text: By restricting the North Indian Ocean to south of 25o N, the Asian landmass prevents the basin from having access to the sub-tropical convergence zone, a region that usually occurs at a latitude of about 40o and is an important supplier of oxygen to the ocean.  Not having access to such a regime, the North Indian Ocean is starved of oxygen.  Another reason why oxygen is low is the consequence of high concentration of the primary producers of the region.  When these plants and zooplankton  that feed on them die and sink they get microbially degraded, thus consuming oxygen.  NIO researchers have played a major role in answering critical questions concerning the processes that go on in this basin with lower than normal oxygen levels.  Some of the questions that have been addressed are the following:  Does the monsoon cycle lead to other seasonal cycles, such as that of biological production and flux of sinking particles?  What are the special features of biogeochemistry of the ocean regime with low oxygen?  How do the biogeochemical processes (denitrification, for example) that characterize this system work?  What are the physical processes that sustain high productivity in the region?  How does the monsoon cycle influence temporal evolution of ecosystems in the region?

text: By restricting the North Indian Ocean to south of 25o N, the Asian landmass prevents the basin from having access to the sub-tropical convergence zone, a region that usually occurs at a latitude of about 40o and is an important supplier of oxygen to the ocean.  Not having access to such a regime, the North Indian Ocean is starved of oxygen.  Another reason why oxygen is low is the consequence of high concentration of the primary producers of the region.  When these plants and zooplankton  that feed on them die and sink they get microbially degraded, thus consuming oxygen.  NIO researchers have played a major role in answering critical questions concerning the processes that go on in this basin with lower than normal oxygen levels.  Some of the questions that have been addressed are the following:  Does the monsoon cycle lead to other seasonal cycles, such as that of biological production and flux of sinking particles?  What are the special features of biogeochemistry of the ocean regime with low oxygen?  How do the biogeochemical processes (denitrification, for example) that characterize this system work?  What are the physical processes that sustain high productivity in the region?  How does the monsoon cycle influence temporal evolution of ecosystems in the region?

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: The monsoon cycle drives the water cycle.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Convergence

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: monsoon cycle

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: sub-tropical convergence zone

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: seasonal cycles

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: What is stored in snow and ice?

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: human diverted water to suit their own needs

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: flux of sinking particles?

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: oxygen.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: monsoon cycle

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: flux of sinking particles?

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: (denitrification,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: monsoon

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: high concentration of the primary producers

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: high concentration of the primary producers

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: biological production and flux of sinking particles?

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: biological production and flux of sinking particles?

text: Sustainable management of man-made landscapes emulates the natural processes that sustain the biosphere and its ecosystems. First and foremost is the harnessing the energy of the Sun and the cycling of materials thereby minimising waste and energy use.

text: Sustainable management of man-made landscapes emulates the natural processes that sustain the biosphere and its ecosystems. First and foremost is the harnessing the energy of the Sun and the cycling of materials thereby minimising waste and energy use.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: recycling materials

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: respiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: energy of the Sun

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: cycling of materials

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Sustainable management of man-made landscapes emulates the natural processes

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: waste and energy use.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: cycling of materials

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: cycling of materials

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Sustainable management of man-made landscapes

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: natural processes that sustain the biosphere

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: waste and energy use.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Sustainable management of man-made landscapes

text: This theory was given by Atkins (1916) and Priestley (1921). According to this theory, the root cells behave as ideal osmotic pressure system through which water moves up from soil solution to root xylem along an increasing gradient of D.P.D. (suction pressure, which is the real force for water absorption). If solute concentration is high and water potential is low in the root cells, water can enter from soil to root cells through endosmosis. Mineral nutrients are absorbed actively by the root cells due to utilisation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). As a result, the concentration of ions (osmotica) in the xylem vessels is more in comparison to the soil water. A concentration gradient is established between the root and the soil water.  Hence, the solute potential of xylem water is more in comparison to that of soil and correspondingly water potential is low than the soil water.If stated, water potential is comparatively positive in the soil water. This gradient of water potential causes endosmosis. The endosmosis of water continues till the water potential both in the root and soil becomes equal. It is the absorption of minerals that utilise metabolic energy, but not water absorption. Hence, absorption of water is indirectly an active process in a plant's life.Active transport is in an opposite direction to that of diffusion.

text: This theory was given by Atkins (1916) and Priestley (1921). According to this theory, the root cells behave as ideal osmotic pressure system through which water moves up from soil solution to root

entity_name: Xylem

text: xylem

text: along an increasing gradient of D.P.D. (suction pressure, which is the real force for water absorption). If solute concentration is high and water potential is low in the root cells, water can enter from soil to root cells through

entity_name: Osmosis

text: endosmosis

text: . Mineral nutrients are absorbed actively by the root cells due to utilisation of

entity_name: Adenosine triphosphate

text: adenosine triphosphate

text: (ATP). As a result, the concentration of ions (osmotica) in the xylem vessels is more in comparison to the soil water. A concentration gradient is established between the root and the soil water.  Hence, the solute potential of xylem water is more in comparison to that of soil and correspondingly water potential is low than the soil water.If stated, water potential is comparatively positive in the soil water. This gradient of water potential causes endosmosis. The endosmosis of water continues till the water potential both in the root and soil becomes equal. It is the absorption of minerals that utilise metabolic energy, but not water absorption. Hence, absorption of water is indirectly an active process in a plant's life.Active transport is in an opposite direction to that of diffusion.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: suction pressure

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: active transport is in an opposite direction to that of diffusion

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: diffusion

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: endosmosis

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: d.p.d

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: (suction pressure,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: endosmosis.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: life.Active transport is in an opposite direction to that of diffusion.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: If solute concentration is high and water potential is low in the root cells,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: diffusion.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: D.P.D.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: water moves up from soil solution to root xylem

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: increasing gradient of D.P.D.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: water moves up from soil solution to root xylem

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Atkins (1916) and Priestley (1921).

text: The atmosphere exhibits a sulfuric acid cycle. As sulfuric acid rain droplets fall down through the hotter layers of the atmosphere's temperature gradient, they are heated up and release water vapor, becoming more and more concentrated. When they reach temperatures above 300 °C, sulfuric acid begins to decompose into sulfur trioxide and water, both in the gas phase. Sulfur trioxide is highly reactive and dissociates into sulfur dioxide and atomic oxygen, which oxidizes traces of carbon monoxide to form carbon dioxide. Sulfur dioxide and water vapor rise on convection currents from the mid-level atmospheric layers to higher altitudes, where they will be transformed again into sulfuric acid, and the cycle repeats.

text: The atmosphere exhibits a sulfuric acid cycle. As sulfuric acid rain droplets fall down through the hotter layers of the atmosphere's temperature gradient, they are heated up and release water vapor, becoming more and more concentrated. When they reach temperatures above 300 °C, sulfuric acid begins to decompose into

entity_name: Sulfur trioxide

text: sulfur trioxide

text: and water, both in the gas phase. Sulfur trioxide is highly reactive and dissociates into sulfur dioxide and atomic oxygen, which oxidizes traces of carbon monoxide to form carbon dioxide. Sulfur dioxide and water vapor rise on convection currents from the mid-level atmospheric layers to higher altitudes, where they will be transformed again into sulfuric acid, and the cycle repeats.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: When they reach temperatures above 300 °C

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Sulfur trioxide

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: release water vapor,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: gas phase.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: sulfuric acid cycle.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: water vapor,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: release water vapor,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: sulfuric acid cycle.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: water vapor,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: convection currents

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: water vapor,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The atmosphere exhibits a sulfuric acid cycle.

text: In the biosphere, value cycling occurs at the atomic and molecular levels. The same materials that compose a leaf can be decomposed and incorporated into a new tree, a worm or other organisms. Technological limitations generally constrain human manufacturing system’s ability to mimic natural molecular cycling, but the approach can be applied analogously at different levels. Materials in products can be value cycled in “shallow loops” or “deep loops”.

text: In the biosphere, value cycling occurs at the atomic and molecular levels. The same materials that compose a leaf can be decomposed and incorporated into a new tree, a worm or other organisms. Technological limitations generally constrain human manufacturing system’s ability to mimic natural molecular cycling, but the approach can be applied analogously at different levels. Materials in products can be value cycled in “shallow loops” or “deep loops”.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: vaporization

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: incorporated into a new tree

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: decomposition

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: value cycling occurs at the atomic and molecular levels.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: value cycling occurs at the atomic and molecular levels.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: value cycling occurs at the atomic and molecular levels.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: “shallow loops”

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: value cycling

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: value cycling

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: atomic and molecular levels.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: In the biosphere,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: value cycling occurs at the atomic and molecular levels.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: In the biosphere,

text: Artedidraconids are deep sea dwellers in the Southern Ocean. Bathydraconids are also found in Antarctic deep sea. Channichthyids are distributed around both Antarctica and Southern America. Harpagiferids are found in the Southern Ocean, Southwest Pacific, Southwest Atlantic, and the Indian Ocean. Nototheniids are distributed throughout the coasts of Antarctica.

text: Artedidraconids are deep sea dwellers in the Southern Ocean. Bathydraconids are also found in Antarctic deep sea. Channichthyids are distributed around both Antarctica and Southern America. Harpagiferids are found in the Southern Ocean, Southwest Pacific, Southwest Atlantic, and the Indian Ocean. Nototheniids are distributed throughout the coasts of Antarctica.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Nototheniids

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Artedidraconids are deep sea dwellers

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Southern Ocean.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Artedidraconids are deep sea dwellers

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Bathydraconids are also found in Antarctic deep sea.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Artedidraconids are deep sea dwellers

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Southern Ocean.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: America.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Southern Ocean.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Bathydraconids are also found in Antarctic deep sea.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Artedidraconids are deep sea dwellers

text: Stars, planets and moons retain their atmospheres by gravitational attraction. Atmospheres have no clearly delineated boundary: the density of atmospheric gas gradually decreases with distance from the object until it becomes indistinguishable from the surrounding environment. The Earth's atmospheric pressure drops to about Pa at  of altitude, compared to 100,000 Pa for the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) definition of standard pressure. Beyond this altitude, isotropic gas pressure rapidly becomes insignificant when compared to radiation pressure from the Sun and the dynamic pressure of the solar wind. The thermosphere in this range has large gradients of pressure, temperature and composition, and varies greatly due to space weather.

text: Stars, planets and moons retain their

entity_name: Atmosphere

text: atmosphere

text: s by gravitational attraction. Atmospheres have no clearly delineated boundary: the density of atmospheric gas gradually decreases with distance from the object until it becomes indistinguishable from the surrounding environment. The Earth's atmospheric

entity_name: Pressure

text: pressure

text: drops to about

entity_name: Pascal (unit)

text: Pa

text: at  of altitude, compared to 100,000 Pa for the

entity_name: International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry

text: International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry

text: (IUPAC) definition of

entity_name: Standard conditions for temperature and pressure

text: standard pressure

text: . Beyond this altitude, isotropic gas pressure rapidly becomes insignificant when compared to

entity_name: Radiation pressure

text: radiation pressure

text: from the

entity_name: Sun

text: Sun

text: and the

entity_name: Dynamic pressure

text: dynamic pressure

text: of the

entity_name: Solar wind

text: solar wind

text: . The

entity_name: Thermosphere

text: thermosphere

text: in this range has large gradients of pressure, temperature and composition, and varies greatly due to

entity_name: Space weather

text: space weather

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: space weather

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the density of atmospheric gas gradually decreases with distance

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: the solar wind

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: pressure decreases

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: gravitational attraction.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: the density of atmospheric gas

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: space weather.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: radiation pressure from the Sun and the dynamic pressure of the solar wind.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: gravitational attraction.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Atmospheres

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Atmospheres have no clearly delineated boundary:

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: space weather.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Atmospheres have no clearly delineated boundary:

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Stars, planets and moons

text: Groundwater aquifers support drought refuges for water-dependent ecosystems.Pollution and over-extraction of groundwater are both problematic because it lowers its ability to support groundwater-supplied drought refuges. Over-extraction lowers the water table and degrades water-dependent ecosystems. Over-extraction often occurs in areas with surface water scarcity and frequent drought; where groundwater refuges and refugia are most important. Man-made disturbances can mimic the effects of drought, like water withdrawal, and dams. Man-made channel modifications threaten the hyporheic zone as a refuge.

text: Groundwater

entity_name: Aquifer

text: aquifers

text: support drought refuges for water-dependent ecosystems.

entity_name: Pollution

text: Pollution

text: and over-extraction of

entity_name: Groundwater

text: groundwater

text: are both problematic because it lowers its ability to support groundwater-supplied drought refuges. Over-extraction lowers the

entity_name: Water table

text: water table

text: and degrades water-dependent

entity_name: Ecosystem

text: ecosystems

text: . Over-extraction often occurs in areas with

entity_name: Surface water

text: surface water

text: scarcity and frequent drought; where groundwater refuges and refugia are most important. Man-made disturbances can mimic the effects of drought, like water withdrawal, and dams. Man-made channel modifications threaten the

entity_name: Hyporheic zone

text: hyporheic zone

text: as a refuge.

method: UNH-ecn

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: over-extraction of groundwater

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: man-made disturbances

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Man-made channel modifications

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: the water cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: lowers the water table

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Groundwater aquifers support drought refuges

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: drought,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: drought,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: water withdrawal, and dams.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: drought,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hyporheic zone

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: over-extraction of groundwater

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: ecosystems.Pollution and over-extraction of groundwater

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Groundwater aquifers support drought refuges

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: over-extraction of groundwater

text: The processes of life result in a mixture of chemicals that are not in chemical equilibrium but there are also abiotic disequilibrium processes that need to be considered. The most robust atmospheric biosignature is often considered to be molecular oxygen () and its photochemical byproduct ozone (). The photolysis of water () by UV rays followed by hydrodynamic escape of hydrogen can lead to a build-up of oxygen in planets close to their star undergoing runaway greenhouse effect. For planets in the habitable zone, it was thought that water photolysis would be strongly limited by cold-trapping of water vapour in the lower atmosphere. However, the extent of HO cold-trapping depends strongly on the amount of non-condensible gases in the atmosphere such as nitrogen N and argon. In the absence of such gases, the likelihood of build-up of oxygen also depends in complex ways on the planet's accretion history, internal chemistry, atmospheric dynamics, and orbital state. Therefore, oxygen, on its own, cannot be considered a robust biosignature. The ratio of nitrogen and argon to oxygen could be detected by studying thermal phase curves or by transit transmission spectroscopy measurement of the spectral Rayleigh scattering slope in a clear-sky (i.e. aerosol-free) atmosphere.

text: The processes of life result in a mixture of chemicals that are not in

entity_name: Chemical equilibrium

text: chemical equilibrium

text: but there are also abiotic disequilibrium processes that need to be considered. The most robust atmospheric

entity_name: Biosignature

text: biosignature

text: is often considered to be molecular

entity_name: Oxygen

text: oxygen

text: () and its

entity_name: Photochemistry

text: photochemical

text: byproduct

entity_name: Ozone

text: ozone

text: (). The

entity_name: Photodissociation

text: photolysis

text: of water () by

entity_name: Ultraviolet

text: UV rays

text: followed by

entity_name: Hydrodynamic escape

text: hydrodynamic escape

text: of hydrogen can lead to a build-up of oxygen in planets close to their star undergoing

entity_name: Runaway greenhouse effect

text: runaway greenhouse effect

text: . For planets in the

entity_name: Circumstellar habitable zone

text: habitable zone

text: , it was thought that water photolysis would be strongly limited by

entity_name: Cold trap (astronomy)

text: cold-trapping

text: of water vapour in the lower atmosphere. However, the extent of HO cold-trapping depends strongly on the amount of non-

entity_name: Condensation

text: condensible

text: gases in the atmosphere such as

entity_name: Nitrogen

text: nitrogen

text: N and

entity_name: Argon

text: argon

text: . In the absence of such gases, the likelihood of build-up of oxygen also depends in complex ways on the planet's accretion history, internal chemistry, atmospheric dynamics, and orbital state. Therefore, oxygen, on its own, cannot be considered a robust biosignature. The ratio of nitrogen and argon to oxygen could be detected by studying

entity_name: Infrared

text: thermal

entity_name: Phase curve (astronomy)

text: phase curves

text: or by

entity_name: Methods of detecting exoplanets

entity_section: Transit photometry

text: transit

text: transmission spectroscopy measurement of the spectral

entity_name: Rayleigh scattering

text: Rayleigh scattering

text: slope in a clear-sky (i.e.

entity_name: Aerosol

text: aerosol

text: -free) atmosphere.

method: Bert-ConvKNRM

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: UV rays

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: photolysis

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: aerosols

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: water vapour in the lower atmosphere

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: greenhouse effect

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: runaway greenhouse effect

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: runaway greenhouse effect

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: cold-trapping

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: photolysis of water () by UV rays

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: photolysis

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: aerosol-free)

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: photolysis of water

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: cold-trapping

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: photolysis of water

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: oxygen, on its own, cannot be considered a robust biosignature.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: greenhouse effect.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: cold-trapping

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: water

text: Characteristic landforms caused by groundwater sapping are “theater-shaped” channel heads and “U-shaped” valleys, which have a consistent width and steep valley walls. Weakened basal rocks are unable to support more resistant upper layers, causing valley head and sidewalls to collapse inwards. Theater-shaped channel heads are characterized by overhanging sidewalls that are relatively dry compared to the lower level rocks below the zone of seepage. The development of theater heads has been related to “ground-water flow direction, jointing and faulting, permeability contrasts, formation slope and dip angles, and formation cohesion”. The morphology of channels and valleys created by sapping are highly dependent on regional scale geology, and can be hard to distinguish from features created through alternative processes. Chemical precipitates can be used as indicators of groundwater water discharge implying that a valley or channel may have been formed as a result of sapping. These sorts of clues are important in areas where water is not currently being discharged.

text: Characteristic landforms caused by groundwater sapping are “theater-shaped” channel heads and “U-shaped” valleys, which have a consistent width and steep valley walls. Weakened basal rocks are unable to support more resistant upper layers, causing valley head and sidewalls to collapse inwards. Theater-shaped channel heads are characterized by overhanging sidewalls that are relatively dry compared to the lower level rocks below the zone of seepage. The development of theater heads has been related to “ground-water flow direction, jointing and faulting, permeability contrasts, formation slope and dip angles, and formation cohesion”. The morphology of channels and valleys created by sapping are highly dependent on regional scale geology, and can be hard to distinguish from features created through alternative processes. Chemical precipitates can be used as indicators of groundwater water discharge implying that a valley or channel may have been formed as a result of sapping. These sorts of clues are important in areas where water is not currently being discharged.

method: Bert-DRMMTKS

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: What drives the water cycle?

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Chemical precipitates can be used as indicators of groundwater water discharge implying that a valley or channel may have been formed as a result of sapping

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: “U-shaped” valleys

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Weakened basal rocks are unable to support more resistant upper layers,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Chemical precipitates

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Chemical precipitates

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Theater-shaped channel heads

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Chemical precipitates

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: groundwater sapping

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Chemical precipitates

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Weakened basal rocks are unable to support more resistant upper layers,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Chemical precipitates

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Characteristic landforms caused by groundwater sapping

text: The Heliotrope is an environmentally friendly house designed by the German architect Rolf Disch who also designed the Sonnenschiff (Sun Ship). Three such houses exist in Germany, the first experimental version having been built in 1994 as the architect's home in Freiburg im Breisgau, while the other two are used as exhibition buildings for the Hansgrohe company in Offenburg and a dentist's lab in Hilpoltstein in Bavaria. The Heliotrope in Freiburg was the first building in the world to capture more energy than it uses, all of which is entirely renewable, emissions free and CO neutral. The structure physically rotates to track the sun, which allows it to harness the maximum natural sunlight and warmth possible. Several different energy generation modules are used in the building including a  dual-axis solar photovoltaic tracking panel, a geothermal heat exchanger, a combined heat and power unit (CHP) and solar-thermal balcony railings to provide heat and warm water. These innovations in combination with the superior insulation of the residence allow the Heliotrope to capture anywhere between four and six times its energy usage depending on the time of year. The Heliotrope is also fitted with a grey-water cleansing system and built-in natural waste composting.

text: The Heliotrope is an

entity_name: Environmentally friendly

text: environmentally friendly

text: house designed by the German architect

entity_name: Rolf Disch

text: Rolf Disch

text: who also designed the

entity_name: Sonnenschiff

text: Sonnenschiff (Sun Ship)

text: . Three such houses exist in Germany, the first experimental version having been built in 1994 as the architect's home in

entity_name: Freiburg im Breisgau

text: Freiburg im Breisgau

text: , while the other two are used as exhibition buildings for the

entity_name: Hansgrohe

text: Hansgrohe

text: company in

entity_name: Offenburg

text: Offenburg

text: and a dentist's lab in Hilpoltstein in

entity_name: Bavaria

text: Bavaria

text: . The Heliotrope in

text: Freiburg

text: was the first building in the world to capture more energy than it uses, all of which is entirely renewable, emissions free and CO neutral. The structure physically rotates to track the sun, which allows it to harness the maximum natural sunlight and warmth possible. Several different energy generation modules are used in the building including a

entity_name: Solar tracker

text: dual-axis solar photovoltaic tracking panel

text: , a

entity_name: Geothermal heat pump

text: geothermal heat exchanger

text: , a

text: combined heat and power unit (CHP)

text: and

text: solar-thermal

text: balcony railings to provide heat and warm water. These innovations in combination with the superior insulation of the residence allow the Heliotrope to capture anywhere between four and six times its energy usage depending on the time of year. The Heliotrope is also fitted with a

text: grey-water cleansing system

text: and built-in natural waste composting.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: The structure physically rotates to track the sun

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: grey-water

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: grey-water cleansing system

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: geothermal heat exchanger,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: grey-water

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: solar-thermal balcony railings

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: grey-water cleansing system and built-in natural waste composting.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: grey-water

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: warm water.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: CO neutral. The structure physically rotates to track the sun,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: grey-water cleansing system and built-in natural waste composting.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: grey-water

text: Atmospheric carbon is exchanged quickly between the oceans and the terrestrial biosphere. This means that at times the atmosphere acts as a sink, and at other times as a source of carbon. The following section introduces exchanges between the atmospheric and other components of the global carbon cycle.

text: Atmospheric carbon is exchanged quickly between the oceans and the terrestrial biosphere. This means that at times the atmosphere acts as a sink, and at other times as a source of carbon. The following section introduces exchanges between the atmospheric and other components of the global carbon cycle.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: oceans

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Atmospheric carbon

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Atmospheric carbon

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Atmospheric carbon

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: sink,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Atmospheric carbon

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: carbon cycle.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Atmospheric carbon

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: the atmosphere acts as a sink,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Atmospheric carbon

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Atmospheric carbon

text: The cycle used by the Malone engine is a modified version of the Stirling Cycle.  The sealed cylinders filled with water are heated from one end to a temperature above the boiling point of water, but because of the limited volume within the cylinder the water can not change phase.  Instead, the water expands, in the process pushing the piston inside the cylinder.  The opposite end of the cylinder is cooled by the air, or alternatively a coolant fluid, and thus the cylinder compresses once more, completing the Stirling cycle.

text: The cycle used by the Malone engine is a modified version of the

text: Stirling Cycle

text: .  The sealed cylinders filled with water are heated from one end to a temperature above the

text: boiling point

text: of water, but because of the limited volume within the cylinder the water can not change phase.  Instead, the water expands, in the process pushing the piston inside the cylinder.  The opposite end of the cylinder is cooled by the air, or alternatively a coolant fluid, and thus the cylinder compresses once more, completing the Stirling cycle.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: boiling point

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the water expands

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: the water expands, in the process pushing the piston inside the cylinder.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: expands,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: air,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the water expands,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Stirling Cycle.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Stirling Cycle.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: limited volume within the cylinder the water can not change phase.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: boiling point of water,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Malone engine is a modified version of the Stirling Cycle.

text: At a fundamental level, marine life helps determine the very nature of our planet. Marine life resources provide food (especially food fish), medicines, and raw materials. It is also becoming understood that the well-being of marine organisms and other organisms are linked in very fundamental ways. The human body of knowledge regarding the relationship between life in the sea and important cycles is rapidly growing, with new discoveries being made nearly every day. These cycles include those of matter (such as the carbon cycle) and of air (such as Earth's respiration, and movement of energy through ecosystems including the ocean). Marine organisms contribute significantly to the oxygen cycle, and are involved in the regulation of the Earth's climate. Shorelines are in part shaped and protected by marine life, and some marine organisms even help create new land.

text: At a fundamental level, marine life helps determine the very nature of our planet. Marine life resources provide food (especially

text: food fish

text: ), medicines, and raw materials. It is also becoming understood that the well-being of marine organisms and other organisms are linked in very fundamental ways. The human body of knowledge regarding the relationship between life in the sea and important cycles is rapidly growing, with new discoveries being made nearly every day. These cycles include those of matter (such as the

text: carbon cycle

text: ) and of air (such as

text: Earth's respiration

text: , and movement of energy through

text: ecosystem

text: s including the ocean). Marine organisms contribute significantly to the

text: oxygen cycle

text: , and are involved in the regulation of the Earth's

text: climate

text: Shoreline

text: s are in part shaped and protected by marine life, and some marine organisms even help create new land.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: respiration

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: marine organisms contribute significantly to the oxygen cycle

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Earth's respiration

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: respiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: the carbon cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: What can marine organisms even help create new land?

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: carbon cycle)

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: carbon cycle)

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: air

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Earth's respiration,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: respiration,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: carbon cycle)

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: marine life helps determine the very nature of our planet.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: movement of energy through ecosystems including the ocean).

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Marine life resources provide food (especially food fish), medicines, and raw materials.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Marine life resources provide food (especially food fish), medicines, and raw materials.

text: Human activities have a major effect on the global sulfur cycle.  The burning of coal, natural gas, and other fossil fuels has greatly increased the amount of S in the atmosphere and ocean and depleted the sedimentary rock sink.  Without human impact sulfur would stay tied up in rocks for millions of years until it was uplifted through tectonic events and then released through erosion and weathering processes.  Instead it is being drilled, pumped and burned at a steadily increasing rate.  Over the most polluted areas there has been a 30-fold increase in sulfate deposition.   	Although the sulfur curve shows shifts between net sulfur oxidation and net sulfur reduction in the geologic past, the magnitude of the current human impact is probably unprecedented in the geologic record.  Human activities greatly increase the flux of sulfur to the atmosphere, some of which is transported globally.  Humans are mining coal and extracting petroleum from the Earth's crust at a rate that mobilizes 150 x 10 gS/yr, which is more than double the rate of 100 years ago.  The result of human impact on these processes is to increase the pool of oxidized sulfur (SO) in the global cycle, at the expense of the storage of reduced sulfur in the Earth's crust.  Therefore, human activities do not cause a major change in the global pools of S, but they do produce massive changes in the annual flux of S through the atmosphere.	When SO is emitted as an air pollutant, it forms sulfuric acid through reactions with water in the atmosphere.  Once the acid is completely dissociated in water the pH can drop to 4.3 or lower causing damage to both man-made and natural systems.  According to the EPA, acid rain is a broad term referring to a mixture of wet and dry deposition (deposited material) from the atmosphere containing higher than normal amounts of nitric and sulfuric acids.  Distilled water (water without any dissolved constituents), which contains no carbon dioxide, has a neutral pH of 7.  Rain naturally has a slightly acidic pH of 5.6, because carbon dioxide and water in the air react together to form carbonic acid, a very weak acid. Around Washington, D.C., however, the average rain pH is between 4.2 and 4.4.  Since pH is on a log scale dropping by 1 (the difference between normal rain water and acid rain) has a dramatic effect on the strength of the acid.  In the United States, roughly 2/3 of all SO and 1/4 of all NO come from electric power generation that relies on burning fossil fuels, like coal.

text: Human activities have a major effect on the global sulfur cycle.  The burning of

text: coal

text: natural gas

text: , and other

text: fossil fuel

text: s has greatly increased the amount of S in the atmosphere and ocean and depleted the sedimentary rock sink.  Without human impact sulfur would stay tied up in rocks for millions of years until it was uplifted through

text: tectonic

text: events and then released through

text: erosion

text: and

text: weathering

text: processes.  Instead it is being drilled, pumped and burned at a steadily increasing rate.  Over the most polluted areas there has been a 30-fold increase in sulfate deposition.   	Although the sulfur curve shows shifts between net sulfur oxidation and net sulfur reduction in the geologic past, the magnitude of the current human impact is probably unprecedented in the geologic record.  Human activities greatly increase the flux of sulfur to the

text: atmosphere

text: , some of which is transported globally.  Humans are mining coal and extracting petroleum from the

text: Earth's crust

text: at a rate that mobilizes 150 x 10 gS/yr, which is more than double the rate of 100 years ago.  The result of human impact on these processes is to increase the pool of oxidized sulfur (SO) in the global cycle, at the expense of the storage of reduced sulfur in the Earth's crust.  Therefore, human activities do not cause a major change in the global pools of S, but they do produce massive changes in the annual flux of S through the atmosphere.	When SO is emitted as an air pollutant, it forms

text: sulfuric acid

text: through reactions with water in the atmosphere.  Once the acid is completely dissociated in water the

text: pH

text: can drop to 4.3 or lower causing damage to both man-made and natural systems.  According to the EPA,

text: acid rain

text: is a broad term referring to a mixture of wet and dry deposition (deposited material) from the atmosphere containing higher than normal amounts of nitric and sulfuric acids.  Distilled water (water without any dissolved constituents), which contains no

text: carbon dioxide

text: , has a neutral pH of 7.  Rain naturally has a slightly acidic pH of 5.6, because carbon dioxide and water in the air react together to form carbonic acid, a very weak acid. Around Washington, D.C., however, the average rain pH is between 4.2 and 4.4.  Since pH is on a log scale dropping by 1 (the difference between normal rain water and acid rain) has a dramatic effect on the strength of the acid.  In the United States, roughly 2/3 of all SO and 1/4 of all NO come from electric power generation that relies on burning fossil fuels, like coal.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Human activities greatly increase the flux of sulfur to the atmosphere, some of which is transported globally

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: What kind of precipitation is acid rain?

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: acid rain

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: deposition

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: global cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: storage of reduced sulfur in the Earth's crust.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: 5.6,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: acid rain

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: acid rain

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: acid rain

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: global cycle,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: 4.3

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: human impact on these processes is to increase the pool of oxidized sulfur

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: 5.6,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: 5.6,

text: The Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment (GEWEX) is a research program of the World Climate Research Programme intended to observe, comprehend and model the Earth's water cycle. The experiment also observes how much energy the Earth receives, studies how much of that energy reaches surfaces of the Earth and how that energy is transformed. Sunlight's energy evaporates water to produce clouds and rain, and  dries out land masses after rain. Rain that falls on land becomes the water budget which can be used by people for agricultural and other processes.

text: The Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment (GEWEX) is a research program of the

text: World Climate Research Programme

text: intended to observe, comprehend and

text: model

text: the Earth's

text: water cycle

text: . The experiment also observes how much energy the

text: Earth

text: receives, studies how much of that energy reaches surfaces of the Earth and how that energy is transformed.

text: Sunlight

text: 's energy

text: evaporate

text: s water to produce

text: cloud

text: s and

text: rain

text: , and  dries out land masses after rain. Rain that falls on land becomes the water budget which can be used by people for

text: agricultural

text: and other processes.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: sunlight's energy evaporates water

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporates

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: What are examples of precipitation?

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: dries out land masses

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Evaporation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Earth's

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Sunlight's energy

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Sunlight's energy evaporates

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Sunlight's energy evaporates water to produce clouds

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Sunlight's energy evaporates water to produce clouds and rain,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Sunlight's energy evaporates water

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Rain

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Sunlight's energy evaporates water

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Rain that falls on land becomes the water budget

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: agricultural and other processes.

text: IGBP aimed to describe and understand how the physical, chemical and biological processes regulate the Earth system.  It also seeks to increase knowledge of how humans are influencing the global processes, such as the carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, sulfur cycle, water cycle and phosphorus cycle. "It delivers scientific knowledge to help human societies develop in harmony with Earth's environment."

text: IGBP aimed to describe and understand how the physical, chemical and biological processes regulate the Earth system.  It also seeks to increase knowledge of how humans are influencing the global processes, such as the

text: carbon cycle

text: nitrogen cycle

text: sulfur cycle

text: water cycle

text: and

text: phosphorus cycle

text: . "It delivers scientific knowledge to help human societies develop in harmony with Earth's environment."

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: sulfur cycle

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: water cycle

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water cycle

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: water cycle

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: water cycle

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: phosphorus cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: water cycle

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: influencing the global processes,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: sulfur cycle,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: water cycle

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: phosphorus cycle.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: IGBP

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: humans are influencing the global processes,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: water cycle and phosphorus cycle.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: water cycle and phosphorus cycle.

text: There are five stages to the waterspout life cycle.  Initially, a prominent circular, light-colored disk appears on the surface of the water, surrounded by a larger dark area of indeterminate shape. After the formation of these colored disks on the water, a pattern of light and dark-colored spiral bands develop from the dark spot on the water surface.  Then, a dense annulus of sea spray, called a cascade, appears around the dark spot with what appears to be an eye.  Eventually, the waterspout becomes a visible funnel from the water surface to the overhead cloud.  The spray vortex can rise to a height of several hundred feet or more and often creates a visible wake and an associated wave train as it moves.  Eventually, the funnel and spray vortex begin to dissipate as the inflow of warm air into the vortex weakens, ending the waterspout's life cycle.

text: There are five stages to the waterspout life cycle.  Initially, a prominent circular, light-colored disk appears on the surface of the water, surrounded by a larger dark area of indeterminate shape. After the formation of these colored disks on the water, a pattern of light and dark-colored spiral bands develop from the dark spot on the water surface.  Then, a dense

text: annulus

text: of sea spray, called a cascade, appears around the dark spot with what appears to be an

text: eye

text: .  Eventually, the waterspout becomes a visible funnel from the water surface to the overhead cloud.  The spray vortex can rise to a height of several hundred feet or more and often creates a visible wake and an associated wave train as it moves.  Eventually, the funnel and spray vortex begin to dissipate as the inflow of warm air into the vortex weakens, ending the waterspout's life cycle.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: inflow of warm air

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: what is a dense annulus of sea spray?

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: waterspout

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: inflow of warm air

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: air

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: sea spray,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: a dense annulus of sea spray, called a cascade,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: waterspout life cycle.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: waterspout life cycle.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: inflow of warm air into the vortex weakens,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: waterspout life cycle.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: There are five stages to the waterspout life cycle.

text: At 19% of the solar radius, near the edge of the core, temperatures are about 10 million kelvin and fusion power density is 6.9 W/m, which is about 2.5% of the maximum value at the solar center. The density here is about 40 g/cm, or about 27% of that at the center. Some 91% of the solar energy is produced within this radius. Within 24% of the radius (the outer "core" by some definitions), 99% of the Sun's power is produced. Beyond 30% of the solar radius, where temperature is 7 million K and density has fallen to 10 g/cm the rate of fusion is almost nil. There are two distinct reactions in which 4 H nuclei may eventually result in one He nucleus: "proton-proton chain reaction" and the "CNO cycle" (see below).

text: At 19% of the solar radius, near the edge of the core, temperatures are about 10 million kelvin and fusion power density is 6.9 W/m, which is about 2.5% of the maximum value at the solar center. The density here is about 40 g/cm, or about 27% of that at the center. Some 91% of the solar energy is produced within this radius. Within 24% of the radius (the outer "core" by some definitions), 99% of the Sun's power is produced. Beyond 30% of the solar radius, where temperature is 7 million K and density has fallen to 10 g/cm the rate of fusion is almost nil. There are two distinct reactions in which 4 H nuclei may eventually result in one He nucleus: "proton-proton chain reaction" and the "CNO cycle" (see below).

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: CNO cycle

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: density decreases

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: None of the above choices are true

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: "CNO cycle"

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: 10 million kelvin

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: At 19% of the solar radius,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: "CNO cycle"

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: "CNO cycle"

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: "CNO cycle"

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: 10 million kelvin

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: At 19% of the solar radius,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: 2.5% of the maximum value at the solar center.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: 19% of the solar radius,

text: Lake Rotorua is fed with water from a number of rivers and streams; some such as the Utuhina flow water of a water temperature warmer than the lake due to the thermal activity in the Rotorua area. Conversely streams on the northern shore such as the Hamurana Spring and the Awahou stream flow crystal clear water that has a constant temperature of 10 degrees Celsius. Other notable tributaries include the Ngongotaha stream, famous for trout fishing.

text: Lake Rotorua is fed with water from a number of rivers and streams; some such as the Utuhina flow water of a water temperature warmer than the lake due to the thermal activity in the Rotorua area. Conversely streams on the northern shore such as the

text: Hamurana Spring

text: and the Awahou stream flow crystal clear water that has a constant temperature of 10 degrees Celsius. Other notable tributaries include the

text: Ngongotaha

text: stream, famous for trout fishing.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: thermal activity

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: thermal activity

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the Hamurana Spring

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: thermal activity in the Rotorua area.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: 10 degrees Celsius.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Hamurana Spring

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: thermal activity

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: thermal activity

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: warmer

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: thermal activity in the Rotorua area.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Lake Rotorua

text: SW 7.4 During each complete cycle, some part of the swimmer's head must break the surface of the water. The head must break the surface of the water before the hands turn inward at the widest part of the second stroke. All movements of the legs shall be simultaneous and on the same horizontal plane without alternating movement.

text: SW 7.4 During each complete cycle, some part of the swimmer's head must break the surface of the water. The head must break the surface of the water before the hands turn inward at the widest part of the second stroke. All movements of the legs shall be simultaneous and on the same horizontal plane without alternating movement.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: some part of the swimmer's head must break the surface of the water

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the head must break the surface of the water

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: the water cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: some part of the swimmer's head must break the surface of the water.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: water.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: some part of the swimmer's head must break the surface of the water.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: some part of the swimmer's head must break the surface of the water.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: alternating movement.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: second stroke.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: alternating movement.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: water.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: SW 7.4

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: SW 7.4

text: Oceans and coastal ecosystems play an important role in the global carbon cycle and have removed about 25% of the carbon dioxide emitted by human activities between 2000 and 2007 and about half the anthropogenic CO released since the start of the Industrial Revolution. Rising ocean temperatures and ocean acidification means that the capacity of the ocean carbon sink will gradually get weaker, giving rise to global concerns expressed in the Monaco and ManadoDeclarations.  Healthy ocean ecosystems are essential for the mitigation of climate change. Coral reefs provide habitat for millions of fish species and with climate change it can provoke these reefs to die.

text: Oceans

text: and

text: coastal ecosystems

text: play an important role in the

text: global carbon cycle

text: and have removed about 25% of the carbon dioxide emitted by human activities between 2000 and 2007 and about half the anthropogenic CO released since the start of the

text: Industrial Revolution

text: . Rising ocean temperatures and ocean acidification means that the capacity of the ocean

text: carbon sink

text: will gradually get weaker, giving rise to global concerns expressed in the Monaco and ManadoDeclarations.  Healthy ocean ecosystems are essential for the mitigation of climate change. Coral reefs provide habitat for millions of fish species and with climate change it can provoke these reefs to die.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: can provoke these reefs to die

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Rising ocean temperatures

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: carbon cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: carbon sink capacity gets weaker

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: What is the capacity of the ocean carbon sink

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Oceans and coastal ecosystems play an important role in the global carbon cycle

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: acidification

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: climate change.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Rising ocean temperatures

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: carbon cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Oceans and coastal ecosystems

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: the capacity of the ocean carbon sink will gradually get weaker,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Oceans and coastal ecosystems play an important role in the global carbon cycle

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Oceans and coastal ecosystems

text: The offspring remain in the fresh water until they are ready to migrate to the ocean as smolts. In a few years, the surviving adults return, climb the fish ladder, and reach their spawning ground to continue the life cycle. Of the millions of young fish born, only a relative few survive to adulthood. Causes of death include natural predators, commercial and sport fishing, disease, low stream flows, poor water quality, flooding, and concentrated developments along streams and lakes.

text: The offspring remain in the fresh water until they are ready to migrate to the ocean as

text: smolts

text: . In a few years, the surviving adults return, climb the fish ladder, and reach their spawning ground to continue the life cycle. Of the millions of young fish born, only a relative few survive to adulthood. Causes of death include natural predators, commercial and sport fishing, disease, low stream flows, poor water quality, flooding, and concentrated developments along streams and lakes.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: low stream flows

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: smolt

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: low stream flows

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: life cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: low stream flows,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: smolts.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: flooding,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: low stream flows,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: migrate to the ocean as smolts.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: life cycle.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: low stream flows, poor water quality,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: low stream flows,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: smolts.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The offspring remain in the fresh water

text: In the developing world, 90% of all wastewater still goes untreated into local rivers and streams. Some 50 countries, with roughly a third of the world's population, also suffer from medium or high water stress, and 17 of these extract more water annually than is recharged through their natural water cycles. The strain not only affects surface freshwater bodies like rivers and lakes, but it also degrades groundwater resources.

text: In the developing world, 90% of all

text: wastewater

text: still goes untreated into local rivers and streams. Some 50 countries, with roughly a third of the world's population, also suffer from medium or high water stress, and 17 of these extract more water annually than is recharged through their natural water cycles. The strain not only affects surface freshwater bodies like rivers and lakes, but it also degrades groundwater resources.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: water stress

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: groundwater resources

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: natural

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: extract more water annually than is recharged through their natural water cycles.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: water stress,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water stress,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: extract more water annually than is recharged through their natural water cycles.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: medium or high water stress,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: water stress,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: medium or high water stress,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: water stress,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: water annually than is recharged through their natural water cycles.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: extract more water annually than is recharged through their natural water cycles.

text: A number of different types of chemical cycles geochemical cycles occur on Earth. Biogeochemical cycles play an important role in sustaining the biosphere.Notable active chemical cycles on Earth include:

text: A number of different types of chemical cycles geochemical cycles occur on Earth. Biogeochemical cycles play an important role in sustaining the biosphere.Notable active chemical cycles on Earth include:

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: biogeochemical

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: biogeochemical cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: biogeochemical cycles

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: the Roman Empire

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Biogeochemical cycles

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: geochemical cycles

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Biogeochemical cycles

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Biogeochemical cycles

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Biogeochemical cycles

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Biogeochemical cycles

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Biogeochemical cycles

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Biogeochemical cycles play an important role in sustaining the biosphere.Notable

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Biogeochemical cycles

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Biogeochemical cycles

text: Maintenance of liquid surface water also requires a sufficiently thick atmosphere. Possible origins of terrestrial atmospheres are currently theorised to outgassing, impact degassing and ingassing. Atmospheres are thought to be maintained through similar processes along with biogeochemical cycles and the mitigation of atmospheric escape. In a 2013 study led by Italian astronomer Giovanni Vladilo, it was shown that the size of the circumstellar habitable zone increased with greater atmospheric pressure. Below an atmospheric pressure of about 15 millibars, it was found that habitability could not be maintained because even a small shift in pressure or temperature could render water unable to form a liquid.

text: Maintenance of liquid surface water also requires a sufficiently thick atmosphere. Possible origins of terrestrial atmospheres are currently theorised to outgassing, impact degassing and ingassing. Atmospheres are thought to be maintained through similar processes along with

text: biogeochemical cycle

text: s and the mitigation of

text: atmospheric escape

text: . In a 2013 study led by Italian astronomer

text: Giovanni Vladilo

text: , it was shown that the size of the circumstellar habitable zone increased with greater atmospheric pressure. Below an atmospheric pressure of about 15 millibars, it was found that habitability could not be maintained because even a small shift in pressure or temperature could render water unable to form a liquid.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: biogeochemical cycles

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: outgassing

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: impact degassing

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: outgassing

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: biogeochemical

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: a sufficiently thick atmosphere

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: a sufficiently thick atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: ingassing.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: thick atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: impact degassing

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: outgassing,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: biogeochemical cycles

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: thick atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: atmospheric pressure.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Maintenance of liquid surface water

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Maintenance of liquid surface water

text: Water depths reached  to . Water levels were about  higher than Salar de Uyuni, or . According to research published in 2000, the lake level varied from . Some disagreement about water levels at various sites may reflect differing isostatic rebound of the land covered by the lake. The original 1978 research on the Tauca phase postulated its shoreline at . Of the previous lake cycles in the area, only the Ouki cycle appears to have exceeded that altitude.

text: Water depths reached  to . Water levels were about  higher than Salar de Uyuni, or . According to research published in 2000, the lake level varied from . Some disagreement about water levels at various sites may reflect differing

text: isostatic rebound

text: of the land covered by the lake. The original 1978 research on the Tauca phase postulated its shoreline at . Of the previous lake cycles in the area, only the Ouki cycle appears to have exceeded that altitude.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: isostatic rebound

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the Ouki cycle

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: isostatic rebound

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: isostatic rebound of the land covered by the lake.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: isostatic rebound

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Water

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Ouki cycle

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: rebound

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Ouki cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Water levels were about higher than Salar de Uyuni,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: isostatic rebound of the land covered by the lake.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Water levels were about higher than Salar de Uyuni,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Water depths reached to.

text: The Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) was an international marine research program. The program used heavy drilling equipment mounted aboard ships to monitor and sample sub-seafloor environments. With this research, the IODP documented environmental change, Earth processes and effects, the biosphere, solid earth cycles, and geodynamics.

text: The Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) was an international marine research program. The program used heavy drilling equipment mounted aboard ships to monitor and sample sub-seafloor environments. With this research, the IODP documented environmental change, Earth processes and effects, the biosphere, solid earth cycles, and geodynamics.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: solid earth cycles

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: solid earth cycles

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: solid earth cycles

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: solid earth cycles

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: solid earth cycles, and geodynamics.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: solid earth cycles,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: environmental change,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: solid earth cycles,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: The Integrated Ocean Drilling Program

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: solid earth cycles,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Integrated Ocean Drilling Program

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Earth processes and effects, the biosphere, solid earth cycles,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: solid earth cycles, and geodynamics.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The Integrated Ocean Drilling Program

text: Lakes also receive waters, often from many different sources with varying qualities. Solids from stream inputs will typically settle near the mouth of the stream and depending on a variety of factors the incoming water may float over the surface of the lake, sink beneath the surface or rapidly mix with the lake water. All of these phenomena can  skew the results of any environmental monitoring unless the process are well understood.

text: Lakes also receive waters, often from many different sources with varying qualities. Solids from stream inputs will typically settle near the mouth of the stream and depending on a variety of factors the incoming water may float over the surface of the lake, sink beneath the surface or rapidly mix with the lake water. All of these phenomena can  skew the results of any environmental monitoring unless the process are well understood.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: solids from stream inputs

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: sink beneath the surface

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Solids from stream inputs will typically settle near the mouth of the stream

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: rapidly mix with the lake water.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: varying qualities.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: sink beneath the surface

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: mix with the lake water.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Lakes also receive waters, often from many different sources with varying qualities.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Lakes also receive waters, often from many different sources with varying qualities.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: sink beneath the surface or rapidly mix with the lake water.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Lakes also receive waters, often from many different sources with varying qualities.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Lakes also receive waters, often from many different sources with varying qualities.

text: Complex cycling systems of Malpighian tubules have been described in other insect orders. Hemipteran insects use tubules that permit movement of solutes into the distal portion of the tubules while reabsorption of water and essential ions directly to the hemolymph occurs in the proximal portion and the rectum. Both Coleoptera and Lepidoptera use a cryptonephridial arrangement where the distal end of the tubules are embedded in fat tissue surrounding the rectum. Such an arrangement may serve to increase the efficiency of solute processing in the Malpighian tubules.

text: Complex cycling systems of Malpighian tubules have been described in other insect orders.

text: Hemiptera

text: n insects use tubules that permit movement of solutes into the distal portion of the tubules while reabsorption of water and essential ions directly to the hemolymph occurs in the proximal portion and the rectum. Both

text: Coleoptera

text: and

text: Lepidoptera

text: use a cryptonephridial arrangement where the distal end of the tubules are embedded in fat tissue surrounding the rectum. Such an arrangement may serve to increase the efficiency of solute processing in the Malpighian tubules.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: reabsorption of water and essential ions

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the distal end of the tubules are embedded in fat tissue surrounding the rectum

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: dehydration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: resorption

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: reabsorption of water and essential ions directly to the hemolymph

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: reabsorption

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Complex cycling systems of Malpighian tubules

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: cryptonephridial arrangement

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: cryptonephridial

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: reabsorption

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Complex cycling systems of Malpighian tubules

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Complex cycling systems of Malpighian tubules

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: reabsorption of water and essential ions directly to the hemolymph

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Complex cycling systems of Malpighian tubules

text: First, laundry is inserted into the compartment of the machine. The machine then releases nylon polymer beads and water containing detergent onto the garments. The washing cycle begins and the beads begin to absorb stains. After the cycle ends, the nylon polymer beads are then separated by a drum in drum separation process that is projected to remove 99.95% of the beads. Remainder of the beads could either be shaken off or removed by using a vacuum wand (which is included by the purchase of the machine).

text: First, laundry is inserted into the compartment of the machine. The machine then releases nylon polymer beads and water containing detergent onto the garments. The washing cycle begins and the beads begin to absorb stains. After the cycle ends, the nylon polymer beads are then separated by a drum in drum separation process that is projected to remove 99.95% of the beads. Remainder of the beads could either be shaken off or removed by using a vacuum wand (which is included by the purchase of the machine).

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: a vacuum wand

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: The washing cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: nylon polymer beads and water containing detergent

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: drum separation process

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: stains.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: nylon polymer beads

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: nylon polymer beads

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: washing cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: nylon polymer beads

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: nylon polymer beads

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: nylon polymer beads

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: water

text: No biospheres have been detected beyond the Earth; therefore, the existence of extraterrestrial biospheres remains hypothetical. The rare Earth hypothesis suggests they should be very rare, save ones composed of microbial life only. On the other hand, Earth analogs may be quite numerous, at least in the Milky Way galaxy. Given limited understanding of abiogenesis, it is currently unknown what percentage of these planets actually develop biospheres.

text: No biospheres have been detected beyond the Earth; therefore, the existence of extraterrestrial biospheres remains hypothetical. The

text: rare Earth hypothesis

text: suggests they should be very rare, save ones composed of

text: microbial

text: life only. On the other hand,

text: Earth analog

text: s may be quite numerous, at least in the

text: Milky Way

text: galaxy. Given limited understanding of

text: abiogenesis

text: , it is currently unknown what percentage of these planets actually develop biospheres.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: biospheres

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: microbial life only

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: biospheres

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: microbial life

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: abiogenesis,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: abiogenesis,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: microbial life

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: abiogenesis,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: abiogenesis,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: No biospheres have been detected beyond the Earth;

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: No biospheres have been detected beyond the Earth;

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: No biospheres have been detected beyond the Earth;

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: No biospheres have been detected beyond the Earth;

text: Solar hot water is water heated using natural energy from the sun.  Solar energy heats up large panels called thermal collectors. The energy is transferred through a fluid (often water) to a reservoir tank for storage and subsequent use. It is then used to heat water for commercial or domestic use and also as an energy input for heating and cooling devices and for industrial 'process heat' applications.

text: Solar hot water is water heated using natural

text: energy

text: from the sun.

text: Solar energy

text: heats up large panels called thermal collectors. The energy is transferred through a fluid (often water) to a reservoir tank for storage and subsequent use. It is then used to heat water for commercial or domestic use and also as an energy input for heating and cooling devices and for industrial 'process heat' applications.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: solar hot water

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: natural energy from the sun.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Solar hot water

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Solar hot water

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Solar hot water

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Solar hot water

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Solar hot water

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Solar hot water

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Solar hot water is water heated using natural energy from the sun.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Solar hot water

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Solar hot water

text: The controlled harvesting zone (ZEC) of Mazana has an area of 734 square kilometers and has more than 200 lakes. With a length of 11 km and 1.7 km maximum wide, the lake Mazana is the main stream of the ZEC. It flows from the south-west in Mazana river which has a length of 35 km. On its way, the water stream pass through several lakes such as Bélisle, Chatillon, Bruneau and Pin. The latter lake receives water from the La Lièvre River (to the north) and Mazana River (to the east). On its way, the river Mazana collects water from streams Séré and Line. The lake Mazana is located in the far east; one of its bays is located 6 miles southwest of Manawan. Several lakes of Zec feature boat ramp into the water.

text: The

text: controlled harvesting zone

text: (ZEC) of Mazana has an area of 734 square kilometers and has more than 200 lakes. With a length of 11 km and 1.7 km maximum wide, the lake Mazana is the main stream of the ZEC. It flows from the south-west in

text: Mazana river

text: which has a length of 35 km. On its way, the water stream pass through several lakes such as Bélisle, Chatillon, Bruneau and Pin. The latter lake receives water from the

text: La Lièvre River

text: (to the north) and

text: Mazana River

text: (to the east). On its way, the river Mazana collects water from streams Séré and Line. The lake Mazana is located in the far east; one of its bays is located 6 miles southwest of

text: Manawan

text: . Several lakes of Zec feature boat ramp into the water.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: The controlled harvesting zone (ZEC) of Mazana

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices are true

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: lake Mazana

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: dehydration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: water cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: It is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: the river Mazana collects water from streams Séré and Line.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: water.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Several lakes of Zec feature boat ramp into the water.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: The controlled harvesting zone

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: controlled harvesting zone

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Mazana river

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: lakes.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: 200 lakes.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: 200 lakes.

text: The degree of pathogen removal strongly varies with soil type, aquifer type, distance and other environmental factors. For this reason, it is difficult to estimate the safe distance between a pit and a water source – a problem that also applies to septic tanks. Detailed guidelines have been developed to estimate safe distances to protect groundwater sources from pollution from on-site sanitation. However, these are mostly ignored by those building pit latrines. In addition to that, household plots are of a limited size and therefore pit latrines are often built much closer to groundwater wells than what can be regarded as safe This results in groundwater pollution and household members falling sick when using this groundwater as a source of drinking water.

text: The degree of pathogen removal strongly varies with soil type, aquifer type, distance and other environmental factors. For this reason, it is difficult to estimate the safe distance between a pit and a water source – a problem that also applies to

text: septic tank

text: s. Detailed guidelines have been developed to estimate safe distances to protect

text: groundwater

text: sources from pollution from on-site

text: sanitation

text: . However, these are mostly ignored by those building pit latrines. In addition to that, household plots are of a limited size and therefore pit latrines are often built much closer to groundwater wells than what can be regarded as safe This results in

text: groundwater pollution

text: and household members falling sick when using this groundwater as a source of drinking water.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: other environmental factors

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: groundwater pollution

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: aquifer type, distance and other environmental factors.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: septic tanks.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: environmental factors.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: aquifer type,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: pathogen removal

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: aquifer type,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: aquifer type, distance and other environmental factors.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: aquifer type, distance and other environmental factors.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: septic tanks.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The degree of pathogen removal

text: Union Lake was so named for the fact two streams flow into the lake where their waters are "united".

text: Union Lake was so named for the fact two streams flow into the lake where their waters are "united".

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: ii.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: two streams flowing into one lake

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrology

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: it is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: two streams flow into the lake where their waters are "united".

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: "united".

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: waters are "united".

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: two streams flow into the lake where their waters are "united".

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: "united".

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: "united".

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: two streams flow into the lake where their waters are "united".

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Union Lake

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Union Lake

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Union Lake

text: A water footprint assessment can assist in:a) assessing the magnitude of potential environmental impacts related to water;b) identifying opportunities to reduce water related potential environmental impacts associated with products at various stages in their life cycle as well as processes and organizations;c) strategic risk management related to water;d) facilitating water efficiency and optimization of water management at product, process and organizational levels;e) informing decision-makers in industry, government or non-governmental organizations of their potential environmental impacts related to water (e.g. for the purpose of strategic planning, priority setting, product or process design or redesign, decisions about investment of resources);f) providing consistent and reliable information, based on scientific evidence for reporting water footprint results.A water footprint assessment alone is insufficient to be used to describe the overall potential environmental impacts of products, processes or organizations.The water footprint assessment according to this International Standard can be conducted and reported as a stand-alone assessment, where only impacts related to water are assessed, or as part of a life cycle assessment, where consideration is given to a comprehensive set of environmental impacts and not only impacts related to water.In this International Standard, the term “water footprint” is only used when it is the result of an impact assessment.The specific scope of the water footprint assessment is defined by the users of this International Standard in accordance with its requirements.

text: A water footprint assessment can assist in:a) assessing the magnitude of potential environmental impacts related to water;b) identifying opportunities to reduce water related potential environmental impacts associated with products at various stages in their life cycle as well as processes and organizations;c) strategic risk management related to water;d) facilitating water efficiency and optimization of water management at product, process and organizational levels;e) informing decision-makers in industry, government or non-governmental organizations of their potential environmental impacts related to water (e.g. for the purpose of strategic planning, priority setting, product or process design or redesign, decisions about investment of resources);f) providing consistent and reliable information, based on scientific evidence for reporting water footprint results.A water footprint assessment alone is insufficient to be used to describe the overall potential environmental impacts of products, processes or organizations.The water footprint assessment according to this International Standard can be conducted and reported as a stand-alone assessment, where only impacts related to water are assessed, or as part of a life cycle assessment, where consideration is given to a comprehensive set of environmental impacts and not only impacts related to water.In this International Standard, the term “water footprint” is only used when it is the result of an impact assessment.The specific scope of the water footprint assessment is defined by the users of this International Standard in accordance with its requirements.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: life cycle assessment

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: gaseous

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: potential environmental impacts

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: facilitating water efficiency

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: life cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: snow and ice

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: water efficiency and optimization of water management

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: life cycle

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water footprint

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: identifying opportunities to reduce water related potential environmental impacts associated with products

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: water footprint

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: life cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: identifying opportunities to reduce water related potential environmental impacts

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: water;b) identifying opportunities to reduce water related potential environmental impacts

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: water efficiency and optimization of water management at product, process and organizational levels;e)

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: water efficiency and optimization of water management at product, process and organizational levels;e)

text: Lake Naplás is a lake of Hungary. This lake is an artificial lake, it has also stream and forest. Rare flora and fauna. Boating and fishing, walking and cycling activities can be done in this place.

text: Lake Naplás is a lake of

text: Hungary

text: . This lake is an artificial lake, it has also stream and forest. Rare flora and fauna. Boating and fishing, walking and cycling activities can be done in this place.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: the lake is artificial

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: artificial lake

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: abiotic

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: stream and forest.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Lake Naplás

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Lake Naplás

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: artificial lake,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Lake Naplás

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: stream

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Lake Naplás

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Lake Naplás

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Lake Naplás

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Lake Naplás

text: Soil resources are critical to the environment, as well as to food and fibre production. Soil provides minerals and water to plants. Soil absorbs rainwater and releases it later, thus preventing floods and drought. Soil cleans water as it percolates through it. Soil is the habitat for many organisms: the major part of known and unknown biodiversity is in the soil, in the form of invertebrates (earthworms, woodlice, millipedes, centipedes, snails, slugs, mites, springtails, enchytraeids, nematodes, protists), bacteria, archaea, fungi and algae; and most organisms living above ground have part of them (plants) or spend part of their life cycle (insects) below-ground. Above-ground and below-ground biodiversities are tightly interconnected, making soil protection of paramount importance for any restoration or conservation plan.

text: Soil resources are critical to the environment, as well as to food and fibre production. Soil provides minerals and water to plants. Soil absorbs rainwater and releases it later, thus preventing floods and drought. Soil cleans water as it percolates through it. Soil is the habitat for many organisms: the major part of known and unknown

text: biodiversity

text: is in the soil, in the form of

text: invertebrates

text: earthworm

text: s,

text: woodlice

text: millipede

text: s,

text: centipede

text: s,

text: snail

text: s,

text: slug

text: s,

text: mite

text: s,

text: springtail

text: s,

text: enchytraeids

text: nematode

text: s,

text: protist

text: s),

text: bacteria

text: archaea

text: , fungi and

text: algae

text: ; and most organisms living above ground have part of them (

text: plants

text: ) or spend part of their

text: life cycle

text: insects

text: ) below-ground. Above-ground and below-ground biodiversities are tightly interconnected, making soil protection of paramount importance for any restoration or conservation plan.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Soil provides minerals and water to plants

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Soil absorbs rainwater and releases it later

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: percolation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: water cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Soil absorbs rainwater and releases it later,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: drought. Soil cleans water as it percolates

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Soil absorbs rainwater

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Soil absorbs rainwater

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: drought.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: drought.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Soil absorbs rainwater

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: drought.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Soil absorbs rainwater

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Soil absorbs rainwater

text: When rain falls on the land mass, soil absorbs a part of rain water and remaining part of the rain water joins the nearby stream by flowing on the surface of soil. Some of the water absorbed by the soil gets evaporated from the soil, some part of the remaining water in the soil emerges into the surface stream as seepage flows and rest of water collects in the underground aquifer as ground water.  This process also takes place when the land is irrigated by surface water. The surface run off and the subsurface seepage out of the total rainfall is the available water in the river basin after deducting the natural evaporation loss from the naturally formed water bodies (both perennial and non perennial) in the river basin in a water year. The water thus available is called primary water supplies / flows in a river.

text: When rain falls on the land mass, soil absorbs a part of rain water and remaining part of the rain water joins the nearby stream by flowing on the surface of soil. Some of the water absorbed by the soil gets evaporated from the soil, some part of the remaining water in the soil emerges into the surface stream as seepage flows and rest of water collects in the underground aquifer as ground water.  This process also takes place when the land is irrigated by surface water. The surface run off and the subsurface seepage out of the total rainfall is the available water in the river basin after deducting the natural evaporation loss from the naturally formed water bodies (both perennial and non perennial) in the river basin in a water year. The water thus available is called primary water supplies / flows in a river.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: soil absorbs a part of rain water

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporated

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: surface run off and the subsurface seepage

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Evaporation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Some of the water absorbed by the soil gets evaporated from the soil,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporated

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: rain falls on the land mass,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: seepage flows

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: evaporated

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: primary water supplies / flows in a river.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: irrigated by surface water.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: underground aquifer as ground water.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: When rain falls on the land mass,

text: SahysMod- Saline seep- Salinity in Australia- Salt marsh- Salting the earth- SaltMod- San Joaquin (soil)- Sand- Sand boil- Sandbag- Scobey (soil)- Seitz (soil)- Serpentine soil- Shear strength (soil)- Shear strength test- Shrub swamp- Silt- Slope stability- Slump- Sodium adsorption ratio- Soil- Soil alkalinity- Soil acidification- Soil amendment- Soil and water assessment tool- Soil Association- Soil biodiversity- Soil biology- Soil carbon- Soil cement- Soil chemistry- Soil classification- Soil compaction- Soil conditioner- Soil conservation- Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act- Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act of 1936- Soil contamination- Soil crust- Soil depletion- Soil ecology- Soil erosion- Soil fertility- Soil food web- Soil functions- Soil gradation- Soil guideline value- Soil health- Soil horizon- Soil inoculant- Soil life- Soil liquefaction- Soil management - Soil mechanics- Soil moisture- Soil moisture sensors- Soil nailing- Soil organic matter- Soil pH- Soil physics- Soil policy (Victoria, Australia)- Soil profile- Soil resilience- Soil respiration- Soil salination- Soil salinity- Soil salinity control- Soil science- Soil Science Society of America- Soil series- Soil solarization- Soil steam sterilization- Soil structure- Soil survey- Soil test- Soil texture- Soil type- Soil water (retention)- Soils retrogression and degradation- Solonchak- Solonetz- Specific storage- Specific weight- Spodic soils- Stagnosol- Strip farming- Stuttgart (soil)- Subaqueous soil- Subsidence- Subsoil- Suckiaug

text: SahysMod

text: Saline seep

text: Salinity in Australia

text: Salt marsh

text: Salting the earth

text: SaltMod

text: San Joaquin (soil)

text: Sand

text: Sand boil

text: Sandbag

text: Scobey (soil)

text: Seitz (soil)

text: Serpentine soil

text: Shear strength (soil)

text: Shear strength test

text: Shrub swamp

text: Silt

text: Slope stability

text: Slump

text: Sodium adsorption ratio

text: Soil

text: Soil alkalinity

text: Soil acidification

text: Soil amendment

text: Soil and water assessment tool

text: Soil Association

text: Soil biodiversity

text: Soil biology

text: Soil carbon

text: Soil cement

text: Soil chemistry

text: Soil classification

text: Soil compaction

text: Soil conditioner

text: Soil conservation

entity_name: Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act of 1936

text: Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act

text: Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act of 1936

text: Soil contamination

text: Soil crust

text: Soil depletion

text: Soil ecology

text: Soil erosion

text: Soil fertility

text: Soil food web

text: Soil functions

text: Soil gradation

text: Soil guideline value

text: Soil health

text: Soil horizon

text: Soil inoculant

text: Soil life

text: Soil liquefaction

text: Soil management

text: Soil mechanics

text: Soil moisture

text: Soil moisture sensors

text: Soil nailing

text: Soil organic matter

text: Soil pH

text: Soil physics

text: Soil policy (Victoria, Australia)

text: Soil profile

text: Soil resilience

text: Soil respiration

text: Soil salination

text: Soil salinity

text: Soil salinity control

text: Soil science

text: Soil Science Society of America

text: Soil series

text: Soil solarization

text: Soil steam sterilization

text: Soil structure

text: Soil survey

text: Soil test

text: Soil texture

text: Soil type

text: Soil water (retention)

text: Soils retrogression and degradation

text: Solonchak

text: Solonetz

text: Specific storage

text: Specific weight

text: Spodic soils

text: Stagnosol

text: Strip farming

text: Stuttgart (soil)

text: Subaqueous soil

text: Subsidence

text: Subsoil

text: Suckiaug

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Soil carbon

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: liquefaction

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Sand boil

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Solarization

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Soil

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: suckiaug

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Sodium adsorption ratio

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Sodium adsorption ratio-

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Soil liquefaction-

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Soil moisture-

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Soil liquefaction-

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Soil liquefaction-

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Soil moisture-

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Soil moisture-

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Soil liquefaction-

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Soil moisture-

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Soil Association-

text: E.S.E.T Technical School:Algorithms and numerical methods for large systems,Biomedical Engineering,Composites,Robotics and Industrial Control. Students participate on Solar Decathlon many years. The U.S. Department of Energy Solar Decathlon is an international competition that challenges 20 collegiate teams to design, build, and operate the most attractive, effective, and energy-efficient solar-powered house. The competition is presented by the U.S. Department of Energy and organized by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). There is also a Solar Decathlon Europe, which was established by a 2007 agreement between the United States and Spain. Students pariticipate on Eco-marathon too. The Eco-Marathon is an annual competition sponsored by Shell, in which participants build special vehicles to achieve the highest possible fuel efficiency.

text: E.S.E.T Technical School:Algorithms and numerical methods for large systems,Biomedical Engineering,Composites,Robotics and Industrial Control. Students participate on

text: Solar Decathlon

text: many years. The U.S.

text: Department of Energy

text: Solar Decathlon is an international competition that challenges 20 collegiate teams to design, build, and operate the most attractive, effective, and energy-efficient

text: solar-power

text: ed house. The competition is presented by the

text: U.S. Department of Energy

text: and organized by the

text: National Renewable Energy Laboratory

text: (NREL). There is also a

text: Solar Decathlon Europe

text: , which was established by a 2007 agreement between the United States and

text: Spain

text: . Students pariticipate on

text: Eco-marathon

text: too. The Eco-Marathon is an annual competition sponsored by

text: Shell

text: , in which participants build special vehicles to achieve the highest possible

text: fuel efficiency

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: The Eco-Marathon is an annual competition sponsored by Shell

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: vaporization

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Eco-Marathon

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: None of the above choices are true

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Solar Decathlon

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Solar Decathlon

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Solar Decathlon

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: participants build special vehicles to achieve the highest possible fuel efficiency.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Solar Decathlon

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Solar Decathlon

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Solar Decathlon

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: energy-efficient

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Solar Decathlon

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Solar Decathlon

text: The first key principle in CA is practicing minimum mechanical soil disturbance which is essential to maintaining minerals within the soil, stopping erosion, and preventing water loss from occurring within the soil. In the past agriculture has looked at soil tillage as a main process in the introduction of new crops to an area. It was believed that tilling the soil would increase fertility within the soil through mineralization that takes place in the soil. Also tilling of soil can cause severe erosion and crusting which leads to a decrease in soil fertility. Today tillage is seen as destroying organic matter that can be found within the soil cover. No-till farming has caught on as a process that can save soil organic levels for a longer period and still allow the soil to be productive for longer periods (FAO 2007). Additionally, the process of tilling can increase time and labor for producing that crop.

text: The first key principle in CA is practicing minimum mechanical soil disturbance which is essential to maintaining minerals within the soil, stopping erosion, and preventing water loss from occurring within the soil. In the past agriculture has looked at soil tillage as a main process in the introduction of new crops to an area. It was believed that tilling the soil would increase fertility within the soil through mineralization that takes place in the soil. Also tilling of soil can cause severe erosion and crusting which leads to a decrease in soil fertility. Today tillage is seen as destroying organic matter that can be found within the soil cover.

text: No-till farming

text: has caught on as a process that can save soil organic levels for a longer period and still allow the soil to be productive for longer periods (FAO 2007). Additionally, the process of tilling can increase time and labor for producing that crop.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: water loss

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: mineralization

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water loss

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Tilling the soil

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: water loss

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: water loss

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: preventing water loss

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: water loss

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water loss

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: crusting

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: erosion, and preventing water loss

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: water loss

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: preventing water loss from occurring within the soil.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: erosion, and preventing water loss

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: water loss

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: water loss

text: Water cycle (aka "hydrological cycle")

text: Water cycle

text: (aka "hydrological cycle")

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: it evaporates

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: evaporation of water

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrological cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: What is stored in snow and ice?

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: how does the water cycle work?

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: "hydrological cycle")

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Water cycle

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Water cycle

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Water cycle

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Water cycle

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: "hydrological cycle")

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Water cycle

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Water cycle

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Water cycle (aka "hydrological cycle")

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Water cycle

text: Climatic and osmotic pressure places physiological constraints on organisms, especially those that fly and respire at high altitudes, or dive to deep ocean depths. These constraints influence vertical limits of ecosystems in the biosphere, as organisms are physiologically sensitive and adapted to atmospheric and osmotic water pressure differences. For example, oxygen levels decrease with decreasing pressure and are a limiting factor for life at higher altitudes. Water transportation by plants is another important ecophysiological process affected by osmotic pressure gradients. Water pressure in the depths of oceans requires that organisms adapt to these conditions. For example, diving animals such as whales, dolphins, and seals are specially adapted to deal with changes in sound due to water pressure differences. Differences between hagfish species provide another example of adaptation to deep-sea pressure through specialized protein adaptations.

text: Climatic and

text: osmotic pressure

text: places

text: physiological

text: constraints on organisms, especially those that fly and respire at high altitudes, or dive to deep ocean depths. These constraints influence vertical limits of ecosystems in the biosphere, as organisms are physiologically sensitive and adapted to atmospheric and osmotic water pressure differences. For example, oxygen levels decrease with decreasing pressure and are a limiting factor for life at higher altitudes.

text: Water transportation

text: by plants is another important ecophysiological process affected by osmotic pressure gradients.

text: Water pressure

text: in the depths of oceans requires that organisms adapt to these conditions. For example, diving animals such as

text: whale

text: s,

text: dolphins,

text: and

text: seals

text: are specially adapted to deal with changes in sound due to water pressure differences. Differences between

text: hagfish

text: species provide another example of adaptation to deep-sea pressure through specialized protein adaptations.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: osmotic pressure gradients

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: oxygen levels decrease

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: atmospheric

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: oxygen levels decrease with decreasing pressure

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Water transportation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: water pressure decreases

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: What is stored in snow and ice?

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: osmotic pressure gradients.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: oxygen levels decrease with decreasing pressure

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Climatic and osmotic pressure

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Differences between hagfish species

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Water transportation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Climatic

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Water transportation by plants

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Climatic and osmotic pressure

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: plants

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Climatic and osmotic pressure

text: As the planet faces more intense and severe effects of climate changes, each element of the eastern temperate region will be affected, from flora and fauna, to soil and water. Vegetation mortality, soil content, species existence, water levels, and overall functionality of the Eco region will continue to change and be altered as global warming and the concentration of greenhouse gases increases. Climate change correlates with disturbances such as insect outbreaks, harsh weather, and susceptibility of forests to invasive species, all of which can affect the functions of a forest. Insect breakouts can completely destroy an entire habitat within one season. With increased drought and higher temperatures, the weakened forest can suffer from multiple tree species loss, along with the loss of animals and creatures that serve vital predatory roles within the ecosystem. Plants that are considered to be moist-forest herbs, such as Cohoosh and Clintonia, are threatened by the lack of available water that is vital to their survival. As climate change more rapidly progresses, temperature increases will affect the length of the growing season. Tree species growing range will shift to adapt to the new climates, typically moving to higher altitudes or more northern regions. For example, mountaintop tree species like the red spruce will potentially die out because there is no higher altitude that is available for relocation. In addition to the northern migration, southern species such as the red oak have expanded their territories. Therefore, as species that thrive in the lower areas of the region are expanding into a greater space, they are beginning to compete for resources and nutrients with pre-existing native species. This can be said for many bird species as well. A study conducted by the USDA Forest Service confirms that 27 out of 38 bird species that inhabit eastern temperate forests, have expanded their territory further north. The water cycle is also incredibly susceptible to the effects of climate change. The water quality and ecosystems within lakes, streams, and rivers are all greatly affected by the alterations of precipitation patterns. Increases in runoff potentially increase the chemical contents within the water, such as nitrate and acid pulses. Aquatic species are stressed by not only the warmer temperatures themselves, but also the low flows and timing of ice-outs and thaws. Such factors affect oxygenation cycles, productive cycles, and reproductive cycles. Seeing as though the Eastern Temperate Forest region is considered to be a significant evolutionary zone for fauna, the effects of climate change can substantially alter the balances and chains of not only the Ecoregion, but the planet as well.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: What drives the water cycle?

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: greenhouse gases

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: ice-outs

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Oxygenation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: increases in runoff

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: climate change.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: oxygenation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: mountaintop tree species like the red spruce will potentially die out

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: migration,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: migration,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: drought

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: affect the length of the growing season.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: The water cycle is also incredibly susceptible to the effects of climate change.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The water cycle is also incredibly susceptible to the effects of climate change.

text: Other geologic processes can affect base levels. In the Finger Lakes of New York, Ice age glaciation greatly deepened the lake valleys and rejuvenated tributary streams. These streams have deep ravines and often waterfalls where hard rock layers slow erosion; they are said to be hanging valleys.

text: Other geologic processes can affect base levels. In the

text: Finger Lakes

text: of

text: New York

text: Ice age

text: glaciation

text: greatly deepened the lake valleys and rejuvenated tributary streams. These streams have deep ravines and often waterfalls where hard rock layers slow erosion; they are said to be hanging valleys.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: deepening the lake valleys

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Ice age glaciation

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Ice age glaciation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Other geologic processes can affect base levels.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: tributary streams.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Ice age glaciation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: tributary streams.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Ice age glaciation

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: geologic processes

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Ice age glaciation

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Other geologic processes can affect base levels. In the Finger Lakes

text: The vadose zone is often the main factor controlling water movement from the land surface to the aquifer. Thus it strongly affects the rate of aquifer recharge and is critical for the use and management of groundwater. Flow rates and chemical reactions in the vadose zone also control whether, where, and how fast contaminants enter groundwater supplies. Understanding of vadose-zone processes is therefore crucial in determining the amount and quality of groundwater that is available for human use.

text: The vadose zone is often the main factor controlling water movement from the land surface to the aquifer. Thus it strongly affects the rate of aquifer recharge and is critical for the use and management of groundwater. Flow rates and chemical reactions in the vadose zone also control whether, where, and how fast contaminants enter groundwater supplies. Understanding of vadose-zone processes is therefore crucial in determining the amount and quality of groundwater that is available for human use.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: The vadose zone

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water movement from the land surface

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: chemical reactions in the vadose zone

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: water movement

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: The vadose zone

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: vadose zone

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: The vadose zone

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: chemical reactions

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: The vadose zone

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: water movement from the land surface to the aquifer.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: The vadose zone

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: The vadose zone

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: The vadose zone

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The vadose zone

text: It was clear that KamiokaNDE could be used to perform a fantastic and novel experiment, but a serious problem needed to be overcome first. The presence of radioactive backgrounds in KamiokaNDE meant that the detector had an energy threshold of tens of MeV. The signals produced by proton decay and atmospheric neutrino interactions are considerably larger than this, so the original KamiokaNDE detector had not needed to be particularly aggressive about its energy threshold or resolution. The problem was attacked in two ways. The participants of the KamiokaNDE experiment designed and built new purification systems for the water to reduce the radon background, and instead of constantly cycling the detector with "fresh" mine water they kept the water in the tank allowing the radon to decay away. A group from the University of Pennsylvania joined the collaboration and supplied new electronics with greatly superior timing capabilities. The extra information provided by the electronics further improved the ability to distinguish the neutrino signal from radioactive backgrounds. One further improvement was the expansion of the cavity, and the installation of an instrumented "outer detector". The extra water provided shielding from gamma rays from the surrounding rock, and the outer detector provided a veto for cosmic ray muons.

text: It was clear that KamiokaNDE could be used to perform a fantastic and novel experiment, but a serious problem needed to be overcome first. The presence of

text: radioactive

text: backgrounds

text: in KamiokaNDE meant that the detector had an

text: energy

text: threshold of tens of

text: MeV

text: . The signals produced by proton decay and atmospheric neutrino interactions are considerably larger than this, so the original KamiokaNDE detector had not needed to be particularly aggressive about its energy threshold or

text: resolution

text: . The problem was attacked in two ways. The participants of the KamiokaNDE experiment designed and built new purification systems for the water to reduce the

text: radon

text: background, and instead of constantly cycling the detector with "fresh" mine water they kept the water in the tank allowing the radon to decay away. A group from the

text: University of Pennsylvania

text: joined the

text: collaboration

text: and supplied new

text: electronics

text: with greatly superior timing capabilities. The extra information provided by the electronics further improved the ability to distinguish the neutrino signal from radioactive backgrounds. One further improvement was the expansion of the cavity, and the installation of an instrumented "outer detector". The extra water provided shielding from gamma rays from the surrounding

text: rock

text: , and the outer detector provided a

text: veto

text: for cosmic ray muons.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: radon

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: radon

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: atmospheric neutrino interactions

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: radon to decay away

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: radon

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: radon to decay away.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: allowing the radon to decay away.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: atmospheric

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: allowing the radon to decay away.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: radon to decay away.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: constantly cycling the detector with "fresh" mine water

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: gamma rays from the surrounding rock,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: gamma rays from the surrounding rock,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: "fresh" mine water

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: "fresh" mine water

text: The story of the flood closely parallels the story of the creation: a cycle of creation, un-creation, and re-creation, in which the ark plays a pivotal role. The universe as conceived by the ancient Hebrews comprised a flat disk-shaped habitable earth with the heavens above and Sheol, the underworld of the dead, below. These three were surrounded by a watery "ocean" of chaos, protected by the firmament, a transparent but solid dome resting on the mountains which ringed the earth. Noah's three-deck ark represents this three-level Hebrew cosmos in miniature: the heavens, the earth, and the waters beneath. In Genesis 1, God created the three-level world as a space in the midst of the waters for humanity; in Genesis 6–8 (the flood story) he fills that space with waters again, saving only Noah, his family and the animals with him in the ark.

text: The story of the flood closely parallels the story of the creation: a cycle of creation, un-creation, and re-creation, in which the ark plays a pivotal role. The universe as conceived by the ancient Hebrews comprised a flat disk-shaped habitable earth with the heavens above and Sheol, the underworld of the dead, below. These three were surrounded by a watery "ocean" of chaos, protected by the

text: firmament

text: , a transparent but solid dome resting on the mountains which ringed the earth. Noah's three-deck ark represents this three-level Hebrew cosmos in miniature: the heavens, the earth, and the waters beneath. In Genesis 1, God created the three-level world as a space in the midst of the waters for humanity; in Genesis 6–8 (the flood story) he fills that space with waters again, saving only Noah, his family and the animals with him in the ark.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: un-creation

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the firmament

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: do not grow

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: un-creation

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: ark

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: "ocean"

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: waters

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Noah's three-deck ark

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: creation, un-creation, and re-creation,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: "ocean"

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: waters

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: flood

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: watery "ocean" of chaos,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The story of the flood

text: The Alameda County Water District (ACWD) is a public agency in Alameda County, California, United States, which has responsibilities for managing and protecting certain groundwater resources within Alameda County. While most of the county is served by the East Bay Municipal Utility District, the Alameda County Water District serves only the cities of Newark, Fremont, and Union City. While not an administrative unit of the county government, this water district derives certain of its authorities from the County of Alameda.  In particular, much of the work of the ACWD relates to management of the Niles Cone aquifer.  (ACWD, 2007)  Some of the work of the ACWD is regional in nature, coordinating with water management agencies of the San Francisco Peninsula and Santa Clara Valley Water District.(S.F. Bay, 2003)  The Alameda County Water Agency receives grant funding from such agencies as the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and State of California Department of Water Resources, for the purposes of technical assessment of the Niles Cone and other hydrological features of its jurisdictional area.. Specific capital programs of the ACWD include the construction of water supply pipelines, monitoring wells and blending facilities.(Earth Metrics Inc, 1990)

text: The Alameda County Water District (ACWD) is a public agency in

text: Alameda County, California

text: , United States, which has responsibilities for managing and protecting certain

text: groundwater

text: resources within Alameda County. While most of the county is served by the

text: East Bay Municipal Utility District

text: , the Alameda County Water District serves only the cities of

text: Newark

text: Fremont

text: , and

text: Union City

text: . While not an administrative unit of the county government, this water district derives certain of its authorities from the County of Alameda.  In particular, much of the work of the ACWD relates to management of the

text: Niles Cone

text: aquifer

text: .  (ACWD, 2007)  Some of the work of the ACWD is regional in nature, coordinating with water management agencies of the

text: San Francisco Peninsula

text: and

text: Santa Clara Valley Water District

text: .(S.F. Bay, 2003)  The Alameda County Water Agency receives grant funding from such agencies as the

entity_name: United States Environmental Protection Agency

text: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

text: and State of California Department of Water Resources, for the purposes of technical assessment of the

text: Niles Cone

text: and other

text: hydrological

text: features of its jurisdictional area.. Specific capital programs of the ACWD include the construction of water supply

text: pipeline

text: s, monitoring wells and blending facilities.(Earth Metrics Inc, 1990)

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Niles Cone

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: blending facilities

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrological

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: What is stored in snow and ice

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Niles Cone aquifer.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: hydrological features

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: blending facilities.(Earth

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: The Alameda County Water District

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrological

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The Alameda County Water District

text: Based on the processes that fractionate isotopes in the hydrological cycle, isotopic composition of meteoric water can be used to infer related environmental variables such as air temperature, precipitation amount, past elevations, lake levels, as well as to trace moisture sources. These studies form the field of isotope hydrology. Examples of isotope hydrology applications include the following:

text: Based on the processes that fractionate isotopes in the hydrological cycle, isotopic composition of meteoric water can be used to infer related environmental variables such as air temperature, precipitation amount, past elevations, lake levels, as well as to trace moisture sources. These studies form the field of isotope hydrology. Examples of isotope hydrology applications include the following:

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: fractionate isotopes

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: lake levels

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrological cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: isotopes change

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: ice is a form of water

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: processes that fractionate isotopes

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: air temperature,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: past elevations, lake levels,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: precipitation amount, past elevations, lake levels,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrological

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: trace moisture sources.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: past elevations, lake levels,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: isotopic composition of meteoric water

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: air temperature, precipitation amount, past elevations, lake levels,

text: Scafetta has argued, "At least 60% of the warming of the Earth observed since 1970 appears to be induced by natural cycles which are present in the solar system." According to Scafetta, the only reasonable explanation is that the climate system is modulated by astronomical oscillations.  Natural cycles known with certainty are the 11 (Schwabe) and 22 (Hale) year solar cycles, the cycles of the planets and luni-solar nodal cycles. Jupiter has an orbital period of 11.9 years while Saturn has an orbital period of 29.4 years. These periods predict three other major cycles which are associated with Jupiter and Saturn: about 10 years, the opposition of two planets; about 20 years, their synodic cycle; and about 60 years, the repetition of the combined orbits of the two planets. The major lunar cycles are about 18.6 and 8.85 years. Scafetta's climate model is based primarily on a comparison of secular periodic changes of global surface temperature and the Sun´s periodic  movement around barycenter of the Solar System caused by the revolving planets Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. Periodic modulation of Moon´s orbital parameters by these planets and subsequent modulation of lunar tides is also discussed. According to Scafetta, who provides no physical explanation of that process, external forcing of celestial origin simply drives the adjustment of the natural rhythms by letting their own energy flow with the same frequency of the forcing. It just passes to the climatic system the information of how it has to oscillate, not the entire energy to make it oscillate. The effect of a periodic external forcing, even if weak, may become macroscopic and all components of the system gradually synchronize with it.

text: Scafetta has argued, "At least 60% of the warming of the Earth observed since 1970 appears to be induced by natural cycles which are present in the solar system." According to Scafetta, the only reasonable explanation is that the climate system is modulated by astronomical oscillations.  Natural cycles known with certainty are the 11 (

text: Schwabe

text: ) and 22 (

text: Hale

text: ) year solar cycles, the cycles of the planets and luni-solar

text: nodal cycles

text: Jupiter

text: has an orbital period of 11.9 years while

text: Saturn

text: has an orbital period of 29.4 years. These periods predict three other major cycles which are associated with Jupiter and Saturn: about 10 years, the opposition of two planets; about 20 years, their synodic cycle; and about 60 years, the repetition of the combined orbits of the two planets. The major lunar cycles are about

text: 18.6 and 8.85 years

text: . Scafetta's climate model is based primarily on a comparison of secular periodic changes of global surface temperature and the Sun´s periodic  movement around

text: barycenter of the Solar System

text: caused by the revolving planets Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. Periodic modulation of

text: Moon´s orbital parameters

text: by these planets and subsequent modulation of lunar tides is also discussed. According to Scafetta, who provides no physical explanation of that process, external forcing of celestial origin simply drives the adjustment of the natural rhythms by letting their own energy flow with the same frequency of the forcing. It just passes to the climatic system the information of how it has to oscillate, not the entire energy to make it oscillate. The effect of a periodic external forcing, even if weak, may become macroscopic and all components of the system gradually synchronize with it.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: external forcing of celestial origin

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: global surface temperature

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: lunar tides

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: external forcing

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Periodic modulation of Moon <unk>s orbital parameters

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: climatic system

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: lunar tides

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: modulation of lunar tides

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: tides

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: external forcing of celestial origin

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: drives the adjustment of the natural rhythms

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Periodic modulation of Moon <unk>s orbital parameters

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: ycenter of the Solar System

text: There is also a rival hypothesis which has been gaining currency in recent years: that early snowball Earths did not so much affect the evolution of life on Earth as result from it. In fact the two hypotheses are not mutually exclusive. The idea is that Earth's life forms affect the global carbon cycle and so major evolutionary events alter the carbon cycle, redistributing carbon within various reservoirs within the biosphere system and in the process temporarily lowering the atmospheric (greenhouse) carbon reservoir until the revised biosphere system settled into a new state. The Snowball I episode (of the Huronian glaciation 2.4 to 2.1 billion years) and Snowball II (of the Precambrian's Cryogenian between 580 – 850 million years and which itself had a number of distinct episodes) are respectively thought to be caused by the evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis and then the rise of more advanced multicellular animal life and life's colonization of the land.

text: There is also a rival hypothesis which has been gaining currency in recent years: that early snowball Earths did not so much affect the evolution of life on Earth as result from it. In fact the two hypotheses are not mutually exclusive. The idea is that Earth's life forms affect the global carbon cycle and so major evolutionary events alter the carbon cycle, redistributing carbon within various reservoirs within the biosphere system and in the process temporarily lowering the atmospheric (greenhouse) carbon reservoir until the revised biosphere system settled into a new state. The Snowball I episode (of the

text: Huronian glaciation

text: 2.4 to 2.1 billion years) and Snowball II (of the Precambrian's

text: Cryogenian

text: between 580 – 850 million years and which itself had a number of distinct episodes) are respectively thought to be caused by the evolution of

text: oxygenic photosynthesis

text: and then the rise of more advanced multicellular animal life and life's colonization of the land.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: atmospheric

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Snowball II

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: greenhouse

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: oxygenic photosynthesis

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Cryogenian

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Earth's life forms affect the global carbon cycle

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Snowball II

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: oxygenic photosynthesis

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: carbon cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: oxygenic photosynthesis

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Earth's life forms affect the global carbon cycle

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: rival hypothesis which has been gaining currency in recent years:

text: The Humphrey pump could operate with either a four-stroke or two-stroke cycle.  Their normal operation was a four-stroke cycle. This required mechanical interlocks to the inlet valves, so that the exhaust and scavenge valves open once during the cycle to allow scavenging of the exhaust, but not during the compression cycle afterwards. A two-stroke cycle was also possible, if adequate scavenging could be achieved. The air trapped within the combustion chamber of a Humphrey pump has two roles: both for combustion and also as an air spring to maintain the oscillating water column. As this spring action involves a large volume of air, relative to the minimal air needed for combustion, the air cools easily to below the ignition temperature to pre-ignite the next charge. There would still be a risk of inefficient four-stroking though, unless the scavenging is effective enough to sweep out the previous exhaust gases. This was done by using a tall, thin combustion chamber so that the combustion air remained roughly isolated from the majority of the chamber's air and so was scavenged through the exhaust valves first. There was no separate scavenge air valve.

text: The Humphrey pump could operate with either a

text: four-stroke

text: or

text: two-stroke cycle

text: .  Their normal operation was a four-stroke cycle. This required mechanical interlocks to the inlet valves, so that the exhaust and scavenge valves open once during the cycle to allow

text: scavenging

text: of the exhaust, but not during the compression cycle afterwards. A two-stroke cycle was also possible, if adequate scavenging could be achieved. The air trapped within the combustion chamber of a Humphrey pump has two roles: both for combustion and also as an

text: air spring

text: to maintain the oscillating water column. As this spring action involves a large volume of air, relative to the minimal air needed for combustion, the air cools easily to below the ignition temperature to pre-ignite the next charge. There would still be a risk of inefficient

text: four-stroking

text: though, unless the scavenging is effective enough to sweep out the previous exhaust gases. This was done by using a tall, thin combustion chamber so that the combustion air remained roughly isolated from the majority of the chamber's air and so was scavenged through the exhaust valves first. There was no separate scavenge air valve.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: The air trapped within the combustion chamber

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: air cools easily to below the ignition temperature to pre-ignite the next charge

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: oscillating water column

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: air spring to maintain the oscillating water column.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: compression cycle

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: air spring to maintain the oscillating water column.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the air cools easily to below the ignition temperature

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: air spring to maintain the oscillating water column.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: compression cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: air spring to maintain the oscillating water column.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: oscillating water column.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: air spring to maintain the oscillating water column.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The Humphrey pump

text: Greenhouse production allows for year-round growing of herbs, giving a level of control of temperature and water conditions inside of the greenhouse which is a desired outcome for the herb farmer. Other options for the greenhouse allow the grower to start seedlings early and then prepare them for transplant outdoors as the weather permits.  The type of greenhouse used for growing depends on the long term needs of the herb farm, and consideration for utility costs should be factored when determining size and type of greenhouse installation necessary. Important factors for growing from the seedling stage to the full cycle of the plant are water, light, temperature control, mineral content of soil, control of the gases required in the process of photosynthesis, and pest and disease management.

text: Greenhouse production allows for year-round growing of herbs, giving a level of control of temperature and water conditions inside of the greenhouse which is a desired outcome for the herb farmer. Other options for the greenhouse allow the grower to start seedlings early and then prepare them for transplant outdoors as the weather permits.  The type of greenhouse used for growing depends on the long term needs of the herb farm, and consideration for utility costs should be factored when determining size and type of greenhouse installation necessary. Important factors for growing from the seedling stage to the full cycle of the plant are water, light, temperature control, mineral content of soil, control of the gases required in the process of photosynthesis, and pest and disease management.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: photosynthesis

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: unseasonable weather

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: photosynthesis

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: photosynthesis

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: water cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: photosynthesis,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: photosynthesis,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: weather

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: gases required in the process of photosynthesis,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: photosynthesis,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: full cycle of the plant

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: water,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: gases required in the process of photosynthesis,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: water,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Greenhouse production allows for year-round growing of herbs,

text: Renewable energy generation technology is sometimes perceived as a practical opponent to nuclear power, as it provides the same end product (electricity). Some advocates for renewable energy also oppose nuclear power and often favour solar photovoltaic, solar thermal, wind turbine or hydroelectric power generation methods, or a combination thereof. Renewable energy and nuclear power in Australia compete for media attention, government policy reforms, public funding, subsidies and legislative support. Supporters of renewable energy often regard nuclear power as unnecessarily hazardous in its emissions to air and water, potential for a disaster like Chernobyl or Fukushima to occur and risks during fuel cycle processing, transportation and storage.

text: Renewable energy

text: generation technology is sometimes perceived as a practical opponent to nuclear power, as it provides the same end product (electricity). Some advocates for renewable energy also oppose nuclear power and often favour

text: solar photovoltaic

text: solar thermal

text: wind turbine

text: or

text: hydroelectric power generation

text: methods, or a combination thereof. Renewable energy and nuclear power in Australia compete for media attention, government policy reforms, public funding, subsidies and legislative support. Supporters of renewable energy often regard nuclear power as unnecessarily hazardous in its emissions to air and water, potential for a disaster like Chernobyl or Fukushima to occur and risks during fuel cycle processing, transportation and storage.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: hydroelectric

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: nuclear power

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: photovoltaic

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: nuclear power

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Fukushima

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Renewable energy generation technology is sometimes perceived as a practical opponent to nuclear power,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: solar thermal,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: emissions

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydroelectric

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Renewable energy generation technology is sometimes perceived as a practical opponent to nuclear power,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Renewable energy generation technology is sometimes perceived as a practical opponent to nuclear power,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Supporters of renewable energy often regard nuclear power

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Renewable energy generation technology is sometimes perceived as a practical opponent to nuclear power,

text: Similar to the open cycle in ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC). The disadvantage of this cycle is the cumbersome problem of a large diameter turbine (75 meters +) operating at below atmospheric pressure to extract the power between the water with less salinity & the water with greater salinity.

text: Similar to the open cycle in ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC). The disadvantage of this cycle is the cumbersome problem of a large diameter turbine (75 meters +) operating at below atmospheric pressure to extract the power between the water with less salinity & the water with greater salinity.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: salinity

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: ocean thermal energy conversion

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: salinity decreases

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: water with less salinity

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: thermal energy conversion

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: open cycle in ocean thermal energy conversion

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: ocean thermal energy conversion

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: open cycle

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: open cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: open cycle in ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC).

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: atmospheric pressure

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: (OTEC).

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Similar to the open cycle in ocean thermal energy conversion

text: In hydrology, interflow is the lateral movement of water in the unsaturated zone, or vadose zone, that first returns to the surface or enters a stream prior to becoming groundwater. Interflow is sometimes used interchangeably with throughflow; however, throughflow is specifically the subcomponent of interflow that returns to the surface, as overland flow, prior to entering a stream or becoming groundwater. Interflow occurs when water infiltrates (see infiltration (hydrology)) into the subsurface, hydraulic conductivity decreases with depth, and lateral flow proceeds downslope. As water accumulates in the subsurface, saturation may occur, and interflow may exfiltrate as return flows, becoming overland flow.

text: In

text: hydrology

text: , interflow is the lateral movement of

text: water

text: in the unsaturated zone, or

text: vadose zone

text: , that first returns to the surface or enters a stream prior to becoming groundwater. Interflow is sometimes used interchangeably with

text: throughflow

text: ; however, throughflow is specifically the subcomponent of interflow that returns to the surface, as overland flow, prior to entering a stream or becoming groundwater. Interflow occurs when

text: water

text: infiltrates (see

text: infiltration (hydrology)

text: ) into the subsurface, hydraulic conductivity decreases with depth, and lateral flow proceeds downslope. As water accumulates in the subsurface, saturation may occur, and interflow may exfiltrate as return flows, becoming overland flow.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: interflow

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: water accumulates in the subsurface

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: infiltration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: interflow

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: hydraulic conductivity decreases with depth,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: interflow

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: As water accumulates in the subsurface,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: infiltration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: interflow

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: interflow is the lateral movement of water

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: As water accumulates in the subsurface,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: In hydrology,

text: Expansive soils are the most problematic in regions with very defined wet and dry periods, as opposed to areas that maintain a certain level of moisture throughout the year, as this annual cycle causes the soils to expand and swell every year. Water can also be introduced into the soil through people, or their infrastructure. Damage is quite often caused by differential swelling which is caused by pockets of wet soil situated right next to dry soil. Examples of this include sprinkler systems, cesspools, leaky pipes, and swimming pools.

text: Expansive soils are the most problematic in regions with very defined wet and dry periods, as opposed to areas that maintain a certain level of moisture throughout the year, as this annual cycle causes the soils to expand and swell every year. Water can also be introduced into the soil through people, or their infrastructure. Damage is quite often caused by differential swelling which is caused by pockets of wet soil situated right next to dry soil. Examples of this include sprinkler systems, cesspools, leaky pipes, and swimming pools.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: the soils to expand

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: can also be introduced into the soil through people

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: sprinkler systems

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: annual cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: annual cycle causes the soils to expand and swell every year.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: differential swelling

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Water

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: cesspools, leaky pipes, and swimming pools.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: differential swelling

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: annual cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: pockets of wet soil situated right next to dry soil.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: annual cycle causes the soils to expand and swell every year.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Water can also be introduced into the soil through people, or their infrastructure.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Water can also be introduced into the soil through people, or their infrastructure.

text: However, the idea of increasing production of complexity in evolution can also be explained through a passive process. Assuming unbiased random changes of complexity and the existence of a minimum complexity leads to an increase over time of the average complexity of the biosphere. As shown on the left, this involves an increase in variance but the mode does not change. The trend towards higher complexity over time exists, but also involves increasingly smaller portions of biological life.

text: However, the idea of increasing production of complexity in evolution can also be explained through a passive process. Assuming unbiased random changes of complexity and the existence of a minimum complexity leads to an increase over time of the average complexity of the biosphere. As shown on the left, this involves an increase in

text: variance

text: but the mode does not change. The trend towards higher complexity over time exists, but also involves increasingly smaller portions of biological life.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: increasingly smaller portions of biological life

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: what is stored in snow and ice

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unbiased random changes of complexity and the existence of a minimum complexity

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: increase in variance but the mode does not change.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: increasing production of complexity

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: increase in variance but the mode does not change.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: passive process.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: passive process.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: increasingly smaller portions of biological life.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: increase in variance but the mode does not change.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: increase over time of the average complexity of the biosphere.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: increasingly smaller portions of biological life.

text: Nutrients are important to the growth and survival of living organisms, and hence, are essential for development and maintenance of healthy ecosystems. Humans have greatly influenced the phosphorus cycle by mining phosphorus, converting it to fertilizer, and by shipping fertilizer and products around the globe. Transporting phosphorus in food from farms to cities has made a major change in the global Phosphorus cycle. However, excessive amounts of nutrients, particularly phosphorus and nitrogen, are detrimental to aquatic ecosystems. Waters are enriched in phosphorus from farms' run-off, and from effluent that is inadequately treated before it is discharged to waters. Natural eutrophication is a process by which lakes gradually age and become more productive and may take thousands of years to progress. Cultural or anthropogenic eutrophication, however, is water pollution caused by excessive plant nutrients; this results in excessive growth in the algal population; when this algae dies its putrefaction depletes the water of oxygen.Such eutrophication may also give rise to toxic algal bloom.Both these effects cause animal and plant death rates to increase as the plants take in poisonous water while the animals drink the poisoned water. Surface and subsurface runoff and erosion from high-phosphorus soils may be major contributing factors to this fresh water eutrophication. The processes controlling soil Phosphorus release to surface runoff and to subsurface flow are a complex interaction between the type of phosphorus input, soil type and management, and transport processes depending on hydrological conditions.

text: Nutrients are important to the growth and survival of living organisms, and hence, are essential for development and maintenance of healthy ecosystems. Humans have greatly influenced the phosphorus cycle by mining phosphorus, converting it to fertilizer, and by shipping fertilizer and products around the globe. Transporting phosphorus in food from farms to cities has made a major change in the global Phosphorus cycle. However, excessive amounts of nutrients, particularly phosphorus and nitrogen, are detrimental to aquatic ecosystems. Waters are enriched in phosphorus from farms' run-off, and from effluent that is inadequately treated before it is discharged to waters. Natural

text: eutrophication

text: is a process by which lakes gradually age and become more productive and may take thousands of years to progress. Cultural or anthropogenic eutrophication, however, is water pollution caused by excessive plant nutrients; this results in excessive growth in the algal population; when this algae dies its putrefaction depletes the water of oxygen.Such eutrophication may also give rise to toxic algal bloom.Both these effects cause animal and plant death rates to increase as the plants take in poisonous water while the animals drink the poisoned water. Surface and subsurface runoff and erosion from high-phosphorus soils may be major contributing factors to this fresh water eutrophication. The processes controlling soil Phosphorus release to surface runoff and to subsurface flow are a complex interaction between the type of phosphorus input, soil type and management, and transport processes depending on hydrological conditions.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: gaseous

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: natural eutrophication

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: high-phosphorus soils

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: phosphorus and nitrogen

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: What can be stored for future use in snow and ice

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: hydrological conditions.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: oxygen.Such

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: eutrophication

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: erosion from high-phosphorus soils

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: eutrophication

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: eutrophication

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: oxygen.Such

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: eutrophication

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: eutrophication

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: mining phosphorus, converting it to fertilizer,

text: In order to escape his father, Clark decides to use a kryptonite key to destroy his spaceship. When Clark puts the kryptonite key into the spaceship, Beck and his FX team tried to create a "virus/fungus" growth from the key slot to simulate "some sort of fractal decay". Mike McCormick worked specifically on the process of destroying the ship, giving the ship the appearance that it has a "nasty skin infection" that is spreading as if it is caught in the circulatory system. Next, Beck had to tackle the problem of the ship's final destruction. Originally, it was intended to have the ship explode, but no one wanted to have to rebuild the Kent farm. Instead, they settled on a giant EMP wave given off by the ship the moment it is destroyed. Entity FX created a beam of light that shot vertically up from the ship's location and then fell back down expanding into a "ripple that spread across the land". This beam of light would create a crater where the storm cellar was, which was dug prior to filming and digitally covered up so as to keep the illusion. One of the final shots of the episode was of Lex watching as his plane crashed into the ocean. In a homage to Robert Zemeckis's Cast Away, Entity FX crafted a digital effect of the ocean water flooding Lex's plane as it hits the ocean. The scene is reminiscent of the same scene in Cast Away where Tom Hanks's character also watches as the ocean water floods his plane as he crash lands in the ocean.

text: In order to escape his father, Clark decides to use a kryptonite key to destroy his spaceship. When Clark puts the kryptonite key into the spaceship, Beck and his FX team tried to create a "virus/fungus" growth from the key slot to simulate "some sort of fractal decay". Mike McCormick worked specifically on the process of destroying the ship, giving the ship the appearance that it has a "nasty skin infection" that is spreading as if it is caught in the circulatory system. Next, Beck had to tackle the problem of the ship's final destruction. Originally, it was intended to have the ship explode, but no one wanted to have to rebuild the Kent farm. Instead, they settled on a giant

text: EMP

text: wave given off by the ship the moment it is destroyed. Entity FX created a beam of light that shot vertically up from the ship's location and then fell back down expanding into a "ripple that spread across the land". This beam of light would create a crater where the storm cellar was, which was dug prior to filming and digitally covered up so as to keep the illusion. One of the final shots of the episode was of Lex watching as his plane crashed into the ocean. In a homage to

text: Robert Zemeckis

text: 's

text: Cast Away

text: , Entity FX crafted a digital effect of the ocean water flooding Lex's plane as it hits the ocean. The scene is reminiscent of the same scene in Cast Away where

text: Tom Hanks

text: 's character also watches as the ocean water floods his plane as he crash lands in the ocean.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: What drives the water cycle?

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: What kind of precipitation does the episode have?

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: virus/fungus

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: What can water be stored for future use in?

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: How long ago was the Roman Empire?

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: "virus/fungus"

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: ocean.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: storm cellar

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: digitally covered up

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: hits the ocean.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: fractal decay".

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: storm cellar

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: storm cellar

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: storm cellar

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Entity FX

text: The formation of the lake began 5 million years ago as a tectonic depression.(Burdur area is in first grade earthquake zone)It is known that the lake maintained fresh water character for long period of time.The altitude in Plio-pleistocene period was 100 m higher, so the lake extended in NE–SW direction. In late Pleistocene period salinization and shrinking of the lake began, which is a process in progress today. Since 1975 an altitude change of −10 m and 27% volume loss has been recorded. The main reasons for this figures are dams and ponds constructed on main sources of the lake, like Bozcay stream,the severe drought between 1988 and 1995 and especially extensive use of aquifersby local farmers.

text: The formation of the lake began 5 million years ago as a tectonic depression.(Burdur area is in first grade earthquake zone)It is known that the lake maintained fresh water character for long period of time.The altitude in

text: Plio-pleistocene

text: period was 100 m higher, so the lake extended in NE–SW direction. In late Pleistocene period salinization and shrinking of the lake began, which is a process in progress today. Since 1975 an altitude change of −10 m and 27% volume loss has been recorded. The main reasons for this figures are dams and ponds constructed on main sources of the lake, like Bozcay stream,the severe drought between 1988 and 1995 and especially extensive use of aquifersby local farmers.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: a tectonic depression

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: salinization

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: lake maintained fresh water character for long period of time

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: salinization

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: extensive use of aquifersby local farmers.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: salinization

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: drought

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Bozcay stream,the

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: salinization

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: salinization

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: aquifersby

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: NE–SW direction.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: dams and ponds

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: aquifersby local farmers.

text: It can be argued that the depiction of groundwater is an even more complex task than that of surface water.  The two resources are by no means disjoint, as knowing where surface water recharges groundwater and where groundwater flows supply surface water is an important aspect of the hydrologic cycle.  Hydrogeology is especially well suited to GIS.  Groundwater moves much more slowly than surface water, on the order of less than a meter per day up to perhaps a hundred meters per day, and is 3-dimensional in flow.  In contrast, surface water flows much faster and is more two-dimensional.  Groundwater flow is a function of geology and “head,” the total potential energy at a location.  Groundwater flows from higher head to lower head at a travel rate and flow path dictated by geology.  Head values, geology, groundwater flow direction, even water table height and location of aquifers are among the quantities which may be presented spatially in GIS and used for analysis, management of water availability and water quality, and land use practices.

text: It can be argued that the depiction of groundwater is an even more complex task than that of surface water.  The two resources are by no means disjoint, as knowing where surface water recharges groundwater and where groundwater flows supply surface water is an important aspect of the hydrologic cycle.  Hydrogeology is especially well suited to GIS.  Groundwater moves much more slowly than surface water, on the order of less than a meter per day up to perhaps a hundred meters per day, and is 3-dimensional in flow.  In contrast, surface water flows much faster and is more two-dimensional.  Groundwater flow is a function of

text: geology

text: and “head,” the total potential energy at a location.  Groundwater flows from higher head to lower head at a travel rate and flow path dictated by geology.  Head values, geology, groundwater flow direction, even

text: water table

text: height and location of

text: aquifers

text: are among the quantities which may be presented spatially in GIS and used for analysis, management of water availability and water quality, and land use practices.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: groundwater flows supply surface water

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: groundwater moving much more slowly than surface water

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrologic cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: knowing where surface water recharges groundwater

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: surface water.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: water table height

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: surface water recharges groundwater

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrologic cycle.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Groundwater moves much more slowly than surface water,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: knowing where surface water recharges groundwater

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: knowing where surface water recharges groundwater

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: groundwater is an even more complex task than that of surface water.

text: Technologies that directly convert solar energy to electric, heat water, and heat space are included in the tax credit. Solar credits do not have a maximum. 30% of all expenditures can be included in the credit. Eligible technologies for the solar credit are equipment that uses solar energy to generate electricity, to heat or cool (or provide hot water for use in) a structure, or to provide solar process heat.  Hybrid lighting systems that use fiber optics to distribute light and illuminate the inside of a building are also eligible for the credit.  Passive solar systems and solar pool heating systems are not included in the credit.

text: Technologies that directly convert solar energy to electric, heat water, and heat space are included in the tax credit. Solar credits do not have a maximum. 30% of all expenditures can be included in the credit. Eligible technologies for the solar credit are equipment that uses solar energy to generate electricity, to heat or cool (or provide hot water for use in) a structure, or to provide solar process heat.  Hybrid lighting systems that use fiber optics to distribute light and illuminate the inside of a building are also eligible for the credit.  Passive solar systems and solar pool heating systems are not included in the credit.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: heat

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: solar pool heating systems

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: cool

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: heat water, and heat space

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: heat water,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Technologies that directly convert solar energy

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Hybrid lighting systems that use fiber optics

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: cool

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: heat water,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: 30% of all expenditures can be included in the credit.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Technologies that directly convert solar energy

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: hot water

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Technologies that directly convert solar energy to electric, heat water, and heat space

text: Soil formation, or pedogenesis, is the combined effect of physical, chemical, biological and anthropogenic processes working on soil parent material. Soil is said to be formed when organic matter has accumulated and colloids are washed downward, leaving deposits of clay, humus, iron oxide, carbonate, and gypsum, producing a distinct layer called the B horizon. This is a somewhat arbitrary definition as mixtures of sand, silt, clay and humus will support biological and agricultural activity before that time. These constituents are moved from one level to another by water and animal activity. As a result, layers (horizons) form in the soil profile. The alteration and movement of materials within a soil causes the formation of distinctive soil horizons.

text: Soil formation, or

text: pedogenesis

text: , is the combined effect of physical, chemical, biological and

text: anthropogenic

text: processes working on soil parent material. Soil is said to be formed when organic matter has accumulated and

text: colloid

text: s are washed downward, leaving deposits of clay, humus, iron oxide, carbonate, and gypsum, producing a distinct layer called the B horizon. This is a somewhat arbitrary definition as mixtures of sand, silt, clay and humus will support biological and agricultural activity before that time. These constituents are moved from one level to another by water and animal activity. As a result, layers (horizons) form in the soil profile. The alteration and movement of materials within a soil causes the formation of distinctive

text: soil horizons

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: It does not say

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: gypsum

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: None of the above choices are true

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: These constituents are moved from one level to another by water and animal activity.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: water and animal activity.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: water and animal activity.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Soil formation, or pedogenesis,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: pedogenesis,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: water and animal activity.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: water and animal activity.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: water and animal activity.

text: MIKE SHE is an integrated hydrological modelling system for building and simulating surface water flow and groundwater flow.  MIKE SHE can simulate the entire land phase of the hydrologic cycle and allows components to be used independently and customized to local needs.  MIKE SHE emerged from Système Hydrologique Européen (SHE) as developed and extensively applied since 1977 onwards by a consortium of three European organizations: the Institute of Hydrology (the United Kingdom), SOGREAH (France) and DHI (Denmark).  Since then, DHI has continuously invested resources into research and development of MIKE SHE.  MIKE SHE can be used for the analysis, planning and management of a wide range of water resources and environmental problems related to surface water and groundwater, especially surface-water impact from groundwater withdrawal, conjunctive use of groundwater and surface water, wetland management and restoration, river basin management and planning, impact studies for changes in land use and climate.

text: MIKE SHE is an integrated

text: hydrological modelling

text: system for building and

text: simulating

text: surface water

text: flow and

text: groundwater

text: flow.  MIKE SHE can simulate the entire land phase of the

text: hydrologic cycle

text: and allows components to be used independently and customized to local needs.  MIKE SHE emerged from Système Hydrologique Européen (SHE) as developed and extensively applied since 1977 onwards by a consortium of three European organizations: the Institute of Hydrology (

text: the United Kingdom

text: SOGREAH

text: France

text: ) and

text: DHI

text: Denmark

text: ).  Since then, DHI has continuously invested resources into research and development of MIKE SHE.  MIKE SHE can be used for the analysis, planning and management of a wide range of

text: water resources

text: and environmental problems related to surface water and groundwater, especially surface-water impact from groundwater withdrawal, conjunctive use of groundwater and surface water,

text: wetland

text: management and restoration, river basin management and planning, impact studies for changes in

text: land use

text: and

text: climate

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: MIKE SHE

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: groundwater withdrawal

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: groundwater withdrawal

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrologic cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: None of the above choices

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: surface water flow and groundwater flow.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: groundwater withdrawal,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: groundwater withdrawal,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrologic

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: groundwater withdrawal,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: climate.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: wetland

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: groundwater

text: The portion of the watershed that has the greatest potential to affect a body of water is its direct watershed, or that part which does not first drain through upstream areas. Anything that can be transported by water will eventually reach and impact the quality of a water body. Development activities, such as house and road construction and timber harvesting, may disturb the land that drains to a lake by streams and groundwater and contribute pollutants and other substances to water bodies, degrading water quality. Activity anywhere in the watershed, even several miles away, has the potential to impact the water quality of our streams, rivers, ponds and lakes.

text: The portion of the watershed that has the greatest potential to affect a body of water is its direct watershed, or that part which does not first drain through upstream areas. Anything that can be transported by water will eventually reach and impact the quality of a water body. Development activities, such as house and road construction and timber harvesting, may disturb the land that drains to a lake by streams and groundwater and contribute pollutants and other substances to water bodies, degrading water quality. Activity anywhere in the watershed, even several miles away, has the potential to impact the water quality of our streams, rivers, ponds and lakes.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Anything that can be transported by water will eventually reach and impact the quality

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Anything that can be transported by water will eventually reach and impact the quality of a water body

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: timber harvesting

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Anything that can be transported by water

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Anything that can be transported by water

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: timber harvesting,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transported by water

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: watershed

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: upstream areas.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Development activities,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Anything that can be transported by water

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Development activities, such as house and road construction and timber harvesting,

text: "Agricultural practices" - Destructive agricultural practices such as overuse of fertilizers and overgrazing lead to land degradation. The soil gets eroded, and leads to silting in rivers and reservoirs. Soil erosion is a continuous cycle and ultimately results in desertification of the land. Apart from land degradation, water pollution is also a possibility; chemicals used in farming can run-off into rivers and contaminate the water.

text: "Agricultural practices" - Destructive agricultural practices such as overuse of fertilizers and

text: overgrazing

text: lead to land degradation. The soil gets

text: eroded

text: , and leads to silting in rivers and reservoirs. Soil erosion is a continuous cycle and ultimately results in

text: desertification

text: of the land. Apart from

text: land degradation

text: water pollution

text: is also a possibility; chemicals used in farming can

text: run-off

text: into rivers and

text: contaminate the water

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Soil erosion

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water pollution

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: desertification

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: None of the above choices

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: land degradation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Soil erosion

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: water.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water pollution

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: overuse of fertilizers

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Soil erosion

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Soil erosion

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: overuse of fertilizers

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: land degradation.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Destructive agricultural practices

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Destructive agricultural practices

text: The predominant farm type in Devon is livestock farming, which includes dairy, lowland cattle, and sheep farms. In 2006, the total labour force on Devon farms was 23,240 people, with around 7,953 employed full-time. The majority of land within the biosphere reserve is farmland, which helps support the local economy, but is not designated with statutory protection. The reserve is therefore managed carefully with the cooperation of farmers and landowners; as the boundaries of the reserve are the catchment areas of the River Taw and River Torridge, extra precaution must be taken in protecting water supplies from nonpoint source pollution. Rainwater can accumulate residues of fertilisers, especially nitrates and phosphates. Once leached into the rivers they can affect the river ecology through eutrophication, causing damage to plants and animals. This is one of the most pervasive water quality problems in Europe. Pathogens excreted by animals can also directly affect humans when transported by rainwater to rivers and the sea where people swim. Another problem is river sedimentation caused by fine soil particles washing from the land into rivers, this causes high rates of mortality in fish eggs and can affect fish feeding habits. The Biosphere Reserve Partnership provides support to farms that encourage sustainable practices, benefit the environment, and have a good role within the community.

text: The predominant farm type in Devon is livestock farming, which includes

text: dairy

text: , lowland cattle, and

text: sheep farms

text: . In 2006, the total labour force on Devon farms was 23,240 people, with around 7,953 employed full-time. The majority of land within the biosphere reserve is farmland, which helps support the local economy, but is not designated with statutory protection. The reserve is therefore managed carefully with the cooperation of farmers and landowners; as the boundaries of the reserve are the catchment areas of the River Taw and River Torridge, extra precaution must be taken in protecting water supplies from

text: nonpoint source pollution

text: . Rainwater can accumulate residues of fertilisers, especially

text: nitrate

text: s and

text: phosphate

text: s. Once

text: leached

text: into the rivers they can affect the

text: river ecology

text: through

text: eutrophication

text: , causing damage to plants and animals. This is one of the most pervasive water quality problems in Europe.

text: Pathogen

text: s excreted by animals can also directly affect humans when transported by rainwater to rivers and the sea where people swim. Another problem is river

text: sedimentation

text: caused by fine soil particles washing from the land into rivers, this causes high rates of mortality in fish eggs and can affect fish feeding habits. The Biosphere Reserve Partnership provides support to farms that encourage sustainable practices, benefit the environment, and have a good role within the community.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: What drives the water cycle?

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: nonpoint source pollution

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: fine soil particles washing from the land into rivers

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Rainwater can accumulate residues of fertilisers,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: eutrophication,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Rainwater

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: fine soil particles

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: eutrophication,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: eutrophication,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: eutrophication,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: eutrophication,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Rainwater

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: eutrophication,

text: Atmospheric temperature is a measure of temperature at different levels of the Earth's atmosphere. It is governed by many factors, including incoming solar radiation, humidity and altitude. When discussing surface temperature, the annual atmospheric temperature range at any geographical location depends largely upon the type of biome, as measured by the Köppen climate classification.

text: Atmospheric temperature is a measure of

text: temperature

text: at different levels of the

text: Earth's atmosphere

text: . It is governed by many factors, including

text: incoming solar radiation

text: humidity

text: and

text: altitude

text: . When discussing

text: surface temperature

text: , the annual

text: atmospheric temperature range

text: at any geographical location depends largely upon the type of

text: biome

text: , as measured by the

text: Köppen climate classification

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: humidity

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: incoming solar radiation

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: greenhouse effect

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: altitude

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: incoming solar radiation,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Atmospheric temperature

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Atmospheric temperature

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: incoming solar radiation,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: humidity

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Atmospheric temperature

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Atmospheric temperature

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: incoming solar radiation, humidity and altitude.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Atmospheric temperature

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Atmospheric temperature

text: Small gardens have a single lake, with a rock garden, plants and structures around its edge. Middle-sized gardens will have a single lake with one or more streams coming into the lake, with bridges crossing the streams, or a single long lake divided into two bodies of water by a narrow channel crossed by a bridge. In a very large garden like the Humble Administrator's Garden, the principal feature of the garden is the large lake with its symbolic islands, symbolizing the isles of the immortals. Streams come into the lake, forming additional scenes. Numerous structures give different views of the water, including a stone boat, a covered bridge, and several pavilions by the side of or over the water.

text: Small gardens have a single lake, with a rock garden, plants and structures around its edge. Middle-sized gardens will have a single lake with one or more streams coming into the lake, with bridges crossing the streams, or a single long lake divided into two bodies of water by a narrow channel crossed by a bridge. In a very large garden like the

text: Humble Administrator's Garden

text: , the principal feature of the garden is the large lake with its symbolic islands, symbolizing the isles of the immortals. Streams come into the lake, forming additional scenes. Numerous structures give different views of the water, including a stone boat, a covered bridge, and several pavilions by the side of or over the water.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: None of the above choices

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: gaseous

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the large lake with its symbolic islands

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: streams coming into the lake,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: symbolic islands,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Small

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: streams coming into the lake,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: streams coming into the lake,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Small gardens have a single lake,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Middle-sized gardens will have a single lake with one or more streams

text: Major biogeographic realms, analogous to the eight terrestrial ecozones, represent large regions of the ocean basins: Arctic, Temperate Northern Atlantic, Temperate Northern Pacific, Tropical Atlantic, Western Indo-Pacific, Central Indo-Pacific, Eastern Indo-Pacific, Tropical Eastern Pacific, Temperate South America, Temperate Southern Africa, Temperate Australasia, Southern Ocean.

text: Major biogeographic realms, analogous to the eight terrestrial

text: ecozones

text: , represent large regions of the ocean basins: Arctic, Temperate Northern Atlantic, Temperate Northern Pacific, Tropical Atlantic, Western Indo-Pacific, Central Indo-Pacific, Eastern Indo-Pacific, Tropical Eastern Pacific, Temperate South America, Temperate Southern Africa, Temperate Australasia, Southern Ocean.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: biogeographic realms

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Antarctica

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: biogeography

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Antarctica

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: eight terrestrial ecozones,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Temperate Northern Atlantic,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: terrestrial ecozones,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Arctic, Temperate Northern Atlantic, Temperate Northern Pacific, Tropical Atlantic,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Temperate Northern Atlantic,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: biogeographic realms, analogous to the eight terrestrial ecozones,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Temperate South America,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: ocean basins:

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Major biogeographic realms,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Tropical Eastern Pacific, Temperate South America,

text: Earth's atmosphere consists of a number of layers, summarised in the diagram above which explains what the layers are, that differ in properties such as composition, temperature and pressure. The lowest layer is the troposphere, which extends from the surface to the bottom of the stratosphere. Three quarters of the atmosphere's mass resides within the troposphere, and is the layer within which the Earth's weather develops. The depth of this layer varies between 17 km at the equator to 7 km at the poles. The stratosphere, extending from the top of the troposphere to the bottom of the mesosphere, contains the ozone layer. The ozone layer ranges in altitude between 15 and 35 km, and is where most of the ultraviolet radiation from the Sun is absorbed. The top of the mesosphere, ranges from 50 to 85 km, and is the layer wherein most meteors burn up. The  thermosphere extends from 85 km to the base of the exosphere at 690 km and contains the ionosphere, a region where the atmosphere is ionised by incoming solar radiation. The ionosphere increases in thickness and moves closer to the Earth during daylight and rises at night allowing certain frequencies of radio communication a greater range. The Kármán line, located within the thermosphere at an altitude of 100 km, is commonly used to define the boundary between Earth's atmosphere and outer space. The exosphere begins variously from about 690 to 1,000 km above the surface, where it interacts with the planet's magnetosphere, to space. Each of the layers has a different lapse rate, defining the rate of change in temperature with height.

text: Earth's atmosphere

text: consists of a number of layers, summarised in the diagram above which explains what the layers are, that differ in properties such as composition, temperature and pressure. The lowest layer is the

text: troposphere

text: , which extends from the surface to the bottom of the

text: stratosphere

text: . Three quarters of the atmosphere's mass resides within the troposphere, and is the layer within which the Earth's weather develops. The depth of this layer varies between 17 km at the equator to 7 km at the poles. The stratosphere, extending from the top of the troposphere to the bottom of the

text: mesosphere

text: , contains the

text: ozone layer

text: . The ozone layer ranges in altitude between 15 and 35 km, and is where most of the

text: ultraviolet

text: radiation from the Sun is absorbed. The top of the mesosphere, ranges from 50 to 85 km, and is the layer wherein most

text: meteors

text: burn up. The

text: thermosphere

text: extends from 85 km to the base of the

text: exosphere

text: at 690 km and contains the

text: ionosphere

text: , a region where the atmosphere is ionised by incoming solar radiation. The ionosphere increases in thickness and moves closer to the Earth during daylight and rises at night allowing certain frequencies of radio communication a greater range. The

text: Kármán line

text: , located within the thermosphere at an altitude of 100 km, is commonly used to define the boundary between Earth's atmosphere and

text: outer space

text: . The

text: exosphere

text: begins variously from about 690 to 1,000 km above the surface, where it interacts with the planet's

text: magnetosphere

text: , to space. Each of the layers has a different

text: lapse rate

text: , defining the rate of change in temperature with height.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Three quarters of the atmosphere's mass resides within the troposphere

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: The thermosphere

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Earth's weather develops

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the rate of change in temperature with height

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: What is stored in snow and ice?

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: incoming solar radiation.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: weather

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: lapse rate, defining the rate of change in temperature with height.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: a region where the atmosphere is ionised by incoming solar radiation.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: incoming solar radiation.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: allowing certain frequencies of radio communication a greater range.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: The ionosphere

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: ionosphere,

text: For given extreme temperatures, a gas cycle may be less efficient than a vapor compression cycle because the gas cycle works on the reverse Brayton cycle instead of the reverse Rankine cycle. As such, the working fluid never receives or rejects heat at constant temperature. In the gas cycle, the refrigeration effect is equal to the product of the specific heat of the gas and the rise in temperature of the gas in the low temperature side. Therefore, for the same cooling load, gas refrigeration cycle machines require a larger mass flow rate, which in turn increases their size.

text: For given extreme temperatures, a gas cycle may be less efficient than a vapor compression cycle because the gas cycle works on the reverse

text: Brayton cycle

text: instead of the reverse

text: Rankine cycle

text: . As such, the working fluid never receives or rejects heat at constant temperature. In the gas cycle, the refrigeration effect is equal to the product of the specific heat of the gas and the rise in temperature of the gas in the low temperature side. Therefore, for the same cooling load, gas refrigeration cycle machines require a larger mass flow rate, which in turn increases their size.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the working fluid never receives or rejects heat

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: vapor compression

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Rankine cycle

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Rankine cycle.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: vapor compression cycle because the gas cycle works on the reverse Brayton cycle

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: the working fluid never receives or rejects heat at constant temperature.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the working fluid never receives or rejects heat at constant temperature.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: vapor compression cycle

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: vapor compression cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: reverse Brayton cycle instead of the reverse Rankine cycle.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rise in temperature of the gas in the low temperature side.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: reverse Brayton cycle instead of the reverse Rankine cycle.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: For given extreme temperatures,

text: Carbon dioxide is an integral part of the carbon cycle, a biogeochemical cycle in which carbon is exchanged between the Earth's oceans, soil, rocks and biosphere. The present biosphere of Earth is dependent on atmospheric  for its existence. Plants and other photoautotrophs use solar energy to synthesise carbohydrate from atmospheric carbon dioxide and water by photosynthesis. Carbohydrate derived from consumption of plants as food is the primary source of energy and carbon compounds in almost all other organisms.

text: Carbon dioxide is an integral part of the

text: carbon cycle

text: , a biogeochemical cycle in which

text: carbon

text: is exchanged between the Earth's

text: oceans

text: , soil, rocks and

text: biosphere

text: . The present biosphere of Earth is dependent on atmospheric  for its existence.

text: Plant

text: s and other

text: photoautotroph

text: s use solar energy to synthesise carbohydrate from atmospheric carbon dioxide and water by

text: photosynthesis

text: . Carbohydrate derived from consumption of plants as food is the primary source of energy and carbon compounds in almost all other organisms.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: photosynthesis

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: photosynthesis.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: photosynthesis.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: atmospheric

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: photosynthesis.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: photosynthesis.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: carbon cycle,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: water by photosynthesis.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: water by photosynthesis.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: water

text: A sea is a large body of salt water that is surrounded in whole or in part by land.  More broadly, "the sea" is the interconnected system of Earth's salty, oceanic waters—considered as one global ocean or as several principal oceanic divisions. The sea moderates Earth's climate and has important roles in the water cycle, carbon cycle, and nitrogen cycle. Although the sea has been traveled and explored since prehistory, the modern scientific study of the sea—oceanography—dates broadly to the British Challenger expedition of the 1870s. The sea is conventionally divided into up to five large oceanic sections—including the International Hydrographic Organization's four named oceans (the Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, and Arctic) and the Southern Ocean; smaller, second-order sections, such as the Mediterranean, are known as seas.

text: A sea is a large

text: body

text: of

text: salt water

text: that is surrounded in whole or in part by

text: land

text: .  More broadly, "the sea" is the interconnected system of

text: Earth

text: 's

text: salty

text: ocean

text: ic waters—considered as one

text: global ocean

text: or as several principal oceanic divisions. The sea moderates

text: Earth's climate

text: and has important roles in the

text: water cycle

text: carbon cycle

text: , and

text: nitrogen cycle

text: . Although the sea has been

text: traveled

text: and

text: explored

text: since

text: prehistory

text: , the modern scientific study of the sea—

text: oceanography

text: —dates broadly to the

text: British

text: Challenger expedition

text: of the 1870s. The sea is conventionally divided into

text: up to five large oceanic sections

text: —including the

text: International Hydrographic Organization

text: 's four named oceans (the

text: Atlantic

text: Pacific

text: Indian

text: , and

text: Arctic

text: ) and the

text: Southern Ocean

text: ; smaller, second-order sections, such as the

text: Mediterranean

text: , are known as

text: seas

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: The sea

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the Mediterranean

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: water cycle

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: carbon cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: sea level rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: It is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: The sea

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: carbon cycle,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: A sea

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: carbon cycle, and nitrogen cycle.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: carbon cycle,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: carbon cycle, and nitrogen cycle.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: nitrogen cycle.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: The sea moderates Earth's climate

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: A sea is a large body of salt water

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: prehistory,

text: Earth science generally recognizes four spheres, the lithosphere, the hydrosphere, the atmosphere, and the biosphere; these correspond to rocks, water, air and life. Also included by some are the cryosphere (corresponding to ice) as a distinct portion of the hydrosphere and the pedosphere (corresponding to soil) as an active and intermixed sphere.

text: Earth science generally recognizes four spheres, the

text: lithosphere

text: , the

text: hydrosphere

text: , the

text: atmosphere

text: , and the

text: biosphere

text: ; these correspond to

text: rocks

text: water

text: air

text: and

text: life

text: . Also included by some are the

text: cryosphere

text: (corresponding to

text: ice

text: ) as a distinct portion of the hydrosphere and the

text: pedosphere

text: (corresponding to

text: soil

text: ) as an active and intermixed sphere.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: pedosphere

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: cryosphere

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: hydrosphere

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: cryosphere

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrosphere

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: lithosphere

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: hydrosphere, the atmosphere, and the biosphere;

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: cryosphere

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: cryosphere (corresponding to ice)

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: atmosphere, and the biosphere;

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrosphere,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: pedosphere

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: water,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: cryosphere

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Earth science generally recognizes four spheres,

text: One of the most useful features of IWFM is the internal calculation of water demands for each land use type. IWFM simulates four land use classes: agricultural, urban, native vegetation, and riparian vegetation. Land use areas are delineated as a time series, with corresponding evapotranspiration rates and water management parameters. Each time step, the land use process applies precipitation, calculates infiltration and runoff, calculates water demands, and determines what portion of the demands are not met by soil moisture. For agricultural and urban land use classes, IWFM then applies surface water and groundwater at specified rates, and optionally adjusts surface water and groundwater to exactly meet water demands. This automatic adjustment feature is especially useful for calculating unmeasured flow components (such as groundwater withdrawals) or for simulating proposed future scenarios such as studying the impacts of potential climate change.

text: One of the most useful features of IWFM is the internal calculation of water demands for each land use type. IWFM simulates four land use classes: agricultural, urban, native vegetation, and riparian vegetation. Land use areas are delineated as a time series, with corresponding evapotranspiration rates and water management parameters. Each time step, the land use process applies precipitation, calculates infiltration and runoff, calculates water demands, and determines what portion of the demands are not met by soil moisture. For agricultural and urban land use classes, IWFM then applies surface water and groundwater at specified rates, and optionally adjusts surface water and groundwater to exactly meet water demands. This automatic adjustment feature is especially useful for calculating unmeasured flow components (such as groundwater withdrawals) or for simulating proposed future scenarios such as studying the impacts of potential climate change.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Each time step, the land use process applies precipitation

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: groundwater withdrawals

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: evapotranspiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: the land use process applies precipitation,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evapotranspiration

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: groundwater withdrawals)

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: evapotranspiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: evapotranspiration

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: moisture.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: climate change.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: precipitation, calculates infiltration and runoff,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: One of the most useful features of IWFM

text: The reaction of MeP and formaldehyde takes place over a fixed bed of catalyst. This catalyst, caesium oxide on silica, achieves good selectivity to MMA from MeP. The formation of a small amount of heavy, relatively involatile compounds poisons the catalyst. The coke is easily removed and catalyst activity and selectivity restored by controlled, in-situ regeneration. The reactor product stream is separated in a primary distillation so that a crude MMA product stream, free from water, MeP and formaldehyde, is produced. Unreacted MeP and water are recycled via the formaldehyde dehydration process. Pure MMA (>99.9%) is produced from the crude MMA in a series of vacuum distillations and separations. In all cases, the separated streams are returned to the process; there is only one (small) heavy ester purge stream. This is readily disposed of in a thermal oxidizer with heat recovered for use in the process.

text: The reaction of MeP and formaldehyde takes place over a fixed bed of catalyst. This catalyst,

text: caesium

text: oxide on silica, achieves good selectivity to MMA from MeP. The formation of a small amount of heavy, relatively involatile compounds poisons the catalyst. The coke is easily removed and catalyst activity and selectivity restored by controlled, in-situ regeneration. The reactor product stream is separated in a primary distillation so that a crude MMA product stream, free from water, MeP and formaldehyde, is produced. Unreacted MeP and water are recycled via the formaldehyde dehydration process. Pure MMA (>99.9%) is produced from the crude MMA in a series of vacuum distillations and separations. In all cases, the separated streams are returned to the process; there is only one (small) heavy ester purge stream. This is readily disposed of in a thermal oxidizer with heat recovered for use in the process.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: thermal oxidizer with heat recovered for use in the process

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: dehydration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: formaldehyde dehydration process.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: formaldehyde dehydration process.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: heavy ester purge stream.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: formaldehyde dehydration process.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: formaldehyde dehydration process.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: water, MeP and formaldehyde,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: water,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: water are recycled via the formaldehyde dehydration process.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The reaction of MeP and formaldehyde

text: The SPI is the ratio of two areas. One is the area needed to embed a life cycle to generate a product or service in the Biosphere. The other is the statistical area available for every human being on earth, which is m² based on a global population of 7.39 billion people. Contrary to the Ecological Footprint the SPI also takes ocean surface into account, as oceans are key elements of many global material cycles (e.g. the Carbon cycle).

text: The SPI is the ratio of two areas. One is the area needed to embed a life cycle to generate a product or service in the

text: Biosphere

text: . The other is the statistical area available for every human being on earth, which is m² based on a global population of 7.39 billion people. Contrary to the

text: Ecological Footprint

text: the SPI also takes ocean surface into account, as oceans are key elements of many global material cycles (e.g. the

text: Carbon cycle

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Carbon cycle

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Carbon cycle

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: carbon cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: oceans

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Biosphere.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Ecological Footprint

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Carbon cycle).

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Carbon cycle).

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Carbon cycle).

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Ecological Footprint

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: oceans

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: The SPI

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The SPI

text: Another strategy in water conservation is protecting groundwater resources. When precipitation occurs, some infiltrates the soil and goes underground. Water in this saturation zone is called groundwater. Contamination of groundwater causes the groundwater water supply to not be able to be used as resource of fresh drinking water and the natural regeneration of contaminated groundwater can takes years to replenish. Some examples of potential sources of groundwater contamination include storage tanks, septic systems, uncontrolled hazardous waste, landfills, atmospheric contaminants, chemicals, and road salts. Contamination of groundwater decreases the replenishment of available freshwater so taking preventative measures by protecting groundwater resources form contamination is an important aspect of water conservation.

text: Another strategy in water conservation is protecting

text: groundwater

text: resources. When

text: precipitation

text: occurs, some infiltrates the soil and goes underground. Water in this saturation zone is called groundwater.

text: Contamination of groundwater

text: causes the groundwater water supply to not be able to be used as resource of fresh drinking water and the natural regeneration of contaminated groundwater can takes years to replenish. Some examples of potential sources of groundwater contamination include storage tanks,

text: septic

text: systems, uncontrolled

text: hazardous waste

text: landfill

text: s,

text: atmospheric contaminants

text: , chemicals, and

text: road salt

text: s. Contamination of groundwater decreases the replenishment of available freshwater so taking preventative measures by protecting groundwater resources form contamination is an important aspect of water conservation.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: What drives the water cycle?

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: atmospheric

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: natural regeneration

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: precipitation occurs, some infiltrates the soil and goes underground.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: road salts.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: atmospheric contaminants,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: precipitation occurs, some infiltrates the soil and goes underground.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Contamination of groundwater decreases the replenishment of available freshwater

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Water in this saturation zone is called groundwater.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Contamination of groundwater

text: The goal of groundwater remediation in Arkansas is to protect, enhance, and restore, to the extent technically and economically feasible, groundwater conditions to the maximum beneficial use, while maintaining conditions that are protective of human health and the environment (Ellen Carpenter, Arkansas Department of Environmental Quality, oral commun., 2005). It is the policy of ADEQ that until final regulations are enacted by APCEC specific to the establishment of groundwater cleanup standards, cleanup levels or goals will be established on a case-by-case basis in a consistent manner. The process includes full characterization of the contaminant plume, source-control measures, BMPs to control migration of the plume, and a groundwater cleanup strategy. Preliminary remediation goals are established after an evaluation of risks to human health and the environment; consideration is given to the current and reasonably anticipated future land use, including groundwater usage. Because many citizens drink groundwater and use it in their homes, ADEQ currently classifies all groundwater in Arkansas as a potential source of drinking water. It is not necessary for groundwater to be defined as an aquifer (that is, a saturated permeable geologic formation that can produce a significant quantity of water) in order to be protected. Thus, final groundwater remediation levels are the existing Federal MCLs. Institutional controls, such as deed restrictions or city ordinances, are used with source controls to minimize the potential for human exposure to contamination by limiting groundwater use.

text: The goal of groundwater remediation in Arkansas is to protect, enhance, and restore, to the extent technically and economically feasible, groundwater conditions to the maximum beneficial use, while maintaining conditions that are protective of human health and the environment (Ellen Carpenter, Arkansas Department of Environmental Quality, oral commun., 2005). It is the policy of ADEQ that until final regulations are enacted by APCEC specific to the establishment of groundwater cleanup standards, cleanup levels or goals will be established on a case-by-case basis in a consistent manner. The process includes full characterization of the contaminant plume, source-control measures, BMPs to control migration of the plume, and a groundwater cleanup strategy. Preliminary remediation goals are established after an evaluation of risks to human health and the environment; consideration is given to the current and reasonably anticipated future land use, including groundwater usage. Because many citizens drink groundwater and use it in their homes, ADEQ currently classifies all groundwater in Arkansas as a potential source of drinking water. It is not necessary for groundwater to be defined as an aquifer (that is, a saturated permeable geologic formation that can produce a significant quantity of water) in order to be protected. Thus, final groundwater remediation levels are the existing Federal MCLs. Institutional controls, such as deed restrictions or city ordinances, are used with source controls to minimize the potential for human exposure to contamination by limiting groundwater use.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: groundwater being defined as an aquifer

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: migration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: BMPs to control migration of the plume,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: aquifer

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water)

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: deed restrictions or city ordinances,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: migration of the plume,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: aquifer

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: aquifer

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: groundwater usage. Because many citizens drink groundwater

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: groundwater usage. Because many citizens drink groundwater

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: groundwater usage. Because many citizens drink groundwater

text: In December 2011, federal environment officials scientifically linked underground water pollution with hydraulic fracturing for the first time in central Wyoming. The EPA officials commented that the water supply contained at least 10 compounds known to be used in frack fluids. The findings in the report contradicted conventional arguments by the drilling industry on the safety of the fracturing process, such as the hydrologic pressure that naturally forces fluids downwards instead of upwards. The EPA also commented that the pollution from 33 abandoned oil and gas waste pits are responsible for some degree of minor groundwater pollution in the vicinity.

text: In December 2011, federal environment officials scientifically linked underground water pollution with hydraulic fracturing for the first time in central Wyoming. The EPA officials commented that the water supply contained at least 10 compounds known to be used in frack fluids. The findings in the report contradicted conventional arguments by the drilling industry on the safety of the fracturing process, such as the hydrologic pressure that naturally forces fluids downwards instead of upwards. The EPA also commented that the pollution from 33 abandoned oil and gas waste pits are responsible for some degree of minor groundwater pollution in the vicinity.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: hydrologic pressure

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: hydraulic fracturing

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: hydrologic pressure

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: hydraulic fracturing

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: underground water pollution

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: hydrologic pressure that naturally forces fluids downwards instead of upwards.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: hydraulic fracturing

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrologic pressure

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: hydraulic fracturing

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: hydrologic pressure

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: hydrologic pressure that naturally forces fluids downwards instead of upwards.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: underground water pollution with hydraulic fracturing

text: Nitrogen is a common element in nature and an essential plant nutrient. Approximately 78% of Earth's atmosphere is nitrogen (N). The strong bond between the atoms of N makes this gas quite inert and not directly usable by plants and animals. As nitrogen naturally cycles through the air, water and soil it undergoes various chemical and biological transformations. Nitrogen promotes plant growth. Livestock then eat the crops producing manure, which is returned to the soil, adding organic and mineral forms of nitrogen. The cycle is complete when the next crop uses the amended soil. To increase food production, fertilizers, such as nitrate (NO) and ammonium (NH), which are easily absorbed by plants, are introduced to the plant root zone. However, soils do not absorb the excess NO ions, which then move downward freely with drainage water, and are leached into groundwater, streams and oceans. The degree of leaching is affected by:

text: Nitrogen

text: is a common element in nature and an essential plant nutrient. Approximately 78% of Earth's atmosphere is

text: nitrogen

text: (N). The strong bond between the atoms of N makes this gas quite inert and not directly usable by plants and animals. As nitrogen naturally cycles through the air, water and soil it undergoes various chemical and biological transformations. Nitrogen promotes plant growth. Livestock then eat the crops producing manure, which is returned to the soil, adding organic and mineral forms of nitrogen. The cycle is complete when the next crop uses the amended soil. To increase food production, fertilizers, such as

text: nitrate

text: (NO) and

text: ammonium

text: (NH), which are easily absorbed by plants, are introduced to the plant root zone. However, soils do not absorb the excess NO ions, which then move downward freely with drainage water, and are leached into groundwater, streams and oceans. The degree of leaching is affected by:

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Nitrogen

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Nitrogen naturally cycles through the air

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Nitrogen promotes plant growth

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Which of the following is not a form of water?

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: NO ions,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: drainage water,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: leached into groundwater,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: NO ions,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: soils do not absorb the excess NO ions,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: drainage water,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: drainage water,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Nitrogen

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: NO ions, which then move downward freely with drainage water,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: drainage water,

text: Krill are thought to undergo between one and three vertical migrations from mixed surface waters to depth each day. The krill is a very untidy feeder, and it often spits out aggregates of phytoplankton (spit balls) containing thousands of cells sticking together. It also produces fecal strings that still contain significant amounts of carbon and the glass shells of the diatoms. Both are heavy and sink very fast into the abyss. This process is called the biological pump. As the waters around Antarctica are very deep (), they act as a carbon dioxide sink: this process exports large quantities of carbon (fixed carbon dioxide, CO) from the biosphere and sequesters it for about 1,000 years.

text: Krill are thought to undergo between one and three vertical migrations from mixed surface waters to depth each day. The krill is a very untidy feeder, and it often spits out aggregates of

text: phytoplankton

text: (spit balls) containing thousands of cells sticking together. It also produces fecal strings that still contain significant amounts of

text: carbon

text: and the

text: glass

text: shells of the

text: diatom

text: s. Both are heavy and sink very fast into the abyss. This process is called the

text: biological pump

text: . As the waters around

text: Antarctica

text: are very deep (), they act as a

text: carbon dioxide sink

text: : this process exports large quantities of carbon (fixed

text: carbon dioxide

text: , CO) from the biosphere and

text: sequesters

text: it for about 1,000 years.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: fecal strings

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: biological pump.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: carbon dioxide,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: biological pump.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: fecal strings

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: biological pump.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: biological pump.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: carbon dioxide sink:

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: biological pump.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: carbon dioxide sink:

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Krill

text: Deforestation also affects the water cycle. It reduces the content of water in the soil and groundwater as well as atmospheric moisture. Deforestation reduces soil cohesion, so that erosion, flooding and landslides ensue.

text: Deforestation also affects the water cycle. It reduces the content of water in the soil and groundwater as well as atmospheric moisture. Deforestation reduces soil cohesion, so that

text: erosion

text: , flooding and

text: landslide

text: s ensue.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Deforestation

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: What kind of weather does deforestation cause?

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: landslides

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: deforestation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: deforestation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Deforestation

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: atmospheric moisture.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: atmospheric moisture.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: atmospheric moisture.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: atmospheric moisture.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Deforestation

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Deforestation

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Deforestation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Deforestation also affects the water cycle.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Deforestation

text: The World Ocean or global ocean (colloquially the sea or the ocean) is the interconnected system of Earth's oceanic waters, and comprises the bulk of the hydrosphere, covering almost 72% of Earth's surface, with a total volume of 1.332 billion cubic kilometers (351 quintillion US gallons).

text: The World Ocean or global ocean (colloquially the sea or the ocean) is the interconnected system of

text: Earth

text: 's

text: ocean

text: ic

text: water

text: s, and comprises the bulk of the

text: hydrosphere

text: , covering almost 72% of Earth's surface, with a total volume of 1.332 billion

text: cubic kilometers

text: quintillion

text: US gallons

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: The World Ocean or global ocean

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: hydrosphere

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Earth's oceanic waters,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: hydrosphere,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: hydrosphere,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: The World Ocean

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: hydrosphere,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: The World Ocean

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: The World Ocean

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: oceanic waters,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: The World Ocean

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The World Ocean

text: All the exhibits are housed inside the former velodrome (cycling stadium) that was used for the cycling and judo events of the 1976 Summer Olympics, with each of the four environments taking up a portion of the stadium.  A variety of animals live in each simulated habitat, ranging from the macaws in the Tropical Forest, to the lynx in the Laurentian Forest, to the penguins in the Antarctic and the different kinds of fish that inhabit the waters of the Saint Lawrence River. As well, two new species have been discovered living in the Biodome: the acarian Copidognathus biodomus in the simulated estuary in 1996, and the bacterium Nitratireductor aquibiodomus in the water reprocessing system in 2003.

text: All the exhibits are housed inside the former

text: velodrome

text: (cycling stadium) that was used for the cycling and judo events of the

text: 1976 Summer Olympics

text: , with each of the four environments taking up a portion of the stadium.  A variety of animals live in each simulated habitat, ranging from the

text: macaw

text: s in the Tropical Forest, to the

text: lynx

text: in the Laurentian Forest, to the

text: penguin

text: s in the Antarctic and the different kinds of

text: fish

text: that inhabit the waters of the Saint Lawrence River. As well, two new species have been discovered living in the Biodome: the

text: acarian

text: Copidognathus biodomus in the simulated estuary in 1996, and the

text: bacterium

text: Nitratireductor aquibiodomus in the water reprocessing system in 2003.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices are true

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the bacterium Nitratireductor aquibiodomus

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: water reprocessing system

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: water reprocessing

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water reprocessing system

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: bacterium Nitratireductor aquibiodomus

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: water reprocessing system

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: estuary

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: two new species have been discovered living in the Biodome:

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Laurentian Forest,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: two new species have been discovered living in the Biodome:

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: 1976 Summer Olympics,

text: In recent years studies advanced particular knowledge on ocean acidification, ocean heat content, ocean currents, the El Niño phenomenon, mapping of methane hydrate deposits, the carbon cycle, coastal erosion, weathering and climate feedbacks in regards to climate change interactions.

text: In recent years studies advanced particular knowledge on

text: ocean acidification

text: ocean heat content

text: ocean currents

text: the El Niño phenomenon

text: , mapping of

text: methane hydrate

text: deposits, the

text: carbon cycle

text: coastal erosion

text: weathering

text: and

text: climate feedback

text: s in regards to

text: climate change

text: interactions.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: carbon cycle

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: weathering

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: methane hydrate deposits

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: the carbon cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: carbon cycle,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: acidification,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: weathering

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the El Ni<unk>o phenomenon,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: weathering

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: carbon cycle,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: El Ni<unk>o phenomenon,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: climate feedbacks

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: methane hydrate deposits,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: In recent years studies advanced particular knowledge on ocean acidification,

text: On long timescales, atmospheric  concentration is determined by the balance among geochemical processes including organic carbon burial in sediments, silicate rock weathering, and volcanism. The net effect of slight imbalances in the carbon cycle over tens to hundreds of millions of years has been to reduce atmospheric . On a timescale of billions of years, such downward trend appears bound to continue indefinitely as occasional massive historical releases of buried carbon due to volcanism will become less frequent (as earth mantle cooling and progressive exhaustion of  internal radioactive heat proceeds further). The rates of these processes are extremely slow; hence they are of no relevance to the atmospheric  concentration over the next hundreds or thousands of years.

text: On long timescales, atmospheric  concentration is determined by the balance among

text: geochemical processes

text: including organic carbon burial in sediments, silicate rock

text: weathering

text: , and

text: volcanism

text: . The net effect of slight imbalances in the

text: carbon cycle

text: over tens to hundreds of millions of years has been to reduce atmospheric . On a timescale of billions of years, such downward trend appears bound to continue indefinitely as occasional massive historical releases of buried carbon due to volcanism will become less frequent (as earth mantle cooling and progressive exhaustion of

text: internal radioactive heat

text: proceeds further). The rates of these processes are extremely slow; hence they are of no relevance to the atmospheric  concentration over the next hundreds or thousands of years.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: vaporization

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Earth mantle cooling

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: volcanism.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: cooling and progressive exhaustion of internal radioactive heat

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: atmospheric concentration

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: silicate rock weathering, and volcanism.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: volcanism.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: carbon cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: volcanism.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: balance among geochemical processes

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: On long timescales,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: On long timescales,

text: On June 28, 2005, the Senate approved an expansive energy bill with an 11-year, $18.6 billion package of energy tax breaks with a renewed focus toward renewable energy resources and conservation.  Tax credits were introduced for Solar Water Heat, Solar Space Heat, Solar Thermal Electric, Solar Thermal Process Heat, Photovoltaics, Wind, Biomass, Geothermal Electric, Fuel Cells, Geothermal Heat Pumps, CHP/Cogeneration, Solar Hybrid Lighting, Microturbines, and Geothermal Direct-Use.

text: On June 28, 2005, the Senate approved an expansive energy bill with an 11-year, $18.6 billion package of energy tax breaks with a renewed focus toward renewable energy resources and conservation.  Tax credits were introduced for Solar Water Heat, Solar Space Heat, Solar Thermal Electric, Solar Thermal Process Heat, Photovoltaics, Wind, Biomass, Geothermal Electric, Fuel Cells, Geothermal Heat Pumps, CHP/Cogeneration, Solar Hybrid Lighting, Microturbines, and Geothermal Direct-Use.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices .

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Solar Water Heat

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Geothermal

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Solar Water Heat,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: renewable energy

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Fuel Cells, Geothermal Heat Pumps,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: renewable energy resources and conservation. Tax credits were introduced for Solar Water Heat,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Geothermal

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Geothermal Electric, Fuel Cells, Geothermal Heat Pumps,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: conservation.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Solar Water Heat,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Solar Water Heat,

text: Soil erosion is one form of soil degradation. The erosion of soil is a naturally occurring process on all land. The agents of soil erosion are water and wind, each contributing a significant amount of soil loss each year. Soil erosion may be a slow process that continues relatively unnoticed, or it may occur at an alarming rate causing serious loss of topsoil. The loss of soil from farmland may be reflected in reduced crop production potential, lower surface water quality and damaged drainage networks.

text: Soil erosion is one form of

text: soil degradation

text: . The

text: erosion

text: of

text: soil

text: is a naturally occurring process on all land. The agents of soil erosion are water and wind, each contributing a significant amount of soil loss each year. Soil erosion may be a slow process that continues relatively unnoticed, or it may occur at an alarming rate causing serious loss of topsoil. The loss of soil from farmland may be reflected in reduced crop production potential, lower surface water quality and damaged drainage networks.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Soil erosion

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: soil erosion

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: water and wind,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: soil erosion

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: water and wind,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Soil erosion

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: water and wind,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: water and wind,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Soil erosion

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Soil erosion

text: The process heats sections of the vast oil shale field in situ, releasing the shale oil and oil shale gas from the rock so that it can be pumped to the surface and made into fuel. In this process, a freeze wall is first to be constructed to isolate the processing area from surrounding groundwater. To maximize the functionality of the freeze walls, adjacent working zones will be developed in succession.  wells, eight feet apart, are drilled and filled with a circulating super-chilled liquid to cool the ground to .  Water is then removed from the working zone. Heating and recovery wells are drilled at  intervals within the working zone. Electrical heating elements are lowered into the heating wells and used to heat oil shale to between  and  over a period of approximately four years.  Kerogen in oil shale is slowly converted into shale oil and gases, which are then flow to the surface through recovery wells.

text: The process heats sections of the vast oil shale field in situ, releasing the shale oil and

text: oil shale gas

text: from the rock so that it can be pumped to the surface and made into

text: fuel

text: . In this process, a freeze wall is first to be constructed to isolate the processing area from surrounding groundwater. To maximize the functionality of the freeze walls, adjacent working zones will be developed in succession.  wells, eight feet apart, are drilled and filled with a circulating super-chilled liquid to cool the ground to .  Water is then removed from the working zone. Heating and recovery wells are drilled at  intervals within the working zone. Electrical

text: heating element

text: s are lowered into the heating wells and used to heat oil shale to between  and  over a period of approximately four years.

text: Kerogen

text: in oil shale is slowly converted into shale oil and gases, which are then flow to the surface through recovery wells.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: electrical heating elements are lowered into the heating wells

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Water is then removed from the working zone.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Water is then removed from the working zone.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Kerogen

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: freeze wall

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Water is then removed from the working zone.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Water is then removed from the working zone.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Water is then removed from the working zone.

text: The distillery features a 0.5 tonne mash tun and eight 2,500 litre washbacks. The distillation takes place in two copper pot stills supplied by Forsyths of Rothes, Scotland.  The wash still is a 2600-litre still, and the spirit still is a 1600-litre still. The main casks used for maturation of the core expressions are STR casks, (reconditioned ex-red wine casks) and American oak ex-bourbon casks. The distillery has also filled madeira, moscatel, rum, sherry and apple brandy casks. In April 2016, the distillery had so far filled 620 casks, with plans to produce around 300,000 bottles of single malt whisky per annum. Local water sources are used, and the distillery uses a carbon filter and deionisation process to filter the water before using it in the production and dilution processes. Unusually, the operation of the distillery is completely manual, with no automation. 123 valves are manipulated by hand to direct the movement of liquid around the distillery and to run the distillation processes. Several heat-exchange systems are used to recycle heat energy produced during distillation and the site also features 80 solar PV panels.

text: The distillery features a 0.5 tonne

text: mash tun

text: and eight 2,500 litre washbacks. The distillation takes place in two copper pot stills supplied by Forsyths of

text: Rothes

text: , Scotland.  The wash still is a 2600-litre still, and the spirit still is a 1600-litre still. The main casks used for maturation of the core expressions are STR casks, (reconditioned ex-red wine casks) and American oak ex-bourbon casks. The distillery has also filled madeira, moscatel, rum, sherry and apple brandy casks. In April 2016, the distillery had so far filled 620 casks, with plans to produce around 300,000 bottles of single malt whisky per annum. Local water sources are used, and the distillery uses a carbon filter and deionisation process to filter the water before using it in the production and dilution processes. Unusually, the operation of the distillery is completely manual, with no automation. 123 valves are manipulated by hand to direct the movement of liquid around the distillery and to run the distillation processes. Several heat-exchange systems are used to recycle heat energy produced during distillation and the site also features 80 solar PV panels.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: distillation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: apple brandy casks

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: carbon filter and deionisation process

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: heat-exchange systems are used to recycle heat energy produced during distillation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: solar PV panels.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: STR casks, (reconditioned ex-red wine casks)

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: solar PV panels.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: carbon filter and deionisation process

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Local water sources

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: heat-exchange systems

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Local water sources are used,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Local water sources

text: When examining complex ecologic systems there is an inherent need for the Earth Systems Engineer to have a strong understanding of how natural processes function.  A training in Environmental Science will be crucial to fully understand the possible unintended and undesired effects of a proposed earth systems design.  Such fundamental topics such as the carbon cycle or the water cycle are pivotal processes that need to be understood.

text: When examining complex ecologic systems there is an inherent need for the Earth Systems Engineer to have a strong understanding of how natural processes function.  A training in Environmental Science will be crucial to fully understand the possible unintended and undesired effects of a proposed earth systems design.  Such fundamental topics such as the carbon cycle or the water cycle are pivotal processes that need to be understood.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: carbon cycle

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: gaseous

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the water cycle

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: the water cycle

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: It can be stored in snow and ice.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: carbon cycle

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: water cycle

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water cycle

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: carbon cycle

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: water cycle

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: carbon cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: carbon cycle or the water cycle

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: water cycle

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: water cycle

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: water cycle

text: Obuasi, Ghana is the home of one of the world’s top gold mining sites. It was in 1897 when the first machinery was used to mine the gold from the region. As the years went by, new strategies were needed to establish out ways to "treat the ores". By 1908, A leading chemist was brought in to help with the strategies and brought his Australian method of "dry crushing and roasting preparatory to treatment with cyanide". Many rivers, fishing areas, and irrigation systems have been either slightly or permanently damaged. The mining industry has tried to compensate by building standpipes but for many, they have been to no use. The average amount of contamination in the water system of Obuasi was over 10–38 times the maximum amount that is allowable by law. The two main sources of the contamination is the arsenic powder that flows out from the mills  and the extensive amount of run-off water that is disposed of through dams. "Thus in the processing of the ore for gold, the dust may contain particles of the ore, ferric oxide, oxides of arsenic and sulphur". The dust will then get carried into the atmosphere and settle on the soil, humans, and rivers. In Obuasi, they receive a high annual rainfall due to the tropical rainforest that surrounds it (Smedley,1996,464). During precipitation or rainfall, the dust "may be oxidized to the trioxide by the air and be converted to the sulphate in dew and rainwater". The soil is the main target of contamination because the soil is contaminated and whatever vegetation grows and decays goes right back in the soil which results in the contamination of the groundwater. However, the groundwater is not as polluted as the streams or rivers mainly due to the high dissolving process of the arsenic and due to the basement rocks that lie between the groundwater and the soil. "The only disadvantage is that whatever is deposited on the surface soil may be carried to greater depths with time by rainwater (Gish et al,2010, 1973)". The most extensively damaged areas are the ones closest to the mines, but with the wind carrying the dust, areas hundreds of miles away are getting contaminated by the chemicals. Due to the extensive output of the chemicals from the mining mills and un resolved toxic spills, many rivers, streams, lakes and irrigation systems have been damaged or obsolete. The local residents have been affected greatly by this phenomenon. Residents have seen the environmental changes especially in the water. Sludge floats down on streams that were once main sources of drinking water according to local residents. All the marine life in the rivers and streams has died due to the high amounts of chemicals in the water. According to Action Aid, residents have seen pipes that run straight into local streams and rivers that were depositing the waste directly sometimes causing flooding of the streams and rivers (2006,11). Many local farmers suffered the hardest with the contamination of the water. Due to the irrigation systems using the contaminated water to irrigate all of the soil were then contaminated as well. The soil was no longer usable, causing the killing off their crops that were used for their business as well as for their own families. Children have also been targeted and affected by the pollution. According to Action Aid, many schools have been flooded with the over flow of the local streams, causing the children to leave school, sometimes permanently. AngloGold Ashanti (AGA) has put up standpipes to compensate for the contaminated water supplies, but these have also been useless to the locals. Standpipes were installed in the 1940s and 50’s that have now been contaminated with arsenic from the mills. AGA staff claim it is because of them being made of iron, but studies have shown large amounts of arsenic in the water. Many standpipes have been either broken or obsolete. This leads to the residents to walk at least 1.5 miles to go get clean water. All the work the local people have to go through to get clean water is uncalled for. No compensation has been giving to the local residents for the damage they have done to their water and environment.

text: AngloGold Ashanti

text: (AGA) has put up standpipes to compensate for the contaminated water supplies, but these have also been useless to the locals. Standpipes were installed in the 1940s and 50’s that have now been contaminated with arsenic from the mills. AGA staff claim it is because of them being made of iron, but studies have shown large amounts of arsenic in the water. Many standpipes have been either broken or obsolete. This leads to the residents to walk at least 1.5 miles to go get clean water. All the work the local people have to go through to get clean water is uncalled for. No compensation has been giving to the local residents for the damage they have done to their water and environment.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: sulphate in dew and rainwater

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: oxidation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: dew and rainwater

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: dew

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: precipitation or rainfall

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: None of the above choices

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: run-off water that is disposed of through dams.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: sulphate

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: dew and rainwater".

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: rainfall,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: tropical rainforest

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: tropical rainforest

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: dew and rainwater".

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The dust

text: Deuterium is destroyed in the interiors of stars faster than it is produced. Other natural processes are thought to produce only an insignificant amount of deuterium. Nearly all deuterium found in nature was produced in the Big Bang 13.8 billion years ago, as the basic or primordial ratio of hydrogen-1 (protium) to deuterium (about 26 atoms of deuterium per million hydrogen atoms) has its origin from that time. This is the ratio found in the gas giant planets, such as Jupiter (see references 2,3 and 4). However, other astronomical bodies are found to have different ratios of deuterium to hydrogen-1. This is thought to be as a result of natural isotope separation processes that occur from solar heating of ices in comets. Like the water-cycle in Earth's weather, such heating processes may enrich deuterium with respect to protium.  The analysis of deuterium/protium ratios in comets found results very similar to the mean ratio in Earth's oceans (156 atoms of deuterium per million hydrogens). This reinforces theories that much of Earth's ocean water is of cometary origin.  The deuterium/protium ratio of the comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, as measured by the Rosetta space probe, is about three times that of earth water. This figure is the highest yet measured in a comet.

text: Deuterium is destroyed in the interiors of stars faster than it is produced. Other natural processes are thought to produce only an insignificant amount of deuterium. Nearly all deuterium found in nature was produced in the

text: Big Bang

text: 13.8 billion years ago, as the basic or primordial ratio of hydrogen-1 (protium) to deuterium (about 26 atoms of deuterium per million hydrogen atoms) has its origin from that time. This is the ratio found in the gas giant planets, such as Jupiter (see references 2,3 and 4). However, other astronomical bodies are found to have different ratios of deuterium to hydrogen-1. This is thought to be as a result of natural isotope separation processes that occur from solar heating of ices in comets. Like the water-cycle in Earth's weather, such heating processes may enrich deuterium with respect to protium.  The analysis of deuterium/protium ratios in comets found results very similar to the mean ratio in Earth's oceans (156 atoms of deuterium per million hydrogens). This reinforces theories that much of Earth's ocean water is of cometary origin.  The deuterium/protium ratio of the comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, as measured by the

text: Rosetta space probe

text: , is about three times that of earth water. This figure is the highest yet measured in a comet.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: solar heating

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: like the water-cycle in Earth's weather

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: ices in comets

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: water-cycle

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Earth's weather

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: ice melts

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Earth's weather,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Earth's weather,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water-cycle in Earth's weather,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: solar heating of ices in comets.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: water-cycle

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Earth's weather,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: much of Earth's ocean water is of cometary origin.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: water-cycle

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: ices

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Deuterium

text: Surface-water hydrology is a field that encompasses all surface waters of the globe (overland flows, rivers, lakes, wetlands, estuaries, oceans, etc.). This is a subset of the hydrologic cycle that does not include atmospheric, and ground waters. Surface-water hydrology relates the dynamics of flow in surface-water systems (rivers, canals, streams, lakes, ponds, wetlands, marshes, arroyos, oceans, etc.). This includes the field measurement of flow (discharge); the statistical variability at each setting; floods; drought susceptibility and the development of the levels of risk; and the fluid mechanics of surface waters.

text: Surface-water

text: hydrology

text: is a field that encompasses all surface waters of the globe (overland flows, rivers, lakes, wetlands, estuaries, oceans, etc.). This is a subset of the hydrologic cycle that does not include atmospheric, and ground waters. Surface-water hydrology relates the dynamics of flow in surface-water systems (

text: river

text: s,

text: canal

text: s,

text: stream

text: s,

text: lake

text: s,

text: pond

text: s,

text: wetland

text: s,

text: marsh

text: es,

text: arroyo

text: s,

text: oceans

text: , etc.). This includes the field measurement of

text: flow

text: (discharge); the statistical variability at each setting; floods; drought susceptibility and the development of the levels of risk; and the fluid mechanics of surface waters.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Surface-water hydrology

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: atmospheric

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: overland flows

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrologic cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: dynamics of flow in surface-water systems

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: (discharge);

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: atmospheric, and ground waters.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: floods;

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: atmospheric,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrologic

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: drought susceptibility

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: drought

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Surface-water hydrology

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Surface-water hydrology

text: The availability of organic phosphorus to support microbial, plant and animal growth depends on the rate of their degradation to generate free phosphate. There are various enzymes such as phosphatases, nucleases and phytase involved for the degradation. Some of the abiotic pathways in the environment studied are hydrolytic reactions and photolytic reactions. Enzymatic hydrolysis of organic phosphorus is an essential step in the biogeochemical phosphorus cycle, including the phosphorus nutrition of plants and microorganisms and the transfer of organic phosphorus from soil to bodies of water.  Many organisms rely on the soil derived phosphorus for their phosphorus nutrition.

text: The availability of organic phosphorus to support microbial, plant and animal growth depends on the rate of their degradation to generate free phosphate. There are various enzymes such as

text: phosphatases

text: nucleases

text: and

text: phytase

text: involved for the degradation. Some of the

text: abiotic

text: pathways in the environment studied are hydrolytic reactions and photolytic reactions. Enzymatic hydrolysis of organic phosphorus is an essential step in the biogeochemical phosphorus cycle, including the phosphorus nutrition of plants and microorganisms and the transfer of organic phosphorus from soil to bodies of water.  Many organisms rely on the soil derived phosphorus for their phosphorus nutrition.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: photolysis reactions

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: hydrolytic reactions

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: photolytic reactions

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: photosynthesis

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: What can be stored for future use in snow and ice

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: transfer of organic phosphorus from soil to bodies of water.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: photolytic reactions.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: abiotic pathways in the environment studied are hydrolytic reactions and photolytic reactions.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: photolytic reactions.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: photolytic reactions.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: biogeochemical phosphorus cycle,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Enzymatic hydrolysis of organic phosphorus

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: The availability of organic phosphorus

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: The availability of organic phosphorus

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The availability of organic phosphorus

text: Previous research on the Plastic Patch had mostly focused on the effects of the plastic pieces on jellyfish, fish, sea turtles, and seabirds.  Relatively little was known about how this type of marine debris would affect the microbial communities that make up 98% of the biomass in the ocean and control oceanic biogeochemistry. During this cruise, 30 sites were sampled.  At 15 of these sites, a modified surface net called a manta trawl was used to collect plastic pieces, while water samples were collected from the upper 200 meters of the ocean.  At the other 15 stations, only the surface waters were sampled.  This study will allow researchers to begin to determine whether biofilms are forming on the plastic particles, whether the microbes living on the particles are different from the free-living planktonic organisms, and what effect these communities might have on the oceanic carbon cycle and nitrogen cycle.

text: Previous research on the Plastic Patch had mostly focused on the effects of the plastic pieces on

text: jellyfish

text: fish

text: sea turtles

text: , and

text: seabirds

text: .  Relatively little was known about how this type of

text: marine debris

text: would affect the microbial communities that make up 98% of the

text: biomass

text: in the ocean and control oceanic biogeochemistry. During this cruise, 30 sites were sampled.  At 15 of these sites, a modified surface net called a

text: manta trawl

text: was used to collect plastic pieces, while water samples were collected from the upper 200 meters of the ocean.  At the other 15 stations, only the surface waters were sampled.  This study will allow researchers to begin to determine whether

text: biofilms

text: are forming on the plastic particles, whether the microbes living on the particles are different from the free-living

text: planktonic

text: organisms, and what effect these communities might have on the oceanic

text: carbon cycle

text: and

text: nitrogen cycle

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: gaseous

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the oceanic carbon cycle

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: microbial communities

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: water samples were collected from the upper 200 meters

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: biofilms are forming on the plastic particles,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: carbon cycle and nitrogen cycle.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: nitrogen cycle.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: 98%

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Plastic Patch

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: water samples were collected from the upper 200 meters of the ocean.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: jellyfish, fish, sea turtles, and seabirds.

text: The sun, which drives the water cycle, heats water in oceans and seas. Water evaporates as water vapor into the air. Ice and snow can sublimate directly into water vapour. Evapotranspiration is water transpired from plants and evaporated from the soil. The water vapour molecule  has less density compared to the major components of the atmosphere, nitrogen and oxygen,  and . Due to the significant difference in molecular mass, water vapor in gas form gains height in open air as a result of buoyancy. However, as altitude increases, air pressure decreases and the temperature drops (see Gas laws). The lowered temperature causes water vapour to condense into a tiny liquid water droplet which is heavier than the air, such that it falls unless supported by an updraft. A huge concentration of these droplets over a large space up in the atmosphere become visible as cloud. Fog is formed if the water vapour condenses near ground level, as a result of moist air and cool air collision or an abrupt reduction in air pressure. Air currents move water vapour around the globe, cloud particles collide, grow, and fall out of the upper atmospheric layers as precipitation. Some precipitation falls as snow or hail, sleet, and can accumulate as ice caps and glaciers, which can store frozen water for thousands of years. Most water falls back into the oceans or onto land as rain, where the water flows over the ground as surface runoff. A portion of runoff enters rivers in valleys in the landscape, with streamflow moving water towards the oceans. Runoff and water emerging from the ground (groundwater) may be stored as freshwater in lakes. Not all runoff flows into rivers, much of it soaks into the ground as infiltration. Some water infiltrates deep into the ground and replenishes aquifers, which can store freshwater for long periods of time. Some infiltration stays close to the land surface and can seep back into surface-water bodies (and the ocean) as groundwater discharge. Some groundwater finds openings in the land surface and comes out as freshwater springs. In river valleys and floodplains, there is often continuous water exchange between surface water and ground water in the hyporheic zone. Over time, the water returns to the ocean, to continue the water cycle.

text: The sun, which drives the water cycle, heats water in oceans and seas. Water evaporates as water vapor into the

text: air

text: . Ice and snow can

text: sublimate

text: directly into water vapour.

text: Evapotranspiration

text: is water

text: transpired

text: from plants and evaporated from the soil. The water vapour molecule  has less density compared to the major components of the atmosphere, nitrogen and oxygen,  and . Due to the significant difference in

text: molecular mass

text: , water vapor in gas form gains height in open air as a result of

text: buoyancy

text: . However, as altitude increases, air pressure decreases and the temperature drops (see

text: Gas laws

text: ). The lowered temperature causes water vapour to condense into a tiny liquid water droplet which is heavier than the air, such that it falls unless supported by an updraft. A huge concentration of these droplets over a large space up in the atmosphere become visible as cloud. Fog is formed if the water vapour condenses near ground level, as a result of moist air and cool air collision or an abrupt reduction in air pressure. Air currents move water vapour around the globe, cloud particles collide, grow, and fall out of the upper atmospheric layers as

text: precipitation

text: . Some precipitation falls as snow or hail, sleet, and can accumulate as ice caps and glaciers, which can store frozen water for thousands of years. Most water falls back into the oceans or onto land as rain, where the water flows over the ground as

text: surface runoff

text: . A portion of runoff enters rivers in valleys in the landscape, with streamflow moving water towards the oceans. Runoff and water emerging from the ground (

text: groundwater

text: ) may be stored as freshwater in lakes. Not all runoff flows into rivers, much of it soaks into the ground as

text: infiltration

text: . Some water infiltrates deep into the ground and replenishes

text: aquifer

text: s, which can store freshwater for long periods of time. Some infiltration stays close to the land surface and can seep back into surface-water bodies (and the ocean) as groundwater discharge. Some groundwater finds openings in the land surface and comes out as freshwater springs. In river valleys and floodplains, there is often continuous water exchange between surface water and ground water in the

text: hyporheic zone

text: . Over time, the water returns to the ocean, to continue the water cycle.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: The sun

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Sublimation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Ice and snow

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Evapotranspiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: decreases

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: The sun,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Water evaporates

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Ice and snow

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Evapotranspiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: (groundwater)

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Evapotranspiration

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: air pressure decreases and the temperature drops

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: ice caps and glaciers, which can store frozen water for thousands of years.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: rivers in valleys

text: Because groundwater recharge is much more difficult to accurately measure than surface runoff, groundwater is not generally used in areas where even fairly limited levels of surface water are available. Even today, estimates of total groundwater recharge vary greatly for the same region depending on what source is used, and cases where fossil groundwater is exploited beyond the recharge rate (including the Ogallala Aquifer) are very frequent and almost always not seriously considered when they were first developed.

text: Because

text: groundwater recharge

text: is much more difficult to accurately measure than

text: surface runoff

text: , groundwater is not generally used in areas where even fairly limited levels of surface water are available. Even today, estimates of total groundwater recharge vary greatly for the same region depending on what source is used, and cases where fossil groundwater is

text: exploited

text: beyond the recharge rate (including the

text: Ogallala Aquifer

text: ) are very frequent and almost always not seriously considered when they were first developed.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: surface runoff

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the Ogallala Aquifer

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: groundwater recharge is much more difficult to accurately measure than surface runoff,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: surface runoff,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: surface runoff,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Ogallala Aquifer)

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: surface runoff,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: surface runoff,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: groundwater recharge is much more difficult to accurately measure than surface runoff,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: groundwater recharge is much more difficult to accurately measure than surface runoff,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: groundwater recharge is much more difficult to accurately measure than surface runoff,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Because groundwater recharge is much more difficult to accurately measure than surface runoff,

text: 4. Elvers:Glass eels become progressively pigmented as they approach the shore; these eels are termed elvers. The melanic pigmentation process occurs when the young eels are in coastal waters. At this phase of the life cycle, the eel is still sexually undifferentiated. The elver stage lasts about three to twelve months. Elvers that enter fresh water may spend much of this period migrating upstream. Elver influx is linked to increased temperature and reduced flow early in the migration season, and to tidal cycle influence later on.

text: 4. Elvers:Glass eels become progressively pigmented as they approach the shore; these eels are termed elvers. The melanic pigmentation process occurs when the young eels are in coastal waters. At this phase of the life cycle, the eel is still sexually undifferentiated. The elver stage lasts about three to twelve months. Elvers that enter fresh water may spend much of this period migrating upstream. Elver influx is linked to increased temperature and reduced flow early in the migration season, and to tidal cycle influence later on.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: reduced flow early in the migration season

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: elvers migrate

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: What can be stored in snow and ice?

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: tidal cycle

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: waters.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: tidal cycle influence

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: increased temperature

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: The melanic pigmentation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: tidal

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: increased temperature

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: tidal cycle influence

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Elvers that enter fresh water

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Elvers:Glass

text: Groundwater is fresh water located in the subsurface pore space of soil and rocks. It is also water that is flowing within aquifers below the water table. Sometimes it is useful to make a distinction between groundwater that is closely associated with surface water and deep groundwater in an aquifer (sometimes called "fossil water").

text: Groundwater is fresh water located in the subsurface

text: pore

text: space of soil and

text: rocks

text: . It is also water that is flowing within

text: aquifer

text: s below the

text: water table

text: . Sometimes it is useful to make a distinction between groundwater that is closely associated with surface water and deep groundwater in an aquifer (sometimes called "fossil water").

