina Tilden continued in use on the river by Johnson's company and his new

text: Colorado Steam Navigation Company

text: that succeeded it.  Nina Tilden carried the archives of the county seat of

text: Yuma County

text: from La Paz to

text: Arizona City

text: when its location was changed in 1870.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Yuma

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Arizona City was changed in 1870.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: La Paz to Arizona City

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Arizona City

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: The Nina Tilden

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: 1870.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: The Nina Tilden

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: The Nina Tilden

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: The Nina Tilden

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: The Nina Tilden

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: The Nina Tilden

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: Arizona City when its location was changed in 1870.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: The Nina Tilden

text: Existing ecological guidelines for designing networks independently focus on achieving either fisheries, biodiversity or climate change objectives or combinations of fisheries and biodiversity or biodiversity and climate change. These three goals have different implications for network design. The most important are reserve size and protection duration (permanent, long term, short term, or periodic closures).

text: Existing ecological guidelines for designing networks independently focus on achieving either fisheries, biodiversity or climate change objectives or combinations of fisheries and biodiversity or biodiversity and climate change. These three goals have different implications for network design. The most important are reserve size and protection duration (permanent, long term, short term, or periodic closures).

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Pacific Ocean

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: fisheries

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: periodic closures

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: the most important are reserve size

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: fisheries, biodiversity or climate change

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: fisheries, biodiversity or climate change

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: fisheries, biodiversity or climate change

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: fisheries, biodiversity or climate change

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: fisheries, biodiversity or climate change

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: fisheries,

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: fisheries, biodiversity or climate change

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: fisheries, biodiversity or climate change

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: fisheries, biodiversity or climate change

text: This large variability is caused by discrete eddies, near-inertial motions, and internal tides. Climate patterns such as the North Pacific Gyre Oscillation (NPGO), El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) affect the interannual variability in primary productivity in the NPSG. DiLorenzo et al., 2008 These conditions can have profound effects on biological processes within this habitat, they have the ability to shift sea surface temperature (SST), chlorophyll patterns, nutrient patterns, oxygen concentrations, mixed layer depths, and thus the carrying capacity (amount of life this habitat can carry) of the NPSG.

text: This large variability is caused by discrete eddies, near-inertial motions, and

text: internal tide

text: s. Climate patterns such as the North Pacific Gyre Oscillation (NPGO), El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) affect the interannual variability in primary productivity in the NPSG. DiLorenzo et al., 2008 These conditions can have profound effects on

text: biological process

text: es within this habitat, they have the ability to shift

text: sea surface temperature

text: (SST), chlorophyll patterns, nutrient patterns, oxygen concentrations,

text: mixed layer

text: depths, and thus the

text: carrying capacity

text: (amount of life this habitat can carry) of the NPSG.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: North Pacific

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: interannual variability

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: ENSO affect the interannual variability in primary productivity

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: ENSO affect the interannual variability in primary productivity

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: interannual variability in primary productivity

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: North Pacific

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: El Nino/Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Nino/Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: North Pacific Gyre Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Nino/Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: El Nino/Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: (ENSO)

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: El Nino/Southern

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: interannual variability in primary productivity

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: El Nino/Southern Oscillation

text: Nina's paintings are typically composed using oil or watercolor. Watercolor specifically has become widely popular among Peru's painters. Nina's work, while unique, is representative of the regional appropriation of the medium.

text: Nina's paintings are typically composed using oil or watercolor. Watercolor specifically has become widely popular among Peru's painters. Nina's work, while unique, is representative of the regional appropriation of the medium.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Peru

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: a normal year

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Nina's paintings are typically composed using oil

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Nina's paintings

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: earthquakes

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Peru's

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: oil or watercolor.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: Nina's paintings are typically composed using oil or watercolor.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Nina's paintings are typically composed using oil or watercolor.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Nina's paintings are typically composed using oil or watercolor.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: oil

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Nina's paintings are typically composed using oil or watercolor.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Nina's paintings are typically composed using oil or watercolor.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: Nina's paintings are typically composed using oil or watercolor.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Nina's paintings are typically composed using oil or watercolor.

text: The G8 Climate Change Roundtable developed 5 key principles for businesses to consider when crafting a climate change mitigation strategy. These principles are:

text: The G8 Climate Change Roundtable developed 5 key principles for businesses to consider when crafting a climate change mitigation strategy. These principles are:

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: equator

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: the peru current

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: climate change is expected to have a positive impact on the global climate.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Nio, also known as the Northern Hemisphere's El Nio, is a tropical cyclone that has ravaged the Northern Hemisphere since 2005.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Argentina experienced a record-breaking snowstorm

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: La Nia is a city located in the Pacific Ocean

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: tropical storms

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: The el nio and la nia make a cycle called the los nios oscillation.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: G8

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: The G8 Climate Change Roundtable

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: climate change mitigation strategy.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: The G8 Climate Change Roundtable

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: The G8 Climate Change Roundtable

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: The G8 Climate Change Roundtable

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: The G8

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: The G8 Climate Change Roundtable

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: climate change mitigation strategy.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: The G8 Climate Change Roundtable

text: In a 1976 book The Genesis Strategy he discusses both long-term warming due to carbon dioxide and short-term cooling due to aerosols, and advocated for adopting policies that are resilient to future changes in climate.

text: In a 1976 book The Genesis Strategy he discusses both long-term warming due to carbon dioxide and short-term cooling due to aerosols, and advocated for adopting policies that are resilient to future changes in climate.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: south america

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: a normal year

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: the Genesis Strategy was published

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: The Genesis Strategy was published in 1976

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: long-term warming

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: cooling due to aerosols,

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: cooling due to aerosols,

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: cooling due to aerosols,

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: warming due to carbon dioxide and short-term cooling due to aerosols,

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: warming due to carbon dioxide and short-term cooling due to aerosols,

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: aerosols,

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: cooling due to aerosols,

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: 1976 book The Genesis Strategy

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: long-term warming

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: The Genesis Strategy

text: Co-published by DARA and the Climate Vulnerable Forum, The Climate Vulnerability Monitor was initiated in 2009 by the Government of the Maldives, the “Climate Vulnerability Monitor” provides an overview of countries´ susceptibility to short-term climate change (in 2010 and 2030), by using a barometer to assess the estimated effects on each country’s health, weather disasters, human habitat loss and economic stresses. The 2010 report was presented at the UN Cancun Summit in December, 2010.

text: Co-published by DARA and the

text: Climate Vulnerable Forum

text: , The Climate Vulnerability Monitor was initiated in 2009 by the Government of the

text: Maldives

text: , the “Climate Vulnerability Monitor” provides an overview of countries´ susceptibility to short-term climate change (in 2010 and 2030), by using a barometer to assess the estimated effects on each country’s health, weather disasters, human habitat loss and economic stresses. The 2010 report was presented at the UN

text: Cancun Summit

text: in December, 2010.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Cancun

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: 2010 and 2030

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: weather disasters

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Cancun Summit

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Cancun Summit

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: weather disasters

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Maldives,

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: The Climate Vulnerability Monitor

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: weather disasters,

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: 2009 by the Government of the Maldives,

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: weather disasters,

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: 2009 by the Government of the Maldives,

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: weather disasters,

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: UN Cancun Summit

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: weather disasters,

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Co-published by DARA and the Climate Vulnerable Forum,

text: In addition, numerous species such as mammoths on Wrangel Island and St. Paul Island survived in human-free refugia despite changes in climate. This would not be expected if climate change were responsible (unless their maritime climates offered some protection against climate change not afforded to coastal populations on the mainland). Under normal ecological assumptions island populations should be more vulnerable to extinction due to climate change because of small populations and an inability to migrate to more favorable climes.

text: In addition, numerous species such as mammoths on

text: Wrangel Island

text: and

text: St. Paul Island

text: survived in human-free

text: refugia

text: despite changes in climate. This would not be expected if climate change were responsible (unless their maritime climates offered some protection against climate change not afforded to coastal populations on the mainland). Under normal ecological assumptions island populations should be more vulnerable to extinction due to climate change because of small populations and an inability to migrate to more favorable climes.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: St. Paul

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Wrangel Island and St. Paul Island survived

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: climate change would not be expected

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: St. Paul Island

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Under normal ecological assumptions

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: island populations should be more vulnerable to extinction due to climate change

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: coastal populations on the mainland).

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: changes in climate.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: changes in climate.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: changes in climate.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: changes in climate.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Wrangel Island and St. Paul Island

text: In British English the term "short trousers" has been used, but only for shorts that are a short version of real trousers (pants), e.g. tailored shorts, often lined, as typically worn as part of school uniform for boys up to their early teens, and by servicemen and policemen in tropical climates. The American term "short pants" is probably the nearest equivalent in the US, there they might now be called "dress shorts", a term that has not gained much currency in Britain. A somewhat similar garment worn by men in Australia is called "stubbies". "Shorts" is used unqualified in British English to refer to sports shorts, athletic shorts, or casual shorts: the last is nowadays commonplace in warm weather in the UK.

text: In British English the term "short trousers" has been used, but only for shorts that are a short version of real trousers (pants), e.g. tailored shorts, often lined, as typically worn as part of

text: school uniform

text: for boys up to their early teens, and by servicemen and policemen in tropical climates. The American term "short pants" is probably the nearest equivalent in the US, there they might now be called "dress shorts", a term that has not gained much currency in Britain. A somewhat similar garment worn by men in Australia is called "

text: stubbies

text: ". "Shorts" is used unqualified in British English to refer to sports shorts, athletic shorts, or casual shorts: the last is nowadays commonplace in warm weather in the UK.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Australia

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: short trousers

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: el nio events

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: short trousers

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: short trousers

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: tropical climates.

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: "short trousers"

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: tropical climates.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: tropical climates.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: servicemen and policemen in tropical climates.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: "short trousers"

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: tropical climates.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: tropical climates.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: tropical climates.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: In British English the term "short trousers"

text: P is normal if the following condition is satisfied:

text: P is normal if the following condition is satisfied:

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: south to north

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: normal

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: it would have a mean annual temperature of 73 °F

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: P is normal

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: can cause a fever

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: normal

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: p is normal

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: p is normal

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: sea level rise

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: P is normal

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: P

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: P is normal if the following condition is satisfied:

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: P is normal if the following condition is satisfied:

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: P is normal

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: P is normal

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: P is normal

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: P is normal

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: P is normal

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: P is normal

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: P is normal

text: In a 2009 paper "An imperative for climate change planning: tracking Earth's global energy", Trenberth discussed the distribution of heat and how it was affected by climate forcings including greenhouse gas changes. This could be tracked from 1993 to 2003, but for the period from 2004 to 2008 it was not then possible to explain the relatively cool temperatures of 2008. In the Climatic Research Unit email controversy an unlawfully disclosed email from Trenberth about this paper was widely misrepresented: he wrote "The fact is that we can't account for the lack of warming at the moment and it is a travesty that we can't." Trenberth has stated: "It is amazing to see this particular quote lambasted so often. It stems from a paper I published this year bemoaning our inability to effectively monitor the energy flows associated with short-term climate variability. It is quite clear from the paper that I was not questioning the link between anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and warming, or even suggesting that recent temperatures are unusual in the context of short-term natural variability."

text: In a 2009 paper "An imperative for climate change planning: tracking Earth's global energy", Trenberth discussed the distribution of heat and how it was affected by

text: climate forcing

text: s including greenhouse gas changes. This could be tracked from 1993 to 2003, but for the period from 2004 to 2008 it was not then possible to explain the relatively cool temperatures of 2008. In the

entity_name: Climatic Research Unit email controversy

text: Climatic Research Unit email controversy

text: an unlawfully disclosed email from Trenberth about this paper was widely misrepresented: he wrote "The fact is that we can't account for the lack of warming at the moment and it is a travesty that we can't." Trenberth has stated: "It is amazing to see this particular quote lambasted so often. It stems from a paper I published this year bemoaning our inability to effectively monitor the energy flows associated with short-term climate variability. It is quite clear from the paper that I was not questioning the link between anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and warming, or even suggesting that recent temperatures are unusual in the context of short-term natural variability."

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: the Equator

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: cool temperatures of 2008

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: 2008

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Trenberth discussed the distribution of heat

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Trenberth discussed the distribution of heat

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: 1993 to 2003,

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: 1993 to 2003,

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: 1993 to 2003,

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: 1993 to 2003,

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: 1993 to 2003,

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: greenhouse gas changes. This could be tracked from 1993 to 2003,

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: 1993 to 2003,

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: 1993 to 2003,

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: cool temperatures

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: 1993 to 2003,

text: In 1973, she play Nina in Tre per una grande rapina, with Michel Constantin and Adolfo Celi. She also play in "La dernière bourrée à Paris", where she finds for the fifth time, the director Raoul André and she starred alongside Francis Blanche, Roger Coggio, Micheline Dax, Michel Galabru, Marion Game and Tony Kendall. She play in "Elle court, elle court la banlieue" directed by Gérard Pirès and starring Marthe Keller, Jacques Higelin, Robert Castel, Ginette Leclerc, Claude Piéplu, Alice Sapritch, Victor Lanoux, Daniel Prévost, Coluche, Diane Kurys and Miou-Miou. The film was a success with more than a million and a half entries.

text: In 1973, she play Nina in

text: Tre per una grande rapina

text: , with

text: Michel Constantin

text: and

text: Adolfo Celi

text: . She also play in "La dernière bourrée à Paris", where she finds for the fifth time, the director

text: Raoul André

text: and she starred alongside

text: Francis Blanche

text: Roger Coggio

text: Micheline Dax

text: Michel Galabru

text: Marion Game

text: and

text: Tony Kendall

text: . She play in "Elle court, elle court la banlieue" directed by

text: Gérard Pirès

text: and starring

text: Marthe Keller

text: Jacques Higelin

text: Robert Castel

text: Ginette Leclerc

text: Claude Piéplu

text: Alice Sapritch

text: Victor Lanoux

text: Daniel Prévost

text: Coluche

text: Diane Kurys

text: and

text: Miou-Miou

text: . The film was a success with more than a million and a half entries.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: equator

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: In 1973, she play Nina in Tre per una grande rapina,

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Michel Constantin and Adolfo Celi

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Paris",

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Tre per una grande rapina,

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: 1973,

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: "La dernière bourrée à Paris",

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Tre per una grande rapina,

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: "La dernière bourrée à Paris",

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: 1973,

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Tre per una grande rapina,

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: Tre per una grande rapina,

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Nina in Tre per una grande rapina,

text: WCRP activities address issues of scientific uncertainty in the Earth's climate system including transport and storage of heat by the ocean, the global energy and hydrological cycle, the formation of clouds and their effects on radiative transfer, and the role of the cryosphere in climate. These activities match the scientific priorities identified by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, and provide the basis for responding to issues raised in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. WCRP also lays the scientific foundation for meeting the research challenges posed in Agenda 21. Together with the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme and the International Human Dimensions of Global Environmental Change Programme, WCRP provides the international framework for scientific cooperation in the study of global climate change.

text: WCRP activities address issues of scientific uncertainty in the Earth's climate system including transport and storage of heat by the ocean, the global energy and

text: hydrological cycle

text: , the formation of

text: clouds

text: and their effects on radiative transfer, and the role of the

text: cryosphere

text: in climate. These activities match the scientific priorities identified by the

text: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

text: , and provide the basis for responding to issues raised in the

text: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

text: . WCRP also lays the scientific foundation for meeting the research challenges posed in Agenda 21. Together with the

text: International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme

text: and the

text: International Human Dimensions of Global Environmental Change Programme

text: , WCRP provides the international framework for scientific cooperation in the study of global

text: climate change

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: the ocean

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: the formation of clouds

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: the formation of clouds and their effects on radiative transfer

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: WCRP activities address issues of scientific uncertainty

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: ocean,

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: WCRP

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: heat by the ocean,

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: transport and storage of heat by the ocean,

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: WCRP

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: transport and storage of heat

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: clouds and their effects on radiative transfer,

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: 21.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: transport and storage of heat

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: WCRP

text: On 30 August 2010 Nino joined AD Alcorcón, in the second level. On 11 September he made his professional debut, in a 1–4 away defeat against UD Las Palmas.

text: On 30 August 2010 Nino joined

text: AD Alcorcón

text: , in the second level. On 11 September he made his professional debut, in a 1–4 away defeat against

text: UD Las Palmas

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Spain

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: On 11 September he made his professional debut

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Nino joined AD Alcorcón

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Nino joined AD Alcorcón

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: 2010 Nino joined AD Alcorcón,

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: 1–4

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: 2010

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Nino joined AD Alcorcón,

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: 11 September he made his professional debut,

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: On 30 August 2010 Nino joined AD Alcorcón,

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: 30 August 2010 Nino joined AD Alcorcón,

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Nino joined AD Alcorcón,

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: On 30 August 2010 Nino joined AD Alcorcón,

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Nino joined AD Alcorcón,

text: The concept of human security and the effects that climate change may have on it will become increasingly important as the changes become more apparent. Some effects are already evident and will become very clear in the human and climatic short run (2007–2020). They will increase and others will manifest themselves in the medium term (2021–2050); whilst in the long run (2051–2100), they will all be active and interacting strongly with other major trends. There is the potential for the end of the petroleum economy for many producing and consuming nations, possible financial and economic crisis, a larger population of humans, and a much more urbanized humanity – far in excess of the 50% now living in small to very large cities. All these processes will be accompanied by redistribution of population nationally and internationally. Such redistributions typically have significant gender dimensions; for example, extreme event impacts can lead to male out migration in search of work, culminating in an increase in women-headed households – a group often considered particularly vulnerable. Indeed, the effects of climate change on impoverished women and children is crucial in that women and children in particular, have unequal human capabilities.

text: The concept of

text: human security

text: and the effects that climate change may have on it will become increasingly important as the changes become more apparent. Some effects are already evident and will become very clear in the human and climatic short run (2007–2020). They will increase and others will manifest themselves in the medium term (2021–2050); whilst in the long run (2051–2100), they will all be active and interacting strongly with other major trends. There is the potential for the end of the

text: petroleum

text: economy for many producing and consuming nations, possible financial and economic crisis, a larger population of humans, and a much more urbanized humanity – far in excess of the 50% now living in small to very large cities. All these processes will be accompanied by redistribution of population nationally and internationally. Such redistributions typically have significant gender dimensions; for example, extreme event impacts can lead to male out migration in search of work, culminating in an increase in women-headed households – a group often considered particularly vulnerable. Indeed, the effects of climate change on impoverished women and children is crucial in that women and children in particular, have unequal

text: human capabilities

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Pacific Ocean

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: 2007–2020

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: 2021–2050

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: extreme event impacts can lead to male out migration in search of work

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: male out migration in search of work

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: male out migration in search of work

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: (2007–2020).

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: (2007–2020).

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: (2007–2020).

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: (2007–2020).

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: extreme event impacts can lead to male out migration in search of work,

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: (2007–2020).

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: increase in women-headed households

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: increase in women-headed households

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: male out migration

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: (2007–2020).

text: The 2010 United Nations Climate Change Conference was held in Cancún, Mexico, from 29 November to 10 December 2010. The conference is officially referred to as the 16th session of the Conference of the Parties  to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the 6th session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties  to the Kyoto Protocol. In addition, the two permanent subsidiary bodies of the UNFCCC — the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice (SBSTA) and the Subsidiary Body for Implementation (SBI) — held their 33rd sessions. The 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference extended the mandates of the two temporary subsidiary bodies, the Ad Hoc Working Group on Further Commitments for Annex I Parties under the Kyoto Protocol (AWG-KP) and the Ad Hoc Working Group on Long-term Cooperative Action under the Convention (AWG-LCA), and they met as well.

text: The 2010 United Nations Climate Change Conference was held in

text: Cancún

text: Mexico

text: , from 29 November to 10 December 2010. The conference is officially referred to as the 16th session of the Conference of the Parties  to the

text: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

text: (UNFCCC) and the 6th session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties  to the

text: Kyoto Protocol

text: . In addition, the two permanent subsidiary bodies of the UNFCCC — the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice (SBSTA) and the Subsidiary Body for Implementation (SBI) — held their 33rd sessions. The

text: 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference

text: extended the mandates of the two temporary subsidiary bodies, the Ad Hoc Working Group on Further Commitments for Annex I Parties under the Kyoto Protocol (AWG-KP) and the Ad Hoc Working Group on Long-term Cooperative Action under the Convention (AWG-LCA), and they met as well.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Mexico

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: Canc n

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: 2010 United Nations Climate Change Conference

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: 2010 United Nations Climate Change Conference

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Mexico,

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: 29 November to 10 December 2010.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: Mexico, from 29 November to 10 December 2010.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Canc<unk>n, Mexico, from 29 November to 10 December 2010.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Canc<unk>n, Mexico,

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Canc<unk>n, Mexico, from 29 November to 10 December 2010.

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Canc<unk>n, Mexico,

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Canc<unk>n, Mexico,

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: Mexico,

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: The 2010 United Nations Climate Change Conference

text: Tunisia's climate is hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification Csa) in the north, where winters are mild with moderate rainfall and summers are hot and dry. Temperatures in July and August can exceed 40 °C (104 °F) when the tropical continental air mass of the desert reaches the whole Tunisia. Winters are mild with temperatures rarely exceeding 20 °C (68 °F) (exception is the south-west of the country). The south of the country is desert. The terrain in the north is mountainous, which, moving south, gives way to a hot, dry central plain. As we go to the south, the climate naturally becomes hotter, drier and sunnier. The southern part has therefore a hot desert climate (Köppen climate classification BWh) with extremely hot summers, warm winters and very low annual rainfall amount. Daytime temperatures consistently turn around 45 °C (113 °F) during summers. However, the warmth of winters is only during daytime because nights can be cold in the desert. A series of salt lakes, known as chottzz or shatts, lie in an east-west line at the northern edge of the Sahara Desert, extending from the Gulf of Gabes into Algeria. The lowest point is Chott el Djerid, at , and the highest is Jebel ech Chambi, at . Annual average rainfall amount is lower than 500 mm (19.68 in) nearly everywhere in Tunisia. Tunisia is therefore a dry, semi-arid country. Areas with a pre-Saharan climate receive below 250 mm (9.84 in) and areas with a typical Saharan climate receive below 100 mm (3.94 in) of annual average precipitation. The southernmost part receives rainfall as low as 50 mm (1,97 in) in areas around El Borma, along the Algerian border.

text: Tunisia's climate is

text: hot-summer Mediterranean climate

text: Köppen climate classification

text: Csa) in the north, where winters are mild with moderate rainfall and summers are hot and dry. Temperatures in July and August can exceed 40 °C (104 °F) when the tropical continental air mass of the desert reaches the whole Tunisia. Winters are mild with temperatures rarely exceeding 20 °C (68 °F) (exception is the south-west of the country). The south of the country is desert. The terrain in the north is mountainous, which, moving south, gives way to a hot, dry central plain. As we go to the south, the climate naturally becomes hotter, drier and sunnier. The southern part has therefore a

text: hot desert climate

text: Köppen climate classification

text: BWh) with extremely hot summers, warm winters and very low annual rainfall amount. Daytime temperatures consistently turn around 45 °C (113 °F) during summers. However, the warmth of winters is only during daytime because nights can be cold in the desert. A series of

text: salt lakes

text: , known as chottzz or shatts, lie in an east-west line at the northern edge of the

text: Sahara Desert

text: , extending from the

text: Gulf of Gabes

text: into

text: Algeria

text: . The lowest point is

text: Chott el Djerid

text: , at , and the highest is

text: Jebel ech Chambi

text: , at . Annual average rainfall amount is lower than 500 mm (19.68 in) nearly everywhere in Tunisia. Tunisia is therefore a dry, semi-arid country. Areas with a pre-Saharan climate receive below 250 mm (9.84 in) and areas with a typical Saharan climate receive below 100 mm (3.94 in) of annual average precipitation. The southernmost part receives rainfall as low as 50 mm (1,97 in) in areas around

text: El Borma

text: , along the Algerian border.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Gulf of Gabes

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Nio

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Temperatures in July and August can exceed 40 °C

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Temperatures in July and August can exceed 40 °C

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Gulf of Gabes

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: the warmth of winters is only during daytime

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: 20 °C (68 °F)

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: pre-

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: rainfall

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Sahara Desert,

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: July and August can exceed 40 °C (104 °F)

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Annual average rainfall amount is lower than 500 mm (19.68 in)

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: hotter, drier and sunnier.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: the warmth of winters is only during daytime

text: Oscillator sync is a feature in some synthesizers with two or more VCOs, DCOs, or digitally modelled "virtual" oscillators. One oscillator will restart the period of another oscillator, so that they will have the same base frequency. This can produce a musical sound, rich with harmonics. The timbre can be altered on the synched oscillator by varying its frequency input. A synched oscillator that resets the other oscillator(s) is called the master, and any synched oscillator that is reset by another oscillator is called a slave. There are two common forms of oscillator sync which appear on synthesizers: Hard Sync and Soft Sync. Soft Sync is a term used for a variety of mechanisms. Other sync mechanisms exist which are also discussed. According to Sound on Sound journalist Gordon Reid, oscillator sync is the least understood feature for many users of a synthesizer.

text: Oscillator sync is a feature in some

text: synthesizer

text: s with two or more

text: VCO

text: s,

text: DCO

text: s, or digitally modelled "virtual" oscillators. One

text: oscillator

text: will restart the period of another oscillator, so that they will have the same

text: base frequency

text: . This can produce a musical sound, rich with

text: harmonics

text: . The

text: timbre

text: can be altered on the synched oscillator by varying its frequency input. A synched oscillator that resets the other oscillator(s) is called the master, and any synched oscillator that is reset by another oscillator is called a slave. There are two common forms of oscillator sync which appear on synthesizers: Hard Sync and Soft Sync. Soft Sync is a term used for a variety of mechanisms. Other sync mechanisms exist which are also discussed. According to

text: Sound on Sound

text: journalist Gordon Reid, oscillator sync is the least understood feature for many users of a synthesizer.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: south

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Nio

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: soft sync

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: VCOs, DCOs,

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Oscillator sync

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: Oscillator sync

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Oscillator sync

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Oscillator sync

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Oscillator sync

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Oscillator sync

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Oscillator sync

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: Oscillator

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: One oscillator will restart the period of another oscillator,

text: The term Loss and damage denotes impacts of climate-related stressors that occur despite efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and adapt to climatic changes. Loss and damage can result from sudden-onset events (climate disasters, such as cyclones) as well as slow-onset processes (such as sea level rise). Loss and damage can occur in human systems (such as livelihoods) as well as natural systems (such as biodiversity), though the emphasis in research and policy is on human impacts. Within the realm of loss and damage to human systems, a distinction is made between economic losses and non-economic losses. The main difference between the two is that non-economic losses involve things that are not commonly traded in markets.

text: The term Loss and damage denotes impacts of climate-related stressors that occur despite efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and adapt to climatic changes. Loss and damage can result from sudden-onset events (climate disasters, such as cyclones) as well as slow-onset processes (such as sea level rise). Loss and damage can occur in human systems (such as livelihoods) as well as natural systems (such as biodiversity), though the emphasis in research and policy is on human impacts. Within the realm of loss and damage to human systems, a distinction is made between economic losses and non-economic losses. The main difference between the two is that non-economic losses involve things that are not commonly traded in markets.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: the coast

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: sea level rise

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: cyclones

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: sea level rise

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Loss and damage

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: sea level rise

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: sea level rise).

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: cyclones)

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: sea level rise).

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: cyclones)

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: cyclones)

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: sea level rise).

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: cyclones)

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: cyclones)

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: cyclones)

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Loss and damage denotes impacts of climate-related stressors

text: Normal conditions are a restriction on philosophical arguments, especially in epistemology, in order to avoid objections perceived as digressive. As a reply to objections to an explanation of a phenomenon, e.g. a hypothesis or a theory, it is said, argument X holds [only] under normal conditions. In some cases, the concept of normal conditions tends to be rather blurred and the reply under normal conditions can tend to extend to everything that contradicts an argument. In cases, when the argument of normal conditions comes too often, according to the principle of Occam's Razor another explanation X' has to be found.

text: Normal conditions are a restriction on

text: philosophical

text: arguments, especially in

text: epistemology

text: , in order to avoid objections perceived as digressive. As a reply to objections to an explanation of a

text: phenomenon

text: , e.g. a

text: hypothesis

text: or a

text: theory

text: , it is said, argument X holds [only] under normal conditions. In some cases, the concept of normal conditions tends to be rather blurred and the reply under normal conditions can tend to extend to everything that contradicts an argument. In cases, when the argument of normal conditions comes too often, according to the principle of

text: Occam's Razor

text: another explanation X' has to be found.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: south

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: normal conditions

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: normal conditions

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: normal conditions

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: can extend to everything that contradicts an argument

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: normal conditions

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: normal conditions are a restriction on philosophical arguments

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: normal conditions are a restriction on philosophical arguments

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: normal conditions

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Occam's Razor

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: argument X holds [only] under normal conditions.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: argument X holds [only] under normal conditions.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Normal conditions are a restriction on philosophical arguments,

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Normal conditions are a restriction on philosophical arguments,

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Normal conditions are a restriction on philosophical arguments,

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Normal conditions are a restriction on philosophical arguments,

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Normal conditions are a restriction on philosophical arguments,

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: Normal conditions are a restriction on philosophical arguments,

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Normal conditions are a restriction on philosophical arguments,

text: Jason-2 was launched on June 20, 2008 by a Delta-2 rocket out of the California site in Vandenberg.  Its current mission is to transfer the current data into a second decade of data collection on the ocean height. The long-term objectives of the Jason-2 satellite were to provide global descriptions of the seasonal and yearly changes of the circulation and heat storage in the ocean. This includes the study of short-term climatic changes such as El Nino, La Nina.  The satellites detect global sea level mean and record the fluctuations.  Also detecting the slow change of upper ocean circulation on decadal time scales, every ten years. Studying the transportation of heat and carbon in the ocean and examining the main components that fuel deep water tides.  The satellites data collection also helps improve wind speed and height measurements in current time and for long term studies. Lastly improving our knowledge about the marine geoid. The first seven months Jason-2 was put into use it was flown in extreme close proximity to Jason-1.  Only being one minute apart from each other the satellites observed the same area of the ocean.  The reason for the close proximity in observation was for cross-calibration.  This was meant to calculate any bias in the two altimeters.  This multiple month observation proved that there was no bias in the data and both collections of data were consistent.

text: Jason-2 was launched on June 20, 2008 by a Delta-2 rocket out of the California site in Vandenberg.  Its current mission is to transfer the current data into a second decade of data collection on the ocean height. The long-term objectives of the Jason-2 satellite were to provide global descriptions of the seasonal and yearly changes of the circulation and heat storage in the ocean. This includes the study of short-term climatic changes such as

text: El Nino

text: La Nina

text: .  The satellites detect global

text: sea level

text: mean and record the fluctuations.  Also detecting the slow change of upper ocean circulation on decadal time scales, every ten years. Studying the transportation of heat and carbon in the ocean and examining the main components that fuel deep water tides.  The satellites data collection also helps improve wind speed and height measurements in current time and for long term studies. Lastly improving our knowledge about the marine

text: geoid

text: . The first seven months Jason-2 was put into use it was flown in extreme close proximity to

text: .  Only being one minute apart from each other the satellites observed the same area of the ocean.  The reason for the close proximity in observation was for cross-calibration.  This was meant to calculate any bias in the two altimeters.  This multiple month observation proved that there was no bias in the data and both collections of data were consistent.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: La Nina

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: La Nina

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Nino, La Nina

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: la nina

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Jason-2 was put into use

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: El Nino, La Nina.

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: El Nino, La Nina.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Nino, La Nina.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: El Nino, La Nina.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Nino, La Nina.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: El Nino, La Nina.

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: La Nina.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: El Nino,

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: climatic changes such as El Nino, La Nina.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: El Nino, La Nina.

text: Since orbital variations are predictable, computer models that relate orbital variations to climate can predict future climate possibilities. Two caveats are necessary: that anthropogenic effects (human-assisted global warming) are likely to exert a larger influence over the short term; and that the mechanism by which orbital forcing influences climate is not well understood.Work by Berger and Loutre suggests that the current warm climate may last another 50,000 years.

text: Since orbital variations are predictable, computer models that relate orbital variations to climate can predict future climate possibilities. Two caveats are necessary: that

text: anthropogenic

text: effects (human-assisted

text: global warming

text: ) are likely to exert a larger influence over the short term; and that the mechanism by which

text: orbital forcing

text: influences climate is not well understood.Work by Berger and Loutre suggests that the current warm climate may last another 50,000 years.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: equator

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: anthropogenic effects

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: el nio

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: the current warm climate may last another 50,000 years.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: the current warm climate may last another 50,000 years.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: orbital variations

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: orbital variations

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: 50,000 years.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: orbital variations

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: orbital variations

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: anthropogenic effects (human-assisted global warming)

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: warm climate may last another 50,000 years.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: the current warm climate may last another 50,000 years.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: global warming)

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: orbital variations

text: SSSA recently completed its assessment of the grand challenges facing the soil science discipline, identifying the most critical future research needs in soil science: climate change; food and energy security; waste treatment and water quality; and human and ecosystem health. For more information on the grand challenges in soil science, including the full list of short-, medium-, and long-term research goals, visit: .

text: SSSA recently completed its assessment of the grand challenges facing the soil science discipline, identifying the most critical future research needs in soil science: climate change; food and energy security; waste treatment and water quality; and human and ecosystem health. For more information on the grand challenges in soil science, including the full list of short-, medium-, and long-term research goals, visit: .

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: equator

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Nio, also known as the Northern Hemisphere's El Nio, is a tropical cyclone that has been responsible for a number of tropical storms and hurricanes.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: SSSA completed its assessment of the grand challenges

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: SSSA recently completed its assessment

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: climate change; food and energy security; waste treatment and water quality;

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: climate change; food and energy security; waste treatment and water quality;

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: climate change;

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: climate change;

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: climate change; food and energy security; waste treatment and water quality;

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: climate change;

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: climate change; food and energy security; waste treatment and water quality;

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: SSSA

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: climate change;

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: SSSA recently completed its assessment of the grand challenges facing the soil science discipline,

text: An example of the climate that plays a huge role in the fire regime of Pinus contorta is quite complex. There are three different oscillations that play a major role in droughts. These are the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), Atlantic Multi-decadal Oscillation (AMO) and El Nino (ENSO). A combination of these oscillations being in effect (+) or not in effect (-) have a global effect on the water available to these forests. So when the AMO +, ENSO – and PDO –, there is going to be a drought and likely a severe subalpine fire.

text: An example of the climate that plays a huge role in the fire regime of Pinus contorta is quite complex. There are three different oscillations that play a major role in droughts. These are the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), Atlantic Multi-decadal Oscillation (AMO) and El Nino (ENSO). A combination of these oscillations being in effect (+) or not in effect (-) have a global effect on the water available to these forests. So when the AMO +, ENSO – and PDO –, there is going to be a drought and likely a severe subalpine fire.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Pacific

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: are

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: there is going to be a drought

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: ENSO – and PDO

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: a drought

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Atlantic

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Atlantic Multi-decadal Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: (ENSO).

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: there is going to be a drought

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: there is going to be a drought

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: drought

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: El Nino

text: About 1360 CE, an uncharacteristic flood, probably caused by the El Niño Southern Oscillation, destroyed the irrigation systems and many settlements in the Osmore valley. The area was depopulated and many of the extensive irrigation works were not repaired until the arrival of Spanish colonists in the late 16th century. The Chiribaya people were probably absorbed by the Estuquiña people who lived in the upper Osmore valley.  The area was also probably colonized—or came under the political control—of the Lupaca from the Lake Titicaca area and by the Incas in the 15th and early 16th century.

text: About 1360 CE, an uncharacteristic flood, probably caused by the

text: El Niño Southern Oscillation

text: , destroyed the irrigation systems and many settlements in the Osmore valley. The area was depopulated and many of the extensive irrigation works were not repaired until the arrival of Spanish colonists in the late 16th century. The Chiribaya people were probably absorbed by the Estuquiña people who lived in the upper Osmore valley.  The area was also probably colonized—or came under the political control—of the

text: Lupaca

text: from the

text: Lake Titicaca

text: area and by the Incas in the 15th and early 16th century.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Lake Titicaca

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: uncharacteristic flood

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: an uncharacteristic flood

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: an uncharacteristic flood

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: a flood

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: El Ni<unk>o Southern Oscillation,

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: El Ni<unk>o Southern Oscillation,

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Ni<unk>o Southern Oscillation,

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: El Ni<unk>o Southern Oscillation,

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Ni<unk>o Southern Oscillation,

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: El Ni<unk>o Southern Oscillation,

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: an uncharacteristic flood,

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: El Ni<unk>o Southern Oscillation,

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: flood,

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: El Ni<unk>o Southern Oscillation,

text: Solar terms originated in China, then spread to Korea, Vietnam, and Japan, countries in the East Asian cultural sphere. Although each term was named based on the seasonal changes of climate in North China Plain, peoples living in the different climates still use it with no changes. This is exhibited by the fact that traditional Chinese, Hanja, and Kanji characters for most of the solar terms are identical.

text: Solar terms originated in

text: China

text: , then spread to

text: Korea

text: Vietnam

text: , and

text: Japan

text: , countries in the

text: East Asian cultural sphere

text: . Although each term was named based on the seasonal changes of climate in

text: North China Plain

text: , peoples living in the different climates still use it with no changes. This is exhibited by the fact that

text: traditional Chinese

text: Hanja

text: , and

text: Kanji

text: characters for most of the solar terms are identical.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: China

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: North China Plain

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Nio (, also Romanized as El Nio) is a volcano in the Andes of Peru.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: North China Plain

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: North China Plain

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: North China Plain,

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Solar terms originated in China, then spread to Korea, Vietnam, and Japan,

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: seasonal changes of climate in North China Plain,

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no changes.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Solar terms

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Solar terms originated in China, then spread to Korea, Vietnam, and Japan,

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: seasonal changes of climate in North China Plain,

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: seasonal changes of climate in North China Plain,

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: Solar terms

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Solar terms

text: Medha has been the Deputy Director general meteorology (weather forecasting) since December 1, 2011. After studying at Modern High School (girls), she chose the science stream and joined Fergusson College. She then pursued a Master's degree in Physics from the University of Pune. After acquiring a First Class M.Sc. degree in Physics in 1989, she appeared for state and national civil services examinations. Khole was selected as a Group A Gazetted Officer by Union Public Service Commission and  India Meteorological Department. Khole chose a career in Meteorology because she wanted to serve society. According to Khole, weather forecasting has the power to impact the economy and politics making the responsibility manifold. She completed her doctoral thesis based on the variability of Indian monsoons and its linkage with the phenomenon of El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and submitted it to University of Pune, and was awarded the Ph.D. degree by University of Pune in the year 2001.With 21 years of experience in the meteorological field, Khole has worked in the research and development fields and trained the meteorological staff. She has been working to improve short-term weather forecasting for the country. Short-term forecasting, where predictions are done for the next 48 hours, is one of the most important aspects of weather forecasting.

text: Medha has been the Deputy Director general meteorology (weather forecasting) since December 1, 2011. After studying at Modern High School (girls), she chose the science stream and joined

text: Fergusson College

text: . She then pursued a Master's degree in Physics from the

text: University of Pune

text: . After acquiring a First Class M.Sc. degree in Physics in 1989, she appeared for state and national civil services examinations. Khole was selected as a Group A Gazetted Officer by Union Public Service Commission and  India Meteorological Department. Khole chose a career in Meteorology because she wanted to serve society. According to Khole, weather forecasting has the power to impact the economy and politics making the responsibility manifold. She completed her doctoral thesis based on the variability of Indian monsoons and its linkage with the phenomenon of El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and submitted it to University of Pune, and was awarded the Ph.D. degree by University of Pune in the year 2001.With 21 years of experience in the meteorological field, Khole has worked in the research and development fields and trained the meteorological staff. She has been working to improve short-term weather forecasting for the country. Short-term forecasting, where predictions are done for the next 48 hours, is one of the most important aspects of weather forecasting.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Khole completed her doctoral thesis based on the variability of Indian monsoons

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Khole completed her doctoral thesis based on the variability of Indian monsoons

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Medha has been working to improve short-term forecasting for the country

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: El Nino Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO)

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: El Nino Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: (ENSO)

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: El Nino Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: El Nino Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: El Nino Southern Oscillation

text: Barnes collaborated with Massive Attack’s 3D/Robert del Naja and Young Fathers on the score for ‘La Fête (est Finie)‘, a short film about climate change lobbying released in December 2015.

text: Barnes collaborated with

text: Massive Attack

text: ’s 3D/Robert del Naja and

text: Young Fathers

text: on the score for ‘La Fête (est Finie)‘, a short film about climate change lobbying released in December 2015.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: south-east

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: climate change lobbying

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Barnes collaborated with Massive Attack’s 3D/Robert del Naja and Young Fathers on the score for ‘La Fête (est Finie)’

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Barnes collaborated with Massive Attack’s 3D/Robert del Naja and Young Fathers on the score

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: December 2015.

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: 2015.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: 2015.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: climate change lobbying released in December 2015.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: 2015.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: climate change lobbying released in December 2015.

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: 2015.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: 2015.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: 2015.

text: In 2002, Lean et al. stated that while "There is ... growing empirical evidence for the Sun's role in climate change on multiple time scales including the 11-year cycle", "changes in terrestrial proxies of solar activity (such as the 14C and 10Be cosmogenic isotopes and the aa geomagnetic index) can occur in the absence of long-term (i.e., secular) solar irradiance changes ... because the stochastic response increases with the cycle amplitude, not because there is an actual secular irradiance change." They conclude that because of this, "long-term climate change may appear to track the amplitude of the solar activity cycles," but that "Solar radiative forcing of climate is reduced by a factor of 5 when the background component is omitted from historical reconstructions of total solar irradiance ...This suggests that general circulation model (GCM) simulations of twentieth century warming may overestimate the role of solar irradiance variability." A 2006 review suggested that solar brightness had relatively little effect on global climate, with little likelihood of significant shifts in solar output over long periods of time. Lockwood and Fröhlich, 2007, found "considerable evidence for solar influence on the Earth's pre-industrial climate and the Sun may well have been a factor in post-industrial climate change in the first half of the last century", but that "over the past 20 years, all the trends in the Sun that could have had an influence on the Earth's climate have been in the opposite direction to that required to explain the observed rise in global mean temperatures." In a study that considered geomagnetic activity as a measure of known solar-terrestrial interaction, Love et al. found a statistically significant correlation between sunspots and geomagnetic activity, but not between global surface temperature and either sunspot number or geomagnetic activity.

text: In 2002, Lean et al. stated that while "There is ... growing empirical evidence for the Sun's role in

text: climate change

text: on multiple time scales including the 11-year cycle", "changes in terrestrial proxies of solar activity (such as the 14C and 10Be cosmogenic isotopes and the aa geomagnetic index) can occur in the absence of long-term (i.e., secular) solar irradiance changes ... because the stochastic response increases with the cycle amplitude, not because there is an actual secular irradiance change." They conclude that because of this, "long-term climate change may appear to track the amplitude of the solar activity cycles," but that "Solar radiative forcing of climate is reduced by a factor of 5 when the background component is omitted from historical reconstructions of total solar irradiance ...This suggests that

text: general circulation model (GCM)

text: simulations of twentieth century warming may overestimate the role of solar irradiance variability." A 2006 review suggested that solar brightness had relatively little effect on global climate, with little likelihood of significant shifts in solar output over long periods of time. Lockwood and Fröhlich, 2007, found "considerable evidence for solar influence on the Earth's pre-industrial climate and the Sun may well have been a factor in post-industrial climate change in the first half of the last century", but that "over the past 20 years, all the trends in the Sun that could have had an influence on the Earth's climate have been in the opposite direction to that required to explain the observed rise in global mean temperatures." In a study that considered geomagnetic activity as a measure of known solar-terrestrial interaction, Love et al. found a statistically significant correlation between sunspots and geomagnetic activity, but not between global surface temperature and either sunspot number or geomagnetic activity.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Nio

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: solar irradiance changes

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: solar brightness had relatively little effect on global climate

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: little likelihood of significant shifts in solar output over long periods of time.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: little likelihood of significant shifts in solar output

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: solar brightness had relatively little effect on global climate,

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: solar influence

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: solar brightness had relatively little effect on global climate,

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: little likelihood of significant shifts in solar output

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: little likelihood of significant shifts in solar output

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: solar brightness had relatively little effect on global climate,

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: solar irradiance variability."

text: Superimposed on the long-term evolution between hot and cold climates have been many short-term fluctuations in climate similar to, and sometimes more severe than, the varying glacial and interglacial states of the present ice age. Some of the most severe fluctuations, such as the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum, may be related to rapid climate changes due to sudden collapses of natural methane clathrate reservoirs in the oceans.

text: Superimposed on the long-term evolution between hot and cold climates have been many short-term fluctuations in climate similar to, and sometimes more severe than, the varying glacial and interglacial states of the present

text: ice age

text: . Some of the most severe fluctuations, such as the

text: Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum

text: , may be related to rapid climate changes due to sudden collapses of natural

text: methane clathrate

text: reservoirs in the oceans.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: oceans

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Nio

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: hot and cold climates

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: varying glacial and interglacial states of the present ice age.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: hot and cold climates

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: varying glacial and interglacial states of the present ice age.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum,

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: sudden collapses of natural methane clathrate reservoirs

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: sudden collapses of natural methane clathrate reservoirs

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum,

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: sudden collapses of natural methane clathrate reservoirs

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Superimposed on the long-term evolution between hot and cold climates

text: Dengue fever used to be considered a tropical disease, but climate change is causing dengue fever to spread. Dengue fever is transmitted by certain types of mosquitoes, which have been spreading further and further north. This is because some of the climate changes that are occurring are increased heat, precipitation and humidity which create prime breeding grounds for mosquitoes. The hotter and wetter a climate is, the faster the mosquitoes can mature and the faster the disease can develop. Another influence is the changing El Nino effects that are affecting the climate to change in different areas of the world, causing dengue fever to be able to spread.

text: Dengue fever used to be considered a

text: tropical disease

text: , but

text: climate change

text: is causing dengue fever to spread. Dengue fever is transmitted by certain types of

text: mosquitoes

text: , which have been spreading further and further north. This is because some of the climate changes that are occurring are increased heat,

text: precipitation

text: and

text: humidity

text: which create prime breeding grounds for mosquitoes. The hotter and wetter a climate is, the faster the mosquitoes can mature and the faster the disease can develop. Another influence is the changing

text: El Nino

text: effects that are affecting the climate to change in different areas of the world, causing dengue fever to be able to spread.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: tropical

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: are causing dengue fever

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: dengue fever can be spread

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: climate change is causing dengue

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: dengue fever

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: north.

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: causing dengue fever to be able to spread.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: dengue fever

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: El Nino

text: Porites corals have been shown to be accurate and precise recorders of past marine surface conditions. Measurements of the oxygen isotopic composition of the aragonitic skeleton of coral specimens indicate the sea-surface temperature conditions and the oxygen isotopic composition of the seawater at the time of growth. The oxygen isotopic composition of seawater can indicate the precipitation/evaporation balance because oxygen atoms of the more abundant mass 16 will preferentially evaporate before the more rare mass 18 oxygen. The relationship between temperature, precipitation, and the oxygen isotopic composition of Porites corals is important for reconstructing past climates, and associated large-scale patterns such as the El-Nino Southern Oscillation, the Intertropical Convergence Zone, and the mean state of the climate system.

text: Porites corals have been shown to be accurate and precise recorders of past marine surface conditions. Measurements of the oxygen isotopic composition of the aragonitic skeleton of coral specimens indicate the sea-surface temperature conditions and the oxygen isotopic composition of the seawater at the time of growth. The oxygen isotopic composition of seawater can indicate the precipitation/evaporation balance because oxygen atoms of the more abundant mass 16 will preferentially evaporate before the more rare mass 18 oxygen. The relationship between temperature, precipitation, and the oxygen isotopic composition of Porites corals is important for reconstructing past climates, and associated large-scale patterns such as the El-Nino Southern Oscillation, the Intertropical Convergence Zone, and the mean state of the climate system.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Intertropical Convergence Zone

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El-Nino Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El-Nino Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: the Intertropical Convergence Zone, and the mean state of the climate system

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: El-Nino Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: El-Nino Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Intertropical Convergence Zone,

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: El-Nino Southern Oscillation,

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El-Nino Southern Oscillation,

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: El-Nino Southern Oscillation,

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El-Nino Southern Oscillation,

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: the sea-surface temperature

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Southern Oscillation,

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: El-Nino Southern Oscillation,

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: El-Nino Southern Oscillation,

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: El-Nino Southern Oscillation,

text: Adopted in January 2012 by the Government of Georgia, this action plan sets long-term goals and short term targets that provides and implements respective activities to target environmental issues in the country. It focuses on eleven themes namely climate change, waste and chemical substances, nuclear radiation safety, natural and man-made disasters, water resources, air, biodiversity, land resources, forestry, mineral resources, and Black Sea.

text: Adopted in January 2012 by the Government of Georgia, this action plan sets long-term goals and short term targets that provides and implements respective activities to target environmental issues in the country. It focuses on eleven themes namely climate change, waste and chemical substances, nuclear radiation safety, natural and man-made disasters, water resources, air, biodiversity, land resources, forestry, mineral resources, and Black Sea.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Black Sea

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: natural and man-made disasters

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Georgia adopted this action plan

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Georgia

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Black Sea.

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Black Sea.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: 2012

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: climate change,

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: natural and man-made disasters,

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Black Sea.

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: 2012

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: 2012

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: natural and man-made disasters,

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: 2012

text: The effects of climate change in Peru can be seen in more extreme weather conditions and El Niño Southern Oscillation causing droughts and floods, and the retreat of Andean glaciers. The combined impacts of global warming and extreme weather are likely to severely impact hydrology, decreasing the water flow available for irrigation downstream in the coastal region and altering crop productivity. The Andean Community (CAN) estimates that climate change will cause US$30,000 million in losses or 4,5% of the GDP annually starting in 2025.

text: The effects of climate change in Peru can be seen in more extreme weather conditions and

text: El Niño Southern Oscillation

text: causing droughts and floods, and the retreat of Andean

text: glacier

text: s. The combined impacts of global warming and extreme weather are likely to severely impact hydrology, decreasing the water flow available for irrigation downstream in the coastal region and altering crop productivity. The Andean Community (CAN) estimates that climate change will cause US$30,000 million in losses or 4,5% of the GDP annually starting in 2025.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Andean glaciers

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Ni o Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: droughts and floods

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: droughts and floods, and the retreat of Andean glaciers

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: droughts and floods

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: El Ni<unk>o Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: El Ni<unk>o Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Ni<unk>o Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: El Ni<unk>o Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: causing droughts and floods,

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: El Ni<unk>o Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: droughts and floods,

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: droughts and floods,

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: droughts and floods,

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: El Ni<unk>o Southern Oscillation

text: Nina teamed up with the makeup artist Issidora, in June 2008 and the pair opened a bigger salon in Alfie's Antique Market in Marylebone. The salon's interior was designed to emulate the salons of the 1950s, with original chair mounted hairdryers and pistachio coloured walls. Home to a small hair and makeup museum, it was often hired for filming and fashion photo shoots. Nina and Issidora work closely with hair and makeup brands Oribe and Cosmetics à La Carte.

text: Nina teamed up with the

text: makeup artist

text: Issidora, in June 2008 and the pair opened a bigger salon in

text: Alfie's Antique Market

text: in Marylebone. The salon's interior was designed to emulate the salons of the 1950s, with original chair mounted hairdryers and pistachio coloured walls. Home to a small hair and makeup

text: museum

text: , it was often hired for filming and fashion photo shoots. Nina and Issidora work closely with hair and makeup brands Oribe and Cosmetics à La Carte.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: London

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: el nio events

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: the pair opened a bigger salon

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Issidora

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Marylebone.

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: 2008

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: 2008

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Marylebone.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: filming and fashion photo shoots.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: 2008

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: 2008

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: 2008

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: 2008

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Issidora,

text: Normal conditions and disease categories (normal growth and development, basic concepts, and general principles)

text: Normal conditions and

text: disease

text: categories (normal growth and development, basic concepts, and general principles)

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: east to west

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: description

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: normal conditions

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Normal conditions and disease categories

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: normal conditions

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: normal conditions and disease categories

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: normal conditions and disease categories

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: normal conditions

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: description

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: (normal growth and development, basic concepts, and general principles)

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Normal conditions and disease categories

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: Normal conditions and disease categories

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Normal conditions and disease categories

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Normal conditions and disease categories

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Normal conditions and disease categories

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Normal conditions and disease categories

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Normal conditions and disease categories

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: Normal conditions and disease categories

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Normal conditions and disease categories

text: While still finishing his PhD research, Mann met UMass climate science professor Raymond S. Bradley and began research in collaboration with him and Park. Their research used paleoclimate proxy data from Bradley's previous work and methods Mann had developed with Park, to find oscillations in the longer proxy records. "Global Interdecadal and Century-Scale Climate Oscillations During the Past Five Centuries" was published by Nature in November 1995.<ref>

text: While still finishing his PhD research, Mann met UMass climate science professor

text: Raymond S. Bradley

text: and began research in collaboration with him and Park. Their research used paleoclimate proxy data from Bradley's previous work and methods Mann had developed with Park, to find oscillations in the longer proxy records. "Global Interdecadal and Century-Scale Climate Oscillations During the Past Five Centuries" was published by

text: Nature

text: in November 1995.<ref>

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: North America

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: During the past Five Centuries

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: During the past Five Centuries

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Mann met UMass climate science professor Raymond S. Bradley

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: "Global Interdecadal

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Mann met UMass climate science professor Raymond S. Bradley

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: Climate Oscillations During the Past Five Centuries"

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Climate Oscillations During the Past Five Centuries"

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Five Centuries"

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Mann met UMass climate science professor Raymond S. Bradley

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: During the Past Five Centuries"

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Past Five Centuries"

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: Climate Oscillations

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: oscillations

text: Nina, o sia La pazza per amore (Nina, or the Girl Driven Mad by Love) is an opera, described as a commedia in prosa ed in verso per musica, in two acts by Giovanni Paisiello to an Italian libretto by Giambattista (also Giovanni Battista) Lorenzi after Giuseppe Carpani's translation of Benoît-Joseph Marsollier's Nina, ou La folle par amour, set by Nicolas Dalayrac in 1786.

text: Nina, o sia La pazza per amore (Nina, or the Girl Driven Mad by Love) is an

text: opera

text: , described as a commedia in prosa ed in verso per musica, in two acts by

text: Giovanni Paisiello

text: to an Italian

text: libretto

text: by Giambattista (also Giovanni Battista) Lorenzi after Giuseppe Carpani's translation of Benoît-Joseph Marsollier's

text: Nina, ou La folle par amour

text: , set by

text: Nicolas Dalayrac

text: in 1786.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: atlantic

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Nina, o sia La pazza per amore

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Giovanni Battista Lorenzi

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Giovanni Battista Lorenzi

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: 1786.

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Nina, o sia La pazza per amore

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: 1786.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Nina, o sia La pazza per amore

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: two acts by Giovanni Paisiello

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Nina, o sia La pazza per amore

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: 1786.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Girl Driven Mad by Love)

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: Nina, o sia La pazza per amore

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Nina, o sia La pazza per amore

text: Sociodemographic factors include, but are not limited to: patterns of human migration and travel, effectiveness of public health and medical infrastructure in controlling and treating disease, the extent of anti-malarial drug resistance  and the underlying health status  of the population at hand. Environmental factors include: changes in land-use (e.g. deforestation), expansion of agricultural and water development projects (which tend to increase mosquito breeding habitat), and the overall trend towards urbanization (i.e. increased concentration of human hosts). Patz and Olson argue that these changes in landscape can alter local weather more than long term climate change. For example, the deforestation and cultivation of natural swamps in the African highlands has created conditions favourable for the survival of mosquito larvae, and has, in part, led to the increasing incidence of malaria. The effects of these non-climatic factors complicate things and make a direct causal relationship between climate change and malaria difficult to confirm. It is highly unlikely that climate exerts an isolated effect.

text: Sociodemographic factors include, but are not limited to: patterns of

text: human migration

text: and travel, effectiveness of

text: public health

text: and medical infrastructure in controlling and treating disease, the extent of

text: anti-malarial

text: drug resistance

text: and the underlying health status  of the population at hand. Environmental factors include: changes in

text: land-use

text: (e.g. deforestation), expansion of agricultural and water development projects (which tend to increase mosquito breeding habitat), and the overall trend towards urbanization (i.e. increased concentration of human hosts). Patz and Olson argue that these changes in landscape can alter local weather more than long term climate change. For example, the

text: deforestation

text: and cultivation of natural swamps in the African highlands has created conditions favourable for the survival of mosquito larvae, and has, in part, led to the increasing incidence of malaria. The effects of these non-climatic factors complicate things and make a direct causal relationship between climate change and malaria difficult to confirm. It is highly unlikely that climate exerts an isolated effect.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Africa

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: highly unlikely that climate exerts an isolated effect

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: el nio events

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: climate change exerts an isolated effect

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: deforestation and cultivation of natural swamps

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: African highlands

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: climate change.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: climate change.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: changes in landscape can alter local weather more than long term climate change.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: patterns of human migration and travel,

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: deforestation), expansion of agricultural and water development projects

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: weather

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: malaria.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: climate change.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Sociodemographic factors

text: Pollen can be found in sediments. Plants produce pollen in large quantities and it is extremely resistant to decay. It is possible to identify a plant species from its pollen grain. The identified plant community of the area at the relative time from that sediment layer, will provide information about the climatic condition. The abundance of pollen of a given vegetation period or year depends partly on the weather conditions of the previous months, hence pollen density provides information on short-term climatic conditions. The study of prehistoric pollen is palynology.

text: Pollen can be found in sediments. Plants produce

text: pollen

text: in large quantities and it is extremely resistant to decay. It is possible to identify a plant species from its pollen grain. The identified plant community of the area at the relative time from that sediment layer, will provide information about the climatic condition. The abundance of pollen of a given

text: vegetation

text: period or year depends partly on the weather conditions of the previous months, hence pollen density provides information on short-term climatic conditions. The study of prehistoric pollen is

text: palynology

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: south

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: pollen density provides information on short-term climatic conditions

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: el nio events

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: pollen density provides information on short-term climatic conditions

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: pollen density provides information on short-term climatic conditions

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: months,

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: pollen density provides information on short-term climatic conditions.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: The abundance of pollen

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: pollen density provides information on short-term climatic conditions.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Pollen can be found in sediments.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Pollen can be found in sediments.

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: weather conditions of the previous months,

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: The abundance of pollen

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: Pollen can be found in sediments.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Pollen can be found in sediments.

text: Prior to El Nino, the warm pool stores heat and is confined to the far western Pacific.  During the El Nino, the warm pool migrates eastward along with the concomitant precipitation and current anomalies.  The fetch of the westerlies is increased during this time, reinforcing the event.  Using data from the ship of opportunity and Tropical Atmosphere – Ocean (TAO) moorings in the western Pacific, the east and west migration of the warm pool was tracked over 1992-2000 using sea surface salinity (SSS), sea surface temperature (SST), currents, and subsurface data from Conductivity, temperature, depth taken on various research cruises.  This work showed that during westward flow, the BLT in the western Pacific along the equator (138E-145E, 2N-2S) was between 18 m – 35 m corresponding with warm SST and serving as an efficient storage mechanism for heat.   Barrier layer formation is driven by westward (i.e. converging and subducting) currents along the equator near the eastern edge of the salinity front that defines the warm pool.  These westward currents are driven by downwelling Rossby waves and represent either a westward advection of BLT or a preferential deepening of the deeper thermocline versus the shallower halocline due to Rossby wave dynamics (i.e. these waves favor vertical stretching of the upper water column).  During El Nino, westerly winds drive the warm pool eastward allowing fresh water to ride on top of the local colder/saltier/denser water to the east.   Using coupled, atmospheric/ocean models and tuning the mixing to eliminate BLT for one year prior to El Nino, it was shown that the heat buildup associated with barrier layer is a requirement for big El Nino.  It has been shown that there is a tight relationship between SSS and SST in the western Pacific and the barrier layer is instrumental in maintaining heat and momentum in the warm pool within the salinity stratified layer. Later work, including Argo drifters, confirm the relationship between eastward migration of the warm pool during El Nino and barrier layer heat storage in the western Pacific.   The main impact of barrier layer is to maintain a shallow mixed layer allowing an enhanced air-sea coupled response.  In addition, BLT is the key factor in establishing the mean state that is perturbed during El Nino/La Nina

text: Prior to

text: El Nino

text: , the warm pool stores heat and is confined to the far western Pacific.  During the El Nino, the warm pool migrates eastward along with the concomitant precipitation and current anomalies.  The

text: fetch

text: of the westerlies is increased during this time, reinforcing the event.  Using data from the ship of opportunity and Tropical Atmosphere – Ocean (TAO) moorings in the western Pacific, the east and west migration of the warm pool was tracked over 1992-2000 using sea surface salinity (SSS), sea surface temperature (SST), currents, and subsurface data from

text: Conductivity, temperature, depth

text: taken on various research cruises.  This work showed that during westward flow, the BLT in the western Pacific along the equator (138E-145E, 2N-2S) was between 18 m – 35 m corresponding with warm SST and serving as an efficient storage mechanism for heat.   Barrier layer formation is driven by westward (i.e. converging and subducting)

text: currents

text: La Nina

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: western Pacific

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: During El Nino, westerly winds drive the warm pool eastward

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: westerly winds drive the warm pool eastward

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: westerly winds drive the warm pool eastward

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: equator

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: El Nino,

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: westerly winds drive the warm pool eastward

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: El Nino,

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: westerly winds drive the warm pool eastward

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: El Nino,

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: westerly winds drive the warm pool eastward

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: westerly winds drive the warm pool eastward

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: westerly winds drive the warm pool eastward

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: El Nino,

text: Investigating the impacts of anthropogenic activities and climate change in the deep sea is a theme that runs through all HERMIONE research.  To the biological communities on open slopes and in deep basins, seafloor warming through climate change is a major threat.  Up to 85% of methane reservoirs along the continental margin could be destabilised, which would not only release climate-warming methane gas into the atmosphere, but would also have unknown and potentially devastating consequences on benthic communities.  The role of climatic variation on deep-sea benthos is not well understood, although large-scale changes in the structure of seafloor communities have been observed over the last two decades.  The use of long-term, deep-sea observatories, e.g., the Hausgarten deep-sea observatory in the Arctic and the time-series analysis of the Catalan margin and Southern Adriatic Sea, will help HERMIONE scientists to examine recent changes in benthic communities, and to study decadal variability in physical processes, such as the dense shelf water cascading events in submarine canyons.

text: Investigating the impacts of anthropogenic activities and climate change in the deep sea is a theme that runs through all HERMIONE research.  To the biological communities on open slopes and in deep basins, seafloor warming through climate change is a major threat.  Up to 85% of methane reservoirs along the continental margin could be destabilised, which would not only release climate-warming methane gas into the atmosphere, but would also have unknown and potentially devastating consequences on benthic communities.  The role of climatic variation on deep-sea benthos is not well understood, although large-scale changes in the structure of seafloor communities have been observed over the last two decades.  The use of long-term, deep-sea observatories, e.g., the Hausgarten deep-sea observatory in the Arctic and the time-series analysis of the Catalan margin and Southern Adriatic Sea, will help HERMIONE scientists to examine recent changes in benthic communities, and to study decadal variability in physical processes, such as the dense shelf water cascading events in submarine canyons.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Catalan

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: el nio events

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: HERMIONE scientists to examine recent changes in benthic communities

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: 85% of methane reservoirs along the continental margin could be destabilised

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Arctic

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: seafloor warming through climate change is a major threat.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: 85% of methane reservoirs

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Southern Adriatic Sea,

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: dense shelf water cascading

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: seafloor warming

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: 85% of methane reservoirs

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: HERMIONE

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: dense shelf water cascading

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: climate change in the deep sea

text: Physical process models of complete drainage basins are even more complex. Although many processes are well understood at a point or for a small area, others are poorly understood at all scales, and process interactions under normal or extreme climatic conditions may be unknown. Basin models typically combine land-surface process components (to estimate how much rainfall or snowmelt reaches a channel) with a series of reach models. For example, a basin model can calculate the runoff hydrograph that might result from a 100-year storm, although the recurrence interval of a storm is rarely equal to that of the associated flood. Basin models are commonly used in flood forecasting and warning, as well as in analysis of the effects of land use change and climate change.

text: Physical process models

text: of complete drainage basins are even more complex. Although many processes are well understood at a point or for a small area, others are poorly understood at all scales, and process interactions under normal or extreme climatic conditions may be unknown. Basin models typically combine land-surface process components (to estimate how much rainfall or snowmelt reaches a channel) with a series of reach models. For example, a basin model can calculate the runoff

text: hydrograph

text: that might result from a 100-year storm, although the recurrence interval of a storm is rarely equal to that of the associated flood. Basin models are commonly used in flood forecasting and warning, as well as in analysis of the effects of land use change and

text: climate change

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Pacific Ocean

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: Basin models typically combine land-surface process components

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Nio is the name of:

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Basin models are commonly used in flood forecasting and warning

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: basin models can calculate the runoff hydrograph that might result from a 100-year storm

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: normal or extreme climatic conditions

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: process interactions under normal or extreme climatic conditions

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: process interactions under normal or extreme climatic conditions

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Physical process models of complete drainage basins

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: process interactions under normal or extreme climatic conditions

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: process interactions under normal or extreme climatic conditions

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: flood.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: flood.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: flood.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Physical process models

text: The impact of the Atlantic Niño on African climate can be best understood by assessing how above normal equatorial sea surface temperatures impact the seasonal migration of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ).  Warm equatorial sea surface temperatures lower surface air pressure which induces more equatorward flow than normal.  This, in turn, prevents the ITCZ from migrating as far north as it would under normal conditions during the summer, reducing rainfall in the semi-arid Sahel to the north, and increasing rainfall in regions along the Gulf of Guinea. Increased rainfall relative to normal is typically associated with negative temperature anomalies over these tropical land areas. Some evidence suggests that a warming trend in Indian Ocean equatorial sea surface temperatures contributes to long-term drying of the Sahel, which is exacerbated by periodic warming of the equatorial Atlantic related to the Atlantic Niño.  In fact, the ability to predict the Atlantic Niño is a major research question given its impact on seasonal climate.

text: The impact of the Atlantic Niño on African climate can be best understood by assessing how above normal equatorial sea surface temperatures impact the seasonal migration of the

text: Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)

text: .  Warm equatorial sea surface temperatures lower surface air pressure which induces more equatorward flow than normal.  This, in turn, prevents the ITCZ from migrating as far north as it would under normal conditions during the summer, reducing rainfall in the semi-arid

text: Sahel

text: to the north, and increasing rainfall in regions along the Gulf of Guinea. Increased rainfall relative to normal is typically associated with negative temperature anomalies over these tropical land areas. Some evidence suggests that a warming trend in Indian Ocean equatorial sea surface temperatures contributes to long-term drying of the Sahel, which is exacerbated by periodic warming of the equatorial Atlantic related to the Atlantic Niño.  In fact, the ability to predict the Atlantic Niño is a major research question given its impact on seasonal climate.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: equator

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: reducing rainfall

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Atlantic Ni o

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: increased rainfall relative to normal is typically associated with negative temperature anomalies over these tropical land areas

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: reducing rainfall in the semi-arid Sahel to the north

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: equatorward

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Intertropical Convergence Zone

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: Increased rainfall

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Atlantic Ni<unk>o.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Atlantic Ni<unk>o

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Warm equatorial sea surface temperatures lower surface air pressure

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: reducing rainfall

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: reducing rainfall

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: more equatorward flow

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Atlantic Ni<unk>o

text: Under normal conditions, a floating node in a circuit represents an error because its initial condition is unknown unless it is somehow fixed. This generates two problems: first, it is not straightforward to simulate these circuits; and second, an unknown amount of charge might stay trapped at the floating gate during the fabrication process which will result in an unknown initial condition for the FG voltage.

text: Under normal conditions, a floating node in a circuit represents an error because its initial condition is unknown unless it is somehow fixed. This generates two problems: first, it is not straightforward to simulate these circuits; and second, an unknown amount of charge might stay trapped at the floating gate during the fabrication process which will result in an unknown initial condition for the FG voltage.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: south america

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: el nio events

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: floating node in a circuit represents an error

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: an unknown amount of charge might stay trapped at the floating gate during the fabrication process

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unspecified

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: FG voltage.

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Under normal conditions,

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: a floating node

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Under normal conditions,

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: a floating node

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Under normal conditions,

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: FG voltage.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: fabrication process

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: Under normal conditions,

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Under normal conditions, a floating node in a circuit

text: The Oeschger Centre (OCCR) conducts research on the one hand into the long-term development and dynamics of the climate system and the climate of the present and the future. On the other hand, it investigates the impact of climate change on important land ecosystems as well as on the economy and society. In particular it works on strategies to adapt to the changing climate and to slow down climate change. At the centre of the OCCR's research is the climate system and its interaction with society and the economy.

text: The Oeschger Centre (OCCR) conducts research on the one hand into the long-term development and dynamics of the climate system and the climate of the present and the future. On the other hand, it investigates the impact of climate change on important land ecosystems as well as on the economy and society. In particular it works on strategies to adapt to the changing climate and to slow down climate change. At the centre of the OCCR's research is the climate system and its interaction with society and the economy.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: south

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: The Oeschger Centre (OCCR) conducts research

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: OCCR works on strategies to adapt to the changing climate and to slow down climate change

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Oeschger Centre (OCCR) conducts research

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: land ecosystems

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: The Oeschger Centre

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: climate change on important land ecosystems

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: The Oeschger Centre

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: The Oeschger Centre

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: The Oeschger Centre

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: The Oeschger Centre

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: The Oeschger Centre

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: climate change on important land ecosystems

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: The Oeschger Centre

text: In the past two decades a paradox has arisen between rising awareness about the causes and consequences of climate change and an increasing concern that the issues that surround it represent an intractable problem.Initially, climate change was approached as a global issue, and climate governance sought to address it on the international stage. This took the form of Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs), beginning with the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC) in 1992. With the exception of the Kyoto Protocol, international agreements between nations have been largely ineffective in achieving legally binding emissions cuts and with the end of the Kyoto Protocol's first commitment period in 2012, starting from 2013 there is no legally binding Global climate regime. This inertia on the international political stage contributed to alternative political narratives that called for more flexible, cost effective and participatory approaches to addressing the multifarious problems of climate change. These narratives relate to the increasing diversity of methods that are being developed and deployed across the field of climate governance.

text: In the past two decades a paradox has arisen between rising awareness about the causes and consequences of

text: climate change

text: and an increasing concern that the issues that surround it represent an intractable problem.Initially, climate change was approached as a global issue, and climate governance sought to address it on the international stage. This took the form of

text: Multilateral Environmental Agreement

text: s (MEAs), beginning with the

text: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

text: (UNFCC) in 1992. With the exception of the

text: Kyoto Protocol

text: international agreements

text: between nations have been largely ineffective in achieving legally binding emissions cuts and with the end of the Kyoto Protocol's first commitment period in 2012, starting from 2013 there is no legally binding

text: Global climate regime

text: . This inertia on the international political stage contributed to alternative political narratives that called for more flexible, cost effective and participatory approaches to addressing the multifarious problems of climate change. These narratives relate to the increasing diversity of methods that are being developed and deployed across the field of climate governance.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: the Equator

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: With the exception of the Kyoto Protocol

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: with the end of the Kyoto Protocol's first commitment period in 2012, starting from 2013 there is no legally binding Global climate regime

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC) in 1992

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: 2013 there is no legally binding Global climate regime.

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Multilateral Environmental Agreements

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Kyoto Protocol,

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Kyoto Protocol,

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Kyoto Protocol,

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Kyoto Protocol,

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Kyoto Protocol,

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Kyoto Protocol,

text: Most tropical cyclones form on the side of the subtropical ridge closer to the equator, then move poleward past the ridge axis before recurving north and northeast into the main belt of the Westerlies. When the subtropical ridge position shifts due to El Niño, so will the preferred tropical cyclone tracks. Areas west of Japan and Korea tend to experience many fewer September–November tropical cyclone impacts during El Niño and neutral years. During El Niño years, the break in the subtropical ridge tends to lie near 130°E, which would favor the Japanese archipelago. During La Niña years, the formation of tropical cyclones, along with the subtropical ridge position, shifts westward across the western Pacific ocean, which increases the landfall threat to China and greater intensity to Philippines.<ref name="China">{{cite journal|author1=M. C. Wu |author2=W. L. Chang |author3=W. M. Leung  |last-author-amp=yes |year=2003|url=http://ams.allenpress.com/perlserv/?request=get-document&doi=10.1175%2F1520-0442(2004)017%3C1419:IOENOE%3E2.0.CO%3B2|title=Impacts of El Nino-Southern Oscillation Events on Tropical Cyclone Landfalling Activity in the Western North Pacific|volume=17|journal=Journal of Climate|pages=1419–1428|accessdate=2007-02-11|doi=10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017

text: Most tropical cyclones form on the side of the subtropical ridge closer to the equator, then move poleward past the ridge axis before recurving north and northeast into the main belt of the

text: Westerlies

text: . When the subtropical ridge position shifts due to

text: El Niño

text: , so will the preferred tropical cyclone tracks. Areas west of Japan and

text: Korea

text: tend to experience many fewer September–November tropical cyclone impacts during El Niño and neutral years. During El Niño years, the break in the subtropical ridge tends to lie near

text: , which would favor the Japanese archipelago. During La Niña years, the formation of tropical cyclones, along with the subtropical ridge position, shifts westward across the western Pacific ocean, which increases the landfall threat to

text: China

text: and greater intensity to

text: Philippines

text: .<ref name="China">{{cite journal|author1=M. C. Wu |author2=W. L. Chang |author3=W. M. Leung  |last-author-amp=yes |year=2003|url=http://ams.allenpress.com/perlserv/?request=get-document&doi=10.1175%2F1520-0442(2004)017%3C1419:IOENOE%3E2.0.CO%3B2|title=Impacts of El Nino-Southern Oscillation Events on Tropical Cyclone Landfalling Activity in the Western North Pacific|volume=17|journal=Journal of Climate|pages=1419–1428|accessdate=2007-02-11|doi=10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: equator

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: many fewer September–November tropical cyclone impacts during El Ni o and neutral years

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Ni o

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: the break in the subtropical ridge tends to lie near 130°E

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: increases the landfall threat to China

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: tropical cyclones

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: equator,

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: El Nino-Southern

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: fewer September–November tropical cyclone impacts

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Tropical Cyclone Landfalling Activity in the Western North Pacific|volume=17|journal=Journal

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: |year=2003|url=http://ams.allenpress.com/perlserv/?request=get-document&doi=10.1175%2F1520-0442(2004)017%3C1419:IOENOE%3E2.0.CO%3B2|title=Impacts of El Nino-Southern

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Tropical Cyclone Landfalling Activity

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: increases the landfall threat to China

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: Tropical Cyclone Landfalling Activity

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: El Nino-Southern Oscillation

text: The song was produced by Andy Gray and was at Arreton Manor in the Isle of Wight. Lead Singer Rou Reynolds explained to Kerrang!: "This song is about conscience and how more and more oil companies are simply concerned with short-term profit and will pay scientists to speak out about climate change."

text: The song was produced by

text: Andy Gray

text: and was at Arreton Manor in the

text: Isle of Wight

text: . Lead Singer Rou Reynolds explained to

text: Kerrang!

text: : "This song is about conscience and how more and more oil companies are simply concerned with short-term profit and will pay scientists to speak out about climate change."

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: easterly

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Arreton Manor in the Isle of Wight

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Arreton Manor

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Isle of Wight.

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Isle of Wight.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: Isle of Wight.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: climate change."

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Arreton Manor in the Isle of Wight.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: climate change."

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Arreton Manor in the Isle of Wight.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Arreton Manor in the Isle of Wight.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: climate change."

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Arreton Manor in the Isle of Wight.

text: The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) describes climate "normals" as "reference points used by climatologists to compare current climatological trends to that of the past or what is considered 'normal'.  A Normal is defined as the arithmetic average of a climate element (e.g. temperature) over a 30-year period.  A 30 year period is used, as it is long enough to filter out any interannual variation or anomalies, but also short enough to be able to show longer climatic trends." The WMO originated from the International Meteorological Organization which set up a technical commission for climatology in 1929. At its 1934 Wiesbaden meeting the technical commission designated the thirty-year period from 1901 to 1930 as the reference time frame for climatological standard normals. In 1982 the WMO agreed to update climate normals, and in these were subsequently completed on the basis of climate data from 1 January 1961 to 31 December 1990.

text: The

text: World Meteorological Organization

text: (WMO) describes climate "normals" as "reference points used by climatologists to compare current climatological trends to that of the past or what is considered 'normal'.  A Normal is defined as the arithmetic average of a climate element (e.g. temperature) over a 30-year period.  A 30 year period is used, as it is long enough to filter out any interannual variation or anomalies, but also short enough to be able to show longer climatic trends." The WMO originated from the

text: International Meteorological Organization

text: which set up a technical commission for climatology in 1929. At its 1934

text: Wiesbaden

text: meeting the technical commission designated the thirty-year period from 1901 to 1930 as the reference time frame for climatological standard normals. In 1982 the WMO agreed to update climate normals, and in these were subsequently completed on the basis of climate data from 1 January 1961 to 31 December 1990.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: south

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: 30 year period

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: el nio

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: 1 January 1961 to 31 December 1990

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: 1 January 1961 to 31 December 1990

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: 1 January 1961 to 31 December 1990.