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: groundwater in an aquifer

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Groundwater

text: Depending on the needs and on the water temperature, couple heating and cooling can be considered. For example, heat could first be extracted from the water (making it colder); and, secondly, that same water could cycle to a refrigerating unit to be used for even more effective cold production.

text: Depending on the needs and on the water temperature, couple heating and cooling can be considered. For example, heat could first be extracted from the water (making it colder); and, secondly, that same water could cycle to a refrigerating unit to be used for even more effective cold production.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: cold production

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: heat

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: cooling

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: couple heating and cooling

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: heat could first be extracted from the water (making it colder);

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: cooling

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: couple heating and cooling

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Depending on the needs and on the water temperature,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Depending on the needs and on the water temperature, couple heating and cooling

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: heat could first be extracted from the water

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Depending on the needs and on the water temperature, couple heating and cooling

text: The atmosphere of Earth is the layer of gases, commonly known as air, that surrounds the planet Earth and is retained by Earth's gravity. The atmosphere of Earth protects life on Earth by absorbing ultraviolet solar radiation, warming the surface through heat retention (greenhouse effect), and reducing temperature extremes between day and night (the diurnal temperature variation).

text: The atmosphere of Earth is the layer of

text: gas

text: es, commonly known as air, that surrounds the planet

text: Earth

text: and is retained by

text: Earth's gravity

text: . The atmosphere of Earth protects

text: life on Earth

text: by absorbing

text: ultraviolet

text: solar radiation

text: , warming the surface through heat retention (

text: greenhouse effect

text: ), and reducing

text: temperature

text: extremes between

text: day

text: and

text: night

text: (the

text: diurnal temperature variation

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: diurnal temperature variation

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: greenhouse effect

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: greenhouse effect

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: ultraviolet solar radiation,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: gases,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: The atmosphere of Earth

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: (greenhouse effect), and reducing temperature extremes between day and night

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: (greenhouse effect),

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: (greenhouse effect),

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: absorbing ultraviolet solar radiation,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: (greenhouse effect),

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: heat retention

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The atmosphere of Earth

text: A second source of circulation is water as it follows its natural path through the water cycle. The water cycle, put simply, represents the path that water takes as it circulates around planet earth. It follows a series of stages in which the water changes state multiple times until it finally falls back to earth where it will once again be circulated. In the water cycle, both organic and inorganic pollutants are biodegraded or filtered out whereas they no longer present much of a threat. This is also true for small amounts of chemicals present in the water. However, when there are very large amounts of chemicals, organic or inorganic, present in the water as it cycles through the atmosphere, harmful effects can be seen in areas where this water falls as precipitation. This precipitation re-enters the ongoing circulation of water pollution.

text: A second source of circulation is water as it follows its natural path through the

text: water cycle

text: . The water cycle, put simply, represents the path that water takes as it circulates around planet earth. It follows a series of stages in which the water changes state multiple times until it finally falls back to earth where it will once again be circulated. In the water cycle, both organic and inorganic pollutants are biodegraded or filtered out whereas they no longer present much of a threat. This is also true for small amounts of chemicals present in the water. However, when there are very large amounts of chemicals, organic or inorganic, present in the water as it cycles through the atmosphere, harmful effects can be seen in areas where this water falls as

text: precipitation

text: . This precipitation re-enters the ongoing circulation of water pollution.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: water changes state multiple times until it finally falls back to earth where it will once again be circulated

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: it changes state

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the water changes state multiple times

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: biodegradation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: the path that water takes as it circulates around planet earth

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: the path that water takes as it circulates around planet earth.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: the water changes state multiple times

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: precipitation.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: water cycle.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: the path that water takes as it circulates around planet earth.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: water as it follows its natural path through the water cycle.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: water as it follows its natural path through the water cycle.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: water cycle.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: water as it follows its natural path through the water cycle.

text: The process of infiltration can continue only if there is room available for additional water at the soil surface. The available volume for additional water in the soil depends on the porosity of the soil and the rate at which previously infiltrated water can move away from the surface through the soil. The maximum rate that water can enter a soil in a given condition is the infiltration capacity. If the arrival of the water at the soil surface is less than the infiltration capacity, it is sometimes analyzed using hydrology transport models, mathematical models that consider infiltration, runoff and channel flow to predict river flow rates and stream water quality.

text: The process of infiltration can continue only if there is room available for additional water at the soil surface. The available volume for additional water in the soil depends on the porosity of the soil and the rate at which previously infiltrated water can move away from the surface through the soil. The maximum rate that water can enter a soil in a given condition is the infiltration capacity. If the arrival of the water at the soil surface is less than the infiltration capacity, it is sometimes analyzed using

text: hydrology transport model

text: s,

text: mathematical model

text: s that consider infiltration, runoff and channel flow to predict river flow rates and stream

text: water quality

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: The process of infiltration

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: runoff

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: runoff

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: infiltration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: infiltration

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: infiltration can continue only if there is room available for additional water

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: infiltration

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: infiltration

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: river flow rates

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: infiltration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: infiltration

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: infiltration

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: infiltration can continue only if there is room available for additional water

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: infiltration can continue only if there is room available for additional water

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The process of infiltration

text: Solar energy – radiant light and heat from the sun. It has been harnessed by humans since ancient times using a range of ever-evolving technologies. Solar energy technologies include solar heating, solar photovoltaics, solar thermal electricity and solar architecture, which can make considerable contributions to solving some of the most urgent problems the world now faces.

text: Solar energy

text: – radiant

text: light

text: and

text: heat

text: from the

text: sun

text: . It has been harnessed by humans since

text: ancient times

text: using a range of ever-evolving technologies. Solar energy technologies include

text: solar heating

text: solar photovoltaics

text: solar thermal electricity

text: and

text: solar architecture

text: , which can make considerable contributions to solving some of the most urgent problems the world now faces.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: solar heating

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: photosynthesis

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: heat from the sun

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Solar energy

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: thermal electricity

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Solar energy

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: solar thermal electricity

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Solar energy

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Solar energy

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Solar energy

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Solar energy

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Solar energy

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Solar energy

text: Kolbert equates current, general unawareness of this issue to previous widespread disbelief of it during the centuries preceding the late 1700s; at that time, it was believed that prehistoric mass extinctions had never occurred. It was also believed there were no natural forces powerful enough to extinguish species en masse. Likewise, in our own time, the possible finality presented by this issue results in denialism. But scientific studies have shown that human behavior disrupts Earth's balanced and interconnected systems, "putting our own survival in danger." Consequently, the Earth systems currently affected are: the global atmosphere, the water cycle, the ocean's heat absorption, ocean acidity (and its effect on coral reefs), soil moisture and drought conditions, plant destruction by pests/non-indigenous fauna or heat stress, heat regulation by the Earth's ice, and so on.

text: Kolbert equates current, general unawareness of this issue to previous widespread disbelief of it during the centuries preceding the late 1700s; at that time, it was believed that

text: prehistoric mass extinctions

text: had never occurred. It was also believed there were no natural forces powerful enough to extinguish species

text: en masse

text: . Likewise, in our own time, the possible finality presented by this issue results in

text: denialism

text: . But scientific studies have shown that human behavior disrupts Earth's balanced and interconnected systems, "putting our own survival in danger." Consequently, the

text: Earth systems

text: currently affected are: the

text: global atmosphere

text: , the

text: water cycle

text: , the ocean's

text: heat absorption

text: ocean acidity

text: (and its effect on

text: coral reefs

text: soil moisture

text: and

text: drought conditions

text: , plant destruction by

text: pests

text: /non-indigenous fauna or

text: heat stress

text: , heat regulation by the Earth's ice, and so on.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: soil moisture and drought conditions

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: water cycle

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: do not have an effect on coral reefs

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the ocean's heat absorption

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: heat absorption

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: soil moisture and drought conditions

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: heat absorption

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: human behavior

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: heat absorption,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: human behavior disrupts Earth's balanced and interconnected systems,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: heat regulation by the Earth's ice,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: heat absorption,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: global atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: soil moisture and drought

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: human behavior disrupts Earth's balanced and interconnected systems,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: ice,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: late 1700s;

text: Groundwater can be thought of in the same terms as surface water: inputs, outputs and storage.  The critical difference is that due to its slow rate of turnover, groundwater storage is generally much larger (in volume) compared to inputs than it is for surface water. This difference makes it easy for humans to use groundwater unsustainably for a long time without severe consequences.  Nevertheless, over the long term the average rate of seepage above a groundwater source is the upper bound for average consumption of water from that source.

text: Groundwater can be thought of in the same terms as surface water: inputs, outputs and storage.  The critical difference is that due to its slow rate of turnover, groundwater storage is generally much larger (in volume) compared to inputs than it is for surface water. This difference makes it easy for humans to use groundwater unsustainably for a long time without severe consequences.  Nevertheless, over the long term the average rate of seepage above a groundwater source is the upper bound for average consumption of water from that source.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: slow rate of turnover

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the average rate of seepage above a groundwater source

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: rate of turnover

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: slow rate of turnover,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: turnover,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: average rate of seepage

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Groundwater can be thought of in the same terms as surface water:

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: groundwater storage

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Groundwater

text: The main area of focus of the group is the utilization of the ocean resources to find alternative technologies for fresh water and renewable energy. Currently the group is working on three specific areas, fresh water production using low temperature thermal desalination (LTTD) process and energy production using two distinctly different processes, Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion and Wave Energy.

text: The main area of focus of the group is the utilization of the ocean resources to find alternative technologies for fresh water and renewable energy. Currently the group is working on three specific areas, fresh water production using low temperature thermal desalination (LTTD) process and energy production using two distinctly different processes, Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion and Wave Energy.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: low temperature thermal desalination

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: low temperature thermal desalination

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: renewable energy.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: low temperature thermal desalination

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: low temperature thermal desalination

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: ocean resources

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: fresh water and renewable energy.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: ocean resources to find alternative technologies for fresh water

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: fresh water

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: fresh water and renewable energy.

text: Situated on a natural isthmus, dividing Lake Francis and Lake Manitoba, Twin Lakes Beach was formed by the natural process of sand accumulating between the two bodies of water over a period of years when it was transferred from the bank of one lake to the bank of another lake by wind and water. The sand then continues to build up, eventually forming a sand dune. Plants are able to strive on this natural dune, because after a storm occurs on the lake, the water levels increase, washing dead seaweed, as well as other organic matter, onto the sand, and after many years of decomposition, the compost turns to soil, acting as a fertilizer for local plant life. As a result, grass, plants, and wildlife are now native to the area. The water, however, continuously laps the shore, due to moving air and currents, leaving a section of the dune eroded where sand remains, forming a beach.

text: Situated on a natural

text: isthmus

text: , dividing

text: Lake Francis

text: and

text: Lake Manitoba

text: , Twin Lakes Beach was formed by the natural process of sand accumulating between the two bodies of water over a period of years when it was transferred from the bank of one lake to the bank of another lake by wind and water. The sand then continues to build up, eventually forming a

text: sand dune

text: . Plants are able to strive on this natural dune, because after a storm occurs on the lake, the water levels increase, washing dead seaweed, as well as other organic matter, onto the sand, and after many years of decomposition, the compost turns to soil, acting as a fertilizer for local plant life. As a result, grass, plants, and wildlife are now native to the area. The water, however, continuously laps the shore, due to moving air and currents, leaving a section of the dune eroded where sand remains, forming a beach.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: moving air and currents

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: What types of storms occur on the lake?

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Twin Lakes Beach

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: moving air and currents,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: air

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: storm

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Twin Lakes Beach

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: the compost turns to soil,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: continuously laps the shore, due to moving air and currents,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: after a storm occurs on the lake, the water levels increase,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: washing dead seaweed,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: the compost turns to soil, acting as a fertilizer

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: sand accumulating between the two bodies of water

text: If the atmospheres are warmed, the saturation vapor pressure increases, and the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere will tend to increase. Since water vapor is a greenhouse gas, the increase in water vapor content makes the atmosphere warm further; this warming causes the atmosphere to hold still more water vapor (a positive feedback), and so on until other processes stop the feedback loop. The result is a much larger greenhouse effect than that due to CO alone. Although this feedback process causes an increase in the absolute moisture content of the air, the relative humidity stays nearly constant or even decreases slightly because the air is warmer.  Climate models incorporate this feedback. Water vapor feedback is strongly positive, with most evidence supporting a magnitude of 1.5 to 2.0 W/m/K, sufficient  to roughly double the warming that would otherwise occur. Considered a faster feedback mechanism.

text: If the atmospheres are warmed, the

text: saturation vapor pressure

text: increases, and the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere will tend to increase. Since water vapor is a greenhouse gas, the increase in water vapor content makes the atmosphere warm further; this warming causes the atmosphere to hold still more water vapor (a

text: positive feedback

text: ), and so on until other processes stop the feedback loop. The result is a much larger greenhouse effect than that due to CO alone. Although this feedback process causes an increase in the absolute moisture content of the air, the

text: relative humidity

text: stays nearly constant or even decreases slightly because the air is warmer.  Climate models incorporate this feedback. Water vapor feedback is strongly positive, with most evidence supporting a magnitude of 1.5 to 2.0 W/m/K, sufficient  to roughly double the warming that would otherwise occur. Considered a faster feedback mechanism.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: This warming causes the atmosphere to hold still more water vapor

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: water vapor

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: a greenhouse effect

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: greenhouse effect

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: water vapor is a greenhouse gas,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: vapor

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water vapor

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: saturation vapor pressure

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: greenhouse gas,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: feedback loop.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: If the atmospheres are warmed,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: saturation vapor pressure

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: this warming causes the atmosphere to hold still more water vapor

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: If the atmospheres are warmed,

text: "In 2005, I became the primary caregiver to both my elderly parents. Through this transition in our lives, I have been keenly aware of the changes that come with the process of aging. I am using this experience to create a body of work that speaks to what I can best describe as the Doctrine of Impermanence. The Impermanence Doctrine states that all aspects of the world are in a process of constant change. Life embodies change through the process of aging, the cycle of birth and rebirth, and in every loss that we experience. Due to the impermanent nature of all things, having attachments to them is futile and only leads to pain and suffering. Reflections in water, like the landscape, are constantly in flux and never remain the same for very long. I feel that the intangible nature of the landscape and its reflection is my honest and direct response to conveying the idea of impermanence. The series Liquid Sky represents a combination of Digital and Alternative Processes Photography. Unlike my previous projects, in this series I am working from a traditional straight photographic shooting method. The formal content of the images in this series are exactly the same as when I shot them through the camera lens. The final images consist of combining the straight photographs with emulsion transfers of the same image."

text: "In 2005, I became the primary caregiver to both my elderly parents. Through this transition in our lives, I have been keenly aware of the changes that come with the process of aging. I am using this experience to create a body of work that speaks to what I can best describe as the

text: Doctrine of Impermanence

text: . The Impermanence Doctrine states that all aspects of the world are in a process of constant change. Life embodies change through the process of aging, the cycle of birth and rebirth, and in every loss that we experience. Due to the impermanent nature of all things, having attachments to them is futile and only leads to pain and suffering. Reflections in water, like the landscape, are constantly in flux and never remain the same for very long. I feel that the intangible nature of the landscape and its reflection is my honest and direct response to conveying the idea of impermanence. The series Liquid Sky represents a combination of Digital and Alternative Processes Photography. Unlike my previous projects, in this series I am working from a traditional straight photographic shooting method. The formal content of the images in this series are exactly the same as when I shot them through the camera lens. The final images consist of combining the straight photographs with emulsion transfers of the same image."

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: impermanence

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: emulsion transfers

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: constantly in flux and never remain the same for very long.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: never remain the same for very long.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Reflections in water,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: emulsion transfers

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Reflections in water,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: birth and rebirth,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Reflections in water,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: constantly in flux and never remain the same for very long.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Reflections in water,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Reflections in water,

text: Sea ice serves to stabilise methane deposits on and near the shoreline, preventing the clathrate breaking down and venting into the water column and eventually reaching the atmosphere. From sonar measurements in recent years researchers quantified the density of bubbles emanating from the subsea permafrost into the Ocean (a process called ebullition), and found that 100–630 mg methane per square meters is emitted daily along the East Siberian Shelf, into the water column. They also found that during storms, methane levels in the water column drop dramatically, when wind driven air-sea gas exchange accelerates the ebullition process into the atmosphere. This observed pathway suggest that methane from seabed permafrost will progress rather slowly, instead of abrupt changes. However, Arctic cyclones, fueled by global warming and further accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere could contribute to more release from this methane tree.

text: Sea ice

text: serves to stabilise methane deposits on and near the shoreline, preventing the

text: clathrate

text: breaking down and venting into the water column and eventually reaching the atmosphere. From sonar measurements in recent years researchers quantified the density of bubbles emanating from the subsea permafrost into the Ocean (a process called ebullition), and found that 100–630 mg methane per square meters is emitted daily along the East Siberian Shelf, into the water column. They also found that during storms, methane levels in the water column drop dramatically, when wind driven air-sea gas exchange accelerates the ebullition process into the atmosphere. This observed pathway suggest that methane from seabed permafrost will progress rather slowly, instead of abrupt changes. However, Arctic cyclones, fueled by

text: global warming

text: and further accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere could contribute to more release from this methane tree.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: storms

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: 100–630 mg methane per square meters

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: ebullition

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: wind driven air-sea gas exchange

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: ebullition),

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: storms,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: bubbles

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: ebullition),

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: clathrate

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Sea ice

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Arctic cyclones,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Sea ice

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Sea ice

text: Groundwater recharge or deep drainage or deep percolation is a hydrologic process where water moves downward from surface water to groundwater. Recharge is the primary method through which water enters an aquifer.  This process usually occurs in the vadose zone below plant roots and is often expressed as a flux to the water table surface. Recharge occurs both naturally (through the water cycle) and through anthropogenic processes (i.e., "artificial groundwater recharge"), where rainwater and or reclaimed water is routed to the subsurface.

text: Groundwater recharge or deep drainage or deep percolation is a

text: hydrologic

text: process where

text: water

text: moves downward from

text: surface water

text: to

text: groundwater

text: . Recharge is the primary method through which water enters an

text: aquifer

text: .  This process usually occurs in the

text: vadose zone

text: below plant

text: root

text: s and is often expressed as a

text: flux

text: to the

text: water table

text: surface. Recharge occurs both naturally (through the

text: water cycle

text: ) and through anthropogenic processes (i.e., "artificial groundwater recharge"), where rainwater and or

text: reclaimed water

text: is routed to the subsurface.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: anthropogenic processes

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: deep percolation

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: anthropogenic processes

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Recharge

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Groundwater recharge or deep drainage or deep percolation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Groundwater recharge

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Groundwater recharge

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Groundwater recharge or deep drainage or deep percolation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Groundwater recharge

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Groundwater recharge

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: water moves downward from surface water to groundwater.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Groundwater recharge

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Groundwater recharge

text: Ultraviolet radiation from the Sun breaks water molecules apart, reducing the amount of water available to form noctilucent clouds. The radiation is known to vary cyclically with the solar cycle and satellites have been tracking the decrease in brightness of the clouds with the increase of ultraviolet radiation for the last two solar cycles. It has been found that changes in the clouds follow changes in the intensity of ultraviolet rays by about a year, but the reason for this long lag is not yet known.

text: Ultraviolet radiation

text: from the Sun breaks water molecules apart, reducing the amount of water available to form noctilucent clouds. The radiation is known to vary cyclically with the

text: solar cycle

text: and satellites have been tracking the decrease in brightness of the clouds with the increase of ultraviolet radiation for the last two solar cycles. It has been found that changes in the clouds follow changes in the intensity of ultraviolet rays by about a year, but the reason for this long lag is not yet known.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Ultraviolet radiation

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: noctilucent clouds

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: noctilucent clouds

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: changes in the clouds

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Ultraviolet radiation

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: noctilucent clouds.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: noctilucent clouds.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: noctilucent clouds.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: noctilucent clouds.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: solar cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: noctilucent clouds.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Ultraviolet radiation from the Sun breaks water molecules

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: noctilucent clouds.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Ultraviolet radiation

text: Ecosystem services are ecologically mediated functional processes essential to sustaining healthy human societies. Water provision and filtration, production of biomass in forestry, agriculture, and fisheries, and removal of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (CO) from the atmosphere are examples of ecosystem services essential to public health and economic opportunity. Nutrient cycling is a process fundamental to agricultural and forest production.

text: Ecosystem services are ecologically mediated functional processes essential to sustaining healthy

text: human

text: societies. Water provision and filtration, production of

text: biomass

text: in

text: forestry

text: agriculture

text: , and

text: fisheries

text: , and removal of

text: greenhouse gas

text: es such as

text: carbon dioxide

text: (CO) from the

text: atmosphere

text: are examples of ecosystem services essential to

text: public health

text: and economic opportunity. Nutrient cycling is a process fundamental to agricultural and forest production.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Nutrient cycling

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: nutrient cycling

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: filtration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: nutrient cycling

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: filtration,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: greenhouse gases

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Ecosystem services

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: removal of greenhouse gases

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: filtration,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: filtration,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Water provision and filtration,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: greenhouse gases

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Water provision and filtration,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Ecosystem services

text: While in the stratosphere (post-test period), the tritium interacted with and oxidized to water molecules and was present in much of the rapidly produced rainfall, making tritium a prognostic tool for studying the evolution and structure of the hydrologic cycle as well as the ventilation and formation of water masses in the North Atlantic Ocean. Bomb-tritium data were used from the Transient Tracers in the Ocean (TTO) program in order to quantify the replenishment and overturning rates for deep water located in the North Atlantic. Bomb-tritium also enters the deep ocean around the Antarctic. Most of the bomb tritiated water (HTO) throughout the atmosphere can enter the ocean through the following processes: a) precipitation, b) vapor exchange, and c) river runoff – these processes make HTO a great tracer for time-scales up to a few decades. Using the data from these processes for 1981, the 1 TU isosurface lies between 500 and 1,000 meters deep in the subtropical regions and then extends to 1,500–2,000 meters south of the Gulf Stream due to recirculation and ventilation in the upper portion of the Atlantic Ocean. To the north, the isosurface deepens and reaches the floor of the abyssal plain which is directly related to the ventilation of the ocean floor over 10 to 20 year time-scales.

text: While in the stratosphere (post-test period), the tritium interacted with and oxidized to water molecules and was present in much of the rapidly produced rainfall, making tritium a prognostic tool for studying the evolution and structure of the

text: hydrologic cycle

text: as well as the ventilation and formation of water masses in the North Atlantic Ocean. Bomb-tritium data were used from the Transient Tracers in the Ocean (TTO) program in order to quantify the replenishment and overturning rates for deep water located in the North Atlantic. Bomb-tritium also enters the deep ocean around the Antarctic. Most of the bomb tritiated water (HTO) throughout the atmosphere can enter the ocean through the following processes: a) precipitation, b) vapor exchange, and c) river runoff – these processes make HTO a great tracer for time-scales up to a few decades. Using the data from these processes for 1981, the 1 TU isosurface lies between 500 and 1,000 meters deep in the

text: subtropical

text: regions and then extends to 1,500–2,000 meters south of the

text: Gulf Stream

text: due to recirculation and ventilation in the upper portion of the Atlantic Ocean. To the north, the isosurface deepens and reaches the floor of the

text: abyssal plain

text: which is directly related to the ventilation of the ocean floor over 10 to 20 year time-scales.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: the tritium interacted with and oxidized to water molecules

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: vapor exchange

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: vapor exchange

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: vapor exchange

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrologic cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: recirculation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: What can be stored for future use in snow and ice?

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: the tritium interacted with and oxidized to water molecules

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: vapor exchange,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: rainfall,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: river runoff

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: vapor exchange,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrologic

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: subtropical regions

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: recirculation and ventilation in the upper portion of the Atlantic Ocean.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: deep water

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: While in the stratosphere

text: Permits are required for various classes of landfills. Class 1 landfills include all municipal solid waste landfill units. These landfills can accept household wastes, commercial wastes, and approved industrial wastes. Class 3 landfills accept commercial, industrial, and special solid wastes, and Class 4 landfills accept construction and demolition debris and other nonputrescible wastes. The solid waste program permitting requirements for facilities accepting wastes are directed at protecting groundwater and surface water, while assuring the safe management and disposal of wastes. Permitting requirements for Class I landfills and most Class 3 landfills include liners and leachate-collection/treatment systems, groundwater-monitoring systems, and other environmental protection systems that protect groundwater. At a minimum, semiannual reports are submitted by facilities required to monitor groundwater. If constituents in groundwater around the landfill exceed the EPA MCLs for drinking-water supplies, corrective action is required to bring the facility into compliance. A Post-Closure Trust Fund pays for corrective action needed after closure of landfills. The SWMD currently (2013) evaluates environmental monitoring data for one closed landfill.

text: Permits are required for various classes of landfills. Class 1 landfills include all municipal solid waste landfill units. These landfills can accept household wastes, commercial wastes, and approved industrial wastes. Class 3 landfills accept commercial, industrial, and special solid wastes, and Class 4 landfills accept construction and demolition debris and other nonputrescible wastes. The solid waste program permitting requirements for facilities accepting wastes are directed at protecting groundwater and surface water, while assuring the safe management and disposal of wastes. Permitting requirements for Class I landfills and most Class 3 landfills include liners and leachate-collection/treatment systems, groundwater-monitoring systems, and other environmental protection systems that protect groundwater. At a minimum, semiannual reports are submitted by facilities required to monitor groundwater. If constituents in groundwater around the landfill exceed the EPA MCLs for drinking-water supplies, corrective action is required to bring the facility into compliance. A Post-Closure Trust Fund pays for corrective action needed after closure of landfills. The SWMD currently (2013) evaluates environmental monitoring data for one closed landfill.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: What drives the water cycle?

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Class 4 landfills

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: protecting groundwater and surface water,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: leachate-collection/treatment

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: groundwater and surface water,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: leachate-collection/treatment systems,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Permits are required for various classes of landfills.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: protecting groundwater

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: groundwater

text: When river water is used in surface irrigation, the part of water joining the stream is termed as ‘return flows’ and the part of water joining the aquifer is termed as ‘seepage loss’ or manmade ground water charging. The sum of primary water supplies and return (recycled) flows in a river basin is the total water available for use. The total available water for use in a river basin is almost one-and-half times the primary water supplies if net ground water use is also accounted.  If ground water use is intensive or close to ground water mining, the return flows would be during heavy rains period only which are below 10% of primary water supplies in the river basin. There would be negligible base flows into the river streams during the remaining period and  good chance of river turning in to losing stream due to unsustainable ground water exploitation.

text: When river water is used in surface irrigation, the part of water joining the stream is termed as ‘return flows’ and the part of water joining the aquifer is termed as ‘seepage loss’ or manmade ground water charging. The sum of primary water supplies and return (recycled) flows in a river basin is the total water available for use. The total available water for use in a river basin is almost one-and-half times the primary water supplies if net ground water use is also accounted.  If ground water use is intensive or close to ground water mining, the return flows would be during heavy rains period only which are below 10% of primary water supplies in the river basin. There would be negligible base flows into the river streams during the remaining period and  good chance of river turning in to

text: losing stream

text: due to unsustainable ground water exploitation.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: ground water charging

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: gaseous

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: heavy rains

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Seepage loss

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: The sum of primary water supplies and return (recycled) flows

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: ‘seepage loss’

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: heavy rains

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: ‘seepage loss’

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: irrigation,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: ‘seepage loss’ or manmade ground water charging.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: ‘seepage loss’

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: When river water is used in surface irrigation,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: When river water

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: When river water

text: If water falls uniformly over a field such that field capacity of the soil is not exceeded, then negligible water percolates to groundwater.  If instead water puddles in low-lying areas, the same water volume concentrated over a smaller area may exceed field capacity resulting in water that percolates down to recharge groundwater.  The larger the relative contributing runoff area is, the more focused infiltration is.  The recurring process of water that falls relatively uniformly over an area, flowing to groundwater selectively under surface depressions is depression focused recharge.  Water tables rise under such depressions.

text: If water falls uniformly over a field such that

text: field capacity

text: of the soil is not exceeded, then negligible water percolates to

text: groundwater

text: .  If instead water puddles in low-lying areas, the same water volume concentrated over a smaller area may exceed field capacity resulting in water that percolates down to recharge groundwater.  The larger the relative contributing runoff area is, the more focused infiltration is.  The recurring process of water that falls relatively uniformly over an area, flowing to groundwater selectively under surface depressions is depression focused recharge.  Water tables rise under such depressions.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: The larger the relative contributing runoff area is, the more focused infiltration

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Water tables rise under such depressions

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: depression focused recharge.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: negligible water percolates to groundwater.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: depression focused recharge.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: depression focused recharge.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: infiltration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: depression focused recharge.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: negligible water percolates to groundwater.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Water tables rise

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: negligible water percolates to groundwater.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: negligible water percolates to groundwater.

text: Perhaps the most important processes, which are critically dependent on the correct representation of the PBL in the atmospheric models (Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project), are turbulent transport of moisture (evapotranspiration) and pollutants (air pollutants). Clouds in the boundary layer influence trade winds, the hydrological cycle, and energy exchange.

text: Perhaps the most important processes, which are critically dependent on the correct representation of the PBL in the atmospheric models (

entity_name: Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project

text: Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project

text: ), are turbulent transport of moisture (

text: evapotranspiration

text: ) and pollutants (

text: air pollutants

text: Cloud

text: s in the boundary layer influence

text: trade wind

text: s, the

text: hydrological cycle

text: , and energy exchange.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Clouds in the boundary layer

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: evapotranspiration

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: trade winds

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Evapotranspiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrological cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: precipitation increases

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Clouds

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: (evapotranspiration)

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Clouds

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: (evapotranspiration) and pollutants (air pollutants).

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: (evapotranspiration)

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrological cycle,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: (evapotranspiration)

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: (evapotranspiration)

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Clouds

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Perhaps the most important processes,

text: The out-flowing undersea of cold and salty water makes the sea level of the Atlantic slightly lower than the Pacific and salinity or halinity of water at the Atlantic higher than the Pacific. This generates a large but slow flow of warmer and fresher upper ocean water from the tropical Pacific to the Indian Ocean through the Indonesian Archipelago to replace the cold and salty Antarctic Bottom Water. This is also known as 'haline forcing' (net high latitude freshwater gain and low latitude evaporation). This warmer, fresher water from the Pacific flows up through the South Atlantic to Greenland, where it cools off and undergoes evaporative cooling and sinks to the ocean floor, providing a continuous thermohaline circulation.

text: The out-flowing undersea of cold and salty water makes the sea level of the Atlantic slightly lower than the Pacific and salinity or halinity of water at the Atlantic higher than the Pacific. This generates a large but slow flow of warmer and fresher upper ocean water from the tropical Pacific to the

text: Indian Ocean

text: through the

text: Indonesian Archipelago

text: to replace the cold and salty

text: Antarctic Bottom Water

text: . This is also known as 'haline forcing' (net high latitude freshwater gain and low latitude evaporation). This warmer, fresher water from the Pacific flows up through the

text: South Atlantic

text: to

text: Greenland

text: , where it cools off and undergoes

text: evaporative cooling

text: and sinks to the ocean floor, providing a continuous thermohaline circulation.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: a continuous thermohaline circulation

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: low latitude evaporation

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Evaporation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: thermohaline circulation

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: haline forcing

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: 'haline forcing'

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporation).

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: The out-flowing undersea of cold and salty water

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: low latitude evaporation).

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: evaporation).

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: 'haline forcing'

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: the cold and salty Antarctic Bottom Water.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: 'haline forcing'

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Antarctic Bottom Water.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The out-flowing undersea of cold and salty water

text: German philosopher Gernot Böhme has also expanded on the architectural atmosphere, in his essay "Atmosphere as the Subject Matter of Architecture".  He addresses the nature of space as the physicality of an actual space and the atmospheric qualities that are embedded within a space. Böhme states that “we must be physically present” (p. 402) to experience space in its complete entirety. By inhabiting space individuals can sense the character that surrounds them. Inhabitants sense its atmosphere. Photography, written articles and the interpretation of other viewers of a space cannot compare to individual experience and interaction in interior spaces.  Spaces begin as voids, tangible and undefined structures, its atmospheres are articulated through cognitive subjects (memory, perception, judgement, emotion) and physical presence. Recently an italian philosopher Tonino Griffero addresses the theory of atmospheres in a thorough and systematic way, examining the role of atmospheres (underestimated in traditional aesthetics) in daily life and their main ontological and phenomenological characteristics, and aims to consider atmospherical feelings and moods (including pain, shame, twilight, gaze, felt-bodily isles, etc.) as protypes of the new ontological category of quasi-things.

text: German philosopher

text: Gernot Böhme

text: has also expanded on the architectural atmosphere, in his essay "Atmosphere as the Subject Matter of Architecture".  He addresses the nature of space as the physicality of an actual space and the atmospheric qualities that are embedded within a space. Böhme states that “we must be physically present” (p. 402) to experience space in its complete entirety. By inhabiting space individuals can sense the character that surrounds them. Inhabitants sense its atmosphere. Photography, written articles and the interpretation of other viewers of a space cannot compare to individual experience and interaction in interior spaces.  Spaces begin as voids, tangible and undefined structures, its atmospheres are articulated through cognitive subjects (memory, perception, judgement, emotion) and physical presence. Recently an italian philosopher

text: Tonino Griffero

text: addresses the theory of atmospheres in a thorough and systematic way, examining the role of atmospheres (underestimated in traditional aesthetics) in daily life and their main ontological and phenomenological characteristics, and aims to consider atmospherical feelings and moods (including pain, shame, twilight, gaze, felt-bodily isles, etc.) as protypes of the new ontological category of quasi-things.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: undefined structures

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: atmospheric qualities

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: feeling-bodily isles

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: undefined structures

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: (memory, perception, judgement, emotion) and physical presence.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: voids, tangible and undefined structures,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: atmospheric qualities

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: twilight, gaze, felt-bodily isles,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: "Atmosphere

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: "Atmosphere

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: "Atmosphere as the Subject Matter of Architecture".

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: "Atmosphere

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: German philosopher Gernot Böhme

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: German philosopher Gernot Böhme

text: Since the 1960s, the underground freshwater table has deepened, while the underground salt water table has risen. The result has been serious soil salinization and erosion, which hinders the cultivation of agricultural products. The Tianchi Lake, located in the core area on the mountains, is a Taoist shrine and constitutes the main cultural and traditional site of the Bogeda Biosphere Reserve.

text: Since the 1960s, the underground freshwater table has deepened, while the underground salt water table has risen. The result has been serious soil salinization and erosion, which hinders the cultivation of agricultural products. The Tianchi Lake, located in the core area on the mountains, is a Taoist shrine and constitutes the main cultural and traditional site of the Bogeda Biosphere Reserve.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: soil salinization

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: underground salt water table has risen.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: salinization

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the underground freshwater table has deepened,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: the underground freshwater table

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: salt water table has risen.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: serious soil salinization and erosion,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: the underground freshwater table

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Since the 1960s,

text: Groundwater recharge occurs naturally, being a key process in the development of salinity, however land clearing accelerates this development as the once present deep-rooted plants do not utilize excess runoff, and it now seeps past the roots zone to enter the groundwater system. (Environment.nsw.gov.au, 2013) Evapotranspiration is reduced, as vegetation is lost, resulting in an imbalance in groundwater recharge and discharge, causing the water table to rise. Capillary action brings salt to the surface initiating surface salt accumulation. (Barry and Holwell et al., 2012)

text: Groundwater recharge occurs naturally, being a key process in the development of salinity, however land clearing accelerates this development as the once present deep-rooted plants do not utilize excess runoff, and it now seeps past the roots zone to enter the groundwater system. (Environment.nsw.gov.au, 2013) Evapotranspiration is reduced, as vegetation is lost, resulting in an imbalance in groundwater recharge and discharge, causing the water table to rise. Capillary action brings salt to the surface initiating surface salt accumulation. (Barry and Holwell et al., 2012)

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Groundwater recharge occurs naturally

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the water table rising

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Evapotranspiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: groundwater recharge and discharge

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: What can be stored in snow and ice

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Evapotranspiration

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Capillary action

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Evapotranspiration

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Evapotranspiration

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Evapotranspiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Evapotranspiration

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: excess runoff,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Evapotranspiration is reduced,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: surface salt accumulation.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Groundwater recharge

text: Chemolithotrophy is a type of metabolism found in prokaryotes where energy is obtained from the oxidation of inorganic compounds. These organisms can use hydrogen, reduced sulfur compounds (such as sulfide, hydrogen sulfide and thiosulfate), ferrous iron (FeII) or ammonia as sources of reducing power and they gain energy from the oxidation of these compounds with electron acceptors such as oxygen or nitrite. These microbial processes are important in global biogeochemical cycles such as acetogenesis, nitrification and denitrification and are critical for soil fertility.

text: Chemolithotroph

text: y is a type of metabolism found in

text: prokaryote

text: s where energy is obtained from the oxidation of

text: inorganic compound

text: s. These organisms can use

text: hydrogen

text: , reduced

text: sulfur

text: compounds (such as

text: sulfide

text: hydrogen sulfide

text: and

text: thiosulfate

text: ferrous iron (FeII)

text: or

text: ammonia

text: as sources of reducing power and they gain energy from the oxidation of these compounds with electron acceptors such as

text: oxygen

text: or

text: nitrite

text: . These microbial processes are important in global

text: biogeochemical cycle

text: s such as

text: acetogenesis

text: nitrification

text: and

text: denitrification

text: and are critical for

text: soil fertility

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: acetogenesis

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: acetogenesis

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: acetogenesis

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: acetogenesis

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: acetogenesis, nitrification and denitrification

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: hydrogen,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Chemolithotrophy

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: ferrous iron

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: acetogenesis, nitrification and denitrification

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: acetogenesis,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Chemolithotrophy

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Chemolithotrophy

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: hydrogen,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: hydrogen,

text: Human activities that alter the water cycle include:

text: Human activities that alter the water cycle include:

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: human activities

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: burning fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: deforestation

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: human activities alter the water cycle

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: human activities

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: human activities that alter the water cycle

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Human activities

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Human activities that alter the water cycle

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Human activities that alter the water cycle

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Human activities that alter the water cycle

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Human activities that alter the water cycle

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Human activities

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Human activities

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Human activities

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Human activities

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Human activities

text: Since the new oceanic basins are shallower than the old oceanic basins, the total capacity of the world's ocean basins decreases during times of active sea floor spreading. During the opening of the Atlantic Ocean, sea level was so high that a Western Interior Seaway formed across North America from the Gulf of Mexico to the Arctic Ocean.

text: Since the new oceanic basins are shallower than the old oceanic basins, the total capacity of the world's ocean basins decreases during times of active sea floor spreading. During the opening of the

text: Atlantic Ocean

text: , sea level was so high that a

text: Western Interior Seaway

text: formed across

text: North America

text: from the

text: Gulf of Mexico

text: to the

text: Arctic Ocean

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: The new oceanic basins are shallower than the old oceanic basins

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: active sea floor spreading

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: active sea floor spreading.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: active sea floor spreading.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: active sea floor spreading.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: During the opening of the Atlantic Ocean, sea level was so high

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: active sea floor spreading.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: active sea floor spreading.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: new oceanic basins are shallower than the old oceanic basins,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: the total capacity of the world's ocean basins decreases

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: the total capacity of the world's ocean basins

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Since the new oceanic basins

text: Most of the CO taken up by the ocean, which is about 30% of the total released into the atmosphere, forms carbonic acid in equilibrium with bicarbonate. Some of these chemical species are consumed by photosynthetic organisms that remove carbon from the cycle. Increased CO in the atmosphere has led to decreasing alkalinity of seawater, and there is concern that this may adversely affect organisms living in the water. In particular, with decreasing alkalinity, the availability of carbonates for forming shells decreases, although there's evidence of increased shell production by certain species under increased CO content.

text: Most of the CO taken up by the ocean, which is about 30% of the total released into the atmosphere, forms carbonic acid in equilibrium with bicarbonate. Some of these chemical species are consumed by photosynthetic organisms that remove carbon from the cycle. Increased CO in the atmosphere has led to decreasing

text: alkalinity

text: of seawater, and there is concern that this may adversely affect organisms living in the water. In particular, with decreasing alkalinity, the availability of carbonates for forming shells decreases, although there's evidence of increased shell production by certain species under increased CO content.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: shell production by certain species under increased CO content

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: photosynthetic

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: biosphere

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: decreased alkalinity

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: carbonic acid

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: carbonic acid

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: photosynthetic organisms

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: photosynthetic

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: carbonic acid

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Increased CO in the atmosphere has led to decreasing alkalinity

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: decreasing alkalinity of seawater,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Most of the CO taken up by the ocean,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Most of the CO taken up by the ocean,

text: GEOTRACES focuses on the oceanic part of the cycles, with the ambition to map the distribution of trace elements and isotopes in the ocean and to understand the processes controlling this distribution. Some of these trace elements are directly linked to climate via, for example, their role as essential nutrients for life; others allow quantification of ocean processes (origin and dynamics of matter, age of water masses, etc.); some of them are pollutants (for example, lead or mercury). Modelling based on the data collected will thus achieve substantial progress in understanding the current and past of the ocean and improve projections of the ocean’s response to global change.

text: GEOTRACES focuses on the oceanic part of the cycles, with the ambition to map the distribution of

text: trace elements

text: and

text: isotopes

text: in the ocean and to understand the processes controlling this distribution. Some of these trace elements are directly linked to climate via, for example, their role as essential

text: nutrients

text: for life; others allow quantification of ocean processes (origin and dynamics of matter, age of water masses, etc.); some of them are

text: pollutants

text: (for example, lead or mercury). Modelling based on the data collected will thus achieve substantial progress in understanding the current and past of the ocean and improve projections of the ocean’s response to global change.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: some of them are pollutants (for example, lead or mercury)

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: lead or mercury

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: oceanic part

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: isotopes

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: age of water masses,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: water masses,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: lead or mercury).

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: GEOTRACES

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: GEOTRACES

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: GEOTRACES

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: their role as essential nutrients for life;

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: age of water masses,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: GEOTRACES

text: Bashigram Lake is situated to the South of Bashigram valley near Madyan (56 km from Saidu Sharif). Bashigram Dara (gorge) is one of the beautiful gorges of the Chail Dara (A sub-valley and in the East of Madyan). From Madyan a jeeb able road goes alond the Chail Dara covering villages like Shinko and reaches Bashigram village. Trek to Bashigram Danda (lake) starts from Kas banda ( "Banda" is a local term for small human settlements) and ascending through Kafir Banda, Deenai Banda and finally Dand Banda. Lake is just after Danda Banda. Total trekking distance is around 9 km and takes seven (7) hours to reach to. The trek to the lake offers some breathtaking views of Bashigram Dara and its majestic human settlements. The Lake of Bashigram is covered by a towering peaks. Mount Pyazai Sar ridge rises above the lake on its North-West side. The green water of Bashigram Danda looks very enchanting. The glaciers floats on the surface of it almost all the year. The giant glacier - which for whole part of the year does not melt completely - is at the south end of the lake, has become very famous and known among the tourists who have visited the lake. The stream that comes out of this lake is called Bashigram Khwarr (stream) which is a clear and greenish water source for the Chail Khwarr. The shepherds from time to time moves along these settlements with their herds for grazing purposes.The lake can also be trekked from Maindam and Alpurai valleys of Swat and Shangla districts respectively.

text: Bashigram Lake is situated to the South of Bashigram valley near Madyan (56 km from Saidu Sharif). Bashigram Dara (gorge) is one of the beautiful gorges of the Chail Dara (A sub-valley and in the East of Madyan). From Madyan a jeeb able road goes alond the Chail Dara covering villages like Shinko and reaches Bashigram village. Trek to Bashigram Danda (lake) starts from Kas banda ( "Banda" is a local term for small human settlements) and ascending through Kafir Banda, Deenai Banda and finally Dand Banda. Lake is just after Danda Banda. Total trekking distance is around 9 km and takes seven (7) hours to reach to. The trek to the lake offers some breathtaking views of Bashigram Dara and its majestic human settlements. The Lake of Bashigram is covered by a towering peaks. Mount Pyazai Sar ridge rises above the lake on its North-West side. The green water of Bashigram Danda looks very enchanting. The glaciers floats on the surface of it almost all the year. The giant glacier - which for whole part of the year does not melt completely - is at the south end of the lake, has become very famous and known among the tourists who have visited the lake. The stream that comes out of this lake is called Bashigram Khwarr (stream) which is a clear and greenish water source for the Chail Khwarr. The shepherds from time to time moves along these settlements with their herds for grazing purposes.The lake can also be trekked from Maindam and Alpurai valleys of Swat and Shangla districts respectively.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: glaciers floats on the surface

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices .

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: glacier - which for whole part of the year does not melt completely

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: The glaciers floats on the surface of it almost all the year.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: melt completely

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Bashigram Danda

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: The giant glacier

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Bashigram Danda

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Chail Khwarr.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Bashigram Danda

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Bashigram Danda

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: The glaciers floats on the surface of it almost all the year.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Bashigram Danda

text: Solar technologies are characterized as either passive or active depending on the way they capture, convert and distribute sunlight and enable solar energy to be harnessed at different levels around the world, mostly depending on distance from the equator. Although solar energy refers primarily to the use of solar radiation for practical ends, all renewable energies, other than Geothermal power and Tidal power, derive their energy either directly or indirectly from the Sun.

text: Solar technologies are characterized as either passive or active depending on the way they capture, convert and distribute sunlight and enable solar energy to be harnessed at different levels around the world, mostly depending on distance from the equator. Although solar energy refers primarily to the use of solar radiation for practical ends, all renewable energies, other than

text: Geothermal power

text: and

text: Tidal power

text: , derive their energy either directly or indirectly from the Sun.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Tidal power

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: disperse

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: sunlight

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: convert and distribute sunlight

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Solar technologies

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Geothermal power and Tidal power,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: distribute sunlight

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Solar technologies

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: distance from the equator.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: distance from the equator.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Solar technologies

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Solar technologies

text: Certain problems have beset the use of groundwater around the world. Just as river waters have been over-used and polluted in many parts of the world, so too have aquifers. The big difference is that aquifers are out of sight. The other major problem is that water management agencies, when calculating the "sustainable yield" of aquifer and river water, have often counted the same water twice, once in the aquifer, and once in its connected river. This problem, although understood for centuries, has persisted, partly through inertia within government agencies. In Australia, for example, prior to the statutory reforms initiated by the Council of Australian Governments water reform framework in the 1990s, many Australian states managed groundwater and surface water through separate government agencies, an approach beset by rivalry and poor communication.

text: Certain problems have beset the use of groundwater around the world. Just as river waters have been over-used and

text: polluted

text: in many parts of the world, so too have aquifers. The big difference is that aquifers are out of sight. The other major problem is that water management agencies, when calculating the "sustainable yield" of aquifer and river water, have often counted the same water twice, once in the aquifer, and once in its connected river. This problem, although understood for centuries, has persisted, partly through inertia within government agencies. In Australia, for example, prior to the statutory reforms initiated by the

text: Council of Australian Governments

text: water reform framework in the 1990s, many Australian states managed groundwater and surface water through separate government agencies, an approach beset by rivalry and poor communication.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: water management agencies

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: aquifers

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: water management agencies

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: counted the same water twice,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: have often counted the same water twice,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Certain problems have beset the use of groundwater

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: aquifers.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Certain problems have beset the use of groundwater

text: From the perspective of climate and ecology, biofuels and fossil fuels have in common that they contribute to the production of atmospheric carbon dioxide, which has emerged in recent decades as the fastest-changing greenhouse gas, whose principal impacts are global warming and ocean acidification.  However biofuels actively participate in the carbon cycle today by photosynthesizing carbon dioxide, unlike fossil fuels whose participation was long ago, and can therefore in principle bring atmospheric CO into an equilibrium not possible with the continued use of fossil fuel.  But in practice photosynthesis is a slow process, and the additional fuel produced by artificial methods of accelerating it such as application of fertilizer tends to be offset by the energy consumed by the accelerating processes, to a degree currently under active debate.  In contrast the speed of photosynthesis is immaterial for fossil fuels because they had millions of years in which to accumulate. Burning of both fossil fuels and biofuels usually also produces carbon monoxide, which is toxic and can kill a person after mixing with the haemoglobin of the blood, increasing its concentration in the body. Biofuels and fossil fuels may also produce many other air pollutants depending on the contents of the fuel.

text: From the perspective of climate and

text: ecology

text: , biofuels and fossil fuels have in common that they contribute to the production of

text: atmospheric carbon dioxide

text: , which has emerged in recent decades as the fastest-changing

text: greenhouse gas

text: , whose principal impacts are

text: global warming

text: and

text: ocean acidification

text: .  However biofuels actively participate in the

text: carbon cycle

text: today by photosynthesizing carbon dioxide, unlike fossil fuels whose participation was long ago, and can therefore in principle bring atmospheric CO into an equilibrium not possible with the continued use of fossil fuel.  But in practice

text: photosynthesis

text: is a slow process, and the additional fuel produced by artificial methods of accelerating it such as application of fertilizer tends to be offset by the energy consumed by the accelerating processes, to a degree currently under active debate.  In contrast the speed of photosynthesis is immaterial for fossil fuels because they had millions of years in which to accumulate. Burning of both fossil fuels and biofuels usually also produces

text: carbon monoxide

text: , which is toxic and can kill a person after mixing with the haemoglobin of the blood, increasing its concentration in the body. Biofuels and fossil fuels may also produce many other

text: air pollutants

text: depending on the contents of the fuel.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: application of fertilizer

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: photosynthesis

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: acidification

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: photosynthesis

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: photosynthesis

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: production of atmospheric carbon dioxide,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: application of fertilizer

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: photosynthesis

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: carbon cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: biofuels

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: ocean acidification.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: photosynthesis is a slow process,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: biofuels and fossil fuels

text: Anopheles walkeri has a multivoltine life cycle. It produces a hardy winter egg which differs morphologically from the more vulnerable summer eggs by having enlarged floats on the dorsal side. By overwintering in egg form, this species is able to mature through one full larval generation before hibernating adults of other species are able to become active. The multivoltine life cycle means this species is active during both the swampy, open water conditions of early spring, as well as later in the year after the swampland has become thickened with plant growth. It takes about 10 days to mature through the larval stages and pupate, dependent on temperature and water conditions. Adults will typically mate within a few hours of emergence from their pupated form. The females then begin to seek out a blood meal to provide necessary protein to facilitate egg development. The female will then rest while the eggs develop. Once mature, the eggs are oviposited and the female begins the process all over again, feeding and laying for the 40 days or so that it lives for.

text: Anopheles walkeri has a

text: multivoltine

text: life cycle

text: . It produces a hardy winter egg which differs morphologically from the more vulnerable summer eggs by having enlarged floats on the

text: dorsal

text: side. By overwintering in egg form, this species is able to mature through one full

text: larval

text: generation before

text: hibernating

text: adults of other species are able to become active. The multivoltine life cycle means this species is active during both the swampy, open water conditions of early spring, as well as later in the year after the swampland has become thickened with plant growth. It takes about 10 days to mature through the larval stages and

text: pupate

text: , dependent on temperature and water conditions. Adults will typically mate within a few hours of emergence from their pupated form. The females then begin to seek out a blood meal to provide necessary

text: protein

text: to facilitate egg development. The female will then rest while the eggs develop. Once mature, the eggs are oviposited and the female begins the process all over again, feeding and laying for the 40 days or so that it lives for.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: It takes about 10 days to mature through the larval stages and pupate, dependent on temperature and water conditions

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: It takes about 10 days to mature through the larval stages

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: temperature and water conditions.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: 10 days to mature through the larval stages and pupate,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: open water conditions

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: overwintering in egg form,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: hibernating

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: multivoltine life cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: swampland has become thickened with plant growth.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: temperature and water conditions.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: 10 days to mature through the larval stages and pupate,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Anopheles walkeri

text: Aurelia is a genus of scyphozoan jellyfish, commonly called moon jellies. There are at least 13 species in the genus Aurelia including many that are still not formally described. It has been suggested that Aurelia is the best-studied group of gelatinous zooplankton, with Aurelia aurita the best-studied species in the genus; two other species, Aurelia labiata and Aurelia limbata have also been investigated (studies summarized by Arai). Since most previous studies of Aurelia were done without the benefit of genetic identification, one cannot positively attribute the results of most research to the species named.  Species of Aurelia can be found in the Atlantic Ocean, the Arctic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean, and are common to the waters off California, northern China, Japan, Korea, Australia, New Zealand, the Black Sea, Indonesia, the East Coast of the United States as well as Europe. Aurelia undergoes alternation of generations, whereby the sexually-reproducing pelagic medusa stage is either male or female, and the benthic polyp stage reproduces asexually. Meanwhile, life cycle reversal, in which polyps are formed directly from juvenile and sexually mature medusae or their fragments, was also observed in Aurelia sp.1.

text: Aurelia is a

text: genus

text: of scyphozoan

text: jellyfish

text: , commonly called moon jellies. There are at least 13 species in the genus Aurelia including many that are still not formally described. It has been suggested that Aurelia is the best-studied group of

text: gelatinous zooplankton

text: , with

text: Aurelia aurita

text: the best-studied species in the genus; two other species,

text: Aurelia labiata

text: and Aurelia limbata have also been investigated (studies summarized by Arai). Since most previous studies of Aurelia were done without the benefit of genetic identification, one cannot positively attribute the results of most research to the species named.  Species of Aurelia can be found in the

text: Atlantic Ocean

text: , the

text: Arctic Ocean

text: and the

text: Pacific Ocean

text: , and are common to the waters off

text: California

text: , northern China,

text: Japan

text: Korea

text: , Australia, New Zealand, the

text: Black Sea

text: , Indonesia, the

text: East Coast of the United States

text: as well as

text: Europe

text: . Aurelia undergoes alternation of generations, whereby the sexually-reproducing pelagic medusa stage is either male or female, and the benthic polyp stage

text: reproduces asexually

text: . Meanwhile, life cycle reversal, in which polyps are formed directly from juvenile and sexually mature medusae or their fragments, was also observed in Aurelia sp.1.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: life cycle reversal

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: life cycle reversal,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: life cycle reversal,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: life cycle reversal,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: life cycle reversal,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: life cycle reversal,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: life cycle reversal,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Australia, New Zealand,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: life cycle reversal,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Atlantic Ocean, the Arctic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Atlantic Ocean, the Arctic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean,

text: Physical oceanography is the study of physical conditions and physical processes within the ocean, especially the motions and physical properties of ocean waters.

text: Physical oceanography is the study of

text: physical

text: conditions and physical processes within the

text: ocean

text: , especially the motions and physical properties of ocean waters.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: a blizzard

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: motions and physical properties of ocean waters.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Physical oceanography

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Physical oceanography

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: motions and physical properties of ocean waters.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Physical oceanography

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Physical oceanography

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Physical oceanography

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Physical oceanography

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Physical oceanography

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Physical oceanography

text: Because visitor numbers were much higher than the original prognosis, the Biosphere House can fund its own routine operations and only resorts to state subsidies for its larger projects. About 45 employees – 15 permanent and 30 seasonal – work at the  Biosphere House.

text: Because visitor numbers were much higher than the original prognosis, the Biosphere House can fund its own routine operations and only resorts to state subsidies for its larger projects. About 45 employees – 15 permanent and 30 seasonal – work at the  Biosphere House.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices .

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the Biosphere House

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: visitor numbers were much higher than the original prognosis,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Because visitor numbers were much higher than the original prognosis,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: state subsidies

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: state subsidies for its larger projects.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Because visitor numbers were much higher than the original prognosis,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Biosphere House

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: visitor numbers were much higher than the original prognosis,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: visitor numbers were much higher than the original prognosis,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Because visitor numbers were much higher than the original prognosis,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Because visitor numbers were much higher than the original prognosis,

text: The pollutant creates a contaminant plume within an aquifer. Movement of water and dispersion within the aquifer spreads the pollutant over a wider area. Its advancing boundary, often called a plume edge, can intersect with groundwater wells or daylight into surface water such as seeps and spring, making the water supplies unsafe for humans and wildlife. The movement of the plume, called a plume front, may be analyzed through a hydrological transport model or groundwater model. Analysis of groundwater pollution may focus on soil characteristics and site geology, hydrogeology, hydrology, and the nature of the contaminants.

text: The pollutant creates a contaminant

text: plume

text: within an

text: aquifer

text: . Movement of water and dispersion within the aquifer spreads the pollutant over a wider area. Its advancing boundary, often called a plume edge, can intersect with

text: groundwater wells

text: or daylight into surface water such as seeps and spring, making the water supplies unsafe for humans and wildlife. The movement of the plume, called a plume front, may be analyzed through a

text: hydrological transport model

text: or

text: groundwater model

text: . Analysis of groundwater pollution may focus on

text: soil

text: characteristics and site geology,

text: hydrogeology

text: hydrology

text: , and the nature of the contaminants.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: seeps and spring

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: dispersion

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Movement of water and dispersion

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: aquifer.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: daylight into surface water such as seeps and spring,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: dispersion

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Movement of water and dispersion

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: contaminant plume within an aquifer.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Movement of water

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: contaminant plume within an aquifer.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: contaminant plume within an aquifer.

text: The phenomenon is most often observed in saturated, loose (low density or uncompacted), sandy soils. This is because a loose sand has a tendency to compress when a load is applied; dense sands by contrast tend to expand in volume or 'dilate'. If the soil is saturated by water, a condition that often exists when the soil is below the ground water table or sea level, then water fills the gaps between soil grains ('pore spaces'). In response to the soil compressing, this water increases in pressure and attempts to flow out from the soil to zones of low pressure (usually upward towards the ground surface). However, if the loading is rapidly applied and large enough, or is repeated many times (e.g. earthquake shaking, storm wave loading) such that it does not flow out in time before the next cycle of load is applied, the water pressures may build to an extent where they exceed the contact stresses between the grains of soil that keep them in contact with each other. These contacts between grains are the means by which the weight from buildings and overlying soil layers are transferred from the ground surface to layers of soil or rock at greater depths. This loss of soil structure causes it to lose all of its strength (the ability to transfer shear stress) and it may be observed to flow like a liquid (hence 'liquefaction').

text: The phenomenon is most often observed in saturated, loose (low

text: density

text: or uncompacted), sandy soils. This is because a loose

text: sand

text: has a tendency to

text: compress

text: when a

text: load

text: is applied; dense sands by contrast tend to expand in volume or '

text: dilate

text: '. If the soil is saturated by water, a condition that often exists when the soil is below the ground water table or sea level, then water fills the gaps between soil grains ('pore spaces'). In response to the soil compressing, this water increases in

text: pressure

text: and attempts to flow out from the soil to zones of low pressure (usually upward towards the ground surface). However, if the

text: loading

text: is rapidly applied and large enough, or is repeated many times (e.g. earthquake shaking, storm wave loading) such that it does not flow out in time before the next cycle of

text: load

text: is applied, the water pressures may build to an extent where they exceed the contact stresses between the grains of soil that keep them in contact with each other. These contacts between grains are the means by which the weight from buildings and overlying soil layers are transferred from the ground surface to layers of soil or rock at greater depths. This loss of soil structure causes it to lose all of its

text: strength

text: (the ability to transfer

text: shear stress

text: ) and it may be observed to flow like a liquid (hence 'liquefaction').

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: water fills the gaps between soil grains ('pore spaces')

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: liquefaction

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: water fills the gaps between soil grains

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: dehydration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: water fills the gaps between soil grains ('pore spaces').

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: 'liquefaction').

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: earthquake shaking, storm wave loading)

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: 'dilate'.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: 'liquefaction').

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: saturated,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: water,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: water fills the gaps between soil grains ('pore spaces').

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The phenomenon is most often observed in saturated,

text: Groundwater enters the streambed where the channel intersects the water table, providing a steady supply of water, termed baseflow, during both dry and rainy periods. Because of the large supply of groundwater available to the streams and the slowness of the response of groundwater to precipitation events, baseflow changes only gradually over time, and it is rarely the main cause of flooding. However, it does contribute to flooding by providing a stage onto which runoff from other sources is superimposed.

text: Groundwater

text: enters the streambed where the channel intersects the water table, providing a steady supply of water, termed baseflow, during both dry and rainy periods. Because of the large supply of groundwater available to the streams and the slowness of the response of groundwater to precipitation events, baseflow changes only gradually over time, and it is rarely the main cause of flooding. However, it does contribute to flooding by providing a stage onto which runoff from other sources is superimposed.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: runoff from other sources

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: baseflow

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: baseflow,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: runoff

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: baseflow,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: baseflow,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Groundwater

text: Seasonal weather fluctuations (changes) also depend on factors such as proximity to oceans or other large bodies of water, currents in those oceans, El Niño/ENSO and other oceanic cycles, and prevailing winds.

text: Seasonal weather fluctuations (changes) also depend on factors such as proximity to

text: ocean

text: s or other large bodies of water,

text: current

text: s in those oceans,

text: El Niño

text: /ENSO and other oceanic cycles, and prevailing

text: wind

text: s.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: El Nio

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: prevailing winds

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: currents in those oceans,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: El Ni<unk>o/ENSO and other oceanic cycles,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Seasonal weather fluctuations

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: El Ni<unk>o/ENSO and other oceanic cycles,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: prevailing winds.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: oceanic cycles,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: proximity to oceans or other large bodies of water,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: prevailing winds.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: proximity to oceans or other large bodies of water,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Seasonal weather fluctuations

text: Big Lake is a body of water in Washington County, Maine, USA. Known for smallmouth bass, Big Lake is the second largest lake in Washington County and one of the largest lakes in Maine. The lake is located in and around Grand Lake Stream, Maine, near the border with New Brunswick, Canada. Covering , Big Lake has a maximum depth of 70 feet. There are 28 islands on the lake. Big Lake constitutes part of the west branch of the Saint Croix River. Big Lake is a well-known location for anglers and other fresh water fishermen.

text: Big Lake is a

text: body of water

text: in

text: Washington County, Maine

text: , USA. Known for

text: smallmouth bass

text: , Big Lake is the second largest lake in Washington County and one of the largest lakes in Maine. The lake is located in and around

text: Grand Lake Stream, Maine

text: , near the border with

text: New Brunswick

text: Canada

text: . Covering , Big Lake has a maximum depth of 70 feet. There are 28 islands on the lake. Big Lake constitutes part of the west branch of the

text: Saint Croix River

text: . Big Lake is a well-known location for anglers and other fresh water fishermen.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: What drives the water cycle?

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: vaporization

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices .

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: 28 islands on the lake

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: 28 islands

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: fresh water

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: fresh water fishermen.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: 28 islands

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Big Lake

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: fresh water fishermen.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: 70 feet.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Big Lake

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Big Lake

text: The Life-cycle greenhouse-gas emissions of solar power are in the range of 22 to 46 gram (g) per kilowatt-hour (kWh) depending on if solar thermal or solar PV is being analyzed, respectively. With this potentially being decreased to 15 g/kWh in the future.For comparison (of weighted averages), a combined cycle gas-fired power plant emits some 400–599 g/kWh, an oil-fired power plant 893 g/kWh, a coal-fired power plant 915–994 g/kWh or with carbon capture and storage some 200 g/kWh, and a geothermal high-temp. power plant 91–122 g/kWh. The life cycle emission intensity of hydro, wind and nuclear power are lower than solar's as of 2011 as published by the IPCC, and discussed in the article Life-cycle greenhouse-gas emissions of energy sources. Similar to all energy sources were their total life cycle emissions primarily lay in the construction and transportation phase, the switch to low carbon power in the manufacturing and transportation of solar devices would further reduce carbon emissions.  BP Solar owns two factories built by Solarex (one in Maryland, the other in Virginia) in which all of the energy used to manufacture solar panels is produced by solar panels. A 1-kilowatt system eliminates the burning of approximately 170 pounds of coal, 300 pounds of carbon dioxide from being released into the atmosphere, and saves up to 105 gallons of water consumption monthly.

text: The

entity_name: Life-cycle greenhouse-gas emissions of energy sources

text: Life-cycle greenhouse-gas emissions of solar power

text: are in the range of 22 to 46 gram (g) per

text: kilowatt-hour

text: (kWh) depending on if solar thermal or solar PV is being analyzed, respectively. With this potentially being decreased to 15 g/kWh in the future.For comparison (of weighted averages), a

text: combined cycle

text: gas-fired power plant emits some 400–599 g/kWh, an oil-fired power plant 893 g/kWh, a coal-fired power plant 915–994 g/kWh or with

text: carbon capture and storage

text: some 200 g/kWh, and a

text: geothermal

text: high-temp. power plant 91–122 g/kWh. The life cycle emission intensity of

text: hydro

text: wind

text: and

text: nuclear power

text: are lower than solar's as of 2011 as published by the IPCC, and discussed in the article

text: Life-cycle greenhouse-gas emissions of energy sources

text: . Similar to all energy sources were their total life cycle emissions primarily lay in the construction and transportation phase, the switch to

text: low carbon power

text: in the manufacturing and transportation of solar devices would further reduce carbon emissions.  BP Solar owns two factories built by Solarex (one in Maryland, the other in Virginia) in which all of the energy used to manufacture solar panels is produced by solar panels. A 1-kilowatt system eliminates the burning of approximately 170 pounds of coal, 300 pounds of carbon dioxide from being released into the atmosphere, and saves up to 105 gallons of water consumption monthly.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: coal-fired power plant

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: greenhouse

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: 105 gallons of water consumption monthly.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: 105 gallons

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: geothermal high-temp. power plant

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: greenhouse-gas

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: 105 gallons

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: 105 gallons of water consumption monthly.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: The Life-cycle greenhouse-gas emissions of solar power

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: carbon capture and storage some 200 g/kWh,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: 105 gallons of water consumption monthly.

text: On Arianus, intended as an industrial and manufacturing world of floating continents, the Sartan had other problems. Cut off from communication with the other worlds (Chelestra specifically and the Council), the Sartan were slowly dying of some unknown cause, quickly becoming vastly outnumbered by the mensch. These Sartan also settled into hibernation, hoping for help from the other worlds. The Kicksey-winsey, a grand machine intended to align the floating continents and provide them with water (water being a direct byproduct of its production cycle), as well as manufacture all the processed goods desired by the other worlds, never became properly active. The dwarves, known on this world as Gegs, not truly understanding its purpose, effectively became slaves to the machine, worshiping it after a fashion as an artifact of their gods, the Mangers, (known to others as the Sartans) who had placed them there as its caretakers. The elves became tyrannical lords of much of the mid-realm through manipulation of the dwarves to obtain a monopoly on water, whilst constantly waging war with the humans.

text: On Arianus, intended as an industrial and manufacturing world of floating continents, the Sartan had other problems. Cut off from communication with the other worlds (Chelestra specifically and the Council), the Sartan were slowly dying of some unknown cause, quickly becoming vastly outnumbered by the mensch. These Sartan also settled into hibernation, hoping for help from the other worlds. The Kicksey-winsey, a grand machine intended to align the floating continents and provide them with water (water being a direct byproduct of its production cycle), as well as manufacture all the processed goods desired by the other worlds, never became properly active. The dwarves, known on this world as Gegs, not truly understanding its purpose, effectively became slaves to the machine, worshiping it after a fashion as an artifact of their gods, the Mangers, (known to others as the Sartans) who had placed them there as its caretakers. The elves became tyrannical lords of much of the mid-realm through manipulation of the dwarves to obtain a monopoly on water, whilst constantly waging war with the humans.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Kicksey-winsey

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: gaseous

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: The dwarves, known on this world as Gegs, not truly understanding its purpose

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: hibernation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: direct byproduct

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: production

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: water,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: The Kicksey-winsey,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: hibernation,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: production

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: water,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: water,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: (water being a direct byproduct of its production cycle),

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The elves

text: Water is important in many geological processes. Groundwater is present in most rocks, and the pressure of this groundwater affects patterns of faulting. Water in the mantle is responsible for the melt that produces volcanoes at subduction zones. On the surface of the Earth, water is important in both chemical and physical weathering processes. Water, and to a lesser but still significant extent, ice, are also responsible for a large amount of sediment transport that occurs on the surface of the earth. Deposition of transported sediment forms many types of sedimentary rocks, which make up the geologic record of Earth history.

text: Water is important in many geological processes. Groundwater is present in most

text: rocks

text: , and the pressure of this groundwater affects patterns of

text: faulting

text: . Water in the

text: mantle

text: is responsible for the melt that produces

text: volcano

text: es at

text: subduction zone

text: s. On the surface of the Earth, water is important in both chemical and physical

text: weathering

text: processes. Water, and to a lesser but still significant extent, ice, are also responsible for a large amount of

text: sediment transport

text: that occurs on the surface of the earth.

text: Deposition

text: of transported sediment forms many types of

text: sedimentary rock

text: s, which make up the

text: geologic record

text: of

text: Earth history

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: groundwater is present in most rocks

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: subduction zones

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: physical weathering processes

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: volcanoes

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: deposition

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: water cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: ice melts

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Groundwater is present in most rocks, and the pressure of this groundwater

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: melt that produces volcanoes at subduction zones.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Water

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: volcanoes

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: weathering

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: geological processes.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Water is important in many geological processes. Groundwater

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: ice,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Water is important in many geological processes.

text: Water from the Whanganui River is diverted via a short tunnel into the Te Whaiau Stream, which joins water from the Whakapapa and other intakes. Water from Lake Te Whaiau is then diverted into the Otamangakau Canal into Lake Otamangakau, where the water is joined by water from the Otamangakau Stream.

text: Water from the Whanganui River is diverted via a short tunnel into the Te Whaiau Stream, which joins water from the Whakapapa and other intakes. Water from Lake Te Whaiau is then diverted into the Otamangakau Canal into

text: Lake Otamangakau

text: , where the water is joined by water from the Otamangakau Stream.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Water from Lake Te Whaiau is then diverted into the Otamangakau Canal

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices .

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Lake Te Whaiau

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Te Whaiau Stream,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Te Whaiau Stream,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Water

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Te Whaiau Stream,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Te Whaiau Stream,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Te Whaiau Stream,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Te Whaiau Stream,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Water

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Lake Otamangakau,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Te Whaiau Stream,

text: Ocean salinity is crucial to the understanding of the role of the ocean in climate through the global water cycle. Salinity in combination with temperature determine ocean circulation by defining its density and hence thermohaline circulation. Additionally, ocean salinity is one of the variables that regulate CO uptake and release and therefore has an effect on the oceanic carbon cycle.

text: Ocean

text: salinity

text: is crucial to the understanding of the role of the ocean in climate through the global

text: water cycle

text: . Salinity in combination with temperature determine ocean circulation by defining its density and hence

text: thermohaline circulation

text: . Additionally, ocean salinity is one of the variables that regulate CO uptake and release and therefore has an effect on the oceanic

text: carbon cycle

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: ocean salinity

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: thermohaline

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: ocean salinity

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: release

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: global water cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: salinity increases

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Ocean salinity

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: thermohaline circulation.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water cycle.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: thermohaline circulation.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: thermohaline circulation.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: global

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Ocean salinity

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Salinity in combination with temperature determine ocean circulation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: global water cycle.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Ocean salinity

text: For example, if four users (A,B,C,D) are concurrently executing one process each, the scheduler will logically divide the available CPU cycles such that each user gets 25% of the whole (100% / 4 = 25%).  If user B starts a second process, each user will still receive 25% of the total cycles, but each of user B's processes will now be attributed 12.5% of the total CPU cycles each, totalling user B's fair share of 25%.  On the other hand, if a new user starts a process on the system, the scheduler will reapportion the available CPU cycles such that each user gets 20% of the whole (100% / 5 = 20%).

text: For example, if four users (A,B,C,D) are concurrently executing one process each, the scheduler will logically divide the available CPU cycles such that each user gets 25% of the whole (100% / 4 = 25%).  If user B starts a second process, each user will still receive 25% of the total cycles, but each of user B's processes will now be attributed 12.5% of the total CPU cycles each, totalling user B's fair share of 25%.  On the other hand, if a new user starts a process on the system, the scheduler will reapportion the available CPU cycles such that each user gets 20% of the whole (100% / 5 = 20%).

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: logically divide the available CPU cycles

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: four users (A,B,C,D) are concurrently executing one process each

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: It can be stored in snow and ice

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: CPU cycles

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: 20%).

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: CPU cycles

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: If user B starts a second process,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: logically divide the available CPU cycles

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: CPU cycles

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: 25% of the whole (100% / 4 = 25%).

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: logically divide the available CPU cycles

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: 12.5%

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: 20% of the whole (100% / 5 = 20%).

text: Singapore's first eco-business park, CleanTech Park, is situated next to NTU's main campus. It is proposed to be developed in three phases with an estimated completion year of 2030. The park's first multi-tenanted building, CleanTech One, was opened in October 2010. CleanTech One's tenants include those from the public sector (the Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute (NEWRI), the Energy Research Institute @ NTU (ERI@N), and the Solar Energy Research Institute of Singapore), as well as from the private sector (DHI Water & Environment, Toray Industries, Silecs International, CIMA Nanotech, Diamond Energy, the Sustainable Energy Association of Singapore (SEAS), Yingli Solar, and Pfizer).

text: Singapore's first eco-business park,

text: CleanTech Park

text: , is situated next to NTU's main campus. It is proposed to be developed in three phases with an estimated completion year of 2030. The park's first multi-tenanted building, CleanTech One, was opened in October 2010. CleanTech One's tenants include those from the public sector (the Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute (NEWRI), the Energy Research Institute @ NTU (ERI@N), and the Solar Energy Research Institute of Singapore), as well as from the private sector (

text: DHI Water & Environment

text: Toray Industries

text: , Silecs International, CIMA Nanotech,

text: Diamond Energy

text: , the Sustainable Energy Association of Singapore (SEAS),

text: Yingli Solar

text: , and

text: Pfizer

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Yingli Solar

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: water cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Energy

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Water

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Solar Energy Research Institute of Singapore),

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: 2030.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Sustainable Energy

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: 2030.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: 2030.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: 2030.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: 2030.

text: In addition to temperature and pressure, other thermodynamic properties may be graphed in phase diagrams.  Examples of such thermodynamic properties include specific volume, specific enthalpy, or specific entropy.  For example, single-component graphs of temperature vs. specific entropy (T vs. s) for water/steam or for a refrigerant are commonly used to illustrate thermodynamic cycles such as a Carnot cycle, Rankine cycle, or vapor-compression refrigeration cycle.

text: In addition to temperature and pressure, other thermodynamic properties may be graphed in phase diagrams.  Examples of such thermodynamic properties include

text: specific volume

text: specific enthalpy

text: , or specific

text: entropy

text: .  For example, single-component graphs of temperature vs. specific entropy (T vs. s) for water/

text: steam

text: or for a

text: refrigerant

text: are commonly used to illustrate

text: thermodynamic cycle

text: s such as a

text: Carnot cycle

text: Rankine cycle

text: , or

text: vapor-compression refrigeration

text: cycle.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Rankine cycle

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Rankine cycle

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: temperature vs. specific entropy

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: water/steam

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: temperature and pressure,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: vapor-compression refrigeration cycle.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: vapor-compression refrigeration cycle.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Carnot cycle,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: water/steam or for a refrigerant

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: pressure,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: water/steam

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: In addition to temperature and pressure, other thermodynamic properties

text: Once the lake is saturated with CO, it is very unstable. A trigger is all that is needed to set off an eruption.  In the case of the 1986 eruption at Lake Nyos, landslides were the suspected triggers, but an actual volcanic eruption, an earthquake, or even wind and rain storms are other possible triggers. Another possible cause of a limnic eruption is the gradual development of saturation at certain depths which can trigger the spontaneous development of gas. In any case, the trigger pushes some of the saturated water higher in the lake, where the pressure is insufficient to keep the CO in solution.  Bubbles start forming and the water is lifted even higher in the lake (buoyancy), where even more of the CO comes out of solution.  This process forms a column of gas.  At this point the water at the bottom of this column is pulled up by suction, and it too loses its CO in a runaway process.  This eruption pours CO into the air and can also displace water to form a tsunami.

text: Once the lake is saturated with CO, it is very unstable. A trigger is all that is needed to set off an eruption.  In the case of the 1986 eruption at

text: Lake Nyos

text: landslides

text: were the suspected triggers, but an actual volcanic eruption, an

text: earthquake

text: , or even

text: wind

text: and

text: rain storms

text: are other possible triggers. Another possible cause of a limnic eruption is the gradual development of saturation at certain depths which can trigger the spontaneous development of gas. In any case, the trigger pushes some of the saturated water higher in the lake, where the pressure is insufficient to keep the CO in solution.  Bubbles start forming and the water is lifted even higher in the lake (

text: buoyancy

text: ), where even more of the CO comes out of solution.  This process forms a column of gas.  At this point the water at the bottom of this column is pulled up by

text: suction

text: , and it too loses its CO in a runaway process.  This eruption pours CO into the air and can also displace water to form a tsunami.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: What kind of precipitation is needed to trigger an eruption?

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: 1986 eruption at Lake Nyos

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: pressure is insufficient to keep the CO in solution.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: a column of gas.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: wind and rain storms

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Bubbles

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: tsunami.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: (buoyancy),

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: A trigger is all that is needed to set off an eruption.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: tsunami.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: saturated water

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Once the lake is saturated with CO,

text: Above the troposphere, the atmosphere is usually divided into the stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere. Each layer has a different lapse rate, defining the rate of change in temperature with height. Beyond these, the exosphere thins out into the magnetosphere, where the geomagnetic fields interact with the solar wind. Within the stratosphere is the ozone layer, a component that partially shields the surface from ultraviolet light and thus is important for life on Earth. The Kármán line, defined as 100 km above Earth's surface, is a working definition for the boundary between the atmosphere and outer space.

text: Above the troposphere, the atmosphere is usually divided into the

text: stratosphere

text: mesosphere

text: , and

text: thermosphere

text: . Each layer has a different

text: lapse rate

text: , defining the rate of change in temperature with height. Beyond these, the

text: exosphere

text: thins out into the

text: magnetosphere

text: , where the geomagnetic fields interact with the

text: solar wind

text: . Within the stratosphere is the ozone layer, a component that partially shields the surface from ultraviolet light and thus is important for life on Earth. The

text: Kármán line

text: , defined as 100 km above Earth's surface, is a working definition for the boundary between the atmosphere and

text: outer space

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: change in temperature with height

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: dew

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: None of the above choices are true

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: rate of change in temperature with height.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: thermosphere. Each layer has a different lapse rate,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Above the troposphere,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: lapse rate, defining the rate of change in temperature with height.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: rate of change in temperature with height.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: lapse rate,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Above the troposphere,

text: Pluvial lakes represent changes in the hydrological cycle — wet cycles generate large lakes, whereas dry cycles cause the lakes to dry up leaving large flat plains.  Accumulated sediments show the variation in water level. During glacial periods, times when the lake level is fairly high, mud sediments will settle out and be deposited. At times in between glaciers (interglacial), salt deposits may be present due to the arid climate and evaporation of lake water.

text: Pluvial lakes represent changes in the

text: hydrological

text: cycle — wet cycles generate large lakes, whereas dry cycles cause the lakes to dry up leaving large flat plains.  Accumulated sediments show the variation in water level. During glacial periods, times when the lake level is fairly high, mud sediments will settle out and be deposited. At times in between

text: glaciers

text: interglacial

text: ), salt deposits may be present due to the arid climate and evaporation of lake water.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: wet cycles generate large lakes

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: salt deposits

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Evaporation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrological cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Accumulated sediments

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: hydrological cycle

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: salt deposits

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrological

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: evaporation of lake water.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation of lake water.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Accumulated sediments

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Pluvial lakes represent changes in the hydrological cycle

text: Insolation is a measure of solar radiation energy received on a given surface area in a given time. It is commonly expressed as average irradiance in watts per square meter (W/m2). Direct insolation is the solar irradiance measured at a given location on Earth with a surface element perpendicular to the Sun's rays, excluding diffuse insolation (the solar radiation that is scattered or reflected by atmospheric components in the sky). Direct insolation is equal to the solar constant minus the atmospheric losses due to absorption and scattering. While the solar constant varies with the Earth-Sun distance and solar cycles, the losses depend on the time of day (length of light's path through the atmosphere depending on the Solar elevation angle), cloud cover, moisture content, and other impurities.

text: Insolation

text: is a measure of

text: solar radiation

text: energy received on a given surface area in a given time. It is commonly expressed as average

text: irradiance

text: in watts per square meter (W/m2).

text: Direct insolation

text: is the solar irradiance measured at a given location on Earth with a surface element perpendicular to the Sun's rays, excluding diffuse insolation (the solar radiation that is scattered or reflected by atmospheric components in the sky). Direct insolation is equal to the

text: solar constant

text: minus the atmospheric losses due to

text: absorption

text: and

text: scattering

text: . While the solar constant varies with the

text: Earth-Sun distance

text: and

text: solar cycle

text: s, the losses depend on the time of day (length of light's path through the atmosphere depending on the

text: Solar elevation angle

text: cloud cover

text: moisture

text: content, and other

text: impurities

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: diffuse insolation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: direct insolation

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: absorption

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: absorption and scattering

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: moisture content,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Insolation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: atmospheric components

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: (the solar radiation that is scattered or reflected by atmospheric components

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: diffuse insolation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: solar cycles,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: moisture content, and other impurities.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: absorption and scattering.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: moisture

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Insolation

text: Burnishing is the process of cycling the coupling to wear down those initial peaks, so that there is more surface contact between the mating faces.

text: Burnishing is the process of cycling the coupling to wear down those initial peaks, so that there is more surface contact between the mating faces.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: burnishing

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Burnishing

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Burnishing

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Burnishing

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Burnishing

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Burnishing

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Burnishing

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Burnishing

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Burnishing

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Burnishing

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Burnishing

text: The amount of water vapor in an atmosphere is constrained by the restrictions of partial pressures and temperature. Dew point temperature and relative humidity act as guidelines for the process of water vapor in the water cycle. Energy input, such as sunlight, can trigger more evaporation on an ocean surface or more sublimation on a chunk of ice on top of a mountain. The balance between condensation and evaporation gives the quantity called vapor partial pressure.

text: The amount of water vapor in an atmosphere is constrained by the restrictions of partial pressures and temperature. Dew point temperature and relative humidity act as guidelines for the process of water vapor in the

text: water cycle

text: . Energy input, such as sunlight, can trigger more evaporation on an ocean surface or more sublimation on a chunk of ice on top of a mountain. The balance between condensation and evaporation gives the quantity called

text: vapor partial pressure

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Dew point temperature and relative humidity

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: sublimation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: condensation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: ice on top of a mountain

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: condensation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: sublimation

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Dew point temperature and relative humidity

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: sublimation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water vapor

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: a chunk of ice on top of a mountain.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: partial pressures and temperature. Dew point temperature and relative humidity

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: humidity

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The amount of water vapor

text: Since the industrial revolution, the Earth's nitrogen cycle has been disturbed even more than the carbon cycle. "Human activities now convert more nitrogen from the atmosphere into reactive forms than all of the Earth´s terrestrial processes combined. Much of this new reactive nitrogen pollutes waterways and coastal zones, is emitted back to the atmosphere in changed forms, or accumulates in the terrestrial biosphere." Only a small part of the fertilizers applied in agriculture is used by plants. Most of the nitrogen and phosphorus ends up in rivers, lakes and the sea, where excess amounts stress aquatic ecosystems. For example, fertilizer which discharges from rivers into the Gulf of Mexico has damaged shrimp fisheries because of hypoxia.

text: Since the industrial revolution, the Earth's

text: nitrogen cycle

text: has been disturbed even more than the carbon cycle. "Human activities now convert more nitrogen from the atmosphere into reactive forms than all of the Earth´s terrestrial processes combined. Much of this new reactive nitrogen pollutes waterways and coastal zones, is emitted back to the atmosphere in changed forms, or accumulates in the terrestrial biosphere." Only a small part of the fertilizers applied in agriculture is used by plants. Most of the nitrogen and phosphorus ends up in rivers, lakes and the sea, where excess amounts stress aquatic ecosystems. For example, fertilizer which discharges from rivers into the Gulf of Mexico has damaged

text: shrimp fisheries

text: because of

text: hypoxia

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: hypoxia

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: nitrogen pollutes waterways and coastal zones

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Emitted

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: carbon cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation of water

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: nitrogen

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: carbon cycle.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: nitrogen from the atmosphere into reactive forms

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: fertilizer which discharges from rivers into the Gulf of Mexico

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: emitted

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: nitrogen cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Only a small part of the fertilizers

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: excess amounts stress aquatic ecosystems.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: nitrogen cycle has been disturbed even more than the carbon cycle.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Since the industrial revolution,

text: Because the M tidal constituent dominates in most locations, the stage or phase of a tide, denoted by the time in hours after high water, is a useful concept. Tidal stage is also measured in degrees, with 360° per tidal cycle. Lines of constant tidal phase are called cotidal lines, which are analogous to contour lines of constant altitude on topographical maps. High water is reached simultaneously along the cotidal lines extending from the coast out into the ocean, and cotidal lines (and hence tidal phases) advance along the coast. Semi-diurnal and long phase constituents are measured from high water, diurnal from maximum flood tide. This and the discussion that follows is precisely true only for a single tidal constituent.

text: Because the M tidal constituent dominates in most locations, the stage or phase of a tide, denoted by the time in hours after high water, is a useful concept. Tidal stage is also measured in degrees, with 360° per tidal cycle. Lines of constant tidal phase are called cotidal lines, which are analogous to

text: contour lines

text: of constant altitude on

text: topographical maps

text: . High water is reached simultaneously along the cotidal lines extending from the coast out into the ocean, and cotidal lines (and hence tidal phases) advance along the coast. Semi-diurnal and long phase constituents are measured from high water, diurnal from maximum flood tide. This and the discussion that follows is precisely true only for a single tidal constituent.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Tidal stage is also measured in degrees

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: high water

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: cotidal lines

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: M tidal constituent

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: High water

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: cotidal lines,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: maximum flood tide.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: contour lines of constant altitude

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: tidal cycle.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: M tidal constituent

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: M tidal constituent

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: the stage or phase of a tide,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Because the M tidal constituent

text: A vacuum coffee maker operates as a siphon, where heating and cooling the lower vessel changes the vapor pressure of water in the lower, first pushing the water up into the upper vessel, then allowing the water to fall back down into the lower vessel. Concretely, the principle of a vacuum coffee maker is to heat water in the lower vessel of the brewer until expansion forces the contents through a narrow tube into an upper vessel containing coffee grounds (as water temperature increases, dense liquid water increasingly converts to less dense water vapor gas, which takes up more space and thus increases pressure); when the water reaches and exceeds the boiling point (so the vapor pressure equals and then exceeds atmospheric pressure), the (water vapor) pressure in the lower vessel exceeds the (atmospheric) pressure in the top vessel and water is pushed up the siphon tube into the upper vessel. During brewing, a small amount of water and sufficient water vapor remain in the lower vessel and are kept hot enough so the pressure will support the column of water in the siphon. When enough time has elapsed that the coffee has finished brewing, the heat is removed and the pressure in the bottom vessel drops, so the force of gravity (acting on the water) and atmospheric pressure (pressing on the liquid in the upper vessel) push the water down into the lower vessel, through a strainer and away from the grounds, ending brewing. The coffee can then be decanted from the lower chamber; the device must usually be taken apart to pour out the coffee.

text: A vacuum coffee maker operates as a

text: siphon

text: , where heating and cooling the lower vessel changes the

text: vapor pressure

text: of water in the lower, first pushing the water up into the upper vessel, then allowing the water to fall back down into the lower vessel. Concretely, the principle of a vacuum coffee maker is to heat water in the lower vessel of the brewer until expansion forces the contents through a narrow tube into an upper vessel containing coffee grounds (as water temperature increases, dense liquid water increasingly converts to less dense water vapor gas, which takes up more space and thus increases pressure); when the water reaches and exceeds the boiling point (so the vapor pressure equals and then exceeds atmospheric pressure), the (water vapor) pressure in the lower vessel exceeds the (atmospheric) pressure in the top vessel and water is pushed up the siphon tube into the upper vessel. During brewing, a small amount of water and sufficient water vapor remain in the lower vessel and are kept hot enough so the pressure will support the column of water in the siphon. When enough time has elapsed that the coffee has finished brewing, the heat is removed and the pressure in the bottom vessel drops, so the force of gravity (acting on the water) and atmospheric pressure (pressing on the liquid in the upper vessel) push the water down into the lower vessel, through a strainer and away from the grounds, ending brewing. The coffee can then be decanted from the lower chamber; the device must usually be taken apart to pour out the coffee.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: when the water reaches and exceeds the boiling point

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: as water temperature increases

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: vacuum coffee maker

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: the water cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: takes up more space

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: when the water reaches and exceeds the boiling point

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: (as water temperature increases,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: atmospheric pressure),

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: dense liquid water increasingly converts to less dense water vapor gas,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: A vacuum coffee maker operates as a siphon,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: when the water reaches and exceeds the boiling point

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: increases pressure);

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: boiling point

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: A vacuum coffee maker operates as a siphon,

text: The study of extraterrestrial atmospheres is an active field of research, both as an aspect of astronomy and to gain insight into Earth's atmosphere. In addition to Earth, many of the other astronomical objects in the Solar System have atmospheres. These include all the gas giants, as well as Mars, Venus, and Pluto. Several moons and other bodies also have atmospheres, as do comets and the Sun. There is evidence that extrasolar planets can have an atmosphere. Comparisons of these atmospheres to one another and to Earth's atmosphere broaden our basic understanding of atmospheric processes such as the greenhouse effect, aerosol and cloud physics, and atmospheric chemistry and dynamics.

text: The study of extraterrestrial atmospheres is an active field of research, both as an aspect of astronomy and to gain insight into Earth's atmosphere. In addition to Earth, many of the other

text: astronomical object

text: s in the

text: Solar System

text: have

text: atmosphere

text: s. These include all the

text: gas giants

text: , as well as

text: Mars

text: Venus

text: , and

text: Pluto

text: . Several

text: moons

text: and other bodies also have atmospheres, as do

text: comet

text: s and the

text: Sun

text: . There is evidence that

text: extrasolar planet

text: s can have an atmosphere. Comparisons of these atmospheres to one another and to Earth's atmosphere broaden our basic understanding of atmospheric processes such as the

text: greenhouse effect

text: aerosol

text: and cloud physics, and

text: atmospheric chemistry

text: and dynamics.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: greenhouse effect

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: greenhouse effect

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: aerosol and cloud

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Venus

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: greenhouse effect

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: greenhouse effect

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: greenhouse effect

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: greenhouse effect,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: greenhouse effect,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: cloud

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: greenhouse effect,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: greenhouse effect,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: greenhouse effect,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Mars, Venus, and Pluto.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: greenhouse effect,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Mars, Venus, and Pluto.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The study of extraterrestrial atmospheres

text: Received radiation is unevenly distributed over the planet, because the Sun heats equatorial regions more than polar regions. Energy is absorbed by the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere, and, in a process informally described as Earth's heat engine, the solar heating is redistributed through evaporation of surface water, convection, rainfall, winds, and ocean circulation. When the incoming solar energy is balanced by an equal flow of heat to space, the Earth is said to be in radiative equilibrium and under that condition, global temperatures will be stable.

text: Received radiation is unevenly distributed over the planet, because the Sun heats equatorial regions more than polar regions. Energy is absorbed by the

text: atmosphere

text: hydrosphere

text: , and

text: lithosphere

text: , and, in a process informally described as Earth's heat engine, the solar heating is redistributed through evaporation of surface water, convection, rainfall, winds, and

text: ocean circulation

text: . When the incoming solar energy is balanced by an equal flow of heat to space, the Earth is said to be in

text: radiative equilibrium

text: and under that condition, global temperatures will be stable.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: global temperatures will be stable

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: evaporation of surface water,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: rainfall,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: evaporation of surface water,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Earth's heat engine,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: evaporation of surface water,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation of surface water,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: evaporation of surface water,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: evaporation of surface water,

text: Water accelerates the process by leaching essential organic minerals from bone.  As such, soil type plays a role, because it will affect the water content of the environment.  For example, some soils, like clay soils, retain water better than others, like sandy or silty soils.  Further, acidic soils are better able to dissolve the inorganic matrix of hydroxyapatite than basic soils, thus accelerating the disintegration of bone.

text: Water accelerates the process by leaching essential organic minerals from bone.  As such, soil type plays a role, because it will affect the water content of the environment.  For example, some soils, like

text: clay

text: soils, retain water better than others, like

text: sand

text: y or

text: silty

text: soils.  Further,

text: acidic

text: soils are better able to dissolve the inorganic matrix of hydroxyapatite than

text: basic soils

text: , thus accelerating the disintegration of bone.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: soil type

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the disintegration of bone

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: dehydration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: leaching essential organic minerals from bone.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Water accelerates the process by leaching essential organic minerals from bone.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Water

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: hydroxyapatite

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Water accelerates the process by leaching essential organic minerals from bone.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: leaching essential organic minerals from bone.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: sandy or silty soils.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: it will affect the water content of the environment.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: some soils, like clay soils,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Water accelerates the process by leaching essential organic minerals from bone.

text: Task VI: Solar Energy and Water Processes and Applications

text: Task VI: Solar Energy and Water Processes and Applications

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: solar energy

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: evaporation of water

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Plants in arid regions need a lot of water to grow

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: How can water be stored in snow and ice?

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: solar energy and water processes

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Solar Energy

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Solar Energy

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Solar Energy

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Solar Energy and Water

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Solar Energy

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Solar Energy

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Solar Energy and Water

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Solar Energy

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Solar Energy and Water

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Solar Energy and Water

text: He lives in a high heaven, even above the heaven of the stars. ǁGamab, from ǁGam, , and mā,  is provider of the water and thus associated with the rising clouds, thunder, lightning and water. He ensured the annual renewal of nature being the cycle of the seasons and supplied game animals to the ǃgarob () and the Damaran. One of his chief responsibilities is to warrant the growth of crops.

text: He lives in a high heaven, even above the heaven of the stars. ǁGamab, from ǁGam, , and mā,  is provider of the water and thus associated with the rising clouds, thunder, lightning and water. He ensured the annual renewal of nature being the cycle of the seasons and supplied game animals to the ǃgarob () and the Damaran. One of his chief responsibilities is to warrant the growth of crops.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: what is associated with the rising clouds

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the cycle of the seasons

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: annual renewal of nature

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: rising clouds, thunder, lightning and water.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: rising clouds,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: rising clouds,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: rising clouds, thunder, lightning and water.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: rising clouds,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: cycle of the seasons

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: crops.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rising clouds,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: water and thus associated with the rising clouds, thunder, lightning and water.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: <unk>Gamab,

text: Water conservation – Long Trail is not hooked up to the local municipal water system. They have a hydrologic cycle that allows them to take water drawn from bedrock artesian wells, process most of it into beer, and fully treat any wastewater that results before returning it to the ground via underground injection into on-site leach fields.

text: Water conservation – Long Trail is not hooked up to the local municipal water system. They have a hydrologic cycle that allows them to take water drawn from bedrock

text: artesian wells

text: , process most of it into beer, and fully treat any wastewater that results before returning it to the ground via underground injection into on-site leach fields.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: a hydrologic cycle

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: beer

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrologic cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: bedrock artesian wells,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: beer,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Water conservation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: beer,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: hydrologic cycle

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrologic

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Long Trail is not hooked up to the local municipal water system.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Water conservation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: leach fields.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Long Trail is not hooked up to the local municipal water system.

text: Planetary management is intentional global-scale management of Earth's biological, chemical and physical processes and cycles (water, carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, and others). Planetary management also includes managing humanity’s influence on planetary-scale processes.  Effective planetary management aims to prevent destabilisation of Earth's climate, protect biodiversity and maintain or improve human well-being. More specifically, it aims to benefit society and the global economy, and safeguard the ecosystem services upon which humanity depends – global climate, freshwater supply, food, energy, clean air, fertile soil, pollinators, and so on.

text: Planetary management is intentional global-scale management of

text: Earth

text: 's

text: biological

text: chemical

text: and

text: physical

text: processes and

text: cycles

text: water

text: carbon

text: nitrogen

text: sulfur

text: phosphorus

text: , and others). Planetary management also includes managing

text: human

text: ity’s influence on planetary-scale processes.  Effective planetary management aims to prevent destabilisation of

text: Earth's climate

text: , protect

text: biodiversity

text: and maintain or improve human well-being. More specifically, it aims to benefit society and the

text: global economy

text: , and safeguard the

text: ecosystem services

text: upon which humanity depends – global

text: climate

text: freshwater

text: supply,

text: food

text: energy

text: , clean air, fertile

text: soil

text: pollinators

text: , and so on.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: gaseous

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: physical processes and cycles

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: global climate

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: destabilisation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: planetary management

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: destabilisation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: It can be stored for future use in snow and ice

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: air,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Planetary management

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: clean air,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Planetary management

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Planetary management

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: fertile soil,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Planetary management

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: freshwater

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Planetary management

text: The hydrologic cycle describes the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the surface on the earth. This flow is altered by ecosystems at numerous points.  Transpiration from plants provides the majority of flow of water to the atmosphere.  Water is influenced by vegetative cover as it flows over the land surface, while river channels can be shaped by the vegetation within them.

text: The

text: hydrologic cycle

text: describes the continuous movement of water on,

text: above

text: , and below the surface on the earth. This flow is altered by ecosystems at numerous points.  Transpiration from plants provides the majority of flow of water to the atmosphere.  Water is influenced by vegetative cover as it flows over the land surface, while river channels can be shaped by the vegetation within them.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: ecosystems at numerous points

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Transpiration

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: flowing over the land surface

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: The hydrologic cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Transpiration from plants

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: hydrologic cycle

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: plants

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrologic

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Transpiration from plants

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Transpiration from plants provides the majority of flow of water

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: The hydrologic cycle

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The hydrologic cycle

text: Millinocket Lake is the source of Millinocket Stream in the North Maine Woods north of Baxter State Park. Millinocket Stream flows  to Maine township 8, range 8, where it joins Munsungan Stream to form the Aroostook River. The lake extending along the border of Maine range 9 townships 7 and 8 is impounded behind a wooden dam. The dam enlarged the lake to include Little Millinocket Lake and Moose Pond by flooding adjoining bogs to store water for hydropower. The large areas of shallow flooded bog are a good habitat for fallfish, yellow perch and white suckers; but with summer water temperatures ranging from 70° near the surface to 55° in the deeper areas, dissolved oxygen concentrations become unfavorable for trout. Tributaries to the lake drain a number of small ponds to the west of the lake including Atkins Pond, Blackmore Pond, Buckley Pond, Big Caribou Pond, Little Caribou Pond, Chandler Pond, Elsie Pond, Ervin Pond, Jack Pond, Kyle Pond, Line Pond, Mathews Pond, May Pond, Little Moose Pond, Upper Moose Pond, Pretty Pond, Snowshoe Pond, and Spring Pond.

text: Millinocket Lake is the source of Millinocket Stream in the

text: North Maine Woods

text: north of

text: Baxter State Park

text: . Millinocket Stream flows  to

text: Maine

text: township 8, range 8, where it joins Munsungan Stream to form the

text: Aroostook River

text: . The lake extending along the border of Maine range 9 townships 7 and 8 is impounded behind a wooden dam. The dam enlarged the lake to include Little Millinocket Lake and Moose Pond by flooding adjoining bogs to store water for hydropower. The large areas of shallow flooded bog are a good habitat for

text: fallfish

text: yellow perch

text: and

text: white suckers

text: ; but with summer water temperatures ranging from 70° near the surface to 55° in the deeper areas, dissolved

text: oxygen

text: concentrations become unfavorable for

text: trout

text: . Tributaries to the lake drain a number of small ponds to the west of the lake including Atkins Pond, Blackmore Pond, Buckley Pond, Big Caribou Pond, Little Caribou Pond, Chandler Pond, Elsie Pond, Ervin Pond, Jack Pond, Kyle Pond, Line Pond, Mathews Pond, May Pond, Little Moose Pond, Upper Moose Pond, Pretty Pond, Snowshoe Pond, and Spring Pond.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Hydropower

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: summer water temperatures ranging from 70° near the surface to 55° in the deeper areas

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: do not respond

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: water cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: flooding adjoining bogs to store water for hydropower.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: dissolved oxygen

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: flooded bog

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: The large areas of shallow flooded bog

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: dissolved oxygen

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Tributaries to the lake drain a number of small ponds

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: flooded bog

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: dissolved oxygen concentrations become unfavorable for trout.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: bogs to store water for hydropower.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Big Caribou Pond, Little Caribou Pond,

text: Earth science generally recognizes 4 spheres, the lithosphere, the hydrosphere, the atmosphere, and the biosphere as correspondent to rocks, water, air, and life respectively. Some scientists include, as part of the spheres of the Earth, the cryosphere (corresponding to ice) as a distinct portion of the hydrosphere, as well as the pedosphere (corresponding to soil) as an active and intermixed sphere. Earth science (also known as geoscience, the geosciences or the Earth Sciences), is an all-embracing term for the sciences related to the planet Earth. There are four major disciplines in earth sciences, namely geography, geology, geophysics and geodesy. These major disciplines use physics, chemistry, biology, chronology and mathematics to build a qualitative and quantitative understanding of the principal areas or spheres of Earth.

text: Earth science generally recognizes 4 spheres, the

text: lithosphere

text: , the

text: hydrosphere

text: , the

text: atmosphere

text: , and the

text: biosphere

text: as correspondent to

text: rocks

text: water

text: air

text: , and

text: life

text: respectively. Some scientists include, as part of the spheres of the Earth, the

text: cryosphere

text: (corresponding to

text: ice

text: ) as a distinct portion of the hydrosphere, as well as the

text: pedosphere

text: (corresponding to

text: soil

text: ) as an active and intermixed sphere.

text: Earth science

text: (also known as geoscience, the geosciences or the Earth Sciences), is an all-embracing term for the

text: science

text: s related to the planet

text: Earth

text: . There are four major

text: discipline

text: s in earth sciences, namely

text: geography

text: geology

text: geophysics

text: and

text: geodesy

text: . These major disciplines use

text: physics

text: chemistry

text: biology

text: chronology

text: and

text: mathematics

text: to build a qualitative and quantitative understanding of the principal areas or

text: spheres

text: of Earth.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: the hydrosphere

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: cryosphere

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: hydrosphere

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: cryosphere

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: hydrosphere

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrosphere

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: lithosphere

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: hydrosphere, the atmosphere, and the biosphere

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: cryosphere

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: ice)

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: atmosphere, and the biosphere

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrosphere,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: pedosphere

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: hydrosphere,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: cryosphere

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Earth science generally recognizes 4 spheres,

text: Since he joined JPL, he has been selected to the science teams of numerous space missions,including NSCAT, QuikSCAT, Topex/Poseidon, JASON, TRMM, EOS, Aqua, ERS-1,AMSR, and Aquarius. He has made many innovative science applications of variouscombinations of these space based measurements. His present interest includes relatingthe fluxes to storage and transport through the depths of the ocean and atmosphere. He isleading research effort to combine a variety of satellite data synergistically to studyglobal climate and environmental changes. He has recently made important advances instudying the water balance over global ocean and their influence on terrestrial andcryospheric water cycles, using a combination of space based observations.Through 17 years as Team Leader and 14 years as Project Scientist, Timothy Liu wasable to lead various groups of scientists through many cycles of fiscal gyration andchanges of national and institutional priority, securing their funding support,communicating and promoting their results to the science community and to the public,and keeping the team spirit and cohesiveness.

text: Since he joined JPL, he has been selected to the science teams of numerous space missions,including NSCAT, QuikSCAT, Topex/Poseidon, JASON, TRMM, EOS, Aqua, ERS-1,AMSR, and Aquarius. He has made many innovative science applications of variouscombinations of these space based measurements. His present interest includes relatingthe fluxes to storage and transport through the depths of the ocean and atmosphere. He isleading research effort to combine a variety of satellite data synergistically to studyglobal climate and environmental changes. He has recently made important advances instudying the water balance over global ocean and their influence on terrestrial andcryospheric water cycles, using a combination of space based observations.Through 17 years as Team Leader and 14 years as Project Scientist, Timothy Liu wasable to lead various groups of scientists through many cycles of fiscal gyration andchanges of national and institutional priority, securing their funding support,communicating and promoting their results to the science community and to the public,and keeping the team spirit and cohesiveness.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: the water balance over global ocean

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: cryosphere

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: storage and transport through the depths of the ocean and atmosphere

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: water balance

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: What can be stored in snow and ice

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: water balance over global ocean

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: andcryospheric

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: storage and transport through the depths of the ocean and atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: storage and transport

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: andcryospheric

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Aquarius.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: storage and transport

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: through the depths of the ocean and atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NSCAT, QuikSCAT, Topex/Poseidon,

text: By the 19th century, ecology blossomed due to new discoveries in chemistry by Lavoisier and de Saussure, notably the nitrogen cycle.  After observing the fact that life developed only within strict limits of each compartment that makes up the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere, the Austrian geologist Eduard Suess proposed the term biosphere in 1875.  Suess proposed the name biosphere for the conditions promoting life, such as those found on Earth, which includes flora, fauna, minerals, matter cycles, et cetera.

text: By the 19th century, ecology blossomed due to new discoveries in

text: chemistry

text: by

text: Lavoisier

text: and

text: de Saussure

text: , notably the

text: nitrogen cycle

text: .  After observing the fact that life developed only within strict limits of each compartment that makes up the

text: atmosphere

text: hydrosphere

text: , and

text: lithosphere

text: , the Austrian geologist

text: Eduard Suess

text: proposed the term

text: biosphere

text: in 1875.  Suess proposed the name biosphere for the conditions promoting life, such as those found on

text: Earth

text: , which includes

text: flora

text: fauna

text: mineral

text: s,

text: matter cycles

text: , et cetera.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: hydrosphere

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: nitrogen cycle

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: hydrosphere

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrosphere

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: lithosphere

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: nitrogen cycle.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: hydrosphere,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: hydrosphere,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: nitrogen cycle.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: nitrogen cycle.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: nitrogen cycle.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: biosphere in 1875.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: hydrosphere,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: nitrogen cycle.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: By the 19th century,

text: Many of the springs listed herein are indicated as privately owned, which is a misnomer. "Private individuals cannot 'own' a spring that is along/accessible from a navigable waterway. They own the land around it above the normal high water mark."  Since the 1972 Clean Water Act (CWA) defined the term "navigable waters", the meaning has been litigated. Following U.S. Supreme Court rulings, the Federal Register published EPA's final definition on November 26, 2008. Section (3) states: "intrastate lakes, rivers, and streams which are utilized by interstate travelers for recreational or other purposes (are navigable waters). Courts have ruled that "shallow streams that are traversable only by canoe have met the test".

text: Many of the springs listed herein are indicated as privately owned, which is a misnomer. "Private individuals cannot 'own' a spring that is along/accessible from a

text: navigable waterway

text: . They own the land around it above the normal high water mark."  Since the 1972

text: Clean Water Act

text: (CWA) defined the term "navigable waters", the meaning has been litigated. Following U.S. Supreme Court rulings, the Federal Register published EPA's final definition on November 26, 2008. Section (3) states: "intrastate lakes, rivers, and streams which are utilized by interstate travelers for recreational or other purposes (are navigable waters). Courts have ruled that "shallow streams that are traversable only by canoe have met the test".

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: shallow streams that are traversable only by canoe

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: water cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: They own the land around it above the normal high water mark."

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: 1972 Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: "navigable waters",

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: "shallow streams that are traversable only by canoe

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: privately owned, which is a misnomer.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: privately owned, which is a misnomer.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: normal high water mark."

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: privately owned, which is a misnomer.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Many of the springs listed herein are indicated as privately owned,

text: Biosphere Preserves (colloquially biosphere zapovedniks) are environment-protected scientific-research institutions of international status that are created with the intent for conservation in a natural state the most typical natural complexes of biosphere, conducting background ecological monitoring, studying of the surrounding natural environment, its changes under the activity of anthropogenic factors.

text: Biosphere Preserves (colloquially biosphere

text: zapovednik

text: s) are environment-protected scientific-research institutions of international status that are created with the intent for conservation in a natural state the most typical natural complexes of biosphere, conducting background ecological monitoring, studying of the surrounding

text: natural environment

text: , its changes under the activity of

text: anthropogenic

text: factors.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: anthropogenic factors

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: anthropogenic factors

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: anthropogenic factors.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: anthropogenic factors.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: anthropogenic factors.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: anthropogenic factors.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Biosphere Preserves

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Biosphere Preserves

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Biosphere Preserves

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: anthropogenic factors.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Biosphere Preserves

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Biosphere Preserves

text: The landscaped lake was created by simply retaining the water from an existing stream, the Esteiro, whose source is located at Cividade Hill and crosses the park from southeast to the northwest. The stream is also the lake's primary outflow. Part of the water to fill the lake was also got using groundwater. The stream, in the current lake-bed, was at most  wide.

text: The landscaped lake was created by simply retaining the water from an existing

text: stream

text: , the Esteiro, whose source is located at

text: Cividade Hill

text: and crosses the park from southeast to the northwest. The stream is also the lake's primary outflow. Part of the water to fill the lake was also got using groundwater. The stream, in the current lake-bed, was at most  wide.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: lake

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: The stream is also the lake's primary outflow.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: The landscaped lake was created by simply retaining the water

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: retaining the water

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: groundwater.

text: List of fish encountered in Swedish waters; both fresh water (lakes and streams) and in the marine salt water.

text: List of fish encountered in Swedish waters; both

text: fresh water

text: (lakes and streams) and in the marine

text: salt water

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: vaporization

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: salt water

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrologic cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: salt water.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: fresh water (lakes and streams) and in the marine salt water.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: salt water.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: marine salt water.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: fresh water (lakes and streams) and in the marine salt water.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: fresh water (lakes and streams) and in the marine salt water.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: fresh water (lakes and streams) and in the marine salt water.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: List of fish encountered in Swedish waters;

text: The drainage of supraglacial lakes on mountain glaciers can disrupt the internal plumbing structure of the glacier.  Natural events such as landslides or the slow melting of a frozen moraine can incite drainage of a supraglacial lake, creating a glacial lake outburst flood.  In such a flood, the lake water releases rushes down a valley.  These events are sudden and catastrophic and thus provide little warning to people who live downstream, in the path of the water.  In Himalayan regions, villages cluster around water sources, such as proglacial streams; these streams are the same pathways the glacial lake outburst floods travel down.

text: The drainage of supraglacial lakes on mountain glaciers can disrupt the internal plumbing structure of the glacier.  Natural events such as landslides or the slow melting of a frozen

text: moraine

text: can incite drainage of a supraglacial lake, creating a

text: glacial lake outburst flood

text: .  In such a flood, the lake water releases rushes down a valley.  These events are sudden and catastrophic and thus provide little warning to people who live downstream, in the path of the water.  In Himalayan regions, villages cluster around water sources, such as proglacial streams; these streams are the same pathways the glacial lake outburst floods travel down.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: incite drainage of a supraglacial lake

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: glacial lake outburst flood

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: melting glaciers

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Natural events

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: glacial lake outburst

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: The drainage of supraglacial lakes

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: slow melting of a frozen moraine

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: melting

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: plumbing structure

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: The drainage of supraglacial lakes

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: melting

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: frozen moraine

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The drainage of supraglacial lakes

text: <gallery caption="GLOBAL GEOCHEMICAL CYCLES CRITICAL FOR LIFE"widths="140px" heights="80px" perrow="4">Image:Nitrogen_Cycle.jpg|Nitrogen cycleImage:Water cycle.png|Water cycleImage:Carbon cycle-cute diagram.svg|Carbon cycleImage:Oxygen Cycle.jpg|Oxygen cycle</gallery>

text: <gallery caption="GLOBAL GEOCHEMICAL CYCLES CRITICAL FOR LIFE"widths="140px" heights="80px" perrow="4">Image:Nitrogen_Cycle.jpg|

text: Nitrogen cycle

text: Image:Water cycle.png|

text: Water cycle

text: Image:Carbon cycle-cute diagram.svg|

text: Carbon cycle

text: Image:Oxygen Cycle.jpg|

text: Oxygen cycle

text: </gallery>

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Oxygen cycle

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Carbon cycle

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Nitrogen cycle

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Carbon cycle

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Hydrogen cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: water cycle

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Water cycle.png

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: human diverted water to suit their own needs

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: perrow="4">Image:Nitrogen_Cycle.jpg|Nitrogen

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: cycleImage:Carbon cycle-cute

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: caption="GLOBAL GEOCHEMICAL CYCLES

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: cycleImage:Carbon cycle-cute

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: cycleImage:Water cycle.png|Water cycleImage:Carbon cycle-cute

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: perrow="4">Image:Nitrogen_Cycle.jpg|Nitrogen

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: caption="GLOBAL GEOCHEMICAL CYCLES

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: perrow="4">Image:Nitrogen_Cycle.jpg|Nitrogen

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: cycleImage:Water cycle.png|Water cycleImage:Carbon cycle-cute

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: caption="GLOBAL GEOCHEMICAL CYCLES

text: The lakes are a major resource and provide not only recreational and fishing facilities, but also cooling waters for the Munmorah Power Station. It is also the main basin into which all the rivers and streams drain and it receives nutrients, chemicals and sediment from the entire area. Sediments and nutrients have been discharging into the lakes system for thousands of years although the process has greatly accelerated with urban development.

text: The lakes are a major resource and provide not only recreational and

text: fishing

text: facilities, but also cooling waters for the

text: Munmorah Power Station

text: . It is also the main basin into which all the rivers and streams drain and it receives

text: nutrient

text: s,

text: chemicals

text: and

text: sediment

text: from the entire area. Sediments and nutrients have been discharging into the lakes system for thousands of years although the process has greatly accelerated with

text: urban development

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: It is also the main basin

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: cooling waters

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: cooling

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: the water cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: urban development.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: cooling waters for the Munmorah Power Station.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: cooling waters

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: urban development.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: cooling waters for the Munmorah Power Station.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: rivers and streams drain

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: accelerated with urban development.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: urban development.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: cooling waters for the Munmorah Power Station.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: thousands of years although the process has greatly accelerated with urban development.

text: Groundwater may have played an important part in forming layers in many locations.  Calculations and simulations show that groundwater carrying dissolved minerals would surface in the same locations that have abundant rock layers.   According to these ideas, deep canyons and large craters would receive water coming from the ground.  Many craters in the Arabia area of Mars contain groups of layers.  Some of these layers may have resulted from climate changes.  The tilt of the rotational axis of Mars has repeatedly changed in the past.  Some changes are large.  Because of these variations of climate, at times the atmosphere of Mars will be much thicker and contain more moisture.  The amount of atmospheric dust also has increased and decreased. It is believed that these frequent changes helped to deposit material in craters and other low places. The rising of mineral-rich ground water cemented these materials. The model also predicts that after a crater is full of layered rocks; additional layers will be laid down in the area around the crater. So, the model predicts that layers may also have formed in intercrater regions, and layers in these regions have been observed.Layers can be hardened by the action of groundwater.  Martian ground water probably moved hundreds of kilometers, and in the process it dissolved many minerals from the rock it passed through.  When ground water surfaces in low areas containing sediments, water evaporates in the thin atmosphere and leaves behind minerals as deposits and/or cementing agents. Consequently, layers of dust could not later easily erode away since they were cemented together. On Earth, mineral-rich waters often evaporate forming large deposits of various types of salts and other minerals. Sometimes water flows through Earth's aquifers, and then evaporates at the surface just as is hypothesed for Mars.  One location this occurs on Earth is the Great Artesian Basin of Australia.  On Earth the hardness of many sedimentary rocks, like sandstone, is largely due to the cement that was put in place as water passed through.

text: salts

text: and other

text: mineral

text: s. Sometimes water flows through Earth's aquifers, and then evaporates at the surface just as is hypothesed for Mars.  One location this occurs on Earth is the

text: Great Artesian Basin

text: of

text: Australia

text: .  On Earth the hardness of many

text: sedimentary rock

text: s, like

text: sandstone

text: , is largely due to the cement that was put in place as water passed through.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: What drives the water cycle?

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporates

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: What kind of precipitation does the atmosphere of Mars have?

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the Great Artesian Basin of Australia

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Evaporation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Which of the following is not true?

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: minerals as deposits and/or cementing agents.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: water evaporates

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Great Artesian Basin of Australia.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: observed.Layers can be hardened by the action of groundwater.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: observed.Layers can be hardened by the action of groundwater.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: groundwater.

text: Groundwater (or ground water) is the water present beneath Earth's surface in soil pore spaces and in the fractures of rock formations. A unit of rock or an unconsolidated deposit is called an aquifer when it can yield a usable quantity of water. The depth at which soil pore spaces or fractures and voids in rock become completely saturated with water is called the water table. Groundwater is recharged from, and eventually flows to, the surface naturally; natural discharge often occurs at springs and seeps, and can form oases or wetlands. Groundwater is also often withdrawn for agricultural, municipal, and industrial use by constructing and operating extraction wells. The study of the distribution and movement of groundwater is hydrogeology, also called groundwater hydrology.

text: Groundwater (or ground water) is the

text: water

text: present beneath

text: Earth

text: 's surface in

text: soil pore spaces

text: and in the

text: fracture

text: s of

text: rock formations

text: . A unit of rock or an unconsolidated deposit is called an

text: aquifer

text: when it can yield a usable quantity of water. The depth at which

text: soil

text: pore spaces or fractures and voids in rock become completely saturated with water is called the

text: water table

text: Groundwater is recharged

text: from, and eventually flows to, the surface naturally; natural discharge often occurs at

text: springs

text: and

text: seeps

text: , and can form

text: oases

text: or

text: wetland

text: s. Groundwater is also often withdrawn for

text: agricultural

text: municipal

text: , and

text: industrial

text: use by constructing and operating extraction

text: wells

text: . The study of the distribution and movement of groundwater is

text: hydrogeology

text: , also called groundwater

text: hydrology

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: The study of the distribution and movement of groundwater

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the water table

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: ground water

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Groundwater is recharged from, and eventually flows to, the surface naturally;

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: the water table.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: springs and seeps,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: natural discharge

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrogeology,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Groundwater is also often withdrawn for agricultural, municipal, and industrial use

text: Photosynthetic oxygen evolution is the fundamental process by which breathable oxygen is generated in earth's biosphere. The reaction is part of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis in cyanobacteria and the chloroplasts of green algae and plants. It utilizes the energy of light to split a water molecule into its protons and electrons for photosynthesis. Free oxygen is generated as a by-product of this reaction, and is released into the atmosphere.

text: Photosynthetic oxygen evolution is the fundamental process by which breathable oxygen is generated in earth's

text: biosphere

text: . The reaction is part of the

text: light-dependent reaction

text: s of photosynthesis in

text: cyanobacteria

text: and the

text: chloroplast

text: s of

text: green algae

text: and

text: plant

text: s. It utilizes the energy of

text: light

text: to split a water molecule into its

text: proton

text: s and

text: electron

text: s for photosynthesis. Free oxygen is generated as a by-product of this reaction, and is released into the

text: atmosphere

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: photosynthesis

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: photosynthesis.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: photosynthesis.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Photosynthetic oxygen evolution

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: photosynthesis

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: photosynthesis

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Photosynthetic oxygen evolution

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: green algae

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Photosynthetic oxygen evolution

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: water molecule into its protons and electrons for photosynthesis.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Photosynthetic

text: The tilt of the Earth's axis changes by only a little more than 2 degrees. In contrast, Mars's tilt varies by tens of degrees. Today, the tilt (or obliquity) of Mars is low, so the poles are the coldest places on the planet, while the equator is the warmest. This causes gases in the atmosphere, like water and carbon dioxide, to migrate poleward, where they turn into ice. When the obliquity is higher, the poles receive more sunlight, and those materials migrate away. When carbon dioxide moves from the poles, the atmospheric pressure increases, maybe causing a difference in the ability of winds to transport and deposit sand. With more water in the atmosphere, sand grains deposited on the surface may stick and cement together to form layers.  This study was done using stereo topographic maps obtained by processing data from the high-resolution camera onboard NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.

text: The tilt of the Earth's axis changes by only a little more than 2 degrees. In contrast, Mars's tilt varies by tens of degrees. Today, the tilt (or obliquity) of Mars is low, so the poles are the coldest places on the planet, while the equator is the warmest. This causes gases in the atmosphere, like water and

text: carbon dioxide

text: , to migrate poleward, where they turn into ice. When the obliquity is higher, the poles receive more sunlight, and those materials migrate away. When carbon dioxide moves from the poles, the atmospheric pressure increases, maybe causing a difference in the ability of winds to transport and deposit sand. With more water in the atmosphere, sand grains deposited on the surface may stick and cement together to form layers.  This study was done using stereo topographic maps obtained by processing data from the high-resolution camera onboard NASA's

text: Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: the poles are the coldest places on the planet, while the equator is the warmest

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: What kind of precipitation does the Earth experience?

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: migrate poleward, where they turn into ice

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: atmospheric pressure increases

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: ice.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: ice.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: ice.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: ice.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: ice.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: ice.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: those materials migrate away.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: ice.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: water

text: In soil science, pedology, geomorphology, and archaeology, bioturbation is the physical rearrangement of the soil profile by soil life. Plants and animals exploit the solum for food and shelter and, in the process, disturb the fabric of the soil and the underlying parent material. Burrowing animals and insects, and plant root systems create passageways for air and water movement, changing soil morphology. A passageway created by an animal that becomes backfilled with soil is known as a krotovina. Invertebrates that burrow and mound soil tend to produce a biomantle topsoil (soil biomantle), and as such are primary agents of horizonation. Uprooted trees break up bedrock, transport soil downslope, increase the heterogeneity of soil respiration rates, and disrupt soil horizonation.

text: In

text: soil science

text: pedology

text: geomorphology

text: , and

text: archaeology

text: , bioturbation is the physical rearrangement of the

text: soil profile

text: by

text: soil life

text: . Plants and animals exploit the

text: solum

text: for food and shelter and, in the process, disturb the fabric of the soil and the underlying

text: parent material

text: . Burrowing animals and insects, and plant root systems create passageways for air and water movement, changing

text: soil morphology

text: . A passageway created by an animal that becomes backfilled with soil is known as a krotovina. Invertebrates that burrow and mound soil tend to produce a biomantle topsoil (

text: soil biomantle

text: ), and as such are primary agents of horizonation. Uprooted trees break up bedrock, transport soil downslope, increase the heterogeneity of

text: soil respiration

text: rates, and disrupt

text: soil horizonation

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: passageways for air and water movement

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: respiration

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Uprooted trees

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: respiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: soil respiration

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Burrowing animals and insects, and plant root systems

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: krotovina.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: krotovina.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: plant root systems create passageways for air and water movement,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: bioturbation

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Burrowing animals and insects, and plant root systems

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: water movement,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Burrowing animals and insects, and plant root systems

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Burrowing animals and insects, and plant root systems

text: The Sustainable design of the Marion Cultural Centre incorporates a stormwater retention system that allows surface run-off to be stored, filtered on site, then pumped into the ground to replenish the aquifer under Adelaide and is also used for grey water in the building itself. The Centre also features a solar hot water system, water efficient fixtures and fittings, energy efficient artificial lighting, low energy evaporative systems and economy cycle air conditioning - even the external landscaping is low maintenance and water efficient. The centre uses a building management system that includes night purge, C-Bus Lighting Control combined with senor activation; low-e-glass to the eastern facade and gas boosted solar hot water system . The architects were linked with the project managers, sub-consultants and Marion Council by an Internet-based project management system to ensure tight and responsive management during the construction process. Considerable community consultation also went into the design of the building to create a sense of identity that truly reflects the City of Marion

text: The

text: Sustainable design

text: of the Marion Cultural Centre incorporates a stormwater retention system that allows surface run-off to be stored, filtered on site, then pumped into the ground to replenish the aquifer under Adelaide and is also used for grey water in the building itself. The Centre also features a solar hot water system, water efficient fixtures and fittings, energy efficient artificial lighting, low energy evaporative systems and economy cycle air conditioning - even the external landscaping is low maintenance and water efficient. The centre uses a building management system that includes night purge, C-Bus Lighting Control combined with senor activation; low-e-glass to the eastern facade and gas boosted solar hot water system . The architects were linked with the project managers, sub-consultants and Marion Council by an Internet-based project management system to ensure tight and responsive management during the construction process. Considerable community consultation also went into the design of the building to create a sense of identity that truly reflects the City of Marion

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: surface run-off to be stored, filtered on site

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: stormwater

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: low-e-glass

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: evaporative

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: grey water

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: replenish the aquifer under Adelaide

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: gas boosted solar hot water system.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: stormwater

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: low-e-glass

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: evaporative systems

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: replenish the aquifer

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: stormwater retention system

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: replenish the aquifer under Adelaide

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: surface run-off

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The Sustainable design of the Marion Cultural Centre

text: Borders and names for oceans and seas were internationally agreed when the International Hydrographic Bureau (IHB), the precusor to the IHO, convened the First International Conference on 24 July 1919. The IHO then published these in its Limits of Oceans and Seas, the first edition being 1928. Since the first edition, the limits of the Southern Ocean have moved progressively southwards; since 1953, it has been omitted from the official publication and left to local hydrographic offices to determine their own limits. The IHO included the ocean and its definition as the waters south of 60°S in its year 2000 revisions, but this has not been formally adopted, due to continuing impasses over other areas of the text, such as the naming dispute over the Sea of Japan. The 2000 IHO definition, however, was circulated in a draft edition in 2002 and is used by some within the IHO and by some other organizations such as the US Central Intelligence Agency and Merriam-Webster. Australian authorities regard the Southern Ocean as lying immediately south of Australia. The National Geographic Society does not recognize the ocean, depicting it (if at all) in a typeface different from the other world oceans; instead, it shows the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans extending to Antarctica on both its print and on line maps. Map publishers using the term Southern Ocean on their maps include Hema Maps and GeoNova.

text: Borders and names for oceans and seas were internationally agreed when the

text: International Hydrographic Bureau

text: (IHB), the precusor to the IHO, convened the First International Conference on 24 July 1919. The IHO then published these in its Limits of Oceans and Seas, the first edition being 1928. Since the first edition, the limits of the Southern Ocean have moved progressively southwards; since 1953, it has been omitted from the official publication and left to local hydrographic offices to determine their own limits. The IHO included the ocean and its definition as the waters south of 60°S in its year 2000 revisions, but this has not been formally adopted, due to continuing impasses over other areas of the text, such as the

text: naming dispute

text: over the

text: Sea of Japan

text: . The 2000 IHO definition, however, was circulated in a draft edition in 2002 and is used by some within the IHO and by some other organizations such as the US

text: Central Intelligence Agency

text: and

text: Merriam-Webster

text: Australia

text: n authorities regard the Southern Ocean as lying immediately south of Australia. The

text: National Geographic Society

text: does not recognize the ocean, depicting it (if at all) in a typeface different from the other world oceans; instead, it shows the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans extending to Antarctica on both its print and on line maps. Map publishers using the term Southern Ocean on their maps include Hema Maps and GeoNova.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: What drives the water cycle

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the limits of the Southern Ocean have moved progressively southwards

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: do not grow

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: What can be stored for future use in snow and ice

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: the limits of the Southern Ocean have moved progressively southwards;

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: 60°S

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Borders and names for oceans and seas

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: in a typeface different from the other world oceans;

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: 1919.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Hydrographic Bureau

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: 1919.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: the limits of the Southern Ocean have moved progressively southwards;

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: 1919.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Borders and names for oceans and seas

text: Sea ice arises as seawater freezes. Because ice is less dense than water, it floats on the ocean's surface (as does fresh water ice, which has an even lower density). Sea ice covers about 7% of the Earth’s surface and about 12% of the world’s oceans. Much of the world's sea ice is enclosed within the polar ice packs in the Earth's polar regions: the Arctic ice pack of the Arctic Ocean and the Antarctic ice pack of the Southern Ocean. Polar packs undergo a significant yearly cycling in surface extent, a natural process upon which depends the Arctic ecology, including the ocean's ecosystems. Due to the action of winds, currents and temperature fluctuations, sea ice is very dynamic, leading to a wide variety of ice types and features. Sea ice may be contrasted with icebergs, which are chunks of ice shelves or glaciers that calve into the ocean. Depending on location, sea ice expanses may also incorporate icebergs.

text: Sea ice arises as

text: seawater

text: freezes. Because

text: ice

text: is less

text: dense

text: than water, it floats on the ocean's surface (as does

text: fresh water

text: ice, which has an even lower density). Sea ice covers about 7% of the Earth’s surface and about 12% of the world’s oceans. Much of the world's sea ice is enclosed within the polar ice packs in the Earth's

text: polar region

text: s: the

text: Arctic ice pack

text: of the

text: Arctic Ocean

text: and the

text: Antarctic ice pack

text: of the

text: Southern Ocean

text: . Polar packs undergo a significant yearly cycling in surface extent, a natural process upon which depends the

text: Arctic ecology

text: , including the

text: ocean's ecosystems

text: . Due to the action of winds, currents and temperature fluctuations, sea ice is very dynamic, leading to a wide variety of ice types and features. Sea ice may be contrasted with

text: iceberg

text: s, which are chunks of

text: ice shelves

text: or

text: glacier

text: s that

text: calve

text: into the ocean. Depending on location, sea ice expanses may also incorporate icebergs.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: seawater freezes

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: ice is less dense than water

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: What is stored in snow and ice?

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Arctic ecology,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: seawater freezes.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Sea ice

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: icebergs,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Sea ice arises as seawater freezes.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: yearly

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Sea ice arises as seawater freezes.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: ice is less dense than water,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Sea ice arises as seawater freezes.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Sea ice

text: There are also other processes to convert amino acids into usable molecules to enter the TCA cycle, such as transamination (transfer of amino group), decarboxylation (removal of carboxyl group), and dehydrogenation (removal of hydrogen).

text: There are also other processes to convert amino acids into usable molecules to enter the TCA cycle, such as

text: transamination

text: (transfer of amino group),

text: decarboxylation

text: (removal of carboxyl group), and

text: dehydrogenation

text: (removal of hydrogen).

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: dehydration

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: dehydrogenation

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: TCA cycle,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: dehydrogenation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: TCA cycle,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: decarboxylation

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: TCA cycle,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: TCA cycle,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: TCA cycle,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: TCA cycle,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: TCA cycle,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: There are also other processes to convert amino acids into usable molecules

text: A Dynamic Global Vegetation Model (DGVM) is a computer program that simulates shifts in potential vegetation and its associated biogeochemical and hydrological cycles as a response to shifts in climate. DGVMs use time series of climate data and, given constraints of latitude, topography, and soil characteristics, simulate monthly or daily dynamics of ecosystem processes.  DGVMs are used most often to simulate the effects of future climate change on natural vegetation and its carbon and water cycles.

text: A Dynamic Global Vegetation Model (DGVM) is a computer program that simulates shifts in potential vegetation and its associated biogeochemical and hydrological cycles as a response to shifts in climate. DGVMs use time series of climate data and, given constraints of latitude, topography, and soil characteristics, simulate monthly or daily dynamics of ecosystem processes.  DGVMs are used most often to simulate the effects of future

text: climate change

text: on natural vegetation and its carbon and water cycles.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: biogeochemical

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: hydrological cycles

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: carbon and water cycles

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: hydrological cycles

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrological

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: hydrological cycles as a response to shifts in climate.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: hydrological cycles

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: carbon and water cycles.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: hydrological cycles

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrological cycles

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Dynamic Global Vegetation Model

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: hydrological cycles

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: carbon and water cycles.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: A Dynamic Global Vegetation Model

text: The water used for irrigation is roughly 25% of the annually available water resources (14 000 km) and 9% of all annual river discharges in the hydrological cycle.

text: The water used for irrigation is roughly 25% of the annually available water resources (14 000 km) and 9% of all annual river discharges in the

text: hydrological cycle

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the water used for irrigation

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrological cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: 9% of all annual river discharges

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: 9% of all annual river discharges in the hydrological cycle.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: irrigation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: 9% of all annual river discharges

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: irrigation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrological cycle.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: 9% of all annual river discharges

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: 9% of all annual river discharges in the hydrological cycle.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: 9% of all annual river discharges in the hydrological cycle.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The water used for irrigation is roughly 25% of the annually available water resources

text: Pulsed-power water treatment is the process of using pulsed, electro-magnetic fields into cooling water to control scaling, biological growth, and corrosion. The process does not require the use of chemicals and helps eliminate environmental and health issues associated with the use and life-cycle management of chemicals used to treat water. Pulsed-power systems have the ability to maintain low levels of microbiological activity without using corrosive chemicals. Several reports have shown that pulse-powered systems yield significantly lower counts of bacteria colony forming units compared to chemically controlled systems.

text: Pulsed-power water treatment is the process of using

text: pulsed

text: electro-magnetic fields

text: into cooling water to control scaling, biological growth, and corrosion. The process does not require the use of chemicals and helps eliminate environmental and health issues associated with the use and life-cycle management of chemicals used to treat water. Pulsed-power systems have the ability to maintain low levels of microbiological activity without using corrosive chemicals. Several reports have shown that pulse-powered systems yield significantly lower counts of bacteria colony forming units compared to chemically controlled systems.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Pulsed-power water treatment

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: chemicals

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: cooling water

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: corrosive chemicals.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: pulse-powered systems yield significantly lower counts of bacteria colony forming units

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Pulsed-power water treatment

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: life-cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: pulse-powered systems yield significantly lower counts of bacteria colony forming units

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Pulsed-power water treatment

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: cooling water

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Pulsed-power water treatment

text: The first twenty-two cycles of the series were presented by Banks, with cycle 23 being presented by Rita Ora. The series employs a panel of three or four judges. The original panel consisted of Banks, Janice Dickinson, Beau Quillian and Kimora Lee Simmons. Quillian and Simmons were replaced by Nigel Barker and Eric Nicholson in cycle 2, before Nicholson was replaced by Nolé Marin in cycle 3. After cycle 4, Marin and Dickinson were replaced by J. Alexander and Twiggy in cycle 5. Paulina Porizkova joined the panel in cycle 10, in place of Twiggy. After cycle 12, Porizkova was fired by Banks and the panel was left with three judges (Banks, Alexander and Barker) in cycle 13. In cycle 14, Alexander left the panel and was replaced by André Leon Talley, but continued as the series' runway coach. In cycle 18, Kelly Cutrone replaced Talley. After cycle 18, Banks fired long-standing cast members Barker, Alexander and photo shoot director Jay Manuel. Barker was replaced by Rob Evans in cycle 19, and Manuel by Johnny Wujek. Alexander returned to the panel in cycle 21 in place of Evans, before the entire panel was replaced with Ora, Ashley Graham, Drew Elliott and Law Roach in cycle 23.

text: The first twenty-two cycles of the series were presented by Banks, with cycle 23 being presented by Rita Ora. The series employs a panel of three or four judges. The original panel consisted of Banks,

text: Janice Dickinson

text: , Beau Quillian and

text: Kimora Lee Simmons

text: . Quillian and Simmons were replaced by

text: Nigel Barker

text: and Eric Nicholson in

text: cycle 2

text: , before Nicholson was replaced by

text: Nolé Marin

text: in

text: cycle 3

text: . After

text: cycle 4

text: , Marin and Dickinson were replaced by

text: J. Alexander

text: and

text: Twiggy

text: in

text: cycle 5

text: Paulina Porizkova

text: joined the panel in

text: cycle 10

text: , in place of Twiggy. After

text: cycle 12

text: , Porizkova was fired by Banks and the panel was left with three judges (Banks, Alexander and Barker) in

text: cycle 13

text: . In

text: cycle 14

text: , Alexander left the panel and was replaced by

text: André Leon Talley

text: , but continued as the series' runway coach. In

text: cycle 18

text: Kelly Cutrone

text: replaced Talley. After cycle 18, Banks fired long-standing cast members Barker, Alexander and photo shoot director

text: Jay Manuel

text: . Barker was replaced by Rob Evans in

text: cycle 19

text: , and Manuel by Johnny Wujek. Alexander returned to the panel in

text: cycle 21

text: in place of Evans, before the entire panel was replaced with Ora, Ashley Graham, Drew Elliott and Law Roach in cycle 23.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: cycle

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Paulina Porizkova joined the panel in cycle 10, in place of Twiggy

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: runway coach.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: 3.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: three or four judges.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: runway coach.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: three or four judges.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: runway

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: 2,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: 2,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: three or four judges.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: 2,

text: There are twenty-five agencies, under seven ministries that are involved in maintaining water quality, yet their communication and data sharing between agencies is underdeveloped.Water user associations which are non-governmental associations of farmers who organize an irrigation process of all agricultural land, maintain diesel pumps and deal with conflicts between farmers and water management. They have been around since 1988, but have lacked structure and the inclusion of women.  Women are seen as contributors to pollution of irrigation canals since they wash clothes, dishes and animals in the drainages. The lack of planning and corruption within governmental departments, the neglecting of concerns and disbursement of low-quality land to the poor, and the improper education of safe handling methods and improper irrigation and crop management for men and women, all contribute to poor water quality.  Though money is a major factor in improving these areas, in the case of erasing corruption and improving interdepartmental communication, stricter rules and enforcement of them is something that can be done immediately.  Increasing Water User Associations (WUAs) and establishing a communication chain between these associations and government departments is recommended.  Appointing field supervisors for designated areas to oversee WUAs and educate farmers on irrigation methods (like drip irrigation that applies water to the root zone which can reduce water use by 30 to 60 percent), effective water distribution during crop cycle, crop rotation and soil management.  Field supervisors can also monitor water levels, check on the maintenance of pumps and report on drainage structures.The World Bank has financed the agricultural drainage program in Egypt since 1970.  This program equips agricultural land with subsurface drains.  These drains are made of plastic pipes produced in government-owned plants in the Nile Valley and Delta.  Landholders pay for the installation of drains on a 20-year interest-free annual installments.  Subsurface drainage has shown to improve soil conditions and crop yield.  Educating farmers on the functioning of these subsurface drainages are needed to prevent a disruption of water supply to all connected fields.  Since these drainages cannot be seen on the surface, if a farmer closes a drain to keep more water in his field it will prevent water from reaching users beyond.

text: There are twenty-five agencies, under seven ministries that are involved in maintaining water quality, yet their communication and data sharing between agencies is underdeveloped.

text: Water user associations

text: which are non-governmental associations of farmers who organize an irrigation process of all agricultural land, maintain diesel pumps and deal with conflicts between farmers and water management. They have been around since 1988, but have lacked structure and the inclusion of women.  Women are seen as contributors to pollution of irrigation canals since they wash clothes, dishes and animals in the drainages. The lack of planning and corruption within governmental departments, the neglecting of concerns and disbursement of low-quality land to the poor, and the improper education of safe handling methods and improper irrigation and crop management for men and women, all contribute to poor water quality.  Though money is a major factor in improving these areas, in the case of erasing corruption and improving interdepartmental communication, stricter rules and enforcement of them is something that can be done immediately.  Increasing Water User Associations (WUAs) and establishing a communication chain between these associations and government departments is recommended.  Appointing field supervisors for designated areas to oversee WUAs and educate farmers on irrigation methods (like

text: drip irrigation

text: that applies water to the root zone which can reduce water use by 30 to 60 percent), effective water distribution during crop cycle,

text: crop rotation

text: and

text: soil management

text: .  Field supervisors can also monitor water levels, check on the maintenance of pumps and report on drainage structures.The World Bank has financed the agricultural drainage program in Egypt since 1970.  This program equips agricultural land with subsurface drains.  These drains are made of plastic pipes produced in government-owned plants in the Nile Valley and Delta.  Landholders pay for the installation of drains on a 20-year interest-free annual installments.  Subsurface drainage has shown to improve soil conditions and crop yield.  Educating farmers on the functioning of these subsurface drainages are needed to prevent a disruption of water supply to all connected fields.  Since these drainages cannot be seen on the surface, if a farmer closes a drain to keep more water in his field it will prevent water from reaching users beyond.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: What drives the water cycle?

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: What type of precipitation is mentioned in the passage?

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: improve soil conditions and crop yield

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Irrigation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: crop cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: What can be stored in snow and ice?

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: corruption

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: subsurface drains.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: subsurface drains.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: drip irrigation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: crop cycle,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: subsurface drains.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Appointing field supervisors

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: subsurface drains.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Appointing field supervisors for designated areas to oversee WUAs

text: When the outside air's dry- and wet-bulb temperatures are low enough, water-side economizers use water cooled by a wet cooling tower or a dry cooler (also called fluid cooler) to cool buildings without operating a chiller.  They are historically known as the strainer cycle, but the water-side economizer is not a true thermodynamic cycle.  Also, instead of passing the cooling tower water through a strainer and then to the cooling coils, which causes fouling, more often a plate-and-frame heat exchanger is inserted between the cooling tower and chilled water loops.

text: When the outside air's dry- and wet-bulb temperatures are low enough, water-side economizers use water cooled by a wet

text: cooling tower

text: or a dry cooler (also called fluid cooler) to cool buildings without operating a

text: chiller

text: .  They are historically known as the strainer cycle, but the water-side economizer is not a true

text: thermodynamic

text: cycle.  Also, instead of passing the cooling tower water through a strainer and then to the cooling coils, which causes fouling, more often a plate-and-frame heat exchanger is inserted between the cooling tower and chilled water loops.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: water cooled by a wet cooling tower or a dry cooler

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: water-side economizers

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: strainer cycle,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: heat exchanger

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: wet-bulb temperatures

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: water-side economizers

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: strainer cycle,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: strainer cycle,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: water-side economizers

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: a true thermodynamic cycle.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: water cooled by a wet cooling tower

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: water-side economizers use water

text: The pulsations result from a process called the κ-mechanism. A part of the star's outer atmosphere becomes optically thick due to partial ionization of certain elements. When these atoms lose an electron, the likelihood that they will absorb energy increases. This results in an increase in temperature that causes the atmosphere to expand. The inflated atmosphere becomes less ionized and loses energy, causing it to cool and shrink back down again. The result of this cycle is a periodic pulsation of the atmosphere and a matching variation of the luminosity.

text: The pulsations result from a process called the

text: κ-mechanism

text: . A part of the star's outer

text: atmosphere

text: becomes

text: optically thick

text: due to partial

text: ionization

text: of certain elements. When these atoms lose an

text: electron

text: , the likelihood that they will absorb energy increases. This results in an increase in temperature that causes the atmosphere to expand. The inflated atmosphere becomes less ionized and loses energy, causing it to cool and shrink back down again. The result of this cycle is a periodic pulsation of the atmosphere and a matching variation of the luminosity.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: shrink back down again

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: expands

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: What is stored in snow and ice?

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: partial ionization of certain elements.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: ionization

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: ionization

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: shrink back down again.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: <unk>-mechanism.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: <unk>-mechanism.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: <unk>-mechanism.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: expand.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: <unk>-mechanism.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: <unk>-mechanism.

text: The oceans cover almost two-third of the surface of the earth and capture a majority of the solar energy that reaches the earth. Especially in tropical regions, solar energy is absorbed by the ocean and stored as heat. The balance between the incoming solar radiation and the heat loss due to evaporation and convection accounts for a constant temperature of the oceanic surface water. 				As depth increases, the ocean water becomes colder, due to the accumulation of ice-cold water that has melted from the polar regions. Because of its higher density, this cold water flows along the bottom of the ocean from the poles towards the equator, displacing the lower-density water above. These two phenomena provide for a layered oceanic structure in deep, tropical oceans with a reservoir of warm water at the surface and a reservoir of cold water deeper in the ocean. The temperature difference between these layers varies between 22 °C and 25 °C. Until today this vast sustainable energy reservoir remains largely unused.

text: The oceans cover almost two-third of the surface of the earth and capture a majority of the solar energy that reaches the earth. Especially in tropical regions, solar energy is absorbed by the ocean and stored as heat. The balance between the incoming solar radiation and the heat loss due to evaporation and convection accounts for a constant temperature of the oceanic surface water. 				As depth increases, the ocean water becomes colder, due to the accumulation of ice-cold water that has melted from the polar regions. Because of its higher density, this cold water flows along the bottom of the ocean from the poles towards the equator, displacing the lower-density water above. These two phenomena provide for a layered oceanic structure in deep, tropical oceans with a reservoir of warm water at the surface and a reservoir of cold water deeper in the ocean. The temperature difference between these layers varies between 22 °C and 25 °C. Until today this vast sustainable energy reservoir remains largely unused.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: balance between the incoming solar radiation and the heat loss

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Evaporation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: ice-cold water that has melted from the polar regions

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: The balance between the incoming solar radiation and the heat loss

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: solar energy

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: ice-cold water that has melted from the polar regions.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: evaporation and convection

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: ice-cold water that has melted from the polar regions.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: ice-cold water that has melted from the polar regions.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: ice-cold water

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The oceans

text: Measurements of small variations in the natural abundances of deuterium, along with those of the stable heavy oxygen isotopes O and O, are of importance in hydrology, to trace the geographic origin of Earth's waters. The heavy isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen in rainwater (so-called meteoric water) are enriched as a function of the environmental temperature of the region in which the precipitation falls (and thus enrichment is related to mean latitude). The relative enrichment of the heavy isotopes in rainwater (as referenced to mean ocean water), when plotted against temperature falls predictably along a line called the global meteoric water line (GMWL). This plot allows samples of precipitation-originated water to be identified along with general information about the climate in which it originated. Evaporative and other processes in bodies of water, and also ground water processes, also differentially alter the ratios of heavy hydrogen and oxygen isotopes in fresh and salt waters, in characteristic and often regionally distinctive ways. The ratio of concentration of H to H is usually indicated with a delta as δH and the geographic patterns of these values are plotted in maps termed as isoscapes. Stable isotope are incorporated into plants and animals and an analysis of the ratios in a migrant bird or insect can help suggest a rough guide to their origins.

text: Measurements of small variations in the natural abundances of deuterium, along with those of the stable heavy oxygen isotopes O and O, are of importance in

text: hydrology

text: , to trace the geographic origin of Earth's waters. The heavy isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen in rainwater (so-called

text: meteoric water

text: ) are enriched as a function of the environmental temperature of the region in which the precipitation falls (and thus enrichment is related to mean latitude). The relative enrichment of the heavy isotopes in rainwater (as referenced to mean ocean water), when plotted against temperature falls predictably along a line called the

text: global meteoric water line

text: (GMWL). This plot allows samples of precipitation-originated water to be identified along with general information about the climate in which it originated. Evaporative and other processes in bodies of water, and also ground water processes, also differentially alter the ratios of heavy hydrogen and oxygen isotopes in fresh and salt waters, in characteristic and often regionally distinctive ways. The ratio of concentration of H to H is usually indicated with a delta as δH and the geographic patterns of these values are plotted in maps termed as isoscapes. Stable isotope are incorporated into plants and animals and an analysis of the ratios in a migrant bird or insect can help suggest a rough guide to their origins.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Evaporative and other processes

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Evaporative

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Evaporative and other processes in bodies of water

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Evaporative

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrology

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: It can be stored for future use in snow and ice

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: environmental temperature

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Evaporative

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: ground water processes,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Evaporative

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrology,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: The heavy isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen in rainwater

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: mean latitude).

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: rainwater

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Measurements of small variations in the natural abundances of deuterium,

text: While the dam is being filled, the surrounding groundwater level rises. The dam failure may trigger further catastrophic processes. As the water level rapidly drops, the uncompensated groundwater hydraulic pressure may initiate additional landslides. Those that fall into the dam reservoir may lead to further catastrophic spillages.  Moreover, the resulting flood may undercut the sides of the river valley to further produce landslides downstream.

text: While the dam is being filled, the surrounding

text: groundwater

text: level rises. The dam failure may trigger further catastrophic processes. As the water level rapidly drops, the uncompensated groundwater

text: hydraulic pressure

text: may initiate additional landslides. Those that fall into the dam reservoir may lead to further catastrophic spillages.  Moreover, the resulting

text: flood

text: may undercut the sides of the river

text: valley

text: to further produce landslides downstream.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: landslides downstream

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: uncompensated groundwater hydraulic pressure

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: drops, the uncompensated groundwater hydraulic pressure

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: While the dam is being filled, the surrounding groundwater

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: landslides.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: While the dam is being filled, the surrounding groundwater level rises.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: While the dam is being filled, the surrounding groundwater level rises.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: the surrounding groundwater level rises.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: While the dam is being filled, the surrounding groundwater

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: While the dam is being filled, the surrounding groundwater level rises.

text: Namibia is the driest country in sub-Saharan Africa and depends largely on groundwater. With an average rainfall of about 350 mm per annum, the highest rainfall occurs in the Caprivi in the northeast (about 600 mm per annum) and decreases in a westerly and southwesterly direction to as little as 50 mm and less per annum at the coast. The only perennial rivers are found on the national borders with South Africa, Angola, Zambia, and the short border with Botswana in the Caprivi. In the interior of the country, surface water is available only in the summer months when rivers are in flood after exceptional rainfalls. Otherwise, surface water is restricted to a few large storage dams retaining and damming up these seasonal floods and their runoff. Where people do not live near perennial rivers or make use of the storage dams, they are dependent on groundwater. Even isolated communities and those economic activities located far from good surface water sources, such as mining, agriculture, and tourism, can be supplied from groundwater over nearly 80% of the country.

text: Namibia is the driest country in

text: sub-Saharan Africa

text: and depends largely on groundwater. With an average rainfall of about 350 mm per annum, the highest rainfall occurs in the

text: Caprivi

text: in the northeast (about 600 mm per annum) and decreases in a westerly and southwesterly direction to as little as 50 mm and less per annum at the coast. The only perennial rivers are found on the national borders with

text: South Africa

text: Angola

text: Zambia

text: , and the short border with

text: Botswana

text: in the

text: Caprivi

text: . In the interior of the country, surface water is available only in the summer months when rivers are in flood after exceptional rainfalls. Otherwise, surface water is restricted to a few large storage dams retaining and damming up these seasonal floods and their runoff. Where people do not live near perennial rivers or make use of the storage dams, they are dependent on groundwater. Even isolated communities and those economic activities located far from good surface water sources, such as mining, agriculture, and tourism, can be supplied from groundwater over nearly 80% of the country.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the highest rainfall occurs in the Caprivi

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: rainfall

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the highest rainfall

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: rainfall

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rainfall

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: surface water is restricted to a few large storage dams

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Namibia

text: In a study of carbon cycle up to the end of the 21st century, Cox et al. (2000) predicted that the rate of CO uptake will begin to saturate at a maximum rate at 5 gigatons of carbon per year by 2100.  This was partially due to non-linearities in the seawater carbonate system, but also due to climate change.  Ocean warming decreases the solubility of CO in seawater, slowing the ocean's response to emissions.  Warming also acts to increase ocean stratification, isolating the surface ocean from deeper waters.  Additionally, changes in the ocean's thermohaline circulation (specifically slowing) may act to decrease transport of dissolved CO into the deep ocean.  However, the magnitude of these processes is still uncertain, preventing good long-term estimates of the fate of the solubility pump.

text: In a study of carbon cycle up to the end of the 21st century, Cox et al. (2000) predicted that the rate of CO uptake will begin to saturate at a maximum rate at 5

text: gigaton

text: s of carbon per year by 2100.  This was partially due to

text: non-linearities

text: in the seawater carbonate system, but also due to

text: climate change

text: .  Ocean warming decreases the solubility of CO in seawater, slowing the ocean's response to emissions.  Warming also acts to increase ocean stratification, isolating the surface ocean from deeper waters.  Additionally, changes in the ocean's

text: thermohaline circulation

text: (specifically slowing) may act to decrease transport of dissolved CO into the deep ocean.  However, the magnitude of these processes is still uncertain, preventing good long-term estimates of the fate of the solubility pump.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: warming decreases the solubility of CO in seawater

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Carbon cycle

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: decreases the solubility of CO

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Ocean warming decreases the solubility of CO in seawater,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: warming

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: climate change. Ocean warming

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Ocean warming

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: carbon cycle

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: carbon cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Ocean warming

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: increase ocean stratification,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Ocean warming decreases the solubility of CO in seawater,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: carbon cycle up to the end of the 21st century,

text: Atmosphere is a monthly peer-reviewed open access scientific journal covering research related to the Earth`s atmosphere. The journal is published by MDPI and was established in 2010. The founding editor-in-chief was Daniela Jacob (Max-Planck-Institute for Meteorology) until 2014. The current editor-in-chief is Robert Talbot (University of Houston).

text: Atmosphere is a monthly

text: peer-reviewed

text: open access

text: scientific journal

text: covering research related to the Earth`s

text: atmosphere

text: . The journal is published by

text: MDPI

text: and was established in 2010. The founding

text: editor-in-chief

text: was Daniela Jacob (

text: Max-Planck-Institute for Meteorology

text: ) until 2014. The current editor-in-chief is Robert Talbot (

text: University of Houston

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: the atmosphere

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: meteorology

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Atmosphere

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: 2014.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Earth<unk>s atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Earth<unk>s atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: 2014.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Earth<unk>s atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Atmosphere

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: 2014.

text: During the mining process, water must be emptied. But after the mining operation has been abandoned, groundwater is allowed to seep in, and rainwater collects in the quarry.

text: During the mining process, water must be emptied. But after the mining operation has been abandoned, groundwater is allowed to seep in, and rainwater collects in the quarry.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: d).

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: groundwater seeping in

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: groundwater cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: groundwater is allowed to seep in,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: rainwater

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: rainwater collects in the quarry.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: groundwater is allowed to seep in,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: rainwater collects

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: During the mining process, water must be emptied.

text: Large amounts of carbon are exchanged each year between the ocean and the atmosphere. A major controlling factor in oceanic-atmospheric carbon exchange is thermohaline circulation. In regions of ocean upwelling, carbon rich water from the deep ocean comes to the surface and releases carbon into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide. Large amounts of carbon dioxide are dissolved in cold water in higher latitudes. This water sinks down and brings the carbon into the deeper ocean levels, where it can stay for anywhere between decades and several centuries. Ocean circulation events cause this process to be variable. For example, during El Nino events there is less deep ocean upwelling, leading to lower outgasing of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.

text: Large amounts of carbon are exchanged each year between the ocean and the atmosphere. A major controlling factor in oceanic-atmospheric carbon exchange is

text: thermohaline circulation

text: . In regions of ocean upwelling, carbon rich water from the deep ocean comes to the surface and releases carbon into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide. Large amounts of carbon dioxide are dissolved in cold water in higher latitudes. This water sinks down and brings the carbon into the deeper ocean levels, where it can stay for anywhere between decades and several centuries. Ocean circulation events cause this process to be variable. For example, during

text: El Nino

text: events there is less deep ocean upwelling, leading to lower outgasing of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: outgasing

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: dissolved in cold water in higher latitudes

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: outgasing

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: thermohaline circulation.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: ocean upwelling,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: El Nino events

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: thermohaline circulation.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: thermohaline circulation.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: carbon rich water

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: less deep ocean upwelling,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: cold water in higher latitudes.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Large amounts of carbon

text: The World Wildlife Foundation (WWF) in collaboration with local partners, is developing a water fund to finance responsible watershed management in Guatemala’s Sierra de las Minas Biosphere. Known as the 'water fund', water users which include bottling companies, distilleries, hydroelectric plants, and paper processing mills are showing their awareness that water is a strategic resource whose conservation must be planned for the long term, by making significant financial contributions towards environmental services in the region. The fund is meant to encourage short-term investments to optimize industrial water use as a means of reducing effluents to the Motagua and Polochic Rivers.

text: The

text: World Wildlife Foundation

text: (WWF) in collaboration with local partners, is developing a water fund to finance responsible watershed management in Guatemala’s Sierra de las Minas Biosphere. Known as the 'water fund', water users which include bottling companies, distilleries, hydroelectric plants, and paper processing mills are showing their awareness that water is a strategic resource whose conservation must be planned for the long term, by making significant financial contributions towards environmental services in the region. The fund is meant to encourage short-term investments to optimize industrial water use as a means of reducing effluents to the Motagua and Polochic Rivers.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: What kind of weather does the Sierra de las Minas Biosphere experience?

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: distilleries

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: reducing effluents

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: hydroelectric plants,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: reducing effluents

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: reducing effluents

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: watershed management

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: reducing effluents

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: water is a strategic resource

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: water is a strategic resource

text: A gilgai is a small, ephemeral lake formed from a depression in the soil surface in expanding clay soils. Additionally, the term "gilgai" is used to refer to the overall micro-relief in such areas, consisting of mounds and depressions, not just the lakes themselves. The name comes from an Australian Aboriginal word meaning small water hole. These pools are commonly a few metres across and less than  deep, however in some instances they may be several metres deep and up to  across. Gilgais are found worldwide wherever cracking clay soils and pronounced wet and dry seasons are present. Gilgais are also called melonholes, crabholes, hogwallows or puff and shelf formations.Gilgais are thought to form in vertisols through repeated cycles of swelling of the clay when wet and subsequent shrinkage upon drying. This action, known as argilliturbation, causes the soil to crack when dry and loose soil material then fills these cracks. When the soil swells upon subsequent re-wetting the soil pressure cannot be dispersed into the now-full cracks and the soil is forced sideways causing a mound to form between cracks and a depression to form at the location of the crack. The process is then further exaggerated by the depressions holding water and thus becoming wetter and swelling more than the mounds, causing even greater shrinkage and cracking. In addition, the cracks channel water deeply into the soil causing even greater swelling and subsequent cracking of the depression areas. Each cycle of swelling, shrinkage and cracking becomes more exaggerated and the landscape eventually becomes covered by a repeated pattern of mounds and depressions. The depressions hold surface water during the wet seasons.

text: A gilgai is a small,

text: ephemeral

text: lake formed from a depression in the soil surface in expanding clay soils. Additionally, the term "gilgai" is used to refer to the overall micro-relief in such areas, consisting of mounds and depressions, not just the lakes themselves. The name comes from an

text: Australian Aboriginal

text: word meaning small water hole. These pools are commonly a few metres across and less than  deep, however in some instances they may be several metres deep and up to  across. Gilgais are found worldwide wherever

text: cracking clay soils

text: and pronounced wet and dry seasons are present. Gilgais are also called melonholes, crabholes, hogwallows or puff and shelf formations.Gilgais are thought to form in

text: vertisol

text: s through repeated cycles of swelling of the clay when wet and subsequent shrinkage upon drying. This action, known as

text: argilliturbation

text: , causes the soil to crack when dry and loose soil material then fills these cracks. When the soil swells upon subsequent re-wetting the soil pressure cannot be dispersed into the now-full cracks and the soil is forced sideways causing a mound to form between cracks and a depression to form at the location of the crack. The process is then further exaggerated by the depressions holding water and thus becoming wetter and swelling more than the mounds, causing even greater shrinkage and cracking. In addition, the cracks channel water deeply into the soil causing even greater swelling and subsequent cracking of the depression areas. Each cycle of swelling, shrinkage and cracking becomes more exaggerated and the landscape eventually becomes covered by a repeated pattern of mounds and depressions. The depressions hold surface water during the wet seasons.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: The depressions hold surface water during the wet seasons.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: What type of weather does argilliturbation cause?

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: argilliturbation

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: argilliturbation

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: What can be stored in snow and ice?

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: argilliturbation,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: argilliturbation,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: wet seasons.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: soil swells upon subsequent re-wetting

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: argilliturbation,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: argilliturbation,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: cracks.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: soil pressure

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: The depressions hold surface water

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: the cracks channel water deeply into the soil

text: Applying this same sensibility to photography, Alfred Stieglitz later stated it this way: "Atmosphere is the medium through which we see all things. In order, therefore, to see them in their true value on a photograph, as we do in Nature, atmosphere must be there. Atmosphere softens all lines; it graduates the transition from light to shade; it is essential to the reproduction of the sense of distance. That dimness of outline which is characteristic for distant objects is due to atmosphere. Now, what atmosphere is to Nature, tone is to a picture."

text: Applying this same sensibility to photography,

text: Alfred Stieglitz

text: later stated it this way: "Atmosphere is the medium through which we see all things. In order, therefore, to see them in their true value on a photograph, as we do in Nature, atmosphere must be there. Atmosphere softens all lines; it graduates the transition from light to shade; it is essential to the reproduction of the sense of distance. That dimness of outline which is characteristic for distant objects is due to atmosphere. Now, what atmosphere is to Nature, tone is to a picture."

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the transition from light to shade

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Atmosphere

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Atmosphere

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: "Atmosphere

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: transition from light to shade;

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: "Atmosphere

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: light to shade;

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Alfred Stieglitz

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Atmosphere softens all lines;

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: "Atmosphere

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Applying this same sensibility to photography, Alfred Stieglitz

text: The Piemont-Liguria Ocean and the Valais Ocean are, together with some other small oceanic basins, called Alpine Tethys Ocean or Western Tethys Ocean. The Tethys Ocean itself is sometimes considered to have begun east of the Apulian and African plates, but normally the Alpine Tethys is regarded as part of it.

text: The Piemont-Liguria Ocean and the Valais Ocean are, together with some other small oceanic basins, called Alpine Tethys Ocean or Western Tethys Ocean. The

text: Tethys Ocean

text: itself is sometimes considered to have begun east of the Apulian and African plates, but normally the Alpine Tethys is regarded as part of it.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Alpine Tethys Ocean

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Apulian and African plates,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Alpine Tethys

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: The Piemont-Liguria Ocean

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Piemont-Liguria Ocean and the Valais Ocean

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: The Piemont-Liguria Ocean

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Alpine Tethys Ocean

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Alpine Tethys Ocean

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: The Piemont-Liguria Ocean

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Alpine Tethys Ocean

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Alpine Tethys Ocean

text: The hydrological cycle transfers water from one state or reservoir to another. Reservoirs include atmospheric moisture (snow, rain and clouds),streams, oceans, rivers, lakes, groundwater, subterranean aquifers, polar icecaps and saturated soil. Solar energy, in the form of heat and light (insolation), and gravity cause the transfer from one state to another over periods from hours to thousands of years. Most evaporation comes from the oceans and is returned to the earth as snow or rain (page 27). Sublimation refers to evaporation from snow and ice. Transpiration refers to the expiration of water through the minute pores or stomata of trees. Evapotranspiration is the term used by hydrologists in reference to the three processes together, transpiration, sublimation and evaporation.

text: The

text: hydrological cycle

text: transfers water from one state or reservoir to another. Reservoirs include atmospheric moisture (snow, rain and clouds),streams, oceans, rivers, lakes, groundwater, subterranean aquifers, polar icecaps and saturated soil.

text: Solar energy

text: , in the form of heat and light (

text: insolation

text: ), and

text: gravity

text: cause the transfer from one state to another over periods from hours to thousands of years. Most

text: evaporation

text: comes from the oceans and is returned to the earth as snow or rain (page 27).

text: Sublimation

text: refers to evaporation from snow and ice. Transpiration refers to the expiration of water through the minute pores or stomata of trees.

text: Evapotranspiration

text: is the term used by

text: hydrologists

text: in reference to the three processes together, transpiration, sublimation and evaporation.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Solar energy

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Sublimation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: atmospheric moisture

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: snow and ice

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: evapotranspiration

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: gravity

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Solar energy,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: atmospheric moisture

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: evaporation from snow and ice.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrological

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: saturated soil.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: gravity

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Sublimation

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The hydrological cycle

text: As primary production in the biosphere is an important part of the carbon cycle, estimating it at the global scale is important in Earth system science.  However, quantifying primary production at this scale is difficult because of the range of habitats on Earth, and because of the impact of weather events (availability of sunlight, water) on its variability.  Using satellite-derived estimates of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) for terrestrial habitats and sea-surface chlorophyll for the oceans, it is estimated that the total (photoautotrophic) primary production for the Earth was 104.9 Gt C yr.  Of this, 56.4 Gt C yr (53.8%), was the product of terrestrial organisms, while the remaining 48.5 Gt C yr, was accounted for by oceanic production.

text: As primary production in the

text: biosphere

text: is an important part of the

text: carbon cycle

text: , estimating it at the global scale is important in

text: Earth system science

text: .  However, quantifying primary production at this scale is difficult because of the range of

text: habitat

text: s on Earth, and because of the impact of

text: weather

text: events (availability of sunlight, water) on its variability.  Using

text: satellite

text: -derived estimates of the

text: Normalized Difference Vegetation Index

text: (NDVI) for terrestrial habitats and sea-surface

text: chlorophyll

text: for the oceans, it is estimated that the total (photoautotrophic) primary production for the Earth was 104.9

text: Gt

text: C yr.  Of this, 56.4 Gt C yr (53.8%), was the product of terrestrial organisms, while the remaining 48.5 Gt C yr, was accounted for by oceanic production.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: weather events

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: oceanic production

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Vegetation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: weather events

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: weather events

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: weather events

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Normalized Difference Vegetation Index

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Normalized Difference Vegetation Index

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: carbon cycle,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: oceanic production.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: (availability of sunlight, water)

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: 56.4 Gt C yr

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: 104.9 Gt C yr.

text: The COEP project has a number of energy budget and water cycle objectives. First is to produce more consistent research with better error definitions. Second is to better determine how energy flux and water cycles involve in feedback mechanisms. Third is to the predictability of important variables and improved parametric analysis to better model these processes. Forth, to collaborate with other hydrological science projects to create tools for assessing the water-system consequences of predictions and global climate change.

text: The COEP project has a number of energy budget and water cycle objectives. First is to produce more consistent research with better error definitions. Second is to better determine how energy flux and water cycles involve in feedback mechanisms. Third is to the predictability of important variables and improved parametric analysis to better model these processes. Forth, to collaborate with other hydrological science projects to create tools for assessing the water-system consequences of predictions and global climate change.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: energy flux

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: gaseous

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: global climate change

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrological science

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: global climate change

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: It can be stored in snow and ice

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: energy flux

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: water cycles

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water cycle

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: energy flux and water cycles involve in feedback mechanisms.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: feedback mechanisms.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: energy flux

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: the water-system consequences of predictions and global climate change.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: feedback mechanisms.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: water cycle

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The COEP project

text: Deforestation is a threat to forests according to foresters. Deforestation is the permanent destruction of forests and woodlands. Deforestation is brought about by commercial logging, conversion of woodlands to agricultural land, and the felling of trees for firewood and building material. Commercial logging is that harvest of timber products for the profit that is gained from selling the product. Illegal logging is a threat to forests. Illegal logging is the harvest of timber for economic gain without permission. This method is a threat because it impedes plans and upkeep of a forest. Forests are lost to urban development and building projects. When forest are cleared for these reasons, it creates problems that foresters are concerned with. When heavy machinery is used to clear forests or develop land, the soil becomes compacted. When the soil is compacted, the soil particles are packed tightly together. Soil compaction results in water supply not being absorbed by tree roots and can be deadly to the growth of trees. Soil compaction also can create flooding. Compacted soil can not filter the groundwater into the soil, therefore water can build up on the surface creating flooding as a result. Species extinction is another threat to our forests. With the removal of forests, animal and plant species suffer. Animal species can not survive without the adequate needs of their lifestyle. Animals need cover, food, and safe areas for the reproduction process. Altering their environment disrupts the life cycle of animal species and they are oftentimes not able to adapt. Food sources are lost to deforestation. Animal species tend to consume plant life to maintain themselves. With the removal of forests this can result in animals not being able to find food in order to survive. Unmanaged recreational use is also a threat to forests. Unmanaged reacreational use is the use of the forested lands by the public at an uncontrolled rate. As recreational use as increased among forests, foresters have noticed an increase in land management that is needed. Invasive species threaten forests ecosystems. Invasive species are any species that is not native to that ecosystem and economic harm along with harm to the environment. Invasive species cause disruptions in the function of the ecosystem. These species not only affect the plants within a forest, but they can affect the animals within an ecosystem as well. The financial impact cause by invasive species is 138 billion dollars per year with economic loss and control costs.

text: Deforestation

text: is a threat to forests according to foresters. Deforestation is the permanent destruction of forests and

text: woodland

text: s. Deforestation is brought about by commercial

text: logging

text: , conversion of woodlands to agricultural land, and the felling of trees for firewood and building material. Commercial logging is that harvest of timber products for the profit that is gained from selling the product. Illegal logging is a threat to forests. Illegal logging is the harvest of timber for economic gain without permission. This method is a threat because it impedes plans and upkeep of a forest. Forests are lost to

text: urban development

text: and building projects. When forest are cleared for these reasons, it creates problems that foresters are concerned with. When heavy machinery is used to clear forests or develop land, the soil becomes compacted. When the soil is compacted, the soil particles are packed tightly together.

text: Soil compaction

text: results in water supply not being absorbed by tree roots and can be deadly to the growth of trees. Soil compaction also can create flooding. Compacted soil can not filter the groundwater into the soil, therefore water can build up on the surface creating flooding as a result. Species

text: extinction

text: is another threat to our forests. With the removal of forests, animal and plant species suffer. Animal species can not survive without the adequate needs of their lifestyle. Animals need cover, food, and safe areas for the

text: reproduction

text: process. Altering their environment disrupts the life cycle of animal species and they are oftentimes not able to adapt. Food sources are lost to deforestation. Animal species tend to consume plant life to maintain themselves. With the removal of forests this can result in animals not being able to find food in order to survive. Unmanaged recreational use is also a threat to forests. Unmanaged reacreational use is the use of the forested lands by the public at an uncontrolled rate. As recreational use as increased among forests, foresters have noticed an increase in land management that is needed. Invasive species threaten forests ecosystems.

text: Invasive species

text: are any species that is not native to that ecosystem and economic harm along with harm to the environment. Invasive species cause disruptions in the function of the ecosystem. These species not only affect the plants within a forest, but they can affect the animals within an ecosystem as well. The financial impact cause by invasive species is 138 billion dollars per year with economic loss and control costs.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Compacted soil can not filter the groundwater into the soil

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: vaporization

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of flooding?

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: commercial logging

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Deforestation is a threat to forests.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: deforestation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Which of the following is not a threat to forests?

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Invasive species threaten forests ecosystems

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Soil compaction

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: absorbed by tree roots

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: flooding

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: soil, therefore water can build up on the surface creating flooding

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Invasive species

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: flooding

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Invasive species

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: can not filter the groundwater

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Invasive species

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Invasive species

text: While the warm surface waters of the oceans have limited ability to absorb anthropogenic carbon dioxide, the coldest surface waters near the poles (2–3% of ocean surfaces) can transfer significant amounts of carbon dioxide to deep-ocean reserves.  Over a period of many centuries, this process and the process of calcium carbonate absorption of carbon dioxide on land and in the oceans will remove 60–80% of the excess carbon dioxide.

text: While the warm surface waters of the oceans have limited ability to absorb anthropogenic carbon dioxide, the coldest surface waters near the poles (2–3% of ocean surfaces) can transfer significant amounts of carbon dioxide to deep-ocean reserves.  Over a period of many centuries, this process and the process of calcium carbonate absorption of carbon dioxide on land and in the oceans will remove 60–80% of the excess carbon dioxide.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: What is a type of precipitation?

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: deep-ocean reserves

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: carbon dioxide,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: coldest surface waters

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: anthropogenic carbon dioxide,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: coldest surface waters near the poles

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: calcium carbonate absorption

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: warm surface waters

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: warm surface waters of the oceans

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: limited ability to absorb anthropogenic carbon dioxide,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: deep-ocean reserves.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: While the warm surface waters

text: The water content of the atmosphere as a whole is constantly depleted by precipitation. At the same time it is constantly replenished by evaporation, most prominently from seas, lakes, rivers, and moist earth. Other sources of atmospheric water include combustion, respiration, volcanic eruptions, the transpiration of plants, and various other biological and geological processes. The mean global content of water vapor in the atmosphere is roughly sufficient to cover the surface of the planet with a layer of liquid water about 25 mm deep. The mean annual precipitation for the planet is about 1 meter, which implies a rapid turnover of water in the air – on average, the residence time of a water molecule in the troposphere is about 9 to 10 days.

text: The water content of the atmosphere as a whole is constantly depleted by precipitation. At the same time it is constantly replenished by evaporation, most prominently from seas, lakes, rivers, and moist earth. Other sources of atmospheric water include combustion, respiration, volcanic eruptions, the transpiration of plants, and various other biological and geological processes. The mean global content of water vapor in the atmosphere is roughly sufficient to cover the surface of the planet with a layer of liquid water about 25 mm deep. The mean annual precipitation for the planet is about 1 meter, which implies a rapid turnover of water in the air – on average, the residence time of a water molecule in the

text: troposphere

text: is about 9 to 10 days.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: constant depleted by precipitation

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: vaporization

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: volcanic eruptions

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: precipitation.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporation,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: volcanic eruptions,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: it is constantly replenished by evaporation,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: evaporation,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: evaporation,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The water

text: In agriculture, soil compaction is a complex problem in which soil, crops, weather and machinery interact. External pressure due to the use of heavy machinery and inappropriate soil management can lead to the compaction of subsoil, creating impermeable layers within the soil that restrict water and nutrient cycles. This process can cause on-site effects such as reduced crop growth, yield and quality as well as off-site effects such as increased surface water run-off, soil erosion, greenhouse gas emissions, eutrophication, reduced groundwater recharge and a loss of biodiversity.

text: In agriculture, soil compaction is a complex problem in which soil, crops, weather and machinery interact. External pressure due to the use of heavy machinery and inappropriate soil management can lead to the compaction of

text: subsoil

text: , creating impermeable layers within the soil that restrict

text: water

text: and nutrient cycles. This process can cause on-site effects such as reduced crop growth, yield and quality as well as off-site effects such as increased

text: surface water

text: run-off,

text: soil erosion

text: greenhouse gas emissions

text: eutrophication

text: , reduced groundwater recharge and a loss of

text: biodiversity

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: greenhouse gas emissions

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: What types of weather can cause soil compaction?

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: greenhouse gas emissions

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: greenhouse gas emissions

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: decreases

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: None of the above choices

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: impermeable layers

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: greenhouse gas emissions,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: weather

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: greenhouse gas emissions,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: greenhouse gas emissions,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: surface water run-off,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: impermeable layers

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: soil erosion,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: water and nutrient cycles.

text: Kelvin waves have been connected to El Niño (beginning in the Northern Hemisphere winter months) in recent years in terms of precursors to this atmospheric and oceanic phenomenon.  Many scientists have utilized coupled atmosphere–ocean models to simulate an El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) event and have stated that the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) can trigger oceanic Kelvin waves throughout its 30- to 60-day cycle or the latent heat of condensation can be released (from intense convection) resulting in Kelvin waves as well; this process can then signal the onset of an El Niño event.  The weak low pressure in the Indian Ocean (due to the MJO) typically propagates eastward into the North Pacific Ocean and can produce easterly winds.  These easterly winds can transfer West Pacific warm water toward the east, thereby exciting a Kelvin wave, which in this sense can be thought of as a warm-water anomaly that travels under the ocean’s surface at a depth of about 150 meters.  This wave can be observed at the surface by a slight rise in sea surface height of about 8 cm (associated with  a depression of the thermocline) and an SST increase that covers hundreds of square miles across the surface of the ocean.

text: Kelvin waves have been connected to El Niño (beginning in the Northern Hemisphere winter months) in recent years in terms of precursors to this atmospheric and oceanic phenomenon.  Many scientists have utilized coupled atmosphere–ocean models to simulate an

text: El Niño Southern Oscillation

text: (ENSO) event and have stated that the

text: Madden–Julian oscillation

text: (MJO) can trigger oceanic Kelvin waves throughout its 30- to 60-day cycle or the latent heat of condensation can be released (from intense convection) resulting in Kelvin waves as well; this process can then signal the onset of an El Niño event.  The weak low pressure in the

text: Indian Ocean

text: (due to the MJO) typically propagates eastward into the

text: North Pacific Ocean

text: and can produce easterly winds.  These easterly winds can transfer

text: West Pacific

text: warm water toward the east, thereby exciting a Kelvin wave, which in this sense can be thought of as a warm-water anomaly that travels under the ocean’s surface at a depth of about 150 meters.  This wave can be observed at the surface by a slight rise in sea surface height of about 8 cm (associated with  a depression of the thermocline) and an

text: SST

text: increase that covers hundreds of square miles across the surface of the ocean.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: latent heat of condensation

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: condensation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: What kind of precipitation can be released from intense convection

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Kelvin waves

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: condensation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: latent heat of condensation

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: condensation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Kelvin waves

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: latent heat of condensation can be released (from intense convection)

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: condensation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: SST

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: warm water

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: depression of the thermocline)

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: warm water

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Kelvin waves have been connected to El Ni<unk>o

text: Soil classification is a dynamic subject, from the structure of the system itself, to the definitions of classes, and finally in the application in the field. Soil classification can be approached from the perspective of soil as a material and soil as a resource.

text: Soil classification is a dynamic subject, from the structure of the system itself, to the definitions of classes, and finally in the application in the field. Soil classification can be approached from the perspective of soil as a material and soil as a resource.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Soil classification

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Soil classification

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Soil classification is a dynamic subject,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Soil classification is a dynamic subject,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Soil classification

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Soil classification is a dynamic subject,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Soil classification

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Soil classification

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Soil classification is a dynamic subject,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Soil classification

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Soil classification

text: Currently, the in-situ process is the most attractive proposition due to the reduction in standard surface environmental problems. However, in-situ processes do involve possible significant environmental costs to aquifers, especially since in-situ methods may require ice-capping or some other form of barrier to restrict the flow of the newly gained oil into the groundwater aquifers. However, after the removal of the freeze wall these methods can still cause groundwater contamination as the hydraulic conductivity of the remaining shale increases allowing groundwater to flow through and leach salts from the newly toxic aquifer.

text: Currently, the

text: in-situ

text: process is the most attractive proposition due to the reduction in standard surface environmental problems. However, in-situ processes do involve possible significant environmental costs to

text: aquifer

text: s, especially since in-situ methods may require ice-capping or some other form of barrier to restrict the flow of the newly gained oil into the groundwater aquifers. However, after the removal of the freeze wall these methods can still cause groundwater contamination as the hydraulic conductivity of the remaining shale increases allowing groundwater to flow through and leach salts from the newly toxic aquifer.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: ice-capping

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: leach salts

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: freeze wall

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: surface environmental problems.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: freeze wall

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: in-situ process

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: in-situ process

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: hydraulic conductivity

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: ice-capping

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Currently, the in-situ process

text: The thermodynamic cycle of the basic combined cycle consists of two power plant cycles. One is the Joule or Brayton cycle which is a gas turbine cycle and the other is Rankine cycle which is a steam turbine cycle. The cycle 1-2-3-4-1 which is the gas turbine power plant cycle is the topping cycle. It depicts the heat and work transfer process taking place in high temperature region.

text: The

text: thermodynamic cycle

text: of the basic combined cycle consists of two power plant cycles. One is the Joule or

text: Brayton cycle

text: which is a

text: gas turbine

text: cycle and the other is

text: Rankine cycle

text: which is a

text: steam turbine

text: cycle. The cycle 1-2-3-4-1 which is the

text: gas turbine power plant

text: cycle is the topping cycle. It depicts the heat and work transfer process taking place in high temperature region.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Rankine cycle

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: heat and work transfer process taking place in high temperature region.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: high temperature region.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: heat and work transfer process taking place in high temperature region.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Rankine cycle

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: topping cycle.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: topping cycle.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: high temperature region.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: heat and work transfer process

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: The thermodynamic cycle

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The thermodynamic cycle

text: Water can be considered a renewable material when carefully controlled usage, treatment, and release are followed. If not, it would become a non-renewable resource at that location. For example, groundwater is usually removed from an aquifer at a rate much greater than its very slow natural recharge, and so groundwater is considered non-renewable. Removal of water from the pore spaces may cause permanent compaction (subsidence) that cannot be renewed. 97.5% of the water on the Earth is salt water, and 3% is fresh water; slightly over two thirds of this is frozen in glaciers and polar ice caps. The remaining unfrozen freshwater is found mainly as groundwater, with only a small fraction (0.008%) present above ground or in the air.

text: Water

text: can be considered a renewable material when carefully controlled usage, treatment, and release are followed. If not, it would become a non-renewable resource at that location. For example,

text: groundwater

text: is usually removed from an

text: aquifer

text: at a rate much greater than its very slow natural recharge, and so groundwater is considered non-renewable. Removal of water from the pore spaces may cause permanent compaction (

text: subsidence

text: ) that cannot be renewed. 97.5% of the water on the Earth is salt water, and 3% is

text: fresh water

text: ; slightly over two thirds of this is frozen in

text: glacier

text: s and

text: polar

text: ice cap

text: s. The remaining unfrozen freshwater is found mainly as groundwater, with only a small fraction (0.008%) present above ground or in the air.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: non-renewable

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: polar ice caps

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: 0.008%

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: natural recharge

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: subsidence

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: carefully controlled usage, treatment, and release

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Water

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Removal of water from the pore spaces

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: release

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: usage, treatment, and release

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: non-renewable resource at that location. For example, groundwater

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: (subsidence)

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: glaciers and polar ice caps.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Water can be considered a renewable material

text: In order to heat water using solar energy, a collector, often fastened to a roof or a wall facing the sun, heats a working fluid that is either pumped (active system) or driven by natural convection (passive system) through it. The collector could be made of a simple glass-topped insulated box with a flat solar absorber made of sheet metal, attached to copper heat exchanger pipes and dark-colored, or a set of metal tubes surrounded by an evacuated (near vacuum) glass cylinder. In industrial cases a parabolic mirror can concentrate sunlight on the tube. Heat is stored in a hot water storage tank. The volume of this tank needs to be larger with solar heating systems in order to allow for bad weather, and because the optimum final temperature for the solar collector is lower than a typical immersion or combustion heater. The heat transfer fluid (HTF) for the absorber may be the hot water from the tank, but more commonly (at least in active systems) is a separate loop of fluid containing anti-freeze and a corrosion inhibitor which delivers heat to the tank through a heat exchanger (commonly a coil of copper heat exchanger tubing within the tank). Copper is an important component in solar thermal heating and cooling systems because of its high heat conductivity, resistance to atmospheric and water corrosion, sealing and joining by soldering, and mechanical strength. Copper is used both in receivers and primary circuits (pipes and heat exchangers for water tanks).

text: In order to heat water using solar energy, a collector, often fastened to a roof or a wall facing the sun, heats a

text: working fluid

text: that is either pumped (active system) or driven by

text: natural convection

text: (passive system) through it. The collector could be made of a simple glass-topped insulated box with a flat solar absorber made of sheet metal, attached to

text: copper heat exchanger pipes

text: and dark-colored, or a set of metal tubes surrounded by an evacuated (near vacuum) glass cylinder. In industrial cases a

text: parabolic mirror

text: can concentrate sunlight on the tube. Heat is stored in a

text: hot water storage tank

text: . The volume of this tank needs to be larger with solar heating systems in order to allow for bad weather, and because the optimum final temperature for the solar collector is lower than a typical immersion or combustion heater. The heat transfer fluid (HTF) for the absorber may be the hot water from the tank, but more commonly (at least in active systems) is a separate loop of fluid containing

text: anti-freeze

text: and a

text: corrosion inhibitor

text: which delivers heat to the tank through a

text: heat exchanger

text: (commonly a coil of

text: copper heat exchanger tubing

text: within the tank).

entity_section: Solar water heaters (solar domestic hot water systems)

text: Copper is an important component in solar thermal heating and cooling systems

text: because of its high heat conductivity, resistance to atmospheric and water corrosion, sealing and joining by soldering, and mechanical strength. Copper is used both in receivers and primary circuits (pipes and heat exchangers for water tanks).

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: natural convection

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: bad weather

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: solar thermal heating and cooling systems

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: cooling

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: water cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: heat transfer fluid

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: natural convection

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: combustion

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: bad weather,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: parabolic mirror

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: natural convection

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: (active system) or driven by natural convection

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: hot water storage tank.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Copper

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Heat is stored in a hot water storage tank.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: In order to heat water using solar energy,

text: A Stirling cycle is like an Otto cycle, except that the adiabats are replaced by isotherms. It is also the same as an Ericsson cycle with the isobaric processes substituted for constant volume processes.

text: A Stirling cycle is like an Otto cycle, except that the adiabats are replaced by isotherms. It is also the same as an Ericsson cycle with the isobaric processes substituted for constant volume processes.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Ericsson cycle

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: isotherms

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: adiabats are replaced by isotherms.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Stirling cycle

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: A Stirling cycle

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Ericsson cycle

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Stirling cycle

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Otto cycle,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Otto cycle,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: adiabats are replaced by isotherms.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: A Stirling cycle

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: A Stirling cycle is like an Otto cycle,

text: Environmental soil science is the study of the interaction of humans with the pedosphere as well as critical aspects of the biosphere, the lithosphere, the hydrosphere, and the atmosphere. Environmental soil science addresses both the fundamental and applied aspects of the field including: buffers and surface water quality, vadose zone functions, septic drain field site assessment and function, land treatment of wastewater, stormwater, erosion control, soil contamination with metals and pesticides, remediation of contaminated soils, restoration of wetlands, soil degradation, nutrient management, movement of viruses and bacteria in soils and waters, bioremediation, application of molecular biology and genetic engineering to development of soil microbes that can degrade hazardous pollutants, land use, global warming, acid rain, and the study of anthropogenic soils, such as terra preta. Much of the research done in environmental soil science is produced through the use of models.

text: Environmental soil science is the study of the interaction of humans with the

text: pedosphere

text: as well as critical aspects of the

text: biosphere

text: , the

text: lithosphere

text: , the

text: hydrosphere

text: , and the

text: atmosphere

text: . Environmental

text: soil science

text: addresses both the fundamental and applied aspects of the field including: buffers and surface water quality,

text: vadose zone

text: functions,

text: septic drain field

text: site assessment and function, land treatment of

text: wastewater

text: stormwater

text: erosion

text: control,

text: soil contamination

text: with metals and pesticides,

text: remediation

text: of contaminated soils, restoration of

text: wetlands

text: soil degradation

text: nutrient management

text: , movement of viruses and bacteria in soils and waters,

text: bioremediation

text: , application of

text: molecular biology

text: and

text: genetic engineering

text: to development of soil microbes that can degrade hazardous pollutants,

text: land use

text: global warming

text: acid rain

text: , and the study of

text: anthropogenic

text: soils, such as

text: terra preta

text: . Much of the research done in environmental soil science is produced through the use of models.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: vadose zone functions

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: vadose zone

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: stormwater

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: acid rain

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: vadose zone functions

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: global warming

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: erosion control, soil contamination with metals and pesticides,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: acid rain,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: acid rain,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: acid rain,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: erosion control,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrosphere,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: wetlands,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: global warming,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: stormwater,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: land treatment of wastewater, stormwater,

text: The PLS (pregnant leach solution) is mixed to emulsification with the stripped organic and allowed to separate.  The metal will be exchanged from the PLS to the organic they are modified.  The resulting streams will be a loaded organic and a raffinate.  When dealing with electrowinning, the loaded organic is then mixed to emulsification with a lean electrolyte and allowed to separate.  The metal will be exchanged from the organic to the electrolyte.  The resulting streams will be a stripped organic and a rich electrolyte.  The organic stream is recycled through the solvent extraction process while the aqueous streams cycle through leaching and electrowinning processes respectively.

text: The PLS (pregnant leach solution) is mixed to emulsification with the stripped organic and allowed to separate.  The metal will be exchanged from the PLS to the organic they are modified.  The resulting streams will be a loaded organic and a

text: raffinate

text: .  When dealing with electrowinning, the loaded organic is then mixed to emulsification with a lean electrolyte and allowed to separate.  The metal will be exchanged from the organic to the electrolyte.  The resulting streams will be a stripped organic and a rich electrolyte.  The organic stream is recycled through the

text: solvent extraction process

text: while the aqueous streams cycle through leaching and electrowinning processes respectively.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: The organic stream is recycled

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: a rich electrolyte

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: None of the above choices .

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: leaching and electrowinning processes

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: electrowinning,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: The PLS (pregnant leach solution)

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: raffinate.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: leaching

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: aqueous streams cycle through leaching and electrowinning processes

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: The PLS (pregnant leach solution)

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: The PLS (pregnant leach solution)

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: The PLS

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The PLS

text: Groundwater also plays a vital role in controlling broad scale sedimentation patterns and processes on Mars. According to this hypothesis, groundwater with dissolved minerals came to the surface, in and around craters, and helped to form layers by adding minerals —especially sulfate— and cementing sediments. In other words, some layers may be formed by groundwater rising up depositing minerals and cementing existing, loose, aeolian sediments. The hardened layers are consequently more protected from erosion. This process may occur instead of layers forming under lakes. A study published in 2011 using data from the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, show that the same kinds of sediments exist in a large area that includes Arabia Terra. It has been argued that areas that we know from satellite remote sensing are rich in sedimentary rocks are also those areas that are most likely to experience groundwater upwelling on a regional scale.

text: Groundwater

text: also plays a vital role in controlling broad scale sedimentation patterns and processes on Mars. According to this hypothesis, groundwater with dissolved minerals came to the surface, in and around craters, and helped to form layers by adding minerals —especially sulfate— and

text: cementing sediments

text: . In other words, some layers may be formed by groundwater rising up depositing minerals and cementing existing, loose,

text: aeolian

text: sediments. The hardened layers are consequently more protected from

text: erosion

text: . This process may occur instead of layers forming under lakes. A study published in 2011 using data from the

text: Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter

text: , show that the same kinds of sediments exist in a large area that includes

text: Arabia Terra

text: . It has been argued that areas that we know from satellite remote sensing are rich in sedimentary rocks are also those areas that are most likely to experience groundwater upwelling on a regional scale.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: layers forming under lakes

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: groundwater upwelling

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: under lakes.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Groundwater

text: The (PFR) is a growing technology with applications in improving the efficiency of certain processes such as the waste-water treatment. A pilot reactor was installed in California as part of the [Castaic Lake Water Agency] (CLWA) Expansion plan. The PFR serves as an auxiliary mixing and contact device to promote the ozone absorption in treated water. The PFR used customized nozzles to inject the ozone/water mixture at high velocities back into the bulk of the treated fluid. The use of PFRs, such as the reactor in the CLWA expansion, in water treatments is becoming more popular since the PFRs eliminates the need for additional tanks that would have been required for processes such as chlorination.  Smaller basins are sufficient in providing the contact time between reactants for microbial inactivation thus reducing installation footprints in new developments. Also, the reactants will leave the PFRs quicker due to a shorter retention time; it was found that effective dispersion of the side stream into the bulk fluid was accomplished in as short as 1 second.

text: The (PFR) is a growing technology with applications in improving the efficiency of certain processes such as the waste-water treatment. A pilot reactor was installed in California as part of the [Castaic Lake Water Agency] (CLWA) Expansion plan. The PFR serves as an auxiliary mixing and contact device to promote the ozone absorption in treated water. The PFR used customized nozzles to inject the ozone/water mixture at high velocities back into the bulk of the treated fluid. The use of PFRs, such as the reactor in the CLWA expansion, in water treatments is becoming more popular since the PFRs eliminates the need for additional tanks that would have been required for processes such as

text: chlorination

text: .  Smaller basins are sufficient in providing the contact time between reactants for microbial inactivation thus reducing installation footprints in new developments. Also, the reactants will leave the PFRs quicker due to a shorter retention time; it was found that effective dispersion of the side stream into the bulk fluid was accomplished in as short as 1 second.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: The (PFR) is a growing technology with applications in improving the efficiency of certain processes

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: chlorination

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: ozone absorption

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: absorption

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: ozone absorption in treated water.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: chlorination.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: ozone absorption in treated water.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: 1 second.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: ozone absorption

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: waste-water treatment.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: ozone absorption in treated water.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: shorter retention time;

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: tanks

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The (PFR) is a growing technology

text: A practical example of the use of solar energy can be seen in some rural villages of Pakistan where houses have been provided with solar panels that run electric fans and energy-saving bulbs. One notable and successfully implemented case was the village of Narian Khorian (about 50 kilometers from Islamabad), which employs the use of 100 solar panels installed by a local firm, free of cost; these panels have provide energy through lights and fan facilities to some 100 households.The alternative energy development board installed 200 solar home systems at District Khuzdar Balochistan in a remote off-grid village Karak. Government of Balochistan launched a programme to electrify off-grid villages of various districts through solar technology.

text: A practical example of the use of solar energy can be seen in some rural villages of Pakistan where houses have been provided with solar panels that run electric fans and energy-saving bulbs. One notable and successfully implemented case was the village of

text: Narian Khorian

text: (about 50 kilometers from Islamabad), which employs the use of 100 solar panels installed by a local firm, free of cost; these panels have provide energy through lights and fan facilities to some 100 households.The

text: alternative energy

text: development board installed 200 solar home systems at District Khuzdar Balochistan in a remote off-grid village Karak. Government of Balochistan launched a programme to electrify off-grid villages of various districts through solar technology.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: solar panels

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: solar energy

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: solar energy

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: solar energy

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Narian Khorian

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: solar energy

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: solar energy

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: solar energy

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: solar energy

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: solar energy

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: solar energy

text: Water is the optimal working fluid to use in vapor cycles because it is the closest to an ideal working fluid that is currently available. The binary cycle is a process designed to overcome the imperfections of water as a working fluid. The cycle uses two fluids in an attempt to approach an ideal working fluid.

text: Water is the optimal working fluid to use in vapor cycles because it is the closest to an ideal working fluid that is currently available. The binary cycle is a process designed to overcome the imperfections of water as a working fluid. The cycle uses two fluids in an attempt to approach an ideal working fluid.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: The cycle uses two fluids in an attempt to approach an ideal working fluid

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: vapor cycles

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: vapor cycles

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: vapor cycles

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: vapor cycles

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: imperfections of water as a working fluid.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: vapor cycles

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: The binary cycle

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: The binary cycle

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: The binary cycle

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: binary cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: The binary cycle

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Water

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Water is the optimal working fluid to use in vapor cycles

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Water

text: Earth’s atmosphere consists of multiple layers with differenttemperature and density characteristics; common atmospheric modelsinclude the International Standard Atmosphere and theUS Standard Atmosphere. A good approximation for many purposes is apolytropic troposphere of 11 km height with a lapse rate of6.5 K/km and an isothermal stratosphere of infinite height(Garfinkel 1967), which corresponds very closelyto the first two layers of the International Standard Atmosphere. Morelayers can be used if greater accuracy is required.

text: Earth’s atmosphere

text: consists of multiple layers with differenttemperature and density characteristics; common

text: atmospheric models

text: include the

text: International Standard Atmosphere

text: and the

text: US Standard Atmosphere

text: . A good approximation for many purposes is apolytropic

text: troposphere

text: of 11 km height with a lapse rate of6.5 K/km and an isothermal

text: stratosphere

text: of infinite height(

text: Garfinkel 1967

text: ), which corresponds very closelyto the first two layers of the International Standard Atmosphere. Morelayers can be used if greater accuracy is required.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: isothermal

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: isothermal stratosphere of infinite height

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: density decreases

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: What can be stored for future use in snow and ice?

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: lapse rate of6.5 K/km

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: isothermal

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: multiple layers with differenttemperature and density characteristics;

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: isothermal stratosphere of infinite height(Garfinkel

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: apolytropic troposphere

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Earth’s atmosphere

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: of6.5 K/km

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: a lapse rate of6.5 K/km

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Earth’s atmosphere consists of multiple layers

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Earth’s

text: The other common definition for Q is the ratio of the energy stored in the oscillating resonator to the energy dissipated per cycle by damping processes:

text: The other common definition for Q is the ratio of the energy stored in the oscillating resonator to the energy dissipated per cycle by damping processes:

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: a resonator

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: damping processes:

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: damping processes:

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: damping processes:

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: damping processes:

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: damping processes:

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Q

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: damping processes:

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: damping processes:

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: damping processes:

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The other common definition for Q

text: In  Earth science, a biogeochemical cycle or substance turnover or cycling of substances is a pathway by which a chemical substance moves through both the biotic (biosphere) and abiotic (lithosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere) components of Earth. A cycle is a series of change which comes back to the starting point and which can be repeated.  Water, for example, is always recycled through the water cycle, as shown in the diagram.  The water undergoes evaporation, condensation, and precipitation, falling back to Earth.  Elements, chemical compounds, and other forms of matter are passed from one organism to another and from one part of the biosphere to another through biogeochemical cycles.'

text: In

text: Earth science

text: , a biogeochemical cycle or substance turnover or cycling of substances is a pathway by which a

text: chemical substance

text: moves through both the biotic (

text: biosphere

text: ) and abiotic (

text: lithosphere

text: atmosphere

text: , and

text: hydrosphere

text: ) components of

text: Earth

text: . A cycle is a series of change which comes back to the starting point and which can be repeated.  Water, for example, is always recycled through the

text: water cycle

text: , as shown in the diagram.  The water undergoes

text: evaporation

text: condensation

text: , and

text: precipitation

text: , falling back to Earth.  Elements, chemical compounds, and other forms of matter are passed from one organism to another and from one part of the biosphere to another through biogeochemical cycles.'

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: evaporation, condensation, and precipitation

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: substance turnover

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: evaporation, condensation, and precipitation, falling back to Earth.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporation, condensation, and precipitation,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: condensation, and precipitation,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: evaporation, condensation, and precipitation,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: substance turnover or cycling of substances

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Water, for example, is always recycled through the water cycle,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: condensation,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Water, for example, is always recycled through the water cycle,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Water, for example, is always recycled through the water cycle,

text: Many industrialized nations have installed significant solar power capacity into their grids to supplement or provide an alternative to conventional energy sources while an increasing number of less developed nations have turned to solar to reduce dependence on expensive imported fuels (see solar power by country). Long distance transmission allows remote renewable energy resources to displace fossil fuel consumption. Solar power plants use one of two technologies:

text: Many industrialized nations have installed significant solar power capacity into their grids to supplement or provide an alternative to

text: conventional energy

text: sources while an increasing number of less developed nations have turned to solar to reduce dependence on expensive imported fuels (see

text: solar power by country

text: ). Long distance transmission allows remote

text: renewable energy

text: resources to displace fossil fuel consumption. Solar power plants use one of two technologies:

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: solar energy

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: solar energy

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: What is stored in snow and ice

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Solar power plants use one of two technologies:

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Solar power plants

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Solar power plants use one of two technologies:

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Long distance transmission allows remote renewable energy resources to displace fossil fuel consumption.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Solar power plants use one of two technologies:

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: solar power capacity into their grids

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Solar power plants use one of two technologies:

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Long distance transmission allows remote renewable energy resources to displace fossil fuel consumption.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Solar power plants use one of two technologies:

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Solar power plants use one of two technologies:

text: Microbes live in both fresh and salt water. These organisms include microscopic plants and animals, as well as bacteria, fungi and viruses. As with other microbes, the ones that live in water are adapted to the specific conditions of their environment. Habitats range from ocean water with an extremely high salt content to freshwater lakes or rivers. The temperature of aquatic environments also varies, with microbes living in hot springs, as well as extremely cold Arctic waters. Aquatic microbes also live in the groundwater beneath the earth, and in tiny pockets of water that occur on land that are both natural and manmade. Like their terrestrial counterparts, aquatic microbes play an important role in the cycling of nutrients throughout water ecosystems. They promote decomposition by breaking down dead aquatic sea life. This leads to the release of nutrients into the water. In addition, microbes serve as food for animals, such as marine worms that eat bacteria and fungi living in the aquatic sediments. One of the most important roles of aquatic microbes is the production of oxygen by phytoplankton. These microbes release oxygen as they harness the energy of the sun during photosynthesis.

text: Microbes live in both fresh and salt water. These organisms include microscopic plants and animals, as well as bacteria, fungi and viruses. As with other microbes, the ones that live in water are adapted to the specific conditions of their environment. Habitats range from ocean water with an extremely high salt content to freshwater lakes or rivers. The temperature of aquatic environments also varies, with microbes living in hot springs, as well as extremely cold Arctic waters. Aquatic microbes also live in the groundwater beneath the earth, and in tiny pockets of water that occur on land that are both natural and manmade. Like their terrestrial counterparts, aquatic microbes play an important role in the cycling of nutrients throughout water ecosystems. They promote decomposition by breaking down dead aquatic sea life. This leads to the release of nutrients into the water. In addition, microbes serve as food for animals, such as marine worms that eat bacteria and fungi living in the aquatic sediments. One of the most important roles of aquatic microbes is the production of oxygen by phytoplankton. These microbes release oxygen as they harness the energy of the sun during photosynthesis.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: decomposition

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: during photosynthesis

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Arctic waters

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: photosynthesis

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: decomposition

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: It can be stored in snow and ice

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: They promote decomposition by breaking down dead aquatic sea life.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: photosynthesis.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: terrestrial

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: photosynthesis.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: photosynthesis.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: nutrients

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Microbes live in both fresh and salt water.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: The temperature of aquatic environments

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: tiny pockets of water

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Microbes live in both fresh and salt water.

text: Artificial groundwater recharge is practiced extensively in Israel from flood water, potable water from the National Water Carrier and treated wastewater. Artificial recharge has increased groundwater levels in the Coastal Aquifer and counteracted further seawater intrusion. Groundwater recharge from flood water is done by collecting runoff from winter rains in a drainage basin and directing it into recharge ponds. The groundwater is then pumped back up during summer through wells around the recharge ponds. The cost of the recharge process is limited to maintenance, with pumping costs amounting to only $0.02–0.03 per cubic meter. About 40–50% more water than the average recharge is pumped from the aquifer in order to create a temporary hydrological depression that creates space for artificial recharge the following winter.

text: Artificial

text: groundwater recharge

text: is practiced extensively in Israel from flood water, potable water from the National Water Carrier and treated wastewater. Artificial recharge has increased groundwater levels in the Coastal Aquifer and counteracted further seawater intrusion. Groundwater recharge from flood water is done by collecting runoff from winter rains in a drainage basin and directing it into recharge ponds. The groundwater is then pumped back up during summer through wells around the recharge ponds. The cost of the recharge process is limited to maintenance, with pumping costs amounting to only $0.02–0.03 per cubic meter. About 40–50% more water than the average recharge is pumped from the aquifer in order to create a temporary hydrological depression that creates space for artificial recharge the following winter.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: The cost of the recharge process is limited to maintenance

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: runoff from winter

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: seawater intrusion

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrological

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: temporary hydrological depression

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: wastewater.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: flood water,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: temporary hydrological depression

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Artificial groundwater recharge

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrological

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Artificial groundwater recharge

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: seawater intrusion.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: recharge ponds.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Artificial groundwater recharge is practiced extensively in Israel from flood water,

text: Hydrogen and oxygen isotopes also work as tracers for water budget in terrestrial reservoirs, including lakes, rivers, groundwater and soil water. For a lake, both the amount of water in the lake and the isotopic composition of the water are determined by a balance between inputs (precipitation, stream and ground water inflow) and outputs (evaporation, stream and ground water outflow). The isotopic composition of lake water can often be used to track evaporation, which causes isotope enrichment in the lake water, as well as a δD-δO slope that is shallower than the meteoric water line. The isotopic composition of river water is highly variable and have complicated sources over different timescales, but can generally be treated as a two-endmember mixing problem, a base-flow endmember (mainly ground water recharge) and an overland-flow endmember (mainly storm events). The isotope data suggest that the long-term integrated base-flow endmember is more important in most rivers, even during peak flows in summer. Systematic river isotope data were collected across the world by the Global Network of Isotopes in Rivers (GNIR).The isotopic composition of groundwater can also be used to trace its sources and flow paths. An example is a groundwater isotope mapping study in Sacramento, California, which showed lateral flow of river water with a distinct isotope composition into the groundwater that developed a significant water table depression due to pumping for human use. The same study also showed an isotopic signal of agricultural water being recharged into the giant alluvial aquifer in California's Central Valley. Finally, the isotopic composition of soil water is important for the study of plants. Below the water table, the soil has a relatively constant source of water with a certain isotopic composition. Above the water table, the isotopic composition of soil water is enriched by evaporation until a maximum at the surface. The vertical profile of isotopic composition of soil water is maintained by the diffusion of both liquid and vapor water. A comparison of soil water and plant xylem water δD can be used to infer the depth at which plant roots get water from the soil.

text: Hydrogen and oxygen isotopes also work as tracers for water budget in terrestrial reservoirs, including lakes, rivers, groundwater and soil water. For a lake, both the amount of water in the lake and the isotopic composition of the water are determined by a balance between inputs (precipitation, stream and ground water inflow) and outputs (evaporation, stream and ground water outflow). The isotopic composition of lake water can often be used to track evaporation, which causes isotope enrichment in the lake water, as well as a δD-δO slope that is shallower than the meteoric water line. The isotopic composition of river water is highly variable and have complicated sources over different timescales, but can generally be treated as a two-endmember mixing problem, a base-flow endmember (mainly ground water recharge) and an overland-flow endmember (mainly storm events). The isotope data suggest that the long-term integrated base-flow endmember is more important in most rivers, even during peak flows in summer. Systematic river isotope data were collected across the world by the Global Network of Isotopes in Rivers (GNIR).The isotopic composition of groundwater can also be used to trace its sources and flow paths. An example is a groundwater isotope mapping study in

text: Sacramento

text: , California, which showed lateral flow of river water with a distinct isotope composition into the groundwater that developed a significant water table depression due to pumping for human use. The same study also showed an isotopic signal of agricultural water being recharged into the giant alluvial aquifer in California's Central Valley. Finally, the isotopic composition of soil water is important for the study of plants. Below the water table, the soil has a relatively constant source of water with a certain isotopic composition. Above the water table, the isotopic composition of soil water is enriched by evaporation until a maximum at the surface. The vertical profile of isotopic composition of soil water is maintained by the diffusion of both liquid and vapor water. A comparison of soil water and plant xylem water δD can be used to infer the depth at which plant roots get water from the soil.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: The isotopic composition of soil water is important for the study of plants.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: isotopic composition of soil water

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: isotope enrichment

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: xylem

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: isotopic composition of soil water

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answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Hydrogen and oxygen isotopes

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: pumping for human use.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporation,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: (precipitation,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: water table depression

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: budget

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Below the water table,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: soil water is important for the study of plants.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: groundwater

text: Over a shorter time scale (ten million years) changes in the sulfur cycle are easier to observe and can be even better constrained with oxygen isotopes.  Oxygen is continually incorporated into the sulfur cycle through sulfate oxidation and then released when that sulfate is reduced once again.  Since different sulfate sources within the ocean have distinct oxygen isotopic values it may be possible to use oxygen to trace the sulfur cycle.  Biological sulfate reduction preferentially selects lighter oxygen isotopes for the same reason that lighter sulfur isotopes are preferred.  By studying oxygen isotopes in ocean sediments over the last 10 million years  were able to better constrain the sulfur concentrations in sea water through that same time.  They found that the sea level changes due to Pliocene and Pleistocene glacial cycles changed the area of continental shelves which then disrupted the sulfur processing, lowering the concentration of sulfate in the sea water.  This was a drastic change as compared to preglacial times before 2 million years ago.

text: Over a shorter time scale (ten million years) changes in the sulfur cycle are easier to observe and can be even better constrained with oxygen isotopes.  Oxygen is continually incorporated into the sulfur cycle through sulfate oxidation and then released when that sulfate is reduced once again.  Since different sulfate sources within the ocean have distinct oxygen isotopic values it may be possible to use oxygen to trace the sulfur cycle.  Biological sulfate reduction preferentially selects lighter oxygen isotopes for the same reason that lighter sulfur isotopes are preferred.  By studying oxygen isotopes in ocean sediments over the last 10 million years  were able to better constrain the sulfur concentrations in sea water through that same time.  They found that the

text: sea level change

text: s due to

text: Pliocene

text: and

text: Pleistocene

text: glacial

text: cycles changed the area of continental shelves which then disrupted the sulfur processing, lowering the concentration of sulfate in the sea water.  This was a drastic change as compared to preglacial times before 2 million years ago.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: oxidation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: glacial times before 2 million years ago

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: sulfate

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answers: no

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answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: changes in the sulfur cycle

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: What is the main idea of this passage?

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: sulfate oxidation

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: sulfate oxidation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: oxygen isotopes. Oxygen

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: lowering the concentration of sulfate in the sea water.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: sulfate oxidation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: sulfur cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: oxygen isotopes.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: changed the area of continental shelves

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Oxygen

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: oxygen isotopes.

text: If super-Earths have more than 80 times as much water as Earth then they become ocean planets with all land completely submerged. However, if there is less water than this limit, then the deep water cycle will move enough water between the oceans and mantle to allow continents to exist.

text: If super-Earths have more than 80 times as much water as Earth then they become

text: ocean planet

text: s with all land completely submerged. However, if there is less water than this limit, then the deep water cycle will move enough water between the oceans and mantle to allow continents to exist.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: ocean planets with all land completely submerged

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: the deep water cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: if there is less water than this limit,

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answers: deep water cycle

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: deep water cycle

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: super-Earths have more than 80 times as much water as Earth

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: deep water cycle

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: deep water cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: the deep water cycle will move enough water

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: deep water cycle

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: If super-Earths have more than 80 times as much water

text: Water vapor generated through surface evaporation is transported by circulatory patterns in the atmosphere. When atmospheric conditions permit an uplift of warm, humid air, this water condenses and falls to the surface as precipitation. Most of the water is then transported to lower elevations by river systems and usually returned to the oceans or deposited into lakes. This water cycle is a vital mechanism for supporting life on land and is a primary factor in the erosion of surface features over geological periods. Precipitation patterns vary widely, ranging from several meters of water per year to less than a millimeter. Atmospheric circulation, topographic features, and temperature differences determine the average precipitation that falls in each region.

text: Water vapor generated through surface evaporation is transported by circulatory patterns in the atmosphere. When atmospheric conditions permit an uplift of warm, humid air, this water condenses and falls to the surface as precipitation. Most of the water is then transported to lower elevations by river systems and usually returned to the oceans or deposited into lakes. This

text: water cycle

text: is a vital mechanism for supporting life on land and is a primary factor in the erosion of surface features over geological periods. Precipitation patterns vary widely, ranging from several meters of water per year to less than a millimeter. Atmospheric circulation, topographic features, and temperature differences determine the average precipitation that falls in each region.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: atmospheric conditions permit an uplift of warm, humid air

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: condenses

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: uplift of warm, humid air

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: surface evaporation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: water condenses

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: a vital mechanism for supporting life on land

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: condenses

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: uplift of warm, humid air,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: surface evaporation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: precipitation.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: warm, humid air,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: this water condenses and falls to the surface as precipitation.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: lakes.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Water vapor generated through surface evaporation

text: Water temperature is subtler but crucial to the proper extraction of flavor from the ground coffee, as it affects the proportions in which solubles are extracted – one wishes to extract the desired flavors as much as possible, and the undesirable flavors as little as possible. The recommended brewing temperature range of coffee is 91–94 °C (195–202 °F), which is a trade-off between these goals. If cooler, some of the solubles that make up the flavor will not be extracted. If the water is too hot, some undesirable, bitter, elements will be extracted, adversely affecting the taste. Note that this desired temperature range is slightly below the boiling point of water (100 °C or 212 °F at standard pressure), so coffee is best made with water that has been allowed to come off the boil slightly. Another consideration is the difference between the temperature of the water and the temperature of the coffee slurry: for example, certain brewing methods (e.g., manual pourover) can result in losing a significant amount of heat to the atmosphere during the brewing process.

text: Water temperature is subtler but crucial to the proper extraction of flavor from the ground coffee, as it affects the proportions in which solubles are extracted – one wishes to extract the desired flavors as much as possible, and the undesirable flavors as little as possible. The recommended brewing temperature range of coffee is 91–94 °C (195–202 °F), which is a trade-off between these goals. If cooler, some of the solubles that make up the flavor will not be extracted. If the water is too hot, some undesirable, bitter, elements will be extracted, adversely affecting the taste. Note that this desired temperature range is slightly below the

text: boiling point

text: of water (100 °C or 212 °F at standard pressure), so coffee is best made with water that has been allowed to come off the boil slightly. Another consideration is the difference between the temperature of the water and the temperature of the coffee slurry: for example, certain brewing methods (e.g., manual pourover) can result in losing a significant amount of heat to the atmosphere during the brewing process.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: What drives the water cycle?

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: boiling point

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: manual pourover

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: dehydration

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answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

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answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Water temperature

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: come off the boil

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Water temperature

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: manual pourover)

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Water temperature

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Water temperature

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: 91–94 °C

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Water temperature

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: 91–94 °C

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Water temperature

text: Microorganisms, by their omnipresence, impact the entire biosphere. Microbial life plays a primary role in regulating biogeochemical systems in virtually all of our planet's environments, including some of the most extreme, from frozen environments and acidic lakes, to hydrothermal vents at the bottom of deepest oceans, and some of the most familiar, such as the human small intestine.  As a consequence of the quantitative magnitude of microbial life (Whitman and coworkers calculated  cells, eight orders of magnitude greater than the number of stars in the observable universe) microbes, by virtue of their biomass alone, constitute a significant carbon sink. Aside from carbon fixation, microorganisms' key collective metabolic processes (including nitrogen fixation, methane metabolism, and sulfur metabolism) control global biogeochemical cycling. The immensity of microorganisms' production is such that, even in the total absence of eukaryotic life, these processes would likely continue unchanged.

text: Microorganisms, by their omnipresence, impact the entire

text: biosphere

text: . Microbial life plays a primary role in regulating

text: biogeochemical

text: systems in virtually all of our planet's environments, including some of the most

text: extreme

text: , from

text: frozen environments

text: and acidic lakes, to

text: hydrothermal vents

text: at the bottom of deepest oceans, and some of the most familiar, such as the human

text: small intestine

text: .  As a consequence of the quantitative magnitude of microbial life (Whitman and coworkers calculated  cells, eight orders of magnitude greater than the number of stars in the observable universe) microbes, by virtue of their

text: biomass

text: alone, constitute a significant

text: carbon sink

text: . Aside from carbon fixation, microorganisms' key collective metabolic processes (including

text: nitrogen fixation

text: methane metabolism

text: , and

text: sulfur metabolism

text: ) control global biogeochemical cycling. The immensity of microorganisms' production is such that, even in the total absence of eukaryotic life, these processes would likely continue unchanged.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: hydrothermal vents

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Carbon fixation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: carbon fixation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: What can be stored in snow and ice?

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: nitrogen fixation, methane metabolism, and sulfur metabolism)

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: hydrothermal vents

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Microorganisms,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: nitrogen fixation, methane metabolism, and sulfur metabolism)

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: carbon fixation,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: biogeochemical cycling.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: frozen environments and acidic lakes,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: carbon sink.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: frozen environments and acidic lakes,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Microorganisms,

text: Evaporation of water over the oceans in the water cycle is a natural desalination process.

text: Evaporation of water over the oceans in the

text: water cycle

text: is a natural desalination process.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: natural desalination

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: natural desalination

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Evaporation of water over the oceans

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Evaporation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Evaporation of water over the oceans in the water cycle

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Evaporation of water over the oceans

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Evaporation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: a natural desalination process.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Evaporation

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: a natural desalination process.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Evaporation

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Evaporation of water over the oceans

text: Similarly, where hydraulic action is strong enough to loosen sediment along a stream bed and its banks; this will take rocks and particles from the banks and bed of the stream and add this to the stream's load. This process is the result of friction between the moving water and the static stream bed and banks. This friction increases with the speed of the water and the roughness of the bed. Once loosened the smaller particles are actually held in suspension by the force of the flowing water, these suspended particles can scour the sides and bottom of the stream.  The scouring action produces distinctive markings on streams beds such as ripple marks, fluting, and crescent marks. The larger particles and even large rocks are scooted (dragged) along the bottom in a process known as traction which causes attrition, and are often "bounced" along in a process known as saltation where the force of the water temporarily lifts the rock particle which then crashes back into the bed dislodging other particles.

text: Similarly, where hydraulic action is strong enough to loosen sediment along a stream bed and its banks; this will take rocks and particles from the banks and bed of the stream and add this to the

text: stream's load

text: . This process is the result of

text: friction

text: between the moving water and the static stream bed and banks. This friction increases with the speed of the water and the roughness of the bed. Once loosened the smaller particles are actually held in suspension by the force of the flowing water, these suspended particles can scour the sides and bottom of the stream.  The scouring action produces distinctive markings on streams beds such as

text: ripple marks

text: , fluting, and crescent marks. The larger particles and even large rocks are scooted (dragged) along the bottom in a process known as traction which causes attrition, and are often "bounced" along in a process known as

text: saltation

text: where the force of the water temporarily lifts the rock particle which then crashes back into the bed dislodging other particles.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: friction between the moving water and the static stream bed

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the force of the water temporarily lifts the rock particle which then crashes back into the bed

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: friction between the moving water and the static stream bed and banks.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: friction between the moving water

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: hydraulic action

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: "bounced"

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: traction

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answers: hydraulic action

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: friction between the moving water

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: friction between the moving water

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: suspension by the force of the flowing water,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: stream and add this to the stream's load.

text: Water can increase or decrease the stability of a slope depending on the amount present.  Small amounts of water can strengthen soils because the surface tension of water increases soil cohesion.  This allows the soil to resist erosion better than if it were dry.  If too much water is present the water may act to increase the pore pressure, reducing friction, and accelerating the erosion process and resulting in different types of mass wasting (i.e. mudflows, landslides, etc.).  A good example of this is to think of a sand castle.  Water must be mixed with sand in order for the castle to keep its shape.  If too much water is added the sand washes away, if not enough water is added the sand falls and cannot keep its shape. Water also increases the mass of the soil, this is important because an increase in mass means that there will be an increase in velocity if mass wasting is triggered.

text: Water can increase or decrease the stability of a slope depending on the amount present.  Small amounts of water can strengthen soils because the surface tension of water increases soil cohesion.  This allows the soil to resist erosion better than if it were dry.  If too much water is present the water may act to increase the pore pressure, reducing friction, and accelerating the erosion process and resulting in different types of mass wasting (i.e. mudflows, landslides, etc.).  A good example of this is to think of a

text: sand castle

text: .  Water must be mixed with sand in order for the castle to keep its shape.  If too much water is added the sand washes away, if not enough water is added the sand falls and cannot keep its shape. Water also increases the mass of the soil, this is important because an increase in mass means that there will be an increase in velocity if mass wasting is triggered.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: soil cohesion

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: gaseous

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: a sand castle

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: What is a good example of this?

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: surface tension of water increases soil cohesion.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: pore pressure,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Water

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: a sand castle.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Water

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: erosion process

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: dry.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: increase the pore pressure,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Small amounts of water

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Water

text: According to the 2010 census, the township has a total area of , of which  (or 87.42%) is land and  (or 12.58%) is water. Lakes in this township include Barton Lake, Big Otter Lake, Failing Lake, Green Lake, Hog Lake, Jimmerson Lake, Lake Charles West, Lake Lonidaw, Lake Minfenokee, Little Otter Lake, Lone Hickory Lake, Long Beach Lake, Marsh Lake, Middle Basin of Lake James, Seven Sisters Lakes, Snow Lake and the Upper Basin of Lake James. The stream of Follette Creek runs through this township.

text: According to the 2010 census, the township has a total area of , of which  (or 87.42%) is land and  (or 12.58%) is water. Lakes in this township include Barton Lake, Big Otter Lake, Failing Lake, Green Lake, Hog Lake, Jimmerson Lake, Lake Charles West, Lake Lonidaw, Lake Minfenokee, Little Otter Lake, Lone Hickory Lake, Long Beach Lake, Marsh Lake, Middle Basin of

text: Lake James

text: , Seven Sisters Lakes, Snow Lake and the Upper Basin of Lake James. The stream of Follette Creek runs through this township.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Lakes

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Barton Lake

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: water cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Lakes

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Lake Minfenokee,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Failing Lake,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Lake Minfenokee,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Lake Lonidaw,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: 87.42%) is land and (or 12.58%)

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: 87.42%) is land and (or 12.58%) is water.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Snow Lake

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Lake Minfenokee,

text: An ocean is a major body of saline water, and a principal component of the hydrosphere. Approximately 71% of the Earth's surface (an area of some 361 million square kilometers) is covered by ocean, a continuous body of water that is customarily divided into several principal oceans and smaller seas. More than half of this area is over  deep. Average oceanic salinity is around 35 parts per thousand (ppt) (3.5%), and nearly all seawater has a salinity in the range of 30 to 38 ppt. Though generally recognized as several 'separate' oceans, these waters comprise one global, interconnected body of salt water often referred to as the World Ocean or global ocean. This concept of a global ocean as a continuous body of water with relatively free interchange among its parts is of fundamental importance to oceanography.

text: An ocean is a major body of

text: saline water

text: , and a principal component of the hydrosphere. Approximately 71% of the Earth's surface (an area of some 361 million square kilometers) is covered by ocean, a

text: continuous body of water

text: that is customarily divided into several principal oceans and smaller seas. More than half of this area is over  deep. Average oceanic

text: salinity

text: is around 35

text: parts per thousand

text: (ppt) (3.5%), and nearly all seawater has a salinity in the range of 30 to 38 ppt. Though generally recognized as several 'separate' oceans, these waters comprise one global, interconnected body of salt water often referred to as the

text: World Ocean

text: or global ocean. This concept of a global ocean as a continuous body of water with relatively free interchange among its parts is of fundamental importance to

text: oceanography

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: It is of fundamental importance to oceanography.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: gaseous

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: oceanic salinity is around 35 parts per thousand

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrosphere

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: relatively free interchange among its parts

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: saline water, and a principal component of the hydrosphere.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: hydrosphere.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Average oceanic salinity

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: hydrosphere.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrosphere.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: saline water,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: ocean

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: An ocean is a major body of saline water,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: An ocean is a major body of saline water,

text: A stream is a flowing body of water with a current, confined within a bed and stream banks. In the United States, a stream is classified as a watercourse less than  wide. Streams are important as conduits in the water cycle, instruments in groundwater recharge, and they serve as corridors for fish and wildlife migration. The biological habitat in the immediate vicinity of a stream is called a riparian zone. Given the status of the ongoing Holocene extinction, streams play an important corridor role in connecting fragmented habitats and thus in conserving biodiversity. The study of streams and waterways in general involves many branches of inter-disciplinary natural science and engineering, including hydrology, fluvial geomorphology, aquatic ecology, fish biology, riparian ecology, and others.

text: A stream is a flowing body of water with a

text: current

text: , confined within a

text: bed

text: and

text: stream bank

text: s. In the United States, a stream is classified as a watercourse less than  wide. Streams are important as conduits in the

text: water cycle

text: , instruments in

text: groundwater recharge

text: , and they serve as corridors for fish and

text: wildlife

text: migration. The biological

text: habitat

text: in the immediate vicinity of a stream is called a

text: riparian zone

text: . Given the status of the ongoing

text: Holocene extinction

text: , streams play an important

text: corridor

text: role in connecting

text: fragmented habitats

text: and thus in conserving

text: biodiversity

text: . The study of streams and waterways in general involves many branches of inter-disciplinary natural science and engineering, including

text: hydrology

text: fluvial geomorphology

text: aquatic ecology

text: fish biology

text: riparian ecology

text: , and others.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Streams

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: gaseous

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: groundwater recharge

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: groundwater recharge

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Streams

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: riparian zone.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: groundwater recharge,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: groundwater recharge,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: groundwater recharge,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: riparian zone.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Holocene extinction,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: groundwater recharge,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: A stream

text: Jupiter, like all the gas giants, has an atmospheric methane cycle. Recent studies indicate a hydrological cycle of water-ammonia vastly different to the type operating on terrestrial planets like Earth and also a cycle of hydrogen sulfide.

text: Jupiter

text: , like all the gas giants, has an atmospheric methane cycle. Recent studies indicate a hydrological cycle of water-ammonia vastly different to the type operating on terrestrial planets like Earth and also a cycle of

text: hydrogen sulfide

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: water-ammonia

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water-ammonia

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: methane cycle

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrological cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: water-ammonia

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: water-ammonia

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: atmospheric methane cycle.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: hydrogen sulfide.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: hydrological cycle

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrological cycle of water-ammonia

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: a hydrological cycle of water-ammonia

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: atmospheric methane cycle.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: water-ammonia

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Jupiter,

text: Solar water heating (SWH) is the conversion of sunlight into renewable energy for water heating using a solar thermal collector. Solar water heating systems comprise various technologies that are used worldwide increasingly.

text: Solar water heating (SWH) is the conversion of

text: sunlight

text: into

text: renewable energy

text: for

text: water heating

text: using a

text: solar thermal collector

text: . Solar water heating systems comprise various technologies that are used worldwide increasingly.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: solar water heating

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: sunlight into renewable energy

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Solar water heating

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Solar water heating

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Solar water heating

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Solar water heating

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Solar water heating

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Solar water heating

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: sunlight into renewable energy

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: solar thermal collector.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Solar water heating

text: The oxygen cycle is the biogeochemical cycle  of oxygen within its three main reservoirs: the atmosphere (air), the total content of biological matter within the biosphere (the global sum of all ecosystems), and the Earth's crust.  Failures in the oxygen cycle within the hydrosphere (the combined mass of water found on, under, and over the surface of planet Earth) can result in the development of hypoxic zones.  The main driving factor of the oxygen cycle is photosynthesis, which is responsible for the modern Earth's atmosphere and life on earth (see the Great Oxygenation Event).

text: The oxygen cycle is the

text: biogeochemical cycle

text: of

text: oxygen

text: within its three main reservoirs: the

text: atmosphere

text: (air), the total content of biological matter within the

text: biosphere

text: (the global sum of all ecosystems), and the

text: Earth's crust

text: .  Failures in the oxygen cycle within the

text: hydrosphere

text: (the combined mass of water found on, under, and over the surface of planet Earth) can result in the development of

text: hypoxic zone

text: s.  The main driving factor of the oxygen cycle is

text: photosynthesis

text: , which is responsible for the modern Earth's atmosphere and life on earth (see the

text: Great Oxygenation Event

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: hypoxic zones

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: hydrosphere

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the Great Oxygenation Event

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: photosynthesis

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: the hydrosphere

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: photosynthesis,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: hypoxic zones.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: The oxygen cycle

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Great Oxygenation Event).

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: photosynthesis,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrosphere

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Failures in the oxygen cycle within the hydrosphere

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: photosynthesis,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: (the combined mass of water

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The oxygen cycle

text: The surface water which is the water visibly seen in wetland systems only represents a portion of the overall water cycle which also includes atmospheric water and groundwater. Wetland systems are directly linked to groundwater and a crucial regulator of both the quantity and quality of water found below the ground. Wetland systems that are made of permeable sediments like limestone or occur in areas with highly variable and fluctuating water tables especially have a role in groundwater replenishment or water recharge. Sediments that are porous allow water to filter down through the soil and overlying rock into aquifers which are the source of 95% of the world's drinking water. Wetlands can also act as recharge areas when the surrounding water table is low and as a discharge zone when it is too high. Karst (cave) systems are a unique example of this system and are a connection of underground rivers influenced by rain and other forms of precipitation. These wetland systems are capable of regulating changes in the water table on upwards of .

text: The

text: surface water

text: which is the water visibly seen in wetland systems only represents a portion of the overall water cycle which also includes

text: atmospheric water

text: and

text: groundwater

text: . Wetland systems are directly linked to groundwater and a crucial regulator of both the quantity and

text: quality of water

text: found below the ground. Wetland systems that are made of

text: permeable

text: sediment

text: s like

text: limestone

text: or occur in areas with highly variable and fluctuating water tables especially have a role in

text: groundwater replenishment

text: or

text: water recharge

text: . Sediments that are

text: porous

text: allow water to filter down through the soil and overlying rock into

text: aquifers

text: which are the source of 95% of the world's drinking water. Wetlands can also act as recharge areas when the surrounding water table is low and as a discharge zone when it is too high.

text: Karst

text: (cave) systems are a unique example of this system and are a connection of underground rivers influenced by rain and other forms of

text: precipitation

text: . These wetland systems are capable of regulating changes in the water table on upwards of .

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Wetland systems are directly linked to groundwater

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Karst

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Wetland systems are directly linked to groundwater

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: atmospheric water

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Karst

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: atmospheric water

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: atmospheric water and groundwater.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Wetland systems are directly linked to groundwater

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: discharge zone

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: 95% of the world's drinking water.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The surface water

text: The aqua fauna found in the Chilkoot Lake moves down the Chilkoot River. These are mostly Sockeye Salmon or red salmon found in profusion. The lake proliferates in red fish in large numbers and are easily caught. In 1896, the fish run was so large that the cannery, which processed this fish variety had to put a ceiling on the number of fishes that they would accept from Indian fishermen at 100 per day. It has been reported that the Indians fish in the lake indiscriminately even in the spawning areas of the streams flowing into the lake and place traps (gill-net) under expert guidance for the purpose without observing the specified weekly norm for closing. While scouting the lake area for locating hatcheries, it was observed that spawning beds were located at the head of the lake. Some were sighted on the shores and two streams, where gravity flow could be created and could be used for locating hatcheries. At the head of the lake, there were springs which formed a pool of about  diameter, considered a good location for spawning of red salmons. The clear water from the springs was found to be colder than the lake water but these did not provide good conditions for locating a hatchery. According to the studies carried out by the Alaska Department of Fish and Game, 25% spawn of sockeye is from the sensitive habitat of the upper watershed above the Chilkoot Lake. These studies also indicated that anadromous fish, coho, Dolly Varden, and an occasional chum salmon were found above the Chilkoot Lake in the spawning and rearing grounds.

text: The aqua fauna found in the Chilkoot Lake moves down the Chilkoot River. These are mostly

text: Sockeye Salmon

text: or red salmon found in profusion. The lake proliferates in red fish in large numbers and are easily caught. In 1896, the fish run was so large that the cannery, which processed this fish variety had to put a ceiling on the number of fishes that they would accept from Indian fishermen at 100 per day. It has been reported that the Indians fish in the lake indiscriminately even in the spawning areas of the streams flowing into the lake and place traps (gill-net) under expert guidance for the purpose without observing the specified weekly norm for closing. While scouting the lake area for locating hatcheries, it was observed that spawning beds were located at the head of the lake. Some were sighted on the shores and two streams, where gravity flow could be created and could be used for locating hatcheries. At the head of the lake, there were springs which formed a pool of about  diameter, considered a good location for spawning of red salmons. The clear water from the springs was found to be colder than the lake water but these did not provide good conditions for locating a hatchery. According to the studies carried out by the Alaska Department of Fish and Game, 25% spawn of sockeye is from the sensitive habitat of the upper watershed above the Chilkoot Lake. These studies also indicated that anadromous fish, coho, Dolly Varden, and an occasional chum salmon were found above the Chilkoot Lake in the spawning and rearing grounds.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: gravity flow could be created

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: The clear water from the springs was found to be colder than the lake water

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: What can be stored in snow and ice

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: gravity flow

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Chilkoot Lake.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Chilkoot Lake.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: 25% spawn of sockeye is from the sensitive habitat

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: gravity flow

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: gravity flow

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: anadromous fish,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: gravity flow

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Chilkoot Lake.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: springs

text: The flow of the atmosphere generally moves in a west to east direction. This, however, can often become interrupted, creating a more north to south or south to north flow. These scenarios are often described in meteorology as zonal or meridional. These terms, however, tend to be used in reference to localised areas of atmosphere (at a synoptic scale). A fuller explanation of the flow of atmosphere around the Earth as a whole can be found in the three-cell model.

text: The flow of the atmosphere generally moves in a west to east direction. This, however, can often become interrupted, creating a more north to south or south to north flow. These scenarios are often described in meteorology as zonal or meridional. These terms, however, tend to be used in reference to localised areas of atmosphere (at a

text: synoptic scale

text: ). A fuller explanation of the flow of atmosphere around the Earth as a whole can be found in the three-cell model.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: zonal or meridional

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: What is stored in snow and ice?

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: The flow of the atmosphere generally moves in a west to east direction.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: The flow of the atmosphere generally moves in a west to east direction.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: north to south or south to north flow.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: north to south or south to north flow.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: The flow of the atmosphere generally moves in a west to east direction.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: three-cell model.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: three-cell model.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: The flow of the atmosphere generally moves in a west to east direction.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: The flow of the atmosphere generally moves in a west to east direction.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The flow of the atmosphere generally moves in a west to east direction.

text: Bali Communiqué- Bali roadmap- Basel Convention- Bees and toxic chemicals- Beetle bank- Bering Sea Arbitration- Bhopal disaster- Bicycle-friendly- Big Green Gathering- Bike lane debate- Bikini atomic experiments- Bin bag- Bioaccumulation- BioBlitz- Biochemical oxygen demand- Biodegradability prediction- Biodegradation- Biodesign Institute- Biodiesel- Biodiesel recipe- Biodigester- Biodiversity- Biodiversity Action Plan- Biodiversity hotspot- Biodynamic agriculture- Biodynamic wine- Bioethics- Biofilter- Biofouling- Biofuel- Biogas- Bioherbicide- BioHome- Bioindicator- Biointensive- Bioirrigation- Bioleaching- Biological agent- Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project- Biological engineering- Biological fuel cell- Biological hazard- Biological pest control- Biological warfare- Biological Wastewater Processor- Biological Weapons Convention- Biomass gasification- Biomass to liquid- Biomethanation- Bionanotechnology- Bioneers- Bionics- Biopiracy- Bioplastic- Biopreparat- Bioprospecting- Biorefinery- Bioregional democracy- Bioremediation- Biosafety- Biosafety level- Biosecurity- Biosecurity protocol- Biosignature- Biosolids- Biosphere- Biosphere 2- Biosphere reserve- Biostasis- Biostatistics- Biostimulation- Bioswale- Biotechnology- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council- Bioterror- Bioterrorism- Bioturbation- Blast fishing- Blue ice (aircraft)- Bonn Agreement (environment)- Bottom fishing- Bottom trawling- Breeding Bird Survey- Brominated flame-retardant- Buffalo Commons- Buffer zone- Built environment- Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs- Bush regeneration- Bushmeat- Buy Nothing Day- By-catch

text: Bali Communiqué

text: Bali roadmap

text: Basel Convention

text: Bees and toxic chemicals

text: Beetle bank

text: Bering Sea Arbitration

text: Bhopal disaster

text: Bicycle-friendly

text: Big Green Gathering

text: Bike lane debate

text: Bikini atomic experiments

text: Bin bag

text: Bioaccumulation

text: BioBlitz

text: Biochemical oxygen demand

text: Biodegradability prediction

text: Biodegradation

text: Biodesign Institute

text: Biodiesel

text: Biodiesel recipe

text: Biodigester

text: Biodiversity

text: Biodiversity Action Plan

text: Biodiversity hotspot

text: Biodynamic agriculture

text: Biodynamic wine

text: Bioethics

text: Biofilter

text: Biofouling

text: Biofuel

text: Biogas

text: Bioherbicide

text: BioHome

text: Bioindicator

text: Biointensive

text: Bioirrigation

text: Bioleaching

text: Biological agent

entity_name: Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project

text: Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project

text: Biological engineering

text: Biological fuel cell

text: Biological hazard

text: Biological pest control

text: Biological warfare

text: Biological Wastewater Processor

text: Biological Weapons Convention

text: Biomass gasification

text: Biomass to liquid

text: Biomethanation

text: Bionanotechnology

text: Bioneers

text: Bionics

text: Biopiracy

text: Bioplastic

text: Biopreparat

text: Bioprospecting

text: Biorefinery

text: Bioregional democracy

text: Bioremediation

text: Biosafety

text: Biosafety level

text: Biosecurity

text: Biosecurity protocol

text: Biosignature

text: Biosolids

text: Biosphere

text: Biosphere 2

text: Biosphere reserve

text: Biostasis

text: Biostatistics

text: Biostimulation

text: Bioswale

text: Biotechnology

entity_name: Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council

text: Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council

text: Bioterror

text: Bioterrorism

text: Bioturbation

text: Blast fishing

text: Blue ice (aircraft)

text: Bonn Agreement (environment)

text: Bottom fishing

text: Bottom trawling

text: Breeding Bird Survey

text: Brominated flame-retardant

text: Buffalo Commons

text: Buffer zone

text: Built environment

entity_name: Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs

text: Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs

text: Bush regeneration

text: Bushmeat

text: Buy Nothing Day

text: By-catch

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Bioaccumulation

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Biogas

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Bioirrigation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Biodiesel

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Bioirrigation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Bioaccumulation

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Bioirrigation

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: bioaccumulation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Bioaccumulation

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Bioirrigation

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Bioleaching-

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Biomethanation-

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Bioturbation-

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Bioplastic-

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Bioirrigation-

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Bioaccumulation-

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Bonn Agreement

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Buffer zone-

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Bioaccumulation-

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Bottom fishing- Bottom trawling-

text: Energy, water, nitrogen and soil minerals are other essential abiotic components of an ecosystem. The energy that flows through ecosystems is obtained primarily from the sun. It generally enters the system through photosynthesis, a process that also captures carbon from the atmosphere. By feeding on plants and on one another, animals play an important role in the movement of matter and energy through the system. They also influence the quantity of plant and microbial biomass present. By breaking down dead organic matter, decomposers release carbon back to the atmosphere and facilitate nutrient cycling by converting nutrients stored in dead biomass back to a form that can be readily used by plants and other microbes.

text: Energy, water, nitrogen and soil minerals are other essential abiotic components of an ecosystem. The energy that flows through ecosystems is obtained primarily from the sun. It generally enters the system through

text: photosynthesis

text: , a process that also captures

text: carbon

text: from the atmosphere. By feeding on plants and on one another,

text: animal

text: s play an important role in the movement of matter and energy through the system. They also influence the quantity of plant and

text: microbial

text: biomass

text: present. By breaking down dead organic matter,

text: decomposer

text: s release carbon back to the atmosphere and facilitate

text: nutrient cycling

text: by converting nutrients stored in dead biomass back to a form that can be readily used by plants and other microbes.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: decomposers release carbon

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: breaking down dead organic matter

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: photosynthesis

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: carbon from the atmosphere

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: breaking down dead organic matter,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: photosynthesis,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: abiotic

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: breaking down dead organic matter,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: photosynthesis,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: nutrient cycling

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Energy, water,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: nutrient cycling

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: water,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Energy, water,

text: Once established these plants will be able to handle large amounts of watering compared to other cactus genera. Like other plants  warm temperature and sunlight will result in rapid growth. Watering should take on a cycle between watering and keeping the soil moist (but not damp) with a short "drying out"  period to keep soil microflora in check once every 10–14 days/ 5 days. Watering should be stopped or severely limited in the winter months when plants go dormant.

text: Once established these plants will be able to handle large amounts of watering compared to other cactus genera. Like other plants  warm temperature and sunlight will result in rapid growth. Watering should take on a cycle between watering and keeping the soil moist (but not damp) with a short "drying out"  period to keep soil microflora in check once every 10–14 days/ 5 days. Watering should be stopped or severely limited in the winter months when plants go dormant.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: soil microflora

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: watering

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: watering cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: keeping the soil moist (but not damp)

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: "drying out"

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: watering compared to other cactus

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: rapid growth.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: sunlight

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: keeping the soil moist

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: cactus genera.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: sunlight will result in rapid growth.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: winter months when plants go dormant.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: cactus genera.

text: Built in 1994 as the private residence and special project of Rolf Disch in Freiburg, the Heliotrope is claimed by its designer to be the first building in the world to create more energy than it uses, being reliant on entirely renewable power, and being emissions free and CO neutral. The structure rotates to track the sun, which allows it to use a large amount of natural sunlight and warmth during the day.  Several different energy generation technologies are used in the building, including a  dual-axis solar photovoltaic tracking panel, a geothermal heat exchanger, a combined heat and power unit (CHP) and solar-thermal balcony railing to provide heat and warm water.  These in combination with the large amounts of insulation allow the Heliotrope to produce between four and six times its energy usage depending on the time of year.  The building is also fitted with a grey-water cleansing system and built-in waste composting.

text: Built in 1994 as the private residence and special project of

text: Rolf Disch

text: in

text: Freiburg

text: , the

text: Heliotrope

text: is claimed by its designer to be the first building in the world to create more energy than it uses, being reliant on entirely renewable power, and being emissions free and CO neutral. The structure rotates to track the sun, which allows it to use a large amount of natural sunlight and warmth during the day.  Several different energy generation technologies are used in the building, including a

text: dual-axis solar photovoltaic tracking panel

text: , a

text: geothermal heat exchanger

text: , a

text: combined heat and power unit (CHP)

text: and

text: solar-thermal

text: balcony railing to provide heat and warm water.  These in combination with the large amounts of insulation allow the Heliotrope to produce between four and six times its energy usage depending on the time of year.  The building is also fitted with a

text: grey-water cleansing system

text: and built-in waste composting.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: geothermal heat exchanger

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: grey-water

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: grey-water cleansing system

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: geothermal heat exchanger,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: reliant on entirely renewable power,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: solar-thermal balcony railing

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: CO neutral.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: grey-water

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: geothermal heat exchanger,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: a large amount of natural sunlight

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: grey-water cleansing system and built-in waste composting.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: grey-water cleansing system and built-in waste composting.

text: The cycles of many trace elements and isotopes have been impacted significantly by human activity, which has increased the discharge of harmful elements into the ocean. GEOTRACES’ emphasis on understanding the processes regulating the marine biogeochemical cycles of trace elements will improve prediction of the transport and fate of contaminants in the ocean and thereby help to protect the ocean environment.

text: The cycles of many trace elements and isotopes have been impacted significantly by human activity, which has increased the discharge of harmful elements into the ocean. GEOTRACES’ emphasis on understanding the processes regulating the marine biogeochemical cycles of trace elements will improve prediction of the transport and fate of contaminants in the ocean and thereby help to protect the ocean environment.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: harmful elements

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: human activity

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: What can be stored in snow and ice?

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: human activity,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: marine biogeochemical cycles

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: discharge of harmful elements

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: isotopes

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: discharge of harmful elements into the ocean.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: biogeochemical

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: human activity,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: human activity,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: The cycles of many trace elements and isotopes

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The cycles of many trace elements and isotopes

text: The Olympia oyster spawns between the months of May and August, when the water reaches temperatures above 14 degrees Celsius. During the oyster's first spawning cycle they will act as a male and then switch between sexes during their following spawning cycles. The males release their spermatozoa from their mantle cavity in the form of sperm balls. These balls dissolve in the water into free floating sperm. The female's eggs are fertilized in the mantle cavity (brooding chamber) when spermatozoa are filtered into her gill slits from the surrounding water. The fertilized eggs will then move into the branchial chamber (mantle cavity). The fertilized eggs will develop into veliger larvae and will stay in the females mantle cavity for 10–12 days for further development. On the first day the larvae develop into a blastulae (mass of cells with a center cavity), on day two they develop into a gastrulae (hollow two layered sac), on the third day they develop into trochophore (free-swimming, conciliated larvae), on the fourth day the valves on the dorsal surface become defined. During the rest of development in the brooding chamber the valves complete and a straight-hinged veliger larva grows.

text: The Olympia oyster spawns between the months of May and August, when the water reaches temperatures above 14 degrees Celsius. During the oyster's first spawning cycle they will act as a male and then switch between sexes during their following spawning cycles. The males release their spermatozoa from their mantle cavity in the form of sperm balls. These balls dissolve in the water into free floating sperm. The female's eggs are fertilized in the mantle cavity (brooding chamber) when spermatozoa are filtered into her gill slits from the surrounding water. The fertilized eggs will then move into the branchial chamber (mantle cavity). The fertilized eggs will develop into veliger larvae and will stay in the females mantle cavity for 10–12 days for further development. On the first day the larvae develop into a blastulae (mass of cells with a center cavity), on day two they develop into a gastrulae (hollow two layered sac), on the third day they develop into trochophore (free-swimming, conciliated larvae), on the fourth day the valves on the dorsal surface become defined. During the rest of development in the brooding chamber the valves complete and a straight-hinged veliger larva grows.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: water reaches temperatures above 14 degrees Celsius

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: sperm balls

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: What can be stored for future use in snow and ice

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: temperatures above 14 degrees Celsius.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: temperatures above 14 degrees Celsius.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: The Olympia oyster

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: free floating sperm.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: sperm balls.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: temperatures above 14 degrees Celsius.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: 14 degrees Celsius.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: 14 degrees Celsius.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: 14 degrees Celsius.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The Olympia oyster

text: The hybrid sulfur cycle (HyS) is a two-step water-splitting process intended to be used for hydrogen production.  Based on sulfur oxidation and reduction, it is classified as a hybrid thermochemical cycle because it uses an electrochemical (instead of a thermochemical) reaction for one of the two steps. The remaining thermochemical step is shared with the sulfur-iodine cycle.

text: The hybrid sulfur cycle (HyS) is a two-step

text: water-splitting

text: process intended to be used for

text: hydrogen production

text: .  Based on

text: sulfur

text: oxidation and reduction

text: , it is classified as a hybrid

text: thermochemical cycle

text: because it uses an

text: electrochemical

text: (instead of a thermochemical) reaction for one of the two steps. The remaining thermochemical step is shared with the

text: sulfur-iodine cycle

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: sulfur oxidation and reduction

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the hybrid sulfur cycle

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: sulfur oxidation and reduction,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: hydrogen

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: The hybrid sulfur cycle

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: sulfur-iodine cycle.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: hybrid sulfur cycle

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hybrid sulfur cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: The hybrid sulfur cycle

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: The hybrid sulfur cycle

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: The hybrid sulfur cycle

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The hybrid sulfur cycle

text: In 1818, a canal was dug to drain spring flood waters from Lake Suvanto (now Lake Sukhodolskoye, a  long narrow lake in the eastern part of the Karelian Isthmus) into Lake Ladoga; the canal unexpectedly eroded and turned into Taipaleenjoki (now Burnaya River). Taipaleenjoki started draining Suvanto and decreased its level by . Originally Lake Suvanto flowed into the Vuoksi river through a waterway at Kiviniemi (now Losevo), but as a result of the change, the waterway dried out. In 1857 a channel was dug there, but the stream reversed direction, creating rapids and rendering navigation at Kiviniemi impossible. Since 1857 Suvanto and Taipaleenjoki have constituted the southern branch of the Vuoksi river, which has decreased the level of the original northern branch emptying into Ladoga near Kexholm (now Priozersk) by  and has become the main stream.

text: In 1818, a canal was dug to drain spring flood waters from

text: Lake Suvanto

text: (now Lake Sukhodolskoye, a  long narrow lake in the eastern part of the

text: Karelian Isthmus

text: ) into Lake Ladoga; the canal unexpectedly eroded and turned into

text: Taipaleenjoki

text: (now Burnaya River). Taipaleenjoki started draining Suvanto and decreased its level by . Originally Lake Suvanto flowed into the Vuoksi river through a waterway at

text: Kiviniemi

text: (now Losevo), but as a result of the change, the waterway dried out. In 1857 a channel was dug there, but the stream reversed direction, creating

text: rapids

text: and rendering navigation at Kiviniemi impossible. Since 1857 Suvanto and Taipaleenjoki have constituted the southern branch of the Vuoksi river, which has decreased the level of the original northern branch emptying into Ladoga near

text: Kexholm

text: (now Priozersk) by  and has become the main stream.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: a canal was dug to drain spring flood waters from Lake Suvanto

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: spring

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the canal unexpectedly eroded and turned into Taipaleenjoki

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: water cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: the canal unexpectedly eroded

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: the waterway dried out.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: flood waters

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Taipaleenjoki

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: drain spring flood waters

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: spring flood waters

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: flood waters

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: flood waters

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: spring flood waters

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: In 1818,

text: Until recent history, groundwater was not a highly utilized resource. In the 1960s, more and more groundwater aquifers developed. Changes in knowledge, technology and funding have allowed for focused development into abstracting water from groundwater resources away from surface water resources. These changes allowed for progress in society such as the "agricultural groundwater revolution", expanding the irrigation sector allowing for increased food production and development in rural areas. Groundwater supplies nearly half of all drinking water in the world. The large volumes of water stored underground in most aquifers have a considerable buffer capacity allowing for water to be withdrawn during periods of drought or little rainfall. This is crucial for people that live in regions that cannot depend on precipitation or surface water as a supply alone, instead providing reliable access to water all year round. As of 2010, the world's aggregated groundwater abstraction is estimated at approximately 1,000 kmper year, with 67% used for irrigation, 22% used for domestic purposes and 11% used for industrial purposes. The top ten major consumers of abstracted water (India, China, United States of America, Pakistan, Iran, Bangladesh, Mexico, Saudi Arabia, Indonesia, and Italy) make up 72% of all abstracted water use worldwide. Groundwater has become crucial for the livelihoods and food security of 1.2 to 1.5 billion rural households in the poorer regions of Africa and Asia.

text: Until recent history, groundwater was not a highly utilized resource. In the 1960s, more and more groundwater aquifers developed. Changes in knowledge, technology and funding have allowed for focused development into abstracting water from groundwater resources away from surface water resources. These changes allowed for progress in society such as the "agricultural groundwater revolution", expanding the irrigation sector allowing for increased food production and development in rural areas. Groundwater supplies nearly half of all drinking water in the world. The large volumes of water stored underground in most aquifers have a considerable

text: buffer capacity

text: allowing for water to be withdrawn during periods of drought or little rainfall. This is crucial for people that live in regions that cannot depend on

text: precipitation

text: or surface water as a supply alone, instead providing reliable access to water all year round. As of 2010, the world's aggregated groundwater abstraction is estimated at approximately 1,000 kmper year, with 67% used for irrigation, 22% used for domestic purposes and 11% used for industrial purposes. The top ten major consumers of abstracted water (India, China, United States of America, Pakistan, Iran, Bangladesh, Mexico, Saudi Arabia, Indonesia, and Italy) make up 72% of all abstracted water use worldwide. Groundwater has become crucial for the livelihoods and food security of 1.2 to 1.5 billion rural households in the poorer regions of Africa and Asia.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: groundwater aquifers

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: gaseous

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: groundwater supplies nearly half of all drinking water

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: drought or little rainfall.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: withdrawn during periods of drought or little rainfall.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: drought or little rainfall.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: abstracting water from groundwater resources away from surface water resources.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: rainfall.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: drought or little rainfall.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: withdrawn during periods of drought or little rainfall.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Until recent history, groundwater was not a highly utilized resource.

text: The phosphorus cycle is the biogeochemical cycle that describes the movement of phosphorus through the lithosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. Unlike many other biogeochemical cycles, the atmosphere does not play a significant role in the movement of phosphorus, because phosphorus and phosphorus-based compounds are usually solids at the typical ranges of temperature and pressure found on Earth. The production of phosphine gas occurs in only specialized, local conditions.

text: The phosphorus cycle is the

text: biogeochemical cycle

text: that describes the movement of

text: phosphorus

text: through the

text: lithosphere

text: hydrosphere

text: , and

text: biosphere

text: . Unlike many other biogeochemical cycles, the

text: atmosphere

text: does not play a significant role in the movement of phosphorus, because phosphorus and phosphorus-based compounds are usually solids at the typical ranges of temperature and pressure found on Earth. The production of

text: phosphine

text: gas occurs in only specialized, local conditions.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: the atmosphere does not play a significant role

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: phosphine gas

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: hydrosphere

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: phosphorus

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: phosphorus

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: phosphine gas occurs in only specialized, local conditions.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: the atmosphere

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: The production of phosphine gas

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: The phosphorus cycle

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: phosphorus cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: atmosphere does not play a significant role in the movement of phosphorus,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: solids at the typical ranges of temperature and pressure

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: phosphorus and phosphorus-based compounds are usually solids

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The phosphorus cycle

text: Solar energy deployment increased at a record pace in the United States and throughout the world in 2008, according to industry reports. The Solar Energy Industries Association's "2008 U.S. Solar Industry Year in Review" found that U.S. solar energy capacity increased by 17% in 2007, reaching the total equivalent of 8,775 megawatts (MW). The SEIA report tallies all types of solar energy, and in 2007 the United States installed 342 MW of solar photovoltaic (PV) electric power, 139 thermal megawatts (MWth) of solar water heating, 762 MWth of pool heating, and 21 MWth of solar space heating and cooling.

text: Solar energy deployment increased at a record pace in the United States and

text: throughout the world

text: in 2008, according to industry reports. The

text: Solar Energy Industries Association

text: 's "2008

text: U.S. Solar Industry Year in Review

text: " found that U.S. solar energy capacity increased by 17% in 2007, reaching the total equivalent of 8,775

text: megawatt

text: s (MW). The SEIA report tallies all types of solar energy, and in 2007 the United States installed 342 MW of

text: solar photovoltaic

text: (PV) electric power, 139

text: thermal megawatt

text: s (

text: MWth

text: ) of

text: solar water heating

text: , 762 MWth of

text: pool heating

text: , and 21 MWth of solar

text: space heating and cooling

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: solar space heating and cooling

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: photosynthesis

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: solar water heating,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: 139 thermal megawatts (MWth) of solar water heating,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Solar energy deployment increased at a record pace in the United States

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: 139 thermal megawatts (MWth) of solar water heating,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: cooling.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: 139 thermal megawatts (MWth) of solar water heating,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: 139 thermal megawatts (MWth) of solar water heating,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Solar energy deployment increased at a record pace in the United States

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: 139 thermal megawatts (MWth) of solar water heating,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Solar energy deployment increased at a record pace in the United States

text: Nitrogen occurs in all living organisms, and the nitrogen cycle describes movement of the element from air into the biosphere and organic compounds, then back into the atmosphere. Synthetically produced nitrates are key ingredients of industrial fertilizers, and also key pollutants in causing the eutrophication of water systems. Nitrogen is a constituent element of amino acids and thus of proteins, and of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA). It resides in the chemical structure of almost all neurotransmitters, and is a defining component of alkaloids, biological molecules produced by many organisms.

text: Nitrogen occurs in all living organisms, and the

text: nitrogen cycle

text: describes movement of the element from air into the

text: biosphere

text: and organic compounds, then back into the atmosphere. Synthetically produced

text: nitrate

text: s are key ingredients of industrial

text: fertilizer

text: s, and also key pollutants in causing the

text: eutrophication

text: of water systems. Nitrogen is a constituent element of

text: amino acid

text: s and thus of

text: protein

text: s, and of

text: nucleic acid

text: s (

text: DNA

text: and

text: RNA

text: ). It resides in the

text: chemical structure

text: of almost all

text: neurotransmitter

text: s, and is a defining component of

text: alkaloid

text: s, biological molecules produced by many organisms.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Synthetically produced nitrates

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: nitrates

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: nitrogen cycle

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: eutrophication

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Nitrogen

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: industrial fertilizers,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: nitrogen cycle

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: nitrogen cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Nitrogen

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Nitrogen

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Nitrogen

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Nitrogen

text: Planetary atmospheres are affected by the varying degrees of energy received from either the Sun or their interiors, leading to the formation of dynamic weather systems such as hurricanes, (on Earth), planet-wide dust storms (on Mars), an Earth-sized anticyclone on Jupiter (called the Great Red Spot), and holes in the atmosphere (on Neptune). At least one extrasolar planet, HD 189733 b, has been claimed to possess such a weather system, similar to the Great Red Spot but twice as large.

text: Planetary atmospheres are affected by the varying degrees of energy received from either the Sun or their interiors, leading to the formation of dynamic

text: weather system

text: s such as

text: hurricane

text: s, (on Earth), planet-wide

text: dust storm

text: s (on Mars), an Earth-sized

text: anticyclone

text: on Jupiter (called the

text: Great Red Spot

text: ), and

text: holes in the atmosphere

text: (on Neptune). At least one extrasolar planet,

text: HD 189733 b

text: , has been claimed to possess such a weather system, similar to the Great Red Spot but twice as large.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: planet-wide dust storms

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: varying degrees of energy received from either the Sun or their interiors,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Earth-sized anticyclone

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: dynamic weather systems

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Earth-sized anticyclone

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: anticyclone

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: anticyclone

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: hurricanes,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: varying degrees of energy received from either the Sun or their interiors,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: hurricanes,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Planetary atmospheres

text: This season has been subtitled "All-Stars," featuring fourteen returning non-winning contestants representing twelve of the series' sixteen cycles (cycles 3, 6, 7 and 8 are not represented) for a second chance to win the title. Cycles 5 and 11 were each represented by two contestants. cycle 14 contestant Angelea Preston appeared for the third time in this cycle since she was also a semi-finalist on cycle 12. Most notably, Jade Cole, second runner-up of cycle 6, was offered (but rejected) the chance to appear in this cycle, claiming her contract was "bogus and one-sided."

text: This season has been subtitled "All-Stars," featuring fourteen returning non-winning contestants representing twelve of the series' sixteen cycles (cycles

text: and

text: are not represented) for a second chance to win the title. Cycles

text: and

text: were each represented by two contestants.

text: cycle 14

text: contestant Angelea Preston appeared for the third time in this cycle since she was also a semi-finalist on

text: cycle 12

text: . Most notably,

text: Jade Cole

text: , second runner-up of cycle 6, was offered (but rejected) the chance to appear in this cycle, claiming her contract was "bogus and one-sided."

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices .

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the chance to appear in this cycle, claiming her contract was "bogus and one-sided."

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: twelve of the series' sixteen cycles

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: 12.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: "All-Stars,"

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: claiming her contract was "bogus and one-sided."

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: This season has been subtitled "All-Stars,"

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: cycles

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: "All-Stars,"

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: 12.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: twelve of the series' sixteen cycles

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: This season has been subtitled "All-Stars,"

text: Fresh water is naturally occurring water on Earth's surface in ice sheets, ice caps, glaciers, icebergs, bogs, ponds, lakes, rivers and streams, and underground as groundwater in aquifers and underground streams. Fresh water is generally characterized by having low concentrations of dissolved salts and other total dissolved solids. The term specifically excludes seawater and brackish water although it does include mineral-rich waters such as chalybeate springs. The term "sweet water" (from Spanish "agua dulce") has been used to describe fresh water in contrast to salt water. The term fresh water does not have the same meaning as potable water. Much of the surface fresh water and ground water is unsuitable for drinking without some form of purification because of the presence of chemical or biological contaminants.

text: Fresh water is naturally occurring

text: water

text: on

text: Earth

text: 's surface in

text: ice sheet

text: s,

text: ice cap

text: s,

text: glacier

text: s,

text: iceberg

text: s,

text: bog

text: s,

text: pond

text: s,

text: lake

text: s,

text: river

text: s and

text: stream

text: s, and underground as

text: groundwater

text: in

text: aquifer

text: s and underground streams. Fresh water is generally characterized by having low

text: concentration

text: s of dissolved

text: salts

text: and other

text: total dissolved solids

text: . The term specifically excludes

text: seawater

text: and

text: brackish water

text: although it does include mineral-rich waters such as

text: chalybeate

text: springs. The term "sweet water" (from

text: Spanish

text: "agua dulce") has been used to describe fresh water in contrast to

text: salt water

text: . The term fresh water does not have the same meaning as

text: potable water

text: . Much of the surface fresh water and ground water is unsuitable for drinking without some form of purification because of the presence of chemical or biological contaminants.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: dissolved salts and other total dissolved solids

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: brackish water

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: ice sheets

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: low concentrations of dissolved salts and other total dissolved solids.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Fresh water

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: ice sheets,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Fresh water

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Fresh water

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Fresh water

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Fresh water

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Fresh water

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Fresh water

text: Water is the primary source of hydrogen to all living organisms, so the isotopic composition of environmental water is a first-order control on that of the biosphere. The hydrological cycle moves water around different reservoirs on the surface of the earth, during which hydrogen isotopes in water are significantly fractionated.  As the primary moisture source to the atmosphere, the ocean has a relatively uniform hydrogen isotope composition across the globe around 0‰ (VSMOW). Variations of δD larger than 10‰ in the ocean are generally confined to surface waters due to evaporation, sea ice formation, and addition of meteoric waters by precipitation, rivers or icebergs. In the hydrological cycle, the two major processes that fractionate hydrogen isotopes from ocean water are evaporation and condensation. It should be pointed out that oxygen isotopic composition (O/O) of water is also an important tracer in the hydrological cycle, and cannot be separated from hydrogen isotopes when we talk about isotope fractionation processes associated with water.

text: Water

text: is the primary source of hydrogen to all living organisms, so the isotopic composition of environmental water is a first-order control on that of the biosphere. The

text: hydrological cycle

text: moves water around different reservoirs on the surface of the earth, during which hydrogen isotopes in water are significantly fractionated.  As the primary moisture source to the atmosphere, the ocean has a relatively uniform hydrogen isotope composition across the globe around 0‰ (VSMOW). Variations of δD larger than 10‰ in the ocean are generally confined to surface waters due to evaporation, sea ice formation, and addition of meteoric waters by precipitation, rivers or icebergs. In the hydrological cycle, the two major processes that fractionate hydrogen isotopes from ocean water are

text: evaporation

text: and condensation. It should be pointed out that oxygen isotopic composition (O/O) of water is also an important tracer in the hydrological cycle, and cannot be separated from hydrogen isotopes when we talk about isotope fractionation processes associated with water.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Hydrogen isotopes in water are significantly fractionated

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: condensation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: sea ice formation

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: The hydrological cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: The hydrological cycle moves water around different reservoirs

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: hydrogen isotopes in water are significantly fractionated.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporation,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: sea ice formation,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: evaporation,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrological cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Water is the primary source of hydrogen to all living organisms,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation, sea ice formation,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: The hydrological cycle moves water around different reservoirs

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Water is the primary source of hydrogen to all living organisms,

text: There has been much evidence to show a significant connection between the carbon cycle and climate change. Most greenhouse gases are primarily composed of carbon and they produce an effect where warmer air that is heated by the sun is kept from leaving the atmosphere by forming a barrier in the troposphere. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, greenhouse gasses produced by human activity have been noted as the most significant cause of global climate change since the 1950s. Without human interaction, carbon is removed from and reintroduced to soil through a variety of ecosystem processes known as the carbon cycle. Humans have been significantly influencing the global carbon cycle since the Industrial Revolution through various means, such as transportation and agriculture. Through these actions, most of this carbon has moved in one direction, from the lithosphere and biospheres to the atmosphere. By means of oil, gas and irresponsible farming, much of the natural carbon in the earth's pedosphere has been released into the atmosphere, contributing to greenhouse gasses.

text: There has been much evidence to show a significant connection between the

text: carbon cycle

text: and

text: climate change

text: . Most

text: greenhouse gas

text: es are primarily composed of carbon and they produce an effect where warmer air that is heated by the sun is kept from leaving the atmosphere by forming a barrier in the troposphere. According to the

entity_name: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

text: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

text: , greenhouse gasses produced by human activity have been noted as the most significant cause of global climate change since the 1950s. Without human interaction, carbon is removed from and reintroduced to soil through a variety of ecosystem processes known as the

text: carbon cycle

text: . Humans have been significantly influencing the global carbon cycle since the

text: Industrial Revolution

text: through various means, such as transportation and agriculture. Through these actions, most of this carbon has moved in one direction, from the

text: lithosphere

text: and

text: biosphere

text: s to the

text: atmosphere

text: . By means of oil, gas and irresponsible farming, much of the natural carbon in the earth's

text: pedosphere

text: has been released into the atmosphere, contributing to greenhouse gasses.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: warmer air that is heated by the sun

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: greenhouse gases

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: carbon cycle.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: greenhouse gases

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: carbon cycle and climate change.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: transportation and agriculture.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: carbon cycle.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: carbon cycle.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: greenhouse gases

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Industrial Revolution

text: In an evacuated tube solar hot water heater with an indirect circulation system, evacuated tubes contain a glass outer tube and metal absorber tube attached to a fin. Solar thermal energy is absorbed within the evacuated tubes and is converted into usable concentrated heat. Copper heat pipes transfer thermal energy from within the solar tube into a copper header. A thermal transfer fluid (water or glycol mixture) is pumped through the copper header. As the solution circulates through the copper header, the temperature rises. The evacuated glass tubes have a double layer. The outer layer is fully transparent to allow solar energy to pass through unimpeded. The inner layer is treated with a selective optical coating that absorbs energy without reflection. The inner and outer layers are fused at the end, leaving an empty space between the inner and outer layers. All air is pumped out of the space between the two layers (evacuation process), thereby creating the thermos effect which stops conductive and convective transfer of heat that might otherwise escape into the atmosphere. Heat loss is further reduced by the low-emissivity of the glass that is used. Inside the glass tube is the copper heat pipe. It is a sealed hollow copper tube that contains a small amount of proprietary liquid, which under low pressure boils at a very low temperature. Other components include a solar heat exchanger tank and a solar pumping station, with pumps and controllers.

text: In an evacuated tube solar hot water heater with an indirect circulation system, evacuated tubes contain a glass outer tube and metal absorber tube attached to a fin. Solar thermal energy is absorbed within the evacuated tubes and is converted into usable concentrated heat. Copper heat pipes transfer thermal energy from within the solar tube into a copper header. A thermal transfer fluid (water or

text: glycol

text: mixture) is pumped through the copper header. As the solution circulates through the copper header, the temperature rises. The evacuated glass tubes have a double layer. The outer layer is fully transparent to allow solar energy to pass through unimpeded. The inner layer is treated with a selective

text: optical coating

text: that absorbs energy without reflection. The inner and outer layers are fused at the end, leaving an empty space between the inner and outer layers. All air is pumped out of the space between the two layers (evacuation process), thereby creating the thermos effect which stops conductive and convective transfer of heat that might otherwise escape into the atmosphere. Heat loss is further reduced by the low-emissivity of the glass that is used. Inside the glass tube is the copper heat pipe. It is a sealed hollow copper tube that contains a small amount of proprietary liquid, which under low pressure boils at a very low temperature. Other components include a solar heat exchanger tank and a solar pumping station, with pumps and controllers.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: What drives the water cycle?

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: boils

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: a small amount of proprietary liquid

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation process

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: None of the above choices are true

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: As the solution circulates through the copper header, the temperature rises.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: under low pressure boils

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Heat loss

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: under low pressure boils at a very low temperature.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: thermos effect which stops conductive and convective transfer of heat

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: thermal transfer fluid

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: (water

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: A thermal transfer fluid

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: thermal transfer fluid

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: evacuated tube solar hot water heater

text: Active solar cooling uses solar thermal collectors to provide solar energy to thermally driven chillers (usually adsorption or absorption chillers). Solar energy heats a fluid that provides heat to the generator of an absorption chiller and is recirculated back to the collectors. The heat provided to the generator drives a cooling cycle that produces chilled water. The chilled water produced is used for large commercial and industrial cooling.

text: Active solar cooling uses solar thermal collectors to provide solar energy to thermally driven chillers (usually adsorption or absorption chillers). Solar energy heats a fluid that provides heat to the generator of an absorption chiller and is recirculated back to the collectors. The heat provided to the generator drives a cooling cycle that produces chilled water. The chilled water produced is used for large commercial and industrial cooling.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Solar energy heats a fluid

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: The heat provided to the generator drives a cooling cycle that produces chilled water.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: chilled water.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Active solar cooling

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: absorption chiller

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Active solar cooling

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: cooling cycle that produces chilled water.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Active solar cooling

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Active solar cooling

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: chilled water.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Active solar cooling

text: The nitrogen cycle is the biogeochemical cycle by which nitrogen is converted into various chemical forms as it circulates among the atmosphere and terrestrial and marine ecosystems. The conversion of nitrogen can be carried out through both biological and physical processes. Important processes in the nitrogen cycle include fixation, ammonification, nitrification, and denitrification. The majority of Earth's atmosphere (78%) is nitrogen, making it the largest pool of nitrogen. However, atmospheric nitrogen has limited availability for biological use, leading to a scarcity of usable nitrogen in many types of ecosystems. The nitrogen cycle is of particular interest to ecologists because nitrogen availability can affect the rate of key ecosystem processes, including primary production and decomposition. Human activities such as fossil fuel combustion, use of artificial nitrogen fertilizers, and release of nitrogen in wastewater have dramatically altered the global nitrogen cycle.

text: The nitrogen cycle is the

text: biogeochemical cycle

text: by which

text: nitrogen

text: is converted into various chemical forms as it circulates among the

text: atmosphere

text: and

text: terrestrial

text: and

text: marine

text: ecosystems. The conversion of nitrogen can be carried out through both biological and physical processes. Important processes in the nitrogen cycle include

text: fixation

text: ammonification

text: nitrification

text: , and

text: denitrification

text: . The majority of

text: Earth's atmosphere

text: (78%) is

text: nitrogen

text: , making it the largest pool of nitrogen. However, atmospheric nitrogen has limited availability for biological use, leading to a scarcity of usable nitrogen in many types of ecosystems. The nitrogen cycle is of particular interest to

text: ecologist

text: s because nitrogen availability can affect the rate of key ecosystem processes, including

text: primary production

text: and

text: decomposition

text: . Human activities such as fossil fuel combustion, use of artificial nitrogen fertilizers, and release of nitrogen in wastewater have dramatically

text: altered the global nitrogen cycle

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: decomposition

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: fossil fuel combustion

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: denitrification

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: nitrogen cycle

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: denitrification.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: The nitrogen cycle

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: fossil fuel combustion,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: nitrification, and denitrification.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: nitrogen cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: atmospheric nitrogen has limited availability for biological use,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Human activities

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: The nitrogen cycle

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The nitrogen cycle

text: UNAVCO operates the Continuously Operating Caribbean GPS Observational Network (COCONet)[1], which consists of 50 planned continuously operating GPS/weather stations integrated with 65 existing GPS stations operated by partner organizations, 15 of which will be upgraded with new equipment. COCONet provides free, high-quality, open-format GPS and meteorological data for these stations via the internet for use by scientists, government agencies, educators, students, and the private sector. These data are used by local and foreign researchers to study solid earth processes such as tectonic plate motions, tectonic plate boundary interaction and deformation, including earthquake cycle processes and risks. They also serve atmospheric scientists and weather forecasting groups by providing more precise estimates of tropospheric water vapor and enabling better forecasting of the dynamics of airborne moisture associated with the yearly Caribbean hurricane cycle.

text: UNAVCO operates the Continuously Operating Caribbean GPS Observational Network (COCONet)[1], which consists of 50 planned continuously operating GPS/weather stations integrated with 65 existing GPS stations operated by partner organizations, 15 of which will be upgraded with new equipment. COCONet provides free, high-quality, open-format GPS and meteorological data for these stations via the internet for use by scientists, government agencies, educators, students, and the private sector. These data are used by local and foreign researchers to study solid earth processes such as tectonic plate motions, tectonic plate boundary interaction and deformation, including earthquake cycle processes and risks. They also serve atmospheric scientists and weather forecasting groups by providing more precise estimates of tropospheric water vapor and enabling better forecasting of the dynamics of airborne moisture associated with the yearly Caribbean hurricane cycle.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: vapor

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: what are examples of airborne moisture

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the yearly Caribbean hurricane cycle

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: airborne moisture

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: airborne moisture

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: tropospheric water vapor

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: airborne moisture

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: earthquake cycle

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: airborne moisture

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Caribbean hurricane cycle.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: moisture

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: tropospheric water vapor

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: tropospheric water vapor

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Continuously Operating Caribbean GPS Observational Network

text: BioSphere was invented, developed and is owned by Dr. C A McCormack. BioSphere was marketed for 17 years under license by Global Environmental Energy Corp., a US public company formed by the former Irish Prime Minister Albert Reynolds and Nobel Peace Prize Nominee, Dr Albert Reynolds. BioSpheres manufactured under license in Russia, China, Thailand, Mexico and the USA were deployed worldwide. Dr Reynolds spearheaded the company's involvement in North Africa and North East Asia, before retiring due to ill health. BioSphere and its military and marine variants BioSphere-Neo and BioSphere-Marine, is a starved oxygen gasification process that harnesses the combustibility of solid wastes in a limited–oxygen environment with significantly limited atmospheric emissions creating a heat source and generating electricity in a gas/steam turbine. Examples of wastes that can be converted into green energy using this technology are municipal solid waste, agricultural waste, forestry surpluses or wastes, industrial waste, medical waste materials, and traditional fossil fuels.

text: BioSphere was invented, developed and is owned by Dr. C A McCormack. BioSphere was marketed for 17 years under license by Global Environmental Energy Corp., a US public company formed by the former Irish Prime Minister

text: Albert Reynolds

text: and Nobel Peace Prize Nominee, Dr Albert Reynolds. BioSpheres manufactured under license in Russia, China, Thailand, Mexico and the USA were deployed worldwide. Dr Reynolds spearheaded the company's involvement in North Africa and North East Asia, before retiring due to ill health. BioSphere and its military and marine variants BioSphere-Neo and BioSphere-Marine, is a starved oxygen gasification process that harnesses the combustibility of solid wastes in a limited–oxygen environment with significantly limited atmospheric emissions creating a heat source and generating electricity in a gas/steam turbine. Examples of wastes that can be converted into

text: green energy

text: using this technology are

text: municipal solid waste

text: , agricultural waste, forestry surpluses or wastes,

text: industrial waste

text: medical waste

text: materials, and traditional

text: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: gasification

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: gas/steam turbine

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: greenhouse effect

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: biosphere

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: combustibility of solid wastes in a limited–oxygen

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: oxygen gasification

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: atmospheric emissions

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: industrial waste, medical waste materials, and traditional fossil fuels.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: atmospheric emissions

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: atmospheric emissions

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: a starved oxygen gasification process

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: atmospheric emissions

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: forestry surpluses or wastes,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: BioSphere

text: Loss of biodiversity stems largely from the habitat loss and fragmentation produced by the human appropriation of land for development, forestry and agriculture as natural capital is progressively converted to man-made capital. Land use change is fundamental to the operations of the biosphere because alterations in the relative proportions of land dedicated to urbanisation, agriculture, forest, woodland, grassland and pasture have a marked effect on the global water, carbon and nitrogen biogeochemical cycles and this can impact negatively on both natural and human systems. At the local human scale major sustainability benefits accrue from the pursuit of green cities and sustainable parks and gardens.

text: Loss of biodiversity stems largely from the habitat loss and fragmentation produced by the human appropriation of land for development, forestry and agriculture as

text: natural capital

text: is progressively converted to man-made capital. Land use change is fundamental to the operations of the

text: biosphere

text: because alterations in the relative proportions of land dedicated to

text: urbanisation

text: agriculture

text: forest

text: woodland

text: grassland

text: and

text: pasture

text: have a marked effect on the global water, carbon and nitrogen

text: biogeochemical cycle

text: s and this can impact negatively on both natural and human systems. At the local human scale major sustainability benefits accrue from the pursuit of

text: green cities

text: and

text: sustainable parks and gardens

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Land use change

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: gaseous

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: can impact negatively on both natural and human systems

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: man-made capital

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: biogeochemical cycles

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Land use change

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: carbon and nitrogen biogeochemical cycles

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: natural capital is progressively converted to man-made capital.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: water, carbon and nitrogen biogeochemical cycles

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: biogeochemical

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Loss of biodiversity

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Land use change

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: water, carbon and nitrogen biogeochemical cycles

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: global water, carbon and nitrogen biogeochemical cycles

text: CO line intensities are calibrated using the room-temperature chopper-wheel method and the two-layer atmosphere model of Kutner (1978). At the CO signal frequency the atmospheric opacity is appreciable, mostly due to molecular oxygen and water vapor, and corrections to the observed line intensities for signal attenuation must be applied. Kutner's two-layer model of the atmosphere parameterizes the elevation dependence of the correction factor in terms of only 3 parameters, each of which has a physical interpretation. Because oxygen has a much greater scale height than water vapor, the model assumes they can be considered separate layers, oxygen above water, with different characteristic temperatures and opacities. The temperature and opacity of oxygen in the upper atmosphere do not vary much seasonally and are assumed to be constant at 255 K and 0.378, respectively, at the signal frequency. The remaining parameters in the model, the temperature and opacity of water and the fraction of the received power from the sky, are determined through antenna tippings (measurements of the intensity of the sky signal as a function of elevation) at least once per six-hour observing shift, and more frequently if the weather is changing. Typical zenith water opacities ranged from 0.10 to 0.15, with values as low as about 0.05 in the coldest, driest weather. A 1-second calibration is performed at the start of each scan to correct for short term variations of the receiver gain and atmospheric opacity.

text: CO line intensities are calibrated using the room-temperature chopper-wheel method and the two-layer atmosphere model of Kutner (1978). At the CO signal frequency the atmospheric opacity is appreciable, mostly due to molecular oxygen and water vapor, and corrections to the observed line intensities for signal attenuation must be applied. Kutner's two-layer model of the atmosphere parameterizes the elevation dependence of the correction factor in terms of only 3 parameters, each of which has a physical interpretation. Because oxygen has a much greater scale height than water vapor, the model assumes they can be considered separate layers, oxygen above water, with different characteristic temperatures and opacities. The temperature and opacity of oxygen in the upper atmosphere do not vary much seasonally and are assumed to be constant at 255 K and 0.378, respectively, at the signal frequency. The remaining parameters in the model, the temperature and opacity of water and the fraction of the received power from the sky, are determined through antenna tippings (measurements of the intensity of the sky signal as a function of elevation) at least once per six-hour observing shift, and more frequently if the weather is changing. Typical zenith water opacities ranged from 0.10 to 0.15, with values as low as about 0.05 in the coldest, driest weather. A 1-second calibration is performed at the start of each scan to correct for short term variations of the receiver gain and atmospheric opacity.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: molecular oxygen and water vapor

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: water vapor

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: What are some examples of precipitation?

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the room-temperature chopper-wheel method

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: None of the above choices are true

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: molecular oxygen and water vapor,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: water vapor,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: atmospheric opacity

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: antenna tippings

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: oxygen above water,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: molecular oxygen and water vapor,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: 0.05

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: oxygen has a much greater scale height than water vapor,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: 0.10 to 0.15,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: 0.10 to 0.15,

text: D-O cycles may set their own timescale. Maslin et al.. (2001) suggested that each ice sheet had its own conditions of stability, but that on melting, the influx of freshwater was enough to reconfigure ocean currents - causing melting elsewhere. More specifically, D-O cold events, and their associated influx of meltwater, reduce the strength of the North Atlantic Deep Water current (NADW), weakening the northern hemisphere circulation and therefore resulting in an increased transfer of heat polewards in the southern hemisphere. This warmer water results in melting of Antarctic ice, thereby reducing density stratification and the strength of the Antarctic Bottom Water current (AABW). This allows the NADW to return to its previous strength, driving northern hemisphere melting - and another D-O cold event.This theory may also explain Heinrich events' apparent connection to the D-O cycle; when the accumulation of meltwater in the oceans reaches a threshold, it may have raised sea level enough to undercut the Laurentide ice sheet - causing a Heinrich event and resetting the cycle.

text: D-O cycles may set their own timescale. Maslin et al.. (2001) suggested that each ice sheet had its own conditions of stability, but that on melting, the influx of freshwater was enough to reconfigure ocean currents - causing melting elsewhere. More specifically, D-O cold events, and their associated influx of meltwater, reduce the strength of the North Atlantic Deep Water current (NADW), weakening the northern hemisphere circulation and therefore resulting in an increased transfer of heat polewards in the southern hemisphere. This warmer water results in melting of Antarctic ice, thereby reducing density stratification and the strength of the Antarctic Bottom Water current (AABW). This allows the NADW to return to its previous strength, driving northern hemisphere melting - and another D-O cold event.This theory may also explain Heinrich events' apparent connection to the D-O cycle; when the accumulation of meltwater in the oceans reaches a threshold, it may have raised sea level enough to undercut the Laurentide ice sheet - causing a Heinrich event and resetting the cycle.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: D-O cold events

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: melting

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: D-O cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: melting of Antarctic ice

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: influx of freshwater

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: melting,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: D-O cycles

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Heinrich event

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transfer of heat

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: D-O

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: D-O cold events, and their associated influx of meltwater,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: the accumulation of meltwater

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: melting, the influx of freshwater

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: D-O cycles may set their own timescale.

text: Water is an essential part to the ecosystem of forests including the plants and animal species survival, stream, rivers and lakes habitats and also human activities. The act of deforestation can affect the quality of water, quantity of water as well as the aquatic ecosystems located in the forests. When deforestation takes place by the forest sector, the water quality can be affected by sedimentation, pollution and changes in water levels. When roads are put in to cross streams and rivers, 94% of the roads crossings have low to moderate potential to deliver sediment to a stream, When the deforestation takes place near a stream, riparian techniques are used to conserve the tree density around the stream to protect and provide many benefits to the water quality, quantity and stability of the aquatic ecosystem. With 87% of the riparian area within the deforested area being in properly functioning conditions, the forest sector has high conservation efforts to protect the water within forest. The passage of fish species to upstream and downstream habitats can be an essential part of survival and can be affected by deforestation practices, especially the building of roads by forest sector. With only 42% of the road stream crossings having a low effect on the passage of fish species, the remainder of crossings have a high to moderate risk of limiting fish passage. With an increase in stream crossings by roads from 421,830 in 2000 to 488,674 in 2005, a strategic plan is in process to address the fish passage concern.

text: Water is an essential part to the ecosystem of forests including the plants and animal species survival, stream, rivers and lakes habitats and also human activities. The act of deforestation can affect the quality of water, quantity of water as well as the aquatic ecosystems located in the forests. When deforestation takes place by the forest sector, the water quality can be affected by

text: sedimentation

text: , pollution and changes in water levels. When roads are put in to cross streams and rivers, 94% of the roads crossings have low to moderate potential to deliver sediment to a stream, When the deforestation takes place near a stream,

text: riparian

text: techniques are used to conserve the tree density around the stream to protect and provide many benefits to the water quality, quantity and stability of the aquatic ecosystem. With 87% of the riparian area within the deforested area being in properly functioning conditions, the forest sector has high conservation efforts to protect the water within forest. The passage of fish species to upstream and downstream habitats can be an essential part of survival and can be affected by deforestation practices, especially the building of roads by forest sector. With only 42% of the road stream crossings having a low effect on the passage of fish species, the remainder of crossings have a high to moderate risk of limiting fish passage. With an increase in stream crossings by roads from 421,830 in 2000 to 488,674 in 2005, a strategic plan is in process to address the fish passage concern.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: deforestation

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Sedimentation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: changes in water levels

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: changes in water levels

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Which of the following is not a benefit of deforestation?

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: deforestation

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: sedimentation, pollution and changes in water levels.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Water

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: pollution and changes in water levels.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: riparian techniques

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: ecosystem of forests

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: deforestation

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: changes in water levels.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: riparian techniques are used to conserve the tree density

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Water

text: Soil, consisting of polyanionic clays and silicates, generally has a net anionic charge. Consequently, ammonium (NH) binds tightly to the soil but nitrate ions (NO) do not. Because nitrate is more mobile, it leaches into groundwater supplies through agricultural runoff. Wildlife such as amphibians, freshwater fish, and insects are sensitive to nitrate levels, and have been known to cause death and developmental anomalies in affected species. In addition, because they easily leach into groundwater, contributing to eutrophication, a process in which large algal blooms reduce oxygen levels in bodies of water and lead to death in oxygen-consuming creatures due to anoxia. Nitrification is also thought to contribute to the formation of photochemical smog, ground level ozone, acid rain, changes in species diversity, and other undesirable processes. In addition, nitrification inhibitors have also been shown to suppress the oxidation of methane (CH), a potent greenhouse gas, to CO. Both nitrapyrin and acetylene are shown to be especially strong suppressors of both processes, although the modes of action distinguishing them are unclear.

text: Soil, consisting of

text: polyanion

text: ic clays and

text: silicates

text: , generally has a net anionic charge. Consequently, ammonium (NH) binds tightly to the soil but nitrate ions (NO) do not. Because nitrate is more mobile, it

text: leaches

text: into groundwater supplies through

text: agricultural runoff

text: . Wildlife such as amphibians, freshwater fish, and insects are sensitive to nitrate levels, and have been known to cause death and developmental anomalies in affected species. In addition, because they easily leach into groundwater, contributing to

text: eutrophication

text: , a process in which large algal blooms reduce oxygen levels in bodies of water and lead to death in oxygen-consuming creatures due to anoxia. Nitrification is also thought to contribute to the formation of

text: photochemical

text: smog, ground level ozone,

text: acid rain

text: , changes in

text: species diversity

text: , and other undesirable processes. In addition, nitrification inhibitors have also been shown to suppress the oxidation of methane (CH), a potent

text: greenhouse gas

text: , to CO. Both

text: nitrapyrin

text: and

text: acetylene

text: are shown to be especially strong suppressors of both processes, although the modes of action distinguishing them are unclear.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: nitrification

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Nitrification

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: acid rain

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: a potent greenhouse gas

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Nitrification

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: groundwater cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: eutrophication

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: What is stored in snow and ice?

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: eutrophication,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: oxidation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: acid rain,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: nitrapyrin and acetylene

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: photochemical smog,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: eutrophication,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: nitrate ions

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Nitrification

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: groundwater supplies through agricultural runoff.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: agricultural runoff.

text: Process: Explaining to students how the water cycle works is a perfect example of a process-type edugraphic.

text: Process: Explaining to students how the water cycle works is a perfect example of a process-type edugraphic.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: What are some examples of precipitation?

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: melting of ice

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Water can be stored for future use in snow and ice.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: description:

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: process-type edugraphic.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: water cycle

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: process-type edugraphic.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Process: Explaining to students how the water cycle works

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: water cycle

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Process:

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: process-type edugraphic.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: water cycle

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: water cycle

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: process-type edugraphic.

text: Pollutants released to the ground can work their way down into the groundwater, leading to groundwater pollution. The resulting body of polluted water within an aquifer is called a plume, with its migrating edges called plume fronts. Plumes are used to locate, map, and measure water pollution within the aquifer's total body of water, and plume fronts to determine directions and speed of the contamination's spreading in it.

text: Pollutants

text: released to the ground can work their way down into the

text: groundwater

text: , leading to

text: groundwater pollution

text: . The resulting body of polluted water within an

text: aquifer

text: is called a plume, with its migrating edges called plume fronts. Plumes are used to locate, map, and measure

text: water pollution

text: within the aquifer's total body of water, and plume fronts to determine directions and speed of the contamination's spreading in it.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: can work their way down into the groundwater

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: groundwater pollution

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Pollutants

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: plume,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Pollutants released to the ground

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: a plume,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Pollutants

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Pollutants

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Pollutants

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Pollutants

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: plume,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Pollutants

text: Traditionally, the movement of groundwater has been studied separately from surface water, climatology, and even the chemical and microbiological aspects of hydrogeology (the processes are uncoupled). As the field of hydrogeology matures, the strong interactions between groundwater, surface water, water chemistry, soil moisture and even climate are becoming more clear.

text: Traditionally, the movement of groundwater has been studied separately from surface water,

text: climatology

text: , and even the chemical and

text: microbiological

text: aspects of hydrogeology (the processes are uncoupled). As the field of hydrogeology matures, the strong interactions between groundwater,

text: surface water

text: water chemistry

text: , soil moisture and even

text: climate

text: are becoming more clear.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrogeology

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: climatology,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrogeology

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Traditionally, the movement of groundwater

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Traditionally, the movement of groundwater

text: In another part of the cycle, the process of nitrogen fixation constantly puts additional nitrogen into biological circulation. This is carried out by free-living nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the soil or water such as Azotobacter, or by those that live in close symbiosis with leguminous plants, such as rhizobia. These bacteria form colonies in nodules they create on the roots of peas, beans, and related species. These are able to convert nitrogen from the atmosphere into nitrogen-containing organic substances.

text: In another part of the cycle, the process of

text: nitrogen fixation

text: constantly puts additional nitrogen into biological circulation. This is carried out by free-living nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the soil or water such as

text: Azotobacter

text: , or by those that live in close symbiosis with

text: leguminous

text: plants, such as

text: rhizobia

text: . These bacteria form colonies in nodules they create on the roots of

text: pea

text: s,

text: bean

text: s, and related species. These are able to convert nitrogen from the atmosphere into nitrogen-containing organic substances.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: nitrogen from the atmosphere

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: nitrogen-containing organic substances

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: nitrogen-fixing bacteria

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: nitrogen fixation

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: nitrogen fixation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: atmosphere

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Azotobacter,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: nitrogen fixation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: nitrogen fixation constantly puts additional nitrogen into biological circulation.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: free-living nitrogen-fixing bacteria

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: nitrogen fixation constantly puts additional nitrogen

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: nitrogen fixation constantly puts additional nitrogen

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: nitrogen fixation constantly puts additional nitrogen

text: The Pittman Underground Water Act (introduced as S. 9) was an Act of Congress, that was approved on October 22, 1919 and was repealed on August 11, 1964. The public law gives the Secretary of the Interior the power to hand out permits to American citizens and associations to drill for and look for groundwater on public lands in Nevada. In addition, the law gives the Secretary the power to give patents to permittees who found enough groundwater to sustain a farm. The law was supposed to stimulate agriculture in Nevada, since it was thought that the absence of surface water undermined the growth of the agricultural sector in Nevada.

text: The Pittman Underground Water Act (introduced as

text: S.

text: 9) was an

text: Act of Congress

text: , that was approved on October 22, 1919 and was repealed on August 11, 1964. The

text: public law

text: gives the

text: Secretary of the Interior

text: the power to hand out permits to American citizens and associations to drill for and look for groundwater on public lands in

text: Nevada

text: . In addition, the law gives the Secretary the power to give patents to permittees who found enough groundwater to sustain a farm. The law was supposed to stimulate agriculture in Nevada, since it was thought that the absence of surface water undermined the growth of the agricultural sector in Nevada.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: The Pittman Underground Water Act

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the absence of surface water undermined the growth of the agricultural sector in Nevada.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: The Pittman Underground Water Act

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: The Pittman Underground Water Act

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The Pittman Underground Water Act

text: The term "biotope" does not apply to biosphere reserves, which are completely separate from humans and become the object of human admiration. Instead, it is an active part of human daily life. For example, an ornamental flower bed may be considered a biotope (albeit rather a small one) since it enhances the experience of daily life. An area that has many functions, such as human living space, and is home to other living things, whether plant or animal, can be considered a biosphere reserve.

text: The term "biotope" does not apply to

text: biosphere reserves

text: , which are completely separate from humans and become the object of human admiration. Instead, it is an active part of human daily life. For example, an ornamental flower bed may be considered a biotope (albeit rather a small one) since it enhances the experience of daily life. An area that has many functions, such as human living space, and is home to other living things, whether plant or animal, can be considered a biosphere reserve.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: an ornamental flower bed

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: living things,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: "biotope"

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: "biotope"

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: ornamental flower bed

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: "biotope"

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: "biotope"

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: "biotope" does not apply to biosphere reserves,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: "biotope" does not apply to biosphere reserves,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: The term "biotope" does not apply to biosphere reserves,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The term "biotope" does not apply to biosphere reserves,

text: Greenpower, led by the General Director Carlos Igrejas, is a company of renewable energies, these are Photovoltaic Solar Energy and Thermal Solar Energy. It is located in Viana Park in Luanda with a showroom, store and assembly line of Kits. The two business areas are distribution of equipment and the realization of projects ‘chave-na-mão’ (‘key-in-hand’), being the development, the implementation and the maintenance of systems. Greenpower is installing photovoltaic systems for illumination of school, hospitals, police stations, administrative organs and public roads, and also systems for the supply of water for irrigation in agriculture and for the placement of panels for water heating. The target groups are rural populations. The company’s facilities were inaugurated in May 2012 in the presence of the Secretary of State of Energy, Joaquim Ventura. The initial investment was the amount of six million US dollars. According to Carlos Igrejas, the company expected to bill 11,5 million USD and to create 50 direct and indirect jobs, through the several projects to be implemented in the 18 provinces of Angola. The plant would have an initial workforce of 30 people. The enterprise was in the process of having some pilot experiences in the provinces of Namibe and Kwanza-Norte, in a project subsidized by the central government. The group’s administrator Carlos Rola disclosed that depending on customer needs, the mounted solar panels could cost between 1.000 and 40.000 USD. Greenpower at that time already had realized a contract with the provincial government of Luanda to install at least 500 electric power stations in seven neighborhoods.

text: Greenpower, led by the General Director Carlos Igrejas, is a company of

text: renewable energies

text: , these are Photovoltaic Solar Energy and Thermal Solar Energy. It is located in

text: Viana

text: Park in Luanda with a showroom, store and assembly line of Kits. The two business areas are distribution of equipment and the realization of projects ‘chave-na-mão’ (‘key-in-hand’), being the development, the implementation and the maintenance of systems. Greenpower is installing photovoltaic systems for illumination of school, hospitals, police stations, administrative organs and public roads, and also systems for the supply of water for irrigation in agriculture and for the placement of panels for water heating. The target groups are rural populations. The company’s facilities were inaugurated in May 2012 in the presence of the Secretary of State of Energy, Joaquim Ventura. The initial investment was the amount of six million US dollars. According to Carlos Igrejas, the company expected to bill 11,5 million USD and to create 50 direct and indirect jobs, through the several projects to be implemented in the 18

text: provinces of Angola

text: . The plant would have an initial workforce of 30 people. The enterprise was in the process of having some pilot experiences in the provinces of

text: Namibe

text: and

text: Kwanza-Norte

text: , in a project subsidized by the central government. The group’s administrator Carlos Rola disclosed that depending on customer needs, the mounted solar panels could cost between 1.000 and 40.000 USD. Greenpower at that time already had realized a contract with the provincial government of Luanda to install at least 500 electric power stations in seven neighborhoods.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: What drives the water cycle

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: thermal solar energy

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices .

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: thermal solar energy

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Irrigation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: irrigation in agriculture

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: heating.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: renewable energies,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the central government.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: irrigation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: irrigation in agriculture

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: 30 people.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: renewable energies,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: irrigation in agriculture

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: irrigation in agriculture

text: The Park (together with the Tuchola, Wdzydze and Zaborski Landscape Parks) forms the buffer zone of the Tuchola Forest Biosphere Reserve, designated under the UNESCO Man and the Biosphere Programme in 2010. The core area of the Biosphere Reserve consists of Tuchola Forest National Park and the nature reserves lying within the Landscape Parks of the buffer zone.

text: The Park (together with the

text: Tuchola

text: Wdzydze

text: and

text: Zaborski

text: Landscape Parks) forms the buffer zone of the

text: Tuchola Forest Biosphere Reserve

text: , designated under the UNESCO

text: Man and the Biosphere Programme

text: in 2010. The core area of the Biosphere Reserve consists of

text: Tuchola Forest National Park

text: and the

text: nature reserves

text: lying within the Landscape Parks of the buffer zone.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices are true

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Tuchola Forest National Park

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Tuchola Forest Biosphere Reserve,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: UNESCO Man and the Biosphere Programme

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: buffer zone of the Tuchola Forest Biosphere Reserve,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: UNESCO Man and the Biosphere Programme

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Tuchola Forest Biosphere Reserve,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Tuchola Forest Biosphere Reserve,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Tuchola Forest Biosphere Reserve,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: UNESCO Man and the Biosphere Programme

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Tuchola Forest Biosphere Reserve,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The Park (together with the Tuchola, Wdzydze

text: To a fair approximation, living organisms may be considered as examples of (b). Approximately, an animal's physical state cycles by the day, leaving the animal nearly unchanged. Animals take in food, water, and oxygen, and, as a result of metabolism, give out breakdown products and heat. Plants take in radiative energy from the sun, which may be regarded as heat, and carbon dioxide and water. They give out oxygen. In this way they grow. Eventually they die, and their remains rot. This can be regarded as a cyclic process. Overall, the sunlight is from a high temperature source, the sun, and its energy is passed to a lower temperature sink, the soil. This is an increase of entropy of the surroundings of the plant. Thus animals and plants obey the second law of thermodynamics, considered in terms of cyclic processes. Simple concepts of efficiency of heat engines are hardly applicable to this problem because they assume closed systems.

text: To a fair approximation, living organisms may be considered as examples of (b). Approximately, an animal's physical state cycles by the day, leaving the animal nearly unchanged. Animals take in food, water, and oxygen, and, as a result of

text: metabolism

text: , give out breakdown products and heat. Plants

text: take in radiative energy

text: from the sun, which may be regarded as heat, and carbon dioxide and water. They give out oxygen. In this way they grow. Eventually they die, and their remains rot. This can be regarded as a cyclic process. Overall, the sunlight is from a high temperature source, the sun, and its energy is passed to a lower temperature sink, the soil. This is an increase of entropy of the surroundings of the plant. Thus animals and plants obey the second law of thermodynamics, considered in terms of cyclic processes. Simple concepts of efficiency of heat engines are hardly applicable to this problem because they assume closed systems.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: carbon dioxide and water

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: (b)

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: (b).

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Eventually they die, and their remains rot

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: take in radiative energy

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: cyclic process

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: entropy

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: (b).

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Plants take in radiative energy

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: (b).

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: (b).

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Plants

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: They give out oxygen.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: cyclic process.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Plants

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: increase of entropy of the surroundings of the plant.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: (b).

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: (b).

text: The atmosphere of Titan is largely nitrogen; minor components lead to the formation of methane and ethane clouds and nitrogen-rich organic smog. The climate—including wind and rain—creates surface features similar to those of Earth, such as dunes, rivers, lakes, seas (probably of liquid methane and ethane), and deltas, and is dominated by seasonal weather patterns as on Earth. With its liquids (both surface and subsurface) and robust nitrogen atmosphere, Titan's methane cycle is analogous to Earth's water cycle, although at the much lower temperature of about .

text: The atmosphere of Titan is largely nitrogen; minor components lead to the formation of

text: methane

text: and

text: ethane

text: clouds and nitrogen-rich organic smog. The climate—including wind and rain—creates surface features similar to those of Earth, such as dunes, rivers, lakes, seas (probably of liquid methane and ethane), and deltas, and is dominated by seasonal weather patterns as on Earth. With its liquids (both surface and subsurface) and robust nitrogen atmosphere, Titan's methane cycle is analogous to Earth's

text: water cycle

text: , although at the much lower temperature of about .

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: with its liquids

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: seasonal weather patterns as on Earth

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: methane cycle

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: water cycle

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Earth's

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: liquids (both surface and subsurface) and robust nitrogen atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Earth's water cycle, although at the much lower temperature

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: The climate—including

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Titan's methane cycle

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: water cycle,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Titan's methane cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: rain—creates

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: seasonal weather patterns

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Earth's water cycle,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The atmosphere of Titan

text: Ecohydrology (from Greek οἶκος, oikos, "house(hold)"; ὕδωρ, hydōr, "water"; and -λογία, -logia) is an interdisciplinary field studying the interactions between water and ecosystems.  These interactions may take place within water bodies, such as rivers and lakes, or on land, in forests, deserts, and other terrestrial ecosystems.  Areas of research in ecohydrology include transpiration and plant water use, adaption of organisms to their water environment, influence of vegetation on stream flow and function, and feedbacks between ecological processes and the hydrological cycle.

text: Ecohydrology (from

text: Greek

text: οἶκος, oikos, "house(hold)"; ὕδωρ, hydōr, "water"; and -λογία,

text: -logia

text: ) is an interdisciplinary field studying the interactions between water and ecosystems.  These interactions may take place within water bodies, such as rivers and lakes, or on land, in forests, deserts, and other terrestrial ecosystems.  Areas of research in ecohydrology include transpiration and plant water use, adaption of organisms to their water environment, influence of vegetation on stream flow and function, and feedbacks between ecological processes and the hydrological cycle.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: feedbacks between ecological processes

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: deserts

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrological cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: None of the above choices

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: feedbacks between ecological processes

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Ecohydrology

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: transpiration and plant water use,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrological

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: forests, deserts,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: feedbacks between ecological processes and the hydrological cycle.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: forests, deserts, and other terrestrial ecosystems.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Ecohydrology

text: A concentrated solar still is a system that uses the same quantity of solar heat input (same solar collection area) as a simple solar still but can produce a volume of freshwater that is many times greater.  While a simple solar still is a way of distilling water by using the heat of the sun to drive evaporation from a water source and ambient air to cool a condenser film, a concentrated solar still uses a concentrated solar thermal collector to concentrate solar heat and deliver it to a multi-effect evaporation process for distillation, thus increasing the natural rate of evaporation. The concentrated solar still is capable of large-scale water production in areas with plentiful solar energy.

text: A concentrated solar still is a system that uses the same quantity of solar heat input (same solar collection area) as a simple

text: solar still

text: but can produce a volume of freshwater that is many times greater.  While a simple

text: solar still

text: is a way of

text: distilling

text: water by using the heat of the sun to drive evaporation from a water source and ambient air to cool a condenser film, a concentrated solar still uses a

text: concentrated solar thermal

text: collector to concentrate solar heat and deliver it to a

text: multi-effect evaporation

text: process for distillation, thus increasing the natural rate of evaporation. The concentrated solar still is capable of large-scale water production in areas with plentiful solar energy.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Evaporation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: distilling water

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Evaporation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: increasing the natural rate of evaporation.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: ambient air

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: condenser film,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: plentiful solar energy.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: increasing the natural rate of evaporation.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: freshwater

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: A concentrated solar still

text: The method of lines is used to replace the partial differential forms on the right-hand side into appropriate finite-difference forms.  This process results in a set of three ordinary differential equations that describe the dynamics of infiltration fronts, falling slugs, and groundwater capillary fronts using a finite water-content discretization.

text: The method of lines is used to replace the partial differential forms on the right-hand side into appropriate finite-difference forms.  This process results in a set of three ordinary differential equations that describe the dynamics of infiltration fronts, falling slugs, and groundwater capillary fronts using a finite water-content discretization.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: description of infiltration fronts

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: a finite water-content discretization

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: falling slugs

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: infiltration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: finite water-content discretization.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: finite water-content discretization.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: falling slugs,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: infiltration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: infiltration

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: finite water-content discretization.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: infiltration fronts, falling slugs, and groundwater

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: infiltration fronts, falling slugs, and groundwater

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: finite-difference forms.

text: MOHID Land is the hydrology module within the three-dimensional MOHID Water Modelling System. MOHID is an integrated system for water flow, consisting of three main modules: Water for three-dimensional fluid dynamics, Land for hydrology and Soil for groundwater flow. The MOHID Land module is a watershed mathematical model — or hydrological transport model — designed to simulate the flow of water in a drainage basin and aquifer. The processes which are simulated include two-dimensional overland runoff, infiltration into the ground, one-dimensional drainage network flow through rivers and canals, as well as (saturated and unsaturated) porous medium transport. The interactions between the different processes (like water exchange between aquifer and river) are calculated dynamically by the model, using the hydraulic gradients. The different processes occurring in a basin are programmed in different modules. The user can choose which modules to activate, allowing simulation of the desired ones only.

text: MOHID Land is the

text: hydrology

text: module within the three-dimensional

text: MOHID Water Modelling System

text: . MOHID is an integrated system for water flow, consisting of three main modules: Water for three-dimensional

text: fluid dynamics

text: , Land for

text: hydrology

text: and Soil for

text: groundwater flow

text: . The MOHID Land module is a watershed

text: mathematical model

text: — or

text: hydrological transport model

text: — designed to simulate the flow of water in a

text: drainage basin

text: and

text: aquifer

text: . The processes which are simulated include two-dimensional

text: overland runoff

text: infiltration

text: into the ground, one-dimensional

text: drainage network

text: flow through rivers and canals, as well as (saturated and unsaturated)

text: porous medium

text: transport. The interactions between the different processes (like water exchange between aquifer and river) are calculated dynamically by the model, using the

text: hydraulic gradients

text: . The different processes occurring in a basin are programmed in different modules. The user can choose which modules to activate, allowing simulation of the desired ones only.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Hydraulic gradients

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: infiltration into the ground

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: infiltration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrological transport model

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: hydraulic gradients.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: (saturated and unsaturated)

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: infiltration into the ground,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: infiltration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrological transport model

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: infiltration into the ground,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: hydraulic gradients.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: infiltration into the ground,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: MOHID Land

text: Life Cycle Thinking is a different approach to becoming mindful of how everyday life affects the environment. This approach evaluates how both consuming products and engaging in activities impacts the environment but it not only evaluates them at one single step, but takes a holistic picture of an entire product or activity system. This means when talking about a product and taking a Life Cycle Thinking approach, what is actually being evaluated is the impact of the activity of consuming that product. This is because by consuming a product, a series of associated activities are required to make it happen. For example, the raw material extraction, material processing, transportation, distribution, consumption, reuse/recycling, and disposal must all be considered when evaluating the environmental impact. This is called the life cycle of a product. The overall idea of making a holistic evaluation of a system's effect can be defined as Life Cycle Thinking.

text: Life Cycle Thinking is a different approach to becoming mindful of how everyday life affects the environment. This approach evaluates how both consuming products and engaging in activities impacts the environment but it not only evaluates them at one single step, but takes a

text: holistic

text: picture of an entire product or activity system. This means when talking about a product and taking a Life Cycle Thinking approach, what is actually being evaluated is the impact of the activity of consuming that product. This is because by consuming a product, a series of associated activities are required to make it happen. For example, the raw material extraction, material processing, transportation, distribution, consumption, reuse/recycling, and disposal must all be considered when evaluating the environmental impact. This is called the life cycle of a product. The overall idea of making a holistic evaluation of a system's effect can be defined as Life Cycle Thinking.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: raw material extraction

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: environmental impact

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: raw material extraction

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: snow and ice can be stored for future use

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: raw material extraction,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: life cycle of a product.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Life Cycle Thinking

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: reuse/recycling, and disposal

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: life cycle of a product.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: life cycle of a product.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Life Cycle Thinking

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Life Cycle Thinking

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Life Cycle Thinking

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Life Cycle Thinking

text: The next stage in the process is to boil water and make steam. The goal is to make the heat flow as completely as possible from the heat source to the water. The water is confined in a restricted space heated by the fire. The steam produced has lower density than the water and therefore will accumulate at the highest level in the vessel; its temperature will remain at boiling point and will only increase as pressure increases. Steam in this state (in equilibrium with the liquid water which is being evaporated within the boiler) is named "saturated steam". For example, saturated steam at atmospheric pressure boils at .  Saturated steam taken from the boiler may contain entrained water droplets, however a well designed boiler will supply virtually "dry" saturated steam, with very little entrained water.  Continued heating of the saturated steam will bring the steam to a "superheated" state, where the steam is heated to a temperature above the saturation temperature, and no liquid water can exist under this condition. Most reciprocating steam engines of the 19th century used saturated steam, however modern steam power plants universally use superheated steam which allows higher steam cycle efficiency.

text: The next stage in the process is to boil water and make steam. The goal is to make the heat flow as completely as possible from the heat source to the water. The water is confined in a restricted space heated by the fire. The steam produced has lower density than the water and therefore will accumulate at the highest level in the vessel; its temperature will remain at boiling point and will only increase as pressure increases. Steam in this state (in equilibrium with the liquid water which is being evaporated within the boiler) is named "

text: saturated steam

text: ". For example, saturated steam at atmospheric pressure boils at .  Saturated steam taken from the boiler may contain entrained water droplets, however a well designed boiler will supply virtually "dry" saturated steam, with very little entrained water.  Continued heating of the saturated steam will bring the steam to a "superheated" state, where the steam is heated to a temperature above the saturation temperature, and no liquid water can exist under this condition. Most reciprocating steam engines of the 19th century used saturated steam, however modern steam power plants universally use

text: superheated steam

text: which allows higher

text: steam cycle

text: efficiency.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: make steam

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Superheated steam

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: pressure increases

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: superheated steam

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: steam.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: entrained water droplets,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: saturated steam at atmospheric pressure

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: boil water and make steam.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: heat flow as completely as possible from the heat source to the water.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: "saturated steam".

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: pressure increases.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: The steam produced has lower density than the water

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: steam.

text: The carbon exchange between atmospheric  and carbonate at the ocean surface is also subject to fractionation, with  in the atmosphere more likely than  to dissolve in the ocean. The result is an overall increase in the / ratio in the ocean of 1.5%, relative to the / ratio in the atmosphere. This increase in  concentration almost exactly cancels out the decrease caused by the upwelling of water (containing old, and hence  depleted, carbon) from the deep ocean, so that direct measurements of  radiation are similar to measurements for the rest of the biosphere. Correcting for isotopic fractionation, as is done for all radiocarbon dates to allow comparison between results from different parts of the biosphere, gives an apparent age of about 400 years for ocean surface water.

text: The carbon exchange between atmospheric  and carbonate at the ocean surface is also subject to fractionation, with  in the atmosphere more likely than  to dissolve in the ocean. The result is an overall increase in the / ratio in the ocean of 1.5%, relative to the / ratio in the atmosphere. This increase in  concentration almost exactly cancels out the decrease caused by the upwelling of water (containing old, and hence  depleted, carbon) from the deep ocean, so that direct measurements of  radiation are similar to measurements for the rest of the biosphere. Correcting for isotopic fractionation, as is done for all radiocarbon dates to allow comparison between results from different parts of the biosphere, gives an apparent age of about 400 years for ocean surface water.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: upwelling of water

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: ocean surface water

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: fractionation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: upwelling of water

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: dissolve in the ocean.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: fractionation,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: upwelling of water

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: fractionation,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: upwelling

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: upwelling of water

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: increase in the / ratio in the ocean of 1.5%,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: 400 years for ocean surface water.

text: The process by which soil absorbs water and water drains downwards is called percolation.

text: The process by which soil absorbs water and water drains downwards is called

text: percolation

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: percolation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: percolation

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: soil absorbs water and water drains downwards is called percolation.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: percolation.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: percolation.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: soil absorbs water and water drains downwards

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: percolation.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: percolation.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: percolation.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: percolation.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: percolation.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: percolation.

text: A typical lead–acid battery contains a mixture with varying concentrations of water and acid. Sulfuric acid has a higher density than water, which causes the acid formed at the plates during charging to flow downward and collect at the bottom of the battery. Eventually the mixture will again reach uniform composition by diffusion, but this is a very slow process. Repeated cycles of partial charging and discharging will increase stratification of the electrolyte, reducing the capacity and performance of the battery because the lack of acid on top limits plate activation. The stratification also promotes corrosion on the upper half of the plates and sulfation at the bottom.

text: A typical lead–acid battery contains a mixture with varying concentrations of water and acid. Sulfuric acid has a higher density than water, which causes the acid formed at the plates during charging to flow downward and collect at the bottom of the battery. Eventually the mixture will again reach uniform composition by

text: diffusion

text: , but this is a very slow process. Repeated cycles of partial charging and discharging will increase stratification of the electrolyte, reducing the capacity and performance of the battery because the lack of acid on top limits plate activation. The stratification also promotes corrosion on the upper half of the plates and sulfation at the bottom.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Sulfuric acid has a higher density than water

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Diffusion

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Sulfuric acid has a higher density than water,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: diffusion,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: stratification

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: charging to flow downward and collect at the bottom of the battery.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: stratification

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: partial charging and discharging

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: varying concentrations of water

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: stratification

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: lead–acid battery

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: A typical lead–acid battery

text: The Indonesian throughflow (ITF) is an ocean current with importance for global climate since it provides a low-latitude pathway for warm, fresh water to move from the Pacific to the Indian Ocean and this serves as the upper branch of the global heat conveyor belt.  Higher ocean surface topography in the western Pacific than in the Indian Ocean drives upper thermocline water from the North Pacific through the western route of the Makassar Strait to either directly exit through the Lombok Strait or flow eastward into the Banda Sea. Weaker flow of saltier and denser South Pacific water passes over the Lifamatola Passage into the Banda Sea, where these water masses are mixed due to tidal effects, Ekman pumping, and heat and fresh water flux at the ocean surface.  From the Banda Sea the ITF exits Timor, Ombai, and Lombok passages.

text: The Indonesian throughflow (ITF) is an ocean current with importance for global climate since it provides a low-latitude pathway for warm, fresh water to move from the

text: Pacific to the Indian Ocean

text: and this serves as the upper branch of the

text: global heat conveyor belt

text: .  Higher

text: ocean surface topography

text: in the western Pacific than in the Indian Ocean drives upper

text: thermocline

text: water from the North Pacific through the western route of the

text: Makassar Strait

text: to either directly exit through the

text: Lombok Strait

text: or flow eastward into the

text: Banda Sea

text: . Weaker flow of saltier and denser South Pacific water passes over the Lifamatola Passage into the Banda Sea, where these water masses are mixed due to tidal effects,

text: Ekman pumping

text: , and heat and fresh water flux at the ocean surface.  From the Banda Sea the ITF exits

text: Timor

text: Ombai

text: , and Lombok passages.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: The Indonesian throughflow (ITF) is an ocean current with importance for global climate

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: thermodynamic

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: What kind of precipitation does the Indonesian throughflow have?

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Indonesian throughflow (ITF)

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: deposition

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: global heat conveyor belt

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: higher ocean surface topography

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: None of the above choices are true

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Higher ocean surface topography

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: thermocline

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: fresh water

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Ekman pumping,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: global heat conveyor belt.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: global heat conveyor belt.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: warm, fresh water

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Higher ocean surface topography

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: warm, fresh water

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The Indonesian throughflow

text: The reasons for leakage current are different between electrolytic capacitors with non-solid and with solid electrolyte or more common for "wet" aluminum and for "solid" tantalum electrolytic capacitors with manganese dioxide electrolyte as well as for electrolytic capacitors with polymer electrolytes. For non-solid aluminum electrolytic capacitors the leakage current includes all weakened imperfections of the dielectric caused by unwanted chemical processes taking place during the time without applied voltage (storage time) between operating cycles. These unwanted chemical processes depend on the kind of electrolyte. Electrolytes with water content or water based electrolytes are more aggressive to the aluminum oxide layer than are electrolytes based on organic liquids. This is why different electrolytic capacitor series specify different storage time without reforming instructions.

text: The reasons for leakage current are different between electrolytic capacitors with non-solid and with solid electrolyte or more common for "wet" aluminum and for "solid" tantalum electrolytic capacitors with manganese dioxide electrolyte as well as for electrolytic capacitors with polymer electrolytes. For non-solid aluminum electrolytic capacitors the leakage current includes all weakened imperfections of the dielectric caused by unwanted chemical processes taking place during the time without applied voltage (storage time) between operating cycles. These unwanted chemical processes depend on the kind of electrolyte. Electrolytes with water content or water based electrolytes are more aggressive to the aluminum oxide layer than are electrolytes based on organic liquids. This is why different electrolytic capacitor series specify different storage time without reforming instructions.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: "wet"

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: electrolytes with water content or water based electrolytes

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: dehydration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Electrolytes with water content

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Electrolytes with water content or water based electrolytes

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: "wet"

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Electrolytes with water content

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: leakage current

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: water based electrolytes

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Electrolytes with water content or water based electrolytes

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: unwanted chemical processes

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Electrolytes with water content or water based electrolytes

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Electrolytes with water content or water based electrolytes

text: An ocean  (, the sea of classical antiquity) is a body of saline water that composes much of a planet's hydrosphere. On Earth, an ocean is one of the major conventional divisions of the World Ocean, which covers almost 71% of its surface. These are, in descending order by area, the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Southern (Antarctic), and Arctic Oceans. The word sea is often used interchangeably with "ocean" in American English but, strictly speaking, a sea is a body of saline water (generally a division of the world ocean) partly or fully enclosed by land.

text: An ocean  (, the

text: sea

text: of

text: classical antiquity

text: ) is a body of

text: saline water

text: that composes much of a

text: planet

text: 's

text: hydrosphere

text: . On

text: Earth

text: , an ocean is one of the major conventional divisions of the

text: World Ocean

text: , which covers almost 71% of its surface. These are, in descending order by area, the

text: Pacific

text: Atlantic

text: Indian

text: Southern

text: (Antarctic), and

text: Arctic

text: Oceans. The word

text: sea

text: is often used interchangeably with "ocean" in

text: American English

text: but, strictly speaking, a sea is a body of saline water (generally a division of the world ocean) partly or fully enclosed by land.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Arctic Oceans

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrosphere

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: saline water

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: saline water

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: saline water

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: hydrosphere.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: ocean

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: hydrosphere.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrosphere.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: saline water

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: saline water

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: An ocean

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: An ocean

text: Within an aquifer, the water table is rarely horizontal, but reflects the surface relief due to the capillary effect in soils, sediments and other porous media. In the aquifer, groundwater flows from points of higher pressure to points of lower pressure, and the direction of groundwater flow typically has both a horizontal and a vertical component. The slope of the water table is known as the hydraulic gradient, which depends on the rate at which water is added to and removed from the aquifer and the permeability of the material. The water table does not always mimic the topography due to variations in the underlying geological structure (e.g., folded, faulted, fractured bedrock)

text: Within an aquifer, the water table is rarely horizontal, but reflects the surface relief due to the capillary effect in

text: soil

text: s,

text: sediment

text: s and other

text: porous media

text: . In the aquifer, groundwater flows from points of higher pressure to points of lower pressure, and the direction of groundwater flow typically has both a horizontal and a vertical component. The slope of the water table is known as the hydraulic gradient, which depends on the rate at which water is added to and removed from the aquifer and the permeability of the material. The water table does not always mimic the topography due to variations in the underlying geological structure (e.g., folded, faulted, fractured bedrock)

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: the capillary effect

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: groundwater flows from points of higher pressure to points of lower pressure

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: capillary effect

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: aquifer

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: capillary effect

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: What is stored in snow and ice

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: capillary effect

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: capillary effect

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: reflects the surface relief due to the capillary effect

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: folded, faulted, fractured bedrock)

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: capillary effect

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydraulic gradient,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: capillary effect

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: capillary effect

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Within an aquifer,

text: Hydrometry is the monitoring of the components of the hydrological cycle including rainfall, groundwater characteristics, as well as water quality and flow characteristics of surface waters.  The etymology of the term hydrometry is from  (''hydor'') 'water' + μέτρον (''metron'') 'measure'.

text: Hydrometry is the monitoring of the components of the

text: hydrological cycle

text: including

text: rainfall

text: groundwater

text: characteristics, as well as

text: water quality

text: and flow characteristics of

text: surface water

text: s.  The

text: etymology

text: of the term hydrometry is from  (''hydor'') 'water' + μέτρον (''metron'') 'measure'.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: rainfall

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: hydrometry

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: rainfall

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrological cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: rainfall,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: rainfall, groundwater

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Hydrometry

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: rainfall, groundwater characteristics,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Hydrometry

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrological

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Hydrometry

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: hydrological cycle

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Hydrometry

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Hydrometry

text: TiME lander would splashdown on Ligeia Mare, a methane sea on Titan's northern hemisphere.  It is believed that Titan’s methane cycle is analogous to Earth’s hydrologic cycle, with meteorological working fluid existing in liquid and gas phase.  TiME would directly discern the methane cycle of Titan and help understand its similarities and differences to the hydrologic cycle on Earth.  However, questions about the sources of re-supply of methane to the atmosphere remain to be answered. This world is built by organic activities which still operate and Cassini–Huygens findings suggest a world with a balance of geologic and atmospheric processes that is the solar system’s best analogue to Earth. Moreover, an interior ocean discovered by Cassini, deep underneath Titan’s dense atmosphere and surface is thought to be largely composed of liquid water. TSSM would be the first mission in the 50 years of space exploration where an extensive and interdisciplinary in situ survey of active organic chemistry and climate on the land, on the sea, and in the air of another world will take place.

text: TiME

text: lander would

text: splashdown

text: on

text: Ligeia Mare

text: , a

text: methane

text: sea on Titan's northern hemisphere.  It is believed that Titan’s methane cycle is analogous to Earth’s

text: hydrologic cycle

text: , with meteorological working fluid existing in liquid and gas phase.  TiME would directly discern the methane cycle of Titan and help understand its similarities and differences to the hydrologic cycle on Earth.  However, questions about the sources of re-supply of methane to the atmosphere remain to be answered. This world is built by organic activities which still operate and Cassini–Huygens findings suggest a world with a balance of geologic and atmospheric processes that is the solar system’s best analogue to

text: Earth

text: . Moreover, an interior ocean discovered by Cassini, deep underneath Titan’s dense atmosphere and surface is thought to be largely composed of liquid water. TSSM would be the first mission in the 50 years of space exploration where an extensive and interdisciplinary in situ survey of active organic chemistry and climate on the land, on the sea, and in the air of another world will take place.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: meteorological working fluid existing in liquid and gas phase

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: gas phase

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Earth’s hydrologic cycle

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: an interior ocean discovered by Cassini

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: hydrologic cycle

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrologic cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: meteorological working fluid existing in liquid and gas phase.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: meteorological working fluid existing in liquid and gas phase.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: meteorological working fluid

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: an interior ocean

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: hydrologic cycle,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Earth’s hydrologic cycle,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Earth’s hydrologic cycle,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: meteorological working fluid existing in liquid and gas phase.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: liquid water.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: TiME lander would splashdown on Ligeia Mare,

text: It is important to note that Samsung’s description of the Ag nanoparticle generating process seems to contradict its advertisement of silver nanoparticles. Instead, the statement indicates that  laundry cycles. When clothes are run through the cycle, the intended mode of action is that bacteria contained in the water are sterilized as they interact with the silver present in the washing tub. As a result, these washing machines can provide antibacterial and sterilization benefits on top of conventional washing methods. Samsung has commented on the lifetime of these silver-containing washing machines. The electrolysis of silver generates over 400 billion silver ions during each wash cycle. Given the size of the silver source (two “gum-sized” plate of Ag), Samsung estimates that these plates can last up to 3000 wash cycles.

text: It is important to note that Samsung’s description of the Ag nanoparticle generating process seems to contradict its advertisement of silver nanoparticles. Instead, the statement indicates that  laundry cycles. When clothes are run through the cycle, the intended mode of action is that bacteria contained in the water are sterilized as they interact with the silver present in the washing tub. As a result, these washing machines can provide antibacterial and sterilization benefits on top of conventional washing methods. Samsung has commented on the lifetime of these silver-containing washing machines. The electrolysis of silver generates over 400 billion silver ions during each wash cycle. Given the size of the silver source (two “gum-sized” plate of Ag), Samsung estimates that these plates can last up to 3000 wash cycles.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: bacteria contained in the water are sterilized as they interact with the silver

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: laundry cycles

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: laundry cycles

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: bacteria contained in the water are sterilized

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: laundry cycles.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: laundry cycles.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: laundry cycles.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: laundry cycles.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: laundry cycles.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: laundry cycles.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: laundry cycles.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Samsung’s

text: The Frog Lakes are a group of lakes, drained eastward by an unnamed stream feeding the Frog River, a tributary of the Kechika River in the Stikine Ranges of the Northern Interior of British Columbia.  Though not the hydrological source of the Frog River, the lakes are notably located in an east-west aligned valley which forms the divide between the basins of the Stikine River and that of the Liard, and are therefore located on the Continental Divide between the Pacific and Arctic drainages.  Draining from their west is the Pitman River, a Stikine tributary, from an unnamed lake just to their west( which also drains east to feed the Frog Lakes themselves), while the Kechika is a major tributary of the Liard, which is a tributary of the Mackenzie.  The Frog Lakes Pass, as dubbed by the Canadian Mountain Encyclopedia and at an elevation of 1015 m (3330 ft), is the prominence col for 2668 m (8753 ft) Sharktooth Mountain, giving it a prominence of 1653m.

text: The Frog Lakes are a group of lakes, drained eastward by an unnamed stream feeding the

text: Frog River

text: , a tributary of the

text: Kechika River

text: in the

text: Stikine Ranges

text: of the

text: Northern Interior of British Columbia

text: .  Though not the hydrological source of the Frog River, the lakes are notably located in an east-west aligned valley which forms the divide between the basins of the

text: Stikine River

text: and that of the

text: Liard

text: , and are therefore located on the

text: Continental Divide

text: between the

text: Pacific

text: and

text: Arctic

text: drainages.  Draining from their west is the

text: Pitman River

text: , a Stikine tributary, from an unnamed lake just to their west( which also drains east to feed the Frog Lakes themselves), while the Kechika is a major tributary of the Liard, which is a tributary of the

text: Mackenzie

text: .  The Frog Lakes Pass, as dubbed by the Canadian Mountain Encyclopedia and at an elevation of 1015 m (3330 ft), is the

text: prominence

text: col for 2668 m (8753 ft)

text: Sharktooth Mountain

text: , giving it a prominence of 1653m.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unnamed stream feeding the Frog River

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices are true

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the Frog Lakes Pass

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrology

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: It is impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: east-west aligned valley

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Arctic

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: hydrological

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: The Frog Lakes Pass,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: drained eastward by an unnamed stream

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrological

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: lakes,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: east-west aligned

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Arctic drainages.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The Frog Lakes

text: Most soil conditions across the world can provide plants adapted to that climate and soil with sufficient nutrition for a complete life cycle, without the addition of nutrients as fertilizer. However, if the soil is cropped it is necessary to artificially modify soil fertility through the addition of fertilizer to promote vigorous growth and increase or sustain yield. This is done because, even with adequate water and light, nutrient deficiency can limit growth and crop yield.

text: Most

text: soil

text: conditions across the world can provide plants adapted to that climate and soil with sufficient nutrition for a complete life cycle, without the addition of nutrients as

text: fertilizer

text: . However, if the soil is cropped it is necessary to artificially modify

text: soil fertility

text: through the addition of

text: fertilizer

text: to promote vigorous growth and increase or sustain yield. This is done because, even with adequate water and light,

text: nutrient deficiency

text: can limit growth and crop yield.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: fertilizer

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: nutrient deficiency

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: nutrient deficiency

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: nutrients as fertilizer.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: fertilizer

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: fertilizer.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: life cycle,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: nutrient deficiency

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: nutrient deficiency

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: nutrients as fertilizer.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: fertilizer

text: The endothermic reduction step (1) is carried out at high temperatures greater than 1400 C, though the "Hercynite cycle" is capable of temperatures as low as 1200 C. The  oxidative water splitting step (2) occurs at a lower ~1000 C temperature which produces the original ferrite material in addition to hydrogen gas. The temperature level is realized by using geothermal heat from magma or a solar power tower and a set of heliostats to collect the solar thermal energy.

text: The endothermic reduction step (1) is carried out at high temperatures greater than 1400 C, though the "

text: Hercynite

text: cycle" is capable of temperatures as low as 1200 C. The  oxidative water splitting step (2) occurs at a lower ~1000 C temperature which produces the original ferrite material in addition to hydrogen gas. The temperature level is realized by using geothermal heat from

text: magma

text: or a

text: solar power tower

text: and a set of

text: heliostat

text: s to collect the

text: solar thermal energy

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: oxidative water splitting

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Hercynite cycle

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Hercynite cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: oxidative water splitting step (2)

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: oxidative water splitting

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: "Hercynite cycle"

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: oxidative water splitting

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: "Hercynite

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: "Hercynite cycle"

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: The endothermic reduction step

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: hydrogen gas.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: 1400 C,

text: From the perspective of a planetary geologist, the atmosphere is an evolutionary agent essential to the shaping  of a planet. The wind picks up dust and other particles which when they collide with the terrain erodes the relief and leaves deposits (eolian processes). Frost and precipitations, which depend on the atmospheric composition, also influence the relief. Climate changes can influence a planet's geological history. Conversely, studying surface of Earth leads to an understanding of the atmosphere and climate of a planet — both its present state and its past.

text: From the perspective of a planetary

text: geologist

text: , the atmosphere is an evolutionary agent essential to the shaping  of a

text: planet

text: . The

text: wind

text: picks up

text: dust

text: and other particles which when they collide with the terrain erodes the

text: relief

text: and leaves

text: deposits

text: eolian

text: processes).

text: Frost

text: and

text: precipitation

text: s, which depend on the atmospheric composition, also influence the relief. Climate changes can influence a planet's geological history. Conversely, studying surface of Earth leads to an understanding of the atmosphere and climate of a planet — both its present state and its past.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Frost and precipitations

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: deposition

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: What is stored in snow and ice

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Frost and precipitations, which depend on the atmospheric composition,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: precipitations,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitations,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Frost and precipitations,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: (eolian processes).

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: (eolian processes). Frost and precipitations,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Frost and precipitations,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Climate changes can influence a planet's geological history.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Frost and precipitations,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: the atmosphere is an evolutionary agent essential to the shaping of a planet.

text: The figure shows the particle fluence (total flux over a given period of time) of oxygen at ACE for a time period just after solar minimum, the part of the 11-year solar cycle when solar activity is lowest. The lowest-energy particles come from the slow and fast solar wind, with speeds from about 300 to about 800 kilometers per second. Like the solar wind distribution of all ions, that of oxygen has a suprathermal tail of higher-energy particles; that is, in the frame of the bulk solar wind, the plasma has an energy distribution that is approximately a thermal distribution but has a notable excess above about 5 kiloelectron volts, as shown in Figure 1. The ACE team has made contributions to understanding the origins of these tails and their role in injecting particles into additional acceleration processes.

text: The figure shows the particle fluence (total flux over a given period of time) of oxygen at ACE for a time period just after solar minimum, the part of the 11-year solar cycle when solar activity is lowest. The lowest-energy particles come from the slow and fast solar wind, with speeds from about 300 to about 800 kilometers per second. Like the solar wind distribution of all ions, that of oxygen has a suprathermal tail of higher-energy particles; that is, in the frame of the bulk solar wind, the plasma has an energy distribution that is approximately a thermal distribution but has a notable excess above about 5 kiloelectron volts, as shown in Figure 1. The ACE team has made contributions to understanding the origins of these tails and their role in injecting particles into additional acceleration processes.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: solar minimum

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: solar wind distribution of all ions

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: solar wind,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: solar minimum,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: slow and fast solar wind,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: suprathermal tail of higher-energy particles;

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: solar minimum,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: 11-year solar cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: solar minimum,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: solar minimum,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: solar minimum,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: solar minimum,

text: The orbital forcing from Milankovitch cycles is a periodical factor to determine Earth's energy budget and responsible for the glacial cycles on Earth, depending on the radiative equilibrium. Other factors include processes and change in geospheric systems. These include oceanic processes (such as oceanic circulation), biotic processes, variations in solar radiation received by Earth, plate tectonics, volcanism, albedo vegetation changes and human-induced alterations of the natural world.

text: The

text: orbital forcing

text: from

text: Milankovitch cycles

text: is a periodical factor to determine Earth's energy budget and responsible for the

text: glacial cycles

text: on Earth, depending on the

text: radiative equilibrium

text: . Other factors include processes and change in

text: geospheric

text: systems. These include oceanic processes (such as

text: oceanic circulation

text: biotic

text: processes, variations in

text: solar radiation

text: received by Earth,

text: plate tectonics

text: volcanism

text: , albedo

text: vegetation

text: changes and human-induced alterations of the natural world.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: human-induced alterations

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: glacial cycles

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: radiative equilibrium

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: oceanic circulation

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: biotic processes

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Milankovitch cycles

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: volcanism,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: human-induced alterations of the natural world.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: albedo vegetation changes

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: albedo

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: oceanic circulation),

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: albedo

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: radiative equilibrium.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Earth's energy budget

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: human-induced alterations of the natural world.

text: Groundwater is located beneath the ground surface in soil pore spaces and in the fractures of rock formations. A unit of rock or an unconsolidated deposit is called an aquifer when it can yield a usable quantity of water. The depth at which soil pore spaces or fractures and voids in rock become completely saturated with water is called the water table. There are two broad types of aquifers: confined and unconfined. An unconfined aquifer is where the surface is not restricted by impervious rocks, so the water table is at atmospheric pressure. In a confined aquifer, the upper surface of water is overlain by a layer of impervious rock, so the groundwater is stored under pressure.

text: Groundwater

text: is located beneath the ground surface in

text: soil pore

text: spaces and in the

text: fracture

text: s of

text: rock formation

text: s. A unit of rock or an unconsolidated deposit is called an

text: aquifer

text: when it can yield a usable quantity of water. The depth at which soil pore spaces or fractures and voids in rock become completely saturated with water is called the

text: water table

text: . There are two broad types of aquifers: confined and unconfined. An unconfined aquifer is where the surface is not restricted by impervious rocks, so the water table is at atmospheric pressure. In a confined aquifer, the upper surface of water is overlain by a layer of impervious rock, so the groundwater is stored under pressure.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: groundwater is stored under pressure

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: atmospheric pressure

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the water table is at atmospheric pressure

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: groundwater cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: unconfined aquifer

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: the water table.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the water table is at atmospheric pressure.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: atmospheric pressure.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Groundwater

text: Historically, the large Alan Nur and Manas Lake were located in the desert southwestern part of the county; they received water, at least intermittently, both from the streams flowing across the desert from the north and from the south (via the Manas River). Due to the increasing water diversion for irrigation and other human needs, as well as geological processes, the Alan Nur has fully dried out, and the Manas Lake is in a fairly precarious situation as well.

text: Historically, the large Alan Nur and

text: Manas Lake

text: were located in the desert southwestern part of the county; they received water, at least intermittently, both from the streams flowing across the desert from the north and from the south (via the

text: Manas River

text: ). Due to the increasing water diversion for irrigation and other human needs, as well as geological processes, the Alan Nur has fully dried out, and the Manas Lake is in a fairly precarious situation as well.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: water diversion

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the Alan Nur has fully dried out

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: water diversion

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: increasing water diversion for irrigation and other human needs,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: geological processes,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the Alan Nur has fully dried out,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: irrigation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: geological processes,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: irrigation

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: geological processes,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: water diversion for irrigation and other human needs,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Due to the increasing water diversion for irrigation and other human needs,

text: Many streams descend from the ravines only to wither away on the desert basin floors before uniting in a trunk river along the axis of a depression. Others succeed inuniting in the winter season, when evaporation is much reduced, and then their trunk flows for a several additional miles only to disappear by sinking (evaporating) farther on. A few of the large streams, such as the Mojave River, when in flood may spread out in a temporary shallow sheet on a dead level of clay, or playa, in a basin center, but the sheet of water vanishes in the warm season (dry lake) and the stream shrinks far up its course, the absolutely barren clay floor of the playa, impassable when wet, becomes firm enough for crossing when dry.

text: Many streams descend from the ravines only to wither away on the desert basin floors before uniting in a trunk river along the axis of a depression. Others succeed inuniting in the winter season, when evaporation is much reduced, and then their trunk flows for a several additional miles only to disappear by sinking (evaporating) farther on. A few of the large streams, such as the

text: Mojave River

text: , when in flood may spread out in a temporary shallow sheet on a dead level of clay, or playa, in a basin center, but the sheet of water vanishes in the warm season (

text: dry lake

text: ) and the stream shrinks far up its course, the absolutely barren clay floor of the playa, impassable when wet, becomes firm enough for crossing when dry.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the Mojave River

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: the water cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: wet,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Mojave River,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: (dry lake)

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: wet,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation is much reduced,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: (dry lake)

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Many streams descend from the ravines

text: The watershed area of the lake measures . There is a residual surface runoff of fresh water into the lake from the sporadic rainfall from ephemeral streams; there are no defined streams in the catchment. Runoff from rainfall is in the form of flash floods which may last from several hours up to two or three days depending on the intensity of rainfall. This flow pattern affects the lake by inundating the salt pans. Temporary water courses are identified in the southern part of the lake, while the Kalou River valley has a permanent water source.

text: The watershed area of the lake measures . There is a residual surface runoff of fresh water into the lake from the sporadic rainfall from ephemeral streams; there are no defined streams in the catchment. Runoff from rainfall is in the form of flash floods which may last from several hours up to two or three days depending on the intensity of rainfall. This flow pattern affects the lake by inundating the salt pans. Temporary water courses are identified in the southern part of the lake, while the Kalou River valley has a permanent water source.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: ephemeral streams

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: ephemeral streams

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: inundating the salt pans

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: watershed

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: It is impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: sporadic rainfall from ephemeral streams;

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: flash floods

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: sporadic rainfall from ephemeral streams;

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: flash floods

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: rainfall

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: ephemeral streams;

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: sporadic rainfall from ephemeral streams;

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: inundating the salt pans.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: the Kalou River valley has a permanent water source.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: There is a residual surface runoff of fresh water

text: Another form of condensing system is the air-cooled condenser. The process is similar to that of a radiator and fan. Exhaust heat from the low-pressure section of a steam turbine runs through the condensing tubes, the tubes are usually finned and ambient air is pushed through the fins with the help of a large fan. The steam condenses to water to be reused in the water-steam cycle. Air-cooled condensers typically operate at a higher temperature than water-cooled versions. While saving water, the efficiency of the cycle is reduced (resulting in more carbon dioxide per megawatt-hour of electricity).

text: Another form of condensing system is the air-cooled condenser. The process is similar to that of a

text: radiator

text: and fan. Exhaust heat from the low-pressure section of a steam turbine runs through the condensing tubes, the tubes are usually finned and ambient air is pushed through the fins with the help of a large fan. The steam condenses to water to be reused in the water-steam cycle. Air-cooled condensers typically operate at a higher temperature than water-cooled versions. While saving water, the efficiency of the cycle is reduced (resulting in more carbon dioxide per megawatt-hour of electricity).

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: The water-steam cycle

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: condensing

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: air-cooled condenser

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: water-steam cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: The steam condenses to water

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: The steam condenses

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: air-cooled condenser.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: steam turbine

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: condensing

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: water-steam

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: air-cooled condenser.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: the efficiency of the cycle is reduced

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: the water-steam cycle.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: air-cooled condenser.

text: Solar Energy is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research on solar energy such as photovoltaics and solar heating, but also its indirect usages like wind power or bioenergy. It is published by Elsevier on behalf of the International Solar Energy Society. The editor-in-chief is Yogi Goswami. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2013 impact factor of 3.541.

text: Solar Energy is a

text: peer-reviewed

text: scientific journal

text: covering research on

text: solar energy

text: such as

text: photovoltaics

text: and

text: solar heating

text: , but also its indirect usages like

text: wind power

text: or

text: bioenergy

text: . It is published by

text: Elsevier

text: on behalf of the

text: International Solar Energy Society

text: . The

text: editor-in-chief

text: is

text: Yogi Goswami

text: . According to the

text: Journal Citation Reports

text: , the journal has a 2013

text: impact factor

text: of 3.541.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: solar heating

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: solar energy

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: heating,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: solar energy

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: wind power or bioenergy.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: photovoltaics and solar heating,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Solar Energy

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: 3.541.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: solar energy

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: solar energy

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Solar Energy

text: While related general circulation models (GCMs) focus on simulating overall atmospheric dynamics (e.g. fluid and heat flows), a CTM instead focuses on the stocks and flows of one or more chemical species. Similarly, a CTM must solve only the continuity equation for its species of interest, a GCM must solve all the primitive equations for the atmosphere; but a CTM will be expected to accurately represent the entire cycle for the species of interest, including fluxes (e.g. advection), chemical production/loss, and deposition. That being said, the tendency, especially as the cost of computing declines over time, is for GCMs to incorporate CTMs for species of special interest to climate dynamics, especially shorter-lived species such as nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds; this allows feedbacks from the CTM to the GCM's radiation calculations, and also allows the meteorological fields forcing the CTM to be updated at higher time resolution than may be practical in studies with offline CTMs.

text: While related

text: general circulation models

text: (GCMs) focus on simulating overall atmospheric dynamics (e.g.

text: fluid

text: and

text: heat flow

text: s), a CTM instead focuses on the stocks and flows of one or more

text: chemical species

text: . Similarly, a CTM must solve only the

text: continuity equation

text: for its species of interest, a GCM must solve all the

text: primitive equations

text: for the

text: atmosphere

text: ; but a CTM will be expected to accurately represent the entire

text: cycle

text: for the species of interest, including

text: fluxes

text: (e.g.

text: advection

text: ), chemical production/loss, and

text: deposition

text: . That being said, the tendency, especially as the

text: cost of computing

text: declines over time, is for GCMs to incorporate CTMs for species of special interest to

text: climate dynamics

text: , especially shorter-lived species such as

text: nitrogen oxides

text: and

text: volatile organic compounds

text: ; this allows feedbacks from the CTM to the GCM's radiation calculations, and also allows the meteorological fields forcing the CTM to be updated at higher time resolution than may be practical in studies with offline CTMs.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: vaporization

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: nitrogen oxides

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: What is stored in snow and ice?

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: chemical production/loss, and deposition.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: advection),

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: atmospheric dynamics

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: chemical production/loss, and deposition.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: advection),

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: advection),

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: a CTM

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: feedbacks from the CTM to the GCM's radiation calculations,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: stocks and flows of one or more chemical species.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: While related general circulation models

text: During the solar cycle's declining phase, energy shifts from the internal toroidal magnetic field to the external poloidal field, and sunspots diminish in number and size. At solar-cycle minimum, the toroidal field is, correspondingly, at minimum strength, sunspots are relatively rare, and the poloidal field is at its maximum strength. With the rise of the next 11-year sunspot cycle, differential rotation shifts magnetic energy back from the poloidal to the toroidal field, but with a polarity that is opposite to the previous cycle. The process carries on continuously, and in an idealized, simplified scenario, each 11-year sunspot cycle corresponds to a change, then, in the overall polarity of the Sun's large-scale magnetic field.

text: During the solar cycle's declining phase, energy shifts from the internal toroidal magnetic field to the external poloidal field, and sunspots diminish in number and size. At

text: solar-cycle minimum

text: , the toroidal field is, correspondingly, at minimum strength, sunspots are relatively rare, and the poloidal field is at its maximum strength. With the rise of the next 11-year sunspot cycle, differential rotation shifts magnetic energy back from the poloidal to the toroidal field, but with a polarity that is opposite to the previous cycle. The process carries on continuously, and in an idealized, simplified scenario, each 11-year sunspot cycle corresponds to a change, then, in the overall polarity of the Sun's large-scale magnetic field.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: sunspots diminish in number and size

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: differential rotation shifts magnetic energy

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: During the solar cycle's declining phase,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: During the solar cycle's declining phase,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: sunspots diminish in number and size.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: differential rotation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: solar cycle's

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: During the solar cycle's

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: differential rotation shifts magnetic energy

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: During the solar cycle's declining phase,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: During the solar cycle's declining phase,

text: The single-effect absorption cycle uses water as the refrigerant and lithium bromide as the absorbent. It is the strong affinity that these two substances have for one another that makes the cycle work. The entire process occurs in almost a complete vacuum.

text: The single-effect absorption cycle uses water as the refrigerant and

text: lithium bromide

text: as the absorbent. It is the strong affinity that these two substances have for one another that makes the cycle work. The entire process occurs in almost a complete vacuum.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: water as the refrigerant and lithium bromide as the absorbent

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: strong affinity that these two substances have for one another

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: refrigerant

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: The single-effect absorption cycle

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: single-effect absorption cycle

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: single-effect absorption cycle

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: single-effect absorption cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: water

text: The sulfur-iodine cycle is a series of thermo-chemical processes used to obtain hydrogen. It consists of three chemical reactions whose net reactant is water and whose net products are hydrogen and oxygen. Step one of cycle is the Bunsen reaction.

text: The

text: sulfur-iodine cycle

text: is a series of thermo-chemical processes used to obtain

text: hydrogen

text: . It consists of three chemical reactions whose net reactant is

text: water

text: and whose net products are hydrogen and

text: oxygen

text: . Step one of cycle is the

text: Bunsen reaction

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Bunsen reaction

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Bunsen reaction

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Bunsen reaction

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Bunsen reaction.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Bunsen reaction.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: The sulfur-iodine cycle

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Bunsen reaction.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: sulfur-iodine cycle

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: sulfur-iodine cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: The sulfur-iodine cycle

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The sulfur-iodine cycle

text: Solar heating systems are a well known technology and generally consist of solar thermal collectors, a fluid system to move the heat from the collector to its point of usage, and a reservoir or tank for heat storage. The systems may be used to heat domestic hot water, swimming pools, or homes and businesses.  The heat can also be used for industrial process applications or as an energy input for other uses such as cooling equipment.  In many warmer climates, a solar heating system can provide a very high percentage (50 to 75%) of domestic hot water energy.

text: Solar heating

text: systems are a well known technology and generally consist of solar thermal collectors, a fluid system to move the heat from the collector to its point of usage, and a reservoir or tank for heat storage. The systems may be used to heat domestic hot water, swimming pools, or homes and businesses.  The heat can also be used for industrial process applications or as an energy input for other uses such as cooling equipment.  In many warmer climates, a solar heating system can provide a very high percentage (50 to 75%) of domestic hot water energy.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: swimming pools

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: cooling

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: a fluid system to move the heat from the collector to its point of usage,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: heat domestic hot water,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: cooling equipment.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: cooling equipment.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: cooling

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: fluid system to move the heat from the collector to its point of usage,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Solar heating systems

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Solar heating systems

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: heat storage. The systems may be used to heat domestic hot water,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Solar heating systems

text: C and C are measured as the isotope ratio δC in benthic foraminifera and used as a proxy for nutrient cycling and the temperature dependent air-sea exchange of CO (ventilation) (Lynch-Stieglitz et al., 1995). Plants find it easier to use the lighter isotopes (C) when they convert sunlight and carbon dioxide into food. So, for example, large blooms of plankton (free-floating organisms) absorb large amounts of C from the oceans. Originally, the C was mostly incorporated into the seawater from the atmosphere. If the oceans that the plankton live in are stratified (meaning that there are layers of warm water near the top, and colder water deeper down), then the surface water does not mix very much with the deeper waters, so that when the plankton dies, it sinks and takes away C from the surface, leaving the surface layers relatively rich in C. Where cold waters well up from the depths (such as in the North Atlantic), the water carries C back up with it. So, when the ocean was less stratified than today, there was much more C in the skeletons of surface-dwelling species. Other indicators of past climate include the presence of tropical species, coral growths rings, etc.

text: C and C are measured as the

entity_section: Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems

text: isotope ratio

text: δC in

text: benthic

text: foraminifera

text: and used as a

text: proxy

text: for

text: nutrient cycling

text: and the temperature dependent air-sea exchange of CO (ventilation) (Lynch-Stieglitz et al., 1995). Plants find it easier to use the lighter isotopes (C) when they convert sunlight and carbon dioxide into food. So, for example, large blooms of

text: plankton

text: (free-floating organisms) absorb large amounts of C from the oceans. Originally, the C was mostly incorporated into the seawater from the atmosphere. If the oceans that the plankton live in are stratified (meaning that there are layers of warm water near the top, and colder water deeper down), then the surface water does not mix very much with the deeper waters, so that when the plankton dies, it sinks and takes away C from the surface, leaving the surface layers relatively rich in C. Where cold waters well up from the depths (such as in the North Atlantic), the water carries C back up with it. So, when the ocean was less stratified than today, there was much more C in the skeletons of surface-dwelling species. Other indicators of past climate include the presence of tropical species, coral growths rings, etc.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: nutrient cycling

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: atmospheric

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: tropical species, coral growths rings

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: ventilation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: nutrient

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: stratification

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: What can be stored in snow and ice

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: nutrient cycling and the temperature dependent air-sea exchange of CO

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: (ventilation)

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: coral growths rings,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: (ventilation)

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: nutrient cycling

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: tropical species,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: (ventilation)

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: cold waters well up from the depths

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: C

text: The term is used in different organizations to mean management of a sub-set of the whole water cycle. In Australia, it has been adopted to encompass the fresh water to sewage disposal cycle. Elsewhere, it refers to a more holistic view of the water cycle.

text: The term is used in different organizations to mean management of a sub-set of the whole water cycle. In Australia, it has been adopted to encompass the

text: fresh water

text: to

text: sewage disposal

text: cycle. Elsewhere, it refers to a more holistic view of the water cycle.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: sewage disposal cycle

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: fresh water to sewage disposal cycle.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: sewage disposal cycle.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water cycle.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: fresh water to sewage disposal cycle.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: water cycle.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: fresh water to sewage disposal cycle.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: fresh water to sewage disposal cycle.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: water cycle.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: water cycle.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: management of a sub-set of the whole water cycle.

text: On timescales of millions of years, the uplift of mountain ranges and subsequently weathering processes of rocks and soils and the subduction of tectonic plates, are an important part of the carbon cycle. The weathering sequesters CO, by the reaction of minerals with chemicals (especially silicate weathering with CO) and thereby removing CO from the atmosphere and reducing the radiative forcing. The opposite effect is volcanism, responsible for the natural greenhouse effect, by emitting CO into the atmosphere, thus affecting glaciation (Ice Age) cycles. James Hansen suggested that humans emit CO 10,000 times faster than natural processes have done in the past.

text: On timescales of millions of years, the uplift of mountain ranges and subsequently

text: weathering

text: processes of rocks and soils and the

text: subduction

text: of

text: tectonic plates

text: , are an important part of the

text: carbon cycle

text: . The weathering

text: sequesters CO

text: , by the reaction of minerals with chemicals (especially

text: silicate

text: weathering with CO) and thereby removing CO from the atmosphere and reducing the radiative forcing. The opposite effect is

text: volcanism

text: , responsible for the natural

text: greenhouse effect

text: , by emitting CO into the atmosphere, thus affecting

text: glaciation

text: (Ice Age) cycles.

text: James Hansen

text: suggested that humans emit CO 10,000 times faster than natural processes have done in the past.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Ice Age

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: greenhouse effect

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: volcanism

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: volcanism,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: volcanism,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: carbon cycle.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: tectonic plates,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: greenhouse effect,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: carbon cycle.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: The weathering sequesters CO,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: volcanism,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: The weathering sequesters CO,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: On timescales of millions of years,

text: Aluminium, zinc, zirconium, and thorium promote precipitation hardening: manganese improves corrosion resistance; and tin improves castability. Aluminium is the most common alloying element. The numerals correspond to the rounded-off percentage of the two main alloy elements, proceeding alphabetically as compositions become standard. Temper designation is much the same as in the case of aluminium. Using –F, -O, -H1, -T4, -T5, and –T6.Sand permanent-mold, and die casting are all well developed for magnesium alloys, die casting being the most popular.  Although magnesium is about twice as expensive as aluminium, its hot-chamber die-casting process is easier, more economical, and 40% to 50% faster than cold-chamber process required for aluminium.  Forming behavior is poor at room temperature, but most conventional processes can be performed when the material is heated to temperatures of .  As these temperatures are easily attained and generally do not require a protective atmosphere, many formed and drawn magnesium products are manufactured.  The machinability of magnesium alloys is the best of any commercial metal, and in many applications, the savings in machining costs more than compensate for the increased cost of the material. It is necessary, however, to keep the tools sharp and to provide ample space for the chips.  Magnesium alloys can be spot-welded nearly as easily as aluminium, but scratch brushing or chemical cleaning is necessary before the weld is formed. Fusion welding is carried out most easily by processes using an inert shielding atmosphere of argon or helium gas.  Considerable misinformation exists regarding the fire hazard in processing magnesium alloys. It is true that magnesium alloys are highly combustible when in a finely divided form, such as powder or fine chips, and this hazard should never be ignored. Above , a non-combustible, oxygen-free atmosphere is required to suppress burning. Casting operations often require additional precautions because of the reactivity of magnesium with sand and water in sheet, bar, extruded or cast form; however, magnesium alloys present no real fire hazard.

text: Aluminium, zinc, zirconium, and

text: thorium

text: promote precipitation hardening: manganese improves corrosion resistance; and tin improves castability. Aluminium is the most common alloying element. The numerals correspond to the rounded-off percentage of the two main alloy elements, proceeding alphabetically as compositions become standard.

text: Temper

text: designation is much the same as in the case of aluminium. Using –F, -O, -H1, -T4, -T5, and –T6.Sand permanent-mold, and die casting are all well developed for magnesium alloys, die casting being the most popular.  Although magnesium is about twice as expensive as aluminium, its hot-chamber die-casting process is easier, more economical, and 40% to 50% faster than cold-chamber process required for aluminium.  Forming behavior is poor at room temperature, but most conventional processes can be performed when the material is heated to temperatures of .  As these temperatures are easily attained and generally do not require a protective atmosphere, many formed and

text: drawn

text: magnesium products are manufactured.  The

text: machinability

text: of magnesium alloys is the best of any commercial metal, and in many applications, the savings in machining costs more than compensate for the increased cost of the material. It is necessary, however, to keep the tools sharp and to provide ample space for the chips.  Magnesium alloys can be spot-

text: welded

text: nearly as easily as aluminium, but scratch brushing or chemical cleaning is necessary before the weld is formed. Fusion welding is carried out most easily by processes using an inert shielding atmosphere of argon or helium gas.  Considerable misinformation exists regarding the fire hazard in processing magnesium alloys. It is true that magnesium alloys are highly combustible when in a finely divided form, such as powder or fine chips, and this hazard should never be ignored. Above , a non-combustible, oxygen-free atmosphere is required to suppress burning. Casting operations often require additional precautions because of the reactivity of magnesium with sand and water in sheet, bar,

text: extruded

text: or cast form; however, magnesium alloys present no real fire hazard.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: tin improves castability

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: reactivity of magnesium

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Fusion welding

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation hardening:

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: powder or fine chips,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: precipitation hardening:

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: precipitation hardening:

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: magnesium alloy

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: precipitation hardening:

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: magnesium alloys present no real fire hazard.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: drawn magnesium products are manufactured.

text: Dryland salinity is broadly the result of three processes: Groundwater recharge, Ground water movement and Groundwater discharge. (Environment.nsw.gov.au, 2013)

text: Dryland salinity is broadly the result of three processes: Groundwater recharge, Ground water movement and Groundwater discharge. (Environment.nsw.gov.au, 2013)

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: groundwater recharge

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: groundwater discharge

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Groundwater discharge

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Groundwater discharge

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: groundwater recharge

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: groundwater recharge

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: groundwater recharge

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Groundwater recharge, Ground water movement and Groundwater discharge.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: discharge.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Dryland salinity

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Ground water movement and Groundwater discharge.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Groundwater recharge, Ground water movement and Groundwater discharge.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Groundwater recharge,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Groundwater recharge, Ground water movement and Groundwater discharge.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Dryland salinity

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Groundwater recharge,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Dryland salinity

text: Electrolysis of water at 298 K (25 °C) requires 285.83 kJ of energy in order to occur, and the reaction is increasingly endothermic with increasing temperature. However, the energy demand may be reduced due to the Joule heating of an electrolysis cell, which may be utilized in the water splitting process at high temperatures. Research is ongoing to add heat from external heat sources such as concentrating solar thermal collectors and geothermal sources.

text: Electrolysis of water at 298 K (25 °C) requires 285.83 kJ of energy in order to occur, and the reaction is increasingly endothermic with increasing temperature. However, the energy demand may be reduced due to the

text: Joule heating

text: of an electrolysis cell, which may be utilized in the

text: water splitting

text: process at high temperatures. Research is ongoing to add heat from external heat sources such as

text: concentrating solar thermal collectors

text: and

text: geothermal

text: sources.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: electrolysis

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: water splitting process at high temperatures

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: endothermic

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: the reaction is increasingly endothermic with increasing temperature.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Electrolysis

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Electrolysis of water

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Electrolysis of water

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: water splitting

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: endothermic

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: concentrating solar thermal collectors and geothermal sources.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: the reaction is increasingly endothermic

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Electrolysis of water

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Electrolysis of water

text: Lakeview Estates was developed as a family community in the 1970s consisting of modular homes wrapping around the hills above Lake Sunrise and Lake Rockaway.  A community club house, water processing plant, community store, and church were built in addition to the community.  It is not a trailer park, as much of the land is privately owned, or owned by multiple landlords, and all of the roads are owned and maintained by the county.  The original idea for the community was not a success.  The affordable real estate was bought out by families and by landlords.  In addition, the water processing plant was privately owned.  In the early 1980s, the community felt a decline, as crime rose and the income level of the average family decreased.  In addition, one landlord, Martha Ann Bailey, purchased the water processing facility and gouged prices.

text: Lakeview Estates was developed as a family community in the 1970s consisting of modular homes wrapping around the hills above Lake Sunrise and Lake Rockaway.  A community club house, water processing plant, community store, and church were built in addition to the community.  It is not a trailer park, as much of the land is privately owned, or owned by multiple landlords, and all of the roads are owned and maintained by the

text: county

text: .  The original idea for the community was not a success.  The affordable real estate was bought out by families and by landlords.  In addition, the water processing plant was privately owned.  In the early 1980s, the community felt a decline, as crime rose and the income level of the average family decreased.  In addition, one landlord, Martha Ann Bailey, purchased the water processing facility and gouged prices.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: The community club house, water processing plant

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: gaseous

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the water processing facility and gouged prices

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: It is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: water processing plant,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: water processing plant,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water processing plant,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Martha Ann Bailey, purchased the water processing facility and gouged prices.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: water processing plant,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: water processing plant,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: water processing plant,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: hills above Lake Sunrise and Lake Rockaway.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: water processing plant,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: water processing plant,

text: :The term 'transition mire' relates to vegetation that in floristic composition and general ecological characteristics is transitional between acid bog and 7230 Alkaline fens, in which the surface conditions range from markedly acidic to slightly base-rich. The vegetation normally has intimate mixtures of species considered to be acidophile and others thought of as calciphile or basophile. In some cases the mire occupies a physically transitional location between bog and fen vegetation, as for example on the marginal lagg of raised bog or associated with certain valley and basin mires. In other cases these intermediate properties may reflect the actual process of succession, as peat accumulates in groundwater-fed fen or open water to produce rainwater-fed bog isolated from groundwater influence. Many of these systems are very unstable underfoot and can therefore also be described as 'quaking bogs'.

text: :The term 'transition mire' relates to vegetation that in floristic composition and general ecological characteristics is transitional between acid bog and 7230 Alkaline fens, in which the surface conditions range from markedly acidic to slightly base-rich. The vegetation normally has intimate mixtures of species considered to be acidophile and others thought of as calciphile or basophile. In some cases the mire occupies a physically transitional location between bog and fen vegetation, as for example on the marginal lagg of raised bog or associated with certain valley and basin mires. In other cases these intermediate properties may reflect the actual process of succession, as peat accumulates in groundwater-fed fen or open water to produce rainwater-fed bog isolated from groundwater influence. Many of these systems are very unstable underfoot and can therefore also be described as 'quaking bogs'.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: peat

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: quaking bogs

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: peat accumulates in groundwater-fed

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Alkaline fens,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: rainwater-fed bog isolated from groundwater

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: peat accumulates in groundwater-fed fen or open water

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: succession,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: succession,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: groundwater-fed

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rainwater-fed bog isolated from groundwater

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: peat

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: 'transition mire'

text: It is also possible that artificial biospheres will be created during the future, for example on Mars. The process of creating an uncontained system that mimics the function of Earth's biosphere is called terraforming.

text: It is also possible that artificial biospheres will be created during the future, for example on

text: Mars

text: . The process of creating an uncontained system that mimics the function of Earth's biosphere is called

text: terraforming

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: terraforming

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Earth's biosphere

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: terraforming.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: terraforming.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: terraforming.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: terraforming.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: terraforming.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: terraforming.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Earth's biosphere

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: terraforming.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: It is also possible that artificial biospheres

text: Another negative affect caused by grazing pressure was found in mangrove forest soils. Sulfate, which is used in the oxidation of organic matter, is dependent on the surplus of carbon left by aerobic organisms due to oxygen depletion. When  a mix of tidal exposure and camel grazing pressure were placed on the habitat, there was a decrease in primary production, which in turn affected sulfate-cycling. A decrease in sulfate-cycling could cause the trees in the forest to slow down their oxidation process.

text: Another negative affect caused by grazing pressure was found in

text: mangrove

text: forest soils.

text: Sulfate

text: , which is used in the

text: oxidation

text: of organic matter, is dependent on the surplus of carbon left by aerobic organisms due to oxygen depletion. When  a mix of tidal exposure and camel grazing pressure were placed on the habitat, there was a decrease in primary production, which in turn affected sulfate-cycling. A decrease in sulfate-cycling could cause the trees in the forest to slow down their oxidation process.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: oxidation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: tidal exposure

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: oxidation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: decrease in primary production

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: oxygen depletion.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: oxygen depletion.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: negative affect caused by grazing pressure

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: decrease in primary production,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: sulfate-cycling.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: sulfate-cycling.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: oxygen depletion.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: oxygen depletion.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: carbon left by aerobic organisms due to oxygen depletion.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Another negative affect caused by grazing pressure

text: Drought intensifies through positive feedback. A lack of rain decreases soil moisture, which kills plants and/or causes them to release less water through transpiration. Both factors limit evapotranspiration, the process by which water vapor is added to the atmosphere from the surface, and add dry dust to the atmosphere, which absorbs water. Less water vapor means both low dew point temperatures and more efficient daytime heating, decreasing the chances of humidity in the atmosphere leading to cloud formation. Lastly, without clouds, there cannot be rain, and the loop is complete.

text: Drought

text: intensifies through positive feedback. A lack of rain decreases soil moisture, which kills plants and/or causes them to release less water through

text: transpiration

text: . Both factors limit

text: evapotranspiration

text: , the process by which water vapor is added to the atmosphere from the surface, and add dry dust to the atmosphere, which absorbs water. Less water vapor means both low

text: dew point

text: temperatures and more efficient daytime heating, decreasing the chances of humidity in the atmosphere leading to cloud formation. Lastly, without clouds, there cannot be rain, and the loop is complete.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: positive feedback

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: water vapor

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: evapotranspiration

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: low dew point temperatures

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evapotranspiration

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: cloud formation.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evapotranspiration,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: cloud formation.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: low dew point temperatures and more efficient daytime heating,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: evapotranspiration,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: evapotranspiration,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: evapotranspiration,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: positive feedback.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: evapotranspiration,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Drought intensifies through positive feedback.

text: In geology, the effect is common in formerly glaciated areas such as New England and areas in regions of permafrost where the landscape is shaped into hummocks by frost heave — new stones appear in the fields every year from deeper underground. Horace Greeley noted "Picking stones, is a never-ending labor on one of those New England farms. Pick as closely as you may, the next plowing turns up a fresh eruption of boulders and pebbles, from the size of a hickory nut to that of a tea-kettle."   A hint to the cause appears in his further description that "this work is mainly to be done in March or April, when the earth is saturated with ice-cold water". Underground water freezes, lifting all particles above it.  As the water starts to melt, smaller particles can settle into the opening spaces while larger particles are still raised.  By the time ice no longer supports the larger rocks, they are at least partially supported by the smaller particles that slipped below them.  Repeated freeze-thaw cycles in a single year speeds up the process.

text: In

text: geology

text: , the effect is common in formerly glaciated areas such as

text: New England

text: and areas in regions of

text: permafrost

text: where the landscape is shaped into

text: hummocks

text: by

text: frost heave

text: — new stones appear in the fields every year from deeper underground.

text: Horace Greeley

text: noted "Picking stones, is a never-ending labor on one of those New England farms. Pick as closely as you may, the next plowing turns up a fresh eruption of boulders and pebbles, from the size of a hickory nut to that of a tea-kettle."   A hint to the cause appears in his further description that "this work is mainly to be done in March or April, when the earth is saturated with ice-cold water". Underground water freezes, lifting all particles above it.  As the water starts to melt, smaller particles can settle into the opening spaces while larger particles are still raised.  By the time ice no longer supports the larger rocks, they are at least partially supported by the smaller particles that slipped below them.  Repeated freeze-thaw cycles in a single year speeds up the process.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: underground water freezes

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: new stones appear in the fields every year from deeper underground

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: ice melts

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Underground water freezes, lifting all particles above it.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Underground water freezes,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: ice-cold water".