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: 30-year period.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: 30-year period.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: The World Meteorological Organization

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: The World Meteorological Organization

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: The World Meteorological Organization

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: The World Meteorological Organization

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Wiesbaden meeting

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: The World Meteorological Organization

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: The World Meteorological Organization

text: In a 2008 NASA article on usage, Erik M. Conway defined Global warming as "the increase in Earth’s average surface temperature due to rising levels of greenhouse gases", while Climate change was "a long-term change in the Earth’s climate, or of a region on Earth."  As effects such as changing patterns of rainfall and rising sea levels would probably have more impact than temperatures alone, he considered global climate change a more scientifically accurate term, and like the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the NASA website would emphasize this wider context.

text: In a 2008 NASA article on usage,

text: Erik M. Conway

text: defined Global warming as "the increase in Earth’s average surface temperature due to rising levels of greenhouse gases", while Climate change was "a long-term change in the Earth’s climate, or of a region on Earth."  As effects such as changing patterns of rainfall and rising sea levels would probably have more impact than temperatures alone, he considered global climate change a more scientifically accurate term, and like the

text: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

text: , the NASA website would emphasize this wider context.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Earth's average surface temperature

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: global warming

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: rising sea levels

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: sea levels

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: 2008 NASA article on usage, Erik M. Conway defined Global warming

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: rainfall and rising sea levels

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: changing patterns of rainfall and rising sea levels

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: a 2008 NASA article on usage, Erik M. Conway defined Global warming

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: rising sea levels

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: rainfall and rising sea levels

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: 2008 NASA article on usage, Erik M. Conway defined Global warming

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: rising sea levels

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: In a 2008 NASA

text: In 1944 – two years after Essad Bey's death – it was Vacca who arranged for the translation of "Ali and Nino" into Italian for the first time. However, although he had already identified the title as "Ali and Nino" in the obituary tribute that he had written for Essad Bey in 1942; in the 1944 edition of the novel, Vacca changed the title to "Ali Khan" and identified the author as "M. Essad Bey," instead of "Kurban Said." After all, he himself claimed to be Kurban Said. Vacca introduced further changes in the Ali Khan novel, most prominently, the name of Ali's true love "Nino Kipiani" and whose name had been part of the original title of the novel ("Ali and Nino") became "Erica Kipiani", based upon the name of Lev Nussimbaum's estranged wife, Erika Loewendahl, who had left him in 1937 to marry Rene Fulop-Miller.

text: In 1944 – two years after Essad Bey's death – it was Vacca who arranged for the translation of "Ali and Nino" into Italian for the first time. However, although he had already identified the title as "Ali and Nino" in the obituary tribute that he had written for Essad Bey in 1942; in the 1944 edition of the novel, Vacca changed the title to "Ali Khan" and identified the author as "M. Essad Bey," instead of "Kurban Said." After all, he himself claimed to be Kurban Said. Vacca introduced further changes in the Ali Khan novel, most prominently, the name of Ali's true love "Nino Kipiani" and whose name had been part of the original title of the novel ("Ali and Nino") became "Erica Kipiani", based upon the name of Lev Nussimbaum's estranged wife, Erika Loewendahl, who had left him in 1937 to marry Rene Fulop-Miller.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: the east

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: In 1944 – two years after Essad Bey's death

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: In 1944 – two years after Essad Bey's death

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Vacca introduced further changes in the Ali Khan novel

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unspecified

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Erika Loewendahl,

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: "Erica Kipiani",

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: 1937

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Erika Loewendahl,

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: the name of Ali's true love "Nino Kipiani"

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: "Ali and Nino"

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Ali's true love "Nino Kipiani"

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: 1937 to marry Rene Fulop-Miller.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: In 1944

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: "Erica Kipiani",

text: British Columbia's climate is best described as varied. The mountainous terrain causes huge changes in climatic conditions over short distances. All winter long the coast is pounded with storm after storm off the Pacific Ocean. The Coast Mountains, Cascades and also the Skeena and Hazelton Mountains block most of the precipitation which forces the majority of the precipitation to fall on the West side of the mountains. In contrast, the leeward side is much drier with some areas classified as semi-arid. The Coast of British Columbia is by far the wettest area in Canada, while areas located 150–200 km inland are some of the driest places in Canada outside of the High Arctic.

text: British Columbia's climate is best described as varied. The mountainous terrain causes huge changes in climatic conditions over short distances. All winter long the coast is pounded with storm after storm off the Pacific Ocean. The

text: Coast Mountains

text: Cascades

text: and also the

text: Skeena

text: and

text: Hazelton Mountains

text: block most of the precipitation which forces the majority of the precipitation to fall on the West side of the mountains. In contrast, the leeward side is much drier with some areas classified as semi-arid. The

text: Coast of British Columbia

text: is by far the wettest area in Canada, while areas located 150–200 km inland are some of the driest places in Canada outside of the High Arctic.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Pacific Ocean

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: All winter long the coast is pounded with storm

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: None of the above choices are available

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: British Columbia's climate is best described as varied

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: British Columbia is pounded with storm

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: all winter long

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Pacific Ocean.

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: storm after storm off the Pacific Ocean.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: All winter long the coast is pounded with storm after storm

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Pacific Ocean.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: storm after storm off the Pacific Ocean.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: The Coast Mountains, Cascades

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: All winter long the coast is pounded with storm after storm

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: All winter long the coast is pounded with storm after storm

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: storm after storm off the Pacific Ocean.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: British Columbia's

text: The history of the scientific discovery of climate change began in the early 19th century when ice ages and other natural changes in paleoclimate were first suspected and the natural greenhouse effect first identified. In the late 19th century, scientists first argued that human emissions of greenhouse gases could change the climate. Many other theories of climate change were advanced, involving forces from volcanism to solar variation. In the 1960s, the warming effect of carbon dioxide gas became increasingly convincing. Some scientists also pointed out that human activities that generated atmospheric aerosols (e.g., "pollution") could have cooling effects as well. During the 1970s, scientific opinion increasingly favored the warming viewpoint. By the 1990s, as a result of improving fidelity of computer models and observational work confirming the Milankovitch theory of the ice ages, a consensus position formed: greenhouse gases were deeply involved in most climate changes and human caused emissions were bringing discernible global warming. Since the 1990s, scientific research on climate change has included multiple disciplines and has expanded. Research has expanded our understanding of causal relations, links with historic data and ability to model climate change numerically.  Research during this period has been summarized in the Assessment Reports by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.

text: The history of the scientific discovery of climate change began in the early 19th century when

text: ice ages

text: and other natural changes in

text: paleoclimate

text: were first suspected and the natural

text: greenhouse effect

text: first identified. In the late 19th century, scientists first argued that human emissions of

text: greenhouse gases

text: could change the

text: climate

text: . Many other theories of climate change were advanced, involving forces from

text: volcanism

text: to

text: solar variation

text: . In the 1960s, the warming effect of

text: carbon dioxide

text: gas became increasingly convincing. Some scientists also pointed out that human activities that generated atmospheric

text: aerosols

text: (e.g., "pollution") could have cooling effects as well. During the 1970s, scientific opinion increasingly favored the warming viewpoint. By the 1990s, as a result of improving fidelity of

text: computer models

text: and observational work confirming the

text: Milankovitch theory

text: of the ice ages, a consensus position formed: greenhouse gases were deeply involved in most climate changes and human caused emissions were bringing discernible

text: global warming

text: . Since the 1990s, scientific research on climate change has included multiple disciplines and has expanded. Research has expanded our understanding of causal relations, links with historic data and ability to model climate change numerically.  Research during this period has been summarized in the Assessment Reports by the

text: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: equator

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: ice ages

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: In the late 19th century,

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: the warming effect of carbon dioxide gas became increasingly convincing

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: the warming effect of carbon dioxide gas became increasingly convincing

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: solar variation.

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: ice ages and other natural changes in paleoclimate

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: ice ages and other natural changes in paleoclimate

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: greenhouse gases

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: ice ages

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: cooling

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: 1970s,

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: 1970s, scientific opinion increasingly favored the warming viewpoint.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: ice ages

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: ice ages and other natural changes in paleoclimate

text: Indeed, the term El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is an implicit acknowledgment that the phenomenon underlies variability in several locations at once. It was later noticed that associated teleconnections occurred all over North America, as embodied by the Pacific-North American teleconnection pattern.

text: Indeed, the term

text: El Niño-Southern Oscillation

text: (ENSO) is an implicit acknowledgment that the phenomenon underlies variability in several locations at once. It was later noticed that associated teleconnections occurred all over North America, as embodied by the

entity_name: Pacific–North American teleconnection pattern

text: Pacific-North American teleconnection pattern

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Pacific

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Ni o-Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Ni o-Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: associated teleconnections occurred all over North America

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: associated teleconnections occurred all over North America

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: teleconnections

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Pacific-North

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: El Ni<unk>o-Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Ni<unk>o-Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: North America,

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: teleconnections occurred all over North America,

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: El Ni<unk>o-Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: associated teleconnections occurred all over North America,

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: teleconnections occurred all over North America,

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: teleconnections occurred all over North America,

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: El Ni<unk>o-Southern Oscillation

text: Another consideration is how vulnerability to climate change varies with scale. At local scales, extreme weather events can have a significant impact, especially in vulnerable locations. Another potentially significant impact is the long-term effect of sea-level rise on low-lying coastal areas.

text: Another consideration is how vulnerability to climate change varies with scale. At local scales, extreme weather events can have a significant impact, especially in vulnerable locations. Another potentially significant impact is the long-term effect of sea-level rise on low-lying coastal areas.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: southern america

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: sea-level rise

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: can have a significant impact

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: sea-level rise on low-lying coastal areas

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: sea-level rise on low-lying coastal areas

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: sea-level rise

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: sea-level rise on low-lying coastal areas.

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: sea-level rise on low-lying coastal areas.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: extreme weather events

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: extreme weather events can have a significant impact, especially in vulnerable locations.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: extreme weather events

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: sea-level rise

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: extreme weather events can have a significant impact,

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: extreme weather events

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: sea-level rise

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: extreme weather events

text: The climate is tropical and is moderated by altitude. Under normal conditions, the dry season is from three to four months from June to September. In general, the climate is mild with regular and abundant rainfall. The annual average temperature is 19.7 °C (average maximum 25.5 °C, minimum average 13.8 °C). Generally, temperatures do not experience significant changes in year.

text: The climate is tropical and is moderated by altitude. Under normal conditions, the dry season is from three to four months from June to September. In general, the climate is mild with regular and abundant rainfall. The annual average temperature is 19.7 °C (average maximum 25.5 °C, minimum average 13.8 °C). Generally, temperatures do not experience significant changes in year.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: tropical

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: The annual average temperature is 19.7 °C

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: The annual average temperature is 19.7 °C

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Generally temperatures do not experience significant changes in year

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: the dry season

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: June to September.

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Generally, temperatures do not experience significant changes in year.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: the dry season is from three to four months from June to September.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Generally, temperatures do not experience significant changes in year.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: June to September.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: 19.7 °C

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: June to September.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: the dry season is from three to four months from June to September.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: The climate is tropical

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: The climate is tropical and is moderated by altitude.

text: Near-term climate change policies could significantly affect long-term climate change impacts. Stringent mitigation policies might be able to limit global warming (in 2100) to around 2 °C or below, relative to pre-industrial levels. Without mitigation, increased energy demand and extensive use of fossil fuels might lead to global warming of around 4 °C. Higher magnitudes of global warming would be more difficult to adapt to, and would increase the risk of negative impacts.

text: Near-term climate change policies could significantly affect long-term climate change impacts. Stringent mitigation policies might be able to limit global warming (in 2100) to around 2

text: °C

text: or below, relative to pre-industrial levels. Without mitigation, increased

text: energy demand

text: and extensive use of

text: fossil fuel

text: s might lead to global warming of around 4 °C. Higher magnitudes of global warming would be more difficult to adapt to, and would increase the risk of negative impacts.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: equator

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: 4 °C

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: would increase the risk of negative impacts

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: global warming of around 4 °C

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: global warming of around 4 °C

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: 2 °C

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: 2 °C

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: 2 °C

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Near-term climate change policies could significantly affect long-term climate change impacts.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Near-term climate change policies could significantly affect long-term climate change impacts.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: 2 °C

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: 4 °C.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: 2 °C or below, relative to pre-industrial levels.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: global warming

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Near-term climate change policies could significantly affect long-term climate change impacts.

text: David John Karoly (born 1956) is an Australian atmospheric scientist. He is an expert in climate change, stratospheric ozone depletion, and climate variations due to the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO).

text: David John Karoly (born 1956) is an Australian atmospheric scientist. He is an expert in

text: climate change

text: , stratospheric

text: ozone depletion

text: , and

text: climate variation

text: s due to the

text: El Niño-Southern Oscillation

text: (ENSO).

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: South America

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Nio

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Ni o

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: climate variations due to the El Ni

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: David John Karoly

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: climate variations

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: o-Southern

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: El Ni<unk>

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Ni<unk>

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: El Ni<unk>o-Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Ni<unk>o-Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: El Ni<unk>

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: climate variations

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: El Ni<unk>

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: climate variations

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: El Ni<unk>o-Southern Oscillation

text: Sir Gilbert Thomas Walker, CSI, FRS (14 June 1868 – 4 November 1958) was a British physicist and statistician of the 20th century. Walker studied mathematics and applied it to a variety of fields including aerodynamics, electromagnetism and the analysis of time-series data before taking up a teaching position at Cambridge University. Although he had no experience in meteorology, he was recruited for a post in the Indian Meteorological Department where he worked on statistical approaches to predict the monsoons. He developed the methods in the analysis of time-series data that are now called the Yule-Walker equations. He is known for his groundbreaking description of the Southern Oscillation, a major phenomenon of global climate, and for discovering what is named after him as the Walker circulation, and for greatly advancing the study of climate in general. He was also instrumental in aiding the early career of the Indian mathematical prodigy, Srinivasa Ramanujan.

text: Sir Gilbert Thomas Walker,

text: CSI

text: FRS

text: (14 June 1868 – 4 November 1958) was a

text: British

text: physicist

text: and

text: statistician

text: of the 20th century. Walker studied mathematics and applied it to a variety of fields including aerodynamics, electromagnetism and the analysis of time-series data before taking up a teaching position at Cambridge University. Although he had no experience in meteorology, he was recruited for a post in the Indian Meteorological Department where he worked on statistical approaches to predict the monsoons. He developed the methods in the analysis of time-series data that are now called the Yule-Walker equations. He is known for his groundbreaking description of the

text: Southern Oscillation

text: , a major phenomenon of global

text: climate

text: , and for discovering what is named after him as the

text: Walker circulation

text: , and for greatly advancing the

text: study of climate

text: in general. He was also instrumental in aiding the early career of the Indian mathematical prodigy,

text: Srinivasa Ramanujan

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: monsoon

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Nio

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Sir Gilbert Thomas Walker

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Sir Gilbert Thomas Walker, CSI, FRS

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Southern Oscillation,

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Walker circulation,

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: monsoons.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Southern Oscillation,

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Sir Gilbert Thomas Walker,

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Southern Oscillation,

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: (14 June 1868 – 4 November 1958)

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: (14 June 1868 – 4 November 1958)

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: global climate,

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Walker circulation,

text: The macro view of energy slaves is also helpful for thinking about risks inherent with climate change policies that reflect the scientific concept of a carbon budget and its requirement that fossil carbon be kept in the ground. Such policies, in conjunction with peak conventional oil also being a peak in energy-equilivant slaves, represent a threat that renewables, due to the capitalization costs involved, are challenged to redress. In the short to medium term, more creditworthiness will be required for leveraging to create the needed credit required for renewables to be implemented at the scale implied in the Paris Agreement. At the same time a significant amount of the existing credit, based on fossil carbon energy-equilivant slaves and the infrastructure these are predicated on, will be a force pushing for a write-down of existing debt. On the macro level, quantitative easing's short-term utility is of limited value. QE is not well suited to be the long-term solution to ramping up replacement energy slaves and affect a mitigation of this threat. (Hence an argument why the label of CapitalismFail could, rationally, enter the lexicon.)

text: The macro view of energy slaves is also helpful for thinking about risks inherent with climate change policies that reflect the scientific concept of a carbon budget and its requirement that fossil carbon be kept in the ground. Such policies, in conjunction with

text: peak conventional oil

text: also being a peak in energy-equilivant slaves, represent a threat that

text: renewables

text: , due to the capitalization costs involved, are challenged to redress. In the short to medium term, more creditworthiness will be required for leveraging to create the needed credit required for renewables to be implemented at the scale implied in the

text: Paris Agreement

text: . At the same time a significant amount of the existing credit, based on fossil carbon energy-equilivant slaves and the infrastructure these are predicated on, will be a force pushing for a write-down of existing debt. On the macro level,

text: quantitative easing's

text: short-term utility is of limited value. QE is not well suited to be the long-term solution to ramping up replacement energy slaves and affect a mitigation of this threat. (Hence an argument why the label of CapitalismFail could, rationally, enter the lexicon.)

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: south

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: peak conventional oil

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: QE is not well suited

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: peak conventional oil

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: The macro view of energy slaves

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: peak conventional oil

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: peak conventional oil

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Paris Agreement.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: carbon budget and its requirement that fossil carbon be kept in the ground.

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: peak conventional oil

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Paris Agreement.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: peak conventional oil

text: Sea levels could rise rapidly with accelerated ice sheet disintegration. Sea level rise brings risk to coastal groundwater aquifers, which increases vulnerability to saline intrusion (8). For example, with the compounding effects of sea level rise and overexploitation of aquifers, saline intrusion has greatly hindered vital groundwater resources in Lima, Peru, and has hindered much of the city's water supply (8). Global temperature increases of 3–4 degrees C could result in 330 million people being permanently or temporarily displaced through flooding  Frequent flooding has occurred in northeast Argentina, Bolivia, southern Brazil, Ecuador, northwest Mexico, Paraguay, northwest Peru, and Uruguay (8). Warming seas will also fuel more intense tropical storms. The changes in temperature of water will cause the autopurification rate at which streams degrade organic loads to fluctuate, which will result in issues of water quality (8). Of particular concern are parts of Mexico, like the Balsas, South Pacific, and southern frontier basins are highly vulnerable to hurricanes and flooding (8). Extreme droughts are also the result of climate change. La Nina-related droughts have affected farming practices in western Argentina and in central Chile, while El Nino-related droughts have diminished the circulation of the Cauca River in Colombia (8).

text: Sea levels could rise rapidly with accelerated ice sheet disintegration. Sea level rise brings risk to coastal groundwater aquifers, which increases vulnerability to saline intrusion (8). For example, with the compounding effects of sea level rise and overexploitation of aquifers, saline intrusion has greatly hindered vital groundwater resources in Lima, Peru, and has hindered much of the city's water supply (8). Global temperature increases of

entity_name: 4 Degrees and Beyond International Climate Conference

text: 3–4 degrees C

text: could result in 330 million people being permanently or temporarily displaced through flooding  Frequent flooding has occurred in northeast Argentina, Bolivia, southern Brazil, Ecuador, northwest Mexico, Paraguay, northwest Peru, and Uruguay (8). Warming seas will also fuel more intense tropical storms. The changes in temperature of water will cause the autopurification rate at which streams degrade organic loads to fluctuate, which will result in issues of water quality (8). Of particular concern are parts of Mexico, like the Balsas, South Pacific, and southern frontier basins are highly vulnerable to hurricanes and flooding (8). Extreme droughts are also the result of climate change. La Nina-related droughts have affected farming practices in western Argentina and in central Chile, while El Nino-related droughts have diminished the circulation of the

text: Cauca River

text: in Colombia (8).

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: La Nina

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: have diminished the circulation of the Cauca River in Colombia (8).

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: the circulation of the Cauca River in Colombia

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: affected farming practices in western Argentina and in central Chile

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: droughts

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: La Nina-related

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Sea levels could rise rapidly with accelerated ice sheet disintegration.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: flooding has occurred in northeast Argentina, Bolivia, southern Brazil,

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: La Nina-related

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: droughts have diminished the circulation of the Cauca River in Colombia

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Warming seas will also fuel more intense tropical storms.

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: droughts have diminished the circulation of the Cauca River in Colombia

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: droughts have affected farming practices in western Argentina and in central Chile,

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: diminished the circulation of the Cauca River in Colombia

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: La Nina-related

text: Biologists and other research scientists constantly monitor the welfare, living conditions, and health of reindeer, as well as the ecological health of their habitat, and they make recommendations and set quotas designed to ensure that game resources and natural biodiversity are protected, managed, and maintained. Many factors, some of them difficult to measure or predict, are analyzed including natural cycles, parasites, disease, short-term weather conditions (relative harshness of winter or summer), long-term climate changes, and condition of food sources. Hunting is not the only factor affecting reindeer welfare, but it is one area that can be managed to some degree.

text: Biologist

text: s and other research scientists constantly monitor the welfare, living conditions, and health of reindeer, as well as the

text: ecological health

text: of their habitat, and they make recommendations and set quotas designed to ensure that game resources and natural

text: biodiversity

text: are protected, managed, and maintained. Many factors, some of them difficult to measure or predict, are analyzed including natural cycles,

text: parasite

text: s, disease, short-term weather conditions (relative harshness of winter or summer), long-term

text: climate change

text: s, and condition of food sources. Hunting is not the only factor affecting reindeer welfare, but it is one area that can be managed to some degree.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Arctic Ocean

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: long-term climate changes

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: relative harshness of winter or summer

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: the relative harshness of winter or summer

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: winter or summer),

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: (relative harshness of winter or summer), long-term climate changes,

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: winter or summer),

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: long-term climate changes,

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: natural cycles, parasites, disease, short-term weather conditions

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: (relative harshness of winter or summer), long-term climate changes,

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: (relative harshness of winter or summer),

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Hunting

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: climate changes,

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: natural cycles,

text: The climate across the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary (K–Pg or formerly the K–T boundary) is very important to geologic time as it marks a catastrophic global extinction event. Numerous theories have been proposed as to why this extinction event happened including an asteroid known as the Chicxulub asteroid, volcanism, or sea level changes. While the mass extinction is well documented, there is much debate about the immediate and long-term climatic and environmental changes caused by the event. The terrestrial climates at this time are poorly known, which limits the understanding of environmentally driven changes in biodiversity that occurred before the Chicxulub crater impact. Oxygen isotopes across the K–T boundary suggest that oceanic temperatures fluctuated in the Late Cretaceous and through the boundary itself. Carbon isotope measurements of benthic foramifinera at the K–T boundary suggest rapid, repeated fluctuations in oceanic productivity in the 3 million years before the final extinction, and that productivity and ocean circulation ended abruptly for at least tens of thousands of years just after the boundary, indicating devastation of terrestrial and marine ecosystems. Some researchers suggest that climate change is the main connection between the impact and the extinction. The impact perturbed the climate system with long-term effects that were much worse than the immediate, direct consequences of the impact.<ref>Cowen, Richard. "THE K-T EXTINCTION." The KT Extinction. University of Berkeley, California, June–July 1999. Web. 10 Nov. 2012.

text: The climate across the

text: Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary

text: (K–Pg or formerly the K–T boundary) is very important to

text: geologic time

text: as it marks a catastrophic global

text: extinction event

text: . Numerous theories have been proposed as to why this extinction event happened including an

text: asteroid

text: known as the Chicxulub asteroid,

text: volcanism

text: , or sea level changes. While the mass extinction is well documented, there is much debate about the immediate and long-term climatic and environmental changes caused by the event. The terrestrial climates at this time are poorly known, which limits the understanding of environmentally driven changes in

text: biodiversity

text: that occurred before the

text: Chicxulub crater

text: impact.

text: Oxygen isotope

text: s across the K–T boundary suggest that oceanic temperatures fluctuated in the

text: Late Cretaceous

text: and through the boundary itself. Carbon isotope measurements of benthic foramifinera at the K–T boundary suggest rapid, repeated fluctuations in oceanic productivity in the 3 million years before the final extinction, and that productivity and ocean circulation ended abruptly for at least tens of thousands of years just after the boundary, indicating devastation of terrestrial and marine ecosystems. Some researchers suggest that climate change is the main connection between the impact and the extinction. The impact perturbed the climate system with long-term effects that were much worse than the immediate, direct consequences of the impact.<ref>Cowen, Richard. "THE K-T EXTINCTION." The KT Extinction. University of Berkeley, California, June–July 1999. Web. 10 Nov. 2012.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Pacific Ocean

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: The peru current carries cold water north along South America and then across the equator.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: The north atlantic oscillation mostly alters climate in Europe.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Nio, also known as the Northern Hemisphere ice age, is a geologic event that occurred in the Northern Hemisphere in the late Cretaceous period.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: The Western Pacific Ocean (WPO) is a large body of water in the Pacific Ocean.

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: climate change is the main connection between the impact and the extinction

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Chicxulub crater

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Context: Los Nios Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: K-T

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: productivity and ocean circulation

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: June–July 1999. Web. 10 Nov. 2012.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: climate change is the main connection between the impact and the extinction.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Chicxulub asteroid, volcanism,

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: sea level changes.

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: volcanism, or sea level changes.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: June–July 1999.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: sea level changes. While the mass extinction

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: productivity and ocean circulation

text: causes all the frequencies of x(t) to be reduced by amount ω.  Whatever part of x(t) that was at frequency ω is changed to frequency zero, which is just a constant whose amplitude level is a measure of the strength of the original ω content.  And whatever part of x(t) that was at frequency zero is changed to a sinusoid at frequency −ω.  Similarly, all other frequencies are changed to non-zero values.  As the interval  increases, the contribution of the constant term grows in proportion.  But the contributions of the sinusoidal terms only oscillate around zero.  So X(ω) improves as a relative measure of the amount of frequency ω in the function x(t).

text: causes all the frequencies of x(t) to be reduced by amount ω.  Whatever part of x(t) that was at frequency ω is changed to frequency zero, which is just a constant whose amplitude level is a measure of the strength of the original ω content.  And whatever part of x(t) that was at frequency zero is changed to a sinusoid at frequency −ω.  Similarly, all other frequencies are changed to non-zero values.  As the interval  increases, the contribution of the constant term grows in proportion.  But the contributions of the sinusoidal terms only oscillate around zero.  So X(ω) improves as a relative measure of the amount of frequency ω in the function x(t).

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: south

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: description

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: x(t)

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: can be used to describe

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: decreases sea levels

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: el nio

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: x(t)

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: context: oscillation

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: zero.

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: zero,

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: zero.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: causes all the frequencies of x(t) to be reduced

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: <unk>

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: causes all the frequencies of x(t) to be reduced

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: x(t) to be reduced by amount <unk>

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: x(t) to be reduced by amount <unk>

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: causes all the frequencies of x(t) to be reduced

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: zero,

text: The official music video was released on 11 April 2016. Official music video thematically avoids nautical visuals that have been established in the preview video and instead tells a sci-fi fantasy story in which earthy Nina is communicating with her doppelgänger in the skies above. Nina Kraljic explained that the video follows the story of a concerned Nina on the Earth, who seeks her link with the spiritual Nina, who is completely unloaded of earthly difficulties and troubles and hovers in space, giving hope. Nina commented about how much she loved the script and the idea that the video was made like a short film. Most of all she liked that it has a theme of hope and is deeply symbolic and shows no expected motif of water and the lighthouse. The Director of the video clip, Filip Filković Philatz, explained that the idea was to make a short “movie”, where they would create a world which surrounds the song, and with Nina as the main character. He added that they expect that everyone will look for a lighthouse in the video clip, but they wanted to present the lighthouse in a different way. The Director also noted on his Facebook page that the video has atmospheric “90s vibe” to it.The video takes place on a dark and stormy night and has a clear dark and almost gothic look. Nina is seen wearing PVC raincoat, along with her trademark asymmetrical hair, Nina gazes up at the night sky, searching and looking for someone. That someone is another Nina, floating in space capsule above earth. This other Nina is dressed in white with swirly shapes shaved into her hair, looking and acting other-worldly with bold stripes of white eye makeup. Soon afterwards, there is trouble coming, authorities arrive along with the rain. Nina obviously knows too much and they’ve come to take her away. In the end, doppelgängers make contact with each other. Earth Nina is being taken away by the authorities and space Nina ends up traveling into deep space. The video was completely shot in Zagreb, Croatia.

text: The official music video was released on 11 April 2016. Official music video thematically avoids nautical visuals that have been established in the preview video and instead tells a sci-fi fantasy story in which earthy Nina is communicating with her doppelgänger in the skies above. Nina Kraljic explained that the video follows the story of a concerned Nina on the Earth, who seeks her link with the spiritual Nina, who is completely unloaded of earthly difficulties and troubles and hovers in space, giving hope. Nina commented about how much she loved the script and the idea that the video was made like a short film. Most of all she liked that it has a theme of hope and is deeply symbolic and shows no expected motif of water and the lighthouse. The Director of the video clip,

text: Filip Filković

text: Philatz, explained that the idea was to make a short “movie”, where they would create a world which surrounds the song, and with Nina as the main character. He added that they expect that everyone will look for a lighthouse in the video clip, but they wanted to present the lighthouse in a different way. The Director also noted on his Facebook page that the video has atmospheric “90s vibe” to it.The video takes place on a dark and stormy night and has a clear dark and almost gothic look. Nina is seen wearing PVC raincoat, along with her trademark asymmetrical hair, Nina gazes up at the night sky, searching and looking for someone. That someone is another Nina, floating in space capsule above earth. This other Nina is dressed in white with swirly shapes shaved into her hair, looking and acting other-worldly with bold stripes of white eye makeup. Soon afterwards, there is trouble coming, authorities arrive along with the rain. Nina obviously knows too much and they’ve come to take her away. In the end, doppelgängers make contact with each other. Earth Nina is being taken away by the authorities and space Nina ends up traveling into deep space. The video was completely shot in Zagreb, Croatia.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Croatia

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: in a normal year, along western South America

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: el nio events

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Nina is seen wearing PVC raincoat

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Earth Nina is being taken away by the authorities

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Croatia.

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: 11 April 2016.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: 2016.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: lighthouse

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Nina

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: lighthouse

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: lighthouse

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Nina gazes up at the night sky, searching and looking for someone.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: rain.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: doppelgängers make contact with each other.

text: Climate change in Europe describes the climate change related issues in Europe. This includes the climate politics, contribution in the global warming and the influence of the global warming in Europe.

text: Climate change in Europe describes the

text: climate change

text: related issues in

text: Europe

text: . This includes the climate politics, contribution in the

text: global warming

text: and the influence of the global warming in Europe.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Europe

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: climate change in Europe

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Nio (, also Romanized as El Nio) is a volcano in the Andes of Peru.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: climate change in Europe

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: climate change in Europe

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: description

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Europe

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Climate change in Europe

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: Climate change in Europe

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Climate change in Europe

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Climate change in Europe

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Climate change in Europe

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Climate change in Europe

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Climate change in Europe

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: global warming

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Climate change in Europe

text: Nina was refitted in May 1884 for special service, and next operated from August to October salvaging the wreck of sidewheel gunboat Tallapoosa sunk in Martha’s Vineyard Sound. From 1885 to 1889, Nina served in various capacities at New York Navy Yard, and then returned to Newport from 1890 to 1891.

text: Nina was refitted in May 1884 for special service, and next operated from August to October salvaging the wreck of

text: sidewheel

text: gunboat

text: Tallapoosa sunk in

text: Martha’s Vineyard Sound

text: . From 1885 to 1889, Nina served in various capacities at New York Navy Yard, and then returned to Newport from 1890 to 1891.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: New York

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Nina operated from August to October

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: salvaged the wreck of sidewheel gunboat Tallapoosa

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: earthquakes

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Newport

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: 1890 to 1891.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: 1885 to 1889,

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Nina was refitted in May 1884

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Nina was refitted in May 1884

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Martha’s Vineyard Sound.

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Nina was refitted in May 1884

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: salvaging the wreck of sidewheel gunboat Tallapoosa

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: Nina was refitted in May 1884

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Nina was refitted in May 1884

text: Artwork was made in 2005. The first (standard edition) cover features twins in front of the yellow-green background with white letters of the name (NINA SKY) and album (LA CONEXIÓN). Second was special edition artwork. It's a close-up of their faces and on most of the releases, it features round label, marking CD/DVD album. Both versions feature green letters OUR HERITAGE · OUR PEOPLE · OUR MUSIC on the bottom. Album was titled La Conexión because twins feel connection to Latin music, culture, Spanish language and Puerto-Rican lifestyle, since they were born in Puerto Rico. In English, the title means Connection, which is the name of the song recorded by Sean Paul featuring Nina Sky for his 2005 album The Trinity.

text: Artwork was made in 2005. The first (standard edition) cover features twins in front of the yellow-green background with white letters of the name (NINA SKY) and album (LA CONEXIÓN). Second was special edition artwork. It's a close-up of their faces and on most of the releases, it features round label, marking CD/DVD album. Both versions feature green letters OUR HERITAGE · OUR PEOPLE · OUR MUSIC on the bottom. Album was titled La Conexión because twins feel connection to Latin music, culture, Spanish language and Puerto-Rican lifestyle, since they were born in Puerto Rico. In English, the title means Connection, which is the name of the song recorded by

text: Sean Paul

text: featuring Nina Sky for his 2005 album

text: The Trinity

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Puerto Rico

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: el nio

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Puerto Rico

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Sean Paul featuring Nina Sky

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Puerto Rico.

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: La Conexión

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: 2005.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: La Conexión

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Puerto Rico.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Puerto Rico.

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Puerto Rico.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: twins feel connection to Latin music,

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: Puerto Rico.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: La Conexión

text: The bigeye trevally is a schooling species, known to form aggregations consisting of more than 1500 fish. The species is often seen in these large schools either stationary or slowly moving around the reef complexes they inhabit during the day. At night, these schools dissolve, and the species become active, taking most of its prey during the nocturnal period. This contrasts to most jacks, which are generally diurnal hunters, although the species has been documented hunting in shallower waters during the day, especially as juveniles. The abundance of the species on the west coast of America has been linked to the occurrence of El Nino or La Nina climate events, with the abundance significantly dropping during El Nino events.

text: The bigeye trevally is a

text: schooling

text: species, known to form aggregations consisting of more than 1500 fish. The species is often seen in these large schools either stationary or slowly moving around the reef complexes they inhabit during the day. At night, these schools dissolve, and the species become active, taking most of its

text: prey

text: during the

text: nocturnal

text: period. This contrasts to most jacks, which are generally

text: diurnal

text: hunters, although the species has been documented hunting in shallower waters during the day, especially as juveniles. The abundance of the species on the west coast of America has been linked to the occurrence of

text: El Nino

text: or

text: La Nina

text: climate events, with the abundance significantly dropping during El Nino events.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: La Nina

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: significant dropping during El Nino events

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: abundance significantly dropping

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: abundance significantly dropping

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: La Nina

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: El Nino or La Nina

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Nino or La Nina

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: El Nino or La Nina

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: the abundance significantly dropping

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: the abundance significantly dropping

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: abundance significantly dropping

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: abundance significantly dropping

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: El Nino or La Nina

text: The Climate Change Science Program (CCSP) was the program responsible for coordinating and integrating research on global warming by U.S. government agencies from February 2002 to June 2009.  Toward the end of that period, CCSP issued 21 separate climate assessment reports that addressed climate observations, changes in the atmosphere, expected climate change, impacts and adaptation, and risk management issues.  Shortly after President Obama took office, the program's name was changed to U.S. Global Change Research Program (USGCRP) which was also the program's name before 2002.  Nevertheless, the Obama Administration generally embraced the CCSP products as sound science providing a basis for climate policy. Because those reports were mostly issued after the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), and in some cases focused specifically on the United States, they were generally viewed within the United States as having an importance and scientific credibility comparable to the IPCC assessments for the first few years of the Obama Administration.

text: The Climate Change Science Program (CCSP) was the program responsible for coordinating and integrating research on

text: global warming

text: by U.S. government agencies from February 2002 to June 2009.  Toward the end of that period, CCSP issued 21 separate climate assessment reports that addressed

entity_section: Observations and causes of climate change

text: climate observations

text: , changes in the atmosphere, expected climate change,

text: impacts and adaptation

text: , and risk management issues.  Shortly after President Obama took office, the program's name was changed to U.S.

text: Global Change Research Program

text: (USGCRP) which was also the program's name before 2002.  Nevertheless, the

text: Obama Administration

text: generally embraced the CCSP products as sound science providing a basis for climate policy. Because those reports were mostly issued after the

text: Fourth Assessment Report

text: of the

text: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

text: (IPCC), and in some cases focused specifically on the United States, they were generally viewed within the United States as having an importance and scientific credibility comparable to the IPCC assessments for the first few years of the Obama Administration.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Pacific Ocean

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: The Climate Change Science Program (CCSP)

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: 2009.

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: 2009.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: 2009.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: 2009.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: 2009.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: global warming by U.S. government agencies from February 2002 to June 2009.

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: 2009.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: February 2002 to June 2009.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: global warming

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: 2009.

text: Environmental changes such as deforestation could increase local temperatures in the highlands thus could enhance the vectorial capacity of the anopheles. Anopheles mosquitoes are responsible for the transmission of a number of diseases in the world, such as, malaria, lymphatic filariasis and viruses that can cause such ailments, like the O'nyong'nyong virus.Environmental changes, climate variability, and climate change are such factors that could affect biology and ecology of Anophelse vectors and their disease transmission potential. Climate change is expected to lead to latitudinal and altitudinal temperature increases. Global warming projections indicate that the best estimate of surface air warming for a “high scenario” is 4 C, with a likely range of 2.4-6.4 C by 2100.A temperature increase of this size would alter the biology and the ecology of many mosquito vectors and the dynamics of the diseases they transmit such as malaria. Arthropods critically depend on ambient temperature for survival and development, and their distribution range is limited by the temperature. Climate warming or any factor that alters the microclimate conditions of Anopheles mosquitoes (e.g., deforestation) in the highlands may facilitate the persistence of the mosquito population. Climate warming can mediate mosquito physiology and metabolic rate because metabolic rate increases exponentially rather than linearly with temperature ectotherms. Anopheles mosquitoes in highland areas are to experience a larger shift in their metabolic rate due to the climate change. This climate change is due to the deforestation in the highland areas where these mosquitoes dwell. When temperature rises, the larvae take a shorter time to mature  and, consequently, there is a greater capacity to produce more offspring. Microclimatic changes in human homes caused by the effects of deforestation can also significantly shorten the duration of the mosquitoes' gonotrophic cycle by 1.7 days (4.6 vs 2.9 days) The gonotrophic cycle is the period between the taking of a blood meal by a mosquito, including the digestion of the blood meal, until oviposition or egg laying. The decrease of the gonotrophic cycles implies an increase of the biting frequency from an average of once every five days to once every three days. In turn this could potentially lead to an increase in malaria transmission when infected humans are available.

text: Environmental changes such as deforestation could increase local temperatures in the highlands thus could enhance the vectorial capacity of the

text: anopheles

text: Anopheles

text: mosquitoes are responsible for the transmission of a number of diseases in the world, such as,

text: malaria

text: lymphatic filariasis

text: and viruses that can cause such ailments, like the

text: O'nyong'nyong virus

text: .Environmental changes,

text: climate variability

text: , and climate change are such factors that could affect biology and ecology of Anophelse

text: vectors

text: and their

text: disease transmission

text: potential. Climate change is expected to lead to latitudinal and altitudinal temperature increases. Global warming projections indicate that the best estimate of surface air warming for a “high scenario” is 4 C, with a likely range of 2.4-6.4 C by 2100.A temperature increase of this size would alter the biology and the ecology of many mosquito vectors and the dynamics of the diseases they transmit such as malaria. Arthropods critically depend on ambient temperature for survival and development, and their distribution range is limited by the temperature. Climate warming or any factor that alters the

text: microclimate

text: conditions of Anopheles mosquitoes (e.g., deforestation) in the highlands may facilitate the persistence of the mosquito population. Climate warming can mediate mosquito

text: physiology

text: and

text: metabolic rate

text: because metabolic rate increases exponentially rather than linearly with temperature

text: ectotherms

text: . Anopheles mosquitoes in highland areas are to experience a larger shift in their metabolic rate due to the climate change. This climate change is due to the deforestation in the highland areas where these mosquitoes dwell. When temperature rises, the

text: larvae

text: take a shorter time to mature  and, consequently, there is a greater capacity to produce more offspring. Microclimatic changes in human homes caused by the effects of deforestation can also significantly shorten the duration of the mosquitoes' gonotrophic cycle by 1.7 days (4.6 vs 2.9 days) The gonotrophic cycle is the period between the taking of a blood meal by a mosquito, including the digestion of the blood meal, until

text: oviposition

text: or egg laying. The decrease of the gonotrophic cycles implies an increase of the biting frequency from an average of once every five days to once every three days. In turn this could potentially lead to an increase in malaria transmission when infected humans are available.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: south

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: climate variability

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: temperature increases exponentially rather than linearly with temperature ectotherms

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: global warming projections indicate that the best estimate

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: altitudinal

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Anopheles mosquitoes

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: (4.6 vs 2.9 days)

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: deforestation

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: mosquito physiology and metabolic rate

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Climate warming

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Climate warming

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: deforestation

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: the temperature.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: gonotrophic cycle

text: Fatima Denton writes about topics including renewable energy, sustainable development, climate change, gender and climate change, climate change adaptation,  vulnerability,  food security and water and energy poverty.   She is a lead author for Working Group II's Fifth Assessment of the  Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), and for the IPCC Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation (SRREN). She has served on a number of scientific committees including the Independent Science Panel (ISP) of the CGIAR Climate Change and Food Security Programme (CCAFS).

text: Fatima Denton writes about topics including

text: renewable energy

text: sustainable development

text: climate change

text: gender

text: and climate change,

text: climate change adaptation

text: vulnerability

text: food security

text: and water and

text: energy poverty

text: .   She is a lead author for Working Group II's Fifth Assessment of the

text: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

text: (IPCC), and for the IPCC Special Report on

entity_name: Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation

text: Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation

text: (SRREN). She has served on a number of scientific committees including the Independent Science Panel (ISP) of the

text: CGIAR

text: Climate Change and Food Security Programme (CCAFS).

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Pacific Ocean

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: climate change adaptation

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Fatima Denton wrote about topics including renewable energy

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Fatima Denton wrote about topics including renewable energy

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Fatima Denton

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: Climate Change

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: renewable energy, sustainable development, climate change,

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: renewable energy, sustainable development, climate change, gender and climate change,

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Climate Change Mitigation

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Fatima Denton

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Fatima Denton

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: climate change,

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Fatima Denton

text: For interannual, there is one mode called Atlantic Nino, of which periodicity varies. During the Atlantic Nino event, eastern area of Atlantic will appear warm SST anomalies accompanying a relaxation of trade winds. This mechanism, which is known as Bjerknes Feedback, is similar to El Nino/Southern Oscillation( ENSO).

text: For interannual, there is one mode called

text: Atlantic Nino

text: , of which periodicity varies. During the Atlantic Nino event, eastern area of Atlantic will appear warm SST anomalies accompanying a relaxation of trade winds. This mechanism, which is known as Bjerknes Feedback, is similar to

text: El Nino

text: /Southern Oscillation( ENSO).

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Atlantic

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: Atlantic Nino

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Bjerknes Feedback, is similar to El Nino/Southern Oscillation( ENSO).

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: eastern area of Atlantic will appear warm SST anomalies

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: eastern area of Atlantic will appear warm SST anomalies

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: warm SST

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Atlantic

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Atlantic Nino,

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: warm SST anomalies accompanying a relaxation of trade winds.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Atlantic Nino,

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Nino/Southern Oscillation(

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: warm SST anomalies accompanying a relaxation of trade winds.

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: warm SST anomalies accompanying a relaxation of trade winds.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: warm SST anomalies accompanying a relaxation of trade winds.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: warm SST anomalies

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: El Nino/Southern Oscillation(

text: Some research suggests that initially climate change will help developing nations because some regions will be experiencing more negative climate change effects which will result in increased demand for food leading to higher prices and increased wages. However, many of the projected climate scenarios suggest a huge financial burden. For example, the heat wave that passed through Europe in 2003 cost 13 billion euros in uninsured agriculture losses. In addition, during El Nino weather conditions, the chance of the Australian farmer’s income falling below average increased by 75%, greatly impacting the country’s GDP. The agriculture industry in India makes up 52% of their employment and the Canadian Prairies supply 51% of Canadian agriculture; any changes in the production of food crops from these areas could have profound effects on the economy. This could negatively affect the affordability of food and the subsequent health of the population.

text: Some research suggests that initially climate change will help developing nations because some regions will be experiencing more negative climate change effects which will result in increased demand for food leading to higher prices and increased wages. However, many of the projected

text: climate scenarios

text: suggest a huge financial burden. For example, the

text: heat wave that passed through Europe in 2003

text: cost 13 billion euros in uninsured agriculture losses. In addition, during

text: El Nino

text: weather conditions, the chance of the Australian farmer’s income falling below average increased by 75%, greatly impacting the country’s

text: GDP

text: . The agriculture industry in

text: India

text: makes up 52% of their employment and the

text: Canadian Prairies

text: supply 51% of Canadian agriculture; any changes in the production of food crops from these areas could have profound effects on the

text: economy

text: . This could negatively affect the affordability of food and the subsequent health of the population.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Pacific Ocean

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: can have profound effects on the economy

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: the chance of the Australian farmer’s income falling below average increased by 75%

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: the chance of the Australian farmer’s income falling below average increased by 75%

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: chance of the Australian farmer’s income falling below average increased by 75%,

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: chance of the Australian farmer’s income falling below average increased by 75%,

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: chance of the Australian farmer’s income falling below average increased by 75%,

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: El Nino

text: According to a survey conducted IPCC WGI Co-Chairs and Technical Support Unit (TSU) on April 25, 2014, many of the polled authors stated that they saw the need for a better gender balance. This is reflected in the gender balance of contributors to the fifth IPCC assessment report. Only 27% of contributors to Working Group II, concerned with impacts, adaptation and vulnerability and 18,5% of contributors of Working Group I, concerned with the physical science basis, are female. This also applies to other organisation, as for example only 7% of leadership positions in the offices of National Weather Services are women. On a similar note, a study conducted by the University of Oxford in cooperation with the Nielsen Company found that 18 of the 22 ‘most influential spokespeople on climate change’ are male. Female spokespeople were neither politicians nor scientists and their direct connection to climate change is therefore doubtful. A list of prominent women scientists is available at Women in climate change.Some feminist scholars hold that the debate on climate change is not only dominated by men but also primarily shaped in ‘masculine’ principles, which limits discussions about climate change to a perspective that focuses on technical solutions. This perception of climate change hides subjectivity and power relations that actually condition climate change policy and science, leading to a phenomenon that Tuana terms ‘epistemic injustice’.Similarly, MacGregor criticizes the scientific discourse from a less quantitative perspective but focusses on discursive aspects. She attests that by framing climate change as an issue of ‘hard’ natural scientific conduct and natural security, it is kept within the traditional domains of hegemonic masculinity. Seager maintains that the 2 °C aim, which is a reoccurring topic in the climate change debate, is not, as often assumed, a safe goal for all people on the planet. Rather it will ensure the stability of a patriarchal capitalism and subsequently the continuity of power for those who are powerful today.

text: According to a survey conducted IPCC WGI Co-Chairs and Technical Support Unit (TSU) on April 25, 2014, many of the polled authors stated that they saw the need for a better gender balance. This is reflected in the gender balance of contributors to the fifth IPCC assessment report. Only 27% of contributors to Working Group II, concerned with impacts, adaptation and vulnerability and 18,5% of contributors of Working Group I, concerned with the physical science basis, are female. This also applies to other organisation, as for example only 7% of leadership positions in the offices of National Weather Services are women. On a similar note, a study conducted by the University of Oxford in cooperation with the Nielsen Company found that 18 of the 22 ‘most influential spokespeople on climate change’ are male. Female spokespeople were neither politicians nor scientists and their direct connection to climate change is therefore doubtful. A list of prominent women scientists is available at

text: Women in climate change

text: .Some feminist scholars hold that the debate on climate change is not only dominated by men but also primarily shaped in ‘masculine’ principles, which limits discussions about climate change to a perspective that focuses on technical solutions. This perception of climate change hides subjectivity and power relations that actually condition climate change policy and science, leading to a phenomenon that Tuana terms ‘epistemic injustice’.Similarly, MacGregor criticizes the scientific discourse from a less quantitative perspective but focusses on discursive aspects. She attests that by framing climate change as an issue of ‘hard’ natural scientific conduct and natural security, it is kept within the traditional domains of hegemonic masculinity. Seager maintains that the 2 °C aim, which is a reoccurring topic in the climate change debate, is not, as often assumed, a safe goal for all people on the planet. Rather it will ensure the stability of a patriarchal capitalism and subsequently the continuity of power for those who are powerful today.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Pacific Ocean

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: 2 °C

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Nio

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: only 7% of leadership positions in the offices of National Weather Services

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Tuana terms epistemic injustice

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: ‘hard’ natural scientific conduct

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: technical solutions.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: 2014,

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: technical solutions.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: about climate change to a perspective that focuses on technical solutions.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: technical solutions.

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: discussions about climate change to a perspective that focuses on technical solutions.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: climate change to a perspective that focuses on technical solutions.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: technical solutions.

text: Small changes caused by global warming, such as a longer growing season, a more temperate climate and increased  concentrations, may benefit Australian crop agriculture and forestry in the short term. However, such benefits are unlikely to be sustained with increasingly severe effects of global warming. Changes in precipitation and consequent water management problems will further exacerbate Australia's current water availability and quality challenges, both for commercial and residential use.

text: Small changes caused by

text: global warming

text: , such as a longer growing season, a more temperate climate and increased  concentrations, may benefit Australian crop agriculture and forestry in the short term. However, such benefits are unlikely to be sustained with increasingly severe effects of global warming. Changes in precipitation and consequent water management problems will further exacerbate Australia's current water availability and quality challenges, both for commercial and residential use.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Australia

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: global warming caused a longer growing season

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Australian

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Small changes caused by global warming,

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: longer growing season,

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Small changes caused by global warming,

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Small changes caused by global warming,

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: global warming,

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Changes in precipitation

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Small changes caused by global warming,

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: Small changes caused by global warming,

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Small changes caused by global warming,

text: Historically-speaking, the warm-phase of an El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) regime typically coincides with above average precipitation across Southern California. The above average sea-surface temperatures in the equatorial Pacific Ocean are largely responsible for this as the ocean acts as a rich moisture source for tropical moisture to advect towards the North American continent in atmospheric river events. Prior to the strong El Nino of 2015-2016, the previous two strong El Niño events in 1982-83 and 1997-98 coincided with well-above average precipitation across Southern California. While some measurements suggest the 2015-2016 El Niño was the strongest on record since 1950, Southern California received below average precipitation contrary to what the Climate Prediction Center predicted leading up to the winter months. While scientists have long agreed the intensity and timing of the winter precipitation pattern in Los Angeles is more complex than just analyzing the warm/cool phase of ENSO, the fact that Los Angeles received below average precipitation during the strong El Niño event of 2015-2016 will be the subject of numerous research studies among climate scientists.

text: Historically-speaking, the warm-phase of an El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) regime typically coincides with above average precipitation across Southern California. The above average sea-surface temperatures in the equatorial Pacific Ocean are largely responsible for this as the ocean acts as a rich moisture source for tropical moisture to advect towards the North American continent in

text: atmospheric river

text: events. Prior to the strong El Nino of 2015-2016, the previous two strong El Niño events in

text: and

text: coincided with well-above average precipitation across Southern California. While some measurements suggest the 2015-2016 El Niño was the strongest on record since 1950, Southern California received below average precipitation contrary to what the

text: Climate Prediction Center

text: predicted leading up to the winter months. While scientists have long agreed the intensity and timing of the winter precipitation pattern in Los Angeles is more complex than just analyzing the warm/cool phase of ENSO, the fact that Los Angeles received below average precipitation during the strong El Niño event of 2015-2016 will be the subject of numerous research studies among climate scientists.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Pacific Ocean

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: above average precipitation

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: 1982-83 and 1997-98 coincided with well-above average precipitation across Southern California

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Southern California received below average precipitation

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Southern California received below average precipitation

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: above average sea-surface temperatures

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: equatorial Pacific Ocean

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: well-above average precipitation across Southern California.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: well-above average precipitation

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: El Ni<unk>o–Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: 1982-83 and 1997-98

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: above average sea-surface temperatures

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Southern California received below average precipitation

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Southern California received below average precipitation

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: atmospheric river events.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: El Ni<unk>o–Southern Oscillation

text: The upstream part of the river basin has average annual rainfall of about .Average annual rainfall in the wetlands is about .The climate of Rwanda is determined by the  Intertropical Convergence Zone, which creates two rainy seasons.One lasts from mid-September to mid-December and the other from March to May.Climate change may be increasing the severity of both floods and droughts.In the 1997-98 El Nino episode a large number of agricultural plantations in the shallows and swamps of the Nyabarongo and Akanyaru river basins were destroyed.

text: The upstream part of the river basin has average annual rainfall of about .Average annual rainfall in the wetlands is about .The climate of Rwanda is determined by the

text: Intertropical Convergence Zone

text: , which creates two rainy seasons.One lasts from mid-September to mid-December and the other from March to May.Climate change may be increasing the severity of both floods and droughts.In the 1997-98 El Nino episode a large number of agricultural plantations in the shallows and swamps of the Nyabarongo and Akanyaru river basins were destroyed.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: average annual rainfall

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: 1997-98

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: agricultural plantations were destroyed

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: 1997-98 El Nino episode

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Intertropical Convergence Zone,

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Intertropical Convergence Zone,

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: mid-September to mid-December

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Intertropical Convergence Zone,

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: 1997-98

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: 1997-98

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: 1997-98 El Nino

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: 1997-98 El Nino

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: El Nino

text: Climate justice is a term used for framing global warming as an ethical and political issue, rather than one that is purely environmental or physical in nature. This is done by relating  the effects of climate change to concepts of justice, particularly environmental justice and social justice and by examining issues such as equality, human rights, collective rights, and the historical responsibilities for climate change. A fundamental proposition of climate justice is that those who are least responsible for climate change suffer its gravest consequences.Occasionally, the term is also used to mean actual legal action on climate change issues.

text: Climate justice is a term used for framing

text: global warming

text: as an

text: ethical

text: and

text: political

text: issue, rather than one that is purely environmental or physical in nature. This is done by relating  the effects of

text: climate change

text: to concepts of

text: justice

text: , particularly

text: environmental justice

text: and

text: social justice

text: and by examining issues such as

text: equality

text: human rights

text: collective rights

text: , and the historical responsibilities for

text: climate change

text: . A fundamental proposition of climate justice is that those who are least responsible for climate change suffer its gravest consequences.Occasionally, the term is also used to mean actual legal action on climate change issues.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Pacific Ocean

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: climate justice

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: climate justice is that those who are least responsible suffer its gravest consequences

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: climate justice is that those who are least responsible

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Climate justice

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Climate justice

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: Climate justice

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Climate justice

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Climate justice

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Climate justice

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Climate justice

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Climate justice

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: Climate justice is a term used for framing global warming

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Climate justice

text: McGregor's research focuses on paleoclimate, using fossilised coral to provide information on the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) system. Her research on ENSO and its impacts on climate have contributed to understanding how climate change will impact Australia and the world.

text: McGregor's research focuses on paleoclimate, using fossilised coral to provide information on the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) system. Her research on ENSO and its impacts on climate have contributed to understanding how climate change will impact Australia and the world.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Australia

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: enso

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: climate change will impact Australia and the world

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: McGregor's research has contributed to understanding how climate change will impact Australia

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: El Nino Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: El Nino Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Nino Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: El Nino Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: El Nino Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: coral to provide information on the El Nino Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: El Nino Southern Oscillation

text: The general effect of climate changes has been found in the journal Nature Climate Change to have caused increased likelihood of heat waves and extensive downpours.  Concerns exist that, as stated by a National Institutes of Health (NIH) study in 2003, increasing "heat and humidity, at least partially related to anthropogenic climate change, suggest that a long-term increase in heat-related mortality could occur." However, the report found that, in general, "over the past 35 years, the U.S. populace has become systematically less affected by hot and humid weather conditions" while "mortality during heat stress events has declined despite increasingly stressful weather conditions in many urban and suburban areas." Thus, as stated in the study, "there is no simple association between increased heat wave duration or intensity and higher mortality rates" with current death rates being largely preventable, the NIH deeply urging American public health officials and physicians to inform patients about mitigating heat-related weather and climate effects on their bodies.

text: The general effect of climate changes has been found in the journal

text: Nature Climate Change

text: to have caused increased likelihood of

text: heat wave

text: s and extensive downpours.  Concerns exist that, as stated by a

text: National Institutes of Health

text: (NIH) study in 2003, increasing "heat and humidity, at least partially related to anthropogenic climate change, suggest that a long-term increase in heat-related mortality could occur." However, the report found that, in general, "over the past 35 years, the U.S. populace has become systematically less affected by hot and humid weather conditions" while "mortality during heat stress events has declined despite increasingly stressful weather conditions in many urban and suburban areas." Thus, as stated in the study, "there is no simple association between increased heat wave duration or intensity and higher mortality rates" with current death rates being largely preventable, the NIH deeply urging

text: American public health officials

text: and physicians to inform patients about mitigating heat-related weather and climate effects on their bodies.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: America

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: mortality during heat stress events has declined

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: death rates were largely preventable

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: heat waves

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: heat waves and extensive downpours.

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: heat waves and extensive downpours.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: heat waves and extensive downpours.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: heat waves and extensive downpours.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: heat waves and extensive downpours.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: heat waves and extensive downpours.

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: heat waves and extensive downpours.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: heat waves and extensive downpours.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: heat waves and extensive downpours.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: heat waves and extensive downpours.

text: Chang Chun-Yen (張俊彥; born September 29, 1967), is a science education scholar in Taiwan. Currently, Chang serves as National Taiwan Normal University (NTNU) Chair Professor, director of Science Education Center (NTNU), as well as a Professor of the Graduate Institute of Science Education and the Department of Earth Sciences. From August 2013 to February 2014, Chang has been to Paris 8 University (France) for 6-month research, funded by National Science Council (NSC) Short-term Abroad Research Program. This research attempts to explore the usability and feasibility of how innovative e—technologies can be implemented in science classrooms. In the past two years, Dr. Chang has also been a Visiting Professor at the Hong Kong Institute of Education, Paris 8 University, and the Taipei Medical University.

text: Chang Chun-Yen (張俊彥; born September 29, 1967), is a

text: science education

text: scholar in

text: Taiwan

text: . Currently, Chang serves as

text: National Taiwan Normal University

text: (NTNU) Chair Professor, director of Science Education Center (NTNU), as well as a Professor of the Graduate Institute of Science Education and the Department of Earth Sciences. From August 2013 to February 2014, Chang has been to

text: Paris 8 University

text: (France) for 6-month research, funded by

entity_name: Ministry of Science and Technology (Taiwan)

text: National Science Council

text: (NSC) Short-term Abroad Research Program. This research attempts to explore the usability and feasibility of how innovative e—technologies can be implemented in science classrooms. In the past two years, Dr. Chang has also been a Visiting Professor at the

text: Hong Kong Institute of Education

text: , Paris 8 University, and the Taipei Medical University.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Taiwan

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: 2013 to February 2014

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Chang Chun-Yen

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Chang has been to Paris 8 University

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: earthquakes

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Taiwan.

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Chang Chun-Yen

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: August 2013 to February 2014,

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Paris 8 University (France)

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: August 2013 to February 2014,

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Chang Chun-Yen

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: August 2013 to February 2014,

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: August 2013 to February 2014,

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: Taiwan.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Chang Chun-Yen

text: Soldiers returned home desiring jobs and a normal lifestyle again only to find factories shutting down, soaring unemployment rates, increasing bankruptcies and immigrants taking over the veterans' former jobs, which caused social tensions. The cost of living was raised due to the inflation caused by World War I, making it hard for families to live above poverty. Another component which caused the strike was the working conditions of many factories that upset the employees, thus pushing them to make the change that would benefit them. Railways in particular were put in the prairie climate, and many of the employees were hurt around the mountains due to rock falls and the misuse of explosives. Sleeping there, the workers stayed in tents with unsanitary and overcrowded bunkhouses.

text: Soldiers returned home desiring jobs and a normal lifestyle again only to find factories shutting down, soaring unemployment rates, increasing bankruptcies and immigrants taking over the veterans' former jobs, which caused social tensions. The cost of living was raised due to the

text: inflation

text: caused by

text: World War I

text: , making it hard for families to live above poverty. Another component which caused the strike was the working conditions of many factories that upset the employees, thus pushing them to make the change that would benefit them. Railways in particular were put in the prairie climate, and many of the employees were hurt around the mountains due to rock falls and the misuse of explosives. Sleeping there, the workers stayed in tents with unsanitary and overcrowded bunkhouses.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: North America

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: unsanitary and overcrowded bunkhouses

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: earthquakes

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: prairie climate,

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: soaring unemployment rates, increasing bankruptcies

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: soaring unemployment rates, increasing bankruptcies

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: prairie climate,

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: soaring unemployment rates, increasing bankruptcies

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: World War I,

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: rock falls and the misuse of explosives.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: soaring unemployment rates, increasing bankruptcies

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: social tensions.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: soaring unemployment rates, increasing bankruptcies

text: Sleep disturbances also affect temperatures.  Normally, body temperature drops significantly at a person's normal bedtime and throughout the night.  Short-term sleep deprivation produces a higher temperature at night than normal, but long-term sleep deprivation appears to reduce temperatures.  Insomnia and poor sleep quality are associated with smaller and later drops in body temperature.  Similarly, waking up unusually early, sleeping in, jet lag and changes to shift work schedules may affect body temperature.

text: Sleep disturbances also affect temperatures.  Normally, body temperature drops significantly at a person's normal bedtime and throughout the night.  Short-term

text: sleep deprivation

text: produces a higher temperature at night than normal, but long-term sleep deprivation appears to reduce temperatures.

text: Insomnia

text: and poor sleep quality are associated with smaller and later drops in body temperature.  Similarly, waking up unusually early, sleeping in,

text: jet lag

text: and changes to

text: shift work

text: schedules may affect body temperature.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: equator

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: body temperature drops significantly

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: can affect body temperature

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: short-term sleep deprivation produces a higher temperature

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: long-term sleep deprivation appears to reduce temperatures

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Normally, body temperature drops significantly at a person's normal bedtime

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Sleep disturbances also affect temperatures.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: body temperature drops significantly at a person's normal bedtime

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Sleep disturbances also affect temperatures.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Sleep disturbances also affect temperatures.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: long-term sleep deprivation

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: body temperature drops significantly at a person's normal bedtime

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: waking up unusually early, sleeping in, jet lag

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: temperatures.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Sleep disturbances also affect temperatures.

text: A large proportion of NSW was hit with very low levels of precipitations and numerous days of clear, warm weather. Sydney was the hardest hit out of the 3 capitals. The city smashed previous records set in 1972, achieving 16 days above 22 degrees, which is unheard of for May, and recorded a temperature of 27.5 degrees on May 22. The weather blitzed the heatwave life span of around 4 days, stretching longer than a fortnight with cooling temperatures still above average; Doctor Sarah Perkins of the Climate Change Research Centre stating It's actually quite scary, especially if it lasts for two weeks - that's incredible.Sydney received only 25 mm of rain prior and during the heatwave, well below the average of 120.5mm, and the knock on effect resulted in drier soils, sparking fresh debate on the climate change issue and the potential for a bush fire season further enhanced by the chance of an El Nino. Public pools and beaches were also affected by the weather, as they remained open far longer than usual for the public. The heatwave finally ended on May 24, having stretched an astonishing 9 days. However, temperatures still remained quite far above average and the prospect of a warmer than average winter was clear following the warmest year on record;2013.

text: A large proportion of NSW was hit with very low levels of precipitations and numerous days of clear, warm weather. Sydney was the hardest hit out of the 3 capitals. The city smashed previous records set in 1972, achieving 16 days above 22 degrees, which is unheard of for May, and recorded a temperature of 27.5 degrees on May 22. The weather blitzed the heatwave life span of around 4 days, stretching longer than a fortnight with cooling temperatures still above average; Doctor Sarah Perkins of the Climate Change Research Centre stating It's actually quite scary, especially if it lasts for two weeks - that's incredible.Sydney received only 25 mm of rain prior and during the heatwave, well below the average of 120.5mm, and the knock on effect resulted in drier soils, sparking fresh debate on the climate change issue and the potential for a bush fire season further enhanced by the chance of an El Nino. Public pools and beaches were also affected by the weather, as they remained open far longer than usual for the public. The heatwave finally ended on May 24, having stretched an astonishing 9 days. However, temperatures still remained quite far above average and the prospect of a warmer than average winter was clear following the warmest year on record;2013.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: average

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: a bush fire season further enhanced by the chance of an El Nino

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Sydney received only 25 mm of rain

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Sydney received only 25 mm of rain

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: bush fire season

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: El Nino.

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: El Nino.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Nino.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: El Nino.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Nino.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: El Nino.

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: bush fire season

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: El Nino.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: bush fire season

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: El Nino.

text: Contrasting with this, the Roman Catholic tradition, as narrated by Rufinus of Aquileia, says Nino was brought to Iberia not by her own will, but as a slave, and that her family tree is obscure.

text: Contrasting with this, the Roman Catholic tradition, as narrated by

text: Rufinus of Aquileia

text: , says Nino was brought to Iberia not by her own will, but as a slave, and that her family tree is obscure.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Iberia

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Nino was brought to Iberia

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Rufinus of Aquileia

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Iberia

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Nino was brought to Iberia not by her own will,

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: Nino was brought to Iberia

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Nino was brought to Iberia not by her own will,

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Nino was brought to Iberia not by her own will,

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: the Roman Catholic tradition,

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Nino was brought to Iberia not by her own will,

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Nino was brought to Iberia not by her own will,

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: Iberia

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Nino was brought to Iberia not by her own will,

text: Detachment measures are carried out where there are risk conditions due to infrastructures or the passage of people at the foot of the hillside. Generally this type of measure can solve the problem by eliminating the hazard. However, it should be ensured that once the measure is carried out, the problem does not re-emerge in the short term. In fact, where there are very cracked rocks, the shallower rock portions can undergo mechanical incoherence, sometimes encouraged by extremes of climate, causing the isolation of unstable blocks.

text: Detachment measures are carried out where there are risk conditions due to infrastructures or the passage of people at the foot of the hillside. Generally this type of measure can solve the problem by eliminating the hazard. However, it should be ensured that once the measure is carried out, the problem does not re-emerge in the short term. In fact, where there are very cracked rocks, the shallower rock portions can undergo mechanical incoherence, sometimes encouraged by extremes of climate, causing the isolation of unstable blocks.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: the coast

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: extremes of climate

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: extremes of climate

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: detachment measures are carried out where there are risk conditions

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: foot of the hillside.

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Detachment measures

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: climate,

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: extremes of climate,

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Detachment measures

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: extremes of climate,

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: extremes of climate,

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Detachment measures

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: isolation of unstable blocks.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: mechanical incoherence,

text: Paleoclimatology is the study of ancient climates. Since direct observations of climate are not available before the 19th century, paleoclimates are inferred from proxy variables that include non-biotic evidence such as sediments found in lake beds and ice cores, and biotic evidence such as tree rings and coral. Climate models are mathematical models of past, present and future climates. Climate change may occur over long and short timescales from a variety of factors; recent warming is discussed in global warming. Global warming results in redistributions. For example, "a 3

text: Paleoclimatology

text: is the study of ancient climates. Since direct observations of climate are not available before the 19th century, paleoclimates are inferred from

text: proxy variables

text: that include non-biotic evidence such as sediments found in

text: lake beds

text: and

text: ice core

text: s, and biotic evidence such as

text: tree rings

text: and coral.

text: Climate model

text: s are mathematical models of past, present and future climates.

text: Climate change

text: may occur over long and short timescales from a variety of factors; recent warming is discussed in

text: global warming

text: . Global warming results in redistributions. For example, "a 3

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Pacific Ocean

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: warm water

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: climate model

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: long-term

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: are discussed in global warming

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: global warming

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: global warming

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: 3

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: 3

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: 3

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: 3

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: 3

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Global warming

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: ice cores,

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: 3

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: coral.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: 3

text: Although specific impacts of Climate Change on irrigation in Bolivia are still unknown, phenomena such as a high intensity El Nino in the form of floods, droughts, frost and hail are generally expected to affect Bolivia. Natural disasters directly affect the country’s development, because it hurts its economic results, weaken its social well-being, cause capital losses, and damage the roads and energy and irrigation infrastructure. Such losses, in turn, influence economic indicators such as inflation and production, which in turn increase poverty

text: Although specific impacts of Climate Change on irrigation in Bolivia are still unknown, phenomena such as a high intensity

text: El Nino

text: in the form of floods, droughts, frost and hail are generally expected to affect Bolivia. Natural disasters directly affect the country’s development, because it hurts its economic results, weaken its social well-being, cause capital losses, and damage the roads and energy and irrigation infrastructure. Such losses, in turn, influence economic indicators such as inflation and production, which in turn increase poverty

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: are generally expected to affect Bolivia

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: floods, droughts

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: floods, droughts

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: floods

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: what is the cycle called

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: floods, droughts, frost and hail

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: floods, droughts, frost and hail

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: floods, droughts, frost and hail

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: floods, droughts, frost and hail

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: El Nino

text: Environmental computer models are increasingly used in a wide variety of  studies and applications. For example, global climate models are used for both short-term weather forecasts and long-term climate change. Moreover, computer models are increasingly used for environmental decision-making at a local scale, for example for assessing the impact of a waste water treatment plant on a river flow, or for assessing the behavior and life-length of bio-filters for contaminated waste water.

text: Environmental computer models are increasingly used in a wide variety of  studies and applications. For example,

text: global climate model

text: s are used for both short-term

text: weather forecasts

text: and long-term

text: climate change

text: . Moreover, computer models are increasingly used for environmental decision-making at a local scale, for example for assessing the impact of a waste water treatment plant on a river flow, or for assessing the behavior and life-length of bio-filters for contaminated waste water.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Pacific Ocean

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: long-term climate change

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: el nio

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: global climate models are used for both short-term weather forecasts

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: computer models are increasingly used for environmental decision-making at a local scale

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: global climate models

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Environmental computer models

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: weather forecasts and long-term climate change.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: global climate models

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: weather forecasts and long-term climate change.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Environmental computer models

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: weather forecasts and long-term climate change.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Environmental computer models

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: climate change.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Environmental computer models

text: 15 of the top 16 warmest years have occurred since 2000.  March 2016 was the hottest month on record, making it the 11th month in a row of global high temperature records. 2015 was not only the warmest year on record, but broke the record by the largest margin by which the record has been broken. 2015 was the 39th consecutive year with above-average temperatures. Ocean oscillations like El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) can affect global average temperatures; for example, 1998 and 2015 temperatures were significantly enhanced by strong El Niño conditions. The large margin by which 2015 is the warmest year is also attributed to another strong El Nino. However, 2014 was ENSO neutral.

text: 15 of the top 16 warmest years have occurred since 2000.  March 2016 was the hottest month on record, making it the 11th month in a row of global high temperature records. 2015 was not only the warmest year on record, but broke the record by the largest margin by which the record has been broken. 2015 was the 39th consecutive year with above-average temperatures. Ocean oscillations like

text: El Niño Southern Oscillation

text: (ENSO) can affect global average temperatures; for example, 1998 and 2015 temperatures were significantly enhanced by strong El Niño conditions. The large margin by which 2015 is the warmest year is also attributed to another strong El Nino. However, 2014 was ENSO neutral.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: El Ni o

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: 2014 was ENSO neutral.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: strong El Ni o conditions

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: 2014 was ENSO neutral.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: 2014 was ENSO neutral.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: global average temperatures

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: El Ni<unk>o Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: 2014 was ENSO neutral.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: 2014 was ENSO neutral.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: El Ni<unk>o Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Ni<unk>o Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: El Ni<unk>o Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: 1998 and 2015 temperatures were significantly enhanced by strong El Ni<unk>o conditions.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: strong El Ni<unk>o conditions.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: El Ni<unk>o Southern Oscillation

text: "The publication of 'World in Transition: Towards Sustainable Energy Systems' is timely indeed. The World Summit on Sustainable Development gave great attention to this challenge, but failed to agree on a quantitative, time-bound target for the introduction of renewable energy sources. The German Advisory Council on Global Change (WBGU) has now produced a report with a global focus; this is essential in view of the global impacts of climatic changes. The report provides a convincing long-term analysis; this, too, is essential, for global energy policies must take a long-term perspective, over a time frame of 50 to 100 years, while providing concrete guidance for decision makers to be implemented now. There is an urgent need to identify paths by which to secure energy supply for the 2.4 billion people who still depend upon traditional biomass, while keeping clearly in view the need to combine this challenge with the prevention of perilous climatic changes. Our one world must close the gap between industrialized countries’ surfeit and developing countries’ poverty. Policies will need to consider both the broader environmental and specific climate exigencies. I recommend this book very warmly to everyone concerned with global energy issues."

text: "The publication of 'World in Transition: Towards Sustainable Energy Systems' is timely indeed. The World Summit on Sustainable Development gave great attention to this challenge, but failed to agree on a quantitative, time-bound target for the introduction of renewable energy sources. The German Advisory Council on Global Change (WBGU) has now produced a report with a global focus; this is essential in view of the global impacts of climatic changes. The report provides a convincing long-term analysis; this, too, is essential, for global energy policies must take a long-term perspective, over a time frame of 50 to 100 years, while providing concrete guidance for decision makers to be implemented now. There is an urgent need to identify paths by which to secure energy supply for the 2.4 billion people who still depend upon traditional biomass, while keeping clearly in view the need to combine this challenge with the prevention of perilous climatic changes. Our one world must close the gap between industrialized countries’ surfeit and developing countries’ poverty. Policies will need to consider both the broader environmental and specific climate exigencies. I recommend this book very warmly to everyone concerned with global energy issues."

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Germany

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: 2.4 billion people

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: global impacts of climatic changes

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: World in Transition: Towards Sustainable Energy Systems

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: World in Transition: Towards Sustainable Energy Systems

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: industrialized countries’

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: 50 to 100 years,

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: climatic changes.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: climatic changes.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: The World Summit on Sustainable Development

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: climatic changes.

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: The World Summit on Sustainable Development

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: The World Summit on Sustainable Development

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: climatic changes.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: climatic changes.

text: Runaway climate change or runaway global warming is hypothesized to follow a tipping point in the climate system, after accumulated climate change initiates a reinforcing positive feedback.   This is thought to cause the climate to rapidly change until it reaches a new stable condition.  These phrases may be used with reference to concerns about rapid global warming. Some astronomers use the expression runaway greenhouse effect to describe a situation where the climate deviates catastrophically and permanently from the original state—as happened on Venus.

text: Runaway climate change or runaway global warming is hypothesized to follow a

text: tipping point

text: in the

text: climate system

text: , after accumulated

text: climate change

text: initiates a reinforcing

text: positive feedback

text: .   This is thought to cause the climate to rapidly change until it reaches a new stable condition.  These phrases may be used with reference to concerns about rapid

text: global warming

text: . Some astronomers use the expression runaway

text: greenhouse effect

text: to describe a situation where the climate deviates catastrophically and permanently from the original state—as happened on

text: Venus

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: the Equator

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: runaway greenhouse effect

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: runaway greenhouse effect

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: runaway greenhouse effect

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: runaway greenhouse effect

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Venus.