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: new stones appear in the fields every year from deeper underground.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: freeze-thaw

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: freeze-thaw

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: ice-cold water".

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Underground water freezes,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Underground water freezes,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: ice-cold water".

text: The carbonate-silicate cycle impacts the global carbon cycle, as carbon dioxide is removed from the Earth's surface through the burial of  weathered minerals in deep ocean sediments and returned to the atmosphere through metamorphism and volcanism. However, this process is far from being a closed loop. In Earth history generally the formation of carbonates significantly outpaces the formation of silicates, effectively removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Because carbon dioxide is a potent greenhouse gas, the carbonate-silicate cycle is suspected to initiate ice ages by creating a negative feedback on the global temperature with a typical time scale of a few million years that is capable of countering water vapor and carbon dioxide short-term positive feedback on global temperature.

text: The carbonate-silicate cycle impacts the

text: global carbon cycle

text: , as carbon dioxide is removed from the Earth's surface through the burial of  weathered minerals in deep ocean

text: sediment

text: s and returned to the atmosphere through metamorphism and

text: volcanism

text: . However, this process is far from being a

text: closed loop

text: . In

text: Earth history

text: generally the formation of carbonates significantly outpaces the formation of silicates, effectively removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Because carbon dioxide is a potent greenhouse gas, the carbonate-silicate cycle is suspected to initiate ice ages by creating a

text: negative feedback

text: on the

text: global temperature

text: with a typical time scale of a few million years that is capable of countering

text: water vapor

text: and

text: carbon dioxide

text: short-term

text: positive feedback

text: on global temperature.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: ice ages

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: greenhouse gas

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: ice ages

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: carbonate-silicate cycle impacts the global carbon cycle,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: vapor

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: The carbonate-silicate cycle impacts the global carbon cycle,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: ice ages

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: The carbonate-silicate cycle

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: carbonate-silicate cycle impacts the global carbon cycle,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: The carbonate-silicate cycle

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: water vapor

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: ice ages

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The carbonate-silicate cycle

text: Light provides the solar energy required to drive the process of photosynthesis, the major energy source of lentic systems.  The amount of light received depends upon a combination of several factors.  Small ponds may experience shading by surrounding trees, while cloud cover may affect light availability in all systems, regardless of size.  Seasonal and diurnal considerations also play a role in light availability because the shallower the angle at which light strikes water, the more light is lost by reflection.  This is known as Beer's law. Once light has penetrated the surface, it may also be scattered by particles suspended in the water column.  This scattering decreases the total amount of light as depth increases. Lakes are divided into photic and aphotic regions,  the prior receiving sunlight and latter being below the depths of light penetration, making it void of photosynthetic capacity.  In relation to lake zonation, the pelagic and benthic zones are considered to lie within the photic region, while the profundal zone is in the aphotic region.

text: Light provides the solar energy required to drive the process of

text: photosynthesis

text: , the major energy source of lentic systems.  The amount of light received depends upon a combination of several factors.  Small ponds may experience shading by surrounding trees, while cloud cover may affect light availability in all systems, regardless of size.  Seasonal and diurnal considerations also play a role in light availability because the shallower the angle at which light strikes water, the more light is lost by reflection.  This is known as

text: Beer's law

text: . Once light has penetrated the surface, it may also be scattered by particles suspended in the water column.  This scattering decreases the total amount of light as depth increases. Lakes are divided into

text: photic

text: and

text: aphotic

text: regions,  the prior receiving sunlight and latter being below the depths of light penetration, making it void of photosynthetic capacity.  In relation to lake zonation, the pelagic and benthic zones are considered to lie within the photic region, while the profundal zone is in the aphotic region.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: void of photosynthetic capacity

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: photosynthesis

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Light provides the solar energy required to drive the process of photosynthesis,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: lentic systems.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: cloud cover

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Beer's law.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: photosynthesis,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: lentic systems.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: void of photosynthetic capacity.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: depth

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Light provides the solar energy required to drive the process of photosynthesis,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Light

text: During the periods of glacial retreat, there were periods of stability.  During these times, glacial lakes formed along the southern borders of the glaciers, bound into the Lake Michigan Basin by the recessional moraines.  Four major glacial lake periods created the Indiana Dunes.  They are the glacial Lake Chicago (14,000 YBP), Glacial Lake Algonquin (9,000 YBP), glacial Lake Chippewa (7,000 YBP), and Lake Nipissing stage (4,000 YBP).  Once the glaciers had fully retreated from the Lake Michigan basin, post Lake Nipissing stage, the same factors that created the dunes south of the current shoreline, expanded the existing shoreline.  The littoral currents or Longshore drift transport sand southward along the eastern shore of Lake Michigan.  As they encounter streams bringing water from inland, sandbars are created, pointing down current, either southward if the shore is north to south or westward along the southern shore itself.  If the currents are strong enough as they were when the Glenwood Shoreline was created, shallow inland bays would be formed with a wide sand spit between it and the open lake.  Over time, the sand spits would merge with the far shoreline forming interdunal ponds.  Each sand spit would become a dune ridge.  As the ponds filled in and wind built the outer sand ridges higher, the ponds would dry up and only a stream would remain, as the Little Calumet River does today, just south the state and national parks.  As the shoreline moved northward, new ridges formed, additional streams, now slower and less powerful formed and the process duplicated itself.  To the west of the Indiana Dunes, Wolf Lake in Hammond, Indiana forms a western border to the dunes.  Here the same process is at work, only the littoral drift is again south, but along the western shore, pushing the sand and sand spits eastward.  Today, it is the remnants of the marsh lands and inter-dunal or inter-sand spit lakes that have formed this region over 40,000 years.

text: During the periods of glacial retreat, there were periods of stability.  During these times, glacial lakes formed along the southern borders of the glaciers, bound into the Lake Michigan Basin by the recessional moraines.  Four major glacial lake periods created the Indiana Dunes.  They are the glacial

text: Lake Chicago

text: (14,000 YBP),

text: Glacial Lake Algonquin

text: (9,000 YBP), glacial

text: Lake Chippewa

text: (7,000 YBP), and

text: Lake Nipissing

text: stage (4,000 YBP).  Once the glaciers had fully retreated from the Lake Michigan basin, post Lake Nipissing stage, the same factors that created the dunes south of the current shoreline, expanded the existing shoreline.  The littoral currents or

text: Longshore drift

text: transport sand southward along the eastern shore of Lake Michigan.  As they encounter streams bringing water from inland, sandbars are created, pointing down current, either southward if the shore is north to south or westward along the southern shore itself.  If the currents are strong enough as they were when the Glenwood Shoreline was created, shallow inland bays would be formed with a wide sand spit between it and the open lake.  Over time, the sand spits would merge with the far shoreline forming interdunal ponds.  Each sand spit would become a dune ridge.  As the ponds filled in and wind built the outer sand ridges higher, the ponds would dry up and only a stream would remain, as the

text: Little Calumet River

text: does today, just south the state and national parks.  As the shoreline moved northward, new ridges formed, additional streams, now slower and less powerful formed and the process duplicated itself.  To the west of the Indiana Dunes,

text: Wolf Lake

text: in

text: Hammond, Indiana

text: forms a western border to the dunes.  Here the same process is at work, only the littoral drift is again south, but along the western shore, pushing the sand and sand spits eastward.  Today, it is the remnants of the marsh lands and inter-dunal or inter-sand spit lakes that have formed this region over 40,000 years.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: As they encounter streams bringing water from inland, sandbars are created

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Glenwood Shoreline

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Longshore drift

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: What can be stored in snow and ice?

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: sandbars

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: littoral drift

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: littoral drift

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Little Calumet River

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: littoral drift

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Longshore drift

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: stream

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: littoral drift

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: interdunal ponds.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: ponds.

text: This Environmental Geochemistry group collects and analyzes soil and water samples from many locations around the world to study biogeochemical cycles, anthropogenic influences on natural systems, and to use geochemistry as a tool to learn more about various hydrological, biological and physical processes.

text: This Environmental Geochemistry group collects and analyzes soil and water samples from many locations around the world to study biogeochemical cycles, anthropogenic influences on natural systems, and to use geochemistry as a tool to learn more about various hydrological, biological and physical processes.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: biogeochemical cycles

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: vaporization

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: melting of a glacier

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: biogeochemical

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: None of the above choices .

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: biogeochemical

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: biogeochemical cycles,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: hydrological, biological and physical processes.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: biogeochemical cycles,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: biogeochemical cycles,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: biogeochemical

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: biogeochemical cycles,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: anthropogenic influences on natural systems,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: hydrological, biological and physical processes.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: anthropogenic influences on natural systems,

text: Earth's lithosphere includes the crust and the uppermost mantle, which constitute the hard and rigid outer layer of the Earth. The lithosphere is subdivided into tectonic plates. The uppermost part of the lithosphere that chemically reacts to the atmosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere through the soil forming process is called the pedosphere. The lithosphere is underlain by the asthenosphere which is the weaker, hotter, and deeper part of the upper mantle. The boundary between the lithosphere and the underlying asthenosphere is known as the Lithosphere-Asthenosphere boundary and is defined by a difference in response to stress: the lithosphere remains rigid for very long periods of geologic time in which it deforms elastically and through brittle failure, while the asthenosphere deforms viscously and accommodates strain through plastic deformation. The study of past and current formations of landscapes is called geomorphology.

text: Earth's lithosphere includes the crust and the uppermost mantle, which constitute the hard and rigid outer layer of the Earth. The lithosphere is subdivided into

text: tectonic plates

text: . The uppermost part of the lithosphere that chemically reacts to the

text: atmosphere

text: hydrosphere

text: and

text: biosphere

text: through the

text: soil forming process

text: is called the

text: pedosphere

text: . The lithosphere is underlain by the

text: asthenosphere

text: which is the weaker, hotter, and deeper part of the upper mantle. The boundary between the lithosphere and the underlying asthenosphere is known as the

text: Lithosphere-Asthenosphere boundary

text: and is defined by a difference in response to stress: the lithosphere remains rigid for very long periods of geologic time in which it deforms elastically and through brittle failure, while the asthenosphere deforms viscously and accommodates strain through plastic deformation. The study of past and current formations of landscapes is called

text: geomorphology

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: the hydrosphere

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: hydrosphere

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: hydrosphere

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the lithosphere remains rigid for very long periods of geologic time

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: hydrosphere

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrosphere

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: asthenosphere

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: What is stored in snow and ice?

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: soil forming process

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: hydrosphere and biosphere through the soil forming process

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: hydrosphere

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: pedosphere.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: hydrosphere

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrosphere

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: pedosphere.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: a difference in response to stress:

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Earth's lithosphere

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: geomorphology.

text: "Our sense of continuity and rhythm is universal in water. Even in childhood I was interested in running water, in the recycling process of water. I remember Mark Tobey talking to me about the life cycle of the universe and the fact that water moves about endlessly in its various forms, vapor, ice drops forming in the clouds to be released into the rivers. This recycling always fascinated me".

text: "Our sense of continuity and rhythm is universal in water. Even in childhood I was interested in running water, in the recycling process of water. I remember Mark Tobey talking to me about the life cycle of the universe and the fact that water moves about endlessly in its various forms, vapor, ice drops forming in the clouds to be released into the rivers. This recycling always fascinated me".

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: a sense of rhythm

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: vapor

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: ice drops

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: ice drops forming in the clouds

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: life cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: continuity and rhythm

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: vapor,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: ice drops

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: recycling

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: recycling

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: water. Even in childhood I was interested in running water,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: ice drops

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: recycling process of water.

text: "Regenerative" also suffers from a slightly different linguistic problem, the term is still competing with the biological community in terms of its use for the re-growth of limbs etc.. However once the word itself gains wide usage, its meaning becomes more general, much like in the case of the term "sustainable". The base meaning of "re-generative" means the "capacity to bring into existence again." So if an item or system is regenerative the item or system has the capacity to bring itself into existence again. Using the example above, a truly regenerative product would not only be 100% recycled and recyclable, but it would also improve the environmental conditions at the factory where it was made, the business where it was used and so on throughout its life-cycle (creating habitat, filtering water, catalyzing nitrogen-fixation processes in the soil, etc.).

text: "Regenerative" also suffers from a slightly different linguistic problem, the term is still competing with the biological community in terms of its use for the

text: re-growth

text: of limbs etc.. However once the word itself gains wide usage, its meaning becomes more general, much like in the case of the term "sustainable". The base meaning of "re-generative" means the "capacity to bring into existence again." So if an item or system is regenerative the item or system has the capacity to bring itself into existence again. Using the example above, a truly regenerative product would not only be 100% recycled and recyclable, but it would also improve the environmental conditions at the factory where it was made, the business where it was used and so on throughout its life-cycle (creating habitat, filtering water, catalyzing

text: nitrogen-fixation

text: processes in the soil, etc.).

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: filtering water

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: a truly regenerative product

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: regenerative

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: life-cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: nitrogen-fixation processes in the soil,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: nitrogen-fixation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: "re-generative"

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: "sustainable".

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: filtering water,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: nitrogen-fixation

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: "Regenerative" also suffers from a slightly different linguistic problem,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: nitrogen-fixation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: "re-generative"

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: "Regenerative"

text: Soil makes up the outermost layer of our planet and is formed from rocks and decaying plants and Animals.Soil has varying amounts of organic matter (living and dead organisms), minerals, and nutrients.•	An average soil sample is 45 percent minerals, 25 percent water, 25 percent air, and five percent organic matter. Different-sized mineral particles, such as sand, silt, and clay, give soil its texture.•	Topsoil is the most productive soil layer.•	Ten tonnes of topsoil spread evenly over a hectare is only as thick as a one Euro coin.•	Natural processes can take more than 500 years to form 2 centimeters of topsoil.•	In some cases, 5 tonnes of animal life can live in one hectare of soil.•	Fungi and bacteria help break down organic matter in the soil.•	Earthworms digest organic matter, recycle nutrients, and make the surface soil richer.•	Roots loosen the soil, allowing oxygen to penetrate. This benefits animals living in the soil. They also benefit roots which require oxygen themselves. They further hold soil together and help prevent erosion.•	A fully functioning soil reduces the risk of floods and protects underground water supplies by neutralizing or filtering out potential pollutants and storing as much as 3750 tonnes of water per hectare.•	Scientists have found 10,000 types of soil in Europe and about 70,000 types of soil in the United States.•	Soil stores 10% of the world's carbon dioxide emissions.

text: Soil makes up the outermost layer of our planet and is formed from rocks and decaying plants and Animals.Soil has varying amounts of organic matter (living and dead organisms), minerals, and nutrients.•	An average soil sample is 45 percent minerals, 25 percent water, 25 percent air, and five percent organic matter. Different-sized mineral particles, such as sand, silt, and clay, give soil its texture.•	Topsoil is the most productive soil layer.•	Ten tonnes of topsoil spread evenly over a hectare is only as thick as a one Euro coin.•	Natural processes can take more than 500 years to form 2 centimeters of topsoil.•	In some cases, 5 tonnes of animal life can live in one hectare of soil.•	Fungi and bacteria help break down organic matter in the soil.•	Earthworms digest organic matter, recycle nutrients, and make the surface soil richer.•	Roots loosen the soil, allowing oxygen to penetrate. This benefits animals living in the soil. They also benefit roots which require

text: oxygen

text: themselves. They further hold soil together and help prevent erosion.•	A fully functioning soil reduces the risk of floods and protects underground water supplies by neutralizing or filtering out potential pollutants and storing as much as 3750 tonnes of water per hectare.•	Scientists have found 10,000 types of soil in Europe and about 70,000 types of soil in the United States.•	Soil stores 10% of the world's carbon dioxide emissions.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: What drives the water cycle?

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: gaseous

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Soil stores 10% of the world's carbon dioxide emissions.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Carbon dioxide emissions

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Roots loosen the soil, allowing oxygen to penetrate.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: floods

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Roots loosen the soil, allowing oxygen to penetrate.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: oxygen to penetrate.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: erosion.• A fully functioning soil reduces the risk of floods

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: floods

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: floods

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: 3750 tonnes of water per hectare.•

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: soil reduces the risk of floods and protects underground water supplies

text: The park consists of two lakes, which also act as water recharge basins for ground water. The upper lake has a surface area of . The lower lake is  and has become a popular fishing spot. Both lakes are connected by a stream that winds through the park. Four bridges cross the stream. The centerpiece of the park is the Bright House Amphitheater. The stage was designed to appear to be an island, with the lake behind it and a stream running in front. An access road, hidden from the seating area, allows for large equipment to be moved in.

text: The park consists of two lakes, which also act as water recharge basins for ground water. The upper lake has a surface area of . The lower lake is  and has become a popular fishing spot. Both lakes are connected by a stream that winds through the park. Four bridges cross the stream. The centerpiece of the park is the Bright House Amphitheater. The stage was designed to appear to be an island, with the lake behind it and a stream running in front. An access road, hidden from the seating area, allows for large equipment to be moved in.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: What drives the water cycle

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: vaporization

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: The stage was designed to appear to be an island

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: What does the park consist of?

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: water recharge basins for ground water.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: water recharge basins for ground water.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water recharge basins for ground water.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Bright House Amphitheater.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: water recharge basins for ground water.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: recharge basins for ground water.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: water recharge basins for ground water.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: ground water.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: water recharge basins for ground water.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Bright House Amphitheater.

text: All bodies of water have multiple inflows, but often, one inflow may predominate and be the largest source of water. However, in many cases, no single inflow will predominate and there will be multiple primary inflows. For a lake, the inflow may be a river or stream that literally flows into the lake. Inflow may also be, strictly speaking, not flows, but rather precipitation, like rain.

text: All bodies of water have multiple inflows, but often, one inflow may predominate and be the largest source of water. However, in many cases, no single inflow will predominate and there will be multiple primary inflows. For a

text: lake

text: , the inflow may be a

text: river

text: or

text: stream

text: that literally flows into the lake. Inflow may also be, strictly speaking, not flows, but rather

text: precipitation

text: , like

text: rain

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: vaporization

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: multiple inflows,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: precipitation,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: rain.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: inflows,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: multiple inflows,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: one inflow may predominate and be the largest source of water.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: one inflow may predominate and be the largest source of water.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: one inflow may predominate and be the largest source of water.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: All bodies of water have multiple inflows,

text: Following Le Chatelier's principle, the chemical equilibrium of the Earth's carbon cycle will shift in response to anthropogenic CO emissions. The primary driver of this is the ocean, which absorbs anthropogenic CO via the so-called solubility pump. At present this accounts for only about one third of the current emissions, but ultimately most (~75%) of the CO emitted by human activities will dissolve in the ocean over a period of centuries: "A better approximation of the lifetime of fossil fuel CO for public discussion might be 300 years, plus 25% that lasts forever". However, the rate at which the ocean will take it up in the future is less certain, and will be affected by stratification induced by warming and, potentially, changes in the ocean's thermohaline circulation.

text: Following

text: Le Chatelier's principle

text: , the chemical equilibrium of the Earth's

text: carbon cycle

text: will shift in response to anthropogenic CO emissions. The primary driver of this is the ocean, which absorbs anthropogenic CO via the so-called

text: solubility pump

text: . At present this accounts for only about one third of the current emissions, but ultimately most (~75%) of the CO emitted by human activities will dissolve in the ocean over a period of centuries: "A better approximation of the lifetime of fossil fuel CO for public discussion might be 300 years, plus 25% that lasts forever". However, the rate at which the ocean will take it up in the future is less certain, and will be affected by

text: stratification

text: induced by warming and, potentially, changes in the ocean's

text: thermohaline circulation

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: CO emitted by human activities

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: stratification

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: ocean,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: warming

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: anthropogenic CO emissions.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: solubility pump.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: solubility pump.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: carbon cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: solubility pump.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: stratification

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Following Le Chatelier's

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Following Le Chatelier's

text: Led by Germany’s solar architecture pioneer Rolf Disch, this architecture firm has built with the sun as its foundation since 1969. Rolf Disch Solar Architecture has implemented the most up-to-date technology to design sustainable buildings from churches and schools, to homes and commercial developments.  With the creation of the PlusEnergy concept, their design has focused more and more specifically on positive energy balanced buildings, which generate more power than the consume through extremely efficient energy use and photovoltaic panel use.  In 1994 they created the Heliotrope, the first building worldwide to create more energy than it uses.  With the application of this PlusEnergy concept, Rolf Disch Solar Architecture further developed the concept into homes that use acute energy efficieny and have roofs made entirely of photovoltaic panels.  59 of these PlusEnergy homes were built as the Solar Settlement between 2002 and 2004, later to be followed by the Sun Ship.  The Sun Ship, finished in 2006, is a retail, commercial/office and residential building with . that also produces more energy than it consumes.  Also the first building of its kind worldwide, the Sun Ship was truly the most extensive example of sustainable and renewable energy building by Rolf Disch Solar Architecture.

text: Led by

text: Germany

text: ’s

text: solar architecture

text: pioneer

text: Rolf Disch

text: , this architecture firm has built with the sun as its foundation since 1969. Rolf Disch Solar Architecture has implemented the most up-to-date technology to design

text: sustainable building

text: s from churches and schools, to homes and commercial developments.  With the creation of the

text: PlusEnergy

text: concept, their design has focused more and more specifically on positive energy balanced buildings, which generate more power than the consume through extremely efficient energy use and photovoltaic panel use.  In 1994 they created the

text: Heliotrope

text: , the first building worldwide to create more energy than it uses.  With the application of this PlusEnergy concept, Rolf Disch Solar Architecture further developed the concept into homes that use acute energy efficieny and have roofs made entirely of photovoltaic panels.  59 of these PlusEnergy homes were built as the

text: Solar Settlement

text: between 2002 and 2004, later to be followed by the

text: Sun Ship

text: .  The

text: Sun Ship

text: , finished in 2006, is a retail, commercial/office and residential building with . that also produces more energy than it consumes.  Also the first building of its kind worldwide, the Sun Ship was truly the most extensive example of sustainable and renewable energy building by Rolf Disch Solar Architecture.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: vaporization

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the Sun Ship

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: sun

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Heliotrope,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: sun

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Heliotrope,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: generate more power than the consume

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: sun

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Sun Ship.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: sun

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: PlusEnergy

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: 1969.

text: Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil; the process of increasing the salt content is known as salinization. Salts occur naturally within soils and water. Salination can be caused by natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean. It can also come about through artificial processes such as irrigation.

text: Soil salinity is the

text: salt

text: content in the

text: soil

text: ; the process of increasing the salt content is known as salinization. Salts occur naturally within soils and water. Salination can be caused by natural processes such as

text: mineral weathering

text: or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean. It can also come about through artificial processes such as

text: irrigation

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: irrigation

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: salinization

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Salts

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Salination

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Soil salinity

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: gradual withdrawal of an ocean.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: irrigation.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: salinization.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: irrigation.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: gradual withdrawal of an ocean.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Soil salinity

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: irrigation.

text: The sulfur-iodine cycle (S-I cycle) is a series of thermochemical processes used to produce hydrogen. The S-I cycle consists of three chemical reactions whose net reactant is water and whose net products are hydrogen and oxygen. All other chemicals are recycled. The S-I process requires an efficient source of heat.

text: The

text: sulfur-iodine cycle

text: (S-I cycle) is a series of

text: thermochemical

text: processes used to

text: produce hydrogen

text: . The S-I cycle consists of three

text: chemical reaction

text: s whose net reactant is water and whose net products are

text: hydrogen

text: and

text: oxygen

text: . All other chemicals are recycled. The S-I process requires an efficient source of heat.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: S-I cycle

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: S-I cycle consists of three chemical reactions whose net reactant

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: hydrogen.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: The sulfur-iodine cycle

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: sulfur-iodine cycle

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: sulfur-iodine cycle

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: sulfur-iodine cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The sulfur-iodine cycle

text: An aquifer is a groundwater storage reservoir in the water cycle. While groundwater is a renewable source, reserves replenish relatively slowly. The USGS has performed several studies of the aquifer, to determine what is coming in (groundwater recharge from the surface), what is leaving (water pumped out and baseflow to streams), and what the net changes in storage are (rise, fall or no change).

text: An aquifer is a groundwater storage reservoir in the

text: water cycle

text: . While groundwater is a renewable source, reserves replenish relatively slowly. The

text: USGS

text: has performed several studies of the aquifer, to determine what is coming in (groundwater recharge from the surface), what is leaving (water pumped out and

text: baseflow

text: to streams), and what the net changes in storage are (rise, fall or no change).

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: no change

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: An aquifer is a groundwater storage reservoir

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: (water pumped out and baseflow to streams),

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water cycle.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: (water pumped out and baseflow to streams),

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: aquifer is a groundwater storage reservoir in the water cycle.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: aquifer

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: aquifer

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: (rise,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: An aquifer

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: An aquifer

text: This pathogen thrives in temperatures ranging from 84 to 90 degrees Fahrenheit. Disease is prominent in many agricultural productive regions and therefore is a major host to many warm environment crops. Black Shank needs water for germination and movement. Saturated soil optimizes disease spread because water is used for dissemination of motile zoospores and Sporangia. Low-lying areas of the soil that remain wet for prolonged periods of time will have more disease. Splashing water from rain or irrigation can infect healthy plant leaves leading to more repeating secondary cycles. Soils that are not saturated will lead to little to no disease development, so water management is important. Optimum soil pH for development is between 6 and 7. Levels of calcium and magnesium levels in the soils can affect disease progress.

text: This pathogen thrives in temperatures ranging from 84 to 90 degrees Fahrenheit. Disease is prominent in many agricultural productive regions and therefore is a major host to many warm environment crops. Black Shank needs water for germination and movement. Saturated soil optimizes disease spread because water is used for dissemination of motile zoospores and Sporangia. Low-lying areas of the soil that remain wet for prolonged periods of time will have more disease. Splashing water from rain or irrigation can infect healthy plant leaves leading to more repeating secondary cycles. Soils that are not saturated will lead to little to no disease development, so water management is important. Optimum soil pH for development is between 6 and 7. Levels of calcium and magnesium levels in the soils can affect disease progress.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: vaporization

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Splashing water from rain

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Splashing water from rain

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Splashing water from rain or irrigation can infect healthy plant leaves

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: 84 to 90 degrees Fahrenheit.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Splashing water

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Splashing water from rain or irrigation can infect healthy plant leaves

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: secondary cycles.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: secondary cycles.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Saturated soil

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Black Shank needs water for germination and movement.

text: These models expand upon the cold, dry Mars model by envisioning mechanisms whereby subsurface aquifers providing groundwater might be recharged in early Mars history. They thus require a sustained water cycle of some sort on the long term in the Noachian, but do not explicitly require that this water be liquid or fall as precipitation. This means Mars need not be warm (i.e., above freezing) in its early history, in accordance with current climate models.

text: These models expand upon the cold, dry Mars model by envisioning mechanisms whereby subsurface aquifers providing groundwater might be recharged in early Mars history. They thus require a sustained water cycle of some sort on the long term in the Noachian, but do not explicitly require that this water be liquid or fall as

text: precipitation

text: . This means Mars need not be warm (i.e., above freezing) in its early history, in accordance with current climate models.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: subsurface aquifers

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: subsurface aquifers

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: subsurface aquifers

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: precipitation.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: subsurface aquifers providing groundwater

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: precipitation.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Noachian,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: do not explicitly require that this water be liquid or fall as precipitation.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: climate models.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: subsurface aquifers providing groundwater

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: These models expand upon the cold, dry Mars model

text: The water cycle (known scientifically as the hydrologic cycle) refers to the continuous exchange of water within the hydrosphere, between the atmosphere, soil water, surface water, groundwater, and plants.

text: The

text: water cycle

text: (known scientifically as the hydrologic cycle) refers to the continuous exchange of water within the

text: hydrosphere

text: , between the

text: atmosphere

text: soil

text: water,

text: surface water

text: groundwater

text: , and

text: plant

text: s.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: the atmosphere

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrologic cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: continuous exchange of water

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: hydrologic cycle)

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: The water cycle

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: The water cycle

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: The water cycle

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrologic cycle)

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: hydrologic cycle)

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: The water cycle

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: The water cycle

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The water cycle

text: The manufacturing and marketing rights to the patented BioSphere technology were licensed to a Shenzhen-based Chinese consortium in 2013. BioSphere is one of several waste to energy technologies invented, patented, designed, developed and commercialized by McCormack who is a Fulbright Scholar, Fogarty Fellow and an Elected Member of The Physiological Society. BioSphere superseded DiGenter which was first patented in 1986 and developed with the support of the Ford Motor Company and The University of California-Riverside and Energy Resource Institute of California. DiGenter a technology which was deployed widely in China and India was one of the first successful commercial scale sustainable cellulosic waste to ethanol technologies; a forerunner to the now successful DuPont technologies manufacturing renewable fuel grade Bio-ethanol and gasoline from non-food feedstock's, waste materials, bagasse and biomass.

text: The manufacturing and marketing rights to the patented BioSphere technology were licensed to a Shenzhen-based Chinese consortium in 2013. BioSphere is one of several waste to energy technologies invented, patented, designed, developed and commercialized by McCormack who is a Fulbright Scholar, Fogarty Fellow and an Elected Member of The Physiological Society. BioSphere superseded DiGenter which was first patented in 1986 and developed with the support of the Ford Motor Company and The University of California-Riverside and Energy Resource Institute of California. DiGenter a technology which was deployed widely in China and India was one of the first successful commercial scale sustainable cellulosic waste to ethanol technologies; a forerunner to the now successful DuPont technologies manufacturing renewable fuel grade Bio-ethanol and gasoline from non-food feedstock's, waste materials, bagasse and biomass.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: BioSphere superseded DiGenter

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: waste to energy

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: gasoline

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: waste to energy

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: DiGenter

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: 2013.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Physiological Society.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: DiGenter

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: 2013.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: DiGenter

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: 2013.

text: Soil occupies the pedosphere, one of Earth's spheres that the geosciences use to organize the Earth conceptually. This is the conceptual perspective of pedology and edaphology, the two main branches of soil science. Pedology is the study of soil in its natural setting. Edaphology is the study of soil in relation to soil-dependent uses. Both branches apply a combination of soil physics, soil chemistry, and soil biology. Due to the numerous interactions between the biosphere, atmosphere and hydrosphere that are hosted within the pedosphere, more integrated, less soil-centric concepts are also valuable. Many concepts essential to understanding soil come from individuals not identifiable strictly as soil scientists. This highlights the interdisciplinary nature of soil concepts.

text: Soil occupies the

text: pedosphere

text: , one of

text: Earth's spheres

text: that the

text: geosciences

text: use to organize the Earth conceptually. This is the conceptual perspective of

text: pedology

text: and

text: edaphology

text: , the two main branches of soil science. Pedology is the study of soil in its natural setting. Edaphology is the study of soil in relation to soil-dependent uses. Both branches apply a combination of

text: soil physics

text: soil chemistry

text: , and

text: soil biology

text: . Due to the numerous interactions between the

text: biosphere

text: atmosphere

text: and

text: hydrosphere

text: that are hosted within the pedosphere, more integrated, less soil-centric concepts are also valuable. Many concepts essential to understanding soil come from individuals not identifiable strictly as soil scientists. This highlights the

text: interdisciplinary

text: nature of soil concepts.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: hydrosphere

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: hydrosphere

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: hydrosphere

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: edaphology

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrosphere

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: What is stored in snow and ice?

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: hydrosphere

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: hydrosphere

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: hydrosphere

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: atmosphere and hydrosphere

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: hydrosphere

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrosphere

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: interdisciplinary nature of soil concepts.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: hydrosphere

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Soil

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Soil occupies the pedosphere,

text: HYDROSOL (short for Solar hydrogen via water splitting in advanced monolithic reactors for future solar power plants) is a series of European Union funded projects for the promotion of renewable energy. Its aim is the production of hydrogen using  concentrated solar power with a specific thermochemical cycle.

text: HYDROSOL (short for Solar hydrogen via water splitting in advanced monolithic reactors for future solar power plants) is a series of

text: European Union

text: funded projects for the promotion of

text: renewable energy

text: . Its aim is the production of hydrogen using

text: concentrated solar power

text: with a specific

text: thermochemical cycle

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: HYDROSOL

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: thermochemical cycle.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: splitting

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: renewable energy.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: thermochemical cycle.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: water splitting

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: thermochemical cycle.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: HYDROSOL

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: thermochemical cycle.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: HYDROSOL

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: HYDROSOL

text: In the article by Burney et al. (2010) another use for solar energy that has been proposed is the Photovoltaic- (or solar-) powered drip irrigation (PVDI) system [which] combines the efficiency of drip irrigation with the reliability of a solar-powered water pump… [Where the] PV array powers a pump (either surface or submersible, depending on the water source) that feeds water to a reservoir. The reservoir then gravity-distributes the water to a low-pressure drip irrigation system. No batteries are used in the system: The pump only runs during the daytime, and energy storage is in the height of the column of water in the reservoir.An important technological advancement for agricultural practices in the region that is related to increasing food security; the PVDI systems were integrated into preexisting local women’s agricultural groups in the Kalalé District of Northern Benin in November 2007. The PVDI systems were conceived, financed, and installed by an NGO, the Solar Electric Light Fund, to boost vegetable production from communal gardens in an effort to combat high malnutrition and poverty levels in the region. (Burney et al., 2010).

text: In the article by Burney et al. (2010) another use for solar energy that has been proposed is the Photovoltaic- (or solar-) powered drip irrigation (PVDI) system [which] combines the efficiency of

text: drip irrigation

text: with the reliability of a solar-powered water pump… [Where the] PV array powers a pump (either surface or submersible, depending on the water source) that feeds water to a reservoir. The reservoir then gravity-distributes the water to a low-pressure drip irrigation system. No batteries are used in the system: The pump only runs during the daytime, and energy storage is in the height of the column of water in the reservoir.An important technological advancement for agricultural practices in the region that is related to increasing food security; the PVDI systems were integrated into preexisting local women’s agricultural groups in the Kalalé District of Northern

text: Benin

text: in November 2007. The PVDI systems were conceived, financed, and installed by an NGO, the Solar Electric Light Fund, to boost vegetable production from communal gardens in an effort to combat high malnutrition and poverty levels in the region. (Burney et al., 2010).

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: The reservoir then gravity-distributes the water

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: solar-powered water pump

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Drip irrigation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: feeds water to a reservoir.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: reservoir.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: solar energy

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: surface or submersible,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: drip irrigation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Photovoltaic- (or solar-) powered drip irrigation

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Photovoltaic- (or solar-) powered drip irrigation

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: gravity-distributes the water

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: energy storage is in the height of the column of water

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Photovoltaic- (or solar-) powered drip irrigation

text: In geology, lake capture is the process of capture (see Stream capture) of the waters collected in a lake by a neighbor river basin.

text: In geology, lake capture is the process of capture (see

text: Stream capture

text: ) of the waters collected in a lake by a neighbor river basin.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: lake capture

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: waters collected in a lake by a neighbor river basin.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Stream capture)

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: lake capture

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: lake capture

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Stream capture)

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Stream capture)

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: waters collected in a lake by a neighbor river basin.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: In geology,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: lake capture

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: In geology,

text: , 669 biosphere reserves in 120 countries, including 16 transboundary sites, have been included in the World Network of Biosphere Reserves.

text: , 669 biosphere reserves in 120 countries, including 16 transboundary sites, have been included in the

text: World Network of Biosphere Reserves

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: glaciers melting

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: biosphere reserves

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: World Network of Biosphere Reserves.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: 669 biosphere reserves in 120 countries, including 16 transboundary sites,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: 16 transboundary sites,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: 669 biosphere reserves

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: 669 biosphere reserves

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: 669 biosphere reserves in 120 countries,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: World Network of Biosphere Reserves.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: 669 biosphere reserves

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: 669 biosphere reserves in 120 countries,

text: Solar energy from the Sun creates temperature differentials that result in wind. The interaction between wind and the surface of water creates waves, which are larger when there is a greater distance for them to build up. Wave energy potential is greatest between 30° and 60° latitude in both hemispheres on the west coast because of the global direction of wind. When evaluating wave energy as a technology type, it is important to distinguish between the four most common approaches: point absorber buoys, surface attenuators, oscillating water columns, and overtopping devices.

text: Solar energy from the Sun creates temperature differentials that result in wind. The interaction between wind and the surface of water creates waves, which are larger when there is a greater distance for them to build up. Wave energy potential is greatest between 30° and 60° latitude in both hemispheres on the west coast because of the global direction of wind. When evaluating wave energy as a technology type, it is important to distinguish between the four most common approaches:

text: point absorber buoy

text: s,

text: surface attenuator

text: s,

text: oscillating water column

text: s, and

text: overtopping devices

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: oscillating water columns

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Solar energy from the Sun creates temperature differentials that result in wind.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: wind.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: wind.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: oscillating water columns,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: wind.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: wind.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: wind.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: wind.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: wind.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: wind.

text: The life-cycle of the phumdis has generally been subject to seasonal variation. During the monsoon season when the water level is high, the phumdis float, but during the dry season, as the water level falls, the phumdis touch the lake bed and absorb nutrients from it. When the wet season returns, they again float, and the biomass, which has enough nutrients stored in the plants' roots, survives. However, the contemporary situation, with high water levels in the lake throughout the year, has meant that the process of 'feeding' on lake–bottom nutrients has been seriously disturbed, resulting in a loss of biomass and a thinning of the islands each year. In January 1999, it was reported that a large section of phumdi in the north of the park had shattered into pieces and drifted away from the park area, threatening the habitat of the sangai.

text: The life-cycle of the phumdis has generally been subject to seasonal variation. During the

text: monsoon

text: season when the water level is high, the phumdis float, but during the dry season, as the water level falls, the phumdis touch the lake bed and absorb

text: nutrient

text: s from it. When the wet season returns, they again float, and the

text: biomass

text: , which has enough nutrients stored in the plants' roots, survives. However, the contemporary situation, with high water levels in the lake throughout the year, has meant that the process of 'feeding' on lake–bottom nutrients has been seriously disturbed, resulting in a loss of biomass and a thinning of the islands each year. In January 1999, it was reported that a large section of phumdi in the north of the park had shattered into pieces and drifted away from the park area, threatening the habitat of the sangai.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: seasonal variation

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: monsoon season

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: high water levels in the lake throughout the year

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: seasonal variation

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: 'feeding' on lake–bottom nutrients

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: dry season,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: seasonal variation.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the phumdis touch the lake bed and absorb nutrients from it.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: float,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: monsoon season

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: nutrients

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: seasonal variation.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: nutrients stored in the plants' roots,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: 1999,

text: There are varying levels of mountain biking trails for people who wish to use ATB, All Terrain Bikes. These paths are located outside the fenced garbage disposal and processing areas. The cycling, or hiking areas have park signs and water hose stations to clean cycling equipment . The mountain bike and hiking trails are in the land areas within the Mount Work Regional Park boundaries.

text: There are varying levels of

text: mountain biking

text: trails for people who wish to use

text: ATB

text: , All Terrain Bikes. These paths are located outside the fenced garbage disposal and processing areas. The

text: cycling

text: , or

text: hiking

text: areas have park signs and water hose stations to clean cycling equipment . The mountain bike and hiking trails are in the land areas within the Mount Work Regional Park boundaries.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: mountain biking trails

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: None of the above choices

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: water hose stations to clean cycling equipment.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: All Terrain Bikes.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water hose stations

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: garbage disposal and processing areas.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: water hose stations

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: water hose stations to clean cycling equipment.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: water hose stations

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: All Terrain Bikes.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: water hose stations to clean cycling equipment.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: water hose stations

text: The evaporative phase of the cycle purifies water which then replenishes the land with freshwater. The flow of liquid water and ice transports minerals across the globe. It is also involved in reshaping the geological features of the Earth, through processes including erosion and sedimentation. The water cycle is also essential for the maintenance of most life and ecosystems on the planet.

text: The evaporative phase of the cycle purifies water which then replenishes the land with freshwater. The flow of liquid water and ice transports minerals across the globe. It is also involved in reshaping the geological features of the Earth, through processes including

text: erosion

text: and

text: sedimentation

text: . The water cycle is also essential for the maintenance of most life and ecosystems on the planet.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: The evaporative phase

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: The evaporative phase of the cycle purifies water

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporative

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water cycle

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: evaporative

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: erosion and sedimentation.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: freshwater.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: freshwater.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: freshwater.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The evaporative phase of the cycle purifies water

text: Ultrasonic cleaning is a process that uses ultrasound (usually from 20–400 kHz) and an appropriate cleaning solvent (sometimes ordinary tap water) to clean items. The ultrasound can be used with just water, but use of a solvent appropriate for the item to be cleaned and the type of soiling present enhances the effect. Cleaning normally lasts between three and six minutes, but can also exceed 20 minutes, depending on the object to be cleaned.

text: Ultrasonic cleaning is a process that uses

text: ultrasound

text: (usually from 20–400

text: kHz

text: ) and an appropriate cleaning solvent (sometimes ordinary tap water) to clean items. The ultrasound can be used with just water, but use of a solvent appropriate for the item to be cleaned and the type of soiling present enhances the effect. Cleaning normally lasts between three and six minutes, but can also exceed 20 minutes, depending on the object to be cleaned.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: ultrasound (usually from 20–400 kHz)

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: ultrasound (usually from 20–400 kHz)

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Ultrasonic cleaning

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Ultrasonic cleaning

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Ultrasonic cleaning

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Ultrasonic cleaning

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: water,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Ultrasonic cleaning

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: water,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Ultrasonic cleaning

text: Changing landscape for the use of agriculture has a great effect on the flow of fresh water.  Changes in landscape by the removal of trees and soils changes the flow of fresh water in the local environment and also affects the cycle of fresh water. As a result, more fresh water is stored in the soil which benefits agriculture. However, since agriculture is the human activity that consumes the most fresh water, this can put a severe strain on local freshwater resources resulting in the destruction of local ecosystems. In Australia,  over-abstraction of fresh water for intensive irrigation activities has caused 33% of the land area to be at risk of salination. With regards to agriculture, the World Bank targets food production and water management as an increasingly global issue that will foster debate.

text: Changing landscape for the use of agriculture has a great effect on the flow of fresh water.  Changes in landscape by the removal of trees and

text: soil

text: s changes the flow of fresh water in the local environment and also affects the cycle of fresh water. As a result, more fresh water is stored in the soil which benefits agriculture. However, since agriculture is the

text: human

text: activity that consumes the most fresh water, this can put a severe strain on local freshwater resources resulting in the destruction of local ecosystems. In Australia,  over-abstraction of fresh water for intensive

text: irrigation

text: activities has caused 33% of the land area to be at risk of salination. With regards to agriculture, the World Bank targets food production and water management as an increasingly global issue that will foster debate.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Changing landscape for the use of agriculture

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: salination

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: more fresh water is stored in the soil

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: fresh water

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Changes in landscape by the removal of trees and soils

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: water.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: agriculture has a great effect on the flow of fresh water.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: over-abstraction of fresh water for intensive irrigation activities

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: irrigation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: agriculture has a great effect on the flow of fresh water.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: more fresh water is stored in the soil which benefits agriculture.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: agriculture has a great effect on the flow of fresh water.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: more fresh water is stored in the soil

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: agriculture has a great effect on the flow of fresh water.

text: Passive solar building design allows buildings to harness the energy of the sun efficiently without the use of any active solar mechanisms such as photovoltaic cells or solar hot water panels. Typically passive solar building designs incorporate materials with high thermal mass that retain heat effectively and strong insulation that works to prevent heat escape. Low energy designs also requires the use of solar shading, by means of awnings, blinds or shutters, to relieve the solar heat gain in summer and to reduce the need for artificial cooling.  In addition, low energy buildings typically have a very low surface area to volume ratio to minimize heat loss. This means that sprawling multi-winged building designs (often thought to look more "organic") are often avoided in favor of more centralized structures. Traditional cold climate buildings such as American colonial saltbox designs provide a good historical model for centralized heat efficiency in a small-scale building.

text: Passive solar building design

text: allows buildings to harness the energy of the sun efficiently without the use of any

text: active solar

text: mechanisms such as

text: photovoltaic cell

text: s or

text: solar hot water panels

text: . Typically

text: passive solar

text: building designs incorporate materials with high

text: thermal mass

text: that retain heat effectively and strong

text: insulation

text: that works to prevent heat escape. Low energy designs also requires the use of solar shading, by means of awnings, blinds or shutters, to relieve the solar heat gain in summer and to reduce the need for artificial cooling.  In addition,

text: low energy building

text: s typically have a very low surface area to volume ratio to minimize heat loss. This means that sprawling multi-winged building designs (often thought to look more "organic") are often avoided in favor of more centralized structures. Traditional cold climate buildings such as

text: American

text: colonial

text: saltbox

text: designs provide a good historical model for centralized heat efficiency in a small-scale building.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: passive solar building design

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: heat escape

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: solar hot water panels.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: hot water

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: heat escape.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: sprawling multi-winged building designs

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: heat escape.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: sun

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: active solar mechanisms such as photovoltaic cells or solar hot water panels.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: solar heat gain

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: solar hot water panels.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: solar hot water

text: The water cycle involves the exchange of energy, which leads to temperature changes. For instance, when water evaporates, it takes up energy from its surroundings and cools the environment. When it condenses, it releases energy and warms the environment. These heat exchanges influence climate.

text: The water cycle involves the exchange of energy, which leads to

text: temperature

text: changes. For instance, when water evaporates, it takes up energy from its surroundings and cools the environment. When it condenses, it releases energy and warms the environment. These heat exchanges influence

text: climate

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: the exchange of energy

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporates

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: when water evaporates

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Evaporation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: exchange of energy

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: exchange of energy,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporates,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: The water cycle

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: water evaporates,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: water evaporates,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: the exchange of energy,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: water evaporates,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: exchange of energy,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: water evaporates,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The water cycle

text: Atmospherics is a qualitative construct that encompasses four of the main senses, with the exclusion of taste. The atmosphere of a commercial space can be divided in the intended atmosphere: the designed space; and the perceived atmosphere: the consumer's perception of that space.

text: Atmospherics is a qualitative construct that encompasses four of the main senses, with the exclusion of taste. The atmosphere of a commercial space can be divided in the intended atmosphere: the designed space; and the perceived atmosphere: the consumer's perception of that space.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: atmospherics

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: vaporization

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: intended atmosphere

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Atmospherics

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Atmospherics

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Atmospherics

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the designed space;

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Atmospherics

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Atmospherics

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Atmospherics

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Atmospherics

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Atmospherics

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Atmospherics

text: Furthermore, Nitrososphaera gargensis influence as an ammonia-oxidizing archaea expands from land to water since its nitrification ability plays a role in the nitrogen cycles that are present in the ocean. The nitrogen cycle determines the interplay of organisms in marine ecosystems and the activity of the ocean.

text: Furthermore, Nitrososphaera gargensis influence as an ammonia-oxidizing archaea expands from land to water since its nitrification ability plays a role in the nitrogen cycles that are present in the ocean. The nitrogen cycle determines the interplay of organisms in marine

text: ecosystem

text: s and the activity of the ocean.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Nitrososphaera

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: nitrification ability plays a role in the nitrogen cycles

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: nitrification

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: expands from land to water

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: nitrification

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: nitrogen cycles that are present in the ocean. The nitrogen cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: The nitrogen cycle

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Nitrososphaera gargensis

text: John Polk Allen (born 6 May 1929, Carnegie, Oklahoma) is a systems ecologist and engineer, metallurgist, adventurer and writer.  He is best known as the inventor and Director of Research of Biosphere 2, the world's largest laboratory of global ecology, and was the founder of Synergia Ranch.  Allen is a proponent of the science of biospherics. Biosphere 2 set a number of world records in closed life system work including degree of sealing tightness, 100% waste recycle and water recycle, and duration of human residence within a closed system (eight people for two years in the initial project, but only one year in fact). Allen has also conceived and co-founded nine other projects around the world, pioneering in sustainable co-evolutionary development.

text: John Polk Allen (born 6 May 1929,

text: Carnegie

text: Oklahoma

text: ) is a systems ecologist and engineer, metallurgist, adventurer and writer.  He is best known as the inventor and Director of Research of

text: Biosphere 2

text: , the world's largest laboratory of global ecology, and was the founder of

text: Synergia Ranch

text: .  Allen is a proponent of the science of

text: biospherics

text: . Biosphere 2 set a number of world records in closed life system work including degree of sealing tightness, 100% waste recycle and water recycle, and duration of human residence within a closed system (eight people for two years in the initial project, but only one year in fact). Allen has also conceived and co-founded nine other projects around the world, pioneering in sustainable co-evolutionary development.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: 100% waste recycle

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices are true

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: 100% waste recycle and water recycle

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: water recycle

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: recycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: waste recycle

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: water recycle,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: sustainable co-evolutionary development.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: 100% waste recycle and water recycle,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: water recycle,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: waste recycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Biosphere 2,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: sustainable co-evolutionary development.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: 100% waste recycle and water recycle,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: water recycle,

text: It is an important source of renewable energy and its technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solar or active solar depending on how they capture and distribute solar energy or convert it into solar power. Active solar techniques include the use of photovoltaic systems, concentrated solar power and solar water heating to harness the energy. Passive solar techniques include orienting a building to the Sun, selecting materials with favorable thermal mass or light-dispersing properties, and designing spaces that naturally circulate air.

text: It is an important source of

text: renewable energy

text: and its technologies are broadly characterized as either

text: passive solar

text: or

text: active solar

text: depending on how they capture and distribute solar energy or convert it into

text: solar power

text: . Active solar techniques include the use of

text: photovoltaic system

text: s,

text: concentrated solar power

text: and

text: solar water heating

text: to harness the energy. Passive solar techniques include orienting a building to the Sun, selecting materials with favorable

text: thermal mass

text: or light-dispersing properties, and designing spaces that

text: naturally circulate air

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: thermal mass

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: orienting a building to the Sun

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: circulate air

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: solar water heating

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: solar water heating

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: renewable energy

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: designing spaces that naturally circulate air.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: circulate air.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: solar water heating

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Active solar techniques include the use of photovoltaic systems,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: passive solar or active solar depending on how they capture and distribute solar energy

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: It is an important source of renewable energy

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: It is an important source of renewable energy

text: A sizeable quantity of water would have been in the material that formed the Earth. Water molecules would have escaped Earth's gravity more easily when it was less massive during its formation. Hydrogen and helium are expected to continually escape (even to the present day) due to atmospheric escape.Part of the ancient planet is theorized to have been disrupted by the impact that created the Moon, which should have caused melting of one or two large areas.  Earth's present composition suggests that there was not complete remelting as it is difficult to completely melt and mix huge rock masses. However, a fair fraction of material should have been vaporized by this impact, creating a rock vapor atmosphere around the young planet. The rock vapor would have condensed within two thousand years, leaving behind hot volatiles which probably resulted in a heavy  atmosphere with hydrogen and water vapor. Liquid water oceans existed despite the surface temperature of  because at an atmospheric pressure of above 27 atmospheres, caused by the heavy  atmosphere, water is still liquid. As cooling continued, subduction and dissolving in ocean water removed most  from the atmosphere but levels oscillated wildly as new surface and mantle cycles appeared.

text: A sizeable quantity of

text: water

text: would have been in the material that formed the Earth. Water molecules would have escaped Earth's gravity more easily when it was less massive during its formation. Hydrogen and helium are expected to continually escape (even to the present day) due to

text: atmospheric escape

text: .Part of the ancient planet is theorized to have been disrupted by the

text: impact that created the Moon

text: , which should have caused melting of one or two large areas.  Earth's present composition suggests that there was not complete remelting as it is difficult to completely melt and mix huge rock masses. However, a fair fraction of material should have been vaporized by this impact, creating a rock vapor atmosphere around the young planet. The rock vapor would have condensed within two thousand years, leaving behind hot volatiles which probably resulted in a heavy  atmosphere with

text: hydrogen

text: and

text: water vapor

text: . Liquid water oceans existed despite the surface temperature of  because at an atmospheric pressure of above 27 atmospheres, caused by the heavy  atmosphere, water is still liquid. As cooling continued, subduction and dissolving in ocean water removed most  from the atmosphere but levels oscillated wildly as new surface and mantle cycles appeared.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: atmospheric escape

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: condensed

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: atmospheric escape

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: melting of one or two large areas

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: vaporization

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: subduction

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: water is still liquid

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Which of the following is not true?

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Earth's gravity

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: vaporized

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: atmospheric escape.Part

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: dissolving in ocean water

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: atmospheric escape.Part

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Earth's gravity

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Water molecules would have escaped Earth's gravity

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: atmospheric pressure

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Water molecules would have escaped Earth's gravity

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: A sizeable quantity of water

text: The global or world ocean, as the interconnected system of the Earth's oceanic (or marine) waters that comprise the bulk of the hydrosphere, is a classic global commons.  It is divided into a number of principal oceanic areas that are delimited by the continents and various oceanographic features.  In turn, oceanic waters are interspersed by many smaller seas, gulfs, and bays.  Further, most freshwater bodies ultimately empty into the ocean and are derived through the Earth's water cycle from ocean waters.  The Law of the Sea is a body of public international law governing relationships between nations in respect to navigational rights, mineral rights, and jurisdiction over coastal waters.  Maritime law, also called Admiralty law, is a body of both domestic law governing maritime activities and private international law governing the relationships between private entities which operate vessels on the oceans. It deals with matters including marine commerce, marine navigation, shipping, sailors, and the transportation of passengers and goods by sea. However, these bodies of law do little to nothing to protect deep oceans from human threats.

text: The global or

text: world ocean

text: , as the interconnected system of the

text: Earth

text: 's

text: ocean

text: ic (or

text: marine

text: water

text: s that comprise the bulk of the

text: hydrosphere

text: , is a classic global commons.  It is divided into a number of principal oceanic areas that are delimited by the

text: continent

text: s and various oceanographic features.  In turn, oceanic waters are interspersed by many smaller seas, gulfs, and bays.  Further, most freshwater bodies ultimately empty into the ocean and are derived through the Earth's

text: water cycle

text: from ocean waters.  The

entity_name: United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea

text: Law of the Sea

text: is a body of

text: public international law

text: governing relationships between nations in respect to navigational rights,

text: mineral rights

text: , and jurisdiction over coastal waters.  Maritime law, also called

text: Admiralty law

text: , is a body of both domestic law governing maritime activities and

text: private international law

text: governing the relationships between private entities which operate vessels on the oceans. It deals with matters including marine commerce,

text: marine navigation

text: shipping

text: sailor

text: s, and the transportation of passengers and goods by sea. However, these bodies of law do little to nothing to protect deep oceans from human threats.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: freshwater bodies ultimately empty into the ocean

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: gasification

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: most freshwater bodies ultimately empty into the ocean

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: freshwater bodies

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: The global or world ocean, as the interconnected system

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: ocean waters.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Earth's water cycle

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: hydrosphere,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: freshwater bodies

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: derived through the Earth's water cycle

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Earth's water cycle from ocean waters. The Law of the Sea

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: derived through the Earth's water cycle from ocean waters.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: ocean,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: freshwater

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: little to nothing to protect deep oceans from human threats.

text: Soil texture was the main differentiating soil characteristic used in the early survey process.  Soil series were soon to follow as groupings of soil types.  By 1906 Miami soil series included 16 soil types from the glaciated regions and Norfolk series included 12 soil types from the coastal plains.  Several other characteristics were added by that time.  They were soil color, organic content, soil structure, drainage, erodibility, and nature of subsoil.  Soil provinces were established and soil series were confined to their area.  Series at first were identified where the soils formed from the same accumulated parent material:  glaciated, wind blown, alluvial etc.

text: Soil texture

text: was the main differentiating soil characteristic used in the early survey process.  Soil series were soon to follow as groupings of

text: soil type

text: s.  By 1906

text: Miami

text: soil series included 16 soil types from the glaciated regions and Norfolk series included 12 soil types from the

text: coastal plain

text: s.  Several other characteristics were added by that time.  They were

text: soil color

text: organic

text: content,

text: soil structure

text: , drainage,

text: erodibility

text: , and nature of

text: subsoil

text: .  Soil provinces were established and soil series were confined to their area.  Series at first were identified where the

text: soils formed

text: from the same accumulated

text: parent material

text: glaciated

text: wind blown

text: alluvial

text: etc.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: drainage

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: soil types from the glaciated regions

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: drainage

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: drainage,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: wind blown,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: drainage,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: wind blown,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: drainage,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: drainage,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: drainage, erodibility,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: drainage, erodibility,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: glaciated,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: drainage, erodibility,

text: There are four major routes through which pesticides reach the water: it may drift outside of the intended area when it is sprayed, it may percolate, or leach, through the soil, it may be carried to the water as runoff, or it may be spilled, for example accidentally or through neglect. They may also be carried to water by eroding soil. Factors that affect a pesticide's ability to contaminate water include its water solubility, the distance from an application site to a body of water, weather, soil type, presence of a growing crop, and the method used to apply the chemical.

text: There are four major routes through which pesticides reach the water: it may drift outside of the intended area when it is sprayed, it may percolate, or leach, through the soil, it may be carried to the water as runoff, or it may be spilled, for example accidentally or through neglect. They may also be carried to water by

text: eroding soil

text: . Factors that affect a pesticide's ability to contaminate water include its water

text: solubility

text: , the distance from an application site to a body of water, weather, soil type, presence of a growing crop, and the method used to apply the chemical.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: weather

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: spilled, for example accidentally or through neglect

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: percolate

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: weather, soil type, presence of a growing crop,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: runoff,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: weather,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: leach, through the soil,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: percolate,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: leach, through the soil,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: soil type, presence of a growing crop,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: weather, soil type, presence of a growing crop,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: There are four major routes through which pesticides reach the water:

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: There are four major routes through which pesticides reach the water:

text: Changes in climate must almost certainly be invoked to explain the periodic nature of the events. They occur during cool periods of Milankovic cycles, when less solar energy reached the Earth. This led to less evaporation of the North Atlantic, hence less rainfall over the Mediterranean. This would have starved the basin of water supply from rivers and allowed its desiccation.

text: Changes in climate must almost certainly be invoked to explain the periodic nature of the events. They occur during cool periods of

text: Milankovic cycles

text: , when less solar energy reached the Earth. This led to less evaporation of the North Atlantic, hence less rainfall over the Mediterranean. This would have starved the basin of water supply from rivers and allowed its desiccation.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: less solar energy

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: less rainfall over the Mediterranean

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: less rainfall over the Mediterranean

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Milankovic cycles

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: less solar energy

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: rainfall

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: less evaporation of the North Atlantic,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Milankovic cycles,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: starved the basin of water supply from rivers

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: solar energy reached the Earth.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: cool periods of Milankovic cycles, when less solar energy reached the Earth.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: starved the basin of water supply from rivers

text: In the water cycle, when precipitation falls on the earth's land, some of the water flows on the surface forming streams and rivers. The remaining water, through infiltration, penetrates the soil traveling underground, hydrating the vadose zone soil, recharging aquifers, with the excess flowing in subsurface runoff. In hydrogeology it is measured by the Groundwater flow equation.

text: In the water cycle, when

text: precipitation

text: falls on the earth's land, some of the water flows on the surface forming

text: stream

text: s and

text: river

text: s. The remaining water, through

text: infiltration

text: , penetrates the soil traveling underground, hydrating the

text: vadose zone

text: soil,

text: recharging

text: aquifer

text: s, with the excess flowing in subsurface runoff. In

text: hydrogeology

text: it is measured by the

text: Groundwater flow equation

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: groundwater flow

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrogeology

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: when precipitation falls on the earth's land,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: subsurface runoff.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: subsurface runoff.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: infiltration,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrogeology

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: hydrating the vadose zone

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: In the water cycle,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: recharging aquifers,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: In the water cycle,

text: One of the unusual features of the facade of the Design Hub is that it has the capability of collecting solar energy throughout most of the day as the surface is covered in operable disks. Although, as of 2013, there are no solar panels installed, it has the capability to accommodate this technology in the near future with its facade system. To achieve harvesting energy at an optimum level, ganged disks are fitted with an actuator which will allows the disks to be exposed to the sun as much as possible. With the current material of sandblasted glass, the disks operate as a 'second skin' controlling solar gain and access. An internal computer controls this facade by adjusting each cell with rotational motors, according to Melbourne’s daily weather. Additional self-sustaining features include the underground water tank, which stores grey water for re-use including flushing toilets, mechanical cooling requirements, and irrigation.

text: One of the unusual features of the facade of the Design Hub is that it has the capability of collecting solar energy throughout most of the day as the surface is covered in operable disks. Although, as of 2013, there are no solar panels installed, it has the capability to accommodate this technology in the near future with its facade system. To achieve harvesting energy at an optimum level, ganged disks are fitted with an actuator which will allows the disks to be exposed to the sun as much as possible. With the current material of sandblasted glass, the disks operate as a 'second skin' controlling solar gain and access. An internal computer controls this facade by adjusting each cell with rotational motors, according to Melbourne’s daily weather. Additional self-sustaining features include the underground water tank, which stores grey water for re-use including flushing toilets, mechanical cooling requirements, and irrigation.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: What kind of weather does Melbourne experience?

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the disks operate as a 'second skin'

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: cooling

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: grey water

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: underground water tank,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: grey water

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: weather.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: underground water tank,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: cooling requirements, and irrigation.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: grey water for re-use

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: underground water tank, which stores grey water

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: solar energy

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: grey water

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: flushing toilets, mechanical cooling requirements, and irrigation.

text: The most deadly chemical in aquarium water is ammonia, produced from fish excretions. It is important to test for ammonia, since it is a chemical precursor of nitrites and nitrates, also harmful to fish. Ammonia is removed from the water through the nitrogen cycle, which takes place within the aquarium filter, which takes a few weeks to start processing the ammonia. The processed ammonia is converted to nitrite, which is then processed to nitrate. Weekly water changes (25% of aquarium volume), while vacuuming debris from the bottom of the tank, can solve this problem of nitrate build-up, provided the tank is not overcrowded.

text: The most deadly chemical in aquarium water is

text: ammonia

text: , produced from fish excretions. It is important to test for ammonia, since it is a chemical precursor of

text: nitrite

text: s and

text: nitrate

text: s, also harmful to fish. Ammonia is removed from the water through the

text: nitrogen cycle

text: , which takes place within the aquarium

text: filter

text: , which takes a few weeks to start processing the ammonia. The processed ammonia is converted to nitrite, which is then processed to nitrate. Weekly water changes (25% of aquarium volume), while vacuuming debris from the bottom of the tank, can solve this problem of nitrate build-up, provided the tank is not overcrowded.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: nitrite

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: aquarium filter,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: nitrogen cycle,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: The most deadly chemical in aquarium water is ammonia,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: nitrate build-up,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: nitrogen cycle,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: nitrogen cycle,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: nitrate build-up,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: nitrate build-up,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: The most deadly chemical in aquarium water is ammonia,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The most deadly chemical in aquarium water is ammonia,

text: Nitrogen compounds constantly interchange between the atmosphere and living organisms. Nitrogen must first be processed, or "fixed", into a plant-usable form, usually ammonia. Some nitrogen fixation is done by lightning strikes producing the nitrogen oxides, but most is done by diazotrophic bacteria through enzymes known as nitrogenases (although today industrial nitrogen fixation to ammonia is also significant). When the ammonia is taken up by plants, it is used to synthesise proteins. These plants are then digested by animals who use the nitrogen compounds to synthesise their own proteins and excrete nitrogen–bearing waste. Finally, these organisms die and decompose, undergoing bacterial and environmental oxidation and denitrification, returning free dinitrogen to the atmosphere. Industrial nitrogen fixation by the Haber process is mostly used as fertiliser, although excess nitrogen–bearing waste, when leached, leads to eutrophication of freshwater and the creation of marine dead zones, as nitrogen-driven bacterial growth depletes water oxygen to the point that all higher organisms die. Furthermore, nitrous oxide, which is produced during denitrification, attacks the atmospheric ozone layer.

text: Nitrogen compounds constantly interchange between the atmosphere and living organisms. Nitrogen must first be processed, or "

text: fixed

text: ", into a plant-usable form, usually ammonia. Some nitrogen fixation is done by lightning strikes producing the nitrogen oxides, but most is done by

text: diazotroph

text: ic bacteria through enzymes known as

text: nitrogenase

text: s (although today industrial nitrogen fixation to ammonia is also significant). When the ammonia is taken up by plants, it is used to synthesise proteins. These plants are then digested by animals who use the nitrogen compounds to synthesise their own proteins and excrete nitrogen–bearing waste. Finally, these organisms die and decompose, undergoing bacterial and environmental oxidation and

text: denitrification

text: , returning free dinitrogen to the atmosphere. Industrial nitrogen fixation by the

text: Haber process

text: is mostly used as fertiliser, although excess nitrogen–bearing waste, when leached, leads to

text: eutrophication

text: of freshwater and the creation of marine

text: dead zones

text: , as nitrogen-driven bacterial growth depletes water oxygen to the point that all higher organisms die. Furthermore, nitrous oxide, which is produced during denitrification, attacks the atmospheric

text: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: lightning strikes

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: denitrification

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: eutrophication

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: nitrogen-driven bacterial growth depletes water oxygen

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: denitrification,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Nitrogen

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: lightning strikes

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: plants, it is used to synthesise proteins.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Nitrogen compounds constantly interchange between the atmosphere and living organisms.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: eutrophication of freshwater

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: nitrogen-driven bacterial growth depletes water oxygen

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: freshwater

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Nitrogen compounds constantly interchange between the atmosphere and living organisms.

text: Under terrestrial conditions, conversion of one element to another is very rare. Therefore, the amount of carbon on Earth is effectively constant. Thus, processes that use carbon must obtain it from somewhere and dispose of it somewhere else. The paths of carbon in the environment form the carbon cycle. For example, photosynthetic plants draw carbon dioxide from the atmosphere (or seawater) and build it into biomass, as in the Calvin cycle, a process of carbon fixation. Some of this biomass is eaten by animals, while some carbon is exhaled by animals as carbon dioxide. The carbon cycle is considerably more complicated than this short loop; for example, some carbon dioxide is dissolved in the oceans; if bacteria do not consume it, dead plant or animal matter may become petroleum or coal, which releases carbon when burned.

text: Under terrestrial conditions, conversion of one element to another is very rare. Therefore, the amount of carbon on Earth is effectively constant. Thus, processes that use carbon must obtain it from somewhere and dispose of it somewhere else. The paths of carbon in the environment form the

text: carbon cycle

text: . For example,

text: photosynthetic

text: plants draw

text: carbon dioxide

text: from the atmosphere (or seawater) and build it into biomass, as in the

text: Calvin cycle

text: , a process of

text: carbon fixation

text: . Some of this biomass is eaten by animals, while some carbon is exhaled by animals as carbon dioxide. The carbon cycle is considerably more complicated than this short loop; for example, some carbon dioxide is dissolved in the oceans; if bacteria do not consume it, dead plant or animal matter may become

text: petroleum

text: or

text: coal

text: , which releases carbon when burned.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the Calvin cycle

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: carbon fixation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: What is the Calvin cycle?

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: photosynthetic plants draw carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: conversion of one element to another is very rare.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: carbon cycle.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Calvin cycle,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Calvin cycle,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Calvin cycle,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: photosynthetic plants

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: photosynthetic plants draw carbon dioxide from the atmosphere (or seawater)

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: conversion of one element to another is very rare.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: carbon dioxide from the atmosphere (or seawater)

text: Sinkholes can be classified on the basis of the processes by which they are formed: dissolution, cover-subsidence, and cover-collapse. Formation of sinkholes can be accelerated by intense withdrawals of groundwater over short periods of time, such as those caused by pumping for frost-protection of winter crops in west-central Florida. Sinkholes that developed beneath gypsum stacks in 1994 and 2016 caused a loss of millions of gallons mineralized water containing phosphogypsum and phosphoric acid,  by-products of the production of fertilizer from phosphate rock. These sinkholes were likely formed from the collapse of preexisting dissolution cavities in the limestone beneath the stacks. Lake Jackson near Tallahassee, FL occasionally drains into a sinkhole in the bottom of the lake bed when water levels in the aquifer drop. Dover Sinkhole, located along the Peace River near Bartow, FL, was witnessed draining about 10 Mgal/d of water from the Peace River during June 2006.

text: Sinkholes can be classified on the basis of the processes by which they are formed: dissolution, cover-subsidence, and cover-collapse. Formation of sinkholes can be accelerated by intense withdrawals of groundwater over short periods of time, such as those caused by pumping for frost-protection of winter crops in west-central Florida. Sinkholes that developed beneath gypsum stacks in 1994 and 2016 caused a loss of millions of gallons mineralized water containing

text: phosphogypsum

text: and

text: phosphoric acid

text: ,  by-products of the production of

text: fertilizer

text: from

text: phosphate rock

text: . These sinkholes were likely formed from the collapse of preexisting dissolution cavities in the limestone beneath the stacks.

text: Lake Jackson

text: near

text: Tallahassee, FL

text: occasionally drains into a sinkhole in the bottom of the lake bed when water levels in the aquifer drop. Dover Sinkhole, located along the

text: Peace River

text: near

text: Bartow, FL

text: , was witnessed draining about 10 Mgal/d of water from the Peace River during June 2006.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: dissolution

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: cover-collapse

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: sinkholes

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: intense withdrawals of groundwater

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: dissolution,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Sinkholes

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: cover-subsidence,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: cover-subsidence,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: cover-subsidence,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: fertilizer

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: intense withdrawals of groundwater

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: frost-protection of winter crops

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Sinkholes

text: In Buddhism:The Buddha's teachings encourage people "to live simply, to cherish tranquility, to appreciate the natural cycle of life."  Buddhism emphasizes that everything in the universe affects everything else. "Nature is an ecosystem in which trees affect climate, the soil, and the animals, just as the climate affects the trees, the soil, the animals and so on. The ocean, the sky, the air are all interrelated, and interdependent—water is life and air is life."

text: In

text: Buddhism

text: :The

text: Buddha

text: 's teachings encourage people "to live simply, to cherish tranquility, to appreciate the natural cycle of life."  Buddhism emphasizes that everything in the universe affects everything else. "Nature is an ecosystem in which trees affect climate, the soil, and the animals, just as the climate affects the trees, the soil, the animals and so on. The ocean, the sky, the air are all interrelated, and interdependent—water is life and air is life."

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: air is life

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: air is life

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water is life and air is life

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: trees affect climate

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: life

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: interdependent—water is life

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: interdependent—water is life and air is life."

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: interrelated, and interdependent—water

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: trees affect climate, the soil, and the animals,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: interrelated, and interdependent—water

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: life

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: interdependent—water

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: interdependent—water

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: interdependent—water

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Buddhism:The

text: Conductivity measurements in the water/steam cycle of power stations are commonly used as indicators of the quality of the water used in the process.  Excessive conductivity values often indicate a high corrosion potential, especially in the case of certain ions such as Chlorides and Acetates.  These can be particularly damaging to the blades in the steam turbine.

text: Conductivity measurements in the water/steam cycle of power stations are commonly used as indicators of the quality of the water used in the process.  Excessive conductivity values often indicate a high corrosion potential, especially in the case of certain ions such as Chlorides and Acetates.  These can be particularly damaging to the blades in the steam turbine.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Conductivity measurements

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Excessive conductivity

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: steam cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Conductivity

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: water/steam

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: corrosion potential,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Chlorides and Acetates.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Conductivity measurements in the water/steam cycle

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: water/steam

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Conductivity measurements

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Excessive conductivity values often indicate a high corrosion potential,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Conductivity measurements in the water/steam cycle of power stations

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Conductivity

text: Soil is a mixture of minerals, organic matter, gases, liquids, and countless organisms that together support life on Earth. Soil is a natural body called the pedosphere which has four important functions: it is a medium for plant growth; it is a means of water storage, supply and purification; it is a modifier of Earth's atmosphere; it is a habitat for organisms; all of which, in turn, modify the soil.

text: Soil is a mixture of

text: mineral

text: s,

text: organic matter

text: , gases, liquids, and countless organisms that together support life on Earth. Soil is a natural body called the

text: pedosphere

text: which has four important functions: it is a medium for plant growth; it is a means of

text: water storage

text: , supply and purification; it is a modifier of

text: Earth's atmosphere

text: ; it is a habitat for organisms; all of which, in turn, modify the soil.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: water storage, supply and purification

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: gaseous

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Earth's atmosphere

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Earth's atmosphere

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: pedosphere

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: storage, supply and purification;

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: gases,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: atmosphere;

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Earth's atmosphere;

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: storage, supply and purification;

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: pedosphere

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: water storage, supply and purification;

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Soil

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Soil

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Soil is a natural body called the pedosphere

text: The central theme of hydrology is that water circulates throughout the Earth through different pathways and at different rates. The most vivid image of this is in the evaporation of water from the ocean, which forms clouds. These clouds drift over the land and produce rain. The rainwater flows into lakes, rivers, or aquifers. The water in lakes, rivers, and aquifers then either evaporates back to the atmosphere or eventually flows back to the ocean, completing a cycle. Water changes its state of being several times throughout this cycle.

text: The central theme of hydrology is that water circulates throughout the

text: Earth

text: through different pathways and at different rates. The most vivid image of this is in the evaporation of water from the ocean, which forms clouds. These clouds drift over the land and produce rain. The rainwater flows into lakes, rivers, or aquifers. The water in lakes, rivers, and aquifers then either evaporates back to the atmosphere or eventually flows back to the ocean, completing a cycle. Water changes its state of being several times throughout this cycle.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: The evaporation of water from the ocean

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: aquifers

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Evaporation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: The central theme of hydrology

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: evaporation of water from the ocean,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: rain.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: clouds.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrology

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: rain.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation of water from the ocean,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: The rainwater flows into lakes, rivers, or aquifers.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The central theme of hydrology

text: Since solar energy is not available at night, storing its energy is an important issue in order to have continuous energy availability. Both wind power and solar power are variable renewable energy, meaning that all available output must be taken when it is available, and either stored for when it can be used later, or transported over transmission lines to where it can be used now. Concentrated solar power plants may use thermal energy storage to store the solar energy, such as in high-temperature molten salts. These salts are an effective storage medium because they are low-cost, have a high specific heat capacity, and can deliver heat at temperatures compatible with conventional power systems. This method of energy storage is used, for example, by the Solar Two power station, allowing it to store 1.44 TJ in its 68 m³ storage tank, enough to provide full output for close to 39 hours, with an efficiency of about 99%.

text: Since solar energy is not available at night,

text: storing its energy

text: is an important issue in order to have continuous energy availability. Both

text: wind power

text: and solar power are

text: variable renewable energy

text: , meaning that all available output must be taken when it is available, and either stored for when it can be used later, or transported over

text: transmission

text: lines to where it can be used now.

text: Concentrated solar power

text: plants may use

text: thermal energy storage

text: to store the solar energy, such as in high-temperature molten salts. These salts are an effective storage medium because they are low-cost, have a high specific heat capacity, and can deliver heat at temperatures compatible with conventional power systems. This method of energy storage is used, for example, by the

text: Solar Two

text: power station, allowing it to store 1.44

text: TJ

text: in its 68 m³ storage tank, enough to provide full output for close to 39 hours, with an efficiency of about 99%.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: thermal energy storage

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: high-temperature molten salts

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: dehydration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: solar energy

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: molten salts.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: variable renewable energy,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: high-temperature molten salts.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: wind power and solar power are variable renewable energy,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: variable renewable energy,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: solar energy

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: solar energy

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: high-temperature molten salts.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Since solar energy

text: The  biosphere has two core areas in which most human travel and exploitation are prohibited.  One of  protects  tropical forests; the larger core area of  includes a cross section of the altitudes and climates of the biosphere, especially the cloud forest. The remainder of the biosphere is a buffer zone in which human activities, including limited logging, is permitted. Several communities within the biosphere offer facilities for visitors and are reachable by road. An ecological interpretive center is reached by paved road a few miles west of the town of Gomez Farias. The interpretive center, located at an elevation of  offers good views of the tropical forest and facilities for visitors.

text: The  biosphere has two core areas in which most human travel and exploitation are prohibited.  One of  protects  tropical forests; the larger core area of  includes a cross section of the altitudes and climates of the biosphere, especially the cloud forest. The remainder of the biosphere is a buffer zone in which human activities, including limited logging, is permitted. Several communities within the biosphere offer facilities for visitors and are reachable by road. An ecological interpretive center is reached by paved road a few miles west of the town of

text: Gomez Farias

text: . The interpretive center, located at an elevation of  offers good views of the tropical forest and facilities for visitors.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: water vapor

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: vaporization

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: cloud forest

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: It can be stored in snow and ice

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: cloud forest.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: cloud forest.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: most human travel and exploitation are prohibited.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: cloud forest.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: cloud forest.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: cloud forest.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: tropical forests;

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: most human travel and exploitation are prohibited. One of protects tropical forests;

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: cloud forest.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The biosphere

text: There has been considerable debate over the years as to the depth of the Yogo dike and how many ounces of rough sapphires per ton it contains. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, Delmer L. Brown, a geological engineer and gemologist, conducted the most thorough scientific exploration up to that time, concluding that the dike was at least  deep and that the concentration of rough sapphires was not constant throughout the deposit. Brown found that the dike had intruded into a pre-existing fault that had been a conduit for groundwater circulation. The overlying shale, the Kibbey Formation, was deposited on an unconformity, an ancient Mississippian-age karst erosion surface, and was not intruded by the dike. This groundwater action produced collapsed zones which were intruded by the dike to form breccia zones. Recent erosion in the area removed the overlying shales and again exposed the limestone to groundwater action which produced collapse breccias which include fragments of the dike rock. He determined that the erosion of the dike in the current erosion cycle was minimal.

text: There has been considerable debate over the years as to the depth of the Yogo dike and how many ounces of rough sapphires per ton it contains. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, Delmer L. Brown, a

text: geological engineer

text: and gemologist, conducted the most thorough scientific exploration up to that time, concluding that the dike was at least  deep and that the concentration of rough sapphires was not constant throughout the deposit. Brown found that the dike had intruded into a pre-existing

text: fault

text: that had been a conduit for groundwater circulation. The overlying shale, the

text: Kibbey Formation

text: , was deposited on an

text: unconformity

text: , an ancient Mississippian-age

text: karst

text: erosion surface

text: , and was not intruded by the dike. This groundwater action produced collapsed zones which were intruded by the dike to form breccia zones. Recent erosion in the area removed the overlying shales and again exposed the limestone to groundwater action which produced collapse breccias which include fragments of the dike rock. He determined that the erosion of the dike in the current erosion cycle was minimal.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: fault

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: collapse breccias

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: deposition

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: groundwater circulation

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: a pre-existing fault

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: breccia zones.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: breccia zones.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: groundwater circulation.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Delmer L. Brown,

text: The Critical Zone is an interdisciplinary field of research exploring the interactions among the land surface, vegetation, and water bodies, and extends through the pedosphere, unsaturated vadose zone, and saturated groundwater zone. Critical Zone science is the integration of Earth surface processes (such as landscape evolution, weathering, hydrology, geochemistry, and ecology) at multiple spatial and temporal scales and across anthropogenic gradients. These processes impact mass and energy exchange necessary for biomass productivity, chemical cycling, and water storage.

text: The Critical Zone is an interdisciplinary field of research exploring the interactions among the land surface, vegetation, and water bodies, and extends through the

text: pedosphere

text: , unsaturated

text: vadose zone

text: , and saturated

text: groundwater

text: zone. Critical Zone science is the integration of Earth surface processes (such as

text: landscape evolution

text: weathering

text: hydrology

text: geochemistry

text: , and

text: ecology

text: ) at multiple spatial and temporal scales and across anthropogenic gradients. These processes impact mass and energy exchange necessary for biomass productivity, chemical cycling, and water storage.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: These processes impact mass and energy exchange

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: weathering

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: groundwater zone

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: pedosphere

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: chemical cycling

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: These processes impact mass and energy exchange

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: mass and energy exchange

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: unsaturated vadose zone,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: weathering,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: unsaturated vadose zone, and saturated groundwater zone.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: pedosphere, unsaturated vadose zone,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: chemical cycling,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: unsaturated vadose zone, and saturated groundwater zone.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: water storage.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: water storage.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The Critical Zone

text: The nitrogen cycle is an important process in the ocean as well. While the overall cycle is similar, there are different players and modes of transfer for nitrogen in the ocean. Nitrogen enters the water through precipitation, runoff, or as N from the atmosphere. Nitrogen cannot be utilized by phytoplankton as N so it must undergo nitrogen fixation which is performed predominately by cyanobacteria. Without supplies of fixed nitrogen entering the marine cycle, the fixed nitrogen would be used up in about 2000 years. Phytoplankton need nitrogen in biologically available forms for the initial synthesis of organic matter.  Ammonia and urea are released into the water by excretion from plankton. Nitrogen sources are removed from the euphotic zone by the downward movement of the organic matter. This can occur from sinking of phytoplankton, vertical mixing, or sinking of waste of vertical migrators. The sinking results in ammonia being introduced at lower depths below the euphotic zone. Bacteria are able to convert ammonia to nitrite and nitrate but they are inhibited by light so this must occur below the euphotic zone. Ammonification or Mineralization is performed by bacteria to convert organic nitrogen to ammonia. Nitrification can then occur to convert the ammonium to nitrite and nitrate. Nitrate can be returned to the euphotic zone by vertical mixing and upwelling where it can be taken up by phytoplankton to continue the cycle. N can be returned to the atmosphere through denitrification.

text: The nitrogen cycle is an important process in the ocean as well. While the overall cycle is similar, there are different players and modes of transfer for nitrogen in the ocean. Nitrogen enters the water through precipitation, runoff, or as N from the atmosphere. Nitrogen cannot be utilized by

text: phytoplankton

text: as N so it must undergo nitrogen fixation which is performed predominately by

text: cyanobacteria

text: . Without supplies of fixed nitrogen entering the marine cycle, the fixed nitrogen would be used up in about 2000 years. Phytoplankton need nitrogen in biologically available forms for the initial synthesis of organic matter.  Ammonia and urea are released into the water by excretion from plankton. Nitrogen sources are removed from the

text: euphotic zone

text: by the downward movement of the organic matter. This can occur from sinking of phytoplankton, vertical mixing, or sinking of waste of vertical migrators. The sinking results in ammonia being introduced at lower depths below the euphotic zone. Bacteria are able to convert ammonia to nitrite and nitrate but they are inhibited by light so this must occur below the euphotic zone. Ammonification or

text: Mineralization

text: is performed by bacteria to convert organic nitrogen to ammonia.

text: Nitrification

text: can then occur to convert the ammonium to nitrite and nitrate. Nitrate can be returned to the euphotic zone by vertical mixing and upwelling where it can be taken up by phytoplankton to continue the cycle. N can be returned to the atmosphere through

text: denitrification

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: nitrogen enters the water

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: denitrification

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: sinking of phytoplankton

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: denitrification

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: What is stored in snow and ice?

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: precipitation, runoff, or as N from the atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Nitrogen enters the water through precipitation, runoff,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: sinking of waste of vertical migrators.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: denitrification.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: nitrogen cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: below the euphotic zone.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: light so this must occur below the euphotic zone.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Nitrification

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Nitrate can be returned to the euphotic zone

text: Smaller springs and streams serve as tributaries to the principal rivers. Because the rivers and streams have such steep gradients and are so fast moving, they are erosive instead of depository in nature. This process is aided by the soft character of the limestone that composes much of the mountains, the steep slopes of the mountains, and the heavy rainstorms. The only permanent lake is Buhayrat al Qirawn, about ten kilometers east of Jezzine. There is one seasonal lake, fed by springs, on the eastern slopes of the Lebanon Mountains near Yammunah, about  southeast of Tripoli.

text: Smaller springs and streams serve as tributaries to the principal rivers. Because the rivers and streams have such steep gradients and are so fast moving, they are erosive instead of depository in nature. This process is aided by the soft character of the limestone that composes much of the mountains, the steep slopes of the mountains, and the heavy rainstorms. The only permanent lake is Buhayrat al Qirawn, about ten kilometers east of

text: Jezzine

text: . There is one seasonal lake, fed by springs, on the eastern slopes of the Lebanon Mountains near Yammunah, about  southeast of Tripoli.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: the soft character of the limestone

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: heavy precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Buhayrat al Qirawn

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: deposition

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: erosive

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: erosive

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: heavy rainstorms.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: erosive

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: heavy rainstorms.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: heavy rainstorms.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: depository

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: erosive

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: heavy rainstorms.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: heavy rainstorms.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: erosive instead of depository in nature.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Smaller springs and streams serve as tributaries

text: The Solar–Hydrogen energy cycle can be incorporated using organic thin film solar cells and microcrystalline silicon thin film solar cells This cycle can also be incorporated using photoelectrochemical solar cells. These solar have been incorporated since 1972 for hydrogen production and is capable of directly converting sunlight into chemical energy.

text: The Solar–Hydrogen energy cycle can be incorporated using

text: organic thin film solar cell

text: s and

text: microcrystalline silicon

text: thin film solar cell

text: s This cycle can also be incorporated using

text: photoelectrochemical solar cells

text: . These solar have been incorporated since 1972 for hydrogen production and is capable of directly converting sunlight into chemical energy.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: converting sunlight into chemical energy

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: photoelectrochemical solar cells.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: hydrogen

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: The Solar–Hydrogen energy cycle

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: photoelectrochemical solar cells.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: The Solar–Hydrogen energy cycle

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Solar–Hydrogen energy cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: photoelectrochemical solar cells.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: The Solar–Hydrogen energy cycle

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: hydrogen production and is capable of directly converting sunlight into chemical energy.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The Solar–Hydrogen energy cycle

text: The potential solar energy that could be used by humans differs from the amount of solar energy present near the surface of the planet because factors such as geography, time variation, cloud cover, and the land available to humans limit the amount of solar energy that we can acquire.

text: The potential solar energy that could be used by humans differs from the amount of solar energy present near the surface of the planet because factors such as geography, time variation, cloud cover, and the land available to humans limit the amount of solar energy that we can acquire.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: cloud cover

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: clouds

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: cloud cover,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: The potential solar energy

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: cloud cover,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: cloud cover,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: The potential solar energy

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: The potential solar energy

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: geography, time variation, cloud cover, and the land available to humans

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: geography, time variation, cloud cover,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: The potential solar energy

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The potential solar energy

text: Wastewater reuse is often used synonymously with the terms wastewater recycling and wastewater reclamation and can be defined as the use of reclaimed water for beneficial purposes, such as agricultural, landscape and field irrigation, industrial processes, toilet flushing, fire protection, and replenishing of surface water and groundwater (the latter referred to as groundwater recharge). Water/wastewater reuse is integral to sustainable water management because it allows water to remain in the environment and be preserved for future uses while meeting the water requirements of the present.Water and wastewater reuse is a long-established practice used for irrigation especially in arid countries. The World Health Organization  has recognized the principal driving forces for global wastewater reuse as the (i) increasing water scarcity and stress, (ii) increasing populations and related food security issues, (iii) increasing environmental pollution from improper wastewater disposal, and (iv) the increasing recognition of the resource value of wastewater, excreta and greywater.Water is a limiting resource, and the pressure exerted on surface and groundwater resources should be reduced or at best maintained, rather than increased, as the human population and industrial development increase. Water recycling and reuse is thus of increasing importance, not only in arid regions but also in cities and contaminated environments. Already, groundwater aquifers used by over half of the world population are being over-drafted. As a result, it is no longer advisable to use water once and dispose of it; it is important to identify ways to reuse water. Reuse will continue to increase as the world’s population becomes increasingly urbanized and concentrated near coastlines, where local freshwater supplies are limited or are available only with large capital expenditure. Large quantities of freshwater can be saved by wastewater reuse and recycling, lowering costs, reducing environmental pollution and improving carbon footprint; since reuse is a sustainable and cost-effective alternative water supply.

text: Wastewater

text: reuse is often used synonymously with the terms

text: wastewater recycling

text: and

text: wastewater reclamation

text: and can be defined as the use of

text: reclaimed water

text: for beneficial purposes, such as agricultural, landscape and field irrigation, industrial processes, toilet flushing, fire protection, and replenishing of

text: surface water

text: and

text: groundwater

text: (the latter referred to as

text: groundwater recharge

text: ). Water/wastewater reuse is integral to

text: sustainable

text: water management

text: because it allows water to remain in the environment and be preserved for future uses while meeting the water requirements of the present.

text: Water

text: and wastewater reuse is a long-established practice used for irrigation especially in

text: arid

text: countries. The

text: World Health Organization

text: has recognized the principal driving forces for global wastewater reuse as the (i) increasing water scarcity and stress, (ii) increasing populations and related food security issues, (iii) increasing environmental pollution from improper wastewater disposal, and (iv) the increasing recognition of the resource value of wastewater, excreta and greywater.Water is a limiting resource, and the pressure exerted on surface and groundwater resources should be reduced or at best maintained, rather than increased, as the

text: human population

text: and industrial development increase. Water recycling and reuse is thus of increasing importance, not only in arid regions but also in cities and contaminated environments. Already, groundwater

text: aquifers

text: used by over half of the world population are being over-drafted. As a result, it is no longer advisable to use water once and dispose of it; it is important to identify ways to reuse water. Reuse will continue to increase as the world’s population becomes increasingly urbanized and concentrated near coastlines, where local

text: freshwater

text: supplies are limited or are available only with large

text: capital expenditure

text: . Large quantities of freshwater can be saved by wastewater reuse and recycling, lowering costs, reducing

text: environmental pollution

text: and improving

text: carbon footprint

text: ; since reuse is a sustainable and cost-effective alternative

text: water supply

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: water/wastewater reuse is integral to sustainable water management

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: toilet flushing

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Irrigation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: iii)

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: increasing water scarcity and stress,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Water recycling

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: groundwater aquifers

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Water recycling

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Water recycling and reuse

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Water recycling and reuse

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: increased,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: freshwater

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Water recycling and reuse is thus of increasing importance,

text: Soil goes through three phases: solid, liquid and gas. The solid phase consists of inorganic material from stone weathering, dead bodies of animals and plants, and organic materials of living organisms. The liquid phase refers to soil water. The gas phase refers to soil air. Though soil comes from stone weathering, it takes various forms such as clay, silt, sand, and gravel, depending on the mineral compositions of rocks and metamorphic processes. Soil performs numerous environmental functions, including flood prevention, water containment, water purification, landslide prevention, erosion prevention, pollutant filtering, regulation of surface temperature and humidity, and protection of living organisms and vegetation.

text: Soil goes through three phases: solid, liquid and gas. The solid phase consists of inorganic material from stone weathering, dead bodies of animals and plants, and organic materials of living organisms. The liquid phase refers to soil water. The gas phase refers to soil air. Though soil comes from stone weathering, it takes various forms such as clay, silt, sand, and gravel, depending on the mineral compositions of rocks and metamorphic processes. Soil performs numerous environmental functions, including flood prevention, water containment, water purification, landslide prevention, erosion prevention, pollutant filtering, regulation of surface temperature and humidity, and protection of living organisms and vegetation.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: The liquid phase

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: soil air

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: gas phase

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: soil air

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: The liquid phase

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: soil air.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: flood prevention,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: dead bodies of animals and plants,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: water purification,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: The liquid phase

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: The liquid phase refers to soil water.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Soil

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: water containment, water purification,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: flood prevention, water containment, water purification,

text: Under certain conditions, such as when the boiling temperature of water is reached, a net evaporation will always occur during standard atmospheric conditions regardless of the percent of relative humidity. This immediate process will dispel massive amounts of water vapor into a cooler atmosphere.

text: Under certain conditions, such as when the boiling temperature of water is reached, a net evaporation will always occur during standard atmospheric conditions regardless of the percent of relative humidity. This immediate process will dispel massive amounts of water vapor into a cooler atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: boiling

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: boiling temperature of water

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: a net evaporation

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: boiling temperature of water is reached, a net evaporation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: relative humidity.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: when the boiling temperature of water

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: net evaporation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: net evaporation

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: humidity.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: a net evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: water vapor into a cooler atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Under certain conditions, such as when the boiling temperature of water

text: Multiple-effect humidification (MEH) is a method used for thermal desalination of sea water. It uses multiple evaporation–condensation cycles at separate temperature levels to minimize the total energy consumption of solar humidification processes.

text: Multiple-effect humidification (MEH) is a method used for thermal

text: desalination

text: of

text: sea water

text: . It uses multiple

text: evaporation

text: condensation

text: cycles at separate

text: temperature

text: levels to minimize the total

text: energy consumption

text: of

text: solar humidification

text: processes.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: condensation

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: evaporation–condensation cycles

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporation–condensation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Multiple-effect humidification

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: evaporation–condensation

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: solar humidification

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: evaporation–condensation

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Multiple-effect humidification

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: sea water.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Multiple-effect humidification

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Multiple-effect humidification

text: Thermochemical cycles combine solely heat sources (thermo) with chemical reactions to split water into its hydrogen and oxygen components. The term cycle is used because aside of water, hydrogen and oxygen, the chemical compounds used in these processes are continuously recycled.

text: Thermochemical cycles combine solely heat sources (thermo) with chemical reactions to split

text: water

text: into its

text: hydrogen

text: and

text: oxygen

text: components. The term cycle is used because aside of water, hydrogen and oxygen, the chemical compounds used in these processes are continuously recycled.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: hydrogen and oxygen components

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: It turns into gas

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Thermochemical cycles

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Thermochemical

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: heat sources (thermo) with chemical reactions

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Thermochemical cycles

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Thermochemical cycles

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Thermochemical cycles

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Thermochemical cycles

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Thermochemical cycles

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Thermochemical cycles

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Thermochemical cycles

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Thermochemical cycles

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Thermochemical cycles

text: Soil structure often gives clues to its texture, organic matter content, biological activity, past soil evolution, human use, and the chemical and mineralogical conditions under which the soil formed. While texture is defined by the mineral component of a soil and is an innate property of the soil that does not change with agricultural activities, soil structure can be improved or destroyed by the choice and timing of farming practices.

text: Soil structure often gives clues to its texture, organic matter content, biological activity, past soil evolution, human use, and the chemical and mineralogical conditions under which the soil formed. While texture is defined by the mineral component of a soil and is an innate property of the soil that does not change with agricultural activities, soil structure can be improved or destroyed by the choice and timing of farming practices.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: organic matter content

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: past soil evolution

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Soil structure

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: innate property of the soil that does not change with agricultural activities,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Soil structure

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: past soil evolution,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Soil structure

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Soil structure

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: soil structure can be improved or destroyed by the choice and timing of farming practices.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: innate property of the soil that does not change with agricultural activities,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Soil structure

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Soil structure

text: Soil science is the study of soil as a natural resource on the surface of the Earth including soil formation, classification and mapping; physical, chemical, biological, and fertility properties of soils; and these properties in relation to the use and management of soils.

text: Soil science is the study of

text: soil

text: as a

text: natural resource

text: on the surface of the

text: Earth

text: including

text: soil formation

text: classification

text: and mapping; physical, chemical, biological, and fertility properties of soils; and these properties in relation to the use and

text: management of soils

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: soil

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: evaporation of water

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: chemical, biological, and fertility properties

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: chemical,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Soil science

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: chemical,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Soil science

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Soil science

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Soil science

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Soil science

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Soil science

text: Even though Croatia has sufficient water resources at its disposal, these are not uniformly distributed and public water supply network losses remain high—estimated at 44%. Between 2004 and 2008, the number of stations monitoring surface water pollution increased by 20%; the CEA reported 476 cases of water pollution in this period. At the same time organic waste pollution levels decreased slightly, which is attributed to the completion of new sewage treatment plants; their number increased 20%, reaching a total of 101. Nearly all of Croatia's groundwater aquifers are top quality, unlike the available surface water; the latter's quality varies in terms of biochemical oxygen demand and bacteriological water analysis results. As of 2008, 80% of the Croatian population are served by the public water supply system, but only 44% of the population have access to the public sewerage network, with septic systems in use. Adriatic Sea water quality monitoring between 2004 and 2008 indicated very good, oligotrophic conditions along most of the coast, while areas of increased eutrophication were identified in the Bay of Bakar, the Bay of Kaštela, the Port of Šibenik and near Ploče; other areas of localized pollution were identified near the larger coastal cities. In the period between 2004 and 2008, the CEA identified 283 cases of marine pollution (including 128 from vessels), which was a drop of 15% relative to the period encompassed by the previous report, 1997 to August 2005.

text: Even though Croatia has sufficient

text: water resources

text: at its disposal, these are not uniformly distributed and public

text: water supply network

text: losses remain high—estimated at 44%. Between 2004 and 2008, the number of stations monitoring surface

text: water pollution

text: increased by 20%; the CEA reported 476 cases of water pollution in this period. At the same time

text: organic waste

text: pollution levels decreased slightly, which is attributed to the completion of new

text: sewage treatment

text: plants; their number increased 20%, reaching a total of 101. Nearly all of Croatia's

text: groundwater

text: aquifer

text: s are top

text: quality

text: , unlike the available surface water; the latter's quality varies in terms of

text: biochemical oxygen demand

text: and

text: bacteriological water analysis

text: results. As of 2008, 80% of the Croatian population are served by the public

text: water supply

text: system, but only 44% of the population have access to the public

text: sewerage

text: network, with

text: septic system

text: s in use. Adriatic Sea water quality monitoring between 2004 and 2008 indicated very good,

text: oligotroph

text: ic conditions along most of the coast, while areas of increased

text: eutrophication

text: were identified in the

text: Bay of Bakar

text: , the Bay of

text: Kaštela

text: , the Port of

text: Šibenik

text: and near

text: Ploče

text: ; other areas of localized pollution were identified near the larger coastal cities. In the period between 2004 and 2008, the CEA identified 283 cases of

text: marine pollution

text: (including 128

text: from vessels

text: ), which was a drop of 15% relative to the period encompassed by the previous report, 1997 to August 2005.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: biochemical oxygen demand

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Adriatic Sea water quality monitoring

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: eutrophication

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: biochemical oxygen demand

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: biochemical oxygen demand and bacteriological water analysis results.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: oxygen demand

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: surface water pollution

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Bay of Bakar,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: eutrophication

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: oligotrophic

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: groundwater aquifers

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: 15%

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Nearly all of Croatia's groundwater

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: 476 cases of water pollution in this period.

text: And Atoll Biosphere Reserve is a Biosphere reserve located in the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM).  It was declared in 2007 and covers on area of  on land and waters associated with the And Atoll.

text: And Atoll Biosphere Reserve is a

text: Biosphere reserve

text: located in the

text: Federated States of Micronesia

text: (FSM).  It was declared in 2007 and covers on area of  on land and waters associated with the And Atoll.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices are true

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the And Atoll

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: do not grow

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: And Atoll Biosphere Reserve

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Federated States of Micronesia

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: And Atoll Biosphere Reserve

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: And Atoll Biosphere Reserve

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: And Atoll Biosphere Reserve

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: And Atoll Biosphere Reserve

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Federated States of Micronesia

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: And Atoll Biosphere Reserve

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: And Atoll Biosphere Reserve

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: And Atoll Biosphere Reserve

text: The role of soil in retaining water is significant in terms of the hydrological cycle; including the relative ability of soil to hold moisture and changes in soil moisture over time:

text: The role of soil in retaining water is significant in terms of the

text: hydrological cycle

text: ; including the relative ability of soil to hold moisture and changes in soil moisture over time:

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: retaining water

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: changing soil moisture over time

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrological cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation of water

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: The role of soil in retaining water

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: hydrological cycle;

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: The role of soil in retaining water

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: changes in soil moisture over time:

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: hydrological cycle;

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrological

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: The role of soil in retaining water

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: hydrological cycle;

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: soil in retaining water is significant in terms of the hydrological cycle;

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The role of soil in retaining water

text: The nutritional health conditions of children less than five years old may relate to the age as well as the child’s cycle of life, the size and place of residence, elements linked to the household environment such as the nature of the soil of the housing, the source of supply in drinking water, the evacuation mode of the domestic garbage, and the mother's level of education.

text: The nutritional health conditions of children less than five years old may relate to the age as well as the child’s cycle of life, the size and place of residence, elements linked to the household environment such as the nature of the soil of the housing, the source of supply in drinking water, the evacuation mode of the domestic garbage, and the mother's level of education.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: elements linked to the household environment

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: evacuation mode of the domestic garbage

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: the source of supply in drinking water,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: water,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: elements linked to the household environment

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the evacuation mode of the domestic garbage,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: evacuation mode of the domestic garbage,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: cycle of life,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: nature of the soil of the housing, the source of supply in drinking water,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: nature of the soil of the housing, the source of supply in drinking water,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: the source of supply in drinking water,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: the source of supply in drinking water,

text: The Munge Stream drains Olmoti Crater to the north, and is the main water source draining into the seasonal salt lake in the center of the crater. This lake is known by two names: Makat as the Maasai called it, meaning salt; and Magadi. The Lerai Stream drains the humid forests to the south of the Crater, and it feeds the Lerai Forest on the crater floor - when there is enough rain, the Lerai drains into Lake Magadi as well. Extraction of water by lodges and NCA headquarters reduces the amount of water entering Lerai by around 25 percent.

text: The Munge Stream drains Olmoti Crater to the north, and is the main water source draining into the seasonal

text: salt lake

text: in the center of the crater. This lake is known by two names: Makat as the Maasai called it, meaning salt; and Magadi. The Lerai Stream drains the humid forests to the south of the Crater, and it feeds the Lerai Forest on the crater floor - when there is enough rain, the Lerai drains into Lake Magadi as well. Extraction of water by lodges and NCA headquarters reduces the amount of water entering Lerai by around 25 percent.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Extraction of water by lodges and NCA headquarters

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: What types of precipitation does the Lerai Stream receive?

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: salt lake in the center of the crater

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: seasonal salt lake

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: when there is enough rain,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: salt lake

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: The Lerai Stream

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: The Munge Stream drains Olmoti Crater

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: seasonal salt lake

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: rain,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: The Munge Stream drains Olmoti Crater

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: seasonal salt lake

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The Munge Stream drains Olmoti Crater

text: The EO mechanism and the pathways of both PFCAs and PFSAs are stated below. At the beginning, the carboxyl or sulfonic acid group of PFCs transfer an electron to the anode, and the PFCs radical (CFCOO· or CFSO·) are formed. PFCs radicals are unstable, and perfluoroalkyl radicals (CF·) are produced. Then, the CF· radicals react with OH, O, and HO in four possible routes as shown in Cycle A, Cycle B, Cycle C and Cycle D. The detailed reaction processes are as follows:

text: The EO mechanism and the pathways of both PFCAs and PFSAs are stated below. At the beginning, the carboxyl or sulfonic acid group of PFCs transfer an electron to the anode, and the PFCs radical (CFCOO· or CFSO·) are formed. PFCs radicals are unstable, and perfluoroalkyl radicals (CF·) are produced. Then, the CF· radicals react with OH, O, and HO in four possible routes as shown in Cycle A, Cycle B, Cycle C and Cycle D. The detailed reaction processes are as follows:

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Cycle A

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: cycle D

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: PFCAs

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: ice can be stored for future use

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: OH, O, and HO

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Cycle A, Cycle B, Cycle C and Cycle D.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: EO mechanism

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Cycle A, Cycle B, Cycle C and Cycle D.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Cycle A, Cycle B, Cycle C and Cycle D.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Cycle A, Cycle B, Cycle C and Cycle D.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Cycle A, Cycle B, Cycle C and Cycle D.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: EO mechanism

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Cycle A, Cycle B, Cycle C and Cycle D.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Cycle A, Cycle B, Cycle C and Cycle D.

text: This cycle can change due to the variable level of water resulting from variations in precipitation.

text: This cycle can change due to the variable level of water resulting from variations in precipitation.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: variable level of water

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: a blizzard

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: changes in precipitation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: variations in precipitation.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: variations in precipitation.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: variations in precipitation.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: This cycle can change due to the variable level of water

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: variable level of water resulting from variations in precipitation.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: This cycle can change due to the variable level of water

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: variable level of water

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: variable level of water

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: This cycle can change due to the variable level of water

text: The energy from the Sun, also called solar energy, is an example of this form of energy conversion. In the Sun, the process of hydrogen fusion converts about 4 million metric tons of solar "matter" per second into light, which is radiated into space, but during this process, although protons change into neutrons, the number of total protons-plus-neutrons does not change. In this system, the radiated light itself (as a system) retains the "missing" mass, which represents 4 million tons per second of electromagnetic radiation, moving into space. Each of the helium nuclei which are formed in the process are less massive than the four protons from they were formed, but (to a good approximation), no particles are destroyed in the process of turning the Sun's nuclear potential energy into light. Instead, the four nucleons in a helium nucleus in the Sun have an average mass that is less than the protons which formed them, and this mass difference (4 million tons/second) is the mass that moves off as sunlight.

text: The energy from the

text: Sun

text: , also called

text: solar energy

text: , is an example of this form of energy conversion. In the

text: Sun

text: , the process of hydrogen fusion converts about 4 million metric tons of solar "matter" per second into light, which is radiated into space, but during this process, although protons change into neutrons, the number of total protons-plus-neutrons does not change. In this system, the radiated light itself (as a system) retains the "missing" mass, which represents 4 million tons per second of electromagnetic radiation, moving into space. Each of the helium nuclei which are formed in the process are less massive than the four protons from they were formed, but (to a good approximation), no particles are destroyed in the process of turning the Sun's nuclear potential energy into light. Instead, the four nucleons in a helium nucleus in the Sun have an average mass that is less than the protons which formed them, and this mass difference (4 million tons/second) is the mass that moves off as sunlight.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: hydrogen fusion

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: hydrogen fusion

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: hydrogen fusion

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: energy conversion.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: hydrogen fusion

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: solar energy,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: solar energy,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: solar energy,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: The energy from the Sun, also called solar energy,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: The energy from the Sun,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The energy from the Sun,

text: Vladimir Vernadsky (1863-1945), founder of biogeochemistry suggested that geophysiological processes were responsible for the development of the Earth through a succession of phases in which the geosphere (of inanimate matter) develops into the biosphere (of biological life). Vernadsky's thinking significantly influenced the development of ecology in Russia, culminating in the "Russian Paradigm" (a term first coined by Georgii A. Zavarzin in 1995). The basic tenets of this approach are i) that life can only exist in the form of interconnected nutrient cycles (i.e. the ecosystem); ii) that ecosystem assembly is an organized process as opposed a haphazard one; iii) that the emergence of life on earth was congruent with respect to the appearance of primordial nutrient cycles; iv) that in addition to the evolution of species there exists a separate process of ecological evolution the direction of which is predetermined by community composition and dynamics (Lekevičius, 2006).

text: Vladimir Vernadsky

text: (1863-1945), founder of

text: biogeochemistry

text: suggested that geophysiological processes were responsible for the development of the Earth through a succession of phases in which the

text: geosphere

text: (of inanimate matter) develops into the

text: biosphere

text: (of biological life). Vernadsky's thinking significantly influenced the development of

text: ecology

text: in

text: Russia

text: , culminating in the "Russian Paradigm" (a term first coined by Georgii A. Zavarzin in 1995). The basic tenets of this approach are i) that life can only exist in the form of interconnected

text: nutrient cycle

text: s (i.e. the

text: ecosystem

text: ); ii) that ecosystem assembly is an organized process as opposed a haphazard one; iii) that the

text: emergence of life

text: on earth was congruent with respect to the appearance of primordial nutrient cycles; iv) that in addition to the

text: evolution

text: of species there exists a separate process of ecological evolution the direction of which is predetermined by

text: community

text: composition and dynamics (Lekevičius, 2006).

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: primordial nutrient cycles

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: nutrient cycles

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Vladimir Vernadsky

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: geophysiological processes

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: primordial nutrient cycles;

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: ecosystem assembly

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: ecosystem);

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: "Russian Paradigm"

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: community composition and dynamics

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Vladimir Vernadsky

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Vladimir Vernadsky

text: Soil is the living top layer of mineral and organic dirt that covers the surface of the planet. It is the chief organizing centre of most ecosystem functions, and it is of critical importance in agricultural science and ecology. The decomposition of dead organic matter (for example, leaves on the forest floor), results in soils containing minerals and nutrients that feed into plant production. The whole of the planet's soil ecosystems is called the pedosphere where a large biomass of the Earth's biodiversity organizes into trophic levels. Invertebrates that feed and shred larger leaves, for example, create smaller bits for smaller organisms in the feeding chain. Collectively, these organisms are the detritivores that regulate soil formation. Tree roots, fungi, bacteria, worms, ants, beetles, centipedes, spiders, mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and other less familiar creatures all work to create the trophic web of life in soil ecosystems. Soils form composite phenotypes where inorganic matter is enveloped into the physiology of a whole community. As organisms feed and migrate through soils they physically displace materials, an ecological process called bioturbation. This aerates soils and stimulates heterotrophic growth and production. Soil microorganisms are influenced by and feed back into the trophic dynamics of the ecosystem. No single axis of causality can be discerned to segregate the biological from geomorphological systems in soils. Paleoecological studies of soils places the origin for bioturbation to a time before the Cambrian period. Other events, such as the evolution of trees and the colonization of land in the Devonian period played a significant role in the early development of ecological trophism in soils.

text: Soil is the living top layer of mineral and organic dirt that covers the surface of the planet. It is the chief organizing centre of most ecosystem functions, and it is of critical importance in agricultural science and ecology. The

text: decomposition

text: of dead organic matter (for example, leaves on the forest floor), results in soils containing

text: minerals

text: and nutrients that feed into plant production. The whole of the planet's soil ecosystems is called the

text: pedosphere

text: where a large biomass of the Earth's biodiversity organizes into trophic levels. Invertebrates that feed and shred larger leaves, for example, create smaller bits for smaller organisms in the feeding chain. Collectively, these organisms are the

text: detritivore

text: s that regulate soil formation. Tree roots, fungi, bacteria, worms, ants, beetles, centipedes, spiders, mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and other less familiar creatures all work to create the trophic web of life in soil ecosystems. Soils form composite phenotypes where inorganic matter is enveloped into the physiology of a whole community. As organisms feed and migrate through soils they physically displace materials, an ecological process called

text: bioturbation

text: . This aerates soils and stimulates heterotrophic growth and production. Soil

text: microorganisms

text: are influenced by and feed back into the trophic dynamics of the ecosystem. No single axis of causality can be discerned to segregate the biological from geomorphological systems in soils.

text: Paleoecological

text: studies of soils places the origin for bioturbation to a time before the Cambrian period. Other events, such as the

text: evolution of trees

text: and the

text: colonization of land

text: in the Devonian period played a significant role in the early development of ecological trophism in soils.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: bioturbation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: leaves on the forest floor

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: What is the chief organizing centre of most ecosystem functions?

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: bioturbation.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: bioturbation.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: bioturbation.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: evolution of trees

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: bioturbation.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: bioturbation.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: bioturbation.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: bioturbation.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Soil microorganisms

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Cambrian period.

text: Soil is a product of the influence of climate, relief (elevation, orientation, and slope of terrain), organisms, and its parent materials (original minerals) interacting over time. Soil continually undergoes development by way of numerous physical, chemical and biological processes, which include weathering with associated erosion. Given its complexity and strong internal connectedness soil has been considered as an ecosystem by soil ecologists.

text: Soil is a product of the influence of

text: climate

text: relief

text: (elevation, orientation, and slope of terrain), organisms, and its

text: parent material

text: s (original minerals) interacting over time. Soil continually undergoes development by way of numerous physical, chemical and biological processes, which include

text: weathering

text: with associated

text: erosion

text: . Given its complexity and strong internal

text: connectedness

text: soil has been considered as an

text: ecosystem

text: by

text: soil ecologists

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: weathering with associated erosion

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: climate,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Soil is a product of the influence of climate,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: (elevation, orientation, and slope of terrain),

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: weathering with associated erosion.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: climate,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: ecosystem

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: climate, relief (elevation, orientation, and slope of terrain),

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Soil

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Soil

text: This scenario seeks to describe the formation of the valley networks without appeal to conditions or processes different from those already known to exist on Mars today. Modeling indicates that seeps of groundwater could occur on the surface even under modern conditions, but will freeze very quickly. However, under this suggestion ice cover could insulate the water flowing beneath it well enough to allow long distance transport (and associated erosion), much like a lava tube insulates the molten lava inside it.

text: This scenario seeks to describe the formation of the valley networks without appeal to conditions or processes different from those already known to exist on Mars today. Modeling indicates that seeps of groundwater could occur on the surface even under modern conditions, but will freeze very quickly. However, under this suggestion ice cover could insulate the water flowing beneath it well enough to allow long distance transport (and associated erosion), much like a

text: lava tube

text: insulates the molten lava inside it.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: long distance transport

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: groundwater could occur on the surface even under modern conditions

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: ice cover

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: freeze very quickly.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: ice cover

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: a lava tube

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: erosion),

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: seeps of groundwater

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: seeps of groundwater

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: ice cover

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Mars today. Modeling indicates that seeps of groundwater

text: This Model and its accompanying tools are not in themselves a product development process or life-cycle model. Rather, the Trillium Model provides key industry best practices which can be used to improve an existing process or life-cycle

text: This Model and its accompanying tools are not in themselves a

text: product development process

text: or

text: life-cycle model

text: . Rather, the Trillium Model provides key industry

text: best practice

text: s which can be used to improve an existing process or life-cycle

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: the Trillium Model

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the Trillium Model

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Snow and ice can be stored for future use in cold environments.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Trillium Model provides key industry best practices

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: life-cycle

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: life-cycle model.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Trillium Model provides key industry best practices

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: life-cycle model.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: life-cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Trillium Model

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: life-cycle model.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: life-cycle model.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: This

text: The concept for MicroCSP technologies were created when Kimura attempted to install a conventional Concentrating Solar Power trough in Kona, Hawaii.  Realizing that it was uneconomical and not practical to ship, install and operate such large components in remote locations like Hawaii, Kimura worked on reducing the dimensions of the solar collector which led to reconfiguring the technology and incorporating the use of state of the art materials.   MicroCSP is used for community-sized power plants (1 MW to 50 MW), for industrial, agricultural and manufacturing 'process heat' applications, and when large amounts of hot water are needed, such as resort swimming pools, water parks, large laundry facilities, sterilization, distillation and other such uses.  MIT also studied the use of MicroCSP technology in power generation using the Organic Rankine Cycle.  Kimura trademarked the term MicroCSP  and later released the term for use in the public domain to help accelerate MicroCSP adoption.  His US Patent on the idea () served as the basis for other MicroCSP inventions.  Companies producing MicroCSP technologies include Rackam, GlassPoint Solar  Abengoa Solar  Aora  Sun2Power Chromasun  SolarLite  NEP Solar  Novatec Solar  Industrial Solar Focal Point Energy SunTrough  Focused Sun  Heat 2 Power  and Nanogen and Tamuz Energy.

text: The concept for MicroCSP technologies were created when Kimura attempted to install a conventional Concentrating Solar Power trough in Kona, Hawaii.  Realizing that it was uneconomical and not practical to ship, install and operate such large components in remote locations like Hawaii, Kimura worked on reducing the dimensions of the solar collector which led to reconfiguring the technology and incorporating the use of state of the art materials.   MicroCSP is used for community-sized power plants (1 MW to 50 MW), for industrial, agricultural and manufacturing 'process heat' applications, and when large amounts of hot water are needed, such as resort swimming pools, water parks, large laundry facilities, sterilization, distillation and other such uses.  MIT also studied the use of MicroCSP technology in power generation using the Organic Rankine Cycle.  Kimura trademarked the term MicroCSP  and later released the term for use in the public domain to help accelerate MicroCSP adoption.  His

text: US

text: Patent

text: on the idea () served as the basis for other MicroCSP inventions.  Companies producing MicroCSP technologies include

text: Rackam

text: GlassPoint Solar

text: Abengoa Solar  Aora  Sun2Power Chromasun  SolarLite  NEP Solar  Novatec Solar  Industrial Solar Focal Point Energy SunTrough  Focused Sun  Heat 2 Power  and Nanogen and Tamuz Energy.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: distillation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: distillation

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Organic Rankine Cycle.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: distillation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Solar Power

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: sterilization, distillation

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Organic Rankine Cycle.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Organic Rankine Cycle.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: hot water

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Organic Rankine Cycle.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: hot water

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: hot water

text: A system dedicated to offsite offline data processing was set up at the Stony Brook University in Stony Brook, NY to process raw data sent from Kamioka. Most of the reformatted raw data is copied from system facility in Kamioka. At Stony Brook, a system was set up for analysis and further processing. At Stony Brook the raw data were processed with a multi-tape DLT drive. The first stage data reduction processes were done for the high energy analysis and for the low energy analysis. The data reduction for the high energy analysis was mainly for atmospheric neutrino events and proton decay search while the low energy analysis was mainly for the solar neutrino events. The reduced data for the high energy analysis was further filtered by other reduction processes and the resulting data were stored on disks. The reduced data for the low energy were stored on DLT tapes and sent to University of California, Irvine for further processing.

text: A system dedicated to offsite offline data processing was set up at the

text: Stony Brook University

text: in Stony Brook, NY to process raw data sent from Kamioka. Most of the reformatted raw data is copied from system facility in Kamioka. At Stony Brook, a system was set up for analysis and further processing. At Stony Brook the raw data were processed with a multi-tape DLT drive. The first stage data reduction processes were done for the high energy analysis and for the low energy analysis. The data reduction for the high energy analysis was mainly for atmospheric neutrino events and proton decay search while the low energy analysis was mainly for the solar neutrino events. The reduced data for the high energy analysis was further filtered by other reduction processes and the resulting data were stored on disks. The reduced data for the low energy were stored on DLT tapes and sent to

text: University of California

text: , Irvine for further processing.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: atmospheric neutrino events

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: proton decay

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: proton decay search

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: neutrino events

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: snow and ice

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: solar neutrino events.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: proton decay

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: atmospheric

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: proton decay search

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: atmospheric neutrino events

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: solar neutrino events.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Stony Brook University

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: solar neutrino events.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Kamioka.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Stony Brook University

text: Lake Lucero is a playa located within that section of the Tularosa Basin that is contained within the White Sands National Monument in the U.S. state of New Mexico.  The playa is noted for the unusually high quantity of water-deposited and wind-deposited gypsum dissolved in its intermittent waters.  Annual evaporation cycles have caused much of the gypsum to precipitate into crystals of impure, brownish selenite that line the alkaline mudflats of the lakeshore.  The further process of gypsum erosion abrades the fragile selenite, and other precipitated gypsum, into the pure-white sands covering most of the national monument.

text: Lake Lucero is a

text: playa

text: located within that section of the

text: Tularosa Basin

text: that is contained within the

text: White Sands National Monument

text: in the U.S. state of

text: New Mexico

text: .  The playa is noted for the unusually high quantity of water-deposited and wind-deposited

text: gypsum

text: dissolved in its intermittent waters.  Annual evaporation cycles have caused much of the gypsum to precipitate into crystals of impure, brownish

text: selenite

text: that line the alkaline mudflats of the lakeshore.  The further process of gypsum erosion abrades the fragile selenite, and other precipitated gypsum, into the pure-white sands covering most of the national monument.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Annual evaporation cycles

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Annual evaporation cycles

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Annual evaporation

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Annual evaporation cycles

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitate

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: crystals of impure, brownish selenite

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: water-deposited and wind-deposited gypsum

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: water-deposited and wind-deposited gypsum

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: White Sands National Monument

text: Groundwater within the Ogallala generally flows from west to east at an average rate of a foot per day. Hydraulic conductivity, or the ability for a fluid (water) to move through porous material, ranges from 25 to 300 feet per day. Water quality within the Ogallala varies with the highest quality for drinking and irrigation in the northern region while the southern region had the poorest. Human and natural processes over the past 60 to 70 years, including irrigation density, climate, and nitrogen applications, have caused higher concentrations of contaminants including nitrates. Nitrate levels generally meet USGS water quality standards, but continue to gradually increase over time. This trend can impact the future groundwater sustainability for portions of the aquifer.

text: Groundwater within the Ogallala generally flows from west to east at an average rate of a foot per day.

text: Hydraulic conductivity

text: , or the ability for a fluid (water) to move through porous material, ranges from 25 to 300 feet per day. Water quality within the Ogallala varies with the highest quality for drinking and irrigation in the northern region while the southern region had the poorest. Human and natural processes over the past 60 to 70 years, including irrigation density, climate, and nitrogen applications, have caused higher concentrations of contaminants including nitrates. Nitrate levels generally meet USGS water quality standards, but continue to gradually increase over time. This trend can impact the future groundwater sustainability for portions of the aquifer.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Hydraulic conductivity

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: groundwater within the Ogallala

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: dew point

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: fluid

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Hydraulic conductivity,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Hydraulic conductivity,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: nitrogen applications,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Hydraulic conductivity,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Hydraulic conductivity,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: a foot per day. Hydraulic conductivity,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: climate, and nitrogen applications,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Groundwater

text: The groundwater may be from precipitation or from groundwater flowing into the aquifer. In areas with sufficient precipitation, water infiltrates through pore spaces in the soil, passing through the unsaturated zone . At increasing depths water fills in more of the pore spaces in the soils, until a zone of saturation is reached. Below the water table, in the phreatic zone (zone of saturation), layers of permeable rock that yield groundwater are called aquifers. In less permeable soils, such as tight bedrock formations and historic lakebed deposits, the water table may be more difficult to define.

text: The groundwater may be from precipitation or from groundwater flowing into the aquifer. In areas with sufficient precipitation, water infiltrates through pore spaces in the soil, passing through the unsaturated zone . At increasing depths water fills in more of the pore spaces in the soils, until a zone of saturation is reached. Below the water table, in the

text: phreatic zone

text: (zone of saturation), layers of permeable rock that yield groundwater are called

text: aquifers.

text: In less permeable soils, such as tight bedrock formations and historic lakebed deposits, the water table may be more difficult to define.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: groundwater may be from precipitation or from groundwater flowing into the aquifer

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: groundwater flowing into the aquifer

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: dew

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: In areas with sufficient precipitation,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: unsaturated zone.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: unsaturated zone.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: unsaturated zone.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: aquifer.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: precipitation,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: The groundwater

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: The groundwater

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The groundwater

text: The life cycle is indirect, involving a rumninant as definitive host, snail as intermediate host, and an interval of external phases in water and plants. The sexually mature monoecious self-fertilises in the mammalian rumen, and keep the eggs inside the uterus. Eggs are then released in the host intestine and are expelled along with faeces. Eggs are deposited in water and hatch at optimal temperature of 27 °C in 12–17 days to become ciliated miracidia. The non-feeding miracidia often swim through water searching for a suitable snail host, either until they reach the host or die. Most common intermediate hosts are snails belonging to the genera Bulinus, Planorbis, Physa Stagnicola and Pseudosuccinea. When sensing the soft outer surface of a snail, they attach and burrow through the epidermis and into the tissue. Young snails are more susceptible to such penetration. In the snail tissue the miracidia lost their cilia within 12 hours and get transformed into sporocysts (~53 x 93 µ). By 11th day they develop up to 8 rediae, which are rapidly liberated. After 10 days the rediae mature and each contains 15-30 cercariae. The cercariae are released to grow further which may take about 13 days. Mature cercariae are characterised by two eyespots and a long slender tail. They are stimulated by light through the sensory eyespots in sunlight and leave the snail. They swim about in water until they find plants or other suitable substrata, to which they adhere and encyst to become metacercariae. The process of this cyst formation requires about 20 minutes only. Metacercariae are infective larvae but cannot resist desiccation, hence soon die out if suitable host is not found; but under constantly moist conditions, they can survive for up to 1 year and are capable of overwintering. The mammalian hosts harbour the infective larvae by ingestion. Once they reach the duodenum and jejunum, their cysts are cast off. Excystment is influenced by changing physicochemical conditions (such as temperature, substance concentration, and pH) inside the alimentary tract. Then they penetrate and feed on tissue of the gut wall of the small intestine. Once they develop sufficiently they migrate to the rumen, where the juveniles mature and produce ova. The period of rumen entry to egg laying takes about 60 to 120 days. However, the lifespan of an adult is unknown.

text: The

text: life cycle

text: is indirect, involving a rumninant as

text: definitive host

text: snail

text: as

text: intermediate host

text: , and an interval of external phases in water and plants. The sexually mature

text: monoecious

text: self-fertilises

text: in the mammalian

text: rumen

text: , and keep the eggs inside the

text: uterus

text: . Eggs are then released in the

text: host

text: intestine and are expelled along with

text: faeces

text: . Eggs are deposited in water and hatch at optimal temperature of 27 °C in 12–17 days to become ciliated

text: miracidia

text: . The non-feeding miracidia often swim through water searching for a suitable snail host, either until they reach the host or die. Most common intermediate hosts are snails belonging to the

text: genera

text: Bulinus

text: Planorbis

text: Physa

text: Stagnicola

text: and

text: Pseudosuccinea

text: . When sensing the soft outer surface of a snail, they attach and burrow through the

text: epidermis

text: and into the tissue. Young snails are more susceptible to such penetration. In the snail tissue the miracidia lost their cilia within 12 hours and get transformed into

text: sporocysts

text: (~53 x 93 µ). By 11th day they develop up to 8

text: rediae

text: , which are rapidly liberated. After 10 days the rediae mature and each contains 15-30

text: cercariae

text: . The cercariae are released to grow further which may take about 13 days. Mature cercariae are characterised by two eyespots and a long slender tail. They are stimulated by light through the sensory eyespots in sunlight and leave the snail. They swim about in water until they find plants or other suitable substrata, to which they adhere and

text: encyst

text: to become

text: metacercariae

text: . The process of this cyst formation requires about 20 minutes only. Metacercariae are infective larvae but cannot resist

text: desiccation

text: , hence soon die out if suitable host is not found; but under constantly moist conditions, they can survive for up to 1 year and are capable of overwintering. The mammalian hosts harbour the infective larvae by

text: ingestion

text: . Once they reach the

text: duodenum

text: and

text: jejunum

text: , their

text: cyst

text: s are cast off. Excystment is influenced by changing physicochemical conditions (such as temperature, substance concentration, and

text: pH

text: ) inside the

text: alimentary tract

text: . Then they penetrate and feed on tissue of the gut wall of the small intestine. Once they develop sufficiently they migrate to the rumen, where the juveniles mature and produce

text: ova

text: . The period of rumen entry to egg laying takes about 60 to 120 days. However, the lifespan of an adult is unknown.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: desiccation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: external phases

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Eggs are deposited in water and hatch at optimal temperature of 27 °C

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: desiccation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: metacercariae.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: metacercariae.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: moist conditions,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: sporocysts

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: metacercariae.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: sporocysts

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: constantly moist conditions,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: moist conditions,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: metacercariae.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: metacercariae.

text: Entry to the exhibition through a virtual pond of water, that creates ripples as one step on it, excites the visitor. The gallery then unfolds with a plethora of exhibits that cover various issues related to water. How much of it is available on our planet and what percentage of it is potable and in what form is water available on the Earth are some of the issues that are dealt with in the exhibition. Other issues like the water cycle, water on different continents, water in one's body, water conserving devices, water treatment plants, properties of water, cultural and religious practices and their impact on our rivers etc. are also covered in the exhibitions. Significance of water is propounded in almost every religious scripture, and written script exists for water in every language and in every country thus showing how important this life supporting resource is for all of us. The exhibition ends with a computer quiz on water and a pledge which the visitors can take to conserve water and protect this unique life supporting source for our future generations. The Gallery has generated huge interest among the visitors.

text: Entry to the exhibition through a virtual pond of water, that creates ripples as one step on it, excites the visitor. The gallery then unfolds with a plethora of exhibits that cover various issues related to water. How much of it is available on our planet and what percentage of it is potable and in what form is water available on the Earth are some of the issues that are dealt with in the exhibition. Other issues like the water cycle, water on different continents, water in one's body, water conserving devices, water treatment plants, properties of water, cultural and religious practices and their impact on our rivers etc. are also covered in the exhibitions. Significance of water is propounded in almost every religious scripture, and written script exists for water in every language and in every country thus showing how important this life supporting resource is for all of us. The exhibition ends with a computer quiz on water and a pledge which the visitors can take to conserve water and protect this unique life supporting source for our future generations. The Gallery has generated huge interest among the visitors.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: water treatment plants

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: gaseous

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: a virtual pond of water

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: the water cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: water on different continents,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: water cycle,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: written script exists for water in every language and in every country

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: water cycle,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: water,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: what percentage of it is potable

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: water.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: conserve water and protect this unique life supporting source for our future generations.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: water.

text: The principal climatic variables influencing soil formation are effective precipitation (i.e., precipitation minus evapotranspiration) and temperature, both of which affect the rates of chemical, physical, and biological processes. The temperature and moisture both influence the organic matter content of soil through their effects on the balance between plant growth and microbial decomposition. Climate is the dominant factor in soil formation, and soils show the distinctive characteristics of the climate zones in which they form. For every 10 °C rise in temperature, the rates of biochemical reactions more than double. Mineral precipitation and temperature are the primary climatic influences on soil formation. If warm temperatures and abundant water are present in the profile at the same time, the processes of weathering, leaching, and plant growth will be maximized. Humid climates favor the growth of trees. In contrast, grasses are the dominant native vegetation in subhumid and semiarid regions, while shrubs and brush of various kinds dominate in arid areas.

text: The principal climatic variables influencing soil formation are effective

text: precipitation

text: (i.e., precipitation minus

text: evapotranspiration

text: ) and temperature, both of which affect the rates of chemical, physical, and biological processes. The temperature and moisture both influence the organic matter content of soil through their effects on the balance between plant growth and microbial

text: decomposition

text: . Climate is the dominant factor in

text: soil formation

text: , and soils show the distinctive characteristics of the

text: climate zone

text: s in which they form. For every 10 °C rise in temperature, the rates of biochemical reactions more than double. Mineral precipitation and temperature are the primary climatic influences on soil formation. If warm temperatures and abundant water are present in the profile at the same time, the processes of

text: weathering

text: leaching

text: , and plant growth will be maximized. Humid climates favor the growth of trees. In contrast, grasses are the dominant native vegetation in subhumid and

text: semiarid

text: regions, while shrubs and brush of various kinds dominate in arid areas.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: evapotranspiration

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: precipitation minus evapotranspiration

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: warm temperatures

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evapotranspiration)

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: grasses

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: evapotranspiration)

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: evapotranspiration)

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: warm temperatures and abundant water are present in the profile at the same time,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: the rates of biochemical reactions more than double.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: warm temperatures and abundant water

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: water

text: Wiqruqucha (Quechua wiqru twisted, bent, qucha lake, "bent lake", hispanicized spelling Huegro Cocha) is a lake in Peru located in the Huánuco Region, Huamalíes Province, Chavín de Pariarca District, near the village Wiqru (Huegro). Its waters flow to a stream named Qallu (Quechua for tongue, hispanicized Gallo, Callo) and then to Marañón River.

text: Wiqruqucha (

text: Quechua

text: wiqru twisted, bent, qucha lake, "bent lake", hispanicized spelling Huegro Cocha) is a lake in

text: Peru

text: located in the

text: Huánuco Region

text: Huamalíes Province

text: Chavín de Pariarca District

text: , near the village Wiqru (Huegro). Its waters flow to a stream named Qallu (Quechua for tongue, hispanicized Gallo, Callo) and then to

text: Marañón

text: River.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: What drives the water cycle?

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices .

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: a lake in Peru

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: do not grow

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: It is impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Its waters flow to a stream named Qallu

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Chav<unk>n de Pariarca District,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Wiqruqucha

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Wiqruqucha

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Chav<unk>n de Pariarca District,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Qallu

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Wiqruqucha

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Wiqruqucha

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Wiqruqucha

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Wiqruqucha

text: Conventional hydroelectricity, biomass and geothermal are completely dispatchable as each has a store of potential energy; wind and solar production are typically without storage and can be decreased, but not dispatched, other than when nature provides. Between wind and solar, solar has a more variable daily cycle than wind, but is more predictable in daylight hours than wind. Like solar, tidal energy varies between on and off cycles through each day, unlike solar there is no intermittentcy, tides are available every day without fail. Biofuel and biomass involve multiple steps in the production of energy – growing plants, harvesting, processing, transportation, storage and burning to create heat for electricity, transportation or space heating. In the combined power plant used by the University of Kassel to simulate using 100% renewable energy, wind farms and solar farms were supplemented as needed by hydrostorage and biomass to follow the electricity demand.

text: Conventional hydroelectricity, biomass and geothermal are completely dispatchable as each has a store of potential energy; wind and solar production are typically without storage and can be decreased, but not dispatched, other than when nature provides. Between wind and solar, solar has a more variable daily cycle than wind, but is more predictable in daylight hours than wind. Like solar, tidal energy varies between on and off cycles through each day, unlike solar there is no intermittentcy, tides are available every day without fail. Biofuel and biomass involve multiple steps in the production of energy – growing plants, harvesting, processing, transportation, storage and burning to create heat for electricity, transportation or space heating. In the combined power plant used by the

text: University of Kassel

text: to simulate using

text: 100% renewable energy

text: wind farms

text: and

text: solar farms

text: were supplemented as needed by hydrostorage and biomass to follow the electricity demand.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: geothermal

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: burning to create heat

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: tides

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: geothermal

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: nature

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: wind and solar production

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Biofuel

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: tidal energy

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: wind and solar production are typically without storage and can be decreased,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: tides

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: wind and solar production are typically without storage

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Conventional hydroelectricity, biomass and geothermal

text: Downcutting, also called erosional downcutting, downward erosion or vertical erosion is a geological process by hydraulic action that deepens the channel of a stream or valley by removing material from the stream's bed or the valley's floor. The speed of downcutting depends on the stream's base level, the lowest point to which the stream can erode. Sea level is the ultimate base level, but many streams have a higher "temporary" base level because they empty into another body of water that is above sea level or encounter bedrock that resists erosion. A concurrent process called lateral erosion refers to the widening of a stream channel or valley. When a stream is high above its base level, downcutting will take place faster than lateral erosion; but as the level of the stream approaches its base level, the rate of lateral erosion increases. This is why streams in  mountainous areas tend to be narrow and swift, forming V-shaped valleys, while streams in lowland areas tend to be wide and slow-moving, with valleys that are correspondingly wide and flat-bottomed. The term gradient refers to the elevation of a stream relative to its base level. The steeper the gradient, the faster the stream flows. Sometimes geological uplift will increase the gradient of a stream even while the stream downcuts toward its base level, a process called "rejuvenation." This happened in the case of the Colorado River in the western United States, resulting in the process that created the Grand Canyon.

text: Downcutting, also called erosional downcutting, downward erosion or vertical erosion is a

text: geological

text: process by

text: hydraulic action

text: that deepens the

text: channel

text: of a

text: stream

text: or

text: valley

text: by removing material from the stream's bed or the valley's floor. The speed of downcutting depends on the stream's

text: base level

text: , the lowest point to which the stream can

text: erode

text: Sea level

text: is the ultimate base level, but many streams have a higher "temporary" base level because they empty into another body of water that is above sea level or encounter

text: bedrock

text: that resists erosion. A concurrent process called

text: lateral erosion

text: refers to the widening of a stream channel or valley. When a stream is high above its base level, downcutting will take place faster than lateral erosion; but as the level of the stream approaches its base level, the rate of lateral erosion increases. This is why streams in

text: mountain

text: ous areas tend to be narrow and swift, forming

text: V-shaped valley

text: s, while streams in

text: lowland

text: areas tend to be wide and slow-moving, with valleys that are correspondingly wide and flat-bottomed. The term

text: gradient

text: refers to the elevation of a stream relative to its base level. The steeper the gradient, the faster the stream flows. Sometimes geological

text: uplift

text: will increase the gradient of a stream even while the stream downcuts toward its base level, a process called "

text: rejuvenation

text: ." This happened in the case of the

text: Colorado River

text: in the western

text: United States

text: , resulting in the process that created the

text: Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: The speed of downcutting depends on the stream's base level

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the Grand Canyon

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Downcutting,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Downcutting,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Downcutting,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Colorado River

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Downcutting,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Downcutting,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Downcutting,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: many streams have a higher "temporary" base level

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Downcutting,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Downcutting,

text: The need for urban biosphere reserves has arisen as the number of people living in the world's cities has reached three billion, nearly half of the total population. By 2050 two-thirds of the total population will be living in the cities. The rapid expansion of the cities and of their populations pose a challenge for a viable global environment. Although some of the existing biosphere reserves include cities and towns, entirely urban-oriented biosphere reserves have yet to be included in the list.

text: The need for urban biosphere reserves has arisen as the number of people living in the world's cities has reached three billion, nearly half of the total population. By 2050 two-thirds of the total population will be living in the cities. The rapid expansion of the cities and of their populations pose a challenge for a viable global environment. Although some of the

text: existing biosphere reserves

text: include

text: cities

text: and

text: town

text: s, entirely urban-oriented biosphere reserves have yet to be included in the list.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the number of people living in the world's cities

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: number of people living in the world's cities has reached three billion,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: 2050

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: a viable global environment.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: entirely urban-oriented biosphere reserves

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: The need for urban biosphere reserves

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: global environment.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: three billion, nearly half of the total population.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: global environment.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: The need for urban biosphere reserves

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The need for urban biosphere reserves

text: The physical properties of soils, in order of decreasing importance, are texture, structure, density, porosity, consistency, temperature, colour and resistivity. Soil texture is determined by the relative proportion of the three kinds of soil mineral particles, called soil separates: sand, silt, and clay. At the next larger scale, soil structures called peds are created from the soil separates when iron oxides, carbonates, clay, silica and humus, coat particles and cause them to adhere into larger, relatively stable secondary structures. Soil density, particularly bulk density, is a measure of soil compaction. Soil porosity consists of the void part of the soil volume and is occupied by gases or water. Soil consistency is the ability of soil to stick together. Soil temperature and colour are self-defining. Resistivity refers to the resistance to conduction of electric currents and affects the rate of corrosion of metal and concrete structures. These properties may vary through the depth of a soil profile. Most of these properties determine the aeration of the soil and the ability of water to infiltrate and to be held within the soil.

text: The physical properties of soils, in order of decreasing importance, are texture, structure, density, porosity, consistency, temperature, colour and resistivity. Soil texture is determined by the relative proportion of the three kinds of soil mineral particles, called soil separates: sand, silt, and clay. At the next larger scale, soil structures called

text: ped

text: s are created from the soil separates when iron oxides, carbonates, clay, silica and humus, coat particles and cause them to adhere into larger, relatively stable secondary structures. Soil density, particularly bulk density, is a measure of soil compaction. Soil porosity consists of the void part of the soil volume and is occupied by gases or water. Soil consistency is the ability of soil to stick together. Soil temperature and colour are self-defining. Resistivity refers to the resistance to conduction of electric currents and affects the rate of corrosion of metal and concrete structures. These properties may vary through the depth of a soil profile. Most of these properties determine the aeration of the soil and the ability of water to infiltrate and to be held within the soil.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: ability of water to infiltrate and to be held within the soil

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: porosity

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Soil temperature

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: aeration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: porosity

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: None of the above choices

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: ability of water to infiltrate and to be held within the soil.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Soil porosity

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Soil porosity

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: aeration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: aeration

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Soil porosity

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Soil temperature and colour are self-defining.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Soil porosity

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Soil porosity

text: In a general sense, biospheres are any closed, self-regulating systems containing ecosystems. This includes artificial biospheres such as Biosphere 2 and BIOS-3, and potentially ones on other planets or moons.

text: In a general sense, biospheres are any closed, self-regulating systems containing ecosystems. This includes artificial biospheres such as

text: Biosphere 2

text: and

text: , and potentially ones on other planets or moons.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: biospheres

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Biosphere 2

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: biospheres are any closed, self-regulating systems containing ecosystems.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: biospheres are any closed, self-regulating systems

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: biospheres are any closed, self-regulating systems containing ecosystems.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Biosphere 2 and BIOS-3,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: biospheres

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: biospheres

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: biospheres are any closed, self-regulating systems containing ecosystems.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: self-regulating

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: biospheres

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: In a general sense, biospheres

text: Subsurface water may return to the surface in groundwater flow, such as from a spring, seep, or a water well, or subsurface return to streams, rivers, and oceans. Water returns to the land surface at a lower elevation than where infiltration occurred, under the force of gravity or gravity induced pressures. Groundwater tends to move slowly, and is replenished slowly, so it can remain in aquifers for thousands of years. Mainly, water flows through the ground which leads to the ocean where the cycle begins again.

text: Subsurface water may return to the surface in

text: groundwater flow

text: , such as from a

text: spring

text: seep

text: , or a

text: water well

text: , or subsurface return to

text: stream

text: s,

text: river

text: s, and

text: ocean

text: s. Water returns to the land surface at a lower elevation than where infiltration occurred, under the force of gravity or gravity induced pressures. Groundwater tends to move slowly, and is replenished slowly, so it can remain in aquifers for thousands of years. Mainly, water flows through the ground which leads to the ocean where the cycle begins again.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: water flows through the ground

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: groundwater flow

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: infiltration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: gravity or gravity induced pressures.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: infiltration occurred, under the force of gravity or gravity induced pressures.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: infiltration

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: spring, seep, or a water well,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: infiltration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: infiltration

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: gravity induced pressures.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Subsurface water

text: There is unusually large number of  swamps & lakes of great size and value, particularly in the southern & eastern parts of the district. The larger lakes, which hold water all the year round, are the Kundra Samundar near Jhalotar, the lake near Nawalganj, the wide expanse of water near Kantha and the long chain of lakes in pargana Mauranwan. In Tehsil Safipur, the more important tanks are those at Mawai-Bhari and Kursat and the Harial Tal near Mustafabad. In Tehsil Hasanganj, besides the Kundra Samundar at Mawai, there are the Kulli Bani and Jalesar tanks near Ajgain and the chain of lakes called Basaha, which it seems, partakes of certain characteristics of a stream also, travelling a distance of 96 km in the district and eventually leaving it for district Rae Bareli where it is reckoned as a tributary of the river Sai. In the western part of the Tehsil are the Katgari lake near Asiwan and the stretches of water at Amarpur, Sambha, Sheothana, Marenda & Asakhera, but in its northern and eastern parts, there are only small and very shallow tanks which dry up when rainfall is deficient. In Tehsil Unnao there are no important lakes, but a number of very shallow depressions, which get filled up with water during the rains and yield excellent crop of rice.

text: There is unusually large number of

text: swamps

text: lake

text: s of great size and value, particularly in the southern & eastern parts of the district. The larger lakes, which hold water all the year round, are the Kundra Samundar near Jhalotar, the lake near Nawalganj, the wide expanse of water near Kantha and the long chain of lakes in pargana Mauranwan. In Tehsil Safipur, the more important tanks are those at Mawai-Bhari and Kursat and the Harial Tal near Mustafabad. In Tehsil Hasanganj, besides the Kundra Samundar at Mawai, there are the Kulli Bani and Jalesar tanks near Ajgain and the chain of lakes called Basaha, which it seems, partakes of certain characteristics of a stream also, travelling a distance of 96 km in the district and eventually leaving it for district Rae Bareli where it is reckoned as a tributary of the river Sai. In the western part of the

text: Tehsil

text: are the Katgari lake near Asiwan and the stretches of water at Amarpur, Sambha, Sheothana, Marenda & Asakhera, but in its northern and eastern parts, there are only small and very shallow tanks which dry up when rainfall is deficient. In Tehsil Unnao there are no important lakes, but a number of very shallow depressions, which get filled up with water during the rains and yield excellent crop of rice.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: rainfall

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the long chain of lakes in pargana Mauranwan

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: water cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: rainfall is deficient.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: dry up when rainfall is deficient.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: rainfall

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: a number of very shallow depressions,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: rainfall is deficient.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: rainfall is deficient.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: rice.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rainfall is deficient.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: The larger lakes, which hold water all the year round,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: rice.

text: Most lakes have at least one natural outflow in the form of a river or stream, which maintain a lake's average level by allowing the drainage of excess water. Some lakes do not have a natural outflow and lose water solely by evaporation or underground seepage or both. They are termed endorheic lakes.

text: Most lakes have at least one natural outflow in the form of a

text: river

text: or

text: stream

text: , which maintain a lake's average level by allowing the drainage of excess water. Some lakes do not have a natural outflow and lose water solely by evaporation or underground seepage or both. They are termed

text: endorheic

text: lakes.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: drainage of excess water

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: drainage of excess water.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: excess water.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: underground seepage

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: drainage of excess water.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: water.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: allowing the drainage of excess water.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Most lakes have at least one natural outflow

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Most lakes have at least one natural outflow

text: Soil is not only a support for vegetation, but it is also the zone beneath our feet (the pedosphere) of numerous interactions between climate (water, air, temperature), soil life (micro-organisms, plants, animals) and its residues,  the mineral material of the original and added rock, and its position in the landscape. During its formation and genesis, the soil profile slowly deepens and develops characteristic layers, called 'horizons', while a steady state balance is approached.

text: Soil

text: is not only a support for vegetation, but it is also the zone beneath our feet (the

text: pedosphere

text: ) of numerous interactions between

text: climate

text: (water, air, temperature),

text: soil life

text: (micro-organisms, plants, animals) and its residues,  the

text: mineral

text: material of the original and added

text: rock

text: , and its position in the landscape. During its formation and genesis, the

text: soil profile

text: slowly deepens and develops characteristic layers, called 'horizons', while a steady state balance is approached.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: soil life

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the soil profile slowly deepens

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: pedosphere

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: climate

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: air, temperature),

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: (water,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the soil profile slowly deepens and develops characteristic layers,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: pedosphere)

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: climate

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: (water,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: (water,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Soil

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Soil

text: In hydrology, the drainage basin is a logical unit of focus for studying the movement of water within the hydrological cycle, because the majority of water that discharges from the basin outlet originated as precipitation falling on the basin. A portion of the water that enters the groundwater system beneath the drainage basin may flow towards the outlet of another drainage basin because groundwater flow directions do not always match those of their overlying drainage network. Measurement of the discharge of water from a basin may be made by a stream gauge located at the basin's outlet.

text: In

text: hydrology

text: , the drainage basin is a logical unit of focus for studying the movement of water within the

text: hydrological cycle

text: , because the majority of water that discharges from the basin outlet originated as

text: precipitation

text: falling on the basin. A portion of the water that enters the

text: groundwater

text: system beneath the drainage basin may flow towards the outlet of another drainage basin because groundwater flow directions do not always match those of their overlying drainage network. Measurement of the discharge of water from a basin may be made by a

text: stream gauge

text: located at the basin's outlet.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: precipitation falling on the basin

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: precipitation falling on the basin

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrological cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: precipitation falling on the basin.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrological

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: precipitation falling on the basin.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: In hydrology,

text: The energy inputs include the life cycle share of the energy required to build and maintain that tractor and the box (called "embodied energy"), plus the fuel required to run it for the time occupied by bringing, placing, idling, and returning that box to the shed, plus the energy required to acquire, process, transport, and distribute that energy (more embedded energy).

text: The energy inputs include the life cycle share of the energy required to build and maintain that tractor and the box (called "

text: embodied energy

text: "), plus the

text: fuel

text: required to run it for the time occupied by bringing, placing, idling, and returning that box to the shed, plus the energy required to acquire, process, transport, and distribute that energy (more embedded energy).

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: idling a tractor

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: "embodied energy"),

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: "embodied energy"),

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: embedded energy).

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: bringing, placing, idling,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: "embodied energy"),

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: The energy inputs include the life cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: The energy inputs

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: The energy

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: "embodied energy"),

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The

text: The standard LWW water treatment system is a batch treatment process with an integrated water bottling station for distribution of bottled water throughout a community. The process capacity for a single batch is approximately 300 gallons of treated water per cycle, with a processing time of about one hour.

text: The standard LWW water treatment system is a batch treatment process with an integrated water bottling station for distribution of bottled water throughout a community. The process capacity for a single batch is approximately 300 gallons of treated water per cycle, with a processing time of about one hour.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: a batch treatment process

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: bottled water

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: batch treatment process with an integrated water bottling station

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: bottled water

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: bottled water

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: batch treatment process

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: batch treatment process

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: 300 gallons of treated water

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: water bottling station for distribution of bottled water

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: 300 gallons

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: bottled water

text: Groundwater models are computer models of groundwater flow systems, and are used by hydrogeologists. Groundwater models are used to simulate and predict aquifer conditions.

text: Groundwater models are

text: computer models

text: of

text: groundwater

text: flow systems, and are used by

text: hydrogeologist

text: s. Groundwater models are used to simulate and predict

text: aquifer

text: conditions.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: vaporization

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Groundwater models are computer models of groundwater flow systems,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Groundwater models

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Groundwater models

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Groundwater models are computer models of groundwater flow systems,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Groundwater models

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Groundwater models are computer models of groundwater flow systems,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Groundwater models

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Groundwater models

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Groundwater models

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Groundwater models

text: The clumping of the soil textural components of sand, silt and clay causes aggregates to form and the further association of those aggregates into larger units creates soil structures called peds (a contraction of the word pedolith). The adhesion of the soil textural components by organic substances, iron oxides, carbonates, clays, and silica, and the breakage of those aggregates from expansion-contraction, caused by freezing-thawing and wetting-drying cycles, shape soil into distinct geometric forms. The peds evolve into units which have various shapes, sizes and degrees of development. A soil clod, however, is not a ped but rather a mass of soil that results from mechanical disturbance of the soil. Soil structure affects aeration, water movement, conduction of heat, plant root growth and resistance to erosion. Water, in turn, has its strongest effect on soil structure due to its solution and precipitation of minerals and its effect on plant growth.

text: The clumping of the soil textural components of sand, silt and clay causes aggregates to form and the further association of those aggregates into larger units creates

text: soil structure

text: s called peds (a contraction of the word pedolith). The adhesion of the soil textural components by organic substances, iron oxides, carbonates, clays, and silica, and the breakage of those aggregates from expansion-contraction, caused by freezing-thawing and wetting-drying cycles, shape soil into distinct geometric forms. The peds evolve into units which have various shapes, sizes and degrees of development. A soil clod, however, is not a ped but rather a mass of soil that results from mechanical disturbance of the soil. Soil structure affects aeration, water movement, conduction of heat, plant root growth and resistance to erosion. Water, in turn, has its strongest effect on soil structure due to its solution and precipitation of minerals and its effect on plant growth.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: freezing-thawing

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: aeration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: freezing-thawing

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: its solution and precipitation of minerals

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: freezing-thawing and wetting-drying

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Water,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: freezing-thawing and wetting-drying cycles,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: aeration,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: wetting-drying

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Water,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: freezing-thawing

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: water movement,

text: The distribution of photoreceptors across the retina is not uniform. Some areas have higher densities of cone cells, for example (see fovea). Fish may have two or three areas specialized for high acuity (e.g. for prey capture) or sensitivity (e.g. from dim light coming from below). The distribution of photoreceptors may also change over time during development of the individual. This is especially the case when the species typically moves between different light environments during its life cycle (e.g. shallow to deep waters, or fresh water to ocean).

text: The distribution of photoreceptors across the retina is not uniform. Some areas have higher densities of cone cells, for example (see

text: fovea

text: ). Fish may have two or three areas specialized for high acuity (e.g. for prey capture) or sensitivity (e.g. from dim light coming from below). The distribution of photoreceptors may also change over time during development of the individual. This is especially the case when the species typically moves between different light environments during its life cycle (e.g. shallow to deep waters, or fresh water to ocean).

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: shallow to deep waters, or fresh water to ocean

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: life cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: It can be stored for future use in snow and ice.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: the species typically moves between different light environments

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: fresh water to ocean).

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: The distribution of photoreceptors across the retina is not uniform.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Fish

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: The distribution of photoreceptors across the retina is not uniform.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: life cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: uniform. Some areas have higher densities of cone cells,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: The distribution of photoreceptors across the retina is not uniform.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: fresh water to ocean).

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The distribution of photoreceptors across the retina is not uniform.

text: The Allam power cycle or Allam cycle is a process for converting fossil fuels into mechanical power, while capturing the generated carbon dioxide and water. The main inventor behind the process is Rodney John Allam.

text: The Allam power cycle or Allam cycle is a process for converting

text: fossil fuel

text: s into mechanical power, while capturing the generated

text: carbon dioxide

text: and water. The main inventor behind the process is

text: Rodney John Allam

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Allam power cycle

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Allam power cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Allam power cycle

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: water.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: capturing the generated carbon dioxide and water.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The Allam power cycle

text: More recently, it has been proposed the in situ production of oxygen, hydrogen and CO  from the  martian hematite deposits via a two-step thermochemical CO/HO splitting process,and specifically in the magnetite/wustite redox cycle.  Although thermolysis is the most direct, one-step process for splitting molecules, it is neither practical nor efficient in the case of either HO or CO. This is because the process requires a very high temperature (> 2500 C) to achieve a meaningful dissociation fraction. This poses problems in finding suitable reactor materials, losses due to vigorous product recombination, and excessive aperture radiation losses when concentrated solar heat is used. The magnetite/wustite redox cycle was first proposed for solar application on earth by Nakamura, and was one of the first used for solar-driven two-step water splitting. In this cycle, water reacts with wustite (FeO) to form magnetite (FeO) and hydrogen. The summarized reactions in this two-step splitting process are as follows:

text: More recently, it has been proposed the in situ production of oxygen, hydrogen and CO  from the  martian hematite deposits via a two-step thermochemical CO/HO splitting process,and specifically in the magnetite/wustite redox cycle.  Although thermolysis is the most direct, one-step process for splitting molecules, it is neither practical nor efficient in the case of either HO or CO. This is because the process requires a very high temperature (> 2500 C) to achieve a meaningful dissociation fraction. This poses problems in finding suitable reactor materials, losses due to vigorous product recombination, and excessive aperture radiation losses when concentrated solar heat is used. The magnetite/wustite redox cycle was first proposed for solar application on earth by Nakamura, and was one of the first used for solar-driven two-step water splitting. In this cycle, water reacts with wustite (FeO) to form magnetite (FeO) and hydrogen. The summarized reactions in this two-step splitting process are as follows:

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: solar

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: splitting

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: solar-driven two-step water splitting

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: solar heat

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: hydrogen.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: magnetite/wustite redox cycle.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: solar-driven two-step water splitting.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: magnetite/wustite redox cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: hydrogen.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: excessive aperture radiation losses

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: hydrogen.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: hydrogen.

text: Chemical cycling plays a large role in sustaining planetary atmospheres, liquids and biological processes and can greatly influence weather and climate. Some chemical cycles release renewable energy, others may give rise to complex chemical reactions, organic compounds and prebiotic chemistry. On terrestrial bodies such as the Earth, chemical cycles involving the lithosphere are known as geochemical cycles. Ongoing geochemical cycles are one of the main attributes of geologically active worlds. A chemical cycle involving a biosphere is known as a biogeochemical cycle.

text: Chemical cycling plays a large role in sustaining planetary atmospheres, liquids and biological processes and can greatly influence weather and climate. Some chemical cycles release

text: renewable energy

text: , others may give rise to complex chemical reactions, organic compounds and

text: prebiotic chemistry

text: . On terrestrial bodies such as the

text: Earth

text: , chemical cycles involving the

text: lithosphere

text: are known as

text: geochemical cycle

text: s. Ongoing geochemical cycles are one of the main attributes of geologically active worlds. A chemical cycle involving a biosphere is known as a

text: biogeochemical cycle

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: can greatly influence weather and climate

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: some chemical cycles release renewable energy

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Chemical cycling

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Chemical cycling

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Chemical cycling

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: chemical cycles release renewable energy,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Chemical cycling

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Chemical cycling

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Chemical cycling

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Chemical cycling

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Chemical cycling

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Chemical cycling

text: There are also forces external to Earth itself that affect Earth’s climate. Two examples of these external forces are meteors/asteroids becoming meteorites and striking the surface of the earth, and geomagnetic storms from the sun affecting the earth. Asteroids only about two kilometers in diameter, according to Young’s paper referencing original author Michael Paine, can cause craters in Earth’s surface about 40 kilometers in diameter. Such an impact could throw enormous quantities of dust into the sky, blocking out the sun and causing significant climate changes, somewhat similar in effect to a gigantic volcanic eruption. Among other things, meteorites striking Earth also “affect sea level, rainfall, temperature, ocean currents, and atmospheric circulation”. Asteroids and meteors are not, however, the only external forces to affect Earth climate change. Variations in solar output can also bring about climate change on the Earth. More specifically, varying amounts of sun activity, including sunspots, solar flares, solar wind, and massive solar radiation, can all be grouped together as geomagnetic storms, which together, act to affect Earth’s climate. Our sun has a solar activity cycle of about 11 years. During which time, the sun gets sunspots, shoots off solar flares, and blasts earth with solar wind and geomagnetic activity. Despite the appearance that these events seem random, they do overall follow a fairly steady cycle of approximately 11 years. The difference in average solar irradiation received by the earth due to these ‘random’ events, though, is only about 0.1 percent. Overall, the total irradiation generated by the sun, and received by the earth is a major factor affecting Earth climate. The total solar irradiation received by Earth’s surface can be calculated mathematically. This can be done through the following equation:

text: There are also forces external to Earth itself that affect Earth’s climate. Two examples of these external forces are meteors/asteroids becoming

text: meteorites

text: and striking the surface of the earth, and geomagnetic storms from the sun affecting the earth. Asteroids only about two kilometers in diameter, according to Young’s paper referencing original author Michael Paine, can cause craters in Earth’s surface about 40 kilometers in diameter. Such an impact could throw enormous quantities of dust into the sky, blocking out the sun and causing significant climate changes, somewhat similar in effect to a gigantic volcanic eruption. Among other things, meteorites striking Earth also “affect sea level, rainfall, temperature, ocean currents, and atmospheric circulation”. Asteroids and meteors are not, however, the only external forces to affect Earth climate change. Variations in solar output can also bring about climate change on the Earth. More specifically, varying amounts of

text: sun activity

text: , including

text: sunspots

text: solar flares

text: solar wind

text: , and massive

text: solar radiation

text: , can all be grouped together as geomagnetic storms, which together, act to affect Earth’s climate. Our sun has a solar activity cycle of about 11 years. During which time, the sun gets sunspots, shoots off solar flares, and blasts earth with solar wind and

text: geomagnetic activity

text: . Despite the appearance that these events seem random, they do overall follow a fairly steady cycle of approximately 11 years. The difference in average solar irradiation received by the earth due to these ‘random’ events, though, is only about 0.1 percent. Overall, the total irradiation generated by the sun, and received by the earth is a major factor affecting Earth climate. The total solar irradiation received by Earth’s surface can be calculated mathematically. This can be done through the following equation:

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: ionization

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: vaporization

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: volcanic eruption

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: water cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: meteorites striking Earth

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: What is stored in snow and ice?

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: total irradiation

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: 0.1 percent.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: tic storms,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: solar wind

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: 0.1 percent.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: 11 years.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: total irradiation

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: meteorites

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: total irradiation

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: 0.1 percent.

text: Surface runoff (also known as overland flow) is the flow of water that occurs when excess stormwater, meltwater, or other sources flows over the Earth's surface. This might occur because soil is saturated to full capacity, because rain arrives more quickly than soil can absorb it, or because impervious areas (roofs and pavement) send their runoff to surrounding soil that cannot absorb all of it. Surface runoff is a major component of the water cycle. It is the primary agent in soil erosion by water.

text: Surface runoff (also known as overland flow) is the flow of

text: water

text: that occurs when excess

text: stormwater

text: meltwater

text: , or other sources flows over the

text: Earth's surface

text: . This might occur because

text: soil

text: is

text: saturated

text: to full capacity, because rain arrives

text: more quickly than soil can absorb

text: it, or because

text: impervious

text: areas (

text: roof

text: s and

text: pavement

text: ) send their runoff to surrounding soil that cannot absorb all of it. Surface runoff is a major component of the

text: water cycle

text: . It is the primary agent in

text: soil erosion by water

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Surface runoff

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: surface runoff

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: meltwater

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: surface runoff

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Surface runoff

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: meltwater,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Surface runoff

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: meltwater,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Surface runoff

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: overland flow)

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: saturated to full capacity,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: soil is saturated to full capacity,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Surface runoff

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Surface runoff

text: Considerable water use is associated with meat production, mostly because of water used in production of vegetation that provides feed.  There are several published estimates of water use associated with livestock and meat production, but the amount of water use assignable to such  production is seldom estimated.  For example, “green water” use is evapotranspirational use of soil water that has been provided directly by precipitation; and “green water” has been estimated to account for 94% of global beef cattle production’s “water footprint”, and on rangeland, as much as 99.5% of the water use associated with beef production is “green water”.  However, it  would be misleading  simply to assign that associated rangeland green water use to beef production, partly because that evapotranspirational use occurs even in the absence of cattle. Even when cattle are present, most of that associated water use can be considered assignable to production of terrestrial environmental values, because it produces root and residue biomass important for erosion control, stabilization of soil structure, nutrient cycling, carbon sequestration, support of numerous primary consumers, many of  which support higher trophic levels, etc.  Withdrawn water (from surface and groundwater sources) is used for livestock watering, and in some cases is also used for irrigation of forage and feed crops.  Whereas all irrigation in the US (including loss in conveyance) is estimated to account for about 38% of US withdrawn freshwater use, irrigation water for production of livestock feed and forage has been estimated to account for about 9%; other withdrawn freshwater use for the livestock sector (for drinking, washdown of facilities, etc.) is estimated at about 0.7%.  Because of the preponderance of non-meat products from the livestock sector only some fraction of this water use is assignable to meat production.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: nutrient cycling

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: “green water” use

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: evapotranspirational

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: nutrient cycling

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: What is carbon sequestration?

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: production of vegetation that provides feed.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evapotranspirational

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation;

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: drinking, washdown of facilities,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: evapotranspirational

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: nutrient cycling,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Withdrawn water

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: higher trophic levels,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Withdrawn water

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: livestock watering,

text: Although 25 isotopes are known for sulfur, only four are stable and of geochemical importance.  Of those four, two (S, light and S, heavy) comprise (99.22%) of S on Earth.  The vast majority (95.02%) of S occurs as S with only 4.21% in S.  The ratio of these two isotopes is fixed in our solar system and has been since its formation.  The bulk Earth sulfur isotopic ratio is thought to be the same as the ratio of 22.22 measured from the Canyon Diablo troilite (CDT), a meteorite.  That ratio is accepted as the international standard and is therefore set at δ0.00.  Deviation from 0.00 is expressed as the δS which is a ratio in per mill (‰).  Positive values correlate to increased levels of S, whereas negative values correlate with greater S in a sample.  	Formation of sulfur minerals through non-biogenic processes does not substantially differentiate between the light and heavy isotopes, therefore sulfur values in gypsum or baryte should be the same as the overall ratio in the water column at their time of precipitation.  Sulfate reduction through biologic activity strongly differentiates between the two isotopes because of the more rapid enzymic reaction with S.  Sulfate metabolism results in an isotopic depletion of -18‰, and repeated cycles of oxidation and reduction can result in values up to -50 ‰.  Average present day seawater values of δS are on the order of +21‰.  	Throughout geologic history the sulfur cycle and the isotopic ratios have coevolved with the biosphere becoming overall more negative with the increases in biologically driven sulfate reduction, but also show substantial positive excursion.  In general positive excursions in the sulfur isotopes mean that there is an excess of pyrite deposition rather than oxidation of sulfide minerals exposed on land.

text: Although 25

text: isotope

text: s are known for sulfur, only four are

text: stable

text: and of geochemical importance.  Of those four, two (S, light and S, heavy) comprise (99.22%) of S on Earth.  The vast majority (95.02%) of S occurs as S with only 4.21% in S.  The ratio of these two isotopes is fixed in our

text: solar system

text: and has been since its formation.  The bulk Earth sulfur isotopic ratio is thought to be the same as the ratio of 22.22 measured from the

text: Canyon Diablo troilite

text: (CDT), a

text: meteorite

text: .  That ratio is accepted as the international standard and is therefore set at δ0.00.  Deviation from 0.00 is expressed as the

text: δS

text: which is a ratio in per mill

text: .  Positive values correlate to increased levels of S, whereas negative values correlate with greater S in a sample.  	Formation of sulfur minerals through non-biogenic processes does not substantially differentiate between the light and heavy isotopes, therefore sulfur values in

text: gypsum

text: or

text: baryte

text: should be the same as the overall ratio in the water column at their time of precipitation.  Sulfate reduction through biologic activity strongly differentiates between the two isotopes because of the more rapid enzymic reaction with S.  Sulfate metabolism results in an isotopic depletion of -18‰, and repeated cycles of oxidation and reduction can result in values up to -50 ‰.  Average present day seawater values of δS are on the order of +21‰.  	Throughout geologic history the sulfur cycle and the isotopic ratios have coevolved with the biosphere becoming overall more negative with the increases in biologically driven sulfate reduction, but also show substantial positive excursion.  In general positive excursions in the sulfur isotopes mean that there is an excess of pyrite deposition rather than oxidation of sulfide minerals exposed on land.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Canyon Diablo troilite (CDT)

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: sulfate metabolism

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: What can be stored in snow and ice?

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: precipitation.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: precipitation.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: pyrite deposition

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: precipitation.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: precipitation.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: sulfur minerals

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: sulfur cycle

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: precipitation.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Sulfate

text: Sources of natural water:- Ibore river, Agua lake, Ohiel Stream Afuda, Oza Stream Idumoza, Ujabhole Stream Eko-Iriobhude, Oraje & Omobo rivers at Ewu.

text: Sources of natural water:- Ibore river, Agua lake, Ohiel Stream Afuda, Oza Stream Idumoza, Ujabhole Stream Eko-Iriobhude, Oraje & Omobo rivers at Ewu.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: vaporization

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Oza Stream Idumoza

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: it is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Sources of natural water:-

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Oza Stream Idumoza,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: natural water:-

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Oza Stream Idumoza,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Sources of natural water:-

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: natural water:-

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Ibore river,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: natural water:-

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Ibore river, Agua lake,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Oraje & Omobo rivers at Ewu.

text: The conversion of solar energy to hydrogen by means of water splitting process is one of the most interesting ways to achieve clean and renewable energy systems. However, if this process is assisted by photocatalysts suspended directly in water instead of using photovoltaic and an electrolytic system the reaction is in just one step, it can be made more efficient.

text: The conversion of solar energy to hydrogen by means of water splitting process is one of the most interesting ways to achieve clean and renewable energy systems. However, if this process is assisted by photocatalysts suspended directly in water instead of using photovoltaic and an electrolytic system the reaction is in just one step, it can be made more efficient.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the conversion of solar energy to hydrogen

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: photocatalysts

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: water splitting

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: photocatalysts suspended directly in water

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: water splitting

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: water splitting process

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: photovoltaic and an electrolytic system

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: The conversion of solar energy

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: photocatalysts suspended directly in water

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The conversion of solar energy to hydrogen

text: Agriculture and horticulture seek to optimize the capture of solar energy in order to optimize the productivity of plants. Techniques such as timed planting cycles, tailored row orientation, staggered heights between rows and the mixing of plant varieties can improve crop yields. While sunlight is generally considered a plentiful resource, the exceptions highlight the importance of solar energy to agriculture. During the short growing seasons of the Little Ice Age, French and English farmers employed fruit walls to maximize the collection of solar energy. These walls acted as thermal masses and accelerated ripening by keeping plants warm. Early fruit walls were built perpendicular to the ground and facing south, but over time, sloping walls were developed to make better use of sunlight. In 1699, Nicolas Fatio de Duillier even suggested using a tracking mechanism which could pivot to follow the Sun. Applications of solar energy in agriculture aside from growing crops include pumping water, drying crops, brooding chicks and drying chicken manure. More recently the technology has been embraced by vintners, who use the energy generated by solar panels to power grape presses.

text: Agriculture

text: and

text: horticulture

text: seek to optimize the capture of solar energy in order to optimize the productivity of plants. Techniques such as timed planting cycles, tailored row orientation, staggered heights between rows and the mixing of plant varieties can improve crop yields. While sunlight is generally considered a plentiful resource, the exceptions highlight the importance of solar energy to agriculture. During the short growing seasons of the

text: Little Ice Age

text: , French and

text: English

text: farmers employed fruit walls to maximize the collection of solar energy. These walls acted as thermal masses and accelerated ripening by keeping plants warm. Early fruit walls were built perpendicular to the ground and facing south, but over time, sloping walls were developed to make better use of sunlight. In 1699,

text: Nicolas Fatio de Duillier

text: even suggested using a

text: tracking mechanism

text: which could pivot to follow the Sun. Applications of solar energy in agriculture aside from growing crops include pumping water, drying crops, brooding chicks and drying chicken manure. More recently the technology has been embraced by

text: vintners

text: , who use the energy generated by solar panels to power grape presses.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: drying crops

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: accelerated ripening by keeping plants warm

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: solar energy

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: drying crops,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: solar energy

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: fruit walls

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: ripening

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: timed planting cycles,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: sunlight is generally considered a plentiful resource,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: solar energy

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: fruit walls

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: solar energy

text: The e-waste disposal occurring after processing for reuse, repair of equipment, and recovery of metals may be unethical or illegal when e-scrap of many kinds is transported overseas to developing countries for such processing. It is transported as if to be repaired and/or recycled, but after processing the less valuable e-scrap becomes e-waste/pollution there. Another point of view is that the net environmental cost must be compared to and include the mining, refining and extraction with its waste and pollution cost of new products manufactured to replace secondary products which are routinely destroyed in wealthier nations, and which cannot economically be repaired in older or obsolete products.  As an example of negative impacts of e-waste, pollution of groundwater has become so serious in areas surrounding China’s landfills that water must be shipped in from  away. However, mining of new metals can have even broader impacts on groundwater. Either thorough e-cycling processing, domestic processing or overseas repair, can help the environment by avoiding pollution. Such e-cycling can theoretically be a sustainable alternative to disposing of e-waste in landfills. In addition, e-cycling allows for the reclamation of potential conflict minerals, like gold and wolframite, which requires less of those to be mined and lessens the potential money flow to militias and other exploitative actors in third-world that profit from mining them.

text: The e-waste disposal occurring after processing for reuse, repair of equipment, and recovery of metals may be unethical or illegal when e-scrap of many kinds is transported overseas to developing countries for such processing. It is transported as if to be repaired and/or recycled, but after processing the less valuable e-scrap becomes e-waste/pollution there. Another point of view is that the net environmental cost must be compared to and include the mining, refining and extraction with its waste and pollution cost of new products manufactured to replace secondary products which are routinely destroyed in wealthier nations, and which cannot economically be repaired in older or obsolete products.  As an example of negative impacts of e-waste, pollution of groundwater has become so serious in areas surrounding China’s landfills that water must be shipped in from  away. However, mining of new metals can have even broader impacts on groundwater. Either thorough e-cycling processing, domestic processing or overseas repair, can help the environment by avoiding pollution. Such e-cycling can theoretically be a sustainable alternative to disposing of e-waste in landfills. In addition, e-cycling allows for the reclamation of potential

text: conflict minerals

text: , like

text: gold

text: and

text: wolframite

text: , which requires less of those to be mined and lessens the potential money flow to militias and other exploitative actors in third-world that profit from mining them.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: e-cycling

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: pollution of groundwater

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: mining of new metals

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: pollination

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: water must be shipped in from away.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: pollution of groundwater

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: pollution of groundwater

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: pollution of groundwater

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: water must be shipped in from away.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: pollution of groundwater

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: pollution of groundwater

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: pollution of groundwater

text: The permafrost carbon cycle (Arctic Carbon Cycle) deals with the transfer of carbon from permafrost soils to terrestrial vegetation and microbes, to the atmosphere, back to vegetation, and finally back to permafrost soils through burial and sedimentation due to cryogenic processes. Some of this carbon is transferred to the ocean and other portions of the globe through the global carbon cycle. The cycle includes the exchange of carbon dioxide and methane between terrestrial components and the atmosphere, as well as the transfer of carbon between land and water as methane, dissolved organic carbon, dissolved inorganic carbon, particulate inorganic carbon and particulate organic carbon.

text: The permafrost carbon cycle (Arctic Carbon Cycle) deals with the transfer of carbon from permafrost soils to terrestrial vegetation and microbes, to

text: the atmosphere

text: , back to vegetation, and finally back to permafrost soils through burial and sedimentation due to cryogenic processes. Some of this carbon is transferred to the ocean and other portions of the globe through the global carbon cycle. The cycle includes the exchange of

text: carbon dioxide

text: and

text: methane

text: between terrestrial components and the atmosphere, as well as the transfer of carbon between land and water as methane,

text: dissolved organic carbon

text: dissolved inorganic carbon

text: , particulate inorganic carbon and particulate organic carbon.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: cryogenic processes

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: particulate inorganic carbon

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: burial

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: global carbon cycle

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: transfer of carbon between land and water

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: methane,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: burial

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: burial and sedimentation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: global carbon cycle.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: The permafrost carbon cycle

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: cryogenic processes.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: cryogenic processes.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The permafrost carbon cycle

text: Phosphates move quickly through plants and animals; however, the processes that move them through the soil or ocean are very slow, making the phosphorus cycle overall one of the slowest biogeochemical cycles.

text: Phosphates move quickly through plants and animals; however, the processes that move them through the soil or ocean are very slow, making the phosphorus cycle overall one of the slowest biogeochemical cycles.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: ocean

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: biogeochemical cycles

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: phosphorus cycle

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Phosphates

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Phosphates

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: phosphorus cycle

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Phosphates

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: biogeochemical cycles.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Phosphates

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Phosphates

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Phosphates

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Phosphates

text: The most abundant compound in all plants, as in all cellular organisms, is water which serves an important structural role and a vital role in plant metabolism.  Transpiration is the main process of water movement within plant tissues. Water is constantly transpired from the plant through its stomata to the atmosphere and replaced by soil water taken up by the roots. The movement of water out of the leaf stomata creates  a transpiration pull or tension in the water column in the xylem vessels or tracheids. The pull is the result of water surface tension within the cell walls of the mesophyll cells, from the surfaces of which evaporation takes place when the stomata are open. Hydrogen bonds exist between water molecules, causing them to line up; as the molecules at the top of the plant evaporate, each pulls the next one up to replace it, which in turn pulls on the next one in line. The draw of water upwards may be entirely passive and can be assisted by the movement of water into the roots via osmosis. Consequently, transpiration requires very little energy to be used by the plant. Transpiration assists the plant in absorbing nutrients from the soil as soluble salts.

text: The most abundant

text: compound

text: in all plants, as in all cellular organisms, is

text: water

text: which serves an important structural role and a vital role in plant metabolism.

text: Transpiration

text: is the main process of water movement within plant tissues. Water is constantly transpired from the plant through its

text: stomata

text: to the atmosphere and replaced by soil water taken up by the roots. The movement of water out of the leaf stomata creates  a transpiration pull or tension in the water column in the xylem vessels or tracheids. The pull is the result of water

text: surface tension

text: within the cell walls of the mesophyll cells, from the surfaces of which evaporation takes place when the stomata are open.

text: Hydrogen bonds

text: exist between

text: water

text: molecule

text: s, causing them to line up; as the molecules at the top of the plant evaporate, each pulls the next one up to replace it, which in turn pulls on the next one in line. The draw of water upwards may be entirely passive and can be assisted by the movement of water into the roots via

text: osmosis

text: . Consequently, transpiration requires very little energy to be used by the plant. Transpiration assists the plant in absorbing nutrients from the soil as soluble

text: salts

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Transpiration is the main process of water movement within plant tissues

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: as the molecules at the top of the plant evaporate

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Transpiration

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Transpiration

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: molecules at the top of the plant

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Transpiration

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: soil water taken up by the roots.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: osmosis.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The most abundant compound in all plants, as in all cellular organisms,

text: Martin Next Generation Solar Energy Center is the solar parabolic-trough component of an integrated solar combined cycle 1150 MW plant, in western Martin County, Florida, just north of Indiantown, built by Florida Power & Light Company (FPL). The ISCC plant is part of the Martin Plant site which consists of 5 units. Unit 1 & Unit 2 are 800 MW steam electric generating units that use natural gas and low-sulfur residual oil. Unit 3 & Unit 4 are 500 MW natural gas-fired combined cycle units. Unit 8 is a natural gas fired 4-on-1 combined cycle unit with a nominal capacity of 1150 MW. Light oil is used as backup. Unit 8, placed into commercial operation in 2005, is integrated with the solar plant. Unit 8 features four 170 MW gas turbines, one 470 MW steam turbine, and a single condenser and cooling tower.The single solar field circuit heats 4 steam generators, after each gas turbine. The Martin solar thermal facility is designed to provide steam for FPL's existing Martin Unit 8 combined cycle unit, thus reducing FPL's use of natural gas. No additional capacity (MW) will result from the operation of the solar thermal facility.The Solar Energy Center has an array of approximately 190,000-mirror parabolic troughs on about  of the Martin County plant.The solar collectors feed heat to the existing steam plant, generating electricity at a rate of 155,000 MWh per year. The 2012 solar-derived production was about 89,000 MWh of power, according to records filed with the state’s Public Service Commission, which was 42% less than projected when the plant got approval.Lauren Engineers & Constructors (Abilene, TX) was the EPC contractor for the project. Construction began in 2008 and was completed by the end of 2010.

text: Martin Next Generation Solar Energy Center is the solar

text: parabolic-trough

text: component of an

text: integrated solar combined cycle

text: 1150 MW plant, in western

text: Martin County, Florida

text: , just north of

text: Indiantown

text: , built by

text: Florida Power & Light Company

text: (FPL). The ISCC plant is part of the Martin Plant site which consists of 5 units. Unit 1 & Unit 2 are 800 MW steam electric generating units that use natural gas and low-sulfur residual oil. Unit 3 & Unit 4 are 500 MW natural gas-fired combined cycle units. Unit 8 is a natural gas fired 4-on-1 combined cycle unit with a nominal capacity of 1150 MW. Light oil is used as backup. Unit 8, placed into commercial operation in 2005, is integrated with the solar plant. Unit 8 features four 170 MW gas turbines, one 470 MW steam turbine, and a single condenser and cooling tower.The single solar field circuit heats 4 steam generators, after each gas turbine. The Martin solar thermal facility is designed to provide steam for FPL's existing Martin Unit 8 combined cycle unit, thus reducing FPL's use of natural gas. No additional capacity (MW) will result from the operation of the solar thermal facility.The Solar Energy Center has an array of approximately 190,000-mirror

text: parabolic trough

text: s on about  of the Martin County plant.The solar collectors feed heat to the existing steam plant, generating electricity at a rate of 155,000

text: MWh

text: per year. The 2012 solar-derived production was about 89,000 MWh of power, according to records filed with the state’s Public Service Commission, which was 42% less than projected when the plant got approval.

text: Lauren Engineers & Constructors

text: (Abilene, TX) was the

text: EPC

text: contractor for the project. Construction began in 2008 and was completed by the end of 2010.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices .

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: solar field circuit heats 4 steam generators, after each gas turbine

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: solar combined cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: None of the above choices are true

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: plant.The solar collectors feed heat to the existing steam plant,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: solar thermal

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: reducing FPL's use of natural gas.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: tower.The single solar field circuit heats 4 steam generators,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: solar thermal facility.The

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: solar thermal facility.The

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: plant.The solar collectors feed heat to the existing steam plant,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: reducing FPL's use of natural gas.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: 2012

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: 8 combined cycle unit,

text: Trinity River Division is the second large CVP department for the northern Sacramento Valley. The primary purpose of the division is to divert water from the Trinity River into the Sacramento River drainage downstream of Shasta Dam in order to provide more flow in the Sacramento River and generating peaking power in the process. Trinity Dam forms Trinity Lake, the second largest CVP water-storage reservoir, with just over half the capacity of Shasta and a generating capacity of 140 MW. Lewiston Dam, downstream of Trinity Dam, diverts water into the Clear Creek Tunnel, which travels to empty into a third reservoir, Whiskeytown Lake on Clear Creek, a tributary of the Sacramento River, generating 154 MW of power in the process. Whiskeytown Lake (formed by Clair. A Hill Whiskeytown Dam) in turn provides water to the Spring Creek Tunnel, which travels into the lowermost extreme of Spring Creek, a stream that flows into Keswick Reservoir, generating another 180 MW of electricity. From there the water from the Trinity River empties into Keswick Reservoir and the Sacramento River. In 1963, the Spring Creek Debris Dam was constructed just upstream of the outlet of the Spring Creek Tunnel, to prevent acid mine drainage from the Iron Mountain Mine from continuing downstream and contaminating the river.

text: Trinity River Division is the second large CVP department for the northern Sacramento Valley. The primary purpose of the division is to divert water from the

text: Trinity River

text: into the Sacramento River drainage downstream of Shasta Dam in order to provide more flow in the Sacramento River and generating

text: peaking power

text: in the process.

text: Trinity Dam

text: forms

text: Trinity Lake

text: , the second largest CVP water-storage reservoir, with just over half the capacity of Shasta and a generating capacity of 140 MW.

text: Lewiston Dam

text: , downstream of Trinity Dam, diverts water into the Clear Creek Tunnel, which travels to empty into a third reservoir,

text: Whiskeytown Lake

text: on

text: Clear Creek

text: , a tributary of the Sacramento River, generating 154 MW of power in the process. Whiskeytown Lake (formed by Clair. A Hill Whiskeytown Dam) in turn provides water to the Spring Creek Tunnel, which travels into the lowermost extreme of Spring Creek, a stream that flows into Keswick Reservoir, generating another 180 MW of electricity. From there the water from the Trinity River empties into Keswick Reservoir and the Sacramento River. In 1963, the

text: Spring Creek Debris Dam

text: was constructed just upstream of the outlet of the Spring Creek Tunnel, to prevent

text: acid mine drainage

text: from the

text: Iron Mountain Mine

text: from continuing downstream and contaminating the river.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: generating peaking power in the process

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: What kind of weather does Trinity River Division experience?

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Trinity Lake

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: water cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: What is Trinity Lake?

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: generating peaking power

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: generating peaking power

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Whiskeytown Lake

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: generating peaking power

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: flow in the Sacramento River and generating peaking power

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Trinity Lake,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Trinity River Division is the second large CVP department for the northern Sacramento Valley.

text: The Water Framework Directive stipulates that groundwater must achieve “good quantitative status” and “good chemical status” (i.e. not polluted) by 2015. Groundwater bodies are classified as either "good" or "poor".

text: The Water Framework Directive stipulates that

text: groundwater

text: must achieve “good quantitative status” and “good chemical status” (i.e. not polluted) by 2015. Groundwater bodies are classified as either "good" or "poor".

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: groundwater bodies

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Groundwater bodies are classified as either "good" or "poor".

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: The Water Framework Directive

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: The Water Framework Directive

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: The Water Framework Directive

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: "poor".

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Groundwater bodies are classified as either "good" or "poor".

text: The iron oxide cycle is a series of thermochemical processes used to produce hydrogen. The iron oxide cycle consists of two chemical reactions whose net reactant is water and whose net products are hydrogen and oxygen. All other chemicals are recycled. The iron oxide process requires an efficient source of heat.

text: The

text: iron oxide cycle

text: is a series of

text: thermochemical

text: processes used to

text: produce hydrogen

text: . The iron oxide cycle consists of two

text: chemical reaction

text: s whose net reactant is

text: water

text: and whose net products are

text: hydrogen

text: and

text: oxygen

text: . All other chemicals are recycled. The iron oxide process requires an efficient source of heat.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the iron oxide cycle

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: hydrogen.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: iron oxide cycle

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: The iron oxide cycle

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: iron oxide cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The iron oxide cycle

text: Many soil bacteria possess the enzyme urease, which catalyzes conversion of urea to ammonia (NH) or ammonium ion (NH⁺) and bicarbonate ion (HCO₃⁻). Thus urea fertilizers rapidly transform to the ammonium form in soils. Among the soil bacteria known to carry urease, some ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB), such as species of Nitrosomonas, can also assimilate the carbon dioxide the reaction releases to make biomass via the Calvin Cycle, and harvest energy by oxidizing ammonia (the other product of urease) to nitrite, a process termed  nitrification.  Nitrite-oxidizing bacteria, especially Nitrobacter, oxidize nitrite to nitrate, which is extremely mobile in soils because of its negative charge and is a major cause of water pollution from agriculture.  Ammonium and nitrate are readily absorbed by plants, and are the dominant sources of nitrogen for plant growth.  Urea is also used in many multi-component solid fertilizer formulations.  Urea is highly soluble in water and is therefore also very suitable for use in fertilizer solutions (in combination with ammonium nitrate: UAN), e.g., in 'foliar feed' fertilizers. For fertilizer use, granules are preferred over prills because of their narrower particle size distribution, which is an advantage for mechanical application.

text: Many

text: soil

text: bacteria possess the enzyme

text: urease

text: , which

text: catalyzes

text: conversion of urea to

text: ammonia

text: (NH) or

text: ammonium

text: ion (NH⁺) and

text: bicarbonate

text: ion (HCO₃⁻). Thus urea fertilizers rapidly transform to the ammonium form in soils. Among the soil bacteria known to carry urease, some

text: ammonia-oxidizing bacteria

text: (AOB), such as species of

text: Nitrosomonas

text: , can also assimilate the carbon dioxide the reaction releases to make

text: biomass

text: via the

text: Calvin Cycle

text: , and harvest energy by oxidizing ammonia (the other product of urease) to

text: nitrite

text: , a process termed

text: nitrification

text: .  Nitrite-oxidizing bacteria, especially

text: Nitrobacter

text: , oxidize nitrite to

text: nitrate

text: , which is extremely mobile in soils because of its negative

text: charge

text: and is a major cause of

text: water pollution from agriculture

text: .  Ammonium and nitrate are readily absorbed by plants, and are the dominant sources of nitrogen for

text: plant growth

text: .  Urea is also used in many multi-component solid fertilizer formulations.  Urea is highly soluble in water and is therefore also very suitable for use in fertilizer solutions (in combination with

text: ammonium nitrate

text: UAN

text: ), e.g., in 'foliar feed' fertilizers. For fertilizer use, granules are preferred over prills because of their narrower particle size distribution, which is an advantage for mechanical application.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water pollution

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: oxidize nitrite to nitrate,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: nitrification.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water pollution

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Calvin Cycle,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Calvin Cycle,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Calvin Cycle,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Ammonium and nitrate are readily absorbed by plants,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Calvin Cycle,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Calvin Cycle,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: water pollution from agriculture.

text: In a naturally aspirated engine, air for combustion (diesel cycle in a diesel engine, or specific types of Otto cycle in gasoline engines – namely gasoline direct injection), or an air/fuel mixture (traditional Otto cycle petrol engines) is drawn into the engines cylinders by atmospheric pressure acting against a partial vacuum that occurs as the piston travels downwards toward bottom dead centre during the intake stroke.  Owing to innate restriction in the engine's inlet tract which includes the intake manifold, a small pressure drop occurs as air is drawn in, resulting in a volumetric efficiency of less than 100 percent – and a less than complete air charge in the cylinder.  The density of the air charge, and therefore the engine's maximum theoretical power output, in addition to being influenced by induction system restriction, is also affected by engine speed and atmospheric pressure, the latter which decreases as the operating altitude increases.

text: In a naturally aspirated engine, air for combustion (

text: diesel cycle

text: in a

text: diesel engine

text: , or specific types of

text: Otto cycle

text: in gasoline engines – namely

text: gasoline direct injection

text: ), or an air/fuel mixture (traditional Otto cycle petrol engines) is drawn into the engines

text: cylinders

text: by atmospheric pressure acting against a

text: partial vacuum

text: that occurs as the

text: piston

text: travels downwards toward

text: bottom dead centre

text: during the intake

text: stroke

text: .  Owing to innate restriction in the engine's inlet tract which includes the

text: intake manifold

text: , a small pressure drop occurs as air is drawn in, resulting in a

text: volumetric efficiency

text: of less than 100 percent – and a less than complete air charge in the cylinder.  The density of the air charge, and therefore the engine's maximum theoretical

text: power output

text: , in addition to being influenced by induction system restriction, is also affected by engine speed and atmospheric pressure, the latter which decreases as the operating

text: altitude

text: increases.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: piston travels downwards toward bottom dead centre during the intake stroke

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: decreases

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: atmospheric pressure

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: naturally aspirated engine,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: atmospheric pressure

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: piston travels downwards toward bottom dead centre during the intake stroke.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: naturally aspirated engine,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: air for combustion (diesel cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: a volumetric efficiency of less than 100 percent

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: atmospheric pressure,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: In a naturally aspirated engine,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: In a naturally aspirated engine,

text: Remediation began in 2005 after production of chlorinated solvents by ICI over many years resulted in significant contamination of the  aquifer, a high quality sand aquifer located below the eastern suburbs of Sydney, New South Wales. The main chemical contaminant found in groundwater around the old ICI site is EDC (1,2-dichloroethane), a persistent organic pollutant and byproduct of the manufacture of PVC. Orica has built an A$167 million Groundwater Treatment Plant (GTP) to achieve containment of this contamination and provide high quality industrial water to Botany Industrial Park. Water produced by Orica's GTP saves Sydney's potable water supply around  per day (approx 0.5% of Sydney's water demand). Residents in the area were banned from accessing the groundwater. Orica estimated in 2012 that the GTP had been in operation for seven years of its 30year design life cycle.

text: Remediation began in 2005 after production of chlorinated solvents by ICI over many years resulted in significant contamination of the

text: aquifer

text: , a high quality sand aquifer located below the eastern suburbs of

text: Sydney

text: New South Wales

text: . The main chemical contaminant found in groundwater around the old ICI site is EDC (

text: ), a

text: persistent organic pollutant

text: and byproduct of the manufacture of

text: PVC

text: . Orica has built an A$167 million Groundwater Treatment Plant (GTP) to achieve containment of this contamination and provide high quality industrial water to Botany Industrial Park. Water produced by Orica's GTP saves Sydney's potable water supply around  per day (approx 0.5% of Sydney's water demand). Residents in the area were banned from accessing the groundwater. Orica estimated in 2012 that the GTP had been in operation for seven years of its 30year design life cycle.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Groundwater Treatment Plant

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the manufacture of PVC

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: byproduct of the manufacture of PVC.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Groundwater Treatment Plant

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: contamination of the aquifer,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: EDC

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Groundwater Treatment Plant

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Groundwater Treatment Plant

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: A$167 million Groundwater Treatment Plant

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: contamination of the aquifer,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Sydney's potable water supply around per day

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Remediation began in 2005

text: When water freezes, the volume of water increases by 9%. When the volumetric moisture content exceeds 91%, than the volume increase of water in the pores of the material caused by freezing cannot be absorbed by sufficient empty pores. This causes an increase in the internal pressure. If this pressure exceeds the tensile strength of the material, than micro cracks occur. Visible frost damage occurs after an accumulation of micro cracks as a result of several freeze-thaw-cycles.

text: When water freezes, the volume of

text: water

text: increases by 9%. When the volumetric moisture content exceeds 91%, than the volume increase of water in the

text: pore

text: s of the material caused by freezing cannot be absorbed by sufficient empty pores. This causes an increase in the internal pressure. If this pressure exceeds the

text: tensile strength

text: of the material, than micro cracks occur. Visible frost damage occurs after an accumulation of micro cracks as a result of several freeze-thaw-cycles.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: increase in the internal pressure

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: freezes

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Micro cracks

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: decreases

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: increase in the internal pressure.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: freezes,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: When water freezes,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: When water freezes, the volume of water increases by 9%.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: freeze-thaw-cycles.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: freeze-thaw-cycles.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: 9%.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: increase in the internal pressure.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: When water freezes, the volume of water increases by 9%.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: When water freezes, the volume of water increases by 9%.

text: For the purpose of administering water rights, California categorizes groundwater as either a subterranean stream flowing through a known and definite channel or percolating groundwater.  Groundwater that is a subterranean stream is subject to the same water right permitting requirements as surface water.  California has no statewide water right permit process for regulating the use of percolating groundwater.  A subterranean stream meets the following four characteristics:  (1) A subsurface channel must be present; (2) The channel must have relatively impermeable bed and banks; (3) The course of the channel must be known or capable of being determined by reasonable inference; and (4) Groundwater must be flowing in the channel.

text: For the purpose of administering water rights, California categorizes

text: groundwater

text: as either a subterranean stream flowing through a known and definite channel or percolating groundwater.  Groundwater that is a subterranean stream is subject to the same water right permitting requirements as surface water.  California has no statewide water right permit process for regulating the use of percolating groundwater.  A subterranean stream meets the following four characteristics:  (1) A subsurface channel must be present; (2) The channel must have relatively impermeable bed and banks; (3) The course of the channel must be known or capable of being determined by reasonable inference; and (4) Groundwater must be flowing in the channel.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: percolating groundwater

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: percolation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Groundwater must be flowing in the channel.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: surface water.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: The channel must have relatively impermeable bed and banks;

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: percolating groundwater.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: percolating groundwater.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: subterranean stream

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: California categorizes groundwater

text: The obvious cause of the drought is that there is a lack of rainfall. With significantly less rainfall than usual, small rivers have been drying up, and less water is being given to farmers to grow their crops. Over the last eleven years, only two years have reached the 14.77 inch per year average, so the current drought has been an ongoing issue that has only recently intensified. In the San Joaquin Valley, there are several seasonal rivers and streams controlled by the amount of water let out by California’s vast dam system, but some of these seasonal waterways have been dry for several years now. This is because of a huge lack of water in the reservoirs, so water cannot be let out if it is not there. One issue that many Californians have with this process of letting water out of the reservoirs is that billions of gallons of water are let out during the spring, leaving reservoirs depleted in the hotter and drier months of the year. While some would argue that this is wasteful, it is actually necessary to leave room for snow runoff to fill the lakes because of a scenario where the reservoir could potentially flood after heavy rainfall or unseasonably warm days melting off more snow than expected. Major storms could raise the water level in reservoirs by more than ten percent, so some lakes will only allow the lake to be as high as 60 percent during winter months.  Also, there are more reservoirs downstream of Fresno that need to be filled in order to provide water for the southern parts of California that rarely receive rain either. For these reasons, it becomes essential to continue to let water out of the reservoirs, even during this severe drought.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: lack of water in the reservoirs

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: what kind of precipitation is mentioned?

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: melting off more snow

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: water cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: a huge lack of water in the reservoirs,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: winter months.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: rainfall.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: snow runoff

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: drying up,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: rainfall.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: spring,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: melting off more snow than expected.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: snow runoff

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: less water is being given to farmers to grow their crops.

text: The above goals will be achieved by researching and providing this fish's survival needs. Some strategies, listed in the recovery plan, include: three- to five-year censuses near and in selected breeding habitats to determine and monitor populations; analyses of water quality and other characteristics in breeding and nonbreeding habitats; and research on the darter's reproductive and life cycles. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service is also continuing to coordinate with the Soil Conservation Service to protect slackwater darter habitat in the Cypress Creek drainage, Tennessee.

text: The above goals will be achieved by researching and providing this fish's survival needs. Some strategies, listed in the recovery plan, include: three- to five-year censuses near and in selected breeding habitats to determine and monitor populations; analyses of water quality and other characteristics in breeding and nonbreeding habitats; and research on the darter's reproductive and life cycles. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service is also continuing to coordinate with the Soil Conservation Service to protect slackwater darter habitat in the Cypress Creek drainage, Tennessee.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: research on the darter's reproductive and life cycles

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: water quality and other characteristics in breeding and nonbreeding habitats;

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: slackwater

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water quality

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: three- to five-year censuses

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: three- to five-year censuses

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: reproductive and life cycles.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Soil Conservation Service

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: fish's survival needs.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: three- to five-year censuses

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Cypress Creek drainage, Tennessee.

text: In a process termed “solar modulation” the Sun and solar wind alter the intensity and energy spectrum of Galactic cosmic rays that enter the solar system. When the Sun is active, fewer Galactic cosmic rays reach Earth than during times when the Sun is quiet. For this reason, Galactic cosmic rays follow an 11-year cycle like the Sun, but in the opposite direction: High solar activity corresponds to low cosmic rays, and vice versa.

text: In a process termed “solar modulation” the Sun and

text: solar wind

text: alter the intensity and energy spectrum of Galactic cosmic rays that enter the

text: solar system

text: . When the Sun is active, fewer Galactic cosmic rays reach Earth than during times when the Sun is quiet. For this reason, Galactic cosmic rays follow an 11-year cycle like the Sun, but in the opposite direction: High solar activity corresponds to low cosmic rays, and vice versa.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: low cosmic rays

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: solar modulation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: What can be stored in snow and ice?

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: “solar modulation”

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: “solar modulation”

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: “solar modulation”

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: “solar modulation” the Sun and solar wind

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: “solar modulation”

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: “solar modulation”

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: “solar modulation”

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: “solar modulation”

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: “solar modulation”

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: In a process termed “solar modulation”

text: Solar energy is radiant light and heat from the Sun that is harnessed using a range of ever-evolving technologies such as solar heating, photovoltaics, solar thermal energy, solar architecture, molten salt power plants and artificial photosynthesis.

text: Solar energy is radiant

text: light

text: and

text: heat

text: from the

text: Sun

text: that is harnessed using a range of ever-evolving technologies such as

text: solar heating

text: photovoltaics

text: solar thermal energy

text: solar architecture

text: molten salt power plant

text: s and

text: artificial photosynthesis

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: none of the above choices

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: artificial photosynthesis

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: photosynthesis

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Solar energy

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: molten salt power plants and artificial photosynthesis.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Solar energy

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: molten salt power plants

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: photosynthesis.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Solar energy

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Solar energy

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Solar energy

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Solar energy

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Solar energy

text: More significantly, bog ore is a renewable resource when mined and utilized with care. It is produced when rain water leaches out humic and tannic acids and carbon dioxide, which is produced as a part of the natural life-cycle of microorganisms in the soil. Part of this leachate consists of iron particles from deeper in the soil. As the water passes through these areas of loamy soil, also called marl, it deposits a solution of iron carbonate which rises up to the surface. This iron carbonate then combines with the surface soil and, over time, hardens into a solid mass. This process only takes about 25 to 35 years, making it an ideal, almost perpetual resource for industry but only if treated with respect. If the ore bed is left undeveloped and unpolluted, the beds can be mined indefinitely. Farther south in New Jersey, the operators of furnaces were forced to purchase ore from Staten Island, New York, because the ore beds had been over-mined.

text: More significantly, bog ore is a renewable resource when mined and utilized with care. It is produced when rain water leaches out humic and

text: tannic acid

text: s and

text: carbon dioxide

text: , which is produced as a part of the natural life-cycle of microorganisms in the soil. Part of this

text: leachate

text: consists of iron particles from deeper in the soil. As the water passes through these areas of loamy soil, also called marl, it deposits a solution of iron carbonate which rises up to the surface. This iron carbonate then combines with the surface soil and, over time, hardens into a solid mass. This process only takes about 25 to 35 years, making it an ideal, almost perpetual resource for industry but only if treated with respect. If the ore bed is left undeveloped and unpolluted, the beds can be mined indefinitely. Farther south in New Jersey, the operators of furnaces were forced to purchase ore from

text: Staten Island, New York

text: , because the ore beds had been over-mined.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: it deposits a solution of iron carbonate

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: a solution of iron carbonate which rises up to the surface

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: humic and tannic acids and carbon dioxide,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: carbon dioxide,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: rain water

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: iron carbonate

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: carbon dioxide,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: natural life-cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: rain water

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: bog ore is a renewable resource

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: iron carbonate

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: bog ore is a renewable resource when mined and utilized with care.

text: The lake is normally fed by surface runoff and underwater springs; there are no permanent inflow streams. Several ephemeral streams discharge into Mud Bay, however. During high water conditions, the lake outflows into Puslinch Lake Creek, which is a part of the Grand River drainage basin. There is a channel connecting Puslinch Lake to Little Lake, located to the northeast. However, it is devoid of moving water, except for high water conditions.

text: The lake is normally fed by

text: surface runoff

text: and underwater springs; there are no permanent inflow streams. Several

text: ephemeral stream

text: s discharge into Mud Bay, however. During high water conditions, the lake outflows into Puslinch Lake Creek, which is a part of the

text: Grand River

text: drainage basin

text: . There is a channel connecting Puslinch Lake to Little Lake, located to the northeast. However, it is devoid of moving water, except for high water conditions.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: surface runoff and underwater springs

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: ephemeral

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: underwater springs

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: water cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: surface runoff and underwater springs;

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: high water conditions,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: ephemeral

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: ephemeral streams discharge into Mud Bay,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: surface runoff

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: surface runoff

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no permanent inflow streams.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: surface runoff

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: ephemeral streams discharge into Mud Bay,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Puslinch Lake Creek,

text: Power cycles can also be divided according to the type of heat engine they seek to model. The most common cycles used to model internal combustion engines are the Otto cycle, which models gasoline engines, and the Diesel cycle, which models diesel engines. Cycles that model external combustion engines include the Brayton cycle, which models gas turbines, the Rankine cycle, which models steam turbines, the Stirling cycle, which models hot air engines, and the Ericsson cycle, which also models hot air engines.

text: Power cycles can also be divided according to the type of heat engine they seek to model. The most common cycles used to model

text: internal combustion engines

text: are the

text: Otto cycle

text: , which models

text: gasoline engine

text: s, and the

text: Diesel cycle

text: , which models

text: diesel engines

text: . Cycles that model

text: external combustion engines

text: include the

text: Brayton cycle

text: , which models

text: gas turbines

text: , the

text: Rankine cycle

text: , which models

text: steam turbines

text: , the

text: Stirling cycle

text: , which models

text: hot air engines

text: , and the

text: Ericsson cycle

text: , which also models

text: hot air engines

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the Rankine cycle

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Power cycles

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: steam turbines,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Power cycles can also be divided according to the type of heat engine

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Rankine cycle, which models steam turbines,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: combustion engines

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Power cycles

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Rankine cycle, which models steam turbines,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Power cycles

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: The most common cycles used to model internal combustion engines

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Power cycles

text: The ISS has two water recovery systems. Zvezda contains a water recovery system that processes water vapor from the atmosphere that could be used for drinking in an emergency but is normally fed to the Elektron system to produce oxygen. The American segment has a Water Recovery System installed during STS-126 that can process water vapour collected from the atmosphere and urine into water that is intended for drinking. The Water Recovery System was installed initially in Destiny on a temporary basis in November 2008 and moved into Tranquility (Node 3) in February 2010.

text: The ISS has two water recovery systems.

text: Zvezda

text: contains a

text: water

text: recovery system that processes water vapor from the atmosphere that could be used for drinking in an emergency but is normally fed to the Elektron system to produce

text: oxygen

text: . The American segment has a Water Recovery System installed during

text: that can process water vapour collected from the atmosphere and

text: urine

text: into water that is intended for drinking. The Water Recovery System was installed initially in

text: Destiny

text: on a temporary basis in November 2008 and moved into

text: Tranquility

text: (Node 3) in February 2010.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: The ISS

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: vapor

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: The ISS has two water recovery systems

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: water vapor from the atmosphere

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: water vapor

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Elektron system to produce oxygen.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: vapor

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water vapor from the atmosphere

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Elektron system to produce oxygen.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: oxygen.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: recovery systems.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: ISS has two water recovery systems.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: water recovery systems.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: water vapor from the atmosphere that could be used for drinking in an emergency

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The ISS has two water recovery systems.

text: In terms of local topography, kauri is far from randomly dispersed. As mentioned above, kauri relies on depriving its competitors of nutrition in order to survive. However, one important consideration not discussed thus far is the slope of the land. Water on hills flows downward by the action of gravity, taking with it the nutrients in the soil. This results in a gradient from nutrient poor soil at the top of slopes to nutrient rich soils below. As nutrients leached are replaced by aqueous nitrates and phosphates from above, the kauri tree is less able to inhibit the growth of strong competitors such as angiosperms. In contrast, the leaching process is only enhanced on higher elevation. In Waipoua Forest this is reflected in higher abundances of kauri on ridge crests, and greater concentrations of its main competitors, such as taraire are found at low elevations. This pattern is known as niche partitioning, and allows more than one species to occupy the same area. Those species which live alongside kauri include tawari, a montane broadleaf tree which is normally found in higher altitudes, where nutrient cycling is naturally slow.

text: In terms of local

text: topography

text: , kauri is far from randomly dispersed. As mentioned above, kauri relies on depriving its competitors of nutrition in order to survive. However, one important consideration not discussed thus far is the slope of the land. Water on hills flows downward by the action of gravity, taking with it the nutrients in the soil. This results in a gradient from nutrient poor soil at the top of slopes to nutrient rich soils below. As nutrients leached are replaced by aqueous nitrates and phosphates from above, the kauri tree is less able to inhibit the growth of strong competitors such as angiosperms. In contrast, the leaching process is only enhanced on higher elevation. In Waipoua Forest this is reflected in higher abundances of kauri on ridge crests, and greater concentrations of its main competitors, such as

text: taraire

text: are found at low elevations. This pattern is known as

text: niche partitioning

text: , and allows more than one species to occupy the same area. Those species which live alongside kauri include

text: tawari

text: , a montane broadleaf tree which is normally found in higher altitudes, where

text: nutrient cycling

text: is naturally slow.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: gravity

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: What types of precipitation are examples of this?

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Water on hills flows downward by the action of gravity

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: What can water stored in snow and ice?

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: gravity,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: gravity,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Water

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: niche partitioning,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: leaching

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: gravity,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Water on hills flows downward by the action of gravity,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: gravity,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Water on hills flows downward by the action of gravity,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: nutrients in the soil.

text: In 1994, the second Biosphere album, Patashnik (allegedly Russian - however this is a typo, the correct word is popuchik(попутчик) for "traveller" or "goner"), was released. Through Patashnik, Jenssen continued to explore his ambient-house stylings to an even greater extent. Patashnik contained the first hints of the reduction in beat-driven song structure that would mark later Biosphere releases. Unlike the first album, Patashnik was quickly picked up by a comparatively large international audience, which brought Biosphere greater recognition. Jenssen also recorded as Cosmic Explorer, scoring a hit in Belgium with the EP The Hubble.

text: In 1994, the second Biosphere album,

text: Patashnik

text: (allegedly

text: Russian

text: - however this is a typo, the correct word is popuchik(попутчик) for "traveller" or "goner"), was released. Through Patashnik, Jenssen continued to explore his ambient-house stylings to an even greater extent. Patashnik contained the first hints of the reduction in beat-driven song structure that would mark later Biosphere releases. Unlike the first album, Patashnik was quickly picked up by a comparatively large international audience, which brought Biosphere greater recognition. Jenssen also recorded as Cosmic Explorer, scoring a hit in Belgium with the

text: EP

text: The Hubble.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: beat-driven song structure

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: biosphere

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: beat-driven song structure

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: reduction in beat-driven song structure

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: reduction in beat-driven song structure

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: beat-driven song structure

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: popuchik(

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: popuchik(

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: The Hubble.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: The Hubble.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: popuchik(

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The Hubble.

text: Geobiology is a field of scientific research that explores the interactions between the physical Earth and the biosphere. It is a relatively young field, and its borders are fluid. There is considerable overlap with the fields of ecology, evolutionary biology, microbiology, paleontology, and particularly biogeochemistry. Geobiology applies the principles and methods of biology and geology to the study of the ancient history of the co-evolution of life and Earth as well as the role of life in the modern world. Geobiologic studies tend to be focused on microorganisms, and on the role that life plays in altering the chemical and physical environment of the lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere and/or cryosphere. It differs from biogeochemistry in that the focus is on processes and organisms over space and time rather than on global chemical cycles.

text: Geobiology is a field of

text: scientific research

text: that explores the interactions between the physical

text: Earth

text: and the

text: biosphere

text: . It is a relatively young field, and its borders are fluid. There is considerable overlap with the fields of

text: ecology

text: evolutionary biology

text: microbiology

text: paleontology

text: , and particularly

text: biogeochemistry

text: . Geobiology applies the principles and methods of biology and geology to the study of the ancient history of the co-evolution of life and Earth as well as the role of life in the modern world. Geobiologic studies tend to be focused on

text: microorganism

text: s, and on the role that life plays in altering the chemical and physical environment of the

text: lithosphere

text: atmosphere

text: hydrosphere

text: and/or

text: cryosphere

text: . It differs from biogeochemistry in that the focus is on processes and organisms over space and time rather than on global chemical cycles.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: biogeochemistry

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: cryosphere

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: hydrosphere

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: cryosphere

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: hydrosphere

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrosphere

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: lithosphere

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: What can be stored for future use in snow and ice?

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: microorganisms,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: cryosphere.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: hydrosphere and/or cryosphere.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: cryosphere.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: hydrosphere

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrosphere

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Geobiology

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: hydrosphere

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: cryosphere.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Geobiology

text: Hydrology is the science which studies the water cycle as a whole, hence the water exchanges between soil and atmosphere (precipitation and evaporation) but also between the soil and sub ground (groundwater).

text: Hydrology

text: is the science which studies the

text: water cycle

text: as a whole, hence the water exchanges between soil and atmosphere (

text: precipitation

text: and

text: evaporation

text: ) but also between the soil and sub ground (groundwater).

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Evaporation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Evaporation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrology

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: water evaporates

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: the water exchanges between soil and atmosphere

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporation)

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: (precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: (groundwater).

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: evaporation)

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Hydrology

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Hydrology

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: (precipitation and evaporation)

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: (groundwater).

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Hydrology

text: IUWM is commonly seen as a strategy for achieving the goals of Water Sensitive Urban Design. IUWM seeks to change the impact of urban development on the natural water cycle, based on the premise that by managing the urban water cycle as a whole; a more efficient use of resources can be achieved providing not only economic benefits but also improved social and environmental outcomes.  One approach is to establish an inner, urban, water cycle loop through the implementation of reuse strategies.  Developing this urban water cycle loop requires an understanding both of the natural, pre-development, water balance and the post-development water balance.  Accounting for flows in the pre- and post-development systems is an important step toward limiting urban impacts on the natural water cycle.

text: IUWM is commonly seen as a strategy for achieving the goals of

text: Water Sensitive Urban Design

text: . IUWM seeks to change the impact of

text: urban development

text: on the natural

text: water cycle

text: , based on the premise that by managing the urban water cycle as a whole; a more efficient use of resources can be achieved providing not only economic benefits but also improved social and environmental outcomes.  One approach is to establish an inner, urban, water cycle loop through the implementation of reuse strategies.  Developing this urban water cycle loop requires an understanding both of the natural, pre-development, water balance and the post-development water balance.  Accounting for flows in the pre- and post-development systems is an important step toward limiting urban impacts on the natural water cycle.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: urban development

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: IUWM

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: IUWM

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: natural

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: None of the above choices

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: urban development

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: water cycle,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Water Sensitive Urban Design.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: reuse strategies.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Water Sensitive Urban Design.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Water Sensitive Urban Design.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Water Sensitive Urban Design.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: urban development on the natural water cycle,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Water Sensitive Urban Design.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Water Sensitive Urban Design.

text: Phase I (1990–2002), also called the "Build-Up Phase", was designed to determine the hydrological cycle and energy fluxes by means of global measurements of atmospheric and surface properties. GEWEX was also designed to model the global hydrological cycle and its impact on the atmosphere, oceans and land surfaces. Phase I processes were to develop the ability to predict the variations of global and regional hydrological processes & water resources, and their response to environmental change. It was also to advance the development of observing techniques, data management, and assimilation systems for operational application to long-range weather forecasts, hydrology, and climate predictions.

text: Phase I (1990–2002), also called the "Build-Up Phase", was designed to determine the hydrological cycle and energy fluxes by means of global measurements of atmospheric and surface properties. GEWEX was also designed to model the global hydrological cycle and its impact on the atmosphere, oceans and land surfaces. Phase I processes were to develop the ability to predict the variations of global and regional hydrological processes & water resources, and their response to environmental change. It was also to advance the development of observing techniques, data management, and assimilation systems for operational application to long-range weather forecasts, hydrology, and climate predictions.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: energy fluxes

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: hydrological cycle

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: long-range weather forecasts

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: hydrological cycle

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrological cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: energy fluxes by means of global measurements of atmospheric and surface properties.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: energy fluxes

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: hydrological cycle

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: energy fluxes by means of global measurements of atmospheric and surface properties.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: hydrological cycle

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: "Build-Up Phase", was designed to determine the hydrological cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: "Build-Up Phase", was designed to determine the hydrological cycle

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: hydrological cycle

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: water resources,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Phase I (1990–2002),

text: Diurnal cycles of environmental conditions (light or temperature) can result in similar cycles in dependent biological processes, such as photosynthesis in plants, or clinical depression in humans.  Plant responses to environmental cycles may even induce indirect cycles in rhizosphere microbial activities, including nitrogen fixation.

text: Diurnal cycles of environmental conditions (light or temperature) can result in similar cycles in dependent biological processes, such as photosynthesis in plants, or

text: clinical depression

text: in humans.  Plant responses to environmental cycles may even induce indirect cycles in

text: rhizosphere

text: microbial activities, including

text: nitrogen fixation

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: clinical depression

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: photosynthesis

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: photosynthesis

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: photosynthesis

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Diurnal cycles of environmental conditions

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: clinical depression in humans.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: photosynthesis

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Diurnal

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: photosynthesis

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Diurnal cycles

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: nitrogen fixation.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Diurnal cycles of environmental conditions

text: Photosynthesis systems function by measuring gas exchange of leaves. Atmospheric carbon dioxide is taken up by leaves in the process of photosynthesis, where  is used to generate sugars in a molecular pathway known as the Calvin cycle. This draw-down of  induces more atmospheric  to diffuse through stomata into the air spaces of the leaf. While stoma are open, water vapor can easily diffuse out of plant tissues, a process known as transpiration. It is this exchange of  and water vapor that is measured as a proxy of photosynthetic rate.

text: Photosynthesis systems function by measuring gas exchange of

text: leaves

text: . Atmospheric

text: carbon dioxide

text: is taken up by leaves in the process of

text: photosynthesis

text: , where  is used to generate sugars in a molecular pathway known as the

text: Calvin cycle

text: . This draw-down of  induces more atmospheric  to diffuse through

text: stomata

text: into the air spaces of the leaf. While stoma are open, water vapor can easily diffuse out of plant tissues, a process known as

text: transpiration

text: . It is this exchange of  and water vapor that is measured as a proxy of photosynthetic rate.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: While stoma are open

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: water vapor

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: transpiration.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: transpiration.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water vapor can easily diffuse out of plant tissues,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: water vapor can easily diffuse out of plant tissues,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: transpiration.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: water vapor can easily diffuse out of plant tissues,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: water vapor can easily diffuse out of plant tissues,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: water vapor can easily diffuse out of plant tissues,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: water vapor can easily diffuse out of plant tissues,

text: Agricultural soil scientists study ways to make soils more productive. They classify soils and test them to determine whether they contain nutrients vital to plant growth. Such nutritional substances include compounds of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. If a certain soil is deficient in these substances, fertilizers may provide them. Agricultural soil scientists investigate the movement of nutrients through the soil, and the amount of nutrients absorbed by a plant's roots. Agricultural soil scientists also examine the development of roots and their relation to the soil. Some agricultural soil scientists try to understand the structure and function of soils in relation to soil fertility. They grasp the structure of soil as porous solid. The solid frames of soil consist of mineral derived from the rocks and organic matter originated from the dead bodies of various organisms. The pore space of the soil is essential for the soil to become productive. Small pores serve as water reservoir supplying water to plants and other organisms in the soil during the rain-less period. The water in the small pores of soils is not pure water; they call it soil solution. In soil solution, various plant nutrients derived from minerals and organic matters in the soil are there. This is measured through the cation exchange capacity. Large pores serve as water drainage pipe to allow the excessive water pass through the soil, during the heavy rains. They also serve as air tank to supply oxygen to plant roots  and other living beings in the soil. In short, agricultural soil scientists see the soil as a vessel, the most precious one for us, containing all of the substances needed by the plants and other living beings on earth.

text: Agricultural soil scientists study ways to make

text: soil

text: s more

text: productive

text: . They classify soils and test them to determine whether they contain nutrients vital to plant growth. Such nutritional substances include compounds of

text: nitrogen

text: phosphorus

text: , and

text: potassium

text: . If a certain soil is deficient in these substances,

text: fertilizer

text: s may provide them. Agricultural soil scientists investigate the movement of

text: nutrients

text: through the soil, and the amount of nutrients absorbed by a plant's

text: root

text: s. Agricultural soil scientists also examine the development of roots and their relation to the soil. Some agricultural soil scientists try to understand the structure and function of soils in relation to soil fertility. They grasp the structure of soil as porous solid. The solid frames of soil consist of mineral derived from the rocks and organic matter originated from the dead bodies of various organisms. The pore space of the soil is essential for the soil to become productive. Small pores serve as water reservoir supplying water to plants and other organisms in the soil during the rain-less period. The water in the small pores of soils is not pure water; they call it soil solution. In soil solution, various plant nutrients derived from minerals and organic matters in the soil are there. This is measured through the

text: cation exchange capacity

text: . Large pores serve as water drainage pipe to allow the excessive water pass through the soil, during the heavy rains. They also serve as air tank to supply oxygen to plant roots  and other living beings in the soil. In short, agricultural soil scientists see the soil as a vessel, the most precious one for us, containing all of the substances needed by the plants and other living beings on earth.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Large pores serve as water drainage pipe

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: heavy precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: large pores serve as water drainage pipe

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: soil solution

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Which of the following is NOT true?

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: cation exchange capacity.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: cation exchange capacity.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: heavy rains.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: soil solution.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: oxygen

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: soil solution.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: rain-less period.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rain-less period.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Small pores serve as water reservoir

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: soil solution.

text: Shelton's career at General Electric began in 1948 as an engineer in the GE Home Laundry facility in Trenton, New Jersey. In 1952, Shelton transferred to the new General Electric Appliance Park in Louisville, Kentucky as a Research and Development Engineer when the Trenton Home Laundry division was consolidated there along with GE's other major appliance product lines. His tenure there spanned two decades. While there, his inventions earned 35 patents, primarily related to the drum washing machine, all assigned to GE. His inventions helped create and refine the modern, top-loading, rotating spiral agitator clothes washer. Shelton invented the mechanism to automatically provide the correct water level(s) at a desired water temperature during a washing machine's cycles and an easily removed and cleaned soil trap that strained insoluble dirt and debris as the unit's water was filtered through it during the wash and rinse cycles. GE marketed Shelton's invention as the "Filter-Flo Basket." The unit fit on top of the washing machine's agitator post and rotated during use. Shelton's inventions also included an anti-siphonage inlet system (US 2638112) to avoid back contamination of a water supply, and a drain overflow arrangement for built-in washing machines that provided a safe means of dealing with excess water during operation.

text: Shelton's career at

text: General Electric

text: began in 1948 as an engineer in the GE Home Laundry facility in

text: Trenton, New Jersey

text: . In 1952, Shelton transferred to the new

text: General Electric Appliance Park

text: in

text: Louisville, Kentucky

text: as a Research and Development Engineer when the Trenton Home Laundry division was consolidated there along with GE's other major appliance product lines. His tenure there spanned two decades. While there, his inventions earned 35 patents, primarily related to the drum

text: washing machine

text: , all assigned to GE. His inventions helped create and refine the modern, top-loading, rotating spiral agitator clothes washer. Shelton invented the mechanism to automatically provide the correct water level(s) at a desired water temperature during a washing machine's cycles and an easily removed and cleaned soil trap that strained insoluble dirt and debris as the unit's water was filtered through it during the wash and rinse cycles. GE marketed Shelton's invention as the "Filter-Flo Basket." The unit fit on top of the washing machine's agitator post and rotated during use. Shelton's inventions also included an anti-siphonage inlet system (US 2638112) to avoid back contamination of a water supply, and a drain overflow arrangement for built-in washing machines that provided a safe means of dealing with excess water during operation.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: the mechanism to automatically provide the correct water level(s)

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the unit's water was filtered through it during the wash and rinse cycles

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: rinse cycles

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: automatically provide the correct water level(s) at a desired water temperature

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water supply,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: anti-siphonage inlet system

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: anti-siphonage

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: wash and rinse

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: "Filter-Flo Basket."

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: anti-siphonage inlet system (US 2638112)

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: "Filter-Flo Basket."

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: water supply,

text: The rock cycle  is a basic concept in geology that describes the time-consuming transitions through geologic time among the three main rock types: sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous. As the adjacent diagram illustrates, each of the types of rocks is altered or destroyed when it is forced out of its equilibrium conditions. An igneous rock such as basalt may break down and dissolve when exposed to the atmosphere, or melt as it is subducted under a continent. Due to the driving forces of the rock cycle, plate tectonics and the water cycle, rocks do not remain in equilibrium and are forced to change as they encounter new environments. The rock cycle is an illustration that explains how the three rock types are related to each other, and how processes change from one type to another over time. This cyclical aspect makes rock change a geologic cycle and, on planets containing life, a biogeochemical cycle.

text: The rock cycle  is a basic concept in

text: geology

text: that describes the time-consuming transitions through

text: geologic time

text: among the three main

text: rock

text: types:

text: sedimentary

text: metamorphic

text: , and

text: igneous

text: . As the adjacent diagram illustrates, each of the types of rocks is altered or destroyed when it is forced out of its equilibrium conditions. An igneous rock such as

text: basalt

text: may break down and dissolve when exposed to the

text: atmosphere

text: , or melt as it is

text: subducted

text: under a

text: continent

text: . Due to the driving forces of the rock cycle,

text: plate tectonics

text: and the

text: water cycle

text: , rocks do not remain in equilibrium and are forced to change as they encounter new environments. The rock cycle is an illustration that explains how the three rock types are related to each other, and how processes change from one type to another over time. This cyclical aspect makes rock change a geologic cycle and, on planets containing

text: life

text: , a

text: biogeochemical cycle

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: the water cycle

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water cycle

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: melt as it is subducted under a continent

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: water cycle

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: tectonics

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: the water cycle

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: plate tectonics

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: water cycle,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water cycle,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: melt as it is subducted under a continent.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: water cycle,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: plate tectonics

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: water cycle,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: plate tectonics and the water cycle,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: water cycle,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: water cycle,

text: Before 1842, Toronto's water supply was manually pumped from Lake Ontario, streams and wells.

text: Before 1842, Toronto's water supply was manually pumped from

text: Lake Ontario

text: , streams and wells.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: vaporization

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: sublimation

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Lake Ontario, streams and wells.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: 1842,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Toronto's water supply was manually pumped from Lake Ontario,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: manually pumped

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: pumped

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Lake Ontario,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Lake Ontario,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Lake Ontario,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Before 1842,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Before 1842,

text: The temperature of a body of water directly affects the amount of dissolved oxygen it can hold.  Following Henry’s Law, as water becomes warmer, oxygen becomes less soluble in it.  This property leads to daily anoxic cycles on small geographic scales and seasonal cycles of anoxia on the larger scale.  Thus, bodies of water are more vulnerable to anoxic conditions during warmest period of the day and during the summer months.  This problem can be further exacerbated in the vicinity of industrial discharge where warm water used to cool machinery is less able to hold oxygen than the basin to which it is released.

text: The temperature of a body of water directly affects the amount of dissolved oxygen it can hold.  Following Henry’s Law, as water becomes warmer, oxygen becomes less soluble in it.  This property leads to daily anoxic cycles on small geographic scales and seasonal cycles of anoxia on the larger scale.  Thus, bodies of water are more vulnerable to anoxic conditions during warmest period of the day and during the summer months.  This problem can be further exacerbated in the vicinity of industrial discharge where warm water used to cool machinery is less able to hold oxygen than the basin to which it is released.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: oxygen becomes less soluble in it

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: anoxia

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: as water becomes warmer, oxygen becomes less soluble

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: seasonal cycles

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: oxygen becomes less soluble

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: as water becomes warmer, oxygen becomes less soluble in it.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: warmer, oxygen becomes less soluble in it.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: The temperature of a body of water

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: industrial discharge

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: dissolved oxygen

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: anoxic

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Henry’s Law,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Henry’s Law,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: The temperature of a body of water

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The temperature of a body of water

text: Canterbury Regional Council issues and supervises the most resource consents under the Resource Management Act 1991 of any of the 16 regional councils in New Zealand. In the year ended 30 June 2006, Environment Canterbury processed 3,381 applications, more than double the number processed by any other consent authority (Environment Waikato had the next highest number; 1,384 applications in 2006). By January 2005, Canterbury Regional Council had issued over 14,000 resource consents. The conditions of individual consents can be viewed on line by using the six-digit "CRC" number.	 In October 2004, Canterbury Regional Council had a 'backlog' of unprocessed applications due largely to the notification of applications to take groundwater in highly allocated groundwater zones.	 The 'backlog' or number of applications for consents being processed, is recorded daily on the Environment Canterbury web site. An upward trend appears to have ended in the middle of 2008, with numbers unprocessed slowly declining into 2009. The sharp increase in applications in June 2007 was due to the review of 400 existing resource consents in the Rakaia-Selwyn groundwater allocation zone.

text: Canterbury Regional Council issues and supervises the most

text: resource consent

text: s under the

text: Resource Management Act 1991

text: of any of the 16

text: regional councils

text: in New Zealand. In the year ended 30 June 2006, Environment Canterbury processed 3,381 applications, more than double the number processed by any other consent authority (Environment Waikato had the next highest number; 1,384 applications in 2006). By January 2005, Canterbury Regional Council had issued over 14,000 resource consents. The conditions of individual consents can be viewed on line by using the six-digit "CRC" number.	 In October 2004, Canterbury Regional Council had a 'backlog' of unprocessed applications due largely to the notification of applications to take groundwater in highly allocated groundwater zones.	 The 'backlog' or number of applications for consents being processed, is recorded daily on the Environment Canterbury web site. An upward trend appears to have ended in the middle of 2008, with numbers unprocessed slowly declining into 2009. The sharp increase in applications in June 2007 was due to the review of 400 existing resource consents in the Rakaia-Selwyn groundwater allocation zone.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices are mentioned.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the notification of applications to take groundwater in highly allocated groundwater zones

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: What can water be stored for future use in snow and ice

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: groundwater in highly allocated groundwater zones.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: applications to take groundwater in highly allocated groundwater zones.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: take groundwater

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: groundwater

text: The damming of the streams Szinva and Garadna formed Lake Hámori in Miskolc-Lillafüred around 1770. The highest waterfalls of the country (20 metres high) can be found on the Szinva nearby. It is a major tourist attraction. Since the water of most of the water springs of the stream are fed into the water supply system of the city, and the upper reaches of the stream often run dry in summer, water has to be pumped from the lake for the waterfalls to work. Garadna flows into Szinva about 100 metres after the waterfall.

text: The

text: damming

text: of the streams Szinva and

text: Garadna

text: formed

text: Lake Hámori

text: in

text: Miskolc-Lillafüred

text: around 1770. The highest waterfalls of the country (20 metres high) can be found on the Szinva nearby. It is a major tourist attraction. Since the water of most of the water springs of the stream are fed into the water supply system of the city, and the upper reaches of the stream often run dry in summer, water has to be pumped from the lake for the waterfalls to work. Garadna flows into Szinva about 100 metres after the waterfall.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: the upper reaches of the stream often run dry in summer

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Lake Hámori

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: water supply system

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: the upper reaches of the stream often run dry in summer,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: summer,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: the upper reaches of the stream often run dry in summer,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: The highest waterfalls

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Lake Hámori

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: water springs of the stream are fed into the water supply system

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: the upper reaches of the stream often run dry in summer,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: the upper reaches of the stream often run dry in summer,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: the upper reaches of the stream often run dry in summer,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: 1770.

text: South Australia, Sydney, Sydney Central Courier, Schapelle Corby, Solar Cities in Australia, Solar hot water in Australia, Solar power in Australia, Solar power plants in Central Australia, Solar power station in Victoria, Solar thermal energy in Australia, Seafood in Australia

text: South Australia

text: Sydney

text: Sydney Central Courier

text: Schapelle Corby

text: Solar Cities in Australia

text: Solar hot water in Australia

text: Solar power in Australia

text: Solar power plants in Central Australia

entity_name: Mildura Solar Concentrator Power Station

text: Solar power station in Victoria

text: Solar thermal energy in Australia

text: Seafood in Australia

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: solar thermal energy

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: solar thermal energy

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Australia's climate is prone to extreme weather.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Sydney Central Courier

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Solar thermal energy

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: solar energy

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Sydney

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Sydney Central Courier

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Sydney Central Courier

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Solar hot water

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Solar hot water

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Solar Cities in Australia,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Schapelle Corby,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Solar thermal energy

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Solar Cities in Australia,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Solar Cities in Australia,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Solar Cities in Australia,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Solar hot water

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: South Australia, Sydney, Sydney Central Courier, Schapelle Corby,

text: A stream channel is the physical confine of a stream (river) consisting of a bed and stream banks.Stream channels exist in a variety of geometries. Stream channel development is controlled by both water and sediment movement. There is a difference between low gradient streams (less than a couple of percent in gradient or slightly sloped) and high gradient streams (steeply sloped). A wide variety of stream channel types can be distinguished (e.g. Braided rivers, Wandering rivers, Single Thread Sinuous rivers etc.). During floods, water flow may exceed the capacity of the channel and flood waters will spill out of the channel and across the valley bottom, floodplain or drainage area.

text: A stream channel is the physical confine of a

text: stream

text: river

text: ) consisting of a

text: bed

text: and

text: stream bank

text: s.Stream channels exist in a variety of geometries. Stream channel development is controlled by both

text: water

text: and

text: sediment

text: movement. There is a difference between low

text: gradient

text: streams (less than a couple of percent in gradient or slightly sloped) and high gradient streams (steeply sloped). A wide variety of stream

text: channel types

text: can be distinguished (e.g.

text: Braided river

text: s, Wandering rivers, Single Thread

text: Sinuous

text: rivers etc.). During

text: flood

text: s, water flow may exceed the capacity of the channel and flood waters will spill out of the channel and across the

text: valley

text: bottom,

text: floodplain

text: or

text: drainage area

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: sediment movement

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: flood waters will spill out of the channel

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: water and sediment movement.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: floods,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: A stream channel

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Single Thread Sinuous rivers

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: A stream channel

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: water and sediment movement.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: floods,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: A stream channel

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: stream channel

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: A stream channel

text: Nitrification and denitrification are two microbial processes that are part of the nitrogen cycle. While denitrification contributes to the bulk production of nitrous oxide, small amounts are also produced during nitrification. When specific environmental factors are met, both processes will occur more quickly and produce higher emissions of nitrous oxide. For example, soils with relatively high temperatures and water-filled pore spaces ranging from 60-80% are required for peak performances of both processes.

text: Nitrification and denitrification are two microbial processes that are part of the

text: nitrogen cycle

text: . While denitrification contributes to the bulk production of nitrous oxide, small amounts are also produced during nitrification. When specific environmental factors are met, both processes will occur more quickly and produce higher emissions of nitrous oxide. For example, soils with relatively high temperatures and water-filled pore spaces ranging from 60-80% are required for peak performances of both processes.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: soils with relatively high temperatures

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: denitrification

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: nitrogen cycle.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: nitrification.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water-filled pore spaces

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: soils with relatively high temperatures and water-filled pore spaces

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Nitrification and denitrification

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: nitrogen cycle.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: water-filled pore spaces ranging from 60-80%

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: water-filled pore spaces

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: water-filled pore spaces

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Nitrification

text: The ocean has a significant effect on the biosphere. Oceanic evaporation, as a phase of the water cycle, is the source of most rainfall, and ocean temperatures determine climate and wind patterns that affect life on land. Life within the ocean evolved 3 billion years prior to life on land. Both the depth and the distance from shore strongly influence the biodiversity of the plants and animals present in each region.

text: The ocean has a significant effect on the

text: biosphere

text: . Oceanic

text: evaporation

text: , as a phase of the

text: water cycle

text: , is the source of most rainfall, and ocean temperatures determine

text: climate

text: and

text: wind

text: patterns that affect life on land. Life within the ocean

text: evolved

text: 3 billion years prior to life on land. Both the depth and the distance from shore strongly influence the

text: biodiversity

text: of the plants and animals present in each region.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Oceanic evaporation

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: oceanic evaporation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: ocean temperatures

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Oceanic evaporation,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporation,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: rainfall,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Oceanic evaporation,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: evaporation,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Oceanic evaporation,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Oceanic evaporation,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: ocean temperatures determine climate and wind patterns

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Oceanic evaporation,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The ocean has a significant effect on the biosphere.

text: So if all the three are combined into one hybrid power generating system the drawbacks can be avoided partially/completely, depending on the control units.As the one or more drawbacks can be overcome by the other, as in northern hemisphere it is generally seen that in windy days the solar power is limited and vice versa and in summer and rainy season the biomass plant can operate in a full flagged so the power generation can be maintained in the above stated condition. The cost of solar panel can be subsided by using glass lenses, mirrors to heat up a fluid, that can rotate the common turbine used by wind and other sources.Now the question arises what about the winter nights or cloudy winter days with very low wind speeds. Here comes the activity of the Hydrogen. As we know the process of electrolysis can produce hydrogen by breaking water into hydrogen and oxygen, it can be stored; hydrogen is also a good fuel and burns with oxygen to give water. Hydrogen can be used to maintain the temperature of the biomass reservoir in winter so that it can produce biogas in optimum amount for the power generation.As stated above biogas is a good source in summer; in this period the solar energy available is also at its peak, so if the demand and supply is properly checked and calculated the excess energy can be used in the production of hydrogen and can be stored. In sunny, windy &hot day, the turbine operates with full speed as the supply is maximum, and this excess power can be consumed for the process of manufacturing hydrogen.In winter, the power consumption is also low so the supply limit is low, and obtained with lesser consumption. Driving hybrid cars will disable this outcome.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Hydrogen

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Hydrogen

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: using glass lenses, mirrors to heat up a fluid

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: biogas

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: hydrogen is also a good fuel and burns with oxygen

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: hydrogen

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: rainy season the biomass plant can operate in a full flagged

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: The cost of solar panel

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: biogas

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Hydrogen.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Hydrogen.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: solar energy available is also at its peak,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Hydrogen.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: biogas in optimum amount for the power generation.As

text: Soils are the product of climate, organisms and topography, acting on parent (geologic) material over time.  Thus the great diversity of geologic materials, geomorphic processes, climatic conditions, biotic assemblages and land surface ages in the United States is responsible for the presence of an enormous variety of mineral and organic soils.  (Most of the  mineral soils contain significant quantities of organic matter, but not enough to qualify for classification as organic soils.)  The inorganic particles of different mineral soils vary greatly in size distribution,  often as a result of transport and deposition of the parent material from which the soil is formed.  Examples include loess (wind-deposited silt), dune sands, alluvial (river-deposited) sands and silts, and glacial till (which may include substantial amounts of clay, silt, sand, gravel and larger particles).  Compared with sands (0.05 to 2 mm in diameter), silts (0.002 to 0.05 mm in diameter) have a very much larger specific surface (i.e. particle surface area per unit mass).  At the surface of a particle, weathering processes occur.  If the particle contains potential plant nutrients in mineral form, such processes result in release of the nutrients in readily available, ionic form.  Thus, high specific surface is a major reason why silty soils tend to be relatively fertile.  Clay particles are finer than silt, being less than 0.002 mm in diameter.  Water retention tends to be greater in the finer-textured soils.  If a fine-textured soil is well aggregated (with aggregates consisting of numerous organic and inorganic particles bonded together), the large pores between aggregates will facilitate drainage and aeration.  (In contrast, drainage and aeration can be poor in poorly aggregated fine-textured soils in which nearly all of the pore space consists of fine pores.)  Drainage is usually good and trafficability is usually superior in the coarser-textured soils.  While some of the clay in a soil may have been inherited in the parent material, older soils might contain a significant amount of clay formed by weathering processes during soil formation.  Soils with a high concentration of clay and organic matter tend to have considerable net negative electrical charge, conferring ability to retain many plant nutrient cations (e.g. Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, NH4+), readily available to plants by ion exchange.   Plant nutrients are also released from soil organic matter by decomposition, and organic matter is particularly significant as the major form in which soil nitrogen is stored.  Organic matter contributes to aggregation and water-retention properties of soil.  Soil chemical composition reflects not only the original geologic materials (e.g. limestone, granite, basalt), but also soil-forming processes since deposition.  In much of the northern US, soil formation commenced either shortly after glacial retreat at the end of the last Ice Age, or even more recently. Elsewhere in the US, one may find some older land surfaces where soil formation has occurred over a much longer period, in addition to some young soils.

text: Soil

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: drainage and aeration

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: gaseous

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: glacial till

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: aeration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: water retention

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Water retention tends to be greater

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: context: The inorganic particles of different mineral soils vary greatly in size distribution, often as a result of transport and deposition of the parent material from which the soil is formed

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Water retention

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Water retention

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Water retention

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Water retention

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Water retention

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Water retention

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Clay

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Clay particles are finer than silt,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Clay particles are finer than silt,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Clay particles are finer than silt,

text: Three major reservoir projects provide water supply for the Russian River watershed: Lake Pillsbury on the Eel River, Lake Mendocino on the East Fork of the Russian River, and Lake Sonoma on Dry Creek. Lake Mendocino and Lake Sonoma provide water for agriculture, municipal and industrial uses, in addition to maintaining the minimum stream flows required by Agency water rights permits. These minimum stream flows provide recreation and fish passage for salmon and steelhead. Most of the streamflow in the Russian River during the summer is provided by water imported from the Eel River. Streamflows are augmented by releases from Lake Mendocino and Lake Sonoma.

text: Three major reservoir projects provide water supply for the Russian River watershed: Lake Pillsbury on the Eel River, Lake Mendocino on the East Fork of the Russian River, and Lake Sonoma on Dry Creek. Lake Mendocino and Lake Sonoma provide water for agriculture, municipal and industrial uses, in addition to maintaining the minimum stream flows required by Agency water rights permits. These minimum stream flows provide recreation and fish passage for salmon and steelhead. Most of the streamflow in the Russian River during the summer is provided by water imported from the Eel River. Streamflows are augmented by releases from Lake Mendocino and Lake Sonoma.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: What drives the water cycle?

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Lake Pillsbury on the Eel River

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: watershed

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: minimum stream flows required by Agency water rights permits.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Eel River,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: water imported from the Eel River.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Three

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Russian River watershed:

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: agriculture, municipal and industrial uses,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Three major reservoir projects provide water supply for the Russian River

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Three major reservoir projects provide water supply for the Russian River watershed:

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Three major reservoir projects provide water supply for the Russian River

text: The lake is widely perceived to be a pond, due to lack of inflow from any bodies of water, i.e. rivers and streams. Research done at the University of Florence – Faculty of Engineering suggests that there exists an underground spring that provides a continuous stream of water to the lake. It appears that the lake is sinkhole-like, sitting atop layers of sandstone.

text: The lake is widely perceived to be a pond, due to lack of inflow from any bodies of water, i.e. rivers and streams. Research done at the

text: University of Florence

text: – Faculty of Engineering suggests that there exists an underground spring that provides a continuous stream of water to the lake. It appears that the lake is

text: sinkhole

text: -like, sitting atop layers of sandstone.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: underground spring

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: sinkhole-like

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: dehydration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: underground spring

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: pond,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: inflow from any bodies of water,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: underground spring

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: The lake is widely perceived to be a pond,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: inflow from any bodies of water,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: lack of inflow from any bodies of water,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: lack of inflow from any bodies of water,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The lake is widely perceived to be a pond,

text: The Directive's overall aim is "to prevent or reduce as far as possible negative effects on the environment, in particular the pollution of surface water, groundwater, soil and air, and on the global environment, including the greenhouse effect, as well as any resulting risk to human health, from the landfilling of waste, during the whole life-cycle of the landfill". This legislation also has important implications for waste handling and waste disposal.

text: The Directive's overall aim is "to prevent or reduce as far as possible negative effects on the environment, in particular the pollution of surface water, groundwater, soil and air, and on the global environment, including the greenhouse effect, as well as any resulting risk to human health, from the landfilling of waste, during the whole life-cycle of the landfill". This legislation also has important implications for

text: waste

text: handling and

text: waste disposal

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: greenhouse effect

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: greenhouse effect

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: greenhouse effect

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: the greenhouse effect

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: greenhouse effect

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: pollution of surface water, groundwater, soil and air,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: greenhouse effect,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: the pollution of surface water, groundwater, soil and air,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: greenhouse effect,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: greenhouse effect,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: greenhouse effect,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: pollution of surface water, groundwater,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: greenhouse effect,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: surface water, groundwater,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: pollution of surface water,

text: Trees, and plants in general, affect the water cycle significantly:

text: Trees, and plants in general, affect the

text: water cycle

text: significantly:

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: water vapor

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: evaporation of water

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Trees,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: water cycle

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: affect the water cycle

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Trees, and plants in general, affect the water cycle

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: water cycle

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Trees, and plants in general, affect the water cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Trees,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: water cycle

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Trees,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Trees,

text: During the solar cycle’s declining phase, energy shifts from the internal toroidal magnetic field to the external poloidal field, and sunspots diminish in number. At solar-cycle minimum, the toroidal field is, correspondingly, at minimum strength, sunspots are few in number, and the poloidal field is at its maximum strength. With the rise of the next 11 year sunspot cycle, magnetic energy shifts back from the poloidal to the toroidal field, but with a polarity that is opposite to the previous cycle. The process carries on continuously, and in an idealized, simplified scenario, each 11 year sunspot cycle corresponds to a change in the overall polarity of the Sun's large-scale magnetic field.

text: During the solar cycle’s declining phase, energy shifts from the internal toroidal magnetic field to the external poloidal field, and sunspots diminish in number. At

text: solar-cycle minimum

text: , the toroidal field is, correspondingly, at minimum strength, sunspots are few in number, and the poloidal field is at its maximum strength. With the rise of the next 11 year sunspot cycle, magnetic energy shifts back from the poloidal to the toroidal field, but with a polarity that is opposite to the previous cycle. The process carries on continuously, and in an idealized, simplified scenario, each 11 year sunspot cycle corresponds to a change in the overall polarity of the Sun's large-scale magnetic field.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: sunspots diminish in number

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: poloidal field,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: During the solar cycle’s declining phase,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: During the solar cycle’s declining phase,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: sunspots diminish in number.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: poloidal field,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: solar cycle’s

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: During the solar cycle’s

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: During the solar cycle’s

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: During the solar cycle’s declining phase,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: During the solar cycle’s

text: Normally the northward flowing Humboldt Current brings relatively cold water from the Southern Ocean northwards along South America's west coast to the tropics, where it is enhanced by up-welling taking place along the coast of Peru. Along the equator trade winds cause the ocean currents in the eastern Pacific to draw water from the deeper ocean towards the surface, helping to keep the surface cool. Under the influence of the equatorial trade winds, this cold water flows westwards along the equator where it is slowly heated by the sun. As a direct result sea surface temperatures in the western Pacific are generally warmer, by about  than those in the Eastern Pacific. This warmer area of ocean is a source for convection and is associated with cloudiness and rainfall. During El Niño years the cold water weakens or disappears completely as the water in the Central and Eastern Pacific becomes as warm as the Western Pacific.

text: Normally the northward flowing

text: Humboldt Current

text: brings relatively cold water from the

text: Southern Ocean

text: northwards along South America's west coast to the tropics, where it is enhanced by up-welling taking place along the coast of

text: Peru

text: . Along the equator trade winds cause the ocean currents in the eastern Pacific to draw water from the deeper ocean towards the surface, helping to keep the surface cool. Under the influence of the equatorial trade winds, this cold water flows westwards along the equator where it is slowly heated by the sun. As a direct result sea surface temperatures in the western Pacific are generally warmer, by about  than those in the Eastern Pacific. This warmer area of ocean is a source for convection and is associated with cloudiness and rainfall. During El Niño years the cold water weakens or disappears completely as the water in the Central and Eastern Pacific becomes as warm as the Western Pacific.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: this cold water flows westwards along the equator where it is slowly heated by the sun

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: What are the types of precipitation associated with convection?

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: sea surface temperatures in the western Pacific are generally warmer, by about than those in the Eastern Pacific

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: convection

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: ocean currents

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: convection

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: What is stored in snow and ice

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: heated by the sun.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: El Ni<unk>o years

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: rainfall.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: El Ni<unk>o years

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: up-welling

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Humboldt Current

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: cold water

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: convection

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: cold water

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Normally the northward flowing Humboldt Current brings relatively cold water

text: The Capilano watershed spans an area of 19,545 hectares. It is west of Grouse Mountain and north of the popular tourist attraction, Capilano Suspension Bridge. Streams and creeks in this mountainous terrain drain into the Capilano River and are carried into Capilano Lake, a reservoir constructed in 1954 by the Greater Vancouver water district for the purpose of storing water. There are 11 main tributary streams that combine with the waters of the Capilano River as it makes its way from its origins at Capilano Mountain to the Capilano Reservoir. Andrews Creek, Daniels Creek, Dean Creek, Eastcap Creek, Enchantment Creek, Hanover Creek, Hesketh Creek, Hollsgate Creek and Sisters Creek are some of these tributaries. Capilano reservoir is 5.8 kilometers long, 800 meters wide, and 75 meters deep and can store 57.9 billion litres of water. It is retained at its south outflow behind the Cleveland Dam. The Capilano River continues south of the dam and flows out into the Burrard Inlet. Approximately 93% of the catchment for the Capilano River lies above the Cleveland Dam. Palisade Reservoir, an alpine lake in the Capilano watershed, serves as a secondary reservoir to augment flow in the Capilano River and improve water quality in the Capilano Reservoir during the dry season.

text: The Capilano watershed spans an area of 19,545 hectares. It is west of

text: Grouse Mountain

text: and north of the popular tourist attraction,

text: Capilano Suspension Bridge

text: . Streams and creeks in this mountainous terrain drain into the

text: Capilano River

text: and are carried into

text: Capilano Lake

text: , a

text: reservoir

text: constructed in 1954 by the Greater Vancouver water district for the purpose of storing water. There are 11 main

text: tributary

text: stream

text: s that combine with the waters of the

text: Capilano River

text: as it makes its way from its origins at

text: Capilano Mountain

text: to the Capilano Reservoir. Andrews Creek, Daniels Creek, Dean Creek, Eastcap Creek, Enchantment Creek, Hanover Creek, Hesketh Creek, Hollsgate Creek and Sisters Creek are some of these

text: tributaries

text: . Capilano reservoir is 5.8 kilometers long, 800 meters wide, and 75 meters deep and can store 57.9 billion litres of water. It is retained at its south outflow behind the

text: Cleveland Dam

text: . The Capilano River continues south of the dam and flows out into the

text: Burrard Inlet

text: . Approximately 93% of the catchment for the Capilano River lies above the Cleveland Dam. Palisade Reservoir, an alpine lake in the Capilano watershed, serves as a secondary reservoir to augment flow in the Capilano River and improve water quality in the Capilano Reservoir during the dry season.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: The Capilano Reservoir

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: What types of weather does the Capilano watershed experience?

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Capilano Reservoir

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: What is transpiration?

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Streams and creeks in this mountainous terrain

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: dry season.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: dry season.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Palisade Reservoir,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: drain into the Capilano River

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: drain into the Capilano River

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: 11 main tributary streams

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: dry season.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: 57.9 billion litres of water.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Capilano Suspension Bridge.

text: Restoration failures may occur when appropriate ecosystem conditions are not reestablished, such as soil characteristics (e.g., salinity, pH, beneficial soil biota, etc.), surface water and groundwater levels, and flow regimes. Therefore, successful restoration may be dependent on taking a number of both biotic and abiotic factors into account. For example, restoration of soil biota, including symbiotic myccorhizae, invertebrates, and microorganisms may improve nutrient cycling dynamics.  Restoration of physical processes may be a prerequisite to the reestablishment of healthy riparian communities. Ultimately, a combination of approaches taking into account causes for degradation and targeting both hydrology and the reestablishment of vegetation and other life forms may be most effective in riparian zone restoration.

text: Restoration failures may occur when appropriate ecosystem conditions are not reestablished, such as soil characteristics (e.g., salinity, pH, beneficial soil biota, etc.), surface water and groundwater levels, and flow regimes. Therefore, successful restoration may be dependent on taking a number of both biotic and abiotic factors into account. For example, restoration of soil biota, including symbiotic myccorhizae, invertebrates, and microorganisms may improve nutrient cycling dynamics.  Restoration of physical processes may be a prerequisite to the reestablishment of healthy riparian communities. Ultimately, a combination of approaches taking into account causes for degradation and targeting both hydrology and the reestablishment of vegetation and other life forms may be most effective in riparian zone restoration.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: nutrient cycling

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: gaseous

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: hydrology

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: salinity

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrology

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: nutrient

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: flow regimes.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: hydrology

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: nutrient

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: surface water and groundwater levels, and flow regimes.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: hydrology

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: surface water and groundwater

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Restoration failures may occur when appropriate ecosystem conditions are not reestablished,

text: The canals would remain a part of the borough until the mid-20th century. Efforts to preserve the system began in 1920, when ejido owners turned over land to construct new ones. In the 1930s, many of the barrios of Iztapalapa were still marked by canals and still grew vegetables, fruits and flowers. Major traffic was confined mostly to the Canal Nacional on the borough’s border. However, groundwater pumping started in the 1950s lowered water tables and began the process of destroying the rest of the canals, and most of the chinampas along with them.

text: The canals would remain a part of the borough until the mid-20th century. Efforts to preserve the system began in 1920, when

text: ejido

text: owners turned over land to construct new ones. In the 1930s, many of the barrios of Iztapalapa were still marked by canals and still grew vegetables, fruits and flowers. Major traffic was confined mostly to the

text: Canal Nacional

text: on the borough’s border. However, groundwater pumping started in the 1950s lowered water tables and began the process of destroying the rest of the canals, and most of the

text: chinampa

text: s along with them.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: groundwater pumping

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: water cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: groundwater pumping started in the 1950s lowered water tables

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: groundwater pumping started in the 1950s lowered water tables

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: groundwater pumping

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: groundwater pumping

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: groundwater pumping

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: lowered water tables

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: groundwater pumping started in the 1950s lowered water tables

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: groundwater pumping started in the 1950s

text: A coal-fueled MHD generator is a type of Brayton power cycle, similar to the power cycle of a combustion turbine. However, unlike the combustion turbine, there are no moving mechanical parts; the electrically conducting plasma provides the moving electrical conductor. The side walls and electrodes merely withstand the pressure within, while the anode and cathode conductors collect the electricity that is generated. All Brayton cycles are heat engines. Ideal Brayton cycles also have an ideal efficiency equal to ideal Carnot cycle efficiency. Thus, the potential for high energy efficiency from an MHD generator. All Brayton cycles have higher potential for efficiency the higher the firing temperature. While a combustion turbine is limited in maximum temperature by the strength of its air/water or steam-cooled rotating airfoils; there are no rotating parts in an open-cycle MHD generator. This upper bound in temperature limits the energy efficiency in combustion turbines. The upper bound on Brayton cycle temperature for an MHD generator is not limited, so inherently an MHD generator has a higher potential capability for energy efficiency.

text: A coal-fueled MHD generator is a type of

text: Brayton power cycle

text: , similar to the power cycle of a combustion turbine. However, unlike the combustion turbine, there are no moving mechanical parts; the electrically conducting plasma provides the moving electrical conductor. The side walls and electrodes merely withstand the pressure within, while the anode and cathode conductors collect the electricity that is generated. All Brayton cycles are heat engines. Ideal Brayton cycles also have an ideal efficiency equal to ideal

text: Carnot cycle

text: efficiency. Thus, the potential for high energy efficiency from an MHD generator. All Brayton cycles have higher potential for efficiency the higher the firing temperature. While a combustion turbine is limited in maximum temperature by the strength of its air/water or steam-cooled rotating airfoils; there are no rotating parts in an open-cycle MHD generator. This upper bound in temperature limits the energy efficiency in combustion turbines. The upper bound on Brayton cycle temperature for an MHD generator is not limited, so inherently an MHD generator has a higher potential capability for energy efficiency.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: open-cycle MHD generator

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: steam-cooled rotating airfoils;

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: steam-cooled

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: air/water

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: steam-cooled rotating airfoils;

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: combustion turbine.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Carnot cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: air/water or steam-cooled rotating airfoils;

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: strength of its air/water or steam-cooled rotating airfoils;

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: air/water

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: A coal-fueled MHD generator

text: The soil condition with submergence of water (continuous or intermittent) is submerged soil. Such soil occurs in rice fields, wetlands, estuaries and flood plains. Nitrogen dynamics is different as that from aerated soil conditions affecting soil microorganisms and nitrogen cycle.

text: The soil condition with submergence of water (continuous or intermittent) is submerged soil. Such soil occurs in rice fields,

text: wetlands

text: estuaries

text: and flood plains. Nitrogen dynamics is different as that from aerated soil conditions affecting soil microorganisms and nitrogen cycle.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: rice fields

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: aerated soil conditions

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: aerated

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: The soil condition with submergence of water

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: rice fields, wetlands, estuaries and flood plains.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: aerated

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Nitrogen dynamics

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: submerged soil.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: submergence of water

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: The soil condition with submergence of water

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The soil condition with submergence of water

text: Since canal linings are exposed to the elements and are in constant use, they are susceptible to damage over time. Geotechnical considerations are often ignored in designing canal linings due to the light weight of the structure. Concrete canal linings often experience cracking, which can be expensive to repair. Cracking can occur through several ways, starting during construction if the concrete is cured improperly. Cracking can also occur due to movement of the soil, which can be caused by frost heave or the swelling of expansive soils. Expansive soils, such as certain types of clay, may swell as a result of canal discharge, changing climates or transpiration.  A common method to reduce future swelling in expansive soils is to subject the soil to wetting and drying cycles prior to construction of the lining. Lab testing has shown that subjecting a clayey soil to wetting and drying cycles leads to a hysteresis of shrinkage in the soil, significantly reducing its free swelling potential. Dispersive soils, such as fine graded sands, can also pose a threat to concrete canal linings since they erode when in contact with flowing water, which can cause piping. As a way to reduce the potential for this contact to occur, geomembrane sheets can be installed underneath concrete linings, thus reducing the amount of water that may seep through the canal.

text: Since canal linings are exposed to the elements and are in constant use, they are susceptible to damage over time. Geotechnical considerations are often ignored in designing canal linings due to the light weight of the structure. Concrete canal linings often experience cracking, which can be expensive to repair. Cracking can occur through several ways, starting during construction if the concrete is cured improperly. Cracking can also occur due to movement of the soil, which can be caused by

text: frost heave

text: or the swelling of expansive soils. Expansive soils, such as certain types of clay, may swell as a result of canal discharge, changing climates or transpiration.  A common method to reduce future swelling in expansive soils is to subject the soil to wetting and drying cycles prior to construction of the lining. Lab testing has shown that subjecting a clayey soil to wetting and drying cycles leads to a

text: hysteresis

text: of shrinkage in the soil, significantly reducing its free swelling potential. Dispersive soils, such as fine graded sands, can also pose a threat to concrete canal linings since they erode when in contact with flowing water, which can cause

text: piping

text: . As a way to reduce the potential for this contact to occur, geomembrane sheets can be installed underneath concrete linings, thus reducing the amount of water that may seep through the canal.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: the elements

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: frost heave

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: canal discharge, changing climates or transpiration.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: transpiration.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: elements

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: changing climates or transpiration.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: wetting and drying

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: frost heave or the swelling of expansive soils.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: changing climates or transpiration.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: frost heave

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Concrete canal linings often experience cracking,

text: DOC in marine and freshwater systems is one of the greatest cycled reservoirs of organic matter on Earth, accounting for the same amount of carbon as the atmosphere and up to 20% of all organic carbon. The source of DOC depends on the body of water. In general, organic carbon compounds are a result of decomposition processes from dead organic matter such as plants or marine organisms. When water contacts highly organic soils, these components can drain into rivers and lakes as DOC.

text: DOC in marine and freshwater systems is one of the greatest cycled reservoirs of organic matter on Earth, accounting for the same amount of carbon as the atmosphere and up to 20% of all organic carbon. The source of DOC depends on the body of water. In general,

text: organic carbon

text: compounds are a result of decomposition processes from dead organic matter such as plants or marine organisms. When water contacts highly organic soils, these components can drain into rivers and lakes as DOC.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: The source of DOC depends on the body of water

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: What types of precipitation are examples of DOC?

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: dead organic matter

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: decomposition

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: When water contacts highly organic soils,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: When water contacts highly organic soils,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: atmosphere

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: When water contacts highly organic soils,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: decomposition

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: DOC

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: When water contacts highly organic soils,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: DOC

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: When water contacts highly organic soils,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: DOC

text: The elementary water cycle has inputs equal to outputs plus or minus change in storage.  Hydrologists make use of a hydrologic budget when they study a watershed.  A watershed is a spatial area, and the occurrence of water throughout its space varies by time.  In the hydrologic budget are inputs such as precipitation, surface flows in, and groundwater flows in.  Outputs are evapotranspiration, infiltration, surface runoff, and surface/groundwater flows out.  All of these quantities, including storage, can be measured or estimated, and their characteristics can be graphically displayed in GIS and studied.

text: The elementary

text: water cycle

text: has inputs equal to outputs plus or minus change in storage.  Hydrologists make use of a hydrologic budget when they study a

text: watershed

text: .  A watershed is a spatial area, and the occurrence of water throughout its space varies by time.  In the hydrologic budget are inputs such as

text: precipitation

text: , surface flows in, and groundwater flows in.  Outputs are

text: evapotranspiration

text: infiltration

text: surface runoff

text: , and surface/groundwater flows out.  All of these quantities, including storage, can be measured or estimated, and their characteristics can be graphically displayed in GIS and studied.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: inputs

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: vaporization

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: surface runoff

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: The elementary water cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: None of the above choices

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: inputs equal to outputs plus or minus change in storage.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evapotranspiration,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: infiltration, surface runoff,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: evapotranspiration,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: elementary

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: evapotranspiration,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evapotranspiration, infiltration, surface runoff,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: storage,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The elementary water cycle

text: It is situated  north of the town of Rokycany. The village stretches in north-south direction along the road from Rokycany to Břasy. Other minor roads divert from it in the territory of Osek, namely a road to Litohlavy, a road to Volduchy and a road to Bušovice. The terrain of Osek and its environs is rather flat, forming a forestless plateau bordered by massif of Radeč () in the northeast and the valley of the Klabava river in the south with the regional center of Rokycany. Several minor water streams such as Osecký potok Stream and Voldušský potok Stream cross the plateau. Several lakes were established in and around Osek in the past. Today rybník Karásek Lake, rybník Labutinka Lake, Lukotovský rybník Lake and Nový rybník Lake still exist. In the southern section of Osek a hill called Kamýk () rises. On the top of Kamýk, the ruins are standing of 18th-century manor house. Approximately  northwest of Osek a village of Vitinka is located. This formerly independent community has been merged with Osek. Vitinka consists of several clusters of separate settlements scattered across the area northwest of Osek. There are Vitinka proper, Hudlice, Nový Dvůr and Kolna settlements there.

text: It is situated  north of the town of

text: Rokycany

text: . The village stretches in north-south direction along the road from Rokycany to

text: Břasy

text: . Other minor roads divert from it in the territory of Osek, namely a road to Litohlavy, a road to Volduchy and a road to Bušovice. The terrain of Osek and its environs is rather flat, forming a forestless plateau bordered by massif of Radeč () in the northeast and the valley of the Klabava river in the south with the regional center of Rokycany. Several minor water streams such as Osecký potok Stream and Voldušský potok Stream cross the plateau. Several lakes were established in and around Osek in the past. Today rybník Karásek Lake, rybník Labutinka Lake, Lukotovský rybník Lake and Nový rybník Lake still exist. In the southern section of Osek a hill called Kamýk () rises. On the top of Kamýk, the ruins are standing of 18th-century manor house. Approximately  northwest of Osek a village of Vitinka is located. This formerly independent community has been merged with Osek. Vitinka consists of several clusters of separate settlements scattered across the area northwest of Osek. There are Vitinka proper, Hudlice, Nový Dvůr and Kolna settlements there.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Several minor water streams

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Voldu sk potok Stream

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: water cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: What can be stored in snow and ice?

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Several minor water streams

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Oseck<unk> potok Stream

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water streams

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Kam<unk>k

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Nov<unk> rybn<unk>k Lake

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Oseck<unk> potok Stream

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Vitinka

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Nov<unk> rybn<unk>k Lake

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Several lakes

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Nov<unk> rybn<unk>k Lake

text: Many scientific and engineering disciplines may be involved in water cycle management.

text: Many scientific and engineering disciplines may be involved in water cycle management.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: water vapor condensing

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: water cycle management

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: scientific and engineering disciplines

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: water cycle

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water cycle management.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: water cycle management.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: water cycle management.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: management.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Many scientific and engineering disciplines may be involved in water cycle management.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: water cycle management.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Many scientific and engineering disciplines may be involved in water cycle management.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Many scientific and engineering disciplines may be involved in water cycle management.

text: Beginning in 1992 with the TOPEX/Poseidon mission (and continuing with Jason-1 and Jason-2), satellite based radar altimetry has been utilized to measure sea level height, enabling sea level height variability in the open ocean to be analyzed for the first time. As a result, it has been shown that there are significant differences in the phase and amplitude of the annual cycle between the deep ocean and costal waters (less than 200m). In general, large amplitudes of the annual cycle occur near the coast, except in the vicinity of strong western boundary currents. The difference between coastal areas and the deep ocean is suggested to be the result of several physical factors including local and remote atmospheric, oceanic, and terrestrial processes, sharp gradients in wind and moisture along land/sea boundaries, and land motions with an annual oscillatory component from tidal or atmospheric loading.

text: Beginning in 1992 with the

text: TOPEX/Poseidon

text: mission (and continuing with

text: and

text: ), satellite based radar altimetry has been utilized to measure sea level height, enabling sea level height variability in the open ocean to be analyzed for the first time. As a result, it has been shown that there are significant differences in the phase and amplitude of the annual cycle between the deep ocean and costal waters (less than 200m). In general, large amplitudes of the annual cycle occur near the coast, except in the vicinity of strong western boundary currents. The difference between coastal areas and the deep ocean is suggested to be the result of several physical factors including local and remote atmospheric, oceanic, and terrestrial processes, sharp gradients in wind and moisture along land/sea boundaries, and land motions with an annual oscillatory component from tidal or atmospheric loading.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: sea level height variability

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: strong western boundary currents

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: annual cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: increases

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: None of the above choices are true

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: tidal or atmospheric loading.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: western boundary currents.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: sharp gradients in wind and moisture

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: strong western boundary currents.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: moisture

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: annual cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: strong western boundary currents.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: sharp gradients in wind and moisture

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: there are significant differences in the phase and amplitude of the annual cycle

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Beginning in 1992 with the TOPEX/Poseidon mission

text: Solar energy is variable because of the daily rotation of the earth, seasonal changes, and because of cloud cover. According to, the Sacramento Municipal Utility District observed a 15% capacity factor in 2005. However, according to the SolarPACES programme of the International Energy Agency (IEA), solar power plants designed for solar-only generation are well matched to summer noon peak loads in areas with significant cooling demands, such as Spain or the south-western United States, although in some locations solar PV does not reduce the need for generation of network upgrades given that air conditioner peak demand often occurs in the late afternoon or early evening when solar output is reduced. SolarPACES states that by using thermal energy storage systems the operating periods of solar thermal power (CSP) stations can be extended to become dispatchable (load following). The IEA CSP Technology Roadmap (2010) suggests that "in the sunniest countries, CSP can be expected to become a competitive source of bulk power in peak and intermediate loads by 2020, and of base-load power by 2025 to 2030". A dispatchable source is more valuable than baseload power.

text: Solar energy

text: is variable because of the daily rotation of the earth, seasonal changes, and because of cloud cover. According to, the Sacramento Municipal Utility District observed a 15% capacity factor in 2005. However, according to the

text: SolarPACES

text: programme of the

text: International Energy Agency

text: (IEA), solar power plants designed for solar-only generation are well matched to summer noon peak loads in areas with significant cooling demands, such as

text: Spain

text: or the

text: south-western United States

text: , although in some locations solar PV does not reduce the need for generation of network upgrades given that air conditioner peak demand often occurs in the late afternoon or early evening when solar output is reduced. SolarPACES states that by using thermal energy storage systems the operating periods of

text: solar thermal power

text: (CSP) stations can be extended to become dispatchable (load following). The IEA CSP Technology Roadmap (2010) suggests that "in the sunniest countries, CSP can be expected to become a competitive source of bulk power in peak and intermediate loads by 2020, and of base-load power by 2025 to 2030". A dispatchable source is more valuable than baseload power.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: thermal energy

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: a 15% capacity factor in 2005

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: cooling

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: daily rotation of the earth, seasonal changes, and because of cloud cover.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: cooling demands, such as Spain or the south-western United States,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: cloud cover.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: solar output is reduced.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: cooling

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: seasonal changes,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: cooling demands,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: cloud cover.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: cooling demands,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Solar energy is variable because of the daily rotation of the earth,

text: Many industrialized nations have installed significant solar power capacity into their electrical grids to supplement or provide an alternative to conventional energy sources while an increasing number of less developed nations have turned to solar to reduce dependence on expensive imported fuels. Long distance transmission allows remote renewable energy resources to displace fossil fuel consumption. Solar power plants use one of two technologies:

text: Many industrialized nations have installed significant

text: solar power

text: capacity into their electrical grids to supplement or provide an alternative to

text: conventional energy

text: sources while an increasing number of less developed nations have turned to solar to reduce dependence on expensive imported fuels. Long distance transmission allows remote

text: renewable energy

text: resources to displace fossil fuel consumption. Solar power plants use one of two technologies:

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: solar energy

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: solar energy

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: ice is a form of water

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Solar power plants use one of two technologies:

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Solar power plants

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Long distance transmission allows remote renewable energy resources to displace fossil fuel consumption.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Long distance transmission allows remote renewable energy resources to displace fossil fuel consumption.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Solar power plants use one of two technologies:

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: solar power capacity into their electrical grids

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Long distance transmission

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Long distance transmission allows remote renewable energy resources to displace fossil fuel consumption.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Solar power plants use one of two technologies:

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Long distance transmission

text: Another limitation lies in the molds themselves.  Unlike other processes where only the product needs to be cooled before being removed, with rotational molding the entire mold must be cooled.  While water cooling processes are possible, there is still a significant down time of the mold.  Additionally, this increases both financial and environmental costs.  Some plastics will degrade with the long heating cycles or in the process of turning them into a powder to be melted.

text: Another limitation lies in the molds themselves.  Unlike other processes where only the product needs to be cooled before being removed, with rotational molding the entire mold must be cooled.  While water cooling processes are possible, there is still a significant down time of the mold.  Additionally, this increases both financial and environmental costs.  Some plastics will degrade with the long heating cycles or in the process of turning them into a powder to be melted.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: a powder to be melted

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: water cooling processes are possible, there is still a significant down time

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: heating

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: environmental costs.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: turning them into a powder to be melted.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: rotational molding

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: heating

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: rotational molding the entire mold must be cooled.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: financial and environmental costs.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: rotational molding the entire mold must be cooled.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: rotational molding

text: Chemicals are added to the water to facilitate the underground fracturing process that releases natural gas. Fracturing fluid is primarily water and approximately 0.5% chemical additives (friction reducer, agents countering rust, agents killing microorganism). Since (depending on the size of the area) millions of liters of water are used, this means that hundreds of thousands liters of chemicals are often injected into the subsurface. About 50% to 70% of the injected volume of contaminated water is recovered and stored in above-ground ponds to await removal by tanker. The remaining volume remains in the subsurface. Hydraulic fracturing opponents fear that it can lead to contamination of groundwater aquifers, though the industry deems this "highly unlikely". However, foul-smelling odors and heavy metals contaminating the local water supply above-ground have been reported.

text: Chemicals are added to the water to facilitate the underground fracturing process that releases natural gas. Fracturing fluid is primarily water and approximately 0.5% chemical additives (friction reducer, agents countering

text: rust

text: , agents killing microorganism). Since (depending on the size of the area) millions of liters of water are used, this means that hundreds of thousands liters of chemicals are often injected into the subsurface. About 50% to 70% of the injected volume of contaminated water is recovered and stored in above-ground ponds to await removal by tanker. The remaining volume remains in the subsurface. Hydraulic fracturing opponents fear that it can lead to contamination of

text: groundwater aquifer

text: s, though the industry deems this "highly unlikely". However, foul-smelling odors and

text: heavy metals

text: contaminating the local water supply above-ground have been reported.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the underground fracturing process

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Chemicals

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: underground fracturing

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Chemicals are added to the water

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: agents countering rust, agents killing microorganism).

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Chemicals are added to the water to facilitate the underground fracturing

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Chemicals are added to the water to facilitate the underground fracturing

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Chemicals are added to the water to facilitate the underground fracturing

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: above-ground ponds to await removal by tanker.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Chemicals are added to the water to facilitate the underground fracturing

text: Infiltration is the process by which water enters the soil. Some of the water is absorbed, and the rest percolates down to the water table. The infiltration capacity, the maximum rate at which the soil can absorb water, depends on several factors. The layer that is already saturated provides a resistance that is proportional to its thickness, while that plus the depth of water above the soil provides the driving force (hydraulic head). Dry soil can allow rapid infiltration by capillary action; this force diminishes as the soil becomes wet. Compaction reduces the porosity and the pore sizes. Surface cover increases capacity by retarding runoff, reducing compaction and other processes. Higher temperatures reduce viscosity, increasing infiltration.

text: Infiltration is the process by which water enters the soil. Some of the water is absorbed, and the rest

text: percolates

text: down to the

text: water table

text: . The infiltration capacity, the maximum rate at which the soil can absorb water, depends on several factors. The layer that is already saturated provides a resistance that is proportional to its thickness, while that plus the depth of water above the soil provides the driving force (

text: hydraulic head

text: ). Dry soil can allow rapid infiltration by

text: capillary action

text: ; this force diminishes as the soil becomes wet.

text: Compaction

text: reduces the porosity and the pore sizes. Surface cover increases capacity by retarding runoff, reducing compaction and other processes. Higher temperatures reduce

text: viscosity

text: , increasing infiltration.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: hydraulic head

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: runoff

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Higher temperatures reduce viscosity

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: the water cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: reduces viscosity

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: (hydraulic head).

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Higher temperatures reduce viscosity,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Infiltration

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Higher temperatures

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Infiltration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Infiltration

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Dry soil can allow rapid infiltration by capillary action;

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: reduce viscosity,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Infiltration

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Infiltration

text: Another effect of global warming on the carbon cycle is ocean acidification. The ocean and the atmosphere constantly act to maintain a state of equilibrium, so a rise in atmospheric carbon naturally leads to a rise in oceanic carbon. When carbon is dissolved in water it forms hydrogen and bicarbonate ions, which in turn breaks down to hydrogen and carbonate ions. All these extra hydrogen ions increase the acidity of the ocean and make survival harder for planktonic organisms that depend on calcium carbonate to form their shells. A decrease in the base of the food chain will, once again, be destructive to the ecosystems to which they belong. With fewer of these photosynthetic organisms present at the surface of the ocean, less carbon will be converted to oxygen, thereby allowing the greenhouse gasses to go unchecked.

text: Another effect of global warming on the

text: carbon cycle

text: is

text: ocean acidification

text: . The ocean and the atmosphere constantly act to maintain a state of equilibrium, so a rise in atmospheric carbon naturally leads to a rise in oceanic carbon. When carbon is dissolved in water it forms hydrogen and bicarbonate ions, which in turn breaks down to hydrogen and carbonate ions. All these extra hydrogen ions increase the acidity of the ocean and make survival harder for planktonic organisms that depend on calcium carbonate to form their shells. A decrease in the base of the food chain will, once again, be destructive to the ecosystems to which they belong. With fewer of these photosynthetic organisms present at the surface of the ocean, less carbon will be converted to oxygen, thereby allowing the greenhouse gasses to go unchecked.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: greenhouse gasses

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: What kind of precipitation does global warming cause?

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: global warming

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: photosynthetic

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rise in atmospheric carbon

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: hydrogen and bicarbonate ions,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: hydrogen and bicarbonate ions,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: ocean acidification.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: hydrogen and bicarbonate ions,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: photosynthetic

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: carbon cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: hydrogen and bicarbonate ions,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: a rise in atmospheric carbon naturally leads to a rise in oceanic carbon.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: hydrogen and bicarbonate ions,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Another effect of global warming on the carbon cycle is ocean acidification.

text: Hydrogen can be produced by electrolysis. To use sunlight in this process, a photoelectrochemical cell can be used, where one photosensitized electrode converts light into an electric current that is then used for water splitting. One such type of cell is the dye-sensitized solar cell. This is an indirect process, since it produces electricity that then is used to form hydrogen. The other major indirect process using sunlight is conversion of biomass to biofuel using photosynthetic organisms; however, most of the energy harvested by photosynthesis is used in life-sustaining processes and therefore lost for energy use.

text: Hydrogen can be produced by

text: electrolysis

text: . To use sunlight in this process, a

text: photoelectrochemical cell

text: can be used, where one

text: photosensitized

text: electrode

text: converts light into an electric current that is then used for

text: water splitting

text: . One such type of cell is the

text: dye-sensitized solar cell

text: . This is an indirect process, since it produces electricity that then is used to form hydrogen. The other major indirect process using sunlight is conversion of biomass to

text: biofuel

text: using

text: photosynthetic organisms

text: ; however, most of the energy harvested by

text: photosynthesis

text: is used in life-sustaining processes and therefore lost for energy use.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: water splitting

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: photosynthesis

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: water splitting

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: water splitting.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: splitting.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: indirect process,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: dye-sensitized solar cell.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: photosynthesis

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: electrolysis.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: most of the energy harvested by photosynthesis

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Hydrogen

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Hydrogen can be produced by electrolysis.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Hydrogen can be produced by electrolysis.

text: Soil quality reflects how well a soil performs the functions of maintaining biodiversity and productivity, partitioning water and solute flow, filtering and buffering, nutrient cycling, and providing support for plants and other structures. Soil management has a major impact on soil quality.

text: Soil quality reflects how well a soil performs the functions of maintaining

text: biodiversity

text: and productivity, partitioning water and solute flow, filtering and buffering,

text: nutrient

text: cycling, and providing support for plants and other structures.

text: Soil management

text: has a major impact on soil quality.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: nutrient cycling

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: nutrient cycling

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: partitioning water and solute flow,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: nutrient cycling,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Soil quality

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: nutrient cycling,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: partitioning water and solute flow, filtering and buffering,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: nutrient cycling,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: partitioning water and solute flow,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Soil quality

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: partitioning water and solute flow, filtering and buffering,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: partitioning water and solute flow,

text: Streamflow, or channel runoff, is the flow of water in streams, rivers, and other channels, and is a major element of the water cycle. It is one component of the runoff of water from the land to waterbodies, the other component being surface runoff. Water flowing in channels comes from surface runoff from adjacent hillslopes, from groundwater flow out of the ground, and from water discharged from pipes. The discharge of water flowing in a channel is measured using stream gauges or can be estimated by the Manning equation. The record of flow over time is called a hydrograph. Flooding occurs when the volume of water exceeds the capacity of the channel.

text: Streamflow, or channel runoff, is the flow of

text: water

text: in

text: stream

text: s,

text: river

text: s, and other

text: channel

text: s, and is a major element of the

text: water cycle

text: . It is one component of the

text: runoff

text: of water from the land to

text: waterbodies

text: , the other component being

text: surface runoff

text: . Water flowing in channels comes from surface runoff from adjacent hillslopes, from

text: groundwater

text: flow out of the ground, and from water discharged from pipes. The

text: discharge

text: of water flowing in a channel is measured using

text: stream gauge

text: s or can be estimated by the

text: Manning equation

text: . The record of flow over time is called a

text: hydrograph

text: Flood

text: ing occurs when the volume of water exceeds the capacity of the channel.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Streamflow

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: surface runoff

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: water discharged from pipes

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Streamflow,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Flooding

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Streamflow,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: groundwater flow out of the ground,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: surface runoff.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Streamflow,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: surface runoff from adjacent hillslopes,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Flooding occurs when the volume of water exceeds the capacity of the channel.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Streamflow,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Streamflow,

text: He/He isotope chemistry is being used to date groundwaters, estimate groundwater flow rates, track water pollution, and provide insights into hydrothermal processes, igneous geology and ore genesis.

text: He/He isotope chemistry is being used to date

text: groundwater

text: s, estimate groundwater flow rates, track water pollution, and provide insights into

text: hydrothermal

text: processes,

text: igneous

text: geology

text: and

text: ore genesis

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: hydrothermal processes

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: hydrothermal processes,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: hydrothermal processes,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water pollution,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: hydrothermal processes,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: hydrothermal processes,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrothermal processes,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: He/He isotope chemistry

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: hydrothermal processes,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: He/He isotope chemistry

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: He/He isotope chemistry

text: The difference between climate and weather is usefully summarized by the popular phrase "Climate is what you expect, weather is what you get." Over historical time spans there are a number of nearly constant variables that determine climate, including latitude, altitude, proportion of land to water, and proximity to oceans and mountains. These change only over periods of millions of years due to processes such as plate tectonics. Other climate determinants are more dynamic: the thermohaline circulation of the ocean leads to a 5 °C (9 °F) warming of the northern Atlantic Ocean compared to other ocean basins. Other ocean currents redistribute heat between land and water on a more regional scale. The density and type of vegetation coverage affects solar heat absorption, water retention, and rainfall on a regional level. Alterations in the quantity of atmospheric greenhouse gases determines the amount of solar energy retained by the planet, leading to global warming or global cooling. The variables which determine climate are numerous and the interactions complex, but there is general agreement that the broad outlines are understood, at least insofar as the determinants of historical climate change are concerned.

text: The difference between climate and weather is usefully summarized by the popular phrase "Climate is what you expect, weather is what you get." Over

text: historical

text: time spans there are a number of nearly constant variables that determine climate, including

text: latitude

text: , altitude, proportion of land to water, and proximity to oceans and mountains. These change only over periods of millions of years due to processes such as

text: plate tectonics

text: . Other climate determinants are more dynamic: the

text: thermohaline circulation

text: of the ocean leads to a 5 °C (9 °F) warming of the northern

text: Atlantic Ocean

text: compared to other ocean basins. Other

text: ocean current

text: s redistribute heat between land and water on a more regional scale. The density and type of vegetation coverage affects solar heat absorption, water retention, and rainfall on a regional level. Alterations in the quantity of atmospheric

text: greenhouse gas

text: es determines the amount of solar energy retained by the planet, leading to

text: global warming

text: or

text: global cooling

text: . The variables which determine climate are numerous and the interactions complex, but there is general agreement that the broad outlines are understood, at least insofar as the determinants of historical climate change are concerned.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: density and type of vegetation coverage

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: global warming

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the thermohaline circulation of the ocean

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: solar heat absorption

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: climate

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: altitude increases

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: The density and type of vegetation coverage

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: The density and type of vegetation coverage

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: global warming

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: rainfall

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: ocean currents

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: solar heat absorption,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: rainfall

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: rainfall

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: thermohaline circulation of the ocean

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: water retention,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: water retention, and rainfall on a regional level.

text: While the water cycle is itself a biogeochemical cycle, flow of water over and beneath the Earth is a key component of the cycling of other biogeochemicals. Runoff is responsible for almost all of the transport of eroded sediment and phosphorus from land to waterbodies. The salinity of the oceans is derived from erosion and transport of dissolved salts from the land. Cultural eutrophication of lakes is primarily due to phosphorus, applied in excess to agricultural fields in fertilizers, and then transported overland and down rivers. Both runoff and groundwater flow play significant roles in transporting nitrogen from the land to waterbodies. The dead zone at the outlet of the Mississippi River is a consequence of nitrates from fertilizer being carried off agricultural fields and funnelled down the river system to the Gulf of Mexico. Runoff also plays a part in the carbon cycle, again through the transport of eroded rock and soil.

text: While the water cycle is itself a

text: biogeochemical cycle

text: , flow of water over and beneath the Earth is a key component of the cycling of other biogeochemicals. Runoff is responsible for almost all of the transport of

text: eroded

text: sediment

text: and

text: phosphorus

text: from land to

text: waterbodies

text: . The

text: salinity

text: of the oceans is derived from erosion and transport of dissolved salts from the land. Cultural

text: eutrophication

text: of lakes is primarily due to phosphorus, applied in excess to

text: agricultural fields

text: in

text: fertilizer

text: s, and then transported overland and down rivers. Both runoff and groundwater flow play significant roles in transporting nitrogen from the land to waterbodies. The

text: dead zone

text: at the outlet of the

text: Mississippi River

text: is a consequence of

text: nitrate

text: s from fertilizer being carried off agricultural fields and funnelled down the

text: river system

text: to the

text: Gulf of Mexico

text: . Runoff also plays a part in the

text: carbon cycle

text: , again through the transport of eroded rock and soil.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: biogeochemical cycle

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: runoff

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: dead zone at the outlet of the Mississippi River

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: runoff

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: biogeochemical

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: biogeochemical cycle,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Runoff

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Runoff

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: The dead zone at the outlet of the Mississippi River

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Runoff

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: biogeochemical

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Runoff

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Runoff

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Runoff

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: phosphorus, applied in excess to agricultural fields in fertilizers,

text: The use of magnesium chloride on roads remains controversial.  Advocates claim (1) Cleaner air, which leads to better health as fugitive dust can cause health problems in the young, elderly and people with respiratory conditions; and (2) Greater safety through improved road conditions, including increased driver visibility and decreased risks caused by loose gravel, soft spots, road roughness and flying rocks. It reduces foreign sediment in nearby surface waters  (dust that settles in creeks and streams), helps prevent stunted crop growth caused by clogged pores in plants, and keeps vehicles and property cleaner. Other studies show the use of salts for road deicing or dust suppressing can contribute substantial amounts of chloride ions to runoff from surface of roads treated with the compounds. The salts MgCl2 (and CaCl2) are very soluble in water and will dissociate. The salts, when used on road surfaces, will dissolve during wet weather and be transported into the groundwater through infiltration and/or runoff into surface water bodies.  Groundwater infiltration can be  a problem and the chloride ion in drinking water is considered a problem when concentrations exceed 250 mg/l.  It is therefore is regulated by the EPA’s drinking water standards. The chloride concentration in the groundwater or surface water depends on several factors including:

text: The use of magnesium chloride on roads remains controversial.  Advocates claim (1) Cleaner air, which leads to better health as fugitive dust can cause health problems in the young, elderly and people with respiratory conditions; and (2) Greater safety through improved road conditions, including increased driver visibility and decreased risks caused by loose gravel, soft spots, road roughness and flying rocks. It reduces foreign sediment in nearby surface waters  (dust that settles in creeks and streams), helps prevent stunted crop growth caused by clogged pores in plants, and keeps vehicles and property cleaner. Other studies show the use of salts for road deicing or dust suppressing can contribute substantial amounts of chloride ions to runoff from surface of roads treated with the compounds. The salts MgCl2 (and CaCl2) are very soluble in water and will dissociate. The salts, when used on road surfaces, will dissolve during wet weather and be transported into the groundwater through infiltration and/or runoff into surface water bodies.  Groundwater infiltration can be  a problem and the chloride ion in drinking water is considered a problem when concentrations exceed 250 mg/l.  It is therefore is regulated by the EPA’s drinking water standards. The chloride concentration in the groundwater or surface water depends on several factors including:

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: The salts MgCl2 (and CaCl2) are very soluble in water

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: dissociate

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: salts will dissolve during wet weather

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the use of salts for road deicing

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: infiltration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: None of the above choices

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: infiltration and/or runoff into surface water bodies.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: dissociate.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: wet weather

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: wet weather

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: infiltration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: infiltration

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: wet weather

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: wet weather and be transported into the groundwater through infiltration

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: wet weather

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: wet weather and be transported into the groundwater through infiltration

text: The combustion of fossil fuels generates over 13 gigatons of CO per year. Concern over the effects of CO with respect to climate change and ocean acidification led governments and industries to investigate the feasibility of technologies that capture the resultant CO from entering the carbon cycle. For new power plants, technologies such as pre-combustion and oxy-fuel combustion may simplify the gas separation process.

text: The combustion of

text: fossil fuels

text: generates over 13

text: gigatons

text: of CO per year. Concern over the effects of CO with respect to climate change and

text: ocean acidification

text: led

text: governments

text: and

text: industries

text: to investigate the feasibility of technologies that capture the resultant CO from entering the

text: carbon cycle

text: . For new power plants, technologies such as pre-combustion and

text: oxy-fuel combustion

text: may simplify the

text: gas separation

text: process.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: ocean acidification

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: acidification

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: CO per year.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: pre-combustion

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: The combustion of fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: pre-combustion and oxy-fuel combustion

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: The combustion of fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: carbon cycle.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: 13 gigatons of CO per year.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: ocean acidification

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: CO per year.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: 13 gigatons of CO per year.

text: The absorption cycle is similar to the compression cycle, except for the method of raising the pressure of the refrigerant vapor. In the absorption system, the compressor is replaced by an absorber which dissolves the refrigerant in a suitable liquid, a liquid pump which raises the pressure and a generator which, on heat addition, drives off the refrigerant vapor from the high-pressure liquid. Some work is required by the liquid pump but, for a given quantity of refrigerant, it is much smaller than needed by the compressor in the vapor compression cycle. In an absorption refrigerator, a suitable combination of refrigerant and absorbent is used. The most common combinations are ammonia (refrigerant) and water (absorbent), and water (refrigerant) and lithium bromide (absorbent).

text: The absorption cycle is similar to the compression cycle, except for the method of raising the pressure of the refrigerant vapor. In the absorption system, the compressor is replaced by an absorber which dissolves the refrigerant in a suitable liquid, a liquid pump which raises the pressure and a generator which, on heat addition, drives off the refrigerant vapor from the high-pressure liquid. Some work is required by the liquid pump but, for a given quantity of refrigerant, it is much smaller than needed by the compressor in the vapor compression cycle. In an absorption refrigerator, a suitable combination of refrigerant and absorbent is used. The most common combinations are ammonia (refrigerant) and water (absorbent), and water (refrigerant) and

text: lithium bromide

text: (absorbent).

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: on heat addition

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: ammonia (refrigerant) and water

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: heat addition,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: heat addition, drives off the refrigerant vapor

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: The absorption cycle is similar to the compression cycle,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: absorber which dissolves the refrigerant in a suitable liquid,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: compression cycle,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: absorption cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: drives off the refrigerant vapor from the high-pressure liquid.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: water

text: The designation ocean water refers only to the evaporation of ocean waters in the hydrologic cycle as the original source of fresh surface and ground waters and precipitation, but VSMOW is not a standard for seawater. Fresh distilled VSMOW water is also used for making high accuracy measurement of water's physical properties and for defining laboratory standards since it is considered to be representative of average ocean water, in effect representing all water on Earth.

text: The designation ocean water refers only to the evaporation of ocean waters in the

text: hydrologic cycle

text: as the original source of fresh surface and ground waters and precipitation, but VSMOW is not a standard for

text: seawater

text: . Fresh distilled VSMOW water is also used for making high accuracy measurement of water's physical properties and for defining laboratory standards since it is considered to be representative of average ocean water, in effect representing all water on Earth.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: evaporation of ocean waters

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrologic cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: evaporation of ocean waters

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: precipitation,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrologic

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: ocean water

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation of ocean waters in the hydrologic cycle

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: The designation ocean water

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The designation ocean water

text: In an ordinary, non-pressurized, cooking vessel, the boiling point of water is  at standard pressure; the temperature of food is limited by the boiling point of water because excess heat causes boiling water to vaporize into steam. In a sealed pressure cooker, the boiling point of water increases as the pressure rises, resulting in superheated water. At a pressure of 1 bar or ~15 psi (pounds per square inch) above the existing atmospheric pressure, water in a pressure cooker can reach a temperature of up to , depending on altitude.  The boiling temperature of water (and water-based liquids) is determined by the ambient atmospheric pressure. Pressure cookers always require liquid in order to cook food under pressure. At sea level, the boiling temperature of water is  and excess heat only increases the rate at which water evaporates into steam vapour; more heat does not increase the temperature of the water. At higher altitudes above sea level, the atmospheric pressure is lower and thus the boiling temperature of water is lower, because the lower atmospheric pressure pushing on the water makes it easier for the water molecules to escape the surface compared to higher atmospheric pressure. Inside a pressure cooker, once the water (liquid) is boiling and the steam is trapped, the pressure from the trapped steam increases and this pushes on the liquid, which increases its boiling temperature, because it becomes harder for the water molecules to escape from the surface as the pressure increases on it. The heat applied to the liquid by the heat source continues to create more steam pressure and the extra heat also raises the temperature of the liquid under this increased pressure. Both the liquid and steam are at the same temperature. Once the selected pressure level is reached, the pressure regulator on the lid indicates this and now the heat source can be lowered to maintain that pressure level and save energy, since extra heat will not increase the temperature of the liquid if the pressure is not allowed to rise—excess pressure will only escape as fast-flowing steam from the lid.

text: In an ordinary, non-pressurized, cooking vessel, the

text: boiling point

text: of water is  at

text: standard pressure

text: ; the temperature of food is limited by the boiling point of water because excess heat causes boiling water to

text: vaporize

text: into

text: steam

text: . In a sealed pressure cooker, the boiling point of water increases as the pressure rises, resulting in

text: superheated water

text: . At a pressure of 1

text: bar

text: or ~15 psi (

text: pounds per square inch

text: ) above the existing

text: atmospheric pressure

text: , water in a pressure cooker can reach a temperature of up to , depending on altitude.  The

text: boiling temperature

text: of water (and water-based liquids) is determined by the ambient atmospheric pressure. Pressure cookers always require liquid in order to cook food under pressure. At sea level, the boiling temperature of water is  and excess heat only increases the rate at which water evaporates into steam vapour; more heat does not increase the temperature of the water. At higher altitudes above sea level, the atmospheric pressure is lower and thus the boiling temperature of water is lower, because the lower atmospheric pressure pushing on the water makes it easier for the water molecules to escape the surface compared to higher atmospheric pressure. Inside a pressure cooker, once the water (liquid) is boiling and the steam is trapped, the pressure from the trapped steam increases and this pushes on the liquid, which increases its boiling temperature, because it becomes harder for the water molecules to escape from the surface as the pressure increases on it. The heat applied to the liquid by the heat source continues to create more steam pressure and the extra heat also raises the temperature of the liquid under this increased pressure. Both the liquid and steam are at the same temperature. Once the selected pressure level is reached, the pressure regulator on the lid indicates this and now the heat source can be lowered to maintain that pressure level and save energy, since extra heat will not increase the temperature of the liquid if the pressure is not allowed to rise—excess pressure will only escape as fast-flowing steam from the lid.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: The boiling point of water increases as the pressure rises

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: vaporize

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: boiling water to vaporize into steam

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: vaporize

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: the boiling temperature of water is

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: the pressure from the trapped steam increases

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: steam.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: higher atmospheric pressure.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Inside a pressure cooker,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: higher atmospheric pressure.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: higher atmospheric pressure.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: higher atmospheric pressure.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: higher atmospheric pressure.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: harder for the water molecules

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: higher atmospheric pressure.

text: Technological advancements within the industry allow for incorporating timers to limit the operations during specific hours of the day to reduce energy waste by only operating when occupants are likely to use hot water. Additional advancements in technology include pumps which cycle on and off to maintain hot water temperature versus a continuously operating pump which consumes more electrical energy.  Reduced energy waste and discomfort is possible by preventing occurrences of hot water line siphoning in open-loop hot water circulation systems which utilize the cold water line to return water back to the water heater.  Hot Water Line Siphoning occurs when water from within the hot water line siphons or is forced into the cold water line due to differences in water pressure between the hot and cold water lines.  Utilizing "normally closed" solenoid valve significantly reduces energy consumption by preventing siphoning of non-hot water out of hot water lines during cold water use.  Using cold water instantly lowers the water pressure in the cold water lines, the higher water pressure in the hot water lines force water through "normally open" thermostatic crossover valves and backflow check valves (which only prevent cold water from flowing into hot water line), increasing the energy demand on the water heater.

text: Technological advancements within the industry allow for incorporating timers to limit the operations during specific hours of the day to reduce energy waste by only operating when occupants are likely to use hot water. Additional advancements in technology include pumps which cycle on and off to maintain hot water temperature versus a continuously operating pump which consumes more electrical energy.  Reduced energy waste and discomfort is possible by preventing occurrences of hot water line siphoning in open-loop hot water circulation systems which utilize the cold water line to return water back to the water heater.  Hot Water Line Siphoning occurs when water from within the hot water line siphons or is forced into the cold water line due to differences in water pressure between the hot and cold water lines.  Utilizing "normally closed" solenoid valve significantly reduces energy consumption by preventing siphoning of non-hot water out of hot water lines during cold water use.  Using cold water instantly lowers the water pressure in the cold water lines, the higher water pressure in the hot water lines force water through "normally open" thermostatic crossover valves and backflow check valves (which only prevent cold water from flowing into hot water line), increasing the energy demand on the water heater.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: pump which cycle on and off

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: pumps which cycle on and off to maintain hot water temperature

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: differences in water pressure between the hot and cold water lines.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Hot Water Line Siphoning

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: energy waste

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Using cold water

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Hot Water Line Siphoning

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: open-loop

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: hot water.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: differences in water pressure

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: hot water.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: hot water.

text: Marinova dolostone quarry is a quarry in a mineral deposit situated on dolostone deposit of Pskov formation with a thickness of about ten metres in Võru County, Meremäe rural municipality in Estonia.Marinova quarry is mining and crushing construction dolomite. Below the sediments, there are mostly Upper Devonian series clastic rocks and therefore, carbonate rocks in south-east Estonia and carbonate rock outcrops are very rare in that area. The outcrops can be seen in Mõniste parish on the bank outcrops of Peetri River and on a small bench north of Meremäe village. The rock outcrops from the same formation are situated in Meremäe rural municipality, in the old limestone quarry of Tiirhanna and Marinova dolostone quarry. According to the geological studies of Marinova mineral deposit, the upper half of the roughly ten metre thick dolostone deposit of Pskov formation is heavily crushed and karstified. The dolostone bed mined in the quarry is up to ten metres thick, half of which is above groundwater level, half of it below. The groundwater is not pumped out of the quarry and the rock below groundwater is mined by underwater explosion. The dolostone above groundwater level is characterised by strong crushing and the crumbling of the upper part of the deposit. Dolostone settled below groundwater level is less crushed.  There are karst caves roughly one metre high and wide in the limestone deposit. In the southern end of the quarry, one can observe many local bends in the walls of the quarry, which can be associated with the sag of rock layers above the karst caves. The nearby Belka River valley has aided the water running between the cracked rocks and therefore, the formation of extensive karst phenomena. There are numerous springs on the west slope of the valley that feed from the water traversing Marinova quarry dolostones. At the same time, it is not quite certain as to why the upper part of dolostones is that much cracked in the Marinova quarry area. The tectonic processes could have had a crushing influence on the open dolostones in the Marinova quarry.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: The nearby Belka River valley

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Marinova dolostone quarry

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: karst caves

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Belka River valley

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: tectonic processes

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: The nearby Belka River valley

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: karst caves

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: local bends

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: tectonic processes

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: karst phenomena.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: karstified.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: tectonic processes

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: karst caves

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The tectonic processes

text: Installation of solar power plants require nearly  land per MW capacity which is similar to coal-fired power plants  when life cycle coal mining, consumptive water storage & ash disposal areas are also accounted and hydro power plants when submergence area of water reservoir is also accounted. 1.33 million MW capacity solar plants can be installed in India on its 1% land (32,000 square km). There are vast tracts of land suitable for solar power in all parts of India exceeding 8% of its total area which are unproductive barren and devoid of vegetation. Part of waste lands (32,000 square km) when installed with solar power plants can produce 2,000 billion Kwh of electricity (two times the total generation in the year 2013-14) with land annual productivity/yield of  per acre (at 4 Rs/kwh price) which is at par with many industrial areas and many times more than the best productive irrigated agriculture lands. Moreover, these solar power units are not dependent on supply of any raw material and are self productive. There is unlimited scope for solar electricity to replace all fossil fuel energy requirements (natural gas, coal, lignite, nuclear fuels and crude oil) if all the marginally productive lands are occupied by solar power plants in future. The solar power potential of India can meet perennially to cater per capita energy consumption at par with USA/Japan for the peak population in its demographic transition.

text: Installation of solar power plants require nearly  land per MW capacity which is similar to coal-fired power plants  when life cycle coal mining, consumptive water storage & ash disposal areas are also accounted and hydro power plants when submergence area of water reservoir is also accounted. 1.33 million MW capacity solar plants can be installed in India on its 1% land (32,000 square km). There are vast tracts of land suitable for solar power in all parts of India exceeding 8% of its total area which are unproductive barren and devoid of vegetation. Part of waste lands (32,000 square km) when installed with solar power plants can produce 2,000 billion Kwh of electricity (two times the total generation in the year 2013-14) with land annual productivity/yield of  per acre (at 4 Rs/kwh price) which is at par with many industrial areas and many times more than the best productive irrigated agriculture lands. Moreover, these solar power units are not dependent on supply of any raw material and are self productive. There is unlimited scope for solar electricity to replace all fossil fuel energy requirements (natural gas, coal, lignite, nuclear fuels and crude oil) if all the marginally productive lands are occupied by solar power plants in future. The solar power potential of India can meet perennially to cater per capita

entity_name: List of countries by total primary energy consumption and production

text: energy consumption

text: at par with USA/Japan for the peak population in its

text: demographic transition

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: hydro power plants

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: irrigated

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: consumptive water storage & ash disposal areas

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: hydro power plants

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: hydro power plants

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: irrigated

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: consumptive water storage

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: irrigated

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: submergence area of water reservoir

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: consumptive water storage

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Installation of solar power plants require nearly land per MW capacity

text: Time is a factor in the interactions of all the above. While a mixture of sand, silt and clay constitute the texture of a soil and the aggregation of those components produces peds, the development of a distinct B horizon marks the development of a soil. With time, soils will evolve features that depend on the interplay of the prior listed soil-forming factors. It takes decades to several thousand years for a soil to develop a profile. That time period depends strongly on climate, parent material, relief, and biotic activity. For example, recently deposited material from a flood exhibits no soil development as there has not been enough time for the material to form a structure that further defines soil. The original soil surface is buried, and the formation process must begin anew for this deposit. Over time the soil will develop a profile that depends on the intensities of biota and climate. While a soil can achieve relative stability of its properties for extended periods, the soil life cycle ultimately ends in soil conditions that leave it vulnerable to erosion. Despite the inevitability of soil retrogression and degradation, most soil cycles are long.

text: Time is a factor in the interactions of all the above. While a mixture of sand, silt and clay constitute the texture of a soil and the aggregation of those components produces peds, the development of a distinct B horizon marks the development of a soil. With time, soils will evolve features that depend on the interplay of the prior listed soil-forming factors. It takes decades to several thousand years for a soil to develop a profile. That time period depends strongly on climate, parent material, relief, and biotic activity. For example, recently deposited material from a flood exhibits no soil development as there has not been enough time for the material to form a structure that further defines soil. The original soil surface is buried, and the formation process must begin anew for this deposit. Over time the soil will develop a profile that depends on the intensities of biota and climate. While a soil can achieve relative stability of its properties for extended periods, the soil life cycle ultimately ends in soil conditions that leave it vulnerable to erosion. Despite the inevitability of soil retrogression and degradation, most soil cycles are long.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: recently deposited material from a flood

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: soil life cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: biotic activity

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: What is stored in snow and ice?

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Time

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: B horizon marks the development of a soil.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: recently deposited material from a flood

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: flood

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: flood

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Time

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Time

text: Cooling is provided by wet cooling towers; water for the towers and solar collector washing, is supplied from onsite groundwater wells. Water from condensed steam exits the cooling tower pump at about , before cycling back to the steam generator.

text: Cooling is provided by

text: wet cooling towers

text: ; water for the towers and solar collector washing, is supplied from onsite groundwater wells. Water from condensed steam exits the cooling tower pump at about , before cycling back to the steam generator.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: condensed steam

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: condensed steam

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: the water cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: condensed steam

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: condensed steam

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Cooling is provided by wet cooling towers;

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Water from condensed steam

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: condensed steam

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: cycling back to the steam generator.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: onsite groundwater wells.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Cooling is provided by wet cooling towers;

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Water from condensed steam

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: groundwater wells.

text: First-order phase transitions are those that involve a latent heat. During such a transition, a system either absorbs or releases a fixed (and typically large) amount of energy per volume. During this process, the temperature of the system will stay constant as heat is added: the system is in a "mixed-phase regime" in which some parts of the system have completed the transition and others have not. Familiar examples are the melting of ice or the boiling of water (the water does not instantly turn into vapor, but forms a turbulent mixture of liquid water and vapor bubbles). Imry and Wortis showed that quenched disorder can broaden a first-order transition in that the transformation is completed over a finite range of temperatures, but phenomena like supercooling and superheating survive and hysteresis is observed on thermal cycling.

text: First-order phase transitions are those that involve a

text: latent heat

text: . During such a transition, a system either absorbs or releases a fixed (and typically large) amount of energy per volume. During this process, the temperature of the system will stay constant as heat is added: the system is in a "mixed-phase regime" in which some parts of the system have completed the transition and others have not. Familiar examples are the melting of ice or the boiling of water (the water does not instantly turn into

text: vapor

text: , but forms a

text: turbulent

text: mixture of liquid water and vapor bubbles). Imry and Wortis showed that quenched disorder can broaden a first-order transition in that the transformation is completed over a finite range of temperatures, but phenomena like supercooling and superheating survive and hysteresis is observed on thermal cycling.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: boiling

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the boiling of water

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: boiling of water

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: thermal cycling

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: latent heat

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: boiling of water

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: boiling

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: melting of ice

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: melting of ice or the boiling of water

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: boiling of water

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: boiling of water

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: ice or the boiling of water

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: constant

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: melting of ice or the boiling of water

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: melting of ice or the boiling of water

text: In practice, simple idealized thermodynamic cycles are usually made out of four thermodynamic processes. Any thermodynamic processes may be used. However, when idealized cycles are modeled, often processes where one state variable is kept constant are used, such as an isothermal process (constant temperature), isobaric process (constant pressure), isochoric process (constant volume), isentropic process (constant entropy), or an isenthalpic process (constant enthalpy). Often adiabatic processes are also used, where no heat is exchanged.

text: In practice, simple idealized thermodynamic cycles are usually made out of four

text: thermodynamic process

text: es. Any thermodynamic processes may be used. However, when idealized cycles are modeled, often processes where one state variable is kept constant are used, such as an

text: isothermal process

text: (constant temperature),

text: isobaric process

text: (constant pressure),

text: isochoric process

text: (constant volume),

text: isentropic process

text: (constant entropy), or an

text: isenthalpic process

text: (constant enthalpy). Often

text: adiabatic process

text: es are also used, where no heat is exchanged.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no heat is exchanged

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: isothermal process

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: isothermal process

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: isothermal process

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: thermodynamic processes

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: isobaric process

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: isothermal process (constant temperature),

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: adiabatic processes are also used, where no heat is exchanged.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: adiabatic processes

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: (constant temperature),

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: adiabatic

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: thermodynamic cycles

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: adiabatic processes

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: one state variable is kept constant

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: In practice, simple idealized thermodynamic cycles

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: In practice, simple idealized thermodynamic cycles

text: The process of desalination transforms saltwater to freshwater through membrane-powered filters, in which salt and other toxicants are removed. The intensity of filtration generated from these membranes will result in freshwater that will need to be infused with minerals before coming potable for residents of Monterey. The slant wells associated in this project will direct ocean water into storage tanks equipped with reverse osmosis capability, allowing for removal of brine, suspended materials, and harmful bacteria. The remnants from filtered ocean water will be released back into the ocean with an appropriate level of salinity and overall water quality. This is to ensure the absence of negative environmental impacts from the desalination process.

text: The process of desalination transforms saltwater to freshwater through membrane-powered filters, in which salt and other toxicants are removed. The intensity of filtration generated from these membranes will result in freshwater that will need to be infused with minerals before coming potable for residents of Monterey. The slant wells associated in this project will direct ocean water into storage tanks equipped with reverse osmosis capability, allowing for removal of brine, suspended materials, and harmful bacteria. The remnants from filtered ocean water will be released back into the ocean with an appropriate level of salinity and overall water quality. This is to ensure the absence of negative environmental impacts from the desalination process.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: What drives the water cycle?

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: desalination

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: desalination

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: reverse osmosis

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: desalination

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: negative environmental impacts

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: slant wells

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: desalination

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: reverse osmosis

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: saltwater to freshwater

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: saltwater to freshwater

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: ocean water into storage tanks equipped with reverse osmosis capability,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The process of desalination

text: Other human-caused changes in the atmospheric carbon cycle are due to anthropogenic changes to carbon reservoirs. Deforestation, for example, decreases the biosphere's ability to absorb carbon, thus increasing the amount of carbon in the atmosphere.

text: Other human-caused changes in the atmospheric carbon cycle are due to anthropogenic changes to carbon reservoirs. Deforestation, for example, decreases the biosphere's ability to absorb carbon, thus increasing the amount of carbon in the atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Deforestation

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: deforestation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Deforestation,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: changes in the atmospheric carbon cycle

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: human-caused changes in the atmospheric carbon cycle

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Deforestation,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: absorb carbon,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: carbon cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Deforestation,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: anthropogenic changes to carbon reservoirs.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: carbon reservoirs.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Other human-caused changes in the atmospheric carbon cycle

text: Landscape limnology is the spatially explicit study of lakes, streams, and wetlands as they interact with freshwater, terrestrial, and human landscapes to determine the effects of pattern on ecosystem processes across temporal and spatial scales. Limnology is the study of inland water bodies inclusive of rivers, lakes, and wetlands; landscape limnology seeks to integrate all of these ecosystem types.

text: Landscape limnology is the spatially explicit study of

text: lake

text: s,

text: stream

text: s, and

text: wetland

text: s as they interact with freshwater, terrestrial, and human

text: landscape

text: s to determine the effects of pattern on

text: ecosystem

text: processes across temporal and spatial scales.

text: Limnology

text: is the study of inland water bodies inclusive of rivers, lakes, and wetlands; landscape limnology seeks to integrate all of these ecosystem types.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: wetlands

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: wetlands

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: pattern

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: wetlands as they interact with freshwater,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Landscape limnology

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: pattern on ecosystem processes across temporal and spatial scales.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Landscape limnology

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Landscape limnology

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Landscape limnology

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: ecosystem processes across temporal and spatial scales.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Landscape limnology

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Landscape limnology

text: Biosphere reserves are areas comprising terrestrial, marine and coastal ecosystems. Each reserve promotes solutions reconciling the conservation of biodiversity with its sustainable use. Biosphere reserves are ‘Science for Sustainability support sites’ – special places for testing interdisciplinary approaches to understanding and managing changes and interactions between social and ecological systems, including conflict prevention and management of biodiversity. Biosphere reserves are nominated by national governments and remain under the sovereign jurisdiction of the states where they are located. Their status is internationally recognized.

text: Biosphere reserves

text: are areas comprising terrestrial, marine and coastal ecosystems. Each reserve promotes solutions reconciling the conservation of biodiversity with its sustainable use. Biosphere reserves are ‘Science for Sustainability support sites’ – special places for testing interdisciplinary approaches to understanding and managing changes and interactions between social and ecological systems, including conflict prevention and management of biodiversity. Biosphere reserves are nominated by national governments and remain under the sovereign jurisdiction of the states where they are located. Their status is internationally recognized.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: biosphere reserves

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: vaporization

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Biosphere reserves

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: what is stored in snow and ice

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Biosphere reserves

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Biosphere reserves

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Biosphere reserves

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: conflict prevention

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Biosphere reserves

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Biosphere reserves

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Biosphere reserves

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Biosphere reserves are areas comprising terrestrial, marine and coastal ecosystems.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Biosphere reserves

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Biosphere reserves are areas comprising terrestrial, marine and coastal ecosystems.

text: Solar thermal collectors are classified by the United States Energy Information Administration as low-, medium-, or high-temperature collectors. Low-temperature collectors are flat plates generally used to heat swimming pools. Medium-temperature collectors are also usually flat plates but are used for heating water or air for residential and commercial use. High-temperature collectors concentrate sunlight using mirrors or lenses and are generally used for fulfilling heat requirements up to 300 deg C / 20 bar pressure in industries, and for electric power production. Two categories include Concentrated Solar Thermal (CST) for fulfilling heat requirements in industries, and Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) when the heat collected is used for power generation. CST and CSP are not replaceable in terms of application. The largest facilities are located in the American Mojave Desert of California and Nevada. These plants employ a variety of different technologies. The largest examples include, Ivanpah Solar Power Facility (377 MW), Solar Energy Generating Systems installation (354 MW), and Crescent Dunes (110 MW). Spain is the other major developer of solar thermal power plant. The largest examples include, Solnova Solar Power Station (150 MW), the Andasol solar power station (150 MW), and Extresol Solar Power Station (100 MW).

text: Solar thermal collector

text: s are classified by the United States

text: Energy Information Administration

text: as low-, medium-, or high-temperature collectors. Low-temperature collectors are flat plates generally used to heat

text: swimming pool

text: s. Medium-temperature collectors are also usually flat plates but are used for heating water or air for residential and commercial use. High-temperature collectors concentrate sunlight using

text: mirror

text: s or

text: lenses

text: and are generally used for fulfilling heat requirements up to 300 deg C / 20 bar pressure in industries, and for electric power production. Two categories include Concentrated Solar Thermal (CST) for fulfilling heat requirements in industries, and Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) when the heat collected is used for power generation. CST and CSP are not replaceable in terms of application. The largest facilities are located in the American

text: Mojave Desert

text: of California and Nevada. These plants employ a variety of different technologies. The largest examples include,

text: Ivanpah Solar Power Facility

text: (377 MW),

text: Solar Energy Generating Systems

text: installation (354 MW), and

text: Crescent Dunes

text: (110 MW). Spain is the other major developer of solar thermal power plant. The largest examples include,

text: Solnova Solar Power Station

text: (150 MW), the

text: Andasol solar power station

text: (150 MW), and

text: Extresol Solar Power Station

text: (100 MW).

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: low-temperature collectors

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Medium-temperature collectors

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Medium-temperature collectors

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: sunlight

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Crescent Dunes

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: heating water or air

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Medium-temperature collectors

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: American Mojave Desert

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: 20 bar pressure

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Medium-temperature collectors

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Low-temperature collectors are flat plates generally used to heat swimming pools.

text: The Cassino plant is characterised by the careful exploitation of natural resources, which has made it possible to achieve considerable results. The chosen technologies have the goal of eliminating the need to draw water from local sources for the industrial process. CO emissions of the production cycle as a whole are entirely compensated and no industrial waste is sent to the landfill. The same water is reused several times in the Body Shop and on the Assembly Line. In the Paint Shop it was eliminated and replaced by dry filters in the paint booths. Energy use is also low because state-of-the-art technologies are used, like LED lights or energy heat recovery. Furthermore, the plant uses only electricity from guaranteed renewable sources or generated by solar panels.

text: The Cassino plant is characterised by the careful exploitation of natural resources, which has made it possible to achieve considerable results. The chosen technologies have the goal of eliminating the need to draw water from local sources for the industrial process. CO emissions of the production cycle as a whole are entirely compensated and no industrial waste is sent to the landfill. The same water is reused several times in the Body Shop and on the Assembly Line. In the Paint Shop it was eliminated and replaced by dry filters in the paint booths. Energy use is also low because state-of-the-art technologies are used, like LED lights or energy heat recovery. Furthermore, the plant uses only electricity from guaranteed

text: renewable sources

text: or generated by solar panels.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: The same water is reused several times in the Body Shop

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: CO emissions

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: eliminating the need to draw water from local sources

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: CO emissions

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: careful exploitation of natural resources,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: CO emissions

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: CO emissions

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: production cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: water from local sources

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: careful exploitation of natural resources,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: The same water is reused several times

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: water from local sources

text: The life cycle of salmon requires specific conditions within the chain of connected environments. Salmon typically live 3–6 years, which often changes depending on life conditions. While some salmon stay within the Puget Sound, others will migrate and live deeper in the Pacific Ocean. The salmon begin their journey as fertilized eggs in a stream that eventually hatch and move downstream in freshwater (lasting anywhere from months to three years depending on species). Once they mature to juvenile salmon also known as, “fry” they migrate from the freshwater stream towards an Estuary where “saltwater meets freshwater”. Here, they begin to adapt to the salt water during a process known as smoltification, which can last up to a few months. At this point, they are ready to transition through the coastal shores into the North Pacific Ocean where they stay anywhere from six months up to five years and travel as far as the Gulf of Alaska. Depending on the species, the salmon are ready to return to their home stream, river, or lake after one to seven years of being in the ocean to begin the process of spawning. Once the salmons spawn, the process beings again with the new salmon.

text: The life cycle of salmon requires specific conditions within the chain of connected environments. Salmon typically live 3–6 years, which often changes depending on life conditions. While some salmon stay within the Puget Sound, others will migrate and live deeper in the Pacific Ocean. The salmon begin their journey as fertilized eggs in a stream that eventually hatch and move downstream in freshwater (lasting anywhere from months to three years depending on species). Once they mature to juvenile salmon also known as, “fry” they migrate from the freshwater stream towards an Estuary where “saltwater meets freshwater”. Here, they begin to adapt to the salt water during a process known as smoltification, which can last up to a few months. At this point, they are ready to transition through the coastal shores into the North Pacific Ocean where they stay anywhere from six months up to five years and travel as far as the Gulf of Alaska. Depending on the species, the salmon are ready to return to their home stream, river, or lake after one to seven years of being in the ocean to begin the process of spawning. Once the salmons spawn, the process beings again with the new salmon.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: What drives the water cycle?

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: smoltification

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: smoltification

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: global warming

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: What is stored in snow and ice?

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: “saltwater meets freshwater”.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: smoltification,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: chain of connected environments.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: smoltification,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: smoltification,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: chain of connected environments.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: freshwater

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: salt water

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: freshwater

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: salmon

text: For sustainable material articles there is not such a great requirement for a dedicated recovery infrastructure. If a litter lout throws a crop origin biodegradable article on the ground, it will ultimately biodegrade into humus, water, and non-fossil CO. If the article is placed into a compostable waste stream, the humus can then be used as fertiliser for the next generation of crops, there is also no requirement to sort  biopolymer articles as there is with fossil polymer recycling. Note difference between landfill and compost - the limited biological activity in landfill is slow, and mostly anaerobic resulting in the production of methane, whereas composting is a rapid aerobic process resulting in humus, water and non-fossil CO. The energy bill for breaking down biodegradables into the fundamental building block molecules, and then reassembling them into usable raw materials is large, but is  uses direct solar energy rather than metered electricity. There is also no loss of properties with successive journeys through the cycle.

text: For sustainable material articles there is not such a great requirement for a dedicated recovery infrastructure. If a

text: litter lout

text: throws a crop origin

text: biodegradable

text: article on the ground, it will ultimately biodegrade into

text: humus

text: , water, and non-fossil CO. If the article is placed into a

text: compostable

text: waste stream, the humus can then be used as fertiliser for the next generation of crops, there is also no requirement to sort  biopolymer articles as there is with fossil polymer recycling. Note difference between

text: landfill

text: and

text: compost

text: - the limited biological activity in landfill is slow, and mostly

text: anaerobic

text: resulting in the production of

text: methane

text: , whereas

text: composting

text: is a rapid

text: aerobic

text: process resulting in humus, water and non-fossil CO. The energy bill for breaking down biodegradables into the fundamental building block molecules, and then reassembling them into usable raw materials is large, but is  uses direct solar energy rather than metered electricity. There is also no loss of properties with successive journeys through the cycle.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: gaseous

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: methane

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: respiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: What is stored in snow and ice?

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: composting

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: methane,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: methane,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: composting

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: composting

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: humus, water, and non-fossil CO.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: For sustainable material articles

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: compost

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: humus can then be used as fertiliser for the next generation of crops,

text: One process for the creation of a clean and affordable energy supply is the development of photocatalytic water splitting under solar light. This method of sustainable hydrogen production is a key objective in the development of alternative energy systems. It is also predicted to be one of the more, if not the most, efficient ways of obtaining hydrogen from water. The conversion of solar energy into hydrogen via a water-splitting process assisted by photosemiconductor catalysts is one of the most promising technologies in development. This process has the potential for large quantities of hydrogen to be generated in an ecologically sound manner. The conversion of solar energy into a clean fuel (H) under ambient conditions is one of the greatest challenges facing scientists in the twenty-first century.

text: One process for the creation of a clean and affordable energy supply is the development of

text: photocatalytic water splitting

text: under solar light. This method of sustainable hydrogen production is a key objective in the development of

text: alternative energy

text: systems. It is also predicted to be one of the more, if not the most, efficient ways of obtaining hydrogen from water. The conversion of solar energy into hydrogen via a water-splitting process assisted by photosemiconductor catalysts is one of the most promising technologies in development. This process has the potential for large quantities of hydrogen to be generated in an ecologically sound manner. The conversion of solar energy into a clean fuel (H) under ambient conditions is one of the greatest challenges facing scientists in the twenty-first century.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: water splitting

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: solar energy into hydrogen

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: photocatalytic

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: solar light.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: hydrogen

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water splitting under solar light.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: photocatalytic water splitting under solar light.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: photocatalytic water splitting under solar light.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: photocatalytic water splitting under solar light.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: photocatalytic water splitting under solar light.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: solar light.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: photocatalytic water splitting under solar light.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: photocatalytic water splitting under solar light.

text: Furthermore, sea ice affects the movement of ocean waters. In the freezing process, much of the salt in ocean water is squeezed out of the frozen crystal formations, though some remains frozen in the ice. This salt becomes trapped beneath the sea ice, creating a higher concentration of salt in the water beneath ice floes. This concentration of salt contributes to the salinated water’s density, and this cold, denser water sinks to the bottom of the ocean. This cold water moves along the ocean floor towards the equator, while warmer water on the ocean surface moves in the direction of the poles. This is referred to as “conveyor belt motion”, and is a regularly occurring process.

text: Furthermore, sea ice affects the movement of ocean waters. In the

text: freezing

text: process, much of the salt in ocean water is squeezed out of the frozen crystal formations, though some remains frozen in the ice. This salt becomes trapped beneath the sea ice, creating a higher concentration of salt in the water beneath ice floes. This concentration of salt contributes to the salinated water’s

text: density

text: , and this cold, denser water sinks to the bottom of the ocean. This cold water moves along the ocean floor towards the equator, while warmer water on the ocean surface moves in the direction of the poles. This is referred to as “

text: conveyor belt

text: motion”, and is a regularly occurring process.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: ice floes

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: convection belt motion

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: conveyor belt motion

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: sea ice

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: freezing process,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: sea ice affects the movement of ocean waters.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: “conveyor belt motion”,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: “conveyor belt motion”,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: “conveyor belt motion”,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: warmer water

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: moves in the direction of the poles.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: salt in ocean water is squeezed out of the frozen crystal formations,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: sea ice affects the movement of ocean waters.

text: The UNESCO World Network of Biosphere Reserves (WNBR) covers internationally designated protected areas, each known as biosphere reserves, that are meant to demonstrate a balanced relationship between people and nature (e.g. encourage sustainable development).

text: The

text: UNESCO

text: World Network of Biosphere Reserves (WNBR) covers internationally designated protected areas, each known as

text: biosphere reserves

text: , that are meant to demonstrate a balanced relationship between people and nature (e.g. encourage

text: sustainable development

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Biosphere Reserves

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Biosphere Reserves

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: UNESCO World Network of Biosphere Reserves

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: balanced relationship between people and nature

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: sustainable development).

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: The UNESCO World Network of Biosphere Reserves

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: UNESCO World Network of Biosphere Reserves

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: UNESCO World Network of Biosphere Reserves

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: sustainable development).

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: The UNESCO World Network of Biosphere Reserves

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The UNESCO World Network of Biosphere Reserves

text: Soils can effectively remove impurities, kill disease agents, and degrade contaminants, this latter property being called natural attenuation. Typically, soils maintain a net absorption of oxygen and methane, and undergo a net release of carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide. Soils offer plants physical support, air, water, temperature moderation, nutrients, and protection from toxins. Soils provide readily available nutrients to plants and animals by converting dead organic matter into various nutrient forms.

text: Soils can effectively remove impurities, kill disease agents, and degrade contaminants, this latter property being called natural attenuation. Typically, soils maintain a net absorption of

text: oxygen

text: and

text: methane

text: , and undergo a net release of

text: carbon dioxide

text: and

text: nitrous oxide

text: . Soils offer plants physical support, air, water, temperature moderation, nutrients, and protection from toxins. Soils provide readily available nutrients to plants and animals by converting dead organic matter into various nutrient forms.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: gaseous

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: natural attenuation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: a net release of carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: soils absorb more heat

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: nitrous oxide.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: natural attenuation.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: natural attenuation.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: natural attenuation.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Soils offer plants physical support, air, water,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Soils offer plants physical support, air, water, temperature moderation,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Soils offer plants physical support, air, water,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: air, water, temperature moderation, nutrients, and protection from toxins.

text: The atmosphere is divided into a number of sections depending on altitude. The densest part of the atmosphere, the troposphere, begins at the surface and extends upwards to 65 km. At the furnace-like surface the winds are slow, but at the top of the troposphere the temperature and pressure reaches Earth-like levels and clouds pick up speed to 100 m/s.

text: The atmosphere is divided into a number of sections depending on altitude. The densest part of the atmosphere, the

text: troposphere

text: , begins at the surface and extends upwards to 65 km. At the furnace-like surface the winds are slow, but at the top of the troposphere the temperature and pressure reaches Earth-like levels and clouds pick up speed to 100 m/s.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: clouds pick up speed to 100 m/s

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: greenhouse effect

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: pressure increases

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: What is stored in snow and ice

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: temperature and pressure reaches Earth-like levels

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: The atmosphere is divided into a number of sections depending on altitude.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: clouds

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: clouds pick up speed to 100 m/s.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: clouds

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: clouds

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: The atmosphere is divided into a number of sections depending on altitude.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Earth-like levels

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: The atmosphere is divided into a number of sections depending on altitude.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The atmosphere is divided into a number of sections depending on altitude.

text: The system fuel as depicted is coal, converted to syngas by the gasifier, which is then supplied to the SOFC module after cleanup and pressure reduction. The syngas pressure reduction step is accomplished in this system concept by an expander/generator, which thereby produces part of the cycle's gross power generation. Oxygen for the coal gasification process is provided by a conventional air separation unit, and steam for the gasifier is raised by power system heat and recycled water. Note that the SOFC module is configured to maintain the anode and cathode off-gas streams separated, and the anode off-gas, which contains some electrochemically-unreacted hydrogen and carbon monoxide, is combusted to completion at the oxy-combustor. Maintaining separation of the off-gas streams restricts the large atmospheric nitrogen content to the cathode side, and simplifies the CO capture process to anode off-gas cooling, water-vapor condensation, CO drying, and CO compression. Compressed CO is suitable for carbon utilization or storage (CUS) as appropriate. Heat recovered from the anode-side process can be used by a power-generating bottoming cycle consisting of a heat recovery steam generator and steam turbine. On the cathode side, process air for the SOFC electrochemical process and for module cooling is provided by an air blower; heat can be recovered from the hot cathode off-gas stream to preheat the process air as needed, and for the generation of additional power.Due to the inherently efficient SOFC, and to using recovered SOFC exhaust heat to generate additional electric power, an IGFC system is capable of operating at a high electric efficiency that significantly exceeds those associated with conventional pulverized coal and integrated gasification combined cycle power systems. IGFC efficiency margins considered achievable, based upon the U.S. Department of Energy's National Energy Technology Laboratory comparative studies of advanced power systems, are apparent in the table provided in subsequent discussion.

text: The system fuel as depicted is coal, converted to syngas by the gasifier, which is then supplied to the SOFC module after cleanup and pressure reduction. The syngas pressure reduction step is accomplished in this system concept by an

text: expander/generator

text: , which thereby produces part of the cycle's gross power generation. Oxygen for the coal gasification process is provided by a conventional

text: air separation

text: unit, and steam for the gasifier is raised by power system heat and recycled water. Note that the SOFC module is configured to maintain the anode and cathode off-gas streams separated, and the anode off-gas, which contains some electrochemically-unreacted hydrogen and carbon monoxide, is combusted to completion at the

text: oxy-combustor

text: . Maintaining separation of the off-gas streams restricts the large atmospheric nitrogen content to the cathode side, and simplifies the CO capture process to anode off-gas cooling, water-vapor condensation, CO drying, and CO compression. Compressed CO is suitable for

text: carbon utilization or storage

text: (CUS) as appropriate. Heat recovered from the anode-side process can be used by a power-generating bottoming cycle consisting of a heat recovery steam generator and steam turbine. On the cathode side, process air for the SOFC electrochemical process and for module cooling is provided by an air blower; heat can be recovered from the hot cathode off-gas stream to preheat the process air as needed, and for the generation of additional power.Due to the inherently efficient SOFC, and to using recovered SOFC exhaust heat to generate additional electric power, an IGFC system is capable of operating at a high electric efficiency that significantly exceeds those associated with

text: conventional pulverized coal

text: and

text: integrated gasification combined cycle

text: power systems. IGFC efficiency margins considered achievable, based upon the U.S. Department of Energy's National Energy Technology Laboratory comparative studies of advanced power systems, are apparent in the table provided in subsequent discussion.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: water-vapor condensation

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: gasification

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: What types of precipitation does the system receive?

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: water-vapor condensation

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: condensation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: recycled water

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: air blower;

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: water-vapor condensation,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: module cooling

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: water-vapor condensation,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: condensation,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: recycled water.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: recycled water.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: nitrogen content

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: heat can be recovered from the hot cathode off-gas stream

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: storage (CUS)

text: Plants absorb water from the soil, which then evaporates from their outer surfaces; this process is known as transpiration.  In dry environments, a typical (mesophytic) plant would evaporate water faster than the rate at which water was replaced in the soil, leading to wilting. To reduce this effect, xerophytic plants exhibit a variety of specialized adaptations to survive in such conditions.  Xerophytes may use water from their own storage, allocate water specifically to sites of new tissue growth, or lose less water to the atmosphere and so convert a greater proportion of water in the soil to growth, or have other adaptations to manage water supply and enable them to survive.

text: Plants absorb water from the soil, which then

text: evaporates

text: from their outer surfaces; this process is known as

text: transpiration

text: .  In dry environments, a typical (

text: mesophytic

text: ) plant would evaporate water faster than the rate at which water was replaced in the soil, leading to wilting. To reduce this effect, xerophytic plants exhibit a variety of specialized adaptations to survive in such conditions.  Xerophytes may use water from their own storage, allocate water specifically to sites of new tissue growth, or lose less water to the atmosphere and so convert a greater proportion of water in the soil to growth, or have other adaptations to manage water supply and enable them to survive.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: this process is known as transpiration

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporates

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: loss of water to the atmosphere

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: wilting

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: transpiration.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporates

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: lose less water to the atmosphere

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: wilting.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: transpiration.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: xerophytic plants exhibit a variety of specialized adaptations

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Plants absorb water

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Xerophytes may use water from their own storage,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Plants absorb water from the soil,

text: BIOS has a range of research programs investigating the role of the ocean in global climate, the health of coral reefs, and the connection between healthy oceans and healthy people. The geographical range is not restricted to the waters around Bermuda, but also extends to the Arctic, the Antarctic and the tropics. The Center for Integrated Ocean Observations program is an international collaboration of oceanographers and climate scientists. Taking advantage of Bermuda's unique position, their goal is to better understand the biological, chemical and physical processes that take place in the ocean and the ocean's role in regulating the Earth's climate. The International Center for Ocean and Human Health is designed to address both health of the ocean (such as pollution threats) and health from the ocean (including nutrients and pharmaceutical applications). Working with experts on ocean acidification, coral reefs, ecotoxicology, algal biofuel, and the carbon cycle. The Risk Prediction Initiative (RPI)  program brings climate scientists and insurers together to collaborate to identify new directions for climate research. Matching the Institute's unique research ability with Bermuda's insurance market, this business-science partnership provides rapid, current and comprehensive information to those parts of the business community affected by environmental change.

text: BIOS has a range of research programs investigating the role of the ocean in global climate, the health of coral reefs, and the connection between healthy oceans and healthy people. The geographical range is not restricted to the waters around Bermuda, but also extends to the

text: Arctic

text: , the

text: Antarctic

text: and the

text: tropics

text: . The Center for Integrated Ocean Observations program is an international collaboration of oceanographers and climate scientists. Taking advantage of Bermuda's unique position, their goal is to better understand the biological, chemical and physical processes that take place in the ocean and the ocean's role in regulating the Earth's climate. The International Center for Ocean and Human Health is designed to address both health of the ocean (such as pollution threats) and health from the ocean (including nutrients and pharmaceutical applications). Working with experts on

text: ocean acidification

text: coral reefs

text: ecotoxicology

text: algal biofuel

text: , and the

text: carbon cycle

text: . The Risk Prediction Initiative (RPI)  program brings climate scientists and insurers together to collaborate to identify new directions for climate research. Matching the Institute's unique research ability with Bermuda's

text: insurance

text: market, this business-science partnership provides rapid, current and comprehensive information to those parts of the business community affected by environmental change.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: ocean acidification

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: ocean acidification

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: algal biofuel

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Carbon cycle

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: carbon cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: ocean acidification

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: What can be stored for future use in snow and ice

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: ocean acidification,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: acidification,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: environmental change.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: algal biofuel,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: carbon cycle.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: carbon cycle.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Arctic, the Antarctic and the tropics.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: ocean acidification,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: algal biofuel,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Arctic, the Antarctic and the tropics.

text: Biological processes also lead to ocean-atmosphere carbon exchange. Carbon dioxide equilibriates between the atmosphere and the ocean's surface layers. As autotrophs add or subtract carbon dioxide from the water through photosynthesis or respiration, they modify this balance, allowing the water to absorb more carbon dioxide or causing it to emit carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.

text: Biological processes also lead to ocean-atmosphere carbon exchange. Carbon dioxide equilibriates between the atmosphere and the ocean's surface layers. As

text: autotroph

text: s add or subtract carbon dioxide from the water through

text: photosynthesis

text: or

text: respiration

text: , they modify this balance, allowing the water to absorb more carbon dioxide or causing it to emit carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Biological processes also lead to ocean-atmosphere carbon exchange

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: respiration

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the water to absorb more carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: photosynthesis

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: it absorbs more carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: photosynthesis or respiration,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: respiration,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Biological processes also lead to ocean-atmosphere carbon exchange.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: photosynthesis

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: photosynthesis

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: ocean-atmosphere carbon exchange.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Biological processes also lead to ocean-atmosphere carbon exchange.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Biological processes also lead to ocean-atmosphere carbon exchange.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Biological processes also lead to ocean-atmosphere carbon exchange.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Biological processes also lead to ocean-atmosphere carbon exchange.

text: Soil is a major component of the Earth's ecosystem. The world's ecosystems are impacted in far-reaching ways by the processes carried out in the soil, from ozone depletion and global warming, to rainforest destruction and water pollution. Following the atmosphere, the soil is the next largest carbon reservoir on Earth, and it is potentially one of the most reactive to human disturbance and climate change. As the planet warms, soils will add carbon dioxide to the atmosphere due to its increased biological activity at higher temperatures. Thus, soil carbon losses likely have a large positive feedback response (amplification) to global warming, although positive feedback has been questioned on the base of more recent knowledge on soil carbon turnover.

text: Soil is a major component of the

text: Earth

text: 's

text: ecosystem

text: . The world's ecosystems are impacted in far-reaching ways by the processes carried out in the soil, from

text: ozone depletion

text: and

text: global warming

text: , to

text: rainforest destruction

text: and

text: water pollution

text: . Following the atmosphere, the soil is the next largest

text: carbon reservoir

text: on Earth, and it is potentially one of the most reactive to human disturbance and climate change. As the planet warms, soils will add carbon dioxide to the atmosphere due to its increased biological activity at higher temperatures. Thus, soil carbon losses likely have a large

text: positive feedback

text: response (amplification) to global warming, although positive feedback has been questioned on the base of more recent knowledge on soil carbon turnover.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: soil carbon losses

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: gaseous

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: the atmosphere

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: global warming

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: deposition

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: ozone depletion and global warming, to rainforest destruction and water pollution.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: temperatures.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water pollution. Following the atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: rainforest destruction

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: ozone depletion and global warming, to rainforest destruction and water pollution.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: water pollution.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: ozone depletion and global warming,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: increased biological activity

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: the soil is the next largest carbon reservoir

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: water pollution.

text: Faced with the dilemma of how to cross the ocean to Lanka, where his abducted wife Sita is held captive by the demon king Ravana, Rama (an Avatar of Vishnu) performs a penance (tapasya) to Varuna, the Lord of Oceans, fasting and meditating in perfect dhyana for three days and three nights. Varuna does not respond, and Rama arises on the fourth morning, enraged by the God's arrogance. With his bow and arrow, he angrily begins attacking the oceans with celestial weapons—burning up the waters and killing its life and creatures. The Vanaras (Monkeys) are dazzled and fearful at witnessing the enraged Rama demolish the oceans, and his brother, Lakshmana, prays to calm Rama's mind. Just as Rama invokes the brahmastra, considered the most powerful weapon capable of destroying all creation, Varuna arises out of the oceans. He bows to Rama, explaining that he himself was at a loss to answer Rama's question. Begging him not to destroy the oceans with the missile, he suggests that Rama re-direct the weapon at a demonic race that lives in the heart of the ocean. Rama's arrows destroys the demons, and establishes a purer, liberated environment there. Varuna promises that he would keep the oceans still for all of Rama's army to pass, and Nala constructs a bridge (Rama's Bridge) across to Lanka. Rama justifies his angry assault on the oceans as he followed the correct process of petitioning and worshipping Varuna, but obtaining the result by force for the greater good.

text: Faced with the dilemma of how to cross the ocean to

text: Lanka

text: , where his abducted wife

text: Sita

text: is held captive by the demon king

text: Ravana

text: Rama

text: (an

text: Avatar

text: of

text: Vishnu

text: ) performs a penance (

text: tapasya

text: ) to Varuna, the Lord of Oceans, fasting and meditating in perfect

text: dhyana

text: for three days and three nights. Varuna does not respond, and Rama arises on the fourth morning, enraged by the God's arrogance. With his bow and arrow, he angrily begins attacking the oceans with celestial weapons—burning up the waters and killing its life and creatures. The Vanaras (Monkeys) are dazzled and fearful at witnessing the enraged Rama demolish the oceans, and his brother,

text: Lakshmana

text: , prays to calm Rama's mind. Just as Rama invokes the

text: brahmastra

text: , considered the most powerful weapon capable of destroying all creation, Varuna arises out of the oceans. He bows to Rama, explaining that he himself was at a loss to answer Rama's question. Begging him not to destroy the oceans with the missile, he suggests that Rama re-direct the weapon at a demonic race that lives in the heart of the ocean. Rama's arrows destroys the demons, and establishes a purer, liberated environment there. Varuna promises that he would keep the oceans still for all of Rama's army to pass, and Nala constructs a bridge (

text: Rama's Bridge

text: ) across to Lanka. Rama justifies his angry assault on the oceans as he followed the correct process of petitioning and worshipping Varuna, but obtaining the result by force for the greater good.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: burning up the waters

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: gaseous

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Rama's arrows destroy the demons

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: What is the Lord of Oceans?

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Varuna

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: weapons—burning up the waters

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: creation,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Rama's arrows

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: weapons—burning up the waters

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Varuna

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Varuna

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: weapons—burning up the waters

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: weapons—burning up the waters

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Varuna arises out of the oceans.

text: Oxygen is also cycled between the biosphere and lithosphere. Marine organisms in the biosphere create calcium carbonate shell material (CaCO) that is rich in oxygen. When the organism dies, its shell is deposited on the shallow sea floor and buried over time to create the limestone sedimentary rock of the lithosphere. Weathering processes initiated by organisms can also free oxygen from the lithosphere. Plants and animals extract nutrient minerals from rocks and release oxygen in the process.

text: Oxygen is also cycled between the biosphere and lithosphere. Marine organisms in the biosphere create

text: calcium carbonate

text: shell material (CaCO) that is rich in oxygen. When the organism dies, its shell is deposited on the shallow sea floor and buried over time to create the

text: limestone

text: sedimentary rock of the lithosphere. Weathering processes initiated by organisms can also free oxygen from the lithosphere. Plants and animals extract nutrient minerals from rocks and release oxygen in the process.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: gaseous

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Weathering processes

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: limestone sedimentary rock

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: release oxygen

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: nutrient minerals are released

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Oxygen

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Weathering processes

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Weathering processes

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Weathering processes

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Weathering

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Oxygen

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Oxygen

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Oxygen

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Oxygen

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Oxygen

text: There were two major oceans in the Carboniferous—Panthalassa and Paleo-Tethys, which was inside the "O" in the Carboniferous Pangaea. Other minor oceans were shrinking and eventually closed - Rheic Ocean (closed by the assembly of South and North America), the small, shallow Ural Ocean (which was closed by the collision of Baltica and Siberia continents, creating the Ural Mountains) and Proto-Tethys Ocean (closed by North China collision with Siberia/Kazakhstania).

text: There were two major oceans in the Carboniferous—

text: Panthalassa

text: and

text: Paleo-Tethys

text: , which was inside the "O" in the Carboniferous Pangaea. Other minor oceans were shrinking and eventually closed -

text: Rheic Ocean

text: (closed by the assembly of

text: South

text: and

text: North America

text: ), the small, shallow

text: Ural Ocean

text: (which was closed by the collision of

text: Baltica

text: and Siberia continents, creating the

text: Ural Mountains

text: ) and

text: Proto-Tethys Ocean

text: (closed by

text: North China

text: collision with

text: Siberia

text: Kazakhstania

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: What drives the water cycle

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the small, shallow Ural Ocean

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: oceans

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: oceans in the Carboniferous—Panthalassa

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Carboniferous—Panthalassa

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Carboniferous—Panthalassa

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Rheic Ocean

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: shrinking

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Carboniferous Pangaea.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Carboniferous Pangaea.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: shrinking

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: There were two major oceans in the Carboniferous—Panthalassa

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: There were two major oceans in the Carboniferous—Panthalassa

text: Uelzen lies on the edge of the Lüneburg Heath. The town is a transport hub on the north-south axis from Hamburg to Hanover as well as the east-west axis from Bremen to Berlin. Also of economic importance is its location on the  Elbe Lateral Canal. The town's has a charming setting, situated as it is on the heath river, the Ilmenau, with its grassy river banks, small parks and water meadows. Large areas in the vicinity of Uelzen have been set aside as nature parks with moors, woods, lakes and heathland: the Elbhöhen-Wendland Nature Park, Lüneburg Heath Nature Park and Lower Saxon Elbe Valley Water Meadows Biosphere Reserve.

text: Uelzen lies on the edge of the

text: Lüneburg Heath

text: . The town is a transport hub on the north-south axis from

text: Hamburg

text: to

text: Hanover

text: as well as the east-west axis from

text: Bremen

text: to

text: Berlin

text: . Also of economic importance is its location on the

text: Elbe Lateral Canal

text: . The town's has a charming setting, situated as it is on the heath river, the

text: Ilmenau

text: , with its grassy river banks, small parks and water meadows. Large areas in the vicinity of Uelzen have been set aside as

text: nature parks

text: with moors, woods, lakes and heathland: the

text: Elbhöhen-Wendland Nature Park

text: Lüneburg Heath Nature Park

text: and Lower Saxon Elbe Valley Water Meadows Biosphere Reserve.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: The town's has a charming setting

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: water meadows

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: What can be stored in snow and ice?

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: grassy river banks, small parks and water meadows.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: water meadows.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Lüneburg Heath.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Elbhöhen-Wendland Nature Park,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Lüneburg Heath.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: water meadows.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: water meadows.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Lüneburg Heath.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: water meadows.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Elbe Lateral Canal.

text: None of these lakes have perennial inflowing streams or outlets. The water levels of 14 Lakes fluctuate seasonally and inter-annually based on the amount of precipitation and rates of groundwater inflow and outflow. Because shrubs and trees can’t persist with the periodic flooding, the fluctuating water levels maintain a very diverse herbaceous-dominated shoreline with most plant species adapted to periodic flooding. (See botanical inventory of 14 Lakes (pdf))

text: None of these lakes have perennial inflowing streams or outlets. The water levels of 14 Lakes fluctuate seasonally and inter-annually based on the amount of precipitation and rates of groundwater inflow and outflow. Because shrubs and trees can’t persist with the periodic flooding, the fluctuating water levels maintain a very diverse herbaceous-dominated shoreline with most plant species adapted to periodic flooding. (See botanical inventory of 14 Lakes (pdf))

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: precipitation and rates of groundwater inflow and outflow

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: gaseous

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: fluctuating water levels

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: water levels fluctuate

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: amount of precipitation and rates of groundwater inflow and outflow.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: groundwater inflow and outflow.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: flooding.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: groundwater inflow and outflow.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: periodic flooding.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: shrubs and trees can’t persist with the periodic flooding,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: precipitation and rates of groundwater inflow and outflow.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: None of these lakes have perennial inflowing streams or outlets.

text: Some damaged qanats have been restored. To be sustainable, restoration needs to take into account many nontechnical factors beginning with the process of selecting the qanat to be restored. In Syria, three sites were chosen based on a national inventory conducted in 2001. One of them, the Drasiah qanat of Dmeir, was completed in 2002. Selection criteria included the availability of a steady groundwater flow, social cohesion and willingness to contribute of the community using the qanat, and the existence of a functioning water-rights system.

text: Some damaged qanats have been restored. To be sustainable, restoration needs to take into account many nontechnical factors beginning with the process of selecting the qanat to be restored. In Syria, three sites were chosen based on a national inventory conducted in 2001. One of them, the

text: Drasiah

text: qanat of

text: Dmeir

text: , was completed in 2002. Selection criteria included the availability of a steady groundwater flow, social cohesion and willingness to contribute of the community using the qanat, and the existence of a functioning water-rights system.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Drasiah qanat

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: groundwater flow

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: functioning water-rights system.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: nontechnical factors

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Drasiah qanat of Dmeir,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Some damaged qanats have been restored.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: water-rights system.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: steady groundwater flow,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: nontechnical factors

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: steady groundwater

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Some damaged qanats have been restored.

text: The total inventory of sulfur compounds on the surface of the Earth (nearly  S) represents the total outgassing of sulfur through geologic time. Rocks analyzed for sulfur content are generally organic-rich shales meaning they are likely controlled by biogenic sulfur reduction.  Average seawater curves are generated from evaporites deposited throughout geologic time because again, since they do not discriminate between the heavy and light sulfur isotopes, they should mimic the ocean composition at the time of deposition.  	4.6 billion years ago (Ga) the Earth formed and had a theoretical δS value of 0. Since there was no biologic activity on early Earth there would be no isotopic fractionation.  All sulfur in the atmosphere would be released during volcanic eruptions. When the oceans condensed on Earth, the atmosphere was essentially swept clean of sulfur gases, owing to their high solubility in water. Throughout the majority of the Archean (4.6–2.5 Ga) most systems appeared to be sulfate-limited. Some small Archean evaporite deposits require that at least locally elevated concentrations (possibly due to local volcanic activity) of sulfate existed in order for them to be supersaturated and precipitate out of solution.	3.8–3.6 Ga marks the beginning of the exposed geologic record because this is the age of the oldest rocks on Earth. Metasedimentary rocks from this time still have an isotopic value of 0 because the biosphere was not developed enough (possibly at all) to fractionate sulfur.	3.5 Ga anoxyogenic photosynthesis is established and provides a weak source of sulfate to the global ocean with sulfate concentrations incredibly low the δS is still basically 0. Shortly after, at 3.4 Ga the first evidence for minimal fractionation in evaporitic sulfate in association with magmatically derived sulfides can be seen in the rock record. This fractionation shows possible evidence for anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria.	2.8 Ga marks the first evidence for oxygen production through photosynthesis. This is important because there cannot be sulfur oxidation without oxygen in the atmosphere. This exemplifies the coevolution of the oxygen and sulfur cycles as well as the biosphere.	2.7–2.5 Ga is the age of the oldest sedimentary rocks to have a depleted δ S which provide the first compelling evidence for sulfate reduction. 	2.3 Ga sulfate increases to more than 1 mM; this increase in sulfate is coincident with the "Great Oxygenation Event", when redox conditions on Earth's surface are thought by most workers to have shifted fundamentally from reducing to oxidizing.  This shift would have led to an incredible increase in sulfate weathering which would have led to an increase in sulfate in the oceans. The large isotopic fractionations that would likely be associated with bacteria reduction are produced for the first time. Although there was a distinct rise in seawater sulfate at this time it was likely still only less than 5–15% of present-day levels. 	At 1.8 Ga, Banded iron formations (BIF) are common sedimentary rocks throughout the Archean and Paleoproterozoic; their disappearance marks a distinct shift in the chemistry of ocean water.  BIFs have alternating layers of iron oxides and chert. BIFs only form if the water is be allowed to supersaturate in dissolved iron (Fe) meaning there cannot be free oxygen or sulfur in the water column because it would form Fe (rust) or pyrite and precipitate out of solution. Following this supersaturation, the water must become oxygenated in order for the ferric rich bands to precipitate it must still be sulfur poor otherwise pyrite would form instead of Fe. It has been hypothesized that BIFs formed during to the initial evolution of photosynthetic organisms that had phases of population growth, causing over production of oxygen. Due to this over production they would poison themselves causing a mass die off, which would cut off the source of oxygen and produce a large amount of CO through the decomposition of their bodies, allowing for another bacterial bloom. After 1.8 Ga sulfate concentrations were sufficient to increase rates of sulfate reduction to greater than the delivery flux of iron to the oceans. 	Along with the disappearance of BIF, the end of the Paleoproterozoic also marks the first large scale sedimentary exhalative deposits showing a link between mineralization and a likely increase in the amount of sulfate in sea water.  In the Paleoproterozoic the sulfate in seawater had increased to an amount greater than in the Archean, but was still lower than present day values.  The sulfate levels in the Proterozoic also act as proxies for atmospheric oxygen because sulfate is produced mostly through weathering of the continents in the presence of oxygen.  The low levels in the Proterozoic simply imply that levels of atmospheric oxygen fell between the abundances of the Phanerozoic and the deficiencies of the Archean.	750 million years ago (Ma) there is a renewed deposition of BIF which marks a significant change in ocean chemistry.  This was likely due to snowball earth episodes where the entire globe including the oceans was covered in a layer of ice cutting off oxygenation.  In the late Neoproterozoic high carbon burial rates increased the atmospheric oxygen level to >10% of its present-day value.  In the Latest Neoproterozoic another major oxidizing event occurred on Earth's surface that resulted in an oxic deep ocean and possibly allowed for the appearance of multicellular life.	During the last 600 million years, seawater SO has varied between +10 and +30‰ in δS, with an average value close to that of today.  This coincides with atmospheric O levels reaching something close to modern values around the Precambrian–Cambrian boundary.

text: The total inventory of sulfur compounds on the surface of the Earth (nearly  S) represents the total outgassing of sulfur through geologic time. Rocks analyzed for sulfur content are generally organic-rich shales meaning they are likely controlled by biogenic sulfur reduction.  Average seawater curves are generated from evaporites deposited throughout geologic time because again, since they do not discriminate between the heavy and light sulfur isotopes, they should mimic the ocean composition at the time of deposition.  	4.6 billion years ago (Ga) the Earth formed and had a theoretical δS value of 0. Since there was no biologic activity on early Earth there would be no

text: isotopic fractionation

text: .  All sulfur in the atmosphere would be released during volcanic eruptions. When the oceans condensed on Earth, the atmosphere was essentially swept clean of sulfur gases, owing to their high solubility in water. Throughout the majority of the

text: Archean

text: (4.6–2.5 Ga) most systems appeared to be sulfate-limited. Some small Archean evaporite deposits require that at least locally elevated concentrations (possibly due to local volcanic activity) of sulfate existed in order for them to be supersaturated and precipitate out of solution.	3.8–3.6 Ga marks the beginning of the exposed geologic record because this is the age of the oldest rocks on Earth. Metasedimentary rocks from this time still have an isotopic value of 0 because the biosphere was not developed enough (possibly at all) to fractionate sulfur.	3.5 Ga anoxyogenic

text: photosynthesis

text: is established and provides a weak source of sulfate to the global ocean with sulfate concentrations incredibly low the δS is still basically 0. Shortly after, at 3.4 Ga the first evidence for minimal fractionation in evaporitic sulfate in association with

text: magma

text: tically derived sulfides can be seen in the rock record. This fractionation shows possible evidence for anoxygenic

text: phototroph

text: ic bacteria.	2.8 Ga marks the first evidence for oxygen production through photosynthesis. This is important because there cannot be sulfur oxidation without oxygen in the atmosphere. This exemplifies the coevolution of the oxygen and sulfur cycles as well as the biosphere.	2.7–2.5 Ga is the age of the oldest

text: sedimentary rock

text: s to have a depleted δ S which provide the first compelling evidence for sulfate reduction. 	2.3 Ga sulfate increases to more than 1 mM; this increase in sulfate is coincident with the "

text: Great Oxygenation Event

text: ", when redox conditions on Earth's surface are thought by most workers to have shifted fundamentally from reducing to oxidizing.  This shift would have led to an incredible increase in sulfate weathering which would have led to an increase in sulfate in the oceans. The large isotopic fractionations that would likely be associated with bacteria reduction are produced for the first time. Although there was a distinct rise in seawater sulfate at this time it was likely still only less than 5–15% of present-day levels. 	At 1.8 Ga,

text: Banded iron formations

text: (BIF) are common sedimentary rocks throughout the Archean and

text: Paleoproterozoic

text: ; their disappearance marks a distinct shift in the chemistry of ocean water.  BIFs have alternating layers of

text: iron oxide

text: s and

text: chert

text: . BIFs only form if the water is be allowed to supersaturate in dissolved iron (Fe) meaning there cannot be free oxygen or sulfur in the water column because it would form Fe (rust) or pyrite and precipitate out of solution. Following this supersaturation, the water must become oxygenated in order for the ferric rich bands to precipitate it must still be sulfur poor otherwise pyrite would form instead of Fe. It has been hypothesized that BIFs formed during to the initial evolution of photosynthetic organisms that had phases of population growth, causing over production of oxygen. Due to this over production they would poison themselves causing a mass die off, which would cut off the source of oxygen and produce a large amount of CO through the decomposition of their bodies, allowing for another bacterial bloom. After 1.8 Ga sulfate concentrations were sufficient to increase rates of sulfate reduction to greater than the delivery flux of iron to the oceans. 	Along with the disappearance of BIF, the end of the Paleoproterozoic also marks the first large scale sedimentary exhalative deposits showing a link between mineralization and a likely increase in the amount of sulfate in sea water.  In the Paleoproterozoic the sulfate in seawater had increased to an amount greater than in the Archean, but was still lower than present day values.  The sulfate levels in the

text: Proterozoic

text: also act as proxies for atmospheric oxygen because sulfate is produced mostly through weathering of the continents in the presence of oxygen.  The low levels in the Proterozoic simply imply that levels of atmospheric oxygen fell between the abundances of the Phanerozoic and the deficiencies of the Archean.	750 million years ago (Ma) there is a renewed deposition of BIF which marks a significant change in ocean chemistry.  This was likely due to

text: snowball earth

text: episodes where the entire globe including the oceans was covered in a layer of ice cutting off oxygenation.  In the late

text: Neoproterozoic

text: high carbon burial rates increased the atmospheric oxygen level to >10% of its present-day value.  In the Latest Neoproterozoic another major oxidizing event occurred on Earth's surface that resulted in an oxic deep ocean and possibly allowed for the appearance of multicellular life.	During the last 600 million years, seawater SO has varied between +10 and +30‰ in δS, with an average value close to that of today.  This coincides with atmospheric O levels reaching something close to modern values around the

text: Precambrian

text: Cambrian

text: boundary.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Context: The total inventory of sulfur compounds on the surface of the Earth (nearly S) represents the total outgassing of sulfur through geologic time

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: sulfate

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Archean evaporite deposits

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: photosynthesis

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: isotopic fractionation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Water can be stored for future use in snow and ice.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: oxygen production through photosynthesis.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: When the oceans condensed

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitate

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Some small Archean evaporite deposits

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: photosynthesis.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: oxygen production through photosynthesis.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: oxygen production through photosynthesis.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: there cannot be sulfur oxidation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: oxygen production through photosynthesis.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: 2.8 Ga marks the first evidence for oxygen production through photosynthesis.

text: In architecture and spatial design, atmosphere refers to the sensorial qualities that a space emits. Atmosphere is an immediate form of physical perception, and is recognised through emotional sensibility. Architects and designers use the notion of atmosphere to argue that architecture and space is designed and built for people to use and experience. Peter Zumthor in his book Atmospheres constitutes architectural atmospheres as  "this singular density and mood, this feeling of presence, well-being, harmony, beauty...under whose spell I experience what I otherwise would not experience in precisely this way".

text: In

text: architecture

text: and

text: spatial design

text: , atmosphere refers to the sensorial qualities that a space emits. Atmosphere is an immediate form of physical perception, and is recognised through emotional sensibility. Architects and designers use the notion of atmosphere to argue that architecture and space is designed and built for people to use and experience.

text: Peter Zumthor

text: in his book Atmospheres constitutes architectural atmospheres as  "this singular density and mood, this feeling of presence, well-being, harmony, beauty...under whose spell I experience what I otherwise would not experience in precisely this way".