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Runaway climate change or runaway global warming

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: Runaway climate change or runaway global warming

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Runaway climate change or runaway global warming

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Venus.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Runaway climate change or runaway global warming

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Venus.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Venus.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: Runaway climate change or runaway global warming

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Runaway climate change or runaway global warming

text: C. concholepas shells are a potential proxy-bearer for climate change studies. There are many fossil shell accumulations in Pleistocene coastal terraces. Climate indicators are, by far, less abundant for ancient cold seas; therefore, investigating the ability of C. concholepas will provide valuable signals for long-term evolution of the sea surface temperatures in cold seas, and might be important in reconstructing the El Niño Southern Oscillation(ENSO) history.

text: C. concholepas

text: shell

text: s are a potential

text: proxy-bearer

text: for

text: climate change

text: studies. There are many fossil shell accumulations in

text: Pleistocene

text: coastal terraces. Climate indicators are, by far, less abundant for ancient cold seas; therefore, investigating the ability of C. concholepas will provide valuable signals for long-term evolution of the

text: sea surface temperature

text: s in cold seas, and might be important in reconstructing the

text: El Niño Southern Oscillation

text: (ENSO) history.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: El Ni o

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Nio

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Ni o Southern Oscillation(ENSO)

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: ENSO

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: ENSO

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: sea surface temperatures

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Southern

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: El Ni<unk>o Southern Oscillation(ENSO)

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Ni<unk>o Southern Oscillation(ENSO)

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: El Ni<unk>o Southern Oscillation(ENSO)

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Ni<unk>o Southern Oscillation(ENSO)

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: El Ni<unk>o Southern Oscillation(ENSO)

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: El Ni<unk>o Southern Oscillation(ENSO)

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: El Ni<unk>o Southern Oscillation(ENSO)

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: El Ni<unk>o Southern Oscillation(ENSO)

text: The climate gap refers to a body of data indicating disparities in how climate change impacts various racial, ethnic and socioeconomic groups in the United States. The data show that low socioeconomic status groups and racial and ethnic minorities will experience more negative health and economic impacts from the results of climate change than other populations in the United States. This term, climate gap, was first used in the May 2009 report, “The Climate Gap: Inequalities in How Climate Change Hurts Americans & How to Close the Gap”, as well as in a concurrent paper published in the journal, Environmental Justice, by Seth B. Shonkoff, Rachel Morello-Frosch and colleagues entitled, "Minding the Climate Gap: Implications of Environmental Health Inequities for Mitigation Policies in California".

text: The climate gap refers to a body of data indicating disparities in how climate change impacts various racial, ethnic and

text: socioeconomic

text: groups in the United States. The data show that low

text: socioeconomic status

text: groups and racial and ethnic minorities will experience more negative health and economic impacts from the results of climate change than other populations in the United States. This term, climate gap, was first used in the May 2009 report, “The Climate Gap: Inequalities in How Climate Change Hurts Americans & How to Close the Gap”, as well as in a concurrent paper published in the journal, Environmental Justice, by Seth B. Shonkoff, Rachel Morello-Frosch and colleagues entitled, "Minding the Climate Gap: Implications of Environmental Health Inequities for Mitigation Policies in California".

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Pacific Ocean

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: el nio

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: climate gap was first used in the May 2009

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: climate gap

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: California".

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: The climate gap

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: climate change impacts various racial, ethnic and socioeconomic groups

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: The climate gap

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: The climate gap

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: The climate gap

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: 2009

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Mitigation Policies in California".

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: The climate gap

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: The climate gap

text: Assisted migration of tree species within the boreal forest is one tool that has been proposed and is currently under study. It involves deliberately moving tree species to locations that may better climatically suit them in the future.  For species that may not be able to disperse easily, have long generation times or have small populations, this form of adaptative management and human intervention may help them survive in this rapidly changing climate. Assisted migration may offer a potential option to lessen the risks that climate change poses to towards maintaining a sustainable industry, in terms of productivity and health.

text: Assisted migration of tree species within the boreal forest is one tool that has been proposed and is currently under study. It involves deliberately moving tree species to locations that may better climatically suit them in the future.  For species that may not be able to disperse easily, have long generation times or have small populations, this form of adaptative management and human intervention may help them survive in this rapidly changing climate. Assisted migration may offer a potential option to lessen the risks that climate change poses to towards maintaining a sustainable industry, in terms of productivity and health.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: boreal forest

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: climate change poses to towards maintaining a sustainable industry

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Assisted migration of tree species

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: Assisted migration

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: boreal forest

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Assisted migration of tree species within the boreal forest

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: Assisted migration of tree species within the boreal forest

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Assisted migration of tree species within the boreal forest

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Assisted migration of tree species within the boreal forest

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Assisted migration of tree species within the boreal forest

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Assisted migration of tree species within the boreal forest

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Assisted migration of tree species within the boreal forest

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: Assisted migration of tree species

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Assisted migration of tree species within the boreal forest

text: Climate change is one of the most heavily discussed topics around the world today, both politically and scientifically. The climate that Earth is currently experiencing has been steadily changing over time due to both natural causes and human exploitation. Climate change has the potential to be detrimental to wildlife across the world, whether that be through rising sea levels, changes in temperatures through the years, or deforestation. These are just a few of the examples of the contributing factors to climate change.

text: Climate change

text: is one of the most heavily discussed topics around the world today, both politically and scientifically. The climate that Earth is currently experiencing has been steadily changing over time due to both natural causes and human exploitation. Climate change has the potential to be detrimental to wildlife across the world, whether that be through rising sea levels, changes in temperatures through the years, or

text: deforestation

text: . These are just a few of the examples of the contributing factors to climate change.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: south america

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: rising sea levels

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: are not mentioned

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: climate change has the potential to be detrimental

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: climate change has the potential to be detrimental to wildlife

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: rising sea levels

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: sea levels,

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Climate change

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: rising sea levels,

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: rising sea levels,

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Climate change

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: rising sea levels,

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Climate change

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Climate change

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: rising sea levels,

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Climate change

text: The Evolver's sound comes from 4 oscillators, 2 of which are analog and 2 of which are digital. The two analog oscillators provide classic waveforms; saw, triangle, saw-triangle, and pulse (which can be turned into a square wave at a value of 50%). The analog oscillators in the Evolver are very stable and accurate unlike some analog oscillators of the past, but drift (oscillators waver in and out of tune) can be applied. The two digital oscillators feature 95 12-bit wavetable waveforms from the Prophet VS but 16-bit user waveforms can also be loaded onto the internal RAM storage. Oscillators 1 and 3 are hardwired to the left channel, oscillators 2 and 4 are hardwired to the right. The two analog oscillators can be hard synced together, and the two digital oscillators can be ring modulated and frequency modulated to each other independently. Each oscillator can be independently tuned over a span of 10 octaves (8 Hz to 8 kHz). There is also white noise that can be used as a sound source, it is sent through the filter and cannot be routed any other way.

text: The Evolver's sound comes from 4

text: oscillators

text: , 2 of which are analog and 2 of which are digital. The two analog oscillators provide classic

text: waveforms

text: ; saw, triangle, saw-triangle, and pulse (which can be turned into a square wave at a value of 50%). The analog

text: oscillators

text: in the Evolver are very stable and accurate unlike some analog

text: oscillators

text: of the past, but drift (

text: oscillators

text: waver in and out of tune) can be applied. The two

text: digital oscillators

text: feature 95 12-bit

text: wavetable

text: waveforms

text: from the Prophet VS but 16-bit user waveforms can also be loaded onto the internal

text: RAM

text: storage.

text: Oscillators

text: 1 and 3 are hardwired to the left channel,

text: oscillators

text: 2 and 4 are hardwired to the right. The two analog oscillators can be

text: hard synced

text: together, and the two digital oscillators can be

text: ring modulated

text: and

text: frequency modulated

text: to each other independently. Each

text: oscillator

text: can be independently tuned over a span of 10

text: octaves

text: Hz

text: to 8 kHz). There is also

text: white noise

text: that can be used as a sound source, it is sent through the filter and cannot be routed any other way.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Atlantic

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: in a normal year, along western South America

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: white noise that can be used as a sound source

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: el nio

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: the Evolver's sound comes from 4 oscillators, 2 of which are analog and 2 of which are digital

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: 50%).

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: white noise

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: 50%).

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: 50%).

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: white noise

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: The Evolver's

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: white noise

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: white noise

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: white noise

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: The Evolver's

text: The tundra is one of the first places on Earth we have noted the effects of climate change. As an indicator biome, the tundra is a crucial part of the whole global climate system and can help predict the changes the rest of the world will face. The Earth depends on regulating mechanisms and air circulation patterns the tundra provides to keep climates steady worldwide. Human-induced climate change is devastating the tundra because intense complications are present in remote areas, free from human interference. Changes in climate, permafrost, ice pack, and glacier formations pose a serious threat to the stability of global climate because these conditions are influenced and reinforced by positive feedback loops. Temperatures in the tundra are rising to the highest temperatures recorded in four centuries and are rising more rapidly than anywhere worldwide The land surfaces in the tundra are no longer reflecting radiation from the sun out of the atmosphere. Soils and open water are absorbing heat from the sun and leading to more warming. Changes in the tundra influence climate change in lower latitudes because air pressure changes are shifting global air and ocean circulation patterns. Sea ice extent in the tundra has reached lowest recorded levels in centuries and this will dramatically affect people and wildlife worldwide. Changes in climate will be noticed first and seen most intensely in the northern regions of the planet. The tundra will show effects from climate change the soonest and will hopefully serve as a catalyst for action for people all over the world.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Arctic Ocean

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: sea ice

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: sea ice has reached lowest recorded levels in centuries

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: climate change will show effects from climate change the soonest

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: sea ice

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: northern

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: permafrost,

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: Sea ice extent in the tundra

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: northern regions of the planet.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: highest temperatures recorded in four centuries

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: absorbing heat from the sun and leading to more warming.

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: highest temperatures recorded in four centuries

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: highest temperatures recorded in four centuries

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: The tundra

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: positive feedback loops.

text: Climate engineering, commonly referred to as geoengineering, also known as climate intervention, is the deliberate and large-scale intervention in the Earth’s climatic system with the aim of limiting adverse climate change. Climate engineering is an umbrella term for two types of measures: carbon dioxide removal and solar radiation management. Carbon dioxide removal addresses the cause of climate change by removing one of the greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide) from the atmosphere. Solar radiation management attempts to offset effects of greenhouse gases by causing the Earth to absorb less solar radiation.

text: Climate engineering, commonly referred to as geoengineering, also known as climate intervention, is the deliberate and large-scale intervention in the Earth’s

text: climatic system

text: with the aim of limiting adverse

text: climate change

text: . Climate engineering is an umbrella term for two types of measures:

text: carbon dioxide removal

text: and

text: solar radiation management

text: . Carbon dioxide removal addresses the cause of

text: climate change

text: by removing one of the

text: greenhouse gases

text: carbon dioxide

text: ) from the

text: atmosphere

text: . Solar radiation management attempts to offset effects of greenhouse gases by causing the

text: Earth

text: to absorb less

text: solar radiation

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: the Pacific Ocean

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: solar radiation management

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: el nio

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: carbon dioxide was removed from the atmosphere

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: climate intervention

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: solar radiation.

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Climate engineering,

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: climate change.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Climate engineering,

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Climate engineering,

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Climate engineering,

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Climate engineering,

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Climate engineering,

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: climate change.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Climate engineering,

text: In 2009, Aldrin commented on climate change by saying: "I think the climate has been changing for billions of years. If it's warming now, it may cool off later. I'm not in favor of just taking short-term isolated situations and depleting our resources to keep our climate just the way it is today. I'm not necessarily of the school that we are causing it all, I think the world is causing it."

text: In 2009, Aldrin commented on

text: climate change

text: by saying: "I think the climate has been changing for billions of years. If it's warming now, it may cool off later. I'm not in favor of just taking short-term isolated situations and depleting our resources to keep our climate just the way it is today. I'm not necessarily of the school that we are causing it all, I think the world is causing it."

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: south america

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: cool off

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: are causing climate change

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: el nio lasted for how many years?

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Aldrin was not in favor of just taking short-term isolated situations and depleting our resources

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: cool off

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: cool off later.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: warming now, it may cool off

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: If it's warming now, it may cool off later.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: 2009,

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: cool off later.

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: 2009, Aldrin

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Aldrin

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: billions of years.

text: What is viewed as normal can change dependent on both timeframe and environment. Normality can be viewed as "an endless process of man's self-creation and his reshaping of the world".  Within this idea, it is possible to surmise that normality is not an all-encompassing term, but simply a relative term based around a current trend in time. With statistics, this is likened to the thought that if the data gathered provides a mean and standard deviation, over time these data that predict "normalness" start to predict or dictate it less and less since the social idea of normality is dynamic. This is shown in studies done on behavior in psychology and sociology where behavior in mating rituals or religious rituals can change within a century in humans, showing that the "normal" way that these rituals are performed shift and a new procedure becomes the normal one.

text: What is viewed as normal can change dependent on both timeframe and environment. Normality can be viewed as "an endless process of man's self-creation and his reshaping of the world".  Within this idea, it is possible to surmise that normality is not an all-encompassing term, but simply a relative term based around a current trend in time. With statistics, this is likened to the thought that if the data gathered provides a mean and standard deviation, over time these data that predict "normalness" start to predict or dictate it less and less since the social idea of normality is dynamic. This is shown in studies done on behavior in psychology and sociology where behavior in mating rituals or religious rituals can change within a century in humans, showing that the "normal" way that these rituals are performed shift and a new procedure becomes the normal one.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: south

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: in a normal year

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: normality is dynamic

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: normal

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: normal is not an all-encompassing term

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: normality can change dependent on both timeframe

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: sea level rise

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: world".

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: normality is not an all-encompassing term,

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: a century

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: What is viewed as normal can change dependent on both timeframe and environment.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: reshaping of the world".

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: normality is not an all-encompassing term,

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: a new procedure becomes the normal one.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: reshaping of the world".

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: reshaping of the world".

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: What is viewed as normal can change dependent on both timeframe and environment.

text: The latitude of the north wall in any year, as described in the GSNW index, is a delayed response to atmospheric changes over the North Atlantic Ocean, and especially to the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). Gangopadhyay et al. found that the point of separation of the Gulf Stream from the US coast was determined by the wind patterns across the ocean two or three years earlier, which they attributed to the passage of Rossby waves across the ocean. The GSNW index has been observed to follow the North Atlantic Oscillation with a lag of two years which is in agreement with (but Joyce et al. reported a shorter delay). Hameed and Piontkovski have shown the index seems to be most sensitive to the Iceland Low. Taylor and Gangopadhyay have used a simple model developed by Behringer, Regier and Stommel to predict the latitude of the Gulf Stream on the basis of the NAO (see Fig. 1). This model has also been tested using data from a coupled ocean-atmosphere model. The latitude of the Gulf Stream is also affected by the El Nino-Southern Oscillation in the equatorial Pacific Ocean.

text: The latitude of the north wall in any year, as described in the GSNW index, is a delayed response to atmospheric changes over the North Atlantic Ocean, and especially to the

text: North Atlantic Oscillation

text: (NAO). Gangopadhyay et al. found that the point of separation of the Gulf Stream from the US coast was determined by the wind patterns across the ocean two or three years earlier, which they attributed to the passage of Rossby waves across the ocean. The GSNW index has been observed to follow the North Atlantic Oscillation with a lag of two years which is in agreement with (but Joyce et al. reported a shorter delay). Hameed and Piontkovski have shown the index seems to be most sensitive to the Iceland Low. Taylor and Gangopadhyay have used a simple model developed by Behringer, Regier and Stommel to predict the latitude of the Gulf Stream on the basis of the NAO (see Fig. 1). This model has also been tested using data from a coupled ocean-atmosphere model. The latitude of the Gulf Stream is also affected by the

text: El Nino-Southern Oscillation

text: in the equatorial Pacific Ocean.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: the US coast

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Nino-Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Nino-Southern Oscillation in the equatorial Pacific Ocean.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: The latitude of the Gulf Stream is also affected by the El Nino-Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: El Nino-Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: North Atlantic Ocean,

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: North Atlantic Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: Gulf Stream

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: North Atlantic Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Nino-Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: El Nino-Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: The latitude of the Gulf Stream

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: El Nino-Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: El Nino-Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: El Nino-Southern Oscillation

text: Sri Lanka hosts the most diverse endemic species and is considered to be a biodiversity hot spot (Meegaskumbura, 2002). Sri Lanka is place for several endemic terrestrial species such as amphibians and birds, but also a declining marine ecosystem: with ongoing threats to the coastal coral reef environments. As climate change occurs, Sri Lanka will undergo widespread effects of climate change including climate variability and sea-level rise, directly affecting the overall abundance and security of endemic species within Sri Lanka (Mendelsohn, 2005). Being an island of 65,610 sq.km., climate change will drastically alter the climate conditions of Sri Lanka, equator (Wanasundera, N. P. (2002). Sri Lanka’s location in close proximity to the Equator is extremely imperative in understanding the severity of climate change. Countries located near the equator, receive additional direct sunlight with less area to heat up, causing temperatures in this region to be much warmer than say the North or South poles, and example can be seen in figure 2 (Climate change (n.d.). In 2011, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) prediction models show an increasing trend of temperature. The actual degree amount is very tough to pinpoint, however there are several variables that are included in each of the models; including the extent of global population growth, the development in all countries both economically and socially and the overall use of energy.  Figure 3 shows the three models that the IPCC have made depicting their projections for the future. The yellow line has the most drastic change in temperature which is based on the continual use of fossil fuels. on and economic state of the country, however includes possible alternative fuel sources and technologies. The green line is the lowest, focusing on transferring our economy from a producer-consumer to a service and information economy. Also using clean and efficiency fuel technologies (Climate Change Models Predict the Future. (n.d.). The importance for awareness through climate change education and local and global policy changes in the utmost important in controlling and offsetting CO2 emissions so tropical islands located near the equator will not be as drastically affected. There are several species that will be affected from climate change including many birds’ species.

text: Sri Lanka

text: hosts the most diverse

text: endemic

text: species and is considered to be a biodiversity hot spot (Meegaskumbura, 2002). Sri Lanka is place for several endemic

text: terrestrial

text: species such as

text: amphibians

text: and birds, but also a declining marine

text: ecosystem

text: : with ongoing threats to the coastal

text: coral reef

text: environments. As climate change occurs, Sri Lanka will undergo widespread effects of climate change including climate variability and sea-level rise, directly affecting the overall abundance and security of endemic species within Sri Lanka (Mendelsohn, 2005). Being an island of 65,610 sq.km., climate change will drastically alter the climate conditions of Sri Lanka, equator (Wanasundera, N. P. (2002). Sri Lanka’s location in close proximity to the

text: Equator

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: equator

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: How does climate change affect the abundance and security of endemic species within Sri Lanka?

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: equator

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: What is the most drastic change in temperature?

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Sri Lanka will undergo widespread effects

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: climate change will drastically alter

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: sea-level rise

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: What is the name of the oscillation?

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: equator

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: tropical islands located near the equator will not be as drastically affected.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: tropical islands located near the equator

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: tropical islands located near the equator will not be as drastically affected.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: tropical islands located near the equator will not be as drastically affected.

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: tropical islands located near the equator will not be as drastically affected.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Sri Lanka hosts the most diverse endemic species

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: tropical islands

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: figure 2

text: On October 15, 2015, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Climate Prediction Center issued its U.S. Winter Outlook. The presence of a strong El Niño event was expected to affect weather and climate patterns by influencing the position of the Pacific jet stream. According to CPC deputy director Mike Halpert at the time of the outlook, "A strong El Niño is in place and should exert a strong influence over our weather this winter" and "While temperature and precipitation impacts associated with El Niño are favored, El Niño is not the only player. Cold-air outbreaks and snow storms will likely occur at times this winter. However, the frequency, number and intensity of these events cannot be predicted on a seasonal timescale." Other oscillations anticipated to have some affect on winter in the United States were the Arctic oscillation and the Madden–Julian oscillation. The precipitation outlook indicated an elevated likelihood of above-average levels precipitation from central and southern California to Texas and Florida and northward to southern parts of New England. Above-average precipitation was also favored in southeastern Alaska, with below-average levels of precipitation favored in central and western Alaska, parts of the Northwestern U.S. and northern Rocky Mountain states, and areas in the vicinity of the Great Lakes and Ohio Valley. The temperature outlook favored below-average temperatures in the southern Plains and Southeastern United States. Above-average temperatures were most favored across the West and the northern half of the contiguous United States and Alaska and Hawaii. The drought outlook anticipated improvement in conditions in central and southern California by the end of January 2016, noting the possibility of additional alleviation of drought conditions in February and March. The outlook favored the removal of drought across large parts of the Southwestern U.S., with additional lessening or elimination of drought conditions likely in the southern Plains. Drought conditions were expected to persist across the Pacific Northwest and northern Rocky Mountains, with development likely in Hawaii and areas in the vicinity of the northern Great Lakes region.

text: On October 15, 2015, the

entity_name: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

text: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

text: 's

text: Climate Prediction Center

text: issued its U.S. Winter Outlook. The presence of a strong

text: El Niño event

text: was expected to affect weather and climate patterns by influencing the position of the Pacific jet stream. According to CPC deputy director Mike Halpert at the time of the outlook, "A strong El Niño is in place and should exert a strong influence over our weather this winter" and "While temperature and precipitation impacts associated with El Niño are favored, El Niño is not the only player. Cold-air outbreaks and snow storms will likely occur at times this winter. However, the frequency, number and intensity of these events cannot be predicted on a seasonal timescale." Other oscillations anticipated to have some affect on winter in the United States were the

text: Arctic oscillation

text: and the

text: Madden–Julian oscillation

text: . The precipitation outlook indicated an elevated likelihood of above-average levels precipitation from central and southern California to Texas and Florida and northward to southern parts of New England. Above-average precipitation was also favored in southeastern Alaska, with below-average levels of precipitation favored in central and western Alaska, parts of the Northwestern U.S. and northern Rocky Mountain states, and areas in the vicinity of the Great Lakes and Ohio Valley. The temperature outlook favored below-average temperatures in the southern

text: Plains

text: and Southeastern United States. Above-average temperatures were most favored across the West and the northern half of the contiguous United States and Alaska and Hawaii. The drought outlook anticipated improvement in conditions in central and southern California by the end of January 2016, noting the possibility of additional alleviation of drought conditions in February and March. The outlook favored the removal of drought across large parts of the Southwestern U.S., with additional lessening or elimination of drought conditions likely in the southern Plains. Drought conditions were expected to persist across the Pacific Northwest and northern Rocky Mountains, with development likely in Hawaii and areas in the vicinity of the northern Great Lakes region.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Pacific

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: above-average temperatures were most favored

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: "A strong El Ni o is in place and should exert a strong influence over our weather this winter"

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: above-average temperatures were most favored across the West and the northern half of the contiguous United States and Alaska and Hawaii

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: The presence of a strong El Ni o event was expected to affect weather and climate patterns

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: southern parts of New England.

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: California to Texas and Florida and northward to southern parts of New England.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: Above-average temperatures

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Arctic oscillation

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Cold-air outbreaks and snow storms

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: below-average levels of precipitation

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Cold-air outbreaks and snow storms

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Cold-air outbreaks and snow storms

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: Cold-air outbreaks and snow storms

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Above-average precipitation was also favored in southeastern Alaska,

text: Increase in cetacean and seabird numbers in the Canal de Ballenas during an El Nino-Southern Oscillation event: http://md1.csa.com/partners/viewrecord.php?requester=gs&collection=ENV&recid=2524894&q=&uid=792751604&setcookie=yes

text: Increase in cetacean and seabird numbers in the Canal de Ballenas during an El Nino-Southern Oscillation event: http://md1.csa.com/partners/viewrecord.php?requester=gs&collection=ENV&recid=2524894&q=&uid=792751604&setcookie=yes

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: increase in cetacean and seabird numbers

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Canal de Ballenas

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: El Nino-Southern

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: El Nino-Southern

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Nino-Southern

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: El Nino-Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Nino-Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: El Nino-Southern

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Increase in cetacean and seabird numbers

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: El Nino-Southern Oscillation event:

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: Increase in cetacean and seabird numbers

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: El Nino-Southern Oscillation

text: Her second album was released in 2005, La nina buena ("The Good Girl"), it peaked number 38 in the Top Latin Albums in Billboard and the first single, Una de dos, reached number 22 in the Hot Latin Track; her second single was No vuelvo mas, which peaked 42 in the Hot Latin Tracks. In 2006 she released Con Sabor a... Mariana; the first single of this album was Mermelada. This album was less successful than the two previous albums. Her latest album was recorded in 2007, titled Mariana esta de fiesta... atrevete, and the single was Atrevete. In 2010 she released a new song "Loca" for telenovela Mar de Amor. In 2012 Mariana released her fifth album La Malquerida with singles "La Malquerida" and "Nadie me lo conto".

text: Her second album was released in 2005, La nina buena ("The Good Girl"), it peaked number 38 in the Top Latin Albums in Billboard and the first single, Una de dos, reached number 22 in the Hot Latin Track; her second single was No vuelvo mas, which peaked 42 in the Hot Latin Tracks. In 2006 she released Con Sabor a... Mariana; the first single of this album was Mermelada. This album was less successful than the two previous albums. Her latest album was recorded in 2007, titled Mariana esta de fiesta... atrevete, and the single was Atrevete. In 2010 she released a new song "Loca" for telenovela Mar de Amor. In 2012 Mariana released her fifth album La Malquerida with singles "La Malquerida" and "Nadie me lo conto".

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Mar de Amor

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: In 2012 Mariana released her fifth album La Malquerida

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Mariana released her fifth album La Malquerida

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: No vuelvo mas

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: earthquakes

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Latin

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Mariana esta de fiesta... atrevete,

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: 2005,

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: 38 in the Top Latin Albums in Billboard

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Mariana esta de fiesta... atrevete,

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: 38 in the Top Latin Albums in Billboard

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: 2005,

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: it peaked number 38 in the Top Latin Albums in Billboard

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: Latin Albums

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: La nina buena

text: In considering where to place reserves, protecting source habitat is often assumed to be the goal, although if the cause of a sink is human activity, simply designating an area as a reserve has the potential to convert current sink patches to source patches (e.g. no-take zones).  Either way, determining which areas are sources or sinks for any one species may be very difficult, and an area that is a source for one species may be unimportant to others.  Finally, areas that are sources or sinks currently may not be in the future as habitats are continually altered by human activity or climate change.  Few areas can be expected to be universal sources, or universal sinks.  While the presence of source, sink, or trap patches must be considered for short-term population survival, especially for very small populations, long-term survival may depend on the creation of networks of reserves that incorporate a variety of habitats and allow populations to interact.

text: In considering where to place

text: reserves

text: , protecting source habitat is often assumed to be the goal, although if the cause of a sink is human activity, simply designating an area as a reserve has the potential to convert current sink patches to source patches (e.g.

text: no-take zones

text: ).  Either way, determining which areas are sources or sinks for any one species may be very difficult, and an area that is a source for one species may be unimportant to others.  Finally, areas that are sources or sinks currently may not be in the future as habitats are continually altered by human activity or climate change.  Few areas can be expected to be universal sources, or universal sinks.  While the presence of source, sink, or trap patches must be considered for short-term population survival, especially for very small populations, long-term survival may depend on the creation of networks of reserves that incorporate a variety of habitats and allow populations to interact.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Pacific Ocean

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: Few areas can be expected to be universal sources

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: are continually altered by human activity or climate change

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: sinks

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: human activity has the potential to convert current sink patches to source patches

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: no-take zones

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: sinks

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: source habitat

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Few areas can be expected to be universal sources, or universal sinks.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: climate change.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: climate change.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: climate change.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: if the cause of a sink is human activity,

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: no-take zones).

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: In considering where to place reserves, protecting source habitat

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: sink

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: sink patches to source patches

text: The economic importance of the coast is generally easier to measure than its aesthetic value. Waterfront property generates much of the residential tax base for coastal communities. Proximity to waterfront adds approximately 28 percent to the value of real estate and can be higher in some areas of Washington. In many cases development proceeds without consideration of long- and short-term shoreline change, particularly erosion. Hundreds of millions of dollars of shorefront real estate is at risk due to both chronic, long-term erosion of coastal bluffs and episodic, storm-induced erosion of dunes and barrier beaches as well as worldwide increases in sea level.Several companies have seen the potential to make money on these developments and as a result a new industry of "Climate Change Risk Reporting" has formed. Online services promise to determine your risk of flooding due to climate change by using your physical address.

text: The economic importance of the coast is generally easier to measure than its aesthetic value. Waterfront property generates much of the residential tax base for coastal communities. Proximity to waterfront adds approximately 28 percent to the value of real estate and can be higher in some areas of Washington. In many cases development proceeds without consideration of long- and short-term shoreline change, particularly erosion. Hundreds of millions of dollars of shorefront real estate is at risk due to both chronic, long-term erosion of coastal bluffs and episodic, storm-induced erosion of dunes and barrier beaches as well as worldwide increases in sea level.Several companies have seen the potential to make money on these developments and as a result a new industry of "Climate Change Risk Reporting" has formed. Online services promise to determine your risk of flooding due to climate change by using your physical address.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Washington

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: increases in sea level

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: flooding caused by climate change

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: online services promise to determine your risk

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: sea level increases

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Washington.

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: The economic importance of the coast is generally easier to measure than its aesthetic value.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: sea level.Several

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: worldwide increases in sea level.Several

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: storm-induced

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: increases in sea level.Several

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: storm-induced

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: storm-induced

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: increases in sea level.Several

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: The economic importance of the coast is generally easier to measure than its aesthetic value.

text: The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellites indicated a continued water storage increase over the Missouri River Basin (MRB) prior to the 2011 flood event.  A 2014 study  examined what climate forcing conditions preceded the long-term changes in these variables. It was found that precipitation over the MRB undergoes a profound modulation during the transition points of the Pacific quasi-decadal oscillation and associated teleconnections. The results infer a prominent teleconnection forcing in driving the wet/dry spells in the MRB, and this connection implies persistence of dry conditions for the next 2 to 3 years.

text: The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellites indicated a continued water storage increase over the Missouri River Basin (MRB) prior to the 2011 flood event.  A 2014 study  examined what climate forcing conditions preceded the long-term changes in these variables. It was found that precipitation over the MRB undergoes a profound modulation during the transition points of the Pacific quasi-decadal oscillation and associated teleconnections. The results infer a prominent teleconnection forcing in driving the wet/dry spells in the MRB, and this connection implies persistence of dry conditions for the next 2 to 3 years.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Pacific

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: 2011 flood event

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: precipitation over the MRB undergoes a profound modulation

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: precipitation over the MRB undergoes a profound modulation

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Pacific

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: 2011 flood event.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: 2 to 3 years.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Pacific quasi-decadal oscillation

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: 2011 flood event.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Pacific quasi-decadal oscillation

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: 2011 flood event.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: 2011 flood event.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: 2011 flood event.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Pacific quasi-decadal oscillation

text: Nino is probably a very high ranked member in the Zucca crime family in Naples, headed by Annalisa Zucca. He had a talk with Tony in Naples about Junior's car operation to conduct a new business deal.

text: Nino is probably a very high ranked member in the Zucca crime family in

text: Naples

text: , headed by

entity_name: List of characters from The Sopranos in the Soprano crime family

text: Annalisa Zucca

text: . He had a talk with Tony in Naples about Junior's car operation to conduct a new business deal.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Naples

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: would you see a lot of rain

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: are mentioned

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: it is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Annalisa Zucca

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Annalisa Zucca

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Naples,

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Naples, headed by Annalisa Zucca.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: Naples, headed by Annalisa Zucca.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Naples, headed by Annalisa Zucca.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: He had a talk with Tony in Naples about Junior's car operation

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Annalisa Zucca.

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: He had a talk with Tony

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Zucca crime family in Naples, headed by Annalisa Zucca.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: Naples, headed by Annalisa Zucca.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Annalisa Zucca.

text: The last condition accounts for some of the importance of normal subgroups; they are a way to internally classify all homomorphisms defined on a group. For example, a non-identity finite group is simple if and only if it is isomorphic to all of its non-identity homomorphic images, a finite group is perfect if and only if it has no normal subgroups of prime index, and a group is imperfect if and only if the derived subgroup is not supplemented by any proper normal subgroup.

text: The last condition accounts for some of the importance of normal subgroups; they are a way to internally classify all homomorphisms defined on a group. For example, a non-identity finite group is

text: simple

text: if and only if it is isomorphic to all of its non-identity homomorphic images, a finite group is

text: perfect

text: if and only if it has no normal subgroups of prime

text: index

text: , and a group is

text: imperfect

text: if and only if the

text: derived subgroup

text: is not supplemented by any proper normal subgroup.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: the Equator

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: normal

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: normal subgroups

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Nio Events

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: a finite group is perfect

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: a finite group is perfect

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: la nia

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: index,

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: The last condition accounts for some of the importance of normal subgroups;

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: The last condition accounts for some of the importance of normal subgroups;

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: The last condition accounts for some of the importance of normal subgroups;

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: The last condition accounts for some of the importance of normal subgroups;

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: The last condition accounts for some of the importance of normal subgroups;

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: The last condition accounts for some of the importance of normal subgroups;

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: The last condition accounts for some of the importance of normal subgroups;

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: The last condition accounts for some of the importance of normal subgroups;

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: The last condition accounts for some of the importance of normal subgroups;

text: Ice age -Ice core -Ice sheet dynamics -Individual and political action on climate change -Insolation -Instrumental temperature record -Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation -Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change -International Conference on Climate Change -IPCC list of greenhouse gases

text: Ice age

text: Ice core

text: Ice sheet dynamics

entity_name: Individual and political action on climate change

text: Individual and political action on climate change

text: Insolation

text: Instrumental temperature record

text: Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation

text: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

entity_name: International Conference on Climate Change

text: International Conference on Climate Change

text: IPCC list of greenhouse gases

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Pacific

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: interdecadal pacific oscillation

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Pacific Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: -Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: -Instrumental temperature record

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: -Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: -Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: -Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: -Instrumental temperature record

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: -Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: -Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: -Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation

text: Priyadarshini Karve (born 1971) is an Indian physicist and inventor. She is currently the Managing Director at Samuchit EnviroTech Pvt Ltd (SET) (2005 onwards), Pune, and also Chairman of the Board of Directors, Nexus Carbon for Development Singapore, a not-for-profit international alliance of NGOs and social enterprises (2011 onwards).She is also a visiting faculty at the Symbiosis School for Liberal Arts (Symbiosis International University) and her courses are mainly related to Sustainable Development, Climate Change, Impact of Science and Technology on History, renewable energy, sustainable development, and other social and educational issues (207 onwards).She is a  Co-Editor, Shaikshanik Sandarbh Bimonthly, a periodical on Science and Education.She is an honorary faculty for a number of local, national and international workshops and short term courses related to science education, sustainable development, renewable energy technology, energy policy, energy and gender, climate change, etc. (2000 onwards).

text: Priyadarshini Karve (born 1971) is an Indian physicist and inventor. She is currently the Managing Director at Samuchit EnviroTech Pvt Ltd (SET) (2005 onwards), Pune, and also Chairman of the Board of Directors, Nexus Carbon for Development Singapore, a not-for-profit international alliance of NGOs and social enterprises (2011 onwards).She is also a visiting faculty at the Symbiosis School for Liberal Arts (Symbiosis International University) and her courses are mainly related to Sustainable Development, Climate Change, Impact of Science and Technology on History, renewable energy, sustainable development, and other social and educational issues (207 onwards).She is a  Co-Editor, Shaikshanik Sandarbh Bimonthly, a periodical on Science and Education.She is an honorary faculty for a number of local, national and international workshops and short term courses related to science education, sustainable development, renewable energy technology, energy policy, energy and gender, climate change, etc. (2000 onwards).

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Singapore

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: 2011 onwards

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Karve was born in 1971

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Priyadarshini Karve

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Singapore,

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Priyadarshini Karve

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: (2000

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Climate Change,

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Priyadarshini Karve

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Climate Change,

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Priyadarshini Karve

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Priyadarshini Karve

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: Climate Change,

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Priyadarshini Karve

text: Willis’s research focuses on reconstructing long term responses of ecosystems to environmental change, including climate change, human impact and sea level rise. She argues that understanding long-term records of ecosystem change is essential for a proper understanding of future ecosystem responses. Many scientific studies are limited to short-term datasets that rarely span more than 40 to 50 years, although many larger organisms, including trees and large mammals, have an average generation time which exceeds this timescale. Short-term records therefore are unable to reconstruct natural variability over time, or the rates of migration as a result of environmental change. She also argues that a short-term approach gives a static view of ecosystems, and an unrealistic "norm" which must be maintained or restored and protected. Her research group in the Oxford Long-term Ecology laboratory therefore focuses on the reconstruction of ecosystem responses to environmental change on timescales ranging from tens to millions of years, and the applications of long-term records in biodiversity conservation. She has argued that the impacts of contemporary climate change on plant biota is uncertain and potentially not as severe as researchers envision, and challenged assumptions made in the interpretation of spatially constrained temperature records. Kew's State of the World's Plants report (2016) pinpoints land cover change as the major threat to global biodiversity, not climate change.

text: Willis’s research focuses on reconstructing long term responses of

text: ecosystem

text: s to environmental change, including

text: climate change

text: human impact

text: and

text: sea level rise

text: . She argues that understanding long-term records of ecosystem change is essential for a proper understanding of future ecosystem responses. Many scientific studies are limited to short-term datasets that rarely span more than 40 to 50 years, although many larger organisms, including trees and large mammals, have an average generation time which exceeds this timescale. Short-term records therefore are unable to reconstruct natural variability over time, or the rates of migration as a result of environmental change. She also argues that a short-term approach gives a static view of ecosystems, and an unrealistic "norm" which must be maintained or restored and protected. Her research group in the Oxford Long-term Ecology laboratory therefore focuses on the reconstruction of ecosystem responses to environmental change on timescales ranging from tens to millions of years, and the applications of long-term records in

text: biodiversity

text: conservation. She has argued that the impacts of contemporary climate change on plant biota is uncertain and potentially not as severe as researchers envision, and challenged assumptions made in the interpretation of spatially constrained temperature records. Kew's State of the World's Plants report (2016) pinpoints land cover change as the major threat to global biodiversity, not climate change.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: the Atlantic

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: sea level rise

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: 2015 El Nio

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Willis has argued that the impacts of contemporary climate change on plant biota is uncertain and potentially not as severe as researchers envision

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Kew's State of the World's Plants report (2016) pinpoints land cover change as the major threat to global biodiversity

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: sea level rise

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: sea level rise.

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: 40 to 50 years,

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: 40 to 50 years,

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: land cover change

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: sea level rise.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: sea level rise.

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: sea level rise.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: sea level rise.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: sea level rise.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: climate change, human impact and sea level rise.

text: Solar activity may also impact regional climates, such as for the rivers Paraná and Po. Measurements from NASA's Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment show that solar UV output is more variable than total solar irradiance. Climate modelling suggests that low solar activity may result in, for example, colder winters in the US and northern Europe and milder winters in Canada and southern Europe, with little change in global averages. More broadly, links have been suggested between solar cycles, global climate and regional events such as El Nino. Hancock and Yarger found "statistically significant relationships between the double [~21-year] sunspot cycle and the 'January thaw' phenomenon along the East Coast and between the double sunspot cycle and 'drought' (June temperature and precipitation) in the Midwest."<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Hancock DJ, Yarger DN |title=Cross-Spectral Analysis of Sunspots and Monthly Mean Temperature and Precipitation for the Contiguous United States |journal=Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences |volume=36 |issue=4 |pages=746–753 |year=1979 |doi=10.1175/1520-0469(1979)036

text: Solar activity may also impact regional climates, such as for the rivers

text: Paraná

text: and

text: Po

text: . Measurements from NASA's

text: Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment

text: show that solar UV output is more variable than total solar irradiance. Climate modelling suggests that low solar activity may result in, for example, colder winters in the US and northern Europe and milder winters in Canada and southern Europe, with little change in global averages. More broadly, links have been suggested between solar cycles, global climate and regional events such as

text: El Nino

text: . Hancock and Yarger found "statistically significant relationships between the double [~21-year] sunspot cycle and the 'January thaw' phenomenon along the East Coast and between the double sunspot cycle and 'drought' (June temperature and precipitation) in the Midwest."<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Hancock DJ, Yarger DN |title=Cross-Spectral Analysis of Sunspots and Monthly Mean Temperature and Precipitation for the Contiguous United States |journal=Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences |volume=36 |issue=4 |pages=746–753 |year=1979 |doi=10.1175/1520-0469(1979)036

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: milder winters

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: links have been suggested between solar cycles, global climate and regional events such as El Nino

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Hancock DJ, Yarger DN

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Hancock DJ, Yarger DN

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: East Coast

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: El Nino.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: 'January thaw'

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: milder winters in Canada and southern Europe,

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: regional events such as El Nino.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: El Nino.

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: links have been suggested between solar cycles, global climate and regional events

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: El Nino.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: El Nino.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: El Nino.

text: A study in the early 90's revealed that coral reefs are damaged by a variety of human activities such as household sewage, industrial waste, and agricultural chemicals from land that are washed to the sea. This was a new finding for the time period in which it was widely believed that the main damage to coral reefs was causes by oil spills or from pollution dumped by ships.  This survey was concentrated on SE Asia mainly because it was believed that coral reefs in this region were at great threat of extinction if continued to be unmanaged.   In the last thirty years climate change has had the most harmful effect on corals. (Hughes) Currently one of the major issues the Indonesian government is dealing with is climate change.  (CIA Worldfactbook) When the ocean warms such as in El Nino, coral bleaching occurs, which kills the coral. (Hughes) The reefs are incredibly important to the economy and people of Southeast Asia. The reefs bring in $1.6 billion a year through fishing, employment, and the tourist industry. (Reefs at Risk in Southeast Asia Key Findings 2002)Today, the coral reefs located in the Philippines and Indonesia are in great danger. Fishermen are constantly practising dangerous methods such as blast fishing and dynamite fishing. These practices prove to be detrimental to the coral reefs as well as the marine life in the surrounding areas. Because of the dangerous methods, fish that are usually near the coral reefs are no longer there any more. Two of these fish are Groupers and snappers.According to David Nockels it was only seven years ago that 30% of the reefs were dead in this region and many more were dying.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: When the ocean warms such as in El Nino

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: coral bleaching occurs

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: coral bleaching occurs

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: coral bleaching

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: El Nino,

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: El Nino,

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: $1.6 billion

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: El Nino,

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: When the ocean warms

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: El Nino,

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: coral bleaching

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: El Nino,

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: coral bleaching

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: El Nino,

text: At the Bolshoi Theatre, Nina was taught by two of the greatest teachers in the Soviet Union,Raisa Struchkova and Marina Semenova. In 1982, although still a corps member, she danced her first principal role with the company, as Odette/Odile in Swan Lake, during a tour of Germany. That year, she made her first appearance with a foreign ballet company, the Alberta Ballet of Canada.In 1983 she was promoted to the rank of soloist and performed in her native Tbilisi as a professional for the first time. Eventually she rose to become a prima ballerina. She, along with Andris Liepa, was the first Soviet dancer to appear as a guest performer with the New York City Ballet in 1988 (she had danced in "Raymonda Variations", "Apollo" and "Symphony in C" there). In subsequent years, Nina Ananiashvili became an international ballet superstar. Ananiashvili also had the honor of being the first Soviet ballerina to perform with the Royal Danish Ballet, and it was considered a particular triumph that she danced in such pieces as La Sylphide and Napoli, by the Danish master August Bournonville, who is considered a national treasure by many.

text: At the Bolshoi Theatre, Nina was taught by two of the greatest teachers in the Soviet Union,Raisa Struchkova and Marina Semenova. In 1982, although still a corps member, she danced her first principal role with the company, as Odette/Odile in Swan Lake, during a tour of Germany. That year, she made her first appearance with a foreign ballet company, the Alberta Ballet of Canada.In 1983 she was promoted to the rank of soloist and performed in her native

text: Tbilisi

text: as a professional for the first time. Eventually she rose to become a

text: prima ballerina

text: . She, along with

text: Andris Liepa

text: , was the first Soviet dancer to appear as a guest performer with the

text: New York City Ballet

text: in 1988 (she had danced in "Raymonda Variations", "Apollo" and "Symphony in C" there). In subsequent years, Nina Ananiashvili became an international ballet superstar. Ananiashvili also had the honor of being the first Soviet ballerina to perform with the Royal Danish Ballet, and it was considered a particular triumph that she danced in such pieces as La Sylphide and Napoli, by the Danish master August Bournonville, who is considered a national treasure by many.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: the Arctic Ocean

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: in a normal year, along western South America

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: In 1983 she was promoted to the rank of soloist and performed in her native Tbilisi as a professional for the first time.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: In 1983 she was promoted to the rank of soloist

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Odette/Odile in Swan Lake

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Tbilisi

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Union,Raisa Struchkova and Marina Semenova.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: 1982,

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Union,Raisa Struchkova and Marina Semenova.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Odette/Odile in Swan Lake,

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Union,Raisa Struchkova and Marina Semenova.

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: tour of Germany.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: La Sylphide and Napoli,

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: Union,Raisa Struchkova and Marina Semenova.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Odette/Odile in Swan Lake,

text: In July 2004, Nino released his debut album titled Nino, Nino, Nino. The album contained 13 songs, mostly love ballads, along with songs containing folk and pop elements. The music for seven of the songs were penned by the then up-and-coming composer Kyriakos Papadopoulos. Additional music was penned by Christoforos Germenis and Takis Damaschis while two songs from the album were also penned by Grigoris Petrakos, a fellow gamer from "Fame Story". The lyrics were written by Vasilis Yiannopoulos, while Natalia Germanou wrote the lyrics for the song "Horis Na Se Ksero" ("Without knowing you"). The album debuted at No. 1 on Greek Album Chart and after 3 weeks was certified gold selling more than 20,000 copies. The album spawned many airplay hits such as "Kalimera", "Sa Navagoi", "As Telionoume", etc. After three months the album reached platinum status. Reception of the album was generally well perceived, while a magazine wrote "The El Nino phenomenon has just reached". For the winter season that followed, Nino appeared alongside Peggy Zina and Kostas Karafotis (another player within fame Story) for a series of concerts at the Apollon Club in Athens.

text: In July 2004, Nino released his debut album titled Nino, Nino, Nino. The album contained 13 songs, mostly love ballads, along with songs containing folk and pop elements. The music for seven of the songs were penned by the then up-and-coming composer Kyriakos Papadopoulos. Additional music was penned by Christoforos Germenis and Takis Damaschis while two songs from the album were also penned by Grigoris Petrakos, a fellow gamer from "Fame Story". The lyrics were written by Vasilis Yiannopoulos, while

text: Natalia Germanou

text: wrote the lyrics for the song "Horis Na Se Ksero" ("Without knowing you"). The album debuted at No. 1 on Greek Album Chart and after 3 weeks was certified gold selling more than 20,000 copies. The album spawned many airplay hits such as "Kalimera", "Sa Navagoi", "As Telionoume", etc. After three months the album reached platinum status. Reception of the album was generally well perceived, while a magazine wrote "The El Nino phenomenon has just reached". For the winter season that followed, Nino appeared alongside

text: Peggy Zina

text: and Kostas Karafotis (another player within fame Story) for a series of concerts at the Apollon Club in Athens.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Athens

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Nino phenomenon has just reached

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: The El Nino phenomenon has just reached

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: The El Nino phenomenon has just reached

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: "The El Nino

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: "The El Nino

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: "The El Nino

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: concerts at the Apollon Club in Athens.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: "The El Nino

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Nino, Nino, Nino.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: "The El Nino

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: "The El Nino

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: "The El Nino

text: MOM3, MOM4, and MOM5 are used as a code base for the ocean component of the GFDL coupled models used in the IPCC assessment reports, including the GFDL CM2.X physical climate model series and the ESM2M Earth System Model. Versions of MOM have been used in hundreds of scientific papers by authors around the world. MOM4 is used as the basis for the El Nino prediction system employed by the National Centers for Environmental Prediction.

text: MOM3, MOM4, and MOM5 are used as a code base for the ocean component of the GFDL coupled models used in the

text: IPCC

text: assessment reports, including the

entity_name: Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Coupled Model

text: GFDL CM2.X

text: physical climate model series and the ESM2M Earth System Model. Versions of MOM have been used in hundreds of scientific papers by authors around the world. MOM4 is used as the basis for the El Nino prediction system employed by the

entity_name: National Centers for Environmental Prediction

text: National Centers for Environmental Prediction

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: The National Centers for Environmental Prediction

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: MOM4 is used as the basis

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: MOM4

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: MOM3, MOM4, and MOM5

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: MOM4 is used as the basis for the El Nino

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: MOM4

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: MOM4 is used as the basis for the El Nino

text: In 2008, Nina hosted an "all-male hits" special weekly acoustic radio show on Wave 89.1 radio station, entitled Renditions of the Soul. It aired during Friday and Sunday evenings. The show's concept is about the Soul Siren, singing the most-requested songs that were originally performed and recorded by male artists, may it be local or foreign. Nina conceptualized the show herself, saying "They [listeners] send their requests. Some send letters along with the requests and binabasa ko rin ‘yun [I also read them]." She added that the station's manager is her friend, and that she is glad that he approved on her idea. Each night of the show has its respective theme or concept, where Nina sings songs that are related to each other—may it be originally recorded and performed by the same artist or may it have one lyrical content and plot. Some nights of the show just featured request letters and mails from fans and listeners, where she reads and later, performs them. Nina described how the album became a reflection of herself in the following statement:

text: In 2008, Nina hosted an "all-male hits" special weekly acoustic

text: radio show

text: on

text: Wave 89.1

text: radio station, entitled Renditions of the Soul. It aired during Friday and Sunday evenings. The show's concept is about the Soul Siren, singing the most-requested songs that were originally performed and recorded by male artists, may it be local or foreign. Nina conceptualized the show herself, saying "They [listeners] send their requests. Some send letters along with the requests and binabasa ko rin ‘yun [I also read them]." She added that the station's manager is her friend, and that she is glad that he approved on her idea. Each night of the show has its respective theme or concept, where Nina sings songs that are related to each other—may it be originally recorded and performed by the same artist or may it have one lyrical content and plot. Some nights of the show just featured request letters and mails from fans and listeners, where she reads and later, performs them. Nina described how the album became a reflection of herself in the following statement:

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: philippines

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: a normal year

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: el nio events

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: el nio,

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Renditions of the Soul

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: earthquakes

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: el nio and la nia

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: local or foreign.

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Nina described how the album became a reflection of herself

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: 2008,

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Renditions of the Soul.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: binabasa ko rin ‘yun

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Renditions of the Soul.

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Friday and Sunday evenings.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Friday and Sunday evenings.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: Renditions of the Soul.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Renditions of the Soul.

text: In temperate areas, variable climates and environmental conditions occur during changing seasons. Lack of available food due to these unpredictable circumstances can often negatively affect colony growth, reproduction, and resistance to parasites. In poor environments with limited food, the few workers born are smaller than average. However, it appears that B. terrestris is well adapted to a changing environment, considering colony growth is higher under variable feeding conditions than under stable feeding conditions. Workers and reproductives are also heavier with a variable food supply when compared to stable food availability. This might indicate an adaptive strategy of increased provisioning to save for days it is hard to find food.

text: In

text: temperate

text: areas, variable climates and environmental conditions occur during changing seasons. Lack of available food due to these unpredictable circumstances can often negatively affect colony growth, reproduction, and resistance to parasites. In poor environments with limited food, the few workers born are smaller than average. However, it appears that B. terrestris is well adapted to a changing environment, considering colony growth is higher under variable feeding conditions than under stable feeding conditions. Workers and reproductives are also heavier with a variable food supply when compared to stable food availability. This might indicate an adaptive strategy of increased provisioning to save for days it is hard to find food.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: southeastern

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: variable feeding conditions

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: can often negatively affect colony growth

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: lack of available food

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: variable climates and environmental conditions

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: temperate areas,

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: In temperate areas, variable climates and environmental conditions occur during changing seasons.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: stable feeding conditions.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: In temperate areas, variable climates and environmental conditions occur during changing seasons.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: changing seasons.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: temperate areas, variable climates and environmental conditions occur during changing seasons.

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: variable climates and environmental conditions occur during changing seasons.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: changing seasons.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: Lack of available food

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: changing seasons.

text: The sea level in Tuvalu varies as a consequence of a wide range of atmospheric and oceanographic influences. The 2011 report of the Pacific Climate Change Science Program published by the Australian Government, describes a strong zonal (east‑to-west) sea-level slope along the equator, with sea level west of the International Date Line (180° longitude) being about a half metre higher than found in the eastern equatorial Pacific and South American coastal regions. The trade winds that push surface water westward create this zonal tilting of sea level on the equator. Below the equator a higher sea level can also be found about 20° to 40° south (Tuvalu is spread out from 6° to 10° south).  The Pacific Climate Change Science Program Report (2011)  describes the year-by-year volatility in the sea-level as resulting from the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO):

text: The sea level in Tuvalu varies as a consequence of a wide range of atmospheric and oceanographic influences. The 2011 report of the Pacific Climate Change Science Program published by the Australian Government, describes a strong zonal (east‑to-west) sea-level slope along the equator, with sea level west of the International Date Line (180° longitude) being about a half metre higher than found in the eastern equatorial Pacific and South American coastal regions. The trade winds that push surface water westward create this zonal tilting of sea level on the equator. Below the equator a higher sea level can also be found about 20° to 40° south (Tuvalu is spread out from 6° to 10° south).  The Pacific Climate Change Science Program Report (2011)  describes the year-by-year volatility in the sea-level as resulting from the

text: El Niño–Southern Oscillation

text: (ENSO):

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: the equator

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: sea level west of the International Date Line

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Ni o–Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: sea level in Tuvalu varies

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Tuvalu is spread out from 6° to 10° south

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: westward

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: El Ni<unk>o–Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: sea level west of the International Date Line

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: El Ni<unk>o–Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Ni<unk>o–Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: The trade winds

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: year-by-year volatility in the sea-level

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: El Ni<unk>o–Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: volatility in the sea-level

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: El Ni<unk>o–Southern Oscillation

text: In contrast to meteorology, which studies short term weather systems lasting up to a few weeks, climatology studies the frequency and trends of those systems. It studies the periodicity of weather events over years to millennia, as well as changes in long-term average weather patterns, in relation to atmospheric conditions. Climatologists, those who practice climatology, study both the nature of climates – local, regional or global – and the natural or human-induced factors that cause climates to change. Climatology considers the past and can help predict future climate change.

text: In contrast to

text: meteorology

text: , which studies short term

text: weather

text: systems lasting up to a few weeks, climatology studies the frequency and trends of those systems. It studies the periodicity of weather events over years to millennia, as well as changes in long-term average weather patterns, in relation to atmospheric conditions.

text: Climatologists

text: , those who practice climatology, study both the nature of climates – local, regional or global – and the natural or human-induced factors that cause climates to change. Climatology considers the past and can help

text: predict

text: future

text: climate change

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: global

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: average

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: climatology studies the periodicity of weather events

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: climatology studies the frequency and trends of those systems

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: climatology studies the frequency and trends of those systems

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: regional

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: climatology

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: average weather patterns,

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: climatology

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: climatology

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: climatology

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: weather systems lasting up to a few weeks,

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: years to millennia,

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: weather systems

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: meteorology,

text: Generally this oscillation is high frequency (hence short period) and is damped over a period of a few seconds. A real-world example would involve a pilot selecting a new climb attitude, for example 5° nose up from the original attitude. A short, sharp pull back on the control column may be used, and will generally lead to oscillations about the new trim condition. If the oscillations are poorly damped the aircraft will take a long period of time to settle at the new condition, potentially leading to Pilot-induced oscillation. If the short period mode is unstable it will generally be impossible for the pilot to safely control the aircraft for any period of time.

text: Generally this oscillation is high frequency (hence short period) and is damped over a period of a few seconds. A real-world example would involve a pilot selecting a new climb attitude, for example 5° nose up from the original attitude. A short, sharp pull back on the control column may be used, and will generally lead to oscillations about the new trim condition. If the oscillations are poorly damped the aircraft will take a long period of time to settle at the new condition, potentially leading to

text: Pilot-induced oscillation

text: . If the short period mode is unstable it will generally be impossible for the pilot to safely control the aircraft for any period of time.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: equator

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: a short period mode

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Nio

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: short period mode is unstable

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: pilot-induced oscillation

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: 5° nose up

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Generally this oscillation is high frequency

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: 5° nose up from the original attitude.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Generally this oscillation

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Pilot-induced oscillation.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Pilot-induced oscillation.

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: 5° nose up from the original attitude.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: 5° nose up from the original attitude.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: oscillation

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Generally this oscillation is high frequency

text: The plan is predicated on a gradual transformation, achieved through a learning process involving the scientific community and accompanied by public dialogue.  It is therefore intended that the plan can and should respond to changing technological, political, and social conditions.  The plan will be reviewed every five years to align it with the evolution of Germany's nationally determined contribution (NDC) under the Paris Agreement.  The first update is therefore slated for  or .  As early as 2018, the government intends to strengthen the plan by quantifying the various emission reduction efforts and their associated ecological, social, and economic impacts.  The sector targets may be modified as a result.  Annual reporting should help the government to evaluate and adjust its specific climate protection measures in the short-term.

text: The plan is predicated on a gradual transformation, achieved through a learning process involving the scientific community and accompanied by public dialogue.  It is therefore intended that the plan can and should respond to changing technological, political, and social conditions.  The plan will be reviewed every five years to align it with the evolution of Germany's

text: nationally determined contribution

text: (NDC) under the

text: Paris Agreement

text: .  The first update is therefore slated for  or .  As early as 2018, the government intends to strengthen the plan by quantifying the various emission reduction efforts and their associated ecological, social, and economic impacts.  The sector targets may be modified as a result.  Annual reporting should help the government to evaluate and adjust its specific climate protection measures in the short-term.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Germany

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: The first update is therefore slated for or

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: 2017 El Nio

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: the first update is therefore slated for or

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: As early as 2018, the government intends to strengthen the plan by quantifying the various emission reduction efforts

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Germany's

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Paris Agreement.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: 2018,

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Paris Agreement.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Paris Agreement.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Paris Agreement.

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: 2018,

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Paris Agreement.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: ecological, social, and economic impacts.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Paris Agreement.

text: Most tropical cyclones form on the side of the subtropical ridge closer to the equator, then move poleward past the ridge axis before recurving into the main belt of the Westerlies.  When the subtropical ridge position shifts due to El Nino, so will the preferred tropical cyclone tracks.  Areas west of Japan and Korea tend to experience much fewer September–November tropical cyclone impacts during El Niño and neutral years.  During El Niño years, the break in the subtropical ridge tends to lie near 130°E which would favor the Japanese archipelago.  During La Niña years, the formation of tropical cyclones, along with the subtropical ridge position, shifts westward across the western Pacific ocean, which increases the landfall threat to China.<ref name="China">{{cite journal|author1=M. C. Wu |author2=W. L. Chang |author3=W. M. Leung |year=2003|url=http://ams.allenpress.com/perlserv/?request=get-document&doi=10.1175%2F1520-0442(2004)017%3C1419:IOENOE%3E2.0.CO%3B2|title=Impacts of El Nino-Southern Oscillation Events on Tropical Cyclone Landfalling Activity in the Western North Pacific|volume=17|journal=Journal of Climate|pages=1419–1428|accessdate=2007-02-11|doi=10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017

text: Most tropical cyclones form on the side of the subtropical ridge closer to the

text: equator

text: , then move poleward past the ridge axis before recurving into the main belt of the

text: Westerlies

text: .  When the

text: subtropical ridge

text: position shifts due to El Nino, so will the preferred tropical cyclone tracks.  Areas west of Japan and Korea tend to experience much fewer September–November tropical cyclone impacts during

text: El Niño

text: and neutral years.  During El Niño years, the break in the subtropical ridge tends to lie near

text: which would favor the Japanese archipelago.  During La Niña years, the formation of tropical cyclones, along with the subtropical ridge position, shifts westward across the western Pacific ocean, which increases the landfall threat to China.<ref name="China">{{cite journal|author1=M. C. Wu |author2=W. L. Chang |author3=W. M. Leung |year=2003|url=http://ams.allenpress.com/perlserv/?request=get-document&doi=10.1175%2F1520-0442(2004)017%3C1419:IOENOE%3E2.0.CO%3B2|title=Impacts of El Nino-Southern Oscillation Events on Tropical Cyclone Landfalling Activity in the Western North Pacific|volume=17|journal=Journal of Climate|pages=1419–1428|accessdate=2007-02-11|doi=10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: equator

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Ni o and neutral years

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: During El Ni o years, the break in the subtropical ridge tends to lie near 130°E which would favor the Japanese archipelago

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: the break in the subtropical ridge tends to lie near 130°E

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: increases the landfall threat to China

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: tropical cyclones

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: equator,

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: |year=2003|url=http://ams.allenpress.com/perlserv/?request=get-document&doi=10.1175%2F1520-0442(2004)017%3C1419:IOENOE%3E2.0.CO%3B2|title=Impacts of El Nino-Southern

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: fewer September–November tropical cyclone impacts

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Tropical Cyclone Landfalling Activity in the Western North Pacific|volume=17|journal=Journal

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Nino-Southern Oscillation Events

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: |url=http://ams.allenpress.com/perlserv/?request=get-document&doi=10.1175%2F1520-0442(2004)017%3C1419:IOENOE%3E2.0.CO%3B2|title=Impacts of El Nino-Southern

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Tropical Cyclone Landfalling Activity

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: increases the landfall threat to China.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: Tropical Cyclone Landfalling Activity

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: El Nino-Southern Oscillation

text: Using coupled, atmospheric/ocean models and tuning the mixing to eliminate BLT for one year prior to El Nino, it was shown that the heat buildup associated with BLT is a requirement for big El Nino.  It has been shown that there is a tight relationship between SSS and SST in the western Pacific and the barrier layer is instrumental in maintaining heat and momentum in the warm pool within the salinity stratified layer. Later work, including Argo drifters, confirm the relationship between eastward migration of the warm pool during El Nino and BLT heat storage in the western Pacific.   The main impact of BLT is to maintain a shallow mixed layer allowing an enhanced air-sea coupled response.  In addition, the BLT is the key factor in establishing the mean state that is perturbed during El Nino/La Nina

text: Using coupled, atmospheric/ocean models and tuning the mixing to eliminate BLT for one year prior to El Nino, it was shown that the heat buildup associated with BLT is a requirement for big El Nino.  It has been shown that there is a tight relationship between SSS and SST in the western Pacific and the barrier layer is instrumental in maintaining heat and momentum in the warm pool within the salinity stratified layer. Later work, including Argo drifters, confirm the relationship between eastward migration of the warm pool during El Nino and BLT heat storage in the western Pacific.   The main impact of BLT is to maintain a shallow mixed layer allowing an enhanced air-sea coupled response.  In addition, the BLT is the key factor in establishing the mean state that is perturbed during El Nino/

text: La Nina

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: western Pacific

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: SSS and SST

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: eastward migration of the warm pool during El Nino and BLT heat storage in the western Pacific

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: El Nino/La Nina

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: la nina

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: SST

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: El Nino,

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Nino,

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: El Nino/La Nina

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: big El Nino.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: eastward migration of the warm pool

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: mean state that is perturbed

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: eastward migration of the warm pool

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: El Nino/La Nina

text: Vanilla grows best in a hot, humid climate from sea level to an elevation of 1500 m. The ideal climate has moderate rainfall, 1500–3000 mm, evenly distributed through 10 months of the year. Optimum temperatures for cultivation are  during the day and  during the night. Ideal humidity is around 80%, and under normal greenhouse conditions, it can be achieved by an evaporative cooler. However, since greenhouse vanilla is grown near the equator and under polymer (HDPE) netting (shading of 50%), this humidity can be achieved by the environment. Most successful vanilla growing and processing is done in the region within 10 to 20° of the equator.

text: Vanilla grows best in a hot, humid climate from sea level to an elevation of 1500 m. The ideal climate has moderate rainfall, 1500–3000 mm, evenly distributed through 10 months of the year. Optimum temperatures for cultivation are  during the day and  during the night. Ideal humidity is around 80%, and under normal greenhouse conditions, it can be achieved by an evaporative cooler. However, since greenhouse vanilla is grown near the equator and under polymer (HDPE) netting (shading of 50%), this humidity can be achieved by the environment. Most successful vanilla growing and processing is done in the region within 10 to 20° of the equator.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: equator

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: 1500–3000 mm

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: ideal humidity is around 80%

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: ideal humidity is around 80%

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: tropical storms

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: equator

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: 10 to 20° of the equator.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: 10 months

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: 1500–3000 mm,

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: 1500–3000 mm,

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Vanilla grows best in a hot, humid climate from sea level

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: 1500–3000 mm,

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Optimum temperatures for cultivation are during the day and during the night.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: Vanilla

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Vanilla

text: December 2015, saw Forest Swords announce a collaboration with Massive Attack’s 3D/Robert del Naja and Young Fathers on the score for ‘La Fête (est Finie)‘, a short film about climate change lobbying.

text: December 2015, saw Forest Swords announce a collaboration with

text: Massive Attack

text: ’s 3D/Robert del Naja and

text: Young Fathers

text: on the score for ‘La Fête (est Finie)‘, a short film about climate change lobbying.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: south america

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: climate change lobbying

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: 2015 El Nio

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Forest Swords

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Forest Swords

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Massive Attack’s 3D/Robert del Naja

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: December 2015,

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: 2015,

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: December 2015,

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: December 2015,

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: climate change lobbying.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: December 2015,

text: There are also natural mechanisms for variation including climate oscillations, changes in solar activity, and volcanic activity.

text: There are also natural mechanisms for variation including

text: climate oscillation

text: s, changes in

text: solar activity

text: , and

text: volcanic

text: activity.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: the equator

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: climate oscillations

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: it is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: are natural mechanisms of variation

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: natural mechanisms

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: volcanic eruptions occur

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: volcanoes erupted

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: climate oscillations

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: climate oscillations, changes in solar activity,

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: climate oscillations, changes in solar activity, and volcanic activity.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: climate oscillations, changes in solar activity, and volcanic activity.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: climate oscillations, changes in solar activity, and volcanic activity.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: volcanic activity.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: climate oscillations, changes in solar activity, and volcanic activity.

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: volcanic activity.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: volcanic activity.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: volcanic activity.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: climate oscillations,

text: Early anthropocene -Earth Hour -Earth's atmosphere -Earth's energy budget -EarthLab -Earthshine -East Antarctic Ice Sheet -Eco-efficiency -Ecological Forecasting -Ecotax -Effect of climate change on plant biodiversity -Effects of climate change on marine mammals -Effects of global warming on oceans -Effects of global warming - Effects of global warming on Australia - Effects of global warming on India -Efficient energy use -El Niño (ENSO) -Emission inventory -Emission Reduction Unit -Emission standards -Emissions trading -Energie-Cités -Energy Autonomy -Energy conservation -Energy forestry -Energy poverty -Enteric fermentation -Environmental crime -Environmental impact of aviation -Environmental skepticism -European Climate Forum -Evidence of global warming - Externality

text: Early anthropocene

text: Earth Hour

text: Earth's atmosphere

text: Earth's energy budget

text: EarthLab

text: Earthshine

text: East Antarctic Ice Sheet

text: Eco-efficiency

text: Ecological Forecasting

text: Ecotax

entity_name: Effects of climate change on plant biodiversity

text: Effect of climate change on plant biodiversity

entity_name: Effects of global warming on marine mammals

text: Effects of climate change on marine mammals

text: Effects of global warming on oceans

text: Effects of global warming

text: Effects of global warming on Australia

text: Effects of global warming on India

text: Efficient energy use

text: El Niño

text: (ENSO) -

text: Emission inventory

text: Emission Reduction Unit

text: Emission standards

text: Emissions trading

text: Energie-Cités

entity_name: Energy Autonomy: The Economic, Social & Technological Case for Renewable Energy

text: Energy Autonomy

text: Energy conservation

text: Energy forestry

text: Energy poverty

text: Enteric fermentation

text: Environmental crime

text: Environmental impact of aviation

text: Environmental skepticism

text: European Climate Forum

text: Evidence of global warming

text: Externality

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: East Antarctic

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: El Nio

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Ni o

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: European Climate Forum

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Ni o

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Effects of global warming on oceans

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Earthshine

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: ENSO

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: East Antarctic Ice Sheet

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: El Ni o

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: -East Antarctic Ice Sheet

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: -El Ni<unk>o (ENSO)

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: -El Ni<unk>o (ENSO)

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: -El Ni<unk>o (ENSO)

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: -El Ni<unk>o (ENSO)

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: -El Ni<unk>o (ENSO)

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: (ENSO)

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: (ENSO)

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: (ENSO)

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: -El Ni<unk>o (ENSO)

text: Climate is the statistics of weather, usually over a 30-year interval. It is measured by assessing the patterns of variation in temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind, precipitation, atmospheric particle count and other meteorological variables in a given region over long periods of time. Climate differs from weather, in that weather only describes the short-term conditions of these variables in a given region.

text: Climate is the statistics of

text: weather

text: , usually over a 30-year interval. It is measured by assessing the patterns of variation in

text: temperature

text: humidity

text: atmospheric pressure

text: wind

text: precipitation

text: , atmospheric particle count and other

text: meteorological

text: variables in a given region over long periods of time. Climate differs from weather, in that weather only describes the short-term conditions of these variables in a given region.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: south

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: climate

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: can be used to measure climate

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: climate is the statistics of weather

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: atmospheric pressure, wind, precipitation, atmospheric particle count

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Climate is the statistics of weather, usually over a 30-year interval.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: precipitation, atmospheric particle count

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Climate is the statistics of weather, usually over a 30-year interval.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Climate is the statistics of weather, usually over a 30-year interval.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Climate is the statistics of weather, usually over a 30-year interval.

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: precipitation, atmospheric particle count

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: wind, precipitation, atmospheric particle count

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: wind, precipitation,

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Climate is the statistics of weather, usually over a 30-year interval.

text: and various other Pacific Meteorological services, all contributed towards the Island Climate Update tropical cyclone outlook that was released during October 2010. The outlook took into account the moderate-strong La Nina conditions that had been observed across the Pacific and analogue seasons that had La Nina conditions occurring during the season. The outlook called for a normal or above average number of tropical cyclone occurring during the season, with nine to twelve named tropical cyclones, to occur between 135°E and 120°W compared to an average of nine. At least three of the tropical cyclones were expected to become category 3 severe tropical cyclones, while one was expected to become a category 4 severe tropical cyclone. In addition to contributing towards the Island Climate Update outlook, RSMC Nadi and the BoM issued their own seasonal forecasts for the South Pacific region. The BoM issued 2 seasonal forecasts for the South Pacific region between 142.5°E – 165°E and one for the Eastern Southern Pacific region between 165°E – 120°W. They noted that the western region had a 79% chance of being above average activity with seven to eight tropical cyclones expected to form, compared to an average of five tropical cyclones. The eastern region had a 33% chance of being above average with five to six tropical cyclones predicted, compared to an average of seven tropical cyclones.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: 135°E

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: nine to twelve named tropical cyclones, to occur between 135°E and 120°W

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: 2010 El Nio

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: tropical cyclones were expected to form

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: tropical cyclones were expected to become category 3 severe tropical cyclones

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: tropical cyclones

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: 135°E and 120°W

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: nine.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: nine to twelve named tropical cyclones,

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: La Nina

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: La Nina

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: La Nina

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: La Nina

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: moderate-strong La Nina conditions that had been observed across the Pacific

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: tropical cyclone

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: La Nina

text: Article 4.2 of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change commits industrialized countries to "[take] the lead" in reducing emissions. The Kyoto Protocol to the UNFCCC has provided only limited financial support to developing countries to assist them in climate change mitigation and adaptation. Additionally, private sector investment in mitigation and adaptation could be discouraged in the short and medium term because of the 2008 global financial crisis.

text: Article 4.2 of the

text: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

text: commits industrialized countries to "[take] the lead" in reducing emissions. The Kyoto Protocol to the UNFCCC has provided only limited

text: financial

text: support to developing countries to assist them in climate change mitigation and

text: adaptation

text: . Additionally, private sector investment in mitigation and adaptation could be discouraged in the short and medium term because of the

text: 2008 global financial crisis

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: North America

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: The Kyoto Protocol

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: 2008 global financial crisis

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: industrialized countries

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Article 4.2 of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: 2008 global financial crisis.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Article 4.2 of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: The Kyoto Protocol

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Article 4.2 of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: 2008 global financial crisis.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: 2008 global financial crisis.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: Climate Change

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Article 4.2 of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

text: ENSO (El Niño Southern Oscillation) will affect monsoon patterns more intensely in the future as climate change warms up the ocean's water. Crops that lie on the equatorial belt or under the tropical Walker circulation, such as rice, will be affected by varying monsoon patterns and more unpredictable weather. Scheduled planting and harvesting based on weather patterns will become less effective.

text: ENSO (

text: El Niño Southern Oscillation

text: ) will affect monsoon patterns more intensely in the future as climate change warms up the ocean's water. Crops that lie on the equatorial belt or under the tropical Walker circulation, such as rice, will be affected by varying monsoon patterns and more unpredictable weather. Scheduled planting and harvesting based on weather patterns will become less effective.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: equatorial

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: monsoon

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: are a type of

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: monsoon patterns will become more intense

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: rice will be affected by varying monsoon patterns

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: monsoon patterns

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: equatorial belt

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: tropical Walker circulation,

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: tropical Walker circulation,

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: ENSO

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: ENSO

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: ENSO (El Ni<unk>o Southern Oscillation)

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: unpredictable weather.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: unpredictable weather.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: monsoon patterns

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: ENSO

text: Since 1987, Nina has had numerous exhibits of his work, varying from one-man exhibits at galleries like Dos miradas y un corazón partido at la Galería Pancho Fierro in 2010 to a group show at the United States Peruvian Embassy during "Noche de Arte Embajada de EE.UU. Puericultorio Perez Aranibar" the same year.

text: Since 1987, Nina has had numerous exhibits of his work, varying from one-man exhibits at galleries like Dos miradas y un corazón partido at la Galería Pancho Fierro in 2010 to a group show at the United States Peruvian Embassy during "Noche de Arte Embajada de EE.UU. Puericultorio Perez Aranibar" the same year.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: equator

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Noche de Arte Embajada de EE.UU. Puericultorio Perez Aranibar

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Nina has had numerous exhibits of his work

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Dos miradas y un corazón partido

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Peruvian Embassy

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: 2010

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: 2010

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: 2010

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Nina has had numerous exhibits

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: 2010

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: 2010

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: 2010

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: 2010

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Nina

text: There is currently no information available about the specific impacts of climate change on irrigated agriculture in the DR. Although there is some data in terms of Climate Change impacts on water resources in DR's First Communication to the UNFCCC. Indeed, it is expected a great decrease in spatial distribution of rainfall, and total runoff for the year 2100, demonstrating a structural change that intensifies the transition from the most humid zones to the driest and an expansion of the areas of the country that are historically the driest.

text: There is currently no information available about the specific impacts of climate change on irrigated agriculture in the DR. Although there is some data in terms of Climate Change impacts on water resources in DR's First Communication to the

text: UNFCCC

text: . Indeed, it is expected a great decrease in spatial distribution of rainfall, and total runoff for the year 2100, demonstrating a structural change that intensifies the transition from the most humid zones to the driest and an expansion of the areas of the country that are historically the driest.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: the DR

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: rainfall

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: DR

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: no information is available

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: humid zones

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: 2100,

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: rainfall,

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: most humid zones to the driest

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: DR.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: 2100,

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: rainfall, and total runoff for the year 2100,

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: DR.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: DR.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: DR.

text: The Stern Review Report on the Economics of Climate Change was produced by a team led by Stern at HM Treasury, and was released in October 2006. In the Review, climate change is described as an economic externality. Stern has subsequently referred to the climate change externality as the largest ever market failure:

text: The

text: Stern Review Report on the Economics of Climate Change

text: was produced by a team led by Stern at HM Treasury, and was released in October 2006. In the Review,

text: climate change

text: is described as an economic

text: externality

text: . Stern has subsequently referred to the climate change externality as the largest ever market failure:

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: HM Treasury

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: climate change externality

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: The Stern Review Report on the Economics of Climate Change was produced by a team

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Stern Review Report on the Economics of Climate Change

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Stern Review Report on the Economics of Climate Change

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Climate Change

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: The Stern Review Report on the Economics of Climate Change

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: Climate Change

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: The Stern Review Report on the Economics of Climate Change

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: The Stern Review Report on the Economics of Climate Change

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: The Stern Review Report on the Economics of Climate Change

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: 2006.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: The Stern Review Report on the Economics of Climate Change

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: Climate Change

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: The Stern Review Report on the Economics of Climate Change

text: In Africa, East Africa — including Kenya, Tanzania, and the White Nile basin — experiences, in the long rains from March to May, wetter-than-normal conditions. Conditions are also drier than normal from December to February in south-central Africa, mainly in Zambia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, and Botswana.

text: In Africa,

text: East Africa

text: — including

text: Kenya

text: Tanzania

text: , and the

text: White Nile

text: basin — experiences, in the long rains from March to May, wetter-than-normal conditions. Conditions are also drier than normal from December to February in south-central Africa, mainly in

text: Zambia

text: Zimbabwe

text: Mozambique

text: , and

text: Botswana

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: East Africa

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: East Africa experiences wetter than normal conditions

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: long rains from March to May

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: East Africa

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: March to May,

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: long rains from March to May,

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Africa,

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: White Nile

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: In Africa, East Africa

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: wetter-than-normal conditions.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: long rains from March to May,

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: wetter-than-normal conditions.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: White Nile basin

text: Ultimately, the southern oscillation was found to be simply an atmospheric component of the El Niño/La Niña effect, which happens in the ocean. Therefore, in the context of the monsoon, the two together came to be known as the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) effect. The effect is known to have a pronounced influence on the strength of the southwest monsoon over India, with the monsoon being weak (causing droughts) during El Niño years, while La Niña years bring particularly strong monsoons.

text: Ultimately, the southern oscillation was found to be simply an atmospheric component of the El Niño/La Niña effect, which happens in the ocean. Therefore, in the context of the monsoon, the two together came to be known as the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) effect. The effect is known to have a pronounced influence on the strength of the southwest monsoon over India, with the monsoon being weak (causing droughts) during El Niño years, while La Niña years bring particularly strong monsoons.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: south

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: monsoon being weak

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Ni o/La Ni a effect

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: monsoon being weak

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: monsoons

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: droughts

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: southwest

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: El Ni<unk>o/La Ni<unk>a effect,

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: India,

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: India,

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Ni<unk>o/La Ni<unk>a effect,

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: El Ni<unk>o/La Ni<unk>a effect,

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: the monsoon being weak (causing droughts)

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: strong monsoons.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: droughts)

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: El Ni<unk>o-Southern Oscillation

text: Monarch butterfly counts from 1979-1990 revealed fluctuations.  Some of these are attributed to severe weather effects, El Nino Southern Oscillation and volcanic eruption.

text: Monarch butterfly counts from 1979-1990 revealed fluctuations.  Some of these are attributed to severe weather effects, El Nino Southern Oscillation and volcanic eruption.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Monarch butterfly counts

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Monarch butterfly counts from 1979-1990

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: volcanic eruption

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: El Nino Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: El Nino Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Nino Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: El Nino Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: El Nino Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: El Nino Southern Oscillation and volcanic eruption.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: volcanic eruption.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: El Nino Southern Oscillation

text: The Climate Vulnerable Forum (CVF) is a global partnership of countries that are disproportionately affected by the consequences of global warming. The forum addresses the negative effects of global warming as a result of heightened socioeconomic and environmental vulnerabilities. These countries actively seek a firm and urgent resolution to the current intensification of climate change, domestically and internationally.

text: The Climate Vulnerable Forum (CVF) is a global partnership of countries that are disproportionately affected by the consequences of

text: global warming

text: . The forum addresses the negative effects of global warming as a result of heightened socioeconomic and environmental vulnerabilities. These countries actively seek a firm and urgent resolution to the current intensification of

text: climate change

text: , domestically and internationally.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Pacific Ocean

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: The Climate Vulnerable Forum (CVF)

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: global warming

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: countries

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: The Climate Vulnerable Forum

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: global warming.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: The Climate Vulnerable Forum

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: The Climate Vulnerable Forum

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: The Climate Vulnerable Forum

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: The Climate Vulnerable Forum

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: The Climate Vulnerable Forum

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: global warming.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: The Climate Vulnerable Forum

text: The El Niño-Southern Oscillation is associated with seasonal abnormality in many areas in the world. Australia is one of the continents most affected and experiences extensive droughts alongside considerable wet periods. Occasionally a dust storm will blanket a region and there are reports of the occasional tornado. Tropical cyclones, heat waves, bushfires and frosts in the country are also associated with the Southern Oscillation. Rising levels of salinity and desertification in some areas is ravaging the landscape.

text: The El Niño-Southern Oscillation is associated with seasonal abnormality in many areas in the world. Australia is one of the continents most affected and experiences

text: extensive drought

text: s alongside considerable wet periods. Occasionally a

text: dust storm

text: will blanket a region and there are reports of the occasional

text: tornado

text: . Tropical cyclones,

text: heat wave

text: s,

text: bushfire

text: s and

text: frost

text: s in the country are also associated with the Southern Oscillation. Rising levels of

text: salinity

text: and

text: desertification

text: in some areas is ravaging the landscape.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Australia

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: extensive droughts

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Occasionally a dust storm will blanket a region and there are reports of the occasional tornado

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Australia experiences extensive droughts alongside considerable wet periods

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Australia experiences extensive droughts alongside considerable wet periods

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: tropical cyclones

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: o-Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: The El Ni<unk>o-Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: Australia is one of the continents most affected and experiences extensive droughts

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Australia

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Tropical cyclones,

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: El Ni<unk>o-Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: extensive droughts alongside considerable wet periods.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: extensive droughts alongside considerable wet periods.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: seasonal abnormality

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: The El Ni<unk>o-Southern Oscillation

text: Some evidence does suggest that the Southern Oscillation is weakly correlated with changes in tornado activity, which vary by season and region, as well as whether the ENSO phase is that of El Niño or La Niña. Research has found that fewer tornadoes and hailstorms occur in winter and spring in the U.S. central and southern plains during El Niño, and more occur during La Niña, than in years when temperatures in the Pacific are relatively stable. Ocean conditions could be used to forecast extreme spring storm events several months in advance.

text: Some evidence does suggest that the

text: Southern Oscillation

text: is weakly correlated with changes in tornado activity, which vary by season and region, as well as whether the

text: ENSO

text: phase is that of

text: El Niño

text: or

text: La Niña

text: . Research has found that fewer tornadoes and hailstorms occur in winter and spring in the U.S. central and southern plains during

text: El Niño

text: , and more occur during

text: La Niña

text: , than in years when temperatures in the

text: Pacific

text: are relatively stable. Ocean conditions could be used to forecast extreme spring storm events several months in advance.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Pacific

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: fewer tornadoes and hailstorms occur in winter

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Ni o or La Ni a

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: fewer tornadoes and hailstorms occur

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Research has found that fewer tornadoes and hailstorms occur

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Pacific

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: temperatures in the Pacific are relatively stable.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: fewer tornadoes and hailstorms

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: El Ni<unk>o or La Ni<unk>a.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: fewer tornadoes and hailstorms

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: temperatures in the Pacific are relatively stable.