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Atmosphere

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Peter Zumthor

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Evaporation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: atmosphere refers to the sensorial qualities that a space emits.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Atmosphere

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Atmosphere

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: feeling of presence, well-being, harmony, beauty...under

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Atmosphere

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: atmosphere refers to the sensorial qualities that a space emits.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: atmosphere refers to the sensorial qualities that a space emits.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Atmosphere

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: In architecture and spatial design,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: In architecture and spatial design,

text: Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) is a systematic, phased approach to assessing the environmental aspects and potential impacts that are associated with a product, process or service.  “Life cycle” “refers to the major activities in the course of the product’s life-span from its manufacture, use, and maintenance, to its final disposal, including the raw material acquisition required to manufacture the product”.  Thus a method for assessing the environmental impacts of freshwater consumption was developed.  It specifically looks at the damage to three areas of protection: human health, ecosystem quality, and resources.  The consideration of water consumption is crucial where water-intensive products (for example agricultural goods) are concerned and need to therefore undergo a life-cycle assessment.  In addition, regional assessments are equally as necessary as the impact of water use depends on its location.  In short, LCA is important as it identifies the impact of water use in certain products, consumers, companies, nations, etc. which can help reduce the amount of water used.

text: Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) is a systematic, phased approach to assessing the environmental aspects and potential impacts that are associated with a product, process or service.  “Life cycle” “refers to the major activities in the course of the product’s life-span from its manufacture, use, and maintenance, to its final disposal, including the raw material acquisition required to manufacture the product”.  Thus a method for assessing the environmental impacts of freshwater consumption was developed.  It specifically looks at the damage to three areas of protection: human health, ecosystem quality, and resources.  The consideration of water consumption is crucial where water-intensive products (for example agricultural goods) are concerned and need to therefore undergo a life-cycle assessment.  In addition, regional assessments are equally as necessary as the impact of water use depends on its location.  In short, LCA is important as it identifies the impact of water use in certain products, consumers, companies, nations, etc. which can help reduce the amount of water used.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: life cycle

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: final disposal

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: freshwater consumption

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: water-intensive products

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Life Cycle Analysis

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: human health, ecosystem quality, and resources.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: final disposal,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: freshwater

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: agricultural goods)

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Life Cycle Analysis

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Life Cycle Analysis

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: water-intensive products

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: reduce the amount of water

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Life Cycle Analysis

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Life Cycle Analysis

text: Part of the young planet is theorized to have been disrupted by the impact which created the Moon, which should have caused melting of one or two large areas. Present composition does not match complete melting and it is hard to melt and mix huge rock masses completely. However, a fair fraction of material should have been vaporized by this impact, creating a rock-vapor atmosphere around the young planet. The rock-vapor would have condensed within two thousand years, leaving behind hot volatiles which probably resulted in a heavy carbon dioxide atmosphere with hydrogen and water vapor. Liquid water oceans existed despite the surface temperature of 230°C because of the atmospheric pressure of the heavy CO atmosphere. As cooling continued, subduction and dissolving in ocean water removed most CO from the atmosphere but levels oscillated wildly as new surface and mantle cycles appeared.

text: Part of the young planet is theorized to have been disrupted by the

text: impact which created the Moon

text: , which should have caused melting of one or two large areas. Present composition does not match complete melting and it is hard to melt and mix huge rock masses completely. However, a fair fraction of material should have been vaporized by this impact, creating a rock-vapor atmosphere around the young planet. The rock-vapor would have condensed within two thousand years, leaving behind hot volatiles which probably resulted in a heavy

text: carbon dioxide

text: atmosphere with hydrogen and

text: water vapor

text: . Liquid water oceans existed despite the surface temperature of 230°C because of the atmospheric pressure of the heavy CO atmosphere. As cooling continued,

text: subduction

text: and dissolving in ocean water removed most CO from the atmosphere but levels oscillated wildly as new surface and

text: mantle

text: cycles appeared.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: water vapor

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: condensed

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: What are examples of volatiles?

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: rock-vapor atmosphere around the young planet

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: vaporized

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: subduction

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: atmospheric pressure increases

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: What can be stored in snow and ice?

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: carbon dioxide atmosphere with hydrogen and water vapor.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: vapor.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: atmospheric pressure

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: dissolving in ocean water removed most CO from the atmosphere

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: vaporized

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: subduction

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Liquid water oceans

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: atmospheric pressure

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Liquid water oceans

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Liquid water oceans

text: The qualities of the printed end product should fit the needs of the application. Longevity, fastness and hand properties are important. Post-processing is something to think about: is the printed material easily confectioned, applied or handled. Should it be washed or does it need a finish (e.g. fire retardant, water repellent). A washed textile no longer has coating or ink residues and will, therefore, have a better feel. Moreover, it will be less prone to stains and it will last longer. However, digital textile printing fabric will fade out with repeated washings, so it should be labeled as dry cleaning only, and the best way is washing by hand with cold water or using washing machine with gentle cycle and use mild detergent.

text: The qualities of the printed end product should fit the needs of the application. Longevity, fastness and hand properties are important. Post-processing is something to think about: is the printed material easily confectioned, applied or handled. Should it be washed or does it need a finish (e.g. fire retardant, water repellent). A washed textile no longer has coating or ink residues and will, therefore, have a better feel. Moreover, it will be less prone to stains and it will last longer. However, digital textile printing fabric will fade out with repeated washings, so it should be labeled as dry cleaning only, and the best way is washing by hand with cold water or using washing machine with gentle cycle and use mild detergent.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: The qualities of the printed end product should fit the needs

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water repellent

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: A washed textile

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: A washed textile no longer has coating or ink residues

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: water repellent).

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: stains

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: fire retardant, water repellent).

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: water repellent).

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: washing machine with gentle cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: water repellent).

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: water repellent).

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: cold water

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The qualities of the printed end product should fit the needs of the application.

text: Solar energy, radiant light and heat from the sun, has been harnessed by humans since ancient times using a range of ever-evolving technologies. Solar energy technologies include solar heating, solar photovoltaics, concentrated solar power and solar architecture, which can make considerable contributions to solving some of the most urgent problems the world now faces. The International Energy Agency projected that solar power could provide "a third of the global final energy demand after 2060, while CO emissions would be reduced to very low levels." Solar technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solar or active solar depending on the way they capture, convert and distribute solar energy. Active solar techniques include the use of photovoltaic systems and solar thermal collectors to harness the energy. Passive solar techniques include orienting a building to the Sun, selecting materials with favorable thermal mass or light dispersing properties, and designing spaces that naturally circulate air.

text: Solar energy, radiant

text: light

text: and

text: heat

text: from the

text: sun

text: , has been harnessed by humans since

text: ancient times

text: using a range of ever-evolving technologies. Solar energy technologies include

text: solar heating

text: solar photovoltaics

text: concentrated solar power

text: and

text: solar architecture

text: , which can make considerable contributions to solving some of the most urgent problems the world now faces. The

text: International Energy Agency

text: projected that solar power could provide "a third of the global final energy demand after 2060, while CO emissions would be reduced to very low levels." Solar technologies are broadly characterized as either

text: passive solar

text: or

text: active solar

text: depending on the way they capture, convert and distribute solar energy. Active solar techniques include the use of

text: photovoltaic system

text: s and

text: solar thermal collector

text: s to harness the energy. Passive solar techniques include orienting a building to the Sun, selecting materials with favorable

text: thermal mass

text: or light dispersing properties, and designing spaces that

text: naturally circulate air

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: thermal

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: solar thermal collectors

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: circulate air

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Solar energy,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: air.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Solar energy,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: designing spaces that naturally circulate air.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: circulate air.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Solar energy,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Solar energy,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Solar energy,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Solar energy,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Solar energy,

text: Arizona follows the prior appropriation doctrine for determining water rights. There are three categories of tradable rights in Arizona: surface water rights under Common Law Rights, surface water rights under Statutory Rights, and groundwater rights created by Arizona’s 1980 Groundwater Code.  The former two surface water rights pertain to any surface water in Arizona excluding flows in the Colorado River (Colorado River water rights are governed extraneously, by the Colorado River Compact). Specifically, appropriated surface water can be: "Waters of all sources, flowing in streams, canyons, ravines or other natural channels, or in definite underground channels, whether perennial or intermittent, floodwaters, wastewater, or surplus water, and of lakes, ponds and springs on the surface" (A.R.S. §45-101). Common Law Rights apply to surface water diversions appropriated prior to the creation of Arizona’s 1919 Public Water Code and are senior rights. Statutory Rights apply to any appropriation claimed after 1919, in which case the claimant must apply for and receive a permit from the Arizona Department of Water Resource (ADWR) before diverting claimed surface water. Rights holders must apply appropriated water to beneficial use (recognized as domestic, municipal, irrigation, stockwatering, power, mining, recreation, wildlife and fish, or groundwater recharge) or risk forfeiture of rights (which occurs if water is not applied to beneficial use for 5 or more consecutive years). Arizona permits transfer of surface water rights, however there are maximum limits to the amount of water transferred and temporal duration of the transfer (A.R.S. §45-1002), and transfers are subject to review and approval by the ADWR. In the case of transfers to instream flows to benefit fish, wildlife, or recreation, rights holders may follow a "sever and transfer" process, by which the holder permanently transfers the water right to the State of Arizona or a political subdivision (as trustees of instream flows), pending approval of the ADWR. This type of transfer will preserve the priority status of the water right, so that if the right transferred is a senior right, the benefiting instream flow will receive its water allocation before junior rights holders in the case of a water shortage. This transfer process is boon to ecosystem health and recreational value because wildlife and fish were not recognized as beneficial uses until 1941 and 1962, respectively. Groundwater rights transfers are more restricted relative to surface water. The 1980 Arizona Groundwater Code created jurisdictions called "Active Management Areas" (AMA) in parts of the state with high water demand, such as Phoenix, Tucson, and Prescott. Groundwater rights owners living in places outside of AMAs are entitled to a "reasonable" quantity of pumped groundwater that can be applied to beneficial use without waste. Groundwater rights holders outside of AMAs may transfer rights under certain conditions and are rarely permitted to transfer groundwater outside the hydrologic basin. Groundwater transfers within AMAs are also permissible, but are even more restricted, and groundwater regulation in AMAs is different and much stricter than regulation outside of AMAs. Legal rules governing water exchanges in Arizona are codified in Title 45, Chapter 4, of the Arizona Revised Statutes. Water transfers within Arizona are most common in the Phoenix AMA.

text: Arizona follows the prior appropriation doctrine for determining water rights. There are three categories of tradable rights in Arizona: surface water rights under Common Law Rights, surface water rights under Statutory Rights, and groundwater rights created by Arizona’s 1980 Groundwater Code.  The former two surface water rights pertain to any surface water in Arizona excluding flows in the Colorado River (Colorado River water rights are governed extraneously, by the

text: Colorado River Compact

text: ). Specifically, appropriated surface water can be: "Waters of all sources, flowing in streams, canyons, ravines or other natural channels, or in definite underground channels, whether perennial or intermittent, floodwaters, wastewater, or surplus water, and of lakes, ponds and springs on the surface" (A.R.S. §45-101). Common Law Rights apply to surface water diversions appropriated prior to the creation of Arizona’s 1919 Public Water Code and are senior rights. Statutory Rights apply to any appropriation claimed after 1919, in which case the claimant must apply for and receive a permit from the Arizona Department of Water Resource (ADWR) before diverting claimed surface water. Rights holders must apply appropriated water to beneficial use (recognized as domestic, municipal, irrigation, stockwatering, power, mining, recreation, wildlife and fish, or

text: groundwater recharge

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Arizona follows the prior appropriation doctrine for determining water rights

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Arizona permits transfer of surface water rights

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: groundwater recharge

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Irrigation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: groundwater recharge

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: groundwater recharge

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: prior appropriation doctrine

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: groundwater recharge)

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: surface water.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: "sever and transfer"

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: irrigation,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: groundwater recharge)

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: surface water. Rights holders must apply appropriated water to beneficial use

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: surface water.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: groundwater recharge)

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: a permit from the Arizona Department of Water Resource

text: Combining two or more thermodynamic cycles results in improved overall efficiency, reducing fuel costs. In stationary power plants, a widely used combination is a gas turbine (operating by the Brayton cycle) burning natural gas or synthesis gas from coal, whose hot exhaust powers a steam power plant (operating by the Rankine cycle).  This is called a Combined Cycle Gas Turbine (CCGT) plant, and can achieve a best-of-class real (HHV - see below) thermal efficiency of around 54% in base-load operation, in contrast to a single cycle steam power plant which is limited to efficiencies of around 35–42%. Many new gas power plants in North America and Europe are of the Combined Cycle Gas Turbine type.  Such an arrangement is also used for marine propulsion, and is called a combined gas and steam (COGAS) plant. Multiple stage turbine or steam cycles are also common.

text: Combining two or more thermodynamic cycles results in improved overall efficiency, reducing fuel costs. In stationary power plants, a widely used combination is a

text: gas turbine

text: (operating by the

text: Brayton cycle

text: ) burning

text: natural gas

text: or

text: synthesis gas

text: from

text: coal

text: , whose hot exhaust powers a

text: steam power plant

text: (operating by the

text: Rankine cycle

text: ).  This is called a Combined Cycle Gas Turbine (CCGT) plant, and can achieve a best-of-class real (HHV - see below)

text: thermal efficiency

text: of around 54% in base-load operation, in contrast to a single cycle steam power plant which is limited to efficiencies of around 35–42%. Many new gas power plants in North America and Europe are of the Combined Cycle Gas Turbine type.  Such an arrangement is also used for marine propulsion, and is called a

text: combined gas and steam

text: (COGAS) plant. Multiple stage turbine or steam cycles are also common.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Rankine cycle

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Brayton cycle)

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Brayton cycle)

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Combining two or more thermodynamic cycles

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: synthesis gas from coal,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Combining two or more thermodynamic cycles

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Rankine cycle).

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Combining two or more thermodynamic cycles

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Combining two or more thermodynamic cycles

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Combining two or more thermodynamic cycles

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Combining two or more thermodynamic cycles

text: Naiads are found in rivers, streams, and lakes where there is water movement. They crawl in debris at the water's bottom and wait for prey.

text: Naiad

text: s are found in rivers, streams, and lakes where there is water movement. They crawl in debris at the water's bottom and wait for prey.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: what kind of weather does naiads like?

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: swimming in a lake

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Naiads

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: water movement.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water movement.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: They crawl in debris at the water's bottom

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: water movement.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: movement.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: rivers, streams, and lakes where there is water movement.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: water movement.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: water movement.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Naiads

text: The Biogeochemistry Department, headed by Ralf Conrad, is focused on the microbial metabolism and biogeochemical matter cycling in soil. Soil microbial metabolism plays an important role in the global cycling of matter and — through the formation of atmospheric trace gases such as methane and nitrous oxide — also influences the climate on Earth. The department examines the role of soil microorganisms in carbon and nitrogen cycling, particularly in chemically well-defined processes such as the production and consumption of methane, the oxidation of ammonia, or denitrification. There are four research leaders in charge of six research groups and two project groups:

text: The Biogeochemistry Department, headed by Ralf Conrad, is focused on the

text: microbial metabolism

text: and

text: biogeochemical

text: matter cycling in

text: soil

text: . Soil microbial metabolism plays an important role in the global cycling of matter and — through the formation of atmospheric trace gases such as

text: methane

text: and

text: nitrous oxide

text: — also influences the

text: climate

text: on Earth. The department examines the role of soil microorganisms in

text: carbon

text: and

text: nitrogen cycling

text: , particularly in chemically well-defined processes such as the

text: production

text: and consumption of

text: methane

text: , the

text: oxidation of ammonia

text: , or

text: denitrification

text: . There are four research leaders in charge of six research groups and two project groups:

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: atmospheric trace gases

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: methane

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: None of the above choices

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: carbon and nitrogen

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: oxidation of ammonia, or denitrification.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: atmospheric trace gases

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: oxidation of ammonia,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: atmospheric trace gases

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: carbon and nitrogen cycling,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: The Biogeochemistry Department, headed by Ralf Conrad,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: formation of atmospheric trace gases

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: soil.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The Biogeochemistry Department, headed by Ralf Conrad,

text: Carbon Engineering’s Direct Air Capture (DAC) system integrates two main cycles. The first cycle is the absorption of CO from the atmosphere in a device called an “air contactor” using an alkaline hydroxide solution. The second cycle regenerates the capture liquid used in the air contactor, and delivers pure CO as an end product. These cycles operate in tandem continuously, producing a concentrated stream of CO gas as an output, and requiring only energy, water, and small material make up streams as inputs. Energy is used in such a way that no new CO emissions are incurred, and thus do not counteract what was captured from the air. The captured atmospheric CO can be stored underground, used for enhanced oil recovery, or turned into low-carbon synthetic fuels.

text: Carbon Engineering’s Direct Air Capture (DAC) system integrates two main cycles. The first cycle is the absorption of CO from the atmosphere in a device called an “air contactor” using an alkaline hydroxide solution. The second cycle regenerates the capture liquid used in the air contactor, and delivers pure CO as an end product. These cycles operate in tandem continuously, producing a concentrated stream of CO gas as an output, and requiring only energy, water, and small material make up streams as inputs. Energy is used in such a way that no new CO emissions are incurred, and thus do not counteract what was captured from the air. The captured atmospheric CO can be stored underground, used for enhanced oil recovery, or turned into low-carbon synthetic fuels.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: alkaline hydroxide solution

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: alkaline hydroxide solution.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: gas

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Direct Air Capture

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: “air contactor” using an alkaline hydroxide solution.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Direct Air Capture

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: alkaline hydroxide solution.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: energy, water,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Carbon Engineering’s Direct Air Capture

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: CO

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: water,

text: Temperature is also an important factor to consider as the environmental temperature—and temperature of the soil in particular—affects the metabolic rate of production or consumption by bacteria. Additionally, because methane fluxes occur annually with the seasons, evidence is provided that suggests that the temperature changing coupled with water table level work together to cause and control the seasonal cycles.

text: Temperature is also an important factor to consider as the environmental temperature—and temperature of the soil in particular—affects the metabolic rate of production or consumption by bacteria. Additionally, because methane fluxes occur annually with the seasons, evidence is provided that suggests that the temperature changing coupled with water table level work together to cause and control the seasonal cycles.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: seasonal cycles

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: temperature changing coupled with water table level

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: methane

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Temperature

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: methane fluxes

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: methane fluxes

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: seasonal cycles.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: water table level

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: seasonal cycles.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: water table level work together to cause and control the seasonal cycles.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Temperature is also an important factor to consider as the environmental temperature—and

text: Delitzsch and its surrounding area contain water areas, hiking and cycling networks and nature reserves.

text: Delitzsch and its surrounding area contain water areas, hiking and cycling networks and nature reserves.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: what is Delitzsch?

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: vaporization

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: hiking and cycling

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: None of the above choices .

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Delitzsch and its surrounding area contain water areas,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Delitzsch and its surrounding area contain water areas,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: water areas,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: water areas,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: water areas,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: water areas,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Delitzsch

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Delitzsch

text: Carbon cycling in terrestrial ecosystems is a major focus of research.  Terrestrial carbon sequestration is the process of removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere via photosynthesis and storing this carbon in either plant or soil carbon pools.  Increases in soil organic carbon help aggregate the soil, increase infiltration, reduce erosion, increase soil fertility, and act as long lived pools of soil carbon. Many studies have suggested that long term endophyte-infected tall fescue plots increase soil carbon storage in the soil by limiting the microbial and macrofaunal activity to break down endophyte infected organic matter input and by increasing inputs of carbon via plant production. While the long term studies tend to show an increase in carbon storage, the short term studies do not.  However, short term studies have shown that the endophyte association results in higher above- and belowground plant biomass production compared to uninfected plants, as well as a decrease in certain microbial communities.  Site-specific characteristics, such as management and climate, need to be further understood to realize the ecological role and potential benefits of tall fescue and the endophyte association as it relates to carbon sequestration.

text: Carbon cycling

text: in terrestrial ecosystems is a major focus of research.  Terrestrial

text: carbon sequestration

text: is the process of removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere via photosynthesis and storing this carbon in either plant or soil carbon pools.  Increases in soil organic carbon help aggregate the soil, increase infiltration, reduce erosion, increase soil fertility, and act as long lived pools of soil carbon. Many studies have suggested that long term endophyte-infected tall fescue plots increase soil carbon storage in the soil by limiting the microbial and macrofaunal activity to break down endophyte infected organic matter input and by increasing inputs of carbon via plant production. While the long term studies tend to show an increase in carbon storage, the short term studies do not.  However, short term studies have shown that the endophyte association results in higher above- and belowground plant biomass production compared to uninfected plants, as well as a decrease in certain microbial communities.  Site-specific characteristics, such as management and climate, need to be further understood to realize the ecological role and potential benefits of tall fescue and the endophyte association as it relates to carbon sequestration.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: photosynthesis

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: infiltration,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: carbon dioxide from the atmosphere via photosynthesis

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: atmosphere

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: photosynthesis

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Carbon cycling

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: increase infiltration,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: erosion,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Terrestrial carbon sequestration

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Carbon cycling in terrestrial ecosystems

text: The Yangtze River is derived from the mountain glacier. The ice and snow mel  into streams, and streams become torrents, rushing into the East China Sea. Afterwards, the currents of warm air take the water vapour back to the mountain, and the process starts all over again. It is the water naturally flowing in cycles that silently bears the mysterious taoism of "climate" and "acceleration"!

text: The Yangtze River is derived from the mountain glacier. The ice and snow mel  into streams, and streams become torrents, rushing into the

text: East China Sea

text: . Afterwards, the currents of warm air take the water vapour back to the mountain, and the process starts all over again. It is the water naturally flowing in cycles that silently bears the mysterious

text: taoism

text: of "climate" and "acceleration"!

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: climate

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: vapour

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the Yangtze River

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: taoism

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: vapour

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water naturally flowing in cycles

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: The Yangtze River

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: warm air take the water vapour back to the mountain,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: taoism

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: warm air take the water vapour

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: currents of warm air take the water vapour back to the mountain,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: The ice and snow

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The Yangtze River is derived from the mountain glacier.

text: Much of chemical oceanography describes the cycling of these elements both within the ocean and with the other spheres of the Earth system (see biogeochemical cycle). These cycles are usually characterised as quantitative fluxes between constituent reservoirs defined within the ocean system and as residence times within the ocean. Of particular global and climatic significance are the cycles of the biologically active elements such as carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus as well as those of some important trace elements such as iron.

text: Much of chemical oceanography describes the

text: cycling

text: of these elements both within the ocean and with the other

text: spheres

text: of the Earth system (see

text: biogeochemical cycle

text: ). These cycles are usually characterised as quantitative

text: flux

text: es between constituent

text: reservoirs

text: defined within the ocean system and as

text: residence time

text: s within the ocean. Of particular global and

text: climatic

text: significance are the cycles of the biologically active elements such as

text: carbon

text: nitrogen

text: , and

text: phosphorus

text: as well as those of some important trace elements such as

text: iron

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: biogeochemical cycle

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: climatic

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: residence times

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: quantitative fluxes between constituent reservoirs

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: biogeochemical cycle).

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: climatic

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: iron.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: biogeochemical cycle).

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: biogeochemical cycle).

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: climatic significance

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: These cycles are usually characterised as quantitative fluxes between constituent reservoirs

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Much of chemical oceanography

text: The carbon cycle is the biogeochemical cycle by which carbon is exchanged among the biosphere, pedosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere of the Earth.  Along with the nitrogen cycle and the water cycle, the carbon cycle comprises a sequence of events that are key to making the Earth capable of sustaining life; it describes the movement of carbon as it is recycled and reused throughout the biosphere, including carbon sinks.

text: The carbon cycle is the

text: biogeochemical cycle

text: by which

text: carbon

text: is exchanged among the

text: biosphere

text: pedosphere

text: geosphere

text: hydrosphere

text: , and

text: atmosphere

text: of the Earth.  Along with the

text: nitrogen cycle

text: and the

text: water cycle

text: , the carbon cycle comprises a sequence of events that are key to making the Earth capable of sustaining life; it describes the movement of carbon as it is recycled and reused throughout the biosphere, including

text: carbon sinks

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: carbon sinks

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: water cycle

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: carbon sinks

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: nitrogen cycle

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: water cycle,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: The carbon cycle

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: carbon sinks.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: water cycle,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: nitrogen cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: nitrogen cycle and the water cycle,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: The carbon cycle

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: carbon sinks.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The carbon cycle

text: Infiltration is the process by which water on the ground surface enters the soil. The water enters the soil through the pores by the forces of gravity and capillary action. The largest cracks and pores offer a great reservoir for the initial flush of water. This allows a rapid infiltration. The smaller pores take longer to fill and rely on capillary forces as well as gravity. The smaller pores have a slower infiltration as the soil becomes more saturated.

text: Infiltration

text: is the process by which water on the ground surface enters the soil. The water enters the soil through the pores by the forces of

text: gravity

text: and

text: capillary action

text: . The largest cracks and pores offer a great reservoir for the initial flush of water. This allows a rapid

text: infiltration

text: . The smaller pores take longer to fill and rely on capillary forces as well as gravity. The smaller pores have a slower infiltration as the soil becomes more

text: saturated

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: the process by which water on the ground surface enters the soil

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: gaseous

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the soil becoming more saturated

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: gravity and capillary action.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Infiltration

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Infiltration

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: The smaller pores have a slower infiltration as the soil becomes more saturated.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Infiltration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Infiltration

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: saturated.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Infiltration

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: The largest cracks and pores

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Infiltration

text: In 2011, a report by the International Energy Agency found that solar energy technologies such as photovoltaics, solar hot water and concentrated solar power could provide a third of the world’s energy by 2060 if politicians commit to limiting climate change. The energy from the sun could play a key role in de-carbonizing the global economy alongside improvements in energy efficiency and imposing costs on greenhouse gas emitters. "The strength of solar is the incredible variety and flexibility of applications, from small scale to big scale".

text: In 2011, a report by the

text: International Energy Agency

text: found that solar energy technologies such as photovoltaics, solar hot water and concentrated solar power could provide a third of the world’s energy by 2060 if politicians commit to limiting

text: climate change

text: . The energy from the sun could play a key role in de-carbonizing the global economy alongside improvements in

text: energy efficiency

text: and imposing costs on

text: greenhouse gas

text: emitters. "The strength of solar is the incredible variety and flexibility of applications, from small scale to big scale".

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: solar hot water

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: greenhouse gas

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: climate change.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: solar hot water

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: climate change.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: solar hot water

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: photovoltaics,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: solar hot water

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: solar energy technologies such as photovoltaics, solar hot water

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: climate change.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: solar energy technologies such as photovoltaics, solar hot water

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: solar energy technologies such as photovoltaics, solar hot water

text: The supply of water to the waterfall is from Lake Letas.  This lake is a large freshwater lake located in the crater at the centre of the volcanic island, about 600 meters above sea level.  Water flows from the lake 3 km east to the top of Siri Waterfall.  After the waterfall, the water flows as a large stream, called Mbe Solomul River (formerly Namang), for another 3 km before it reaches the sea.  The large stream is known as "Big Water".

text: The supply of water to the waterfall is from

text: Lake Letas

text: .  This lake is a large freshwater lake located in the crater at the centre of the volcanic island, about 600 meters above sea level.  Water flows from the lake 3 km east to the top of Siri Waterfall.  After the waterfall, the water flows as a large stream, called Mbe Solomul River (formerly Namang), for another 3 km before it reaches the sea.  The large stream is known as "Big Water".

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Lake Letas

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Lake Letas

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: freshwater cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Lake Letas.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: freshwater

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: freshwater

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Siri Waterfall.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: The supply of water to the waterfall is from Lake Letas.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: "Big Water".

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: "Big Water".

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: freshwater

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Lake Letas.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Lake Letas.

text: For carbon to be sequestered artificially (i.e. not using the natural processes of the carbon cycle) it must first be captured, or it must be significantly delayed or prevented from being re-released into the atmosphere (by combustion, decay, etc.) from an existing carbon-rich material, by being incorporated into an enduring usage (such as in construction). Thereafter it can be passively stored or remain productively utilized over time in a variety of ways.

text: For carbon to be sequestered artificially (i.e. not using the natural processes of the carbon cycle) it must first be captured, or it must be significantly delayed or prevented from being re-released into the atmosphere (by combustion, decay, etc.) from an existing carbon-rich material, by being incorporated into an enduring usage (such as in construction). Thereafter it can be passively stored or remain productively utilized over time in a variety of ways.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: construction

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: combustion,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: natural processes of the carbon cycle)

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: combustion, decay,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: combustion,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: carbon cycle)

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: natural processes of the carbon cycle)

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: natural processes of the carbon cycle)

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: For carbon

text: The SEGS is a collection of nine plants with a total capacity of 354 MW and has been the world's largest solar power plant, both thermal and non-thermal, for many years. A newer plant is Nevada Solar One plant with a capacity of 64 MW. The 150 MW Andasol solar power stations are in Spain with each site having a capacity of 50 MW. Note however, that those plants have heat storage which requires a larger field of solar collectors relative to the size of the steam turbine-generator to store heat and send heat to the steam turbine at the same time.  Heat storage enables better utilization of the steam turbine.  With day and some nighttime operation of the steam-turbine Andasol 1 at 50 MW peak capacity produces more energy than Nevada Solar One at 64 MW peak capacity, due to the former plant's thermal energy storage system and larger solar field. The 280MW Solana Generating Station came online in Arizona in 2013 with 6 hours of power storage. Hassi R'Mel integrated solar combined cycle power station in Algeria and Martin Next Generation Solar Energy Center both use parabolic troughs in a combined cycle with natural gas.

text: The SEGS is a collection of nine plants with a total capacity of 354 MW and has been the world's largest solar power plant, both thermal and non-thermal, for many years. A newer plant is

text: Nevada Solar One

text: plant with a capacity of 64 MW. The 150 MW

text: Andasol solar power station

text: s are in Spain with each site having a capacity of 50 MW. Note however, that those plants have heat storage which requires a larger field of solar collectors relative to the size of the steam turbine-generator to store heat and send heat to the steam turbine at the same time.  Heat storage enables better utilization of the steam turbine.  With day and some nighttime operation of the steam-turbine Andasol 1 at 50 MW peak capacity produces more energy than Nevada Solar One at 64 MW peak capacity, due to the former plant's thermal energy storage system and larger solar field. The 280MW

text: Solana Generating Station

text: came online in Arizona in 2013 with 6 hours of power storage.

entity_name: Hassi R'Mel integrated solar combined cycle power station

text: Hassi R'Mel integrated solar combined cycle power station

text: in Algeria and

entity_name: Martin Next Generation Solar Energy Center

text: Martin Next Generation Solar Energy Center

text: both use parabolic troughs in a combined cycle with natural gas.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Nevada Solar One at 64 MW peak capacity

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: heat storage

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: natural gas.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: solar power plant, both thermal and non-thermal,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: parabolic troughs in a combined cycle with natural gas.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: heat storage

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: parabolic troughs in a combined cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: heat storage

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Heat storage enables better utilization of the steam turbine.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: heat storage

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: 354 MW

text: Although the temperature on Mars can reach above freezing (), liquid water is unstable over much of the planet, as the atmospheric pressure is below water's triple point and water ice sublimes into water vapor. Exceptions to this are the low-lying areas of the planet, most notably in the Hellas Planitia impact basin, the largest such crater on Mars. It is so deep that the atmospheric pressure at the bottom reaches 1155 Pa, which is above the triple point, so if the temperature exceeded 0 °C liquid water could exist there.

text: Although the temperature on Mars can reach above freezing (), liquid water is unstable over much of the planet, as the atmospheric pressure is below water's

text: triple point

text: and water ice

text: sublimes

text: into water vapor. Exceptions to this are the low-lying areas of the planet, most notably in the

text: Hellas Planitia

text: impact basin, the largest such crater on Mars. It is so deep that the atmospheric pressure at the bottom reaches 1155 Pa, which is above the triple point, so if the temperature exceeded 0 °C liquid water could exist there.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: atmospheric pressure is below water's triple point

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: sublimes

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: water ice sublimes into water vapor

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: water vapor

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: water ice sublimes into water vapor.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: water ice sublimes into water vapor.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: liquid water

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: water ice

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: water ice sublimes into water vapor.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: water ice sublimes into water vapor.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Hellas Planitia impact basin,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: atmospheric pressure

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Although the temperature on Mars can reach above freezing (), liquid water

text: In urbanized areas around the world, water purification technology is used in municipal water systems to remove contaminants from the source water (surface water or groundwater) before it is distributed to homes, businesses, schools and other recipients. Water drawn directly from a stream, lake, or aquifer and that has no treatment will be of uncertain quality.

text: In

text: urbanized

text: areas around the world,

text: water purification

text: technology is used in municipal water systems to remove contaminants from the source water (surface water or

text: groundwater

text: ) before it is distributed to homes, businesses, schools and other recipients. Water drawn directly from a stream, lake, or

text: aquifer

text: and that has no treatment will be of uncertain quality.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: contaminants from the source water

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: (surface water or groundwater)

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: uncertain quality.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Water drawn directly from a stream, lake, or aquifer

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: water purification technology

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: (surface water or groundwater)

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Water drawn directly from a stream, lake, or aquifer

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: uncertain quality.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Water drawn directly from a stream, lake, or aquifer

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Water drawn directly from a stream, lake, or aquifer

text: Autotrophs, such as trees and other green plants, use photosynthesis to convert carbon dioxide during primary production, releasing oxygen in the process. This process occurs most quickly in ecosystems with high amounts of growth, such as in young forests. Because carbon is consumed in the process of autotrophic growth, more carbon is consumed in spring and summer during daytime than in winter and at night, when photosynthesis no longer takes place in most plants.Carbon storage in the biosphere is influenced by a number of processes on different time-scales: while carbon uptake through autotrophic respiration follows a diurnal and seasonal cycle, carbon can be stored in the terrestrial biosphere for up to several centuries, e.g. in wood or soil.

text: Autotroph

text: s, such as trees and other green plants, use

text: photosynthesis

text: to convert carbon dioxide during

text: primary production

text: , releasing

text: oxygen

text: in the process. This process occurs most quickly in ecosystems with high amounts of growth, such as in young forests. Because carbon is consumed in the process of

text: autotroph

text: ic growth, more carbon is consumed in spring and summer during daytime than in winter and at night, when photosynthesis no longer takes place in most plants.Carbon storage in the biosphere is influenced by a number of processes on different time-scales: while carbon uptake through

text: autotrophic respiration

text: follows a

text: diurnal

text: and seasonal cycle, carbon can be stored in the terrestrial biosphere for up to several centuries, e.g. in wood or soil.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: wood or soil

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: respiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: seasonal cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: photosynthesis

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: photosynthesis

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Autotrophs,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: young forests.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: photosynthesis

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: seasonal cycle,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Autotrophs,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: carbon is consumed in the process of autotrophic growth,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: carbon can be stored in the terrestrial biosphere for up to several centuries,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Autotrophs,

text: Water always flows first from outside the cell into the cytoplasm, and is only then moved from the cytoplasm into the contractile vacuole for expulsion. Species that possess a contractile vacuole typically always use the organelle, even at very hypertonic (high concentration of solutes) environments, since the cell tends to adjust its cytoplasm to become even more hyperosmotic than the environment. The amount of water expelled from the cell and the rate of contraction are related to the osmolarity of the environment. In hyperosmotic environments, less water will be expelled and the contraction cycle will be longer.

text: Water always flows first from outside the cell into the

text: cytoplasm

text: , and is only then moved from the cytoplasm into the contractile vacuole for expulsion. Species that possess a contractile vacuole typically always use the organelle, even at very hypertonic (high concentration of solutes) environments, since the cell tends to adjust its cytoplasm to become even more hyperosmotic than the environment. The amount of water expelled from the cell and the rate of contraction are related to the osmolarity of the environment. In hyperosmotic environments, less water will be expelled and the contraction cycle will be longer.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: the osmolarity of the environment

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: hyperosmotic

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: hypertonic

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the contraction cycle will be longer.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: expulsion

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: the contraction cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: osmolarity of the environment.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: hyperosmotic

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Water

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Water always flows first from outside the cell into the cytoplasm,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: expulsion.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: contraction cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Water always flows first from outside the cell into the cytoplasm,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: hyperosmotic than the environment.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Water always flows first from outside the cell into the cytoplasm,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Water always flows first from outside the cell into the cytoplasm,

text: Water used in the steam cycle is taken from the local mains water, supplied by Northumbrian Water. Up to 300,000 tons of mains water per year is used in the station, however it has to be cleaned of impurities before use. This is done at an on site water treatment plant that uses a process of ion exchange to remove impurities such as silica and control PH levels so as to avoid boiler tube corrosion. This treated water is used to make superheated steam in the coal-fired boilers, that will turn the turbines before being recovered in the condenser and reused.

text: Water used in the steam cycle is taken from the local mains water, supplied by

text: Northumbrian Water

text: . Up to 300,000 tons of mains water per year is used in the station, however it has to be cleaned of impurities before use. This is done at an on site water treatment plant that uses a process of ion exchange to remove impurities such as silica and control PH levels so as to avoid boiler tube corrosion. This treated water is used to make superheated steam in the coal-fired boilers, that will turn the turbines before being recovered in the condenser and reused.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: superheated

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: superheated steam

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: the steam cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: superheated steam in the coal-fired boilers,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: superheated steam

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: impurities

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: superheated steam

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: ion exchange

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: steam cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Water used in the steam cycle is taken from the local mains water,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: PH levels

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Water used in the steam cycle is taken from the local mains water,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Water used in the steam cycle is taken from the local mains water,

text: Aethiopian Sea, Æthiopian Ocean or Æthiopic Ocean ( or Oceanus Æthiopicus; ) was the name given to the southern part of the Atlantic Ocean in classical geographical works. The name appeared in maps from ancient times to the turn of the 19th century.

text: Aethiopian Sea, Æthiopian Ocean or Æthiopic Ocean ( or Oceanus Æthiopicus; ) was the name given to the southern part of the

text: Atlantic Ocean

text: in classical geographical works. The name appeared in maps from ancient times to the turn of the 19th century.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Aethiopian Sea

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Aethiopian Sea,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Atlantic Ocean

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Aethiopian Sea,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Aethiopian Sea,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Aethiopian Sea,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Oceanus <unk>thiopicus;

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Aethiopian Sea,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Aethiopian Sea,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Aethiopian Sea,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Aethiopian Sea,

text: Solar energy is a source of inexhaustible energy. There is more solar energy that reaches the surface of the Earth each hour than the amount of energy consumed by the world in a year. The challenges of using the sun's energy – energy which can be obtained either from wind power or from solar power – is that the energy needs to either be (1) stored in physical form of fuel for when it can be used in the future, or (2) transported directly as electricity, through transmission lines. Neither is dispatchable, as there is no control over when the sun will shine or when the wind will blow. There are, however, concentrated solar power plants using thermal storage that can store energy efficiently for up to 24 hours.

text: Solar

text: energy is a source of inexhaustible energy. There is more solar energy that reaches the surface of the Earth each hour than the amount of energy consumed by the world in a year. The challenges of using the

text: sun

text: 's energy – energy which can be obtained either from

text: wind power

text: or from

text: solar power

text: – is that the energy needs to either be (1) stored in physical form of fuel for when it can be used in the future, or (2) transported directly as electricity, through transmission lines. Neither is

text: dispatchable

text: , as there is no control over when the sun will shine or when the wind will blow. There are, however,

text: concentrated solar power

text: plants using thermal storage that can store energy efficiently for up to 24 hours.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: concentrated solar power plants

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: dew point

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Solar energy

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Solar energy is a source of inexhaustible energy.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Solar energy

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: transported directly as electricity, through transmission lines.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: thermal storage

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Solar energy

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: year.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Solar energy

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: fuel

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Solar energy is a source of inexhaustible energy.

text: On the other hand, lakes and lagoons are permanent accumulations of water over impervious depressions. Their difference is mainly based on their extension and depth. They are very important for stream regulation, as a source of energy, tourist attraction and its ichthyologic wealth. In Argentina, all major lakes are in Patagonia (Carlevari and Carlevari, 2007).

text: On the other hand, lakes and lagoons are permanent accumulations of water over impervious depressions. Their difference is mainly based on their extension and depth. They are very important for stream regulation, as a source of energy, tourist attraction and its ichthyologic wealth. In Argentina, all major lakes are in Patagonia (Carlevari and Carlevari, 2007).

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: They are very important for stream regulation

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: lakes and lagoons

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: dehydration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: their extension and depth.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: lakes and lagoons

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water over impervious depressions.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: lakes and lagoons

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: regulation,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: permanent accumulations of water over impervious depressions.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: lakes and lagoons are permanent accumulations of water

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: water over impervious depressions.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: lakes and lagoons

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: lakes and lagoons

text: which is the amount of thermal energy transferred in the process. If the process moves to greater entropy, the area under the curve will be the amount of heat absorbed by the system in that process. If the process moves towards lesser entropy, it will be the amount of heat removed. For any cyclic process, there will be an upper portion of the cycle and a lower portion. For a clockwise cycle, the area under the upper portion will be the thermal energy absorbed during the cycle, while the area under the lower portion will be the thermal energy removed during the cycle. The area inside the cycle will then be the difference between the two, but since the internal energy of the system must have returned to its initial value, this difference must be the amount of work done by the system over the cycle. Referring to figure 1, mathematically, for a reversible process we may write the amount of work done over a cyclic process as:

text: which is the amount of thermal energy transferred in the process. If the process moves to greater entropy, the area under the curve will be the amount of heat absorbed by the system in that process. If the process moves towards lesser entropy, it will be the amount of heat removed. For any cyclic process, there will be an upper portion of the cycle and a lower portion. For a clockwise cycle, the area under the upper portion will be the thermal energy absorbed during the cycle, while the area under the lower portion will be the thermal energy removed during the cycle. The area inside the cycle will then be the difference between the two, but since the internal energy of the system must have returned to its initial value, this difference must be the amount of work done by the system over the cycle. Referring to figure 1, mathematically, for a reversible process we may write the amount of work done over a cyclic process as:

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: the amount of water in the atmosphere

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: it becomes a gas

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the amount of heat removed

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: water vapor

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: snow and ice can be stored for future use in snow

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: humans diverted water to suit their own needs

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: entropy,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: 1,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: reversible

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: heat removed.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: cyclic process,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: clockwise

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: difference

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: internal energy of the system must have returned to its initial value,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: difference

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: difference

text: An additional strategy to water conservation is practicing sustainable methods of utilizing groundwater resources.  Groundwater flows due to gravity and eventually discharges into streams. Excess pumping of groundwater leads to a decrease in groundwater levels and if continued it can exhaust the resource. Ground and surface waters are connected and overuse of groundwater can reduce and, in extreme examples, diminish the water supply of lakes, rivers, and streams. In coastal regions, over pumping groundwater can increase saltwater intrusion which results in the contamination of  groundwater water supply. Sustainable use of groundwater is essential in water conservation.

text: An additional strategy to water conservation is practicing sustainable methods of utilizing groundwater resources.  Groundwater flows due to gravity and eventually discharges into streams. Excess pumping of groundwater leads to a decrease in groundwater levels and if continued it can exhaust the resource. Ground and surface waters are connected and overuse of groundwater can reduce and, in extreme examples, diminish the water supply of lakes, rivers, and streams. In coastal regions, over pumping groundwater can increase saltwater intrusion which results in the contamination of  groundwater water supply. Sustainable use of groundwater is essential in water conservation.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: gaseous

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: saltwater intrusion

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: gravity

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water conservation is practicing sustainable methods of utilizing groundwater

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: lakes, rivers, and streams.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Groundwater flows due to gravity and eventually discharges into streams.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Groundwater flows due to gravity and eventually discharges into streams.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Groundwater flows due to gravity and eventually discharges into streams.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: saltwater intrusion

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: An additional strategy to water conservation is practicing sustainable methods of utilizing groundwater

text: During the Pahlavi period, the process of qanat construction and maintenance continued. A council that was responsible for the qanats was set up by the government. At that time most of the qanats belonged to landlords. In fact, feudalism was the prevailing system in the rural regions. The peasants were not entitled to the lands they worked on, but were considered only as the users of the lands. They had to pay rent for land and water to the landlords who could afford to finance all the proceedings required to maintain the qanats, for they were relatively wealthy. According to the report of Safi Asfiya, who was in charge of supervising the qanats of Iran in the former regime, in the year 1942 Iran had 40,000 qanats with a total discharge of 600,000 liters per second or 18.2 billion cubic meters per year. In 1961, another report was published revealing that in Iran there were 30,000 qanats of which just 20,000 were still in use, with a total output of 560,000 lit/se or 17.3 billion cubic meters per year. In 1959 a reforme program named as the White Revolution was declared by the former Shah. One of the articles of this program addressed the land reform that let peasants take ownership of part of the landlords’ lands. In fact, the land reform meant that the landlords lost their motivation for investing more money in constructing or repairing the qanats which were subject to the Lnd Reform Law. On the other hand, the peasants could not come up with the money to maintain the qanats, so many qanats were gradually abandoned. The introduction of modern devices, that made it possible to drill many deep wells and extract groundwater much more quickly, accelerated the qanats’ destruction. The pumped wells had a negative impact on the qanats due to their overexploitation of the groundwater. These changes, that occurred in Mohammad Reza Shah’s reign, inflicted great damage on the qanats of the country so that many qanats vanished forever. The statistics related to 14,778 qanats estimates the overall discharge of these qanats to be 6.2 billion cubic meters per year between the years 1972 and 1973. If we assume the total number of the qanats at that time to be 32,000, their annual discharge would have amounted to 12 billion cubic meters.In 1963, the Ministry of Water and Electricity was established in order to provide the rural and urban areas of the country with sufficient water and electricity. Later, this Ministry was renamed the Ministry of Energy. Three years later, in 1966, the parliament passed a law protecting groundwater resources. According to this law, the Ministry of Water and Electricity was allowed to ban drilling any deep or semi-deep wells wherever surveys showed that the water table was dropping because of overpumping. In fact, this law was passed only after the growing number of the pumped wells sounded the alarm about over pumping and depletion of groundwater leading to the decline in qanat’ flow all over the country. This law, as well as the Law of Water Nationalization that was approved in 1968, and eventually the Law of Fair Distribution of water passed (in 1981) after the Islamic revolution emphasized the definition of restricted and free areas for drilling. In the restricted areas, drilling any wells (except for drinking and industry) was prohibited in order to prevent the continuous depletion of groundwater. So the rest of the qanats had a better chance to survive..After the Islamic revolution, a special attention was given to the qanats. For the first time in 1981 a conference on qanat was held in Mashhad during which the different options to mitigate the problem were explored. The organization of Jahad Sazandegi took responsibility for the rehabilitation of qanats, and subsidized their shareholders. Now the same organization which was renamed as “Ministry of Jihad Agriculture” is responsible for the qanats and continues to grant some funds to the stakeholders to maintain their qanats. During the last years, the parliament has allocated an annual budget of 13 million USD to this ministry in order to go to the construction and maintenance of the qanats. Many other qanats may dry up without this budget, because the owners of the qanats do not afford to pay the whole expenses.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: overexploitation of the groundwater

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Qanat

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the peasants could not come up with the money to maintain the qanats

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: groundwater cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: pumped wells had a negative impact on the qanats due to their overexploitation of the groundwater

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: They had to pay rent for land and water

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: 17.3 billion cubic meters

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: many qanats were gradually abandoned. The introduction of modern devices,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: pumped wells

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: qanats were gradually abandoned.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: qanat

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: 20,000

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: qanats

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: 17.3 billion cubic meters per year.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: 20,000

text: The reason for this is that human activities are adding CO to the atmosphere far faster than natural processes can remove it (see carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere for a complete explanation). This is analogous to a flow of water into a bathtub. So long as the tap runs water (analogous to the emission of carbon dioxide) into the tub faster than water escapes through the plughole (the natural removal of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere), then the level of water in the tub (analogous to the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere) will continue to rise.

text: The reason for this is that human activities are adding CO to the atmosphere far faster than natural processes can remove it (see

text: carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere

text: for a complete explanation). This is analogous to a flow of water into a bathtub. So long as the tap runs water (analogous to the emission of carbon dioxide) into the tub faster than water escapes through the plughole (the natural removal of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere), then the level of water in the tub (analogous to the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere) will continue to rise.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: flowing water into a bathtub

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: natural processes

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: human activities are adding CO

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: human activities are adding CO

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: emission of carbon dioxide)

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: human activities are adding CO

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: a flow of water into a bathtub.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: emission of carbon dioxide)

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: a flow of water into a bathtub.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: CO to the atmosphere far faster than natural processes can remove it

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: human activities are adding CO to the atmosphere far faster than natural processes

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: a flow of water

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: CO

text: A stagnosol in the FAO World Reference Base for Soil Resources  is soil with strong mottling of the soil profile due to redox processes caused by stagnating surface water.

text: A stagnosol in the

text: FAO

text: World Reference Base for Soil Resources

text: is

text: soil

text: with strong mottling of the

text: soil profile

text: due to

text: redox processes

text: caused by stagnating surface

text: water

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: a stagnosol

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: stagnating surface water

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: stagnating surface water.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: redox

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: stagnosol

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: stagnosol

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: redox processes

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: redox

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: stagnating surface water.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: stagnating surface water.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: stagnating surface water.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: A stagnosol

text: Solar energy can be turned into electricity either directly in solar cells, or in a concentrating solar power plant by focusing the light to run a heat engine.

text: Solar energy

text: can be turned into electricity either directly in

text: solar cell

text: s, or in a

text: concentrating solar power

text: plant by focusing the light to run a heat engine.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: can not be turned into electricity

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: a heat engine

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Solar energy

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: electricity

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Solar energy

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: focusing the light to run a heat engine.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Solar energy

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Solar energy

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Solar energy can be turned into electricity either directly in solar cells,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Solar energy

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Solar energy

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Solar energy

text: A pond is a body of standing water, either natural or man-made, that is usually smaller than a lake. A wide variety of man-made bodies of water are classified as ponds, including water gardens designed for aesthetic ornamentation, fish ponds designed for commercial fish breeding, and solar ponds designed to store thermal energy. Ponds and lakes are distinguished from streams via current speed. While currents in streams are easily observed, ponds and lakes possess thermally driven micro-currents and moderate wind driven currents. These features distinguish a pond from many other aquatic terrain features, such as stream pools and tide pools.

text: A pond is a

text: body

text: of

text: standing water

text: , either natural or man-made, that is usually smaller than a lake. A wide variety of man-made bodies of water are classified as ponds, including

text: water garden

text: s designed for aesthetic ornamentation,

text: fish pond

text: s designed for commercial fish breeding, and

text: solar pond

text: s designed to store thermal energy. Ponds and lakes are distinguished from streams via

text: current

text: speed. While currents in streams are easily observed, ponds and lakes possess thermally driven micro-currents and moderate wind driven currents. These features distinguish a pond from many other aquatic terrain features, such as

text: stream pool

text: s and

text: tide pool

text: s.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: thermally driven

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: thermal energy

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: solar ponds designed to store thermal energy

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: ponds

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: ponds and lakes

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: thermally driven micro-currents and moderate wind driven currents.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: thermally driven micro-currents

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: A pond is a body of standing water,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: solar ponds designed to store thermal energy.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: solar ponds designed to store thermal energy.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: pond is a body of standing water,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: pond is a body of standing water,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: solar ponds designed to store thermal energy.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: solar ponds designed to store thermal energy.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: A pond

text: Architectural copper is, however, susceptible to corrosive attack under certain conditions. Oxidizing acids, oxidizing heavy-metal salts, alkalis, sulfur and nitrogen oxides, ammonia, and some sulfur and ammonium compounds can expedite copper corrosion. Precipitation in areas with a pH less than 5.5 may corrode copper, possibly before a patina or protective oxide film has the time to form. Acidic precipitation, known as acid rain, is due to emissions from fossil fuel combustion, chemical manufacturing, or other processes that release sulfur and nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere. Erosion corrosion may occur when acidic water from a non-copper roof that does not neutralise the acidity, such as tile, slate, wood, or asphalt, falls on a small area of copper. Line corrosion can occur if the drip edge of an inert roofing material rests directly on copper. A solution to this may be to raise the lower edge of the shingles with a cant strip, or to provide a replaceable reinforcing strip between the shingles and the copper. Proper water-shedding design and detailing, which reduces the dwell time of acidic water on metal surfaces, can prevent the majority of atmospheric corrosion problems.

text: Architectural copper is, however, susceptible to corrosive attack under certain conditions.

text: Oxidizing acid

text: s, oxidizing heavy-metal salts,

text: alkali

text: s,

text: sulfur

text: and

text: nitrogen oxide

text: s,

text: ammonia

text: , and some sulfur and ammonium compounds can expedite copper corrosion. Precipitation in areas with a

text: pH

text: less than 5.5 may corrode copper, possibly before a patina or protective oxide film has the time to form. Acidic precipitation, known as

text: acid rain

text: , is due to emissions from

text: fossil fuel

text: combustion,

text: chemical manufacturing

text: , or other processes that release

text: sulfur

text: and

text: nitrogen oxide

text: s into the

text: atmosphere

text: Erosion corrosion

text: may occur when acidic water from a non-copper roof that does not neutralise the acidity, such as tile, slate, wood, or asphalt, falls on a small area of copper. Line corrosion can occur if the drip edge of an inert roofing material rests directly on copper. A solution to this may be to raise the lower edge of the shingles with a cant strip, or to provide a replaceable reinforcing strip between the shingles and the copper. Proper water-shedding design and detailing, which reduces the dwell time of acidic water on metal surfaces, can prevent the majority of atmospheric corrosion problems.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Acidic precipitation

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: water-shedding

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Oxidizing acids,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Erosion corrosion

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Acidic precipitation,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: tile,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: acid rain,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: acid rain,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: 5.5

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: water-shedding design

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: 5.5

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Architectural copper

text: There are two ways of reusing dialyzers, manual and automated. Manual reuse involves the cleaning of a dialyzer by hand. The dialyzer is semi-disassembled then flushed repeatedly before being rinsed with water. It is then stored with a liquid disinfectant(PAA) for 18+ hours until its next use. Although many clinics outside the USA use this method, some clinics are switching toward a more automated/streamlined process as the dialysis practice advances. The newer method of automated reuse is achieved by means of a medical device which began in the early 1980s. These devices are beneficial to dialysis clinics that practice reuse – especially for large dialysis clinical entities – because they allow for several back to back cycles per day. The dialyzer is first pre-cleaned by a technician, then automatically cleaned by machine through a step-cycles process until it is eventually filled with liquid disinfectant for storage. Although automated reuse is more effective than manual reuse, newer technology has sparked even more advancement in the process of reuse. When reused over 15 times with current methodology, the dialyzer can lose B2m, middle molecule clearance and fiber pore structure integrity, which has the potential to reduce the effectiveness of the patient's dialysis session. Currently, as of 2010, newer, more advanced reprocessing technology has proven the ability to completely eliminate the manual pre-cleaning process altogether and has also proven the potential to regenerate(fully restore) all functions of a dialyzer to levels that are approximately equivalent to single-use for more than 40 cycles. As medical reimbursement rates begin to fall even more, many dialysis clinics are continuing to operate effectively with reuse programs especially since the process is easier and more streamlined than before.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: flushed repeatedly before being rinsed with water

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the dialyzer can lose B2m, middle molecule clearance and fiber pore structure integrity

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: dialysis

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: fiber pore structure integrity,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: the dialyzer can lose B2m,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: reuse.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: middle molecule clearance

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: reuse.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: dialysis

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: newer, more advanced reprocessing technology

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: the dialyzer can lose B2m,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: 15 times

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: reuse.

text: Groundwater refers to water located beneath the ground surface, as opposed to surface water that forms lakes and rivers. This is called hydrogeology. The nature and location of the groundwater is defined by the geological nature of the soils. In the mid-twentieth century, knowledge of groundwater in Switzerland suffered from significant gaps. They were partially filled in the 1980s and 1990s, with a national research program.

text: Groundwater

text: refers to water located beneath the ground surface, as opposed to surface water that forms lakes and rivers. This is called

text: hydrogeology

text: . The nature and location of the groundwater is defined by the geological nature of the soils. In the mid-twentieth century, knowledge of groundwater in Switzerland suffered from significant gaps. They were partially filled in the 1980s and 1990s, with a national research program.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrogeology

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: geological nature of the soils.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: hydrogeology.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrogeology.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Groundwater

text: A lake is an area of variable size filled with water, localized in a basin, that is surrounded by land, apart from any river or other outlet that serves to feed or drain the lake. Lakes lie on land and are not part of the ocean, and therefore are distinct from lagoons, and are also larger and deeper than ponds, though there are no official or scientific definitions. Lakes can be contrasted with rivers or streams, which are usually flowing. Most lakes are fed and drained by rivers and streams.

text: A lake is an area of variable size filled with water, localized in a

text: basin

text: , that is surrounded by land, apart from any

text: river

text: or other outlet that serves to feed or drain the lake. Lakes lie on land and are not part of the

text: ocean

text: , and therefore are distinct from

text: lagoon

text: s, and are also larger and deeper than

text: pond

text: s, though there are no official or scientific definitions. Lakes can be contrasted with

text: river

text: s or

text: stream

text: s, which are usually flowing. Most lakes are fed and drained by rivers and streams.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: What drives the water cycle

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: ponds

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Most lakes are fed and drained by rivers and streams.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: ocean,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: A lake

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: rivers or streams,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: A lake

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: lake

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: river or other outlet that serves to feed or drain the lake.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: water,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: A lake

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: A lake

text: Typically, groundwater is thought of as water flowing through shallow aquifers, but, in the technical sense, it can also contain soil moisture, permafrost (frozen soil), immobile water in very low permeability bedrock, and deep geothermal or oil formation water. Groundwater is hypothesized to provide lubrication that can possibly influence the movement of faults. It is likely that much of Earth's subsurface contains some water, which may be mixed with other fluids in some instances. Groundwater may not be confined only to Earth. The formation of some of the landforms observed on Mars may have been influenced by groundwater. There is also evidence that liquid water may also exist in the subsurface of Jupiter's moon Europa.

text: Typically, groundwater is thought of as water flowing through shallow aquifers, but, in the technical sense, it can also contain

text: soil moisture

text: permafrost

text: (frozen soil), immobile water in very low permeability

text: bedrock

text: , and deep

text: geothermal

text: or

text: oil formation

text: water. Groundwater is hypothesized to provide

text: lubrication

text: that can possibly influence the movement of

text: faults

text: . It is likely that much of

text: Earth

text: 's subsurface contains some water, which may be mixed with other fluids in some instances. Groundwater may not be confined only to Earth. The formation of some of the

text: landforms

text: observed on

text: Mars

text: may have been influenced by groundwater. There is also evidence that liquid water may also exist in the subsurface of

text: Jupiter

text: 's moon

text: Europa

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: other fluids

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: permafrost

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Groundwater is hypothesized to provide lubrication

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: permafrost

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Typically, groundwater

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: groundwater is thought of as water flowing through shallow aquifers,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: permafrost

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: groundwater

text: At a certain point during the cell cycle in open mitosis, the cell divides to form two cells. In order for this process to be possible, each of the new daughter cells must have a full set of genes, a process requiring replication of the chromosomes as well as segregation of the separate sets. This occurs by the replicated chromosomes, the sister chromatids, attaching to microtubules, which in turn are attached to different centrosomes. The sister chromatids can then be pulled to separate locations in the cell. In many cells, the centrosome is located in the cytoplasm, outside the nucleus; the microtubules would be unable to attach to the chromatids in the presence of the nuclear envelope. Therefore, the early stages in the cell cycle, beginning in prophase and until around prometaphase, the nuclear membrane is dismantled. Likewise, during the same period, the nuclear lamina is also disassembled, a process regulated by phosphorylation of the lamins by protein kinases such as the CDC2 protein kinase. Towards the end of the cell cycle, the nuclear membrane is reformed, and around the same time, the nuclear lamina are reassembled by dephosphorylating the lamins.

text: At a certain point during the

text: cell cycle

text: in open mitosis, the cell divides to form two cells. In order for this process to be possible, each of the new daughter cells must have a full set of genes, a process requiring replication of the chromosomes as well as segregation of the separate sets. This occurs by the replicated chromosomes, the

text: sister chromatid

text: s, attaching to

text: microtubule

text: s, which in turn are attached to different

text: centrosome

text: s. The sister chromatids can then be pulled to separate locations in the cell. In many cells, the centrosome is located in the cytoplasm, outside the nucleus; the microtubules would be unable to attach to the chromatids in the presence of the nuclear envelope. Therefore, the early stages in the cell cycle, beginning in

text: prophase

text: and until around

text: prometaphase

text: , the nuclear membrane is dismantled. Likewise, during the same period, the nuclear lamina is also disassembled, a process regulated by phosphorylation of the lamins by protein kinases such as the

text: CDC2 protein kinase

text: . Towards the end of the cell cycle, the nuclear membrane is reformed, and around the same time, the nuclear lamina are reassembled by dephosphorylating the lamins.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the nuclear membrane is dismantled

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: What is stored in snow and ice?

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: phosphorylation of the lamins by protein kinases

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: cell cycle in open mitosis,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: At a certain point during the cell cycle in open mitosis,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: phosphorylation of the lamins

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: open mitosis,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: cell cycle in open mitosis,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: open mitosis,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: At a certain point during the cell cycle in open mitosis,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: sister chromatids, attaching to microtubules,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: At a certain point during the cell cycle in open mitosis,

text: A groundwater model may be a scale model or an electric model of a groundwater situation or aquifer. Groundwater models are used to represent the natural groundwater flow in the environment. Some groundwater models include (chemical) quality aspects of the groundwater. Such groundwater models try to predict the fate and movement of the chemical in natural, urban or hypothetical scenario.

text: A

text: groundwater

text: model may be a

text: scale model

text: or an electric model of a groundwater situation or

text: aquifer

text: . Groundwater models are used to represent the natural groundwater flow in the environment. Some groundwater models include (chemical) quality aspects of the groundwater. Such groundwater models try to predict the fate and movement of the chemical in natural, urban or hypothetical scenario.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: aquifer

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: (chemical) quality aspects of the groundwater.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: A groundwater model

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: A groundwater model

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: (chemical) quality aspects of the groundwater.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: A groundwater model

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: natural groundwater flow

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: groundwater model

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: A groundwater model

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: A groundwater model

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: A groundwater model

text: Gerard Bond suggests that changes in the flux of solar energy on a 1,500-year scale may be correlated to the Dansgaard-Oeschger cycles, and in turn the Heinrich events; however the small magnitude of the change in energy makes such an exo-terrestrial factor unlikely to have the required large effects, at least without huge positive feedback processes acting within the Earth system. However, rather than the warming itself melting the ice, it is possible that sea-level change associated with the warming destabilised ice shelves. A rise in sea level could begin to corrode the bottom of an ice sheet, undercutting it; when one ice sheet failed and surged, the ice released would further raise sea levels, and further destabilizing other ice sheets. In favour of this theory is the non-simultaneity of ice sheet break-up in H1, H2, H4, and H5, where European breakup preceded European melting by up to 1,500 years (Maslin et al. 2001).

text: Gerard Bond

text: suggests that changes in the flux of solar energy on a 1,500-year scale may be correlated to the Dansgaard-Oeschger cycles, and in turn the Heinrich events; however the small magnitude of the change in energy makes such an exo-terrestrial factor unlikely to have the required large effects, at least without huge

text: positive feedback

text: processes acting within the Earth system. However, rather than the warming itself melting the ice, it is possible that sea-level change associated with the warming destabilised ice shelves. A rise in sea level could begin to corrode the bottom of an ice sheet, undercutting it; when one ice sheet failed and surged, the ice released would further raise sea levels, and further destabilizing other ice sheets. In favour of this theory is the non-simultaneity of ice sheet break-up in H1, H2, H4, and H5, where European breakup preceded European melting by up to 1,500 years (Maslin et al. 2001).

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: positive feedback processes

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: melting the ice

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: destabilized ice shelves

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: solar energy

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: the Heinrich events;

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: changes in the flux of solar energy

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: European breakup preceded European melting

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: positive feedback processes

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Dansgaard-Oeschger cycles,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: huge positive feedback processes

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: destabilised ice shelves.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: ice,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Gerard Bond suggests that changes in the flux of solar energy

text: Most pristine rivers will have a 5-day carbonaceous BOD below 1 mg/L. Moderately polluted rivers may have a BOD value in the range of 2 to 8 mg/L. Rivers may be considered severely polluted when BOD values exceed 8 mg/L. Municipal sewage that is efficiently treated by a three-stage process would have a value of about 20 mg/L or less. Untreated sewage varies, but averages around 600 mg/L in Europe and as low as 200 mg/L in the U.S., or where there is severe groundwater or surface water Infiltration/Inflow. The generally lower values in the U.S. derive from the much greater water use per capita than in other parts of the world.

text: Most pristine rivers will have a 5-day carbonaceous BOD below 1 mg/L. Moderately

text: polluted

text: rivers may have a BOD value in the range of 2 to 8 mg/L. Rivers may be considered severely polluted when BOD values exceed 8 mg/L. Municipal

text: sewage

text: that is efficiently treated by a

text: three-stage process

text: would have a value of about 20 mg/L or less. Untreated sewage varies, but averages around 600 mg/L in

text: Europe

text: and as low as 200 mg/L in the U.S., or where there is severe

text: groundwater

text: or

text: surface water

text: Infiltration/Inflow

text: . The generally lower values in the U.S. derive from the much greater water use per capita than in other parts of the world.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: untreated sewage

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: carbonaceous

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: groundwater or surface water Infiltration/Inflow

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Infiltration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: much greater water use per capita

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: carbonaceous

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: polluted rivers

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: severe groundwater or surface water Infiltration/Inflow.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Infiltration/Inflow.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Infiltration/Inflow.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: groundwater or surface water Infiltration/Inflow.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: much greater water use per capita than in other parts of the world.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: 2 to 8 mg/L.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: 1 mg/L.

text: The water temperature in the lake ranges from , with acidity up to pH 2.2, and lake levels that vary up to , following a complicated 38-day cycle that includes an overflow stage. White silica deposits grow up to the overflow level, and the lake's colour is a result of finely divided silica suspended in the water. At low water levels the lake can be a dull grey colour, changing to an intensely sky blue colour at higher lake levels, in particular after the overflow stage.

text: The water temperature in the lake ranges from , with acidity up to pH 2.2, and lake levels that vary up to , following a complicated 38-day cycle that includes an overflow stage. White silica deposits grow up to the overflow level, and the lake's colour is a result of finely divided silica suspended in the water. At low water levels the lake can be a dull grey colour, changing to an intensely sky blue colour at higher lake levels, in particular after the overflow stage.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: an overflow stage

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: lake's colour is a result of finely divided silica suspended in the water

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: 38-day cycle that includes an overflow stage.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: overflow stage.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: The water temperature

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: finely divided silica suspended in the water.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: overflow stage.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: 38-day

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: 2.2,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: overflow stage.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: White silica deposits

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: 2.2,

text: Popolopen Creek—also called Popolopen Brook—is a stream, fed mainly by Lake Popolopen, Mine Lake, Stillwell Lake, and Weyant's Pond, eventually draining into the Hudson River. It runs mainly through West Point and ends in a gorge between Bear Mountain and Popolopen Torne, officially called Hell Hole and popularly known, somewhat interchangeably, as Popolopen Gorge.

text: Popolopen Creek—also called Popolopen Brook—is a stream, fed mainly by Lake Popolopen, Mine Lake, Stillwell Lake, and Weyant's Pond, eventually draining into the Hudson River. It runs mainly through West Point and ends in a gorge between Bear Mountain and Popolopen Torne, officially called Hell Hole and popularly known, somewhat interchangeably, as Popolopen Gorge.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: The Hudson River

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices are true

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Hell Hole

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: the Hudson River

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Lake Popolopen,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Hudson River.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Hudson River.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Popolopen Creek—also

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: draining into the Hudson River.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Hudson River.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Hudson River.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Hudson River.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Popolopen Creek—also

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Popolopen Creek—also

text: River bulrush can be found in fresh water or brackish water marshes, and in the quiet waters of streams and lakes.

text: River bulrush can be found in

text: fresh water

text: or

text: brackish water

text: marshes, and in the quiet waters of streams and lakes.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: river bulrush

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: River bulrush can be found in fresh water

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: fresh water

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: River bulrush

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: River bulrush

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: River bulrush

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: River bulrush can be found in fresh water

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: fresh water or brackish water marshes,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: River bulrush

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: River bulrush

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: River bulrush

text: Not a cycle per se, fuel is used once and then sent to storage without further processing save additional packaging to provide for better isolation from the biosphere. This method is favored by six countries: the United States, Canada, Sweden, Finland, Spain and South Africa. Some countries, notably Finland, Sweden and Canada, have designed repositories to permit future recovery of the material should the need arise, while others plan for permanent sequestration in a geological repository like the Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository in the United States.

text: Not a cycle per se, fuel is used once and then sent to storage without further processing save additional packaging to provide for better isolation from the

text: biosphere

text: . This method is favored by six countries: the

text: United States

text: Canada

text: Sweden

text: Finland

text: Spain

text: and

text: South Africa

text: . Some countries, notably Finland, Sweden and Canada, have designed repositories to permit future recovery of the material should the need arise, while others plan for permanent sequestration in a

text: geological repository

text: like the

text: Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository

text: in the United States.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices are mentioned

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: fuel is used once and then sent to storage without further processing

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: fuel is used once and then sent to storage without further processing

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: biosphere.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: fuel is used once and then sent to storage without further processing

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: cycle

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: fuel is used once and then sent to storage without further processing

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Spain and South Africa.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: better isolation from the biosphere.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: fuel

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: fuel

text: Species of the clade Thecosomata produce a fragile external calcium carbonate shell, which could serve as a ballast enabling large vertical migrations and as a protection against predators. The aragonitic composition of the shell makes it very sensitive to dissolution. Aragonite is a metastable form of calcium carbonate and it is more soluble in seawater than calcite. Because of its highly soluble aragonite shell and polar distribution, Limacina helicina may be one of the first organisms affected by ocean acidification, and it is therefore a key indicator species of this process. As a key indicator of the acidification process, and a major component of polar ecosystems, Limacina helicina has become a focus for acidification research. Based on labolatory experiments, they are able to precipitate calcium carbonate at low aragonite saturation state. Limacina helicina seems to be relatively more resilient to elevated concentration of carbon dioxide (CO) than other aragonitic organisms such as corals. Labolatory experiments results support the current concern for the future of Arctic pteropods, as the production of their shell appears to be very sensitive to decreased pH. A decline of pteropod populations would likely cause dramatic changes to various pelagic ecosystems. Shelled pteropods also play a geochemical role in carbon cycle in the oceans, as they contribute to the export of calcium carbonate and can represent a major component of the carbon transport to the deep ocean.

text: Species of the clade

text: Thecosomata

text: produce a fragile external

text: calcium carbonate

text: shell, which could serve as a

text: ballast

text: enabling large

text: vertical migration

text: s and as a protection against predators. The

text: aragonitic

text: composition of the shell makes it very sensitive to dissolution.

text: Aragonite

text: is a metastable form of calcium carbonate and it is more soluble in seawater than

text: calcite

text: . Because of its highly soluble aragonite shell and polar distribution, Limacina helicina may be one of the first organisms affected by

text: ocean acidification

text: , and it is therefore a key

text: indicator species

text: of this process. As a key indicator of the acidification process, and a major component of polar ecosystems, Limacina helicina has become a focus for acidification research. Based on labolatory experiments, they are able to precipitate calcium carbonate at low aragonite saturation state. Limacina helicina seems to be relatively more resilient to elevated concentration of

text: carbon dioxide

text: (CO) than other aragonitic organisms such as

text: coral

text: s. Labolatory experiments results support the current concern for the future of Arctic pteropods, as the production of their shell appears to be very sensitive to decreased

text: pH

text: . A decline of pteropod populations would likely cause dramatic changes to various pelagic ecosystems. Shelled pteropods also play a geochemical role in

text: carbon cycle

text: in the oceans, as they contribute to the export of

text: calcium carbonate

text: and can represent a major component of the carbon transport to the

text: deep ocean

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: ocean acidification

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the production of their shell appears to be very sensitive to decreased pH

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: acidification

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: What is stored in snow and ice?

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: carbon cycle

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: ocean acidification,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitate calcium carbonate

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: precipitate calcium carbonate

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: carbon cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: ocean acidification,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: ocean acidification,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: enabling large vertical migrations and as a protection against predators.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: enabling large vertical migrations and as a protection against predators.

text: Light is only able to penetrate the top  so this is the only part of the sea where plants can grow. The surface layers are often deficient in biologically-active nitrogen compounds. The marine nitrogen cycle consists of complex microbial transformations which include the fixation of nitrogen, its assimilation, nitrification, anammox, and denitrification. Some of these processes take place in deep water so that where there is an upwelling of cold waters or near estuaries where land-sourced nutrients are present, plant growth is higher. This means that the most productive areas, rich in plankton and therefore also in fish, are mainly coastal.

text: Light is only able to penetrate the top  so this is the only part of the sea where plants can grow. The surface layers are often deficient in biologically-active nitrogen compounds. The marine

text: nitrogen cycle

text: consists of complex microbial transformations which include the

text: fixation of nitrogen

text: , its assimilation,

text: nitrification

text: anammox

text: , and denitrification. Some of these processes take place in deep water so that where there is an upwelling of cold waters or near estuaries where land-sourced nutrients are present, plant growth is higher. This means that the most productive areas, rich in plankton and therefore also in fish, are mainly coastal.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: denitrification

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the fixation of nitrogen

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: iii.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Light is only able to penetrate the top

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: denitrification.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: The surface layers are often deficient in biologically-active nitrogen compounds.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: nitrification, anammox,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: grow.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: marine nitrogen cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Light is only able to penetrate the top

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Light is only able to penetrate the top

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: cold waters

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Light is only able to penetrate the top

text: Ammonia poisoning is caused by a high level of ammonia in the tank. Add ammonia reduction chemicals to the tank, or for an emergency release of ammonia, change the water 25 percent daily for one week until the symptoms die down. Ammonia reduction chemicals must not be added as soon as the ammonia levels drop (as ammonia removers can starve the biological filter and cause the cycling process to start over)

text: Ammonia poisoning is caused by a high level of ammonia in the tank. Add ammonia reduction chemicals to the tank, or for an emergency release of ammonia, change the water 25 percent daily for one week until the symptoms die down. Ammonia reduction chemicals must not be added as soon as the ammonia levels drop (as ammonia removers can starve the biological filter and cause the cycling process to start over)

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: a high level of ammonia

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Ammonia

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: high level of ammonia

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: the cycling process

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: What is the best way to store water?

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: biological filter

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: cycling process

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Ammonia poisoning

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: change the water 25 percent

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: cycling process

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: biological filter

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Ammonia poisoning

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: high level of ammonia

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Ammonia poisoning

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Ammonia poisoning

text: which produces hydrogen from fossil fuels by running them through a high temperature steam process.  Since fossil fuels are primarily composed of carbon and hydrogen molecules of various sizes, various fossil fuels can be utilized.  For example, methanol, ethanol, and methane can all be used in the reforming process.  Electrolysis and high temperature combination cycles are also used to provide hydrogen from water whereby the heat and electricity provide sufficient energy to disassociate the hydrogen and oxygen atoms.

text: which produces hydrogen from fossil fuels by running them through a high temperature steam process.  Since fossil fuels are primarily composed of carbon and hydrogen molecules of various sizes, various fossil fuels can be utilized.  For example,

text: methanol

text: ethanol

text: , and

text: methane

text: can all be used in the reforming process.

text: Electrolysis

text: and high temperature combination cycles are also used to provide hydrogen from water whereby the heat and electricity provide sufficient energy to disassociate the hydrogen and oxygen atoms.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Hydrogen

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: high temperature combination cycles

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: heat and electricity

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Electrolysis and high temperature combination cycles are also used to provide hydrogen

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Electrolysis and high temperature combination cycles

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: high temperature steam process.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Electrolysis

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Electrolysis and high temperature combination cycles are also used to provide hydrogen from water

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Electrolysis and high temperature combination cycles are also used to provide hydrogen from water

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Electrolysis and high temperature combination cycles are also used to provide hydrogen from water

text: Many fish species’ life cycle involves two distinct habitats.  The adults live in warmer temperate waters south of Cape Hatteras, NC while the juveniles are found in estuaries of cooler waters north of Cape Hatteras. Warm Core Rings play an important role in the transport of larvae between the two habitats. Species like the bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix) and pearly razorfish (Xyrichtys novacula) spawn near the western edge of the Gulf Stream just south of Cape Hatteras.  Because of the convergence of the Gulf Stream from the south and cooler coastal water current from the north, most water around Cape Hatteras flows into the Gulf Stream.  The larvae released near this convergence is swept into the Gulf Stream and flows north.  Since the larvae are planktonic, they don’t swim into the center of the Gulf Stream but stay near the western edge.  This is beneficial for when warm core rings form. Warm core rings are formed when the crest of a meander breaks off from the Gulf Stream. Any larvae in the crest of the meanders are then entrapped in the warm core ring.  Once the warm core ring breaks way, it takes a southwesternly path towards the coast. The interaction between warm core rings and the continental shelf creates a weakening of the ring and enables the larvae to escape and continue their journey to nearby estuaries.  The warm core rings formed along the northeastern states can last between 4 and 5 months.  During this time the larvae grow so that by the time they reach the estuaries, they are able to swim away from the warm core ring into the estuaries.

text: Many fish species’ life cycle involves two distinct habitats.  The adults live in warmer temperate waters south of Cape Hatteras, NC while the juveniles are found in estuaries of cooler waters north of Cape Hatteras. Warm Core Rings play an important role in the transport of

text: larvae

text: between the two habitats. Species like the

text: bluefish

text: (Pomatomus saltatrix) and pearly razorfish (Xyrichtys novacula) spawn near the western edge of the

text: Gulf Stream

text: just south of Cape Hatteras.  Because of the convergence of the Gulf Stream from the south and cooler coastal water current from the north, most water around Cape Hatteras flows into the Gulf Stream.  The larvae released near this convergence is swept into the Gulf Stream and flows north.  Since the larvae are

text: plankton

text: ic, they don’t swim into the center of the Gulf Stream but stay near the western edge.  This is beneficial for when warm core rings form. Warm core rings are formed when the crest of a meander breaks off from the Gulf Stream. Any larvae in the crest of the meanders are then entrapped in the warm core ring.  Once the warm core ring breaks way, it takes a southwesternly path towards the coast. The interaction between warm core rings and the

text: continental shelf

text: creates a weakening of the ring and enables the larvae to escape and continue their journey to nearby

text: estuaries

text: .  The warm core rings formed along the northeastern states can last between 4 and 5 months.  During this time the larvae grow so that by the time they reach the estuaries, they are able to swim away from the warm core ring into the estuaries.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: because of the convergence of the Gulf Stream from the south and cooler coastal water current from the north

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: What kind of weather does the crest of a meander form?

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the interaction between warm core rings and the continental shelf

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: life cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: What can be stored for future use in snow and ice

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: convergence of the Gulf Stream from the south and cooler coastal water current

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: warm core rings form. Warm core rings

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: estuaries.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: warm core ring.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: warm core ring.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: warm core ring.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: escape and continue their journey to nearby estuaries.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: meander breaks off from the Gulf Stream.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Gulf Stream.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Gulf Stream.

text: MODFLOW is a well-known example of a general finite difference groundwater flow model. It is developed by the US Geological Survey as a modular and extensible simulation tool for modeling groundwater flow. It is free software developed, documented and distributed by the USGS. Many commercial products have grown up around it, providing graphical user interfaces to its input file based interface, and typically incorporating pre- and post-processing of user data. Many other models have been developed to work with MODFLOW input and output, making linked models which simulate several hydrologic processes possible (flow and transport models, surface water and groundwater models and chemical reaction models), because of the simple, well documented nature of MODFLOW.

text: MODFLOW

text: is a well-known example of a general finite difference groundwater flow model. It is developed by the

text: US Geological Survey

text: as a modular and extensible simulation tool for modeling groundwater flow. It is

text: free software

text: developed, documented and distributed by the USGS. Many commercial products have grown up around it, providing

text: graphical user interface

text: s to its input file based interface, and typically incorporating pre- and post-processing of user data. Many other models have been developed to work with MODFLOW input and output, making linked models which simulate several hydrologic processes possible (flow and transport models,

text: surface water

text: and

text: groundwater

text: models and chemical reaction models), because of the simple, well documented nature of MODFLOW.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: groundwater flow model

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: chemical reaction

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: chemical reaction models

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrologic processes

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: finite difference groundwater flow model.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: chemical reaction models),

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: hydrologic processes

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: chemical reaction models),

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: MODFLOW

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrologic

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: MODFLOW

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: MODFLOW

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: MODFLOW

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: MODFLOW

text: The lakes are connected by an intermittent stream. It flows to the little lake Sallaqucha (Sallaccocha) where it turns to the south-east to reach the river Yuraq Kancha (Yurac Cancha) whose waters flow to the Inambari River.

text: The lakes are connected by an intermittent stream. It flows to the little lake Sallaqucha (Sallaccocha) where it turns to the south-east to reach the river Yuraq Kancha (Yurac Cancha) whose waters flow to the

text: Inambari

text: River.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Yuraq Kancha

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices are true

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Yuraq Kancha

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: It is impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: intermittent stream.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: south-east to reach the river Yuraq Kancha

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: waters

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Inambari River.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: intermittent stream.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: intermittent stream.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: intermittent stream. It flows to the little lake Sallaqucha

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: intermittent stream.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Yuraq Kancha

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Inambari River.

text: More than 352 thermochemical cycles have been described for water splitting or thermolysis., These cycles promise to produce hydrogen  oxygen from water and heat without using electricity. Since all the input energy for such processes is heat, they can be more efficient than high-temperature electrolysis. This is because the efficiency of electricity production is inherently limited. Thermochemical production of hydrogen using chemical energy from coal or natural gas is generally not considered, because the direct chemical path is more efficient.

text: More than 352

text: thermochemical

text: cycles have been described for water splitting or

text: thermolysis

text: ., These cycles promise to produce hydrogen  oxygen from water and heat without using electricity. Since all the input energy for such processes is heat, they can be more efficient than high-temperature electrolysis. This is because the efficiency of electricity production is inherently limited. Thermochemical production of hydrogen using chemical energy from coal or natural gas is generally not considered, because the direct chemical path is more efficient.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: water splitting

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: thermolysis

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: high-temperature

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: thermolysis

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: heat,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: thermolysis.,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: electricity.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: high-temperature electrolysis.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: thermolysis.,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: thermolysis.,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: electricity.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: efficiency of electricity production is inherently limited.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: 352 thermochemical cycles have been described for water splitting or thermolysis.,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: 352 thermochemical cycles have been described for water splitting or thermolysis.,

text: Dioxygen () plays an important role in the energy metabolism of living organisms. Free oxygen is produced in the biosphere through photolysis (light-driven oxidation and splitting) of water during photosynthesis in cyanobacteria, green algae, and plants. During oxidative phosphorylation in cellular respiration, oxygen is reduced to water, thus closing the biological water-oxygen redox cycle.

text: Dioxygen

text: () plays an important role in the energy

text: metabolism

text: of living organisms. Free oxygen is produced in the biosphere through

text: photolysis

text: (light-driven oxidation and splitting) of water during

text: photosynthesis

text: in

text: cyanobacteria

text: green algae

text: , and

text: plant

text: s. During

text: oxidative phosphorylation

text: in

text: cellular respiration

text: , oxygen is reduced to water, thus closing the biological water-oxygen

text: redox

text: cycle.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: cellular respiration

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: cellular respiration

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: photosynthesis

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: oxidative phosphorylation

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: oxidative phosphorylation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Dioxygen

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: oxidative phosphorylation in cellular respiration,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: photosynthesis

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: redox cycle.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Free oxygen is produced in the biosphere through photolysis

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Dioxygen

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Dioxygen

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Dioxygen

text: Perennial water body usually refers to mainly liquid fresh water, as opposed to sea and glaciers or other ice. Most frequently the term refers to running water (lotic ecosystems) as in perennial streams and large rivers, but the distinction between perennial and non-perennial water is of equal importance in lentic aquatic ecosystems, those that are associated with relatively still terrestrial waters such as lakes and ponds. Simplistically a perennial water body is one that keeps full or flowing throughout the year for all or most years, but in practice there are degrees and kinds  of distinction. The definition is not precise, because most water bodies vary in fullness according to the season, and according to the heaviness of precipitation and other factors during any given year. Also, the water level in many such water bodies as do not actually dry out, may nonetheless drop so drastically that their surface area is greatly reduced. They even may be split into several separate water bodies with dry land between, either arid or covered with vegetation. The internal ecology of such water may differ drastically between periods of drought and deep water. In some cases the seasonal cycle is ecologically important, whereas in other examples exceptional water levels are too rare to be taken routinely into account. There also may be effectively permanent changes; increasingly frequently even large rivers have lost their perennial status under the burden of the human demand for fresh water for purposes of agriculture, industry or the needs of the populations of large cities. The Colorado River for instance has run dry for extended periods in most years since 1960 without reaching the sea. Intermittent or ephemeral streams are those that run dry repeatedly, either seasonally or soon after rain stops. Some definitions of perennial water bodies specifically include those that only are perennial except in years of severe or unusual drought.

text: Perennial water body usually refers to mainly liquid fresh water, as opposed to sea and glaciers or other ice. Most frequently the term refers to running water (

text: lotic

text: ecosystems) as in

text: perennial stream

text: s and large

text: river

text: s, but the distinction between perennial and non-perennial water is of equal importance in

text: lentic

text: aquatic ecosystem

text: s, those that are associated with relatively still terrestrial waters such as

text: lake

text: s and

text: pond

text: s. Simplistically a perennial water body is one that keeps full or flowing throughout the year for all or most years, but in practice there are degrees and kinds  of distinction. The definition is not precise, because most water bodies vary in fullness according to the season, and according to the heaviness of precipitation and other factors during any given year. Also, the water level in many such water bodies as do not actually dry out, may nonetheless drop so drastically that their surface area is greatly reduced. They even may be split into several separate water bodies with dry land between, either arid or covered with vegetation. The internal ecology of such water may differ drastically between periods of drought and deep water. In some cases the seasonal cycle is ecologically important, whereas in other examples exceptional water levels are too rare to be taken routinely into account. There also may be effectively permanent changes; increasingly frequently even large rivers have lost their perennial status under the burden of the human demand for fresh water for purposes of agriculture, industry or the needs of the populations of large cities. The

text: Colorado River

text: for instance has run dry for extended periods in most years since 1960 without reaching the sea.

text: Intermittent or ephemeral streams

text: are those that run dry repeatedly, either seasonally or soon after rain stops. Some definitions of perennial water bodies specifically include those that only are perennial except in years of severe or unusual drought.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: the heaviness of precipitation

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: dry out

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Colorado River for instance has run dry for extended periods

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: seasonal cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: human demand for fresh water

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: ice.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: The Colorado River

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: dry out,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: seasonal cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: vegetation.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: human demand for fresh water

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: fresh water

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: agriculture, industry or the needs of the populations of large cities.

text: In hydrogeology, groundwater flow is defined as the "...part of streamflow that has infiltrated the ground, has entered the phreatic zone, and has been discharged into a stream channel, via springs or seepage water".  It is governed by the groundwater flow equation.Groundwater is water that is found underground in cracks and spaces in the soil, sand and rocks. An area where water fills these spaces is called a phreatic zone or saturated zone. Groundwater is stored in and moves slowly through the layers of soil, sand and rocks called aquifers. The rate of groundwater flow depends on the permeability (the size of the spaces in the soil or rocks and how well the spaces are connected) and the hydraulic head (water pressure).

text: In

text: hydrogeology

text: , groundwater flow is defined as the "...part of

text: streamflow

text: that has infiltrated the ground, has entered the

text: phreatic zone

text: , and has been discharged into a

text: stream channel

text: , via

text: spring

text: s or

text: seepage water

text: ".  It is governed by the

text: groundwater flow equation

text: .Groundwater is water that is found underground in cracks and spaces in the soil, sand and rocks. An area where water fills these spaces is called a phreatic zone or saturated zone. Groundwater is stored in and moves slowly through the layers of soil, sand and rocks called

text: aquifer

text: s. The rate of groundwater flow depends on the

text: permeability

text: (the size of the spaces in the soil or rocks and how well the spaces are connected) and the

text: hydraulic head

text: (water pressure).

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: groundwater flow equation

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: an area where water fills these spaces

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: groundwater flow equation.Groundwater

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: phreatic zone,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: groundwater flow is defined as the "...part of streamflow

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: saturated zone.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: discharged into a stream channel,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrogeology,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: a phreatic zone or saturated zone.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: groundwater

text: Groundwater models may be used to predict the effects of hydrological changes (like groundwater abstraction or irrigation developments) on the behavior of the aquifer and are often named groundwater simulation models. Also nowadays the groundwater models are used in various water management plans for urban areas.

text: Groundwater models may be used to predict the effects of hydrological changes (like groundwater abstraction or irrigation developments) on the behavior of the aquifer and are often named groundwater simulation models. Also nowadays the groundwater models are used in various water management plans for urban areas.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: hydrological changes

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: groundwater abstraction

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: hydrological changes

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Groundwater models may be used to predict the effects of hydrological changes

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: hydrological changes

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: irrigation developments)

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: irrigation developments)

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrological changes

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Groundwater models

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Groundwater models may be used to predict the effects of hydrological changes

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Groundwater models

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Groundwater models may be used to predict the effects of hydrological changes

text: Atrazine remains in soil for a matter of months (although in some soils can persist to at least 4 years) and can migrate from soil to groundwater; once in groundwater, it degrades slowly. It has been detected in groundwater at high levels in some regions of the U.S. where it is used on some crops and turf. The US Environmental Protection Agency expresses concern regarding contamination of surface waters (lakes, rivers, and streams).

text: Atrazine remains in soil for a matter of months (although in some soils can persist to at least 4 years) and can migrate from soil to

text: groundwater

text: ; once in groundwater, it degrades slowly. It has been detected in groundwater at high levels in some regions of the U.S. where it is used on some crops and turf. The US

text: Environmental Protection Agency

text: expresses concern regarding contamination of surface waters (lakes, rivers, and streams).

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: migration from soil to groundwater

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: groundwater;

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: groundwater;

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: contamination of surface waters

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: migrate from soil to groundwater;

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: migrate from soil to groundwater;

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: groundwater;

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Atrazine remains in soil for a matter of months

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Atrazine

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: groundwater;

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Atrazine

text: Solar thermal energy can be used to efficiently cool in the summer, and also heat domestic hot water and buildings in the winter. Single, double or triple iterative absorption cooling cycles are used in different solar-thermal-cooling system designs. The more cycles, the more efficient they are. Absorption chillers operate with less noise and vibration than compressor-based chillers, but their capital costs are relatively high.

text: Solar thermal energy

text: can be used to efficiently cool in the summer, and also heat domestic hot water and buildings in the winter. Single, double or triple iterative absorption cooling cycles are used in different solar-thermal-cooling system designs. The more cycles, the more efficient they are. Absorption chillers operate with less noise and vibration than compressor-based chillers, but their capital costs are relatively high.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: solar thermal energy

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: cooling

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Solar thermal energy

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: heat domestic hot water

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Solar thermal energy

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Single, double or triple iterative absorption cooling cycles

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: absorption cooling cycles

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: iterative absorption cooling cycles

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Solar thermal energy

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Solar thermal energy

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: heat domestic hot water

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Solar thermal energy

text: Drought is an anomaly within the atmospheric, surface and sub-surface cycling of water and energy, usually initiated through large to regional scale atmospheric processes, and enhanced and maintained through regional to local atmospheric, surface hydrology, land surface and groundwater feedbacks that operate throughout the annual cycle. Droughts are a distinctive feature of the Canadian Prairies where the large scale atmospheric circulations are influenced by blocking from intense orography to the west and long distances from all warm ocean-derived atmospheric water sources.

text: Drought

text: is an anomaly within the atmospheric, surface and sub-surface cycling of water and energy, usually initiated through large to regional scale atmospheric processes, and enhanced and maintained through regional to local

text: atmospheric

text: surface hydrology

text: land surface

text: and

text: groundwater

text: feedbacks that operate throughout the annual cycle. Droughts are a distinctive feature of the

text: Canadian Prairies

text: where the large scale

text: atmospheric circulation

text: s are influenced by

text: blocking

text: from intense

text: orography

text: to the west and long distances from all warm ocean-derived atmospheric water sources.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: large to regional scale atmospheric processes

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Drought

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: surface hydrology

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: annual cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: large to regional scale atmospheric processes,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Drought

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Drought

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Drought

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: atmospheric, surface and sub-surface cycling

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: atmospheric, surface and sub-surface

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: warm ocean-derived atmospheric water sources.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: long distances from all warm ocean-derived atmospheric water sources.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Drought

text: Water is the most readily available and effective cooling medium. The main sources of fouling in water cycles are sediments (scale, silt, algae) and sludge (corrosion and bacterial activity). Fouling on the water side of heat exchangers typically necessitates offline cleaning every several months. Though generally not requiring a shutdown of the entire production line, this still requires a substantial maintenance effort and cost burden.

text: Water is the most readily available and effective cooling medium. The main sources of fouling in water cycles are sediments (scale, silt, algae) and sludge (corrosion and bacterial activity). Fouling on the water side of heat exchangers typically necessitates offline cleaning every several months. Though generally not requiring a shutdown of the entire production line, this still requires a substantial maintenance effort and cost burden.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: sediments

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: sludge

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: cooling

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: cooling medium

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: sludge

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Water is the most readily available and effective cooling medium.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: water cycles

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Water is the most readily available and effective cooling medium.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Water

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: cooling

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: cooling medium.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Water is the most readily available and effective cooling medium.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Water is the most readily available and effective cooling medium.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: cooling medium.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Water is the most readily available and effective cooling medium.

text: water cycle -wavelength -Wobble base pair -wood

text: water cycle

text: wavelength

text: Wobble base pair

text: wood

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: What drives the water cycle?

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: water cycle

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: water cycle

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: water cycle

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: water cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: base pair

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: water cycle

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: water cycle

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: base pair

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: -wavelength

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: water cycle

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water cycle

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: water cycle

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: water cycle

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: -wavelength

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: water cycle

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: -wavelength -Wobble base pair

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: water cycle -wavelength

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: water cycle

text: Soil is in close cooperation with the wider biosphere. The maintenance of fertile soil is "one of the most vital ecological services the living world performs", and the "mineral and organic contents of soil must be replenished constantly as plants consume soil elements and pass them up the food chain".

text: Soil is in close cooperation with the wider biosphere. The maintenance of fertile soil is "one of the most vital

text: ecological services

text: the living world performs", and the "mineral and organic contents of soil must be replenished constantly as plants consume soil elements and pass them up the

text: food chain

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Plants consume soil elements

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: respiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: decomposition

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: plants consume soil elements and pass them up the food chain".

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Soil is in close cooperation with the wider biosphere.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Soil is in close cooperation with the wider biosphere.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: plants consume soil elements and pass them up the food chain".

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: plants consume soil elements and pass them up the food chain".

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: plants consume soil elements and pass them up the food chain".

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: fertile soil

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: plants consume soil elements and pass them up the food chain".

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Soil is in close cooperation with the wider biosphere.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Soil is in close cooperation with the wider biosphere.

text: Valley or stream erosion occurs with continued water flow along a linear feature. The erosion is both downward, deepening the valley, and headward, extending the valley into the hillside, creating head cuts and steep banks. In the earliest stage of stream erosion, the erosive activity is dominantly vertical, the valleys have a typical V cross-section and the stream gradient is relatively steep. When some base level is reached, the erosive activity switches to lateral erosion, which widens the valley floor and creates a narrow floodplain. The stream gradient becomes nearly flat, and lateral deposition of sediments becomes important as the stream meanders across the valley floor. In all stages of stream erosion, by far the most erosion occurs during times of flood, when more and faster-moving water is available to carry a larger sediment load. In such processes, it is not the water alone that erodes: suspended abrasive particles, pebbles and boulders can also act erosively as they traverse a surface, in a process known as traction.

text: Valley or stream erosion occurs with continued water flow along a linear feature. The erosion is both

text: downward

text: , deepening the valley, and

text: headward

text: , extending the valley into the hillside, creating

text: head cuts

text: and steep banks. In the earliest stage of stream erosion, the erosive activity is dominantly vertical, the valleys have a typical V cross-section and the stream gradient is relatively steep. When some

text: base level

text: is reached, the erosive activity switches to lateral erosion, which widens the valley floor and creates a narrow floodplain. The stream gradient becomes nearly flat, and lateral deposition of sediments becomes important as the stream

text: meander

text: s across the valley floor. In all stages of stream erosion, by far the most erosion occurs during times of flood, when more and faster-moving water is available to carry a larger sediment load. In such processes, it is not the water alone that erodes: suspended abrasive particles,

text: pebble

text: s and

text: boulder

text: s can also act erosively as they traverse a surface, in a process known as traction.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: What kind of precipitation can cause erosion?

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: erosive

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: What can be stored in snow and ice?

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: traction.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: lateral erosion,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: traction.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: traction.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: traction.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Valley or stream erosion

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: traction.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: lateral deposition of sediments

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Valley or stream erosion

text: Solar power is a widely known and used renewable energy source. An increase in technology has allowed solar power to be used in a wide variety of applications. Two types of solar panels generate heat into electricity. Thermal solar panels reduce or eliminate the consumption of gas and diesel, and reduce CO₂ emissions. Photovoltaic panels convert solar radiation into an electric current which can power any appliance. However, this is a more complex technology and is generally more expensive to manufacture than thermal panels.

text: Solar power

text: is a widely known and used renewable energy source. An increase in technology has allowed solar power to be used in a wide variety of applications. Two types of solar panels generate heat into electricity. Thermal solar panels reduce or eliminate the consumption of gas and diesel, and reduce CO₂ emissions. Photovoltaic panels convert solar radiation into an electric current which can power any appliance. However, this is a more complex technology and is generally more expensive to manufacture than thermal panels.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: thermal solar panels

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: CO2 emissions

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: heat into electricity.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: heat into electricity.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Solar power

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Thermal solar panels reduce or eliminate the consumption of gas and diesel,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: CO2 emissions.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Solar power

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Solar power

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Solar power

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Solar power

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Solar power

text: The Gas Turbine Modular Helium Reactor utilizes the Brayton cycle turbine arrangement, which gives it an efficiency of up to 48% - higher than any other reactor, as of 1995.  Commercial light water reactors (LWRs) generally use the Rankine cycle, which is what coal-fired power plants use.  Commercial LWRs average 32% efficiency, again as of 1995.

text: The Gas Turbine Modular Helium Reactor utilizes the

text: Brayton cycle

text: turbine arrangement, which gives it an efficiency of up to 48% - higher than any other reactor, as of 1995.  Commercial

text: light water reactors

text: (LWRs) generally use the

text: Rankine cycle

text: , which is what coal-fired power plants use.  Commercial LWRs average 32% efficiency, again as of 1995.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Rankine cycle

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Rankine cycle,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Rankine cycle,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Rankine cycle,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Rankine cycle,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Rankine cycle,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Rankine cycle,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Brayton cycle

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Commercial light water reactors

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The Gas Turbine Modular Helium Reactor

text: An oxygen concentrator has an air compressor, two cylinders filled with zeolite pellets, a pressure equalizing reservoir, and some valves and tubes.  In the first half-cycle the first cylinder receives air from the compressor, which lasts about 3 seconds. During that time the pressure in the first cylinder rises from atmospheric to about 1.5 times normal atmospheric pressure (typically 20 psi/138 kPa gauge, or 2.36 atmospheres absolute) and the zeolite becomes saturated with nitrogen. As the first cylinder reaches near pure oxygen (there are small amounts of argon, CO, water vapour, radon and other minor atmospheric components) in the first half-cycle, a valve opens and the oxygen enriched gas flows to the pressure equalizing reservoir, which connects to the patient's oxygen hose. At the end of the first half of the cycle, there is another valve position change so that the air from the compressor is directed to the 2nd cylinder. Pressure in the first cylinder drops as the enriched oxygen moves into the reservoir, allowing the nitrogen to be desorbed back into gas. Part way through the second half of the cycle there is another valve position change to vent the gas in the first cylinder back into the ambient atmosphere, keeping the concentration of oxygen in the pressure equalizing reservoir from falling below about 90%. The pressure in the hose delivering oxygen from the equalizing reservoir is kept steady by a pressure reducing valve.

text: An oxygen concentrator has an air compressor, two cylinders filled with zeolite pellets, a pressure equalizing reservoir, and some valves and tubes.  In the first half-cycle the first cylinder receives air from the compressor, which lasts about 3 seconds. During that time the pressure in the first cylinder rises from atmospheric to about 1.5 times normal atmospheric pressure (typically 20 psi/138 kPa gauge, or 2.36 atmospheres absolute) and the zeolite becomes saturated with nitrogen. As the first cylinder reaches near pure oxygen (there are small amounts of argon, CO, water vapour,

text: radon

text: and other minor atmospheric components) in the first half-cycle, a valve opens and the oxygen enriched gas flows to the pressure equalizing reservoir, which connects to the patient's oxygen hose. At the end of the first half of the cycle, there is another valve position change so that the air from the compressor is directed to the 2nd cylinder. Pressure in the first cylinder drops as the enriched oxygen moves into the reservoir, allowing the nitrogen to be desorbed back into gas. Part way through the second half of the cycle there is another valve position change to vent the gas in the first cylinder back into the ambient atmosphere, keeping the concentration of oxygen in the pressure equalizing reservoir from falling below about 90%. The pressure in the hose delivering oxygen from the equalizing reservoir is kept steady by a pressure reducing valve.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: minor atmospheric components

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: zeolite becoming saturated with nitrogen

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: water vapour,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: oxygen

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water vapour, radon and other minor atmospheric components)

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the zeolite becomes saturated with nitrogen.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: water vapour,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: water vapour,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: water vapour, radon and other minor atmospheric components)

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: 1.5 times normal atmospheric pressure

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: water vapour,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: water vapour, radon

text: A planet's life forms inhabit ecosystems, whose total is sometimes said to form a "biosphere". Earth's biosphere is thought to have begun evolving about . The biosphere is divided into a number of biomes, inhabited by broadly similar plants and animals. On land, biomes are separated primarily by differences in latitude, height above sea level and humidity. Terrestrial biomes lying within the Arctic or Antarctic Circles, at high altitudes or in extremely arid areas are relatively barren of plant and animal life; species diversity reaches a peak in humid lowlands at equatorial latitudes.

text: A planet's life forms inhabit

text: ecosystem

text: s, whose total is sometimes said to form a "biosphere". Earth's biosphere is thought to have begun

text: evolving

text: about . The biosphere is divided into a number of

text: biome

text: s, inhabited by broadly similar plants and animals. On land, biomes are separated primarily by differences in latitude,

text: height above sea level

text: and

text: humidity

text: . Terrestrial

text: biomes

text: lying within the Arctic or

text: Antarctic Circle

text: s, at

text: high altitudes

text: or in

text: extremely arid areas

text: are relatively barren of plant and animal life;

entity_name: Latitudinal gradients in species diversity

text: species diversity

text: reaches a peak in

text: humid lowlands at equatorial latitudes

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: humidity

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Arctic or Antarctic Circles

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: humidity

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: humidity.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: "biosphere".

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: humidity.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: extremely arid areas are relatively barren of plant and animal life;

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: humidity.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: "biosphere".

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: humid

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: height above sea level and humidity.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: "biosphere".

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: A planet's life forms inhabit ecosystems,

text: Cyanobacteria prefer calm waters, such as those provided by ponds and lakes. Their life cycles are disrupted when the water naturally or artificially mixes from churning currents caused by the flowing water of streams or the churning water of fountains. For this reason blooms of cyanobacteria seldom occur in rivers unless the water is flowing slowly. When the bacteria are found in rivers, they have usually come from the outfall of lakes upstream from the sampling point.

text: Cyanobacteria prefer calm waters, such as those provided by ponds and lakes. Their life cycles are disrupted when the water naturally or artificially mixes from churning currents caused by the flowing water of streams or the churning water of fountains. For this reason blooms of cyanobacteria seldom occur in rivers unless the water is flowing slowly. When the bacteria are found in rivers, they have usually come from the outfall of lakes upstream from the sampling point.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: churning currents

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Cyanobacteria prefer calm waters

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: churning currents

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: churning currents

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: churning currents

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Cyanobacteria prefer calm waters,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: fountains.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: mixes from churning currents

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: churning currents

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Cyanobacteria prefer calm waters,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Cyanobacteria prefer calm waters,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Cyanobacteria prefer calm waters,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Cyanobacteria prefer calm waters,

text: Transgressing one or more planetary boundaries may be highly damaging or even catastrophic, due to the risk of crossing thresholds that trigger non-linear, abrupt environmental change within continental- to planetary-scale systems. The 2009 study identified nine planetary boundaries and, drawing on current scientific understanding, the researchers proposed quantifications for seven of them. These seven are climate change (CO concentration in the atmosphere < 350 ppm and/or a maximum change of +1 W/m in radiative forcing); ocean acidification (mean surface seawater saturation state with respect to aragonite ≥ 80% of pre-industrial levels); stratospheric ozone (less than 5% reduction in total atmospheric O from a pre-industrial level of 290 Dobson Units); biogeochemical nitrogen (N) cycle (limit industrial and agricultural fixation of N to 35 Tg N/yr) and phosphorus (P) cycle (annual P inflow to oceans not to exceed 10 times the natural background weathering of P); global freshwater use (< 4000 km/yr of consumptive use of runoff resources); land system change (< 15% of the ice-free land surface under cropland); and the rate at which biological diversity is lost (annual rate of < 10 extinctions per million species). The two additional planetary boundaries for which the group had not yet been able to determine a boundary level are chemical pollution and atmospheric aerosol loading.

text: Transgressing one or more planetary boundaries may be highly damaging or even catastrophic, due to the risk of crossing thresholds that trigger non-linear, abrupt

text: environmental change

text: within

text: continent

text: al- to planetary-scale systems. The 2009 study identified nine planetary boundaries and, drawing on current scientific understanding, the researchers proposed quantifications for seven of them. These seven are climate change (

text: CO

text: concentration in the atmosphere < 350 ppm and/or a maximum change of +1 W/m in

text: radiative forcing

text: ocean acidification

text: (mean surface seawater saturation state with respect to aragonite ≥ 80% of pre-

text: industrial

text: levels);

text: stratospheric

text: ozone (less than 5% reduction in total atmospheric

text: O

text: from a pre-industrial level of 290

text: Dobson Unit

text: s);

text: biogeochemical

text: nitrogen (N) cycle

text: (limit industrial and agricultural fixation of N to 35 Tg N/yr) and

text: phosphorus (P) cycle

text: (annual P inflow to oceans not to exceed 10 times the natural background

text: weathering

text: of P); global freshwater use (< 4000 km/yr of consumptive use of runoff resources); land system change (< 15% of the ice-free land surface under cropland); and the rate at which biological diversity is lost (annual rate of < 10 extinctions per million species). The two additional planetary boundaries for which the group had not yet been able to determine a boundary level are

text: chemical pollution and atmospheric aerosol loading

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: global freshwater use

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: ocean acidification

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: global freshwater use

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: ocean acidification

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: radiative forcing

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: ocean acidification

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: What can be stored in snow and ice?

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: phosphorus

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: ocean acidification

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: atmospheric aerosol loading.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: ocean acidification

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: radiative forcing); ocean acidification

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: biogeochemical nitrogen

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: global freshwater use

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: ocean acidification

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: runoff resources);

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: consumptive use of runoff resources);

text: These are often called flukes, as most have flat rhomboid shapes like that of a flounder (Old English flóc). There are about 11,000 species, more than all other platyhelminthes combined, and second only to roundworms among parasites on metazoans. Adults usually have two holdfasts, a ring around the mouth and a larger sucker midway along what would be the underside in a free-living flatworm.Although the name "Digeneans" means "two generations", most have very complex life cycles with up to seven stages, depending on what combinations of environments the early stages encounter – most importantly whether the eggs are deposited on land or in water. The intermediate stages transfer the parasites from one host to another. The definitive host in which adults develop is a land vertebrate, the earliest host of juvenile stages is usually a snail that may live on land or in water, and in many cases a fish or arthropod is the second host. For example, the adjoining illustration shows the life cycle of the intestinal fluke metagonimus, which hatches in the intestine of a snail; moves to a fish, where it penetrates the body and encysts in the flesh; then moves to the small intestine of a land animal that eats the fish raw; and then generates eggs that are excreted and ingested by snails, thereby completing the cycle. Schistosomes, which cause the devastating tropical disease bilharzia, belong to this group.

text: These are often called flukes, as most have flat

text: rhomboid

text: shapes like that of a

text: flounder

text: (Old English flóc). There are about 11,000 species, more than all other platyhelminthes combined, and second only to

text: roundworm

text: s among parasites on

text: metazoan

text: s. Adults usually have two holdfasts, a ring around the mouth and a larger sucker midway along what would be the underside in a free-living flatworm.Although the name "Digeneans" means "two generations", most have very complex life cycles with up to seven stages, depending on what combinations of environments the early stages encounter – most importantly whether the eggs are deposited on land or in water. The intermediate stages transfer the parasites from one host to another. The

text: definitive host

text: in which adults develop is a land vertebrate, the earliest host of juvenile stages is usually a snail that may live on land or in water, and in many cases a fish or arthropod is the second host. For example, the adjoining illustration shows the life cycle of the intestinal fluke

text: metagonimus

text: , which hatches in the intestine of a snail; moves to a fish, where it penetrates the body and encysts in the flesh; then moves to the small intestine of a land animal that eats the fish raw; and then generates eggs that are excreted and ingested by snails, thereby completing the cycle. Schistosomes, which cause the devastating tropical disease bilharzia, belong to this group.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the intestinal fluke metagonimus

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: What can be stored in snow and ice?

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: whether the eggs are deposited on land or in water.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: water.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: intestinal fluke metagonimus,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: "Digeneans"

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: "Digeneans"

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: arthropod is the second host.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: whether the eggs are deposited on land or in water.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: water.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: flukes,

text: Soil acts as an engineering medium, a habitat for soil organisms, a recycling system for nutrients and organic wastes, a regulator of water quality, a modifier of atmospheric composition, and a medium for plant growth, in other terms one of the world's best providers of ecosystem services. Since soil has a tremendous range of available niches and habitats, it contains most of the Earth's genetic diversity. A gram of soil can contain billions of organisms, belonging to thousands of species, mostly microbial and  in the main still unexplored. Soil has a mean prokaryotic density of roughly 10 organisms per gram, whereas the ocean has no more than 10 procaryotic organisms per milliliter (gram) of seawater. The carbon content of the soil is eventually returned to the atmosphere through the process of respiration carried out by heterotrophic organisms that feed upon the carbonaceous material in the soil, but a substantial part is retained in the soil in the form of humus, the ratio respired to fixed carbon decreasing with cultivation. Since plant roots need oxygen, ventilation is an important characteristic of soil. This ventilation can be accomplished via networks of interconnected soil pores, which also absorb and hold rainwater making it readily available for plant uptake. Since plants require a nearly continuous supply of water, but most regions receive sporadic rainfall, the water-holding capacity of soils is vital for plant survival.

text: Soil acts as an engineering medium, a habitat for

text: soil organisms

text: , a recycling system for

text: nutrients

text: and

text: organic waste

text: s, a regulator of

text: water quality

text: , a modifier of

text: atmospheric composition

text: , and a medium for

text: plant growth

text: , in other terms one of the world's best providers of

text: ecosystem services

text: . Since soil has a tremendous range of available niches and habitats, it contains most of the Earth's genetic diversity. A gram of soil can contain billions of organisms, belonging to thousands of species, mostly microbial and  in the main still unexplored. Soil has a mean prokaryotic density of roughly 10 organisms per gram, whereas the ocean has no more than 10 procaryotic organisms per milliliter (gram) of seawater. The carbon content of the soil is eventually returned to the atmosphere through the process of

text: respiration

text: carried out by

text: heterotrophic

text: organisms that feed upon the

text: carbonaceous

text: material in the soil, but a substantial part is retained in the soil in the form of

text: humus

text: , the ratio respired to fixed carbon decreasing with cultivation. Since plant roots need oxygen, ventilation is an important characteristic of soil. This ventilation can be accomplished via networks of interconnected

text: soil pores

text: , which also absorb and hold rainwater making it readily available for plant uptake. Since plants require a nearly continuous supply of water, but most regions receive sporadic rainfall, the

text: water-holding capacity

text: of soils is vital for plant survival.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: What drives the water cycle?

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: gaseous

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: What is a modifier of atmospheric composition?

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the ratio respired to fixed carbon decreasing with cultivation

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: respiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: the water-holding capacity

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: respiration

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: rainwater

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: humus,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: ventilation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: recycling system for nutrients and organic wastes, a regulator of water quality,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: sporadic rainfall,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Soil

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: rainwater

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: rainwater

text: Architectural innovations that are responsive to architecture do not have to resemble a plant or an animal. Where form is intrinsic to an organism’s function, then a building modeled on a life form’s processes may end up looking like the organism too. Architecture can emulate natural forms, functions and processes. Though a contemporary concept in a technological age, biomimicry does not entail the incorporation of complex technology in architecture. In response to prior architectural movements biomimetic architecture strives to move towards radical increases in resource efficiency, work in a closed loop model rather than linear (work in a closed cycle that does not need a constant intake of resources to function), and rely on solar energy instead of fossil fuels. The design approach can either work from design to nature or from nature to design. Design to nature means identifying a design problem and finding a parallel problem in nature for a solution.  An example of this is the DaimlerChrysler bionic car that looked to the boxfish to build an aerodynamic body.  The nature to design method is a solution-driven biologically inspired design. Designers start with a specific biological solution in mind and apply it to design. An example of this is Sto’s Lotusan paint, which is self-cleaning, an idea presented by the lotus flower, which emerges clean from swampy waters.

text: Architectural innovations that are responsive to architecture do not have to resemble a plant or an animal. Where form is intrinsic to an organism’s function, then a building modeled on a life form’s processes may end up looking like the organism too. Architecture can emulate natural forms, functions and processes. Though a contemporary concept in a technological age, biomimicry does not entail the incorporation of complex technology in architecture. In response to prior architectural movements biomimetic architecture strives to move towards radical increases in resource efficiency, work in a closed loop model rather than linear (work in a closed cycle that does not need a constant intake of resources to function), and rely on solar energy instead of fossil fuels. The design approach can either work from design to nature or from nature to design. Design to nature means identifying a design problem and finding a parallel problem in nature for a solution.  An example of this is the DaimlerChrysler bionic car that looked to the boxfish to build an aerodynamic body.  The nature to design method is a solution-driven biologically inspired design. Designers start with a specific biological solution in mind and apply it to design. An example of this is Sto’s Lotusan paint, which is self-cleaning, an idea presented by the lotus flower, which emerges clean from swampy waters.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: biomimetic architecture

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: a closed loop model rather than linear

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Sto’s Lotusan paint

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: biomimicry

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: a constant intake of resources

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: lotus flower, which emerges clean from swampy waters.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: biomimicry

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Sto’s Lotusan paint,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: biomimicry

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: closed loop

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: swampy waters.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: lotus flower, which emerges clean from swampy waters.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: biomimicry

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: biomimicry

text: The major oceanic divisions are defined in part by the continents, various archipelagos, and other criteria. The principal divisions (in descending order of area) are the: Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Arctic Ocean, and Southern (Antarctic) Ocean. Smaller regions of the oceans are called seas, gulfs, bays, straits, and other names.

text: The major oceanic divisions are defined in part by the

text: continent

text: s, various

text: archipelago

text: s, and other criteria. The principal divisions (in descending order of area) are the:

text: Pacific Ocean

text: Atlantic Ocean

text: Indian Ocean

text: Arctic Ocean

text: , and

text: Southern (Antarctic) Ocean

text: . Smaller regions of the oceans are called

text: sea

text: s,

text: gulfs

text: bay

text: s,

text: strait

text: s, and other names.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: oceans

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Arctic Ocean

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: oceanic

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: continents,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: (Antarctic)

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: The major oceanic divisions

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: seas, gulfs, bays, straits,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: The major oceanic divisions

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: oceanic divisions

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Southern (Antarctic) Ocean.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: oceanic divisions

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: The major oceanic divisions

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The major oceanic divisions

text: One of the key features of the pseudolocalization process is that it happens automatically, during the development cycle, as part of a routine build. The process is almost identical to the process used to produce true localized builds, but is done before a build is tested, much earlier in the development cycle. This leaves time for any bugs that are found to be fixed in the base code, which is much easier than bugs not found until a release date is near.

text: One of the key features of the pseudolocalization process is that it happens automatically, during the development cycle, as part of a routine build. The process is almost identical to the process used to produce true localized builds, but is done before a build is tested, much earlier in the development cycle. This leaves time for any bugs that are found to be fixed in the base code, which is much easier than bugs not found until a release date is near.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: gaseous

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: pseudolocalization

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: bugs not found until a release date is near

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: snow and ice

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: as far back as the Roman Empire

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: bugs that are found to be fixed in the base code,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: routine build.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: pseudolocalization

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: bugs not found until a release date is near.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: pseudolocalization

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: pseudolocalization process is that it happens automatically, during the development cycle,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: much easier than bugs not found until a release date is near.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: bugs that are found to be fixed in the base code,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: bugs not found until a release date is near.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: One of the key features of the pseudolocalization

text: Water chemistry analyses are carried out to identify and quantify the chemical components and properties of water samples. The type and sensitivity of the analysis  depends on the purpose of the analysis and the anticipated use of the water.Chemical water analysis is carried out on water used in industrial processes, on waste-water stream, on rivers and stream, on rainfall and on the sea. In all cases the results of the analysis provides information that can be used to make decisions or to provide re-assurance that conditions are as expected.The analytical parameters selected are chosen to be appropriate for the decision making process or to establish acceptable normality.Water chemistry analysis is often the groundwork of studies of water quality, pollution, hydrology and geothermal waters.Analytical methods routinely used can detect and measure all the natural elements and their inorganic compounds and a very wide range of organic chemical species using methods such as gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. In water treatment plants producing drinking water and in some industrial processes using products with distinctive taste and odours , specialised organoleptic methods may be used to detect smells at very low Water chemistry analyses are carried out to identify and quantify the chemical components and properties of water samples. The type and sensitivity of the analysis depends on the purpose of the analysis and the anticipated use of the water. Chemical water analysis is carried out on water used in industrial processes, on waste-water stream, on rivers and stream, on rainfall and on the sea. In all cases the results of the analysis provides information that can be used to make decisions or to provide re-assurance that conditions are as expected. The analytical parameters selected are chosen to be appropriate for the decision making process or to establish acceptable normality. Water chemistry analysis is often the groundwork of studies of water quality, pollution, hydrology and geothermal waters. Analytical methods routinely used can detect and measure all the natural elements and their inorganic compounds and a very wide range of organic chemical species using methods such as gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. In water treatment plants producing drinking water and in some industrial processes using products with distinctive taste and odours , specialised organoleptic methods may be used to detect smells at very low concentrations.

text: Water chemistry analyses are carried out to identify and quantify the chemical components and properties of water samples. The type and sensitivity of the analysis  depends on the purpose of the analysis and the anticipated use of the water.Chemical water analysis is carried out on water used in industrial processes, on waste-water stream, on rivers and stream, on rainfall and on the sea. In all cases the results of the analysis provides information that can be used to make decisions or to provide re-assurance that conditions are as expected.The analytical parameters selected are chosen to be appropriate for the decision making process or to establish acceptable normality.Water chemistry analysis is often the groundwork of studies of

text: water quality

text: pollution

text: hydrology

text: and

text: geothermal water

text: s.Analytical methods routinely used can detect and measure all the natural elements and their inorganic compounds and a very wide range of organic chemical species using methods such as

text: gas chromatography

text: and

text: mass spectrometry

text: . In water treatment plants producing drinking water and in some industrial processes using products with distinctive taste and odours , specialised

text: organoleptic

text: methods may be used to detect smells at very low Water chemistry analyses are carried out to identify and quantify the chemical components and properties of water samples. The type and sensitivity of the analysis depends on the purpose of the analysis and the anticipated use of the water. Chemical water analysis is carried out on water used in industrial processes, on waste-water stream, on rivers and stream, on rainfall and on the sea. In all cases the results of the analysis provides information that can be used to make decisions or to provide re-assurance that conditions are as expected. The analytical parameters selected are chosen to be appropriate for the decision making process or to establish acceptable normality. Water chemistry analysis is often the groundwork of studies of water quality, pollution, hydrology and geothermal waters. Analytical methods routinely used can detect and measure all the natural elements and their inorganic compounds and a very wide range of organic chemical species using methods such as gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. In water treatment plants producing drinking water and in some industrial processes using products with distinctive taste and odours , specialised organoleptic methods may be used to detect smells at very low concentrations.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: water chemistry analysis

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: geothermal

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: odours

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrology

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: None of the above choices

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: water quality, pollution, hydrology and geothermal waters.Analytical

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: smells at very low concentrations.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: specialised organoleptic methods

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: specialised organoleptic methods may be used to detect smells

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: specialised organoleptic methods

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrology

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: establish acceptable normality.Water

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: establish acceptable normality.Water

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: specialised organoleptic methods may be used to detect smells

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: specialised organoleptic methods

text: So much of the atmosphere can condense at the winter pole that the atmospheric pressure can vary by up to a third of its mean value. This condensation and evaporation will cause the proportion of the noncondensable gases in the atmosphere to change inversely. The eccentricity of Mars's orbit affects this cycle, as well as other factors. In the spring and autumn wind due to the carbon dioxide sublimation process is so strong that it can be a cause of the global dust storms mentioned above.

text: So much of the atmosphere can condense at the winter pole that the atmospheric pressure can vary by up to a third of its mean value. This condensation and evaporation will cause the proportion of the noncondensable gases in the atmosphere to change inversely. The eccentricity of Mars's orbit affects this cycle, as well as other factors. In the spring and autumn wind due to the carbon dioxide sublimation process is so strong that it can be a cause of the global dust storms mentioned above.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: condensation and evaporation

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: sublimation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: global dust storms

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: condensation and evaporation

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: condensation and evaporation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: global dust storms

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: a third of its mean value.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: condensation and evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: condensation and evaporation

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: So much of the atmosphere can condense at the winter pole

text: The tools to make Husa knives include a wooden bellows, a clay-made stove, as well as hammers, clamps, and iron pillows. Raw iron with high carbon content is selected by an experienced old master from specific locations around Baoshan, Tengchong regions, the traditional mine areas in Yunnan. Younger craftsmen, put the selected raw iron into the stove, heating, forging repeatedly, to purify the texture and form different shapes. The resulting metal is ground into blade blanks; and after all these lengthy processes, comes the most important and subtlest process: quenching. Quenching technology requires special know-how. The quality of a knife, largely depends on the quenching skills. There is a kind of thin blade Husa back sword which can bend its blade as a cycle. It can only be built after repeatedly and precisely water quenching and oil tempering.

text: The tools to make Husa knives include a wooden

text: bellows

text: , a clay-made stove, as well as hammers, clamps, and

text: iron pillows

text: . Raw iron with high carbon content is selected by an experienced old master from specific locations around Baoshan, Tengchong regions, the traditional mine areas in Yunnan. Younger craftsmen, put the selected raw iron into the stove, heating, forging repeatedly, to purify the texture and form different shapes. The resulting metal is ground into blade blanks; and after all these lengthy processes, comes the most important and subtlest process: quenching. Quenching technology requires special know-how. The quality of a knife, largely depends on the quenching skills. There is a kind of thin blade Husa back sword which can bend its blade as a cycle. It can only be built after repeatedly and precisely water quenching and oil tempering.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: water quenching

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: water quenching

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: water quenching

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: quenching.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: water quenching

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: quenching

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: water quenching and oil tempering.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: water quenching

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: water quenching

text: In the North American Deserts there are emerging natural resources within the ecosystem. A few natural resources within the desert consist of oil, sunlight, copper, zinc, and water. Some of these resources are renewable and some are non-renewable. Most of these resources are being exploited by humans and most actions are not sustainable.Sunlight is one of the deserts most important resource as it is renewable and has sustainable exploitations. Deserts within North America tend to have fields of solar panels, so they can reuse the sun as energy. Areas such as New Mexico, Texas, Arizona, and the Great Basin area, put up fields for green energy. We monitored how the sun provides energy for resources such as plants and animals; we decided to make solar panels to produce energy for us. Water is also a resource found in the desert that can be reused and has sustainable exploitations.

text: In the North American Deserts there are emerging natural resources within the ecosystem. A few natural resources within the desert consist of oil, sunlight, copper, zinc, and water. Some of these resources are renewable and some are non-renewable. Most of these resources are being exploited by humans and most actions are not sustainable.Sunlight is one of the deserts most important resource as it is renewable and has sustainable exploitations. Deserts within North America tend to have fields of solar panels, so they can reuse the sun as energy. Areas such as New Mexico, Texas, Arizona, and the Great Basin area, put up fields for green energy. We monitored how the sun provides energy for resources such as plants and animals; we decided to make solar panels to produce energy for us. Water is also a resource found in the desert that can be reused and has sustainable exploitations.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: What drives the water cycle

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: gaseous

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: non-renewable

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: solar panels

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: solar panels, so they can reuse the sun as energy.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: non-renewable.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: non-renewable.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: solar panels,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: plants

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: sunlight,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: sustainable.Sunlight

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Water

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Water

text: The Stever is a tributary of the Lippe which is fed by water out of the Dortmund-Ems Canal and has a huge meaning for drinking water supply for the northern Ruhr region. To balance the whole system the Stever – after being fed out of the canal in Senden – is backed-up in two water reservoirs (Talsperre Hullern and Halterner Stausee) of 32 Mio. m³ capacity. Two-thirds of the Stever flow is discharged downstream; one-third is used by the drinking water supplier Gelsenwasser AG for drinking water processing via soil infiltration from groundwater wells (of all together approximately 129 Mio. m³/year). Additionally the municipal utilities Stadtwerke Münster use water from the Dortmund-Ems Canal to supply the groundwater wells for drinking water processing. In total, via several water works annually 250 Mio. m³ of water are transported in pipework from the Ruhr to the area at the canals.  The regionally diversified origin and processing of drinking water – pumped water from Rhine and Ruhr, various groundwater wells, replenishment with infiltrated canal water – guarantees constantly the regional supply with water of highest quality in Ruhr and Münsterland region. Hereby it is also possible in case of calamities (like exceeding threshold values at certain groundwater wells) to substitute the water supply from other sources (like the infiltration of canal water).

text: The

text: Stever

text: is a tributary of the Lippe which is fed by water out of the

text: Dortmund-Ems Canal

text: and has a huge meaning for drinking water supply for the northern

text: Ruhr

text: region. To balance the whole system the Stever – after being fed out of the canal in

text: Senden

text: – is backed-up in two water reservoirs (Talsperre Hullern and

text: Haltern

text: er Stausee) of 32 Mio. m³ capacity. Two-thirds of the Stever flow is discharged downstream; one-third is used by the drinking water supplier

text: Gelsenwasser

text: AG for drinking water processing via soil infiltration from groundwater wells (of all together approximately 129 Mio. m³/year). Additionally the municipal utilities Stadtwerke

text: Münster

text: use water from the Dortmund-Ems Canal to supply the groundwater wells for drinking water processing. In total, via several water works annually 250 Mio. m³ of water are transported in pipework from the Ruhr to the area at the canals.  The regionally diversified origin and processing of drinking water – pumped water from

text: Rhine

text: and

text: Ruhr

text: , various groundwater wells, replenishment with infiltrated canal water – guarantees constantly the regional supply with water of highest quality in

text: Ruhr

text: and Münsterland region. Hereby it is also possible in case of calamities (like exceeding threshold values at certain groundwater wells) to substitute the water supply from other sources (like the infiltration of canal water).

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Two-thirds of the Stever flow is discharged downstream

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: calamities

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: soil infiltration

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: infiltration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: water cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: backed-up in two water reservoirs

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: soil infiltration

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: soil infiltration

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: infiltration of canal water).

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: soil infiltration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: The Stever is a tributary of the Lippe

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: soil infiltration

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: calamities

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: (Talsperre Hullern and Halterner Stausee)

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The Stever

text: Solar energy, radiant light and heat from the sun, is harnessed using a range of ever-evolving technologies such as solar heating, photovoltaics, concentrated solar power (CSP), concentrator photovoltaics (CPV), solar architecture and artificial photosynthesis. Solar technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solar or active solar depending on the way they capture, convert and distribute solar energy. Passive solar techniques include orienting a building to the Sun, selecting materials with favorable thermal mass or light dispersing properties, and designing spaces that naturally circulate air. Active solar technologies encompass solar thermal energy, using solar collectors for heating, and solar power, converting sunlight into electricity either directly using photovoltaics (PV), or indirectly using concentrated solar power (CSP).

text: Solar energy

text: , radiant

text: light

text: and

text: heat

text: from the

text: sun

text: , is harnessed using a range of ever-evolving technologies such as

text: solar heating

text: photovoltaics

text: concentrated solar power

text: (CSP),

text: concentrator photovoltaics

text: (CPV),

text: solar architecture

text: and

text: artificial photosynthesis

text: . Solar technologies are broadly characterized as either

text: passive solar

text: or

text: active solar

text: depending on the way they capture, convert and distribute solar energy. Passive solar techniques include orienting a building to the Sun, selecting materials with favorable

text: thermal mass

text: or light dispersing properties, and designing spaces that

text: naturally circulate air

text: . Active solar technologies encompass

text: solar thermal energy

text: , using

text: solar collectors

text: for heating, and

text: solar power

text: , converting

text: sunlight

text: into

text: electricity

text: either directly using

text: photovoltaics

text: (PV), or indirectly using

text: concentrated solar power

text: (CSP).

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: thermal energy

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: artificial photosynthesis

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: photosynthesis

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: photosynthesis

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: heat from the sun

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: artificial photosynthesis.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: air.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Solar energy,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: selecting materials with favorable thermal mass or light dispersing properties,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: photosynthesis.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Solar energy,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Solar energy,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Solar energy,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Solar energy,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Solar energy,

text: The Clearwater River starts as a typical silt-laden glacial stream, then flows into Hobson Lake which acts as a huge settling basin for the glacial material. Clearwater Lake downstream continues the silt removing process. Three major tributaries all have large lakes on them as well: Azure River with Azure Lake, Murtle River with Murtle Lake, and Mahood River with Canim Lake and Mahood Lake. The North Thompson River, by contrast, has no lakes on it so silt from the Thompson Glacier at its origin as well as its glacial tributaries is carried the whole length of the river. The Overlanders bestowed only two place names during their perilous journey on the North Thompson River: Clear Water River and Raft Peak above the town of Clearwater.

text: The Clearwater River starts as a typical silt-laden glacial stream, then flows into Hobson Lake which acts as a huge settling basin for the glacial material. Clearwater Lake downstream continues the silt removing process. Three major tributaries all have large lakes on them as well: Azure River with

text: Azure Lake

text: , Murtle River with

text: Murtle Lake

text: , and Mahood River with

text: Canim Lake

text: and

text: Mahood Lake

text: . The North Thompson River, by contrast, has no lakes on it so silt from the Thompson Glacier at its origin as well as its glacial tributaries is carried the whole length of the river. The Overlanders bestowed only two place names during their perilous journey on the North Thompson River: Clear Water River and Raft Peak above the town of Clearwater.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: silt

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Clearwater River

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: silt

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: a huge settling basin for the glacial material.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: flows into Hobson Lake

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: silt-laden glacial stream,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Clearwater Lake

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: settling basin for the glacial material.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: settling basin

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: The North Thompson River, by contrast, has no lakes

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: silt from the Thompson Glacier

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: settling basin

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The Clearwater River

text: Depending upon the desired product, either the solvent or solute stream of reverse osmosis will be waste. For food concentration applications, the concentrated solute stream is the product and the solvent stream is waste. For water treatment applications, the solvent stream is purified water and the solute stream is concentrated waste. The solvent waste stream from food processing may be used as reclaimed water, but there may be fewer options for disposal of a concentrated waste solute stream. Ships may use marine dumping and coastal desalination plants typically use marine outfalls. Landlocked reverse osmosis plants may require evaporation ponds or injection wells to avoid polluting groundwater or surface runoff.

text: Depending upon the desired product, either the solvent or solute stream of reverse osmosis will be waste. For food concentration applications, the concentrated solute stream is the product and the solvent stream is waste. For water treatment applications, the solvent stream is purified water and the solute stream is concentrated waste. The solvent waste stream from food processing may be used as

text: reclaimed water

text: , but there may be fewer options for disposal of a concentrated waste solute stream. Ships may use

entity_name: London Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter

text: marine dumping

text: and coastal desalination plants typically use

text: marine outfall

text: s. Landlocked reverse osmosis plants may require

text: evaporation pond

text: s or

text: injection well

text: s to avoid polluting

text: groundwater

text: or

text: surface runoff

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: groundwater or surface runoff

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: surface runoff

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: evaporation ponds

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: polluting groundwater or surface runoff.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: polluting groundwater or surface runoff.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Ships may use marine dumping

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: reverse osmosis

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Landlocked reverse osmosis plants

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: marine outfalls.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: reclaimed water,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: reclaimed water,

text: Soil structure can be defined as the arrangement of particles and associated pores in soils across the size range from nanometres to centimeters. Biological influences can be demonstrated in the formation and stabilization of the soil aggregates, but it is necessary to distinguish clearly between those forces or agencies which create aggregations of particles and those which stabilize or degrade such aggregations. What qualifies as good soil contains the following attributes: optimal soil strength and aggregate stability, which offer resistance to structural degradation (capping/crusting, slaking and erosion, for example); optimal bulk density, which aids root development and contributes to other soil physical parameters such as water and air movement within the soil; optimal water holding capacity and rate of water infiltration.

text: Soil structure

text: can be defined as the arrangement of particles and associated pores in soils across the size range from nanometres to centimeters. Biological influences can be demonstrated in the formation and stabilization of the soil aggregates, but it is necessary to distinguish clearly between those forces or agencies which create aggregations of particles and those which stabilize or degrade such aggregations. What qualifies as good soil contains the following attributes: optimal soil strength and aggregate stability, which offer resistance to structural degradation (capping/crusting,

text: slaking

text: and erosion, for example); optimal bulk density, which aids root development and contributes to other soil physical parameters such as water and air movement within the soil; optimal water holding capacity and rate of water infiltration.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: optimal bulk density

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: slaking

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: water infiltration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: optimal bulk density,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: slaking

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: (capping/crusting, slaking and erosion,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: infiltration.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: infiltration.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: optimal water holding capacity and rate of water infiltration.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: structural degradation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: water holding capacity

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: water infiltration.

text: Schumann resonance -sector boundary -selective fading -Shadow loss -shortwave relay station -side lobe -Signal-to-Interference Ratio -single event upset (SEU) -Single Vegetative Obstruction Model -SINPO code-skip (radio) -skip zone -sky wave -skywave -Solar Maximum Mission (SMM) -Synchronous Meteorological Satellite (SMS) -Software-defined radio -solar activity -solar constant -solar cycle -solar flare -solar flux -solar flux unit -solar maximum -solar minimum -solar radiation storm level -solar rotation rate -solar transition region -solar wind -solstice -Solar Observing Optical Network (SOON) -South Atlantic anomaly -Southern Hemisphere Auroral Radar Experiment -Space weather -spicule (solar physics) -SPLAT!-Sporadic E propagation -spray (solar physics) -Spread spectrum -stratosphere -substorm -sudden ionospheric disturbance (SID) -sunspot -sunspot cycle -sunspot number -super high frequency (SHF) -supergranulation -Surface wave -Solar X-ray Imager (SXI) -synodic -synoptic chart -

text: Schumann resonance

text: sector boundary

text: selective fading

text: Shadow loss

text: shortwave relay station

text: side lobe

text: Signal-to-Interference Ratio

text: single event upset

text: (SEU) -

text: Single Vegetative Obstruction Model

text: SINPO code

text: skip (radio)

text: skip zone

text: sky wave

text: skywave

text: Solar Maximum Mission

text: (SMM) -

text: Synchronous Meteorological Satellite

text: (SMS) -

text: Software-defined radio

text: solar activity

text: solar constant

text: solar cycle

text: solar flare

text: solar flux

text: solar flux unit

text: solar maximum

text: solar minimum

text: solar radiation storm level

text: solar rotation rate

text: solar transition region

text: solar wind

text: solstice

text: Solar Observing Optical Network

text: (SOON) -

text: South Atlantic anomaly

entity_name: Southern Hemisphere Auroral Radar Experiment

text: Southern Hemisphere Auroral Radar Experiment

text: Space weather

text: spicule (solar physics)

text: SPLAT!

text: Sporadic E propagation

text: spray (solar physics)

text: Spread spectrum

text: stratosphere

text: substorm

text: sudden ionospheric disturbance

text: (SID) -

text: sunspot

text: sunspot cycle

text: sunspot number

text: super high frequency

text: (SHF) -

text: supergranulation

text: Surface wave

text: Solar X-ray Imager

text: (SXI) -

text: synodic

text: synoptic chart

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: solar radiation

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: transition region

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: supergranulation

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: geological history

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: -sunspot

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: -supergranulation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: -Space weather

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: -supergranulation

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: -supergranulation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: -sunspot

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: -Space weather

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: -stratosphere

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: -supergranulation

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: -Space weather

text: IAM’s subsidiaries manage the integral water cycle which implies operating the abstraction processes of raw water, the production, transportation and distribution of water, and the collection, treatment and final disposal of sewage. It provides sanitation services to close to six million residents of the Metropolitan Region, covering an area of more than 70 thousand hectares corresponding to its concession zone.

text: IAM’s subsidiaries manage the integral water cycle which implies operating the abstraction processes of raw water, the production, transportation and distribution of water, and the collection, treatment and final disposal of sewage. It provides sanitation services to close to six million residents of the Metropolitan Region, covering an area of more than 70 thousand hectares corresponding to its concession zone.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: abstraction processes of raw water

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: collection, treatment and final disposal of sewage

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: integral water cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: the abstraction processes of raw water,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: abstraction processes of raw water,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water cycle

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: collection, treatment and final disposal of sewage.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: abstraction processes of raw water,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: integral

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: sewage.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: water,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: IAM’s subsidiaries manage the integral water cycle

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: IAM’s subsidiaries manage the integral water cycle

text: Agricultural cycle – Carbon cycle – Climate change and agriculture – Crop rotation – Fertile Crescent – Harvest – Nitrogen cycle – Organic farming – Season – Soil degradation – Sustainable industries – Water cycle

text: Agricultural cycle

text: Carbon cycle

text: Climate change and agriculture

text: Crop rotation

text: Fertile Crescent

text: Harvest

text: Nitrogen cycle

text: Organic farming

text: Season

text: Soil degradation

text: Sustainable industries

text: Water cycle

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Nitrogen cycle

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Water cycle

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Water cycle

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Nitrogen cycle

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Water cycle

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: water cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Water cycle

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: carbon cycle

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Water cycle

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Water cycle

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Nitrogen cycle

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Water cycle

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Water cycle

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Soil degradation

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Water cycle

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Water cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Water cycle

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Water cycle

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Water cycle

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Water cycle

text: The cerium(IV) oxide–cerium(III) oxide cycle or CeO/CeO cycle is a two step thermochemical water splitting process based on cerium(IV) oxide and cerium(III) oxide for hydrogen production.

text: The

entity_name: Cerium(IV) oxide–cerium(III) oxide cycle

text: cerium(IV) oxide–cerium(III) oxide cycle

text: or CeO/CeO cycle is a two step

text: thermochemical

text: water splitting

text: process based on cerium(IV) oxide and

text: cerium(III) oxide

text: for

text: hydrogen production

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: CeO/CeO cycle

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: water splitting process

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: CeO/CeO

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: hydrogen production.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: splitting

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: The cerium(IV) oxide–cerium(III) oxide cycle

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: cerium(IV) oxide–cerium(III) oxide cycle

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: The cerium(IV) oxide–cerium(III) oxide cycle

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: CeO/CeO cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: The cerium(IV) oxide–cerium(III) oxide cycle

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: The cerium(IV) oxide–cerium(III) oxide cycle

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: The cerium(IV) oxide–cerium(III) oxide cycle

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The cerium(IV) oxide–cerium(III) oxide cycle

text: A chiller is a machine that removes heat from a liquid via a vapor-compression or absorption refrigeration cycle. This liquid can then be circulated through a heat exchanger to cool equipment, or another process stream (such as air or process water). As a necessary by product, refrigeration creates waste heat that must be exhausted to ambient or, for greater efficiency, recovered for heating purposes.

text: A chiller is a machine that removes heat from a liquid via a

text: vapor-compression

text: or

text: absorption refrigeration cycle

text: . This liquid can then be circulated through a

text: heat exchanger

text: to cool equipment, or another process stream (such as air or process water). As a necessary by product, refrigeration creates waste heat that must be exhausted to ambient or, for greater efficiency, recovered for heating purposes.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: vapor-compression

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: air or process water).

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: vapor-compression or absorption refrigeration cycle.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: refrigeration creates waste heat

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: chiller

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: vapor-compression or absorption refrigeration cycle.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: process water).

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: vapor-compression or absorption refrigeration cycle.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: refrigeration creates waste heat

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: air or process water).

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: A chiller

text: The difference in the concentration of dust in Earth's atmosphere and that of Mars stems from a key factor. On Earth, dust that leaves atmospheric suspension usually gets aggregated into larger particles through the action of soil moisture or gets suspended in oceanic waters. It helps that most of earth's surface is covered by liquid water. Neither process occurs on Mars, leaving deposited dust available for suspension back into the Martian atmosphere. In fact, the composition of Martian atmospheric dust – very similar to surface dust – as observed by the Mars Global Surveyor Thermal Emission Spectrometer, may be volumetrically dominated by composites of plagioclase feldspar and zeolite which can be mechanically derived from Martian basaltic rocks without chemical alteration. Observations of the Mars Exploration Rovers’ magnetic dust traps suggest that about 45% of the elemental iron in atmospheric dust is maximally (3+) oxidized and that nearly half exists in titanomagnetite, both consistent with mechanical derivation of dust with aqueous alteration limited to just thin films of water. Collectively, these observations support the absence of water-driven dust aggregation processes on Mars. Furthermore, wind activity dominates the surface of Mars at present, and the abundant dune fields of Mars can easily yield particles into atmospheric suspension through effects such as larger grains disaggregating fine particles through collisions.

text: The difference in the concentration of dust in Earth's atmosphere and that of Mars stems from a key factor. On Earth, dust that leaves atmospheric suspension usually gets aggregated into larger particles through the action of soil moisture or gets suspended in oceanic waters. It helps that most of earth's surface is covered by liquid water. Neither process occurs on Mars, leaving deposited dust available for suspension back into the Martian atmosphere. In fact, the composition of Martian atmospheric dust – very similar to

text: surface dust

text: – as observed by the

text: Mars Global Surveyor

text: Thermal Emission Spectrometer

text: , may be volumetrically dominated by composites of plagioclase feldspar and zeolite which can be mechanically derived from Martian basaltic rocks without chemical alteration. Observations of the Mars Exploration Rovers’ magnetic dust traps suggest that about 45% of the

text: elemental iron

text: in atmospheric dust is maximally (3+) oxidized and that nearly half exists in titanomagnetite, both consistent with mechanical derivation of dust with aqueous alteration limited to just thin films of water. Collectively, these observations support the absence of water-driven dust aggregation processes on Mars. Furthermore, wind activity dominates the surface of Mars at present, and the abundant dune fields of Mars can easily yield particles into atmospheric suspension through effects such as larger grains disaggregating fine particles through collisions.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Mars Global Surveyor Thermal Emission Spectrometer

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: soil moisture

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: most of earth's surface is covered by liquid water.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: aqueous alteration

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: soil moisture

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: larger grains disaggregating fine particles through collisions.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: suspended in oceanic waters.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: soil moisture

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: most of earth's surface is covered by liquid water.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: most of earth's surface is covered by liquid water.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: most of earth's surface is covered by liquid water.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: water.

text: Bergman obsesses over the formidable task of reclaiming the Moon surface.  The first major obstacle is the lack of water, though he is sure the rain cycle can be started with cloud-seeding.  Koenig feels their priority should be establishing if Ariel can support them.  As if eavesdropping, the satellite's antennae send bolts of energy streaming into the sky.  Heavy clouds accumulate and it begins to storm.  The people of Alpha scamper outside to experience this first rainfall.  Bergman is elated; as the rains continue, the Sea of Tranquility will become a genuine sea and all the craters will fill to form circular lakes.  Koenig gives him a reality check—Moonbase Alpha is built in a crater, and could soon be at the bottom of its own personal lake.

text: Bergman obsesses over the formidable task of reclaiming the Moon surface.  The first major obstacle is the lack of water, though he is sure the rain cycle can be started with

text: cloud-seeding

text: .  Koenig feels their priority should be establishing if Ariel can support them.  As if eavesdropping, the satellite's antennae send bolts of energy streaming into the sky.  Heavy clouds accumulate and it begins to storm.  The people of Alpha scamper outside to experience this first rainfall.  Bergman is elated; as the rains continue, the

text: Sea of Tranquility

text: will become a genuine sea and all the craters will fill to form circular lakes.  Koenig gives him a reality check—Moonbase Alpha is built in a crater, and could soon be at the bottom of its own personal lake.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: cloud seeding

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the Sea of Tranquility

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: rain cycle

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: rain cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: cloud-seeding.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: rain cycle

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: cloud-seeding.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: circular lakes.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: cloud-seeding.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: cloud-seeding.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: lack of water,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: lack of water,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: water,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: personal lake.

text: The second reaction sequence, in which 4 H nuclei may eventually result in one He nucleus is called the carbon-nitrogen-oxygen cycle – or "CNO cycle" for short – generates less than 10% of the total solar energy. This involves carbon atoms which are not consumed in the overall process. The details of this "carbon cycle" are as follows:

text: The second reaction sequence, in which 4 H nuclei may eventually result in one He nucleus is called the

text: carbon-nitrogen-oxygen cycle

text: – or "CNO cycle" for short – generates less than 10% of the total solar energy. This involves carbon atoms which are not consumed in the overall process. The details of this "carbon cycle" are as follows:

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: CNO cycle

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: What is stored in snow and ice

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: carbon-nitrogen-oxygen

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: carbon-nitrogen-oxygen cycle

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: carbon-nitrogen-oxygen cycle

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: carbon-nitrogen-oxygen cycle

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: carbon-nitrogen-oxygen cycle

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: carbon-nitrogen-oxygen cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: carbon-nitrogen-oxygen cycle

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: solar energy.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: carbon-nitrogen-oxygen cycle

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: carbon-nitrogen-oxygen cycle

text: During the winter, however, when the effect of the rare winter rains is felt, there may actually be 3 or 4 ft. of water in these shats, which by liquefying the mud makes them perfectly impassable. Otherwise, for about seven months of the year they can be crossed on foot or on horseback. It would seem probable that at one time these shats (at any rate the Shat el Jerid) were an inlet of the Mediterranean, which by the elevation of a narrow strip of land on the Gulf of Gabès has been cut off from them. It is, however, a region of past volcanic activity, and these salt depressions may be due to that cause. Man is probably the principal agent at the present day in causing these shats to be without water. All around these salt lakes there are numerous springs, gushing from the sandy hillocks. Almost all these springs are at a very hot temperature, often at boiling point. Some of them are charged with salt, others are perfectly fresh and sweet, though boiling hot. So abundant is their volume that in several places they form actual ever-flowing rivers. Only for the intervention of man these rivers would at all times find their way into the adjoining depressions, which they would maintain as lakes of water. But for a long period past the freshwater streams (which predominate) have been used for irrigation to such a degree that very little of the precious water is allowed to run to waste into the lake basins; so that these latter receive only a few salt streams, which deposit on their surface the salt they contain and then evaporate. This abundant supply of fresh warm water maintains oases of extraordinary luxuriance in a country where rain falls very rarely. Perennial streams of the description referred to are found between the Algerian frontier and Gabès on the coast. The town at Gabès itself is on the fringe of a splendid oasis, which is maintained by the water of an everrunning stream emptying itself into the sea at Gabès after a course of not more than 20 miles.

text: During the winter, however, when the effect of the rare winter rains is felt, there may actually be 3 or 4 ft. of water in these shats, which by liquefying the mud makes them perfectly impassable. Otherwise, for about seven months of the year they can be crossed on foot or on horseback. It would seem probable that at one time these shats (at any rate the Shat el Jerid) were an inlet of the Mediterranean, which by the elevation of a narrow strip of land on the Gulf of Gabès has been cut off from them. It is, however, a region of past

text: volcanic activity

text: , and these salt depressions may be due to that cause. Man is probably the principal agent at the present day in causing these shats to be without water. All around these salt lakes there are numerous

text: springs

text: , gushing from the sandy

text: hillock

text: s. Almost all these springs are at a very hot temperature, often at boiling point. Some of them are charged with salt, others are perfectly fresh and sweet, though boiling hot. So abundant is their volume that in several places they form actual ever-flowing rivers. Only for the intervention of man these rivers would at all times find their way into the adjoining depressions, which they would maintain as lakes of water. But for a long period past the freshwater streams (which predominate) have been used for

text: irrigation

text: to such a degree that very little of the precious water is allowed to run to waste into the lake basins; so that these latter receive only a few salt streams, which deposit on their surface the salt they contain and then evaporate. This abundant supply of fresh warm water maintains

text: oases

text: of extraordinary luxuriance in a country where rain falls very rarely. Perennial streams of the description referred to are found between the Algerian frontier and

text: Gabès

text: on the coast. The town at

text: Gabès

text: itself is on the fringe of a splendid oasis, which is maintained by the water of an everrunning stream emptying itself into the sea at Gabès after a course of not more than 20 miles.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: man is probably the principal agent

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporate

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: 3 or 4 ft. of water in these shats

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Evaporation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: water cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: freshwater streams

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporate.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: rain falls very rarely.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: salt streams,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: evaporate.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: ever-flowing rivers.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: rain falls very rarely.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: volcanic activity,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: freshwater streams

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: freshwater streams

text: Based on a  surface area, the evaporation rate has been estimated at over —comparable to the discharges of the Nile or Rhine. Less than half of this evaporation returned to the lake as precipitation; at Tunupa, this would have increased precipitation by 80%. Groundwater from Lake Tauca may have drained into the Quebrada Puripica, northeast of Laguna Miscanti. Given the height of the sill between the two basins and evidence found at Poopó, water may have drained from the Coipasa-Uyuni basin into Lake Poopó during the Coipasa cycle.

text: Based on a  surface area, the evaporation rate has been estimated at over —comparable to the discharges of the

text: Nile

text: or

text: Rhine

text: . Less than half of this evaporation returned to the lake as precipitation; at

text: Tunupa

text: , this would have increased precipitation by 80%. Groundwater from Lake Tauca may have drained into the Quebrada Puripica, northeast of

text: Laguna Miscanti

text: . Given the height of the sill between the two basins and evidence found at Poopó, water may have drained from the Coipasa-Uyuni basin into Lake Poopó during the Coipasa cycle.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: the evaporation rate

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Evaporation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the evaporation rate has been estimated at over

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Evaporation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: evaporation rate

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation;

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Tunupa, this would have increased precipitation by 80%.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Coipasa cycle.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: evaporation rate has been estimated at over

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation rate

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: precipitation;

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: evaporation rate has been estimated at over

text: A solar turbine power plant uses the energy in solar radiation captured by so-called solar collectors. Solar power is a renewable source of energy. The solar radiant energy reaching the earth's surface is around 1.783*10 KJ or 1.353kJ/s per square meter. Solar power plants, such as the Blythe Solar Power Project, operate mainly on closed power cycles: Rankine cycles (for low temperature ranges) and Brayton cycles (for high temperature ranges). Solar plants provide energy ranging from a few kilowatts to a few megawatts. The constraints associated with solar plants are size, space, high capital cost, and the inevitable fluctuations in the daily supply of solar radiant energy.

text: A solar turbine power plant uses the energy in solar radiation captured by so-called

text: solar collector

text: s. Solar power is a renewable source of energy. The solar radiant energy reaching the earth's surface is around 1.783*10 KJ or 1.353kJ/s per square meter. Solar power plants, such as the

text: Blythe Solar Power Project

text: , operate mainly on closed power cycles:

text: Rankine cycle

text: s (for low temperature ranges) and

text: Brayton cycle

text: s (for high temperature ranges). Solar plants provide energy ranging from a few kilowatts to a few megawatts. The constraints associated with solar plants are size, space, high capital cost, and the inevitable fluctuations in the daily supply of solar radiant energy.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Rankine cycles

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: solar radiation captured by so-called solar collectors.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Brayton cycles

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: renewable source of energy.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Rankine cycles

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: solar collectors.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Rankine cycles (for low temperature ranges) and Brayton cycles

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: 1.353kJ/s per square meter.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Rankine cycles (for low temperature ranges) and Brayton cycles

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: solar collectors.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Solar power is a renewable source of energy.

text: They have historically gone from North Dakota in the north-west of the United States down to New Mexico in the south-west, over to Florida in the south-east and up to the 40°N latitude line (they have historically been seen no farther north than the lower New York Harbor). They were not seen in many of the Great Lakes until the late 1800s and early 1900s, although they are suspected to be endemic to Lake Erie, reaching it after the last ice age. Gizzard shad typically live in lakes and reservoirs, although they can live in rivers and streams, and brackish waters. They reside in the limnetic zone, and can comprise up to 80% of fish biomass in certain lake systems. They prefer shallow lakes with muddy bottoms and relatively high turbidity. This may be due in part to their breeding preferences, but it probably arises from the fact that they have lower survival rates in clear waters and waters with high vegetative cover.

text: They have historically gone from North Dakota in the north-west of the United States down to New Mexico in the south-west, over to Florida in the south-east and up to the 40°N latitude line (they have historically been seen no farther north than the lower New York Harbor). They were not seen in many of the Great Lakes until the late 1800s and early 1900s, although they are suspected to be endemic to Lake Erie, reaching it after the last ice age. Gizzard shad typically live in lakes and reservoirs, although they can live in rivers and streams, and brackish waters. They reside in the limnetic zone, and can comprise up to 80% of fish biomass in certain lake systems. They prefer shallow lakes with muddy bottoms and relatively high turbidity. This may be due in part to their breeding preferences, but it probably arises from the fact that they have lower survival rates in clear waters and waters with high vegetative cover.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the last ice age

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: limnetic zone

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: muddy bottoms and relatively high turbidity.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: limnetic zone,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: high vegetative cover.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: they have lower survival rates in clear waters and waters with high vegetative cover.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: vegetative cover.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: limnetic zone,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: muddy bottoms and relatively high turbidity.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: ice age.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Gizzard shad typically live in lakes and reservoirs,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Gizzard shad

text: Oceans occupy 71 percent of the Earth's surface. They are divided into five major oceans, which in decreasing order of size are: the Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Southern Ocean, and Arctic Ocean. Over 70 percent of the world catch from the sea comes from the Pacific Ocean.

text: Oceans occupy 71 percent of the Earth's surface. They are divided into five major oceans, which in decreasing order of size are: the

text: Pacific Ocean

text: Atlantic Ocean

text: Indian Ocean

text: Southern Ocean

text: , and

text: Arctic Ocean

text: . Over 70 percent of the world catch from the sea comes from the Pacific Ocean.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: oceans

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: vaporization

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Arctic Ocean

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: oceans

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Oceans

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Oceans

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Oceans

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Southern Ocean, and Arctic Ocean.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Oceans

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Oceans

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Southern Ocean, and Arctic Ocean.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Oceans

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Oceans

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Oceans

text: Once this water is again inside the boiler or steam generator, the process of adding the latent heat of vaporization or Enthalpy is underway. The boiler transfers energy to the water by the chemical reaction of burning some type of fuel.  The water enters the boiler through a section in the convection pass called the economizer. From the economizer it passes to the steam drum. Once the water enters the steam drum it goes down the downcomers to the lower inlet waterwall headers. From the inlet headers the water rises through the waterwalls and is eventually turned into steam due to the heat being generated by the burners located on the front and rear waterwalls (typically). As the water is turned into steam/vapor in the waterwalls, the steam/vapor once again enters the steam drum. The steam/vapor is passed through a series of steam and water separators and then dryers inside the steam drum.  The steam separators and dryers remove the water droplets from the steam and the cycle through the waterwalls is repeated. This process is known as natural circulation.

text: Once this water is again inside the

text: boiler

text: or

text: steam generator

text: , the process of adding the

text: latent heat of vaporization

text: or

text: Enthalpy

text: is underway. The boiler transfers energy to the water by the chemical reaction of burning some type of fuel.  The water enters the boiler through a section in the convection pass called the

text: economizer

text: . From the economizer it passes to the steam drum. Once the water enters the steam drum it goes down the downcomers to the lower inlet waterwall headers. From the inlet headers the water rises through the waterwalls and is eventually turned into steam due to the heat being generated by the burners located on the front and rear waterwalls (typically). As the water is turned into steam/vapor in the waterwalls, the steam/vapor once again enters the steam drum. The steam/vapor is passed through a series of steam and water separators and then dryers inside the

text: steam drum

text: .  The

text: steam separator

text: s and dryers remove the water droplets from the steam and the cycle through the waterwalls is repeated. This process is known as

text: natural circulation

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: The boiler transfers energy to the water

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: vaporization

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: natural circulation

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: natural circulation

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: chemical reaction of burning some type of fuel.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: vaporization

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: natural circulation.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: natural circulation.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: natural circulation.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: natural circulation.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: natural circulation.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: natural circulation.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: economizer.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: natural circulation.

text: The primary coupling between groundwater and hydrological inputs is the unsaturated zone or vadose zone.  The soil acts to partition hydrological inputs such as rainfall or snowmelt into surface runoff, soil moisture, evapotranspiration and groundwater recharge.  Flows through the unsaturated zone that couple surface water to soil moisture and groundwater can be upward or downward, depending upon the gradient of hydraulic head in the soil, can be modeled using the numerical solution of Richards' equation  partial differential equation, or the ordinary differential equation Finite Water-Content method  as validated for modeling groundwater and vadose zone interactions.

text: The primary coupling between groundwater and hydrological inputs is the

text: unsaturated zone

text: or

text: vadose zone

text: .  The soil acts to partition hydrological inputs such as rainfall or snowmelt into

text: surface runoff

text: soil moisture

text: evapotranspiration

text: and

text: groundwater recharge

text: .  Flows through the

text: unsaturated zone

text: that couple surface water to

text: soil moisture

text: and

text: groundwater

text: can be upward or downward, depending upon the gradient of

text: hydraulic head

text: in the soil, can be modeled using the numerical solution of

text: Richards' equation

text: partial differential equation, or the ordinary differential equation Finite Water-Content method  as validated for modeling

text: groundwater

text: and

text: vadose zone

text: interactions.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: hydrological inputs

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: snowmelt

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: The soil acts to partition hydrological inputs

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evapotranspiration

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: rainfall or snowmelt

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: evapotranspiration

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: evapotranspiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: vadose zone.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: evapotranspiration

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: gradient of hydraulic head in the soil,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: evapotranspiration and groundwater recharge.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The primary coupling between groundwater

text: Since higher cycles of concentration represent less make-up water, water conservation efforts may focus on increasing cycles of concentration. Highly treated recycled water may be an effective means of reducing cooling tower consumption of potable water, in regions where potable water is scarce.

text: Since higher cycles of concentration represent less make-up water,

text: water conservation

text: efforts may focus on increasing cycles of concentration. Highly treated recycled water may be an effective means of reducing cooling tower consumption of potable water, in regions where potable water is scarce.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: vaporization

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: cooling tower consumption

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: higher cycles of concentration represent less make-up water,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: concentration

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water conservation efforts may focus on increasing cycles of concentration.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: cooling tower consumption

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: increasing cycles of concentration.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: concentration

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Highly treated recycled water

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: less make-up water,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: higher cycles of concentration represent less make-up water,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Since higher cycles of concentration represent less make-up water,

text: The type of water regime is more important to growth of swamp tupelo than the soil type. Best growth is achieved on sites where the soil is continuously saturated with very shallow moving water. Growth can be reduced as much as 50 percent when the water is stagnant, as in ponds. Intermittent flooding, with periodic drying cycles, or continuous deep flooding even by moving water, also reduces growth.

text: The type of water regime is more important to growth of swamp tupelo than the soil type. Best growth is achieved on sites where the soil is continuously saturated with very shallow moving water. Growth can be reduced as much as 50 percent when the water is stagnant, as in ponds. Intermittent flooding, with periodic drying cycles, or continuous deep flooding even by moving water, also reduces growth.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: ponds

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: shallow moving water.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: drying cycles,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: moving water,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: ponds.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: drying cycles,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: periodic drying cycles,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: stagnant,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: water.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Growth can be reduced as much as 50 percent when the water is stagnant,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Growth can be reduced as much as 50 percent when the water is stagnant,

text: In the late 19th century, the most common fluid for absorption cooling was a solution of ammonia and water. Today, the combination of lithium bromide and water is also in common use. One end of the system of expansion/condensation pipes is heated, and the other end gets cold enough to make ice. Originally, natural gas was used as a heat source in the late 19th century. Today, propane is used in recreational vehicle absorption chiller refrigerators. Hot water solar thermal energy collectors can also be used as the modern "free energy" heat source.A National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) sponsored report in 1976 surveyed solar energy system applications of air conditioning.  Techniques discussed included both solar powered (absorption cycle and heat engine / Rankine cycle) and solar related (heat pump) along with an extensive bibliography of related literature.

text: In the late 19th century, the most common fluid for absorption cooling was a solution of

text: ammonia

text: and water. Today, the combination of

text: lithium

text: bromide

text: and water is also in common use. One end of the system of expansion/condensation pipes is heated, and the other end gets cold enough to make ice. Originally, natural gas was used as a heat source in the late 19th century. Today,

text: propane

text: is used in recreational vehicle absorption chiller refrigerators. Hot water solar thermal energy collectors can also be used as the modern "free energy" heat source.A National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) sponsored report in 1976 surveyed solar energy system applications of air conditioning.  Techniques discussed included both solar powered (absorption cycle and heat engine / Rankine cycle) and solar related (heat pump) along with an extensive bibliography of related literature.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: absorption cooling

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: condensation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: absorption cooling

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: lithium bromide

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: expansion/condensation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: cooling

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: ice.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: absorption cooling

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Rankine cycle)

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Hot water solar thermal energy collectors

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: In the late 19th century, the most common fluid for absorption cooling

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: ice.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: water.

text: As the highlands erode due to weathering and water flow, the sediment from the hills is transported to the lower plain. Various creeks will carry the water further to a river, lake, bay, or ocean. As the sediments are deposited during flood conditions in the floodplain of a creek, the elevation of the floodplain will be raised. As this reduces the channel floodwater capacity, the creek will, over time, seek new, lower paths, forming a meander (a curving sinuous path). The leftover higher locations, typically natural levees at the margins of the flood channel, will themselves be eroded by lateral stream erosion and from local rainfall and possibly wind transport if the climate is arid and does not support soil-holding grasses. These processes, over geologic time, will form the plain, a region with little relief (local changes in elevation), yet with a constant but small slope.

text: As the highlands

text: erode

text: due to

text: weathering

text: and water flow, the

text: sediment

text: from the hills is

text: transported

text: to the lower

text: plain

text: . Various

text: creek

text: s will carry the water further to a river,

text: lake

text: bay

text: , or

text: ocean

text: . As the sediments are deposited during flood conditions in the

text: floodplain

text: of a creek, the elevation of the floodplain will be raised. As this reduces the channel floodwater capacity, the creek will, over time, seek new, lower paths, forming a

text: meander

text: (a curving sinuous path). The leftover higher locations, typically natural

text: levee

text: s at the margins of the flood channel, will themselves be eroded by lateral stream erosion and from local rainfall and possibly wind transport if the climate is arid and does not support soil-holding grasses. These processes, over geologic time, will form the plain, a region with little

text: relief

text: (local changes in elevation), yet with a constant but small slope.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Various creeks will carry the water further to a river, lake, bay, or ocean

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: as the sediments are deposited during flood conditions

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: What can be stored for future use in snow and ice

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: weathering and water flow,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: ocean.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: rainfall

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: meander

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: wind transport

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: water flow,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: soil-holding grasses.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: reduces the channel floodwater capacity,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: water further to a river, lake, bay, or ocean.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: water further to a river, lake, bay, or ocean.

text: The process of consolidation is often explained with an idealized system composed of a spring, a container with a hole in its cover, and water. In this system, the spring represents the compressibility or the structure of the soil itself, and the water which fills the container represents the pore water in the soil.

text: The process of consolidation is often explained with an idealized system composed of a

text: spring

text: , a container with a hole in its cover, and water. In this system, the spring represents the compressibility or the structure of the soil itself, and the water which fills the container represents the pore water in the soil.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: a container filled with water

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: pore water in the soil.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: consolidation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: a spring,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: consolidation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: consolidation

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: pore water

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: water. In this system, the spring represents the compressibility

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: pore water

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: water.

text: The U-shaped pressure tubes containing the fuel were thermally isolated from the hot fuel assembly by two circular thermal baffle tubes around the fuel assembly. This allowed the pressure tubes to operate at low temperatures, essentially that of the moderator tank which was maintained about 155 degrees F and close to atmospheric pressure. The moderator tank contained heavy water which moderated the fission process during operation of the reactor.

text: The U-shaped

text: pressure tube

text: s containing the fuel were thermally isolated from the hot fuel assembly by two circular thermal baffle tubes around the fuel assembly. This allowed the pressure tubes to operate at low temperatures, essentially that of the moderator tank which was maintained about 155 degrees F and close to atmospheric pressure. The moderator tank contained heavy water which moderated the fission process during operation of the reactor.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: 155 degrees F

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: The moderator tank contained heavy water

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: 155 degrees F and close to atmospheric pressure.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: atmospheric pressure.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: moderator tank

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: atmospheric pressure.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: fission process

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: 155 degrees F and close to atmospheric pressure.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: pressure.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: 155 degrees F and close to atmospheric pressure.

text: 84 million square meters of the 170 million of the Megiddo Regional Council constitute a nature reserve, including forested areas, various water sources, volcanic hills and archaeological sites. The park is currently in the process of becoming recognized by UNESCO as a biosphere reserve.

text: 84 million square meters of the 170 million of the Megiddo Regional Council constitute a nature reserve, including forested areas, various water sources, volcanic hills and archaeological sites. The park is currently in the process of becoming recognized by

text: UNESCO

text: as a

text: biosphere reserve

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices are true

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: volcanic hills

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: volcanic hills

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: volcanic hills

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water sources,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: volcanic hills

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: biosphere reserve.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: biosphere reserve.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: various water sources,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: volcanic hills

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: various water sources,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: 84 million square meters

text: The water cycle describes the processes that drive the movement of water throughout the hydrosphere. However, much more water is "in storage" for long periods of time than is actually moving through the cycle. The storehouses for the vast majority of all water on Earth are the oceans. It is estimated that of the 332,500,000 mi (1,386,000,000 km) of the world's water supply, about 321,000,000 mi (1,338,000,000 km) is stored in oceans, or about 97%. It is also estimated that the oceans supply about 90% of the evaporated water that goes into the water cycle.

text: The water cycle describes the processes that drive the movement of water throughout the

text: hydrosphere

text: . However, much more water is "in storage" for long periods of time than is actually moving through the cycle. The storehouses for the vast majority of all water on Earth are the oceans. It is estimated that of the 332,500,000 mi (1,386,000,000 km) of the world's water supply, about 321,000,000 mi (1,338,000,000 km) is stored in oceans, or about 97%. It is also estimated that the oceans supply about 90% of the evaporated water that goes into the water cycle.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: movement of water throughout the hydrosphere

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporated

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: 90% of the evaporated water

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: evaporated water

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrosphere

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation of water

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: movement of water throughout the hydrosphere.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporated

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: The water cycle

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the oceans supply about 90% of the evaporated water

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: evaporated

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: the processes that drive the movement of water throughout the hydrosphere.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: oceans.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: The water cycle

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: oceans.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The water cycle

text: Steam-cycle plants (nuclear, coal, NG, solar thermal) require a great deal of water for cooling, to remove the heat at the steam condensors. The amount of water needed relative to plant output will be reduced with increasing boiler temperatures. Coal- and gas-fired boilers can produce high steam temperatures and so are more efficient, and require less cooling water relative to output. Nuclear boilers are limited in steam temperature by material constraints, and solar is limited by concentration of the energy source.

text: Steam-cycle plants (nuclear, coal, NG, solar thermal) require a great deal of water for cooling, to remove the heat at the steam condensors. The amount of water needed relative to plant output will be reduced with increasing

text: boiler

text: temperatures. Coal- and gas-fired boilers can produce high steam temperatures and so are more efficient, and require less cooling water relative to output. Nuclear boilers are limited in steam temperature by material constraints, and solar is limited by concentration of the energy source.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: to remove the heat at the steam condensors

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: nuclear boilers

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: cooling

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: water cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: to remove the heat at the steam condensors.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: steam condensors.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water for cooling,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: steam condensors.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: cooling,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Steam-cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Steam-cycle plants

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: water for cooling,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Steam-cycle plants

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Steam-cycle plants

text: Submarine Groundwater Discharge (SGD) is a hydrological process which commonly occurs in coastal areas. It is described as submarine inflow of fresh-, and brackish groundwater from land into the sea. Submarine Groundwater Discharge is controlled by several forcing mechanisms, which cause a hydraulic gradient between land and sea. Considering the different regional settings the discharge occurs either as (1) a focused flow along fractures in karst and rocky areas, (2) a dispersed flow in soft sediments, or (3) a recirculation of seawater within marine sediments.  Submarine Groundwater Discharge plays an important role in coastal biogeochemical processes and hydrological cycles such as the formation of offshore plankton blooms, hydrological cycles, and the release of nutrients, trace elements and gases.

text: Submarine Groundwater Discharge (SGD) is a hydrological process which commonly occurs in coastal areas. It is described as submarine inflow of fresh-, and brackish groundwater from land into the sea. Submarine Groundwater Discharge is controlled by several forcing mechanisms, which cause a hydraulic gradient between land and sea. Considering the different regional settings the discharge occurs either as (1) a focused flow along fractures in karst and rocky areas, (2) a dispersed flow in soft sediments, or (3) a recirculation of seawater within marine sediments.  Submarine Groundwater Discharge plays an important role in coastal biogeochemical processes and hydrological cycles such as the formation of offshore plankton blooms, hydrological cycles, and the release of nutrients, trace elements and gases.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Submarine Groundwater Discharge

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: submarine inflow of fresh-, and brackish groundwater

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrological cycles

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: a hydraulic gradient

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: hydraulic gradient between land and sea.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Submarine Groundwater Discharge

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Submarine Groundwater Discharge

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: a focused flow along fractures in karst and rocky areas,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Submarine Groundwater Discharge

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrological cycles

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Submarine Groundwater Discharge

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: hydraulic gradient between land and sea.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Submarine Groundwater Discharge

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Submarine Groundwater Discharge

text: Many kinematic linkages, such as the well known "Ross yoke", will exhibit near-sinusoidal motion.  However, other linkages, such as the "rhombic drive", will exhibit more non-sinusoidal motion.  To a lesser extent, the ideal cycle introduces complications, since it would require somewhat higher piston acceleration and higher viscous pumping losses of the working fluid.  The material stresses and pumping losses in an optimized engine, however, would only be intolerable when approaching the "ideal cycle" and/or at high cycle rates. Other issues include the time required for heat transfer, particularly for the isothermal processes.  In an engine with a cycle approaching the "ideal cycle", the cycle rate might have to be reduced to address these issues.

text: Many kinematic linkages, such as the well known "

text: Ross yoke

text: ", will exhibit near-sinusoidal motion.  However, other linkages, such as the "

text: rhombic drive

text: ", will exhibit more non-sinusoidal motion.  To a lesser extent, the ideal cycle introduces complications, since it would require somewhat higher piston acceleration and higher viscous pumping losses of the working fluid.  The material stresses and pumping losses in an optimized engine, however, would only be intolerable when approaching the "ideal cycle" and/or at high cycle rates. Other issues include the time required for heat transfer, particularly for the

text: isothermal process

text: es.  In an engine with a cycle approaching the "ideal cycle", the cycle rate might have to be reduced to address these issues.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: isothermal processes

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: non-sinusoidal

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: isothermal processes

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: heat transfer

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: isothermal processes

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: viscous pumping losses of the working fluid.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: isothermal processes.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: non-sinusoidal motion.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: "rhombic drive",

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: heat transfer,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: ideal cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: "rhombic drive", will exhibit more non-sinusoidal motion.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: isothermal processes.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Many kinematic linkages,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Many kinematic linkages,

text: The main water source for terrestrial plants is soil water, which largely resembles the hydrogen isotope composition of rain water, but varies between environments and with enrichment by precipitation, depletion by evaporation, and exchange with atmospheric water vapor. There can be a significant offset between the δD value of source water and the δD value of leaf water at the site of lipid biosynthesis. No fractionation is associated with water uptake by roots, a process usually driven by capillary tension, with the one exception of xerophytes that burn ATP to pump water in extremely arid environments (with a roughly 10‰ depletion). However, leaf water can be substantially enriched relative to soil water due to transpiration, an evaporative process which is influenced by temperature, humidity, and the composition of surrounding water vapor. The leaf water hydrogen isotope composition can be described with a modified Craig-Gordon model, where ΔD is the steady state enrichment of leaf water, ε is the temperature-dependent equilibrium fractionation between liquid water and vapor, ε is the kinetic isotope effect from diffusion between leaf internal air space and the atmosphere, ΔD is the leaf/air disequilibrium, e is atmospheric vapor pressure, and e is internal leaf vapor pressure.

text: The main water source for terrestrial plants is soil water, which largely resembles the hydrogen isotope composition of rain water, but varies between environments and with enrichment by

text: precipitation

text: , depletion by

text: evaporation

text: , and exchange with atmospheric water vapor. There can be a significant offset between the δD value of source water and the δD value of leaf water at the site of lipid biosynthesis. No fractionation is associated with water uptake by roots, a process usually driven by capillary tension, with the one exception of

text: xerophyte

text: s that burn ATP to pump water in extremely arid environments (with a roughly 10‰ depletion). However, leaf water can be substantially enriched relative to soil water due to

text: transpiration

text: , an evaporative process which is influenced by temperature, humidity, and the composition of surrounding water vapor. The leaf water hydrogen isotope composition can be described with a modified Craig-Gordon model, where ΔD is the steady state enrichment of leaf water, ε is the temperature-dependent equilibrium fractionation between liquid water and vapor, ε is the kinetic isotope effect from diffusion between leaf internal air space and the atmosphere, ΔD is the leaf/air disequilibrium, e is atmospheric vapor pressure, and e is internal leaf vapor pressure.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: enrichment by precipitation

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: water cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: What is the main water source for terrestrial plants?