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: fewer tornadoes and hailstorms

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: more

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: fewer tornadoes and hailstorms

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: El Ni<unk>o or La Ni<unk>a.

text: The film argues that the consensus among climate scientists about global warming does not exist.

text: The film argues that the

text: consensus among climate scientists

text: about global warming does not exist.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: south america

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: climate scientists would agree that global warming is not happening

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: can be used to describe

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: global warming did not exist

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: la nia argued that the consensus about global warming does not exist

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: global warming

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: the consensus among climate scientists

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: the consensus among climate scientists about global warming

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: global warming

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: the consensus among climate scientists about global warming

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: consensus among climate scientists

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: the consensus among climate scientists about global warming

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: the consensus among climate scientists

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: the consensus among climate scientists

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: global warming

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: the consensus among climate scientists about global warming

text: This article mostly focuses on the views of natural scientists. However, social scientists, medical experts, engineers and philosophers have also commented on climate change science and policies. Climate change policy is discussed in several articles: climate change mitigation, climate change adaptation, climate engineering, politics of global warming, climate ethics, and economics of global warming.

text: This article mostly focuses on the views of natural scientists. However, social scientists,

text: medic

text: al experts, engineers and philosophers have also commented on climate change science and policies. Climate change policy is discussed in several articles:

text: climate change mitigation

text: climate change adaptation

text: climate engineering

text: politics of global warming

text: climate ethics

text: , and

text: economics of global warming

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: east to west

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: climate change mitigation

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: climate change adaptation

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Nio, also known as the Northern Hemisphere's El Nio, is a tropical cyclone that has been responsible for a number of tropical storms and hurricanes.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: climate change mitigation

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: climate change mitigation

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: climate change policy

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: global warming

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: The Los Nios Oscillation (LNO) is a seasonal oscillation in the Northern Hemisphere.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: climate engineering, politics of global warming,

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: social scientists, medical experts, engineers and philosophers

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: climate change mitigation, climate change adaptation, climate engineering, politics of global warming,

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: This article mostly focuses on the views of natural scientists.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: climate change mitigation, climate change adaptation, climate engineering, politics of global warming,

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: social scientists, medical experts, engineers and philosophers

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: This article mostly focuses on the views of natural scientists.

text: When a cumulative frequency distribution is derived from a record of data, it can be questioned if it can be used for predictions.  For example, given a distribution of river discharges for the years 1950–2000, can this distribution be used to predict how often a certain river discharge will be exceeded in the years 2000–50?The answer is yes, provided that the environmental conditions do not change. If the environmental conditions do change, such as alterations in the infrastructure of the river's watershed or in the rainfall pattern due to climatic changes, the prediction on the basis of the historical record is subject to a systematic error.Even when there is no systematic error, there may be a random error, because by chance the observed discharges during 1950 − 2000 may have been higher or lower than normal, while on the other hand the discharges from 2000 to 2050 may by chance be lower or higher than normal. Issues around this have been explored in the book The Black Swan.

text: When a cumulative frequency distribution is derived from a record of data, it can be questioned if it can be used for predictions.  For example, given a distribution of river discharges for the years 1950–2000, can this distribution be used to predict how often a certain river discharge will be exceeded in the years 2000–50?The answer is yes, provided that the environmental conditions do not change. If the environmental conditions do change, such as alterations in the infrastructure of the river's watershed or in the rainfall pattern due to climatic changes, the prediction on the basis of the historical record is subject to a systematic error.Even when there is no systematic error, there may be a

text: random error

text: , because by chance the observed discharges during 1950 − 2000 may have been higher or lower than normal, while on the other hand the discharges from 2000 to 2050 may by chance be lower or higher than normal. Issues around this have been explored in the book

text: The Black Swan

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: south

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: 1950–2000

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: can be used for predictions

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: 1950–2000 may have been higher or lower than normal

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: 1950  2000 may have been higher or lower than normal

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: 1950–2000,

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: yes, provided that the environmental conditions do not change.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: 1950–2000,

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: climatic changes,

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: climatic changes,

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: climatic changes,

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: 1950 <unk> 2000 may have been higher or lower than normal,

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: 1950 <unk> 2000 may have been higher or lower than normal,

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: climatic changes,

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: yes, provided that the environmental conditions do not change.

text: La Niña is the positive phase of the El Niño Southern Oscillation and is associated with cooler than average sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. However, each country and island nation has a different threshold for what constitutes a La Niña event, which is tailored to their specific interests. For example, the Australian Bureau of Meteorology looks at the trade winds, SOI, weather models and sea surface temperatures in the Nino 3 and 3.4 regions before declaring that a La Niña event has started. However, the Japan Meteorological Agency declares that a La Niña event has started when the average five month sea surface temperature deviation for the NINO.3 region, is over  cooler for 6 consecutive months or longer.

text: La Niña is the positive phase of the

text: El Niño Southern Oscillation

text: and is associated with cooler than average sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. However, each country and island nation has a different threshold for what constitutes a La Niña event, which is tailored to their specific interests. For example, the Australian

text: Bureau of Meteorology

text: looks at the trade winds, SOI, weather models and sea surface temperatures in the Nino 3 and 3.4 regions before declaring that a La Niña event has started. However, the

text: Japan Meteorological Agency

text: declares that a La Niña event has started when the average five month sea surface temperature deviation for the NINO.3 region, is over  cooler for 6 consecutive months or longer.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Pacific Ocean

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: average sea surface temperatures

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: La Ni a

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: cooler than average sea surface temperatures

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: cooler than average sea surface temperatures

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: cooler than average sea surface temperatures

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Nino 3

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: La Ni<unk>a

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: cooler than average sea surface temperatures

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: El Ni<unk>o Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Ni<unk>o Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: cooler than average sea surface temperatures

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: cooler than average sea surface temperatures

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: cooler than average sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: cooler than average sea surface temperatures

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: El Ni<unk>o Southern Oscillation

text: New Zealand police uniforms formerly followed the British model closely but, since the 1970s, a number of changes have been implemented. These include the adoption of a medium blue shade in place of dark blue, the abolition of custodian helmets and the substitution of synthetic leather jackets for silver buttoned tunics when on ordinary duty. The normal headdress is a peaked cap with blue and white dicing and silver badge. Baseball caps and Akubra wide-brimmed hats are authorized for particular duties or climatic conditions. Stab resistant and high visibility vests are normally worn on duty.

text: New Zealand police uniforms formerly followed the British model closely but, since the 1970s, a number of changes have been implemented. These include the adoption of a medium blue shade in place of dark blue, the abolition of

text: custodian helmet

text: s and the substitution of synthetic leather jackets for silver buttoned tunics when on ordinary duty. The normal headdress is a peaked cap with blue and white dicing and silver badge. Baseball caps and

text: Akubra

text: wide-brimmed hats are authorized for particular duties or climatic conditions. Stab resistant and high visibility vests are normally worn on duty.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: New Zealand

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Baseball caps and Akubra wide-brimmed hats are authorized for particular duties or climatic conditions

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: New Zealand police uniforms formerly followed the British model closely

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: New Zealand

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: climatic conditions.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: New Zealand

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Baseball caps and Akubra wide-brimmed hats

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: New Zealand police uniforms

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: climatic conditions.

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: climatic conditions.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: New Zealand

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: New Zealand

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: New Zealand

text: A hearing of the United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation, chaired by Senator John McCain, was held on 18 July 2000 to discuss the U.S. National Assessment on Climate Change (NACC) report on the Potential Consequences of Climate Variability and Change which had been released in June for a 60-day public comment period. Witnesses included Fred Singer, whose statement cited the Oregon Petition against the Kyoto Protocol to claim that his skeptic views on human causes of climate change were not fringe. He said there had probably been no global warming since the 1940s, and "Satellite data show no appreciable warming of the global atmosphere since 1979. In fact, if one ignores the unusual El Nino year of 1998, one sees a cooling trend." From this, he concluded that "The post-1980 global warming trend from surface thermometers is not credible. The absence of such warming would do away with the widely touted 'hockey stick' graph (with its 'unusual' temperature rise in the past 100 years)". The NACC report as published stated that "New studies indicate that temperatures in recent decades are higher than at any time in at least the past 1,000 years" and featured graphs showing "1000 Years of Global  and Temperature Change". Its list of sources said that the temperature data was from MBH99, but the graph did not show error bars or show which part was reconstruction and which was the instrumental record.

text: A hearing of the

entity_name: United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation

text: United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation

text: , chaired by Senator

text: John McCain

text: , was held on 18 July 2000 to discuss the U.S.

text: National Assessment on Climate Change

text: (NACC) report on the Potential Consequences of Climate Variability and Change which had been released in June for a 60-day public comment period. Witnesses included Fred Singer, whose statement cited the

text: Oregon Petition

text: against the

text: Kyoto Protocol

text: to claim that his skeptic views on human causes of climate change were not fringe. He said there had probably been no global warming since the 1940s, and "Satellite data show no appreciable warming of the global atmosphere since 1979. In fact, if one ignores the unusual El Nino year of 1998, one sees a cooling trend." From this, he concluded that "The post-1980 global warming trend from surface thermometers is not credible. The absence of such warming would do away with the widely touted 'hockey stick' graph (with its 'unusual' temperature rise in the past 100 years)". The NACC report as published stated that "New studies indicate that temperatures in recent decades are higher than at any time in at least the past 1,000 years" and featured graphs showing "1000 Years of Global  and Temperature Change". Its list of sources said that the temperature data was from MBH99, but the graph did not show error bars or show which part was reconstruction and which was the instrumental record.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: 1998

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: satellite data show no appreciable warming

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: 1998

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: 1998,

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: 1998,

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: cooling trend."

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: El Nino

text: Callendar effect -Cap and Share -Carbon bubble -Carbon capture and storage -Carbon cycle -Carbon negative -Carbon neutral -Carbon price -Carbon project -Carbon sequestration -Carbon offset -Carbon sink -Carbon tax -Catastrophic climate change -Center for the Study of Carbon Dioxide and Global Change -Clathrate gun hypothesis -Clean coal technology -Clean Energy Trends -Climate -Climate change -Climate change acronyms -Climate Change Act 2008 -Climate change and agriculture -Climate change denial -Climate change feedback -Climate change in Japan -Climate change in popular culture -Climate change mitigation -Climate change mitigation -Climate change mitigation scenarios -Climate commitment -Climate crunch -Climate cycle -Climate engineering -Climate ethics -Climate governance-Climate Investment Funds -Climate model -Climate refugee -Climate risk management -Climate scientists (list) -Climate sensitivity -Climate stabilization wedge -Climate surprise -Climate variability -Climate Vulnerable Forum-Climatic Research Unit email controversy -Cloud feedback -Cloud reflectivity enhancement -Coal phase out -Contraction and Convergence -Contrail -Cool roof -Cool tropics paradox -Coral bleaching

text: Callendar effect

text: Cap and Share

text: Carbon bubble

text: Carbon capture and storage

text: Carbon cycle

text: Carbon negative

text: Carbon neutral

text: Carbon price

text: Carbon project

text: Carbon sequestration

text: Carbon offset

text: Carbon sink

text: Carbon tax

text: Catastrophic climate change

entity_name: Center for the Study of Carbon Dioxide and Global Change

text: Center for the Study of Carbon Dioxide and Global Change

text: Clathrate gun hypothesis

text: Clean coal technology

text: Clean Energy Trends

text: Climate

text: Climate change

text: Climate change acronyms

text: Climate Change Act 2008

text: Climate change and agriculture

text: Climate change denial

text: Climate change feedback

text: Climate change in Japan

text: Climate change in popular culture

text: Climate change mitigation

text: Climate change mitigation

text: Climate change mitigation scenarios

text: Climate commitment

text: Climate crunch

text: Climate cycle

text: Climate engineering

text: Climate ethics

text: Climate governance

text: Climate Investment Funds

text: Climate model

text: Climate refugee

text: Climate risk management

text: Climate scientists (list)

text: Climate sensitivity

text: Climate stabilization wedge

text: Climate surprise

text: Climate variability

text: Climate Vulnerable Forum

text: Climatic Research Unit email controversy

text: Cloud feedback

text: Cloud reflectivity enhancement

text: Coal phase out

text: Contraction and Convergence

text: Contrail

text: Cool roof

text: Cool tropics paradox

text: Coral bleaching

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: the tropics

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Cool tropics paradox

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: Cool tropics paradox

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: climate variability

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Nio

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Cool tropics paradox

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Coral bleaching

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: Coral bleaching

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Los nios

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: tropics

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: -Climate variability

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: -Cool roof -Cool tropics

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: -Climate stabilization wedge

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: -Coral bleaching

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: -Coral bleaching

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: -Coral bleaching

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: -Coral bleaching

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: -Coral bleaching

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: -Climate model

text: Chaco endures remarkable climatic extremes: temperatures range between , and may swing 60°F (33°C) in a single day. The region averages fewer than 150frost-free days per year, and the local climate swings wildly from years of plentiful rainfall to prolonged drought. The heavy influence of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation contributes to the canyon's fickle climate.

text: Chaco endures remarkable climatic extremes: temperatures range between , and may swing 60°F (33°C) in a single day. The region averages fewer than 150frost-free days per year, and the local climate swings wildly from years of plentiful rainfall to prolonged drought. The heavy influence of the

text: El Niño-Southern Oscillation

text: contributes to the canyon's fickle climate.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: El Nio

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: 150free days per year

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: o-Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Chaco endures remarkable climatic extremes

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Chaco endures remarkable climatic extremes

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: o-Southern

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: fewer than 150frost-free days per year,

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: fewer than 150frost-free days per year,

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: El Ni<unk>o-Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Ni<unk>o-Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: El Ni<unk>o-Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: El Ni<unk>o-Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: El Ni<unk>o-Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: o-Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: El Ni<unk>o-Southern Oscillation

text: Her research program focuses on how zooplankton influence cycling of nutrients and organic matter, and how climate affects long-term change in zooplankton communities. Steinberg's laboratory has been involved in a number of projects with this theme, including the role of zooplankton vertical migration in transport of nutrients, the ecology of gelatinous zooplankton "blooms" and their affect on fluxes of organic matter, the importance of zooplankton in the cycling of dissolved organic matter, mesopelagic zooplankton and particle flux, and the effects of mesoscale eddies and a large river plume on zooplankton community structure. They are also using long-term data sets from the Western Antarctic Peninsula and the Sargasso Sea off Bermuda to study the effects of climate change on zooplankton communities, and how these community changes may affect ocean food webs and biogeochemistry.

text: Her research program focuses on how zooplankton influence

text: cycling of nutrients

text: and organic matter, and how climate affects long-term change in zooplankton communities. Steinberg's laboratory has been involved in a number of projects with this theme, including the role of zooplankton

text: vertical migration

text: in transport of nutrients, the ecology of gelatinous zooplankton "blooms" and their affect on fluxes of organic matter, the importance of zooplankton in the cycling of dissolved organic matter,

text: mesopelagic

text: zooplankton and particle flux, and the effects of mesoscale eddies and a large river plume on zooplankton community structure. They are also using long-term data sets from the Western

text: Antarctic Peninsula

text: and the

text: Sargasso Sea

text: off Bermuda to study the effects of climate change on zooplankton communities, and how these community changes may affect ocean food webs and

text: biogeochemistry

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Western Antarctic Peninsula

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: Sargasso Sea

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: The effects of mesoscale eddies

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Steinberg's laboratory has been involved in a number of projects

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Steinberg's laboratory has been involved in a number of projects

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Western Antarctic Peninsula

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Western Antarctic Peninsula

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: Western Antarctic Peninsula

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Western Antarctic Peninsula

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: mesoscale eddies and a large river plume

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Western Antarctic Peninsula

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: mesoscale eddies and a large river plume

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: a large river plume

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: mesoscale eddies and a large river plume

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: cycling of nutrients and organic matter,

text: Health concerns around the world can be linked to floods. With the increase in temperatures worldwide due to climate change the increase in flooding is unavoidable.  Floods have short and long term negative implications to peoples' health and well being. Short term implications include mortalities, injuries and diseases, while long term implications include non-communicable diseases and psychosocial health aspects.

text: Health

text: concerns around the world can be linked to

text: floods

text: . With the increase in temperatures worldwide due to climate change the increase in flooding is unavoidable.

text: Floods

text: have short and long term negative implications to peoples' health and well being. Short term implications include

text: mortalities

text: injuries

text: and

text: diseases

text: , while long term implications include

text: non-communicable diseases

text: and

text: psychosocial

text: health aspects.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: equator

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: can be linked to floods

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: can be linked to

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: flooding is unavoidable

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: health concerns around the world can be linked to

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: temperatures worldwide due to climate change

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Health concerns around the world can be linked to floods.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: floods.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Health concerns around the world can be linked to floods.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: floods.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: flooding

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: floods.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: floods.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: floods.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Health concerns around the world can be linked to floods.

text: There are expected to be various long-term effects of global warming.  Most discussion and research, including that by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports, concentrates on the effects of global warming up to 2100, with only an outline of the effects beyond this.

text: There are expected to be various long-term effects of global warming.  Most discussion and research, including that by the

text: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

text: (IPCC) reports, concentrates on the effects of

text: global warming

text: up to 2100, with only an outline of the effects beyond this.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: the Equator

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: None of the above choices are available.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: global warming is expected

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: global warming is expected to be various long-term effects

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: 2100,

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: 2100,

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: global warming.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: There are expected to be various long-term effects of global warming.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: 2100,

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: 2100,

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: There are expected to be various long-term effects of global warming.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: There are expected to be various long-term effects of global warming.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: global warming.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: There are expected to be various long-term effects of global warming.

text: Mathematical models based on the same physical principles can be used to generate either short-term weather forecasts or longer-term climate predictions; the latter are widely applied for understanding  and projecting climate change. The improvements made to regional models have allowed for significant improvements in tropical cyclone track and air quality forecasts; however, atmospheric models perform poorly at handling processes that occur in a relatively constricted area, such as wildfires.

text: Mathematical models based on the same physical principles can be used to generate either short-term weather forecasts or longer-term climate predictions; the latter are widely applied for understanding  and projecting

text: climate change

text: . The improvements made to regional models have allowed for significant improvements in

text: tropical cyclone track

text: and

text: air quality

text: forecasts; however, atmospheric models perform poorly at handling processes that occur in a relatively constricted area, such as

text: wildfire

text: s.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Pacific Ocean

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: tropical cyclone track

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: The improvements made to regional models

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: tropical cyclone track

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: tropical cyclone track

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: tropical cyclones

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: tropical cyclone track

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Mathematical models

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: wildfires.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: tropical cyclone track and air quality forecasts;

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: tropical cyclone

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: wildfires.

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: tropical cyclone

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: tropical cyclone

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: tropical cyclone

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: tropical cyclone track

text: One of the issues that has been raised in the media is the view that global warming "stopped in 1998".This view ignores the presence of internal climate variability. Internal climate variability is a result of complex interactions between components of the climate system, such as the coupling between the atmosphere and ocean. An example of internal climate variability is the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The El Niño in 1998 was particularly strong, possibly one of the strongest of the 20th century.

text: One of the issues that has been raised in the media is the view that global warming "stopped in 1998".This view ignores the presence of internal climate variability. Internal climate variability is a result of complex interactions between components of the climate system, such as the

text: coupling

text: between the

text: atmosphere

text: and

text: ocean

text: . An example of internal climate variability is the

text: El Niño Southern Oscillation

text: (ENSO). The El Niño in 1998 was particularly strong, possibly one of the strongest of the 20th century.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: El Ni o

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Ni o

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: internal climate variability

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: global warming "stopped in 1998

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: 1998 was particularly strong

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: internal climate variability

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: ocean.

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: El Ni<unk>o Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Ni<unk>o Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: El Ni<unk>o Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Ni<unk>o Southern Oscillation (ENSO).

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: El Ni<unk>o Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: 1998 was particularly strong, possibly one of the strongest of the 20th century.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: The El Ni<unk>o in 1998 was particularly strong,

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: El Ni<unk>o Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: El Ni<unk>o Southern Oscillation

text: El Niño generally tends to increase global temperatures around the globe. La Niña, on the other hand, usually causes years which are cooler than the short-term average. El Niño is the warm phase of the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and La Niña the cold phase.

text: El Niño

text: generally tends to increase global temperatures around the globe. La Niña, on the other hand, usually causes years which are cooler than the short-term average. El Niño is the warm phase of the

text: El Niño Southern Oscillation

text: (ENSO) and La Niña the cold phase.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: El Ni o

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: La Ni a

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: generally tends to increase global temperatures

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: global temperatures increase

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: cooler than the short-term average

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: increase global temperatures

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: La Ni<unk>a,

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: La Ni<unk>a,

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: cooler than the short-term average.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: La Ni<unk>a,

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: increase global temperatures around the globe.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: La Ni<unk>a,

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: increase global temperatures around the globe.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: usually causes years which are cooler than the short-term average.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: increase global temperatures

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: El Ni<unk>o Southern Oscillation (ENSO)

text: John Michael Wallace (born October 28, 1940), is a professor of Atmospheric Sciences at the University of Washington, as well as the former director of the Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean (JISAO)—a joint research venture between the University of Washington and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). His research concerns understanding global climate and its variations using observations and covers the quasi biennial oscillation, Pacific decadal oscillation and the annular modes of the Arctic oscillation and the Antarctic oscillation, and the dominant spatial patterns in month-to-month and year-to-year climate variability, including the one through which El Niño phenomenon in the tropical Pacific influences climate over North America.  He is also the coauthor with Peter V. Hobbs of what is generally considered the standard introductory textbook in the field: Atmospheric Science: An Introductory Survey. He was the third most cited geoscientist during the period 1973–2007.

text: John Michael Wallace (born October 28, 1940), is a professor of

text: Atmospheric Science

text: s at the

text: University of Washington

text: , as well as the former director of the

entity_name: Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean

text: Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean

text: (JISAO)—a joint research venture between the University of Washington and the

text: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

text: (NOAA). His research concerns understanding global climate and its variations using observations and covers the

text: quasi biennial oscillation

text: Pacific decadal oscillation

text: and the annular

text: modes

text: of the

text: Arctic oscillation

text: and the

text: Antarctic oscillation

text: , and the dominant spatial patterns in month-to-month and year-to-year climate variability, including the one through which

text: El Niño

text: phenomenon in the tropical Pacific influences climate over

text: North America

text: .  He is also the coauthor with

text: Peter V. Hobbs

text: of what is generally considered the standard introductory textbook in the field: Atmospheric Science: An Introductory Survey. He was the third most cited geoscientist during the period 1973–2007.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Pacific

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Ni o

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Ni o

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: North America

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: El Ni o

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: climate variability

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: tropical Pacific

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: El Ni<unk>o phenomenon

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Ni<unk>o phenomenon

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Arctic oscillation and the Antarctic oscillation,

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Ni<unk>o phenomenon in the tropical Pacific influences climate over North America.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: El Ni<unk>o phenomenon

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: influences climate over North America.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: El Ni<unk>o phenomenon in the tropical Pacific influences climate over North America.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: climate over North America.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: El Ni<unk>o phenomenon in the tropical Pacific influences climate over North America.

text: Mann continued his interest in improving methodology to find patterns in high-resolution paleoclimate reconstructions: he was lead author with Bradley and Hughes on a study of long term variability in the El Niño southern oscillations and related teleconnections, published in 2000. His areas of research have included climate signal detection, attribution of climate change and coupled ocean-atmosphere modeling, developing and assessing methods of statistical and time series analysis and comparing the results of modelling against data.

text: Mann continued his interest in improving methodology to find patterns in high-resolution paleoclimate reconstructions: he was lead author with Bradley and Hughes on a study of long term variability in the

text: El Niño

text: southern oscillations and related

text: teleconnection

text: s, published in 2000. His areas of research have included climate signal detection,

text: attribution of climate change

text: and

text: coupled ocean-atmosphere modeling

text: , developing and assessing methods of statistical and

text: time series

text: analysis and comparing the results of modelling against data.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: southern oscillations

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Nio

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: long term variability in the El Ni o southern oscillations

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: he was lead author

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: El Ni o southern oscillations and related teleconnections

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: teleconnections

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: southern

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: El Ni<unk>o southern oscillations and related teleconnections,

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Ni<unk>o southern oscillations

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: El Ni<unk>o southern oscillations

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Ni<unk>o southern oscillations

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: El Ni<unk>o southern oscillations

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: El Ni<unk>o southern oscillations

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: El Ni<unk>o southern oscillations

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: teleconnections,

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: El Ni<unk>o southern oscillations

text: Environmental conditions play a key role in defining the function and distribution of plants, in combination with other factors. Changes in long term environmental conditions that can be collectively coined climate change are known to have had enormous impacts on plant diversity patterns in the future and are seen as having significant current impacts. It is predicted that climate change will remain one of the major drivers of biodiversity patterns in the future.

text: Environmental conditions play a key role in defining the function and

text: distribution

text: of

text: plants

text: , in combination with other factors. Changes in long term environmental conditions that can be collectively coined

text: climate change

text: are known to have had enormous impacts on plant diversity patterns in the future and are seen as having significant current impacts. It is predicted that climate change will remain one of the major drivers of

text: biodiversity

text: patterns in the future.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: equator

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: have had enormous impacts on plant diversity patterns

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: climate change will remain one of the major drivers of biodiversity patterns

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: climate change will remain one of the major drivers of biodiversity patterns

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: plants,

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Environmental conditions

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: plants,

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Environmental conditions

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Environmental conditions

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Environmental conditions

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Environmental conditions

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: Environmental conditions

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Environmental conditions

text: Julian and Roland A. Madden co-authored a 1971 research publication entitled "Detection of a 40-50 day oscillation in the zonal wind in the tropical Pacific", which became the basis of the accepted  Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO), a theory that remains in teaching and practice in climate research. The MJO is the largest element of intraseasonal variability of the atmosphere in the tropics; it is a traveling pattern arising from large-scale coupling between atmospheric circulation and tropical deep convection. (The El Niño–Southern Oscillation is a related phenomenon, but a standing pattern.) The ability to identify and forecast the MJO "is of considerable importance" in the ability of meteorologists to predict short-term variability in climate, and to perform long-term predictions of tropical and subtropical weather based on modeling. Both of these two atmospheric scientists continued research on the MJO phenomenon throughout their careers, and it has continued to be broadly referenced and studied into the new millennium.

text: Julian and Roland A. Madden co-authored a 1971 research publication entitled "Detection of a 40-50 day oscillation in the zonal wind in the tropical Pacific", which became the basis of the accepted

text: Madden–Julian oscillation

text: (MJO), a theory that remains in teaching and practice in climate research. The MJO is the largest element of intraseasonal variability of the

text: atmosphere

text: in the

text: tropics

text: ; it is a traveling pattern arising from large-scale coupling between

text: atmospheric circulation

text: and tropical

text: deep convection

text: . (The

text: El Niño–Southern Oscillation

text: is a related phenomenon, but a standing pattern.) The ability to identify and forecast the MJO "is of considerable importance" in the ability of meteorologists to predict short-term variability in climate, and to perform long-term predictions of tropical and subtropical weather based on modeling. Both of these two atmospheric scientists continued research on the MJO phenomenon throughout their careers, and it has continued to be broadly referenced and studied into the new millennium.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: tropical Pacific

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Ni o–Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: The El Ni o–Southern Oscillation is a related phenomenon, but a standing pattern

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Southern Oscillation is a related phenomenon, but a standing pattern.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: El Ni o–Southern Oscillation is a related phenomenon, but a standing pattern

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: tropical and subtropical weather

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: tropical Pacific",

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: El Ni<unk>o–Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Ni<unk>o–Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: (The El Ni<unk>o–Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: (The El Ni<unk>o–Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: El Ni<unk>o–Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: (The El Ni<unk>o–Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: (The El Ni<unk>o–Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: o–Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: (The El Ni<unk>o–Southern Oscillation

text: The MAB also released reports in 2010, 2011, and 2014  The May 2014 report, "National Security and the Accelerating Risks of Climate Change" re-examines the impact of climate change on U.S. national security.

text: The MAB also released reports in 2010, 2011, and 2014  The May 2014 report, "National Security and the Accelerating Risks of Climate Change" re-examines the impact of climate change on U.S. national security.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Pacific Ocean

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: MAB released reports in 2010 and 2011

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: MAB also released reports in 2010

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Climate Change"

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: The MAB also released reports in 2010, 2011, and 2014

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: 2011, and 2014

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: The MAB also released reports in 2010, 2011, and 2014

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: 2011, and 2014

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: The MAB also released reports in 2010, 2011, and 2014

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: 2011, and 2014

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: The MAB also released reports in 2010, 2011, and 2014

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: Climate Change"

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: The MAB also released reports in 2010, 2011, and 2014

text: Some evidence weighs against climate change as a valid hypothesis as applied to Australia. It has been shown that the prevailing climate at the time of extinction (40,000–50,000 BP) was similar to that of today, and that the extinct animals were strongly adapted to an arid climate. The evidence indicates that all of the extinctions took place in the same short time period, which was the time when humans entered the landscape. The main mechanism for extinction was probably fire (started by humans) in a then much less fire-adapted landscape. Isotopic evidence shows sudden changes in the diet of surviving species, which could correspond to the stress they experienced before extinction.

text: Some evidence weighs against climate change as a valid hypothesis as applied to Australia. It has been shown that the prevailing climate at the time of extinction (40,000–50,000 BP) was similar to that of today, and that the extinct animals were strongly adapted to an arid climate. The evidence indicates that all of the extinctions took place in the same short time period, which was the time when humans entered the landscape. The main mechanism for extinction was probably fire (started by humans) in a then much less fire-adapted landscape. Isotopic evidence shows sudden changes in the diet of surviving species, which could correspond to the stress they experienced before extinction.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Australia

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: arid climate

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: 50,000 BP

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Australia.

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: extinction (40,000–50,000 BP) was similar to that of today,

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: extinction

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Australia.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: extinction

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: climate change as a valid hypothesis as applied to Australia.

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: extinction

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: extinction

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: fire

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Some evidence weighs against climate change as a valid hypothesis

text: Todd is believed to be one of the first meteorologists to suggest that local climate was affected by global phenomenon. Todd noted that abnormally high atmospheric pressure in India was matched with similar extremes in Australia, typically resulting in parallel droughts thousands of kilometres apart.  This particular phenomenon is now recognised as part of the Southern Oscillation which in turn is part of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). These globally linked meteorological phenomenon are termed teleconnections and Todd was one of the first to recognise their effect.

text: Todd is believed to be one of the first meteorologists to suggest that local climate was affected by global phenomenon. Todd noted that abnormally high atmospheric pressure in India was matched with similar extremes in Australia, typically resulting in parallel droughts thousands of kilometres apart.  This particular phenomenon is now recognised as part of the Southern Oscillation which in turn is part of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). These globally linked meteorological phenomenon are termed teleconnections and Todd was one of the first to recognise their effect.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Australia

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: parallel droughts

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: parallel droughts thousands of kilometres apart

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: parallel droughts thousands of kilometres apart

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: parallel droughts thousands of kilometres

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: parallel droughts

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: El Ni<unk>

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: El Ni<unk>o-Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: droughts

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: El Ni<unk>o-Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Ni<unk>o-Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: El Ni<unk>o-Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: parallel droughts thousands of kilometres apart.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: parallel droughts

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: parallel droughts

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: El Ni<unk>o-Southern Oscillation

text: El Nino (1-5)

text: El Nino (1-5)

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: south america

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: a tropical storm

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: tropical storms

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: 1-5

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: 1-5

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: a tropical storm

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: a tropical storm is formed

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: el nino is a tropical storm

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: tropical cyclone

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: how many days does el nio last?

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: El Nino (1-5)

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: El Nino

text: Migration related to climate change is likely to be predominantly from rural areas in developing countries to towns and cities. In the short term climate stress is likely to add incrementally to existing migration patterns rather than generating entirely new flows of people.

text: Migration related to climate change is likely to be predominantly from

text: rural area

text: s in

text: developing countries

text: to towns and

text: cities

text: . In the short term climate stress is likely to add incrementally to existing migration patterns rather than generating entirely new flows of people.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Africa

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: are not related to climate change

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: migration related to climate change is likely to be predominantly from rural areas

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: climate stress is likely to add incrementally to existing migration patterns

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: migration

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: rural areas

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Migration related to climate change

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: Migration related to climate change is likely to be predominantly from rural areas

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Migration

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Migration related to climate change

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Migration related to climate change

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Migration related to climate change is likely to be predominantly from rural areas

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Migration related to climate change

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: Migration

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Migration

text: In the United States Code (16 U.S.C., Section 3801(a)(18)), the term wetland is defined "as land that (A) has a predominance of hydric soils, (B) is inundated or saturated by surface or groundwater at a frequency and duration sufficient to support a prevalence of hydrophytic vegetation typically adapted for life in saturated soil conditions and (C) under normal circumstances supports a prevalence of such vegetation." Related to this legal definitions, the term "normal circumstances" are conditions expected to occur during the wet portion of the growing season under normal climatic conditions (not unusually dry or unusually wet), and in the absence of significant disturbance. It is not uncommon for a wetland to be dry for long portions of the growing season. Wetlands can be dry during the dry season and abnormally dry periods during the wet season, but under normal environmental conditions the soils in a wetland will be saturated to the surface or inundated such that the soils become anaerobic, and those conditions will persist through the wet portion of the growing season.

text: In the United States Code (16 U.S.C., Section 3801(a)(18)), the term wetland is defined "as land that (A) has a predominance of hydric soils, (B) is inundated or saturated by surface or groundwater at a frequency and duration sufficient to support a prevalence of hydrophytic vegetation typically adapted for life in saturated soil conditions and (C) under normal circumstances supports a prevalence of such vegetation." Related to this legal definitions, the term "normal circumstances" are conditions expected to occur during the wet portion of the growing season under normal climatic conditions (not unusually dry or unusually wet), and in the absence of significant disturbance. It is not uncommon for a wetland to be dry for long portions of the growing season. Wetlands can be dry during the dry season and abnormally dry periods during the wet season, but under normal environmental conditions the soils in a wetland will be saturated to the surface or inundated such that the soils become anaerobic, and those conditions will persist through the wet portion of the growing season.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: south

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: conditions expected to occur during the wet portion of the growing season

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: el nio events

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: abnormally dry periods during the wet season

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: abnormally dry periods

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: wet portion of the growing season

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: normal climatic conditions

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: wet portion of the growing season

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: normal climatic conditions

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: 3801(a)(18)),

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: 3801(a)(18)),

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: unusually dry or unusually wet),

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: abnormally dry periods during the wet season,

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: 3801(a)(18)), the term wetland

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: 3801(a)(18)),

text: Nino is a children's novel written and illustrated by Valenti Angelo. It tells the story of Nino's childhood in a small Italian village at the turn of the century. First published in 1938, it was a Newbery Honor recipient in 1939.

text: Nino is a

text: children's novel

text: written and illustrated by

text: Valenti Angelo

text: . It tells the story of Nino's childhood in a small Italian village at the turn of the century. First published in 1938, it was a

text: Newbery Honor

text: recipient in 1939.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Italy

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Nino's childhood in a small Italian village

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Valenti Angelo

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Valenti Angelo

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: earthquakes

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Italian

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Newbery Honor recipient in 1939.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: 1938,

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Nino

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: turn of the century.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Nino

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Nino's childhood in a small Italian village

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Nino's childhood in a small Italian village

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: Nino

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Nino

text: McClung et al. discuss the gene expression profiles of previously mentioned CREB and ΔFosB  as they are involved in cocaine use.  These transcription factors have been shown to play a role in the short-term and long-term adaptive changes in the brain.  CREB has been implicated in learning, memory, and depression and enriched in cocaine users within the nucleus accumbens.  CREB seems to upregulate many genes in its pathway within the reward regions of the brain and seems to reduce the rewarding effects of cocaine and leads to depressive-like behaviors instead.  The gene expression changes by CREB are induced by short-term cocaine treatment and eventually go back to normal.  They also focused on ΔFosB, which is in the family of FosB proteins.  While most of these proteins have been implicated in short-term abuse gene expression changes, McClung et al. demonstrated that ΔFosB gene expression changes in the NAc were induced by short-term and long-term cocaine exposure.  Short-term cocaine exposure lead to the same expression profiles of upregulated genes as CREB did creating the reduced rewarding effects seen.  However, long-term exposure lead to a different expression profile leading to increased rewarding effects. They suggested that ΔFosB acts as a repressor and somehow interacts with the CREB pathway and indirectly leads to the same short-term effects seen, but over time, acts to upregulate genes within its own pathway leading to the increased rewarding effects.  It is unknown how these two pathways interact, but they have shown that there is some overlap.

text: McClung et al. discuss the gene expression profiles of previously mentioned CREB and ΔFosB  as they are involved in cocaine use.  These transcription factors have been shown to play a role in the short-term and long-term adaptive changes in the brain.  CREB has been implicated in learning, memory, and depression and enriched in cocaine users within the nucleus accumbens.  CREB seems to upregulate many genes in its pathway within the reward regions of the brain and seems to reduce the rewarding effects of cocaine and leads to depressive-like behaviors instead.  The gene expression changes by CREB are induced by short-term cocaine treatment and eventually go back to normal.  They also focused on ΔFosB, which is in the family of FosB proteins.  While most of these proteins have been implicated in short-term abuse gene expression changes, McClung et al. demonstrated that ΔFosB gene expression changes in the NAc were induced by short-term and long-term cocaine exposure.  Short-term cocaine exposure lead to the same expression profiles of upregulated genes as CREB did creating the reduced rewarding effects seen.  However, long-term exposure lead to a different expression profile leading to increased rewarding effects. They suggested that ΔFosB acts as a

text: repressor

text: and somehow interacts with the CREB pathway and indirectly leads to the same short-term effects seen, but over time, acts to upregulate genes within its own pathway leading to the increased rewarding effects.  It is unknown how these two pathways interact, but they have shown that there is some overlap.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: south

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Nio Events

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: In the western Pacific Ocean, warm water in the western Pacific Ocean decreases sea levels.

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: FosB gene expression changes in the NAc were induced by short-term and long-term cocaine exposure

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: FosB gene expression changes in the NAc were induced by short-term and long-term cocaine exposure.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: el nio and la nia

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: FosB

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: FosB

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: normal.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: induced by short-term cocaine treatment

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: nucleus accumbens.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: induced by short-term cocaine treatment

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: cocaine users within the nucleus accumbens.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: cocaine users within the nucleus accumbens.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: cocaine use.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: increased rewarding effects.

text: Sea surface temperature (SST) measured from Earth Observation Satellites in considerable spatial detail and at high frequency, is increasingly required for use in the context of operational monitoring and forecasting of the ocean, for assimilation into coupled ocean-atmosphere model systems and for applications  in short-term numerical weather prediction and longer term climate change detection. Currently there are many different SST data sets available derived from satellite systems. But, scientists and operational agencies alike are presented with a bewidering set of options in terms of SST product content, coverage, spatial resolution, timeliness, format and accuracy. The international GODAE steering committee realised that SST data products were not adequate for GODAE forecast systems and initiated the GODAE High Resolution SST Pilot Project (GHRSST-PP). User Requirements were collected together to define the optimal SST data products that could be developed to suit the widest possible number of applications. In 2008 the GHRSST-PP Science Team agreed to close the Pilot Project as the GODAE project was completed.  A follow on activity called the Group for High Resolution SST is now continuing the coordination of GHRSST activities.

text: Sea surface temperature

text: (SST) measured from Earth Observation

text: Satellites

text: in considerable spatial detail and at high frequency, is increasingly required for use in the context of operational monitoring and forecasting of the

text: ocean

text: , for assimilation into coupled

text: ocean-atmosphere model

text: systems and for applications  in short-term

text: numerical weather prediction

text: and longer term

text: climate change

text: detection. Currently there are many different SST data sets available derived from satellite systems. But, scientists and operational agencies alike are presented with a bewidering set of options in terms of SST product content, coverage, spatial resolution, timeliness, format and accuracy. The international GODAE steering committee realised that SST data products were not adequate for GODAE forecast systems and initiated the GODAE High Resolution SST Pilot Project (GHRSST-PP). User Requirements were collected together to define the optimal SST data products that could be developed to suit the widest possible number of applications. In 2008 the GHRSST-PP Science Team agreed to close the Pilot Project as the GODAE project was completed.  A follow on activity called the Group for High Resolution SST is now continuing the coordination of GHRSST activities.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Atlantic

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: sea surface temperature

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: el nio events

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: sea surface temperature

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Sea surface temperature (SST)

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Earth Observation Satellites

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: ocean-atmosphere

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Sea surface temperature

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: Sea surface temperature

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Sea surface temperature

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Sea surface temperature

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Sea surface temperature

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Sea surface temperature

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: 2008

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Sea surface temperature

text: The completed TAO array provides in-situ data collection of high quality oceanographic and surface meteorological data for monitoring, forecasting, and understanding of climate swings associated with El Niño and La Nina. In January 2000, the TAO array was renamed the TAO/TRITON array in recognition of the contribution made by the TRITON (Triangle Trans-Ocean Buoy Network) moorings. The  TRITON moorings are situated along, and to the west of, 156E and are operated and managed by JAMSTEC.

text: The completed TAO array provides

text: in-situ

text: data collection of high quality oceanographic and surface meteorological data for monitoring, forecasting, and understanding of climate swings associated with

text: El Niño

text: and

text: La Nina

text: . In January 2000, the TAO array was renamed the TAO/TRITON array in recognition of the contribution made by the TRITON (Triangle Trans-Ocean Buoy Network) moorings. The  TRITON moorings are situated along, and to the west of, 156E and are operated and managed by

entity_name: Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology

text: JAMSTEC

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: 156E

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: 156E

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Ni o and La Nina

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: La Nina

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: TRITON moorings are situated along, and to the west of, 156E and are operated and managed by JAMSTEC.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: climate swings

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: 156E

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: El Ni<unk>o and La Nina.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: 156E

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: El Ni<unk>o and La Nina.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: climate swings associated with El Ni<unk>o and La Nina.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: El Ni<unk>o and La Nina.

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: climate swings

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: climate swings

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: climate swings

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: climate swings associated with El Ni<unk>o and La Nina.

text: Much adaptation takes place in relation to short-term climate variability, however this may cause maladaptation to longer-term climatic trends. For example, the expansion of irrigation in Egypt into the Western Sinai desert due to a period of higher river flows is a maladaptation when viewed in relation to the longer term projections of drying in the region). Adaptations at one scale can also create externalities at another by reducing the adaptive capacity of other actors. This is often the case when broad assessments of the costs and benefits of adaptation are examined at smaller scales and it is possible to see that whilst the adaptation may benefit some actors, it has a negative effect on others.

text: Much adaptation takes place in relation to short-term climate variability, however this may cause

text: maladaptation

text: to longer-term climatic trends. For example, the expansion of irrigation in Egypt into the Western Sinai desert due to a period of higher river flows is a maladaptation when viewed in relation to the longer term projections of drying in the region). Adaptations at one scale can also create externalities at another by reducing the adaptive capacity of other actors. This is often the case when broad assessments of the costs and benefits of adaptation are examined at smaller scales and it is possible to see that whilst the adaptation may benefit some actors, it has a negative effect on others.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Western Sinai

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: are a maladaptation

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: irrigation in Egypt into the Western Sinai desert

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: expansion of irrigation in Egypt into the Western Sinai desert

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Western Sinai desert due to a period of higher river flows

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: maladaptation to longer-term climatic trends.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: higher river flows

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: this may cause maladaptation to longer-term climatic trends.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Western Sinai desert due to a period of higher river flows

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: this may cause maladaptation to longer-term climatic trends.

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: higher river flows

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: higher river flows

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: maladaptation to longer-term climatic trends.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Much adaptation takes place in relation to short-term climate variability,

text: The degree to which Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people on the Australian continent practised agriculture has long been debated by archaeologists.  Earlier it was believed that Australian Aboriginal people were ignorant of the principles of agriculture, but this has since been disproven.  For instance, Australian Aboriginal women in traditional societies often transplanted immature "bush tucker" plants found growing in unfavourable locations to more favourable spots. There were also a number of plants (particularly seeds and roots) that could have lent themselves to cultivation, and were used in making such foods as damper. Charles Sturt in his 1844 expedition to northwest New South Wales and central Australia reports seeing large haystacks built by Aboriginal people of seed crops. This was located east of Depot Glen Milparinka about 600 km from the Murray River. Firestick farming has also always been a technique used by Aboriginal people to open the canopy of closed canopy forests, introducing sunlight to the ground, and prompting germination of a number of foodstuffs known to attract kangaroo and other marsupials. This would encourage a more intensive land use than otherwise. But the main reason for the lack of agriculture in Australia is the extreme variability of the climate. Australia is the only continent on Earth, which, as a result of the El Nino Southern Oscillation, experiences greater variability between years than it does between the seasons. Such climatic variability makes farming very difficult, especially for incipient farmers who cannot be supported from outside their community. Australian Aboriginal people found that maintaining stable populations below the effective carrying capacity of the environment would enable an adequate supply of food, even in drought years, so maintaining a stable culture. This made hunting and gathering a more sustainable activity on the Australian continent than neolithic farming. Evidence of cultivation at Kuk in Papua New Guinea, from about 10–12,000 years BP (at a time when that island was joined to Australia, suggests crop raising was possible in the Sahul supercontinent when conditions were favourable.

text: The degree to which Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people on the Australian continent practised agriculture has long been debated by archaeologists.  Earlier it was believed that Australian Aboriginal people were ignorant of the principles of agriculture, but this has since been disproven.  For instance, Australian Aboriginal women in traditional societies often transplanted immature "

text: bush tucker

text: " plants found growing in unfavourable locations to more favourable spots. There were also a number of plants (particularly seeds and roots) that could have lent themselves to cultivation, and were used in making such foods as

text: damper

text: Charles Sturt

text: in his 1844 expedition to northwest New South Wales and central Australia reports seeing large haystacks built by Aboriginal people of seed crops. This was located east of Depot Glen

text: Milparinka

text: about 600 km from the

text: Murray River

text: Firestick farming

text: has also always been a technique used by Aboriginal people to open the canopy of closed canopy forests, introducing sunlight to the ground, and prompting germination of a number of foodstuffs known to attract

text: kangaroo

text: and other marsupials. This would encourage a more intensive land use than otherwise. But the main reason for the lack of agriculture in Australia is the extreme variability of the climate. Australia is the only continent on Earth, which, as a result of the

text: El Nino

text: Southern Oscillation

text: , experiences greater variability between years than it does between the seasons. Such climatic variability makes farming very difficult, especially for incipient farmers who cannot be supported from outside their community. Australian Aboriginal people found that maintaining stable populations below the effective carrying capacity of the environment would enable an adequate supply of food, even in drought years, so maintaining a stable culture. This made

text: hunting and gathering

text: a more sustainable activity on the Australian continent than

text: neolithic

text: farming. Evidence of cultivation at

text: Kuk

text: in Papua New Guinea, from about 10–12,000 years BP (at a time when that island was joined to Australia, suggests crop raising was possible in the Sahul supercontinent when conditions were favourable.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: as a result of the El Nino Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: drought years, so maintaining a stable culture

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: El Nino Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: El Nino Southern Oscillation,

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: adequate supply of food,

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: El Nino Southern Oscillation,

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Nino Southern Oscillation,

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: El Nino Southern Oscillation,

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: greater variability between years than it does between the seasons.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: populations

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: El Nino Southern Oscillation,

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: El Nino Southern Oscillation,

text: Nino has remained, along with Esteban MacDermott, in the Argentine tailend since the very beginning of his career.

text: Nino has remained, along with

text: Esteban MacDermott

text: , in the Argentine tailend since the very beginning of his career.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: argentina

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Esteban MacDermott

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Esteban MacDermott

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Argentine tailend

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Argentine tailend

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: Argentine tailend

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Argentine tailend

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Argentine tailend

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Argentine tailend

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Argentine tailend

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Argentine tailend

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: Argentine tailend

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Argentine tailend

text: The El Niño–Southern Oscillation affects the precipitation distribution, by altering rainfall patterns across the West, Midwest, the Southeast, and throughout the tropics.  There is also evidence that global warming is leading to increased precipitation to the eastern portions of North America, while droughts are becoming more frequent in the western portions.

text: The

text: El Niño–Southern Oscillation

text: affects the precipitation distribution, by altering rainfall patterns across the West, Midwest, the Southeast, and throughout the tropics.  There is also evidence that

text: global warming

text: is leading to increased precipitation to the eastern portions of North America, while droughts are becoming more frequent in the western portions.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: the tropics

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: droughts

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: o–Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: precipitation patterns across the West

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: increased precipitation to the eastern portions of North America

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: o–Southern

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: El Ni<unk>o–Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: droughts are becoming more frequent

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: El Ni<unk>o–Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: The El Ni<unk>o–Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: droughts are becoming more frequent in the western portions.

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: altering rainfall patterns

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: altering rainfall patterns

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: tropics.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: The El Ni<unk>o–Southern Oscillation

text: A significant short-term biochemical change is the covalent modification of pre-existing proteins in order to modify synaptic connections that are already active. This allows data to be conveyed in the short term, without consolidating anything for permanent storage. From here a memory or an association may be chosen to become a long-term memory, or forgotten as the synaptic connections eventually weaken. The switch from short to long-term is the same concerning both implicit memory and explicit memory. This process is regulated by a number of inhibitory constraints, primarily the balance between protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation. Finally, long term changes occur that allow consolidation of the target memory. These changes include new protein synthesis, the formation of new synaptic connections and finally the activation of gene expression in accordance with the new neural configuration. The encoding process has been found to be partially mediated by serotonergic interneurons, specifically in regard to sensitization as blocking these interneurons prevented sensitization entirely. However, the ultimate consequences of these discoveries have yet to be identified. Furthermore, the learning process has been known to recruit a variety of modulatory transmitters in order to create and consolidate memories. These transmitters cause the nucleus to initiate processes required for neuronal growth and long term memory, mark specific synapses for the capture of long-term processes, regulate local protein synthesis and even appear to mediate attentional processes required for the formation and recall of memories.

text: A significant short-term biochemical change is the covalent modification of pre-existing proteins in order to modify synaptic connections that are already active. This allows data to be conveyed in the short term, without consolidating anything for permanent storage. From here a memory or an association may be chosen to become a long-term memory, or forgotten as the synaptic connections eventually weaken. The switch from short to long-term is the same concerning both

text: implicit memory

text: and

text: explicit memory

text: . This process is regulated by a number of inhibitory constraints, primarily the balance between protein

text: phosphorylation

text: and

text: dephosphorylation

text: . Finally, long term changes occur that allow consolidation of the target memory. These changes include new protein synthesis, the formation of new synaptic connections and finally the activation of

text: gene expression

text: in accordance with the new neural configuration. The encoding process has been found to be partially mediated by serotonergic interneurons, specifically in regard to sensitization as blocking these interneurons prevented sensitization entirely. However, the ultimate consequences of these discoveries have yet to be identified. Furthermore, the learning process has been known to recruit a variety of modulatory transmitters in order to create and consolidate memories. These transmitters cause the nucleus to initiate processes required for neuronal growth and long term memory, mark specific synapses for the capture of long-term processes, regulate local protein synthesis and even appear to mediate attentional processes required for the formation and recall of memories.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: south

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: long-term

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: The switch from short to long-term is the same concerning both implicit memory and explicit memory

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: phosphorylation and dephosphorylation

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: long term changes occur that allow consolidation of the target memory

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: phosphorylation and dephosphorylation.

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: A significant short-term biochemical change

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: A significant short-term biochemical change

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: A significant short-term biochemical change

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: serotonergic interneurons,

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: A significant short-term biochemical change

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: sensitization

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: neuronal growth and long term memory,

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: A significant short-term biochemical change

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: A significant short-term biochemical change

text: An alternate hypothesis is an epidemic of avian malaria, as implicated in the extinctions of birds in the Hawaiian islands. Evidence for the idea is drawn from an apparent recovery of a vulture following chloroquine treatment. Yet another suggestion has been that the population changes may be linked with long term climatic cycles such as the El Niño–Southern Oscillation.

text: An alternate hypothesis is an epidemic of

text: avian malaria

text: , as implicated in the extinctions of birds in the Hawaiian islands. Evidence for the idea is drawn from an apparent recovery of a vulture following

text: chloroquine

text: treatment. Yet another suggestion has been that the population changes may be linked with long term climatic cycles such as the

text: El Niño–Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Nio

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: long term climatic cycles such as the El Ni o–Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: population changes may be linked

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: El Ni o–Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: o–Southern

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: El Ni<unk>o–Southern Oscillation.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Ni<unk>o–Southern Oscillation.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: El Ni<unk>o–Southern Oscillation.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Ni<unk>o–Southern Oscillation.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: El Ni<unk>o–Southern Oscillation.

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: o–Southern Oscillation.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: El Ni<unk>o–Southern Oscillation.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: o–Southern Oscillation.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: El Ni<unk>o–Southern Oscillation.

text: The field of water resources management will have to continue to adapt to the current and future issues facing the allocation of water. With the growing uncertainties of global climate change and the long term impacts of management actions,the decision-making will be even more difficult. It is likely that ongoing climate change will lead to situations that have not been encountered. As a result, alternative management strategies are sought for in order to avoid setbacks in the allocation of water resources.

text: The field of water resources management will have to continue to adapt to the current and future issues facing the allocation of water. With the growing uncertainties of global

text: climate change

text: and the long term impacts of management actions,the decision-making will be even more difficult. It is likely that ongoing climate change will lead to situations that have not been encountered. As a result, alternative management strategies are sought for in order to avoid setbacks in the allocation of water resources.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: the Equator

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: The growing uncertainties of global climate change

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: global climate change will lead to situations that have not been encountered

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: global climate change and the long term impacts of management actions

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: growing uncertainties of global climate change

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: global climate change

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: global climate change

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: global climate change

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: water.

text: El Nino affects the global climate and disrupts normal weather patterns, which as a result can lead to intense storms in some places and droughts in others.

text: El Nino affects the global climate and disrupts normal weather patterns, which as a result can lead to intense storms in some places and droughts in others.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: south america

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: intense storms

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: can lead to intense storms

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: intense storms can occur

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: intense storms can occur

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: intense storms

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Nino

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: intense storms in some places and droughts in others.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: intense storms in some places and droughts in others.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: intense storms

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: intense storms

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: El Nino

text: Warm waters during the El Niño-Southern Oscillation lower the potential of tropical cyclone formation primarily in the Atlantic Basin and around Australia. Because tropical cyclones in the northeastern Pacific and north Atlantic basins are both generated in large part by tropical waves from the same wave train,<ref name="MWR">{{cite journal|last=Avila|first=Lixion A.|author2=Pasch, Richard J. |title=Atlantic Tropical Systems of 1993|journal=Monthly Weather Review|date=March 1995|page=pg. 893|url=http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/1520-0493(1995)123%3C0887:ATSO%3E2.0.CO;2|accessdate=September 29, 2010|doi=10.1175/1520-0493(1995)123

text: Warm waters during the

text: El Niño-Southern Oscillation

text: lower the potential of tropical cyclone formation primarily in the

text: Atlantic Basin

text: and around Australia. Because tropical cyclones in the northeastern Pacific and north Atlantic basins are both generated in large part by

text: tropical wave

text: s from the same wave train,<ref name="MWR">{{cite journal|last=Avila|first=Lixion A.|author2=Pasch, Richard J. |title=Atlantic Tropical Systems of 1993|journal=Monthly Weather Review|date=March 1995|page=pg. 893|url=http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/1520-0493(1995)123%3C0887:ATSO%3E2.0.CO;2|accessdate=September 29, 2010|doi=10.1175/1520-0493(1995)123

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Australia

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Ni o-Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Ni o-Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: warm waters during the El Ni o-Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Warm waters during the El Ni o-Southern Oscillation lower the potential of tropical cyclone formation

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: tropical cyclone formation

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Australia.

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: El Ni<unk>o-Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: tropical cyclone formation primarily in the Atlantic Basin and around Australia.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: El Ni<unk>o-Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Ni<unk>o-Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: lower the potential of tropical cyclone formation

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Warm waters

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Warm waters

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: tropical cyclone formation

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: El Ni<unk>o-Southern Oscillation

text: The effects on the distribution of native species in Saskatchewan from climate change are beginning to reveal themselves, and will continue to grow worse if mitigation and adaptation measures are not taken. In Saskatchewan, the driest area is found in the southwest, with the landscape becoming progressively more semi-arid, sub-humid, and humid moving north and east. This is reflected in the natural vegetation gradients of the province (ecoregions). Climate change effects are predicted to shift these vegetation zones, and therefore the species that inhabit them northward. For grasslands this means short-grass prairie will move up from regions in the United States, and the mixed-grass prairie will bear down increasingly on the north. The boreal forest would move somewhat north, but continue to shrink in size because of ill-suited conditions, such as a drier climate. This means permanent losses of forest cover in Saskatchewan.

text: The effects on the distribution of native species in Saskatchewan from climate change are beginning to reveal themselves, and will continue to grow worse if mitigation and adaptation measures are not taken. In Saskatchewan, the driest area is found in the southwest, with the landscape becoming progressively more semi-arid, sub-humid, and humid moving north and east. This is reflected in the natural vegetation gradients of the province (ecoregions). Climate change effects are predicted to shift these vegetation zones, and therefore the species that inhabit them northward. For grasslands this means short-grass prairie will move up from regions in the United States, and the mixed-grass prairie will bear down increasingly on the north. The boreal forest would move somewhat north, but continue to shrink in size because of ill-suited conditions, such as a drier climate. This means permanent losses of forest cover in Saskatchewan.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Saskatchewan

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: progressively more semi-arid, sub-humid, and humid moving north and east

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: are beginning to reveal themselves

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: the boreal forest would move somewhat north

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Saskatchewan has a humid climate

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: southwest,

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: driest area is found in the southwest,

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: humid

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: short-grass prairie will move up from regions in the United States,

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: The effects on the distribution of native species

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: driest area is found in the southwest,

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: driest area is found in the southwest,

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: The effects on the distribution of native species

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: The effects on the distribution of native species

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: The effects on the distribution of native species

text: As part of his doctoral research, Michael E. Mann worked with seismologist Jeffrey Park on the development of statistical techniques for finding long-term oscillations of natural variability in the instrumental temperature record of global surface temperatures over the last 140 years;  showed patterns relating to the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, and  found what was later termed the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation. They then teamed up with Raymond S. Bradley to use these techniques on the dataset from his  study with the aim of finding long-term oscillations of natural variability in global climate. The resulting reconstruction went back to 1400, and was published in November as . They were able to detect that the multiple proxies were varying in a coherent oscillatory way, indicating both the multidecadal pattern in the North Atlantic and a longer term oscillation of roughly 250 years in the surrounding region. Their study did not calibrate these proxy patterns against a quantitative temperature scale, and a new statistical approach was needed to find how they related to surface temperatures in order to reconstruct past temperature patterns.

text: As part of his doctoral research,

text: Michael E. Mann

text: worked with seismologist

text: Jeffrey Park

text: on the development of statistical techniques for finding long-term oscillations of natural variability in the

text: instrumental temperature record

text: of global surface temperatures over the last 140 years;  showed patterns relating to the

text: El Niño–Southern Oscillation

text: , and  found what was later termed the

text: Atlantic multidecadal oscillation

text: . They then teamed up with

text: Raymond S. Bradley

text: to use these techniques on the dataset from his  study with the aim of finding long-term oscillations of natural variability in global climate. The resulting reconstruction went back to 1400, and was published in November as . They were able to detect that the multiple proxies were varying in a coherent oscillatory way, indicating both the multidecadal pattern in the North Atlantic and a longer term oscillation of roughly 250 years in the surrounding region. Their study did not calibrate these proxy patterns against a quantitative temperature scale, and a new statistical approach was needed to find how they related to surface temperatures in order to reconstruct past temperature patterns.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Atlantic

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Ni o–Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: sea levels

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: global surface temperatures

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: global surface temperatures over the last 140 years

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: North Atlantic

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: El Ni<unk>o–Southern Oscillation,

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Ni<unk>o–Southern Oscillation,

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Atlantic multidecadal oscillation.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Ni<unk>o–Southern Oscillation,

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: El Ni<unk>o–Southern Oscillation,

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: El Ni<unk>o–Southern Oscillation,

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: El Ni<unk>o–Southern Oscillation,

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: El Ni<unk>o–Southern Oscillation,

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: El Ni<unk>o–Southern Oscillation,

text: Indicators should provide visibility into both short-term and long-term objectives. Overemphasis on short-term objectives can stifle a company's long-term growth, by short-changing new product development. Emphasis on short-term financial results, such as quarterly profits, can lead to reduction in spending on research for new product development, or purchasing cheaper components to raise profit margins, leading to lower product quality, more product returns, complaints from customers, and loss of business.

text: Indicators should provide visibility into both short-term and long-term objectives. Overemphasis on short-term objectives can stifle a company's long-term growth, by short-changing new product development. Emphasis on short-term financial results, such as quarterly profits, can lead to reduction in spending on research for new product development, or purchasing cheaper components to raise profit margins, leading to lower product quality, more product returns, complaints from customers, and loss of business.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: east to west

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: a normal year, along western South America

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: el nio events

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: loss of business

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: a company's long-term growth, by short-changing new product development

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: long-term objectives.

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Overemphasis on short-term objectives

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: long-term objectives.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: short-changing new product development.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: loss of business.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Indicators

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: loss of business.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: complaints from customers, and loss of business.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: short-changing new product development.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Indicators

text: The applications of Hydrological Ensemble Predictions span across large spatio-temporal scales ranging from short-term and very localized predictions to global climate change modeling.

text: The applications of Hydrological Ensemble Predictions span across large spatio-temporal scales ranging from short-term and very localized predictions to global climate change modeling.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Pacific Ocean

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: The applications of Hydrological Ensemble Predictions span across large spatio-temporal

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: global climate change modeling

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: global climate change modeling

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: global climate change

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Hydrological Ensemble Predictions

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: short-term and very localized predictions to global climate change modeling.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: Hydrological Ensemble Predictions

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: global climate change modeling.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Hydrological Ensemble Predictions

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: global climate change modeling.

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Hydrological Ensemble Predictions

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Hydrological Ensemble Predictions

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Hydrological Ensemble Predictions

text: SMACs provide guidance on chemical exposures during normal as well as emergency operations aboard spacecraft.  Short-term SMACs refer to concentrations of airborne substances such as a gas and vapor that will not comprise the performance of specific tasks by astronauts during emergency conditions or cause serious toxic effects.  Long-term SMACs are intended to avoid adverse health effects and to prevent any noticeable changes in the crews performance under continuous exposure to chemicals for as long as 180 days.

text: SMACs provide guidance on chemical exposures during normal as well as emergency operations aboard spacecraft.  Short-term SMACs refer to concentrations of airborne substances such as a gas and vapor that will not comprise the performance of specific tasks by astronauts during emergency conditions or cause serious toxic effects.  Long-term SMACs are intended to avoid adverse health effects and to prevent any noticeable changes in the crews performance under continuous exposure to chemicals for as long as 180 days.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: equator

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: el nio

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: SMACs are intended to avoid adverse health effects and to prevent any noticeable changes in the crews performance under continuous exposure to chemicals for as long as 180 days.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: SMACs provide guidance on chemical exposures during normal as well as emergency operations aboard spacecraft

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: a gas and vapor

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: SMACs

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: SMACs provide guidance on chemical exposures

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: SMACs

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: SMACs

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: SMACs

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: astronauts

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: emergency operations aboard spacecraft.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: serious toxic effects.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: SMACs

text: El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a global coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon.  The Pacific ocean signatures, El Niño and La Niña are important temperature fluctuations in surface waters of the tropical Eastern Pacific Ocean. The name El Niño, from the Spanish for "the little boy", refers to the Christ child, because the phenomenon is usually noticed around Christmas time in the Pacific Ocean off the west coast of South America. La Niña means "the little girl".  Their effect on climate in the subtropics and the tropics are profound. The atmospheric signature, the Southern Oscillation (SO) reflects the monthly or seasonal fluctuations in the air pressure difference between Tahiti and Darwin. The most recent occurrence of El Niño started in September 2006  and lasted until early 2007.

text: El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a global coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon.  The Pacific ocean signatures, El Niño and La Niña are important temperature fluctuations in surface waters of the tropical Eastern Pacific Ocean. The name El Niño, from the Spanish for "the little boy", refers to the

text: Christ child

text: , because the phenomenon is usually noticed around

text: Christmas

text: time in the Pacific Ocean off the west coast of

text: South America

text: . La Niña means "the little girl".  Their effect on climate in the subtropics and the tropics are profound. The atmospheric signature, the Southern Oscillation (SO) reflects the monthly or seasonal fluctuations in the air pressure difference between

text: Tahiti

text: and

text: Darwin

text: . The most recent occurrence of El Niño started in September 2006  and lasted until early 2007.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Tahiti

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: Christmas time

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Ni o–Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: La Ni a means "the little girl"

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: El Ni o–Southern Oscillation (ENSO)

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Tahiti and Darwin.

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: El Ni<unk>o–Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: Christmas time

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: important temperature fluctuations in surface waters of the tropical Eastern Pacific Ocean.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: El Ni<unk>o–Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Christmas time

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: "the little girl".

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: climate in the subtropics and the tropics

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: El Ni<unk>o–Southern Oscillation

text: His reputation as a climate change denier became national when he and four government colleagues disagreed with others of their party in a dissenting committee report regarding climate change.

text: His reputation as a

text: climate change denier

text: became national when he and four government colleagues disagreed with others of their party in a dissenting

entity_name: Australian House of Representatives committees

text: committee

text: report regarding climate change.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: south america

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: climate change is not a concern

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: are not mentioned

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: climate change deniers became national

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: climate change denier became national

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: climate change.

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: climate change.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: climate change.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: climate change.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: climate change.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: climate change.

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: climate change.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: climate change.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: climate change.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: climate change.

text: During El Nino there is greater rainfall between November to March.At the end of El Nino in 1998 480 wildfire occurred.

text: During El Nino there is greater rainfall between November to March.At the end of El Nino in 1998 480 wildfire occurred.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: east to west

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: 480 wildfire occurred

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: can cause wildfires

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: greater rainfall

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: between November to March

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: greater rainfall

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: November to March.At

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: rainfall between November to March.At

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: 480 wildfire occurred.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: there is greater rainfall between November to March.At

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: greater rainfall

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: During El Nino

text: The El Niño–Southern Oscillation affects the location of the jet stream, which alters rainfall patterns across the West, Midwest, the Southeast, and throughout the tropics.  The shift in the jet stream also leads to shifts in the occurrence of severe weather, and the number of tropical cyclones expected within the tropics in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans affected by changes in the ocean temperature and the subtropical jet stream. The winter will have a negative phase according to the Arctic oscillation (AO).

text: The

text: El Niño–Southern Oscillation

text: affects the location of the

text: jet stream

text: , which alters rainfall patterns across the West, Midwest, the Southeast, and throughout the tropics.  The shift in the jet stream also leads to shifts in the occurrence of severe weather, and the number of tropical cyclones expected within the tropics in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans affected by changes in the ocean temperature and the subtropical jet stream. The winter will have a negative phase according to the

text: Arctic oscillation

text: (AO).

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Atlantic

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: rainfall patterns

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: The El Ni o–Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: changes in the ocean temperature and the subtropical jet stream

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: changes in the ocean temperature and the subtropical jet stream

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: tropical cyclones

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: West, Midwest, the Southeast, and throughout the tropics.

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: The El Ni<unk>o–Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: rainfall patterns

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Arctic oscillation (AO).