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: capillary tension,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporation,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: xerophytes that burn ATP

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: enrichment by precipitation,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: xerophytes that burn ATP to pump water

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: vapor pressure,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: soil water,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The main water source for terrestrial plants is soil water,

text: The new apartment complex utilizes both solar panels and fuel cell installations. A 50 kW array of solar panels and a 400 kW fuel cell enable the building to generate more than 50% of its power. The fuel cell is a combined heat and power system that converts natural gas to electricity and heat via a combustion-free, electrochemical process. This system provides power and heat that meets the majority of the building’s energy demand, and the efficiency it achieves is higher than the energy received from the power grid. Not only does the system provide more efficient energy usage, the heat from the process is also used for the building’s space heating and domestic water requirements. Thus the Octagon is projected to reduce its carbon emissions by 790 metric tons annually.

text: The new apartment complex utilizes both solar panels and

text: fuel cell

text: installations. A 50 kW array of solar panels and a 400 kW fuel cell enable the building to generate more than 50% of its power. The fuel cell is a combined heat and power system that converts natural gas to electricity and heat via a combustion-free, electrochemical process. This system provides power and heat that meets the majority of the building’s energy demand, and the efficiency it achieves is higher than the energy received from the power grid. Not only does the system provide more efficient energy usage, the heat from the process is also used for the building’s space heating and domestic water requirements. Thus the Octagon is projected to reduce its carbon emissions by 790 metric tons annually.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the Octagon

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: heat

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: combustion-free, electrochemical process.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: carbon emissions

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: The fuel cell

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: carbon emissions

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: domestic water requirements.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: solar panels and fuel cell installations.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: solar panels and fuel cell installations.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: heat

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: solar panels and fuel cell installations.

text: The study of plants is vital because they underpin almost all animal life on Earth by generating a large proportion of the oxygen and food that provide humans and other organisms with aerobic respiration with the chemical energy they need to exist. Plants, algae and cyanobacteria are the major groups of organisms that carry out photosynthesis, a process that uses the energy of sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into sugars that can be used both as a source of chemical energy and of organic molecules that are used in the structural components of cells. As a by-product of photosynthesis, plants release oxygen into the atmosphere, a gas that is required by nearly all living things to carry out cellular respiration. In addition, they are influential in the global carbon and water cycles and plant roots bind and stabilise soils, preventing soil erosion. Plants are crucial to the future of human society as they provide food, oxygen, medicine, and products for people, as well as creating and preserving soil.

text: The study of plants is vital because they underpin almost all animal life on Earth by generating a large proportion of the

text: oxygen

text: and food that provide humans and other organisms with

text: aerobic respiration

text: with the chemical energy they need to exist. Plants,

text: algae

text: and

text: cyanobacteria

text: are the major groups of organisms that carry out

text: photosynthesis

text: , a process that uses the energy of sunlight to convert water and

text: carbon dioxide

text: into sugars that can be used both as a source of chemical energy and of organic molecules that are used in the structural components of cells. As a by-product of photosynthesis, plants release

text: oxygen

text: into the atmosphere, a gas that is required by

text: nearly

text: all living things to carry out cellular respiration. In addition, they are influential in the global

text: carbon

text: and

text: water

text: cycles and plant roots bind and stabilise soils, preventing soil

text: erosion

text: . Plants are crucial to the future of human society as they provide food, oxygen, medicine, and products for people, as well as creating and preserving soil.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: photosynthesis

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: photosynthesis

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: global carbon

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: photosynthesis,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: plants release oxygen into the atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: photosynthesis,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: plant roots bind and stabilise soils, preventing soil erosion.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: photosynthesis,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: photosynthesis,

text: Water typically varies in temperature from the surface warmed by direct sunlight to greater depths where sunlight cannot penetrate. This differential is greatest in tropical waters, making this technology most applicable in water locations. A fluid is often vaporized to drive a turbine that may generate electricity or produce desalinized water. Systems may be either open-cycle, closed-cycle, or hybrid.

text: Water typically varies in temperature from the surface warmed by direct sunlight to greater depths where sunlight cannot penetrate. This differential is greatest in

text: tropical

text: waters, making this technology most applicable in water locations. A fluid is often vaporized to drive a turbine that may generate electricity or produce

text: desalinized

text: water. Systems may be either open-cycle, closed-cycle, or hybrid.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: sunlight cannot penetrate

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: vaporized

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: desalinized water

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: A fluid is often vaporized

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: vaporized

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Water typically varies in temperature from the surface warmed by direct sunlight

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: A fluid is often vaporized to drive a turbine

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: sunlight

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: varies in temperature from the surface warmed by direct sunlight to greater depths

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: sunlight cannot penetrate.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: sunlight cannot penetrate.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: sunlight cannot penetrate.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Water

text: A TSBR Secretariat was established to further the goal of protecting the biosphere and implement and support the functions of the Royal Decree. Since 2003 the Cambodian Government has supported the TSBR Secretariat with funding from the Asian Development Bank (ADB). The major goal of the Secretariat is to develop a coordinated management strategy. Coordinated management is important because different stakeholders have various objectives. For example, farmers build channels to irrigate their fields.  However, this leaves less water in fishing areas. Or farmers use pesticides on their crops which can get into the water; then people who live on the lake use this same water for bathing and other household uses and can become sick. This creates conflicts between user groups. The TSBR Secretariat attempts to lower these conflicts and find a solution that provides sustainability for all user groups and protects the biosphere reserve at the same time. The Secretariat is also responsible for developing and maintaining a web based knowledge repository for information about the lake and the biosphere. This website contains over 10,000 textual documents, over 150 tables and over 200 maps all relevant to the biosphere.

text: A

text: TSBR Secretariat

text: was established to further the goal of protecting the biosphere and implement and support the functions of the Royal Decree. Since 2003 the Cambodian Government has supported the TSBR Secretariat with funding from the

text: Asian Development Bank

text: (ADB). The major goal of the Secretariat is to develop a coordinated management strategy. Coordinated management is important because different stakeholders have various objectives. For example, farmers build channels to irrigate their fields.  However, this leaves less water in fishing areas. Or farmers use pesticides on their crops which can get into the water; then people who live on the lake use this same water for bathing and other household uses and can become sick. This creates conflicts between user groups. The TSBR Secretariat attempts to lower these conflicts and find a solution that provides sustainability for all user groups and protects the biosphere reserve at the same time. The Secretariat is also responsible for developing and maintaining a web based knowledge repository for information about the lake and the biosphere. This website contains over 10,000 textual documents, over 150 tables and over 200 maps all relevant to the biosphere.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: farmers use pesticides on their crops

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: farmers build channels to irrigate their fields

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: irrigate

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: biosphere

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: What can snow and ice be used for?

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: pesticides

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: pesticides

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: farmers use pesticides on their crops

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: irrigate their fields.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: farmers build channels to irrigate their fields.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: irrigate their fields.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Coordinated management is important because different stakeholders have various objectives.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: this leaves less water in fishing areas.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: farmers build channels to irrigate their fields.

text: Groundwater sapping is a geomorphic erosion process that results in the headward migration of channels in response to near constant fluid discharge at a fixed point. The consistent flow of water displaces fine sediments which physically and chemically weathers rocks. Valleys that appear to have been created by groundwater sapping occur throughout the world in areas such as England, Colorado, Hawai’i, New Zealand, and many other places.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|url = |title = Groundwater Sapping and Valley Development in the Hackness Hills, North Yorkshire, England|last = Nash|first = D.J.|date = 1996|journal = Earth Surface Processes and Landforms|doi = 10.1002/(sici)1096-9837(199609)21:9

text: Groundwater sapping is a

text: geomorphic

text: erosion process that results in the headward migration of channels in response to near constant fluid discharge at a fixed point. The consistent flow of water displaces fine sediments which physically and chemically weathers rocks. Valleys that appear to have been created by groundwater sapping occur throughout the world in areas such as England, Colorado, Hawai’i, New Zealand, and many other places.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|url = |title = Groundwater Sapping and Valley Development in the Hackness Hills, North Yorkshire, England|last = Nash|first = D.J.|date = 1996|journal = Earth Surface Processes and Landforms|doi = 10.1002/(sici)1096-9837(199609)21:9

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: The consistent flow of water displaces fine sediments which physically and chemically weathers rocks

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: groundwater sapping

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: groundwater cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: groundwater sapping

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: groundwater sapping

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Water can be stored for future use in snow and ice

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: human diverted water to suit their own needs

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: near constant fluid discharge at a fixed point.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Groundwater sapping

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Groundwater sapping

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Groundwater sapping

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Groundwater sapping

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Groundwater sapping is a geomorphic erosion process

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Nash|first = D.J.|date

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Groundwater sapping

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Groundwater sapping

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Groundwater Sapping and Valley Development

text: This process also occurs during the anaerobic corrosion of iron and steel in oxygen-free groundwater and in reducing soils below the water table.

text: This process also occurs during the

text: anaerobic

text: corrosion of

text: iron

text: and

text: steel

text: in

text: oxygen-free

text: groundwater

text: and in reducing

text: soil

text: s below the

text: water table

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: reducing soil below the water table

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: oxygen-free groundwater

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: anaerobic

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: anaerobic corrosion

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: reducing soils below the water table.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: anaerobic corrosion

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: anaerobic corrosion

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: reducing soils below the water table.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: reducing soils below the water table.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: oxygen-free groundwater

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: This process also occurs during the anaerobic corrosion

text: Depending on the pH and salinity levels of the ocean water, organic matter will decay and releases phosphorus from sediment in shallow basins. Bacteria and enzymes dissolve organic matter on the water bottom interface, thus returning phosphorus to the beginning of its biogenic cycle. Mineralization of organic matter can also cause the release of phosphorus back into the ocean water.

text: Depending on the pH and salinity levels of the ocean water, organic matter will decay and releases phosphorus from sediment in shallow basins. Bacteria and enzymes dissolve organic matter on the water bottom interface, thus returning phosphorus to the beginning of its biogenic cycle. Mineralization of organic matter can also cause the release of phosphorus back into the ocean water.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: can cause the release of phosphorus back into the ocean water

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: release of phosphorus back into the ocean water

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: biogenic cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: phosphorus is released

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Bacteria and enzymes dissolve organic matter

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: biogenic cycle.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: phosphorus

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Bacteria and enzymes

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: organic matter will decay and releases phosphorus

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: biogenic

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: phosphorus

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: organic matter will decay and releases phosphorus

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: phosphorus

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: phosphorus

text: Milanković put the Sun at the center of his theory, as the only source of heat and light in the Solar system. He considered three cyclical movements of the Earth: eccentricity (100,000-year cycle - Johannes Kepler, 1609), axial tilt (41,000-year cycle - from 22,1° to 24,5°; Presently, the Earth's tilt is 23.5° - Ludwig Pilgrim, 1904), and precession (23,000-year cycle - Hipparchus, 130 BC). Each cycle works on a different time scale and each affects the amount of solar energy received by the planets. Such changes in the geometry of an orbit lead to the changes in the insolation - quantity of heat received by any spot at the surface of a planet. These orbital variations, which are influenced by gravity of the Moon, Sun, Jupiter, and Saturn, are the basis of the Milankovitch cycle. His original contribution to celestial mechanics is called Milanković’s system of vector elements of planetary orbits. He reduced six Lagrangean-Laplacian elliptical elements to two vectors determining mechanics of planetary movements. The first specifies the planet’s orbital plane, the sense of revolution of the planet, and the orbital ellipse parameter; the second specifies the axis of the orbit in its plane and the orbital eccentricity. By applying those vectors he significantly simplified the calculation and directly obtained all the formulas of the classical theory of secular perturbations. Milanković in a simple but original manner, first deduced Newton’s law of gravitation from Kepler’s laws. Then Milankovich treated the two-body and the many-body problems of celestial mechanics. He accepted but corrected the Leverrier and Stockwell computation by using newer and more accurate values for the masses of the planets in the solar system.

text: Milanković put the Sun at the center of his theory, as the only source of heat and light in the Solar system. He considered three cyclical movements of the Earth:

text: eccentricity

text: (100,000-year cycle -

text: Johannes Kepler

text: , 1609),

text: axial tilt

text: (41,000-year cycle - from 22,1° to 24,5°; Presently, the Earth's tilt is 23.5° - Ludwig Pilgrim, 1904), and

text: precession

text: (23,000-year cycle -

text: Hipparchus

text: , 130 BC). Each cycle works on a different time scale and each affects the amount of solar energy received by the planets. Such changes in the geometry of an orbit lead to the changes in the

text: insolation

text: - quantity of heat received by any spot at the surface of a planet. These

text: orbital variations

text: , which are influenced by gravity of the

text: Moon

text: , Sun,

text: Jupiter

text: , and

text: Saturn

text: , are the basis of the

text: Milankovitch cycle

text: . His original contribution to celestial mechanics is called Milanković’s system of vector elements of planetary orbits. He reduced six

text: Lagrangean

text: Laplacian

text: elliptical elements to two vectors determining mechanics of planetary movements. The first specifies the planet’s orbital plane, the sense of revolution of the planet, and the orbital ellipse parameter; the second specifies the axis of the orbit in its plane and the orbital eccentricity. By applying those vectors he significantly simplified the calculation and directly obtained all the formulas of the classical theory of secular

text: perturbations

text: . Milanković in a simple but original manner, first deduced Newton’s law of gravitation from Kepler’s laws. Then Milankovich treated the two-body and the many-body problems of celestial mechanics. He accepted but corrected the

text: Leverrier

text: and

text: Stockwell

text: computation by using newer and more accurate values for the masses of the planets in the solar system.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: changes in the geometry of an orbit

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: gaseous

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: quantity of heat received by any spot at the surface of a planet

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: insolation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: changes in the geometry

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: What can be stored for future use in snow and ice?

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: placian elliptical elements

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Newton’s

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: celestial mechanics.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: orbital ellipse parameter;

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: celestial mechanics.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Milankovitch cycle.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Milankovi<unk>

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: changes in the insolation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Lagrangean-Laplacian elliptical elements

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Milankovi<unk>

text: There are many bodies of water in the park. The three largest bodies of water are Grand Lake Matagamon, Webster Lake, and Nesowadnehunk Lake. There are also several smaller ponds, such as Hudson, Draper, Russell, Center and the South Branch ponds. Numerous streams and rivers connect these water bodies, most prominently Trout Brook (between Grand Lake Matagamon and Nesowadnehunk Lake) and Nesowadnehunk Stream (connecting Nesowadnehunk Lake and the small collection of ponds near Sentinel Mountain). Some of these have waterfalls; Nesowadnehunk Stream has Big and Little Niagara Falls, as well as Ledge Falls. Wassataquoik Stream has two waterfalls, Grand and Norway; another popular waterfall is Green Falls, tucked between Bald Mt. and South Pogy Mt. None of this water is potable, and the park advises that visitors bring or treat their water.

text: There are many bodies of water in the park. The three largest bodies of water are

text: Grand Lake Matagamon

text: , Webster Lake, and Nesowadnehunk Lake. There are also several smaller ponds, such as Hudson, Draper, Russell, Center and the South Branch ponds. Numerous streams and rivers connect these water bodies, most prominently Trout Brook (between Grand Lake Matagamon and Nesowadnehunk Lake) and Nesowadnehunk Stream (connecting Nesowadnehunk Lake and the small collection of ponds near Sentinel Mountain). Some of these have

text: waterfalls

text: ; Nesowadnehunk Stream has Big and Little Niagara Falls, as well as Ledge Falls. Wassataquoik Stream has two waterfalls, Grand and Norway; another popular waterfall is Green Falls, tucked between Bald Mt. and South Pogy Mt. None of this water is potable, and the park advises that visitors bring or treat their water.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: What drives the water cycle

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Big and Little Niagara Falls

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Numerous streams and rivers connect these water bodies,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: potable,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of this water is potable,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Big and Little Niagara Falls, as well as Ledge Falls.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: waterfalls;

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Numerous streams and rivers connect these water bodies,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: None of this water is potable,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: ponds near Sentinel Mountain).

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: None of this water is potable,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: None of this water is potable,

text: The soil texture is determined by the relative proportions of sand, silt, and clay in the soil. The addition of organic matter, water, gases and time-related biotic and abiotic processes causes that texture to develop into a larger soil structure called an aggregate or a ped. At that point a soil can be said to be developed, and can be described further in terms of color, porosity, consistency, reaction (acidity), etc.

text: The

text: soil texture

text: is determined by the relative proportions of sand, silt, and clay in the soil. The addition of organic matter, water, gases and time-related

text: biotic

text: and

text: abiotic

text: processes causes that texture to develop into a larger

text: soil structure

text: called an

text: aggregate

text: or a

text: ped

text: . At that point a soil can be said to be developed, and can be described further in terms of color,

text: porosity

text: consistency

text: , reaction (

text: acidity

text: ), etc.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: a soil texture

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: gaseous

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: organic matter,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: gases

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: gases

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: gases

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: biotic and abiotic processes

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: water,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: biotic and abiotic processes

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: water,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: water,

text: Atmospheric rivers have a central role in the global water cycle. On any given day, atmospheric rivers account for over 90% of the global meridional (north-south) water vapor transport, yet they cover less than 10% of the Earth's circumference.

text: Atmospheric rivers have a central role in the global

text: water cycle

text: . On any given day, atmospheric rivers account for over 90% of the global meridional (north-south) water vapor transport, yet they cover less than 10% of the Earth's circumference.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: atmospheric rivers

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: vapor

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: a central role in the global water cycle

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: atmospheric rivers

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: global water cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Atmospheric rivers

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: vapor

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Atmospheric rivers

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: water vapor transport,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Atmospheric rivers

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: global

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Atmospheric rivers

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Atmospheric rivers

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Atmospheric rivers

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Atmospheric rivers

text: Project 3D-VIEW (Virtual Interactive Environmental Worlds) is an educational program in the United States aimed at grades 5 and 6 which offers lessons in earth science, life science and physics as well as general scientific principles. Lessons include seasons, photosynthesis, erosion, the rock cycle and plate tectonics. It also has a study of the lysosphere, the hydrosphere, the atmosphere and the biosphere. Students are immersed in a 3-dimensional representation of the topic they are studying.

text: Project 3D-VIEW (Virtual Interactive Environmental Worlds) is an

text: educational program

text: in the United States aimed at grades 5 and 6 which offers lessons in

text: earth science

text: life science

text: and

text: physics

text: as well as general scientific principles. Lessons include seasons,

text: photosynthesis

text: , erosion, the

text: rock cycle

text: and

text: plate tectonics

text: . It also has a study of the

text: lysosphere

text: , the

text: hydrosphere

text: , the

text: atmosphere

text: and the

text: biosphere

text: . Students are immersed in a 3-dimensional representation of the topic they are studying.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: photosynthesis

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: hydrosphere

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: hydrosphere

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the lysosphere

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: photosynthesis

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrosphere

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: photosynthesis,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: hydrosphere,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: hydrosphere,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: photosynthesis,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: photosynthesis,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrosphere,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: photosynthesis, erosion, the rock cycle and plate tectonics.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: plate tectonics.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: hydrosphere,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Project 3D-VIEW

text: Land incapable of being cultivated for production of crops can sometimes be converted to arable land. New arable land makes more food, and can reduce starvation. This outcome also makes a country more self-sufficient and politically independent, because food importation is reduced. Making non-arable land arable often involves digging new irrigation canals and new wells, aqueducts, desalination plants, planting trees for shade in the desert, hydroponics, fertilizer, nitrogen fertilizer, pesticides, reverse osmosis water processors, PET film insulation or other insulation against heat and cold, digging ditches and hills for protection against the wind, and greenhouses with internal light and heat for protection against the cold outside and to provide light in cloudy areas. This process is often extremely expensive. An alternative is the Seawater Greenhouse which desalinates water through evaporation and condensation using solar energy as the only energy input. This technology is optimized to grow crops on desert land close to the sea.

text: Land incapable of being cultivated for production of crops can sometimes be converted to arable land. New arable land makes more food, and can reduce

text: starvation

text: . This outcome also makes a country more

text: self-sufficient

text: and politically independent, because food importation is reduced. Making non-arable land arable often involves digging new irrigation canals and new wells, aqueducts,

text: desalination

text: plants, planting trees for shade in the desert,

text: hydroponic

text: s, fertilizer, nitrogen fertilizer,

text: pesticide

text: s,

text: reverse osmosis

text: water processors,

text: PET film

text: insulation or other insulation against heat and cold, digging ditches and hills for protection against the wind, and greenhouses with internal light and heat for protection against the cold outside and to provide light in cloudy areas. This process is often extremely expensive. An alternative is the

text: Seawater Greenhouse

text: which desalinates water through evaporation and condensation using solar energy as the only energy input. This technology is optimized to grow crops on desert land close to the sea.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Seawater Greenhouse

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: water cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: reverse osmosis water processors,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporation and condensation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: cloudy areas.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Seawater Greenhouse

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: reverse osmosis

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Seawater Greenhouse

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: food importation is reduced.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: PET film insulation or other insulation against heat and cold,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: digging new irrigation canals and new wells,

text: On June 26, 2007, the University of Arizona announced it would take over research at the Biosphere 2. The announcement ended fears that the structure would be demolished. University officials said private gifts and grants enabled them to cover research and operating costs for three years with the possibility of extending funding for ten years. It was extended for ten years, and is now engaged in research projects including research into the terrestrial water cycle and how it relates to ecology, atmospheric science, soil geochemistry, and climate change. In June 2011, the University announced that it would assume full ownership of Biosphere 2, effective July 1.

text: On June 26, 2007, the

text: University of Arizona

text: announced it would take over research at the Biosphere 2. The announcement ended fears that the structure would be demolished. University officials said private gifts and grants enabled them to cover research and operating costs for three years with the possibility of extending funding for ten years. It was extended for ten years, and is now engaged in research projects including research into the terrestrial water cycle and how it relates to ecology, atmospheric science, soil geochemistry, and climate change. In June 2011, the University announced that it would assume full ownership of Biosphere 2, effective July 1.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: soil geochemistry

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: terrestrial

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: ecology, atmospheric science, soil geochemistry, and climate change.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: terrestrial water cycle

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: atmospheric

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: climate change.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: terrestrial water cycle

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: terrestrial

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: terrestrial water cycle

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: climate change.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: terrestrial water cycle

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: terrestrial water cycle

text: The most direct effect on wildlife is destruction or displacement of species in areas of excavation and spoil piling. Pit and spoil areas are not capable of providing food and cover for most species of wildlife. Mobile wildlife species like game animals, birds, and predators leave these areas. More sedentary animals like invertebrates, reptiles, burrowing rodents and small mammals may be destroyed. The community of microorganisms and nutrient-cycling processes are upset by movement, storage, and redistribution of soil.

text: The most direct effect on wildlife is destruction or displacement of species in areas of excavation and spoil piling. Pit and spoil areas are not capable of providing food and cover for most species of wildlife. Mobile wildlife species like game animals, birds, and predators leave these areas. More sedentary animals like invertebrates, reptiles, burrowing rodents and small mammals may be destroyed. The community of microorganisms and nutrient-cycling processes are upset by movement, storage, and redistribution of soil.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: redistribution of soil

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: nutrient

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: nutrient-cycling

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: nutrient-cycling

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: The most direct effect on wildlife

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: burrowing rodents and small mammals

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: nutrient-cycling

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: nutrient-cycling

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: nutrient-cycling processes

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: movement, storage, and redistribution of soil.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: nutrient-cycling

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: soil.

text: Once water has infiltrated the soil it remains in the soil, percolates down to the ground water table, or becomes part of the subsurface runoff process.

text: Once water has infiltrated the soil it remains in the soil, percolates down to the

text: ground water

text: table, or becomes part of the subsurface runoff process.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: subsurface runoff

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: subsurface runoff

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: runoff

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: subsurface runoff process.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: subsurface runoff process.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: infiltrated the soil

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: subsurface runoff process.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: subsurface runoff

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: subsurface runoff process.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Once water has infiltrated the soil

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: water has infiltrated the soil

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Once water has infiltrated the soil

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Once water has infiltrated the soil

text: Soil Use Efficiency (SUE) is the use of individual and inter-related factors (inherent and dynamic) related to soil quality, soil nutrient availability and nutrient uptake potential as effective reference points for improvement of crop productivity in individual and varying soil types. Assessing SUE involves a site evaluation of the land and pit excavation to examine the soil profile. Site characterization identifies impairments to biomass productivity and the provisioning of ecological services. Inherent impairments are from limits inherent to the land and soil such as steep slope, and subsoil claypan. Dynamic impairments are the result of land degradation, such as soil acidification, loss of soil carbon, water erosion, and wind erosion. Understanding these relationships informs land management decisions needed to restore land productivity. The determination of Water Use Efficiency (WUE) and Nutrient Use Efficiency (NUE) in agricultural production systems is governed primarily by the boundary conditions of Soil Use Efficiency (SUE).

text: Soil Use Efficiency (SUE) is the use of individual and inter-related factors (inherent and dynamic) related to

text: soil quality

text: soil nutrient

text: availability and

text: nutrient uptake

text: potential as effective reference points for improvement of

text: crop productivity

text: in individual and varying

text: soil types

text: . Assessing SUE involves a site

text: evaluation

text: of the land and

text: pit excavation

text: to examine the

text: soil profile

text: . Site characterization identifies impairments to

text: biomass productivity

text: and the provisioning of

text: ecological services

text: . Inherent impairments are from limits inherent to the land and soil such as

text: steep slope

text: , and

text: subsoil

text: claypan

text: . Dynamic impairments are the result of

text: land degradation

text: , such as

text: soil acidification

text: , loss of

text: soil carbon

text: water erosion

text: , and

text: wind erosion

text: . Understanding these relationships informs

text: land management

text: decisions needed to

text: restore land productivity

text: . The determination of

text: Water Use

text: Efficiency (WUE) and

text: Nutrient

text: Use Efficiency (NUE) in

text: agricultural production

text: systems is governed primarily by the

text: boundary conditions

text: of Soil Use Efficiency (SUE).

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: soil acidification

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: soil acidification

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water erosion

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: soil acidification

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Water use efficiency

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Water Use Efficiency (WUE)

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: soil acidification, loss of soil carbon, water erosion, and wind erosion.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: water erosion, and wind erosion.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water erosion, and wind erosion.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: subsoil claypan.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: water erosion,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Water Use Efficiency

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Water Use Efficiency

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: water erosion, and wind erosion.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Water Use Efficiency

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Water Use Efficiency

text: Among some of these problems is the depletion of underground aquifers through overdrafting.  Soil can be over-irrigated because of poor distribution uniformity or management wastes water, chemicals, and may lead to water pollution. Over-irrigation can cause deep drainage from rising water tables that can lead to problems of irrigation  salinity requiring watertable control by some form of subsurface land drainage. However, if the soil is under irrigated, it gives poor soil salinity control which leads to increased soil salinity with consequent buildup of toxic salts on soil surface in areas with high evaporation. This requires either leaching to remove these salts and a method of drainage to carry the salts away. Irrigation with saline or high-sodium water may damage soil structure owing to the formation of alkaline soil.

text: Among some of these problems is the depletion of underground

text: aquifers

text: through

text: overdrafting

text: .  Soil can be over-irrigated because of poor

text: distribution uniformity

text: or

text: management

text: waste

text: s water, chemicals, and may lead to

text: water pollution

text: . Over-irrigation can cause deep drainage from rising water tables that can lead to problems of irrigation

text: salinity

text: requiring

text: watertable control

text: by some form of

text: subsurface land drainage

text: . However, if the soil is under irrigated, it gives poor

text: soil salinity control

text: which leads to increased

text: soil salinity

text: with consequent buildup of toxic

text: salt

text: s on soil surface in areas with high

text: evaporation

text: . This requires either

text: leaching

text: to remove these salts and a method of

text: drainage

text: to carry the salts away. Irrigation with

text: saline

text: or

text: high-sodium

text: water may damage soil structure owing to the formation of

text: alkaline soil

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: over-irrigation

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water pollution

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: high evaporation

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Soil can be over-irrigated because of poor distribution uniformity

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporation.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water pollution.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: high evaporation.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: evaporation.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: overdrafting.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: over-irrigated

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rising water tables

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Soil can be over-irrigated

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Soil can be over-irrigated

text: Dispersion is a process that occurs in soils that are particularly vulnerable to erosion by water. In soil layers where clays are saturated with sodium ions ("sodic soils"), soil can break down very easily into fine particles and wash away. This can lead to a variety of soil and water quality problems, including:

text: Dispersion is a process that occurs in soils that are particularly vulnerable to erosion by water. In soil layers where clays are saturated with sodium ions ("

text: sodic soils

text: "), soil can break down very easily into fine particles and wash away. This can lead to a variety of soil and water quality problems, including:

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: dispersion

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: sodium ions

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Dispersion

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Dispersion

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: sodium ions

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Dispersion

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Dispersion

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Dispersion

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Dispersion

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Dispersion

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Dispersion

text: Ecosystems research became a year-round commitment at the MBL in 1962 with the founding of the Systematics-Ecology program, under the direction of Melbourne R. Carriker. In 1975, the MBL's Ecosystems Center was established, with George Woodwell as director. The original research focus was on the global carbon cycle, an emphasis maintained today. The Ecosystems Center has a year-round staff of more than 40 scientists who study a variety of ecosystems and their responses to human activities and environmental changes. The center is located in Woods Hole yet has a global reach, with active research sites in the Arctic tundra; in forest, coastal and marine sites in New England, Sweden and Brazil; and on the Antarctic Peninsula. The Ecosystems Center is home to two of the 26 U.S. Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) sites: Toolik Lake, Alaska; and Plum Island, Massachusetts. Scientists in the Ecosystems Center study the effects of forest clearance and land-use change on atmospheric chemistry, watershed processes and coastal ecology, the global-scale anthropogenic enrichment of the nitrogen cycle, and ecosystem responses to global warming. The Ecosystems Center is directed by Christopher Neill, whose studies the impact of land-use changes on ecosystems. The Center's immediate past director is Hugh Ducklow, a biological oceanographer. Former directors of the Center who are still active on the scientific staff are Jerry Melillo, who studies the biogeochemistry of terrestrial ecosystems, and John Hobbie, a microbial ecologist. The Ecosystems Center is founded on a vision of collaborative, interdisciplinary science; shared lab facilities and instrumentation; and a long-term, large-scale, systems-wide view of ecosystem processes.

text: Ecosystems research became a year-round commitment at the MBL in 1962 with the founding of the Systematics-Ecology program, under the direction of Melbourne R. Carriker. In 1975, the MBL's Ecosystems Center was established, with George Woodwell as director. The original research focus was on the global

text: carbon cycle

text: , an emphasis maintained today. The Ecosystems Center has a year-round staff of more than 40 scientists who study a variety of ecosystems and their responses to human activities and environmental changes. The center is located in Woods Hole yet has a global reach, with active research sites in the Arctic tundra; in forest, coastal and marine sites in New England, Sweden and Brazil; and on the Antarctic Peninsula. The Ecosystems Center is home to two of the 26 U.S. Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) sites: Toolik Lake, Alaska; and Plum Island, Massachusetts. Scientists in the Ecosystems Center study the effects of forest clearance and land-use change on atmospheric chemistry, watershed processes and coastal ecology, the global-scale anthropogenic enrichment of the

text: nitrogen cycle

text: , and ecosystem responses to

text: global warming

text: . The Ecosystems Center is directed by Christopher Neill, whose studies the impact of land-use changes on ecosystems. The Center's immediate past director is Hugh Ducklow, a biological oceanographer. Former directors of the Center who are still active on the scientific staff are Jerry Melillo, who studies the

text: biogeochemistry

text: of terrestrial ecosystems, and John Hobbie, a microbial ecologist. The Ecosystems Center is founded on a vision of collaborative, interdisciplinary science; shared lab facilities and instrumentation; and a long-term, large-scale, systems-wide view of ecosystem processes.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: What drives the water cycle?

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: atmospheric chemistry

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: What are examples of atmospheric chemistry?

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: global warming

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: nitrogen cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: land-use change

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: What can be stored for future use in snow and ice?

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: forest clearance and land-use change

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: warming.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: atmospheric chemistry,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: genic enrichment of the nitrogen cycle,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: atmospheric chemistry,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: nitrogen cycle,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: 1975,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: anthropogenic enrichment of the nitrogen cycle, and ecosystem responses to global warming.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: nitrogen cycle, and ecosystem responses to global warming.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: global-scale anthropogenic enrichment of the nitrogen cycle,

text: Green City, Clean Waters involves the installment of various soil-water-plant systems that will filter contaminants out of stormwater, returning some of it to the ground, releasing some to the air, and some slowly back into the sewer system. This process targets impervious city surfaces such as streets and the roofs of buildings. The increased land development leads to more impervious surfaces and causes an increase in stormwater runoff and consequently combined sewer overflows. CSOs endanger the quality of Philadelphia's watersheds because they result in the pollution of rivers and streams.

text: Green City, Clean Waters involves the installment of various soil-water-plant systems that will filter contaminants out of stormwater, returning some of it to the ground, releasing some to the air, and some slowly back into the sewer system. This process targets impervious city surfaces such as streets and the roofs of buildings. The increased land development leads to more impervious surfaces and causes an increase in stormwater runoff and consequently

text: combined sewer

text: overflows. CSOs endanger the quality of Philadelphia's watersheds because they result in the pollution of rivers and streams.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: What kind of precipitation does Green City, Clean Waters target?

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: releasing some to the air

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: releasing

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: watersheds

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: The increased land development

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: air,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: stormwater,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: releasing some to the air,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: releasing some to the air,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: stormwater,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: soil-water-plant systems that will filter contaminants out of stormwater,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: The increased land development

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: stormwater,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Green City, Clean Waters

text: There are four principal epic cycles in early Irish literature. The first of these is the Mythological Cycle, which concerns the Irish pagan pantheon, the Tuatha Dé Danann. Second is the Ulster Cycle, mentioned above, also known as the Red Branch Cycle or the Heroic Cycle, which concerns events during the legendary reign of King Conchobar mac Nessa in Ulster in the first century BC. The Ulster Cycle includes the Táin Bó Cúailnge, the so-called "Iliad of the Gael," and its hero, the warrior Cú Chulainn, a figure comparable to the Greek hero Achilles, known for his terrifying battle frenzy, or ríastrad. Third is a body of romance woven round Fionn Mac Cumhaill, his son Oisin, and his grandson Oscar, in the reigns of the High Kings Conn of the Hundred Battles, his son Art Oénfer, and his grandson Cormac mac Airt, in the second and third centuries AD; this cycle of romance is usually called the Fenian cycle because it deals so largely with Fionn Mac Cumhaill and his fianna (militia). Fourth is the Historical Cycle, or Cycle of the Kings, stemming from Irish court bards' duty to recount the histories and genealogies of the dynasties they served.

text: There are four principal epic cycles in early Irish literature. The first of these is the

text: Mythological Cycle

text: , which concerns the Irish pagan pantheon, the

text: Tuatha Dé Danann

text: . Second is the

text: Ulster Cycle

text: , mentioned above, also known as the Red Branch Cycle or the Heroic Cycle, which concerns events during the legendary reign of King

text: Conchobar mac Nessa

text: in

text: Ulster

text: in the first century BC. The Ulster Cycle includes the

text: Táin Bó Cúailnge

text: , the so-called "

text: Iliad

text: of the

text: Gael

text: ," and its hero, the warrior

text: Cú Chulainn

text: , a figure comparable to the Greek hero

text: Achilles

text: , known for his terrifying battle frenzy, or ríastrad. Third is a body of romance woven round

text: Fionn Mac Cumhaill

text: , his son

text: Oisin

text: , and his grandson

text: Oscar

text: , in the reigns of the

text: High Kings

text: Conn of the Hundred Battles

text: , his son

text: Art Oénfer

text: , and his grandson

text: Cormac mac Airt

text: , in the second and third centuries AD; this cycle of romance is usually called the

text: Fenian cycle

text: because it deals so largely with Fionn Mac Cumhaill and his

text: fianna

text: (militia). Fourth is the

text: Historical Cycle

text: , or Cycle of the Kings, stemming from Irish court bards' duty to recount the histories and genealogies of the dynasties they served.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: What kind of weather does the Ulster Cycle include?

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Ulster Cycle

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: What is stored in snow and ice?

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Red Branch Cycle

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: first century BC.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Irish literature.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: a body of romance woven round Fionn Mac Cumhaill,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Red Branch Cycle

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Red Branch Cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Ulster Cycle,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: terrifying battle frenzy,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Ulster Cycle,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Red Branch Cycle

text: Reservoirs and ponds in the watershed of Spring Brook include the Spring Brook Intake, the Nesbitt Reservoir, the Watres Reservoir, and Maple Lake. The first three are used as drinking water reservoirs and the lakes also serve as flood protection. The Pennsylvania American Water Company owns all four lakes and several hundred acres of the surrounding land. There are flood levees at the mouth of the stream. There is some evidence of coal mining on a ridge overlooking the area in the stream's vicinity. However, residential encroachment on the stream's floodplain is a more significant environmental concern.

text: Reservoir

text: s and

text: pond

text: s in the watershed of Spring Brook include the Spring Brook Intake, the

text: Nesbitt Reservoir

text: , the

text: Watres Reservoir

text: , and Maple Lake. The first three are used as drinking water reservoirs and the lakes also serve as flood protection. The

text: Pennsylvania American Water Company

text: owns all four lakes and several hundred acres of the surrounding land. There are flood

text: levee

text: s at the mouth of the stream. There is some evidence of coal mining on a ridge overlooking the area in the stream's vicinity. However, residential encroachment on the stream's

text: floodplain

text: is a more significant environmental concern.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: The Pennsylvania American Water Company

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: coal mining

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: watershed

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: flood levees

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: flood protection.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: coal mining

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: flood protection.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Reservoirs and ponds in the watershed of Spring Brook

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: flood protection.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: flood protection.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: drinking water reservoirs and the lakes also serve as flood protection.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Reservoirs and ponds in the watershed of Spring Brook

text: There are two kinds of freshwater habitats: lentic water, such as lakes, ponds, ditches, and lotic water, such as rivers, streams.  Streams are an example of a lotic habitat Hong Kong.

text: There are two kinds of freshwater habitats: lentic water, such as lakes, ponds, ditches, and lotic water, such as rivers, streams.  Streams are an example of a lotic habitat Hong Kong.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: streams

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: There are two kinds of freshwater habitats: lentic water,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: lentic water,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: lotic water,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: lakes, ponds, ditches,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: lentic water,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: freshwater

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: lentic water, such as lakes, ponds, ditches,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: freshwater

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: lotic water,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: lotic water,

text: The Minami-Alps Biosphere Reserve is an area of long-standing human habitation with a population of approximately 122,389 since 2010. However this is 2,000 less than the number in the year 2000. Around 60% of the population lives in Minami-Alps City, yet, with the exception of this city, the region is suffering depopulation, with significant outflows of people. For a long time, people have maintained their livelihood using the rich forest resources within the biosphere reserve through processing and transporting wood, digging for gold, controlling water flowing from the mountains and floods with soil and water conservation projects, thus turning the resulting fertile land into cultivated fields. With the difficulty of growing rice in the mountain valleys, varieties of millet, buckwheat, azuki beans, and paper mulberry (for making Japanese paper), and so on have been grown on burnt fields.

text: The Minami-Alps Biosphere Reserve is an area of long-standing human habitation with a population of approximately 122,389 since 2010. However this is 2,000 less than the number in the year 2000. Around 60% of the population lives in Minami-Alps City, yet, with the exception of this city, the region is suffering depopulation, with significant outflows of people. For a long time, people have maintained their livelihood using the rich forest resources within the biosphere reserve through processing and transporting wood, digging for gold, controlling water flowing from the mountains and floods with soil and water conservation projects, thus turning the resulting fertile land into cultivated fields. With the difficulty of growing rice in the mountain valleys, varieties of millet, buckwheat, azuki beans, and paper mulberry (for making Japanese paper), and so on have been grown on burnt fields.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: soil and water conservation projects

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: what kind of weather does the biosphere reserve experience?

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: paper mulberry

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: depopulation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: water conservation projects

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: soil and water conservation projects,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: floods

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: burnt fields.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: cultivated fields.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: water flowing from the mountains and floods

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: floods

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: water flowing from the mountains and floods with soil and water conservation projects,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: soil and water conservation projects,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: controlling water flowing from the mountains and floods

text: The groundwater is being traded in many regions. There are trades even in the United States. The city of San Antonio, Texas is the largest city in the United States that relies solely on groundwater for its municipal supply.

text: The groundwater is being traded in many regions. There are trades even in the United States. The city of

text: San Antonio

text: Texas

text: is the largest city in the United States that relies solely on groundwater for its municipal supply.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: San Antonio, Texas

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: The groundwater is being traded

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: The groundwater

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: The groundwater

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: The city of San Antonio, Texas

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: The groundwater is being traded

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: The groundwater

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: The groundwater

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: The groundwater

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The groundwater

text: Longear sunfish are found in North America, primarily in the Mississippi and Great Lakes regions. Longear sunfish are mostly found in freshwater areas west of the Appalachian Mountains. Some Lepomis populations are located as far north and west as southern Quebec and Minnesota. The species has also been spotted in places as far south and west as central Mexico and New Mexico. The native territory of the longear sunfish is exclusive to the North American Continent. It is found primarily in the Mississippi and Great Lakes watersheds. The longear sunfish is restricted in range to certain large streams. This species can be located in the St. Lawrence and Great Lakes, Hudson Bay, and Mississippi River. The species has been introduced to stream ecosystems along the eastern coast of the United States. The distribution of the longear sunfish throughout North America has not been affected since the species has been followed. This may be due to the species’ ability to travel throughout large bodies of water, thus avoiding dams and man-made interferences along smaller streams. They are also able to occupy different body of water types, thus making them more resilient to a decrease in their range distribution.

text: Longear sunfish are found in North America, primarily in the Mississippi and Great Lakes regions. Longear sunfish are mostly found in freshwater areas west of the Appalachian Mountains. Some Lepomis populations are located as far north and west as southern Quebec and Minnesota. The species has also been spotted in places as far south and west as central Mexico and New Mexico. The native territory of the longear sunfish is exclusive to the North American Continent. It is found primarily in the Mississippi and Great Lakes watersheds. The longear sunfish is restricted in range to certain large streams. This species can be located in the St. Lawrence and Great Lakes, Hudson Bay, and Mississippi River. The species has been introduced to stream ecosystems along the eastern coast of the United States. The distribution of the longear sunfish throughout North America has not been affected since the species has been followed. This may be due to the species’ ability to travel throughout large bodies of water, thus avoiding dams and man-made interferences along smaller streams. They are also able to occupy different body of water types, thus making them more resilient to a decrease in their range distribution.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: What drives the water cycle?

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: gaseous

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the species’ ability to travel throughout large bodies of water

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: What can be stored for future use in snow and ice

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: avoiding dams and man-made interferences

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: freshwater

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Longear sunfish

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: avoiding dams and man-made interferences along smaller streams.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Longear sunfish

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: stream ecosystems

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: freshwater areas west of the Appalachian Mountains.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: avoiding dams and man-made interferences along smaller streams.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: longear sunfish is exclusive to the North American Continent.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: longear sunfish is exclusive to the North American Continent.

text: The lakes inlet is through piped streams (Grøndalsåen, Lygteåen and Ladegårdsåen). These streams jointly provide water from the wet-area Utterslev Mose, the lake Emdrup Sø and to a lesser degree the lake Damhussøen. Ladegårdsåen was converted from an open stream to a piped stream in 1925 and is located below the streets Ågade and Åboulevarden. It provides water for Peblinge Sø and has its endpoint near the pavilion Søpavillonen (). From the lakes the water is streamed further on, with an endpoint at the north end of Sortedams Sø, to the lakes in Østre Anlæg, the Fredrikshavn Entrenchment and Øresund. The water has an average time in the lakes of approximately 1 year.

text: The lakes inlet is through piped streams (Grøndalsåen, Lygteåen and Ladegårdsåen). These streams jointly provide water from the wet-area

text: Utterslev Mose

text: , the lake Emdrup Sø and to a lesser degree the lake

text: Damhussøen

text: . Ladegårdsåen was converted from an open stream to a piped stream in 1925 and is located below the streets Ågade and Åboulevarden. It provides water for Peblinge Sø and has its endpoint near the pavilion

text: Søpavillonen

text: (). From the lakes the water is streamed further on, with an endpoint at the north end of Sortedams Sø, to the lakes in

text: Østre Anlæg

text: the Fredrikshavn Entrenchment

text: and

text: Øresund

text: . The water has an average time in the lakes of approximately 1 year.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: The water has an average time in the lakes of approximately 1 year

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Ladeg rds en

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: do not indicate

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: piped streams

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: open stream to a piped stream

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Ladeg<unk>rds<unk>en

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: The lakes inlet is through piped streams

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: streamed

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: wet-area

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: The water has an average time in the lakes of approximately 1 year.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The lakes inlet is through piped streams

text: In rough water, fresh sea ice is formed by the cooling of the ocean as heat is lost into the atmosphere. The uppermost layer of the ocean is supercooled to slightly below the freezing point, at which time tiny ice platelets (frazil ice) form. With time, this process leads to a mushy surface layer, known as grease ice. Frazil ice formation may also be started by snowfall, rather than supercooling. Waves and wind then act to compress these ice particles into larger plates, of several meters in diameter, called pancake ice. These float on the ocean surface, and collide with one another, forming upturned edges. In time, the pancake ice plates may themselves be rafted over one another or frozen together into a more solid ice cover, known as consolidated ice pancake ice. Such ice has a very rough appearance on top and bottom.

text: In rough water, fresh sea ice is formed by the cooling of the ocean as heat is lost into the atmosphere. The uppermost layer of the ocean is

text: supercooled

text: to slightly below the freezing point, at which time tiny ice platelets (frazil ice) form. With time, this process leads to a mushy surface layer, known as

text: grease ice

text: . Frazil ice formation may also be started by

text: snow

text: fall, rather than supercooling. Waves and wind then act to compress these ice particles into larger plates, of several meters in diameter, called

text: pancake ice

text: . These float on the ocean surface, and collide with one another, forming upturned edges. In time, the pancake ice plates may themselves be rafted over one another or frozen together into a more solid ice cover, known as consolidated ice pancake ice. Such ice has a very rough appearance on top and bottom.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Grease ice

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: do not grow

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: heat is lost

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: heat is lost into the atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: freezing point,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: snowfall,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: grease ice.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: heat is lost into the atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: heat is lost into the atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: rough water,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: cooling of the ocean

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: heat

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: In rough water,

text: An Integrated Solar Combined Cycle (ISCC) is a hybrid technology in which a solar thermal field is integrated within a combined cycle plant. In ISCC plants, solar energy is used as an auxiliary heat supply, supporting the steam cycle, which results in increased generation capacity or a reduction of fossil fuel use.

text: An Integrated Solar Combined Cycle (ISCC) is a hybrid technology in which a

text: solar thermal

text: field is integrated within a combined cycle plant. In ISCC plants, solar energy is used as an auxiliary heat supply, supporting the steam cycle, which results in increased generation capacity or a reduction of fossil fuel use.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: solar thermal field

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: steam cycle,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: steam cycle,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Integrated Solar Combined Cycle

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: steam cycle,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: steam cycle,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: steam cycle,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Integrated Solar Combined Cycle

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Integrated Solar Combined Cycle

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Integrated Solar Combined Cycle

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: An Integrated Solar Combined Cycle

text: Biogeochemistry is the scientific discipline that involves the study of the chemical, physical, geological, and biological processes and reactions that govern the composition of the natural environment (including the biosphere, the cryosphere, the hydrosphere, the pedosphere, the atmosphere, and the lithosphere). In particular, biogeochemistry is the study of the cycles of chemical elements, such as carbon and nitrogen, and their interactions with and incorporation into living things transported through earth scale biological systems in space through time. The field focuses on chemical cycles which are either driven by or influence biological activity. Particular emphasis is placed on the study of carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus cycles. Biogeochemistry is a systems science closely related to systems ecology.

text: Biogeochemistry is the scientific discipline that involves the study of the

text: chemical

text: physical

text: geological

text: , and

text: biological

text: processes and reactions that govern the composition of the natural environment (including the

text: biosphere

text: , the

text: cryosphere

text: , the

text: hydrosphere

text: , the

text: pedosphere

text: , the

text: atmosphere

text: , and the

text: lithosphere

text: ). In particular, biogeochemistry is the study of the

text: cycles

text: of

text: chemical element

text: s, such as

text: carbon

text: and

text: nitrogen

text: , and their interactions with and incorporation into

text: living things

text: transported through earth scale biological systems in space through time. The field focuses on chemical cycles which are either driven by or influence biological activity. Particular emphasis is placed on the study of

text: carbon

text: nitrogen

text: sulfur

text: , and

text: phosphorus

text: cycles. Biogeochemistry is a

text: systems science

text: closely related to

text: systems ecology

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: biogeochemistry

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: hydrosphere

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the cryosphere

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: hydrosphere

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrosphere

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: biogeochemistry

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: biogeochemistry

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: chemical cycles which are either driven by or influence biological activity.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: cryosphere,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Biogeochemistry

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: cryosphere,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: hydrosphere,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrosphere,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Biogeochemistry

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Biogeochemistry

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Biogeochemistry

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Biogeochemistry

text: In limnology (the study of inland waters), a stream bank or river bank is the terrain alongside the bed of a river, creek, or stream. The bank consists of the sides of the channel, between which the flow is confined. Stream banks are of particular interest in fluvial geography, which studies the processes associated with rivers and streams and the deposits and landforms created by them. The descriptive terms left bank and right bank are relative to an observer looking downstream, in which the right bank is to the observer's right; a famous example of this is the naming of the two sides of the river Seine in Paris. The shoreline of ponds, swamps, estuarys, reservoirs, or lakes are also of interest in limnology, and are sometimes referred to as banks. The grade of all these banks or shorelines can vary from vertical to a shallow slope.

text: In

text: limnology

text: (the study of inland waters), a stream bank or river bank is the terrain alongside the

text: bed

text: of a

text: river

text: , creek, or

text: stream

text: . The bank consists of the sides of the

text: channel

text: , between which the

text: flow

text: is confined. Stream banks are of particular interest in

text: fluvial

text: geography, which studies the processes associated with rivers and streams and the

text: deposits

text: and

text: landform

text: s created by them. The descriptive terms left bank and right bank are relative to an observer looking

text: downstream

text: , in which the right bank is to the observer's right; a famous example of this is the naming of the two sides of the river

text: Seine

text: in Paris. The

text: shore

text: line of

text: pond

text: s,

text: swamp

text: s,

text: estuary

text: s,

text: reservoir

text: s, or

text: lake

text: s are also of interest in limnology, and are sometimes referred to as banks. The

text: grade

text: of all these banks or shorelines can vary from vertical to a shallow slope.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: The study of inland waters

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: a shallow slope

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: fluvial geography

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: What is stored in snow and ice?

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: the flow is confined.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: flow is confined.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: a stream bank

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: naming of the two sides of the river Seine in Paris.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: In limnology

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: limnology

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: confined.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: vertical to a shallow slope.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: reservoirs, or lakes

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: In limnology

text: Biosphere reserves are areas comprising terrestrial, marine and coastal ecosystems. Each reserve promotes solutions reconciling the conservation of biodiversity with its sustainable use. Biosphere reserves are nominated by national governments and remain under the sovereign jurisdiction of the states where they are located.Their status is internationally recognized.

text: Biosphere reserves are areas comprising terrestrial, marine and coastal ecosystems. Each reserve promotes solutions reconciling the conservation of biodiversity with its sustainable use. Biosphere reserves are nominated by national governments and remain under the sovereign jurisdiction of the states where they are located.Their status is internationally recognized.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: biosphere reserves

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Biosphere Reserves

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: biosphere

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: it is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Biosphere reserves

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Biosphere reserves are areas comprising terrestrial, marine and coastal ecosystems.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Biosphere reserves

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: conservation of biodiversity with its sustainable use.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Biosphere reserves

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Biosphere reserves

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Biosphere reserves

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Biosphere reserves are areas comprising terrestrial, marine and coastal ecosystems.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Biosphere reserves

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Biosphere reserves

text: The moraine serves to recharge streams and rivers in the surrounding region, acting as an underground reservoir. Rain and snow melt slowly soak into the moraine, being filtered and purified in its many sand and gravel aquifers. The cool, fresh water is discharged into the headwaters of streams and rivers which eventually flow into Lake Simcoe, Lake Scugog and Lake Ontario. The aquifers are also the water supply for some communities on the Moraine.

text: The moraine serves to recharge streams and rivers in the surrounding region, acting as an underground

text: reservoir

text: . Rain and snow melt slowly soak into the moraine, being filtered and purified in its many

text: sand

text: and

text: gravel

text: aquifers. The cool, fresh water is discharged into the headwaters of streams and rivers which eventually flow into

text: Lake Simcoe

text: Lake Scugog

text: and

text: Lake Ontario

text: . The aquifers are also the water supply for some communities on the Moraine.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: The moraine serves to recharge streams and rivers in the surrounding region

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: rain and snow melt

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Rain and snow melt slowly soak into the moraine,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: melt

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Rain and snow melt slowly soak into the moraine,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Rain and snow melt

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: filtered and purified

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Rain and snow melt

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Rain and snow melt

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: The moraine

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Rain and snow melt

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The moraine serves to recharge streams and rivers in the surrounding region,

text: Groundwater is a highly useful and often abundant resource. However, over-use, or overdraft, can cause major problems to human users and to the environment. The most evident problem (as far as human groundwater use is concerned) is a lowering of the water table beyond the reach of existing wells. As a consequence, wells must be drilled deeper to reach the groundwater; in some places (e.g., California, Texas, and India) the water table has dropped hundreds of feet because of extensive well pumping. In the Punjab region of India, for example, groundwater levels have dropped 10 meters since 1979, and the rate of depletion is accelerating. A lowered water table may, in turn, cause other problems such as groundwater-related subsidence and saltwater intrusion.

text: Groundwater is a highly useful and often abundant resource. However, over-use, or overdraft, can cause major problems to human users and to the environment. The most evident problem (as far as human groundwater use is concerned) is a lowering of the water table beyond the reach of existing wells. As a consequence, wells must be drilled deeper to reach the groundwater; in some places (e.g.,

text: California

text: Texas

text: , and

text: India

text: ) the water table has dropped hundreds of feet because of extensive well pumping. In the

text: Punjab

text: region of

text: India

text: , for example, groundwater levels have dropped 10 meters since 1979, and the rate of depletion is accelerating. A lowered water table may, in turn, cause other problems such as

text: groundwater-related subsidence

text: and

text: saltwater intrusion

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: groundwater-related subsidence

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: overdraft

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: wells must be drilled deeper to reach the groundwater;

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: saltwater intrusion.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: overdraft,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: overdraft,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: lowering of the water table

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Groundwater

text: The gas cycle is less efficient than the vapor compression cycle because the gas cycle works on the reverse Brayton cycle instead of the reverse Rankine cycle.  As such the working fluid does not receive and reject heat at constant temperature. In the gas cycle, the refrigeration effect is equal to the product of the specific heat of the gas and the rise in temperature of the gas in the low temperature side. Therefore, for the same cooling load, a gas refrigeration cycle needs a large mass flow rate and is bulky.

text: The gas cycle is less efficient than the vapor compression cycle because the gas cycle works on the reverse

text: Brayton cycle

text: instead of the reverse

text: Rankine cycle

text: .  As such the working fluid does not receive and reject heat at constant temperature. In the gas cycle, the refrigeration effect is equal to the product of the specific heat of the gas and the rise in temperature of the gas in the low temperature side. Therefore, for the same cooling load, a gas refrigeration cycle needs a large mass flow rate and is bulky.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the reverse Brayton cycle

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: vapor compression

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Rankine cycle.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: vapor compression cycle because the gas cycle works on the reverse Brayton cycle

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: The gas cycle is less efficient than the vapor compression cycle

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: working fluid does not receive and reject heat at constant temperature.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: vapor compression cycle

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: vapor compression cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: The gas cycle is less efficient than the vapor compression cycle

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rise in temperature of the gas in the low temperature side.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: The gas cycle is less efficient than the vapor compression cycle

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The gas cycle is less efficient than the vapor compression cycle

text: In IWFM, the land surface, surface water and groundwater flow domains are simulated as separate processes, compiled into individual dynamic link libraries. The processes are linked by water flow terms, maintain conservation of mass and momentum between processes, and are solved simultaneously. This allows each IWFM process to be run independently as a stand-alone model, or to be linked to other programs. This functionality has been used to create a Microsoft Excel Add-in to create workbooks from IWFM output files. The IWFM land surface process has been compiled into a stand-alone program called the IWFM Demand Calculator IDC. The groundwater process is linked to the WRIMS modeling system and used in the water resources optimization model CalSim. This feature allows other models to be easily linked with IWFM, to either enhance the capabilities of the target model (for example, by adding groundwater flow to a land surface-surface water model) or to enhance the capabilities of IWFM (for example, linking an economic model to IWFM to dynamically change the crop mix based on the depth to groundwater, as the cost of pumping increases with depth to water).

text: In IWFM, the land surface, surface water and groundwater flow domains are simulated as separate processes, compiled into individual dynamic link libraries. The processes are linked by water flow terms, maintain conservation of mass and momentum between processes, and are solved simultaneously. This allows each IWFM process to be run independently as a stand-alone model, or to be linked to other programs. This functionality has been used to create a

text: Microsoft Excel

text: Add-in to create workbooks from IWFM output files. The IWFM land surface process has been compiled into a stand-alone program called the IWFM Demand Calculator IDC. The groundwater process is linked to the WRIMS modeling system and used in the water resources optimization model CalSim. This feature allows other models to be easily linked with IWFM, to either enhance the capabilities of the target model (for example, by adding groundwater flow to a land surface-surface water model) or to enhance the capabilities of IWFM (for example, linking an economic model to IWFM to dynamically change the crop mix based on the depth to groundwater, as the cost of pumping increases with depth to water).

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: The processes are linked by water flow terms

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the cost of pumping increases with depth to water

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: The processes are linked by water flow terms,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: water flow terms,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water flow terms,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the cost of pumping increases with depth to water).

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: In IWFM,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: IWFM,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: depth to groundwater,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: conservation of mass

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: In IWFM,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: In IWFM,

text: Ambrose Rajamannan was the inventor of the novel process of continuously and instantaneously sterilizing soil using a water-activated fumigant.  Dazomet is one water-activated fumigant that could be used.  This process ensures 100% activation of the fumigant.  Therefore, less fumigant would be needed to ensure that the soil would be completely sterilized.

text: Ambrose Rajamannan was the inventor of the novel process of continuously and instantaneously sterilizing soil using a water-activated fumigant.  Dazomet is one water-activated fumigant that could be used.  This process ensures 100% activation of the fumigant.  Therefore, less fumigant would be needed to ensure that the soil would be completely sterilized.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Dazomet

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: water-activated fumigant.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: water-activated fumigant.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water-activated

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Dazomet

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: water-activated fumigant.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: water-activated

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: water-activated fumigant.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: water-activated fumigant.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: water-activated fumigant.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Ambrose Rajamannan

text: Recently, a company called Sunvention Solar Energy created a device very similar to what NASA came up with in 1976 that can pump 100,000 gallons per day purely off of solar energy and usage of the Stirling cycle costing only US$1,250  This apparatus, much like the others, uses a large solar dish to collect heat from the sun creating a high temperature source and also employs the low temperature water it collects from a nearby stream as its low temperature source allowing for a great range in temperature which in turn allows for more work to be done   The work done in Sunvention’s apparatus is used to pump the water into nearby crop fields allowing for a “low-cost, low-technology pump having particular utility in irrigation systems employed in underdeveloped arid regions of the earth”.

text: Recently, a company called Sunvention Solar Energy created a device very similar to what NASA came up with in 1976 that can pump 100,000 gallons per day purely off of solar energy and usage of the Stirling cycle costing only US$1,250  This apparatus, much like the others, uses a large solar dish to collect heat from the sun creating a high temperature source and also employs the low temperature water it collects from a nearby stream as its low temperature source allowing for a great range in temperature which in turn allows for more work to be done   The work done in Sunvention’s apparatus is used to pump the water into nearby crop fields allowing for a “low-cost, low-technology pump having particular utility in irrigation systems employed in underdeveloped arid regions of the earth”.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: the Stirling cycle

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: pump 100,000 gallons per day purely off of solar energy

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Stirling cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Stirling cycle

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Stirling cycle

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: solar energy

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: low temperature water it collects from a nearby stream

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Stirling cycle

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Stirling

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: irrigation systems employed in underdeveloped arid regions

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: a great range in temperature which in turn allows for more work to be done

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: low temperature water it collects from a nearby stream

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: crop fields

text: Pedogenesis  (from the Greek pedo-, or pedon, meaning 'soil, earth,' and genesis, meaning 'origin, birth') (also termed soil development, soil evolution, soil formation, and soil genesis) is the process of soil formation as regulated by the effects of place, environment, and history. Biogeochemical processes act to both create and destroy order (anisotropy) within soils. These alterations lead to the development of layers, termed soil horizons, distinguished by differences in color, structure, texture, and chemistry. These features occur in patterns of soil type distribution, forming in response to differences in soil forming factors.

text: Pedogenesis  (from the Greek pedo-, or pedon, meaning 'soil, earth,' and genesis, meaning 'origin, birth') (also termed soil development, soil evolution, soil formation, and soil genesis) is the process of

text: soil

text: formation as regulated by the effects of place, environment, and history.

text: Biogeochemical

text: processes act to both create and destroy order (

text: anisotropy

text: ) within soils. These alterations lead to the development of layers, termed

text: soil horizons

text: , distinguished by differences in

text: color

text: structure

text: texture

text: , and

text: chemistry

text: . These

text: features

text: occur in patterns of

text: soil type

text: distribution, forming in response to differences in soil forming factors.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: soil horizons

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Biogeochemical processes

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Biogeochemical processes

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Biogeochemical processes

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: differences in color, structure, texture, and chemistry.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Pedogenesis

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Pedogenesis

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Pedogenesis

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Biogeochemical processes

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Pedogenesis

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Pedogenesis

text: It says (PTB 1983): "An initial assessment of the capping mass in terms of its barrier function for potential contaminated ground water shows that the occurring clay sediments in the central areas of the salt stock Gorleben lack the indication that it can function as a permanent barrier to prevent contamination of the biosphere."

text: It says (PTB 1983): "An initial assessment of the capping mass in terms of its barrier function for potential contaminated ground water shows that the occurring clay sediments in the central areas of the salt stock Gorleben lack the indication that it can function as a permanent barrier to prevent contamination of the

text: biosphere

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: salt stock Gorleben

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: clay sediments

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: a permanent barrier to prevent contamination of the biosphere."

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: clay sediments in the central areas of the salt stock Gorleben

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: capping mass

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: biosphere."

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: contaminated ground water

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: a permanent barrier to prevent contamination of the biosphere."

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: contaminated ground water

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: contaminated ground water

text: Photoelectrochemical cells or PECs are solar cells that produce electrical energy or hydrogen in a process similar to the electrolysis of water.

text: Photoelectrochemical cells or PECs are

text: solar cell

text: s that

text: produce electrical energy

text: or

text: hydrogen

text: in a process similar to the

text: electrolysis of water

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: electrolysis

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: electrolysis

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: electrolysis

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Photoelectrochemical cells

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: electrolysis of water.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: electrolysis of water.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: electrolysis

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Photoelectrochemical cells

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: water.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: hydrogen in a process similar to the electrolysis of water.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Photoelectrochemical cells

text: The sea plays a part in the water cycle, in which water evaporates from the ocean, travels through the atmosphere as vapor, condenses, falls (usually as rain or snow) again, and then largely returns to the sea. Even in the Atacama Desert, where little rain ever falls, dense clouds of fog known as the camanchaca blow in from the sea and support plant life. In large land masses, geologic features can block the access of some regions to the main sea. These endorheic basins, particularly in central Asia, sometimes build up permanent salt lakes as inflowing waters evaporate and their dissolved minerals accumulate over time. The largest of these is the Caspian Sea, although it is sometimes counted as a proper sea owing to its basin of (now-landlocked) oceanic crust. Other notable examples include the Aral Sea in central Asia and the Great Salt Lake in the western United States. The waters of these basins still eventually return to the sea through evaporation, the flow of ground water, and (over geologic time) the opening up of the basins by continental drift.

text: The sea plays a part in the

text: water cycle

text: , in which water

text: evaporates

text: from the ocean, travels through the atmosphere as

text: vapor

text: condenses

text: falls

text: (usually as

text: rain

text: or

text: snow

text: ) again, and then largely returns to the sea. Even in the

text: Atacama Desert

text: , where little rain ever falls, dense clouds of fog known as the

text: camanchaca

text: blow in from the sea and support plant life. In large land masses, geologic features can block the access of some regions to the main sea. These

text: endorheic basin

text: s, particularly in

text: central Asia

text: , sometimes build up permanent

text: salt lake

text: s as inflowing waters evaporate and their dissolved minerals accumulate over time. The largest of these is the

text: Caspian Sea

text: , although it is sometimes counted as a proper sea owing to its basin of (now-landlocked) oceanic crust. Other notable examples include the

text: Aral Sea

text: in central Asia and the

text: Great Salt Lake

text: in the western United States. The waters of these basins still eventually return to the sea through evaporation, the flow of ground water, and (over geologic time) the opening up of the basins by continental drift.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: water evaporates from the ocean

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: condenses

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: what are examples of this?

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the Caspian Sea

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: condenses

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: water evaporates

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: The sea

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporates

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water cycle,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Aral Sea in central Asia and the Great Salt Lake

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: water cycle,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: water evaporates from the ocean,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: dense clouds of fog

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: water cycle,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: permanent salt lakes

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The sea plays a part in the water cycle,

text: The presence of abundant water on Earth is of great importance for the rock cycle. Most obvious perhaps are the water driven processes of weathering and erosion. Water in the form of precipitation and acidic soil water and groundwater is quite effective at dissolving minerals and rocks, especially those igneous and metamorphic rocks and marine sedimentary rocks that are unstable under near surface and atmospheric conditions. The water carries away the ions dissolved in solution and the broken down fragments that are the products of weathering. Running water carries vast amounts of sediment in rivers back to the ocean and inland basins. The accumulated and buried sediments are converted back into rock.

text: The presence of abundant

text: water

text: on Earth is of great importance for the rock cycle. Most obvious perhaps are the water driven processes of

text: weathering

text: and

text: erosion

text: . Water in the form of precipitation and

text: acid

text: ic

text: soil

text: water and

text: groundwater

text: is quite effective at dissolving minerals and rocks, especially those igneous and metamorphic rocks and marine sedimentary rocks that are unstable under near surface and atmospheric conditions. The water carries away the

text: ion

text: s dissolved in solution and the broken down fragments that are the products of weathering. Running water carries vast amounts of sediment in rivers back to the ocean and inland basins. The accumulated and buried sediments are converted back into rock.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: water driven processes of weathering and erosion

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: buried sediments are converted back into rock

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: water driven processes

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: abundant water

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: acidic soil water and groundwater

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: marine sedimentary rocks that are unstable under near surface and atmospheric conditions.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: rock cycle.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: acidic soil water and groundwater

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: precipitation and acidic soil water and groundwater

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: water

text: A variety of nutrient cycles are important in the aquarium. Dissolved oxygen enters at the surface water-air interface through agitation or what would be observed as waves in a natural environment, and Carbon dioxide escapes into the air. The phosphate cycle is an important, although often overlooked, nutrient cycle. Sulfur, iron, and micronutrients enter the system as food and exit as waste. Appropriate handling of the nitrogen cycle, along with a balanced food supply and consideration of biological loading, is usually enough to keep these nutrient cycles in adequate equilibrium.

text: A variety of

text: nutrient cycles

text: are important in the aquarium.

text: Dissolved oxygen

text: enters at the surface water-air interface through agitation or what would be observed as

text: waves

text: in a natural environment, and

text: Carbon dioxide

text: escapes into the air. The

text: phosphate

text: cycle is an important, although often overlooked, nutrient cycle.

text: Sulfur

text: iron

text: , and

text: micronutrient

text: s enter the system as food and exit as waste. Appropriate handling of the

text: nitrogen cycle

text: , along with a balanced food supply and consideration of biological loading, is usually enough to keep these nutrient cycles in adequate equilibrium.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Carbon dioxide escapes into the air

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Dissolved oxygen

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Carbon dioxide escapes into the air.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Carbon dioxide escapes

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: phosphate cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Carbon dioxide escapes into the air. The phosphate cycle

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Carbon dioxide escapes into the air.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: The phosphate cycle

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: A variety of nutrient cycles

text: In coastal areas the groundwater and seawater flows are driven by a variety of factors. Both types of water can circulate in marine sediments due to tidal pumping, waves, bottom currents or density driven transport processes. Meteoric freshwaters can discharge along confined and unconfined aquifers into the sea or the oppositional process of seawater intruding into groundwater charged aquifers can take place. The flow of both fresh and sea water is primarily controlled by the hydraulic gradients between land and sea and differences in the densities between both waters and the permeabilities of the sediments.

text: In coastal areas the groundwater and seawater flows are driven by a variety of factors. Both types of water can circulate in marine sediments due to tidal pumping, waves, bottom currents or density driven transport processes. Meteoric freshwaters can discharge along confined and unconfined aquifers into the sea or the oppositional process of seawater intruding into groundwater charged aquifers can take place. The flow of both fresh and sea water is primarily controlled by the hydraulic gradients between land and sea and differences in the densities between both waters and the permeabilities of the sediments.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: differences in the densities between both waters and the permeabilities of the sediments

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: seawater intruding into groundwater charged aquifers

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrologic cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: hydraulic gradients between land and sea

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Meteoric freshwaters

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Meteoric freshwaters

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: seawater intruding into groundwater charged aquifers

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: density driven transport processes.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: density driven transport processes.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: density driven transport processes.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: hydraulic gradients between land and sea

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Both types of water can circulate in marine sediments

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: In coastal areas the groundwater and seawater

text: An atmosphere () is a layer of gases surrounding a planet or other material body, that is held in place by the gravity of that body. An atmosphere is more likely to be retained if the gravity it is subject to is high and the temperature of the atmosphere is low.

text: An atmosphere () is a layer of

text: gas

text: es surrounding a

text: planet

text: or other

text: material body

text: , that is held in place by the

text: gravity

text: of that body. An atmosphere is more likely to be retained if the gravity it is subject to is high and the temperature of the atmosphere is low.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: melting of ice

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: gravity decreases

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: it is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: gravity

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: gases

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: An atmosphere

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the temperature of the atmosphere is low.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: An atmosphere

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: atmosphere

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: low.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: gravity

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: An atmosphere () is a layer of gases

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: An atmosphere

text: The sulfur-iodine cycle (S-I cycle) is a thermochemical cycle processes which generates hydrogen from water with an efficiency of approximately 50%.  The sulfur and iodine used in the process are recovered and reused, and not consumed by the process.  The cycle can be performed with any source of very high temperatures, approximately 950 °C, such as by Concentrating solar power systems (CSP) and is regarded as being well suited to the production of hydrogen by high-temperature nuclear reactors, and as such, is being studied in the High Temperature Test Reactor in Japan. There are other hybrid cycles that use both high temperatures and some electricity, such as the Copper–chlorine cycle, it is classified as a hybrid thermochemical cycle because it uses an electrochemical reaction in one of the reaction steps, it operates at 530 °C and has an efficiency of 43 percent.

text: The

text: sulfur-iodine cycle

text: (S-I cycle) is a thermochemical cycle processes which generates hydrogen from water with an efficiency of approximately 50%.  The sulfur and iodine used in the process are recovered and reused, and not consumed by the process.  The cycle can be performed with any source of very high temperatures, approximately 950 °C, such as by

text: Concentrating solar power

text: systems (CSP) and is regarded as being well suited to the production of hydrogen by

text: high-temperature nuclear reactors

text: , and as such, is being studied in the

text: High Temperature Test Reactor

text: in Japan. There are other hybrid cycles that use both high temperatures and some electricity, such as the

text: Copper–chlorine cycle

text: , it is classified as a hybrid

text: thermochemical cycle

text: because it uses an

text: electrochemical

text: reaction in one of the reaction steps, it operates at 530 °C and has an efficiency of 43 percent.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: The sulfur-iodine cycle

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: high-temperature nuclear reactor

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: sulfur-iodine

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: hydrogen

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Copper–chlorine cycle,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: sulfur-iodine cycle

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: sulfur-iodine cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: 50%.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: sulfur-iodine cycle

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The sulfur-iodine cycle

text: The water cycle, also known as the hydrological cycle or the HO cycle, describes the continuous movement of water on, above and below the surface of the Earth. The mass of water on Earth remains fairly constant over time but the partitioning of the water into the major reservoirs of ice, fresh water, saline water and atmospheric water is variable depending on a wide range of climatic variables. The water moves from one reservoir to another, such as from river to ocean, or from the ocean to the atmosphere, by the physical processes of evaporation, condensation, precipitation, infiltration, surface runoff, and subsurface flow. In doing so, the water goes through different phases: liquid, solid (ice) and vapor.

text: The water cycle, also known as the hydrological cycle or the HO cycle, describes the continuous movement of

text: water

text: on, above and below the surface of the

text: Earth

text: . The mass of water on Earth remains fairly constant over time but the partitioning of the water into the major reservoirs of ice,

text: fresh water

text: , saline water and

text: atmospheric water

text: is variable depending on a wide range of

text: climatic variables

text: . The water moves from one reservoir to another, such as from river to

text: ocean

text: , or from the ocean to the atmosphere, by the physical processes of

text: evaporation

text: condensation

text: precipitation

text: infiltration

text: surface runoff

text: , and subsurface flow. In doing so, the water goes through different phases: liquid, solid (

text: ice

text: ) and

text: vapor

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: the continuous movement of water on, above and below the surface of the Earth

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: vapor

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: surface runoff

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: condensation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrological cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: continuous movement of water on, above and below the surface of the Earth.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: vapor.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: subsurface flow.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: evaporation, condensation,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrological cycle or the HO cycle,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: evaporation, condensation, precipitation, infiltration, surface runoff,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: climatic variables.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: the partitioning of the water into the major reservoirs

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The water cycle,

text: In 2015 the same team announced modifications to their design such that compared with traditional lithium iodine batteries, energy savings reached 20 percent. The  new design no longer needs air to pass through it in order to function. Water was the solvent and lithium iodide is the salt. The result is a water-based electrolyte and a prototype now classed as an aqueous flow battery. The device is topped with a solid solar panel in a single solid sheet. Over 25 charge/discharge cycles, the battery released around 3.3 volts. While typical batteries are charged with 3.6 volts and discharge at 3.3 volts, the solar flow battery only needed 2.9 volts to charge with the solar panel making up the difference, almost 20 percent.

text: In 2015 the same team announced modifications to their design such that compared with traditional lithium iodine batteries, energy savings reached 20 percent. The  new design no longer needs air to pass through it in order to function. Water was the solvent and

text: lithium iodide

text: is the salt. The result is a water-based electrolyte and a prototype now classed as an aqueous

text: flow battery

text: . The device is topped with a solid

text: solar panel

text: in a single solid sheet. Over 25 charge/discharge cycles, the battery released around 3.3 volts. While typical batteries are charged with 3.6 volts and discharge at 3.3 volts, the solar flow battery only needed 2.9 volts to charge with the solar panel making up the difference, almost 20 percent.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: water was the solvent and lithium iodide is the salt

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: a single solid sheet

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Water was the solvent and lithium iodide is the salt.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: air

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: air

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: aqueous flow battery.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: air

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: aqueous flow battery.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: aqueous flow battery.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: energy savings reached 20 percent.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Water

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Water

text: Variations in primary production in the NPSG can significantly affect nutrient cycling, food-web dynamics, and global elemental fluxes. The size distribution of pelagic primary producers determines both the composition and magnitude of the exported nutrients to the deeper waters. This in turn affects the communities that live in the deeper waters of this system.

text: Variations in primary production in the NPSG can significantly affect nutrient cycling,

text: food-web

text: dynamics, and global elemental fluxes. The size distribution of pelagic primary producers determines both the composition and magnitude of the exported nutrients to the deeper waters. This in turn affects the communities that live in the deeper waters of this system.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: global elemental fluxes

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: nutrient cycling

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: The size distribution of pelagic primary producers

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: global elemental fluxes.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: global elemental fluxes.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: global elemental fluxes.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: exported nutrients

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: nutrient cycling,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Variations in primary production in the NPSG

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: global elemental fluxes.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: global elemental fluxes.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Variations in primary production in the NPSG

text: Land plants are key components of the water cycle and several other biogeochemical cycles. Some plants have coevolved with nitrogen fixing bacteria, making plants an important part of the nitrogen cycle. Plant roots play an essential role in soil development and prevention of soil erosion.

text: Land plants are key components of the

text: water cycle

text: and several other

text: biogeochemical cycle

text: s. Some plants have

text: coevolve

text: d with

text: nitrogen fixing

text: bacteria, making plants an important part of the

text: nitrogen cycle

text: . Plant roots play an essential role in

text: soil

text: development and prevention of

text: soil erosion

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Land plants

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: nitrogen cycle

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: the nitrogen cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Land plants

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: water cycle

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water cycle

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: nitrogen fixing bacteria,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: water cycle

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: biogeochemical cycles.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: water cycle

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: erosion.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: water cycle

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Land plants are key components of the water cycle

text: The unity and continuity of the World Ocean, with relatively free interchange among its parts, is of fundamental importance to oceanography. It is divided into a number of principal oceanic areas that are delimited by the continents and various oceanographic features: these divisions are the Atlantic Ocean, Arctic Ocean (sometimes considered a sea of the Atlantic), Indian Ocean, Pacific Ocean, and Southern Ocean (often considered instead as just the southern portions of the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans).  In turn, oceanic waters are interspersed by many smaller seas, gulfs, and bays.

text: The unity and continuity of the World Ocean, with relatively free interchange among its parts, is of fundamental importance to

text: oceanography

text: . It is divided into a number of principal oceanic areas that are delimited by the

text: continent

text: s and various oceanographic features: these divisions are the

text: Atlantic Ocean

text: Arctic Ocean

text: (sometimes considered a

text: sea

text: of the Atlantic),

text: Indian Ocean

text: Pacific Ocean

text: , and

text: Southern Ocean

text: (often considered instead as just the southern portions of the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans).  In turn, oceanic waters are interspersed by many smaller seas, gulfs, and bays.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Arctic Ocean

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: None of the above choices are true

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: free interchange among its parts,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: oceanography.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: The unity and continuity of the World Ocean,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: gulfs, and bays.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: The unity and continuity of the World Ocean, with relatively free interchange

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: oceanography.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: The unity and continuity of the World Ocean,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: oceanography.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: The unity and continuity of the World Ocean,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The unity and continuity of the World Ocean,

text: Barley Yellow Mosaic Virus (BaYMV) is a virus, and therefore doesn’t divide, produce energy, or have any reproductive structures.  The only way BaYMV is able to multiply is by "taking over" host cells and manufacturing more viruses.  It is spread through the protist Polymyxa graminis, so its disease cycle largely depends on that of P. graminis. P. graminis is a soil-borne pathogen, so it is spread by tools, water, animals, and other means of physically moving soil.  BaYMV overwinters in the resting spores of P. graminis, and can survive decades in this state.  When P. graminis invades the roots of a plant and begins growing in the root cells, the BaYMV is transmitted from protist to barley through zoospores.  It then can enter barley plant cells and use the cell machinery to make more virus, thus infecting the plant.  The virus does this by using its coat protein to gain access into plant cells, and then taking over cell machinery in the nucleus.  It uses the cell machinery to manufacture more virus, and can rapidly reproduce this way. Once a plant is infected, there is no known way to "cure" the plant, so the plant stays infected indefinitely.  The virus remains in the resting spores in the soil, and in this way it can infect other plants, overwinter, or be spread via cultivation or harvest (spreading the soil).

text: Barley Yellow Mosaic Virus (BaYMV) is a virus, and therefore doesn’t divide, produce energy, or have any reproductive structures.  The only way BaYMV is able to multiply is by "taking over" host cells and manufacturing more viruses.  It is spread through the protist Polymyxa graminis, so its disease cycle largely depends on that of P. graminis. P. graminis is a soil-borne pathogen, so it is spread by tools, water, animals, and other means of physically moving soil.  BaYMV overwinters in the resting spores of P. graminis, and can survive decades in this state.  When P. graminis invades the roots of a plant and begins growing in the root cells, the BaYMV is transmitted from protist to barley through zoospores.  It then can enter barley plant cells and use the cell machinery to make more virus, thus infecting the plant.  The virus does this by using its coat protein to gain access into plant cells, and then taking over cell machinery in the nucleus.  It uses the cell machinery to manufacture more virus, and can rapidly reproduce this way. Once a plant is infected, there is no known way to "cure" the plant, so the plant stays infected indefinitely.  The virus remains in the resting spores in the soil, and in this way it can infect other plants, overwinter, or be spread via cultivation or harvest (spreading the soil).

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: What is a soil-borne pathogen?

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: a virus, and therefore doesn’t divide, produce energy, or have any reproductive structures

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: What is stored in snow and ice?

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: P. graminis.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: tools, water, animals, and other means of physically moving soil.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: taking over cell machinery in the nucleus.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: zoospores.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: tools, water, animals, and other means of physically moving soil.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: tools, water, animals, and other means of physically moving soil.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Barley Yellow Mosaic Virus

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: water,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: tools,

text: The series of lakes are named Ambajejus, Elbow, North Twin, Pemadumcook and South Twin Lake.  The lakes are part of the West Branch of the Penobscot River.  The West Branch enters the northwest corner of Ambajejus, and the current flows south through that lake. The channel passes Deep Cove on the east and Porus Islands to the west.  The river channel then passes east through the east end of Pemadumcook into the head of North Twin Lake at Indian Point.  The channel then follows a southeasterly course across North Twin Lake, staying between Perrow Point and Spring Island, and then veering eastward past Snake Point in sight of the settlement of Norcross.  The channel then passes due east through the Elbow to North Twin dam.  The length of the channel is about .  The combined length of the lake from the North Twin Dam, following the channel in reverse to the Porus Islands and thence to the northwest corner of Pemadumcook at Nahmakanta Stream, is nearly .  There is a large boulder in Nahmakanta Stream where the Appalachian Trail appears on the south bank of the stream.  It is not prudent to take a motorboat west of the boulder.

text: The series of lakes are named Ambajejus, Elbow, North Twin, Pemadumcook and

text: South Twin Lake

text: .  The lakes are part of the

text: West Branch

text: of the

text: Penobscot River

text: .  The West Branch enters the northwest corner of Ambajejus, and the current flows south through that lake. The channel passes Deep Cove on the east and Porus Islands to the west.  The river channel then passes east through the east end of Pemadumcook into the head of North Twin Lake at Indian Point.  The channel then follows a southeasterly course across North Twin Lake, staying between Perrow Point and Spring Island, and then veering eastward past Snake Point in sight of the settlement of Norcross.  The channel then passes due east through the Elbow to North Twin dam.  The length of the channel is about .  The combined length of the lake from the North Twin Dam, following the channel in reverse to the Porus Islands and thence to the northwest corner of Pemadumcook at Nahmakanta Stream, is nearly .  There is a large boulder in Nahmakanta Stream where the

text: Appalachian Trail

text: appears on the south bank of the stream.  It is not prudent to take a motorboat west of the boulder.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: current flows south through that lake

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: It is not prudent to take a motorboat west of the boulder.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: What can be stored in snow and ice?

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: the current flows south through that lake.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: West Branch of the Penobscot River.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: West Branch of the Penobscot River.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: It is not prudent to take a motorboat west of the boulder.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: West Branch of the Penobscot River.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: current flows south through that lake.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: a large boulder in Nahmakanta Stream

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: lakes are named Ambajejus,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: North Twin Lake

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: West Branch of the Penobscot River.

text: The central basin receives an average of  of rain per year, with the surrounding mountains receiving an average of  per year. The center of the basin is flat and contains Malheur and Harney lakes, which receive the streams originating within the basin in the surrounding mountains, including the Silvies River from the north and the Donner und Blitzen River from the south. Harney Lake is the actual sink of the basin, connected in some years to Malheur Lake but currently separated by constantly changing sand dunes. Both lakes cycle between open water in wetter years and marshes in drier years.  The wetlands around Malheur Lake and Harney Lake form a wetlands oasis in the basin, providing a habitat for many migratory bird species, including 2.5 million ducks each year. Malheur Lake and its surroundings are embraced by Malheur National Wildlife Refuge.

text: The central basin receives an average of  of rain per year, with the surrounding mountains receiving an average of  per year. The center of the basin is flat and contains Malheur and Harney lakes, which receive the streams originating within the basin in the surrounding mountains, including the

text: Silvies River

text: from the north and the

text: Donner und Blitzen River

text: from the south. Harney Lake is the actual sink of the basin, connected in some years to Malheur Lake but currently separated by constantly changing

text: sand dune

text: s. Both lakes cycle between open water in wetter years and marshes in drier years.  The wetlands around Malheur Lake and Harney Lake form a

text: wetlands

text: oasis in the basin, providing a

text: habitat

text: for many migratory

text: bird

text: species, including 2.5 million

text: duck

text: s each year. Malheur Lake and its surroundings are embraced by

text: Malheur National Wildlife Refuge

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Both lakes cycle between open water in wetter years and marshes in drier years

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: gaseous

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Harney Lake is the actual sink

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: wetlands

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: wetlands

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: wetter years and marshes in drier years.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: drier years.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: wetlands

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Harney Lake

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: wetlands

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: wetter years and marshes in drier years.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: rain per year,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rain per year,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: sand dunes.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Malheur and Harney lakes,

text: The Earth, as a system, is open to radiation from the sun and space, but is closed with regard to matter. As all closed systems, it follows the law of conservation of mass which states that matter cannot be created nor destroyed, thus, the matter, although transformed and migrated, remains the same as when the Earth was formed. The Earth system contains seven different reservoirs that  are separated into surface reservoirs, which include atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, pedosphere, and lithosphere and the isolated reservoirs that include deep Earth and outer space. Geochemical cycles are concerned with the interactions between deep earth which consists of Earth´s mantle and core, and the lithosphere which consists of the Earth´s crust.

text: The

text: Earth

text: , as a system, is open to radiation from the sun and space, but is closed with regard to

text: matter

text: . As all closed systems, it follows the law of

text: conservation of mass

text: which states that matter cannot be created nor destroyed, thus, the matter, although transformed and migrated, remains the same as when the

text: Earth

text: was formed. The

text: Earth

text: system contains seven different

text: reservoir

text: s that  are separated into surface reservoirs, which include

text: atmosphere

text: hydrosphere

text: biosphere

text: pedosphere

text: , and

text: lithosphere

text: and the isolated reservoirs that include deep Earth and

text: outer space

text: . Geochemical cycles are concerned with the interactions between deep earth which consists of Earth´s

text: mantle

text: and core, and the

text: lithosphere

text: which consists of the Earth´s crust.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: the interactions between deep earth

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: hydrosphere

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: hydrosphere

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: lithosphere

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: hydrosphere

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrosphere

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: The Earth system contains seven different reservoirs

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Geochemical cycles

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: hydrosphere,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: surface reservoirs,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: pedosphere, and lithosphere

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: hydrosphere,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrosphere,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: seven different reservoirs that are separated into surface reservoirs,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: law of conservation of mass

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: seven different reservoirs that are separated into surface reservoirs,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: seven different reservoirs that are separated into surface reservoirs,

text: Darren Aronofsky's film Pi (1998) is a dream-like "...incredibly complex and ambiguous film filled with both incredible style and substance" about a paranoid math genius' "search for peace". The film creates a David Lynch-inspired,"... eerie Eraserhead-like world" shot in "black-and-white, which lends a dream-like atmosphere to all of the proceedings", which explore issues such as "metaphysics and spirituality"  Matthew Barney's The Cremaster Cycle (1994–2002) is a cycle of five symbolic, allegorical films that create a self-enclosed aesthetic system that aims to explore the process of creation. The films are filled with allusions to reproductive organs and sexual development, and they use narrative models drawn from biography, mythology, and geology.

text: Darren Aronofsky

text: 's film

text: Pi

text: (1998) is a dream-like "...incredibly complex and ambiguous film filled with both incredible style and substance" about a paranoid math genius' "search for peace". The film creates a

text: David Lynch

text: -inspired,"... eerie

text: Eraserhead

text: -like world" shot in "black-and-white, which lends a dream-like atmosphere to all of the proceedings", which explore issues such as "metaphysics and spirituality"

text: Matthew Barney

text: 's

text: The Cremaster Cycle

text: (1994–2002) is a cycle of five symbolic, allegorical films that create a self-enclosed aesthetic system that aims to explore the process of creation. The films are filled with allusions to reproductive organs and sexual development, and they use narrative models drawn from biography, mythology, and geology.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: gaseous

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Eraserhead

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: What is stored in snow and ice?

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: reproductive organs and sexual development,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: "black-and-white,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: "black-and-white,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Pi

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: creation.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Cremaster Cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Cycle

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: geology.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: The Cremaster Cycle

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Darren Aronofsky's

text: Focus of research activities at the Institute for Environmental Biotechnology is given to the application of microbial metabolism to safeguard the quality of life and preserve natural resources. On the one hand, emphasis is put on degradation or detoxification of pollutants (in soil, water and waste) or the development of monitoring methods to evaluate the success of restoration technologies. On the other hand, the best possible utilization of existing resources by establishment of sustainable material cycles is the central aim of research conducted. Practical application and process development for technical implementation are a primary concern independent from fundamental investigation of the underlying microbiological activities. Examples are the scale up of fermentation processes, the development of technical remediation methods and the testing of innovative combined biological-physical processes (e.g. use of membrane bioprocesses) in environmental technology.

text: Focus of research activities at the Institute for Environmental Biotechnology is given to the application of microbial metabolism to safeguard the quality of life and preserve natural resources. On the one hand, emphasis is put on degradation or detoxification of pollutants (in soil, water and waste) or the development of monitoring methods to evaluate the success of restoration technologies. On the other hand, the best possible utilization of existing resources by establishment of sustainable material cycles is the central aim of research conducted. Practical application and process development for technical implementation are a primary concern independent from fundamental investigation of the underlying microbiological activities. Examples are the scale up of fermentation processes, the development of technical remediation methods and the testing of innovative combined biological-physical processes (e.g. use of membrane bioprocesses) in environmental technology.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: What types of precipitation are examples of this?

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: scale up of fermentation processes

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: degradation or detoxification of pollutants

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: detoxification

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: microbial metabolism to safeguard the quality of life and preserve natural resources.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: fermentation processes,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: detoxification

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: material cycles

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: microbial metabolism to safeguard the quality of life and preserve natural resources.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: microbial metabolism to safeguard the quality of life and preserve natural resources.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Focus of research activities at the Institute for Environmental Biotechnology

text: Elsewhere, most of Xinjiang's rivers are comparatively short streams fed by the snows of the several ranges of the Tian Shan. Once they enter the populated areas in the mountains' foothills, their waters are extensively used for irrigation, so that the river often disappears in the desert instead of reaching the lake to whose basin it nominally belongs. This is the case even with the main river of the Tarim Basin, the Tarim, which has been dammed at a number of locations along its course, and whose waters have been completely diverted before they can reach the Lop Lake. In the Dzungarian basin, a similar situation occurs with most rivers that historically flowed into Lake Manas. Some of the salt lakes, having lost much of their fresh water inflow, are now extensively use for the production of mineral salts (used e.g., in the manufacturing of potassium fertilizers); this includes the Lop Lake and the Manas Lake.

text: Elsewhere, most of Xinjiang's rivers are comparatively short streams fed by the snows of the several ranges of the Tian Shan. Once they enter the populated areas in the mountains' foothills, their waters are extensively used for irrigation, so that the river often disappears in the desert instead of reaching the lake to whose basin it nominally belongs. This is the case even with the main river of the

text: Tarim Basin

text: , the

text: Tarim

text: , which has been dammed at a number of locations along its course, and whose waters have been completely diverted before they can reach the

text: Lop Lake

text: . In the Dzungarian basin, a similar situation occurs with most rivers that historically flowed into

text: Lake Manas

text: . Some of the salt lakes, having lost much of their fresh water inflow, are now extensively use for the production of mineral salts (used e.g., in the manufacturing of

text: potassium

text: fertilizers); this includes the Lop Lake and the Manas Lake.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: extensively used for irrigation

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the river often disappears in the desert

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Irrigation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: water cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: snows

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: fresh water

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: irrigation,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the Tarim,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: irrigation,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: irrigation,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: irrigation,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: snows

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: snows

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: irrigation,

text: The reproductive cycle of the Appalachian Elktoe is also similar to other native freshwater mussels. First, the male releases a trail of sperm into the water column.  Then, when females come in contact with the sperm, they take it in through their siphons. Normally this process occurs during either respiration or feeding.  Once the females have taken the sperm in, they retain it in their gills until the larvae (glochidia) have matured and are fully developed.  After the larvae are ready, they are then released from the female's gills into the water.  Shortly thereafter, the baby mussels will find a host fish to live off for a period of time.  When the mussels have grown into juveniles, they will then detach themselves from the host fish, and continue maturation on their own.

text: The reproductive cycle of the Appalachian Elktoe is also similar to other native freshwater mussels. First, the male releases a trail of sperm into the water column.  Then, when females come in contact with the sperm, they take it in through their siphons. Normally this process occurs during either respiration or feeding.  Once the females have taken the sperm in, they retain it in their gills until the larvae (

text: glochidia

text: ) have matured and are fully developed.  After the larvae are ready, they are then released from the female's gills into the water.  Shortly thereafter, the baby mussels will find a host fish to live off for a period of time.  When the mussels have grown into juveniles, they will then detach themselves from the host fish, and continue maturation on their own.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: respiration

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: release of the baby mussels into the water

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: respiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: respiration or feeding.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: respiration

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: sperm into the water column.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: respiration or feeding.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: respiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: water column.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: sperm, they take it in through their siphons.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: freshwater mussels.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: sperm, they take it in through their siphons.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: sperm, they take it in through their siphons.

text: Lake Trasimeno (, ; ; Etruscan Tarśmina), also referred to as Trasimene or Thrasimene in English, is a lake in the province of Perugia, in the Umbria region of Italy. The lake is south of the river Po and north of the nearby river Tiber, has a surface area of  and is the fourth for surface area in Italy. (It is slightly smaller than Lake Como.) Only two minor streams flow directly into the Lake and none flows out. The water level of the lake fluctuates significantly according to rainfall levels and the seasonal demands from the towns, villages and farms near the shore.

text: Lake Trasimeno (, ; ;

text: Etruscan

text: Tarśmina), also referred to as Trasimene or Thrasimene in English, is a lake in the

text: province of Perugia

text: , in the

text: Umbria

text: region of Italy. The lake is south of the river

text: Po

text: and north of the nearby river

text: Tiber

text: , has a surface area of  and is the fourth for surface area in Italy. (It is slightly smaller than

text: Lake Como

text: .) Only two minor streams flow directly into the Lake and none flows out. The water level of the lake fluctuates significantly according to rainfall levels and the seasonal demands from the towns, villages and farms near the shore.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: rainfall levels and the seasonal demands

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: What kind of precipitation does the lake receive?

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: The water level of the lake fluctuates significantly

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: It is impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: rainfall levels

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: rainfall levels

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: rainfall

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: The water level of the lake fluctuates significantly according to rainfall levels

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Lake Trasimeno

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: seasonal demands

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Lake Trasimeno

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: seasonal demands

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: The water level of the lake fluctuates significantly according to rainfall levels

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Lake Trasimeno

text: During the 1990s, SkIO was a participant in the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS), which was an international effort of over twenty nations to study the ocean carbon cycle on a global scale. It included numerous research cruises in all of the oceans of the world, with many projects studying the biology and organic geochemistry of organic matter as it cycles in the water column and eventually settles on the seafloor.

text: During the 1990s, SkIO was a participant in the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS), which was an international effort of over twenty nations to study the ocean carbon cycle on a global scale. It included numerous research cruises in all of the oceans of the world, with many projects studying the biology and organic geochemistry of organic matter as it cycles in the water column and eventually settles on the seafloor.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: organic matter

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: settles on the seafloor

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: organic matter

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: water column and eventually settles on the seafloor.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: ocean carbon cycle

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: settles on the seafloor.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Flux Study

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: carbon cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Joint Global Ocean Flux Study

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: ocean carbon cycle

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: water column and eventually settles on the seafloor.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Joint Global Ocean Flux Study

text: A pelagic coast refers to a coast which fronts the open ocean, as opposed to a more sheltered coast in a gulf or bay. A shore, on the other hand, can refer to parts of the land which adjoin any large body of water, including oceans (sea shore) and lakes (lake shore). Similarly, the somewhat related term "[Stream bed/bank]" refers to the land alongside or sloping down to a river (riverbank) or to a body of water smaller than a lake. "Bank" is also used in some parts of the world to refer to an artificial ridge of earth intended to retain the water of a river or pond; in other places this may be called a levee.

text: A

text: pelagic

text: coast refers to a coast which fronts the open ocean, as opposed to a more sheltered coast in a gulf or

text: bay

text: . A

text: shore

text: , on the other hand, can refer to parts of the land which adjoin any large

text: body of water

text: , including oceans (sea shore) and

text: lake

text: s (lake shore). Similarly, the somewhat related term "[Stream bed/bank]" refers to the land alongside or sloping down to a

text: river

text: (riverbank) or to a body of water smaller than a lake. "Bank" is also used in some parts of the world to refer to an artificial ridge of earth intended to retain the water of a river or

text: pond

text: ; in other places this may be called a

text: levee

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Stream bed/bank

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: artificial ridge of earth

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: water cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: retain the water

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: pelagic coast

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: (riverbank)

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: A pelagic coast

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: "[Stream bed/bank]"

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: "Bank"

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: A pelagic coast

text: The Y-shaped Keuka Lake empties into another Finger Lake, Seneca Lake, from a stream called Keuka Lake Outlet at the lake's northeastern end in Penn Yan.  The stream empties into Seneca Lake at the village of Dresden.  At one time the outlet was developed into a canal, the Crooked Lake Canal, connecting the lakes.  This canal was later replaced by a railroad branch line which is now a hiking and cycling trail.

text: The Y-shaped Keuka Lake empties into another Finger Lake,

text: Seneca Lake

text: , from a stream called Keuka Lake Outlet at the lake's northeastern end in

text: Penn Yan

text: .  The stream empties into Seneca Lake at the

text: village of Dresden

text: .  At one time the outlet was developed into a

text: canal

text: , the

text: Crooked Lake Canal

text: , connecting the lakes.  This canal was later replaced by a railroad

text: branch line

text: which is now a hiking and

text: cycling trail

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: None of the above choices are true

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices are true

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the Crooked Lake Canal

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Keuka Lake Outlet

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Keuka Lake Outlet

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Finger Lake, Seneca Lake,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Crooked Lake Canal,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Keuka Lake Outlet

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: The Y-shaped Keuka Lake empties into another Finger Lake,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Keuka Lake Outlet

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Keuka Lake Outlet

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Keuka Lake Outlet

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Keuka Lake Outlet

text: Movement of water within the vadose zone is studied within soil physics and hydrology, particularly hydrogeology, and is of importance to agriculture, contaminant transport, and flood control. The Richards equation is often used to mathematically describe the flow of water, which is based partially on Darcy's law.  Groundwater recharge, which is an important process that refills aquifers, generally occurs through the vadose zone from precipitation.

text: Movement of water within the vadose zone is studied within

text: soil physics

text: and

text: hydrology

text: , particularly

text: hydrogeology

text: , and is of importance to

text: agriculture

text: contaminant

text: transport, and

text: flood control

text: . The

text: Richards equation

text: is often used to mathematically describe the flow of water, which is based partially on

text: Darcy's law

text: Groundwater recharge

text: , which is an important process that refills aquifers, generally occurs through the vadose zone from precipitation.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: groundwater recharge

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Groundwater recharge

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Darcy's law.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: vadose zone

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Groundwater recharge,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Movement of water within the vadose zone

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: vadose zone

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: precipitation.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Darcy's law.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Groundwater recharge,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Movement of water within the vadose zone

text: A river is a natural watercourse, usually freshwater, flowing toward an ocean, a lake, a sea or another river. In a few cases, a river simply flows into the ground and dries up completely before reaching another body of water. Small rivers may also be termed by several other names, including stream, creek and brook. In the United States a river is generally classified as a watercourse more than 60 feet (18 metres) wide. The water in a river is usually in a channel, made up of a stream bed between banks. In larger rivers there is also a wider floodplain shaped by waters over-topping the channel. Flood plains may be very wide in relation to the size of the river channel. Rivers are a part of the hydrological cycle. Water within a river is generally collected from precipitation through surface runoff, groundwater recharge, springs, and the release of water stored in glaciers and snowpacks.

text: A river is a natural

text: watercourse

text: , usually

text: freshwater

text: , flowing toward an

text: ocean

text: , a

text: lake

text: , a

text: sea

text: or another river. In a few cases, a river simply flows into the ground and dries up completely before reaching another body of water. Small rivers may also be termed by several other names, including

text: stream

text: , creek and brook. In the

text: United States

text: a river is generally classified as a watercourse more than 60 feet (18 metres) wide. The water in a river is usually in a

text: channel

text: , made up of a

text: stream bed

text: between

text: banks

text: . In larger rivers there is also a wider

text: floodplain

text: shaped by waters over-topping the channel. Flood plains may be very wide in relation to the size of the river channel. Rivers are a part of the

text: hydrological cycle

text: . Water within a river is generally collected from

text: precipitation

text: through

text: surface runoff

text: groundwater recharge

text: springs

text: , and the release of water stored in

text: glacier

text: s and snowpacks.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Precipitation

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: a river simply flows into the ground and dries up completely

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrological cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: dries up completely

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: a river simply flows into the ground and dries up completely

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: surface runoff,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrological cycle.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: water stored in glaciers and snowpacks.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: precipitation through surface runoff,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: glaciers and snowpacks.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: A river

text: The work conducted under this chair can be broadly categorized into Batch and Continuous Process Integration. In Batch Process Integration research is focused on developing novel mathematical models for capturing the essence of time, which is the backbone of batch processes. These mathematical models are then used as the basis for energy and water optimization in multipurpose batch facilities. On the other hand, work on Continuous Process Integration is focused on Utilities Debottlenecking for energy and water optimization. The Chair's recent studies have also addressed systems that exhibit the water-energy nexus, as traditionally encountered in integrated water and membrane networks.

text: The work conducted under this chair can be broadly categorized into Batch and Continuous Process Integration. In Batch Process Integration research is focused on developing novel mathematical models for capturing the essence of time, which is the backbone of batch processes. These mathematical models are then used as the basis for energy and water optimization in multipurpose batch facilities. On the other hand, work on Continuous Process Integration is focused on Utilities Debottlenecking for energy and water optimization. The Chair's recent studies have also addressed systems that exhibit the water-energy nexus, as traditionally encountered in integrated water and membrane networks.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: energy and water optimization

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: gaseous

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: integrated water and membrane networks

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: dehydration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: water-energy nexus

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: time,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: water-energy nexus,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water-energy nexus,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: integrated water and membrane networks.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: water-energy nexus,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: water-energy nexus,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: water-energy nexus,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: water-energy nexus,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: water-energy nexus,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Batch and Continuous Process Integration.

text: Particulate matter is recycled by biodiversity inhabiting the detritus in soils, water columns, and along particle surfaces (including 'aeolian dust'). Ecologists may refer to ecological recycling, organic recycling, biocycling, cycling, biogeochemical recycling, natural recycling, or just recycling in reference to the work of nature.  Whereas the  global biogeochemical cycles describe the natural movement and exchange of every kind of particulate matter through the living and non-living components of the Earth, nutrient cycling refers to the biodiversity within community food web systems that loop organic nutrients or water supplies back into production. The difference is a matter of scale and compartmentalization with nutrient cycles feeding into global biogeochemical cycles. Solar energy flows through ecosystems along unidirectional and noncyclic pathways, whereas the movement of mineral nutrients is cyclic. Mineral cycles include carbon cycle, sulfur cycle, nitrogen cycle, water cycle, phosphorus cycle, oxygen cycle, among others that continually recycle along with other mineral nutrients into productive ecological nutrition. Global biogeochemical cycles are the sum product of localized ecological recycling regulated by the action of food webs moving particulate matter from one living generation onto the next. Earths ecosystems have recycled mineral nutrients sustainably for billions of years.

text: Particulate matter

text: is recycled by

text: biodiversity

text: inhabiting the

text: detritus

text: in

text: soils

text: , water columns, and along

text: particle surfaces

text: (including '

text: aeolian

text: dust

text: '). Ecologists may refer to ecological recycling, organic recycling, biocycling, cycling, biogeochemical recycling, natural recycling, or just recycling in reference to the work of nature.  Whereas the

text: global biogeochemical cycles

text: describe the natural movement and exchange of every kind of particulate matter through the living and non-living components of the Earth, nutrient cycling refers to the biodiversity within community food web systems that loop organic nutrients or water supplies back into

text: production

text: . The difference is a matter of scale and compartmentalization with nutrient cycles feeding into global biogeochemical cycles.

text: Solar energy

text: flows

text: through ecosystems along unidirectional and noncyclic pathways, whereas the movement of

text: mineral nutrients

text: is cyclic. Mineral cycles include

text: carbon cycle

text: sulfur cycle

text: nitrogen cycle

text: water cycle

text: phosphorus cycle

text: oxygen cycle

text: , among others that continually recycle along with other mineral nutrients into

text: productive

text: ecological nutrition. Global biogeochemical cycles are the sum product of localized ecological recycling regulated by the action of food webs moving particulate matter from one living generation onto the next. Earths ecosystems have recycled mineral nutrients sustainably for billions of years.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: aeolian dust

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: biocycling

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: nutrient cycles

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: nutrient cycling

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: nutrient cycling

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: 'aeolian dust').

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Solar energy

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: nutrient cycling

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Mineral cycles

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: nutrient cycling

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Solar energy

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: nutrient cycling

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: water supplies back into production.

text: Other microbes are decomposers, with the ability to recycle nutrients from other organisms' waste products.  These microbes play a vital role in biogeochemical cycles. The nitrogen cycle, the phosphorus cycle, the sulphur cycle and the carbon cycle all depend on microorganisms in one way or another. For example, the nitrogen gas which makes up 78% of the earth's atmosphere is unavailable to most organisms, until it is converted to a biologically available form by the microbial process of nitrogen fixation.

text: Other microbes are

text: decomposer

text: s, with the ability to recycle

text: nutrient

text: s from other organisms' waste products.  These microbes play a vital role in biogeochemical cycles. The

text: nitrogen cycle

text: , the

text: phosphorus cycle

text: , the

text: sulphur cycle

text: and the

text: carbon cycle

text: all depend on microorganisms in one way or another. For example, the

text: nitrogen gas

text: which makes up 78% of the earth's atmosphere is unavailable to most organisms, until it is converted to a biologically available form by the microbial process of

text: nitrogen fixation

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: nitrogen gas

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: decomposition

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: what is stored in snow and ice

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: microorganisms

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: nitrogen fixation.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: decomposers,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: nitrogen fixation.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: nitrogen fixation.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: biogeochemical cycles.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Other microbes are decomposers,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: biogeochemical cycles.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: nutrients from other organisms' waste products.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Other microbes are decomposers,

text: Glacial meltwater may have contributed substantially to Lake Tauca's development.  isotope data indicates that water draining from Lake Titicaca through the Rio Desaguadero may have contributed 70 to 83% of Lake Tauca's water, an increase of 8 to 30 times the current outflow of Lake Titicaca via the Desaguadero. A drop in the level of Lake Titicaca about 11,500 BP may have resulted in its outflow drying up, favouring the disappearance of Lake Tauca. According to other research, the increased outflow of Lake Tititcaca would have to be unrealistically large to supply Lake Tauca with water if Titicaca was its principal source. Other estimates assume that one-third of Tauca's water came from Lake Titicaca, no more than 15% for any lake cycle, or the much-lower four percent (similar to today's five-percent contribution from Titicaca to Lake Poopó). During the Coipasa cycle, Lake Poopó may have contributed about 13% of the water. About 53% of Lake Tauca's water came from the Eastern Cordillera. About 60,000 years ago, the Desaguadero probably began transporting water from Lake Titicaca to the Uyuni area and the southern paleolakes. Tauca was fed by the Río Grande de Lipez on the south, the Río Lauca on the northwest and the glaciers of the two cordilleras on the east and west. The lake's total drainage basin has been estimated at about . If lake levels reached an altitude of , the lake may have drained into the Pilcomayo River and from there through the Río de la Plata into the Atlantic Ocean.

text: Glacial

text: meltwater

text: may have contributed substantially to Lake Tauca's development.  isotope data indicates that water draining from Lake Titicaca through the

text: Rio Desaguadero

text: may have contributed 70 to 83% of Lake Tauca's water, an increase of 8 to 30 times the current outflow of Lake Titicaca via the Desaguadero. A drop in the level of Lake Titicaca about 11,500

text: BP

text: may have resulted in its outflow drying up, favouring the disappearance of Lake Tauca. According to other research, the increased outflow of Lake Tititcaca would have to be unrealistically large to supply Lake Tauca with water if Titicaca was its principal source. Other estimates assume that one-third of Tauca's water came from Lake Titicaca, no more than 15% for any lake cycle, or the much-lower four percent (similar to today's five-percent contribution from Titicaca to Lake Poopó). During the Coipasa cycle, Lake Poopó may have contributed about 13% of the water. About 53% of Lake Tauca's water came from the Eastern Cordillera. About 60,000 years ago, the Desaguadero probably began transporting water from Lake Titicaca to the Uyuni area and the southern paleolakes. Tauca was fed by the

text: Río Grande de Lipez

text: on the south, the

text: Río Lauca

text: on the northwest and the glaciers of the two cordilleras on the east and west. The lake's total

text: drainage basin

text: has been estimated at about . If lake levels reached an altitude of , the lake may have drained into the

text: Pilcomayo River

text: and from there through the

text: Río de la Plata

text: into the

text: Atlantic Ocean

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: about 53% of Lake Tauca's water came from the Eastern Cordillera

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: What are examples of precipitation?

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Lake Titicaca

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: lake cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Glacial meltwater

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: 11,500 BP

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Glacial meltwater

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: About 53%

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Coipasa cycle,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: 13%

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Glacial meltwater

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: 13%

text: Variations in δD value of different water sources and ice caps are observed due to evaporation and condensation processes. [See section 6 for more details] When the ocean water is well-mixed, the δD at equilibrium is close to 0‰ (‰ SMOW) with a D/H ratio of 0.00015576. However, continuous variations in δD values are caused by evaporation or precipitation processes which lead to disequilibrium in fractionation processes. A large H isotopic gradient (variations in δD values) is observed in surface waters of the oceans, and the fluctuation value in the Northwest Atlantic surface water is around 20‰.According to the data examining the southern supersegment of the Pacific Ocean, as the latitude (˚S) decreases from -65˚S to -40˚S, the δD value fluctuates between around -50‰ and -70‰.

text: Variations in δD value of different water sources and ice caps are observed due to

text: evaporation

text: and

text: condensation

text: processes. [See section 6 for more details] When the ocean water is well-mixed, the δD at equilibrium is close to 0‰ (‰ SMOW) with a D/H ratio of 0.00015576. However, continuous variations in δD values are caused by evaporation or

text: precipitation

text: processes which lead to disequilibrium in fractionation processes. A large H isotopic gradient (variations in δD values) is observed in surface waters of the oceans, and the fluctuation value in the

text: Northwest Atlantic

text: surface water is around 20‰.According to the data examining the southern supersegment of the

text: Pacific Ocean

text: , as the latitude (˚S) decreases from -65˚S to -40˚S, the δD value fluctuates between around -50‰ and -70‰.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: evaporation and condensation processes

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: condensation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: ice caps

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: condensation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: condensation processes

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: evaporation and condensation processes.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: condensation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: ice caps

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: condensation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: evaporation and condensation processes.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: evaporation and condensation processes.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation and condensation processes.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: ice caps

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Variations in <unk>D value of different water sources and ice caps

text: Astronomy – CNO cycle – Eclipse cycle – Eclipse – Full moon cycle – Galactic year – Great Year – Lunar phase – Mesoamerican calendars – Metonic cycle – Milankovitch cycles – Mira – Moon – Nutation – Orbit – Orbital period – Saros cycle – Sothic cycle – Secularity – Sidereal year – Sunspot – Tide – Tropical year – Year

text: Astronomy

text: CNO cycle

text: Eclipse cycle

text: Eclipse

text: Full moon cycle

text: Galactic year

text: Great Year

text: Lunar phase

text: Mesoamerican calendars

text: Metonic cycle

text: Milankovitch cycles

text: Mira

text: Moon

text: Nutation

text: Orbit

text: Orbital period

text: Saros cycle

text: Sothic cycle

text: Secularity

text: Sidereal year

text: Sunspot

text: Tide

text: Tropical year

text: Year

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Saros cycle

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Metonic cycle

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Tide

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Saros cycle

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Saros cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Saros cycle

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Saros cycle

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: sidereal year

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Tide

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Lunar phase

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Tide

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Sunspot – Tide

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Sidereal year – Sunspot

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Tide

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Tropical year

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Tide

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Sidereal year – Sunspot

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Tide

text: First, many pieces of evidence used by the Tollmann bolide hypothesis to argue for catastrophic Holocene impacts can be just as well, in most cases even better, explained by more pedestrian geological processes. For example, the chemical composition of and the presence of volcanic ash with the specific acidity spikes in the Greenland ice cores presents clear evidence that they are volcanic, not impact, in origin. Also, the largest acidity spikes found in Antarctica ice cores are far too old, from 17,300 to 17,500 BP, to be associated with any Holocene impacts. The formation of modern salt lakes and salt flats is readily explained by the concentration of salts and other evaporite minerals by the evaporation of water from stream-fed lakes lacking external outlets, called "endorheic lakes", in arid climates. The composition of the salts and other evaporate minerals found in these lakes is consistent with their precipitation from dissolved material continually input into the lakes by rivers and streams and concentration by evaporation instead of evaporation of sea water. Whether a lake becomes salty or not simply depends on whether the lake lacks an outlet and the relative balance between water flowing into the lake and leaving the lake via evaporation. Ocean water dumped into a lake as the result of a single catastrophic event, as suggested above, would contain an inadequate amount of dissolved minerals to produce, when evaporated, the vast quantities of salts and other evaporites found in the salt lakes, flats, and pans cited as evidence of a mega-tsunami by this hypothesis.

text: First, many pieces of evidence used by the Tollmann bolide hypothesis to argue for catastrophic

text: Holocene

text: impacts can be just as well, in most cases even better, explained by more pedestrian geological processes. For example, the chemical composition of and the presence of

text: volcanic ash

text: with the specific acidity spikes in the

text: Greenland

text: ice cores

text: presents clear evidence that they are

text: volcanic

text: , not impact, in origin. Also, the largest acidity spikes found in

text: Antarctica

text: ice cores are far too old, from 17,300 to 17,500 BP, to be associated with any

text: Holocene

text: impacts. The formation of modern

text: salt lake

text: s and

text: salt flat

text: s is readily explained by the concentration of salts and other

text: evaporite

text: minerals by the

text: evaporation

text: of water from stream-fed lakes lacking external outlets, called

text: "endorheic lakes"

text: , in arid climates. The composition of the salts and other evaporate minerals found in these lakes is consistent with their precipitation from dissolved material continually input into the lakes by rivers and streams and concentration by evaporation instead of evaporation of sea water. Whether a lake becomes salty or not simply depends on whether the lake lacks an outlet and the relative balance between water flowing into the lake and leaving the lake via evaporation. Ocean water dumped into a lake as the result of a single catastrophic event, as suggested above, would contain an inadequate amount of dissolved minerals to produce, when evaporated, the vast quantities of salts and other evaporites found in the salt lakes, flats, and pans cited as evidence of a mega-

text: tsunami

text: by this hypothesis.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: water flowing into the lake and leaving the lake via evaporation

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Evaporation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the formation of modern salt lakes

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: dissolved material continually input into the lakes by rivers and streams

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: "endorheic lakes",

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: flowing into the lake and leaving the lake via evaporation.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: stream-fed lakes lacking external outlets,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation instead of evaporation of sea water.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: ice cores

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Tollmann bolide hypothesis

text: Solar fuels can be produced via direct or indirect processes. Direct processes harness the energy in sunlight to produce a fuel without intermediary energy conversions. In contrast, indirect processes have solar energy converted to another form of energy first (such as biomass or electricity) that can then be used to produce a fuel. Indirect processes have been easier to implement but have the disadvantage of being less efficient than, e.g., water splitting for the production of hydrogen, since energy is wasted in the intermediary conversion.

text: Solar fuels can be produced via direct or indirect processes. Direct processes harness the energy in sunlight to produce a fuel without intermediary energy conversions. In contrast, indirect processes have solar energy converted to another form of energy first (such as

text: biomass

text: or electricity) that can then be used to produce a fuel. Indirect processes have been easier to implement but have the disadvantage of being less efficient than, e.g., water splitting for the production of hydrogen, since energy is wasted in the intermediary conversion.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: water splitting

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: direct processes

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: water splitting

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: indirect processes

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: water splitting

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: splitting

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Solar fuels can be produced via direct or indirect processes.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: water splitting

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: water splitting

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: water splitting

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: indirect processes

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Solar fuels

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: hydrogen,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Solar fuels

text: The scientists of the MPIC Department of Biogeochemistry, in close cooperation with the Departments of Atmospheric Chemistry and Multiphase Chemistry, study interactions between the atmosphere and biosphere of our planet. The results of these studies contribute to the understanding of global biogeochemical cycles,  global climate processes, and the impact of mankind on these processes.

text: The scientists of the MPIC Department of Biogeochemistry, in close cooperation with the Departments of Atmospheric Chemistry and Multiphase Chemistry, study interactions between the atmosphere and biosphere of our planet. The results of these studies contribute to the understanding of global biogeochemical cycles,  global climate processes, and the impact of mankind on these processes.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: biogeochemical cycles

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: global climate processes

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: biogeochemical cycles

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: biogeochemical cycles,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Multiphase Chemistry,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: interactions between the atmosphere and biosphere

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: global climate processes,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: climate processes,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: biogeochemical cycles,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: MPIC Department of Biogeochemistry,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: mankind

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: global biogeochemical cycles,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The scientists of the MPIC Department of Biogeochemistry,

text: Atmospheric carbon dioxide is the primary source of carbon in life on Earth and its concentration in Earth's pre-industrial atmosphere since late in the Precambrian was regulated by photosynthetic organisms and geological phenomena. As part of the carbon cycle, plants, algae, and cyanobacteria use light energy to photosynthesize carbohydrate from carbon dioxide and water, with oxygen produced as a waste product.

text: Atmospheric carbon dioxide

text: is the primary source of carbon in life on Earth and its concentration in Earth's pre-industrial atmosphere since late in the

text: Precambrian

text: was regulated by

text: photosynthetic

text: organisms and geological phenomena. As part of the

text: carbon cycle

text: plant

text: s,

text: algae

text: , and

text: cyanobacteria

text: use

text: light

text: energy

text: to

text: photosynthesize

text: carbohydrate

text: from carbon dioxide and water, with oxygen produced as a waste product.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: carbon dioxide and water

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: photosynthetic

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: oxygen produced as a waste product.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: oxygen produced as a waste product.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Atmospheric carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: cyanobacteria

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: photosynthesize

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: carbon cycle,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: carbon dioxide and water,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: water,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: water,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: water,

text: The carbon cycle is the process by which carbon is exchanged between the four reservoirs of carbon: the  biosphere, the earth, the air and water. Exchanges take place in several ways, including respiration, transpiration, combustion, and decomposition. The carbon balance, or carbon budget,  is the balance of exchange  between the four reservoirs.

text: The

text: carbon cycle

text: is the process by which carbon is exchanged between the four reservoirs of carbon: the

text: biosphere

text: , the earth, the

text: air

text: and water. Exchanges take place in several ways, including

text: respiration

text: transpiration

text: combustion

text: , and

text: decomposition

text: . The carbon balance, or

text: carbon budget

text: ,  is the balance of exchange  between the four reservoirs.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: decomposition

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: respiration

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: carbon is exchanged between the four reservoirs of carbon:

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: combustion, and decomposition.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: The carbon cycle

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: transpiration,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: carbon cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: The carbon cycle

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: The carbon cycle

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: The carbon cycle

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The carbon cycle

text: A shutter cycle is the process of the shutter opening, closing, and resetting to where it is ready to open again. The life-expectancy of a mechanical shutter is often expressed as a number of shutter cycles.

text: A shutter cycle is the process of the shutter opening, closing, and resetting to where it is ready to open again. The life-expectancy of a mechanical shutter is often expressed as a number of shutter cycles.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: shutter cycle

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: shutter cycle

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: A shutter cycle

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: A shutter cycle

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: shutter cycle

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: shutter cycle

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: shutter cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: A shutter cycle

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: A shutter cycle

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: A shutter cycle

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: A shutter cycle

text: Caulobacter crescentus is a Gram-negative, oligotrophic bacterium widely distributed in fresh water lakes and streams.

text: Caulobacter crescentus is a

text: Gram-negative

text: oligotroph

text: ic

text: bacterium

text: widely distributed in fresh water lakes and streams.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: evaporation of water

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: oligotrophic bacterium

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: fresh water

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: oligotrophic bacterium widely distributed in fresh water

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Caulobacter crescentus

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Caulobacter crescentus

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: fresh water lakes and streams.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: fresh water

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: fresh water

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: fresh water lakes and streams.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Caulobacter crescentus

text: A second strategy to deal with estuarine predators is to avoid them on small or large spatial scales. Some larvae do this at a small scale by simply sinking when approached by a predator. However, a more common avoidance strategy is to become active at night and remain hidden during the day, since most fishes are visual predators and need light to hunt. This strategy is not only evident in estuaries, but is also the main predator-avoidance strategy in the open ocean, since the water column lacks topography and thus hiding places. Most pelagic larvae and other planktonic species undertake diel vertical migrations between deeper waters with less light and fewer predators during the day and shallow waters in the photic zone at night, where their microalgal food source lives. By retreating to areas of low light during the day, marine larvae (and other zooplankton) can significantly decrease their risk of predation.On a larger scale, most estuarine invertebrate larvae avoid predators by leaving the estuary and developing in the open ocean, which has fewer planktivorous fishes. The most common strategy for leaving an estuary is reverse tidal vertical migrations. In this strategy, larvae use the tidal cycle and estuarine flow regimes to aid their departure to the ocean, a process that is well-studied in many estuarine crab species.

text: A second strategy to deal with estuarine predators is to avoid them on small or large spatial scales. Some larvae do this at a small scale by simply sinking when approached by a predator. However, a more common avoidance strategy is to become active at night and remain hidden during the day, since most fishes are visual predators and need light to hunt. This strategy is not only evident in estuaries, but is also the main predator-avoidance strategy in the open ocean, since the water column lacks topography and thus hiding places. Most pelagic larvae and other planktonic species undertake

text: diel vertical migration

text: s between deeper waters with less light and fewer predators during the day and shallow waters in the

text: photic zone

text: at night, where their microalgal food source lives. By retreating to areas of low light during the day, marine larvae (and other zooplankton) can significantly decrease their risk of predation.On a larger scale, most estuarine invertebrate larvae avoid predators by leaving the estuary and developing in the open ocean, which has fewer planktivorous fishes. The most common strategy for leaving an estuary is reverse tidal vertical migrations. In this strategy, larvae use the tidal cycle and estuarine flow regimes to aid their departure to the ocean, a process that is well-studied in many estuarine crab species.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: gaseous

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: What type of precipitation is most common in estuaries?

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: sinking when approached by a predator

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: osmosis

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: What can be stored for future use in snow and ice

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: topography

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: sinking

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: reverse tidal vertical migrations.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: sinking

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: diel vertical migrations

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: tidal

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: the water column lacks topography

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: water column lacks topography

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: become active at night and remain hidden during the day,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: reverse tidal vertical migrations.

text: Ice I (pronounced: ice one h, also known as ice-phase-one) is the hexagonal crystal form of ordinary ice, or frozen water. Virtually all ice in the biosphere is ice I, with the exception only of a small amount of ice I that is occasionally present in the upper atmosphere. Ice I exhibits many peculiar properties that are relevant to the existence of life and regulation of global climate.

text: Ice I (pronounced: ice one h, also known as ice-phase-one) is the hexagonal crystal form of ordinary

text: ice

text: , or frozen

text: water

text: . Virtually all ice in the

text: biosphere

text: is ice I, with the exception only of a small amount of

text: ice I

text: that is occasionally present in the upper atmosphere. Ice I exhibits many peculiar properties that are relevant to the existence of life and regulation of global climate.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Ice I

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Ice I

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: ice melts

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Ice I

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: frozen water.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Ice I

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Ice I

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Ice I

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: ice-phase-one)

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Ice I

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Ice I

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: frozen water.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Ice I

text: Soil is called the Skin of the Earth and interfaces with the lithosphere, the hydrosphere, the atmosphere, and the biosphere. The term pedolith, used commonly to refer to the soil, literally translates ground stone. Soil consists of a solid phase of minerals (the soil matrix) and organic matter, as well as a porous phase that holds gases (the soil atmosphere) and water (the soil solution). Accordingly, soils are often treated as a three-state system of solids, liquids, and gases.

text: Soil is called the Skin of the Earth and interfaces with the

text: lithosphere

text: , the

text: hydrosphere

text: , the

text: atmosphere

text: , and the

text: biosphere

text: . The term

text: pedolith

text: , used commonly to refer to the soil, literally translates ground stone. Soil consists of a solid phase of minerals (the soil matrix) and organic matter, as well as a

text: porous

text: phase that holds gases (the soil atmosphere) and water (the soil solution). Accordingly, soils are often treated as a three-

text: state

text: system of solids, liquids, and gases.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: soil solution

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: the hydrosphere

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: soil solution

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: the hydrosphere

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: (the soil solution).

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: (the soil solution).

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: atmosphere, and the biosphere.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: gases

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: hydrosphere,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: (the soil solution).

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Soil

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: gases (the soil atmosphere) and water

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: water

text: Idle time typically comprises greater than 80% of the daily cycle; during this time, microbial attenuation processes are likely to be significant. Most removal occurs where water is in contact with the biofilm. The processes that occur in the biofilm have not been identified. When the standing water layer reaches the level of outlet tube, the flow stops.  Ideally, this should be high enough to keep the biofilm in the sand layer wet and allow oxygen to diffuse through the standing water to the biolayer. The pause period allows microorganisms in the biolayer to consume the pathogens and nutrients in the water. The rate of flow through the filter is restored as they are consumed. If the pause period is too long, the biolayer will consume all of the pathogens and nutrients, and will die, reducing the efficiency of the filter when it is used again. The pause period should be between 1 and 48 hours. Pathogens in the non-biological zone die from a lack of nutrients and oxygen.

text: Idle time typically comprises greater than 80% of the daily cycle; during this time, microbial attenuation processes are likely to be significant. Most removal occurs where water is in contact with the biofilm. The processes that occur in the biofilm have not been identified. When the standing water layer reaches the level of outlet tube, the flow stops.  Ideally, this should be high enough to keep the biofilm in the sand layer wet and allow oxygen to diffuse through the standing water to the biolayer. The pause period allows microorganisms in the biolayer to consume the pathogens and nutrients in the water. The rate of flow through the filter is restored as they are consumed. If the pause period is too long, the biolayer will consume all of the pathogens and nutrients, and will die, reducing the efficiency of the filter when it is used again. The pause period should be between 1 and 48 hours. Pathogens in the non-biological zone die from a lack of nutrients and oxygen.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: oxygen to diffuse through the standing water to the biolayer

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: gaseous

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: reducing the efficiency of the filter when it is used again

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Diffusion

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: daily cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: What is stored in snow and ice?

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Idle time

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: oxygen

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: pause period

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: oxygen to diffuse through the standing water to the biolayer.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: daily cycle;

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: standing water layer reaches the level of outlet tube,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Idle time

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: When the standing water layer reaches the level of outlet tube,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Idle time typically comprises greater than 80% of the daily cycle;

text: Meanwhile, 19th century inventors further mechanized the laundry process with various hand-operated washing machines. Most involved turning a handle to move paddles inside a tub. Then some early 20th century machines used an electrically powered agitator to replace tedious hand rubbing against a washboard. Many of these were simply a tub on legs, with a hand-operated mangle on top. Later the mangle too was electrically powered, then replaced by a perforated double tub, which spun out the excess water in a spin cycle.

text: Meanwhile, 19th century inventors further mechanized the laundry process with various hand-operated

text: washing machine

text: s. Most involved turning a handle to move paddles inside a tub. Then some early 20th century machines used an electrically powered

text: agitator

text: to replace tedious hand rubbing against a washboard. Many of these were simply a tub on legs, with a hand-operated mangle on top. Later the mangle too was electrically powered, then replaced by a perforated double tub, which spun out the excess water in a spin cycle.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: electrically powered

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: spinning out the excess water

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: spin cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: a perforated double tub,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: spin cycle.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: 19th century inventors further mechanized the laundry process

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: a perforated double tub,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: 19th century inventors further mechanized the laundry process

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: spin cycle.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: a perforated double tub, which spun out the excess water

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: excess water

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: 19th century inventors

text: Groundwater is a critical element of the California water supply. During a normal year, 30% of the state's water supply comes from groundwater (underground water). In times of intense drought, groundwater consumption can rise to 60% or more. Over  of water is stored in California's 450 known groundwater reservoirs. However, not all the water is usable. Over half of the groundwater is unavailable due to poor quality and the high cost of pumping the water from the ground. While surface water is concentrated mostly in the northern part of the state, groundwater is more evenly distributed.

text: Groundwater

text: is a critical element of the California water supply. During a normal year, 30% of the state's water supply comes from groundwater (underground water). In times of intense

text: drought

text: , groundwater consumption can rise to 60% or more. Over  of water is stored in California's 450 known groundwater reservoirs. However, not all the water is usable. Over half of the groundwater is unavailable due to poor quality and the high cost of pumping the water from the ground. While surface water is concentrated mostly in the northern part of the state, groundwater is more evenly distributed.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: groundwater is a critical element of the California water supply

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: in times of intense drought

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: poor quality and the high cost of pumping the water from the ground.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: (underground water).

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: drought,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: drought,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: (underground water).

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: drought,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: drought,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Groundwater

text: Consolidation is a process by which soils decrease in volume.  According to Karl von Terzaghi "consolidation is any process which involves a decrease in water content of saturated soil without replacement of water by air." In general it is the process in which reduction in volume takes place by expulsion of water under long term static loads. It occurs when stress is applied to a soil that causes the soil particles to pack together more tightly, therefore reducing its bulk volume. When this occurs in a soil that is saturated with water, water will be squeezed out of the soil. The magnitude of consolidation can be predicted by many different methods. In the Classical Method, developed by Terzaghi, soils are tested with an oedometer test to determine their compression index. This can be used to predict the amount of consolidation.

text: Consolidation is a process by which

text: soil

text: s decrease in

text: volume

text: .  According to

text: Karl von Terzaghi

text: "consolidation is any process which involves a decrease in water content of saturated soil without replacement of water by air." In general it is the process in which reduction in volume takes place by expulsion of water under long term static loads. It occurs when

text: stress

text: is applied to a soil that causes the soil particles to pack together more tightly, therefore reducing its bulk volume. When this occurs in a soil that is saturated with water, water will be squeezed out of the soil. The magnitude of consolidation can be predicted by many different methods. In the Classical Method, developed by Terzaghi, soils are tested with an

text: oedometer test

text: to determine their compression index. This can be used to predict the amount of consolidation.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: water being squeezed out of soil

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: water will be squeezed out of the soil.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: air."

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: water will be squeezed out of the soil.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: replacement of water by air."

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Consolidation

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: saturated soil without replacement of water by air."

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: water will be squeezed out of the soil.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Consolidation

text: The source of virtually all freshwater is precipitation from the atmosphere, in the form of mist, rain and snow, as part of the water cycle over eons, millennia and in the present day. Freshwater constitutes only 3% of all water on Earth, and of that, slightly over two thirds is stored frozen in glaciers and polar ice caps. The remaining unfrozen freshwater is mainly found as groundwater, with only a small fraction present in the air, or on the ground surface.  Surface water is stored in wetlands or lakes or flows in a stream or river, and is the most commonly utilized resource for water.  In places, surface water can be stored in a reservoir behind a dam, and then used for municipal and industrial water supply, for irrigation and to generate power in the form of hydroelectricity. Sub-surface groundwater, although stored in the pore space of soil and rock; it is utilized most as water flowing within aquifers below the water table. Groundwater can exist both as a renewable water system closely associated with surface water and as a separate, deep sub-surface water system in an aquifer. This latter case is sometimes called "fossil water", and is realistically non-renewable.  Normally, groundwater is utilized where surface sources are unavailable or when surface supply distribution is limited.

text: The source of virtually all

text: freshwater

text: is

text: precipitation

text: from the

text: atmosphere

text: , in the form of

text: mist

text: rain

text: and

text: snow

text: , as part of the

text: water cycle

text: over

text: eons

text: millennia

text: and in the present day. Freshwater constitutes only 3% of all water on Earth, and of that, slightly over two thirds is stored frozen in

text: glacier

text: s and

text: polar

text: ice cap

text: s. The remaining unfrozen freshwater is mainly found as

text: groundwater

text: , with only a small fraction present in the air, or on the ground surface.

text: Surface water

text: is stored in

text: wetland

text: s or

text: lake

text: s or flows in a stream or

text: river

text: , and is the most commonly utilized resource for water.  In places, surface water can be stored in a

text: reservoir

text: behind a

text: dam

text: , and then used for municipal and industrial

text: water supply

text: , for

text: irrigation

text: and to generate power in the form of

text: hydroelectricity

text: . Sub-surface groundwater, although stored in the

text: pore

text: space of

text: soil

text: and

text: rock

text: ; it is utilized most as water flowing within

text: aquifer

text: s below the

text: water table

text: . Groundwater can exist both as a renewable water system closely associated with surface water and as a separate, deep sub-surface water system in an aquifer. This latter case is sometimes called "fossil water", and is realistically non-renewable.  Normally, groundwater is utilized where surface sources are unavailable or when surface supply distribution is limited.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: precipitation from the atmosphere

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: gaseous

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: polar ice caps

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Irrigation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: precipitation from the atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: frozen

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: water flowing within aquifers below the water table.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: precipitation from the atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Sub-surface groundwater,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: freshwater

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: glaciers and polar ice caps.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: eons,

text: Soil is a storage of greenhouse gases (GHG). It is seen as a major terrestrial pool of carbon. Providing nutrient cycling and filtering services, soil regulates GHG fluxes. The loss of gases from soil to the atmosphere is often enhanced by the influence of soil compaction on permeability and changes in crop growth. When compacted soils are waterlogged or have an elevated water content, they tend to cause methane (CH4) losses to the atmosphere due to an increased bacteria activity. The release of the GHG nitrous oxide (N2O) originates also from microbiological processes in soil and is reinforced by the use of nitrogen fertilizer on arable land.

text: Soil is a storage of

text: greenhouse gases

text: (GHG). It is seen as a major terrestrial pool of carbon. Providing nutrient cycling and filtering services, soil regulates GHG fluxes. The loss of gases from soil to the atmosphere is often enhanced by the influence of soil compaction on permeability and changes in crop growth. When compacted soils are waterlogged or have an elevated water content, they tend to cause methane (CH4) losses to the atmosphere due to an increased bacteria activity. The release of the GHG nitrous oxide (N2O) originates also from microbiological processes in soil and is reinforced by the use of nitrogen fertilizer on arable land.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: methane

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: greenhouse gases

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: compacted soils are waterlogged or have an elevated water content,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: methane

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Soil is a storage of greenhouse gases

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: methane

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: filtering

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: nutrient cycling

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: compacted soils are waterlogged

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Soil is a storage of greenhouse gases

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Soil

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Soil is a storage of greenhouse gases

text: In addition, land availability has a large effect on the available solar energy because solar panels can only be set up on land that is otherwise unused and suitable for solar panels. Roofs have been found to be a suitable place for solar cells, as many people have discovered that they can collect energy directly from their homes this way. Other areas that are suitable for solar cells are lands that are not being used for businesses where solar plants can be established.

text: In addition, land availability has a large effect on the available solar energy because solar panels can only be set up on land that is otherwise unused and suitable for solar panels. Roofs have been found to be a suitable place for solar cells, as many people have discovered that they can collect energy directly from their homes this way. Other areas that are suitable for solar cells are lands that are not being used for businesses where solar plants can be established.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: collecting energy directly from their homes

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: land availability has a large effect on the available solar energy

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: energy

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: land availability has a large effect on the available solar energy

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: they can collect energy directly from their homes

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: solar energy

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: land availability has a large effect on the available solar energy

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: unused and suitable for solar panels.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: land availability has a large effect on the available solar energy

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: land availability has a large effect on the available solar energy

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: land availability has a large effect on the available solar energy

text: Soil fertility is a complex process that involves the constant cycling of nutrients between organic and inorganic forms. As plant material and animal wastes are decomposed by micro-organisms, they release inorganic nutrients to the soil solution, a process referred to as mineralization. Those nutrients may then undergo further transformations which may be aided or enabled by soil micro-organisms. Like plants, many micro-organisms require or preferentially use inorganic forms of nitrogen, phosphorus or potassium and will compete with plants for these nutrients, tying up the nutrients in microbial biomass, a process often called immobilization. The balance between immobilization and mineralization processes depends on the balance and availability of major nutrients and organic carbon to soil microorganisms. Natural processes such as lightning strikes may fix atmospheric nitrogen by converting it to (NO). Denitrification may occur under anaerobic conditions (flooding) in the presence of denitrifying bacteria. The cations, primarily phosphate and potash, as well as many micronutrients are held in relatively strong bonds with the negatively charged portions of the soil in a process known as cation-exchange capacity.

text: Soil fertility is a complex process that involves the constant cycling of nutrients between organic and inorganic forms. As plant material and animal wastes are decomposed by micro-organisms, they release inorganic nutrients to the soil solution, a process referred to as

text: mineralization

text: . Those nutrients may then undergo further transformations which may be aided or enabled by soil micro-organisms. Like plants, many micro-organisms require or preferentially use inorganic forms of nitrogen, phosphorus or potassium and will compete with plants for these nutrients, tying up the nutrients in microbial

text: biomass

text: , a process often called

text: immobilization

text: . The balance between immobilization and mineralization processes depends on the balance and availability of major nutrients and organic carbon to soil microorganisms. Natural processes such as lightning strikes may fix atmospheric nitrogen by converting it to (NO). Denitrification may occur under anaerobic conditions (flooding) in the presence of denitrifying bacteria. The cations, primarily phosphate and potash, as well as many micronutrients are held in relatively strong bonds with the negatively charged portions of the soil in a process known as

text: cation-exchange capacity

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: natural processes

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: lightning strikes

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: denitrification

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: cation-exchange capacity.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Denitrification

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: lightning strikes

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: lightning strikes

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Denitrification

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Denitrification

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: (flooding)

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: lightning strikes may fix atmospheric nitrogen

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: lightning strikes may fix atmospheric nitrogen

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: lightning strikes

text: Red-Eyed Coquis are nocturnal predators. They eat insects, spiders, other arthropods, and mollusks primarily at night (5). From dusk until dawn males call using a “churee-churee” sound with no pause between the notes, and an assumed territorial call “kee-kee-kee” (5). After midnight, however, the calls decrease greatly (2). In order to attract a mate, the male Red-Eyed Coqui makes calls from prominent perches rather than low hidden locations until it finds a female (2). Their reproductive cycle is also unique. Members of the Eleutherodactylus genus do not require water as part of the reproduction process, because they do not pass through a tadpole stage. The female lays an egg clutch of 24 to 42 eggs under a thin layer of damp leaf litter or soil (1). The eggs hatch and a fully formed miniature version of an adult develops.  Adults may guard the hatchlings as they develop (1).

text: Red-Eyed Coquis are nocturnal predators. They eat insects, spiders, other arthropods, and mollusks primarily at night (5). From dusk until dawn males call using a “churee-churee” sound with no pause between the notes, and an assumed territorial call “kee-kee-kee” (5). After midnight, however, the calls decrease greatly (2). In order to attract a mate, the male Red-Eyed Coqui makes calls from prominent perches rather than low hidden locations until it finds a female (2). Their reproductive cycle is also unique. Members of the Eleutherodactylus genus do not require water as part of the reproduction process, because they do not pass through a tadpole stage. The female lays an egg clutch of 24 to 42 eggs under a thin layer of damp leaf litter or soil (1). The eggs hatch and a fully formed miniature version of an adult develops.  Adults may guard the hatchlings as they develop (1).

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: egg clutch of 24 to 42 eggs under a thin layer of damp leaf litter or soil

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: What can be stored in snow and ice?

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: they do not pass through a tadpole stage.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: tadpole stage.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: The female lays an egg clutch

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: damp leaf litter

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: tadpole stage.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: damp

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: damp leaf litter or soil

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: water

text: In the Edwards aquifer, groundwater flow models have been developed for the San Antonio and Barton Springs aquifer segments in the San Antonio region of Texas. Two model simulations were conducted: steady state and transient. A steady-state groundwater flow model requires magnitude and direction of flow remain constant, whereas a transient model simulation allows for a change in water storage over time. Steady-state results suggest water leaving the aquifer occurs through springs (73.3 percent), water well pumping (25.7 percent), and to the Colorado River (0.6 percent). Inflow of water to the aquifer mostly occurs through natural recharge (93.5 percent) and water delivered through the aquifer’s regional boundaries (6.5 percent). The transient simulation model also suggests discharge primarily occurs through springs, followed by water well pumping; however, changes in water storage is heavily dependent upon the amount of monthly precipitation and water well pumping volumes.

text: In the Edwards aquifer, groundwater flow models have been developed for the San Antonio and Barton Springs aquifer segments in the San Antonio region of Texas. Two model simulations were conducted: steady state and transient. A steady-state groundwater flow model requires magnitude and direction of flow remain constant, whereas a transient model simulation allows for a change in water storage over time. Steady-state results suggest water leaving the aquifer occurs through springs (73.3 percent), water well pumping (25.7 percent), and to the Colorado River (0.6 percent). Inflow of water to the aquifer mostly occurs through natural recharge (93.5 percent) and water delivered through the aquifer’s regional boundaries (6.5 percent). The transient simulation model also suggests discharge primarily occurs through springs, followed by water well pumping; however, changes in water storage is heavily dependent upon the amount of monthly precipitation and water well pumping volumes.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: water well pumping

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: transient

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: water well pumping

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: natural recharge

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: groundwater flow

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: changes in water storage

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: amount of monthly precipitation and water well pumping volumes.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: transient

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the Colorado River

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: natural recharge

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: natural recharge

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: changes in water storage is heavily dependent upon the amount of monthly precipitation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: changes in water storage is heavily dependent upon the amount of monthly precipitation

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: In the Edwards aquifer,

text: Irrigation is the process of artificially applying water to soil to allow plant growth. This term is preferably used when large amounts of water is applied to dry, arid regions in order to facilitate plant growth. The process of irrigation not only increases the growth rate of the plant bust also increments the yield amount. In temperate and tropical areas rainfall and snowfall are the main suppliers of irrigation water, but in dry places with unfavourable weather conditions, groundwater serves as an essential source. Groundwater collects in basins made up of gravel and aquifers which are water-holding rocks.Dams also act as an essential distributive source of irrigation water. Underground wells also play an important role in storing water for irrigation, specifically in America and Arizona. Water and debris from streams filled by water accumulated during storms, also collects into underground basins. There are two types of irrigation techniques: spray irrigation and drip irrigation. Drip irrigation is regarded more efficient as less water evaporated as in spray irrigation.

text: Irrigation

text: is the process of artificially applying water to soil to allow plant growth. This term is preferably used when large amounts of water is applied to dry, arid regions in order to facilitate plant growth. The process of irrigation not only increases the growth rate of the plant bust also increments the yield amount. In temperate and tropical areas rainfall and snowfall are the main suppliers of irrigation water, but in dry places with unfavourable weather conditions, groundwater serves as an essential source.

text: Groundwater

text: collects in basins made up of gravel and aquifers which are water-holding rocks.Dams also act as an essential distributive source of irrigation water. Underground wells also play an important role in storing water for irrigation, specifically in America and Arizona. Water and debris from streams filled by water accumulated during storms, also collects into underground basins. There are two types of irrigation techniques: spray irrigation and drip irrigation. Drip irrigation is regarded more efficient as less water evaporated as in spray irrigation.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporated

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: drip irrigation

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Evaporation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporated

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: rainfall and snowfall

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: spray irrigation.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: evaporated

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: rainfall and snowfall

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: rainfall and snowfall

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Irrigation

text: Some aspects of a system's carrying capacity may involve matters such as available supplies of food, water, raw materials, and/or other similar "resources". In addition, there are other factors that govern carrying capacity which may be less-instinctive or less-intuitive in nature, such as ever-increasing and/or ever-accumulating levels of wastes, damage, and/or eradication of essential components of any complex functioning system.  Eradication of, for example, large or critical portions of any complex system (envision a space vehicle, for instance, or an airplane, or an automobile, or computer code, or the body components of a living vertebrate) can interrupt essential processes and dynamics in ways that induce systems-failures or unexpected collapse. (As an example of these latter factors, the "carrying capacity" of a complex system such an airplane is more than a matter of available food, or water, or available seating, but also reflects total weight carried and presumes that its passengers do not damage, destroy, or eradicate parts, doors, windows, wings, engine parts, fuel, and oil, and so forth.) Thus, on a global scale, food and similar resources may affect planetary carrying capacity to some extent so long as Earth's human passengers do not dismantle, eradicate, or otherwise destroy critical biospheric life-support capacities for essential processes of self-maintenance, self-perpetuation, and self-repair.

text: Some aspects of a system's carrying capacity may involve matters such as available supplies of

text: food

text: water

text: , raw materials, and/or other similar "resources". In addition, there are other factors that govern carrying capacity which may be less-instinctive or less-intuitive in nature, such as ever-increasing and/or ever-accumulating levels of

text: waste

text: s,

text: damage

text: , and/or eradication of essential components of any complex functioning system.  Eradication of, for example, large or critical portions of any

text: complex system

text: (envision a space vehicle, for instance, or an airplane, or an automobile, or computer code, or the body components of a living vertebrate) can interrupt essential processes and dynamics in ways that induce systems-failures or unexpected collapse. (As an example of these latter factors, the "carrying capacity" of a complex system such an airplane is more than a matter of available food, or water, or available seating, but also reflects total weight carried and presumes that its passengers do not damage, destroy, or eradicate parts,

text: doors

text: , windows, wings, engine parts, fuel, and oil, and so forth.) Thus, on a global scale, food and similar resources may affect planetary carrying capacity to some extent so long as Earth's human passengers do not dismantle, eradicate, or otherwise destroy critical

text: biospheric

text: life-support capacities for essential processes of self-maintenance,

text: self-perpetuation

text: , and

text: self-repair

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: eradication of essential components of any complex functioning system

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: gaseous

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: eradication

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: eradication of essential components of any complex functioning system

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: self-perpetuation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: ever-accumulating levels of wastes,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: ever-increasing

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: wastes,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: airplane

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Some aspects of a system's carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Some aspects of a system's carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: water, raw materials, and/or other similar "resources".

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: ever-increasing

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Some aspects of a system's carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: water, raw materials, and/or other similar "resources".

text: The amount of water used in processing depends strongly on the type of processing. Wet fully washed processing of the coffee cherries requires the most fresh water, dry processing the least. Sources indicate a wide range in water use. Recycling of water in the de-pulping process can drastically reduce the amount needed. With reuse and improved washing techniques, up to 1 to 6 m³ water per tonne of fresh coffee cherry is achievable; without reuse a consumption of up to 20 m³/tonne is possible.

text: The amount of water used in processing depends strongly on the type of processing. Wet fully washed processing of the coffee cherries requires the most fresh water, dry processing the least. Sources indicate a wide range in water use. Recycling of water in the de-pulping process can drastically reduce the amount needed. With reuse and improved washing techniques, up to 1 to 6 m³ water per tonne of fresh coffee cherry is achievable; without reuse a consumption of up to 20 m³/tonne is possible.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: recycling of water

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: dry processing

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: recycling of water

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: de-pulping

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: The amount of water used in processing depends strongly on the type of processing.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: de-pulping process

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Recycling of water in the de-pulping process

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Recycling of water in the de-pulping

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Recycling of water in the de-pulping process

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Recycling of water

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: The amount of water

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Recycling of water

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The amount of water

text: The primary objective of MERIS is to observe the color of the ocean, both in the open ocean (clear or Case I waters) and in coastal zones (turbid or Case II waters). These observations are used to derive estimates of the concentration of chlorophyll and sediments in suspension in the water, for instance. These measurements are useful to study the oceanic component of the global carbon cycle and the productivity of these regions, amongst other applications. The characterization of atmospheric properties (gaseous absorption and aerosol scattering) is essential to derive accurate information over the oceans because they contribute to the bulk of the signal measured (under clear skies) or simply because clouds prevent the observation of the underlying surface. In addition, this instrument is useful to monitor the evolution of terrestrial environments, such as the fraction of the solar radiation effectively used by plants in the process of photosynthesis, amongst many others applications.

text: The primary objective of MERIS is to observe the color of the

text: ocean

text: , both in the open ocean (clear or Case I waters) and in

text: coast

text: al zones (turbid or Case II waters). These observations are used to derive estimates of the concentration of

text: chlorophyll

text: and

text: sediment

text: s in suspension in the water, for instance. These measurements are useful to study the oceanic component of the global

text: carbon cycle

text: and the productivity of these regions, amongst other applications. The characterization of atmospheric properties (gaseous absorption and

text: aerosol

text: scattering) is essential to derive accurate information over the oceans because they contribute to the bulk of the signal measured (under clear skies) or simply because clouds prevent the observation of the underlying surface. In addition, this instrument is useful to monitor the evolution of terrestrial environments, such as the fraction of the solar radiation effectively used by plants in the process of

text: photosynthesis

text: , amongst many others applications.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Case I waters

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: aerosol scattering

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: turbid or Case II waters

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: photosynthesis

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: global carbon cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: clouds prevent the observation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: carbon cycle

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: (gaseous absorption

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: atmospheric properties

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: fraction of the solar radiation effectively used by plants in the process of photosynthesis,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: photosynthesis,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: carbon cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: fraction of the solar radiation effectively used by plants in the process of photosynthesis,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: clouds prevent the observation of the underlying surface.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: global carbon cycle

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The primary objective of MERIS

text: Defined by a cycle of transfers into and out of a system, a cyclic process is described by the quantities transferred in the several stages of the cycle.  The descriptions of the staged states of the system may be of little or even no interest. A cycle is a sequence of a small number of thermodynamic processes that indefinitely often repeatedly returns the system to its original state. For this, the staged states themselves are not necessarily described, because it is the transfers that are of interest. It is reasoned that if the cycle can be repeated indefinitely often, then it can be assumed that the states are recurrently unchanged. The condition of the system during the several staged processes may be of even less interest than is the precise nature of the recurrent states. If, however, the several staged processes are idealized and quasi-static, then the cycle is described by a path through a continuous progression of equilibrium states.

text: Defined by a cycle of transfers into and out of a system, a cyclic process is described by the quantities transferred in the several stages of the cycle.  The descriptions of the staged states of the system may be of little or even no interest. A cycle is a sequence of a small number of thermodynamic processes that indefinitely often repeatedly returns the system to its original state. For this, the staged states themselves are not necessarily described, because it is the transfers that are of interest. It is reasoned that if the cycle can be repeated indefinitely often, then it can be assumed that the states are recurrently unchanged. The condition of the system during the several staged processes may be of even less interest than is the precise nature of the recurrent states. If, however, the several staged processes are idealized and quasi-static, then the cycle is described by a path through a continuous progression of equilibrium states.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: cycle of transfers into and out of a system

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: gaseous

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: cycle of transfers into and out of a system

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: cyclic process

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: indefinitely often

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: a cycle of transfers into and out of a system,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: cyclic process

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: cyclic process

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: cycle

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: cyclic process

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: cyclic process

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: recurrently unchanged.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: recurrently unchanged.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: a cyclic process

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: cycle of transfers into and out of a system,

text: Carbon is the major nutrient cycled within wetlands. Most nutrients, such as sulfur, phosphorus, carbon, and nitrogen are found within the soil of wetlands. Anaerobic and aerobic respiration in the soil influences the nutrient cycling of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, and the solubility of phosphorus thus contributing to the chemical variations in its water. Wetlands with low pH and saline conductivity may reflect the presence of acid sulfates and wetlands with average salinity levels can be heavily influenced by calcium or magnesium. Biogeochemical processes in wetlands are determined by soils with low redox potential. Wetland soils are identified by redoxymorphic mottles or low chroma, as determined by the Munsell Color System.

text: Carbon

text: is the major nutrient cycled within wetlands. Most nutrients, such as

text: sulfur

text: phosphorus

text: , carbon, and

text: nitrogen

text: are found within the soil of wetlands.

text: Anaerobic

text: and

text: aerobic respiration

text: in the soil influences the nutrient cycling of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, and the solubility of phosphorus thus contributing to the chemical variations in its water. Wetlands with low pH and saline conductivity may reflect the presence of acid

text: sulfate

text: s and wetlands with average salinity levels can be heavily influenced by calcium or magnesium.

text: Biogeochemical processes

text: in wetlands are determined by soils with low

text: redox

text: potential. Wetland soils are identified by redoxymorphic mottles or low chroma, as determined by the Munsell Color System.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: solubility of phosphorus

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: aerobic respiration

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: chemical variations in its water

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: redoxymorphic mottles

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: aerobic respiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: nutrient cycling

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: the solubility of phosphorus

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: aerobic respiration

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Wetlands with low pH and saline conductivity

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: aerobic respiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Biogeochemical processes

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: wetlands.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: chemical variations in its water.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: wetlands.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Carbon is the major nutrient cycled within wetlands.

text: Ecologists study and measure nutrient budgets to understand how these materials are regulated, flow, and recycled through the environment. This research has led to an understanding that there is global feedback between ecosystems and the physical parameters of this planet, including minerals, soil, pH, ions, water, and atmospheric gases. Six major elements (hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, and phosphorus; H, C, N, O, S, and P) form the constitution of all biological macromolecules and feed into the Earth's geochemical processes. From the smallest scale of biology, the combined effect of billions upon billions of ecological processes amplify and ultimately regulate the biogeochemical cycles of the Earth. Understanding the relations and cycles mediated between these elements and their ecological pathways has significant bearing toward understanding global biogeochemistry.

text: Ecologists study and measure nutrient budgets to understand how these materials are regulated, flow, and

text: recycled

text: through the environment. This research has led to an understanding that there is global feedback between ecosystems and the physical parameters of this planet, including minerals, soil, pH, ions, water, and atmospheric gases. Six major elements (

text: hydrogen

text: carbon

text: nitrogen

text: oxygen

text: sulfur

text: , and

text: phosphorus

text: ; H, C, N, O, S, and P) form the constitution of all biological macromolecules and feed into the Earth's geochemical processes. From the smallest scale of biology, the combined effect of billions upon billions of ecological processes amplify and ultimately regulate the

text: biogeochemical cycle

text: s of the Earth. Understanding the relations and cycles mediated between these elements and their ecological pathways has significant bearing toward understanding global biogeochemistry.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: biogeochemical cycles

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: atmospheric gases

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: atmospheric gases

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: atmospheric gases

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: atmospheric gases

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: biogeochemical cycles

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: nutrient budgets

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: ions, water, and atmospheric gases.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: atmospheric gases.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: atmospheric gases.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: atmospheric gases.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: atmospheric gases.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: biogeochemical

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: phosphorus;

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: global feedback

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: minerals, soil, pH, ions, water, and atmospheric gases.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Ecologists study and measure nutrient budgets

text: An aqueous-based parts washer is much like a large dish washer.  It uses water and detergent combined with heat and mechanical energy to provide the cleaning action. There are two main process styles of aqueous parts washers, the jet spray process and the power wash process. In a cabinet parts washer, the parts are placed on a turntable and the door is closed.  During the cleaning cycle heated solution is flooded or blasted on the parts as the turntable rotates.  Many systems have a wash, rinse and dry cycle. When the cycle is complete the door is opened and the parts removed.

text: An aqueous-based parts washer is much like a large dish washer.  It uses water and detergent combined with heat and

text: mechanical energy

text: to provide the cleaning action. There are two main process styles of aqueous parts washers, the jet spray process and the power wash process. In a cabinet parts washer, the parts are placed on a turntable and the door is closed.  During the cleaning cycle heated solution is flooded or blasted on the parts as the turntable rotates.  Many systems have a wash, rinse and dry cycle. When the cycle is complete the door is opened and the parts removed.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: heated solution is flooded or blasted

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: do not grow

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: heat and mechanical energy

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: heat

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water and detergent combined with heat and mechanical energy

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: heated solution is flooded or blasted on the parts

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: aqueous-based parts washer is much like a large dish washer.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: wash, rinse and dry

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: heat

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: aqueous-based parts washer is much like a large dish washer.

text: Natural channels are formed by fluvial process and are found across the Earth.  These are mostly formed by flowing water from the hydrological cycle, though can also be formed by other fluids such as flowing lava. Channels also describe the deeper course through a reef, sand bar, bay, or any shallow body of water. One example is the Columbia River, a river located in the US states of Washington and Oregon, and which empties into the Pacific Ocean in Astoria, Oregon.

text: Natural channels are formed by

text: fluvial

text: process and are found across the

text: Earth

text: .  These are mostly formed by flowing

text: water

text: from the

text: hydrological cycle

text: , though can also be formed by other fluids such as flowing

text: lava

text: . Channels also describe the deeper course through a

text: reef

text: sand bar

text: bay

text: , or any shallow body of water. One example is the

text: Columbia River

text: , a river located in the US states of Washington and Oregon, and which empties into the

text: Pacific Ocean

text: in

text: Astoria, Oregon

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: hydrological cycle

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: hydrological cycle

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: flowing lava

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrological cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: hydrological cycle,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: lava.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: flowing water

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: flowing lava.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: fluvial process

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrological

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: flowing water from the hydrological cycle,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: flowing water

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Natural channels are formed by fluvial process and are found across the Earth.

text: King served as a professor of agricultural physics at the University of Wisconsin–Madison from 1888 until 1902. Interested in a wide range of subjects throughout his career, King made major contributions during these years in research and teaching that dealt with applications of physics to agriculture. Most attention was given to soil physics, for example, water-holding capacities of soils, moisture requirements of plants, aeration, movement of water in soils, movement of groundwater, the drafts of plows, and the lifting power of windmills; he also began studies of soil fertility. The impact of his career was greatest in the field of soil science. He has been called the father of soil physics in the United States.

text: King served as a professor of agricultural physics at the

text: University of Wisconsin–Madison

text: from 1888 until 1902. Interested in a wide range of subjects throughout his career, King made major contributions during these years in research and teaching that dealt with applications of

text: physics

text: to agriculture. Most attention was given to

text: soil

text: physics, for example,

text: water

text: -holding capacities of soils, moisture requirements of

text: plant

text: s, aeration, movement of water in soils, movement of

text: groundwater

text: , the drafts of

text: plow

text: s, and the lifting power of

text: windmill

text: s; he also began studies of

text: soil fertility

text: . The impact of his career was greatest in the field of

text: soil science

text: . He has been called the father of

text: soil physics

text: in the United States.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: movement of water

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: windmills

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: aeration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: movement of water in soils,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: aeration,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water-holding capacities

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the drafts of plows,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: aeration,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: movement of water in soils, movement of groundwater,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: moisture requirements of plants,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: movement of water in soils, movement of groundwater,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: water-holding capacities of soils,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: movement of water in soils, movement of groundwater,

text: Because of the high cost of the funeral and its rituals, bodies are often buried and disinterred for mass funeral events. The tower is shaken and circled during the funeral procession so that the soul cannot find its way back home. War battles are simulated and water is tossed. The structures and body are cremated and the ashes scattered in the ocean. The process is meant to liberate th esoul to ascend to heaven and the family temple.

text: Because of the high cost of the funeral and its rituals, bodies are often buried and disinterred for mass funeral events. The tower is shaken and circled during the funeral procession so that the soul cannot find its way back home. War battles are simulated and water is tossed. The structures and body are cremated and the ashes scattered in the ocean. The process is meant to liberate th esoul to ascend to heaven and the family temple.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: is tossed

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: What is tossed during the funeral procession?

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: The structures and body are cremated

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: do not grow

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: War battles are simulated and water is tossed.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: cremated

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: War battles are simulated and water is tossed.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: water is tossed.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: War battles are simulated and water is tossed.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: water is tossed.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: high cost of the funeral and its rituals,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: War battles are simulated and water is tossed.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: War battles are simulated and water is tossed.

text: The aquifer is largely composed of hard ferruginous sandstone with great shale and clay intercalation, having a thickness that ranges between 140–230 meters. Groundwater type varies from fresh to slightly brackish (salinity ranges from 240-1300 ppm). The ion dominance ordering shows that sodium cation is most commonly predominating over calcium and magnesium - whereas chloride is predominant over sulfate and bicarbonate. The groundwater is of meteoric origin (the term meteoric water refers to water that originated as precipitation; most groundwater is meteoric in origin). High concentrations of sodium, chloride, and sulfates reflect the leaching and dissolution processes of gypsiferous shales and clay, in addition to a lengthy duration of water residence.

text: The aquifer is largely composed of hard

text: ferruginous

text: sandstone

text: with great

text: shale

text: and clay

text: intercalation

text: , having a thickness that ranges between 140–230 meters. Groundwater type varies from fresh to slightly brackish (

text: salinity

text: ranges from 240-1300

text: ppm

text: ). The

text: ion

text: dominance ordering shows that

text: sodium

text: cation

text: is most commonly predominating over

text: calcium

text: and

text: magnesium

text: - whereas

text: chloride

text: is predominant over

text: sulfate

text: and

text: bicarbonate

text: . The groundwater is of

text: meteoric origin

text: (the term meteoric water refers to water that originated as precipitation; most groundwater is meteoric in origin). High concentrations of sodium, chloride, and sulfates reflect the

text: leaching

text: and

text: dissolution

text: processes of

text: gypsiferous

text: shales and clay, in addition to a lengthy duration of water residence.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: high concentrations of sodium, chloride, and sulfates

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: dissolution

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: a lengthy duration of water residence

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: leaching and dissolution processes

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: dissolution

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation;

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: High concentrations of sodium, chloride, and sulfates

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: precipitation;

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: meteoric water

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Groundwater type varies from fresh to slightly brackish

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: leaching and dissolution processes

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: precipitation;

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Groundwater

text: Another source from which pollutants originate is fossil-fuel combustion. The organic pollutants and trace metals released into the air from this combustion end up in the oceans and influence the chemistry of the ocean. One specific process that has a great impact on the global nitrogen cycle which affects ocean climate, the Haber-Bosch process, is used for an agricultural fertilizer.

text: Another source from which pollutants originate is

text: fossil-fuel

text: combustion. The

text: organic pollutants

text: and

text: trace metal

text: s released into the air from this combustion end up in the oceans and influence the chemistry of the ocean. One specific process that has a great impact on the global

text: nitrogen cycle

text: which affects ocean climate, the

text: Haber-Bosch process

text: , is used for an agricultural fertilizer.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Haber-Bosch

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: nitrogen cycle

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Haber-Bosch process,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: pollutants originate is fossil-fuel combustion.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Haber-Bosch process,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Haber-Bosch process,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: nitrogen cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: fossil-fuel combustion.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: fossil-fuel combustion.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Another source from which pollutants originate is fossil-fuel combustion.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Another source from which pollutants originate is fossil-fuel combustion.

text: The effects of changes in atmospheric pressure upon water levels observed in wells has been known for many years. The effect is a direct one, an increase in atmospheric pressure is an increase in load on the water in the aquifer, which increases the depth to water (lowers the water level elevation). Pascal first qualitatively observed these effects in the 17th century, and they were more rigorously described by the soil physicist Edgar Buckingham (working for the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)) using air flow models in 1907.

text: The effects of changes in

text: atmospheric pressure

text: upon water levels observed in wells has been known for many years. The effect is a direct one, an increase in atmospheric pressure is an increase in load on the water in the aquifer, which increases the depth to water (lowers the water level elevation).

text: Pascal

text: first qualitatively observed these effects in the 17th century, and they were more rigorously described by the

text: soil physicist

text: Edgar Buckingham

text: (working for the

text: United States Department of Agriculture

text: (USDA)) using air flow models in 1907.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: What type of precipitation is mentioned in the passage?

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: decreases the water level elevation

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: increases in atmospheric pressure

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: an increase in atmospheric pressure

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: an increase in atmospheric pressure

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: changes in atmospheric pressure

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: increases the depth to water

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: air flow models in 1907.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: aquifer,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: increase in atmospheric pressure

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: (lowers the water level elevation).

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: The effects of changes in atmospheric pressure

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The effects of changes in atmospheric pressure

text: In October 2009, Oceanic Viking was involved in an operation to apprehend 78 Sri Lankan asylum seekers and move them to an Australia-funded immigration detention centre on the Indonesian island of Bintan for processing. The asylum seekers were taken to Indonesia but refused to disembark until 17 November, after a preferential processing deal was agreed upon. The 78 asylum seekers were transferred to Indonesian detention, and after a month, were determined to be refugees by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees and resettled in several countries. While travelling back to Australia, Oceanic Viking intercepted a boat on 3 December carrying 53 suspected asylum seekers and four crew off the Ashmore Islands; the 50th asylum seeker vessel to be intercepted in Australian waters for the year 2009.

text: In October 2009, Oceanic Viking was involved in an operation to apprehend 78 Sri Lankan

text: asylum seekers

text: and move them to an Australia-funded immigration detention centre on the Indonesian island of

text: Bintan

text: for processing. The asylum seekers were taken to Indonesia but refused to disembark until 17 November, after a preferential processing deal was agreed upon. The 78 asylum seekers were transferred to Indonesian detention, and after a month, were determined to be refugees by the

entity_name: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees

text: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees

text: and resettled in several countries. While travelling back to Australia, Oceanic Viking intercepted a boat on 3 December carrying 53 suspected asylum seekers and four crew off the

text: Ashmore Islands

text: ; the 50th asylum seeker vessel to be intercepted in Australian waters for the year 2009.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the 50th asylum seeker vessel to be intercepted in Australian waters for the year 2009

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Ashmore Islands;

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: 2009,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: 2009,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: preferential processing deal

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: In October 2009,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: 2009,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: 2009,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: 2009,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: In October 2009,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: In October 2009,

text: Solar thermal power stations include the 354 megawatt (MW) Solar Energy Generating Systems power plant in the USA, Solnova Solar Power Station (Spain, 150 MW), Andasol solar power station (Spain, 100 MW), Nevada Solar One (USA, 64 MW), PS20 solar power tower (Spain, 20 MW), and the PS10 solar power tower (Spain, 11 MW). The 370 MW Ivanpah Solar Power Facility, located in California's Mojave Desert, is the world's largest solar-thermal power plant project currently under construction. Many other plants are under construction or planned, mainly in Spain and the USA. In developing countries, three World Bank projects for integrated solar thermal/combined-cycle gas-turbine power plants in Egypt, Mexico, and Morocco have been approved.

text: Solar thermal power

text: stations include the 354

text: megawatt

text: (MW)

text: Solar Energy Generating Systems

text: power plant in the USA,

text: Solnova Solar Power Station

text: (Spain, 150 MW),

text: Andasol solar power station

text: (Spain, 100 MW),

text: Nevada Solar One

text: (USA, 64 MW),

text: PS20 solar power tower

text: (Spain, 20 MW), and the

text: PS10 solar power tower

text: (Spain, 11 MW). The 370 MW

text: Ivanpah Solar Power Facility

text: , located in California's

text: Mojave Desert

text: , is the world's largest solar-thermal power plant project currently under construction. Many other plants are under construction or planned, mainly in Spain and the USA. In developing countries, three

text: World Bank

text: projects for integrated solar thermal/combined-cycle gas-turbine power plants in

text: Egypt

text: Mexico

text: , and

text: Morocco

text: have been approved.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: thermal energy

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: PS10 solar power tower

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: solar thermal

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Solar thermal power stations

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Solar thermal

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Solar thermal power stations

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: PS20 solar power tower

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Solar thermal

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: thermal/combined-cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Mojave Desert,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Solar thermal power stations

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Solar thermal power stations

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Solar thermal power stations

text: A vast portion of the global atmospheric water vapor comes from the western Pacific Ocean near the tropical zone, (mean 2009) and the H/D isotopic composition of atmosphere varies depending on the temperature and humidity. In general, higher δD values are observed in humid regions with a high temperature. Water vapor in the atmosphere is in general more depleted than the terrestrial water sources, since the rate of evaporation for HO is faster than HDO due to a higher vapor pressure. On the other hand, the rain water (precipitation) is in general more enriched than the atmospheric water vapor. (Sacese et al.) [See Section 6. Hydrologic Cycle for more details]

text: A vast portion of the global atmospheric water vapor comes from the

text: western Pacific Ocean

text: near the tropical zone, (mean 2009) and the H/D isotopic composition of atmosphere varies depending on the temperature and humidity. In general, higher δD values are observed in humid regions with a high temperature.

text: Water vapor

text: in the atmosphere is in general more depleted than the terrestrial water sources, since the rate of evaporation for HO is faster than HDO due to a higher vapor pressure. On the other hand, the rain water (precipitation) is in general more enriched than the atmospheric water vapor. (Sacese et al.) [See Section 6. Hydrologic Cycle for more details]

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: H/D isotopic composition of atmosphere

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: water vapor

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: higher  D values

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Hydrologic Cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: higher vapor pressure

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: higher vapor pressure.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: (precipitation)

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: HO is faster than HDO due to a higher vapor pressure.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Hydrologic Cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: the rain water

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: higher vapor pressure.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: rain water

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: A vast portion of the global atmospheric water

text: The water cycle is also affected by deforestation. Trees extract groundwater through their roots and release it into the atmosphere. When part of a forest is removed, the trees no longer transpire this water, resulting in a much drier climate. Deforestation reduces the content of water in the soil and groundwater as well as atmospheric moisture. The dry soil leads to lower water intake for the trees to extract. Deforestation reduces soil cohesion, so that erosion, flooding and landslides ensue.

text: The

text: water cycle

text: is also affected by deforestation. Trees extract

text: groundwater

text: through their roots and release it into the atmosphere. When part of a forest is removed, the trees no longer transpire this water, resulting in a much

text: drier climate

text: . Deforestation reduces the content of water in the soil and groundwater as well as atmospheric moisture. The dry soil leads to lower water intake for the trees to extract. Deforestation reduces soil cohesion, so that

text: erosion

text: , flooding and

text: landslide

text: s ensue.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Deforestation

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: What kind of precipitation does deforestation cause?

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: drier climate

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: deforestation

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: deforestation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: What can be stored in snow and ice?