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: severe weather,

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: The El Ni<unk>o–Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: alters rainfall patterns

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: alters rainfall patterns

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: severe weather,

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: El Ni<unk>o–Southern Oscillation

text: There are multiple threats to the reefs, such a tourist diving and damaging the corals, or taking samples. Then there are industrial run-offs and pollutants, untreated sewage and the increasing sediment flows in rivers that threaten all of the coastal ecosystems. The reef is also threatened by climate change. Due to global warming, the sea surface temperature increases and in 1997/98 a particularly severe 'El Nino' killed 90 percent of corals on the reef. The CORDIO (COral Reef Degradation in the Indian Ocean) NGO have set up an East African task force to monitor the reef's management.

text: There are multiple threats to the reefs, such a tourist diving and damaging the corals, or taking samples. Then there are industrial run-offs and pollutants, untreated sewage and the increasing sediment flows in rivers that threaten all of the coastal ecosystems. The reef is also threatened by climate change. Due to global warming, the sea surface temperature increases and in 1997/98 a particularly severe 'El Nino' killed 90 percent of corals on the reef. The CORDIO (COral Reef Degradation in the Indian Ocean) NGO have set up an East African task force to monitor the reef's management.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Indian Ocean

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: untreated sewage and the increasing sediment flows in rivers

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: 1997/98

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: killed 90 percent of corals on the reef

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: in 1997/98 a particularly severe 'El Nino' killed 90 percent of corals on the reef

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: global warming

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Indian Ocean)

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: 1997/98 a particularly severe 'El Nino'

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: 'El Nino'

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: 'El Nino'

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: killed 90 percent of corals on the reef.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: 'El Nino'

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: killed 90 percent of corals on the reef.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: killed 90 percent of corals on the reef.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: killed 90 percent of corals on the reef.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: 'El Nino'

text: Short-term climatic variation in the Black Sea region is significantly influenced by the operation of the North Atlantic Oscillation, the climatic mechanisms resulting from the interaction between the north Atlantic and mid-latitude air masses. While the exact mechanisms causing the North Atlantic Oscillation remain unclear, it is thought the climate conditions established in western Europe mediate the heat and precipitation fluxes reaching Central Europe and Eurasia, regulating the formation of winter cyclones, which are largely responsible for regional precipitation inputs<ref>{{cite journal|bibcode=1996IJCli..16.1057T|doi=10.1002/(SICI)1097-0088(199609)16:9

text: Short-term climatic variation in the Black Sea region is significantly influenced by the operation of the

text: North Atlantic Oscillation

text: , the climatic mechanisms resulting from the interaction between the north Atlantic and mid-latitude air masses. While the exact mechanisms causing the North Atlantic Oscillation remain unclear, it is thought the climate conditions established in western Europe mediate the heat and precipitation fluxes reaching Central Europe and Eurasia, regulating the formation of winter

text: cyclones

text: , which are largely responsible for regional

text: precipitation

text: inputs<ref>{{cite journal|bibcode=1996IJCli..16.1057T|doi=10.1002/(SICI)1097-0088(199609)16:9

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Black Sea

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Nio (, also Romanized as El Nio) was a neotropical or tropical cyclone that was a member of the Southern Oscillation.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: North Atlantic Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: North Atlantic Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: north Atlantic

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: North Atlantic Oscillation,

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: winter cyclones,

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: heat and precipitation fluxes reaching Central Europe and Eurasia,

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: winter cyclones,

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: western Europe mediate the heat and precipitation fluxes

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: winter cyclones,

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: winter cyclones,

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: cyclones,

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: North Atlantic Oscillation,

text: Economists Dallas Burtraw and Arthur G. Fraas with the nonprofit and nonpartisan research organization Resources for the Future offer a different perspective on the subject of GHG regulation under the CAA. Although they agree that new legislation specifically designed to address climate change is the best long-term option, they characterize the CAA as a, "potentially potent alternative" in the absence of such legislation for the short-term. They note, for example, that EPA has already identified improvements in energy efficiency as the most attractive short-term option for mitigating GHGs at existing facilities in many industrial sectors. They go on to state that such improvements would most likely be among the first moves made by regulated entities under a legislative approach so it is unlikely that requiring these moves through regulation would result in comparatively higher costs. Based on their research, they conclude that domestic GHG reductions of up to 10% relative to 2005 levels could be achieved at moderate costs, which is comparable to reductions that would have been achieved under the Waxman-Markey climate change bill that was passed by the House of Representatives in 2009. In their view, the success of regulating GHGs under the CAA as it exists today rests with the EPA:

text: Economists Dallas Burtraw and Arthur G. Fraas with the nonprofit and nonpartisan research organization Resources for the Future offer a different perspective on the subject of GHG regulation under the CAA. Although they agree that new legislation specifically designed to address climate change is the best long-term option, they characterize the CAA as a, "potentially potent alternative" in the absence of such legislation for the short-term. They note, for example, that EPA has already identified improvements in energy efficiency as the most attractive short-term option for mitigating GHGs at existing facilities in many industrial sectors. They go on to state that such improvements would most likely be among the first moves made by regulated entities under a legislative approach so it is unlikely that requiring these moves through regulation would result in comparatively higher costs. Based on their research, they conclude that domestic GHG reductions of up to 10% relative to 2005 levels could be achieved at moderate costs, which is comparable to reductions that would have been achieved under the Waxman-Markey climate change bill that was passed by the House of Representatives in 2009. In their view, the success of regulating GHGs under the CAA as it exists today rests with the EPA:

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: the Pacific Ocean

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: 2009 El Nio

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: el nio

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Las Vegas, Nevada

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: improvements in energy efficiency

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: EPA has already identified improvements in energy efficiency

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: Economists Dallas Burtraw and Arthur G. Fraas

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: EPA has already identified improvements in energy efficiency

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: EPA has already identified improvements in energy efficiency

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: EPA has already identified improvements in energy efficiency

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Economists Dallas Burtraw and Arthur G. Fraas

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: EPA has already identified improvements in energy efficiency

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: EPA has already identified improvements in energy efficiency

text: Climate change and the associated changing weather patterns occurring worldwide have a direct effect on biology, population ecology, and the population of eruptive insects, such as the mountain pine beetle (MPB). This is because temperature is a factor which determines insect development and population success. Mountain Pine Beetle are a species native to Western North America. Prior to climatic and temperature changes, the mountain pine beetle predominately lived and attacked lodgepole and ponderosa pine trees at lower elevations, as the higher elevation Rocky Mountains and Cascades were too cold for their survival. Under normal seasonal freezing weather conditions in the lower elevations, the forest ecosystems that pine beetles inhabit are kept in a balance by factors such as tree defense mechanisms, beetle defense mechanisms, and freezing temperatures. It is a simple relationship between a host (the forest), an agent (the beetle) and the environment (the weather & temperature). However, as climate change causes mountain areas to become warmer and drier, pine beetles have more power to infest and destroy the forest ecosystems, such as the whitebark pine forests of the Rockies. This is a forest so important to forest ecosystems that it is called the “rooftop of the rockies”. Climate change has led to a threatening pine beetle pandemic, causing them to spread far beyond their native habitat. This leads to ecosystem changes, forest fires, floods and hazards to human health.

text: Climate change and the associated changing weather patterns occurring worldwide have a direct effect on biology, population ecology, and the population of eruptive insects, such as the

text: mountain pine beetle

text: (MPB). This is because temperature is a factor which determines insect development and population success.

text: Mountain Pine Beetle

text: are a species native to Western

text: North America

text: . Prior to climatic and temperature changes, the mountain pine beetle predominately lived and attacked

text: lodgepole

text: and

text: ponderosa

text: pine trees at lower elevations, as the higher elevation

text: Rocky Mountains

text: and

text: Cascades

text: were too cold for their survival. Under normal seasonal freezing weather conditions in the lower elevations, the forest ecosystems that pine beetles inhabit are kept in a balance by factors such as tree defense mechanisms, beetle defense mechanisms, and freezing temperatures. It is a simple relationship between a

text: host

text: (the forest), an

text: agent

text: (the beetle) and the

text: environment

text: (the weather & temperature). However, as climate change causes mountain areas to become warmer and drier, pine beetles have more power to infest and destroy the forest ecosystems, such as the whitebark pine forests of the Rockies. This is a forest so important to forest ecosystems that it is called the “rooftop of the rockies”. Climate change has led to a threatening pine beetle

text: pandemic

text: , causing them to spread far beyond their native habitat. This leads to

text: ecosystem

text: changes,

text: forest fires

text: floods

text: and hazards to human

text: health

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Rocky Mountains

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: climate change causes mountain areas to become warmer and drier

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: climate change causes mountain areas to become warmer and drier

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: freezing weather conditions in the lower elevations,

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: freezing weather conditions in the lower elevations,

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: freezing weather conditions

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Climate change

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: floods

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: climate change causes mountain areas to become warmer and drier,

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: freezing weather conditions in the lower elevations,

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: freezing weather conditions in the lower elevations,

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: Climate change

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Climate change and the associated changing weather patterns

text: Climate researchers have suggested that the unusual weather leading to the floods may be linked to this year's appearance of La Nina in the Pacific Ocean, and the jet stream being further south than normal.

text: Climate researchers have suggested that the unusual weather leading to the floods may be linked to this year's appearance of

text: La Nina

text: in the Pacific Ocean, and the

text: jet stream

text: being further south than normal.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: south

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: the jet stream is farther south than normal

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: are not mentioned

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: the jet stream is further south than normal

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: the jet stream was further south than normal

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: floods

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: south

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: the jet stream

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: jet stream

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: La Nina

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: La Nina

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: La Nina

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: the jet stream being further south than normal.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: the jet stream being further south than normal.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: floods

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: La Nina

text: “The rise of extreme weather is itself a symptom of an unstable climate. Moreover, the variance around the long-term warming trend has begun to influence biological systems, Indeed, two main effects of climate change—warming and greater weather variability-mean that millions of people worldwide face a higher risk of infectious disease”. El Nino is an extreme weather pattern that is often responsible for increased precipitation, resulting in increased flooding, creating a more promising breeding ground for a plethora of vectors that both carry and cause infectious diseases.

text: “The rise of extreme weather is itself a symptom of an unstable climate. Moreover, the variance around the long-term warming trend has begun to influence

text: biological systems

text: , Indeed, two main effects of climate change—warming and greater weather variability-mean that millions of people worldwide face a higher risk of infectious disease”.

text: El Nino

text: is an extreme weather pattern that is often responsible for increased precipitation, resulting in increased

text: flooding

text: , creating a more promising breeding ground for a plethora of vectors that both carry and cause infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: are an extreme weather pattern

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: increased precipitation

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: increased precipitation

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: increased flooding

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: increased precipitation,

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: increased precipitation, resulting in increased flooding,

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: increased precipitation, resulting in increased flooding,

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: increased flooding,

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: El Nino

text: The Southern Oscillation is the atmospheric component of El Niño. This component is an oscillation in surface air pressure between the tropical eastern and the western Pacific Ocean waters. The strength of the Southern Oscillation is measured by the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI). The SOI is computed from fluctuations in the surface air pressure difference between Tahiti (in the Pacific) and Darwin, Australia (on the Indian Ocean).

text: The Southern Oscillation is the atmospheric component of El Niño. This component is an oscillation in surface air pressure between the tropical eastern and the western

text: Pacific Ocean

text: waters. The strength of the Southern Oscillation is measured by the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI). The SOI is computed from fluctuations in the surface air pressure difference between

text: Tahiti

text: (in the Pacific) and

text: Darwin, Australia

text: (on the Indian Ocean).

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Tahiti

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Southern Oscillation Index (SOI)

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Southern Oscillation is the atmospheric component

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: western Pacific Ocean

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: The Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Ni<unk>o.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: The Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Ni<unk>o.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: The Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: The Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: El Ni<unk>o.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: Pacific Ocean waters.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: The Southern Oscillation

text: BCCSAP states that an integrated approach is necessary and the only way to gain sustainability is where economic and social development is perused to the exclusion of disaster management, a one major calamity will destroy any so called socio-economic gains. Around 40% – 45% of GHG emissions are required to be reduced by 2020 and 90–95% by 2050. This is using the 1990 GHG concentration levels as a benchmark. With higher population and rapid industrialization, Bangladesh should be on its way to developing a low-carbon path given it initially receives significant financial and technical support from the international community and national goals of economic growth and social development is not hampered. But a more holistic short-term plan is also necessary. Bangladesh has established the Bangladesh Climate Change Trust Fund (BCCTF) and the Bangladesh Climate Change Resilience Fund (BCCRF) allocating $200 million and cumulating around further $114 million respectively. Although 3000 cyclone shelters were constructed with over 40,000 trained volunteers and 10,000 km of embankments erected, Bangladesh should not only place emphasis on capacity building and disaster management but also institutional and infrastructure strengthening, development of research and low carbon technologies in order to create an inclusive and truly comprehensive mitigation scheme. Even though it is agreed that the willingness and cooperation of the current UNFCCC parties (194 member states as of 2011) is necessary to help the nation, funds like the Special Climate and LDC, Adaptation Fund should be easily made available.

text: BCCSAP states that an integrated approach is necessary and the only way to gain sustainability is where economic and social development is perused to the exclusion of disaster management, a one major calamity will destroy any so called socio-economic gains. Around 40% – 45% of GHG emissions are required to be reduced by 2020 and 90–95% by 2050. This is using the 1990 GHG concentration levels as a benchmark. With higher population and rapid industrialization, Bangladesh should be on its way to developing a

text: low-carbon

text: path given it initially receives significant financial and technical support from the international community and national goals of economic growth and social development is not hampered. But a more holistic short-term plan is also necessary. Bangladesh has established the Bangladesh Climate Change Trust Fund (BCCTF) and the Bangladesh Climate Change Resilience Fund (BCCRF) allocating $200 million and cumulating around further $114 million respectively. Although 3000 cyclone shelters were constructed with over 40,000 trained volunteers and 10,000 km of embankments erected, Bangladesh should not only place emphasis on capacity building and disaster management but also institutional and infrastructure strengthening, development of research and low carbon technologies in order to create an inclusive and truly

text: comprehensive mitigation scheme

text: . Even though it is agreed that the willingness and cooperation of the current UNFCCC parties (194 member states as of 2011) is necessary to help the nation, funds like the Special Climate and LDC, Adaptation Fund should be easily made available.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Bangladesh

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: cyclones

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Bangladesh has established the Bangladesh Climate Change Trust Fund

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Bangladesh has established the Bangladesh Climate Change Trust Fund

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: cyclone

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: 90–95% by 2050.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: cyclone

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: 90–95% by 2050.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: cyclone

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: 90–95% by 2050.

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: 3000 cyclone shelters

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: 3000 cyclone shelters

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: cyclone

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: 3000 cyclone

text: For the short-term, an organization can set up legislation preventing discrimination based on age (e.g., Age Discrimination in Employment Act). However, for the long-term solution, negative stereotypes of older employees needs to be replaced with the positive realization that older employees can add value to the workplace through their experience and knowledge base. To balance this idea with the benefit of innovation and flexibility that comes with youth, a mixture of ages in the workforce is ideal. Through transformational change, the short-term solution affords the organization the time necessary to enact deep rooted culture changes leading to a more inclusive environment.

text: For the short-term, an organization can set up legislation preventing

text: discrimination based on age

text: (e.g.,

entity_name: Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967

text: Age Discrimination in Employment Act

text: ). However, for the long-term solution, negative stereotypes of older employees needs to be replaced with the positive realization that older employees can add value to the workplace through their experience and knowledge base. To balance this idea with the benefit of innovation and flexibility that comes with youth, a mixture of ages in the workforce is ideal. Through transformational change, the short-term solution affords the organization the time necessary to enact deep rooted culture changes leading to a more inclusive environment.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: the Pacific Ocean

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: a mixture of ages in the workforce is ideal

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: age discrimination in employment act

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: earthquakes

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: youth,

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: age

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: age (e.g., Age Discrimination in Employment Act).

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Age Discrimination in Employment Act).

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: age

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: age

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: a more inclusive environment.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: a more inclusive environment.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: Age Discrimination in Employment Act).

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: age

text: Precipitation varies on both annual and seasonal scales in the Sierra Madre. Annual differences in regional climate are associated with the El Niño-Southern Oscillation with El Niño years leading to a wetter climate. Monsoon rains come to the Sierra Madre in June, as the high pressure area moves north, leading to wet summer seasons. This causes east winds bringing moisture from the Gulf of Mexico. On the western side of the mountains, which are affected by the largest change in precipitation between the dry season and monsoon season, in the monsoon season rainfall can exceed  in a single month. The southern region receives more of the rainfall than the northern. Much of this precipitation occurs as tropical storms. As the high pressure over New Mexico breaks down, rainfall in the Sierra Madre ends. Because of the monsoon, the summer accounts for the majority of rainfall in the area. The spring and fall dry season separate out a weaker wet season in the winter. In addition to increasing in the southern ranges of the mountains, rainfall increases in the higher elevations of the Sierra Madre Occidental.

text: Precipitation varies on both annual and seasonal scales in the Sierra Madre. Annual differences in regional climate are associated with the

text: El Niño-Southern Oscillation

text: with El Niño years leading to a wetter climate. Monsoon rains come to the Sierra Madre in June, as the high pressure area moves north, leading to wet summer seasons. This causes east winds bringing

text: moisture

text: from the

text: Gulf of Mexico

text: . On the western side of the mountains, which are affected by the largest change in precipitation between the

text: dry season

text: and monsoon season, in the monsoon season rainfall can exceed  in a single month. The southern region receives more of the rainfall than the northern. Much of this precipitation occurs as

text: tropical storms

text: . As the high pressure over New Mexico breaks down, rainfall in the Sierra Madre ends. Because of the monsoon, the summer accounts for the majority of rainfall in the area. The spring and fall dry season separate out a weaker wet season in the winter. In addition to increasing in the southern ranges of the mountains, rainfall increases in the higher elevations of the Sierra Madre Occidental.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Gulf of Mexico

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: monsoon season rainfall can exceed in a single month

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Ni o-Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: monsoon rains come

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: monsoon rains come to the Sierra Madre in June

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: wetter climate

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Gulf of Mexico.

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: El Ni<unk>o-Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: in the monsoon season rainfall can exceed in a single month.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: El Ni<unk>o-Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Ni<unk>o years leading to a wetter climate.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: El Ni<unk>o-Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: a wetter climate.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: El Ni<unk>o years leading to a wetter climate.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: a wetter climate.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: El Ni<unk>o-Southern Oscillation

text: One way of thinking about it is, "how much does the forecast reduce our uncertainty?"  Tang et al. (2005) used the conditional entropy to characterize the uncertainty of ensemble predictions of the El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO):

text: One way of thinking about it is, "how much does the forecast reduce our uncertainty?"  Tang et al. (2005) used the

text: conditional entropy

text: to characterize the uncertainty of

text: ensemble predictions

text: of the

text: El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO)

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Tang et al

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: uncertainty of ensemble predictions

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: El Nino/Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: El Nino/Southern

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: (2005) used the conditional entropy

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Nino/Southern

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: El Nino/Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Nino/Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: El Nino/Southern

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: El Nino/Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: El Nino/Southern

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: Nino/Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: El Nino/Southern Oscillation

text: The Detroit Zoological Society provides funds to support the Center for Penguins as Ocean Sentinels research on Magellanic penguins in Argentina and Galapagos penguins of the Galapagos Islands off the coast of Ecuador. These temperate penguin species – marine sentinels for southern oceans – demonstrate that new challenges are confronting their populations. For example, The Center for Penguins as Ocean Sentinels has demonstrated that Magellanic penguins are swimming 36 miles farther north from their nests during incubation than they did a decade ago. This very likely reflects shifts in prey in response to climate change and reductions in prey abundance caused by commercial fishing. The Center has also shown that increased rain has adversely affected the breeding success of Magellenic penguins. Furthermore, the Center has documented that the Galapagos penguin population has declined by about 75% since 1972 because of variations in the surface temperatures of the eastern Pacific Ocean that are increasing in strength and frequency. The warm temperature cycles are known as El Ninos and they are particularly difficult for Galapagos penguins. The current Galapagos penguin population may be as low as 1,500 individuals making them the rarest of all penguin species.

text: The Detroit Zoological Society provides funds to support the Center for Penguins as Ocean Sentinels research on Magellanic penguins in Argentina and Galapagos penguins of the Galapagos Islands off the coast of Ecuador. These temperate penguin species – marine sentinels for southern oceans – demonstrate that new challenges are confronting their populations. For example, The Center for Penguins as Ocean Sentinels has demonstrated that Magellanic penguins are swimming 36 miles farther north from their nests during incubation than they did a decade ago. This very likely reflects shifts in prey in response to climate change and reductions in prey abundance caused by commercial fishing. The Center has also shown that increased rain has adversely affected the breeding success of Magellenic penguins. Furthermore, the Center has documented that the Galapagos penguin population has declined by about 75% since 1972 because of variations in the surface temperatures of the eastern Pacific Ocean that are increasing in strength and frequency. The warm temperature cycles are known as El Ninos and they are particularly difficult for Galapagos penguins. The current Galapagos penguin population may be as low as 1,500 individuals making them the rarest of all penguin species.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Ecuador

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Ninos

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: are particularly difficult for Galapagos

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Galapagos penguins are particularly difficult for Galapagos penguins

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Galapagos penguin population may be as low as 1,500 individuals

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: Galapagos penguins

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: El Ninos

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: El Ninos

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Ninos

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: El Ninos

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: warm temperature cycles

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: El Ninos

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: warm temperature cycles

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: warm temperature cycles

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: warm temperature cycles

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: El Ninos

text: Shoreline Butte has easy-to-see terraces formed by wave action from the ancient lake. These features were created at the shoreline of the lake, which would change its depth over time and also cause slight changes in climate. The conditions under which this lake existed are called "pluvial" by geologists instead of glacial because glaciers did not directly touch Death Valley, but the meltwater from the glaciers and the cooler and wetter climate of the time affected the valley. Approximately  of gravel, sand, and mud overlay the bedrock of the valley floor.

entity_name: Places of interest in the Death Valley area

text: Shoreline Butte

text: has easy-to-see

text: terrace

text: s formed by wave action from the ancient lake. These features were created at the shoreline of the lake, which would change its depth over time and also cause slight changes in climate. The conditions under which this lake existed are called "

text: pluvial

text: " by geologists instead of glacial because glaciers did not directly touch Death Valley, but the meltwater from the glaciers and the cooler and wetter climate of the time affected the valley. Approximately  of gravel, sand, and mud overlay the bedrock of the valley floor.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Death Valley

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: wetter

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Shoreline Butte

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Shoreline Butte

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Death Valley,

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: "pluvial" by geologists instead of glacial

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: cooler and wetter

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: slight changes in climate.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Death Valley,

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: the meltwater from the glaciers

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Death Valley,

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Death Valley,

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: slight changes in climate.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: "pluvial"

text: Aspects of the climate system will show variation in response to changes in forcings.In the absence of forcings imposed on it, the climate system will still show internal variability (see images opposite). This internal variability is a result of complex interactions between components of the climate system, such as the coupling between the atmosphere and ocean (see also the later section on Internal climate variability and global warming). An example of internal variability is the El Niño-Southern Oscillation.

text: Aspects of the climate system will show variation in response to changes in forcings.In the absence of forcings imposed on it, the climate system will still show internal variability (see images opposite). This internal variability is a result of complex interactions between components of the climate system, such as the

text: coupling

text: between the atmosphere and

text: ocean

text: (see also the later section on

entity_section: Internal climate variability and global warming

text: Internal climate variability and global warming

text: ). An example of internal variability is the

text: El Niño-Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: the Equator

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: Internal climate variability and global warming

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: internal variability is the El Ni o-Southern Oscillation.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: internal variability

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: internal variability

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: o-Southern

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: El Ni<unk>o-Southern Oscillation.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Ni<unk>o-Southern Oscillation.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: El Ni<unk>o-Southern Oscillation.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Ni<unk>o-Southern Oscillation.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: El Ni<unk>

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: El Ni<unk>o-Southern Oscillation.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: El Ni<unk>o-Southern Oscillation.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: o-Southern Oscillation.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: El Ni<unk>o-Southern Oscillation.

text: Gender is a topic of increasing concern within climate change policy and science. Generally, gender approaches to climate change address gender- differentiated consequences of climate change, as well as unequal adaptation capacities and gendered contribution to climate change. Furthermore, the intersection of climate change and gender raises questions regarding the complex and intersecting power relations arising from it. These differences, however, are mostly not due to biological or physical differences, but are formed by the social, institutional and legal context. Subsequently, vulnerability is less an intrinsic feature of women and girls but rather a product of their marginalization.Roehr notes that, while the United Nations officially committed to gender mainstreaming, in practice gender equality is not reached in the context of climate change policies.  This is reflected in the fact that discourses of and negotiations over climate change are mostly dominated by men.Some feminist scholars hold that the debate on climate change is not only dominated by men but also primarily shaped in ‘masculine’ principles, which limits discussions about climate change to a perspective that focuses on technical solutions. This perception of climate change hides subjectivity and power relations that actually condition climate-change policy and science, leading to a phenomenon that Tuana terms ‘epistemic injustice’.Similarly, MacGregor attests that by framing climate change as an issue of ‘hard’ natural scientific conduct and natural security, it is kept within the traditional domains of hegemonic masculinity.

text: Gender is a topic of increasing concern within

text: climate change

text: policy and science. Generally, gender approaches to climate change address gender- differentiated consequences of climate change, as well as unequal

text: adaptation

text: capacities and gendered contribution to climate change. Furthermore, the intersection of climate change and gender raises questions regarding the complex and

text: intersecting

text: power relations arising from it. These differences, however, are mostly not due to biological or physical differences, but are formed by the social, institutional and legal context. Subsequently,

text: vulnerability

text: is less an intrinsic feature of women and girls but rather a product of their marginalization.Roehr notes that, while the

text: United Nations

text: officially committed to

text: gender mainstreaming

text: , in practice gender equality is not reached in the context of climate change policies.  This is reflected in the fact that discourses of and negotiations over climate change are mostly dominated by men.Some feminist scholars hold that the debate on climate change is not only dominated by men but also primarily shaped in ‘masculine’ principles, which limits discussions about climate change to a perspective that focuses on technical solutions. This perception of climate change hides subjectivity and power relations that actually condition climate-change policy and science, leading to a phenomenon that Tuana terms ‘epistemic injustice’.Similarly, MacGregor attests that by framing climate change as an issue of ‘hard’ natural scientific conduct and natural security, it is kept within the traditional domains of hegemonic masculinity.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Pacific Ocean

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: el nio events

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: gender equality is not reached in the context of climate change policies

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: gender equality is not reached in the context of climate change policies

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Gender

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Gender

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: climate change,

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: mostly not due to biological or physical differences,

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Gender

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Gender

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Gender

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: ‘epistemic injustice’.Similarly,

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: climate change,

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Gender

text: Geochemical analysis of skeletal coral can be linked to sea surface salinity (SSS) and sea surface temperature (SST), from El Nino 3.4 SSTA data, of tropical oceans to seawater δO ratio anomalies from corals. ENSO phenomenon can be related to variations in sea surface salinity (SSS) and sea surface temperature (SST) that can help model tropical climate activities.

text: Geochemical analysis of skeletal coral can be linked to sea surface salinity (SSS) and

text: sea surface temperature

text: (SST), from El Nino 3.4 SSTA data, of tropical oceans to seawater

text: δO

text: ratio anomalies from corals.

text: ENSO

text: phenomenon can be related to variations in sea surface salinity (SSS) and

text: sea surface temperature (SST)

text: that can help model tropical climate activities.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: tropical oceans

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Nino 3.4

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: 3.4

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: SSTA data, of tropical oceans

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: ENSO

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: tropical climate activities

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: tropical oceans

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: ENSO

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Nino 3.4

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: ENSO

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Nino 3.4

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: ENSO

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: 3.4

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: El Nino 3.4

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: tropical climate activities.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: ENSO

text: The System Wide Monitoring Program (SWMP, pronounced “swamp”) was established in 1995 as a means of observing short-term variability and long-term changes in estuarine regions.  Each reserve participates in SWMP which provides researchers, resource managers, educators, and other coastal decision makers with standardized, quantitative measures to determine how reserve conditions are changing. By using standard operating procedures for each component across all 28 reserves, SWMP data helps establish the reserves as a system of national reference sites, as well a network of sentinel sites for detecting and understanding the effects of climate change in coastal regions.

text: The System Wide Monitoring Program (SWMP, pronounced “swamp”) was established in 1995 as a means of observing short-term variability and long-term changes in estuarine regions.  Each reserve participates in SWMP which provides researchers, resource managers, educators, and other coastal decision makers with standardized, quantitative measures to determine how reserve conditions are changing. By using standard operating procedures for each component across all 28 reserves, SWMP data helps establish the reserves as a system of national reference sites, as well a network of sentinel sites for detecting and understanding the effects of climate change in coastal regions.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: estuaries

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: the System Wide Monitoring Program (SWMP) was established in 1995

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: System Wide Monitoring Program (SWMP) was established in 1995

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: estuarine regions.

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: The System Wide Monitoring Program

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: The System Wide Monitoring Program

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: The System Wide Monitoring Program

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: The System Wide Monitoring Program

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: The System Wide Monitoring Program

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: The System Wide Monitoring Program

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: The System Wide Monitoring Program

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: The System Wide Monitoring Program

text: On a utilitarian basis, which has traditionally been used in welfare economics, an argument can be made for richer countries taking on most of the burdens of mitigation (Halsnæs et al., 2007). However, another result is possible with a different modeling of impacts. If an approach is taken where the interests of poorer people have lower weighting, the result is that there is a much weaker argument in favour of mitigation action in rich countries. Valuing climate change impacts in poorer countries less than domestic climate change impacts (both in terms of policy and the impacts of climate change) would be consistent with observed spending in rich countries on foreign aid (Hepburn, 2005; Helm, 2008:229).

text: On a

text: utilitarian

text: basis, which has traditionally been used in welfare economics, an argument can be made for richer countries taking on most of the burdens of mitigation (Halsnæs et al., 2007). However, another result is possible with a different modeling of impacts. If an approach is taken where the interests of poorer people have lower weighting, the result is that there is a much weaker argument in favour of mitigation action in rich countries. Valuing climate change impacts in poorer countries less than domestic climate change impacts (both in terms of policy and the impacts of climate change) would be consistent with observed spending in rich countries on foreign aid (Hepburn, 2005; Helm, 2008:229).

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: rich countries

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Nio

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: richer countries taking on most of the burdens

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Helm, 2008:229

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: richer countries

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: On a utilitarian basis,

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: (Halsn<unk>s et al., 2007).

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: richer countries

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: (Halsn<unk>s et al., 2007).

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: (Halsn<unk>s et al., 2007).

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: 2007).

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: (Halsn<unk>s et al., 2007).

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: On a utilitarian basis,

text: Natural climate variability can appear to slow down surface warming over short periods, but does not refute long-term climate change trends. Short-term hiatus periods of global warming are compatible with long-term climate change patterns. The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) leads to multidecadal variability in Northern Hemispheric mean surface temperature by 15–20 years through a delayed effect on the North Atlantic Ocean, and can be a useful predictor of multidecadal periods of warming and cooling in both AMO and Northern Hemispheric mean surface temperature.

text: Natural climate variability can appear to slow down surface warming over short periods, but does not refute long-term climate change trends. Short-term hiatus periods of global warming are compatible with long-term climate change patterns. The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) leads to multidecadal variability in Northern Hemispheric mean surface temperature by 15–20 years through a delayed effect on the North Atlantic Ocean, and can be a useful predictor of multidecadal periods of warming and cooling in both AMO and Northern Hemispheric mean surface temperature.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: North Atlantic

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: 15–20 years

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: are compatible with long-term climate change patterns

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Northern Hemispheric mean surface temperature by 15–20 years through a delayed effect on the North Atlantic Ocean

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: NAO leads to multidecadal variability in Northern Hemispheric mean surface temperature by 15–20 years through a delayed effect on the North Atlantic Ocean

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: North Atlantic Ocean,

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: The North Atlantic Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: 15–20 years

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Northern Hemispheric mean surface temperature by 15–20 years

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: The North Atlantic Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: cooling

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Natural climate variability can appear to slow down surface warming

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: The North Atlantic Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: global warming

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: The North Atlantic Oscillation

text: Other climatic cycle research in the second half of the 19th century related fluctuations in atmospheric pressure with rainfall. These "teleconnections" between weather conditions in different parts of the world such as simultaneous drought in India and Australia, named the Southern Oscillations, were documented and their potential use in seasonal prediction demonstrated. This was later recognised as a climate predicting tool in conjunction with the El Nino (ENSO).

text: Other climatic cycle research in the second half of the 19th century related fluctuations in atmospheric pressure with rainfall. These "teleconnections" between weather conditions in different parts of the world such as simultaneous drought in India and Australia, named the Southern Oscillations, were documented and their potential use in seasonal prediction demonstrated. This was later recognised as a climate predicting tool in conjunction with the

text: El Nino

text: (ENSO).

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Australia

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: simultaneous drought

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Nino (ENSO) is a tropical cyclone

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: simultaneous drought

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: simultaneous drought

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: (ENSO).

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: (ENSO).

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: simultaneous drought

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: El Nino

text: and various other Pacific Meteorological services, all contributed towards the Island Climate Update tropical cyclone outlook that was released during October 2010. The outlook took into account the moderate-strong La Nina conditions that had been observed across the Pacific and analogue seasons that had La Nina conditions occurring during the season. The outlook called for a normal or above average number of tropical cyclone occurring during the season, with nine to twelve named tropical cyclones, to occur between 135°E and 120°W compared to an average of nine. At least three of the tropical cyclones were expected to become category 3 severe tropical cyclones, while one was expected to become a category 4 severe tropical cyclone. In addition to contributing towards the Island Climate Update outlook, the BoM issued seven seasonal forecasts during October 2010, for the Australian region and the Southern Pacific with each forecast covering the whole tropical cyclone year. Each forecast issued took into account the La Nina conditions that had developed over the region and were forecasted to persist during the season.

text: and various other Pacific Meteorological services, all contributed towards the Island Climate Update tropical cyclone outlook that was released during October 2010. The outlook took into account the moderate-strong La Nina conditions that had been observed across the Pacific and analogue seasons that had La Nina conditions occurring during the season. The outlook called for a normal or above average number of tropical cyclone occurring during the season, with nine to twelve named tropical cyclones, to occur between 135°E and 120°W compared to an average of nine. At least three of the tropical cyclones were expected to become category 3 severe tropical cyclones, while one was expected to become a category 4 severe tropical cyclone. In addition to contributing towards the Island Climate Update outlook, the BoM issued seven seasonal forecasts during October 2010, for the Australian region and the Southern Pacific with each forecast covering the whole

text: tropical cyclone year

text: . Each forecast issued took into account the La Nina conditions that had developed over the region and were forecasted to persist during the season.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: 135°E

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: nine to twelve named tropical cyclones

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: La Nina conditions

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: La Nina conditions that had been observed across the Pacific

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: tropical cyclones were expected to become category 3 severe tropical cyclones

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: tropical cyclones

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: 135°E and 120°W

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: nine.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: nine to twelve named tropical cyclones,

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: La Nina

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: La Nina

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: La Nina

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: La Nina

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: La Nina conditions occurring during the season.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: tropical cyclone

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: La Nina

text: To study climate change and variability long instrumental climate records are essential, but are best not used directly. These datasets are essential since they are the basis for assessing century-scale trends or for studying the natural (long-term) variability of climate, amongst others. The value of these datasets, however, strongly depends on the homogeneity of the underlying time series. A homogeneous climate record is one where variations are caused only by variations in weather and climate. Long instrumental records are rarely, if ever homogeneous.

text: To study climate change and variability long instrumental climate records are essential, but are best not used directly. These datasets are essential since they are the basis for assessing century-scale trends or for studying the natural (long-term) variability of climate, amongst others. The value of these datasets, however, strongly depends on the homogeneity of the underlying time series. A homogeneous climate record is one where variations are caused only by variations in weather and climate. Long instrumental records are rarely, if ever homogeneous.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: the Equator

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: long instrumental records

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Nio, also known as the Northern Oscillation, is a tropical cyclone that has been responsible for a number of tropical storms and hurricanes.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: long instrumental records are rarely, if ever homogeneous

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: long instrumental records are rarely, if ever homogenous

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: climate. Long instrumental records are rarely, if ever homogeneous.

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Long instrumental records are rarely, if ever homogeneous.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: Long instrumental records are rarely, if ever homogeneous.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: To study climate change and variability long instrumental climate records

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: To study climate change and variability long instrumental climate records

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: To study climate change and variability long instrumental climate records

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: To study climate change and variability long instrumental climate records

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: To study climate change and variability long instrumental climate records

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: To study climate change and variability long instrumental climate records

text: This theory is also called the segmented market hypothesis.  In this theory, financial instruments of different terms are not substitutable. As a result, the supply and demand in the markets for short-term and long-term instruments is determined largely independently.  Prospective investors decide in advance whether they need short-term or long-term instruments. If investors prefer their portfolio to be liquid, they will prefer short-term instruments to long-term instruments.  Therefore, the market for short-term instruments will receive a higher demand. Higher demand for the instrument implies higher prices and lower yield. This explains the stylized fact that short-term yields are usually lower than long-term yields. This theory explains the predominance of the normal yield curve shape.  However, because the supply and demand of the two markets are independent, this theory fails to explain the observed fact that yields tend to move together (i.e., upward and downward shifts in the curve).

text: This theory is also called the segmented market hypothesis.  In this theory, financial instruments of different terms are not

text: substitutable

text: . As a result, the

text: supply and demand

text: in the markets for short-term and long-term instruments is determined largely independently.  Prospective investors decide in advance whether they need short-term or long-term instruments. If investors prefer their portfolio to be liquid, they will prefer short-term instruments to long-term instruments.  Therefore, the market for short-term instruments will receive a higher demand. Higher demand for the instrument implies higher prices and lower yield. This explains the

text: stylized fact

text: that short-term yields are usually lower than long-term yields. This theory explains the predominance of the normal yield curve shape.  However, because the supply and demand of the two markets are independent, this theory fails to explain the observed fact that yields tend to move together (i.e., upward and downward shifts in the curve).

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: east

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: yields tend to move together

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: el nio events

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: short-term instruments will receive a higher demand

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: higher demand for the instrument implies higher prices and lower yield

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: short-term instruments to long-term instruments.

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: segmented market hypothesis.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: segmented market hypothesis.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: segmented market hypothesis.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: segmented market hypothesis.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: segmented market hypothesis.

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: segmented market hypothesis.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: segmented market hypothesis.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: segmented market hypothesis.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: segmented market hypothesis.

text: In recent usage, especially in the context of environmental policy, the term "climate change" often refers only to changes in modern climate, including the rise in average surface temperature known as global warming. In some cases, the term is also used with a presumption of human causation, as in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The UNFCCC uses "climate variability" for non-human caused variations.

text: In recent usage, especially in the context of

text: environmental policy

text: , the term "climate change" often refers only to changes in modern climate, including the rise in average surface

text: temperature

text: known as

text: global warming

text: . In some cases, the term is also used with a presumption of human causation, as in the

text: United Nations

text: Framework Convention on Climate Change

text: (UNFCCC). The UNFCCC uses "climate variability" for non-human caused variations.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: the Equator

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: average surface temperature

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: climate variability is for non-human caused variations.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: global warming

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: "climate variability"

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: "climate change"

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: rise in average surface temperature

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: "climate change"

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: "climate change"

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: global warming.

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: rise in average surface temperature

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: "climate change"

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: global warming.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: "climate change"

text: To date, a neglected aspect of the climate change debate, much less research has been conducted on the impacts of climate change on health, food supply, economic growth, migration, security, societal change, and public goods, such as drinking water, than on the geophysical changes related to global warming. Human impacts can be both negative and positive. Climatic changes in Siberia, for instance, are expected to improve food production and local economic activity, at least in the short to medium term. Numerous studies suggest, however, that the current and future impacts of climate change on human society are and will continue to be overwhelmingly negative.

text: To date, a neglected aspect of the

text: climate change debate

text: , much less research has been conducted on the impacts of climate change on health, food supply,

text: economic growth

text: migration

text: , security, societal change, and

text: public good

text: s, such as

text: drinking water

text: , than on the

text: geophysical

text: changes related to

text: global warming

text: . Human impacts can be both negative and positive. Climatic changes in

text: Siberia

text: , for instance, are expected to improve food production and local economic activity, at least in the short to medium term. Numerous studies suggest, however, that the

text: current and future impacts of climate change

text: on human society are and will continue to be overwhelmingly negative.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Siberia

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Climatic changes in Siberia

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: human impacts can be both negative and positive

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: human impacts can be both negative and positive

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Siberia,

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: drinking water,

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: drinking water,

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Climatic changes in Siberia,

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: drinking water,

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: global warming.

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: drinking water,

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Climatic changes in Siberia,

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: global warming.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: drinking water,

text: Appropriate public policies and legislation are essential requirements for sustainable economic and social development in rural and urban areas, for safeguarding the environment in which we live, and for protecting flora, fauna and the cultural heritage. Environmental protection has traditionally been an element of forestry, both in its emphasis on conserving forests and their natural character and in accounting for environmental impacts outside the forest, especially on soil and water. Still, this was normally within the framework of forests as a productive asset managed by production specialists. In recent years a series of influences primarily from outside the forest sector has had a substantial impact on the objectives of forestry and on the contents of forest law. In common with other sectors, forestry has been profoundly affected by the emergence of environmental awareness and by environmental legislation in the last generation. The greening of forest law has brought greater emphasis on non-financial values, including the protection of wilderness and aesthetic values. To the general environmental influences on forest law have been added two very specific influences: biological diversity and climate change. In general terms, biological diversity is appearing in national laws as a value to be protected in forest management. In some cases it is to be taken into account when forest management plans are drawn up. Where criteria and indicators for sustainable forest management exist, biological diversity is represented Climate change is now entering forest vocabulary and legislation, especially with the entry into force of the Kyoto Protocol. General references place mitigating climate change among the objectives of forest law and policy. This complements broader climate policies and programs. As Rosenbaum and colleagues point out, however, there is little legislation containing specific provisions for mitigating forest-based climate-change.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Pacific Ocean

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Kyoto Protocol

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: climate change is now entering forest vocabulary

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: the entry into force of the Kyoto Protocol

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: rural and urban areas,

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: soil and water.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Kyoto Protocol.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Kyoto Protocol.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Kyoto Protocol.

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Kyoto Protocol.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Kyoto Protocol.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: environmental impacts outside the forest, especially on soil and water.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: climate change

text: To address a growing need for remote access to high volume numerical weather prediction and global climate models and data, the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC), along with the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) and the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), initiated the NOAA Operational Model Archive and Distribution System (NOMADS) project. NOMADS addresses model data access needs as outlined in the U.S. Weather Research Program (USWRP) "Implementation Plan for Research in Quantitative Precipitation Forecasting" and Data Assimilation to "redeem practical value of research findings and facilitate their transfer into operations." The NOMADS framework was also developed to facilitate climate model and observational data inter-comparison issues as discussed in documents such as the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC 1990, 1995, 2001) and the U.S. National Assessment (2000). NOMADS is being developed as "A Unified Climate and Weather Archive" so that users can make decisions about their specific needs on time scales from days (weather), to months (El Nino), to decades (global warming).

text: To address a growing need for remote access to high volume

text: numerical weather prediction

text: and

text: global climate model

text: s and data, the

text: National Climatic Data Center

text: (NCDC), along with the

text: National Centers for Environmental Prediction

text: (NCEP) and the

text: Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory

text: (GFDL), initiated the NOAA Operational Model Archive and Distribution System (NOMADS) project. NOMADS addresses model data access needs as outlined in the U.S. Weather Research Program (USWRP) "Implementation Plan for Research in Quantitative Precipitation Forecasting" and Data Assimilation to "redeem practical value of research findings and facilitate their transfer into operations." The NOMADS framework was also developed to facilitate climate model and observational data inter-comparison issues as discussed in documents such as the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC 1990, 1995, 2001) and the U.S. National Assessment (2000). NOMADS is being developed as "A Unified Climate and Weather Archive" so that users can make decisions about their specific needs on time scales from days (weather), to months (

text: El Nino

text: ), to decades (

text: global warming

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: NOMADS is being developed

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: NOMADS is being developed as "A Unified Climate and Weather Archive

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: global warming

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: (El Nino),

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: (El Nino),

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: (El Nino),

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: (El Nino),

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: months

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: (El Nino),

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: months

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: (El Nino),

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: (global warming).

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: (El Nino),

text: The El Niño–Southern Oscillation is a single climate phenomenon that periodically fluctuates between 3 phases: Neutral, La Niña or El Niño. La Niña and El Niño are opposite phases that require certain changes to take place in both the ocean and the atmosphere, before an event is declared.

text: The El Niño–Southern Oscillation is a single climate phenomenon that periodically fluctuates between 3 phases: Neutral, La Niña or El Niño. La Niña and El Niño are opposite phases that require certain changes to take place in both the ocean and the atmosphere, before an event is declared.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: South America

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: Neutral

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: La Ni a

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: La Ni a

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: El Ni o

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Neutral,

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: The El Ni<unk>o–Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: Neutral,

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: The El Ni<unk>o–Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: an event is declared.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: El Ni<unk>o–Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Neutral, La Ni<unk>a or El Ni<unk>o.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: require certain changes to take place in both the ocean and the atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: o–Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: The El Ni<unk>o–Southern Oscillation

text: Cadmium poisoning- Callendar effect- Calnev Pipeline- Cancer- Cancer Alley- Car Free Days- Carbofuran- Carbon audit regime- Carbon credit- Carbon cycle- Carbon dioxide sink- Carbon emissions trading- Carbon fixation- Carbon flux- Carbon footprint- Carbon intensity- Carbon offset- Carbon sequestering- Carbon tax- Carbon tetrachloride- Carfree Cities- Car-free movement- Car-free zone- Carl Garner Federal Lands Cleanup Day- Carpool- Carrying capacity- Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety- Cause of Environmental Degradation- Catch and release- Certified wood- Cetacean bycatch- Cetacean Conservation Center- Charles Darwin Foundation- Chartered Institute of Environmental Health- Chemical oxygen demand- Chemical toilet- Chemical warfare- Chemical waste- Chemical weapon designation- Chemical weapon proliferation- Chemical Weapons Convention- Cherenkov radiation- Chernobyl accident- Chernobyl2020- Chicago Climate Exchange- Children's Environmental Exposure Research Study- China Australia Migratory Bird Agreement- Chionophile- Chipko movement- Chlorofluorocarbon- Citizen Information Project- Citizens for Alternatives to Chemical Contamination- Citizens for Global Solutions- City Beautiful movement- Clark County Wetlands Park- Clean Air Act- Clean Air Act (1970)- Clean Air Act (1990)- Clean Air Act 1956- Clean coal- Clean Development Mechanism- Clean Energy Future Group- Clean Up Australia- Clean Water Act- Clear Skies Act- Clearfelling- Climate Audit- Climate change- Climate changes of 535-536- Climate commitment studies- Climate Diagnostics Center- Climate engineering- Climate Group- Climate house- Climate model- Climate modeller- Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory- Climate Outreach and Information Network- Climate sensitivity- Climate surprise- Climatic determinism- Clinton Global Initiative- Cloaca Maxima- Cloud forcing- Coastal Zone Management Act- Cogeneration- Committee on Climate Change Science and Technology Integration- Common alcohol fuel mixtures- Community bicycle program- Community Climate System Model- Community Fisheries Control Agency- Community Forests in England- Community garden- Community gardening- Compact fluorescent lamp- Compactor- Compost- Compost windrow turner- Composting toilet- Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty- Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty Organization- Compressed air energy storage- Computer Conservation Society- Computer recycling- Concrete recycling- Conservation agriculture- Conservation and Neocolonialism- Conservation and Research Center- Conservation area- Conservation areas in Singapore- Conservation areas of Portugal- Conservation Authorities Act- Conservation authority- Conservation biology- Conservation Centre Liverpool- Conservation designation- Conservation district- Conservation easement- Conservation ethic- Conservation genetics- Conservation Halton- Conservation headland- Conservation Law Foundation- Conservation medicine- Conservation movement- Conservation park- Conservation status- Conservation status (TNC)- Conservationist- Constructed wetland- Consumerism- Container composting- Cooler Heads Coalition- Coral bleaching- COSMIC- Country park- Countryside Agency- Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000- Countryside Commission- Critical Mass (cycling)- Critical Mass Energy Project- Current Population Survey- Cycling advocacy

text: Cadmium poisoning

text: Callendar effect

text: Calnev Pipeline

text: Cancer

text: Cancer Alley

text: Car Free Days

text: Carbofuran

text: Carbon audit regime

text: Carbon credit

text: Carbon cycle

text: Carbon dioxide sink

text: Carbon emissions trading

text: Carbon fixation

text: Carbon flux

text: Carbon footprint

text: Carbon intensity

text: Carbon offset

text: Carbon sequestering

text: Carbon tax

text: Carbon tetrachloride

text: Carfree Cities

text: Car-free movement

text: Car-free zone

text: Carl Garner Federal Lands Cleanup Day

text: Carpool

text: Carrying capacity

text: Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety

text: Cause of Environmental Degradation

text: Catch and release

text: Certified wood

text: Cetacean bycatch

text: Cetacean Conservation Center

text: Charles Darwin Foundation

entity_name: Chartered Institute of Environmental Health

text: Chartered Institute of Environmental Health

text: Chemical oxygen demand

text: Chemical toilet

text: Chemical warfare

text: Chemical waste

text: Chemical weapon designation

text: Chemical weapon proliferation

text: Chemical Weapons Convention

text: Cherenkov radiation

text: Chernobyl accident

text: Chicago Climate Exchange

entity_name: Children's Environmental Exposure Research Study

text: Children's Environmental Exposure Research Study

entity_name: China–Australia Migratory Bird Agreement

text: China Australia Migratory Bird Agreement

text: Chionophile

text: Chipko movement

text: Chlorofluorocarbon

text: Citizen Information Project

entity_name: Citizens for Alternatives to Chemical Contamination

text: Citizens for Alternatives to Chemical Contamination

text: Citizens for Global Solutions

text: City Beautiful movement

text: Clark County Wetlands Park

text: Clean Air Act

text: Clean Air Act (1970)

text: Clean Air Act (1990)

text: Clean Air Act 1956

text: Clean coal

text: Clean Development Mechanism

text: Clean Energy Future Group

text: Clean Up Australia

text: Clean Water Act

text: Clear Skies Act

text: Clearfelling

text: Climate Audit

text: Climate change

text: Climate changes of 535-536

text: Climate commitment studies

text: Climate Diagnostics Center

text: Climate engineering

text: Climate Group

text: Climate house

text: Climate model

text: Climate modeller

entity_name: Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory

text: Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory

text: Climate Outreach and Information Network

text: Climate sensitivity

text: Climate surprise

text: Climatic determinism

entity_section: Clinton Global Initiative (CGI) and CGI U

text: Clinton Global Initiative

text: Cloaca Maxima

text: Cloud forcing

text: Coastal Zone Management Act

text: Cogeneration

entity_name: Committee on Climate Change Science and Technology Integration

text: Committee on Climate Change Science and Technology Integration

text: Common alcohol fuel mixtures

text: Community bicycle program

text: Community Climate System Model

text: Community Fisheries Control Agency

text: Community Forests in England

text: Community garden

text: Community gardening

text: Compact fluorescent lamp

text: Compactor

text: Compost

text: Compost windrow turner

text: Composting toilet

text: Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty

entity_name: Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization

text: Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty Organization

text: Compressed air energy storage

text: Computer Conservation Society

text: Computer recycling

text: Concrete recycling

text: Conservation agriculture

text: Conservation and Neocolonialism

entity_name: Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute

text: Conservation and Research Center

text: Conservation area

text: Conservation areas in Singapore

text: Conservation areas of Portugal

text: Conservation Authorities Act

entity_name: Conservation authority (Ontario, Canada)

text: Conservation authority

text: Conservation biology

text: Conservation Centre Liverpool

text: Conservation designation

text: Conservation district

text: Conservation easement

text: Conservation ethic

text: Conservation genetics

text: Conservation Halton

text: Conservation headland

text: Conservation Law Foundation

text: Conservation medicine

text: Conservation movement

text: Conservation park

text: Conservation status

text: Conservation status (TNC)

text: Conservationist

text: Constructed wetland

text: Consumerism

text: Container composting

text: Cooler Heads Coalition

text: Coral bleaching

entity_name: Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate

text: COSMIC

text: Country park

text: Countryside Agency

text: Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000

text: Countryside Commission

text: Critical Mass (cycling)

text: Critical Mass Energy Project

text: Current Population Survey

text: Cycling advocacy

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: chile

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Earthquake

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Climate change

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Nio

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Sea level rise

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: Coastal zone management

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: El Nio Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Coastal Zone Management Act-

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Climate Audit- Climate change- Climate changes of 535-536-

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: 535-536-

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Climate change- Climate changes of 535-536-

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Clean Air Act-

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Climate change- Climate changes of 535-536-

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Clean Air Act-

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Clean Air Act-

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: Climate change- Climate changes of 535-536-

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Clean Air Act-

text: The condition number for the problem of finding the eigenspace of a normal matrix  corresponding to an eigenvalue  has been shown to be inversely proportional to the minimum distance between  and the other distinct eigenvalues of . In particular, the eigenspace problem for normal matrices is well-conditioned for isolated eigenvalues. When eigenvalues are not isolated, the best that can be hoped for is to identify the span of all eigenvectors of nearby eigenvalues.

text: The condition number for the problem of finding the eigenspace of a normal matrix  corresponding to an eigenvalue  has been shown to be inversely proportional to the minimum distance between  and the other distinct eigenvalues of . In particular, the eigenspace problem for normal matrices is well-conditioned for isolated eigenvalues. When eigenvalues are not isolated, the best that can be hoped for is to identify the span of all eigenvectors of nearby eigenvalues.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: the Equator

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: a normal year

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: el nio events

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: el nio

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: eigenvalues are not isolated

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unspecified

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: nearby eigenvalues.

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: isolated eigenvalues.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: The condition number for the problem of finding the eigenspace

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: The condition number for the problem of finding the eigenspace

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: The condition number for the problem of finding the eigenspace

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: The condition number for the problem of finding the eigenspace

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: The condition number for the problem of finding the eigenspace

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: The condition number for the problem of finding the eigenspace

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: The condition number for the problem of finding the eigenspace

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: The condition number for the problem of finding the eigenspace

text: Pangaea's formation is now commonly explained in terms of plate tectonics. The involvement of plate tectonics in Pangaea's separation helps to show how it did not separate all at once, but at different times, in sequences. Additionally, after these separations, it has also been discovered that the separated land masses may have also continued to break apart multiple times. The formation of each environment and climate on Pangaea is due to plate tectonics, and thus, it is as a result of these shifts and changes different climatic pressures were placed on the life on Pangaea. Although plate tectonics was paramount in the formation of later land masses, it was also essential in the placement, climate, environments, habitats, and overall structure of Pangaea.

text: Pangaea's formation is now commonly explained in terms of

text: plate tectonics

text: . The involvement of plate tectonics in Pangaea's separation helps to show how it did not separate all at once, but at different times, in sequences. Additionally, after these separations, it has also been discovered that the separated land masses may have also continued to break apart multiple times. The formation of each

text: environment

text: and climate on Pangaea is due to plate tectonics, and thus, it is as a result of these shifts and changes different climatic pressures were placed on the life on Pangaea. Although plate tectonics was paramount in the formation of later land masses, it was also essential in the placement, climate, environments, habitats, and overall structure of Pangaea.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Pacific Ocean

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: The involvement of plate tectonics in Pangaea's separation helps to show how it did not separate all at once

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: plate tectonics was paramount in the formation of later land masses

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: the separated land masses may have also continued to break apart multiple times

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Pangaea's

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Pangaea's

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: Pangaea's

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Pangaea's

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Pangaea's

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: plate tectonics.

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Pangaea's

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Pangaea's

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: Pangaea's

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Pangaea's

text: The interaction of ocean circulation, which serves as a type of heat pump, and biological effects such as the concentration of carbon dioxide can result in global climate changes on a time scale of decades. Known climate oscillations resulting from these interactions, include the Pacific decadal oscillation, North Atlantic oscillation, and Arctic oscillation. The oceanic process of thermohaline circulation is a significant component of heat redistribution across the globe, and changes in this circulation can have major impacts upon the climate.

text: The interaction of ocean circulation, which serves as a type of heat pump, and biological effects such as the concentration of

text: carbon dioxide

text: can result in global

text: climate change

text: s on a time scale of decades. Known

text: climate oscillation

text: s resulting from these interactions, include the

text: Pacific decadal oscillation

text: North Atlantic oscillation

text: , and

text: Arctic oscillation

text: . The oceanic process of

text: thermohaline circulation

text: is a significant component of heat redistribution across the globe, and changes in this circulation can have major impacts upon the climate.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: North Atlantic

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: Pacific decadal oscillation

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Known climate oscillations resulting from these interactions

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: global climate changes

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Pacific decadal oscillation

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: global climate changes

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: North Atlantic

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: The interaction of ocean circulation, which serves as a type of heat pump,

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: heat pump, and biological effects such as the concentration of carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: North Atlantic oscillation, and Arctic oscillation.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Pacific decadal oscillation,

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Pacific decadal oscillation,

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: decades.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: heat pump, and biological effects such as the concentration of carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: global climate changes

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: The interaction of ocean circulation,

text: In 2004, along with six others, Lawson wrote a letter to The Times criticising the Kyoto Protocol and claiming that there were substantial scientific uncertainties surrounding climate change. In 2005, the House of Lords Economics Affairs Select Committee, with Lawson as a member, undertook an inquiry into climate change. In their report, the Committee recommend the HM Treasury take a more active role in climate policy. The objectivity of the IPCC process is questioned, and changes are suggested in the UK's contribution to future international climate change negotiations. The report cites a mismatch between the economic costs and benefits of climate policy, and also criticises the greenhouse gas emission reduction targets set in the Kyoto Protocol. In response to the report, Michael Grubb, Chief Economist of the Carbon Trust, wrote an article in Prospect magazine, defending the Kyoto Protocol and describing the committee's report as being "strikingly inconsistent". Lawson responded to Grubb's article, describing it as an example of the "intellectual bankruptcy of the [...] climate change establishment". Lawson also said that Kyoto's approach was "wrong-headed" and called on the IPCC to be "shut down".

text: In 2004, along with six others, Lawson wrote a letter to

text: The Times

text: criticising the

text: Kyoto Protocol

text: and claiming that there were substantial scientific

text: uncertainties surrounding climate change

text: . In 2005, the

text: House of Lords

text: Economics Affairs

text: Select Committee

text: , with Lawson as a member, undertook an inquiry into climate change. In their report, the Committee recommend the

text: HM Treasury

text: take a more active role in climate policy. The objectivity of the

text: IPCC

text: process is questioned, and changes are suggested in the UK's contribution to future international climate change negotiations. The report cites a mismatch between the economic costs and benefits of climate policy, and also criticises the

text: greenhouse gas

text: emission reduction targets set in the Kyoto Protocol. In response to the report, Michael Grubb, Chief Economist of the

text: Carbon Trust

text: , wrote an article in

text: Prospect

text: magazine, defending the Kyoto Protocol and describing the committee's report as being "strikingly inconsistent". Lawson responded to Grubb's article, describing it as an example of the "intellectual bankruptcy of the [...] climate change establishment". Lawson also said that Kyoto's approach was "wrong-headed" and called on the IPCC to be "shut down".

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: south-east

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Michael Grubb, Chief Economist of the Carbon Trust

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Lawson wrote a letter to The Times criticising the Kyoto Protocol

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: UK's

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Kyoto Protocol

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: 2004,

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Kyoto Protocol

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Kyoto Protocol

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Kyoto Protocol

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Kyoto Protocol

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Lawson wrote a letter to The Times criticising the Kyoto Protocol

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: climate change.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Kyoto Protocol

text: Due to close proximity to the equator and the warm Indian Ocean, the city experiences tropical climatic conditions similar to all Tanzanian coastal cities. The city experiences hot and humid weather throughout much of the year and has a tropical wet and dry climate (Köppen: Aw). Annual rainfall is approximately , and in a normal year there are two rainy seasons: "the long rains" in April and May and "the short rains" in November and December.

text: Due to close proximity to the equator and the warm

text: Indian Ocean

text: , the city experiences tropical climatic conditions similar to all

text: Tanzania

text: n coastal cities. The city experiences hot and humid weather throughout much of the year and has a tropical wet and dry climate (

text: Köppen

text: : Aw). Annual rainfall is approximately , and in a normal year there are two rainy seasons: "the long rains" in April and May and "the short rains" in November and December.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: equator

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: there are two rainy seasons

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: in a normal year there are two rainy seasons

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: "the long rains" in April and May and "the short rains" in November and December

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: equator

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: November and December.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: two rainy seasons:

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Tanzanian coastal cities.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: November and December.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Indian Ocean,

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: November and December.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: hot and humid weather throughout much of the year

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: Indian Ocean,

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Due to close proximity to the equator

text: are called normal conditions.

text: are called normal conditions.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: east to west

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: normal conditions

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: a swarm of mosquitoes can be seen

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: it does not

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: are called normal conditions.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: swells

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: normal conditions would be a blizzard.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: la nia is known as normal conditions.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: tropical storms

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: normal conditions.

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: normal conditions.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: normal conditions.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: normal conditions.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: normal conditions.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: normal conditions.

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: normal conditions.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: normal conditions.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: normal conditions.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: normal conditions.

text: A species may use more than one type of refuge during its life cycle. Refugia can be physical characteristics of organisms like short-term behavior or a long-term evolutionary adaptation.Animals and plants have mechanisms to increase resistance (survival) and resilience (recovery) to physical disturbance. They develop adaptations like morphology, physiology, behavior. Physical organism adaptations include an ability to aestivate, mouth orientation that allows for breathing oxygen at the water surface, body armor, and venomous spines.Mobile species' coping methods include refuge-seeking behavior; they seek habitat patches that relieve physiological stress and reduce mortality. Reliance on dispersal improves resilience to climate change in the short term, but over longer timescales, it will not protect macro invertebrate biodiversity from landscape-scale refuge degradation.

text: A

text: species

text: may use more than one type of refuge during its

text: life cycle

text: . Refugia can be physical characteristics of organisms like short-term

text: behavior

text: or a long-term evolutionary

text: adaptation

text: Animals

text: and

text: plants

text: have mechanisms to increase resistance (survival) and resilience (recovery) to physical disturbance. They develop adaptations like

text: morphology

text: physiology

text: behavior

text: . Physical organism adaptations include an ability to

text: aestivate

text: , mouth orientation that allows for breathing oxygen at the water surface, body armor, and venomous spines.

text: Mobile

text: species' coping methods include refuge-seeking behavior; they seek

text: habitat

text: patches that relieve physiological stress and reduce mortality. Reliance on dispersal improves resilience to climate change in the short term, but over longer timescales, it will not protect macro

text: invertebrate

text: biodiversity

text: from landscape-scale refuge degradation.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Pacific Ocean

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: aestivate

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: are a type of

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: mobile species' coping methods include refuge-seeking behavior

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: mobile species' coping methods include refuge-seeking behavior

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: water surface,

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: A species may use more than one type of refuge during its life cycle.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: mortality.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: over longer timescales,

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: venomous spines.Mobile

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: over longer timescales,

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: mortality.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: spines.Mobile species' coping methods include refuge-seeking behavior;

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: A species may use more than one type of refuge during its life cycle.

text: According to IPCC SREX 2012, "attribution of single extreme events to anthropogenic climate change is challenging". On one hand, the report said that there is "medium evidence" that long-term trends in normalized losses have not been attributed to tropical and extratropical [winter] storms.  On the other hand, the report also noted that much more research is needed in part due to "confounding factors" that might have increased losses, such as increased population and development in at-risk areas, and those that might have decreased losses, such as better forecasting, emergency alert systems, emergency management, building codes, and near-instantaneous media coverage of weather emergencies.

text: According to

text: IPCC

text: SREX 2012, "attribution of single extreme events to anthropogenic climate change is challenging". On one hand, the report said that there is "medium evidence" that long-term trends in normalized losses have not been attributed to tropical and extratropical [winter] storms.  On the other hand, the report also noted that much more research is needed in part due to "confounding factors" that might have increased losses, such as increased population and development in at-risk areas, and those that might have decreased losses, such as better forecasting, emergency alert systems, emergency management, building codes, and near-instantaneous media coverage of weather emergencies.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: tropical

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: tropical and extratropical [winter] storms

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: 2012

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: attribution of single extreme events to anthropogenic climate change is challenging

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: attribution of single extreme events to anthropogenic climate change is challenging

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: tropical storms

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: extratropical

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: tropical and extratropical [winter] storms.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: tropical and extratropical [winter] storms.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: tropical and extratropical [winter] storms.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: "attribution of single extreme events

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: tropical and extratropical [winter] storms.

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: tropical and extratropical [winter] storms.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: tropical and extratropical [winter] storms.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: tropical and extratropical [winter] storms.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: "attribution of single extreme events

text: The collection of the data is useful for the long-term information about the ocean and its currents.  According to NASA science this data can also be used to provide understanding of weather, climate, navigation, fisheries management, and offshore operations.  Observations made about the data are used to study the oceans tides, circulation, and the amount of heat the ocean contains. These observations can help predict short and long term effects of the weather and the earth’s climate over time.

text: The collection of the data is useful for the long-term information about the ocean and its currents.  According to

text: NASA

text: science this data can also be used to provide understanding of weather, climate, navigation, fisheries management, and offshore operations.  Observations made about the data are used to study the oceans tides, circulation, and the amount of heat the ocean contains. These observations can help predict short and long term effects of the weather and the earth’s climate over time.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: east

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: the amount of heat the ocean contains

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: can help predict short and long term effects

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: the amount of heat the ocean contains

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: the amount of heat the ocean contains

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: ocean

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: long-term information about the ocean and its currents.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: tides,

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: weather, climate, navigation, fisheries management, and offshore operations.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: weather, climate, navigation, fisheries management, and offshore operations.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: heat the ocean contains.

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: weather, climate, navigation, fisheries management, and offshore operations.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: tides,

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: weather, climate, navigation, fisheries management, and offshore operations.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: currents.

text: Fifteen of the top 16 warmest years have occurred since 2000. While record-breaking years can attract considerable public interest, individual years are less significant than the overall trend. Some climatologists have criticized the attention that the popular press gives to "warmest year" statistics; for example, Gavin Schmidt stated "the long-term trends or the expected sequence of records are far more important than whether any single year is a record or not." Ocean oscillations such as the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) can affect global average temperatures, causing temperatures of a given year to be abnormally warm or cold for reasons not directly related to the overall trend of climate change. For example, 1998 and 2015 temperatures were significantly warmed by strong El Niño conditions.

text: Fifteen of the top 16 warmest years have occurred since 2000. While record-breaking years can attract considerable public interest, individual years are less significant than the overall trend. Some climatologists have criticized the attention that the popular press gives to "warmest year" statistics; for example,

text: Gavin Schmidt

text: stated "the long-term trends or the expected sequence of records are far more important than whether any single year is a record or not." Ocean oscillations such as the

text: El Niño Southern Oscillation

text: (ENSO) can affect global average temperatures, causing temperatures of a given year to be abnormally warm or cold for reasons not directly related to the overall trend of climate change. For example, 1998 and 2015 temperatures were significantly warmed by strong El Niño conditions.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: El Ni o

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: 1998 and 2015 temperatures were significantly warmed by strong El Ni o conditions.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: 1998 and 2015 temperatures were significantly warmed

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: 1998 and 2015 temperatures were significantly warmed

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: El Ni<unk>o Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: El Ni<unk>o Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Ni<unk>o Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: El Ni<unk>o Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Ni<unk>o Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: El Ni<unk>o Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: 1998 and 2015 temperatures were significantly warmed

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: El Ni<unk>o Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: causing temperatures of a given year to be abnormally warm or cold

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: El Ni<unk>o Southern Oscillation

text: Normal condition means the squad is not currently degraded by any previous suppressive fire. If a squad in normal condition takes 1 or 2 suppressive hits, it becomes pinned; if it takes 3 hits, it becomes disrupted; and if it takes at least 4 hits, it is routed (destroyed) and the entire squad is removed from the board.

text: Normal condition means the squad is not currently degraded by any previous suppressive fire. If a squad in normal condition takes 1 or 2 suppressive hits, it becomes pinned; if it takes 3 hits, it becomes disrupted; and if it takes at least 4 hits, it is routed (destroyed) and the entire squad is removed from the board.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: south

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: el nio events

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: normal condition means the squad is not currently degraded

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: normal condition means the squad is not currently degraded

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: normal condition

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Normal condition

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Normal condition

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: Normal condition means the squad is not currently degraded

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: pinned; if it takes 3 hits, it becomes disrupted;

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Normal condition

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Normal condition

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Normal condition

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Normal condition

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: pinned;

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Normal condition

text: Long-term climate simulations, based on CMIP5 climate modeling, project reduced sea ice cover. However, melting of Antarctic ice sheets could change vertical ocean temperature stratification and encourage sea ice growth.

text: Long-term climate simulations, based on

text: climate modeling, project reduced sea ice cover. However, melting of Antarctic ice sheets could change vertical ocean temperature

text: stratification

text: and encourage sea ice growth.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Antarctica

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: sea ice

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Nio () is a tropical cyclone that has been named by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as a Category 1 tropical cyclone.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Antarctic ice sheets could change vertical ocean temperature

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: CMIP5 climate modeling

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: sea ice growth

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Antarctic

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: CMIP5 climate modeling, project reduced sea ice cover.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: sea ice cover.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: reduced sea ice cover.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: melting of Antarctic ice sheets

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: melting of Antarctic ice sheets

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: melting of Antarctic ice sheets

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: reduced sea ice cover.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: sea ice growth.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: CMIP5 climate modeling, project reduced sea ice cover.

text: There is no consensus over the magnitude of long-term leakage effects. This is important for the problem of climate change.

text: There is no consensus over the magnitude of long-term leakage effects. This is important for the problem of

text: climate change

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: equator

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: are not mentioned

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: no consensus over the magnitude

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: no consensus over the magnitude of leakage effects

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: leakage effects.

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: There is no consensus over the magnitude of long-term leakage effects.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: There is no consensus over the magnitude of long-term leakage effects.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: There is no consensus over the magnitude of long-term leakage effects.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: There is no consensus over the magnitude of long-term leakage effects.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: There is no consensus over the magnitude of long-term leakage effects.

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: There is no consensus over the magnitude of long-term leakage effects.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: There is no consensus over the magnitude of long-term leakage effects.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: leakage effects.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: There is no consensus over the magnitude of long-term leakage effects.

text: The roots of the TOGA program can be traced back to the 1920s and the work of Sir Gilbert Walker on what became known as the Southern Oscillation, an apparent linkage between atmospheric pressure anomalies throughout the Pacific Ocean that appeared to be a major driver of weather patterns.  This work was furthered by Jacob Bjerknes in the 1960s when he solidified the link between the El Nino phenomena, a winter warm anomaly in the normally cool water off the coast of Peru, with the southern oscillation.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Bjerknes|first=J|title=Atmospheric teleconnections from the equatorial Pacific.|journal=Monthly Weather Review|year=1969|volume=97|pages=163–172|doi=10.1175/1520-0493(1969)097

text: The roots of the TOGA program can be traced back to the 1920s and the work of

text: Sir Gilbert Walker

text: on what became known as the Southern Oscillation, an apparent linkage between atmospheric pressure anomalies throughout the Pacific Ocean that appeared to be a major driver of weather patterns.  This work was furthered by

text: Jacob Bjerknes

text: in the 1960s when he solidified the link between the El Nino phenomena, a winter warm anomaly in the normally cool water off the coast of Peru, with the southern oscillation.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Bjerknes|first=J|title=Atmospheric teleconnections from the equatorial Pacific.|journal=Monthly Weather Review|year=1969|volume=97|pages=163–172|doi=10.1175/1520-0493(1969)097

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: the coast of Peru

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Jacob Bjerknes in the 1960s when he solidified the link between the El Nino phenomena

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: the Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: El Nino is a winter warm anomaly in the normally cool water off the coast of Peru

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: winter warm anomaly

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: equatorial Pacific.|journal=Monthly

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: cool water off the coast of Peru,

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: cool water

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Southern Oscillation,

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: a winter warm anomaly in the normally cool water off the coast of Peru,

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: a winter warm anomaly in the normally cool water off the coast of Peru,

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: a winter warm anomaly in the normally cool water off the coast of Peru,

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: El Nino

text: Information is postulated to enter the long-term store from the short-term store more or less automatically.  As Atkinson and Shiffrin model it, transfer from the short-term store to the long-term store is occurring for as long as the information is being attended to in the short-term store.  In this way, varying amounts of attention result in varying amounts of time in short-term memory.  Ostensibly, the longer an item is held in short-term memory, the stronger its memory trace will be in long-term memory. Some extraneous variables; which are any other variable other than the IV which can cause a change in the DV and therefore effect the results in an unwanted way, these include: Participant differences (Personal ability of an individual, these differentiate each participant and their capacity levels). Demand characteristics (Which is the participants knowledge about experiment and what they bring to the experiment)Experimenter effect (which is the effects the researchers have on participants through their expectations and possibility of bias behavior for self-fulfillment results) Non-standardized instructions and procedures (The effect on participants if they receive different instructions, and if no consistency in procedure, also impacts from variations of conditions).Atkinson and Shiffrin cite evidence for this transfer mechanism in studies by Hebb (1961) and Melton (1963) which show that repeated rote repetition enhances long-term memory. One may also think to the original Ebbinghaus memory experiments showing that forgetting increases for items which are studied fewer times. Finally, the authors note that there are stronger encoding processes than simple rote rehearsal, namely relating the new information to information which has already made its way into the long-term store.

text: Ebbinghaus

text: memory experiments showing that forgetting increases for items which are studied fewer times. Finally, the authors note that there are stronger encoding processes than simple rote rehearsal, namely relating the new information to information which has already made its way into the long-term store.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: North America

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: in a normal year

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: el nio events

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: sea levels

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: non-standardized instructions and procedures

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: varying amounts of attention result in varying amounts of time in short-term memory

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: results)

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Non-standardized instructions and procedures

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: variations of conditions).Atkinson

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: variations of conditions).Atkinson

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: variations of conditions).Atkinson

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: consistency in procedure, also impacts from variations of conditions).Atkinson

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: variations of conditions).Atkinson

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: variations of conditions).Atkinson

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: Non-standardized instructions and procedures

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Non-standardized instructions and procedures

text: The transition from Yangshao to Majiayao coincides, climatically, with the Piora Oscillation.

text: The transition from Yangshao to Majiayao coincides, climatically, with the

text: Piora Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Majiayao

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: the Piora Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Piora Oscillation occurs

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Piora Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Yangshao to Majiayao

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Piora Oscillation.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: Piora Oscillation.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Piora Oscillation.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Piora Oscillation.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Piora Oscillation.

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Piora Oscillation.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Piora Oscillation.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: Piora Oscillation.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Piora Oscillation.

text: However, the Samalas signal is only inconsistently reported from tree ring climate information, and the temperature effects were likewise limited, probably because the large sulfate output altered the average size of particles and thus their radiation forcing. Climate modelling indicated that the Samalas eruption may have reduced global temperatures by approximately , a value largely not replicated by proxy data. Better modelling indicated that the principal temperature anomaly occurred in 1258 and continued until 1261. Some climate models tend to assume that aerosol optical depth increases linearly with the quantity of erupted sulfur and tend to thus overstimate the climate effects. The possible occurrence of an El Nino before the eruption may have further reduced the cooling.

text: However, the Samalas signal is only inconsistently reported from

text: tree ring

text: climate information, and the temperature effects were likewise limited, probably because the large sulfate output altered the average size of particles and thus their radiation forcing. Climate modelling indicated that the Samalas eruption may have reduced global temperatures by approximately , a value largely not replicated by proxy data. Better modelling indicated that the principal temperature anomaly occurred in 1258 and continued until 1261. Some climate models tend to assume that

text: aerosol optical depth

text: increases linearly with the quantity of erupted sulfur and tend to thus overstimate the climate effects. The possible occurrence of an

text: El Nino

text: before the eruption may have further reduced the cooling.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: 1258 and continued until 1261

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: The possible occurrence of an El Nino

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: a value largely not replicated by proxy data

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: 1258

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: El Nino before the eruption may have further reduced the cooling.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: cooling.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: El Nino

text: In an article which describes Karlén as a paleoclimatologist, he is quoted as saying: "One of the big problems with trying to determine long-term temperature changes, is that weather records only go back to about 1860. By relying on statistical reconstruction of the last 1000 years, using only the temperature patterns of the last 140 years instead of actual temperature readings, the IPCC report and Summary missed both a major cooling period as well as a significant warming trend during that millennium."  Karlén has also criticized the mainstream media for "spreading the exaggerated views of a human impact on climate." He was also named in a 2007 minority report of the U.S. Senate Environment and Public Works Committee as one of 400 "prominent scientists" who were said to dispute global warming. In 2010, he predicted that natural climate changes, caused to a large degree by the sun's activity, would more likely make the climate colder than warmer in the next decades.

text: In an article which describes Karlén as a paleoclimatologist, he is quoted as saying: "One of the big problems with trying to determine long-term temperature changes, is that weather records only go back to about 1860. By relying on statistical reconstruction of the last 1000 years, using only the temperature patterns of the last 140 years instead of actual temperature readings, the

text: IPCC

text: report and Summary missed both a major cooling period as well as a significant warming trend during that millennium."  Karlén has also criticized the mainstream media for "spreading the exaggerated views of a human impact on climate." He was also named in a 2007 minority report of the

entity_name: United States Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works

text: U.S. Senate Environment and Public Works Committee

text: as one of 400 "prominent scientists" who were said to dispute global warming. In 2010, he predicted that natural climate changes, caused to a large degree by the sun's activity, would more likely make the climate colder than warmer in the next decades.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Karlén has also criticized the mainstream media

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: 1860.

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: warmer

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: warmer

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: colder than warmer

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: 1860.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: colder than warmer

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: cooling period

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: cooling period

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: cooling period

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: 1860.

text: El Nino is the third studio album by progressive metal band Eldritch, which was released in 1998.

text: El Nino is the third studio album by

text: progressive metal

text: band

text: Eldritch

text: , which was released in 1998.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: south america

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: are associated with

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Eldritch

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Eldritch released El Nino

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Nino

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Eldritch,

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Eldritch,

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: El Nino

text: |- style="background:#bfb"| 1 || April 11 || Expos || 6–3 || Steve Carlton (1–0) || Steve Rogers (0–1) || None || 48,460 || 1–0|- style="background:#bfb"| 2 || April 12 || Expos || 6–2 || Dick Ruthven (1–0) || Bill Lee (0–1) || Tug McGraw (1) || 22,065 || 2–0|- style="background:#fbb"| 3 || April 13 || Expos || 4–5 (10) || Elías Sosa (1–0) || Lerrin LaGrow (0–1) || None || 28,132 || 2–1|- style="background:#fbb"| 4 || April 15 || @ Cardinals || 2–7 || Pete Vuckovich (2–0) || Randy Lerch (0–1) || None || 8,166 || 2–2|- style="background:#bfb"| 5 || April 16 || @ Cardinals || 8–3 || Steve Carlton (2–0) || Bob Forsch (0–1) || None || 10,911 || 3–2|- style="background:#fbb"| 6 || April 18 || @ Expos || 5–7 || Scott Sanderson (1–0) || Dick Ruthven (1–1) || Woodie Fryman (1) || 41,222 || 3–3|- style="background:#bfb"| 7 || April 19 || @ Expos || 13–4 || Larry Christenson (1–0) || Steve Rogers (1–2) || Dickie Noles (1) || 23,088 || 4–3|- style="background:#fbb"| 8 || April 20 || @ Expos || 6–7 || Elías Sosa (2–0) || Tug McGraw (0–1) || None || 25,722 || 4–4|- style="background:#fbb"| 9 || April 21 || Mets || 0–3 || Ray Burris (2–1) || Steve Carlton (2–1) || Neil Allen (4) || 23,856 || 4–5|- style="background:#bfb"| 10 || April 22 || Mets || 14–8 || Kevin Saucier (1–0) || Kevin Kobel (0–2) || None || 21,341 || 5–5|- style="background:#fbb"| 11 || April 23 || Mets || 2–3 || Mark Bomback (1–0) || Lerrin LaGrow (0–2) || Jeff Reardon (1) || 23,025 || 5–6|- style="background:#fbb"| 12 || April 25 || Cardinals || 1–3 || Pete Vuckovich (3–1) || Randy Lerch (0–2) || Mark Littell (1) || 30,516 || 5–7|- style="background:#bfb"| 13 || April 26 || Cardinals || 7–0 || Steve Carlton (3–1) || John Fulgham (1–2) || None || 25,168 || 6–7|- style="background:#fbb"| 14 || April 27 || Cardinals || 1–10 || Bob Forsch (1–1) || Dick Ruthven (1–2) || None || 28,200 || 6–8|- style="background:#bbb"| – || April 29 || @ Mets || colspan=6 | Postponed (rain); Makeup: August 17 as a traditional double-header|- style="background:#fbb"| 15 || April 30 || @ Mets || 0–2 || Mark Bomback (2–0) || Randy Lerch (0–3) || None || 4,559 || 6–9|- style="background:#bfb"| 16 || May 1 || @ Mets || 2–1 || Steve Carlton (4–1) || Pete Falcone (1–2) || Tug McGraw (2) || 5,928 || 7–9|- style="background:#bfb"| 17 || May 2 || Dodgers || 9–5 || Ron Reed (1–0) || Charlie Hough (0–1) || None || 30,294 || 8–9|- style="background:#bfb"| 18 || May 3 || Dodgers || 7–3 || Larry Christenson (2–0) || Burt Hooton (2–2) || None || 35,011 || 9–9|- style="background:#fbb"| 19 || May 4 || Dodgers || 10–12 || Joe Beckwith (2–0) || Dickie Noles (0–1) || Jerry Reuss (1) || 34,027 || 9–10|- style="background:#bfb"| 20 || May 5 || Braves || 7–1 || Steve Carlton (5–1) || Rick Matula (2–2) || None || 26,165 || 10–10|- style="background:#bfb"| 21 || May 6 || Braves || 10–5 || Dick Ruthven (2–2) || Doyle Alexander (0–2) || Dickie Noles (2) || 25,302 || 11–10|- style="background:#bbb"| – || May 7 || Braves || colspan=6 | Postponed (rain); Makeup: July 25 as a traditional double-header|- style="background:#fbb"| 22 || May 9 || @ Reds || 2–5 || Charlie Leibrandt (3–2) || Randy Lerch (0–4) || None || 32,583 || 11–11|- style="background:#fbb"| 23 || May 10 || @ Reds || 3–5 || Tom Seaver (2–1) || Steve Carlton (5–2) || Tom Hume (5) || 28,919 || 11–12|- style="background:#bfb"| 24 || May 11 || @ Reds || 7–3 || Dick Ruthven (3–2) || Mike LaCoss (3–3) || None || 25,920 || 12–12|- style="background:#fbb"| 25 || May 13 || @ Braves || 3–7 || Doyle Alexander (1–2) || Randy Lerch (0–5) || Rick Camp (1) || 10,146 || 12–13|- style="background:#bfb"| 26 || May 14 || @ Braves || 9–1 || Steve Carlton (6–2) || Larry McWilliams (2–3) || None || 4,625 || 13–13|- style="background:#bfb"| 27 || May 16 || @ Astros || 3–0 || Dick Ruthven (4–2) || J. R. Richard (4–2) || None || 33,610 || 14–13|- style="background:#bfb"| 28 || May 17 || @ Astros || 4–2 || Larry Christenson (3–0) || Joe Niekro (4–3) || Dickie Noles (3) || 43,525 || 15–13|- style="background:#fbb"| 29 || May 18 || @ Astros || 0–3 || Nolan Ryan (2–3) || Randy Lerch (0–6) || None || 33,950 || 15–14|- style="background:#bfb"| 30 || May 19 || Reds || 6–4 || Steve Carlton (7–2) || Frank Pastore (4–2) || Ron Reed (1) || 25,109 || 16–14|- style="background:#fbb"| 31 || May 20 || Reds || 6–7 || Paul Moskau (2–0) || Dick Ruthven (4–3) || Doug Bair (3) || 25,202 || 16–15|- style="background:#bfb"| 32 || May 21 || Reds || 9–8 || Ron Reed (2–0) || Tom Hume (3–4) || None || 26,099 || 17–15|- style="background:#bfb"| 33 || May 23 || Astros || 3–0 || Steve Carlton (8–2) || Nolan Ryan (2–4) || None || 27,822 || 18–15|- style="background:#bfb"| 34 || May 24 || Astros || 5–4 || Kevin Saucier (2–0) || Joaquín Andújar (0–2) || Tug McGraw (3) || 28,539 || 19–15|- style="background:#bfb"| 35 || May 25 || Astros || 6–2 || Dick Ruthven (5–3) || Ken Forsch (5–3) || None || 37,349 || 20–15|- style="background:#bfb"| 36 || May 26 || Pirates || 7–6 || Ron Reed (3–0) || Kent Tekulve (5–3) || None || 45,394 || 21–15|- style="background:#fbb"| 37 || May 27 || Pirates || 2–3 (13) || Enrique Romo (3–0) || Dickie Noles (0–2) || Kent Tekulve (6) || 35,989 || 21–16|- style="background:#bfb"| 38 || May 28 || Pirates || 6–3 || Randy Lerch (1–6) || Don Robinson (1–1) || Ron Reed (2) || 30,209 || 22–16|- style="background:#fbb"| 39 || May 29 || Pirates || 4–5 || Eddie Solomon (2–0) || Dick Ruthven (5–4) || Enrique Romo (2) || 30,630 || 22–17|- style="background:#fbb"| 40 || May 30 || @ Cubs || 7–10 || Rick Reuschel (4–4) || Dan Larson (0–1) || None || 8,632 || 22–18|- style="background:#bfb"| 41 || May 31 || @ Cubs || 7–0 || Steve Carlton (9–2) || Willie Hernández (1–4) || None || 26,937 || 23–18|- style="background:#fbb"| 42 || June 1 || @ Cubs || 4–5 || Dick Tidrow (2–0) || Ron Reed (3–1) || Bruce Sutter (11) || 20,051 || 23–19|- style="background:#fbb"| 43 || June 2 || @ Pirates || 3–9 || Don Robinson (2–1) || Randy Lerch (1–7) || None || 19,990 || 23–20|- style="background:#fbb"| 44 || June 3 || @ Pirates || 3–4 || Grant Jackson (5–1) || Tug McGraw (0–2) || None || 22,141 || 23–21|- style="background:#bfb"| 45 || June 4 || @ Pirates || 4–3 || Steve Carlton (10–2) || John Candelaria (2–5) || None || 31,075 || 24–21|- style="background:#bfb"| 46 || June 6 || Cubs || 6–5 || Bob Walk (1–0) || Mike Krukow (3–6) || Tug McGraw (4) || 30,189 || 25–21|- style="background:#bfb"| 47 || June 7 || Cubs || 5–2 || Randy Lerch (2–7) || Rick Reuschel (5–5) || Dickie Noles (4) || 31,153 || 26–21|- style="background:#fbb"| 48 || June 8 || Cubs || 0–2 || Lynn McGlothen (3–2) || Dick Ruthven (5–5) || Bruce Sutter (12) || 40,206 || 26–22|- style="background:#fbb"| 49 || June 9 || Giants || 1–3 || Allen Ripley (1–0) || Dickie Noles (0–3) || Greg Minton (2) || 28,702 || 26–23|- style="background:#bfb"| 50 || June 10 || Giants || 4–3 || Kevin Saucier (3–0) || Bob Knepper (4–8) || Ron Reed (3) || 32,635 || 27–23|- style="background:#fbb"| 51 || June 11 || Giants || 4–7 || Ed Whitson (3–7) || Randy Lerch (2–8) || Greg Minton (3) || 37,844 || 27–24|- style="background:#bfb"| 52 || June 13 || Padres || 9–6 || Dick Ruthven (6–5) || Randy Jones (4–6) || None || 37,873 || 28–24|- style="background:#bfb"| 53 || June 14 || Padres || 3–1 || Steve Carlton (11–2) || Steve Mura (0–2) || Tug McGraw (5) || 35,231 || 29–24|- style="background:#bfb"| 54 || June 15 || Padres || 8–5 || Bob Walk (2–0) || Rick Wise (3–4) || Lerrin LaGrow (1) || 36,374 || 30–24|- style="background:#bfb"| 55 || June 16 || @ Dodgers || 3–2 (12) || Ron Reed (4–1) || Rick Sutcliffe (1–4) || Tug McGraw (6) || 41,340 || 31–24|- style="background:#bfb"| 56 || June 17 || @ Dodgers || 6–5 || Ron Reed (5–1) || Bobby Castillo (1–3) || Tug McGraw (7) || 40,786 || 32–24|- style="background:#bfb"| 57 || June 18 || @ Padres || 5–1 || Steve Carlton (12–2) || Bob Shirley (5–3) || None || 15,621 || 33–24|- style="background:#fbb"| 58 || June 19 || @ Padres || 3–4 || Dennis Kinney (2–1) || Kevin Saucier (3–1) || Rollie Fingers (8) || 16,712 || 33–25|- style="background:#fbb"| 59 || June 20 || @ Giants || 1–5 || Allen Ripley (2–1) || Dan Larson (0–2) || None || 9,490 || 33–26|- style="background:#fbb"| 60 || June 21 || @ Giants || 3–9 || Ed Whitson (5–7) || Randy Lerch (2–9) || None || 11,809 || 33–27|- style="background:#bfb"| 61 || June 22 || @ Giants || 4–3 || Steve Carlton (13–2) || Vida Blue (9–4) || None || 27,315 || 34–27|- style="background:#fbb"| 62 || June 24 || Expos || 6–7 (10) || Elías Sosa (5–3) || Tug McGraw (0–3) || None || 32,101 || 34–28|- style="background:#bfb"| 63 || June 25 || Expos || 2–1 (10) || Ron Reed (6–1) || Stan Bahnsen (5–2) || None || 31,416 || 35–28|- style="background:#fbb"| 64 || June 26 || Expos || 0–1 || Scott Sanderson (7–4) || Randy Lerch (2–10) || None || 31,696 || 35–29|- style="background:#fbb"| 65 || June 27 || Mets || 2–3 || John Pacella (1–0) || Steve Carlton (13–3) || Tom Hausman (1) || 37,123 || 35–30|- style="background:#fbb"| 66 || June 28 (1) || Mets || 1–2 (11) || Neil Allen (4–5) || Ron Reed (6–2) || None || see 2nd game || 35–31|- style="background:#fbb"| 67 || June 28 (2) || Mets || 4–5 || Tom Hausman (3–2) || Kevin Saucier (3–2) || Neil Allen (13) || 47,169 || 35–32|- style="background:#bfb"| 68 || June 29 || Mets || 5–2 || Bob Walk (3–0) || Pat Zachry (2–5) || Lerrin LaGrow (2) || 41,113 || 36–32|- style="background:#bfb"| 69 || June 30 || @ Expos || 7–5 || Dickie Noles (1–3) || Bill Gullickson (0–2) || Ron Reed (4) || 36,347 || 37–32|- style="background:#bfb"| 70 || July 1 || @ Expos || 5–4 (11) || Randy Lerch (3–10) || Woodie Fryman (1–3) || Lerrin LaGrow (3) || 33,761 || 38–32|- style="background:#fbb"| 71 || July 2 || @ Expos || 1–6 || Steve Rogers (10–6) || Steve Carlton (13–4) || None || 23,233 || 38–33|- style="background:#bfb"| 72 || July 3 (1) || @ Cardinals || 2–1 || Dick Ruthven (7–5) || Bob Forsch (5–6) || None || see 2nd game || 39–33|- style="background:#bfb"| 73 || July 3 (2) || @ Cardinals || 8–1 || Bob Walk (4–0) || Jim Otten (0–3) || None || 38,038 || 40–33|- style="background:#fbb"| 74 || July 4 || @ Cardinals || 0–1 (10) || Bob Sykes (3–6) || Kevin Saucier (3–3) || None || 15,481 || 40–34|- style="background:#fbb"| 75 || July 5 || @ Cardinals || 1–6 || Jim Kaat (3–6) || Randy Lerch (3–11) || None || 27,932 || 40–35|- style="background:#bfb"| 76 || July 6 || @ Cardinals || 8–3 || Steve Carlton (14–4) || Pete Vuckovich (7–6) || None || 17,769 || 41–35|- style="background:#bbcaff;"| – || July 8 ||colspan=7 |1980 Major League Baseball All-Star Game at Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles|- style="background:#bfb"| 77 || July 10 || Cubs || 5–3 || Dick Ruthven (8–5) || Mike Krukow (6–10) || Dickie Noles (5) || 33,130 || 42–35|- style="background:#bfb"| 78 || July 11 || Cubs || 7–2 || Bob Walk (5–0) || Lynn McGlothen (6–6) || Ron Reed (5) || 50,204 || 43–35|- style="background:#bfb"| 79 || July 12 || Pirates || 5–4 || Kevin Saucier (4–3) || Kent Tekulve (5–5) || None || 53,254 || 44–35|- style="background:#fbb"| 80 || July 13 || Pirates || 3–7 || Don Robinson (3–4) || Nino Espinosa (0–1) || Kent Tekulve (11) || 48,132 || 44–36|- style="background:#fbb"| 81 || July 14 || Pirates || 11–13 || Grant Jackson (7–2) || Ron Reed (6–3) || None || 44,245 || 44–37|- style="background:#fbb"| 82 || July 15 || @ Astros || 2–3 || Joe Sambito (4–1) || Dick Ruthven (8–6) || None || 24,223 || 44–38|- style="background:#bfb"| 83 || July 16 || @ Astros || 4–2 || Bob Walk (6–0) || Ken Forsch (8–9) || None || 28,532 || 45–38|- style="background:#bfb"| 84 || July 17 || @ Astros || 2–1 || Steve Carlton (15–4) || Joe Niekro (10–8) || None || 26,403 || 46–38|- style="background:#bfb"| 85 || July 18 || @ Braves || 7–2 || Nino Espinosa (1–1) || Phil Niekro (7–12) || Dickie Noles (6) || 13,908 || 47–38|- style="background:#fbb"| 86 || July 19 (1) || @ Braves || 2–5 || Doyle Alexander (8–5) || Dick Ruthven (8–7) || None || see 2nd game || 47–39|- style="background:#fbb"| 87 || July 19 (2) || @ Braves || 2–7 || Tommy Boggs (4–5) || Dan Larson (0–3) || Rick Camp (4) || 35,524 || 47–40|- style="background:#fbb"| 88 || July 20 || @ Braves || 2–3 || Larry McWilliams (7–6) || Bob Walk (6–1) || None || 9,335 || 47–41|- style="background:#fbb"| 89 || July 21 || @ Reds || 4–5 || Charlie Leibrandt (9–6) || Randy Lerch (3–12) || Tom Hume (15) || 27,177 || 47–42|- style="background:#fbb"| 90 || July 22 || @ Reds || 2–3 || Mario Soto (4–4) || Steve Carlton (15–5) || None || 28,079 || 47–43|- style="background:#fbb"| 91 || July 23 || @ Reds || 3–7 || Bruce Berenyi (2–0) || Nino Espinosa (1–2) || Tom Hume (16) || 29,614 || 47–44|- style="background:#bfb"| 92 || July 25 (1) || Braves || 5–4 (12) || Dick Ruthven (9–7) || Rick Camp (3–4) || None || see 2nd game || 48–44|- style="background:#fbb"| 93 || July 25 (2) || Braves || 0–3 || Tommy Boggs (5–5) || Dan Larson (0–4) || None || 38,408 || 48–45|- style="background:#bfb"| 94 || July 26 || Braves || 6–3 || Bob Walk (7–1) || Phil Niekro (8–13) || Ron Reed (6) || 33,112 || 49–45|- style="background:#bfb"| 95 || July 27 || Braves || 17–4 || Steve Carlton (16–5) || Rick Matula (6–9) || None || 35,249 || 50–45|- style="background:#fbb"| 96 || July 28 || Astros || 2–3 (10) || Joe Sambito (6–1) || Ron Reed (6–4) || None || 30,181 || 50–46|- style="background:#bfb"| 97 || July 29 || Astros || 9–6 || Kevin Saucier (5–3) || Frank LaCorte (7–3) || Tug McGraw (8) || 30,252 || 51–46|- style="background:#bfb"| 98 || July 30 || Astros || 6–4 || Dick Ruthven (10–7) || Nolan Ryan (5–8) || Tug McGraw (9) || 31,342 || 52–46|- style="background:#bfb"| 99 || August 1 || Reds || 3–1 || Bob Walk (8–1) || Charlie Leibrandt (9–7) || Tug McGraw (10) || 37,409 || 53–46|- style="background:#fbb"| 100 || August 2 || Reds || 0–2 || Mike LaCoss (6–9) || Steve Carlton (16–6) || None || 43,244 || 53–47|- style="background:#bfb"| 101 || August 3 || Reds || 8–4 || Nino Espinosa (2–2) || Bruce Berenyi (2–2) || Ron Reed (7) || 41,328 || 54–47|- style="background:#bbb"| – || August 5 || Cardinals || colspan=6 | Postponed (rain); Makeup: September 12 as a traditional double-header|- style="background:#fbb"| 102 || August 6 || Cardinals || 0–14 || Bob Sykes (5–8) || Bob Walk (8–2) || None || 31,629 || 54–48|- style="background:#bfb"| 103 || August 7 || Cardinals || 3–2 || Steve Carlton (17–6) || John Fulgham (3–4) || Tug McGraw (11) || 31,397 || 55–48|- style="background:#fbb"| 104 || August 8 || @ Pirates || 5–6 || Kent Tekulve (8–5) || Tug McGraw (0–4) || Enrique Romo (8) || 30,354 || 55–49|- style="background:#fbb"| 105 || August 9 || @ Pirates || 1–4 || John Candelaria (8–11) || Nino Espinosa (2–3) || Kent Tekulve (16) || 39,984 || 55–50|- style="background:#fbb"| 106 || August 10 (1) || @ Pirates || 1–7 || Jim Bibby (14–2) || Randy Lerch (3–13) || None || see 2nd game || 55–51|- style="background:#fbb"| 107 || August 10 (2) || @ Pirates || 1–4 || Don Robinson (4–5) || Dan Larson (0–5) || Kent Tekulve (17) || 37,323 || 55–52|- style="background:#bfb"| 108 || August 11 || @ Cubs || 8–5 (15) || Warren Brusstar (1–0) || George Riley (0–2) || None || 10,805 || 56–52|- style="background:#bfb"| 109 || August 12 || @ Cubs || 5–2 || Steve Carlton (18–6) || Mike Krukow (7–12) || None || 20,808 || 57–52|- style="background:#fbb"| 110 || August 13 || @ Cubs || 1–2 || Dick Tidrow (5–3) || Dick Ruthven (10–8) || None || 13,215 || 57–53|- style="background:#bfb"| 111 || August 14 || @ Mets || 8–1 || Nino Espinosa (3–3) || Pat Zachry (6–6) || None || 20,149 || 58–53|- style="background:#bfb"| 112 || August 15 || @ Mets || 8–0 || Larry Christenson (4–0) || Mark Bomback (9–4) || Tug McGraw (12) || 40,436 || 59–53|- style="background:#bfb"| 113 || August 16 || @ Mets || 11–6 || Bob Walk (9–2) || Craig Swan (5–9) || None || 23,514 || 60–53|- style="background:#bfb"| 114 || August 17 (1) || @ Mets || 9–4 || Steve Carlton (19–6) || Ray Burris (6–7) || None || see 2nd game || 61–53|- style="background:#bfb"| 115 || August 17 (2) || @ Mets || 4–1 || Randy Lerch (4–13) || Roy Lee Jackson (1–4) || Ron Reed (8) || 25,458 || 62–53|- style="background:#bfb"| 116 || August 19 || Padres || 7–4 || Dick Ruthven (11–8) || Bob Shirley (9–9) || Tug McGraw (13) || 30,588 || 63–53|- style="background:#fbb"| 117 || August 20 || Padres || 5–7 || John Curtis (5–8) || Nino Espinosa (3–4) || Rollie Fingers (16) || 30,403 || 63–54|- style="background:#bfb"| 118 || August 21 || Padres || 9–8 (17) || Kevin Saucier (6–3) || Dennis Kinney (4–5) || None || 36,201 || 64–54|- style="background:#fbb"| 119 || August 22 || Giants || 3–4 (10) || Al Holland (5–2) || Steve Carlton (19–7) || None || 36,073 || 64–55|- style="background:#fbb"| 120 || August 23 || Giants || 2–6 || Allen Ripley (7–6) || Larry Christenson (4–1) || None || 38,541 || 64–56|- style="background:#bfb"| 121 || August 24 || Giants || 7–1 || Dick Ruthven (12–8) || Bob Knepper (9–15) || None || 37,325 || 65–56|- style="background:#fbb"| 122 || August 25 || Dodgers || 4–8 || Don Stanhouse (2–2) || Dickie Noles (1–4) || None || 34,267 || 65–57|- style="background:#fbb"| 123 || August 26 || Dodgers || 4–8 || Bobby Castillo (4–6) || Bob Walk (9–3) || None || 35,358 || 65–58|- style="background:#bfb"| 124 || August 27 || Dodgers || 4–3 || Steve Carlton (20–7) || Steve Howe (6–6) || Tug McGraw (14) || 39,116 || 66–58|- style="background:#bfb"| 125 || August 29 || @ Padres || 3–2 || Larry Christenson (5–1) || Steve Mura (4–7) || Tug McGraw (15) || 10,742 || 67–58|- style="background:#bfb"| 126 || August 30 (1) || @ Padres || 6–1 || Dick Ruthven (13–8) || Bob Shirley (9–10) || None || see 2nd game || 68–58|- style="background:#fbb"| 127 || August 30 (2) || @ Padres || 1–5 || John Curtis (6–8) || Nino Espinosa (3–5) || None || 13,209 || 68–59|- style="background:#fbb"| 128 || August 31 || @ Padres || 3–10 || Gary Lucas (5–7) || Bob Walk (9–4) || Rollie Fingers (18) || 7,815 || 68–60|- style="background:#bfb"| 129 || September 1 || @ Giants || 6–4 || Steve Carlton (21–7) || Greg Minton (3–5) || None || 16,952 || 69–60|- style="background:#bfb"| 130 || September 2 || @ Giants || 2–1 (13) || Ron Reed (7–4) || Al Holland (5–3) || None || 6,135 || 70–60|- style="background:#bfb"| 131 || September 3 || @ Giants || 4–3 || Dick Ruthven (14–8) || Allen Ripley (7–8) || Tug McGraw (16) || 5,504 || 71–60|- style="background:#bfb"| 132 || September 4 || @ Dodgers || 3–2 || Bob Walk (10–4) || Jerry Reuss (16–5) || Tug McGraw (17) || 41,864 || 72–60|- style="background:#fbb"| 133 || September 5 || @ Dodgers || 0–1 || Don Sutton (10–4) || Steve Carlton (21–8) || Don Stanhouse (5) || 41,019 || 72–61|- style="background:#fbb"| 134 || September 6 || @ Dodgers || 3–7 || Bob Welch (12–9) || Randy Lerch (4–14) || Steve Howe (15) || 45,995 || 72–62|- style="background:#fbb"| 135 || September 7 || @ Dodgers || 0–6 || Bobby Castillo (6–6) || Dick Ruthven (14–9) || None || 39,083 || 72–63|- style="background:#bfb"| 136 || September 8 || Pirates || 6–2 || Tug McGraw (1–4) || Enrique Romo (5–5) || None || 40,576 || 73–63|- style="background:#bfb"| 137 || September 9 || Pirates || 5–4 (14) || Warren Brusstar (2–0) || Mark Lee (0–1) || None || 43,333 || 74–63|- style="background:#bfb"| 138 || September 10 || @ Mets || 5–0 || Marty Bystrom (1–0) || Mark Bomback (9–7) || None || 6,748 || 75–63|- style="background:#bfb"| 139 || September 11 || @ Mets || 5–1 || Dick Ruthven (15–9) || Ray Burris (7–11) || None || 6,376 || 76–63|- style="background:#fbb"| 140 || September 12 (1) || Cardinals || 4–7 || Pete Vuckovich (11–9) || Bob Walk (10–5) || John Urrea (2) || see 2nd game || 76–64|- style="background:#fbb"| 141 || September 12 (2) || Cardinals || 0–5 (11) || John Littlefield (5–3) || Ron Reed (7–5) || None || 44,093 || 76–65|- style="background:#bfb"| 142 || September 13 || Cardinals || 2–1 || Steve Carlton (22–8) || Bob Forsch (11–9) || None || 41,728 || 77–65|- style="background:#bfb"| 143 || September 14 || Cardinals || 8–4 || Marty Bystrom (2–0) || Silvio Martínez (5–10) || None || 30,137 || 78–65|- style="background:#fbb"| 144 || September 16 || @ Pirates || 2–3 || Jim Bibby (17–5) || Dick Ruthven (15–10) || Kent Tekulve (20) || 22,239 || 78–66|- style="background:#bfb"| 145 || September 17 || @ Pirates || 5–4 (11) || Tug McGraw (2–4) || Kent Tekulve (8–10) || Sparky Lyle (9) || 23,650 || 79–66|- style="background:#fbb"| 146 || September 19 || @ Cubs || 3–4 (11) || Lee Smith (2–0) || Warren Brusstar (2–1) || None || 4,352 || 79–67|- style="background:#bfb"| 147 || September 20 || @ Cubs || 7–3 || Marty Bystrom (3–0) || Lynn McGlothen (10–13) || None || 11,713 || 80–67|- style="background:#bfb"| 148 || September 21 || @ Cubs || 7–3 || Dick Ruthven (16–10) || Dennis Lamp (10–12) || Ron Reed (9) || 10,190 || 81–67|- style="background:#bfb"| 149 || September 22 || @ Cardinals || 3–2 (10) || Steve Carlton (23–8) || Kim Seaman (3–2) || Tug McGraw (18) || 5,654 || 82–67|- style="background:#fbb"| 150 || September 23 || @ Cardinals || 3–6 || Al Olmsted (1–0) || Bob Walk (10–6) || John Littlefield (9) || 6,915 || 82–68|- style="background:#bfb"| 151 || September 24 || Mets || 1–0 (10) || Tug McGraw (3–4) || Neil Allen (7–9) || None || 24,258 || 83–68|- style="background:#bfb"| 152 || September 25 || Mets || 2–1 || Marty Bystrom (4–0) || Roy Lee Jackson (1–6) || Sparky Lyle (10) || 20,525 || 84–68|- style="background:#bfb"| 153 || September 26 || Expos || 2–1 || Tug McGraw (4–4) || David Palmer (7–6) || None || 50,887 || 85–68|- style="background:#fbb"| 154 || September 27 || Expos || 3–4 || Scott Sanderson (16–10) || Steve Carlton (23–9) || Woodie Fryman (17) || 53,058 || 85–69|- style="background:#fbb"| 155 || September 28 || Expos || 3–8 || Steve Rogers (16–11) || Bob Walk (10–7) || None || 40,305 || 85–70|- style="background:#bfb"| 156 || September 29 || Cubs || 6–5 (15) || Kevin Saucier (7–3) || Dennis Lamp (10–13) || None || 21,127 || 86–70|- style="background:#bfb"| 157 || September 30 || Cubs || 14–2 || Marty Bystrom (5–0) || Lynn McGlothen (11–14) || None || 24,349 || 87–70|- style="background:#bfb"| 158 || October 1 || Cubs || 5–0 || Steve Carlton (24–9) || Dennis Lamp (10–14) || None || 25,658 || 88–70|- style="background:#bfb"| 159 || October 2 || Cubs || 4–2 || Bob Walk (11–7) || Bill Caudill (4–6) || Tug McGraw (19) || 23,806 || 89–70|- style="background:#bfb"| 160 || October 3 || @ Expos || 2–1 || Dick Ruthven (17–10) || Scott Sanderson (16–11) || Tug McGraw (20) || 57,121 || 90–70|- style="background:#bfb"| 161 || October 4 || @ Expos || 6–4 (11) || Tug McGraw (5–4) || Stan Bahnsen (7–6) || None || 50,794 || 91–70|- style="background:#fbb"| 162 || October 5 || @ Expos || 7–8 (10) || Charlie Lea (7–5) || Warren Brusstar (2–2) || None || 30,104 || 91–71|-| style="font-size:88%"|

text: |- style="background:#bfb"| 1 || April 11 ||

text: Expos

text: || 6–3 ||

text: Steve Carlton

text: (1–0) ||

text: Steve Rogers

text: (0–1) || None || 48,460 || 1–0|- style="background:#bfb"| 2 || April 12 ||

text: Expos

text: || 6–2 ||

text: Dick Ruthven

text: (1–0) ||

text: Bill Lee

text: (0–1) ||

text: Tug McGraw

text: (1) || 22,065 || 2–0|- style="background:#fbb"| 3 || April 13 ||

text: Expos

text: || 4–5 (10) ||

text: Elías Sosa

text: (1–0) ||

text: Lerrin LaGrow

text: (0–1) || None || 28,132 || 2–1|- style="background:#fbb"| 4 || April 15 || @

text: Cardinals

text: || 2–7 ||

text: Pete Vuckovich

text: (2–0) ||

text: Randy Lerch

text: (0–1) || None || 8,166 || 2–2|- style="background:#bfb"| 5 || April 16 || @

text: Cardinals

text: || 8–3 ||

text: Steve Carlton

text: (2–0) ||

text: Bob Forsch

text: (0–1) || None || 10,911 || 3–2|- style="background:#fbb"| 6 || April 18 || @

text: Expos

text: || 5–7 ||

text: Scott Sanderson

text: (1–0) ||

text: Dick Ruthven

text: (1–1) ||

text: Woodie Fryman

text: (1) || 41,222 || 3–3|- style="background:#bfb"| 7 || April 19 || @

text: Expos

text: || 13–4 ||

text: Larry Christenson

text: (1–0) ||

text: Steve Rogers

text: (1–2) ||

text: Dickie Noles

text: (1) || 23,088 || 4–3|- style="background:#fbb"| 8 || April 20 || @

text: Expos

text: || 6–7 ||

text: Elías Sosa

text: (2–0) ||

text: Tug McGraw

text: (0–1) || None || 25,722 || 4–4|- style="background:#fbb"| 9 || April 21 ||

text: Mets

text: || 0–3 ||

text: Ray Burris

text: (2–1) ||

text: Steve Carlton

text: (2–1) ||

text: Neil Allen

text: (4) || 23,856 || 4–5|- style="background:#bfb"| 10 || April 22 ||

text: Mets

text: || 14–8 ||

text: Kevin Saucier

text: (1–0) ||

text: Kevin Kobel

text: (0–2) || None || 21,341 || 5–5|- style="background:#fbb"| 11 || April 23 ||

text: Mets

text: || 2–3 ||

text: Mark Bomback

text: (1–0) ||

text: Lerrin LaGrow

text: (0–2) ||

text: Jeff Reardon

text: (1) || 23,025 || 5–6|- style="background:#fbb"| 12 || April 25 ||

text: Cardinals

text: || 1–3 ||

text: Pete Vuckovich

text: (3–1) ||

text: Randy Lerch

text: (0–2) ||

text: Mark Littell

text: (1) || 30,516 || 5–7|- style="background:#bfb"| 13 || April 26 ||

text: Cardinals

text: || 7–0 ||

text: Steve Carlton

text: (3–1) ||

text: John Fulgham

text: (1–2) || None || 25,168 || 6–7|- style="background:#fbb"| 14 || April 27 ||

text: Cardinals

text: || 1–10 ||

text: Bob Forsch

text: (1–1) ||

text: Dick Ruthven

text: (1–2) || None || 28,200 || 6–8|- style="background:#bbb"| – || April 29 || @

text: Mets

text: || colspan=6 | Postponed (rain); Makeup: August 17 as a traditional double-header|- style="background:#fbb"| 15 || April 30 || @

text: Mets

text: || 0–2 ||

text: Mark Bomback

text: (2–0) ||

text: Randy Lerch

text: (0–3) || None || 4,559 || 6–9|- style="background:#bfb"| 16 || May 1 || @

text: Mets

text: || 2–1 ||

text: Steve Carlton

text: (4–1) ||

text: Pete Falcone

text: (1–2) ||

text: Tug McGraw

text: (2) || 5,928 || 7–9|- style="background:#bfb"| 17 || May 2 ||

text: Dodgers

text: || 9–5 ||

text: Ron Reed

text: (1–0) ||

text: Charlie Hough

text: (0–1) || None || 30,294 || 8–9|- style="background:#bfb"| 18 || May 3 ||

text: Dodgers

text: || 7–3 ||

text: Larry Christenson

text: (2–0) ||

text: Burt Hooton

text: (2–2) || None || 35,011 || 9–9|- style="background:#fbb"| 19 || May 4 ||

text: Dodgers

text: || 10–12 ||

text: Joe Beckwith

text: (2–0) ||

text: Dickie Noles

text: (0–1) ||

text: Jerry Reuss

text: (1) || 34,027 || 9–10|- style="background:#bfb"| 20 || May 5 ||

text: Braves

text: || 7–1 ||

text: Steve Carlton

text: (5–1) ||

text: Rick Matula

text: (2–2) || None || 26,165 || 10–10|- style="background:#bfb"| 21 || May 6 ||

text: Braves

text: || 10–5 ||

text: Dick Ruthven

text: (2–2) ||

text: Doyle Alexander

text: (0–2) ||

text: Dickie Noles

text: (2) || 25,302 || 11–10|- style="background:#bbb"| – || May 7 ||

text: Braves

text: || colspan=6 | Postponed (rain); Makeup: July 25 as a traditional double-header|- style="background:#fbb"| 22 || May 9 || @

text: Reds

text: || 2–5 ||

text: Charlie Leibrandt

text: (3–2) ||

text: Randy Lerch

text: (0–4) || None || 32,583 || 11–11|- style="background:#fbb"| 23 || May 10 || @

text: Reds

text: || 3–5 ||

text: Tom Seaver

text: (2–1) ||

text: Steve Carlton

text: (5–2) ||

text: Tom Hume

text: (5) || 28,919 || 11–12|- style="background:#bfb"| 24 || May 11 || @

text: Reds

text: || 7–3 ||

text: Dick Ruthven

text: (3–2) ||

text: Mike LaCoss

text: (3–3) || None || 25,920 || 12–12|- style="background:#fbb"| 25 || May 13 || @

text: Braves

text: || 3–7 ||

text: Doyle Alexander

text: (1–2) ||

text: Randy Lerch

text: (0–5) ||

text: Rick Camp

text: (1) || 10,146 || 12–13|- style="background:#bfb"| 26 || May 14 || @

text: Braves

text: || 9–1 ||

text: Steve Carlton

text: (6–2) ||

text: Larry McWilliams

text: (2–3) || None || 4,625 || 13–13|- style="background:#bfb"| 27 || May 16 || @

text: Astros

text: || 3–0 ||

text: Dick Ruthven

text: (4–2) ||

text: J. R. Richard

text: (4–2) || None || 33,610 || 14–13|- style="background:#bfb"| 28 || May 17 || @

text: Astros

text: || 4–2 ||

text: Larry Christenson

text: (3–0) ||

text: Joe Niekro

text: (4–3) ||

text: Dickie Noles

text: (3) || 43,525 || 15–13|- style="background:#fbb"| 29 || May 18 || @

text: Astros

text: || 0–3 ||

text: Nolan Ryan

text: (2–3) ||

text: Randy Lerch

text: (0–6) || None || 33,950 || 15–14|- style="background:#bfb"| 30 || May 19 ||

text: Reds

text: || 6–4 ||

text: Steve Carlton

text: (7–2) ||

text: Frank Pastore

text: (4–2) ||

text: Ron Reed

text: (1) || 25,109 || 16–14|- style="background:#fbb"| 31 || May 20 ||

text: Reds

text: || 6–7 ||

text: Paul Moskau

text: (2–0) ||

text: Dick Ruthven

text: (4–3) ||

text: Doug Bair

text: (3) || 25,202 || 16–15|- style="background:#bfb"| 32 || May 21 ||

text: Reds

text: || 9–8 ||

text: Ron Reed

text: (2–0) ||

text: Tom Hume

text: (3–4) || None || 26,099 || 17–15|- style="background:#bfb"| 33 || May 23 ||

text: Astros

text: || 3–0 ||

text: Steve Carlton

text: (8–2) ||

text: Nolan Ryan

text: (2–4) || None || 27,822 || 18–15|- style="background:#bfb"| 34 || May 24 ||

text: Astros

text: || 5–4 ||

text: Kevin Saucier

text: (2–0) ||

text: Joaquín Andújar

text: (0–2) ||

text: Tug McGraw

text: (3) || 28,539 || 19–15|- style="background:#bfb"| 35 || May 25 ||

text: Astros

text: || 6–2 ||

text: Dick Ruthven

text: (5–3) ||

text: Ken Forsch

text: (5–3) || None || 37,349 || 20–15|- style="background:#bfb"| 36 || May 26 ||

text: Pirates

text: || 7–6 ||

text: Ron Reed

text: (3–0) ||

text: Kent Tekulve

text: (5–3) || None || 45,394 || 21–15|- style="background:#fbb"| 37 || May 27 ||

text: Pirates

text: || 2–3 (13) ||

text: Enrique Romo

text: (3–0) ||

text: Dickie Noles

text: (0–2) ||

text: Kent Tekulve

text: (6) || 35,989 || 21–16|- style="background:#bfb"| 38 || May 28 ||

text: Pirates

text: || 6–3 ||

text: Randy Lerch

text: (1–6) ||

text: Don Robinson

text: (1–1) ||

text: Ron Reed

text: (2) || 30,209 || 22–16|- style="background:#fbb"| 39 || May 29 ||

text: Pirates

text: || 4–5 ||

text: Eddie Solomon

text: (2–0) ||

text: Dick Ruthven

text: (5–4) ||

text: Enrique Romo

text: (2) || 30,630 || 22–17|- style="background:#fbb"| 40 || May 30 || @

text: Cubs

text: || 7–10 ||

text: Rick Reuschel

text: (4–4) ||

text: Dan Larson

text: (0–1) || None || 8,632 || 22–18|- style="background:#bfb"| 41 || May 31 || @

text: Cubs

text: || 7–0 ||

text: Steve Carlton

text: (9–2) ||

text: Willie Hernández

text: (1–4) || None || 26,937 || 23–18|- style="background:#fbb"| 42 || June 1 || @

text: Cubs

text: || 4–5 ||

text: Dick Tidrow

text: (2–0) ||

text: Ron Reed

text: (3–1) ||

text: Bruce Sutter

text: (11) || 20,051 || 23–19|- style="background:#fbb"| 43 || June 2 || @

text: Pirates

text: || 3–9 ||

text: Don Robinson

text: (2–1) ||

text: Randy Lerch

text: (1–7) || None || 19,990 || 23–20|- style="background:#fbb"| 44 || June 3 || @

text: Pirates

text: || 3–4 ||

text: Grant Jackson

text: (5–1) ||

text: Tug McGraw

text: (0–2) || None || 22,141 || 23–21|- style="background:#bfb"| 45 || June 4 || @

text: Pirates

text: || 4–3 ||

text: Steve Carlton

text: (10–2) ||

text: John Candelaria

text: (2–5) || None || 31,075 || 24–21|- style="background:#bfb"| 46 || June 6 ||

text: Cubs

text: || 6–5 ||

text: Bob Walk

text: (1–0) ||

text: Mike Krukow

text: (3–6) ||

text: Tug McGraw

text: (4) || 30,189 || 25–21|- style="background:#bfb"| 47 || June 7 ||

text: Cubs

text: || 5–2 ||

text: Randy Lerch

text: (2–7) ||

text: Rick Reuschel

text: (5–5) ||

text: Dickie Noles

text: (4) || 31,153 || 26–21|- style="background:#fbb"| 48 || June 8 ||

text: Cubs

text: || 0–2 ||

text: Lynn McGlothen

text: (3–2) ||

text: Dick Ruthven

text: (5–5) ||

text: Bruce Sutter

text: (12) || 40,206 || 26–22|- style="background:#fbb"| 49 || June 9 ||

text: Giants

text: || 1–3 ||

text: Allen Ripley

text: (1–0) ||

text: Dickie Noles

text: (0–3) ||

text: Greg Minton

text: (2) || 28,702 || 26–23|- style="background:#bfb"| 50 || June 10 ||

text: Giants

text: || 4–3 ||

text: Kevin Saucier

text: (3–0) ||

text: Bob Knepper

text: (4–8) ||

text: Ron Reed

text: (3) || 32,635 || 27–23|- style="background:#fbb"| 51 || June 11 ||

text: Giants

text: || 4–7 ||

text: Ed Whitson

text: (3–7) ||

text: Randy Lerch

text: (2–8) ||

text: Greg Minton

text: (3) || 37,844 || 27–24|- style="background:#bfb"| 52 || June 13 ||

text: Padres

text: || 9–6 ||

text: Dick Ruthven

text: (6–5) ||

text: Randy Jones

text: (4–6) || None || 37,873 || 28–24|- style="background:#bfb"| 53 || June 14 ||

text: Padres

text: || 3–1 ||

text: Steve Carlton

text: (11–2) ||

text: Steve Mura

text: (0–2) ||

text: Tug McGraw

text: (5) || 35,231 || 29–24|- style="background:#bfb"| 54 || June 15 ||

text: Padres

text: || 8–5 ||

text: Bob Walk

text: (2–0) ||

text: Rick Wise

text: (3–4) ||

text: Lerrin LaGrow

text: (1) || 36,374 || 30–24|- style="background:#bfb"| 55 || June 16 || @

text: Dodgers

text: || 3–2 (12) ||

text: Ron Reed

text: (4–1) ||

text: Rick Sutcliffe

text: (1–4) ||

text: Tug McGraw

text: (6) || 41,340 || 31–24|- style="background:#bfb"| 56 || June 17 || @

text: Dodgers

text: || 6–5 ||

text: Ron Reed

text: (5–1) ||

text: Bobby Castillo

text: (1–3) ||

text: Tug McGraw

text: (7) || 40,786 || 32–24|- style="background:#bfb"| 57 || June 18 || @

text: Padres

text: || 5–1 ||

text: Steve Carlton

text: (12–2) ||

text: Bob Shirley

text: (5–3) || None || 15,621 || 33–24|- style="background:#fbb"| 58 || June 19 || @

text: Padres

text: || 3–4 ||

text: Dennis Kinney

text: (2–1) ||

text: Kevin Saucier

text: (3–1) ||

text: Rollie Fingers

text: (8) || 16,712 || 33–25|- style="background:#fbb"| 59 || June 20 || @

text: Giants

text: || 1–5 ||

text: Allen Ripley

text: (2–1) ||

text: Dan Larson

text: (0–2) || None || 9,490 || 33–26|- style="background:#fbb"| 60 || June 21 || @

text: Giants

text: || 3–9 ||

text: Ed Whitson

text: (5–7) ||

text: Randy Lerch

text: (2–9) || None || 11,809 || 33–27|- style="background:#bfb"| 61 || June 22 || @

text: Giants

text: || 4–3 ||

text: Steve Carlton

text: (13–2) ||

text: Vida Blue

text: (9–4) || None || 27,315 || 34–27|- style="background:#fbb"| 62 || June 24 ||

text: Expos

text: || 6–7 (10) ||

text: Elías Sosa

text: (5–3) ||

text: Tug McGraw

text: (0–3) || None || 32,101 || 34–28|- style="background:#bfb"| 63 || June 25 ||

text: Expos

text: || 2–1 (10) ||

text: Ron Reed

text: (6–1) ||

text: Stan Bahnsen

text: (5–2) || None || 31,416 || 35–28|- style="background:#fbb"| 64 || June 26 ||

text: Expos

text: || 0–1 ||

text: Scott Sanderson

text: (7–4) ||

text: Randy Lerch

text: (2–10) || None || 31,696 || 35–29|- style="background:#fbb"| 65 || June 27 ||

text: Mets

text: || 2–3 ||

text: John Pacella

text: (1–0) ||

text: Steve Carlton

text: (13–3) ||

text: Tom Hausman

text: (1) || 37,123 || 35–30|- style="background:#fbb"| 66 || June 28 (1) ||

text: Mets

text: || 1–2 (11) ||

text: Neil Allen

text: (4–5) ||

text: Ron Reed

text: (6–2) || None || see 2nd game || 35–31|- style="background:#fbb"| 67 || June 28 (2) ||

text: Mets

text: || 4–5 ||

text: Tom Hausman

text: (3–2) ||

text: Kevin Saucier

text: (3–2) ||

text: Neil Allen

text: (13) || 47,169 || 35–32|- style="background:#bfb"| 68 || June 29 ||

text: Mets

text: || 5–2 ||

text: Bob Walk

text: (3–0) ||

text: Pat Zachry

text: (2–5) ||

text: Lerrin LaGrow

text: (2) || 41,113 || 36–32|- style="background:#bfb"| 69 || June 30 || @

text: Expos

text: || 7–5 ||

text: Dickie Noles

text: (1–3) ||

text: Bill Gullickson

text: (0–2) ||

text: Ron Reed

text: (4) || 36,347 || 37–32|- style="background:#bfb"| 70 || July 1 || @

text: Expos

text: || 5–4 (11) ||

text: Randy Lerch

text: (3–10) ||

text: Woodie Fryman

text: (1–3) ||

text: Lerrin LaGrow

text: (3) || 33,761 || 38–32|- style="background:#fbb"| 71 || July 2 || @

text: Expos

text: || 1–6 ||

text: Steve Rogers

text: (10–6) ||

text: Steve Carlton

text: (13–4) || None || 23,233 || 38–33|- style="background:#bfb"| 72 || July 3 (1) || @

text: Cardinals

text: || 2–1 ||

text: Dick Ruthven

text: (7–5) ||

text: Bob Forsch

text: (5–6) || None || see 2nd game || 39–33|- style="background:#bfb"| 73 || July 3 (2) || @

text: Cardinals

text: || 8–1 ||

text: Bob Walk

text: (4–0) ||

text: Jim Otten

text: (0–3) || None || 38,038 || 40–33|- style="background:#fbb"| 74 || July 4 || @

text: Cardinals

text: || 0–1 (10) ||

text: Bob Sykes

text: (3–6) ||

text: Kevin Saucier

text: (3–3) || None || 15,481 || 40–34|- style="background:#fbb"| 75 || July 5 || @

text: Cardinals

text: || 1–6 ||

text: Jim Kaat

text: (3–6) ||

text: Randy Lerch

text: (3–11) || None || 27,932 || 40–35|- style="background:#bfb"| 76 || July 6 || @

text: Cardinals

text: || 8–3 ||

text: Steve Carlton

text: (14–4) ||

text: Pete Vuckovich

text: (7–6) || None || 17,769 || 41–35|- style="background:#bbcaff;"| – || July 8 ||colspan=7 |

entity_name: 1980 Major League Baseball All-Star Game

text: 1980 Major League Baseball All-Star Game

text: at

text: Dodger Stadium

text: in Los Angeles|- style="background:#bfb"| 77 || July 10 ||

text: Cubs

text: || 5–3 ||

text: Dick Ruthven

text: (8–5) ||

text: Mike Krukow

text: (6–10) ||

text: Dickie Noles

text: (5) || 33,130 || 42–35|- style="background:#bfb"| 78 || July 11 ||

text: Cubs

text: || 7–2 ||

text: Bob Walk

text: (5–0) ||

text: Lynn McGlothen

text: (6–6) ||

text: Ron Reed

text: (5) || 50,204 || 43–35|- style="background:#bfb"| 79 || July 12 ||

text: Pirates

text: || 5–4 ||

text: Kevin Saucier

text: (4–3) ||

text: Kent Tekulve

text: (5–5) || None || 53,254 || 44–35|- style="background:#fbb"| 80 || July 13 ||

text: Pirates

text: || 3–7 ||

text: Don Robinson

text: (3–4) ||

text: Nino Espinosa

text: (0–1) ||

text: Kent Tekulve

text: (11) || 48,132 || 44–36|- style="background:#fbb"| 81 || July 14 ||

text: Pirates

text: || 11–13 ||

text: Grant Jackson

text: (7–2) ||

text: Ron Reed

text: (6–3) || None || 44,245 || 44–37|- style="background:#fbb"| 82 || July 15 || @

text: Astros

text: || 2–3 ||

text: Joe Sambito

text: (4–1) ||

text: Dick Ruthven

text: (8–6) || None || 24,223 || 44–38|- style="background:#bfb"| 83 || July 16 || @

text: Astros

text: || 4–2 ||

text: Bob Walk

text: (6–0) ||

text: Ken Forsch

text: (8–9) || None || 28,532 || 45–38|- style="background:#bfb"| 84 || July 17 || @

text: Astros

text: || 2–1 ||

text: Steve Carlton

text: (15–4) ||

text: Joe Niekro

text: (10–8) || None || 26,403 || 46–38|- style="background:#bfb"| 85 || July 18 || @

text: Braves

text: || 7–2 ||

text: Nino Espinosa

text: (1–1) ||

text: Phil Niekro

text: (7–12) ||

text: Dickie Noles

text: (6) || 13,908 || 47–38|- style="background:#fbb"| 86 || July 19 (1) || @

text: Braves

text: || 2–5 ||

text: Doyle Alexander

text: (8–5) ||

text: Dick Ruthven

text: (8–7) || None || see 2nd game || 47–39|- style="background:#fbb"| 87 || July 19 (2) || @

text: Braves

text: || 2–7 ||

text: Tommy Boggs

text: (4–5) ||

text: Dan Larson

text: (0–3) ||

text: Rick Camp

text: (4) || 35,524 || 47–40|- style="background:#fbb"| 88 || July 20 || @

text: Braves

text: || 2–3 ||

text: Larry McWilliams

text: (7–6) ||

text: Bob Walk

text: (6–1) || None || 9,335 || 47–41|- style="background:#fbb"| 89 || July 21 || @

text: Reds

text: || 4–5 ||

text: Charlie Leibrandt

text: (9–6) ||

text: Randy Lerch

text: (3–12) ||

text: Tom Hume

text: (15) || 27,177 || 47–42|- style="background:#fbb"| 90 || July 22 || @

text: Reds

text: || 2–3 ||

text: Mario Soto

text: (4–4) ||

text: Steve Carlton

text: (15–5) || None || 28,079 || 47–43|- style="background:#fbb"| 91 || July 23 || @

text: Reds

text: || 3–7 ||

text: Bruce Berenyi

text: (2–0) ||

text: Nino Espinosa

text: (1–2) ||

text: Tom Hume

text: (16) || 29,614 || 47–44|- style="background:#bfb"| 92 || July 25 (1) ||

text: Braves

text: || 5–4 (12) ||

text: Dick Ruthven

text: (9–7) ||

text: Rick Camp

text: (3–4) || None || see 2nd game || 48–44|- style="background:#fbb"| 93 || July 25 (2) ||

text: Braves

text: || 0–3 ||

text: Tommy Boggs

text: (5–5) ||

text: Dan Larson

text: (0–4) || None || 38,408 || 48–45|- style="background:#bfb"| 94 || July 26 ||

text: Braves

text: || 6–3 ||

text: Bob Walk

text: (7–1) ||

text: Phil Niekro

text: (8–13) ||

text: Ron Reed

text: (6) || 33,112 || 49–45|- style="background:#bfb"| 95 || July 27 ||

text: Braves

text: || 17–4 ||

text: Steve Carlton

text: (16–5) ||

text: Rick Matula

text: (6–9) || None || 35,249 || 50–45|- style="background:#fbb"| 96 || July 28 ||

text: Astros

text: || 2–3 (10) ||

text: Joe Sambito

text: (6–1) ||

text: Ron Reed

text: (6–4) || None || 30,181 || 50–46|- style="background:#bfb"| 97 || July 29 ||

text: Astros

text: || 9–6 ||

text: Kevin Saucier

text: (5–3) ||

text: Frank LaCorte

text: (7–3) ||

text: Tug McGraw

text: (8) || 30,252 || 51–46|- style="background:#bfb"| 98 || July 30 ||

text: Astros

text: || 6–4 ||

text: Dick Ruthven

text: (10–7) ||

text: Nolan Ryan

text: (5–8) ||

text: Tug McGraw

text: (9) || 31,342 || 52–46|- style="background:#bfb"| 99 || August 1 ||

text: Reds

text: || 3–1 ||

text: Bob Walk

text: (8–1) ||

text: Charlie Leibrandt

text: (9–7) ||

text: Tug McGraw

text: (10) || 37,409 || 53–46|- style="background:#fbb"| 100 || August 2 ||

text: Reds

text: || 0–2 ||

text: Mike LaCoss

text: (6–9) ||

text: Steve Carlton

text: (16–6) || None || 43,244 || 53–47|- style="background:#bfb"| 101 || August 3 ||

text: Reds

text: || 8–4 ||

text: Nino Espinosa

text: (2–2) ||

text: Bruce Berenyi

text: (2–2) ||

text: Ron Reed

text: (7) || 41,328 || 54–47|- style="background:#bbb"| – || August 5 ||

text: Cardinals

text: || colspan=6 | Postponed (rain); Makeup: September 12 as a traditional double-header|- style="background:#fbb"| 102 || August 6 ||

text: Cardinals

text: || 0–14 ||

text: Bob Sykes

text: (5–8) ||

text: Bob Walk

text: (8–2) || None || 31,629 || 54–48|- style="background:#bfb"| 103 || August 7 ||

text: Cardinals

text: || 3–2 ||

text: Steve Carlton

text: (17–6) ||

text: John Fulgham

text: (3–4) ||

text: Tug McGraw

text: (11) || 31,397 || 55–48|- style="background:#fbb"| 104 || August 8 || @

text: Pirates

text: || 5–6 ||

text: Kent Tekulve

text: (8–5) ||

text: Tug McGraw

text: (0–4) ||

text: Enrique Romo

text: (8) || 30,354 || 55–49|- style="background:#fbb"| 105 || August 9 || @

text: Pirates

text: || 1–4 ||

text: John Candelaria

text: (8–11) ||

text: Nino Espinosa

text: (2–3) ||

text: Kent Tekulve

text: (16) || 39,984 || 55–50|- style="background:#fbb"| 106 || August 10 (1) || @

text: Pirates

text: || 1–7 ||

text: Jim Bibby

text: (14–2) ||

text: Randy Lerch

text: (3–13) || None || see 2nd game || 55–51|- style="background:#fbb"| 107 || August 10 (2) || @

text: Pirates

text: || 1–4 ||

text: Don Robinson

text: (4–5) ||

text: Dan Larson

text: (0–5) ||

text: Kent Tekulve

text: (17) || 37,323 || 55–52|- style="background:#bfb"| 108 || August 11 || @

text: Cubs

text: || 8–5 (15) ||

text: Warren Brusstar

text: (1–0) ||

text: George Riley

text: (0–2) || None || 10,805 || 56–52|- style="background:#bfb"| 109 || August 12 || @

text: Cubs

text: || 5–2 ||

text: Steve Carlton

text: (18–6) ||

text: Mike Krukow

text: (7–12) || None || 20,808 || 57–52|- style="background:#fbb"| 110 || August 13 || @

text: Cubs

text: || 1–2 ||

text: Dick Tidrow

text: (5–3) ||

text: Dick Ruthven

text: (10–8) || None || 13,215 || 57–53|- style="background:#bfb"| 111 || August 14 || @

text: Mets

text: || 8–1 ||

text: Nino Espinosa

text: (3–3) ||

text: Pat Zachry

text: (6–6) || None || 20,149 || 58–53|- style="background:#bfb"| 112 || August 15 || @

text: Mets

text: || 8–0 ||

text: Larry Christenson

text: (4–0) ||

text: Mark Bomback

text: (9–4) ||

text: Tug McGraw

text: (12) || 40,436 || 59–53|- style="background:#bfb"| 113 || August 16 || @

text: Mets

text: || 11–6 ||

text: Bob Walk

text: (9–2) ||

text: Craig Swan

text: (5–9) || None || 23,514 || 60–53|- style="background:#bfb"| 114 || August 17 (1) || @

text: Mets

text: || 9–4 ||

text: Steve Carlton

text: (19–6) ||

text: Ray Burris

text: (6–7) || None || see 2nd game || 61–53|- style="background:#bfb"| 115 || August 17 (2) || @

text: Mets

text: || 4–1 ||

text: Randy Lerch

text: (4–13) ||

text: Roy Lee Jackson

text: (1–4) ||

text: Ron Reed

text: (8) || 25,458 || 62–53|- style="background:#bfb"| 116 || August 19 ||

text: Padres

text: || 7–4 ||

text: Dick Ruthven

text: (11–8) ||

text: Bob Shirley

text: (9–9) ||

text: Tug McGraw

text: (13) || 30,588 || 63–53|- style="background:#fbb"| 117 || August 20 ||

text: Padres

text: || 5–7 ||

text: John Curtis

text: (5–8) ||

text: Nino Espinosa

text: (3–4) ||

text: Rollie Fingers

text: (16) || 30,403 || 63–54|- style="background:#bfb"| 118 || August 21 ||

text: Padres

text: || 9–8 (17) ||

text: Kevin Saucier

text: (6–3) ||

text: Dennis Kinney

text: (4–5) || None || 36,201 || 64–54|- style="background:#fbb"| 119 || August 22 ||

text: Giants

text: || 3–4 (10) ||

text: Al Holland

text: (5–2) ||

text: Steve Carlton

text: (19–7) || None || 36,073 || 64–55|- style="background:#fbb"| 120 || August 23 ||

text: Giants

text: || 2–6 ||

text: Allen Ripley

text: (7–6) ||

text: Larry Christenson

text: (4–1) || None || 38,541 || 64–56|- style="background:#bfb"| 121 || August 24 ||

text: Giants

text: || 7–1 ||

text: Dick Ruthven

text: (12–8) ||

text: Bob Knepper

text: (9–15) || None || 37,325 || 65–56|- style="background:#fbb"| 122 || August 25 ||

text: Dodgers

text: || 4–8 ||

text: Don Stanhouse

text: (2–2) ||

text: Dickie Noles

text: (1–4) || None || 34,267 || 65–57|- style="background:#fbb"| 123 || August 26 ||

text: Dodgers

text: || 4–8 ||

text: Bobby Castillo

text: (4–6) ||

text: Bob Walk

text: (9–3) || None || 35,358 || 65–58|- style="background:#bfb"| 124 || August 27 ||

text: Dodgers

text: || 4–3 ||

text: Steve Carlton

text: (20–7) ||

text: Steve Howe

text: (6–6) ||

text: Tug McGraw

text: (14) || 39,116 || 66–58|- style="background:#bfb"| 125 || August 29 || @

text: Padres

text: || 3–2 ||

text: Larry Christenson

text: (5–1) ||

text: Steve Mura

text: (4–7) ||

text: Tug McGraw

text: (15) || 10,742 || 67–58|- style="background:#bfb"| 126 || August 30 (1) || @

text: Padres

text: || 6–1 ||

text: Dick Ruthven

text: (13–8) ||

text: Bob Shirley

text: (9–10) || None || see 2nd game || 68–58|- style="background:#fbb"| 127 || August 30 (2) || @

text: Padres

text: || 1–5 ||

text: John Curtis

text: (6–8) ||

text: Nino Espinosa

text: (3–5) || None || 13,209 || 68–59|- style="background:#fbb"| 128 || August 31 || @

text: Padres

text: || 3–10 ||

text: Gary Lucas

text: (5–7) ||

text: Bob Walk

text: (9–4) ||

text: Rollie Fingers

text: (18) || 7,815 || 68–60|- style="background:#bfb"| 129 || September 1 || @

text: Giants

text: || 6–4 ||

text: Steve Carlton

text: (21–7) ||

text: Greg Minton

text: (3–5) || None || 16,952 || 69–60|- style="background:#bfb"| 130 || September 2 || @

text: Giants

text: || 2–1 (13) ||

text: Ron Reed

text: (7–4) ||

text: Al Holland

text: (5–3) || None || 6,135 || 70–60|- style="background:#bfb"| 131 || September 3 || @

text: Giants

text: || 4–3 ||

text: Dick Ruthven

text: (14–8) ||

text: Allen Ripley

text: (7–8) ||

text: Tug McGraw

text: (16) || 5,504 || 71–60|- style="background:#bfb"| 132 || September 4 || @

text: Dodgers

text: || 3–2 ||

text: Bob Walk

text: (10–4) ||

text: Jerry Reuss

text: (16–5) ||

text: Tug McGraw

text: (17) || 41,864 || 72–60|- style="background:#fbb"| 133 || September 5 || @

text: Dodgers

text: || 0–1 ||

text: Don Sutton

text: (10–4) ||

text: Steve Carlton

text: (21–8) ||

text: Don Stanhouse

text: (5) || 41,019 || 72–61|- style="background:#fbb"| 134 || September 6 || @

text: Dodgers

text: || 3–7 ||

text: Bob Welch

text: (12–9) ||

text: Randy Lerch

text: (4–14) ||

text: Steve Howe

text: (15) || 45,995 || 72–62|- style="background:#fbb"| 135 || September 7 || @

text: Dodgers

text: || 0–6 ||

text: Bobby Castillo

text: (6–6) ||

text: Dick Ruthven

text: (14–9) || None || 39,083 || 72–63|- style="background:#bfb"| 136 || September 8 ||

text: Pirates

text: || 6–2 ||

text: Tug McGraw

text: (1–4) ||

text: Enrique Romo

text: (5–5) || None || 40,576 || 73–63|- style="background:#bfb"| 137 || September 9 ||

text: Pirates

text: || 5–4 (14) ||

text: Warren Brusstar

text: (2–0) ||

text: Mark Lee

text: (0–1) || None || 43,333 || 74–63|- style="background:#bfb"| 138 || September 10 || @

text: Mets

text: || 5–0 ||

text: Marty Bystrom

text: (1–0) ||

text: Mark Bomback

text: (9–7) || None || 6,748 || 75–63|- style="background:#bfb"| 139 || September 11 || @

text: Mets

text: || 5–1 ||

text: Dick Ruthven

text: (15–9) ||

text: Ray Burris

text: (7–11) || None || 6,376 || 76–63|- style="background:#fbb"| 140 || September 12 (1) ||

text: Cardinals

text: || 4–7 ||

text: Pete Vuckovich

text: (11–9) ||

text: Bob Walk

text: (10–5) ||

text: John Urrea

text: (2) || see 2nd game || 76–64|- style="background:#fbb"| 141 || September 12 (2) ||

text: Cardinals

text: || 0–5 (11) ||

text: John Littlefield

text: (5–3) ||

text: Ron Reed

text: (7–5) || None || 44,093 || 76–65|- style="background:#bfb"| 142 || September 13 ||

text: Cardinals

text: || 2–1 ||

text: Steve Carlton

text: (22–8) ||

text: Bob Forsch

text: (11–9) || None || 41,728 || 77–65|- style="background:#bfb"| 143 || September 14 ||

text: Cardinals

text: || 8–4 ||

text: Marty Bystrom

text: (2–0) ||

text: Silvio Martínez

text: (5–10) || None || 30,137 || 78–65|- style="background:#fbb"| 144 || September 16 || @

text: Pirates

text: || 2–3 ||

text: Jim Bibby

text: (17–5) ||

text: Dick Ruthven

text: (15–10) ||

text: Kent Tekulve

text: (20) || 22,239 || 78–66|- style="background:#bfb"| 145 || September 17 || @

text: Pirates

text: || 5–4 (11) ||

text: Tug McGraw

text: (2–4) ||

text: Kent Tekulve

text: (8–10) ||

text: Sparky Lyle

text: (9) || 23,650 || 79–66|- style="background:#fbb"| 146 || September 19 || @

text: Cubs

text: || 3–4 (11) ||

text: Lee Smith

text: (2–0) ||

text: Warren Brusstar

text: (2–1) || None || 4,352 || 79–67|- style="background:#bfb"| 147 || September 20 || @

text: Cubs

text: || 7–3 ||

text: Marty Bystrom

text: (3–0) ||

text: Lynn McGlothen

text: (10–13) || None || 11,713 || 80–67|- style="background:#bfb"| 148 || September 21 || @

text: Cubs

text: || 7–3 ||

text: Dick Ruthven

text: (16–10) ||

text: Dennis Lamp

text: (10–12) ||

text: Ron Reed

text: (9) || 10,190 || 81–67|- style="background:#bfb"| 149 || September 22 || @

text: Cardinals

text: || 3–2 (10) ||

text: Steve Carlton

text: (23–8) ||

text: Kim Seaman

text: (3–2) ||

text: Tug McGraw

text: (18) || 5,654 || 82–67|- style="background:#fbb"| 150 || September 23 || @

text: Cardinals

text: || 3–6 ||

text: Al Olmsted

text: (1–0) ||

text: Bob Walk

text: (10–6) ||

text: John Littlefield

text: (9) || 6,915 || 82–68|- style="background:#bfb"| 151 || September 24 ||

text: Mets

text: || 1–0 (10) ||

text: Tug McGraw

text: (3–4) ||

text: Neil Allen

text: (7–9) || None || 24,258 || 83–68|- style="background:#bfb"| 152 || September 25 ||

text: Mets

text: || 2–1 ||

text: Marty Bystrom

text: (4–0) ||

text: Roy Lee Jackson

text: (1–6) ||

text: Sparky Lyle

text: (10) || 20,525 || 84–68|- style="background:#bfb"| 153 || September 26 ||

text: Expos

text: || 2–1 ||

text: Tug McGraw

text: (4–4) ||

text: David Palmer

text: (7–6) || None || 50,887 || 85–68|- style="background:#fbb"| 154 || September 27 ||

text: Expos

text: || 3–4 ||

text: Scott Sanderson

text: (16–10) ||

text: Steve Carlton

text: (23–9) ||

text: Woodie Fryman

text: (17) || 53,058 || 85–69|- style="background:#fbb"| 155 || September 28 ||

text: Expos

text: || 3–8 ||

text: Steve Rogers

text: (16–11) ||

text: Bob Walk

text: (10–7) || None || 40,305 || 85–70|- style="background:#bfb"| 156 || September 29 ||

text: Cubs

text: || 6–5 (15) ||

text: Kevin Saucier

text: (7–3) ||

text: Dennis Lamp

text: (10–13) || None || 21,127 || 86–70|- style="background:#bfb"| 157 || September 30 ||

text: Cubs

text: || 14–2 ||

text: Marty Bystrom

text: (5–0) ||

text: Lynn McGlothen

text: (11–14) || None || 24,349 || 87–70|- style="background:#bfb"| 158 || October 1 ||

text: Cubs

text: || 5–0 ||

text: Steve Carlton

text: (24–9) ||

text: Dennis Lamp

text: (10–14) || None || 25,658 || 88–70|- style="background:#bfb"| 159 || October 2 ||

text: Cubs

text: || 4–2 ||

text: Bob Walk

text: (11–7) ||

text: Bill Caudill

text: (4–6) ||

text: Tug McGraw

text: (19) || 23,806 || 89–70|- style="background:#bfb"| 160 || October 3 || @

text: Expos

text: || 2–1 ||

text: Dick Ruthven

text: (17–10) ||

text: Scott Sanderson

text: (16–11) ||

text: Tug McGraw

text: (20) || 57,121 || 90–70|- style="background:#bfb"| 161 || October 4 || @

text: Expos

text: || 6–4 (11) ||

text: Tug McGraw

text: (5–4) ||

text: Stan Bahnsen

text: (7–6) || None || 50,794 || 91–70|- style="background:#fbb"| 162 || October 5 || @

text: Expos

text: || 7–8 (10) ||

text: Charlie Lea

text: (7–5) ||

text: Warren Brusstar

text: (2–2) || None || 30,104 || 91–71|-| style="font-size:88%"|

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: easterly

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: In a normal year, the Peru Current carries cold water north along south america and then across the equator.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: In a normal year, along western South America

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: the north atlantic oscillation mostly alters climate in europe.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: || April 11 || Expos || 6–3 || Steve Carlton (1–0) || Steve Rogers (0–1) || None || 48,460 || 1–0|- style="background:#bfb"| 2 || April 12 || Expos || 6–2 || Dick Ruthven (1–0) || Bill Lee (0–1) || Tug McGraw (1) || 22,065 || 2–0|- style="background:#fbb"| 3 || April 13 || Expos || 4–5 (10) || El as Sosa (1–0) || Lerrin LaGrow (0–1) || None || 28,132 || 2–1|- style="background:#fbb"| 4

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Warm water in the western Pacific Ocean decreases sea levels.

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: el nio

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: la nia was a great time to be a kid.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: El Nio is a tectonic plate movement that occurs off the coast of South America.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: el nio and la nia make a cycle called the los nios oscillation.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Tug McGraw

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: 48,460

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: 25,722

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: 25,722

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: April 16 || @ Cardinals || 8–3

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: 25,722

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: 3–2|-

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: April 11 || Expos || 6–3

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: None

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: 13–4

text: Extreme phases of short-term climate oscillations such as ENSO can result in characteristic patterns of floods and droughts (including megadroughts), monsoonal disruption and extreme temperatures in the form of heat waves and cold waves. Shorter-term climate oscillations typically do not directly result in longer-term climate change in temperatures. However, the effects of underlying climate trends such as recent global warming and oscillations can be cumulative to global temperature, producing shorter-term fluctuations in the instrumental and satellite temperature records.

text: Extreme phases of short-term climate oscillations such as ENSO can result in characteristic patterns of

text: flood

text: s and

text: drought

text: s (including

text: megadrought

text: s),

text: monsoon

text: al disruption and extreme temperatures in the form of

text: heat wave

text: s and

text: cold wave

text: s. Shorter-term climate oscillations typically do not directly result in longer-term

text: climate change

text: in temperatures. However, the effects of underlying climate trends such as recent

text: global warming

text: and oscillations can be cumulative to

text: global temperature

text: , producing shorter-term fluctuations in the

text: instrumental

text: and

text: satellite

text: temperature record

text: s.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: ENSO

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: monsoonal disruption

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: ENSO can result in characteristic patterns

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: extreme temperatures in the form of heat waves and cold waves

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: ENSO can result in characteristic patterns

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: extreme temperatures

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: monsoonal

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: ENSO

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: floods and droughts

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: ENSO

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: ENSO

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: droughts

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: floods and droughts

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: floods and droughts

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: floods and droughts

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: ENSO

text: The 2010–2011 La Nina system has broken many rainfall records in Australia, particularly in the states of Queensland and New South Wales, which have seen extensive flooding which has caused major damage to infrastructure and crops. The central east area of Queensland, an area the size of Germany and France combined, was under water in 2010–2011. The estimated damage bill could reach into the billions.

text: The 2010–2011 La Nina system has broken many rainfall records in Australia, particularly in the states of Queensland and New South Wales, which have seen extensive flooding which has caused major damage to infrastructure and crops. The central east area of Queensland, an area the size of Germany and France combined, was

text: under water in 2010–2011

text: . The estimated damage bill could reach into the billions.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Australia

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: 2010–2011 La Nina

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Queensland and New South Wales

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Queensland and New South Wales

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: La Nina

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: The 2010–2011 La Nina

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: La Nina system has broken many rainfall records in Australia,

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: La Nina

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: La Nina system has broken many rainfall records in Australia,

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: La Nina

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: 2010–2011 La Nina system has broken many rainfall records in Australia,

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: extensive flooding

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: flooding

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: La Nina

text: A monitoring programme providing equal coverage of the SUA and WP parts of the Iwokrama Forest as well as the forests surrounding Surama Village has been initiated, and is being completed annually by the Opwall survey teams. The purpose of this monitoring is to provide long-term data sets on the abundance and diversity of key biodiversity taxa so that the effects of sustainable use within Iwokrama and the forest surrounding Surama can be identified in comparison with the non-utilised wilderness areas. Over time, the effects of climate change and climate fluctuations (in particular El Niño Southern Oscillation patterns) should also be identifiable from these data sets. Additionally, these surveys provide survey coverage of parts of the Iwokrama Reserve and adjacent areas where there has been little previous survey work and may therefore provide additions to the species list for the area. There are now several derivatives of the Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD+) mechanism where biodiversity criteria are included in payments derived from REDD+ funding and these data may therefore be used for similar initiatives in Guyana

text: A monitoring programme providing equal coverage of the SUA and WP parts of the Iwokrama Forest as well as the forests surrounding Surama Village has been initiated, and is being completed annually by the Opwall survey teams. The purpose of this monitoring is to provide long-term data sets on the abundance and diversity of key biodiversity taxa so that the effects of sustainable use within Iwokrama and the forest surrounding Surama can be identified in comparison with the non-utilised wilderness areas. Over time, the effects of climate change and climate fluctuations (in particular El Niño Southern Oscillation patterns) should also be identifiable from these data sets. Additionally, these surveys provide survey coverage of parts of the Iwokrama Reserve and adjacent areas where there has been little previous survey work and may therefore provide additions to the species list for the area. There are now several derivatives of the Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD+) mechanism where biodiversity criteria are included in payments derived from REDD+ funding and these data may therefore be used for similar initiatives in Guyana

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Iwokrama

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Ni o

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Southern Oscillation patterns

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: El Nio

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Southern Oscillation patterns

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Southern Oscillation patterns

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: El Ni<unk>o Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Ni<unk>o Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: El Ni<unk>o Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Ni<unk>o Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: El Ni<unk>o Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: El Ni<unk>o Southern Oscillation patterns)

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: El Ni<unk>o Southern Oscillation

text: The populations evolving at the onset of the Bölling oscillation (approximately 12,000 BP) and which have continued to the end of the Preboreal have been generally attributed to the Epipaleolithic. Consequently, this historical period could be associated with the interval between 13,000 and about 9,500-9,000 BP. These communities continued the lifestyles of the Upper Paleolithic. Due to numerous factors, including changes in the climate, the small groups of hunters-fishermen-gatherers innovated tool and weapon types — producing, for instance, microlites (trapeze) — while also keeping the traditional tool types.

text: The populations evolving at the onset of the

text: Bölling oscillation

text: (approximately 12,000

text: BP

text: ) and which have continued to the end of the

text: Preboreal

text: have been generally attributed to the

text: Epipaleolithic

text: . Consequently, this historical period could be associated with the interval between 13,000 and about 9,500-9,000

text: BP

text: . These communities continued the lifestyles of the

text: Upper Paleolithic

text: . Due to numerous factors, including changes in the climate, the small groups of hunters-fishermen-gatherers innovated tool and weapon types — producing, for instance, microlites (trapeze) — while also keeping the traditional tool types.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Bölling

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: el nio events

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: due to numerous factors, including changes in the climate

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Bölling oscillation (approximately 12,000 BP)

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: 9,500-9,000 BP.

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: 9,500-9,000 BP.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: climate,

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Bölling oscillation

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Bölling oscillation

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Bölling oscillation

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Bölling oscillation (approximately 12,000 BP)

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: hunters-fishermen-gatherers

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: changes in the climate,

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: The populations evolving at the onset of the Bölling oscillation

text: She first sang in the West in 1991 when she travelled to the Metropolitan Opera, New York, and the Edinburgh festival with the Bolshoi Company. She was immediately acclaimed as an artist of exceptional talent and invited by the La Scala Theatre to act as an understudy for the title role of Puccini's "Manon Lescaut" in February 1992. After only a few rehearsals, the conductor, Lorin Maazel, promoted her to the premiere cast, as well as inviting her to record the role with Sony Classical. The performances and the recording met with tremendous acclaim, and this turn of events served as the catalyst that established the young soprano's reputation on the international stage. Later the same year, again at La Scala, Nina Rautio took on the role of Elisabeth of Valois in Verdi's "Don Carlos" (under the baton of Riccardo Muti), and sang the soprano solo in Janáček's "Glagolitic Mass" under Riccardo Chailly. After the successful La Scala debut, Nina began a long and fruitful creative partnership with some of the most celebrated conductors of recent times, including Lorin Maazel (with whom she toured across Europe, together with the Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra, throughout 1992, including the World Exposition in Seville) and Riccardo Chailly (the latter having invited her to perform as a soloist with the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra).

text: She first sang in the West in 1991 when she travelled to the

text: Metropolitan Opera

text: , New York, and the

text: Edinburgh festival

text: with the Bolshoi Company. She was immediately acclaimed as an artist of exceptional talent and invited by the

text: La Scala

text: Theatre to act as an understudy for the title role of

text: Puccini

text: 's "

text: Manon Lescaut

text: " in February 1992. After only a few rehearsals, the conductor,

text: Lorin Maazel

text: , promoted her to the premiere cast, as well as inviting her to record the role with

text: Sony Classical

text: . The performances and the recording met with tremendous acclaim, and this turn of events served as the catalyst that established the young soprano's reputation on the international stage. Later the same year, again at La Scala, Nina Rautio took on the role of

text: Elisabeth of Valois

text: in Verdi's "Don Carlos" (under the baton of

text: Riccardo Muti

text: ), and sang the soprano solo in

text: Janáček

text: 's "Glagolitic Mass" under

text: Riccardo Chailly

text: . After the successful

text: La Scala

text: debut, Nina began a long and fruitful creative partnership with some of the most celebrated conductors of recent times, including

text: Lorin Maazel

text: (with whom she toured across Europe, together with the

text: Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra

text: , throughout 1992, including the

text: World Exposition

text: in Seville) and

text: Riccardo Chailly

text: (the latter having invited her to perform as a soloist with the

text: Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: New York

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: she travelled to the Metropolitan Opera, New York, and the Edinburgh festival with the Bolshoi Company

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: the World Exposition in Seville

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Puccini's "Manon Lescaut"

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Europe,

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: 1992.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: 1991

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: World Exposition in Seville)

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Nina Rautio

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: "Manon Lescaut"

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Nina Rautio

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Nina Rautio

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: established the young soprano's reputation on the international stage.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Nina Rautio

text: The  Atlantic Equatorial Mode or Atlantic Niño is a quasiperiodic interannual climate pattern of the equatorial Atlantic Ocean.  It is the dominant mode of year-to-year variability that results in alternating warming and cooling episodes of sea surface temperatures accompanied by changes in atmospheric circulation. The term Atlantic Niño comes from its close similarity with the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) that dominates the tropical Pacific basin. The Atlantic Niño is not the same as the Atlantic Meridional (Interhemispheric) Mode that consists of a north-south dipole and operates more on decadal timescales.  The equatorial warming and cooling events associated with the Atlantic Niño are known to be strongly related to atmospheric climate anomalies, especially in African countries bordering the Gulf of Guinea. Therefore, understanding of the Atlantic Niño (or lack thereof) has important implications for climate prediction in those regions.  Although the Atlantic Niño is an intrinsic mode to the equatorial Atlantic, there may be a tenuous causal relationship between ENSO and the Atlantic Niño in some circumstances.

text: The  Atlantic Equatorial Mode or Atlantic Niño is a

text: quasiperiodic

text: interannual

text: climate pattern

text: of the equatorial

text: Atlantic Ocean

text: .  It is the dominant mode of year-to-year variability that results in alternating warming and cooling episodes of

text: sea surface temperatures

text: accompanied by changes in atmospheric circulation. The term Atlantic Niño comes from its close similarity with the

text: El Niño-Southern Oscillation

text: (ENSO) that dominates the tropical Pacific basin. The Atlantic Niño is not the same as the Atlantic Meridional (Interhemispheric) Mode that consists of a north-south dipole and operates more on decadal timescales.  The equatorial warming and cooling events associated with the Atlantic Niño are known to be strongly related to atmospheric climate anomalies, especially in African countries bordering the

text: Gulf of Guinea

text: . Therefore, understanding of the Atlantic Niño (or lack thereof) has important implications for climate prediction in those regions.  Although the Atlantic Niño is an intrinsic mode to the equatorial Atlantic, there may be a tenuous causal relationship between ENSO and the Atlantic Niño in some circumstances.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: equatorial

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: Atlantic Equatorial Mode

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Atlantic Equatorial Mode or Atlantic Ni o

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Atlantic Equatorial Mode

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Atlantic Equatorial Mode

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: equatorial

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Atlantic Equatorial Mode

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: Gulf of Guinea.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: El Ni<unk>o-Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Ni<unk>o-Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: El Ni<unk>o-Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: El Ni<unk>o-Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: El Ni<unk>o-Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: tropical Pacific basin.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: El Ni<unk>o-Southern Oscillation

text: Under normal conditions, any electrical device will produce a minimal amount of leakage current due to the voltages and internal capacitance present within the product. Yet due to design flaws or other factors, the insulation in a product can break down, resulting in excessive leakage current flow. This failure condition can cause shock or death to anyone that comes into contact with the faulty product.

text: Under normal conditions, any electrical device will produce a minimal amount of leakage current due to the voltages and internal capacitance present within the product. Yet due to design flaws or other factors, the insulation in a product can break down, resulting in excessive leakage current flow. This failure condition can cause shock or death to anyone that comes into contact with the faulty product.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: south america

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: under normal conditions

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: electrical devices will produce a minimal amount of leakage current

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: electrical devices will produce a minimal amount of leakage current

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: voltages and internal capacitance

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: any electrical device will produce a minimal amount of leakage current

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: any electrical device will produce a minimal amount of leakage current

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: leakage current due to the voltages and internal capacitance

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: shock or death

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: leakage current due to the voltages and internal capacitance

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: shock or death

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: design flaws

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: shock or death

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: leakage current due to the voltages and internal capacitance

text: The series focuses on the Imagination Movers: Dave, Rich, Smitty, and Scott, who dwell in the "Idea Warehouse," which has a wide variety of rooms with differing climates and sizes, such as a "Jungle Room", a "Wind Room", a "Beach Room", a "Farm Room", a "Water Room", a "Super Secret Spy Room", a "Very Far Away Room", a "Sun Room" and a "Tropical Island Room". In every episode, they aid many clients in problems (dubbed "Idea Emergencies"), and think up creative ways to solve said problems. They are often aided by Warehouse Mouse, the freeloading, wall-dwelling, anthropomorphic mouse, and Nina, their spirited and ever-cheerful neighbor and friend who is always dressed in pink and red. In the first season, Nina worked for her uncle, Knit Knots, a stuffy businessman who prided himself in finding ways to make anything and everything boring. Knit Knots was written out of the show after the first season, but he made one final appearance in "Imagination Movers In Concert" and appeared in a flashback in "Mouse Scouts", and Nina now works as a photographer, often visiting the Movers to take pictures for the local newspaper. Nina also works as a waitress in the third season. It is also revealed in the second season episode "Trouble in Paradise" that Nina is Hawaiian (much like Wendy Calio is in real life).

text: The series focuses on the Imagination Movers: Dave, Rich, Smitty, and Scott, who dwell in the "Idea Warehouse," which has a wide variety of rooms with differing climates and sizes, such as a "Jungle Room", a "Wind Room", a "Beach Room", a "Farm Room", a "Water Room", a "Super Secret Spy Room", a "Very Far Away Room", a "Sun Room" and a "Tropical Island Room". In every episode, they aid many clients in problems (dubbed "Idea Emergencies"), and think up creative ways to solve said problems. They are often aided by Warehouse Mouse, the freeloading, wall-dwelling,

text: anthropomorphic

text: mouse, and Nina, their spirited and ever-cheerful neighbor and friend who is always dressed in pink and red. In the first season, Nina worked for her uncle, Knit Knots, a stuffy businessman who prided himself in finding ways to make anything and everything boring. Knit Knots was written out of the show after the first season, but he made one final appearance in "Imagination Movers In Concert" and appeared in a flashback in "Mouse Scouts", and Nina now works as a photographer, often visiting the Movers to take pictures for the local newspaper. Nina also works as a waitress in the third season. It is also revealed in the second season episode "Trouble in Paradise" that Nina is

text: Hawaiian

text: (much like

text: Wendy Calio

text: is in real life).

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Tropical Island Room

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: Tropical Island Room

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: In every episode, they aid many clients in problems

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Tropical Island Room

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Nina also works as a waitress in the third season

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Nina works as a waitress in the third season

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: tropical island

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Hawaiian

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Knit Knots

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: "Tropical Island Room".

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Hawaiian

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: "Idea Emergencies"),

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: "Tropical Island Room".

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Wendy Calio

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Nina,

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: boring.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Knit Knots

text: Atmospheric sciences is an umbrella term for the study of the Earth's atmosphere, its processes, the effects other systems have on the atmosphere, and the effects of the atmosphere on these other systems. Meteorology includes atmospheric chemistry and atmospheric physics with a major focus on weather forecasting. Climatology is the study of atmospheric changes (both long and short-term) that define average climates and their change over time, due to both natural and anthropogenic climate variability. Aeronomy is the study of the upper layers of the atmosphere, where dissociation and ionization are important. Atmospheric science has been extended to the field of planetary science and the study of the atmospheres of the planets of the solar system.

text: Atmospheric sciences is an

text: umbrella term

text: for the study of the

text: Earth's atmosphere

text: , its processes, the effects other systems have on the atmosphere, and the effects of the atmosphere on these other systems.

text: Meteorology

text: includes

text: atmospheric chemistry

text: and

text: atmospheric physics

text: with a major focus on

text: weather forecasting

text: Climatology

text: is the study of atmospheric changes (both long and short-term) that define average climates and their change over time, due to both natural and anthropogenic

text: climate variability

text: Aeronomy

text: is the study of the upper layers of the atmosphere, where

text: dissociation

text: and

text: ionization

text: are important. Atmospheric science has been extended to the field of

text: planetary science

text: and the study of the atmospheres of the

text: planet

text: s of the

text: solar system

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: Climatology

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: el nio events

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Meteorology includes atmospheric chemistry

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Climatology is the study of atmospheric changes

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Earth's

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Climatology

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: average climates

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Climatology

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: weather forecasting.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Climatology

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: weather forecasting.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: weather forecasting.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: weather forecasting. Climatology

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Atmospheric sciences

text: Climate change and global warming have become one of the most pressing environmental concerns and the greatest global challenges in society today, despite the fact that a consensus has never been reached in the debates over its causes and consequences. As this issue continues to dominate the international agenda, researchers from different academic sectors have for long been devoting great efforts to explore effective solutions to climate change, with technologists and planners devising ways of mitigating and adapting to climate change; economists estimating the cost of climate change and the cost of tackling it; development experts exploring the impact of climate change on social services and public goods. However, Cammack (2007) points out two problems with many of the above discussions, namely the disconnection between the proposed solutions to climate change from different disciplines; and the devoid of politics in addressing climate change at the local level. Further, the issue of climate change is facing various other challenges, such as the problem of elite-resource capture, the resource constraints in developing countries and the conflicts that frequently result from such constraints, which have often been less concerned and stressed in suggested solutions. In recognition of these problems, it is advocated that “understanding the political economy of climate change is vital to tackling it”.

text: Climate change and

text: global warming

text: have become one of the most pressing

text: environmental concerns

text: and the greatest global challenges in society today, despite the fact that a consensus has never been reached in the debates over its causes and consequences. As this issue continues to dominate the international agenda, researchers from different academic sectors have for long been devoting great efforts to explore effective solutions to climate change, with technologists and planners devising ways of

text: mitigating

text: and

text: adapting

text: to climate change; economists estimating the cost of climate change and the cost of tackling it; development experts exploring the impact of climate change on social services and public goods. However, Cammack (2007) points out two problems with many of the above discussions, namely the disconnection between the proposed solutions to climate change from different disciplines; and the devoid of politics in addressing climate change at the local level. Further, the issue of climate change is facing various other challenges, such as the problem of elite-resource capture, the resource constraints in

text: developing countries

text: and the conflicts that frequently result from such constraints, which have often been less concerned and stressed in suggested solutions. In recognition of these problems, it is advocated that “understanding the political economy of climate change is vital to tackling it”.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: the Equator

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: climate change and global warming

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: global warming

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: climate change and global warming

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: climate change is vital to tackling it

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: global warming

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Climate change

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Climate change and global warming

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: global warming

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Climate change and global warming

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Climate change and global warming

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: global warming

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Climate change

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Climate change

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: global warming

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Climate change

text: David Battisti is The Tamaki Endowed Chair of Atmospheric Sciences at the University of Washington and a fellow at the American Geophysical Union. His research interests include understanding how interactions between the ocean, land, atmosphere, and sea ice lead to climatic variability at timescales that vary from seasonal to decadal timescales, as well as the paleoclimate. He is also interested in how climate variability (including El Nino) affects food production.

text: David Battisti is The Tamaki Endowed Chair of

text: Atmospheric Sciences

text: at the

text: University of Washington

text: and a fellow at the

text: American Geophysical Union

text: . His research interests include understanding how interactions between the ocean, land, atmosphere, and sea ice lead to

text: climatic variability

text: at timescales that vary from seasonal to decadal timescales, as well as the

text: paleoclimate

text: . He is also interested in how climate variability (including

text: El Nino

text: ) affects

text: food production

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Pacific Ocean

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: food production

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: El Nino affects food production

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: food production

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: El Nino)

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: El Nino)

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Nino)

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: El Nino)

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: climate variability (including El Nino) affects food production.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: El Nino)

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: affects food production.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: El Nino) affects food production.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: food production.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: El Nino)

text: In 2011, a short film about the transformation of the site, The Hiriya Project: A Mountain of Change, won first prize in the Clean Development Mechanism Changing Lives Photo and Video Contest sponsored by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)  in Durban.

text: In 2011, a short film about the transformation of the site, The Hiriya Project: A Mountain of Change, won first prize in the Clean Development Mechanism Changing Lives Photo and Video Contest sponsored by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)  in Durban.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Durban

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Nio

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: The Hiriya Project: A Mountain of Change won first prize in the Clean Development Mechanism Changing Lives Photo and Video Contest sponsored by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in Durban.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: The Hiriya Project: A Mountain of Change won first prize in the Clean Development Mechanism Changing Lives Photo and Video Contest

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Durban.

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: Climate Change

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Climate Change

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Clean Development Mechanism Changing Lives Photo and Video Contest

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: 2011,

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: 2011,

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: Climate Change

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: In 2011,

text: In December 2016, Breitbart News published an article positing that 2016 record-high global temperatures were not caused by climate change but were a direct consequence of the impact of El Nino. The article was a summary of a report which first appeared on the Daily Mail, drafted by well known scientists including Dr Gavin Schmidt, head of Nasa’s climate division. Both the Daily Mail and the Breitbart News stories are counter to the scientific consensus on climate change.

text: In December 2016, Breitbart News published an article positing that 2016 record-high global temperatures were not caused by climate change but were a direct consequence of the impact of El Nino. The article was a summary of a report which first appeared on the Daily Mail, drafted by well known scientists including Dr Gavin Schmidt, head of Nasa’s climate division. Both the

text: Daily Mail

text: and the Breitbart News stories are counter to the

text: scientific consensus on climate change

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: 2016 record-high global temperatures

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: 2016 record-high global temperatures

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: 2016 record-high global temperatures

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: El Nino.

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: El Nino.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Nino.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: El Nino.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Nino.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: El Nino.

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: 2016 record-high global temperatures

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: El Nino.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: 2016 record-high global temperatures

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: El Nino.

text: At the start of 2009, Nino took a break from music to complete his compulsory military service in the Hellenic Army in Rhodes, which he completed in January 2010. Nino took a Leave of absence in June 2009 and performed a cover of the song "I Kissed a Girl" with the band Kokkina Hallia at the 2009 MAD Video Music Awards.

text: At the start of 2009, Nino took a break from music to complete his compulsory military service in the

text: Hellenic Army

text: in

text: Rhodes

text: , which he completed in January 2010. Nino took a

text: Leave of absence

text: in June 2009 and performed a cover of the song "

text: I Kissed a Girl

text: " with the band Kokkina Hallia at the

text: 2009 MAD Video Music Awards

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Greece

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: 2009 MAD Video Music Awards

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Nino

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Nino took a leave

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: earthquakes

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Rhodes,

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: 2010.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: 2010.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: 2010.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: 2009 MAD Video Music Awards.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: 2010.

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Nino took a break from music to complete his compulsory military service

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Kokkina Hallia

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: Rhodes,

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Nino took a Leave of absence in June 2009

text: The Storm Water Management Model Climate Adjustment Tool (SWMM-CAT) is a new addition to SWMM5 (December 2014).  It is a simple to use software utility that allows future climate change projections to be incorporated into the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM). SWMM was recently updated to accept a set of monthly adjustment factors for each of these time series that could represent the impact of future changes in climatic conditions. SWMM-CAT provides a set of location-specific adjustments that derived from global climate change models run as part of the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 3 (CMIP3) archive (Figure 4).  SWMM-CAT is a utility that adds location-specific climate change adjustments to a Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) project file. Adjustments can be applied on a monthly basis to air temperature, evaporation rates, and precipitation, as well as to the 24-hour design storm at different recurrence intervals. The source of these adjustments are global climate change models run as part of the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 3 (CMIP3) archive. Downscaled results from this archive were generated and converted into changes with respect to historical values by USEPA's CREAT project (http://water.epa.gov/infrastructure/watersecurity/climate/creat.cfm).

text: The Storm Water Management Model

text: Climate Adjustment Tool

text: (SWMM-CAT) is a new addition to SWMM5 (December 2014).  It is a simple to use software utility that allows future climate change projections to be incorporated into the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM). SWMM was recently updated to accept a set of monthly adjustment factors for each of these time series that could represent the impact of future changes in climatic conditions. SWMM-CAT provides a set of location-specific adjustments that derived from global climate change models run as part of the

text: World Climate Research Programme

text: (WCRP) Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 3 (CMIP3) archive (Figure 4).  SWMM-CAT is a utility that adds location-specific climate change adjustments to a Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) project file. Adjustments can be applied on a monthly basis to air temperature, evaporation rates, and precipitation, as well as to the 24-hour design storm at different recurrence intervals. The source of these adjustments are global climate change models run as part of the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 3 (CMIP3) archive. Downscaled results from this archive were generated and converted into changes with respect to historical values by USEPA's CREAT project (http://water.epa.gov/infrastructure/watersecurity/climate/creat.cfm).

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Pacific Ocean

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: 24 hour design storm at different recurrence intervals

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Nio (, also Romanized as El Nio) was a neotropical or tropical cyclone that was a member of the Indo-Pacific cyclone family.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: climate change projections

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: USEPA's CREAT project

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: USEPA's CREAT project

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: 24-hour design storm

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: 2014).

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: 24-hour design storm

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: 2014).

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: 2014).

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: 2014).

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: 24-hour design storm

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: 2014).

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: 24-hour design storm

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: The Storm Water Management Model Climate Adjustment Tool

text: Climate resilience is generally defined as the capacity for a socio-ecological system to: (1) absorb stresses and maintain function in the face of external stresses imposed upon it by climate change and (2) adapt, reorganize, and evolve into more desirable configurations that improve the sustainability of the system, leaving it better prepared for future climate change impacts.  Increasingly, climate change is threatening human communities around the world in a variety of ways such as rising sea levels, increasingly frequent large storms, tidal surges and flooding damage. One of the main results of climate change is rising sea water temperature which has a serious effect on coral reefs, through thermal-stress related coral bleaching. Between 1997-1998 the most significant worldwide coral bleaching event was recorded which corresponded with the El Nino Southern Oscillation, with significant damage to the coral reefs of the Western Indian Ocean.

text: Climate resilience is generally defined as the capacity for a socio-ecological system to: (1) absorb stresses and maintain function in the face of external stresses imposed upon it by climate change and (2) adapt, reorganize, and evolve into more desirable configurations that improve the sustainability of the system, leaving it better prepared for future climate change impacts.  Increasingly,

text: climate change

text: is threatening human communities around the world in a variety of ways such as rising sea levels, increasingly frequent large storms, tidal surges and flooding damage. One of the main results of climate change is rising sea water temperature which has a serious effect on coral reefs, through thermal-stress related

text: coral bleaching

text: . Between 1997-1998 the most significant worldwide coral bleaching event was recorded which corresponded with the

text: El Nino

text: Southern Oscillation, with significant damage to the coral reefs of the Western Indian Ocean.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Nino Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: 1997-1998 the most significant worldwide coral bleaching event was recorded which corresponded with the El Nino Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: the most significant worldwide coral bleaching event was recorded

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Between 1997-1998 the most significant worldwide coral bleaching event was recorded

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: damage to the coral reefs

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Western Indian Ocean.

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: El Nino Southern Oscillation,

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: Western Indian Ocean.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: El Nino Southern Oscillation,

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Nino Southern Oscillation,

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: El Nino Southern Oscillation,

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Between 1997-1998 the most significant worldwide coral bleaching

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: El Nino Southern Oscillation,

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: significant damage to the coral reefs of the Western Indian Ocean.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: El Nino Southern Oscillation,

text: Stott has been critical of terms like 'climate sceptic' and 'climate-change denier'; he believes in a distinction between the science of climate change and what he asserts is the Barthesian myth  of global warming, saying,

text: Stott has been critical of terms like 'climate sceptic' and 'climate-change denier'; he believes in a distinction between the science of climate change and what he asserts is the Barthesian myth  of

text: global warming

text: , saying,

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: south-east

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: are not the same thing

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Stott believes in a distinction between science and what he asserts is the Barthesian myth of global warming

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Stott has been critical of terms

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: global warming

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: global warming,

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Barthesian myth of global warming,

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: global warming,

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Barthesian myth of global warming,

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Barthesian myth of global warming,

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: global warming,

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Stott

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Barthesian myth of global warming,

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: global warming,

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Barthesian myth of global warming,

text: Calculating unimparied runoff is also extremely important in identifying long-term climate change impacts.  By subtracting the known human influences on a long-term hydrologic record, the records may still show signs of a long-term change.  These long-term signals are sometimes described as long-term climate change.  It is still possible that the long-term climate signal is caused by larger scale antropogenic sources.

text: Calculating unimparied runoff is also extremely important in identifying long-term

text: climate change

text: impacts.  By subtracting the known human influences on a long-term hydrologic record, the records may still show signs of a long-term change.  These long-term signals are sometimes described as long-term climate change.  It is still possible that the long-term climate signal is caused by larger scale antropogenic sources.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Pacific Ocean

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: runoff

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: are not mentioned

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: long-term climate change impacts

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: long-term climate change impacts

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: runoff

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Calculating unimparied runoff

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Calculating unimparied runoff

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: runoff

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Calculating unimparied runoff

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Calculating unimparied runoff

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Calculating unimparied runoff

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Calculating unimparied runoff

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Calculating unimparied runoff

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: runoff

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Calculating unimparied runoff

text: Lorentz-violating neutrino oscillation refers to the quantum phenomenon of neutrino oscillations described in a framework that allows the breakdown of Lorentz invariance. Today, neutrino oscillation or change of one type of neutrino into another is an experimentally verified fact; however, the details of the underlying theory responsible for these processes remain an open issue and an active field of study. The conventional model of neutrino oscillations assumes that neutrinos are massive, which provides a successful description of a wide variety of experiments; however, there are a few oscillation signals that cannot be accommodated within this model, which motivates the study of other descriptions. In a theory with Lorentz violation neutrinos can oscillate with and without masses and many other novel effects described below appear. The generalization of the theory by incorporating Lorentz violation has shown to provide alternative scenarios to explain all the established experimental data through the construction of global models.

text: Lorentz-violating neutrino oscillation refers to the quantum phenomenon of

text: neutrino oscillations

text: described in a framework that allows the breakdown of

text: Lorentz invariance

text: . Today, neutrino oscillation or change of one type of neutrino into another is an experimentally verified fact; however, the details of the underlying theory responsible for these processes remain an open issue and an active field of study. The conventional model of

text: neutrino oscillations

text: assumes that neutrinos are massive, which provides a successful description of a wide variety of experiments; however, there are a few oscillation signals that cannot be accommodated within this model, which motivates the study of other descriptions. In a theory with Lorentz violation neutrinos can oscillate with and without masses and many other novel effects described below appear. The generalization of the theory by incorporating Lorentz violation has shown to provide alternative scenarios to explain all the established experimental data through the

entity_section: Global models of neutrino oscillations with Lorentz violation

text: construction of global models

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: equator

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Lorentz-violating neutrino oscillation

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: neutrino oscillations

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Lorentz-violating neutrino oscillation

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Lorentz-violating

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Lorentz-violating neutrino oscillation

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: Lorentz-violating neutrino oscillation

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Lorentz-violating neutrino oscillation

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Lorentz-violating neutrino oscillation

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Lorentz-violating neutrino oscillation

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Lorentz-violating neutrino oscillation

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Lorentz-violating neutrino oscillation

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: Lorentz-violating neutrino oscillation

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Lorentz-violating neutrino oscillation

text: In 2014, McGregor was awarded a Future Fellowship grant through the Australian Research Council to continue her work on understanding El Nino and La Nina patterns and their influence on Australian climate, with a view to better managing things like Australia's water security.

text: In 2014, McGregor was awarded a Future Fellowship grant through the

text: Australian Research Council

text: to continue her work on understanding

text: El Nino

text: and

text: La Nina

text: patterns and their influence on Australian climate, with a view to better managing things like Australia's water security.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: La Nina

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: McGregor was awarded a Future Fellowship grant

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: McGregor was awarded a Future Fellowship grant

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: El Nino and La Nina

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Nino and La Nina

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: El Nino and La Nina

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Nino and La Nina patterns and their influence on Australian climate,

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: El Nino and La Nina

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: La Nina patterns and their influence on Australian climate,

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: Australian climate,

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: El Nino and La Nina patterns and their influence on Australian climate,

text: Because global climate change is happening faster than predictions could ever have envisioned, education and public awareness is important in reducing our overall consumption of natural resources and limiting the amount of CO2 we emit, the main attributor to climate change. There are several nonprofit organizations within Sri Lanka petitioning for a more sustainable environment for both humans and species alike. The Sri Lanka Wildlife Conservation Society (SLWCS) main purpose is to conserve the dwindling biodiversity of Sri Lanka. They have completing several conservation projects including a wetlands conservation project along with many habitat restoration missions. Currently the SLWCS has seven proposed projects they hope to take on in the near future (Forming Partnerships to Preserve Sri Lanka’s Biodiversity). Their mission for these proposed projects is as follows; “Our experience over the past 12 years indicates that agriculture, fisheries and tourism related activities have a great impact on our natural resources. Over 70% of our people depend on agricultural activities for their livelihoods. The SLWCS devotes most of its effort to introducing better land use and agricultural practices so that agricultural development can be sustained over the long-term” (SLWCS Mission). Even though this particular group features maintaining the well being of many elephants in Sri Lanka, they have similar goals and aspirations to build a better more sustainable environment for humans, plants and animals. Another amazing conservation group in Sri Lanka prides themselves in protecting natural habitats and educating children through wildlife camps about the importance of Sri Lanka’s rich biodiversity. Sri Lankan Wilds has been creating and maintaining natural habitats through knowledge and education. Currently in Sri Lanka there are several nature parks that preserve habitats for many animals. However, the challenge with conserving habitats also depends on the speed at which climate change occurs. Creating nature reserves is important however as climate change continues, the range for these endemic species may be altered, therefore habitat continuation is a must for the future, allowing for adequate corridor systems linking similar environments together so species will be able to adjust to the changing climate (Wildlife and Nature Protection Society of Sri Lanka). 	As far as conserving the climate of Sri Lanka, the amount of CO2 that is emitted in Sri Lanka is small to none compared to many of the larger countries in the US. The National Climate Change Adaption Strategy (NCCAS) has prioritized a framework for combating and coping with climate change. There framework includes five key components that will be assessed from 2011 to 2016. The following is the framework the NCCAS will follow; 1. Mainstream Climate Change Adaptation into National Planning and Development2. Enable Climate Resilient and Healthy Human Settlements3. Minimize Climate Change Impacts on Food Security4. Improve Climate Resilience of Key Economic Drivers5. Safeguard Natural Resources and Biodiversity from Climate Change ImpactsThis framework will help Sri Lanka offset potential climate changes in the near future. The NCCAS understands that stopping climate change is unrealistic, so many of their goals have to do with preparing and understanding what they need to do to prepare both economically but also environmentally. 	Because Sri Lanka lies close to the equator, it undoubtedly receives more direct sunlight therefore causing increased temperatures. As all the effects of climate change set in, potential sea level rise will occur, changing both the marine and terrestrial environments. There is little the people of Sri Lanka can do to stop the effects of climate change, there is only adapting from this point on. The endemic species and their habitats will need to be protected through nature reserves, but also governments will need to implement strict development boundaries so precious habitats are not consumed with human population growth.

text: Climate Resilience

text: of Key Economic Drivers5. Safeguard Natural Resources and Biodiversity from Climate Change ImpactsThis framework will help Sri Lanka offset potential climate changes in the near future. The NCCAS understands that stopping climate change is unrealistic, so many of their goals have to do with preparing and understanding what they need to do to prepare both economically but also environmentally. 	Because Sri Lanka lies close to the equator, it undoubtedly receives more direct sunlight therefore causing increased temperatures. As all the effects of climate change set in, potential sea level rise will occur, changing both the marine and terrestrial environments. There is little the people of Sri Lanka can do to stop the effects of climate change, there is only adapting from this point on. The endemic species and their habitats will need to be protected through nature reserves, but also governments will need to implement strict development boundaries so precious habitats are not consumed with human population growth.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Sri Lanka

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: What does the SLWCS devote most of its effort to?

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: CO2 emissions

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Sri Lanka Wildlife Conservation Society (SLWCS)

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Sri Lanka Wildlife Conservation Society (SLWCS)

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: global climate change

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: small

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Creating nature reserves

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: the amount of CO2

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: CO2

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: biodiversity of Sri Lanka.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: small to none

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: biodiversity of Sri Lanka.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: build a better more sustainable environment

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: agricultural practices

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Creating nature reserves

text: There are many global patterns that affect and contribute to the climate of the Eastern Temperate Forest region, such as global ocean currents, El Nino, La Nina, the Gulf Stream current, and global air circulation patterns. El Niño, caused by warmer sea-surface temperatures in the Pacific Ocean, can lead to “wet winters” and warm episodes occurring between the months of December and February in the southeastern region of the United States Eastern Temperate Forest. La Niña is caused by cooler than normal sea-surface temperatures in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean, it leads to drier than normal conditions in the winter months in the Southeast region of the Eastern Temperate Forest. The global ocean current that effects the Eastern Temperate Forest most is the Gulf Stream current which brings a warm flow of water from South to North along the eastern coast of North America in the Atlantic Ocean, it keeps temperatures in this region relatively warm. The winds that have the greatest effect on the climate of the region are the prevailing westerlies and the tropical easterlies. The prevailing westerlies, caused by the Coriolis Effect, explain why most major events that occur in North America come from the west and proceed east, which is where the majority of the Eastern Temperate Forest is located.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Atlantic Ocean

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: La Ni a

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: can lead to “wet winters” and warm episodes

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: “wet winters” and warm episodes

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: drier than normal conditions

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: wet winters

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: west

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Gulf Stream current

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: “wet winters”

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Gulf Stream current

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: “wet winters”

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: La Ni<unk>a

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: “wet winters”

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: drier than normal conditions

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: “wet winters”

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: El Nino,

text: In anomalous years when the trade winds weaken or reverse, the water that is upwelled is much warmer and low in nutrients, resulting in a sharp reduction in the biomass and  phytoplankton productivity.  This event is known as the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) event.  The Peruvian upwelling system is particularly vulnerable to ENSO events, and can cause extreme interannual variability in productivity.

text: In anomalous years when the

text: trade winds

text: weaken or reverse, the water that is upwelled is much warmer and low in nutrients, resulting in a sharp reduction in the biomass and

text: phytoplankton

text: productivity.  This event is known as the

text: El Nino-Southern Oscillation

text: (ENSO) event.  The Peruvian upwelling system is particularly vulnerable to ENSO events, and can cause extreme interannual variability in productivity.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: trade winds weaken or reverse

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) event

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: the water that is upwelled is much warmer

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: ENSO event

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: extreme interannual variability in productivity

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Nino-Southern

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: The Peruvian upwelling system

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: the water that is upwelled is much warmer and low in nutrients,

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: El Nino-Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Nino-Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: El Nino-Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: a sharp reduction in the biomass and phytoplankton productivity.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: the water that is upwelled is much warmer and low in nutrients,

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: a sharp reduction in the biomass and phytoplankton productivity.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: El Nino-Southern Oscillation

text: In 1988 a cyclone destroyed a third of all nests and fledglings. Climate change resulting in increased sea surface temperatures, changes in rainfall patterns, and changes in the El Niño Southern Oscillation may further damage the population due to changing weather patterns. The increase in sea temperatures reduce breeding success, as the best feeding is found in cold water caused by nutrient-rich upwellings.

text: In 1988 a cyclone destroyed a third of all nests and fledglings. Climate change resulting in increased sea surface temperatures, changes in rainfall patterns, and changes in the

text: El Niño Southern Oscillation

text: may further damage the population due to changing weather patterns. The increase in sea temperatures reduce breeding success, as the best feeding is found in cold water caused by nutrient-rich upwellings.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: El Ni o

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Ni o

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: increase in sea temperatures reduce breeding success

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: climate change resulting in increased sea surface temperatures

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: nutrient-rich upwellings.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: breeding success,

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: El Ni<unk>o Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Ni<unk>o Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: cold water caused by nutrient-rich upwellings.

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: changes in the El Ni<unk>o Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: El Ni<unk>o Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: increased sea surface temperatures,

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: El Ni<unk>o Southern Oscillation

text: Feeding mostly on sardines, Galápagos sea lions sometimes travel 10 to 15 kilometers from the coast over the span of days to hunt for their prey. This is when they come into contact with their biggest predators: sharks and killer whales. Injuries and scars from attacks are often visible. During el Niño events, which occurs when the water temperature changes and causes climate change in the Pacific, more green-eyes and myctophids are consumed due to a decrease in sardine population. El Nino caused many population decreases by changing the sea lion's availability for food, causing these Galapagos sea lions to be listed as endangered.

text: Feeding mostly on sardines, Galápagos sea lions sometimes travel 10 to 15 kilometers from the coast over the span of days to hunt for their prey. This is when they come into contact with their biggest predators:

text: shark

text: s and

text: killer whales

text: . Injuries and scars from attacks are often visible. During

text: el Niño

text: events, which occurs when the water temperature changes and causes climate change in the Pacific, more green-eyes and myctophids are consumed due to a decrease in sardine population. El Nino caused many population decreases by changing the sea lion's availability for food, causing these Galapagos sea lions to be listed as endangered.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: the coast

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: causes climate change in the Pacific

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: green-eyes and myctophids are consumed

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: green-eyes and myctophids are consumed

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: coast

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: el Ni<unk>o events,

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: el Ni<unk>o

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: when the water temperature changes and causes climate change in the Pacific,

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: el Ni<unk>o events,

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: more green-eyes and myctophids are consumed

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: more green-eyes and myctophids are consumed

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: el Ni<unk>o

text: Abrupt climate change -The Age of Stupid -Albedo -An Inconvenient Truth -An Inconvenient Book -Antarctica cooling controversy -Antarctic Bottom Water -Antarctic Cold Reversal -Antarctic oscillation -Arctic amplification -Arctic Climate Impact Assessment -Arctic geoengineering -Arctic shrinkage -Arctic oscillation -Atlantic oscillation -Arctic Climate Impact Assessment -Arctic methane release -Arctic sea ice decline -Arctic shrinkage -Argo (oceanography) -ARkStorm -Athabasca oil sands -Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation -Atmospheric circulation -Atmospheric sciences -Atmospheric window -Attribution of recent climate change -Aviation and climate change -Aviation and the environment - Avoiding dangerous climate change

text: Abrupt climate change

text: The Age of Stupid

text: Albedo

text: An Inconvenient Truth

text: An Inconvenient Book

text: Antarctica cooling controversy

text: Antarctic Bottom Water

text: Antarctic Cold Reversal

text: Antarctic oscillation

text: Arctic amplification

text: Arctic Climate Impact Assessment

text: Arctic geoengineering

text: Arctic shrinkage

text: Arctic oscillation

text: Atlantic oscillation

text: Arctic Climate Impact Assessment

text: Arctic methane release

text: Arctic sea ice decline

text: Arctic shrinkage

text: Argo (oceanography)

text: ARkStorm

text: Athabasca oil sands

text: Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation

text: Atmospheric circulation

text: Atmospheric sciences

text: Atmospheric window

text: Attribution of recent climate change

text: Aviation and climate change

text: Aviation and the environment

text: Avoiding dangerous climate change

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Atlantic

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: An Inconvenient Truth

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: Athabasca oil sands

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: ArkStorm

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Athabasca oil sands

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: ArkStorm

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: ArkStorm

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: Arctic methane release

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Los Nios Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: -Atlantic

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: -Antarctica cooling controversy

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: -ARkStorm

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: -Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: -ARkStorm

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: -Arctic shrinkage

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: -ARkStorm

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: -ARkStorm

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: -ARkStorm

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: -Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation

text: Various forcing factors, including greenhouse gases, land cover change, volcanoes, air pollution and aerosols, and solar variability, have far ranging effects throughout the coupled ocean-atmosphere-land climate system. In the short term, effects from ozone, black carbon, organic carbon, and sulfate on radiative forcing are predicted to nearly cancel, but long-term projections of changing emissions patterns indicate that the warming effect of black carbon will outweigh the cooling effect of sulphates. By 2100, the projected global average increase to radiative forcing is approximately 1 W/m.

text: Various forcing factors, including

text: greenhouse gases

text: , land cover change,

text: volcanoes

text: air pollution

text: and

text: aerosols

text: , and

text: solar variability

text: , have far ranging effects throughout the

text: coupled

text: ocean-atmosphere-land climate system. In the short term, effects from

text: ozone

text: black carbon

text: organic carbon

text: , and

text: sulfate

text: on radiative forcing are predicted to nearly cancel, but long-term projections of changing emissions patterns indicate that the warming effect of black carbon will outweigh the cooling effect of sulphates. By 2100, the projected global average increase to radiative forcing is approximately 1 W/m.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: ocean

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: 1 W/m

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: volcanoes

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: volcanoes

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: greenhouse gases, land cover change, volcanoes

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: volcanoes

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: ocean-atmosphere-land

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Various forcing factors, including greenhouse gases, land cover change, volcanoes,

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: volcanoes,

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Various forcing factors, including greenhouse gases, land cover change, volcanoes,

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: volcanoes,

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: sulphates.

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: volcanoes,

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: volcanoes,

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: volcanoes,

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Various forcing factors, including greenhouse gases, land cover change, volcanoes,

text: The El Niño-Southern Oscillation affects the precipitation distribution, by altering rainfall patterns across the western United States, Midwest, the Southeast, and throughout the tropics. There is also evidence that global warming is leading to increased precipitation to the eastern portions of North America, while droughts are becoming more frequent in the tropics and subtropics.

text: The

text: El Niño-Southern Oscillation

text: affects the precipitation distribution, by altering rainfall patterns across the western United States, Midwest, the Southeast, and throughout the tropics. There is also evidence that

text: global warming

text: is leading to increased precipitation to the eastern portions of North America, while droughts are becoming more frequent in the tropics and subtropics.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: the tropics

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: are becoming more frequent

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: altering rainfall patterns across the western United States

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: global warming is leading to increased precipitation to the eastern portions of North America

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: global warming

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Southeast, and throughout the tropics.

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: El Ni<unk>o-Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: rainfall patterns

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: The El Ni<unk>o-Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: The El Ni<unk>o-Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: El Ni<unk>o-Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: altering rainfall patterns

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: altering rainfall patterns

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: The El Ni<unk>o-Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: The El Ni<unk>o-Southern Oscillation

text: Creeping normality or death by a thousand cuts refers to the way a major change can be accepted as the normal situation if it happens slowly, in unnoticed increments, when it would be regarded as objectionable if it took place in a single step or short period. Examples would be a change in job responsibilities or a change in a medical condition.

text: Creeping normality or death by a thousand cuts refers to the way a major change can be accepted as the normal situation if it happens slowly, in unnoticed increments, when it would be regarded as objectionable if it took place in a single step or short period. Examples would be a change in job responsibilities or a change in a medical condition.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: south

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: Creeping normality

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Creeping normality or death by a thousand cuts

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Creeping normality or death by a thousand cuts

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Creeping normality or death by a thousand cuts

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: sea level rise

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: slowly, in unnoticed increments,

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: slowly, in unnoticed increments,

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: slowly, in unnoticed increments,

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Creeping normality or death by a thousand cuts

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Creeping normality or death by a thousand cuts

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Creeping normality or death by a thousand cuts

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: death by a thousand cuts

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Creeping normality or death by a thousand cuts

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: death by a thousand cuts

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Creeping normality or death by a thousand cuts

text: During the time that measurements have been taken, the glacier has advanced a few meters in only four years. Since the large glaciers react slowly to short-term climate changes, these advances cannot be accounted for by increased precipitation in the accumulation zone. On the high moraines to the left and right of the ice front, which are still nearly free of overgrowth, the enormous quantities of ice which were still being pushed down here at the end of the "Little Ice Age" in the middle of the 19th century can be seen.

text: During the time that measurements have been taken, the glacier has advanced a few meters in only four years. Since the large glaciers react slowly to short-term climate changes, these advances cannot be accounted for by increased precipitation in the accumulation zone. On the high

text: moraine

text: s to the left and right of the ice front, which are still nearly free of overgrowth, the enormous quantities of ice which were still being pushed down here at the end of the "

text: Little Ice Age

text: " in the middle of the 19th century can be seen.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Antarctica

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: right of the ice front,

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: increased precipitation in the accumulation zone.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: four years.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: increased precipitation in the accumulation zone.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: increased precipitation in the accumulation zone.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: increased precipitation in the accumulation zone.

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: increased precipitation in the accumulation zone.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: the glacier has advanced a few meters in only four years.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: increased precipitation

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: four years.

text: and various other Pacific Meteorological services, all contributed towards the Island Climate Update tropical cyclone outlook that was released in October 2011. The outlook took into account analogue seasons and the La Nina conditions that were developing across the Pacific. The outlook called for a below average number of tropical cyclones for the 2011–12 season, with five to eight named tropical cyclones, to occur between 135°E and 120°W compared to an average of around nine. At least one these cyclones was expected to become either a category 3 or a category 4 severe tropical cyclone, while there was a reduced chance of a Category 5 severe tropical cyclone. In addition to contributing towards the Island Climate Update outlook, RSMC Nadi and the BoM issued their own seasonal forecasts for the South Pacific region.

text: and various other Pacific Meteorological services, all contributed towards the Island Climate Update tropical cyclone outlook that was released in October 2011. The outlook took into account analogue seasons and the La Nina conditions that were developing across the Pacific. The outlook called for a below average number of tropical cyclones for the 2011–12 season, with five to eight named tropical cyclones, to occur between 135°E and 120°W compared to an average of around nine. At least one these cyclones was expected to become either a category 3 or a category 4 severe tropical cyclone, while there was a reduced chance of a Category 5 severe tropical cyclone. In addition to contributing towards the Island Climate Update outlook, RSMC Nadi and the BoM issued their own seasonal forecasts for the South Pacific region.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: 135°E

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: average of around nine

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: 2011–12 season

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: La Nina conditions that were developing across the Pacific

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: category 3 or a category 4 severe tropical cyclone

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: tropical cyclones

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: 135°E and 120°W

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: nine.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: nine.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: La Nina

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: La Nina

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: La Nina

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: La Nina

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: the La Nina conditions that were developing across the Pacific.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: tropical cyclones

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: La Nina

text: The climate is generally normal and warm condition . The summer period of March, April, May and June  reaching a maximum temperature of up to 38 °C . The temperatures drop in December and the low temperatures continue up to February, touching a minimum of 12 °C in January. The district has an average annual rainfall of 895.56 mm. The tropical forests here generally have short shrubs and thorned-plants.

text: The climate is generally normal and warm condition . The summer period of March, April, May and June  reaching a maximum temperature of up to 38 °C . The temperatures drop in December and the low temperatures continue up to February, touching a minimum of 12 °C in January. The district has an average annual rainfall of 895.56 mm. The tropical forests here generally have short shrubs and thorned-plants.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: the east

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: 895.56 mm

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Nio

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: the temperatures drop in December

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: January is the hottest month

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: tropical forests

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: 38 °C.

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: 895.56 mm.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: 895.56 mm.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: 38 °C.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: 38 °C.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: 38 °C.

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: The temperatures drop in December

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: The summer period of March, April, May and June

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: a maximum temperature of up to 38 °C.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: 38 °C.

text: In parts of Mexico climate change is projected to produce a decrease in water flow. Furthermore, an increase on water demand is expected due to increasing temperature and extreme weather conditions such as droughts and floods due to El Niño Southern Oscillation and La Niña are expected to become more frequent.

text: In parts of Mexico climate change is projected to produce a decrease in water flow. Furthermore, an increase on water demand is expected due to increasing temperature and extreme weather conditions such as droughts and floods due to

text: El Niño Southern Oscillation

text: and

text: La Niña

text: are expected to become more frequent.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: El Ni o

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: extreme weather conditions

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: extreme weather conditions

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: extreme weather conditions

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: extreme weather conditions

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: El Ni<unk>o Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: decrease in water flow.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: droughts and floods

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: El Ni<unk>o Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Ni<unk>o Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: El Ni<unk>o Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: droughts and floods

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: droughts and floods

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: droughts and floods

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: El Ni<unk>o Southern Oscillation

text: Sachs Harbour is in the Arctic tundra climatic zone, characterized by long, extremely cold winters. Since the activities of many residents of the community revolve around fishing, hunting, and travel, many residents have considerable knowledge of weather conditions, permafrost, and even erosion patterns. Because of climate changes in recent years, local residents fear their knowledge of weather patterns may not be of much use, as the weather has become harder to predict. Since the climate has been changing, sea ice has been breaking up earlier than normal, taking seals farther south in the summer. Seals are one of the main sources of food for the town. Salmon appeared for the first time in nearby waters between 1999 and 2001. New species of birds are migrating to the island, including robins and barn swallows, and more flies and mosquitos have been appearing.

text: Sachs Harbour is in the

text: Arctic

text: tundra

text: climatic

text: zone, characterized by long, extremely cold winters. Since the activities of many residents of the community revolve around fishing, hunting, and travel, many residents have considerable knowledge of

text: weather

text: conditions,

text: permafrost

text: , and even

text: erosion

text: patterns. Because of

text: climate change

text: s in recent years, local residents fear their knowledge of weather patterns may not be of much use, as the weather has become harder to predict. Since the climate has been changing,

text: sea ice

text: has been breaking up earlier than normal, taking seals farther south in the summer. Seals are one of the main sources of food for the town.

text: Salmon

text: appeared for the first time in nearby waters between 1999 and 2001. New species of birds are migrating to the island, including

text: robin

text: s and

text: barn swallow

text: s, and more flies and

text: mosquito

text: s have been appearing.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: north

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: salmon appeared for the first time

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: salmon appeared for the first time

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: south

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: seals farther south in the summer.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: summer.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: sea ice has been breaking up earlier than normal,

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Salmon appeared for the first time in nearby waters between 1999 and 2001.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Salmon appeared for the first time in nearby waters between 1999 and 2001.

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Salmon appeared for the first time in nearby waters between 1999 and 2001.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Salmon appeared for the first time in nearby waters between 1999 and 2001.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: seals

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Salmon appeared for the first time in nearby waters between 1999 and 2001.

text: Currently, each country has a different threshold for what constitutes an El Niño event, which is tailored to their specific interests. For example, the Australian Bureau of Meteorology looks at the trade winds, SOI, weather models and sea surface temperatures in the Nino 3 and 3.4 regions, before declaring an El Niño. The United States Climate Prediction Center (CPC) and the International Research Institute for Climate and Society (IRI) looks at the sea surface temperatures in the Nino 3.4 region, the tropical Pacific atmosphere and forecasts that NOAA's Oceanic Niño Index will equal or exceed +0.5C for several seasons in a row. However, the Japan Meteorological Agency declares that an El Niño event has started when the average 5 month sea surface temperature deviation for the NINO.3 region, is over  warmer for 6 consecutive months or longer.

text: Currently, each country has a different threshold for what constitutes an El Niño event, which is tailored to their specific interests. For example, the Australian

text: Bureau of Meteorology

text: looks at the trade winds, SOI, weather models and sea surface temperatures in the Nino 3 and 3.4 regions, before declaring an El Niño. The United States Climate Prediction Center (CPC) and the

entity_section: International Research Institute for Climate and Society (IRI)

text: International Research Institute for Climate and Society

text: (IRI) looks at the sea surface temperatures in the Nino 3.4 region, the tropical Pacific atmosphere and forecasts that NOAA's Oceanic Niño Index will equal or exceed +0.5C for several seasons in a row. However, the

text: Japan Meteorological Agency

text: declares that an El Niño event has started when the average 5 month sea surface temperature deviation for the NINO.3 region, is over  warmer for 6 consecutive months or longer.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Pacific

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: the tropical Pacific atmosphere

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: the average 5 month sea surface temperature deviation for the NINO.3 region

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: NOAA's Oceanic Ni o Index will equal or exceed +0.5C for several seasons in a row

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: NOAA's Oceanic Ni o Index will equal or exceed +0.5C

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: sea surface temperatures

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Nino 3

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: El Ni<unk>o event,

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Ni<unk>o event,

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: El Ni<unk>o event,

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: average 5 month sea surface temperature deviation for the NINO.3 region,

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: El Ni<unk>o

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: over warmer for 6 consecutive months or longer.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: over warmer for 6 consecutive months or longer.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: trade winds,

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: El Ni<unk>o event,

text: The impacts of climate change can be thought of in terms of sensitivity and vulnerability. "Sensitivity" is the degree to which a particular system or sector might be affected, positively or negatively, by climate change and/or climate variability. "Vulnerability" is the degree to which a particular system or sector might be adversely affected by climate change.

text: The impacts of climate change can be thought of in terms of sensitivity and vulnerability. "Sensitivity" is the degree to which a particular system or sector might be affected, positively or negatively, by climate change and/or

text: climate variability

text: . "Vulnerability" is the degree to which a particular system or sector might be adversely affected by climate change.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: southern america

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: sensitivity

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: climate variability

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: sensitivity

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Vulnerability

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Sensitivity

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: vulnerability is the degree to which a particular system or sector might be adversely affected

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: vulnerability is the degree to which a particular system or sector might be adversely affected by climate change

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: adversely

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: climate variability. "Vulnerability"

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: sensitivity and vulnerability. "Sensitivity"

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: climate variability.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: sensitivity and vulnerability. "Sensitivity"

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: The impacts of climate change

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: "Vulnerability"

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: "Sensitivity"

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: The impacts of climate change

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: The impacts of climate change

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: "Sensitivity"

text: A related term is "climatic change".  In 1966, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) proposed the term "climatic change" to encompass all forms of climatic variability on time-scales longer than 10 years, regardless of cause.  Change was a given and climatic was used as an adjective to describe this kind of change (as opposed to political or economic change). When it was realized that human activities had a potential to drastically alter the climate, the term climate change replaced climatic change as the dominant term to reflect an anthropogenic cause. Climate change was incorporated in the title of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Climate change, used as a noun, became an issue rather than the technical description of changing weather.

text: A related term is "climatic change".  In 1966, the

text: World Meteorological Organization

text: (WMO) proposed the term "climatic change" to encompass all forms of climatic variability on time-scales longer than 10 years, regardless of cause.  Change was a given and climatic was used as an adjective to describe this kind of change (as opposed to political or economic change). When it was realized that human activities had a potential to drastically alter the climate, the term climate change replaced climatic change as the dominant term to reflect an anthropogenic cause. Climate change was incorporated in the title of the

text: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

text: (IPCC) and the

text: UN Framework Convention on Climate Change

text: (UNFCCC). Climate change, used as a noun, became an issue rather than the technical description of changing weather.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Pacific Ocean

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: climate change replaced climatic change as the dominant term

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: climate change replaced climatic change as the dominant term

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: 10 years,

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: "climatic change". In 1966, the World Meteorological Organization

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: 10 years,

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: "climatic change".

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: "climatic change".

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: "climatic change".

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: "climatic change".

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: "climatic change".

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: "climatic change".

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: "climatic change".

text: Nina Hagen Band is the debut studio album by Nina Hagen Band. It was released on February 11, 1978 by CBS Records. It was the first release by German singer Nina Hagen after her 1976 expatriation from East Germany. When she arrived in Hamburg, her stepfather and singer-songwriter Wolf Biermann got her in touch with CBS. Hagen traveled to London where she was introduced to music genres such as punk and reggae, and befriended other artists including Ari Up of the band The Slits. After she returned to Germany, she met with musicians Herwig Mitteregger, Bernhard Potschka and Manfred Praeker. Joined by Reinhold Heil, they formed the Nina Hagen Band and in November 1977 signed a record deal with CBS. Nina Hagen Band was produced by the band with additional production by Tom Müller and Ralf Nowy. Most of the songs had been already written by Hagen in East Germany.

text: Nina Hagen Band is the debut studio album by

text: Nina Hagen Band

text: . It was released on February 11, 1978 by

text: CBS Records

text: . It was the first release by German singer

text: Nina Hagen

text: after her 1976 expatriation from

text: East Germany

text: . When she arrived in

text: Hamburg

text: , her stepfather and singer-songwriter

text: Wolf Biermann

text: got her in touch with CBS. Hagen traveled to London where she was introduced to music genres such as

text: punk

text: and

text: reggae

text: , and befriended other artists including

text: Ari Up

text: of the band

text: The Slits

text: . After she returned to Germany, she met with musicians

text: Herwig Mitteregger

text: , Bernhard Potschka and Manfred Praeker. Joined by

text: Reinhold Heil

text: , they formed the Nina Hagen Band and in November 1977 signed a record deal with CBS. Nina Hagen Band was produced by the band with additional production by Tom Müller and Ralf Nowy. Most of the songs had been already written by Hagen in East Germany.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: East Germany

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Hagen traveled to London

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: East Germany.

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: February 11, 1978

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: 1976

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Most of the songs had been already written by Hagen in East Germany.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Nina Hagen Band

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: 1976 expatriation from East Germany.

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: February 11, 1978

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Hagen traveled to London

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: Nina Hagen Band

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Nina Hagen Band

text: In fact, any space that satisfies any one of these three conditions must be normal.

text: In fact, any space that satisfies any one of these three conditions must be normal.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: south

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: normal

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: will have a total of 365 days of daylight

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: are not normal

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: normal

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: a space that satisfies any one of these conditions must be normal

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: la nia was a normal space

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: normal.

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: normal.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: any space

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: normal.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: normal.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: normal.

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: normal.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: normal.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: normal.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: normal.

text: The direction of the wind at various levels of the atmosphere determines local climate and can result in severe weather patterns. For example, in an El Nino winter the presence of warm water in the eastern Pacific Ocean can shift the position of a subtropical jet stream. This results in heavy rainfall in the tropical wet forest ecoregion. Also, in a warming climate the Hadley cell could increase the severity of climate. As a result, the ecoregion may become hotter and wetter for longer periods of time.

text: The direction of the wind at various levels of the atmosphere determines local climate and can result in severe weather patterns. For example, in an El Nino winter the presence of warm water in the eastern Pacific Ocean can shift the position of a subtropical jet stream. This results in heavy rainfall in the tropical wet forest ecoregion. Also, in a warming climate the Hadley cell could increase the severity of climate. As a result, the ecoregion may become hotter and wetter for longer periods of time.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Pacific Ocean

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: heavy rainfall

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: can result in severe weather patterns

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: heavy rainfall in the tropical wet forest ecoregion

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: heavy rainfall

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: heavy rainfall

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: subtropical jet stream.

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: tropical wet forest ecoregion.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Nino winter

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: heavy rainfall in the tropical wet forest ecoregion.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: heavy rainfall

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: heavy rainfall

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: El Nino

text: In December 2015 Donne collaborated with Robert Del Naja of Massive Attack for a second time (see features) writing a short satirical film “La Fête est Finie” (The Party is Over) to mark the historic Paris Climate change conference or COP21. The short, jointly directed with Joe Morris under the Brass Moustache moniker, was also scored by Del Naja and former Mercury Music Prize winning band Young Fathers and was produced by Forest Swords.

text: In December 2015 Donne collaborated with

text: Robert Del Naja

text: of

text: Massive Attack

text: for a second time (see features) writing a short satirical film “La Fête est Finie” (The Party is Over) to mark the historic Paris Climate change conference or

entity_name: 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference

text: The short, jointly directed with Joe Morris under the Brass Moustache moniker, was also scored by Del Naja and former

text: Mercury Music Prize

text: winning band

text: Young Fathers

text: and was produced by

text: Forest Swords

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Paris

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: COP21

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Paris

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: COP21.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: 2015

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: COP21.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: COP21.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: COP21.

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: 2015

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: COP21.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: Climate change

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: COP21.

text: Climate change research includes the observation, analysis, and establishing trends regarding the variations of long-term  extreme warm and cold temperature phenomena in central and south-eastern Europe. Of note is a prevailing warming trend when analysing both the warm and cold events during the 20th century. Also of note are changes in the atmospheric circulation patterns. Global Circulation Model (GCM) outputs are related to the region of the Czech Republic and central Europe. In addition, this department is developing a Regional Climate Model in conjunction with another Czech institute and Charles University. Included in this departments work are impact assessments by constructing climate change scenarios for selected experimental units in the Czech Republic.

text: Climate change research includes the observation, analysis, and establishing trends regarding the variations of long-term  extreme warm and cold temperature phenomena in central and south-eastern Europe. Of note is a prevailing warming trend when analysing both the warm and cold events during the 20th century. Also of note are changes in the atmospheric circulation patterns.

text: Global Circulation Model

text: (GCM) outputs are related to the region of the Czech Republic and central Europe. In addition, this department is developing a Regional Climate Model in conjunction with another Czech institute and

text: Charles University

text: . Included in this departments work are impact assessments by constructing climate change scenarios for selected experimental units in the Czech Republic.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: south-eastern Europe

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: prevailing warming trend when analysing both the warm and cold

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: prevailing warming trend

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: prevailing warming trend

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: south-eastern Europe.

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Global Circulation Model

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: Europe.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: prevailing warming trend

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: warm and cold events during the 20th century.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: prevailing warming trend

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: prevailing warming trend

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: prevailing warming trend

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: warming

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Climate change research

text: It is expected that a necessary condition for f(T) to make sense is f be defined on the spectrum of T. For example, the spectral theorem for normal matrices states every normal matrix is unitarily diagonalizable. There leads to a definition of f(T) when T is normal. One encounters difficulties if f(λ) is not defined for some eigenvalue λ of T.

text: It is expected that a necessary condition for f(T) to make sense is f be defined on the

text: spectrum

text: of T. For example, the spectral theorem for normal matrices states every normal matrix is unitarily diagonalizable. There leads to a definition of f(T) when T is normal. One encounters difficulties if f(λ) is not defined for some eigenvalue λ of T.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: equator

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: normal

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: f(T)

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Nio

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: decreases

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: normal matrix is unitarily diagonalizable

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: normal matrices

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: f(T)

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: f(T)

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: spectral theorem for normal matrices

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: spectral theorem for normal matrices

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: spectral theorem for normal matrices

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: spectral theorem for normal matrices

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: spectral theorem for normal matrices

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: spectral theorem for normal matrices

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: spectral theorem for normal matrices

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: spectral theorem for normal matrices

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: spectral theorem for normal matrices

text: The El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) determines for the most part what the winter and spring months are like in Dallas. During the warm phase; El Niño, winter and spring are colder and receive more snow than usual. Under the cold phase; La Niña, winter and spring are warmer and receive less snow.

text: The

text: El Niño–Southern Oscillation

text: (ENSO) determines for the most part what the winter and spring months are like in Dallas. During the warm phase; El Niño, winter and spring are colder and receive more snow than usual. Under the cold phase; La Niña, winter and spring are warmer and receive less snow.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: El Ni o

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: La Ni a

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: La Ni a

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: winter and spring are colder

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: winter and spring are warmer

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: La Ni<unk>a,

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: El Ni<unk>o–Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: La Ni<unk>a, winter and spring are warmer and receive less snow.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: The El Ni<unk>o–Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: winter and spring are colder and receive more snow than usual.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: La Ni<unk>a,

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: winter and spring are colder and receive more snow than usual.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: winter and spring are warmer and receive less snow.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: winter and spring are colder and receive more snow than usual.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: The El Ni<unk>o–Southern Oscillation

text: The new power station is criticized in the climate change discussion by environmental associations and physical custodians, because electricity generation from lignite as fuel, in spite of advanced technology, is considerably less efficient than other generation sources. In the opinion of the environmentalists, the facility, with a planned lifespan of 40 years is noxious to climate and prevents with it necessary short-term change - careful and resource-careful renewable energy.

text: The new power station is criticized in the climate change discussion by environmental associations and physical custodians, because electricity generation from lignite as fuel, in spite of advanced technology, is considerably less efficient than other generation sources. In the opinion of the environmentalists, the facility, with a planned lifespan of 40 years is noxious to climate and prevents with it necessary short-term change - careful and resource-careful renewable energy.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: south

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: are not mentioned

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: the new power station is criticized

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: lignite

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: The new power station

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: The new power station

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: The new power station is criticized in the climate change

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: The new power station

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: The new power station

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: The new power station

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: The new power station

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: The new power station is criticized in the climate change

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: The new power station

text: ... aka Nino (Argentina: short title)

text: ... aka Nino (Argentina: short title)

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: argentina

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: nino

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: Nino

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no answe

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Nio

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: a hurricane

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: el nio

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: nino

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: tropical storms

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: el nio

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Nino

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Nino

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: Nino

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Nino

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Nino

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Nino

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Nino

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Nino

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: Nino

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Nino

text: Normal conditions are necessary for stability. This means that, the tested polynomial can be declared as not stable as soon as a

text: Normal conditions are necessary for stability. This means that, the tested polynomial can be declared as not stable as soon as a

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: east to west

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: description

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: can be expected to have a temperature of 18 °C

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: The North Atlantic Oscillation (NATO) oscillates around the North American Equator.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Nio is the name of:

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: as a result of global warming

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: normal conditions are not needed

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: normal conditions are necessary for stability

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: sea level rise

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: a

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Normal conditions

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: Normal conditions are necessary for stability.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Normal conditions are necessary for stability.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: the tested polynomial

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Normal conditions are necessary for stability.

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: the tested polynomial

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Normal conditions are necessary for stability.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: Normal conditions are necessary for stability.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Normal conditions are necessary for stability.

text: While working in the mail room at Newman Enterprises, Ryan met Victoria Newman (Heather Tom), the daughter of the company's founder and CEO, Victor Newman. The two fell in love and married to Victor's dismay, however, Victoria refused to consummate their relationship and Ryan cheated on her with Nina Webster. Victoria divorced him, and he then moved in with Nina and her son, Phillip Chancellor IV (Thomas Dekker), and he later married Nina out of obligation. He eventually developed genuine feelings for Nina, however, she fell in love with novelist Cole Howard (J. Eddie Peck). After Nina was rejected by him, she had a nervous breakdown causing Ryan to sleep with Tricia Dennison (Sabryn Genet). Nina then tried to commit suicide and shot herself in a struggle with Ryan, and he was arrested for her shooting. Nina suffered short term amnesia, and although she regained her memory and exonerated Ryan, they divorced. Ryan then ended up marrying Tricia, much to the disapproval of her father Keith Dennison (David Allen Brooks). However, Tricia was very jealous of Ryan's relationship with Phillip, who accused her of breaking apart his family. In desperation, Tricia stopped taking her birth control pills and they conceived a child, to which Ryan was against though warmed up to the idea. When she miscarried, Tricia saw it as her punishment for deceiving her husband.

text: While working in the mail room at Newman Enterprises, Ryan met

text: Victoria Newman

text: Heather Tom

text: ), the daughter of the company's founder and CEO, Victor Newman. The two fell in love and married to Victor's dismay, however, Victoria refused to consummate their relationship and Ryan cheated on her with Nina Webster. Victoria divorced him, and he then moved in with Nina and her son,

text: Phillip Chancellor IV

text: Thomas Dekker

text: ), and he later married Nina out of obligation. He eventually developed genuine feelings for Nina, however, she fell in love with novelist

text: Cole Howard

text: J. Eddie Peck

text: ). After Nina was rejected by him, she had a nervous breakdown causing Ryan to sleep with

entity_name: The Young and the Restless characters (1990s)

text: Tricia Dennison

text: Sabryn Genet

text: ). Nina then tried to commit suicide and shot herself in a struggle with Ryan, and he was arrested for her shooting. Nina suffered short term amnesia, and although she regained her memory and exonerated Ryan, they divorced. Ryan then ended up marrying Tricia, much to the disapproval of her father Keith Dennison (

text: David Allen Brooks

text: ). However, Tricia was very jealous of Ryan's relationship with Phillip, who accused her of breaking apart his family. In desperation, Tricia stopped taking her birth control pills and they conceived a child, to which Ryan was against though warmed up to the idea. When she miscarried, Tricia saw it as her punishment for deceiving her husband.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: the east

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: in a normal year

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Nina then tried to commit suicide

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Ryan was arrested for her shooting.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: who did nina fall in love with?

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: sea level rise

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Victor Newman.

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Nina Webster.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: Ryan met Victoria Newman

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Nina Webster.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Nina Webster.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Nina Webster.

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Nina Webster.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Ryan met Victoria Newman

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: Nina Webster.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Nina Webster.

text: Due to close proximity to the equator and the warm Indian Ocean, the city experiences tropical climatic conditions, typified by hot and humid weather throughout much of the year. It has a tropical wet and dry climate (Köppen: Aw). Annual rainfall is approximately , and in a normal year there are two rainy seasons: "the long rains" in April and May and "the short rains" in November and December.

text: Due to close proximity to the

text: equator

text: and the warm Indian Ocean, the city experiences tropical climatic conditions, typified by hot and humid weather throughout much of the year. It has a

text: tropical wet and dry climate

text: Köppen

text: : Aw). Annual rainfall is approximately , and in a normal year there are two rainy seasons: "the long rains" in April and May and "the short rains" in November and December.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: equator

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: there are two rainy seasons

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: the city experiences tropical climatic conditions

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: the city experiences tropical climatic conditions

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: equator

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: two rainy seasons:

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: two rainy seasons:

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: tropical climatic conditions,

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: November and December.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: warm Indian Ocean,

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: November and December.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: hot and humid weather throughout much of the year.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: Indian Ocean,

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: tropical climatic conditions,

text: The cocinero is pelagic in nature, inhabiting the top 40 m of the water column in both offshore oceanic waters and inshore coastal waters. The species has been observed in estuaries and tidal mangrove zones in inshore waters. Like many Pacific species, the abundance of cocinero in fishery catches appears to be correlated with the effects of El Nino and La Nina weather events. During 'normal' years, the species becomes more abundant in the tropical (June–December) season, while during the El Nino and La Nina events, it changes to the January–May period.

text: The cocinero is

text: pelagic

text: in nature, inhabiting the top 40 m of the water column in both

text: offshore

text: oceanic waters and inshore

text: coastal

text: waters. The species has been observed in

text: estuaries

text: and tidal

text: mangrove

text: zones in inshore waters. Like many Pacific species, the abundance of cocinero in fishery catches appears to be correlated with the effects of

text: El Nino

text: and

text: La Nina

text: weather events. During 'normal' years, the species becomes more abundant in the tropical (June–December) season, while during the El Nino and La Nina events, it changes to the January–May period.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Pacific

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: June–December

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: the abundance of cocinero in fishery catches appears to be correlated with the effects of El Nino

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: January–May period

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: it changes to the January–May period

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: abundance of cocinero

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: (June–December)

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: (June–December) season,

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: the species becomes more abundant in the tropical (June–December) season,

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: El Nino and La Nina

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Nino and La Nina

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: El Nino and La Nina

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: it changes to the January–May period.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: it changes to the January–May period.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: abundance of cocinero in fishery catches

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: El Nino and La Nina

text: Climate change denial, or global warming denial, is part of the global warming controversy. It involves denial, dismissal, unwarranted doubt or contrarian views which depart from the scientific opinion on climate change, including the extent to which it is caused by humans, its impacts on nature and human society, or the  potential of adaptation to global warming by human actions. In the global warming controversy, some deniers do endorse the term, but other often prefer the term climate change skepticism whereas scientists think it "inappropriate to allow those who deny [anthropogenic global warming] to don the mantle of skeptics"; in effect, the two terms form a continuous, overlapping range of views, and generally have the same characteristics: both reject, to a greater or lesser extent, mainstream scientific opinion on climate change. Climate change denial can also be implicit, when individuals or social groups accept the science but fail to come to terms with it or to translate their acceptance into action. Several social science studies have analyzed these positions as forms of denialism.

text: Climate change denial, or global warming denial, is part of the

text: global warming controversy

text: . It involves

text: denial

text: , dismissal, unwarranted doubt or

text: contrarian

text: views which depart from the

text: scientific opinion on climate change

text: , including the extent to which it is

text: caused by humans

text: , its

text: impacts

text: on

text: nature

text: and

text: human society

text: , or the  potential of

text: adaptation to global warming

text: by human actions. In the global warming controversy, some deniers do endorse the term, but other often prefer the term climate change skepticism whereas scientists think it "inappropriate to allow those who deny [anthropogenic global warming] to don the mantle of skeptics"; in effect, the two terms form a continuous, overlapping range of views, and generally have the same characteristics: both reject, to a greater or lesser extent, mainstream scientific opinion on climate change. Climate change denial can also be implicit, when individuals or social groups accept the science but fail to come to terms with it or to translate their acceptance into action. Several

text: social science

text: studies have analyzed these positions as forms of

text: denialism

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: the Equator

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: climate change denial

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: climate change denial

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: climate change,

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Climate change denial, or global warming denial,

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: global warming

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Climate change denial, or global warming denial,

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Climate change denial, or global warming denial,

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: global warming

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Climate change denial, or global warming denial,

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Climate change denial, or global warming denial,

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: climate change,

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: overlapping range of views,

text: Human economic systems undergo a number of deviations and departures from the "normal" state, trend or development. Among them are Disturbance (short-term disruption, temporary disorder), Perturbation (persistent or repeated divergence, predicament, decline or crisis), Deformation (damage, regime change, loss of self-sustainability, distortion), Transformation (long-term change, restructuring, conversion, new “normal”) and Renewal (rebirth, transmutation, corso-ricorso, renaissance, new beginning).

text: Human economic systems undergo a number of deviations and departures from the "normal" state, trend or development. Among them are Disturbance (short-term disruption, temporary disorder), Perturbation (persistent or repeated divergence, predicament, decline or crisis), Deformation (damage, regime change, loss of self-sustainability, distortion), Transformation (long-term change, restructuring, conversion, new “normal”) and Renewal (rebirth, transmutation, corso-ricorso, renaissance, new beginning).

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: the equator

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Disturbance

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: Perturbation

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Perturbation

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Perturbation

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Perturbation

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Perturbation

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Perturbation

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: Perturbation

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Perturbation

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Renewal

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Disturbance

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: Renewal

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Perturbation

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Renewal

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Disturbance

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Renewal

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Renewal

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: Disturbance

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Disturbance

text: The initiative builds on almost two decades of research on how the quasi-periodic climate cycles (such as El-Nino/La-Nina and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation) interact to increase the risk of flooding in particular locations. More recent research into hydrometerology, which looks at the interaction of land, water and atmosphere at a more local scale, adds additional layers to the potential for flood prediction.

text: The initiative builds on almost two decades of research on how the quasi-periodic climate cycles (such as El-Nino/La-Nina and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation) interact to increase the risk of flooding in particular locations. More recent research into hydrometerology, which looks at the interaction of land, water and atmosphere at a more local scale, adds additional layers to the potential for flood prediction.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: El-Nino

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El-Nino

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: are quasi-periodic climate cycles

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: La-Nina

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: increase the risk of flooding in particular locations

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: risk of flooding

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: El-Nino/La-Nina

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Pacific Decadal Oscillation)

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: flooding

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Pacific Decadal Oscillation)

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El-Nino/La-Nina

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Pacific Decadal Oscillation)

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: increase the risk of flooding

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: increase the risk of flooding

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: flooding

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Pacific Decadal Oscillation)

text: El Niño events cause short-term (approximately 1 year in length) spikes in global average surface temperature while La Niña events cause short term cooling. Therefore, the relative frequency of El Niño compared to La Niña events can affect global temperature trends on decadal timescales. Over the last several decades, the number of El Niño events increased, and the number of La Niña events decreased, although observation of ENSO for much longer is needed to detect robust changes.

text: El Niño events cause short-term (approximately 1 year in length) spikes in global average surface temperature while La Niña events cause short term cooling. Therefore, the relative frequency of El Niño compared to La Niña events can affect global temperature trends on decadal timescales. Over the last several decades, the number of El Niño events increased, and the number of La Niña events decreased, although observation of ENSO for much longer is needed to detect robust changes.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: El Ni o

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: La Ni a

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: can affect global temperature trends on decadal timescales

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: La Ni a

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: global average surface temperature spikes

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: global average surface temperature

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: spikes in global average surface temperature

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: El Ni<unk>o

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: La Ni<unk>a events cause short term cooling.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: 1 year in length) spikes in global average surface temperature

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: ENSO

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: cause short-term (approximately 1 year in length)

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: La Ni<unk>a events

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: spikes in global average surface temperature

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: short term cooling.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: spikes in global average surface temperature

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: ENSO

text: Climate variability is strongly dominated by dry season influences from the El Nino Southern Oscillation events. In 1986- 1987, El Nino caused the lowest recorded rainfall and highest temperature in Monteverde, Costa Rica. The shift of climate during El Nino is caused by the increased atmospheric pressure in the Atlantic and decreased in the Pacific. The wind reduced the amount of rains on the Pacific-facing slopes, and the temperature during the dry season was dramatically higher than usual. At that time, researchers were not certain if the toads were waiting for wetter mating conditions to return or if they had simply died off.

text: Climate variability is strongly dominated by dry season influences from the El Nino Southern Oscillation events. In 1986- 1987, El Nino caused the lowest recorded rainfall and highest temperature in Monteverde, Costa Rica. The shift of climate during El Nino is caused by the increased atmospheric pressure in the Atlantic and decreased in the Pacific. The wind reduced the amount of rains on the Pacific-facing slopes, and the temperature during the dry season was dramatically higher than usual. At that time, researchers were not certain if the toads were waiting for wetter mating conditions to return or if they had simply died off.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Pacific

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Nino Southern Oscillation events

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: increased atmospheric pressure in the Atlantic and decreased in the Pacific

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: El Nino Southern Oscillation events

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: the lowest recorded rainfall and highest temperature

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Pacific-facing

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: rains on the Pacific-facing slopes,

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: El Nino Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Nino Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: decreased in the Pacific.

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: caused the lowest recorded rainfall and highest temperature in Monteverde, Costa Rica.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: El Nino caused the lowest recorded rainfall and highest temperature

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: Pacific.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: El Nino Southern Oscillation

text: Affected feet may become numb, affected by erythema (turning red) or cyanosis (turning blue) as a result of poor blood supply, and may begin emanating a decaying odour if the early stages of necrosis (tissue death) set in. As the condition worsens, feet may also begin to swell. Advanced trench foot often involves blisters and open sores, which lead to fungal infections; this is sometimes called tropical ulcer (jungle rot). If left untreated, trench foot usually results in gangrene, which may require amputation. If trench foot is treated properly, complete recovery is normal, though it is marked by severe short-term pain when feeling returns.

text: Affected feet may become numb, affected by erythema (turning red) or

text: cyanosis

text: (turning blue) as a result of poor blood supply, and may begin emanating a decaying odour if the early stages of

text: necrosis

text: (tissue death) set in. As the condition worsens, feet may also begin to swell. Advanced trench foot often involves

text: blister

text: s and

text: open sore

text: s, which lead to

text: fungal

text: infections; this is sometimes called

text: tropical ulcer

text: (jungle rot). If left untreated, trench foot usually results in

text: gangrene

text: , which may require

text: amputation

text: . If trench foot is treated properly, complete recovery is normal, though it is marked by severe short-term pain when feeling returns.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: tropical

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: complete recovery is normal

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: trench foot may also begin to swell

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: trench foot may also begin to swell

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: trench foot

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: tropical

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Affected feet may become numb,

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: complete recovery

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: poor blood supply,

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: poor blood supply,

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: tropical ulcer (jungle rot).

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: poor blood supply,

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: poor blood supply,

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: tropical ulcer (jungle rot).

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Affected feet

text: The DDPP rejects an incrementalist approach to climate protection.  Instead, meeting the climate change mitigation challenge (as set out in the 2015 Paris Agreement) will require backcasting to a suitable attractor, such as complete decarbonization.  This method allows short-term policy options to be developed that are consistent with the selected long-term target.  Even so, there are numerous possible deep decarbonization pathways (DDP) for each country and stakeholders and policymakers will need to debate and choose one, building the necessary political consensus as they go.  DDPs can help avoid dead-end investments that reduce emissions in the short-term but obstruct deep decarbonization in the long-term and thereby reduce the risk of becoming stranded.

text: The DDPP rejects an incrementalist approach to climate protection.  Instead, meeting the

text: climate change mitigation

text: challenge (as set out in the 2015

text: Paris Agreement

text: ) will require

text: backcasting

text: to a suitable attractor, such as complete decarbonization.  This method allows short-term policy options to be developed that are consistent with the selected long-term target.  Even so, there are numerous possible deep decarbonization pathways (DDP) for each country and stakeholders and policymakers will need to debate and choose one, building the necessary political consensus as they go.  DDPs can help avoid dead-end investments that reduce emissions in the short-term but obstruct deep decarbonization in the long-term and thereby reduce the risk of becoming

text: stranded

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Paris

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: stranded

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Paris Agreement

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Paris Agreement)

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: The DDPP rejects an incrementalist approach to climate protection.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: stranded.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: The DDPP rejects an incrementalist approach to climate protection.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: The DDPP

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: The DDPP rejects an incrementalist approach to climate protection.

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: The DDPP

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Paris Agreement)

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: stranded.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: The DDPP

text: Given black carbon’s relatively short lifespan, reducing black carbon emissions would reduce warming within weeks. Because black carbon remains in the atmosphere only for a few weeks, reducing black carbon emissions may be the fastest means of slowing climate change in the near term. Control of black carbon, particularly from fossil-fuel and biofuel sources, is very likely to be the fastest method of slowing global warming in the immediate future, and major cuts in black carbon emissions could slow the effects of climate change for a decade or two. Reducing black carbon emissions could help keep the climate system from passing the tipping points for abrupt climate changes, including significant sea-level rise from the melting of Greenland and/or Antarctic ice sheets.

text: Given black carbon’s relatively short lifespan, reducing black carbon emissions would reduce warming within weeks. Because black carbon remains in the atmosphere only for a few weeks, reducing black carbon emissions may be the fastest means of slowing climate change in the near term. Control of black carbon, particularly from fossil-fuel and biofuel sources, is very likely to be the fastest method of slowing global warming in the immediate future, and major cuts in black carbon emissions could slow the effects of climate change for a decade or two. Reducing black carbon emissions could help keep the climate system from passing the tipping points for

text: abrupt climate change

text: s, including significant sea-level rise from the melting of Greenland and/or Antarctic ice sheets.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Greenland

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: sea-level rise

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: sea-level rise from the melting of Greenland

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Greenland and/or Antarctic ice sheets

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: significant sea-level rise

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Antarctic

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Antarctic ice sheets.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: sea-level rise

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Greenland and/or Antarctic ice sheets.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: weeks.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: melting of Greenland and/or Antarctic ice sheets.

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: melting of Greenland and/or Antarctic ice sheets.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: reducing black carbon emissions would reduce warming within weeks.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: sea-level rise

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: reducing black carbon emissions would reduce warming within weeks.

text: Animal migration – Avalanche – Carbon cycle – Climate change – Climate change and agriculture – Climate model – Climate oscillation – Clock of the Long Now – Ecology – El Niño/La Niña – Endometrium – Environmental geography – Global cooling – Global warming – Historical temperature record – Ice age – Transhumance – Milankovitch cycles – Monsoon – Pleistocene – Season – Sunspot – Tide – Timeline of meteorology – 1500-year climate cycle

text: Animal migration

text: Avalanche

text: Carbon cycle

text: Climate change

text: Climate change and agriculture

text: Climate model

text: Climate oscillation

text: Clock of the Long Now

text: Ecology

text: El Niño

text: La Niña

text: Endometrium

text: Environmental geography

text: Global cooling

text: Global warming

text: Historical temperature record

text: Ice age

text: Transhumance

text: Milankovitch cycles

text: Monsoon

text: Pleistocene

text: Season

text: Sunspot

text: Tide

text: Timeline of meteorology

text: 1500-year climate cycle

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Monsoon

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Global cooling

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Ni o

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Climate oscillation

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Ni o

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Global cooling

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: global cooling

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: global warming

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: Global cooling

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: climate oscillation

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Monsoon

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: El Ni<unk>o/La Ni<unk>a

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: Monsoon

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Climate oscillation

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Ni<unk>o/La Ni<unk>a

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: El Ni<unk>o/La Ni<unk>a

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: El Ni<unk>o/La Ni<unk>a

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: El Ni<unk>o/La Ni<unk>a

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: Global cooling – Global warming

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: El Ni<unk>o/La Ni<unk>a

text: In its earliest manifestations, the term “political economy” was basically a synonym of economics, while it is now a rather elusive term that typically refers to the study of the collective or political processes through which public economic decisions are made. In the climate change domain, Tanner and Allouche (2011) define the political economy as “the processes by which ideas, power and resources are conceptualised, negotiated and implemented by different groups at different scales”. While there have emerged a substantial literature on the political economy of environmental policy, which explains the “political failure” of the environmental programmes to efficiently and effectively protect the environment, systematic analysis on the specific issue of climate change using the political economy framework is relatively limited.

text: In its earliest manifestations, the term “political economy” was basically a

text: synonym

text: of

text: economics

text: , while it is now a rather elusive term that typically refers to the study of the collective or political processes through which public economic decisions are made. In the climate change domain, Tanner and Allouche (2011) define the political economy as “the processes by which ideas, power and resources are conceptualised, negotiated and implemented by different groups at different scales”. While there have emerged a substantial literature on the political economy of

text: environmental policy

text: , which explains the “political failure” of the environmental programmes to efficiently and effectively protect the environment, systematic analysis on the specific issue of climate change using the political economy framework is relatively limited.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Pacific Ocean

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: political economy was basically a synonym of economics

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: political economy was basically a synonym of economics

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: In its earliest manifestations, the term “political economy”

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: “political economy” was basically a synonym of economics,

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: In its earliest manifestations,

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: climate change domain, Tanner and Allouche

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: In its earliest manifestations, the term “political economy”

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: In its earliest manifestations, the term “political economy”

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: “political economy”

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: “political economy”

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: In its earliest manifestations,

text: In 2007 Reclamation collaborated with U.S. Department of Energy’s National Energy Technology Laboratory (DOE NETL), Santa Clara University (SCU), Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), and University of California’s Institute for Research on Climate Change and Its Societal Impacts (IRCCSI) to apply a proven technique called “Bias Correction Spatial Disaggregation” BCSD—Wood et al., 2004; see also “About on the Web site” to 112 contemporary global climate projections made available through the World Climate Research Program Couple Model Intercomparison Project, Phase 3 (WCRP CMIP3). These projections represent 16 GCMs simulating climate responses to three GHG scenarios from multiple initial climate system conditions.

text: In 2007 Reclamation collaborated with U.S. Department of Energy’s

text: National Energy Technology Laboratory

text: (DOE NETL),

text: Santa Clara University

text: (SCU),

text: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

text: (LLNL), and University of California’s

text: Institute for Research on Climate Change and Its Societal Impacts

text: (IRCCSI) to apply a proven technique called “Bias Correction Spatial Disaggregation” BCSD—Wood et al., 2004; see also “About on the Web site” to 112 contemporary global climate projections made available through the World Climate Research Program Couple Model Intercomparison Project, Phase 3 (WCRP CMIP3). These projections represent 16 GCMs simulating climate responses to three GHG scenarios from multiple initial climate system conditions.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Santa Clara

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: WCRP CMIP3

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: 2007

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Santa Clara

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: “Bias Correction Spatial Disaggregation”

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: “Bias Correction Spatial Disaggregation”

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: “Bias Correction Spatial Disaggregation”

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: “Bias Correction Spatial Disaggregation”

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: “Bias Correction Spatial Disaggregation”

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: 2007

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: 2007

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: Climate Change and Its Societal Impacts

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: “Bias Correction Spatial Disaggregation”

text: A fire season usually occurs every 3–5 years, when the climate in parts of Indonesia becomes exceptionally dry from June to November due to the El Nino Southern Oscillation off the west coast of South America. Since 1982, fire has been a recurring feature on the Islands of Borneo and Sumatra, burning large areas in 1987, 1991, 1994, 1997–98, 2001 and 2004.

text: A fire season usually occurs every 3–5 years, when the climate in parts of Indonesia becomes exceptionally dry from June to November due to the El Nino Southern Oscillation off the west coast of South America. Since 1982, fire has been a recurring feature on the Islands of Borneo and Sumatra, burning large areas in 1987, 1991, 1994, 1997–98, 2001 and 2004.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: South America

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Nino Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: 1997–98, 2001 and 2004

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: climate in parts of Indonesia becomes exceptionally dry

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Indonesia becomes exceptionally dry from June to November

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: a fire season

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: west coast of South America.

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: El Nino Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Nino Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: El Nino Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Nino Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: El Nino Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: the climate in parts of Indonesia becomes exceptionally dry from June to November

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: El Nino Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: fire season

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: El Nino Southern Oscillation

text: The popular media in New Zealand often give equal weight to the those supporting anthropogenic climate change and those who deny it. This stance is out of step with the findings of the scientific community where the vast majority support the climate change scenarios. A survey carried out in 2007 on climate change gave the following responses:

text: The popular media in New Zealand often give equal weight to the those supporting

text: anthropogenic climate change

text: and those who deny it. This stance is out of step with the findings of the scientific community where the vast majority support the

text: climate change scenario

text: s. A survey carried out in 2007 on climate change gave the following responses:

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: New Zealand

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: climate change scenarios

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: New Zealand often give equal weight to the those supporting anthropogenic climate change

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: New Zealand

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: New Zealand

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: New Zealand

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: the vast majority support the climate change scenarios.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: the vast majority support the climate change scenarios.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: the vast majority support the climate change scenarios.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: the vast majority support the climate change scenarios.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: the vast majority support the climate change scenarios.

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: the vast majority support the climate change scenarios.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: the vast majority support the climate change scenarios.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: anthropogenic climate change

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: the vast majority support the climate change scenarios.

text: A General Circulation Model (GCM) is a mathematical model that can be used in computer simulations of the global circulation of a planetary atmosphere or ocean.  An atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) is essentially the same as a global numerical weather prediction model, and some (such as the one used in the UK Unified Model) can be configured for both short-term weather forecasts and longer-term climate predictions.  Along with sea ice and land-surface components, AGCMs and oceanic GCMs (OGCM) are key components of global climate models, and are widely applied for understanding the climate and projecting climate change.  For aspects of climate change, a range of man-made chemical emission scenarios can be fed into the climate models to see how an enhanced greenhouse effect would modify the Earth's climate.  Versions designed for climate applications with time scales of decades to centuries were originally created in 1969 by Syukuro Manabe and Kirk Bryan at the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory in Princeton, New Jersey.  When run for multiple decades, computational limitations mean that the models must use a coarse grid that leaves smaller-scale interactions unresolved.

text: A General Circulation Model (GCM) is a

text: mathematical model

text: that can be used in computer simulations of the global circulation of a planetary

text: atmosphere

text: or ocean.  An atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) is essentially the same as a global numerical weather prediction model, and some (such as the one used in the UK Unified Model) can be configured for both short-term weather forecasts and longer-term climate predictions.  Along with

text: sea ice

text: and land-surface components, AGCMs and oceanic GCMs (OGCM) are key components of global climate models, and are widely applied for understanding the

text: climate

text: and projecting

text: climate change

text: .  For aspects of climate change, a range of man-made chemical emission scenarios can be fed into the climate models to see how an enhanced

text: greenhouse effect

text: would modify the Earth's climate.  Versions designed for climate applications with time scales of decades to centuries were originally created in 1969 by

text: Syukuro Manabe

text: and

text: Kirk Bryan

text: at the

text: Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory

text: in

text: Princeton, New Jersey

text: .  When run for multiple decades, computational limitations mean that the models must use a coarse grid that leaves smaller-scale interactions unresolved.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Atlantic

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: sea ice and land-surface components

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Nio () is a mathematical model that can be used in computer simulations

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: when run for multiple decades,

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: a range of man-made chemical emission scenarios can be fed into the climate models

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: ocean.

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: A General Circulation Model

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: sea ice and land-surface components,

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: A General Circulation Model

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: A General Circulation Model

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: A General Circulation Model

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: A General Circulation Model

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: A General Circulation Model

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: ocean.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: A General Circulation Model

text: Because data can be measured under varying conditions, the ability to normalize the data becomes very important to the damage identification process.  As it applies to SHM, data normalization is the process of separating changes in sensor reading caused by damage from those caused by varying operational and environmental conditions.  One of the most common procedures is to normalize the measured responses by the measured inputs.  When environmental or operational variability is an issue, the need can arise to normalize the data in some temporal fashion to facilitate the comparison of data measured at similar times of an environmental or operational cycle.  Sources of variability in the data acquisition process and with the system being monitored need to be identified and minimized to the extent possible. In general, not all sources of variability can be eliminated.  Therefore, it is necessary to make the appropriate measurements such that these sources can be statistically quantified.  Variability can arise from changing environmental and test conditions, changes in the data reduction process, and unit-to-unit inconsistencies.

text: Because data can be measured under varying conditions, the ability to normalize the data becomes very important to the damage identification process.  As it applies to SHM, data normalization is the process of separating changes in sensor reading caused by damage from those caused by varying operational and environmental conditions.  One of the most common procedures is to normalize the measured responses by the measured inputs.  When environmental or operational variability is an issue, the need can arise to normalize the data in some temporal fashion to facilitate the comparison of data measured at similar times of an environmental or operational cycle.  Sources of variability in the data acquisition process and with the system being monitored need to be identified and minimized to the extent possible. In general, not all sources of variability can be eliminated.  Therefore, it is necessary to make the appropriate measurements such that these sources can be statistically quantified.  Variability can arise from changing environmental and test conditions, changes in the data reduction process, and unit-to-unit inconsistencies.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: the Equator

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: normalization

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: data normalization

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: variable

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: normalize the data in some temporal fashion

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: data normalization

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: similar times of an environmental or operational cycle.

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Because data can be measured under varying conditions,

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: similar times of an environmental or operational cycle.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: varying operational and environmental conditions.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: unit-to-unit inconsistencies.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: varying operational and environmental conditions.

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: varying operational and environmental conditions.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: similar times of an environmental or operational cycle.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: changes in sensor reading

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Because data can be measured under varying conditions,

text: Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) is a term used under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) for reductions in greenhouse gas emissions that all countries that signed the UNFCCC were asked to publish in the lead up to the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference held in Paris, France in December 2015. These intended contributions were determined without prejudice to the legal nature of the contributions. The term was intended as a compromise between "quantified emissions limitation and reduction objective" (QUELROs) and "nationally appropriate mitigation actions" (NAMAs) that the Kyoto Protocol used to describe the different legal obligations of developed and developing countries. Under the Paris Agreement, adopted in December 2015, the INDC will become the first Nationally Determined Contribution when a country ratifies the agreement, unless they decide to submit a new NDC at the same time. Once the Paris Agreement is ratified, the NDC will become the first greenhouse gas targets under the UNFCCC that applied equally to both developed and developing countries. On 3rd August, 2016 China and US ratified 2015 agreement on INDC. Together they both constitute 38% of total global emission, with China's alone emitting total of 20%. India that has a Global share of GHGs emission at 4.1% of that of world ratified Paris climate agreement on October 02, 2016 by depositing the Instrument of ratification with the United nations.

text: Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) is a term used under the

text: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

text: (UNFCCC) for reductions in

text: greenhouse gas emissions

text: that all countries that signed the UNFCCC were asked to publish in the lead up to the

text: 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference

text: held in Paris, France in December 2015. These intended contributions were determined without prejudice to the legal nature of the contributions. The term was intended as a compromise between "quantified emissions limitation and reduction objective" (QUELROs) and "nationally appropriate mitigation actions" (NAMAs) that the

text: Kyoto Protocol

text: used to describe the different legal obligations of developed and developing countries. Under the

text: Paris Agreement

text: , adopted in December 2015, the INDC will become the first Nationally Determined Contribution when a country ratifies the agreement, unless they decide to submit a new NDC at the same time. Once the Paris Agreement is ratified, the NDC will become the first greenhouse gas targets under the UNFCCC that applied equally to both developed and developing countries. On 3rd August, 2016

text: China

text: and

text: US

text: ratified 2015 agreement on INDC. Together they both constitute 38% of total global emission, with China's alone emitting total of 20%. India that has a Global share of GHGs emission at 4.1% of that of world ratified Paris climate agreement on October 02, 2016 by depositing the Instrument of ratification with the United nations.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: China

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: December 2015

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: US

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Intended Nationally Determined Contributions

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: 20%.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Intended Nationally Determined Contributions

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Kyoto Protocol

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Intended Nationally Determined Contributions

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Kyoto Protocol

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: Climate Change

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Intended Nationally Determined Contributions

text: The science of paleoclimatology attempts to understand the history of greenhouse and icehouse conditions over geological time. Through the study of ice cores, dendrochronology, ocean and lake sediments (varve), palynology (fossilized pollen) and isotope analysis (such as Radiometric dating), scientists can create models of past climate. From such models, scientists have determined that the atmospheric carbon dioxide of the Earth could have been up at least 350 times higher than our modern day levels. One study has shown that atmospheric carbon dioxide levels during the Permian age rocked back and forth between 250 parts per million (which is close to present-day levels) up to 2,000 parts per million. Studies on lake sediments suggest that the "Hothouse" or "super-Greenhouse" Eocene was in a "permanent El Nino state" after the 10 °C warming of the deep ocean and high latitude surface temperatures shut down the Pacific Ocean's El Nino-Southern Oscillation. A theory was suggested for the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum on the sudden decrease of carbon isotopic composition of global inorganic carbon pool by 2.5 parts per million. A hypothesis noted for this negative drop of isotopes could be the increase of methane hydrates, the trigger for which remains a mystery. This increase of methane in the atmosphere, which happens to be a potent, but short-lived greenhouse gas, increased the global temperatures by 6 °C with the assistance of the less potent carbon dioxide.

text: The science of

text: paleoclimatology

text: attempts to understand the history of greenhouse and icehouse conditions over geological time. Through the study of

text: ice core

text: s,

text: dendrochronology

text: ocean

text: and

text: lake

text: sediment

text: s (

text: varve

text: palynology

text: fossil

text: ized

text: pollen

text: ) and

text: isotope

text: analysis (such as

text: Radiometric dating

text: ), scientists can create models of past climate. From such models, scientists have determined that the atmospheric carbon dioxide of the Earth could have been up at least 350 times higher than our modern day levels. One study has shown that atmospheric carbon dioxide levels during the

text: Permian

text: age rocked back and forth between 250

text: parts per million

text: (which is close to present-day levels) up to 2,000 parts per million. Studies on lake sediments suggest that the "Hothouse" or "super-Greenhouse"

text: Eocene

text: was in a "permanent

text: El Nino

text: state" after the 10 °C warming of the deep ocean and high latitude surface temperatures shut down the

text: Pacific Ocean

text: 's El Nino-

text: Southern Oscillation

text: . A theory was suggested for the

text: Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum

text: on the sudden decrease of carbon isotopic composition of global inorganic carbon pool by 2.5 parts per million. A hypothesis noted for this negative drop of isotopes could be the increase of

text: methane hydrate

text: s, the trigger for which remains a mystery. This increase of methane in the atmosphere, which happens to be a potent, but short-lived greenhouse gas, increased the global temperatures by 6 °C with the assistance of the less potent carbon dioxide.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Pacific Ocean

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Nino-Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Pacific Ocean's El Nino-Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Eocene was in a "permanent El Nino state"

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Eocene was in a "permanent El Nino state

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Pacific Ocean's El Nino-Southern

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Nino-Southern Oscillation.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Nino-Southern Oscillation.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: El Nino-Southern Oscillation.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Nino-Southern Oscillation.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: El Nino-Southern Oscillation.

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: "permanent El Nino state"

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: El Nino-Southern Oscillation.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: El Nino-Southern Oscillation.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Nino-Southern Oscillation.

text: A prominent example is the El Niño Southern Oscillation, involving sea surface temperatures along a stretch of the equatorial Central and East Pacific Ocean and the western coast of tropical South America, but which affects climate worldwide.

text: A prominent example is the

text: El Niño Southern Oscillation

text: , involving sea surface temperatures along a stretch of the equatorial Central and East

text: Pacific Ocean

text: and the western coast of tropical South America, but which affects climate worldwide.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: equator

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: sea surface temperatures

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: are

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: sea surface temperatures

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: sea surface temperatures

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: sea surface temperatures

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: equatorial Central and East Pacific Ocean

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: El Ni<unk>o Southern Oscillation,

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: tropical South America,

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: El Ni<unk>o Southern Oscillation,

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Ni<unk>o Southern Oscillation,

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: El Ni<unk>o Southern Oscillation,

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: affects climate worldwide.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: sea surface temperatures

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: sea surface temperatures

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: El Ni<unk>o Southern Oscillation,

text: Climate change is a change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns when that change lasts for an extended period of time (i.e., decades to millions of years).  Climate change may refer to a change in average weather conditions, or in the time variation of weather around longer-term average conditions (i.e., more or fewer extreme weather events). Climate change is caused by factors such as biotic processes, variations in solar radiation received by Earth, plate tectonics, and volcanic eruptions. Certain human activities have also been identified as significant causes of recent climate change, often referred to as global warming.

text: Climate change is a change in the statistical distribution of

text: weather

text: patterns when that change lasts for an extended period of time (i.e., decades to millions of years).  Climate change may refer to a change in average weather conditions, or in the time variation of weather around longer-term average conditions (i.e., more or fewer

text: extreme weather

text: events). Climate change is caused by factors such as

text: biotic

text: processes, variations in

text: solar radiation

text: received by Earth,

text: plate tectonics

text: , and

text: volcanic eruptions

text: . Certain human activities have also been identified as significant causes of recent climate change, often referred to as

text: global warming

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: the Equator

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: volcanic eruptions

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: global warming

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: volcanic eruptions

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Earth,

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Climate change

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: fewer extreme weather events).

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Climate change

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: volcanic eruptions.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Climate change

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: volcanic eruptions.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Climate change

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: Climate change

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Climate change

text: During the last glacial maximum, between about 26,000 and 19,000 years ago (24,000-17,000BC), Cumbria would have been uninhabitable because it was completely covered by ice sheets. However, the climate warmed during the Late Glacial Interstadial period (Bølling Oscillation-Allerød oscillation periods, c.12670 -10890 BC), giving the opportunity for humans to recolonise Britain. In Britain this period is called the"Windermere interstadial" because continuous deposits around the (Lake) Windermere region show the changing environment at this time from an alpine, herbaceous, covering to one which included woody plants such as tree birch and juniper.

text: During the

text: last glacial maximum

text: , between about 26,000 and 19,000 years ago (24,000-17,000BC), Cumbria would have been uninhabitable because it was completely covered by ice sheets. However, the climate warmed during the Late Glacial

text: Interstadial

text: period (

text: Bølling Oscillation

text: Allerød oscillation

text: periods, c.12670 -10890 BC), giving the opportunity for humans to recolonise Britain. In Britain this period is called the"

text: Windermere

text: interstadial" because continuous deposits around the (Lake) Windermere region show the changing environment at this time from an alpine, herbaceous, covering to one which included woody plants such as tree birch and juniper.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Cumbria

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: c.12670 -10890 BC

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Windermere

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: During the last glacial maximum,

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: During the last glacial maximum,

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: (B<unk>lling Oscillation-Aller

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Oscillation-Aller<unk>d oscillation periods,

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: the"Windermere interstadial"

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Late Glacial Interstadial period

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Cumbria would have been uninhabitable

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: During the last glacial maximum,

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: During the last glacial maximum,

text: The CVF and DARA published the Climate Vulnerability Monitor, "The State of the Climate Crisis," in December 2010. The global study covered 184 countries affected by the short-term impacts of climate change in four key areas: health, weather disasters, habitat loss and economic stress.

text: The CVF and DARA published the

text: Climate Vulnerability Monitor

text: , "The State of the Climate Crisis," in December 2010. The global study covered 184 countries affected by the short-term impacts of climate change in four key areas: health, weather disasters, habitat loss and economic stress.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Pacific Ocean

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Nio is the name of:

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: weather disasters,

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Climate Vulnerability Monitor, "The State of the Climate Crisis,"

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: weather disasters,

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: health, weather disasters, habitat loss and economic stress.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: weather disasters,

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: 2010.

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: weather disasters,

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: 2010.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: weather disasters,

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Climate Vulnerability Monitor, "The State of the Climate Crisis,"

text: Aimee Friedman (born 1979) is the author of several young adult novels published by Scholastic Inc., Point and S&S.  Her novels South Beach (2004) (a New York Times bestseller), French Kiss (2005), and Hollywood Hills (2007)and also The Year My Sister Got Lucky (2008) focus on the scandalous adventures of on-again, off-again best friends Holly Jacobson and Alexa St. Laurent.  She released Sea Change on June 1, 2009. A Novel Idea (2005) is a romantic comedy about a teenager who starts a book club in Park Slope, Brooklyn.  Friedman wrote one of the four stories in the holiday collection Mistletoe (2006), which also features stories by Nina Malkin, Hailey Abbott, and Melissa de la Cruz. Friedman wrote a short story, "Three Fates" for the book 21 Proms. Recently, Friedman has also published, along with artist Christine Norrie, a graphic novel entitled Breaking Up which details the complicated dynamics of Junior year in an arts school in New York.

text: Aimee Friedman (born 1979) is the author of several young adult novels published by

text: Scholastic Inc

text: ., Point and S&S.  Her novels

text: South Beach

text: (2004) (a New York Times bestseller), French Kiss (2005), and Hollywood Hills (2007)and also The Year My Sister Got Lucky (2008) focus on the scandalous adventures of on-again, off-again best friends Holly Jacobson and Alexa St. Laurent.  She released Sea Change on June 1, 2009. A Novel Idea (2005) is a romantic comedy about a teenager who starts a book club in Park Slope, Brooklyn.  Friedman wrote one of the four stories in the holiday collection Mistletoe (2006), which also features stories by Nina Malkin, Hailey Abbott, and Melissa de la Cruz. Friedman wrote a short story, "Three Fates" for the book 21 Proms. Recently, Friedman has also published, along with artist

text: Christine Norrie

text: , a graphic novel entitled Breaking Up which details the complicated dynamics of Junior year in an arts school in New York.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Hollywood Hills

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: The Year My Sister Got Lucky

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Friedman released Sea Change on June 1, 2009

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Aimee Friedman wrote one of the four stories

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Hollywood Hills

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: June 1, 2009.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: The Year My Sister Got Lucky (2008)

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Aimee Friedman

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Breaking Up

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Sea Change on June 1, 2009.

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: June 1, 2009.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Junior year in an arts school in New York.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: Aimee Friedman

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Aimee Friedman

text: The researchers found that subjects had some minor short-term positive effects perceived from the Large Group Awareness Training, but no noticeable longer term effects, stating: "In fact, with the exception of the short-term multivariate results for Perceived Control, there was no appreciable effect on any dimension which could reflect positive change."  After the participants returned for the 18-month follow-up analysis, the results revealed that the small increase in perception of control by the individuals had disappeared.

text: The researchers found that subjects had some minor short-term positive effects perceived from the Large Group Awareness Training, but no noticeable longer term effects, stating: "In fact, with the exception of the short-term multivariate results for Perceived Control, there was no appreciable effect on any dimension which could reflect positive change."  After the participants returned for the 18-month follow-up analysis, the results revealed that the small increase in perception of control by the individuals had disappeared.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Pacific Ocean

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: no noticeable longer term effects

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Large Group Awareness Training,

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no noticeable longer term effects,

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: 18-month

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no noticeable longer term effects,

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Large Group Awareness Training,

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no noticeable longer term effects,

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Large Group Awareness Training,

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Large Group Awareness Training,

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: no noticeable longer term effects,

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Large Group Awareness Training,

text: Although the PNA pattern is a natural internal mode of climate variability, it is also strongly influenced by the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon. The positive phase of the PNA pattern tends to be associated with Pacific warm episodes (El Niño), and the negative phase tends to be associated with Pacific cold episodes (La Niña).

text: Although the PNA pattern is a natural internal mode of climate variability, it is also strongly influenced by the

text: El Niño-Southern Oscillation

text: (ENSO) phenomenon. The positive phase of the PNA pattern tends to be associated with Pacific warm episodes (El Niño), and the negative phase tends to be associated with Pacific cold episodes (La Niña).

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Pacific

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Ni o

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Ni o

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: La Ni a

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: la ni a

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: the negative phase tends to be associated with Pacific cold episodes

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: Pacific warm

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Pacific

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: (La Ni<unk>a).

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: (La Ni<unk>a).

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: El Ni<unk>o-Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Pacific warm episodes (El Ni<unk>o),

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: (La Ni<unk>a).

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Pacific warm episodes

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Pacific cold episodes

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: Pacific warm episodes

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: El Ni<unk>o-Southern Oscillation

text: At the April 2010 meeting in Cape Town, environment ministers from the four countries called for a legally binding global agreement on long-term cooperative action under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and its Kyoto Protocol, to be concluded at the next UN Climate Change Conference in Cancun, Mexico in November 2010, or at the latest in South Africa by 2011, saying that slow legislative progress in the United States should not be allowed to dictate the pace of global agreement. The group's post-meeting statement also demanded that developed countries allow developing countries "equitable space for development" as well as providing them with finance, technology and capacity-building support, based on their "historical responsibility for climate change".

text: At the April 2010 meeting in Cape Town, environment ministers from the four countries called for a legally binding global agreement on long-term cooperative action under the

text: UN Framework Convention on Climate Change

text: (UNFCCC) and its

text: Kyoto Protocol

text: , to be concluded at

text: the next UN Climate Change Conference

text: in Cancun, Mexico in November 2010, or at the latest in

text: South Africa

text: by 2011, saying that slow legislative progress in the United States should not be allowed to dictate the pace of global agreement. The group's post-meeting statement also demanded that developed countries allow developing countries "equitable space for development" as well as providing them with finance, technology and capacity-building support, based on their "historical responsibility for climate change".

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Cape Town

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: Cancun

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Cancun, Mexico

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Cancun, Mexico

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Mexico

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: 2011,

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: Mexico in November 2010,

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: UN Framework Convention on Climate Change

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Kyoto Protocol,

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: UN Framework Convention on Climate Change

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Cancun,

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: April 2010 meeting in Cape Town,

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: climate change".

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: 2011,

text: The NAO was discovered through several studies in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Unlike the El Niño-Southern Oscillation phenomenon in the Pacific Ocean, the NAO is a largely atmospheric mode. It is one of the most important manifestations of climate fluctuations in the North Atlantic and surrounding humid climates.

text: The NAO was discovered through several studies in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Unlike the

text: El Niño-Southern Oscillation

text: phenomenon in the

text: Pacific Ocean

text: , the NAO is a largely atmospheric mode. It is one of the most important manifestations of climate fluctuations in the North Atlantic and surrounding humid climates.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: North Atlantic

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Ni o-Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: North Atlantic and surrounding humid climates

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: North Atlantic and surrounding humid climates

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: climate fluctuations

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: North Atlantic

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: El Ni<unk>o-Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Ni<unk>o-Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: one of the most important manifestations of climate fluctuations in the North Atlantic

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Ni<unk>o-Southern Oscillation phenomenon

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: El Ni<unk>o-Southern Oscillation phenomenon

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: o-Southern Oscillation phenomenon in the Pacific Ocean,

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: El Ni<unk>o-Southern Oscillation phenomenon

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: o-Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: El Ni<unk>o-Southern Oscillation

text: Emmanuel Flipo realized his first performance called "El Nino" in 1996 in New York City at the 53rd street. It deals with geopolitics and global warming - (not only) at this time a subject discussed very often in the media.By performing Flipo becomes a part of the artistic work, and the creative process is centered.Only the documentation stays for an audience who didn't participate in the performances itself, like in the works of Joseph Beuys - analyzed by Flipo in detail, especially his notion of the "Gesamtkunstwerk" and the rapport of life and art.On the occasion of the performances films are realized. These films as well as the relicts are declared as artworks. Furthermore photos by artists Igor Vishnyakov or Jonathan Abbou, invited by Flipo to his performances, are part of the final work.By the intentional involving as well as the exclusion of the spectator, the application of music, fire, water, earth... Flipo continues his occupation with the circle of life and related subjects and creates spaces far in excess of the seen elements.:

text: Emmanuel Flipo realized his first

text: performance

text: called "El Nino" in 1996 in

text: New York City

text: at the 53rd street. It deals with

text: geopolitics

text: and global warming - (not only) at this time a subject discussed very often in the media.By performing Flipo becomes a part of the artistic work, and the creative process is centered.Only the documentation stays for an audience who didn't participate in the performances itself, like in the works of

text: Joseph Beuys

text: - analyzed by Flipo in detail, especially his notion of the "

text: Gesamtkunstwerk

text: " and the rapport of life and art.On the occasion of the

text: performances

text: films are realized. These films as well as the relicts are declared as artworks. Furthermore photos by artists Igor Vishnyakov or Jonathan Abbou, invited by Flipo to his performances, are part of the final work.By the intentional involving as well as the exclusion of the spectator, the application of music, fire, water, earth... Flipo continues his occupation with the circle of life and related subjects and creates spaces far in excess of the seen elements.:

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: New York City

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: on the occasion of the performances films are realized

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: El Nino

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: on the 53rd street

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: On the occasion of the performances films are realized.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: global warming

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: What is the cycle called?

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: "El Nino"

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: "El Nino"

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: "El Nino"

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: "El Nino"

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: New York City at the 53rd street.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: "El Nino"

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: geopolitics and global warming

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: geopolitics and global warming

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: global warming

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: "El Nino"

text: The terminology is debated: most of those actively rejecting the scientific consensus use the terms skeptic and climate change skepticism, and only a few have expressed preference for being described as deniers, but the word "skepticism" is incorrectly used, as scientific skepticism is an intrinsic part of scientific methodology. The term contrarian is more specific, but used less frequently. In academic literature and journalism, the terms climate change denial and climate change deniers have well established usage as descriptive terms without any pejorative intent. Both the National Center for Science Education and historian Spencer R. Weart recognise that either option is problematic, but have decided to use "climate change denial" rather than "skepticism".

text: The terminology is debated: most of those actively rejecting the scientific consensus use the terms skeptic and climate change skepticism, and only a few have expressed preference for being described as deniers, but the word "skepticism" is incorrectly used, as

text: scientific skepticism

text: is an intrinsic part of scientific methodology. The term contrarian is more specific, but used less frequently. In academic literature and journalism, the terms climate change denial and climate change deniers have well established usage as descriptive terms without any pejorative intent. Both the

text: National Center for Science Education

text: and historian

text: Spencer R. Weart

text: recognise that either option is problematic, but have decided to use "climate change denial" rather than "skepticism".

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: the Equator

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: climate change denial

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Nio

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: climate change denial

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: climate change denial

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: climate change skepticism,

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: "climate change denial" rather than "skepticism".

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: climate change skepticism,

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: climate change skepticism,

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: The terminology is debated: most of those actively rejecting the scientific consensus

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: climate change skepticism,

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: The terminology is debated: most of those actively rejecting the scientific consensus

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: The terminology is debated: most of those actively rejecting the scientific consensus

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: The terminology is debated: most of those actively rejecting the scientific consensus

text: Climate change is the main force behind changes in species distribution and abundance. Repeated changes in climate throughout the Quaternary Period are thought to have had a significant impact on the current vegetative species diversity present today. Functional and phylogenetic diversity are considered to be closely related to changing climatic conditions, this indicates that trait differences are extremely important in long term responses to climate change. During the transition from the last glaciation of the Pleistocene to the Holocene period, climate warming resulted in the expansion of taller plants and larger seed bearing plants which resulted in lower proportions of vegetative regeneration. Hence, low temperatures can be strong environmental filters that prevent tall and large-seeded plants from establishing in postglacial environments.Throughout Europe vegetation dynamics within the first half of the Holocene appear to have been influenced mainly by climate and the reorganization of atmospheric circulation associated with the disappearance of the North American ice sheet. This is evident in the rapid increase of forestation and changing biomes during the postglacial period between 11500ka and 8000ka before the present.Vegetation development periods of post-glacial land forms on Ellesmere Island, Northern Canada, is assumed to have been at least ca. 20,000 years in duration. This slow progression is mostly due to climatic restrictions such as an estimated annual rainfall amount of only 64mm and a mean annual temperature of -19.7 degrees Celsius. The length in time of vegetation development observed on Ellesmere Island is evidence that post glacial vegetation development is much more restricted in the Arctic and colder climates as compared to milder climatic regions such as the boreal, temperate and tropical zones.

text: Climate change is the main force behind changes in species distribution and abundance. Repeated changes in climate throughout the

text: Quaternary

text: Period are thought to have had a significant impact on the current vegetative species diversity present today. Functional and

text: phylogenetic

text: diversity are considered to be closely related to changing climatic conditions, this indicates that trait differences are extremely important in long term responses to climate change. During the transition from the last glaciation of the

text: Pleistocene

text: to the

text: Holocene period

text: , climate warming resulted in the expansion of taller plants and larger seed bearing plants which resulted in lower proportions of vegetative regeneration. Hence, low temperatures can be strong environmental filters that prevent tall and large-seeded plants from establishing in postglacial environments.Throughout Europe vegetation dynamics within the first half of the Holocene appear to have been influenced mainly by climate and the reorganization of atmospheric circulation associated with the disappearance of the North American ice sheet. This is evident in the rapid increase of forestation and changing biomes during the postglacial period between 11500ka and 8000ka before the present.Vegetation development periods of post-glacial land forms on

text: Ellesmere Island

text: , Northern Canada, is assumed to have been at least ca. 20,000 years in duration. This slow progression is mostly due to climatic restrictions such as an estimated annual rainfall amount of only 64mm and a mean annual temperature of -19.7 degrees Celsius. The length in time of vegetation development observed on Ellesmere Island is evidence that post glacial vegetation development is much more restricted in the Arctic and colder climates as compared to milder climatic regions such as the boreal, temperate and tropical zones.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: North America

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: 64mm

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: During the transition from the last glaciation of the Pleistocene to the Holocene period

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: low temperatures can be strong environmental filters

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: tropical

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: -19.7 degrees Celsius.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: 64mm

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: North American ice sheet.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: 20,000 years

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: -19.7 degrees Celsius.

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: 20,000 years

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Pleistocene

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: glacial period

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: changing biomes

text: The El Niño–Southern Oscillation leads to changes in the atmospheric circulation patterns (also known as teleconnections). Although the exact mechanisms are unknown, the impacts of the changes in atmospheric circulation patterns caused by the El Niño–Southern Oscillation are more clearly observed in the more humid eastern parts of the country (between Uruguay and southern Brazil). During El Niño events, precipitation is more higher than normal while during La Niña events, precipitation is lower than normal in the Pampas. In general, El Niño tends to increase precipitation during late spring and summer, particularly in the north. The impacts of La Niña in the eastern parts of the country (northeast and the Pampas) are observed in winter where precipitation is lower. In Northwest Argentina, El Niño events are associated with a strong reduction in rainfall during summer. In contrast, La Niña events increase precipitation in northwest Argentina. In the central–western parts of Patagonia, spring precipitation tends to be lower during La Niña events and higher during El Niño events. Summer precipitation exhibits an opposite pattern where La Niña years involve wetter summers while El Niño years featuring drier summers. On the Andes in central western Argentina, precipitation is higher during El Niño year.

text: The

text: El Niño–Southern Oscillation

text: leads to changes in the atmospheric circulation patterns (also known as

text: teleconnection

text: s). Although the exact mechanisms are unknown, the impacts of the changes in atmospheric circulation patterns caused by the El Niño–Southern Oscillation are more clearly observed in the more humid eastern parts of the country (between Uruguay and southern Brazil). During El Niño events, precipitation is more higher than normal while during La Niña events, precipitation is lower than normal in the Pampas. In general, El Niño tends to increase precipitation during late spring and summer, particularly in the north. The impacts of La Niña in the eastern parts of the country (northeast and the Pampas) are observed in winter where precipitation is lower. In Northwest Argentina, El Niño events are associated with a strong reduction in rainfall during summer. In contrast, La Niña events increase precipitation in northwest Argentina. In the central–western parts of Patagonia, spring precipitation tends to be lower during La Niña events and higher during El Niño events. Summer precipitation exhibits an opposite pattern where La Niña years involve wetter summers while El Niño years featuring drier summers. On the Andes in central western Argentina, precipitation is higher during El Niño year.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: southern Brazil

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: precipitation is higher during El Ni o year

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: are associated with a strong reduction in rainfall during summer

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: precipitation is more higher than normal

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: precipitation is lower than normal

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: changes in the atmosphere

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: (between Uruguay and southern Brazil).

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: El Ni<unk>o–Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: Andes

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: El Ni<unk>o–Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: precipitation is more higher than normal

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: El Ni<unk>o–Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: precipitation is more higher than normal

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: precipitation is lower than normal

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: changes in the atmospheric circulation patterns

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: El Ni<unk>o–Southern Oscillation

text: Nina, ou La folle par amour (Nina, or The Woman Crazed with Love) is an opéra-comique in one act by the French composer Nicolas Dalayrac. It was first performed on 15 May 1786 by the Comédie-Italienne at the first Salle Favart in Paris. The libretto, by Benoît-Joseph Marsollier des Vivetières, is based on a short story by Baculard d'Arnaud.

text: Nina, ou La folle par amour (Nina, or The Woman Crazed with Love) is an

text: opéra-comique

text: in one act by the French composer

text: Nicolas Dalayrac

text: . It was first performed on 15 May 1786 by the

text: Comédie-Italienne

text: at the first Salle Favart in

text: Paris

text: . The

text: libretto

text: , by

text: Benoît-Joseph Marsollier des Vivetières

text: , is based on a short story by Baculard d'Arnaud.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Paris

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: It was first performed on 15 May 1786 by the Comédie-Italienne

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Nina, ou La folle par amour

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: The Woman Crazed with Love

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: earthquakes

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Paris.

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: 15 May 1786

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: 1786

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: opéra-comique in one act by the French composer Nicolas Dalayrac.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: 15 May 1786

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Nina, ou La folle par amour

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: 15 May 1786

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: The Woman Crazed with Love)

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: Love)

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Nina,

text: Upon establishment of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, Ali and Nino return and become cultural ambassadors of their new country. Ali is offered a post as ambassador to France – an idea Nino had arranged – but Ali declines, because he fears he will be unhappy in Paris. When the Red Army descends on Ganja, Azerbaijan, Ali takes up arms to defend his country. Nino flees to Georgia with their child, while Ali Khan dies in battle as the Bolsheviks take the country. (The Bolshevik victory led to the establishment of Soviet domination of Azerbaijan from 1920 to 1991 and the end of the short-lived Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, which lasted from May 1918 to April 1920.)

text: Upon establishment of the

text: Azerbaijan Democratic Republic

text: , Ali and Nino return and become cultural ambassadors of their new country. Ali is offered a post as

text: ambassador

text: to

text: France

text: – an idea Nino had arranged – but Ali declines, because he fears he will be unhappy in

text: Paris

text: . When the

text: Red Army

text: descends on

text: Ganja

text: Azerbaijan

text: , Ali takes up arms to defend his country. Nino flees to

text: Georgia

text: with their child, while Ali Khan dies in battle as the Bolsheviks take the country. (The Bolshevik victory led to the establishment of

text: Soviet

text: domination of

text: Azerbaijan

text: from 1920 to 1991 and the end of the short-lived

text: Azerbaijan Democratic Republic

text: , which lasted from May 1918 to April 1920.)

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Georgia

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: can be found

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: When the Red Army descends on Ganja, Azerbaijan

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Ali takes up arms to defend his country

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Ali is offered a post as ambassador to France

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: the establishment of Soviet domination of Azerbaijan

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: France

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Upon establishment of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic,

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: May 1918

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Ali declines, because he fears he will be unhappy in Paris.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Nino flees to Georgia with their child,

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: France

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Nino flees to Georgia with their child,

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Ali declines, because he fears he will be unhappy in Paris.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: Azerbaijan Democratic Republic,

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Ali

text: In this article, the phrase “climate change” is used to describe a change in the climate, measured in terms of its statistical properties, e.g., the global mean surface temperature. In this context, “climate” is taken to mean the average weather. Climate can change over period of time ranging from months to thousands or millions of years. The classical time period is 30 years, as defined by the World Meteorological Organization. The climate change referred to may be due to natural causes, e.g., changes in the sun's output, or due human activities, e.g., changing the composition of the atmosphere. Any human-induced changes in climate will occur against the “background” of natural climatic variations (see attribution of recent climate change for more information).

text: In this article, the phrase “climate change” is used to describe a change in the climate, measured in terms of its statistical properties, e.g., the global

text: mean

text: surface

text: temperature

text: . In this context, “

text: climate

text: ” is taken to mean the average weather. Climate can change over period of time ranging from months to thousands or millions of years. The classical time period is 30 years, as defined by the

text: World Meteorological Organization

text: . The climate change referred to may be due to natural causes, e.g., changes in the sun's output, or due

text: human activities

text: , e.g., changing the composition of

text: the atmosphere

text: . Any human-induced changes in climate will occur against the “background” of natural climatic variations (see

text: attribution of recent climate change

text: for more information).

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: attribution of recent climate change

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: natural causes

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: global mean surface temperature

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: global mean surface temperature

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: sun's

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: “climate change”

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: 30 years,

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: “climate change”

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: “climate change”

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: “climate change”

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: global mean surface temperature.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: 30 years, as defined by the World Meteorological Organization.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: “climate change”

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: “climate change”

text: It was after being confronted with these results that they "chanced" upon the notion, as "an afterthought" of nuclear detonations igniting massive fires everywhere and most crucially, the smoke from these conventional fires, then going on to absorb sunlight and with that surface temperatures were likely to plummet. In early 1982 the two colleagues circulated a draft paper with the first suggestions of alterations in short-term climate from fires, presumed to occur following a nuclear war. Later in the same year, the special issue of Ambio devoted to the possible environmental consequences of nuclear war by Crutzen and Birks was titled "Twilight at Noon" and largely anticipated the nuclear winter hypothesis. The paper which looked into fires and their climatic effect discussed particulate matter from large fires, nitrogen oxide, ozone depletion and the effect of nuclear twilight on agriculture. Crutzen and Birks' calculations suggested that smoke particulates injected into the atmosphere by fires in cities, forests and petroleum reserves could prevent up to 99% of sunlight from reaching the Earth's surface, with this darkness persisting "for as long as the fires" burned, which was assumed to be many weeks, with climatic consequences: "The normal dynamic and temperature structure of the atmosphere would therefore change considerably over a large fraction of the Northern Hemisphere, which will probably lead to important changes in land surface temperatures and wind systems." A policy implication of their work was that a successful nuclear decapitation strike could have severe climatic consequences for the perpetrator.

text: It was after being confronted with these results that they "chanced" upon the notion, as "an afterthought" of nuclear detonations igniting massive fires everywhere and most crucially, the smoke from these conventional fires, then going on to absorb sunlight and with that surface temperatures were likely to plummet. In early 1982 the two colleagues circulated a draft paper with the first suggestions of alterations in short-term climate from fires, presumed to occur following a nuclear war. Later in the same year, the special issue of

text: Ambio

text: devoted to the possible environmental consequences of nuclear war by Crutzen and Birks was titled "

text: Twilight

text: at

text: Noon

text: " and largely anticipated the nuclear winter hypothesis. The paper which looked into fires and their climatic effect discussed particulate matter from large fires, nitrogen oxide, ozone depletion and the effect of nuclear twilight on agriculture. Crutzen and Birks' calculations suggested that smoke particulates injected into the atmosphere by fires in cities, forests and petroleum reserves could prevent up to 99% of sunlight from reaching the Earth's surface, with this darkness persisting "for as long as the fires" burned, which was assumed to be many weeks, with climatic consequences: "The normal dynamic and temperature structure of the atmosphere would therefore change considerably over a large fraction of the Northern Hemisphere, which will probably lead to important changes in land surface temperatures and wind systems." A policy implication of their work was that a successful nuclear

text: decapitation strike

text: could have severe climatic consequences for the perpetrator.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Northern Hemisphere

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: ozone depletion

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: ozone depletion

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: nuclear detonations igniting massive fires

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Northern Hemisphere,

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: 99% of sunlight from reaching the Earth's surface,

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: fires

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Northern Hemisphere,

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: nuclear detonations igniting massive fires

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: nuclear detonations igniting massive fires

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: nuclear detonations igniting massive fires

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: nuclear detonations igniting massive fires

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: massive fires

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: 99% of sunlight from reaching the Earth's surface,

text: The team joined the International Formula Master championship in 2008.

text: The team joined the

text: International Formula Master

text: championship in

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: south america

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: can you see a polar bear

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: can be used to describe

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: The team joined the International Formula Master championship in 2008.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: The team joined the International Formula Master championship in 2008

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: 2008.

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: International Formula Master championship in 2008.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: 2008.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: International Formula Master championship in 2008.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: International Formula Master championship

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: The team joined the International Formula Master championship in 2008.

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: International Formula Master championship in 2008.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: International Formula Master championship

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: The team joined the International Formula Master championship in 2008.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: International Formula Master championship in 2008.

text: A pledge consists of setting aside property from which it is possible to obtain payment or satisfaction of some claim. Such property is then said to be pledged, or given in pledge.Book 5 includes the fundamental basis of the contract of the pledge, stipulations of the pledgor and pledgee, fundamental rules relating to the pledge, and sale of the pledge.

text: A pledge consists of setting aside property from which it is possible to obtain payment or satisfaction of some claim. Such property is then said to be pledged, or given in pledge.Book 5 includes the fundamental basis of the contract of the pledge, stipulations of the pledgor and pledgee, fundamental rules relating to the pledge, and sale of the pledge.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: south

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: a pledge consists of setting aside property

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: a pledge consists of setting aside property

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: 5

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: 5

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: 5

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: A pledge

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: 5

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: A pledge

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: 5

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: pledge.Book 5

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: payment or satisfaction of some claim.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: 5

text: Professor Stephen Sparks FRS is the ACME Chair.

text: Professor

text: Stephen Sparks

text: FRS is the ACME Chair.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: south to north

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: Stephen Sparks FRS

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Stephen Sparks

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Stephen Sparks FRS

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Stephen Sparks

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Stephen Sparks was the chair of ACME

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Stephen Sparks was the chair of ACME

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: tropical cyclone

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: ACME

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Professor Stephen Sparks FRS is the ACME Chair.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: Professor Stephen Sparks FRS

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Professor Stephen Sparks

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: ACME

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Professor Stephen Sparks

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Professor Stephen Sparks

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Professor Stephen Sparks

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: Professor Stephen Sparks FRS

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Professor Stephen Sparks FRS is the ACME Chair.

text: and, for isotropic materials,

text: and, for isotropic materials,

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: east to west

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: isotropic

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: isotropic materials

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: The North Atlantic Oscillation

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: can be used to test for isotropic properties

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: swells

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: el nio is a very cold season

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: la nia was an isotropic material

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: tropical cyclones

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: el nio and la nia

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: isotropic materials,

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: isotropic materials,

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: isotropic materials,

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: isotropic materials,

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: isotropic materials,

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: isotropic materials,

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: isotropic materials,

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: isotropic materials,

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: and, for isotropic materials,

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: isotropic materials,

text: The four movements of the symphony are as follows:

text: The four movements of the symphony are as follows:

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: equator

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: can you see a polar bear

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: The four movements of the symphony are as follows:

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: the symphony was not played

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: la nia, la nia

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: four

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: The four movements of the symphony

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: The four movements of the symphony

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: The four movements of the symphony

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: The four movements of the symphony

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: The four movements of the symphony

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: The four movements of the symphony

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: The four movements of the symphony

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: The four movements of the symphony

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: The four movements of the symphony

text: A number of different ICC statistics have been proposed, not all of which estimate the same population parameter.  There has been considerable debate about which ICC statistics are appropriate for a given use, since they may produce markedly different results for the same data.<ref> There are several errors in the article:

text: A number of different ICC statistics have been proposed, not all of which estimate the same population parameter.  There has been considerable debate about which ICC statistics are appropriate for a given use, since they may produce markedly different results for the same data.<ref> There are several errors in the article:

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: __________

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: In a normal year, the Peru current carries cold water north along south america and then across the equator.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: In a normal year, along western South America

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: The north atlantic oscillation mostly alters climate in europe.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: There are several errors in the article:;

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Warm water in the western pacific ocean increases sea levels.

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: during el nio,

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: during la nia,

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: El Nio and la Nia make a cycle called the los Nios oscillation.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: ICC statistics have been proposed, not all of which estimate the same population parameter.

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: ICC statistics have been proposed, not all of which estimate the same population parameter.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: ICC statistics have been proposed, not all of which estimate the same population parameter.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: ICC statistics have been proposed, not all of which estimate the same population parameter.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: ICC statistics have been proposed, not all of which estimate the same population parameter.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: ICC statistics have been proposed, not all of which estimate the same population parameter.

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: ICC statistics have been proposed, not all of which estimate the same population parameter.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: ICC statistics have been proposed, not all of which estimate the same population parameter.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: ICC statistics have been proposed, not all of which estimate the same population parameter.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: ICC statistics have been proposed, not all of which estimate the same population parameter.

text: The vehicle was primarily intended for launching bulk products, like water, fuel, and other consumables, that are inexpensive to replace in the event of a launch failure. The target launch cost was $1 million. Aquarius was designed to be a single-stage vehicle 43 meters (141 ft) high and 4 meters (13.1 ft) in diameter and powered by a single pressure fed engine using liquid hydrogen and oxygen propellants stored in a composite pressure tank. Launch would have taken place from a floating position in the ocean to minimize launch infrastructure with the ability to place a 1,000-kilogram (2,200 lb) payload into a , 52-degree orbit. The payload, located in the base of the vehicle, would be extracted by an orbiting space tug for transfer to its ultimate destination, like the ISS or a propellant depot, after which the vehicle would de-orbit and be destroyed.

text: The vehicle was primarily intended for launching bulk products, like water, fuel, and other consumables, that are inexpensive to replace in the event of a launch failure. The target launch cost was $1 million. Aquarius was designed to be a single-stage vehicle 43 meters (141 ft) high and 4 meters (13.1 ft) in diameter and powered by a single

text: pressure fed

text: engine using

text: liquid hydrogen

text: and oxygen propellants stored in a

text: composite

text: pressure tank. Launch would have taken place from a floating position in the ocean to minimize launch infrastructure with the ability to place a 1,000-kilogram (2,200 lb) payload into a , 52-degree orbit. The payload, located in the base of the vehicle, would be extracted by an orbiting

text: space tug

text: for transfer to its ultimate destination, like the

text: ISS

text: or a

text: propellant depot

text: , after which the vehicle would de-orbit and be destroyed.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Pacific Ocean

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: the vehicle would de-orbit and be destroyed

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: 52-degree

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: 52-degree orbit.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: $1 million.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: 52-degree orbit.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: launch failure.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: a launch failure. The target launch cost was $1 million.

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Aquarius

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Aquarius

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: ocean

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: 52-degree orbit.

text: Nicknamed "El Nino" he made his professional debut on September 20, 1996 in Miami, Florida.

text: Nickname

text: d "El Nino" he made his professional debut on September 20, 1996 in

text: Miami, Florida

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: east to west

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: what is el nino?

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: el nio events

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: el nio was a hurricane

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: did he win a championship

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: tropical storms

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Miami, Florida.

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: "El Nino"

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: "El Nino"

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: "El Nino"

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Miami, Florida.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: "El Nino"

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: September 20, 1996 in Miami, Florida.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Miami, Florida.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: Nino"

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: September 20, 1996

text: Carroll Burling  (born 1934)  is a politician from the U.S. state of Nebraska.  A farmer from Kenesaw, Burling served in the Nebraska Legislature, representing the 33rd legislative district from 2001 to 2009.

text: Carroll Burling  (born 1934)  is a politician from the U.S. state of

text: Nebraska

text: .  A farmer from

text: Kenesaw

text: , Burling served in the

text: Nebraska Legislature

text: , representing the 33rd legislative district from 2001 to 2009.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: the west

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: is a normal year

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: 2011 El Nio

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Carroll Burling

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Burling served in the Nebraska Legislature for how many years?

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Kenesaw,

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: 2009.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: 2001 to 2009.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Carroll Burling

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: 2009.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Carroll Burling

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Carroll Burling

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Carroll Burling

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: Carroll Burling

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: 2001 to 2009.

text: The larvae feed on Isachne rigifolia.

text: The larvae feed on

text: Isachne rigifolia

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Isachne

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: rigifolia

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: 2017 El Nio

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: rigifolia

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Isachne rigifolia grows

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Isachne rigifolia

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Isachne rigifolia.

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Isachne rigifolia.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: Isachne rigifolia.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: The larvae feed on Isachne rigifolia.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: The larvae feed on Isachne rigifolia.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: The larvae feed on Isachne rigifolia.

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: The larvae feed on Isachne rigifolia.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: The larvae feed on Isachne rigifolia.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: The larvae feed on Isachne rigifolia.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Isachne rigifolia.

text: Fire fighters have cited overzealous guards who told people during a fire that they are not allowed to use emergency exits. The practice is actually quite common in the absence of fires, as well. Some skyscrapers have stairwells with standard emergency exit signs on each door, which then lock upon closing. Users of these stairwells are trapped, whether they know or do not know that the only door that opens from the inside is the one on the ground floor.

text: Fire fighters have cited overzealous guards who told people during a fire that they are not allowed to use emergency exits. The practice is actually quite common in the absence of fires, as well. Some skyscrapers have stairwells with standard emergency exit signs on each door, which then lock upon closing. Users of these stairwells are trapped, whether they know or do not know that the only door that opens from the inside is the one on the ground floor.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: New York City

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: stairwells with standard emergency exit signs on each door, which then lock upon closing

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: earthquakes

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: fire that they are not allowed to use emergency exits.

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: a fire that they are not allowed to use emergency exits.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: The practice is actually quite common in the absence of fires,

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Fire fighters have cited overzealous guards

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: fire that they are not allowed to use emergency exits.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: fire that they are not allowed to use emergency exits.

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: fire that they are not allowed to use emergency exits.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: fire that they are not allowed to use emergency exits.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: fire that they are not allowed to use emergency exits.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: emergency exits.

text: The Southern Oscillation is connected to El Nino, which is a warm ocean current that flows past the Peruvian Coast. It flows every two to five years in place of the cold Peruvian current. The phenomenon is, referred to as ENSO (El Nino Southern Oscillations). In India, the monsoon lasts for 100 to 120 days from early June and to mid-September. The monsoon winds encounter various atmospheric conditions on their way and hence are pulsating in nature, and not steady.

text: The Southern Oscillation is connected to El Nino, which is a warm ocean current that flows past the Peruvian Coast. It flows every two to five years in place of the cold Peruvian current. The phenomenon is, referred to as ENSO (El Nino Southern Oscillations). In India, the monsoon lasts for 100 to 120 days from early June and to mid-September. The monsoon winds encounter various atmospheric conditions on their way and hence are pulsating in nature, and not steady.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: equator

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: It flows every two to five years

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Nino Southern Oscillations

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: monsoon winds

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: monsoon winds encounter various atmospheric conditions on their way and hence are pulsating in nature

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: warm ocean current

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: early June and to mid-September.

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: El Nino,

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: El Nino,

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: The Southern Oscillation is connected to El Nino,

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: ENSO

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: El Nino,

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: warm ocean current that flows past the Peruvian Coast.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: El Nino,

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: warm ocean current that flows past the Peruvian Coast.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: The Southern Oscillation is connected to El Nino,

text: McFerrin married Sara Copper, another aspiring singer, in 1949.  The couple had two children, Robert Jr. (Bobby) and Brenda.

text: McFerrin married Sara Copper, another aspiring singer, in 1949.  The couple had two children, Robert Jr. (Bobby) and Brenda.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: south to north

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: can you expect to see a lot of rain

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: el nio events

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: McFerrin

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: McFerrin

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: (Bobby) and Brenda.

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Robert Jr. (Bobby) and Brenda.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: 1949.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: McFerrin married Sara Copper, another aspiring singer, in 1949.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: McFerrin married Sara Copper, another aspiring singer, in 1949.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: McFerrin married Sara Copper, another aspiring singer, in 1949.

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: McFerrin married Sara Copper, another aspiring singer, in 1949.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: McFerrin married Sara Copper, another aspiring singer, in 1949.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: McFerrin married Sara Copper, another aspiring singer, in 1949.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Robert Jr. (Bobby) and Brenda.

text: Also refer to forensic accountancy, forensic accountant or forensic accounting.It refers to an investigative audit in which accountants with specialised on both accounting and investigation seek to uncover frauds, missing money and negligences

text: Also refer to

text: forensic accountancy

text: forensic accountant

text: or

text: forensic accounting

text: .It refers to an investigative audit in which accountants with specialised on both accounting and investigation seek to uncover frauds, missing money and negligences

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: easterly

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: None of the above choices .

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: can you expect to see a lot of rain

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: el nio

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: sea level rises

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: forensic accountancy was used to uncover frauds

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: forensic accountants sought to uncover frauds

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unspecified

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: The Los Nios Oscillation is a cycle of the El Nio and La Nia.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: forensic accountant or forensic accounting.It

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: forensic accountancy, forensic accountant or forensic accounting.It

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: frauds, missing money and negligences

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: forensic accountancy, forensic accountant or forensic accounting.It

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: frauds, missing money and negligences

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: forensic accountancy, forensic accountant or forensic accounting.It

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: frauds, missing money and negligences

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: frauds, missing money and negligences

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: frauds, missing money

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: forensic accountancy, forensic accountant or forensic accounting.It

text: is the projection of vector

text: is the projection of vector

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: the Equator

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: vector

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: the projection of vector

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: vector

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: are the projection of vector

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: projection

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: el nio

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: projection is the projection of vector

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: tropical cyclone

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: numeric

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: projection of vector

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: projection of vector

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: projection of vector

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: projection of vector

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: projection of vector

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: projection of vector

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: projection of vector

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: projection of vector

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: projection of vector

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: projection of vector

text: Nino and Adelswärd-Fersen traveled, at least a few times, to countries in the Far East. Apart from some temporary separations, for example during Nino's military service and his participation in the First World War, which was followed by a convalescence in the hospital due to the injuries he sustained there, Cesarini remained his entire life with the baron despite the fact that, over time, passion was replaced by friendship. According to Roger Peyrefitte, when he returned from the hospital he remained with Fersen only as a friend and secretary and the baron's attempts to continue the sexual relationship were rejected by the then-mature Nino. Ogrinc in his term, asserts that this statement of Peyrefitte, apart from not being documented, does not seem realistic, given the preference shown by Fersen to the younger boys.

text: Nino and Adelswärd-Fersen traveled, at least a few times, to countries in the Far East. Apart from some temporary separations, for example during Nino's military service and his participation in the First World War, which was followed by a convalescence in the hospital due to the injuries he sustained there, Cesarini remained his entire life with the baron despite the fact that, over time, passion was replaced by friendship. According to

text: Roger Peyrefitte

text: , when he returned from the hospital he remained with Fersen only as a friend and secretary and the baron's attempts to continue the sexual relationship were rejected by the then-mature Nino. Ogrinc in his term, asserts that this statement of Peyrefitte, apart from not being documented, does not seem realistic, given the preference shown by Fersen to the younger boys.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Far East

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: participation in the First World War

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Nino's military service and his participation in the First World War

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Nino's military service

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Far East.

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: First World War,

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: Nino and Adelswärd-Fersen

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: First World War,

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: First World War,

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Roger Peyrefitte,

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Nino's military service

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Nino's military service and his participation in the First World War,

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: First World War,

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Nino and Adelswärd-Fersen

text: During the year 1997, begins the great conversion of the olive groves of Lácara Cordobilla, all integrated in the Cooperative The Lácara, beginning its transformation into ECOLOGICAL OLIVARES, olive groves which can not be cast for its treatment any product not authorized by CEPA (Comité Extremeño Ecological Agricultural Production). In this way the oil was reorganized into oil from organic farming, since being registered and endorsed by the CRAEX (Agro Ecological Control Board Extremadura) under number 0011 / E. It is the largest homogeneous area of Extremadura organic oil production.

text: During the year 1997, begins the great conversion of the olive groves of Lácara Cordobilla, all integrated in the Cooperative The Lácara, beginning its transformation into ECOLOGICAL OLIVARES, olive groves which can not be cast for its treatment any product not authorized by CEPA (Comité Extremeño Ecological Agricultural Production). In this way the oil was reorganized into oil from organic farming, since being registered and endorsed by the CRAEX (Agro Ecological Control Board Extremadura) under number 0011 / E. It is the largest homogeneous area of Extremadura organic oil production.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Extremadura

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: The Lácara

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Lácara Cordobilla,

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: 1997,

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: 1997,

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: ECOLOGICAL OLIVARES,

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: 1997,

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: ECOLOGICAL OLIVARES,

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: 1997,

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: 1997,

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: During the year 1997, begins the great conversion of the olive groves

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Lácara Cordobilla,

text: The water supply of La Paz is threatened by the impact of climate change through the melting of glaciers. The city receives its drinking water from three water systems: El Alto, Achachicala and Pampahasi. La Paz shares the first and largest of these systems with its sister  city El Alto. All three systems are fed by glaciers and rivers in the Cordillera mountain range. 20-28 % of its water is fed by glaciers, the remainder coming from rainfall and snowmelt. The glaciers recede as a result of climate change,  initially increasing water availability during the dry season, but ultimately threatening a substantial decrease in dry season run-off when they completely disappear. A small glacier, the Chacaltaya near El Alto, already disappeared in 2008. The El Alto system receives its water from the Tuni Dam and two water channels. These channels divert water that flows from the Zongo Glacier on the slopes of Huayna Potosi and from Condoriri North of El Alto. The 2.9 km long Zongo glacier retreats at a rate of about 18 meters per year. The Tuni and Condoriri glaciers have lost 39% of their area between 1983 and 2006. According to a study by the Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI), the El Alto system is the least resilient against the impact of climate change among the three systems. The study says that reducing water distribution losses is the most effective short-term strategy to deal with water scarcity. New water sources further to the North in the Cordillera include the Khara Kota and Taypicacha, but they are expensive to develop and their water supply is also affected by glacier melt.

text: The water supply of La Paz is threatened by the impact of climate change through the melting of glaciers. The city receives its drinking water from three water systems: El Alto, Achachicala and Pampahasi. La Paz shares the first and largest of these systems with its sister  city

text: El Alto

text: . All three systems are fed by glaciers and rivers in the

text: Cordillera

text: mountain range. 20-28 % of its water is fed by glaciers, the remainder coming from rainfall and snowmelt. The glaciers recede as a result of climate change,  initially increasing water availability during the dry season, but ultimately threatening a substantial decrease in dry season run-off when they completely disappear. A small glacier, the

text: Chacaltaya

text: near El Alto, already disappeared in 2008. The El Alto system receives its water from the Tuni Dam and two water channels. These channels divert water that flows from the Zongo Glacier on the slopes of

text: Huayna Potosi

text: and from

text: Condoriri

text: North of El Alto. The 2.9 km long Zongo glacier retreats at a rate of about 18 meters per year. The Tuni and Condoriri glaciers have lost 39% of their area between 1983 and 2006. According to a study by the

text: Stockholm Environment Institute

text: (SEI), the El Alto system is the least resilient against the impact of climate change among the three systems. The study says that reducing water distribution losses is the most effective short-term strategy to deal with water scarcity. New water sources further to the North in the Cordillera include the Khara Kota and Taypicacha, but they are expensive to develop and their water supply is also affected by glacier melt.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: El Alto

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: 20-28 % of its water

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: reducing water distribution losses is the most effective short-term strategy to deal with water scarcity

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: The glaciers recede as a result of climate change

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: El Alto.

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Tuni Dam

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: 18 meters per year.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: 18 meters per year.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Khara Kota and Taypicacha,

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: 18 meters per year.

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: glacier retreats at a rate of about 18 meters per year.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: dry season,

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Condoriri North of El Alto.

text: Existentialism and phenomenology were prime interests of his.

text: Existentialism

text: and

text: phenomenology

text: were prime interests of his.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: south america

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: can you see a polar bear

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no answer

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Nio

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: el nio

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: la nia

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: phenomenology

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Existentialism and phenomenology

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: Existentialism and phenomenology

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Existentialism and phenomenology

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Existentialism and phenomenology

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Existentialism and phenomenology

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Existentialism and phenomenology

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Existentialism and phenomenology

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: Existentialism and phenomenology

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Existentialism and phenomenology

text: The Restionaceae family has been recognized by most taxonomists. The AP-Website [May 2006] assumes 58 genera and 520 species, which agrees well with the Flora of China.

text: The Restionaceae family has been recognized by most taxonomists. The AP-Website [May 2006] assumes 58 genera and 520 species, which agrees well with the Flora of China.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: China

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: The Restionaceae family has been recognized by most taxonomists.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Restionaceae family

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Restionaceae family

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: China.

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: 520 species, which agrees well with the Flora of China.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: [May 2006]

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: 520 species, which agrees well with the Flora of China.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: 520 species, which agrees well with the Flora of China.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: The Restionaceae

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: 520 species, which agrees well with the Flora of China.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: 520 species, which agrees well with the Flora of China.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: 520 species, which agrees well with the Flora of China.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: The Restionaceae

text: The Gungahlin Community Council is the peak community representative organisation for the district.Gungahlin local sport teams include the Gungahlin Eagles (rugby union), the Gungahlin Bulls (rugby league), Gungahlin United (association football) and the Gungahlin Jets (Australian rules football). All four club play matches at Gungahlin Enclosed Oval. Gungahlin is also represented in the ACT Cricket Association by the North Canberra Gungahlin Cricket Club.

text: The Gungahlin Community Council is the peak community representative organisation for the district.Gungahlin local sport teams include the

text: Gungahlin Eagles

text: rugby union

text: ), the

text: Gungahlin Bulls

text: rugby league

text: Gungahlin United

text: association football

text: ) and the

text: Gungahlin Jets

text: Australian rules football

text: ). All four club play matches at

text: Gungahlin Enclosed Oval

text: . Gungahlin is also represented in the ACT Cricket Association by the North Canberra Gungahlin Cricket Club.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: North Canberra

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Gungahlin Community Council

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Gungahlin is also represented in the ACT Cricket Association

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Gungahlin Enclosed Oval

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Canberra

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: The Gungahlin

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: The Gungahlin

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: The Gungahlin

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: The Gungahlin

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: The Gungahlin

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: The Gungahlin

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: The Gungahlin

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: The Gungahlin

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: The Gungahlin Community Council

text: Nina and the Neurons is a programme shown on the CBeebies channel aimed at four to six-year-olds to help them understand basic science. Nina is a neuroscientist who enlists the help of five Neurons (animated characters representing the senses) in her brain to answer a scientific question.

text: Nina and the Neurons is a programme shown on the

text: CBeebies

text: channel aimed at four to six-year-olds to help them understand basic

text: science

text: . Nina is a neuroscientist who enlists the help of five Neurons (animated characters representing the

text: senses

text: ) in her brain to answer a scientific question.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: south america

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: a normal year

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: el nio

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: CBeebies channel

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Nina and the Neurons

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: five Neurons

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Nina and the Neurons

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: Nina and the Neurons

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Nina and the Neurons

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Nina and the Neurons

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Nina and the Neurons

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Nina and the Neurons

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: enlists the help of five Neurons

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: Nina and the Neurons

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Nina and the Neurons

text: The Anambra waxbill (Estrilda poliopareia) is a species of estrildid finch found in wetter land of southern Nigeria. It has an estimated global extent of occurrence of 38,000 km.

text: The Anambra waxbill (Estrilda poliopareia) is a species of

text: estrildid finch

text: found in wetter land of southern

text: Nigeria

text: . It has an estimated global extent of occurrence of 38,000 km.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: southern Nigeria

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Anambra waxbill (Estrilda poliopareia)

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Anambra waxbill

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: southern Nigeria.

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: The Anambra waxbill

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: 38,000 km.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: The Anambra waxbill

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Nigeria.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: The Anambra waxbill

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: The Anambra waxbill

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Nigeria.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: The Anambra waxbill

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Nigeria.

text: The Mega-D, also known by its alias of Ozdok, is a botnet that at its peak was responsible for sending 32% of spam worldwide.

text: The Mega-D, also known by its alias of Ozdok, is a

text: botnet

text: that at its peak was responsible for sending 32% of spam worldwide.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: south america

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Nio, also known as Ozdok, is a botnet that at its peak was responsible for sending 32% of spam worldwide.

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Mega-D was responsible for sending 32% of spam worldwide.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Ozdok was responsible for sending 32% of spam worldwide

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: sea ice

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Ozdok,

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: The Mega-D,

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: The Mega-D,

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: The Mega-D,

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: The Mega-D,

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: The Mega-D,

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: The Mega-D,

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: The Mega-D,

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: The Mega-D,

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: The Mega-D,

text: 10.    Sitio Proper

text: 10.    Sitio Proper

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: equator

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Sito Proper

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: Sitio Proper

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Sitio Proper

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Nio

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Sitio Proper

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Sitio Proper

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: tropical depression

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: La nia

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Sitio Proper

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: 10.

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: 10.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: 10.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: 10. Sitio Proper

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: 10.

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: 10. Sitio Proper

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: 10. Sitio Proper

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: 10.

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: 10.

text: •	Information Technology and Business

text: •	Information Technology and Business

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: east to west

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Science/Tech

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: Earth will have a mean surface temperature of 98.6 degrees Celsius.

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Science/Tech

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Information Technology and Business

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: el nio was a period of severe weather.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Information Technology and Business

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: tropical storms

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: What is the relationship between the nio and la nia

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Business

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Information Technology and Business

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: • Information Technology and Business

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: • Information Technology and Business

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: • Information Technology and Business

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: • Information Technology and Business

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: • Information Technology and Business

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Information Technology and Business

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: • Information Technology and Business

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Information Technology and Business

text: Will Evankovich is currently working as a songwriter, producer and performer.  Over the past decade, he has performed with artists including Tommy Shaw of Styx, Jack Blades of Night Ranger, Styx, Night Ranger, Shaw Blades, Don Felder, Robin Zander, Dwight Yoakam, Johnny Lee, Mac Powell of Third Day, Bun E Carlos, Vince Neil, Ted Nugent, Jeff Carlisi of 38 Special and Tommy Thayer of Kiss.  He is also a co-founder, lead vocalist and guitar player for the American rock band American Drag.

text: Will Evankovich is currently working as a songwriter, producer and performer.  Over the past decade, he has performed with artists including

text: Tommy Shaw

text: of Styx,

text: Jack Blades

text: of

text: Night Ranger

text: Styx

text: Night Ranger

text: Shaw Blades

text: Don Felder

text: Robin Zander

text: Dwight Yoakam

text: Johnny Lee

text: Mac Powell

text: of Third Day, Bun E Carlos,

text: Vince Neil

text: Ted Nugent

text: , Jeff Carlisi of 38 Special and

text: Tommy Thayer

text: of Kiss.  He is also a co-founder, lead vocalist and guitar player for the American rock band American Drag.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: American Drag

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: a normal year

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: El Nio events

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Will Evankovich

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Will Evankovich

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Third Day,

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: Tommy Shaw of Styx, Jack Blades of Night Ranger,

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: decade,

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: American Drag.

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: Bun E Carlos,

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Will Evankovich

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Will Evankovich

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Tommy Shaw of Styx, Jack Blades of Night Ranger,

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: Tommy Shaw of Styx, Jack Blades of Night Ranger,

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Will Evankovich

text: Romney put pressure on Amorello to step down. Amorello announced he would do so in 2007, after Romney would have left office. Romney continued to press the legislature to give him the power to remove members from the board, specifically the chairman, pointing to a series of financial and construction mishaps over the last several years. However, the legislature instead sought to keep Amorello on board by extending the terms of various board members to prevent Romney from removing Amorello.

text: Romney put pressure on Amorello to step down. Amorello announced he would do so in 2007, after Romney would have left office. Romney continued to press the legislature to give him the power to remove members from the board, specifically the chairman, pointing to a series of financial and construction mishaps over the last several years. However, the legislature instead sought to keep Amorello on board by extending the terms of various board members to prevent Romney from removing Amorello.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: south

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Amorello announced he would do so in 2007

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: earthquakes

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: 2007,

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: 2007,

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: 2007,

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Amorello announced he would do so in 2007,

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: a series of financial and construction mishaps

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Amorello announced he would do so in 2007,

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Romney put pressure on Amorello

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Romney put pressure on Amorello to step down.

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: a series of financial and construction mishaps

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: Amorello announced he would do so in 2007,

text: The album was released digitally on November 5 and in physical formats on November 11, 2013 by Columbia Records in the United States.

text: The album was released digitally on November 5 and in physical formats on November 11, 2013 by

text: Columbia Records

text: in the United States.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: east to west

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: 2013 El Nio

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: Columbia Records in the United States

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Columbia Records in the United States

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: United States.

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: 2013

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: 2013

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: 2013

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: The album was released digitally on November 5

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: The album was released digitally on November 5

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: The album was released digitally on November 5

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: 2013

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: The album was released digitally on November 5

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: The album was released digitally on November 5

text: A mountain plover nest has a survival rate that ranges from 26 to 65%. This wide range may be due to the impact that varying climate has on nest survival. A nest made in a colder climate with less precipitation has a better chance of survival. These conditions are preferred because of the climate's effect on the eggs directly, changes in predatory behavior, or changes in vegetation that can affect the mortality rates of parents. Higher heat may expose eggs to heat stress;also, a wetter climate may factor in to predators having a more sensitive sense of smell, aiding the discovery of nests. Nest predators are the biggest cause of nest destruction. Because of this, it is a primary driving force of survival rate. Increase in soil moisture may the environment of bare grounds and short grass that prairie birds thrive in.

text: A mountain plover nest has a survival rate that ranges from 26 to 65%. This wide range may be due to the impact that varying climate has on nest survival. A nest made in a colder climate with less precipitation has a better chance of survival. These conditions are preferred because of the climate's effect on the eggs directly, changes in predatory behavior, or changes in vegetation that can affect the mortality rates of parents. Higher heat may expose eggs to heat stress;also, a wetter climate may factor in to predators having a more sensitive sense of smell, aiding the discovery of nests. Nest predators are the biggest cause of nest destruction. Because of this, it is a primary driving force of survival rate. Increase in soil moisture may the environment of bare grounds and short grass that prairie birds thrive in.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: Canada

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: can affect the mortality rates

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: higher heat may expose eggs to heat stress

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: higher heat may expose eggs to heat stress

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: mountain plover

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: colder climate with less precipitation

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: Higher heat may expose eggs to heat stress;also,

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: Higher heat may expose eggs to heat stress;also,

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: Higher heat may expose eggs to heat stress;also,

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: less precipitation

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: Higher heat may expose eggs to heat stress;also,

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: mountain plover

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: A nest made in a colder climate with less precipitation

text: According to a report released by Greenpeace USA in September 2013, climate change denial and the campaigns designed to block adaptation measures grew mainly out of the 1990s negotiations slated to develop a global agreement.  During these talks, a number of lobby groups were established with an objective of developing doubt within policymakers and the media through the use of publications in the guise of true science.  This tactic, similar to those of large tobacco companies, was utilized by the lobby groups in the hopes of delaying action and blurring the lines between the valid scientific efforts to challenge climate change findings and those designed to merely undermine the credibility of the scientific community.  This strategy feeds into the “uncertainty argument” and develops an impression of debate through references to the uncertainty of scientific findings that exist in any research model.  Additional tactics that the lobbyist groups have used include releasing non-stories manufactured from stolen emails and communications plans to develop more media coverage of the uncertainty argument.

text: According to a

text: report

text: released by Greenpeace USA in September 2013, climate change denial and the campaigns designed to block adaptation measures grew mainly out of the 1990s negotiations slated to develop a global agreement.  During these talks, a number of lobby groups were established with an objective of developing doubt within policymakers and the media through the use of publications in the guise of true science.  This tactic, similar to those of large tobacco companies, was utilized by the lobby groups in the hopes of delaying action and blurring the lines between the valid scientific efforts to challenge climate change findings and those designed to merely undermine the credibility of the scientific community.  This strategy feeds into the “uncertainty argument” and develops an impression of debate through references to the uncertainty of scientific findings that exist in any research model.  Additional tactics that the lobbyist groups have used include releasing non-stories manufactured from stolen emails and communications plans to develop more media coverage of the uncertainty argument.

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: the Pacific Ocean

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: a number of lobby groups were established

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005930

answers: 2013,

answers: NDQ_005931

answers: 2013,

answers: NDQ_005932

answers: 2013,

answers: NDQ_005933

answers: climate change denial and the campaigns designed to block adaptation measures

answers: NDQ_005934

answers: 2013,

answers: NDQ_005935

answers: climate change denial and the campaigns designed to block adaptation measures

answers: NDQ_005936

answers: 1990s negotiations slated to develop a global agreement.

answers: NDQ_005937

answers: a number of lobby groups were established

answers: NDQ_005938

answers: climate change denial and the campaigns designed to block adaptation measures

answers: NDQ_005939

answers: 2013,