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: deforestation.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: transpire

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: atmospheric moisture.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: erosion, flooding and landslides

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpire

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: deforestation. Trees extract groundwater

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Trees extract groundwater

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: deforestation.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Trees extract groundwater

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The water cycle is also affected by deforestation.

text: At a stellar core temperature of 18 million Kelvin, the PP process and CNO cycle are equally efficient, and each type generates half of the star's net luminosity. As this is the core temperature of a star with about 1.5 , the upper main sequence consists of stars above this mass. Thus, roughly speaking, stars of spectral class F or cooler belong to the lower main sequence, while A-type stars or hotter are upper main-sequence stars. The transition in primary energy production from one form to the other spans a range difference of less than a single solar mass. In the Sun, a one solar-mass star, only 1.5% of the energy is generated by the CNO cycle. By contrast, stars with 1.8  or above generate almost their entire energy output through the CNO cycle.

text: At a stellar core temperature of 18 million

text: Kelvin

text: , the PP process and CNO cycle are equally efficient, and each type generates half of the star's net luminosity. As this is the core temperature of a star with about 1.5 , the upper main sequence consists of stars above this mass. Thus, roughly speaking, stars of spectral class F or cooler belong to the lower main sequence, while A-type stars or hotter are upper main-sequence stars. The transition in primary energy production from one form to the other spans a range difference of less than a single solar mass. In the Sun, a one solar-mass star, only 1.5% of the energy is generated by the CNO cycle. By contrast, stars with 1.8  or above generate almost their entire energy output through the CNO cycle.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: A-type stars or hotter

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: CNO cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: stellar core temperature of 18 million Kelvin,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: primary energy production

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: At a stellar core temperature of 18 million Kelvin,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: PP process

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: PP process

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: CNO cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: At a stellar core temperature of 18 million Kelvin,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: At a stellar core temperature of 18 million Kelvin,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: At a stellar core temperature of 18 million Kelvin,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: At a stellar core temperature of 18 million Kelvin,

text: The history of recognition and the development of the San Joaquin soil dates from the turn of the 20th century.  Field operations of the United States Soil Survey, now known as the National Cooperative Soil Survey, began in 1899.  The San Joaquin soil was initially documented and officially established in 1900 as one of the first four soil series recognized in California by the survey.  All were considered to have agricultural importance.  Since then, three of these series have either been dropped from the official listings or have been combined with other soil series recognized at a later date.  Thus, the San Joaquin soil is the oldest, continuously recognized soil series within the state.  (More than 1,500 soil series are currently recognized in California.)  Nearly one-half million acres (2,000 km²) of this soil have now been identified and mapped in many counties in California.  With proper management, this soil has produced many billions of dollars of food wealth for the state's economy.   Knowledge of the San Joaquin soil's properties and characteristics has become increasingly important in suburban and urban development.  As the science of soil has advanced during this century, the concept of the San Joaquin soil has evolved, but has retained, as distinctive soil characteristics, its reddish soil color and its strongly cemented subsoil hardpan that limits root and water penetration.  Aside from the texture and structure of the surface soil, the early descriptions of the San Joaquin soil paid little attention to the physical character of the subsoil above the hardpan.  The hardpan was expected to be encountered within a depth of 6 feet.   The modern concept recognizes mainly a sandy loam surface soil overlying a finer textured subsoil that has a significant clay increase, at its upper boundary or within some part of the subsoil.  The subsoil rests abruptly on a mainly silica-cemented hardpan at depths ranging from 20 to 40 inches.  With these features, plus defined ranges of other surface and subsoil properties such as color, soil texture, structure, consistence, pH, organic matter content, and inherent temperature and moisture characteristics, USDA soil taxonomy now places the San Joaquin series in a fine, mixed, thermic family of Abruptic Durixeralfs.  The San Joaquin soil was first recognized in the survey of the Fresno Area in 1900.

text: The history of recognition and the development of the San Joaquin

text: soil

text: dates from the turn of the 20th century.  Field operations of the United States Soil Survey, now known as the

text: National Cooperative Soil Survey

text: , began in 1899.  The San Joaquin soil was initially documented and officially established in 1900 as one of the first four

text: soil series

text: recognized in California by the survey.  All were considered to have

text: agricultural

text: importance.  Since then, three of these series have either been dropped from the official listings or have been combined with other

text: soil series

text: recognized at a later date.  Thus, the San Joaquin soil is the oldest, continuously recognized soil series within the state.  (More than 1,500 soil series are currently recognized in California.)  Nearly one-half million acres (2,000 km²) of this soil have now been identified and

text: mapped

text: in many counties in California.  With proper management, this soil has produced many billions of dollars of food wealth for the state's economy.   Knowledge of the San Joaquin soil's properties and characteristics has become increasingly important in suburban and urban development.  As the

text: science of soil

text: has advanced during this century, the concept of the San Joaquin soil has evolved, but has retained, as distinctive

text: soil characteristics

text: , its reddish

text: soil color

text: and its strongly cemented

text: subsoil

text: hardpan that limits root and water penetration.  Aside from the

text: texture

text: and

text: structure

text: of the

text: surface soil

text: , the early descriptions of the San Joaquin soil paid little attention to the physical character of the

text: subsoil

text: above the

text: hardpan

text: .  The hardpan was expected to be encountered within a depth of 6 feet.   The modern concept recognizes mainly a sandy loam surface soil overlying a finer textured subsoil that has a significant

text: clay

text: increase, at its upper boundary or within some part of the subsoil.  The subsoil rests abruptly on a mainly silica-cemented hardpan at depths ranging from 20 to 40 inches.  With these features, plus defined ranges of other surface and subsoil properties such as

text: color

text: soil texture

text: , structure, consistence,

text: pH

text: organic matter

text: content, and inherent temperature and moisture characteristics,

text: USDA soil taxonomy

text: now places the San Joaquin series in a fine, mixed, thermic family of Abruptic Durixeralfs.  The San Joaquin soil was first recognized in the survey of the Fresno Area in 1900.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: soil's properties and characteristics has become increasingly important in suburban and urban development

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Thermic

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: clay increase

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: dew

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: moisture

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: strongly cemented subsoil hardpan that limits root and water penetration.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: sandy loam

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: strongly cemented subsoil hardpan

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: root and water penetration.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: ther

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: strongly cemented subsoil hardpan that limits root and water penetration.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: inherent temperature and moisture

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: fine,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: subsoil hardpan

text: Geologically, an ocean is an area of oceanic crust covered by water. Oceanic crust is the thin layer of solidified volcanic basalt that covers the Earth's mantle. Continental crust is thicker but less dense. From this perspective, the Earth has three oceans: the World Ocean, the Caspian Sea, and Black Sea. The latter two were formed by the collision of Cimmeria with Laurasia. The Mediterranean Sea is at times a discrete ocean, because tectonic plate movement has repeatedly broken its connection to the World Ocean through the Strait of Gibraltar. The Black Sea is connected to the Mediterranean through the Bosporus, but the Bosporus is a natural canal cut through continental rock some 7,000 years ago, rather than a piece of oceanic sea floor like the Strait of Gibraltar.

text: Geologically, an ocean is an area of

text: oceanic crust

text: covered by water. Oceanic crust is the thin layer of solidified volcanic

text: basalt

text: that covers the Earth's

text: mantle

text: Continental crust

text: is thicker but less dense. From this perspective, the Earth has three oceans: the World Ocean, the

text: Caspian Sea

text: , and

text: Black Sea

text: . The latter two were formed by the collision of

text: Cimmeria

text: with

text: Laurasia

text: . The

text: Mediterranean Sea

text: is at times a discrete ocean, because

text: tectonic plate movement

text: has repeatedly broken its connection to the World Ocean through the

text: Strait of Gibraltar

text: . The Black Sea is connected to the Mediterranean through the

text: Bosporus

text: , but the Bosporus is a natural

text: canal

text: cut through continental rock some 7,000 years ago, rather than a piece of oceanic sea floor like the Strait of Gibraltar.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: oceanic crust

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: volcanic basalt that covers the Earth's mantle

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: oceanic crust

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: global warming

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: collision of Cimmeria with Laurasia.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: water.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: collision of Cimmeria with Laurasia.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: ocean is an area of oceanic crust covered by water.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: ocean

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: ocean is an area of oceanic crust covered by water.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: tectonic plate movement

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: ocean

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: 7,000

text: Interactions between groundwater and surface water are complex. Consequently, groundwater pollution, also referred to as groundwater contamination, is not as easily classified as surface water pollution. By its very nature, groundwater aquifers are susceptible to contamination from sources that may not directly affect surface water bodies, and the distinction of point vs. non-point source may be irrelevant. A spill or ongoing release of chemical or radionuclide contaminants into soil (located away from a surface water body) may not create point or non-point source pollution but can contaminate the aquifer below, creating a toxic plume. The movement of the plume, called a plume front, may be analyzed through a hydrological transport model or groundwater model. Analysis of groundwater contamination may focus on soil characteristics and site geology, hydrogeology, hydrology, and the nature of the contaminants.

text: Interactions between

text: groundwater

text: and surface water are complex. Consequently, groundwater pollution, also referred to as groundwater contamination, is not as easily classified as surface water pollution. By its very nature, groundwater

text: aquifer

text: s are susceptible to contamination from sources that may not directly affect surface water bodies, and the distinction of point vs. non-point source may be irrelevant. A spill or ongoing release of chemical or

text: radionuclide

text: contaminants into soil (located away from a surface water body) may not create point or non-point source pollution but can contaminate the aquifer below, creating a toxic

text: plume

text: . The movement of the plume, called a plume front, may be analyzed through a

text: hydrological transport model

text: or

text: groundwater model

text: . Analysis of groundwater contamination may focus on

text: soil

text: characteristics and site geology,

text: hydrogeology

text: hydrology

text: , and the nature of the contaminants.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: hydrological transport model or groundwater model

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: gaseous

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: non-point source

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: a plume front

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: hydrological transport model or groundwater model.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: toxic plume.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Interactions between groundwater and surface water

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: toxic plume.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: plume front, may be analyzed through a hydrological transport model

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: groundwater and surface water

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Interactions between groundwater

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Interactions between groundwater

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Interactions between groundwater

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Interactions between groundwater

text: There are four provincial associations: Balochistan Cycling Association, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Cycling Association , Punjab Cycling Association and Sindh Cycling Association.Pakistan Army, Water power development authority, Sui Southern Gas , Fata Cycling Association and Islamabad cycling Association.

text: There are four provincial associations: Balochistan Cycling Association, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Cycling Association , Punjab Cycling Association and Sindh Cycling Association.Pakistan Army, Water power development authority, Sui Southern Gas , Fata Cycling Association and Islamabad cycling Association.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Pakistan Army

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Water power development authority,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Water power development authority,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: four provincial associations:

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Association.Pakistan Army, Water power development authority, Sui Southern Gas,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Water power development authority,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Water power development authority,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Punjab Cycling Association and Sindh Cycling Association.Pakistan

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Water power development authority,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Water power development authority,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Water power development authority,

text: Thermochemical cycles combine solely heat sources (thermo) with chemical reactions to split water into its hydrogen and oxygen components. The term cycle is used because aside from water, hydrogen and oxygen, the chemical compounds used in these processes are continuously recycled. If electricity is partially used as an input, the resulting thermochemical cycle is defined as a hybrid one.

text: Thermochemical cycle

text: s combine solely heat sources (thermo) with chemical reactions to split

text: water

text: into its

text: hydrogen

text: and

text: oxygen

text: components. The term cycle is used because aside from water, hydrogen and oxygen, the chemical compounds used in these processes are continuously recycled. If electricity is partially used as an input, the resulting thermochemical cycle is defined as a

text: hybrid

text: one.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Hydrogen and oxygen components

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Thermochemical

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: a hybrid one

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: dehydration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: heat sources (thermo) with chemical reactions

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Thermochemical cycles

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Thermochemical cycles

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Thermochemical cycles

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Thermochemical cycles

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Thermochemical cycles

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Thermochemical cycles

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Thermochemical cycles

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Thermochemical cycles

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Thermochemical cycles

text: The degree of pathogen removal strongly varies with soil type, aquifer type, distance and other environmental factors. For this reason, it is difficult to estimate the safe distance between a pit latrine or a septic tank and a water source. In any case, such recommendations about the safe distance are mostly ignored by those building pit latrines. In addition, household plots are of a limited size and therefore pit latrines are often built much closer to groundwater wells than what can be regarded as safe. This results in groundwater pollution and household members falling sick when using this groundwater as a source of drinking water.

text: The degree of pathogen removal strongly varies with soil type, aquifer type, distance and other environmental factors. For this reason, it is difficult to estimate the safe distance between a pit latrine or a septic tank and a water source. In any case, such recommendations about the safe distance are mostly ignored by those building pit latrines. In addition, household plots are of a limited size and therefore pit latrines are often built much closer to groundwater wells than what can be regarded as safe. This results in groundwater pollution and household members falling sick when using this groundwater as a source of drinking water.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: other environmental factors

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: groundwater pollution

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: aquifer type, distance and other environmental factors.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: water.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: environmental factors.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: household members falling sick when using this groundwater

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: The degree of pathogen removal

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: aquifer type,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: aquifer type, distance and other environmental factors.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: distance and other environmental factors.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: aquifer type, distance and other environmental factors.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The degree of pathogen removal

text: North of this area, on the slope of Mt Haszard, is Inferno Crater, filled with a striking pale blue lake of highly acidic water with a pH as low as 2.2.  The crater was blasted into the side of the mountain as part of the 1886 Mount Tarawera eruption event and remains the site of the largest geyser-like feature in the world.  Although the actual geyser plays at the bottom of the lake and cannot be seen, a handful of active fumaroles are visible on the shore and the cliff face behind the lake.  The water level of this up to  deep lake follows a complicated rhythmic cycle that is interconnected with the nearby Frying Pan Lake.

text: North of this area, on the slope of Mt Haszard, is

text: Inferno Crater

text: , filled with a striking pale blue lake of highly acidic water with a pH as low as 2.2.  The crater was blasted into the side of the mountain as part of the 1886 Mount Tarawera eruption event and remains the site of the largest geyser-like feature in the world.  Although the actual geyser plays at the bottom of the lake and cannot be seen, a handful of active

text: fumaroles

text: are visible on the shore and the cliff face behind the lake.  The water level of this up to  deep lake follows a complicated rhythmic cycle that is interconnected with the nearby Frying Pan Lake.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: the nearby Frying Pan Lake

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Inferno Crater

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: rhythmic cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: rhythmic cycle that is interconnected with the nearby Frying Pan Lake.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: fumaroles

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: acidic water

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Inferno Crater,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: fumaroles

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: rhythmic

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: 2.2.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rhythmic cycle

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: 2.2.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: 2.2.

text: During his studies of New York streams, Horton determined that the degree to which rainfall could reach the aquifer depended on a certain property of the soil, which he called infiltration capacity. He analyzed and separated the water cycle into the processes of infiltration, evaporation, interception, transpiration, overland flow, etc. Horton was the first to demarcate and label these now-familiar stages of the cycle.

text: During his studies of New York streams, Horton determined that the degree to which

text: rain

text: fall could reach the

text: aquifer

text: depended on a certain property of the soil, which he called

text: infiltration capacity

text: . He analyzed and separated the

text: water cycle

text: into the processes of infiltration,

text: evaporation

text: interception

text: transpiration

text: overland flow

text: , etc. Horton was the first to demarcate and label these now-familiar stages of the cycle.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: infiltration

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: vaporation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: overland flow

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: infiltration capacity.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporation,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: rainfall

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: transpiration,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: infiltration capacity.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: infiltration capacity.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: infiltration capacity.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: infiltration capacity.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: During his studies of New York streams,

text: Mayflies are involved in both primary production and bioturbation. A study in laboratory simulated streams revealed that the Centroptilum genus of the mayfly increased the export of periphyton, thus indirectly affecting primary production positively, which is an essential process for ecosystems. The mayfly can also reallocate and alter the nutrient availability in aquatic habitats through the process of bioturbation. By burrowing in the bottom of lakes and redistributing nutrients, mayflies indirectly regulate phytoplankton and epibenthic primary production. Once burrowing to the bottom of the lake, mayfly nymphs begin to billow their respiratory gills. This motion creates current that carries food particles through the burrow and allows the nymph to filter feed. Other mayfly nymphs possess elaborate filter feeding mechanisms like that of the genus Isonychia. The nymph have forelegs that contain long bristle-like structures that have two rows of hairs. Interlocking hairs form the filter by which the insect traps food particles. The action of filter feeding has a small impact on water purification but an even larger impact on the convergence of small particulate matter into matter of a more complex form that goes on to benefit consumers later in the food chain.

text: Mayflies are involved in both

text: primary production

text: and

text: bioturbation

text: . A study in laboratory simulated streams revealed that the

text: Centroptilum

text: genus of the mayfly increased the export of

text: periphyton

text: , thus indirectly affecting primary production positively, which is an essential process for ecosystems. The mayfly can also reallocate and alter the nutrient availability in aquatic habitats through the process of

text: bioturbation

text: . By burrowing in the bottom of lakes and redistributing nutrients, mayflies indirectly regulate phytoplankton and epibenthic primary production. Once burrowing to the bottom of the lake, mayfly nymphs begin to billow their respiratory gills. This motion creates current that carries food particles through the burrow and allows the nymph to filter feed. Other mayfly nymphs possess elaborate filter feeding mechanisms like that of the genus Isonychia. The nymph have forelegs that contain long bristle-like structures that have two rows of hairs. Interlocking hairs form the filter by which the insect traps food particles. The action of filter feeding has a small impact on water purification but an even larger impact on the convergence of small particulate matter into matter of a more complex form that goes on to benefit consumers later in the food chain.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: bioturbation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: small particulate matter into matter of a more complex form that goes on to benefit consumers later in the food chain

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: bioturbation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: What is stored in snow and ice?

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: filter feeding

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: filter feeding

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: bioturbation.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: filter feeding

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: bioturbation.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: bioturbation.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: periphyton,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: indirectly affecting primary production positively,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: periphyton,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Mayflies are involved in both primary production and bioturbation.

text: Atmospheric carbon dioxide plays an integral role in the Earth's carbon cycle whereby carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere by some natural processes such as photosynthesis and deposition of carbonates, to form limestones for example, and added back to the atmosphere by other natural processes such as respiration and the acid dissolution of carbonate deposits. There are two broad carbon cycles on earth: the fast carbon cycle and the slow carbon cycle. The fast carbon cycle refers to movements of carbon between the environment and living things in the biosphere whereas the slow carbon cycle involves the movement of carbon between the atmosphere, oceans, soil, rocks and volcanism. Both carbon cycles are intrinsically interconnected and atmospheric gaseous carbon dioxide facilitates the carbon cycle.

text: Atmospheric carbon dioxide plays an integral role in the Earth's carbon cycle whereby carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere by some natural processes such as

text: photosynthesis

text: and deposition of carbonates, to form limestones for example, and added back to the atmosphere by other natural processes such as

text: respiration

text: and the acid dissolution of carbonate deposits. There are two broad carbon cycles on earth: the fast carbon cycle and the slow carbon cycle. The fast carbon cycle refers to movements of carbon between the environment and living things in the biosphere whereas the slow carbon cycle involves the movement of carbon between the atmosphere, oceans, soil, rocks and volcanism. Both carbon cycles are intrinsically interconnected and atmospheric gaseous carbon dioxide facilitates the carbon cycle.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: limestones

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: photosynthesis

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Atmospheric carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: photosynthesis

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Atmospheric carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: limestones

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: photosynthesis

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: carbon cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Atmospheric carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Atmospheric carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Atmospheric carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Atmospheric carbon dioxide

text: Immediately after Mongolia attained independence in 1990, the enthusiasm was to declare 100 percent of the area of the country as a national park. However, the figure was pegged at an achievable 30 percent. But due to economic conditions dictating development of mines, the achievement so far has been of the order of 13.8 percent covering an area of  spread over 60 protected areas. There are four categories of protected areas, and these are: Strictly Protected Areas (prohibiting hunting, logging and development with no human habitation as the defined areas are very fragile eco regions); the National Parks, with their historical and educational interest providing for ecotourism in identified areas and with limited access to the local nomads for fishing and grazing; Natural and Historic Monuments with restricted developmental activities; and Nature Reserves though of less important regions addressed issues of providing protection to endangered and rare species of flora and fauna and archeological value with limited access for development within prescribed guidelines.The Strictly Protected Areas are Bogd Khan Uul Biosphere Reserve (covering 67,300 ha including buffer area and transition area and established in 1996), Great Gobi Reserve (area of 985,000 ha of core area, established as Reserve in 1975 and as Biosphere reserve in 1990), Uvs Nuur Basin Reserve (covers a total area of  in 1997 as biosphere reserve), Dornod Mongol Biosphere Reserve (covers a total area of 8,429,072 ha as biosphere reserve designated in 2005) and Khustain Nuuru Reserve (established in 2003 covering an area of ). They are all biosphere reserves under the Man and the Biosphere Programme.

text: Immediately after Mongolia attained independence in 1990, the enthusiasm was to declare 100 percent of the area of the country as a national park. However, the figure was pegged at an achievable 30 percent. But due to economic conditions dictating development of mines, the achievement so far has been of the order of 13.8 percent covering an area of  spread over 60 protected areas. There are four categories of protected areas, and these are: Strictly Protected Areas (prohibiting hunting, logging and development with no human habitation as the defined areas are very fragile eco regions); the National Parks, with their historical and educational interest providing for ecotourism in identified areas and with limited access to the local nomads for fishing and grazing; Natural and Historic Monuments with restricted developmental activities; and Nature Reserves though of less important regions addressed issues of providing protection to endangered and rare species of flora and fauna and archeological value with limited access for development within prescribed guidelines.The Strictly Protected Areas are

text: Bogd Khan Uul Biosphere Reserve

text: (covering 67,300 ha including buffer area and transition area and established in 1996),

text: Great Gobi Reserve

text: (area of 985,000 ha of core area, established as Reserve in 1975 and as Biosphere reserve in 1990),

text: Uvs Nuur Basin Reserve

text: (covers a total area of  in 1997 as biosphere reserve),

text: Dornod Mongol Biosphere Reserve

text: (covers a total area of 8,429,072 ha as biosphere reserve designated in 2005) and

text: Khustain Nuuru Reserve

text: (established in 2003 covering an area of ). They are all biosphere reserves under the

text: Man and the Biosphere Programme

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices are true

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Bogd Khan Uul Biosphere Reserve

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: hunting, logging and development with no human habitation

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Man and the Biosphere Programme.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Natural and Historic Monuments

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Man

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: national park.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Strictly Protected Areas

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Man and the Biosphere Programme.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Great Gobi Reserve

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Great Gobi Reserve

text: Water should be used more efficiently in industry, which should use a closed water cycle if possible. Also, industry should prevent polluting water so that it can be returned into the water cycle. Whenever possible, gray wastewater should be used to irrigate trees or lawns. Water drawn from aquifers should be recharged by treating the wastewater and returned to the aquifer.

text: Water should be used more efficiently in industry, which should use a closed

text: water cycle

text: if possible. Also, industry should prevent polluting water so that it can be returned into the water cycle. Whenever possible,

text: gray wastewater

text: should be used to irrigate trees or lawns. Water drawn from aquifers should be recharged by treating the wastewater and returned to the aquifer.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: industry

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: irrigate trees or lawns

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: industry should prevent polluting water

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: closed water cycle

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: polluting water

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: gray wastewater should be used to irrigate trees or lawns.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: irrigate

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: closed water cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: gray wastewater should be used to irrigate trees or lawns.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: closed water cycle

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: gray wastewater should be used to irrigate trees or lawns.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: gray wastewater should be used to irrigate trees or lawns.

text: The passage of a tropical cyclone over the ocean causes the upper layers of the ocean to cool substantially, which can influence subsequent cyclone development. This cooling is primarily caused by wind-driven mixing of cold water from deeper in the ocean with the warm surface waters. This effect results in a negative feedback process that can inhibit further development or lead to weakening.  Additional cooling may come in the form of cold water from falling raindrops (this is because the atmosphere is cooler at higher altitudes). Cloud cover may also play a role in cooling the ocean, by shielding the ocean surface from direct sunlight before and slightly after the storm passage. All these effects can combine to produce a dramatic drop in sea surface temperature over a large area in just a few days.

text: The passage of a tropical cyclone over the ocean causes the upper layers of the ocean to cool substantially, which can influence subsequent cyclone development. This cooling is primarily caused by wind-driven mixing of cold water from deeper in the ocean with the warm surface waters. This effect results in a negative feedback process that can inhibit further development or lead to weakening.  Additional cooling may come in the form of cold water from falling raindrops (this is because the atmosphere is cooler at higher altitudes). Cloud cover may also play a role in cooling the ocean, by shielding the ocean surface from direct sunlight before and slightly after the storm passage. All these effects can combine to produce a dramatic drop in sea surface temperature over a large area in just a few days.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: additional cooling may come in the form of cold water from falling

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: falling raindrops

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: decreases

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: What is stored in snow and ice?

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: wind-driven mixing of cold water

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: raindrops

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: raindrops

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: falling raindrops

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: raindrops

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: a negative feedback process

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: raindrops

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: cooler at higher altitudes).

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: cold water from falling raindrops

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The passage of a tropical cyclone

text: Aufeis is layered ice that forms in Arctic and subarctic stream valleys. Ice, frozen in the stream bed, blocks normal groundwater discharge, and causes the local water table to rise, resulting in water discharge on top of the frozen layer. This water then freezes, causing the water table to rise further and repeat the cycle. The result is a stratified ice deposit, often several meters thick.

text: Aufeis

text: is layered ice that forms in Arctic and subarctic stream valleys. Ice, frozen in the stream bed, blocks normal groundwater discharge, and causes the local water table to rise, resulting in water discharge on top of the frozen layer. This water then freezes, causing the water table to rise further and repeat the cycle. The result is a stratified ice deposit, often several meters thick.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Ice, frozen in the stream bed

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Aufeis

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: water level rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: This water then freezes,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: freezes,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Aufeis

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Aufeis

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Aufeis is layered ice

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Aufeis

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Ice, frozen in the stream bed, blocks normal groundwater discharge,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: causes the local water table to rise,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: stratified ice deposit,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Aufeis

text: A source of large amounts of fresh and brackish water and large water re-cycling facilities are required in order to create the steam for the SAGD process. Water is a popular topic for debate in regards to water use and management. As of 2008, American petroleum production (not limited to SAGD) generates over 5 billion gallons of produced water every day. The concern of using large amounts of water has little to do with proportion of water used, rather the quality of the water. Traditionally close to 70 million cubic metres of the water volume that was used in the SAGD process was fresh, surface, water. There has been a significant reduction in fresh water use as of 2010, when approximately 18 million cubic metres were used. Though to offset the drastic reduction in fresh water use, industry has begun to significantly increase the volume of saline groundwater involved.  This, as well as other, more general water saving techniques have allowed surface water usage by oil sands operations to decrease by more than threefold since production first began.Relying upon gravity drainage, SAGD also requires comparatively thick and homogeneous reservoirs, and so is not suitable for all heavy-oil production areas.

text: A source of large amounts of fresh and brackish water and large water re-cycling facilities are required in order to create the steam for the SAGD process. Water is a popular topic for debate in regards to water use and management. As of 2008, American petroleum production (not limited to SAGD) generates over 5 billion gallons of produced water every day. The concern of using large amounts of water has little to do with proportion of water used, rather the quality of the water. Traditionally close to 70 million cubic metres of the water volume that was used in the SAGD process was fresh, surface, water. There has been a significant reduction in fresh water use as of 2010, when approximately 18 million cubic metres were used. Though to offset the drastic reduction in fresh water use, industry has begun to significantly increase the volume of saline

text: groundwater

text: involved.  This, as well as other, more general water saving techniques have allowed surface water usage by oil sands operations to decrease by more than threefold since production first began.Relying upon gravity drainage, SAGD also requires comparatively thick and homogeneous reservoirs, and so is not suitable for all heavy-oil production areas.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: to create the steam for the SAGD process

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: the SAGD process

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the SAGD process

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: water cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: steam

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: steam

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: fresh, surface, water.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: steam

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: SAGD

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: SAGD

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: fresh and brackish water

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: A source of large amounts of fresh and brackish water

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: comparatively thick and homogeneous reservoirs,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Water is a popular topic for debate in regards to water use and management.

text: In the 1920s Vladimir I. Vernadsky, a Russian geologist who had defected to France, detailed the idea of the biosphere in his work "The biosphere" (1926), and described the fundamental principles of the biogeochemical cycles.  He thus redefined the biosphere as the sum of all ecosystems.

text: In the 1920s

text: Vladimir I. Vernadsky

text: , a Russian geologist who had defected to France, detailed the idea of the biosphere in his work "The biosphere" (1926), and described the fundamental principles of the

text: biogeochemical cycle

text: s.  He thus redefined the biosphere as the sum of all

text: ecosystem

text: s.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: biogeochemical cycles

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: the biosphere

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: biogeochemical cycles.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: biogeochemical cycles.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: biogeochemical cycles.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: biogeochemical cycles.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: biogeochemical cycles.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: biogeochemical

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Vladimir I. Vernadsky,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: biogeochemical cycles.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: biogeochemical cycles.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: In the 1920s Vladimir I. Vernadsky,

text: The International Standard Atmosphere (ISA) is an atmospheric model of how the pressure, temperature, density, and viscosity of the Earth's atmosphere change over a wide range of altitudes or elevations. It has been established to provide a common reference for temperature and pressure and consists of tables of values at various altitudes, plus some formulas by which those values were derived. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) publishes the ISA as an international standard, ISO 2533:1975. Other standards organizations, such as the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and the United States Government, publish extensions or subsets of the same atmospheric model under their own standards-making authority.

text: The International Standard Atmosphere (ISA) is an

text: atmospheric model

text: of how the

text: pressure

text: temperature

text: density

text: , and

text: viscosity

text: of the

text: Earth's atmosphere

text: change over a wide range of

text: altitude

text: s or

text: elevation

text: s. It has been established to provide a common reference for temperature and pressure and consists of tables of values at various altitudes, plus some formulas by which those values were derived. The

entity_name: International Organization for Standardization

text: International Organization for Standardization

text: (ISO) publishes the ISA as an

text: international standard

text: , ISO 2533:1975. Other

text: standards organization

text: s, such as the

entity_name: International Civil Aviation Organization

text: International Civil Aviation Organization

text: (ICAO) and the

text: United States Government

text: , publish extensions or subsets of the same atmospheric model under their own standards-making authority.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: The International Standard Atmosphere

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the International Standard Atmosphere

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: pressure increases

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: None of the above choices are true

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: pressure, temperature, density, and viscosity

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: temperature, density, and viscosity

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: atmospheric model

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: The International Standard Atmosphere

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: The International Standard Atmosphere

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: The International Standard Atmosphere

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: pressure, temperature, density, and viscosity

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: The International Standard Atmosphere

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The International Standard Atmosphere

text: The reproductive cycle begins when the male Carolina heelsplitter releases its sperm into the stream.  Soon afterwards the sperm is taken in by the females, a process which is called siphoning.  The female's eggs, which will be carried in the females gills, are then fertilized.  When the glochidia (larvae) are fully developed, the female mussel releases them into the water.  The larvae must attach themselves quickly to a body part of their host fish, which is not harmed in the process.  The host fish species for this mussel is still unknown.

text: The reproductive cycle begins when the male Carolina heelsplitter releases its sperm into the stream.  Soon afterwards the sperm is taken in by the females, a process which is called siphoning.  The female's eggs, which will be carried in the females gills, are then fertilized.  When the glochidia (larvae) are fully developed, the female mussel releases them into the water.  The larvae must attach themselves quickly to a body part of their host fish, which is not harmed in the process.  The host fish species for this mussel is still unknown.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the female mussel releases them into the water

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: siphoning.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: siphoning.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: siphoning.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the sperm is taken in by the females,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: siphoning.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: stream.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: siphoning.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: siphoning.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: water.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: siphoning.

text: DSi (in this context silicic acid) is created near the ocean's surface, by the process of hydration. It is carried into the abyssopelagic zone by falling water in the poles. Uncontrolled build-up of silicic acid in the ocean is naturally checked – although human influence can upset this natural regulation. It is primarily removed by conversion to silicon dioxide and water. In the oceans, silicon exists primarily as orthosilicic acid (HSiO), and its biogeochemical cycle is regulated by the group of algae known as the diatoms.  These algae polymerise the silicic acid to so-called biogenic silica, used to construct their cell walls (called frustules).

text: DSi (in this context silicic acid) is created near the ocean's surface, by the process of

text: hydration

text: . It is carried into the

text: abyssopelagic zone

text: by falling water in the

text: poles

text: . Uncontrolled build-up of silicic acid in the ocean is naturally checked – although human influence can upset this natural regulation. It is primarily removed by conversion to silicon dioxide and water. In the

text: ocean

text: s, silicon exists primarily as orthosilicic acid (HSiO), and its

text: biogeochemical cycle

text: is regulated by the group of

text: algae

text: known as the

text: diatom

text: s.  These algae

text: polymer

text: ise the silicic acid to so-called

text: biogenic silica

text: , used to construct their

text: cell wall

text: s (called

text: frustule

text: s).

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: hydration

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: falling water in the poles

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: hydration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: dsi

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: What does DSi mean?

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: diatoms.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: hydration.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: falling water

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: falling water

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: hydration.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydration.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: falling water in the poles.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: human influence can upset this natural regulation.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: falling water

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: DSi

text: The intensity of solar thermal energy from solar radiation at the surface of the earth is about , of area normal to the direction of the sun, under clear-sky conditions.  When solar energy is unconcentrated, the maximum collector temperature is about .  This is useful for space heating and heating water.  For higher temperature applications, such as cooking, or supplying a heat engine or turbine-electrical generator, this energy must be concentrated.

text: The intensity of

text: solar thermal energy

text: from

text: solar radiation

text: at the surface of the

text: earth

text: is about , of area

text: normal

text: to the direction of the

text: sun

text: , under clear-sky conditions.  When solar energy is unconcentrated, the maximum collector temperature is about .  This is useful for space heating and heating water.  For higher temperature applications, such as

text: cooking

text: , or supplying a

text: heat engine

text: or

text: turbine

text: electrical generator

text: , this energy must be concentrated.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: space heating

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: heating water.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: heating

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: The intensity of solar thermal energy

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: heating water.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: The intensity of solar thermal energy

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: solar thermal energy

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: clear-sky conditions.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: The intensity of solar thermal energy

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: heating water.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The intensity of solar thermal energy

text: The basic mechanism can be qualified in a number of ways, none of which affect the fundamental process. The atmosphere near the surface is largely opaque to thermal radiation (with important exceptions for "window" bands), and most heat loss from the surface is by sensible heat and latent heat transport. Radiative energy losses become increasingly important higher in the atmosphere, largely because of the decreasing concentration of water vapor, an important greenhouse gas. It is more realistic to think of the greenhouse effect as applying to a "surface" in the mid-troposphere, which is effectively coupled to the surface by a lapse rate. The simple picture also assumes a steady state, but in the real world, there are variations due to the diurnal cycle as well as the seasonal cycle and weather disturbances. Solar heating only applies during daytime. During the night, the atmosphere cools somewhat, but not greatly, because its emissivity is low. Diurnal temperature changes decrease with height in the atmosphere.

text: The basic mechanism can be qualified in a number of ways, none of which affect the fundamental process. The atmosphere near the surface is largely opaque to thermal radiation (with important exceptions for "window" bands), and most heat loss from the surface is by

text: sensible heat

text: and

text: latent heat

text: transport. Radiative energy losses become increasingly important higher in the atmosphere, largely because of the decreasing concentration of water vapor, an important greenhouse gas. It is more realistic to think of the greenhouse effect as applying to a "surface" in the mid-

text: troposphere

text: , which is effectively coupled to the surface by a

text: lapse rate

text: . The simple picture also assumes a steady state, but in the real world, there are variations due to the

text: diurnal cycle

text: as well as the seasonal cycle and weather disturbances. Solar heating only applies during daytime. During the night, the atmosphere cools somewhat, but not greatly, because its emissivity is low.

text: Diurnal temperature changes

text: decrease with height in the atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: vapor

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: weather disturbances

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Latent heat transport

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: greenhouse effect

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: decreasing concentration of water vapor

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: decreasing concentration of water vapor,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: decreasing concentration of water vapor,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: weather disturbances. Solar heating

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: "window" bands),

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Solar heating

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: vapor,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: decreasing concentration of water vapor,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: decreasing concentration of water vapor,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: decreasing concentration of water vapor,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: decreasing concentration of water vapor,

text: The water obtained from these wells had a nearly constant temperature of 50–52 °F and ranged in chemical character from saline to brine. The water later was discharged and drained back into Onondaga Lake. Although this process did not utilize the salt resource, it took saline water from the ground-water system and released it into freshwater streams. Ultimately, this increased the salinity of the surface-water system.

text: The water obtained from these wells had a nearly constant temperature of 50–52 °F and ranged in chemical character from saline to brine. The water later was discharged and drained back into Onondaga Lake. Although this process did not utilize the salt resource, it took saline water from the ground-water system and released it into freshwater streams. Ultimately, this increased the salinity of the surface-water system.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: increased the salinity of the surface-water system

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: increased the salinity of the surface-water system.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: brine.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: surface-water system.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: 50–52 °F

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: constant temperature of 50–52 °F

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: ground-water system

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: saline to brine.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: increased the salinity

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: 50–52 °F

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Onondaga Lake.

text: The lake is fed by springs and snow-melt from neighboring mountains.  Most water enters the lake in two major stream systems, one entering the lake from the north, the other from the southwest. Both stream systems include extensive marshes where they enter the lake. It formerly had an outlet to the south, but this has become blocked and the lake has become a endorheic lake. The lake is oligotrophic in nature, and its waters are alkaline.

text: The lake is fed by springs and snow-melt from neighboring mountains.  Most water enters the lake in two major stream systems, one entering the lake from the north, the other from the southwest. Both stream systems include extensive marshes where they enter the lake. It formerly had an outlet to the south, but this has become blocked and the lake has become a

text: endorheic lake

text: . The lake is

text: oligotrophic

text: in nature, and its waters are alkaline.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: lake is fed by springs and snow-melt from neighboring mountains

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: endothermic

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: endorheic lake

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: endorheic

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: endorheic

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: springs and snow-melt from neighboring mountains.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: alkaline.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: oligotrophic

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: endorheic lake.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: endorheic lake.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: two major stream systems,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: marshes

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: snow-melt

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: snow-melt

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: oligotrophic in nature, and its waters are alkaline.

text: It has been proposed in a hypothetical renewable energy dominated energy system to use the excess electricity generated by wind, solar photovoltaic, hydro, marine currents and others to produce hydrogen by electrolysis of water then combine it with CO make methane (natural gas).  Hydrogen would firstly be used onsite in fuel cells (CHP) or for transportation due to its greater efficiency of production and then methane created which could then be injected into the existing gas network to generate electricity and heat on demand to overcome low points of renewable energy production.  The process described would be to create hydrogen (which could partly be used directly in fuel cells) and the addition of carbon dioxide CO possibly from BECCS (Bio-Energy with Carbon Capture & Storage  ) via the (Sabatier reaction) to create methane as follows :CO + 4H → CH + 2HO.

text: It has been proposed in a hypothetical renewable energy dominated energy system to use the excess electricity generated by wind, solar photovoltaic, hydro, marine currents and others to produce hydrogen by electrolysis of water then combine it with CO make methane (natural gas).  Hydrogen would firstly be used onsite in fuel cells (CHP) or for transportation due to its greater efficiency of production and then methane created which could then be injected into the existing gas network to generate electricity and heat on demand to overcome low points of renewable energy production.  The process described would be to create hydrogen (which could partly be used directly in fuel cells) and the addition of carbon dioxide CO possibly from BECCS (Bio-Energy with Carbon Capture & Storage  ) via the (Sabatier reaction) to create methane as follows :CO + 4H → CH + 2HO.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: electrolysis

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: methane

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydro

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: hydrogen by electrolysis

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: electrolysis

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: (Sabatier reaction)

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: hydrogen by electrolysis

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrogen by electrolysis

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: hydrogen by electrolysis of water

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: marine currents and others to produce hydrogen by electrolysis of water

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: hydrogen by electrolysis of water

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: hydrogen by electrolysis of water

text: The results of each SELDM analysis are written to 5–10 output files, depending on the options that were selected during the analysis-specification process. The five output files that are created for every model run are the output documentation, highway-runoff quality, annual highway runoff, precipitation events, and stormflow file. If the Stream Basin or Stream and Lake Basin output options are selected, then the prestorm streamflow and dilution factor files also are created. If these same two output options are selected and, in addition, one or more downstream water-quality pairs are defined by using the water-quality menu, then the upstream water-quality and downstream water-quality output files also are created by SELDM. If the Stream and Lake Basin Output or Lake Basin Output option is selected, and one or more downstream water-quality pairs are defined by using the water-quality menu, then the Lake Analysis output file is created when the Lake Basin Analysis is run. The output files are written as tab-delimited ASCII text files in a relational database (RDB) format that can be imported into many software packages. This output is designed to facilitate post-modeling analysis and presentation of results.

text: The results of each SELDM analysis are written to 5–10 output files, depending on the options that were selected during the analysis-specification process. The five output files that are created for every model run are the output documentation, highway-runoff quality, annual highway runoff, precipitation events, and stormflow file. If the Stream Basin or Stream and Lake Basin output options are selected, then the prestorm streamflow and dilution factor files also are created. If these same two output options are selected and, in addition, one or more downstream water-quality pairs are defined by using the water-quality menu, then the upstream water-quality and downstream water-quality output files also are created by SELDM. If the Stream and Lake Basin Output or Lake Basin Output option is selected, and one or more downstream water-quality pairs are defined by using the water-quality menu, then the Lake Analysis output file is created when the Lake Basin Analysis is run. The output files are written as

text: tab-delimited

text: ASCII

text: text files in a

text: relational database

text: (RDB) format that can be imported into many software packages. This output is designed to facilitate post-modeling analysis and presentation of results.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: SELDM

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: SELDM

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Lake Analysis output file

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Lake Analysis

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: snow and ice

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: SELDM

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: dilution factor

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: prestorm streamflow and dilution factor files

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: The results of each SELDM

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Lake Analysis

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: 5–10 output files,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: dilution factor

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: 5–10 output files,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: 5–10 output files,

text: The life-cycle of the phumdi involves floating on the water surface during season of high water as in the monsoons. In the lean season, when the water level reduces, the biomass come into contact with the lake bed and they secure the required nutrient from there. When the rains come again and they become afloat, the biomass have enough 'food'—the nutrients—stored in their roots and their life continues. What is happening now, according to local scientists who are studying the phenomena, is that with continuous high water in the lake throughout the year much of this process of 'feeding' on the nutrient in the lakebed had discontinued. The result—the biomass are losing weight and getting thinner by the year. Around January last week in 1999, it was reported that a large chunk of the biomass in the northern part of National Park had broken up into pieces and had drifted freely from the park area. This was a bad sign for the sangai habitat. It spelled out very clearly that the beginning of the end of the sangai habitat had begun. There are reports of local people cutting up the phumdi into sizable pieces and then towing away these with dugout canoe for 'selling' to fish culture owners. This is another potential danger to the sangai habitat. It meant humans are now aiding the process of annihilating the habitat area, supplementing to the rapid degeneration of the habitat.

text: The life-cycle of the phumdi involves floating on the water surface during season of high water as in the monsoons. In the lean season, when the water level reduces, the biomass come into contact with the lake bed and they secure the required nutrient from there. When the rains come again and they become afloat, the biomass have enough 'food'—the nutrients—stored in their roots and their life continues. What is happening now, according to local scientists who are studying the phenomena, is that with continuous high water in the lake throughout the year much of this process of 'feeding' on the nutrient in the lakebed had discontinued. The result—the biomass are losing weight and getting thinner by the year. Around January last week in 1999, it was reported that a large chunk of the biomass in the northern part of National Park had broken up into pieces and had drifted freely from the park area. This was a bad sign for the sangai habitat. It spelled out very clearly that the beginning of the end of the sangai habitat had begun. There are reports of local people cutting up the phumdi into sizable pieces and then towing away these with dugout canoe for 'selling' to fish culture owners. This is another potential danger to the sangai habitat. It meant humans are now aiding the process of annihilating the habitat area, supplementing to the rapid degeneration of the habitat.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: What kind of precipitation is mentioned in the passage?

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: annihilating the habitat area

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: high water as in the monsoons.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: lean season,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: rains

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: broken up into pieces and had drifted freely from the park area.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: high water as in the monsoons.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: monsoons.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: high water as in the monsoons.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: high water

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: high water

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: high water

text: The scientific study of water and Earth's water cycle is hydrology; hydrodynamics studies the physics of water in motion. The more recent study of the sea in particular is oceanography. This began as the study of the shape of the ocean's currents but has since expanded into a large and multidisciplinary field: it examines the properties of seawater; studies waves, tides, and currents; charts coastlines and maps the seabeds; and studies marine life. The subfield dealing with the sea's motion, its forces, and the forces acting upon it is known as physical oceanography. Marine biology (biological oceanography) studies the plants, animals, and other organisms inhabiting marine ecosystems. Both are informed by chemical oceanography, which studies the behavior of elements and molecules within the oceans: particularly, at the moment, the ocean's role in the carbon cycle and carbon dioxide's role in the increasing acidification of seawater. Marine and maritime geography charts the shape and shaping of the sea, while marine geology (geological oceanography) has provided evidence of continental drift and the composition and structure of the Earth, clarified the process of sedimentation, and assisted the study of volcanism and earthquakes.

text: The

text: scientific study

text: of

text: water

text: and Earth's

text: water cycle

text: is

text: hydrology

text: hydrodynamics

text: studies the

text: physics

text: of water in motion. The more recent study of the sea in particular is

text: oceanography

text: . This began as the study of the shape of the ocean's

text: currents

text: but has since expanded into a large and

text: multidisciplinary

text: field: it examines the properties of

text: seawater

text: ; studies

text: waves

text: tides

text: , and

text: currents

text: ; charts

text: coastlines

text: and maps the

text: seabeds

text: ; and studies

text: marine life

text: . The subfield dealing with the sea's motion, its forces, and the forces acting upon it is known as

text: physical oceanography

text: Marine biology

text: (biological oceanography) studies the

text: plants

text: animals

text: , and other organisms inhabiting

text: marine ecosystems

text: . Both are informed by

text: chemical oceanography

text: , which studies the behavior of

text: elements

text: and

text: molecules

text: within the oceans: particularly, at the moment, the ocean's role in the

text: carbon cycle

text: and

text: carbon dioxide

text: 's role in the

text: increasing acidification

text: of seawater. Marine and maritime

text: geography

text: charts the shape and shaping of the sea, while

text: marine geology

text: (geological oceanography) has provided evidence of

text: continental drift

text: and the

text: composition

text: and

text: structure of the Earth

text: , clarified the process of

text: sedimentation

text: , and assisted the study of

text: volcanism

text: and

text: earthquakes

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: hydrodynamics

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: hydrodynamics

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: hydrology

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: seawater

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrology

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: acidification

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: What does hydrology study?

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: physics of water in motion.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: hydrodynamics

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: hydrology;

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: carbon dioxide's role in the increasing acidification of seawater.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: hydrodynamics

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrology;

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: hydrology;

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: acidification of seawater.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: hydrology;

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The scientific study of water and Earth's water cycle is hydrology;

text: The high specific heat capacity of water and the insulating effect of soil and rock can mitigate the effects of climate and maintain groundwater at a relatively steady temperature. In some places where groundwater temperatures are maintained by this effect at about 10 °C (50 °F), groundwater can be used for controlling the temperature inside structures at the surface. For example, during hot weather relatively cool groundwater can be pumped through radiators in a home and then returned to the ground in another well. During cold seasons, because it is relatively warm, the water can be used in the same way as a source of heat for heat pumps that is much more efficient than using air.

text: The high

text: specific heat capacity

text: of water and the insulating effect of soil and rock can mitigate the effects of climate and maintain groundwater at a relatively steady temperature. In some places where groundwater temperatures are maintained by this effect at about 10 °C (50 °F), groundwater can be used for controlling the temperature inside structures at the surface. For example, during hot weather relatively cool groundwater can be pumped through radiators in a home and then returned to the ground in another well. During cold seasons, because it is relatively warm, the water can be used in the same way as a source of heat for

text: heat pump

text: s that is much more efficient than using air.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: groundwater can be used for controlling the temperature inside structures

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: dew

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: The high specific heat capacity of water

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: air.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: The high specific heat capacity of water

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: during hot weather relatively cool groundwater can be pumped through radiators

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: insulating effect

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: The high specific heat capacity of water

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: The high specific heat capacity of water

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: groundwater at a relatively steady temperature.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The high specific heat capacity of water

text: Installation of solar power plants require nearly 2.4 hectares (6 acres) land per MW capacity which is similar to coal-fired power plants  when life cycle coal mining, consumptive water storage & ash disposal areas are also accounted and hydro power plants when submergence area of water reservoir is also accounted. 1.33 million MW capacity solar plants can be installed in India on its 1% land (32,000 square km). There are vast tracts of land suitable for solar power in all parts of India exceeding 8% of its total area which are unproductive barren and devoid of vegetation. Part of waste lands (32,000 square km) when installed with solar power plants can produce 2000 billion kWh of electricity (two times the total generation in 2013-14) with land productivity/yield of 1.25 million Rs per acre (5 Rs/kWh price) which is at par with many industrial areas and many times more than the best productive irrigated agriculture lands. Moreover, these solar power units are not dependent on supply of any raw material and are self productive. There is unlimited scope for solar electricity to replace all fossil fuel energy requirements (natural gas, coal, lignite and crude oil) if all the marginally productive lands are occupied by solar power plants in future. The solar power potential of India can meet perennially to cater per capita energy consumption at par with USA/Japan for the peak population in its demographic transition.

text: Installation of

text: solar power

text: plants require nearly 2.4 hectares (6 acres) land per MW capacity which is similar to coal-fired power plants  when life cycle coal mining, consumptive water storage & ash disposal areas are also accounted and hydro power plants when submergence area of water reservoir is also accounted. 1.33 million MW capacity solar plants can be installed in India on its 1% land (32,000 square km). There are vast tracts of land suitable for solar power in all parts of India exceeding 8% of its total area which are unproductive barren and devoid of vegetation. Part of waste lands (32,000 square km) when installed with solar power plants can produce 2000 billion kWh of electricity (two times the total generation in 2013-14) with land productivity/yield of 1.25 million Rs per acre (5 Rs/kWh price) which is at par with many industrial areas and many times more than the best productive irrigated agriculture lands. Moreover, these solar power units are not dependent on supply of any raw material and are self productive. There is unlimited scope for solar electricity to replace all fossil fuel energy requirements (natural gas, coal, lignite and crude oil) if all the marginally productive lands are occupied by solar power plants in future. The solar power potential of India can meet perennially to cater per capita energy consumption at par with USA/Japan for the peak population in its

text: demographic transition

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: hydro power plants

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: irrigated

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: consumptive water storage & ash disposal areas

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: hydro power plants

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: hydro power plants

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: irrigated

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: consumptive water storage & ash disposal areas

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: irrigated agriculture lands.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: submergence area of water reservoir

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: consumptive water storage

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Installation of solar power plants require nearly 2.4 hectares

text: Educational process at the Faculty of Political Sciences is carried out in three cycles of study:

text: Educational process at the Faculty of Political Sciences is carried out in three cycles of study:

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: cycles of study

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: solar cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: it is a renewable resource

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: three

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: three cycles

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: three cycles of study:

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: three cycles of study:

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: three cycles of study:

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: three cycles

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: three cycles of study:

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: three cycles

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: three cycles of study:

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: three cycles of study:

text: The Piemont-Liguria basin or the Piemont-Liguria Ocean (sometimes only one of the two names is used, for example: Piemonte Ocean) was a former piece of oceanic crust that is seen as part of the Tethys Ocean. Together with some other oceanic basins that existed between the continents Europe and Africa, the Piemont-Liguria Ocean is called the Western or Alpine Tethys Ocean.

text: The Piemont-Liguria basin or the Piemont-Liguria Ocean (sometimes only one of the two names is used, for example: Piemonte Ocean) was a former piece of

text: oceanic crust

text: that is seen as part of the

text: Tethys Ocean

text: . Together with some other oceanic

text: basin

text: s that existed between the continents

text: Europe

text: and

text: Africa

text: , the Piemont-Liguria Ocean is called the Western or

text: Alpine Tethys

text: Ocean.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Western or Alpine Tethys Ocean

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: oceanic crust

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: The Piemont-Liguria basin

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: The Piemont-Liguria basin

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Piemonte Ocean)

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: The Piemont-Liguria basin

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Piemonte Ocean)

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Piemont-Liguria basin

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: oceanic crust

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: The Piemont-Liguria basin

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The Piemont-Liguria basin

text: The growth process of the cell does not refer to the size of the cell, but instead the density of the number of cells present in the organism at a given time. Cell growth pertains to the increase in the number of cells present in an organism as it grows and develops; as the organism gets larger so too does the number of cells present. Cells are the foundation of all organisms, they are the fundamental unit of life. The growth and development of the cell are essential for the maintenance of the host, and survival of the organisms. For this process the cell goes through the steps of the cell cycle and development which involves cell growth, DNA replication, cell division, regeneration, specialization, and cell death. The cell cycle is divided into four distinct phases, G1, S, G2, and M. The G phases – which is the cell growth phase - makes up approximately 95% of the cycle. The proliferation of cells is instigated by progenitors, the cells then differentiate to become specialized, where specialized cells of the same type aggregate to form tissues, then organs and ultimately systems. The G phases along with the S phase – DNA replication, damage and repair - are considered to be the interphase portion of the cycle. While the M phase (mitosis and cytokinesis) is the cell division portion of the cycle. The cell cycle is regulated by a series of signalling factors and complexes such as CDK's, kinases, and p53. to name a few. When the cell has completed its growth process, and if it is found to be damaged or altered it undergoes cell death, either by apoptosis or necrosis, to eliminate the threat it cause to the organism’s survival.

text: The growth process of the cell does not refer to the size of the cell, but instead the density of the number of cells present in the organism at a given time.

text: Cell growth

text: pertains to the increase in the number of cells present in an organism as it grows and develops; as the organism gets larger so too does the number of cells present. Cells are the foundation of all organisms, they are the fundamental unit of life. The growth and development of the cell are essential for the maintenance of the host, and survival of the organisms. For this process the cell goes through the steps of the

text: cell cycle

text: and development which involves cell growth,

text: DNA replication

text: cell division

text: , regeneration, specialization, and

text: cell death

text: . The cell cycle is divided into four distinct phases, G1, S, G2, and M. The G phases – which is the cell growth phase - makes up approximately 95% of the cycle. The proliferation of cells is instigated by progenitors, the cells then differentiate to become specialized, where specialized cells of the same type aggregate to form tissues, then organs and ultimately systems. The G phases along with the S phase – DNA replication, damage and repair - are considered to be the interphase portion of the cycle. While the M phase (

text: mitosis

text: and

text: cytokinesis

text: ) is the cell division portion of the cycle. The cell cycle is regulated by a series of signalling factors and complexes such as CDK's,

text: kinase

text: s, and

text: . to name a few. When the cell has completed its growth process, and if it is found to be damaged or altered it undergoes cell death, either by

text: apoptosis

text: or

text: necrosis

text: , to eliminate the threat it cause to the organism’s survival.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: cell death

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: dehydration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: DNA replication,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: S phase

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: The G phases

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: apoptosis or necrosis,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: The G phases

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: M phase

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: cell death.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: systems.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: S phase

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: if it is found to be damaged or altered it undergoes cell death,

text: Peeler Lake is a California landform within the Toiyabe National Forest and on the west edge of the Hoover Wilderness.  One of the few bodies of water on the Great Basin Divide, Peeler Lake's inflow is sufficient for outlet streams over 2 Sierra Crest sills of similar elevation to respectively drain westward to the Pacific Ocean (Rancheria Creek, Tuolumne & San Joaquin Rivers, and Suisun & San Francisco Bays) and eastward into the Great Basin (Robinson Creek, East Walker & Walker Rivers, Walker Lake sink).  Peeler Lake's saddle area is a mountain pass between the west Sierra slope (Tuolumne County) and the Sierra Escarpment (Mono County) to the east, and the lake level of  is over  below the summits of Cirque Mountain (north) and Crowne Point (south).   The namesake Peeler Lake Trail of  from the east reaches the lake from the Robinson Creek Trailhead parking at the west side of Twin Lakes (formerly Mono Village), and the Bridgeport Ranger Station issues overnight permits for the backcountry area of the lake.

text: Peeler Lake is a

text: California

text: landform within the

text: Toiyabe National Forest

text: and on the west edge of the

text: Hoover Wilderness

text: .  One of the few

text: bodies of water

text: on the

text: Great Basin Divide

text: , Peeler Lake's inflow is sufficient for outlet streams over 2

text: Sierra Crest

text: sills of similar elevation to respectively drain westward to the

text: Pacific Ocean

text: Rancheria Creek

text: Tuolumne

text: San Joaquin River

text: s, and

text: Suisun

text: San Francisco Bay

text: s) and eastward into the

text: Great Basin

text: Robinson Creek

text: East Walker

text: Walker River

text: s,

text: Walker Lake

text: sink

text: ).  Peeler Lake's

text: saddle area

text: is a

text: mountain pass

text: between the west

text: Sierra

text: slope (

text: Tuolumne County

text: ) and the

text: Sierra Escarpment

text: Mono County

text: ) to the east, and the lake level of  is over  below the summits of

text: Cirque Mountain

text: (north) and

text: Crowne Point

text: (south).   The namesake Peeler Lake Trail of  from the east reaches the lake from the Robinson Creek Trailhead parking at the west side of

text: Twin Lakes

text: (formerly

text: Mono Village

text: ), and the

text: Bridgeport Ranger Station

text: issues overnight permits for the backcountry area of the lake.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: What drives the water cycle?

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: What are the types of weather that can occur in the area?

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Walker Lake sink

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: dew point

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: water cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: It can be stored in snow and ice.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Peeler Lake's inflow

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Walker Lake sink).

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Walker Lake sink).

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: drain westward to the Pacific Ocean

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: drain westward to the Pacific Ocean

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: elevation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Peeler Lake's inflow is sufficient for outlet streams

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Peeler Lake's

text: The Mini-TES is used for identifying promising rocks and soils for closer examination, and to determine the processes that formed Martian rocks.  It measures the infrared radiation that the target rock or object emits in 167 different wavelengths, providing information about the target's composition.  One particular goal is to search for minerals that were formed by the action of water, such as carbonates and clays.  The instrument can also look skyward to provide temperature profiles of the Martian atmosphere and detect the abundance of dust and water vapor.

text: The Mini-TES is used for identifying promising rocks and soils for closer examination, and to determine the processes that formed Martian rocks.  It measures the infrared radiation that the target rock or object emits in 167 different wavelengths, providing information about the target's composition.  One particular goal is to search for minerals that were formed by the action of water, such as carbonates and clays.  The instrument can also look skyward to provide temperature profiles of the Martian atmosphere and detect the abundance of dust and water vapor.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: carbonates and clays

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: vapor

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: clays

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: carbonates

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: carbonates and clays.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: water vapor.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: carbonates and clays.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: formed by the action of water,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: minerals that were formed by the action of water,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: minerals that were formed by the action of water,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: water,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: minerals that were formed by the action of water,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The Mini-TES

text: Carbon is cycled through the terrestrial biosphere with varying speeds, depending on what form it is stored in and under which circumstances. It is exchanged most quickly with the atmosphere, although small amounts of carbon leave the terrestrial biosphere and enter the oceans as dissolved organic carbon (DOC).

text: Carbon is cycled through the terrestrial biosphere with varying speeds, depending on what form it is stored in and under which circumstances. It is exchanged most quickly with the atmosphere, although small amounts of carbon leave the terrestrial biosphere and enter the oceans as

text: dissolved organic carbon

text: (DOC).

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: dissolved organic carbon

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: carbon is released

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Carbon

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: dissolved organic carbon

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Carbon is cycled through the terrestrial biosphere

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: dissolved organic carbon (DOC).

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Carbon

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Carbon is cycled through the terrestrial biosphere

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Carbon is cycled through the terrestrial biosphere

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Carbon is cycled through the terrestrial biosphere

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Carbon

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Carbon

text: Lakes and ponds may also be caused by glacial movement. Kettle lakes form when a retreating glacier leaves behind an underground or surface chunk of ice that later melts to form a depression containing water. Moraine-dammed lakes occur when glacial debris dam a stream (or snow runoff).  Jackson Lake and Jenny Lake in Grand Teton National Park are examples of moraine-dammed lakes, though Jackson Lake is enhanced by a man-made dam.

text: Lakes and ponds may also be caused by glacial movement.

text: Kettle lake

text: s form when a retreating glacier leaves behind an underground or surface chunk of ice that later melts to form a depression containing water.

text: Moraine-dammed lake

text: s occur when glacial debris dam a stream (or snow runoff).

text: Jackson Lake

text: and

text: Jenny Lake

text: in

text: Grand Teton National Park

text: are examples of moraine-dammed lakes, though Jackson Lake is enhanced by a man-made dam.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: glacial movement

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Kettle lakes

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: glacial movement.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: melts to form a depression containing water.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Lakes and ponds may also be caused by glacial movement.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Kettle lakes

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Lakes and ponds may also be caused by glacial movement.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: glacial movement.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Lakes and ponds may also be caused by glacial movement.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: glacial movement.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Kettle lakes

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Lakes and ponds may also be caused by glacial movement.

text: Numerous brooks flow into the lake, of which the Riegerbach near Döbriach is the biggest. At the western end of the lake the short Seebach stream leads the water into the Lieser river, which itself is a tributary of the Drava. The oligotrophic lake with its deep basin has a large hypolimnic volume and meromictic waters, which are clear and reach drinking water quality.

text: Numerous brooks flow into the lake, of which the Riegerbach near Döbriach is the biggest. At the western end of the lake the short Seebach stream leads the water into the

text: Lieser

text: river, which itself is a tributary of the Drava. The

text: oligotrophic

text: lake with its deep basin has a large

text: hypolimnic volume

text: and

text: meromictic

text: waters, which are clear and reach drinking water quality.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: None of the above choices are true

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: lake with its deep basin has a large hypolimnic volume

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hypolimnic

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: oligotrophic

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: meromictic

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: oligotrophic

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: hypolimnic volume

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Riegerbach near Döbriach

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: meromictic

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: oligotrophic

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: oligotrophic

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: The oligotrophic lake

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Riegerbach near Döbriach

text: In the lower reaches of Mill Run, the stream flows over some cascades with a height of . In an 1887 book, these cascades were said to give the stream "splendid" water power. A preglacial valley also occurs in the stream's watershed. The watershed is separated from Lake Winola by a wall of glacial drift with a height of .

text: In the lower reaches of Mill Run, the stream flows over some

text: cascades

text: with a height of . In an 1887 book, these cascades were said to give the stream "splendid"

text: water power

text: . A

text: preglacial valley

text: also occurs in the stream's watershed. The watershed is separated from

text: Lake Winola

text: by a wall of glacial drift with a height of .

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: a wall of glacial drift

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: preglacial valley

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: preglacial

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: cascades

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: preglacial

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: preglacial valley

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: preglacial valley

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: cascades

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: preglacial

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: 1887 book, these cascades

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: preglacial

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: preglacial valley also occurs in the stream's watershed.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: In the lower reaches of Mill Run,

text: Hardheads prefer larger lakes, swamps and rivers with deep, still water, but are often seen in smaller streams, flooded grasslands, and shallow pools. As a general rule, they avoid coastal waters. They rarely come to land and never perch in trees.

text: Hardheads prefer larger lakes, swamps and rivers with deep, still water, but are often seen in smaller streams, flooded grasslands, and shallow pools. As a general rule, they avoid coastal waters. They rarely come to land and never perch in trees.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: vaporization

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: flooded grasslands

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: deep, still water,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: flooded grasslands, and shallow pools.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Hardheads

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: flooded grasslands,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: flooded grasslands,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: flooded grasslands, and shallow pools.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: flooded grasslands,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: flooded

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: deep, still water,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Hardheads

text: Hydrogen production technologies have been a significant area of solar chemical research since the 1970s. Aside from electrolysis driven by photovoltaic or photochemical cells, several thermochemical processes have also been explored. One such route uses concentrators to split water into oxygen and hydrogen at high temperatures (). Another approach uses the heat from solar concentrators to drive the steam reformation of natural gas thereby increasing the overall hydrogen yield compared to conventional reforming methods. Thermochemical cycles characterized by the decomposition and regeneration of reactants present another avenue for hydrogen production. The Solzinc process under development at the Weizmann Institute of Science uses a 1 MW solar furnace to decompose zinc oxide (ZnO) at temperatures above . This initial reaction produces pure zinc, which can subsequently be reacted with water to produce hydrogen.

text: Hydrogen production

text: technologies have been a significant area of solar chemical research since the 1970s. Aside from electrolysis driven by photovoltaic or photochemical cells, several thermochemical processes have also been explored. One such route uses concentrators to split water into oxygen and hydrogen at high temperatures (). Another approach uses the heat from solar concentrators to drive the

text: steam reformation

text: of natural gas thereby increasing the overall hydrogen yield compared to conventional reforming methods. Thermochemical cycles characterized by the decomposition and regeneration of reactants present another avenue for hydrogen production. The Solzinc process under development at the

text: Weizmann Institute of Science

text: uses a 1 MW solar furnace to decompose

text: zinc oxide

text: (ZnO) at temperatures above . This initial reaction produces pure zinc, which can subsequently be reacted with water to produce hydrogen.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Hydrogen

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: The Solzinc process

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: concentrators to split water into oxygen and hydrogen at high temperatures

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: steam reformation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: The Solzinc process

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: split water into oxygen and hydrogen at high temperatures

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Thermochemical cycles

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: water into oxygen and hydrogen at high temperatures

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: water into oxygen and hydrogen at high temperatures

text: Students participate on Solar Decathlon many years. The U.S. Department of Energy Solar Decathlon is an international competition that challenges 20 collegiate teams to design, build, and operate the most attractive, effective, and energy-efficient solar-powered house. The competition is presented by the U.S. Department of Energy and organized by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). There is also a Solar Decathlon Europe, which was established by a 2007 agreement between the United States and Spain. Students pariticipate on Eco-marathon too. The Eco-Marathon is an annual competition sponsored by Shell, in which participants build special vehicles to achieve the highest possible fuel efficiency.

text: Students participate on

text: Solar Decathlon

text: many years. The U.S.

text: Department of Energy

text: Solar Decathlon is an international competition that challenges 20 collegiate teams to design, build, and operate the most attractive, effective, and energy-efficient

text: solar-power

text: ed house. The competition is presented by the

text: U.S. Department of Energy

text: and organized by the

text: National Renewable Energy Laboratory

text: (NREL). There is also a

text: Solar Decathlon Europe

text: , which was established by a 2007 agreement between the United States and

text: Spain

text: . Students pariticipate on

text: Eco-marathon

text: too. The Eco-Marathon is an annual competition sponsored by

text: Shell

text: , in which participants build special vehicles to achieve the highest possible

text: fuel efficiency

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Eco-Marathon

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: energy-efficient solar-powered house.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: fuel efficiency.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: energy-efficient solar-powered house.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: participants build special vehicles to achieve the highest possible fuel efficiency.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Solar Decathlon

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Eco-marathon

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Eco-marathon

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: energy-efficient

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Solar Decathlon

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Solar Decathlon

text: Water has higher heat capacity than most other substances. This quality makes it an ideal raw material for boiler operations. Boilers are part of a closed system as compared to open systems in a gas turbine. The closed system that is used is the Rankine cycle. This means that the water is recirculated throughout the system and is never in contact with the atmosphere. The water is reused and needs to be treated to continue efficient operations. Boiler water must be treated in order to be proficient in producing steam. Boiler water is treated to prevent scaling, corrosion, foaming, and priming. Chemicals are put in to boiler water through the chemical feed tank to keep the water within chemical range. These chemicals are mostly oxygen scavengers and phosphates. The boiler water also has frequent blowdowns in order to keep the chloride content down. The boiler operations also include bottom blows in order to get rid of solids. Scale is precipitated impurities out of the water and then forms on heat transfer surfaces. This is a problem because scale does not transfer heat very well and causes the tubes to fail by getting too hot. Corrosion is caused by oxygen in the water. The oxygen causes the metal to oxidize which lowers the melting point of the metal. Foaming and priming is caused when the boiler water does not have the correct amount of chemicals and there are suspended solids in the water which carry over in the dry pipe. The dry pipe is where the steam and water mixture are separated.

text: Water has higher

text: heat capacity

text: than most other substances. This quality makes it an ideal raw material for boiler operations. Boilers are part of a closed system as compared to open systems in a

text: gas turbine

text: . The

text: closed system

text: that is used is the

text: Rankine cycle

text: . This means that the water is recirculated throughout the system and is never in contact with the atmosphere. The water is reused and needs to be treated to continue efficient operations.

text: Boiler water

text: must be treated in order to be proficient in producing steam. Boiler water is treated to prevent scaling,

text: corrosion

text: , foaming, and priming. Chemicals are put in to boiler water through the chemical feed tank to keep the water within chemical range. These chemicals are mostly oxygen scavengers and

text: phosphates

text: . The boiler water also has frequent blowdowns in order to keep the chloride content down. The boiler operations also include bottom blows in order to get rid of solids. Scale is precipitated impurities out of the water and then forms on heat transfer surfaces. This is a problem because scale does not transfer heat very well and causes the tubes to fail by getting too hot. Corrosion is caused by oxygen in the water. The oxygen causes the metal to oxidize which lowers the melting point of the metal. Foaming and priming is caused when the boiler water does not have the correct amount of chemicals and there are suspended solids in the water which carry over in the dry pipe. The dry pipe is where the steam and water mixture are separated.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Rankine cycle

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: oxidize

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Foaming and priming

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Rankine cycle

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: recirculated throughout the system and is never in contact with the atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: steam.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Scale

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Rankine cycle.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Rankine

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Rankine cycle.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: oxygen in the water.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Boiler water must be treated in order to be proficient in producing steam.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Water

text: Soil chemistry changes over time, as biological and chemical processes break down or combine compounds over time. These processes change once the soil is removed from its natural ecosystem (flora and fauna that penetrate the sampled area) and environment (temperature, moisture, and solar light/radiation cycles). As a result, the chemical composition analysis accuracy can be improved if the soil is analysed soon after its extraction — usually within a relative time period of 24 hours. The chemical changes in the soil can be slowed during storage and transportation by freezing it. Air drying can also preserve the soil sample for many months.

text: Soil chemistry changes over time, as biological and chemical processes break down or combine compounds over time. These processes change once the soil is removed from its natural ecosystem (flora and fauna that penetrate the sampled area) and environment (temperature, moisture, and solar light/radiation cycles). As a result, the chemical composition analysis accuracy can be improved if the soil is analysed soon after its extraction — usually within a relative time period of 24 hours. The chemical changes in the soil can be slowed during storage and transportation by freezing it. Air drying can also preserve the soil sample for many months.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: air drying

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: air drying

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: air drying

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: soil chemistry changes

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: (temperature, moisture, and solar light/radiation cycles).

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Air drying

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: moisture,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: solar light/radiation cycles).

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Air drying

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: solar light/radiation cycles).

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: moisture, and solar light/radiation cycles).

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: (temperature, moisture, and solar light/radiation cycles).

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: freezing

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Soil chemistry changes over time,

text: Soil moisture is a general term describing the amount of water present in the vadose zone, or unsaturated portion of soil below ground.  Since plants depend on this water to carry out critical biological processes, soil moisture is integral to the study of ecohydrology.  Soil moisture is generally described as water content,

text: Soil moisture

text: is a general term describing the amount of water present in the

text: vadose zone

text: , or unsaturated portion of soil below ground.  Since plants depend on this water to carry out critical biological processes, soil moisture is integral to the study of ecohydrology.  Soil moisture is generally described as

text: water content

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Soil moisture

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Soil moisture

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Ecohydrology

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: plants depend on this water to carry out critical biological processes, soil moisture

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: unsaturated

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Soil moisture

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Soil moisture

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Soil moisture

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: ecohydrology.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Soil moisture

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Soil moisture

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Soil moisture

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Soil moisture

text: Solar power consists of two types. The cheapest in 2013 is photovoltaics (PV), that is a variable renewable energy source. The second type of solar power, though, concentrated solar power (CSP), can efficiently provide 24-hour storage, making CSP dispatchable, and load following.

text: Solar power consists of two types. The cheapest in 2013 is

text: photovoltaics

text: (PV), that is a

text: variable renewable energy

text: source. The second type of solar power, though,

text: concentrated solar power

text: (CSP), can efficiently provide 24-hour storage, making CSP dispatchable, and

text: load following

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: CSP

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: photovoltaics

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: photovoltaics

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: a variable renewable energy source.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: photovoltaics

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: photovoltaics

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Solar power

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: photovoltaics

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: a variable renewable energy source.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: photovoltaics

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Solar power

text: Pore water pressure (sometimes abbreviated to pwp) refers to the pressure of groundwater held within a soil or rock, in gaps between particles (pores). Pore water pressures in below the phreatic level (see also groundwater) are measured in piezometers. The vertical pore water pressure distribution in aquifers can generally be assumed to be close to hydrostatic.

text: Pore water pressure (sometimes abbreviated to pwp) refers to the

text: pressure

text: of

text: groundwater

text: held within a

text: soil

text: or

text: rock

text: , in gaps between particles (

text: pores

text: ). Pore water pressures in below the

text: phreatic

text: level (see also

text: groundwater

text: ) are measured in

text: piezometer

text: s. The vertical pore water pressure distribution in

text: aquifer

text: s can generally be assumed to be close to

text: hydrostatic

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: None of the above choices

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: groundwater held within a soil

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Pore water pressure

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: hydrostatic.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Pore water pressure

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: piezometers.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Pore water pressure

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Pore water pressure

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Pore water pressure

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Pore water pressure

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Pore water pressure

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Pore water pressure

text: They are almost always found near a permanent water source, a lake, stream, pond, or other slow moving body.

text: They are almost always found near a permanent water source, a

text: lake

text: stream

text: pond

text: , or other slow moving body.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: a pond

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: slow moving body.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: slow moving body.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: They are almost always found near a permanent water source,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: slow moving body.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: permanent water source,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: slow moving body.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: They are almost always found near a permanent water source,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: They are almost always found near a permanent water source,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: They are almost always found near a permanent water source,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: They are almost always found near a permanent water source,

text: Some countries have a long coastline, but much of it may not be readily usable for trade and commerce. For instance, in its early history, Russia's only ports were on the Arctic Ocean and frozen shut for much of the year. The wish to gain control of a warm-water port was a major motivator of Russian expansion towards the Baltic Sea, Black Sea and Pacific Ocean. On the other hand, some landlocked countries can have access to the ocean along wide navigable rivers. For instance, Paraguay (and Bolivia to a lesser extent) have access to the ocean by the Paraguay and Parana rivers.

text: Some countries have a long coastline, but much of it may not be readily usable for trade and commerce. For instance, in its early history,

text: Russia

text: 's only ports were on the

text: Arctic Ocean

text: and frozen shut for much of the year. The wish to gain control of a

text: warm-water port

text: was a major motivator of Russian expansion towards the

text: Baltic Sea

text: Black Sea

text: and

text: Pacific Ocean

text: . On the other hand, some landlocked countries can have access to the ocean along wide navigable rivers. For instance, Paraguay (and Bolivia to a lesser extent) have access to the ocean by the

text: Paraguay

text: and

text: Parana

text: rivers.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Russian expansion towards the Baltic Sea, Black Sea and Pacific Ocean

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: water cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: warm-water port

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: frozen shut for much of the year.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: much of it may not be readily usable for trade and commerce.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Russian expansion towards the Baltic Sea, Black Sea and Pacific Ocean.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: frozen shut for much of the year.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: year.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: warm-water

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: much of it may not be readily usable for trade and commerce.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: much of it may not be readily usable for trade and commerce.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Some countries have a long coastline,

text: Living organisms, for their part, can collectively affect weather patterns. The rate of evapotranspiration of forests, or of any large vegetated area for that matter, contributes to the release of water vapor in the atmosphere. This local, relatively fast and continuous process may contribute significantly to the persistence of precipitations in a given area. As another example, the wilting of plants results in definite changes in leaf angle distribution and therefore modifies the rates of reflection, transmission and absorption of solar light in these plants. That, in turn, changes the albedo of the ecosystem as well as the relative importance of the sensible and latent heat fluxes from the surface to the atmosphere. For an example in oceanography, consider the release of dimethyl sulfide by biological activity in sea water and its impact on atmospheric aerosols.

text: Living organisms, for their part, can collectively affect weather patterns. The rate of

text: evapotranspiration

text: of forests, or of any large vegetated area for that matter, contributes to the release of

text: water vapor

text: in the atmosphere. This local, relatively fast and continuous process may contribute significantly to the persistence of

text: precipitation

text: s in a given area. As another example, the

text: wilting

text: of plants results in definite changes in

text: leaf angle distribution

text: and therefore modifies the rates of

text: reflection

text: transmission

text: and

text: absorption

text: of solar light in these plants. That, in turn, changes the

text: albedo

text: of the ecosystem as well as the relative importance of the

text: sensible

text: and

text: latent heat

text: fluxes from the surface to the atmosphere. For an example in

text: oceanography

text: , consider the release of

text: dimethyl sulfide

text: by biological activity in sea water and its impact on atmospheric

text: aerosol

text: s.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: The rate of evapotranspiration

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: release of dimethyl sulfide

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Evapotranspiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: evapotranspiration

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evapotranspiration

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitations

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: wilting of plants

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: evapotranspiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: evapotranspiration

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: evapotranspiration

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evapotranspiration

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: evapotranspiration

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: evapotranspiration

text: The reaction is the citric acid cycle run in reverse: Where the Krebs cycle takes complex carbon molecules in the form of sugars and oxidizes them to CO and water, the reverse cycle takes CO and water to make carbon compounds.This process is used by some bacteria to synthesise carbon compounds, sometimes using hydrogen, sulfide, or thiosulfate as electron donors. In this process, it can be seen as an alternative to the fixation of inorganic carbon in the reductive pentose phosphate cycle which occurs in a wide variety of microbes and higher organisms.

text: The reaction is the

text: citric acid cycle

text: run in reverse: Where the Krebs cycle takes complex

text: carbon

text: molecules in the form of sugars and oxidizes them to CO and water, the reverse cycle takes CO and water to make carbon compounds.This process is used by some

text: bacteria

text: to synthesise carbon compounds, sometimes using

text: hydrogen

text: sulfide

text: , or

text: thiosulfate

text: as

text: electron donor

text: s. In this process, it can be seen as an alternative to the fixation of inorganic carbon in the

text: reductive pentose phosphate cycle

text: which occurs in a wide variety of microbes and higher organisms.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: oxidation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: reductive pentose phosphate cycle

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: CO

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: oxidizes them to CO and water,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: The reaction is the citric acid cycle run in reverse:

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: citric acid cycle run in reverse:

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: citric acid cycle run in reverse:

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: citric acid cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: citric acid cycle run in reverse:

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: water,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: water,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: water,

text: Ships are polluting both in the marine environment and in the atmosphere, and although it is difficult to estimate the magnitude of the problem, there is no uncertainty that increased usage of such ships will increase pollution. As the underwater logging industry becomes more popular and profitable, this increased usage will occur. The process of underwater logging itself will also have a negative impact on the environment, as the logs themselves add weight to the ships, forcing said ships to work harder and use more time and energy to transport their cargo. In terms of transportation, cargo ships transport the logs across the water. They use an immense amount of ballast water, which can have negative effects on the environment. When the ships reach the mills they empty the water, “Ballast water discharge typically contains a variety of biological materials, including plants, animals, viruses, and bacteria”. Dumping the ballast can change the aquatic ecosystems and even make the water undrinkable.

text: Ships are polluting both in the marine environment and in the atmosphere, and although it is difficult to estimate the magnitude of the problem, there is no uncertainty that increased usage of such ships will increase pollution. As the underwater logging industry becomes more popular and profitable, this increased usage will occur. The process of underwater logging itself will also have a negative impact on the environment, as the logs themselves add weight to the ships, forcing said ships to work harder and use more time and energy to transport their cargo. In terms of transportation, cargo ships transport the logs across the water. They use an immense amount of ballast water, which can have negative effects on the environment. When the ships reach the mills they empty the water, “Ballast water discharge typically contains a variety of biological materials, including plants, animals, viruses, and bacteria”. Dumping the ballast can change the aquatic ecosystems and even make the water undrinkable.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: make the water undrinkable

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: ballast water,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: polluting

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: ballast water,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: ballast water,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: “Ballast water discharge typically contains a variety of biological materials,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Ships

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: ballast water,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Ships

text: Essentially, highly migratory species coincide with the larger of the "large pelagic fish", discussed in the previous section, if cetaceans are added and some commercially unimportant fish, such as the sunfish, are excluded. These are high trophic level species which undertake migrations of significant but variable distances across oceans for feeding, often on forage fish, or reproduction, and also have wide geographic distributions. Thus, these species are found both inside the  exclusive economic zones and in the high seas outside these zones. They are pelagic species, which means they mostly live in the open ocean and do not live near the sea floor, although they may spend part of their life cycle in nearshore waters.

text: Essentially, highly migratory species coincide with the larger of the "large pelagic fish", discussed in the previous section, if cetaceans are added and some commercially unimportant fish, such as the

text: sunfish

text: , are excluded. These are high

text: trophic level

text: species which undertake migrations of significant but variable distances across oceans for feeding, often on forage fish, or reproduction, and also have wide geographic distributions. Thus, these species are found both inside the

text: exclusive economic zone

text: s and in the

text: high seas

text: outside these zones. They are

text: pelagic

text: species, which means they mostly live in the open ocean and do not live near the sea floor, although they may spend part of their life cycle in

text: nearshore waters

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: high trophic level species

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: None of the above choices are true

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: migrations of significant but variable distances across oceans

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: "large pelagic fish",

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: highly migratory

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: sunfish,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: migrations of significant but variable distances across oceans

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: "large pelagic fish",

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: "large pelagic fish",

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: do not live near the sea floor,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: "large pelagic fish",

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Essentially, highly migratory species

text: The rate at which a soil can absorb water depends on the soil and its other conditions. As a plant grows, its roots remove water from the largest pores first. Soon the larger pores hold only air, and the remaining water is found only in the intermediate- and smallest-sized pores. The water in the smallest pores is so strongly held to particle surfaces that plant roots cannot pull it away. Consequently, not all soil water is available to plants. When saturated, the soil may lose nutrients as the water drains. Water moves in a draining field under the influence of pressure where the soil is locally saturated and by capillarity pull to dryer parts of the soil. Most plant water needs are supplied from the suction caused by evaporation from plant leaves and 10% is supplied by "suction" created by osmotic pressure differences between the plant interior and the soil water. Plant roots must seek out water. Insufficient water will damage the yield of a crop. Most of the available water is used in transpiration to pull nutrients into the plant.

text: The rate at which a soil can absorb water depends on the soil and its other conditions. As a plant grows, its roots remove water from the largest pores first. Soon the larger pores hold only air, and the remaining water is found only in the intermediate- and smallest-sized pores. The water in the smallest pores is so strongly held to particle surfaces that plant roots cannot pull it away. Consequently, not all soil water is available to plants. When saturated, the soil may lose nutrients as the water drains. Water moves in a draining field under the influence of pressure where the soil is locally saturated and by capillarity pull to dryer parts of the soil. Most plant water needs are supplied from the suction caused by evaporation from plant leaves and 10% is supplied by "suction" created by osmotic pressure differences between the plant interior and the soil water. Plant roots must seek out water. Insufficient water will damage the yield of a crop. Most of the available water is used in transpiration to pull nutrients into the plant.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: As a plant grows, its roots remove water from the largest pores first

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: vaporation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: evaporation from plant leaves

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: pressure

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: evaporation from plant leaves

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: not all soil water is available to plants.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: The rate at which a soil can absorb water

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: intermediate- and smallest-sized pores.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The rate at which a soil can absorb water

text: The evaporation of ocean water in the North Atlantic increases the salinity of the water as well as cooling it, both actions increasing the density of water at the surface. Formation of sea ice further increases the salinity, because salt is ejected into the ocean when sea ice forms, which in turn increases the water's salinity. Because salt water is heavier, the density of the water increases. This dense water then sinks and the circulation stream continues in a southerly direction. However, the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) is driven by ocean temperature and salinity differences. But freshwater decreases ocean water salinity, and through this process prevents colder waters sinking. This mechanism possibly caused the cold ocean surface temperature anomaly currently observed near Greenland (Cold blob (North Atlantic)).

text: The

text: evaporation

text: of ocean water in the North Atlantic increases the

text: salinity

text: of the water as well as cooling it, both actions increasing the density of water at the surface. Formation of

text: sea ice

text: further increases the salinity, because salt is ejected into the ocean when sea ice forms, which in turn increases the water's salinity. Because salt water is heavier, the density of the water increases. This dense water then sinks and the circulation stream continues in a southerly direction. However, the

text: Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation

text: (AMOC) is driven by ocean temperature and salinity differences. But freshwater decreases ocean water salinity, and through this process prevents colder waters sinking. This mechanism possibly caused the cold ocean surface temperature anomaly currently observed near Greenland (

text: Cold blob (North Atlantic)

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: ocean temperature and salinity differences

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: vaporation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: sea ice

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: salinity decreases

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: ocean temperature and salinity differences.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: freshwater

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Formation of sea ice

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: The evaporation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: evaporation of ocean water in the North Atlantic increases the salinity

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: freshwater

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: sea ice

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The evaporation of ocean water

text: In sunny, warm locations, where freeze protection is not necessary, an ICS (batch type) solar water heater can be extremely cost effective. In higher latitudes, there are often additional design requirements for cold weather, which add to system complexity. This has the effect of increasing the initial cost (but not the life-cycle cost) of a solar water heating system, to a level much higher than a comparable water heater of the conventional type. The biggest single consideration is therefore the large initial financial outlay of solar water heating systems. Offsetting this expense can take several years and the payback period is longer in temperate environments where the insolation is less intense. When calculating the total cost to own and operate, a proper analysis will consider that solar energy is free, thus greatly reducing the operating costs, whereas other energy sources, such as gas and electricity, can be quite expensive over time. Thus, when the initial costs of a solar system are properly financed and compared with energy costs, then in many cases the total monthly cost of solar heat can be less than other more conventional types of water heaters (also in conjunction with an existing water heater). At higher latitudes, solar heaters may be less effective due to lower solar energy, possibly requiring larger and/or dual-heating systems. In addition, government incentives can be significant.

text: In sunny, warm locations, where freeze protection is not necessary, an ICS (batch type) solar water heater can be extremely cost effective. In higher latitudes, there are often additional design requirements for cold weather, which add to system complexity. This has the effect of increasing the initial cost (but not the life-cycle cost) of a solar water heating system, to a level much higher than a comparable water heater of the conventional type. The biggest single consideration is therefore the large initial financial outlay of solar water heating systems. Offsetting this expense can take several years and the payback period is longer in temperate environments where the insolation is less intense. When calculating the total cost to own and operate, a proper analysis will consider that solar energy is free, thus greatly reducing the operating costs, whereas other energy sources, such as gas and electricity, can be quite expensive over time. Thus, when the initial costs of a solar system are properly financed and compared with energy costs, then in many cases the total monthly cost of solar heat can be less than other more conventional types of water heaters (also in conjunction with an existing water heater). At higher latitudes, solar heaters may be less effective due to lower solar energy, possibly requiring larger and/or dual-heating systems. In addition, government incentives can be significant.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: solar energy is free

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: insolation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: solar energy is free,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: solar energy

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: insolation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: solar energy is free, thus greatly reducing the operating costs,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: insolation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: life-cycle cost)

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: solar energy is free,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: additional design requirements for cold weather,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: freeze protection is not necessary,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: government incentives can be significant.

text: Gravitational sinking of organisms (or the remains of organisms) transfers carbon from the surface waters of the ocean to its deep interior.  This process is known as the biological pump, and quantifying it is of interest to scientists because it is an important aspect of the Earth's carbon cycle.  Essentially, this is because carbon transported to the deep ocean is isolated from the atmosphere, allowing the ocean to act as a reservoir of carbon.  This biological mechanism is accompanied by a physico-chemical mechanism known as the solubility pump which also acts to transfer carbon to the ocean's deep interior.

text: Gravitational

text: sinking of

text: organism

text: s (or the remains of organisms) transfers

text: carbon

text: from the surface waters of the ocean to its

text: deep interior

text: .  This process is known as the biological pump, and quantifying it is of interest to scientists because it is an important aspect of the

text: Earth

text: 's

text: carbon cycle

text: .  Essentially, this is because carbon transported to the deep ocean is isolated from the atmosphere, allowing the ocean to act as a reservoir of carbon.  This biological mechanism is accompanied by a physico-chemical mechanism known as the

text: solubility pump

text: which also acts to transfer carbon to the ocean's deep interior.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the remains of organisms

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: sinking of organisms

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Gravitational sinking of organisms

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: solubility pump

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Gravitational sinking of organisms

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: solubility pump

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: carbon cycle.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: biological pump,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: carbon transported to the deep ocean is isolated from the atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: carbon.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Gravitational sinking

text: For human hosts, the life cycle is very similar to that of Oesophagostomum in animals.  It begins when an animal reservoir defecates into the soil, leaving feces infested with eggs that develop into rhabitiform larvae. These larve then develop into stage two and then infectious stage three larvae in the environment over the course of 6–7 days. Human infection occurs when soil or water containing the third-stage larvae is ingested, presumably via contaminated meat obtained from infected livestock or crops with contaminated soil.  Once ingested, the filariform larvae migrate to the submucosa of the small or large intestine, then to the lumen of the colon. The developing worms then penetrate the intestinal tissues, causing nodular lesion formation in the intestines and colon; it is in these nodules that the larvae mature to stage four larvae.  These larvae may then emerge from their nodules and migrate back to the intestinal lumen, where they mature into adults. But many larvae often do not complete development and remain in their colon nodules, as humans are generally unsuitable hosts for Oesophagostomum.  The instances where Oesophagostomum have completed development in humans seem to be dependent on certain environmental and host factors that have yet to be identified.

text: For human hosts, the life cycle is very similar to that of Oesophagostomum in animals.  It begins when an animal reservoir defecates into the soil, leaving feces infested with eggs that develop into rhabitiform larvae. These larve then develop into stage two and then infectious stage three larvae in the environment over the course of 6–7 days. Human infection occurs when soil or water containing the third-stage larvae is ingested, presumably via contaminated meat obtained from infected livestock or crops with contaminated soil.  Once ingested, the filariform larvae migrate to the submucosa of the small or large intestine, then to the lumen of the colon. The developing worms then penetrate the intestinal tissues, causing nodular lesion formation in the intestines and colon; it is in these nodules that the larvae mature to stage four larvae.  These larvae may then emerge from their nodules and migrate back to the intestinal lumen, where they mature into adults. But many larvae often do not complete development and remain in their colon nodules, as humans are generally unsuitable hosts for Oesophagostomum.  The instances where Oesophagostomum have completed development in humans seem to be dependent on certain environmental and host factors that have yet to be identified.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: worms then penetrate the intestinal tissues

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: defecate

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: What is stored in snow and ice?

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: contaminated meat obtained from infected livestock or crops with contaminated soil.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: three

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: nodular lesion formation

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: two

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: water containing the third-stage larvae is ingested,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: contaminated soil.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rhabitiform larvae.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: contaminated meat obtained from infected livestock or crops with contaminated soil.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: contaminated meat

text: In thermodynamics, a reversible process is a process whose direction can be "reversed" by inducing infinitesimal changes to some property of the system via its surroundings, while not increasing entropy. Throughout the entire reversible process, the system is in thermodynamic equilibrium with its surroundings. Since it would take an infinite amount of time for the reversible process to finish, perfectly reversible processes are impossible. However, if the system undergoing the changes responds much faster than the applied change, the deviation from reversibility may be negligible. In a reversible cycle, a reversible process which is cyclic, the system and its surroundings will be returned to their original states if the forward cycle is followed by the reverse cycle.

text: In

text: thermodynamics

text: , a reversible process is a

text: process

text: whose direction can be "reversed" by inducing

text: infinitesimal

text: changes to some property of the

text: system

text: via its

text: surroundings

text: , while not increasing

text: entropy

text: . Throughout the entire reversible process, the system is in

text: thermodynamic equilibrium

text: with its surroundings. Since it would take an infinite amount of time for the reversible process to finish, perfectly reversible processes are impossible. However, if the system undergoing the changes responds much faster than the applied change, the deviation from reversibility may be negligible. In a reversible cycle, a reversible process which is

text: cyclic

text: , the system and its surroundings will be returned to their original states if the forward cycle is followed by the reverse cycle.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: thermodynamic equilibrium

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: reversible process

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: a reversible process

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: thermodynamic equilibrium

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: in a reversible cycle

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: a reversible cycle

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: entropy.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: reversible cycle,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: reversible process

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: reversible cycle,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: reversible cycle,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: reversible cycle,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: reversible cycle,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: increasing entropy.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: reversible cycle,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: In thermodynamics,

text: Throughout history, the Earth's atmosphere and biogeochemical cycles have been in a dynamic equilibrium with planetary ecosystems. The history is characterized by periods of significant transformation followed by millions of years of stability. The evolution of the earliest organisms, likely anaerobic methanogen microbes, started the process by converting atmospheric hydrogen into methane (4H + CO → CH + 2HO). Anoxygenic photosynthesis reduced hydrogen concentrations and increased atmospheric methane, by converting hydrogen sulfide into water or other sulfur compounds (for example, 2HS + CO + hv → CHO + HO + 2S). Early forms of fermentation also increased levels of atmospheric methane. The transition to an oxygen-dominant atmosphere (the Great Oxidation) did not begin until approximately 2.4–2.3 billion years ago, but photosynthetic processes started 0.3 to 1 billion years prior.

text: Throughout history, the Earth's atmosphere and

text: biogeochemical cycles

text: have been in a

text: dynamic equilibrium

text: with planetary ecosystems. The history is characterized by periods of significant transformation followed by millions of years of stability. The evolution of the earliest organisms, likely anaerobic

text: methanogen

text: microbes, started the process by converting atmospheric hydrogen into methane (4H + CO → CH + 2HO).

text: Anoxygenic photosynthesis

text: reduced hydrogen concentrations and increased atmospheric methane, by converting

text: hydrogen sulfide

text: into water or other sulfur compounds (for example, 2HS + CO + hv → CHO + HO + 2S). Early forms of

text: fermentation

text: also increased levels of atmospheric methane. The transition to an oxygen-dominant atmosphere (the

text: Great Oxidation

text: ) did not begin until approximately 2.4–2.3 billion years ago, but photosynthetic processes started 0.3 to 1 billion years prior.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Anoxygenic photosynthesis

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Anoxygenic photosynthesis

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: converting atmospheric hydrogen into methane

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: photosynthesis

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: What can be stored for future use in snow and ice?

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Anoxygenic photosynthesis

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Anoxygenic photosynthesis

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: a dynamic equilibrium with planetary ecosystems.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Anoxygenic photosynthesis

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: photosynthesis

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Anoxygenic photosynthesis

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Anoxygenic photosynthesis

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: hydrogen concentrations and increased atmospheric methane,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: converting hydrogen sulfide into water

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: hydrogen

text: A third five-year review completed in September 2007 determined that all of the issues from the second five-year review were addressed with the exception of the finalization of the property restrictive covenants. Restrictive covenants are one of several legal or administrative controls which help to minimize exposure to contaminants and are generally referred to as institutional controls. The third five-year review determined that the remedy is expected to be or is protective of human health and the environment, and in the interim, exposure pathways that could result in unacceptable risks are being controlled.  However, in order for the remedy to be protective in the long-term, some further actions need to be taken, including more robust instutitional controls to ensure the remedy is not disturbed in the future. A trial shut-down of the groundwater extraction system has been started by the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA) and ground water monitoring will be performed for several more years to verify that groundwater cleanup goals have been achieved. Groundwater will also be monitored to determine if surface water is being impacted by the site. The MPCA and the EPA are in the process of implementing more institutional controls that will achieve long-term protectiveness at the site.

text: A third five-year review completed in September 2007 determined that all of the issues from the second five-year review were addressed with the exception of the finalization of the property restrictive covenants. Restrictive covenants are one of several legal or administrative controls which help to minimize exposure to contaminants and are generally referred to as institutional controls. The third five-year review determined that the remedy is expected to be or is protective of human health and the environment, and in the interim, exposure pathways that could result in unacceptable risks are being controlled.  However, in order for the remedy to be protective in the long-term, some further actions need to be taken, including more robust instutitional controls to ensure the remedy is not disturbed in the future. A trial shut-down of the groundwater extraction system has been started by the

text: Minnesota Pollution Control Agency

text: (MPCA) and ground water monitoring will be performed for several more years to verify that groundwater cleanup goals have been achieved. Groundwater will also be monitored to determine if surface water is being impacted by the site. The

text: MPCA

text: and the

text: EPA

text: are in the process of implementing more institutional controls that will achieve long-term protectiveness at the site.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: groundwater extraction system

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: contaminants

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Restrictive covenants

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: minimize exposure to contaminants

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: A third five-year review completed in September 2007

text: In spite of the fact that Kazakhstan is located northward between latitudes 42 and 55, the potential solar radiation is significant and may produce 1300-1800 kWh per square meter. Due to the continental climate the number of solar hours is about 2200-3000 per year, making solar energy use possible.The main area of solar energy use is the generation of hot water using solar collectors, or ‘suntraps’. According to estimates of local experts it is possible to generate about 13 million Gcal of heat for heating water supplies, allowing savings of more than 1 million tons of petroleum equivalent. The use of solar panels for heating water can be carried out both on boiler systems for a central heat supply and a heat supply for individual buildings. Now, with the support of UNDP and the Canadian Agency for International Development a pilot project is being carried out on the use of solar collectors in one boiler-house in Almaty.In Kazakhstan there is great demand for solar collectors to heat water. However, they have not yet found wide application due to their high cost, at around 200-300 USD per 1 sq. meter. However it is possible to significantly decrease the cost and expand the scale of their application if the solar collectors can be produced locally.The other area of potential solar power use is the generation of electricity with the help of photo¬electric converters. Photo-electric panels can be used to generate electricity in small quantities for such needs as illumination, tele-radio broadcasting on small agricultural farms and shepherd camps. According to estimates from research conducted under the framework of ESMAP, application of small solar photo-electric panels with batteries can work out even more economical than the use of kerosene lamps for lighting. The possible market for 20-watt solar photo-electric panels in Kazakhstan should be about 20,000 units.There are also opportunities for photo-electric panels’ application to operate small electric pumps to raise water from underground wells. A combination of photo-electric panels and wind-driven power plants for water pumps is also possible and will increase the reliability of water-supply. With the UNDP framework it is planned to implement a pilot project on water supply in remote areas in the Aral region, using photo-electric panels and wind-driven power plants which will produce electricity for pumps and a desalinization plant for preparation of potable water. The Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, MEP, and the Ministry of Education and Science are jointly developing a Programme on “Energy Saving and Development of Alternative Sources of Energy”.

text: In spite of the fact that

text: Kazakhstan

text: is located northward between latitudes 42 and 55, the potential solar radiation is significant and may produce 1300-1800 kWh per square meter. Due to the continental climate the number of solar hours is about 2200-3000 per year, making

text: solar energy

text: use possible.The main area of solar energy use is the generation of hot water using solar collectors, or ‘suntraps’. According to estimates of local experts it is possible to generate about 13 million Gcal of heat for heating water supplies, allowing savings of more than 1 million tons of petroleum equivalent. The use of solar panels for heating water can be carried out both on boiler systems for a central heat supply and a heat supply for individual buildings. Now, with the support of UNDP and the Canadian Agency for International Development a pilot project is being carried out on the use of solar collectors in one boiler-house in Almaty.In

text: Kazakhstan

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: A combination of photo-electric panels and wind-driven power plants

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: dehydration

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: solar panels for heating water

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: solar radiation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: solar energy

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: raise water from underground wells.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: hot water

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water from underground wells.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: kerosene lamps

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: raise water from underground wells.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: underground wells.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: 200-300 USD per 1 sq. meter.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: increase the reliability of water-supply.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: solar collectors

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: ke

text: Upper Defsko Lake (; , Gornje Defsko jezero) is a mountain lake situated in the Šar Mountains at an elevation of  above sea level in Kosovo. A small stream originates from Upper Defsko Lake and flows south to join with the Radika river.

text: Upper Defsko Lake (; , Gornje Defsko jezero) is a mountain lake situated in the

text: Šar Mountains

text: at an elevation of  above sea level in

text: Kosovo

text: . A small stream originates from Upper Defsko Lake and flows south to join with the

text: Radika

text: river.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices are true

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Upper Defsko Lake

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: elevation of above sea level

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: <unk>ar Mountains at an elevation of above sea level

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: sea level

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Upper Defsko Lake

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: <unk>ar Mountains at an elevation of above sea level

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Gornje Defsko jezero)

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Upper Defsko Lake

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: <unk>ar Mountains

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Upper Defsko Lake

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Upper Defsko Lake

text: Trace elements serve as regulators of biological processes in the ocean, influencing marine ecosystem dynamics and the carbon cycle.  Despite this significance, knowledge of the marine biogeochemical cycles of these essential micronutrients is surprisingly incomplete. GEOTRACES is quantifying the supply, removal, internal cycling, chemical form and distribution of essential micronutrients and other trace elements. Understanding the sensitivity of these biogeochemical cycles to changing environmental conditions will improve projections of the ocean’s response to global change.

text: Trace elements serve as regulators of biological processes in the ocean, influencing marine ecosystem dynamics and the carbon cycle.  Despite this significance, knowledge of the marine biogeochemical cycles of these essential micronutrients is surprisingly incomplete. GEOTRACES is quantifying the supply, removal, internal cycling, chemical form and distribution of essential micronutrients and other trace elements. Understanding the sensitivity of these biogeochemical cycles to changing environmental conditions will improve projections of the ocean’s response to global change.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: gaseous

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the carbon cycle

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Carbon cycle

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: What does the carbon cycle involve?

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: carbon cycle.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: carbon cycle.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Trace elements

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: carbon cycle.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: carbon cycle.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: carbon cycle.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: carbon cycle.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: sensitivity of these biogeochemical cycles

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: carbon cycle.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Trace elements

text: Dioxane has affected groundwater supplies in several areas. Dioxane at the level of 1 μg/L (~1 ppb) has been detected in many locations in the US. In the State of New Hampshire alone in 2010 it had been found at 67 sites, ranging in concentration from 2 ppb to over 11,000 ppb. Thirty of these sites are solid waste landfills, most of which have been closed for years. It also has low toxicity to aquatic life and can be biodegraded via a number of pathways. The problems are exacerbated since dioxane is highly soluble in water, does not readily bind to soils, and readily leaches to groundwater. It is also resistant to naturally occurring biodegradation processes. Due to these properties, a dioxane plume can be larger (and further downgradient) than the associated solvent plume.

text: Dioxane has affected groundwater supplies in several areas. Dioxane at the level of 1 μg/L (~1 ppb) has been detected in many locations in the US. In the State of New Hampshire alone in 2010 it had been found at 67 sites, ranging in concentration from 2 ppb to over 11,000 ppb. Thirty of these sites are solid waste landfills, most of which have been closed for years. It also has low toxicity to aquatic life and can be biodegraded via a number of pathways. The problems are exacerbated since dioxane is highly soluble in water, does not readily bind to soils, and readily leaches to groundwater. It is also resistant to naturally occurring biodegradation processes. Due to these properties, a dioxane plume can be larger (and further downgradient) than the associated solvent plume.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Dioxane at the level of 1  g/L

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: biodegradation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: readily leaches to groundwater.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: dioxane is highly soluble in water,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Dioxane

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: solvent plume.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Dioxane

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: dioxane is highly soluble in water,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: dioxane is highly soluble in water,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: solid waste landfills,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Dioxane has affected groundwater supplies in several areas.

text: Solar thermal energy is harnessed by collecting direct heat from the sun. One of the most common ways that this method is used by households is through solar water heating. In a broad perspective, these systems involve well insulated tanks for storage and collectors, are either passive or active systems (active systems have pumps that continuously circulate water through the collectors and storage tank) and, in active systems, involve either directly heating the water that will be used or heating a non-freezing heat-transfer fluid that then heats the water that will be used. Passive systems are cheaper than active systems since they do not require a pumping system (instead, they take advantage of the natural movement of hot water rising above cold water to cycle the water being used through the collector and storage tank).

text: Solar thermal energy

text: is harnessed by collecting direct heat from the sun. One of the most common ways that this method is used by households is through

text: solar water heating

text: . In a broad perspective, these systems involve well insulated tanks for storage and collectors, are either passive or active systems (active systems have pumps that continuously circulate water through the collectors and storage tank) and, in active systems, involve either directly heating the water that will be used or heating a non-freezing heat-transfer fluid that then heats the water that will be used. Passive systems are cheaper than active systems since they do not require a pumping system (instead, they take advantage of the natural movement of hot water rising above cold water to cycle the water being used through the collector and storage tank).

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: passive systems are cheaper than active systems

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: solar water heating

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: natural movement of hot water rising above cold water

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: hot water

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Solar thermal energy

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: hot water rising above cold water

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Solar thermal energy

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hot water rising above cold water

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Solar thermal energy

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: natural movement of hot water rising above cold water

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: solar water heating.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Solar thermal energy

text: Skiles created, directed, and was the cinematographer of the PBS series, Water's Journey. The project was an effort by Skiles to increase public awareness of their groundwater and the hydrogeological cycle.

text: Skiles created, directed, and was the cinematographer of the

text: PBS

text: series,

entity_name: Water's Journey: The Hidden Rivers of Florida

text: Water's Journey

text: . The project was an effort by Skiles to increase public awareness of their groundwater and the

text: hydrogeological cycle

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Water's Journey

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrogeological cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: hydrogeological cycle.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: hydrogeological cycle.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: hydrogeological cycle.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Water's Journey.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: hydrogeological cycle.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrogeological

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Water's Journey.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: hydrogeological cycle.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Water's Journey.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Water's Journey.

text: Example research projects are to examine the biogeochemistry and microbial ecology of septic drain field soils used to treat domestic wastewater, the role of anecic earthworms in controlling the movement of water and nitrogen cycle in agricultural soils, and the assessment of soil quality in turf production.

text: Example research projects are to examine the

text: biogeochemistry

text: and microbial ecology of

text: septic drain field

text: soils used to treat domestic

text: wastewater

text: , the role of

text: anecic

text: earthworms

text: in controlling the movement of water and

text: nitrogen cycle

text: in

text: agricultural soils

text: , and the assessment of soil quality in turf production.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: nitrogen cycle

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: vaporization

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: anecic earthworms

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: nitrogen cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: It can be stored for future use in snow and ice

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: anecic earthworms

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: wastewater,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the role of anecic earthworms

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: movement of water and nitrogen cycle

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: nitrogen cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: nitrogen cycle in agricultural soils,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: septic drain field soils used to treat domestic wastewater,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: septic drain field soils used to treat domestic wastewater,

text: As the human population increases and more of the world develops, consumption of animal products increases and the associated nitrogen pollution poses substantial threats to the environment. Nitrogen has been used in synthetic fertilizers since the 1900s causing significant alterations to the global nitrogen cycle.  Since then, humans have more than doubled the amount of Nitrogen in the biosphere, releasing more Nitrogen than all other natural processes combined.  This overabundance of Nitrogen flows freely through the globe causing many environmental effects before becoming neutralized.

text: As the human population increases and more of the world develops, consumption of animal products increases and the associated nitrogen pollution poses substantial threats to the environment. Nitrogen has been used in

text: synthetic fertilizers

text: since the 1900s causing significant alterations to the global nitrogen cycle.  Since then, humans have more than doubled the amount of Nitrogen in the biosphere, releasing more Nitrogen than all other natural processes combined.  This overabundance of Nitrogen flows freely through the globe causing many environmental effects before becoming neutralized.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: gaseous

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: more Nitrogen than all other natural processes combined

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: What is the main idea of the passage?

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: nitrogen cycle.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Nitrogen has been used in synthetic fertilizers

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: nitrogen pollution

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: neutralized.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: nitrogen pollution

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: nitrogen cycle.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Nitrogen has been used in synthetic fertilizers

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: nitrogen pollution

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Nitrogen has been used in synthetic fertilizers

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Nitrogen has been used in synthetic fertilizers since the 1900s

text: Since commencing work with the Victorian state government in 1994, Aarons's research has focused on nutrient cycling and improving nutrient management in grazed dairy systems and landscapes in high rainfall regions of south-eastern Australia.  Her research aims to improve productivity while minimising environmental consequences through an understanding of the return and cycling of nutrients by grazing animal through the plant and soil.  Aarons initially quantified phosphorus cycling in Victorian grazed dairy pastures, including the role of animal excreta in soil and microbial transformations of phosphorus.  She has also investigated the cycling of phosphorus, potassium, sulphur, nitrogen and other macro nutrients in a range of dairy production systems across Australia, quantifying the impact of animals on the heterogeneous distribution of nutrients in dairy systems.  In addition to the farm scale, Aarons's research has also occurred at landscape scales where she quantified the impact of dairy management on water quality and biodiversity, as well as understanding farmer management of riparian areas.  Aarons's current research is quantifying at a regional scale the health of dairy soils in Victoria, including the identification of dominant Victorian dairy soil types.  She is also investigating the interaction of phosphorus and potassium on a range of dairy soil types across the state and quantifying the soil and pasture responses to encourage better management of these nutrients.

text: Since commencing work with the Victorian state government in 1994, Aarons's research has focused on nutrient cycling and improving nutrient management in grazed dairy systems and landscapes in high rainfall regions of south-eastern Australia.  Her research aims to improve productivity while minimising environmental consequences through an understanding of the return and cycling of nutrients by grazing animal through the plant and soil.  Aarons initially quantified phosphorus cycling in Victorian grazed dairy

text: pasture

text: s, including the role of animal excreta in soil and microbial transformations of

text: phosphorus

text: .  She has also investigated the cycling of phosphorus, potassium, sulphur, nitrogen and other

text: macro nutrient

text: s in a range of dairy production systems across Australia, quantifying the impact of animals on the heterogeneous distribution of nutrients in dairy systems.  In addition to the farm scale, Aarons's research has also occurred at landscape scales where she quantified the impact of dairy management on water quality and biodiversity, as well as understanding farmer management of riparian areas.  Aarons's current research is quantifying at a regional scale the health of dairy soils in Victoria, including the identification of dominant Victorian dairy soil types.  She is also investigating the interaction of phosphorus and potassium on a range of dairy soil types across the state and quantifying the soil and pasture responses to encourage better management of these nutrients.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: animal excreta

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: animal excreta in soil

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: What can be stored for future use in snow and ice

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: dairy management

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: microbial transformations of phosphorus.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: rainfall

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: microbial transformations of phosphorus.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: nutrient cycling

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: nutrient cycling

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: high rainfall

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: environmental consequences

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: high rainfall regions of south-eastern Australia.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: water quality

text: The lithosphere, which rides atop the asthenosphere, is divided into a number of tectonic plates that are continuously being created and consumed at their opposite plate boundaries. Oceanic crust and tectonic plates are formed and move apart at mid-ocean ridges. Abyssal hills are formed by stretching of the oceanic lithosphere. Consumption or destruction of the oceanic lithosphere occurs at oceanic trenches (a type of convergent boundary, also known as a destructive plate boundary) by a process known as subduction. Oceanic trenches are found at places where the oceanic lithospheric slabs of two different plates meet, and the denser (older) slab begins to descend back into the mantle. At the consumption edge of the plate (the oceanic trench), the oceanic lithosphere has thermally contracted to become quite dense, and it sinks under its own weight in the process of subduction. The subduction process consumes older oceanic lithosphere, so oceanic crust is seldom more than 200 million years old. The overall process of repeated cycles of creation and destruction of oceanic crust is known as the Supercontinent cycle, first proposed by Canadian geophysicist and geologist John Tuzo Wilson.

text: The

text: lithosphere

text: , which rides atop the

text: asthenosphere

text: , is divided into a number of tectonic plates that are continuously being created and consumed at their opposite

text: plate boundaries

text: . Oceanic crust and tectonic plates are formed and move apart at mid-ocean ridges. Abyssal hills are formed by stretching of the oceanic lithosphere. Consumption or destruction of the oceanic lithosphere occurs at

text: oceanic trenches

text: (a type of

text: convergent boundary

text: , also known as a destructive plate boundary) by a process known as

text: subduction

text: . Oceanic trenches are found at places where the oceanic lithospheric slabs of two different plates meet, and the denser (older) slab begins to descend back into the mantle. At the consumption edge of the plate (the oceanic trench), the oceanic lithosphere has thermally contracted to become quite dense, and it sinks under its own weight in the process of subduction. The subduction process consumes older oceanic lithosphere, so oceanic crust is seldom more than 200 million years old. The overall process of repeated cycles of creation and destruction of oceanic crust is known as the

text: Supercontinent cycle

text: , first proposed by

text: Canadian

text: geophysicist

text: and

text: geologist

text: John Tuzo Wilson

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Abyssal hills

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: subduction

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: None of the above choices are true

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: subduction.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: subduction.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: The lithosphere,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: (the oceanic trench),

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: subduction.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Supercontinent cycle,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: lithosphere,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: tectonic plates

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: The lithosphere,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The lithosphere,

text: The success of especially Bel Canto, Biosphere and Mental Overdrive, both at home and abroad, inspired an increasing number of Tromsø residents to invest their time in the genre. This resulted in several new projects in the 1990s, with groups such as Aedena Cycle, Alanïa, Drum Island, and Frost. Svein Berge and Torbjørn Brundtland, who later formed the world-renowned group Röyksopp, were very active in the scene at the time, and members of several of the above mentioned groups. Other new and important names at the time were Gaute Barlindhaug (Kolar Goi), Kolbjørn Lyslo and Ole Johan Mjøs.

text: The success of especially

text: Bel Canto

text: Biosphere

text: and

text: Mental Overdrive

text: , both at home and abroad, inspired an increasing number of Tromsø residents to invest their time in the genre. This resulted in several new projects in the 1990s, with groups such as

text: Aedena Cycle

text: Alanïa

text: Drum Island

text: , and

text: Frost

text: Svein Berge

text: and

text: Torbjørn Brundtland

text: , who later formed the world-renowned group

text: Röyksopp

text: , were very active in the scene at the time, and members of several of the above mentioned groups. Other new and important names at the time were

text: Gaute Barlindhaug

text: Kolar Goi

text: ), Kolbjørn Lyslo and Ole Johan Mjøs.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Frost

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: What can be stored in snow and ice?

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Mental Overdrive,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Mental Overdrive,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: The success of especially Bel Canto, Biosphere and Mental Overdrive,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Bel Canto, Biosphere and Mental Overdrive,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: The success of especially Bel Canto, Biosphere and Mental Overdrive,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Aedena Cycle,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Bel Canto, Biosphere and Mental Overdrive,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: success of especially Bel Canto, Biosphere and Mental Overdrive,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: The success of especially Bel Canto, Biosphere and Mental Overdrive,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The success of especially Bel Canto, Biosphere and Mental Overdrive,

text: In environmental terms, the residence time definition is adapted to fit with ground water, the atmosphere, glaciers, lakes, streams, and oceans. More specifically it is the time during which water remains within an aquifer, lake, river, or other water body before continuing around the hydrological cycle. The time involved may vary from days for shallow gravel aquifers to millions of years for deep aquifers with very low values for hydraulic conductivity. Residence times of water in rivers are a few days, while in large lakes residence time ranges up to several decades. Residence times of continental ice sheets is hundreds of thousands of years, of small glaciers a few decades.

text: In environmental terms, the residence time definition is adapted to fit with ground water, the atmosphere,

text: glacier

text: s, lakes, streams, and oceans. More specifically it is the time during which water remains within an aquifer, lake, river, or other water body before continuing around the

text: hydrological cycle

text: . The time involved may vary from days for shallow gravel

text: aquifer

text: s to millions of years for deep aquifers with very low values for

text: hydraulic conductivity

text: . Residence times of water in rivers are a few days, while in large lakes residence time ranges up to several decades. Residence times of continental ice sheets is hundreds of thousands of years, of small glaciers a few decades.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: the time during which water remains within an aquifer

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: ice sheets

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrological cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: residence time

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: hydrological cycle.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: continental ice sheets

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: residence time

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrological

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: ground water,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: the residence time definition is adapted to fit with ground water,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: glaciers,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: In environmental terms,

text: In Canada, rainwater harvesting has the potential to impact environmental flows and downstream water users. The hydrological cycle contains surface water, groundwater and rainwater. The effects on the hydrological cycle would be significant if rainwater became an advantageous solution to water quality and availability. However, the effects this practice has on a watershed is still unknown and further research must be conducted.

text: In Canada, rainwater harvesting has the potential to impact environmental flows and downstream water users. The

text: hydrological

text: cycle contains surface water, groundwater and rainwater. The effects on the hydrological cycle would be significant if rainwater became an advantageous solution to water quality and availability. However, the effects this practice has on a watershed is still unknown and further research must be conducted.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: vaporization

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: The hydrological cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: surface water, groundwater and rainwater.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: The hydrological cycle

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: rainwater harvesting

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: rainwater harvesting

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrological cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: rainwater harvesting

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: The hydrological cycle

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: rainwater harvesting

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: rainwater harvesting has the potential to impact environmental flows and downstream water users.

text: The thermochemical two-step water splitting process (thermochemical cycle) uses redox systems:

text: The thermochemical two-step

text: water splitting

text: process (

text: thermochemical cycle

text: ) uses

text: redox

text: systems:

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: oxidation

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: it splits

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: thermochemical cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation of water

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: redox systems:

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: The thermochemical two-step water splitting

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: redox systems:

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: The thermochemical two-step water splitting process

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: (thermochemical cycle)

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: (thermochemical cycle)

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: redox systems:

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: redox systems:

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: The thermochemical two-step water splitting process

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: redox systems:

text: According to the 2010 census, the township has a total area of , of which  (or 97.64%) is land and  (or 2.36%) is water. Lakes in this township include Goose Lake, Indian Lake, Little Troy Cedar Lake, Loon Lake, Mud Lake, New Lake, Old Lake, Rine Lake, Robinson Lake, Scott Lake, Tadpole Lake, Troy Cedar Lake and Winters Lake. The stream of Cedar Lake Branch runs through this township.

text: According to the 2010 census, the township has a total area of , of which  (or 97.64%) is land and  (or 2.36%) is water. Lakes in this township include Goose Lake, Indian Lake, Little Troy Cedar Lake, Loon Lake, Mud Lake, New Lake, Old Lake, Rine Lake, Robinson Lake, Scott Lake, Tadpole Lake, Troy Cedar Lake and Winters Lake. The stream of Cedar Lake Branch runs through this township.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Lakes

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Goose Lake

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: water cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Cedar Lake Branch

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: 97.64%) is land and (or 2.36%)

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Goose Lake, Indian Lake, Little Troy Cedar Lake, Loon Lake,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: 97.64%) is land and (or 2.36%) is water.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Cedar Lake Branch

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: 97.64%) is land and (or 2.36%) is water.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: 97.64%) is land

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: 97.64%) is land and (or 2.36%) is water.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: 97.64%) is land and (or 2.36%)

text: A seawater greenhouse is a greenhouse structure that enables the growth of crops in arid regions, using  seawater and solar energy. The technique involves pumping seawater (or allowing it to gravitate if below sea level) to an arid location and then subjecting it to two processes: first, it is used to humidify and cool the air, and second, it is evaporated by solar heating and distilled to produce fresh water. Finally, the remaining humidified air is expelled from the greenhouse and used to improve growing conditions for outdoor plants. The technology was introduced by British inventor Charlie Paton in the early 1990s and is being developed by his UK company Seawater Greenhouse Ltd. The more concentrated salt water may either be further evaporated for the production of salt and other elements, or discharged back to the sea. The seawater greenhouse is a response to the global water crisis and peak water.

text: A seawater greenhouse is a

text: greenhouse

text: structure that enables the growth of crops in

text: arid

text: regions, using

text: seawater

text: and

text: solar energy

text: . The technique involves pumping seawater (or allowing it to gravitate if below sea level) to an arid location and then subjecting it to two processes: first, it is used to humidify and cool the air, and second, it is evaporated by solar heating and

text: distilled

text: to produce

text: fresh water

text: . Finally, the remaining humidified air is expelled from the greenhouse and used to improve growing conditions for outdoor plants. The technology was introduced by British inventor Charlie Paton in the early 1990s and is being developed by his

text: UK

text: company Seawater Greenhouse Ltd. The more concentrated salt water may either be further evaporated for the production of salt and other elements, or discharged back to the sea. The seawater greenhouse is a response to the global

text: water crisis

text: and

text: peak water

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the production of salt

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: global water crisis and peak water.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporated

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: humidify and cool the air,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: solar heating and distilled to produce fresh water.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: humidify

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: peak water.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: seawater and solar energy.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: seawater and solar energy. The technique involves pumping seawater

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: salt

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: global water crisis and peak water.

text: Questioning the credentials of the participants (despite the contribution in the preparation phase of Biosphere 2 of worldwide top-level scientists and among others the Russian Academy of Sciences), Marc Cooper wrote that "the group that built, conceived, and directs the Biosphere project is not a group of high-tech researchers on the cutting edge of science but a clique of recycled theater performers that evolved out of an authoritarian—and decidedly non-scientific—personality cult". He was referring to the Synergia Ranch in New Mexico, where indeed many of the Biospherians did practice theater under John Allen's leadership, and began to develop the ideas behind Biosphere 2. However, the original Biosphere 2 Science Advisory Committee, chaired by Tom Lovejoy of the Smithsonian Institution, in the report of August 1992 reported:  "The committee is in agreement that the conception and construction of Biosphere 2 were acts of vision and courage. The scale of Biosphere 2 is unique and Biosphere 2 is already providing unexpected scientific results not possible through other means (notably the documented, unexpected decline in atmospheric oxygen levels.) Biosphere 2 will make important scientific contributions in the fields of biogeochemical cycling, the ecology of closed ecological systems, and restoration ecology." Furthermore, Columbia University assembled outside scientists to evaluate the potential of the facility, and concluded the following: "A group of world-class scientists got together and decided the Biosphere 2 facility is an exceptional laboratory for addressing critical questions relative to the future of Earth and its environment."

text: Questioning the credentials of the participants (despite the contribution in the preparation phase of Biosphere 2 of worldwide top-level scientists and among others the

text: Russian Academy of Sciences

text: ), Marc Cooper wrote that "the group that built, conceived, and directs the Biosphere project is not a group of high-tech researchers on the cutting edge of science but a clique of recycled theater performers that evolved out of an authoritarian—and decidedly non-scientific—personality cult". He was referring to the

text: Synergia Ranch

text: in

text: New Mexico

text: , where indeed many of the Biospherians did practice theater under John Allen's leadership, and began to develop the ideas behind Biosphere 2. However, the original Biosphere 2 Science Advisory Committee, chaired by Tom Lovejoy of the Smithsonian Institution, in the report of August 1992 reported:  "The committee is in agreement that the conception and construction of Biosphere 2 were acts of vision and courage. The scale of Biosphere 2 is unique and Biosphere 2 is already providing unexpected scientific results not possible through other means (notably the documented, unexpected decline in atmospheric oxygen levels.) Biosphere 2 will make important scientific contributions in the fields of biogeochemical cycling, the ecology of closed ecological systems, and restoration ecology." Furthermore, Columbia University assembled outside scientists to evaluate the potential of the facility, and concluded the following: "A group of world-class scientists got together and decided the Biosphere 2 facility is an exceptional laboratory for addressing critical questions relative to the future of Earth and its environment."

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: documented, unexpected decline in atmospheric oxygen levels

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: biogeochemical

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: biogeochemical cycling

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: biogeochemical cycling,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: oxygen levels.)

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: atmospheric oxygen levels.)

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: recycled theater performers

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: oxygen

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: biogeochemical

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Synergia Ranch in New Mexico,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: decline in atmospheric oxygen levels.)

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: biogeochemical cycling,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: 2

text: Wetlands of the United States are defined by the United States Army Corps of Engineers and the United States Environmental Protection Agency as "those areas that are inundated or saturated by surface or ground water at a frequency and duration sufficient to support, and that under normal circumstances do support, a prevalence of vegetations typically adapted for life in saturated soils. Wetlands generally include swamps, marshes, bogs, and similar areas."Wetlands can be valued in terms of their contributions to ecological, economic and social systems. Wetlands service these systems through multiple processes including water filtration, water storage and biological productivity. They also contribute the functions of flood control, providing a nutrient sink, groundwater recharge and habitat.

text: Wetland

text: s of the United States are defined by the

text: United States Army Corps of Engineers

text: and the

text: United States Environmental Protection Agency

text: as "those areas that are inundated or saturated by surface or ground water at a frequency and duration sufficient to support, and that under normal circumstances do support, a prevalence of vegetations typically adapted for life in saturated soils. Wetlands generally include swamps, marshes, bogs, and similar areas."Wetlands can be valued in terms of their contributions to ecological, economic and social systems. Wetlands service these systems through multiple processes including water filtration, water storage and biological productivity. They also contribute the functions of flood control, providing a nutrient sink, groundwater recharge and habitat.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: groundwater recharge

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: filtration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: groundwater recharge

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: water filtration, water storage and biological productivity.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: water filtration,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Wetlands

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: saturated soils.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: water filtration,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Wetlands

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: saturated soils.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: flood control,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Wetlands

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Wetlands

text: The thermochemical two-step water splitting process uses two redox steps. The steps of solar hydrogen production by iron based two-step cycle are:

text: The thermochemical two-step

text: water splitting

text: process uses two

text: redox

text: steps. The steps of solar hydrogen production by iron based two-step cycle are:

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: redox steps

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: oxidation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: solar hydrogen production

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: redox

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation of water

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: ice is a form of water

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: two redox steps.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: The thermochemical two-step water splitting

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: two redox steps.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: solar hydrogen production by iron based two-step cycle

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: solar hydrogen production by iron based two-step cycle

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: redox steps.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: two redox steps.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: two redox steps.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: The thermochemical two-step water splitting process uses two redox steps.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The thermochemical two-step water splitting process uses two redox steps.

text: As the cycles of concentration increase, the water may not be able to hold the minerals in solution. When the solubility of these minerals have been exceeded they can precipitate out as mineral solids and cause fouling and heat exchange problems in the cooling tower or the heat exchangers. The temperatures of the recirculating water, piping and heat exchange surfaces determine if and where minerals will precipitate from the recirculating water.  Often a professional water treatment consultant will evaluate the make-up water and the operating conditions of the cooling tower and recommend an appropriate range for the cycles of concentration. The use of water treatment chemicals, pretreatment such as water softening, pH adjustment, and other techniques can affect the acceptable range of cycles of concentration.

text: As the cycles of concentration increase, the water may not be able to hold the minerals in solution. When the

text: solubility

text: of these minerals have been exceeded they can

text: precipitate

text: out as mineral solids and cause fouling and heat exchange problems in the cooling tower or the

text: heat exchangers

text: . The temperatures of the recirculating water, piping and heat exchange surfaces determine if and where minerals will precipitate from the recirculating water.  Often a professional

text: water treatment

text: consultant will evaluate the make-up water and the operating conditions of the cooling tower and recommend an appropriate range for the cycles of concentration. The use of water treatment chemicals, pretreatment such as

text: water softening

text: pH

text: adjustment, and other techniques can affect the acceptable range of cycles of concentration.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: minerals will precipitate

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: mineral solids

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: concentration

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: minerals will precipitate

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: The temperatures of the recirculating water, piping and heat exchange surfaces

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: precipitate out as mineral solids

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitate

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: heat exchange problems in the cooling tower or the heat exchangers.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: precipitate

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: concentration

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Often a professional water treatment consultant

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: the water may not be able to hold the minerals in solution.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: mineral solids

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: As the cycles of concentration increase,

text: The water cycle is powered from solar energy. 86% of the global evaporation occurs from the oceans, reducing their temperature by evaporative cooling. Without the cooling, the effect of evaporation on the greenhouse effect would lead to a much higher surface temperature of , and a warmer planet.

text: The water cycle is powered from solar energy. 86% of the global evaporation occurs from the oceans, reducing their temperature by

text: evaporative cooling

text: . Without the cooling, the effect of evaporation on the greenhouse effect would lead to a much higher surface temperature of , and a warmer planet.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: solar energy

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: it evaporates

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: evaporative cooling

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: greenhouse effect

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: solar energy.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: evaporative cooling.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: evaporative cooling.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: evaporative cooling.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: evaporative cooling.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: 86% of the global evaporation occurs from the oceans,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation occurs from the oceans,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: evaporative cooling.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The water cycle is powered from solar energy.

text: Perhaps one of the most recent adverse effects of climate change to be explored is that of ocean acidification. Our oceans cover approximately 71 percent of the Earth's surface and support a diverse range of ecosystems, which are home to over 50 percent of all the species on the planet. Oceans regulate climate and weather as well as providing nutrition for a vast variety of species, humans included. Covering such an extensive part of the planet has allowed the oceans to absorb a large portion of the carbon dioxide () from the atmosphere. This process is part of the carbon cycle in which the fluxes of carbon dioxide () in Earth's atmosphere, biosphere and lithosphere are described. Humans have drastically added to the amount of carbon dioxide () in the atmosphere through the burning of fossil fuels and the process of deforestation. Oceans work as a sink absorbing excess anthropogenic carbon dioxide (). As the oceans absorb anthropogenic carbon dioxide () it breaks down into carbonic acid, a mild acid, this neutralizes the normally alkaline ocean water. As a result, the pH in the oceans is declining. In the research surrounding global climate change we are only just beginning to realize that our oceans can sequester a finite amount of  before we start seeing impacts on marine life that could lead to devastating losses. Acidification of our oceans has the potential to drastically alter life as we know it - from extreme weather patterns and food scarcity to a loss of millions of species from the planet - all of these consequences hold the potential to directly affect human health.

text: Perhaps one of the most recent adverse

text: effects of climate change

text: to be explored is that of

text: ocean acidification

text: . Our

text: oceans

text: cover approximately 71 percent of the

text: Earth

text: 's surface and support a diverse range of

text: ecosystems

text: , which are home to over 50 percent of all the

text: species

text: on the planet. Oceans regulate

text: climate

text: and

text: weather

text: as well as providing

text: nutrition

text: for a vast variety of species, humans included. Covering such an extensive part of the planet has allowed the oceans to absorb a large portion of the

text: carbon dioxide ()

text: from the

text: atmosphere

text: . This process is part of the

text: carbon cycle

text: in which the fluxes of

text: carbon dioxide ()

text: in Earth's

text: atmosphere

text: biosphere

text: and

text: lithosphere

text: are described. Humans have drastically added to the amount of

text: carbon dioxide ()

text: in the atmosphere through the burning of

text: fossil fuels

text: and the process of

text: deforestation

text: . Oceans work as a sink absorbing excess

text: anthropogenic

text: carbon dioxide

text: (). As the oceans absorb

text: anthropogenic

text: carbon dioxide

text: () it breaks down into

text: carbonic acid

text: , a mild acid, this neutralizes the normally

text: alkaline

text: ocean water. As a result, the pH in the oceans is declining. In the research surrounding global climate change we are only just beginning to realize that our oceans can sequester a finite amount of  before we start seeing impacts on marine life that could lead to devastating losses. Acidification of our oceans has the potential to drastically alter life as we know it - from

text: extreme weather

text: patterns and

text: food scarcity

text: to a loss of millions of species from the planet - all of these consequences hold the potential to directly affect

text: human health

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: carbonic acid

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: What are examples of extreme weather?

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: burning of fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: deforestation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: acidification of oceans

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: carbon cycle

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: carbonic acid,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: extreme weather

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: deforestation.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: deforestation.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: carbon cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Oceans work as a sink absorbing excess anthropogenic carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: ocean acidification.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Oceans

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: deforestation.

text: During laundering, temperature, together with the action of water and detergent work together to reduce microbial contamination levels on fabrics. During the wash cycle soil and microbes are detached from fabrics and suspended into the wash water. These are then "washed away" during the rinse and spin cycles. In addition to physical removal, micro-organisms can be killed by thermal inactivation which increases as the temperature is increased. Chemical inactivation of microbes by the surfactants and activated oxygen-based bleach used in detergents also contributes to the hygiene effectiveness of laundering. Adding hypochlorite bleach in the washing process also achieves inactivation of microbes. A number of other factors can also contribute including drying and ironing.

text: During laundering, temperature, together with the action of water and detergent work together to reduce microbial contamination levels on fabrics. During the wash cycle soil and microbes are detached from fabrics and suspended into the wash water. These are then "washed away" during the rinse and spin cycles. In addition to physical removal, micro-organisms can be killed by thermal inactivation which increases as the temperature is increased. Chemical inactivation of microbes by the surfactants and activated oxygen-based bleach used in detergents also contributes to the hygiene effectiveness of laundering. Adding hypochlorite bleach in the washing process also achieves inactivation of microbes. A number of other factors can also contribute including drying and ironing.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: thermal inactivation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: thermal inactivation

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: drying

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: wash cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: thermal inactivation increases

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: temperature,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: thermal inactivation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: drying and ironing.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: drying and ironing.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: drying

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: wash cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: During the wash cycle

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: thermal inactivation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: During laundering, temperature, together with the action of water

text: An ocean is a major body of saline water, and a component of the hydrosphere. Approximately 71% of the Earth's surface (an area of some 362 million square kilometers) is covered by ocean, a continuous body of water that is customarily divided into several principal oceans and smaller seas. More than half of this area is over 3,000 meters (9,800 ft) deep. Average oceanic salinity is around 35 parts per thousand (ppt) (3.5%), and nearly all seawater has a salinity in the range of 30 to 38 ppt. Though generally recognized as several 'separate' oceans, these waters comprise one global, interconnected body of salt water often referred to as the World Ocean or global ocean.  The deep seabeds are more than half the Earth's surface, and are among the least-modified natural environments.  The major oceanic divisions are defined in part by the continents, various archipelagos, and other criteria: these divisions are (in descending order of size) the Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean, the Southern Ocean and the Arctic Ocean.

text: An

text: ocean

text: is a major body of

text: saline water

text: , and a component of the hydrosphere. Approximately 71% of the Earth's

text: surface

text: (an area of some 362 million square kilometers) is covered by ocean, a

text: continuous body of water

text: that is customarily divided into several principal oceans and smaller

text: sea

text: s. More than half of this area is over 3,000 meters (9,800 ft) deep. Average oceanic

text: salinity

text: is around 35

text: parts per thousand

text: (ppt) (3.5%), and nearly all seawater has a salinity in the range of 30 to 38 ppt. Though generally recognized as several 'separate' oceans, these waters comprise one global, interconnected body of salt water often referred to as the

text: World Ocean

text: or global ocean.  The deep

text: seabed

text: s are more than half the Earth's surface, and are among the least-modified natural environments.  The major oceanic divisions are defined in part by the

text: continent

text: s, various

text: archipelago

text: s, and other criteria: these divisions are (in descending order of size) the

text: Pacific Ocean

text: , the

text: Atlantic Ocean

text: , the

text: Indian Ocean

text: , the

text: Southern Ocean

text: and the

text: Arctic Ocean

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: salinity

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: gaseous

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Arctic Ocean

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrosphere

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: salinity decreases

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Average oceanic salinity

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: saline water, and a component of the hydrosphere.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: hydrosphere.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: The deep seabeds

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: hydrosphere.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrosphere.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: saline water,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: ocean

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: An ocean is a major body of saline water,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: An ocean is a major body of saline water,

text: The core of the Sun extends from the center to about 20–25% of the solar radius. It has a density of up to  (about 150 times the density of water) and a temperature of close to 15.7 million kelvins (K). By contrast, the Sun's surface temperature is approximately 5,800 K. Recent analysis of SOHO mission data favors a faster rotation rate in the core than in the radiative zone above. Through most of the Sun's life, energy is produced by nuclear fusion in the core region through a series of steps called the p–p (proton–proton) chain; this process converts hydrogen into helium. Only 0.8% of the energy generated in the Sun comes from the CNO cycle, though this proportion is expected to increase as the Sun becomes older.

text: The

text: core

text: of the Sun extends from the center to about 20–25% of the solar radius. It has a density of up to  (about 150 times the density of water) and a temperature of close to 15.7 million

text: kelvin

text: s (K). By contrast, the Sun's surface temperature is approximately 5,800 K. Recent analysis of

text: SOHO

text: mission data favors a faster rotation rate in the core than in the radiative zone above. Through most of the Sun's life, energy is produced by

text: nuclear fusion

text: in the core region through a series of steps called the

text: p–p (proton–proton) chain

text: ; this process converts

text: hydrogen

text: into

text: helium

text: . Only 0.8% of the energy generated in the Sun comes from the

text: CNO cycle

text: , though this proportion is expected to increase as the Sun becomes older.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: nuclear fusion

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the Sun's surface temperature

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: nuclear fusion

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: hydrogen into helium.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water)

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: hydrogen into helium.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: CNO cycle,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: CNO cycle,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: 150 times the density of water)

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: faster rotation rate in the core than in the radiative zone

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: (about 150 times the density of water)

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The core of the Sun

text: For WECF and partners, the main effort in 2012 was to demonstrate local solutions for inclusive and environmentally friendly development, with full participation and leadership of women. In Uganda and South Africa, women training and development of food gardens and organic agriculture started, as part of the Empower Women - Benefit (for) All program.   In Ukraine, Georgia and five other EECCA countries, Switch to Sun was launched, a program to improve and up-scale solar heaters for household and public building in rural areas where the energy services are not or little developed. In Moldova, Kyrgyzstan, Azerbaijan and Tajikistan WECF and partners transferred knowledge and built ecological sanitation systems for schools and households, with the addition of solar technologies to supply hot water for bathrooms, and solar food processing solutions. Through its capacity building and training programmes, WECF has been training trainers who are able to share their skills. As a follow-up of those processes, many WECF members continue to build skills in the area of policy analysis and advocacy, to propose and push for better legislation and governance. A delegation of WECF members participated in the climate negotiations in Doha and promoted the lessons learned from the local mitigation projects. Partners in Albania, Serbia and Macedonia organised consumer information and media events to raise awareness about product and chemical risks, and about the need for better protection of children from carcinogens and endocrine disruptors.

text: For WECF and partners, the main effort in 2012 was to demonstrate local solutions for inclusive and environmentally friendly development, with full participation and leadership of women. In

text: Uganda

text: and

text: South Africa

text: , women training and development of food gardens and organic agriculture started, as part of the Empower Women - Benefit (for) All program.   In

text: Ukraine

text: Georgia

text: and five other

text: EECCA

text: countries, Switch to Sun was launched, a program to improve and up-scale solar heaters for household and public building in rural areas where the energy services are not or little developed. In

text: Moldova

text: Kyrgyzstan

text: Azerbaijan

text: and

text: Tajikistan

text: WECF and partners transferred knowledge and built ecological sanitation systems for schools and households, with the addition of solar technologies to supply hot water for bathrooms, and solar food processing solutions. Through its capacity building and training programmes, WECF has been training trainers who are able to share their skills. As a follow-up of those processes, many WECF members continue to build skills in the area of policy analysis and advocacy, to propose and push for better legislation and governance. A delegation of WECF members participated in the climate negotiations in

text: Doha

text: and promoted the lessons learned from the local mitigation projects. Partners in

text: Albania

text: Serbia

text: and

text: Macedonia

text: organised consumer information and media events to raise awareness about product and chemical risks, and about the need for better protection of children from

text: carcinogens

text: and

text: endocrine disruptors

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: What drives the water cycle?

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: What types of weather did WECF members participate in?

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: solar heaters

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: What is the process where water vapor can go into the air through the leaves

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: What is the term for the water cycle?

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: What can be stored in snow and ice?

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: solar technologies to supply hot water for bathrooms, and solar food processing solutions.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: hot water

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: environmentally friendly development,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: solar technologies to supply hot water for bathrooms, and solar food processing solutions.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: mitigation projects.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: environmentally friendly development,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: women training and development of food gardens and organic agriculture

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: mitigation projects.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: solar technologies to supply hot water

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: hot water

text: Once the organism has perished, part of the siliceous skeletal material dissolves, as it settles through the water column, enriching the deep waters with dissolved silica. Some of the siliceous scales can also be preserved over time as microfossils in deep-sea sediments, providing a window into modern and ancient plankton/protists communities. This biologic process has operated, since at least early Paleozoic time, to regulate the balance of silica in the ocean: Radiolarians (Cambrian/Ordovician-Holocene), diatoms (Cretaceous-Holocene), and silicoflagellates (Cretaceous-Holocene) form the ocean’s main contributors to the global silica biogenic cycle throughout geologic time. Diatoms account for 43% of the ocean primary production, and are responsible for the bulk of silica extraction from ocean waters in the modern ocean, and during much of the past fifty million years. In contrast, oceans of Jurassic and older ages, were characterized by radiolarians as major silica-utilizing phyla. Nowadays, radiolarians are the second (after diatoms) major producers of suspended amorphous silica in ocean waters. Their distribution ranges from the Arctic to the Antarctic, being most abundant in the equatorial zone. In equatorial Pacific waters, for example, about 16,000 specimens per cubic meter can be observed.

text: Once the organism has perished, part of the siliceous skeletal material

text: dissolves

text: , as it settles through the

text: water column

text: , enriching the deep waters with dissolved silica. Some of the siliceous scales can also be preserved over time as

text: microfossils

text: in

text: deep-sea

text: sediments

text: , providing a window into modern and ancient

text: plankton

text: protists

text: communities. This biologic process has operated, since at least early

text: Paleozoic

text: time, to regulate the balance of silica in the ocean: Radiolarians (

text: Cambrian

text: Ordovician

text: Holocene

text: diatoms

text: Cretaceous

text: Holocene

text: ), and silicoflagellates (

text: Cretaceous

text: Holocene

text: ) form the ocean’s main contributors to the global silica biogenic cycle throughout

text: geologic time

text: . Diatoms account for 43% of the ocean primary production, and are responsible for the bulk of silica extraction from ocean waters in the modern ocean, and during much of the past fifty million years. In contrast, oceans of

text: Jurassic

text: and older ages, were characterized by

text: radiolarians

text: as major silica-utilizing phyla. Nowadays, radiolarians are the second (after diatoms) major producers of suspended amorphous silica in ocean waters. Their distribution ranges from the

text: Arctic

text: to the

text: Antarctic

text: , being most abundant in the equatorial zone. In equatorial

text: Pacific

text: waters, for example, about 16,000 specimens per cubic meter can be observed.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: 16,000 specimens per cubic meter

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: dissolved silica

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: What can be stored for future use in snow and ice?

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: dissolved silica.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: water column,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: dissolved silica.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: part of the siliceous skeletal material

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Once

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: water column,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: dissolved silica.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: enriching the deep waters with dissolved silica.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: dissolved silica.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: early Paleozoic time,

text: Currently, the Kobuk River in its middle and lower reaches is an anastomizing stream, with several braided channels in places, wide migrating meander bends, and oxbow lakes. It is controlled by yearly cycles of freeze and thaw, much like its surrounding landscape. For six months of the year, the river is largely still, frozen on top by a thick layer of ice. In the spring, warmer temperatures cause this ice to begin to melt. But the resulting process is not gradual. Rather, the pressure of melting ice from upstream builds up upon ice “dams” in the river’s channel, eventually causing an “ice break-up” event, in which a flood of ice and water moves powerfully downstream.

text: Currently, the Kobuk River in its middle and lower reaches is an

text: anastomizing

text: stream, with several

text: braided

text: channels in places, wide migrating meander bends, and oxbow lakes. It is controlled by yearly cycles of freeze and thaw, much like its surrounding landscape. For six months of the year, the river is largely still, frozen on top by a thick layer of ice. In the spring, warmer temperatures cause this ice to begin to melt. But the resulting process is not gradual. Rather, the pressure of melting ice from upstream builds up upon ice “dams” in the river’s channel, eventually causing an “ice break-up” event, in which a flood of ice and water moves powerfully downstream.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: It is controlled by yearly cycles of freeze and thaw

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: ice break-up

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: yearly cycles

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: ice melts

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: freeze and thaw,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: “ice break-up”

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: freeze and thaw,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: “ice break-up” event,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: freeze and thaw,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: freeze and thaw,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: “ice break-up”

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: pressure of melting ice from upstream

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: ice.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Currently, the Kobuk River

text: Crop water productivity (WP) or water use efficiency (WUE) expressed in kg/m³ is an efficiency term, expressing the amount of marketable product (e.g. kilograms of grain) in relation to the amount of input needed to produce that output (cubic meters of water). The water used for crop production is referred to as crop evapotranspiration. This is a combination of water lost by evaporation from the soil surface and transpiration by the plant, occurring simultaneously. Except by modeling, distinguishing between the two processes is difficult. Representative values of WUE for cereals at field level, expressed with evapotranspiration in the denominator, can vary between 0.10 and 4 kg/m3.

text: Crop water productivity (WP) or water use efficiency (WUE) expressed in kg/m³ is an

text: efficiency

text: term, expressing the amount of marketable product (e.g. kilograms of grain) in relation to the amount of input needed to produce that output (cubic meters of water). The water used for crop production is referred to as crop

text: evapotranspiration

text: . This is a combination of water lost by

text: evaporation

text: from the soil surface and

text: transpiration

text: by the plant, occurring simultaneously. Except by

text: modeling

text: , distinguishing between the two processes is difficult. Representative values of WUE for cereals at field level, expressed with evapotranspiration in the denominator, can vary between 0.10 and 4 kg/m3.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: The water used for crop production is referred to as crop evapotranspiration

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: evapotranspiration

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: evaporation from the soil surface and transpiration by the plant,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: evapotranspiration.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: evaporation from the soil surface and transpiration by the plant,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: crop evapotranspiration.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: crop evapotranspiration.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: water).

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: evapotranspiration.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Crop water productivity

text: This concept was first postulated by Funk and Reinstrom (1966) as a reflexion about the most efficient way to produce fuels (e.g. hydrogen, ammonia) from stable and abundant species (e.g. water, nitrogen) and heat sources. Although fuel availability was scarcely considered before the oil crisis era, these researches were justified by niche markets. As an example, in the military logistics field, providing fuels for vehicles in remote battlefields is a key task. Hence, a mobile production system based on a portable heat source (a specific nuclear reactor was strikingly considered) was being investigated with the uttermost interest.Following the crisis, many programs (Europe,Japan,USA) were set up to design, test and qualify such processes for more peaceful purposes such as energy independence. High temperature (1000K) nuclear reactors were still considered as the heat sources. However, the optimistic expectations of the first thermodynamics studies were quickly moderated by more pragmatic analysis based on fair comparisons with standard technologies (thermodynamic cycles for electricity generation, coupled with the electrolysis of water) and by numerous practical issues (not high enough temperatures with nuclear reactors, slow reactivities, reactor corrosion, significant losses of intermediate compounds with time...). Hence, the interest for this technology was fading away during the next decades, or at least some tradeoffs (hybrid versions) were being considered with the use of electricity as a fractional energy input instead of only heat for the reactions (e.g. Hybrid sulfur cycle). A rebirth in the year 2000 can be explained by both new energy crisis and the rapid pace of development of concentrated solar power technologies whose potentially very high temperatures are ideal for thermochemical processes, while the environmentally friendly side of these researches attracts funding in a period with the peak oil shadow.

text: This concept was first postulated by Funk and Reinstrom (1966) as a reflexion about the most efficient way to produce

text: fuels

text: (e.g.

text: hydrogen

text: ammonia

text: ) from stable and abundant species (e.g.

text: water

text: nitrogen

text: ) and heat sources. Although fuel availability was scarcely considered before the

text: oil crisis

text: era, these researches were justified by

text: niche market

text: s. As an example, in the

text: military logistics

text: field, providing fuels for vehicles in remote battlefields is a key task. Hence, a mobile production system based on a portable heat source (a specific

text: nuclear reactor

text: was strikingly considered) was being investigated with the uttermost interest.Following the crisis, many programs (Europe,Japan,USA) were set up to design, test and qualify such processes for more peaceful purposes such as energy independence. High temperature (1000K) nuclear reactors were still considered as the heat sources. However, the optimistic expectations of the first thermodynamics studies were quickly moderated by more pragmatic analysis based on fair comparisons with standard technologies (

text: thermodynamic cycle

text: s for electricity generation, coupled with the

text: electrolysis of water

text: ) and by numerous practical issues (not high enough temperatures with nuclear reactors, slow reactivities, reactor corrosion, significant losses of intermediate compounds with time...). Hence, the interest for this technology was fading away during the next decades, or at least some tradeoffs (hybrid versions) were being considered with the use of electricity as a fractional energy input instead of only heat for the reactions (e.g.

text: Hybrid sulfur cycle

text: ). A rebirth in the year 2000 can be explained by both new energy crisis and the rapid pace of development of

text: concentrated solar power

text: technologies whose potentially very high temperatures are ideal for thermochemical processes, while the

text: environmentally friendly

text: side of these researches attracts funding in a period with the

text: peak oil

text: shadow.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: the electrolysis of water

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: electrolysis

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: hydrogen, ammonia

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: water can be stored for future use in snow and ice

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: electrolysis

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: electrolysis

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: electrolysis of water)

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: electrolysis of water)

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: electrolysis of water)

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: electrolysis

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: electrolysis of water)

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: new energy crisis

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: electrolysis of water)

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: electrolysis of water)

text: The outflow form the lake is called Afon Melynllyn, this stream flowing north-east to join Afon Dulyn, itself a tributary of the river Conwy.

text: The outflow form the lake is called

text: Afon Melynllyn

text: , this stream flowing north-east to join

text: Afon Dulyn

text: , itself a tributary of the

text: river Conwy

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Afon Dulyn

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Afon Dulyn

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Afon Melynllyn,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Afon Melynllyn,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Afon Melynllyn,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Afon Melynllyn,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Afon Melynllyn,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Afon Melynllyn,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Afon Melynllyn,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Afon Melynllyn,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Afon Melynllyn,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Afon Melynllyn,

text: In 1818 a canal, which was dug to drain spring flood waters from Lake Suvanto (now Lake Sukhodolskoye, a 40-km long narrow lake in the eastern part of the Isthmus) into Lake Ladoga, unexpectedly eroded and turned into the Taipaleenjoki (now Burnaya River). The Taipaleenjoki started draining Suvanto and decreased its level by 7 m. Originally waters of Lake Suvanto flowed into the Vuoksi River through a waterway at Kiviniemi (now Losevo), but as a result of the change, the waterway dried out. In 1857 the canal was dug there, but the stream reversed direction, revealed rapids and rendered navigation at Kiviniemi impossible. Since 1857 Suvanto and the Taipaleenjoki have constituted the southern armlet of the Vuoksi River, which has decreased the level of the original northern armlet emptying into Ladoga near Kexholm (now Priozersk) by 4 m, isolating it as a separate river basin.

text: In 1818 a canal, which was dug to drain spring flood waters from

text: Lake Suvanto

text: (now Lake Sukhodolskoye, a 40-km long narrow lake in the eastern part of the Isthmus) into

text: Lake Ladoga

text: , unexpectedly eroded and turned into the

text: Taipaleenjoki

text: (now Burnaya River). The Taipaleenjoki started draining Suvanto and decreased its level by 7 m. Originally waters of Lake Suvanto flowed into the Vuoksi River through a waterway at

text: Kiviniemi

text: (now Losevo), but as a result of the change, the waterway dried out. In 1857 the canal was dug there, but the stream reversed direction, revealed

text: rapids

text: and rendered navigation at Kiviniemi impossible. Since 1857 Suvanto and the Taipaleenjoki have constituted the southern armlet of the Vuoksi River, which has decreased the level of the original northern armlet emptying into Ladoga near

text: Kexholm

text: (now Priozersk) by 4 m, isolating it as a separate river basin.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: The Taipaleenjoki started draining Suvanto

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: The Taipaleenjoki started draining Suvanto and decreased its level by 7 m

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: water cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unexpectedly eroded and turned into the Taipaleenjoki

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: spring flood waters

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: flood waters

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Taipaleenjoki

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: drain spring flood waters

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: spring flood waters

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: flood waters

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: flood waters

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: spring flood waters

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: In 1818

text: The major oceanic divisions are defined in part by the continents, various archipelagos, and other criteria: these divisions are (in descending order of size) the Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and the Arctic Ocean. Smaller regions of the oceans are called seas, gulfs, bays and other names. There are also salt lakes, which are smaller bodies of landlocked saltwater that are not interconnected with the World Ocean. Two notable examples of salt lakes are the Aral Sea and the Great Salt Lake.

text: The major oceanic divisions are defined in part by the

text: continent

text: s, various

text: archipelago

text: s, and other criteria: these divisions are (in descending order of size) the Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean, the

text: Southern Ocean

text: , and the Arctic Ocean. Smaller regions of the oceans are called seas,

text: gulfs

text: bay

text: s and other names. There are also

text: salt lake

text: s, which are smaller bodies of landlocked saltwater that are not interconnected with the World Ocean. Two notable examples of salt lakes are the

text: Aral Sea

text: and the

text: Great Salt Lake

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: salt lakes

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Great Salt Lake

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: salt lakes

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: salt lakes, which are smaller bodies of landlocked saltwater

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: salt lakes, which are smaller bodies of landlocked saltwater

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: salt lakes,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: salt lakes, which are smaller bodies of landlocked saltwater

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: salt lakes,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: salt lakes, which are smaller bodies of landlocked saltwater

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: salt lakes,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: landlocked saltwater

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: salt lakes,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The major oceanic divisions

text: Oceanic fish (also called open ocean or offshore fish) live in the waters that are not above the continental shelf. Oceanic fish can be contrasted with coastal fish, who do live above the continental shelf. However, the two types are not mutually exclusive, since there are no firm boundaries between coastal and ocean regions, and many epipelagic fish move between coastal and oceanic waters, particularly in different stages in their life cycle.

text: Oceanic fish (also called open ocean or offshore fish) live in the waters that are not above the continental shelf. Oceanic fish can be contrasted with

text: coastal fish

text: , who do live above the continental shelf. However, the two types are not mutually exclusive, since there are no firm boundaries between coastal and ocean regions, and many epipelagic fish move between coastal and oceanic waters, particularly in different stages in their life cycle.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: moving between coastal and oceanic waters

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Oceanic fish

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: shelf.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Oceanic fish

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: epipelagic fish move between coastal and oceanic waters,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Oceanic fish

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: life cycle.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Oceanic fish

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: there are no firm boundaries between coastal and ocean regions,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Oceanic fish

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Oceanic fish

text: The atmosphere is an important transitional zone between the solid planetary surface and the higher rarefied ionizing and radiation belts. Not all planets have atmospheres: their existence depends on the mass of the planet, and the planet's distance from the Sun — too distant and frozen atmospheres occur. Besides the four gas giant planets, almost all of the terrestrial planets (Earth, Venus, and Mars) have significant atmospheres. Two moons have significant atmospheres: Saturn's moon Titan and Neptune's moon Triton. A tenuous atmosphere exists around Mercury.

text: The

text: atmosphere

text: is an important transitional zone between the solid planetary surface and the higher rarefied

text: ionizing

text: and radiation belts. Not all planets have atmospheres: their existence depends on the mass of the planet, and the planet's distance from the Sun — too distant and frozen atmospheres occur. Besides the four

text: gas giant

text: planets, almost all of the

text: terrestrial planets

text: Earth

text: Venus

text: , and

text: Mars

text: ) have significant atmospheres. Two moons have significant atmospheres:

text: Saturn

text: 's moon

text: Titan

text: and

text: Neptune

text: 's moon

text: Triton

text: . A tenuous atmosphere exists around

text: Mercury

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: The atmosphere

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Saturn's moon Titan

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: It depends on the mass of the planet

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: ionizing and radiation belts.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: The atmosphere is an important transitional zone

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: The atmosphere

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Saturn's moon Titan and Neptune's moon Triton.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: The atmosphere

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: The atmosphere

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: too distant and frozen atmospheres

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: higher rarefied ionizing and radiation belts.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: too distant and frozen atmospheres

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: almost all of the terrestrial planets

text: Yorkshire Water does much to promote recreational use of its reservoirs. Available activities include walking, fishing, horse riding, cycling, water sports and bird watching.Reservoirs with public access include:

text: Yorkshire Water does much to promote recreational use of its reservoirs. Available activities include walking, fishing, horse riding, cycling, water sports and bird watching.Reservoirs with public access include:

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: vaporization

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: fishing

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: the water cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: ice is a solid

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: walking, fishing, horse riding, cycling, water sports and bird watching.Reservoirs

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: water sports and bird watching.Reservoirs

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: recreational use of its reservoirs.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: bird watching.Reservoirs

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: cycling, water sports and bird watching.Reservoirs

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: cycling,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: fishing, horse riding, cycling, water sports and bird watching.Reservoirs

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: water sports and bird watching.Reservoirs

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: reservoirs.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: walking, fishing, horse riding, cycling, water sports and bird watching.Reservoirs

text: The storage cells on a memory chip are laid out in a rectangular array of rows and columns.  The read process in DRAM is destructive and removes the charge on the memory cells in an entire row, so there is a row of specialized latches on the chip called sense amplifiers, one for each column of memory cells, to temporarily hold the data.   During a normal read operation, the sense amplifiers after reading and latching the data, rewrite the data in the accessed row before sending the bit from a single column to output.  So the normal read electronics on the chip has the ability to refresh an entire row of memory in parallel, significantly speeding up the refresh process.  A normal read or write cycle refreshes a row of memory, but normal memory accesses cannot be relied on to hit all the rows within the necessary time, necessitating a separate refresh process.  Rather than use the normal read cycle in the refresh process, to save time an abbreviated cycle called a refresh cycle is used. The refresh cycle is similar to the read cycle, but executes faster for two reasons:

text: The storage cells on a memory chip are laid out in a rectangular array of rows and columns.  The read process in DRAM is destructive and removes the charge on the memory cells in an entire row, so there is a row of specialized latches on the chip called

text: sense amplifier

text: s, one for each column of memory cells, to temporarily hold the data.   During a normal read operation, the

text: sense amplifier

text: s after reading and latching the data, rewrite the data in the accessed row before sending the bit from a single column to output.  So the normal read electronics on the chip has the ability to refresh an entire row of memory in parallel, significantly speeding up the refresh process.  A normal read or write cycle refreshes a row of memory, but normal memory accesses cannot be relied on to hit all the rows within the necessary time, necessitating a separate refresh process.  Rather than use the normal read cycle in the refresh process, to save time an abbreviated cycle called a refresh cycle is used. The refresh cycle is similar to the read cycle, but executes faster for two reasons:

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: context:

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: The read process in DRAM is destructive

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Context: Water can be stored for future use in snow and ice.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: context: Humans diverted water to suit their own needs as far back as the Roman Empire

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: sense amplifiers,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: refresh cycle

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: refresh cycle

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: The read process in DRAM

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: refresh cycle

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: refresh cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: two reasons:

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: The refresh cycle

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: refresh cycle

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: two reasons:

text: The mythology of pre-Christian Ireland did not entirely survive the conversion to Christianity. However, much of it was preserved in medieval Irish literature, though it was shorn of its religious meanings. This literature represents the most extensive and best preserved of all the branches of Celtic mythology. Although many of the manuscripts have not survived and much more material was probably never committed to writing, there is enough remaining to enable the identification of distinct, if overlapping, cycles: the Mythological Cycle, the Ulster Cycle, the Fenian Cycle and the Historical Cycle. There are also a number of extant mythological texts that do not fit into any of the cycles. Additionally, there are a large number of recorded folk tales that, while not strictly mythological, feature personages from one or more of these four cycles.

text: The

text: mythology

text: of pre-Christian

text: Ireland

text: did not entirely survive the conversion to Christianity. However, much of it was preserved in

text: medieval Irish literature

text: , though it was shorn of its religious meanings. This literature represents the most extensive and best preserved of all the branches of

text: Celtic mythology

text: . Although many of the manuscripts have not survived and much more material was probably never committed to writing, there is enough remaining to enable the identification of distinct, if overlapping, cycles: the

text: Mythological Cycle

text: , the

text: Ulster Cycle

text: , the

text: Fenian Cycle

text: and the

text: Historical Cycle

text: . There are also a number of extant mythological texts that do not fit into any of the cycles. Additionally, there are a large number of recorded

text: folk tales

text: that, while not strictly mythological, feature personages from one or more of these four cycles.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: medieval Irish literature

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: What is stored in snow and ice?

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Mythological Cycle,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Christianity.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Christianity.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: shorn of its religious meanings.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: The mythology of pre-Christian Ireland

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Fenian Cycle and the Historical Cycle.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Mythological Cycle,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: The mythology of pre-Christian Ireland

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: The mythology of pre-Christian Ireland

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The mythology of pre-Christian Ireland

text: They are found predominantly in lakes, streams, and swamps, and can withstand a degree of brackishness. They have a preference for living among vegetation in the shallows around the water perimeter, and acclimatize readily to a range of water temperatures from almost 0 to 25°C.

text: They are found predominantly in lakes, streams, and swamps, and can withstand a degree of brackishness. They have a preference for living among vegetation in the shallows around the water perimeter, and acclimatize readily to a range of water temperatures from almost 0 to 25°C.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: vaporization

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: water temperatures from almost 0 to 25°C

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: a degree of brackishness.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: 0 to 25°C.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: a degree of brackishness.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: 0 to 25°C.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: acclimatize

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: lakes, streams, and swamps,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: a degree of brackishness.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: 0 to 25°C.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: 0 to 25°C.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: They are found predominantly in lakes, streams, and swamps,

text: It is also home to 13 fresh water lakes with areas in excess of  or   and approximately 29 smaller lakes and streams located throughout the territory.

text: It is also home to 13 fresh water lakes with areas in excess of  or   and approximately 29 smaller lakes and streams located throughout the territory.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: lakes and streams

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: 13 fresh water lakes

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: or

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: fresh water lakes

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: 29 smaller lakes and streams

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: 29 smaller lakes and streams

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: streams

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: 13 fresh water lakes

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: fresh water lakes

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: 29 smaller lakes and streams

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: 29

text: Ten of the eighteen biosphere reserves are a part of the World Network of Biosphere Reserves, based on the UNESCO Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme list.

text: Ten of the eighteen biosphere reserves are a part of the

text: World Network of Biosphere Reserves

text: , based on the

text: UNESCO

text: Man and the Biosphere

text: (MAB) Programme list.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Biosphere Reserves

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: UNESCO Man and the Biosphere

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: UNESCO Man and the Biosphere

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: UNESCO Man and the Biosphere

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Ten

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: UNESCO Man and the Biosphere

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Man and the Biosphere

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: UNESCO Man and the Biosphere

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: UNESCO Man and the Biosphere

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Ten

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Ten

text: As a subset of hydrology, hydrogeology is concerned with the occurrence, distribution, and movement of groundwater.  Moreover, hydrogeology is concerned with the manner in which groundwater is stored and its availability for use.  The characteristics of groundwater can readily be input into GIS for further study and management of water resources.  Because 98% of the world’s available freshwater is groundwater, the need to keep a closer eye on its disposition is readily apparent.

text: As a subset of hydrology,

text: hydrogeology

text: is concerned with the occurrence, distribution, and movement of

text: groundwater

text: .  Moreover, hydrogeology is concerned with the manner in which groundwater is stored and its availability for use.  The characteristics of groundwater can readily be input into GIS for further study and management of water resources.  Because 98% of the world’s available

text: freshwater

text: is groundwater, the need to keep a closer eye on its disposition is readily apparent.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrology

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: hydrology,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: movement of groundwater.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: movement of groundwater.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrology,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: As a subset of hydrology,

text: Plant water can be used to characterize other plant physiological processes that affect the hydrologic cycle; for example, leaf waters are widely used for modeling transpiration and water-use efficiency. In transpiration, the Craig-Gordon model for lake water enrichment through evaporation has been found experimentally to fit well for modelling leaf water enrichment. Transpiration can be measured by direct injection of deuterated water into the base of the tree, trapping all water vapor transpired from the leaves and measuring the subsequent condensate. Water use can also be measured and is calculated from a heavy water injection as follows:

text: Plant water can be used to characterize other plant physiological processes that affect the

text: hydrologic cycle

text: ; for example, leaf waters are widely used for modeling

text: transpiration

text: and

text: water-use efficiency

text: . In transpiration, the

text: Craig-Gordon model

text: for lake water enrichment through evaporation has been found experimentally to fit well for modelling leaf water enrichment. Transpiration can be measured by direct injection of deuterated water into the base of the tree, trapping all water vapor transpired from the leaves and measuring the subsequent condensate. Water use can also be measured and is calculated from a heavy water injection as follows:

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Transpiration

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: vaporization

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: heavy water injection

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrologic cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Plant water can be used to characterize other plant physiological processes

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Plant water

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: water vapor transpired from the leaves

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrologic

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: heavy water injection

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: hydrologic cycle;

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Plant water

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Plant water

text: The seasonal cycle of freshwater content does not only concern mechanical (Ekman pumping) processes, but thermal (ice formation) processes as well. The Beaufort Gyre contains a mean volume of 800 km^3 of frozen freshwater, or sea ice, based on a mean ice thickness of 2 meters. During the June–July months, the mean seasonal cycle of freshwater content peaks; in this season, sea ice thickness reaches a minimum, implying that the amount of melted sea ice has reached a maximum. The maximum in freshwater content released into the ocean waters coincides with a maximum in wind stress curl (i.e., a minimum in Ekman pumping), allowing for a high volume of freshwater to seep into the Arctic Ocean circulation. This rapid influx of freshwater into the Arctic circulation forces a large volume of freshwater to outflow into the North Atlantic basin, affecting the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation.

text: The seasonal cycle of freshwater content does not only concern mechanical (Ekman pumping) processes, but thermal (ice formation) processes as well. The Beaufort Gyre contains a mean volume of 800 km^3 of frozen freshwater, or sea ice, based on a mean ice thickness of 2 meters. During the June–July months, the mean seasonal cycle of freshwater content peaks; in this season, sea ice thickness reaches a minimum, implying that the amount of melted sea ice has reached a maximum. The maximum in freshwater content released into the ocean waters coincides with a maximum in wind stress curl (i.e., a minimum in Ekman pumping), allowing for a high volume of freshwater to seep into the Arctic Ocean circulation. This rapid influx of freshwater into the Arctic circulation forces a large volume of freshwater to outflow into the

text: North Atlantic

text: basin, affecting the

text: Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Ekman pumping

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: thermal

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: ice formation

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: seasonal cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: ice formation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: What is the Beaufort Gyre?

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: wind stress curl

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: thermal (ice formation)

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: (ice formation)

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: wind stress curl

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: (Ekman pumping)

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: seasonal cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: freshwater

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: (ice formation)

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: frozen freshwater,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The seasonal cycle of freshwater

text: The Manas Lake is now reached by the waters of the eponymous river only intermittently, but the lake also receives water from seasonal streams flowing from the Saur Mountains at the northern edge of the Dzungarian Basin; besides, it is fed by ground water. The Manas Lake's bed is at about 247 m above the level, and its water surface, at 253–255 m above the level.

text: The Manas Lake is now reached by the waters of the eponymous river only intermittently, but the lake also receives water from seasonal streams flowing from the

text: Saur Mountains

text: at the northern edge of the Dzungarian Basin; besides, it is fed by ground water. The Manas Lake's bed is at about 247 m above the level, and its water surface, at 253–255 m above the level.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: ground water

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices are mentioned

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Manas Lake's bed

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: ground water.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: ground water.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: ground water.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: ground water.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: ground water.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: ground water.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: ground water.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: ground water.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: ground water.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The Manas Lake

text: In the EU, industrial use of hazardous chemicals is controlled by the so-called Seveso II Directive (Directive 96/82/EC, which replaced the original Seveso Directive (82/501/EEC brought in after the 1976 dioxin disaster. "Free cyanide and any compound capable of releasing free cyanide in solution" are further controlled by being on List I of the Groundwater Directive (Directive 80/68/EEC) which bans any discharge of a size which might cause deterioration in the quality of the groundwater at the time or in the future. The Groundwater Directive was largely replaced in 2000 by the Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC).

text: In the EU, industrial use of hazardous chemicals is controlled by the so-called

text: Seveso II Directive

text: (Directive 96/82/EC, which replaced the original

text: Seveso Directive

text: (82/501/EEC brought in after the 1976 dioxin disaster. "Free cyanide and any compound capable of releasing free cyanide in solution" are further controlled by being on List I of the

text: Groundwater Directive

text: (Directive 80/68/EEC) which bans any discharge of a size which might cause deterioration in the quality of the groundwater at the time or in the future. The Groundwater Directive was largely replaced in 2000 by the

text: Water Framework Directive

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Free cyanide

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: deterioration in the quality of the groundwater

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: "Free cyanide and any compound capable of releasing free cyanide

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: releasing free cyanide in solution"

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Groundwater Directive

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: deterioration in the quality of the groundwater

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Groundwater Directive

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Groundwater Directive

text: The Cheng cycle is a retrofit to the gas turbine cycle. The Cheng cycle involves the heated exhaust gas from the turbine being used to make steam in a heat recovery steam generator (HRSG). The steam so produced is injected into the gas turbine's combustion chamber to increase power output.  The process can be thought of as a parallel combination of the gas turbine Brayton cycle and a steam turbine Rankine cycle. The cycle was invented by Prof. D. Y. Cheng of the University of Santa Clara who patented it in 1976.

text: The Cheng cycle is a retrofit to the

text: gas turbine

text: cycle. The Cheng cycle involves the heated exhaust gas from the turbine being used to make steam in a heat recovery steam generator (HRSG). The steam so produced is injected into the gas turbine's combustion chamber to increase power output.  The process can be thought of as a parallel combination of the gas turbine

text: Brayton cycle

text: and a steam turbine

text: Rankine cycle

text: . The cycle was invented by Prof. D. Y. Cheng of the

text: University of Santa Clara

text: who patented it in 1976.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: The Cheng cycle

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: steam

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: steam

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: The Cheng cycle

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Cheng cycle

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: The Cheng cycle

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Rankine cycle.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Cheng cycle

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: The Cheng cycle

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: The Cheng cycle

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The Cheng cycle

text: The high cost of solar energy stems from the difficulty of converting the solar energy into electricity for use, and less than 1 percent of the world's electricity comes from the sun because of this process. Nano flakes can potentially help with the economic issues of solar energy by lowering the cost due to an easier process and a better outcome of energy. Nano flake technology can potentially make it easier to convert solar energy into electricity estimated at twice the amount that today's solar cells can harvest. This new technology can also potentially lower the cost of solar energy because it allows for a reduction in expensive semiconducting silicon. Energy loss is also potentially reduced with a shorter distance of the solar energy transportation across smaller Nano flakes.

text: The high cost of solar energy stems from the difficulty of converting the solar energy into electricity for use, and less than 1 percent of the world's electricity comes from the sun because of this process. Nano flakes can potentially help with the economic issues of solar energy by lowering the cost due to an easier process and a better outcome of energy. Nano flake technology can potentially make it easier to convert solar energy into electricity estimated at twice the amount that today's

text: solar cell

text: s can harvest. This new technology can also potentially lower the cost of solar energy because it allows for a reduction in expensive semiconducting

text: silicon

text: . Energy loss is also potentially reduced with a shorter distance of the solar energy transportation across smaller Nano flakes.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: less than 1 percent of the world's electricity

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: The high cost of solar energy

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: The high cost of solar energy

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: The high cost of solar energy

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Nano flakes

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: The high cost of solar energy

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: The high cost of solar energy

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Nano flakes

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: The high cost of solar energy

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: The high cost of solar energy

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The high cost of solar energy

text: Although not the only example, no better example can be found than the issue of potable water.  Water has always been an important and life-sustaining drink to humans and is essential to the survival of all known organisms. Over large parts of the world, humans have inadequate access to potable water and use sources contaminated with disease vectors, pathogens or unacceptable levels of toxins or suspended solids. Drinking or using such water in food preparation leads to widespread waterborne diseases, causing acute and chronic illnesses or death and misery in many countries.  While the global water cycle is the subject of advanced scientific study and observation, it is still an incompletely understood process.  If availability of water for human consumption is left solely to market forces, those who are most in need of water for subsistence-level survival are also those least likely to be able to purchase it at a market price. Since the water cycle and the natural flows of fresh water resources do not obey the limits of political boundaries, neither can these water resources be managed solely by local- or national-level public authorities.  Privatization of such resources can be used as a method of avoiding contentious public policy-making processes, but is likely to produce inequities. The history of the development of water supply and sanitation in Ecuador and resulting water conflicts there are an example. Thoughtful design of transnational or international water management authorities over such global common-pool resources will play a large part in possible solutions to peak water problems.

text: Although not the only example, no better example can be found than the issue of

text: potable water

text: .  Water has always been an important and life-sustaining drink to humans and is essential to the survival of all known organisms. Over large parts of the world, humans have inadequate access to potable water and use sources contaminated with

text: disease vector

text: s,

text: pathogen

text: s or unacceptable levels of toxins or suspended solids. Drinking or using such water in food preparation leads to widespread

text: waterborne diseases

text: , causing acute and chronic illnesses or death and misery in many countries.  While the global

text: water cycle

text: is the subject of advanced scientific study and observation, it is still an incompletely understood process.  If availability of water for human consumption is left solely to market forces, those who are most in need of water for subsistence-level survival are also those least likely to be able to purchase it at a market price. Since the water cycle and the natural flows of

text: fresh water resources

text: do not obey the limits of political boundaries, neither can these water resources be managed solely by local- or national-level public authorities.

text: Privatization

text: of such resources can be used as a method of avoiding contentious public policy-making processes, but is likely to produce inequities. The history of the development of

text: water supply and sanitation in Ecuador

text: and resulting water conflicts there are an example. Thoughtful design of transnational or international

text: water management

text: authorities over such global common-pool resources will play a large part in possible solutions to

text: peak water

text: problems.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: natural flows of fresh water resources

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the issue of potable water

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: global water cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: natural flows of fresh water resources do not obey the limits of political boundaries,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: toxins or suspended solids.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: potable water.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: water conflicts

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: global water cycle

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: global

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: potable water.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: potable water.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no better example can be found than the issue of potable water.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no better example can be found than the issue of potable water.

text: The conversion of solar energy to hydrogen by means of water splitting process is one of the most interesting ways to achieve clean and renewable energy. However, if this process is assisted by photocatalysts suspended directly in water rather than a photovoltaic or an electrolytic system, the reaction takes place in one step, it therefore can be more efficient.

text: The conversion of solar energy to hydrogen by means of water splitting process is one of the most interesting ways to achieve clean and renewable energy. However, if this process is assisted by photocatalysts suspended directly in water rather than a photovoltaic or an electrolytic system, the reaction takes place in one step, it therefore can be more efficient.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the conversion of solar energy to hydrogen

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: photocatalysts

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: water splitting

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: clean and renewable energy.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: photocatalysts suspended directly in water

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: water splitting

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: water splitting process

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: photocatalysts suspended directly in water

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: The conversion of solar energy

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: photocatalysts suspended directly in water

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The conversion of solar energy to hydrogen by means of water splitting

text: Water cycle thus involves many of the intermediate processes.

text: Water cycle thus involves many of the intermediate processes.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: it vaporizes

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: it is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: it is stored in ice

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: it is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: intermediate processes.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Water cycle

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Water cycle

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Water cycle

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Water cycle

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: intermediate processes.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Water cycle

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Water cycle

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Water cycle

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Water cycle

text: What hobbyists call the nitrogen cycle is only a portion of the complete cycle: nitrogen must be added to the system (usually through food provided to the tank inhabitants), and nitrates accumulate in the water at the end of the process, or become bound in the biomass of plants. The aquarium keeper must remove water once nitrate concentrations grow, or remove plants which have grown from the nitrates.

text: What hobbyists call the nitrogen cycle is only a portion of the complete cycle: nitrogen must be added to the system (usually through food provided to the tank inhabitants), and nitrates accumulate in the water at the end of the process, or become bound in the biomass of plants. The aquarium keeper must remove water once nitrate concentrations grow, or remove plants which have grown from the nitrates.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: nitrogen must be added

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: nitrates

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: nitrates

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: nitrates accumulate in the water at the end of the process,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: nitrogen cycle

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: become bound in the biomass of plants.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: nitrogen cycle

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: nitrogen cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: nitrates.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: nitrates

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: nitrates accumulate in the water

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: What hobbyists call the nitrogen cycle

text: The availability of water varies significantly throughout the region. The area between Rijeka and Vinodol contains numerous freshwater springs that are largely tapped for water supply systems. Water significantly contributed to the geomorphology of the area, especially in the Bay of Bakar, a ria located between Rijeka and Kraljevica. At the seaward slopes of Velebit, in areas near Senj and Karlobag, surface watercourses are sparse. They form losing streams flowing to the sea, while springs of lower yield dry up during summer. The most significant watercourse in the region is the  long Rječina River, flowing into the Adriatic Sea in the city of Rijeka. The islands of Cres, Krk, and Lošinj have significant surface water that is used as the primary water supply source on those islands. The most significant among them is Lake Vrana on the island of Cres, containing  of water. The surface of the freshwater lake is at  above sea level, while its maximum depth is . The Gulf of Kvarner is an especially significant area for the preservation of biodiversity.

text: The availability of water varies significantly throughout the region. The area between Rijeka and

text: Vinodol

text: contains numerous freshwater springs that are largely tapped for water supply systems. Water significantly contributed to the geomorphology of the area, especially in the

text: Bay of Bakar

text: , a

text: ria

text: located between Rijeka and

text: Kraljevica

text: . At the seaward slopes of

text: Velebit

text: , in areas near Senj and

text: Karlobag

text: , surface watercourses are sparse. They form

text: losing stream

text: s flowing to the sea, while springs of lower yield dry up during summer. The most significant watercourse in the region is the  long

text: Rječina

text: River, flowing into the Adriatic Sea in the city of Rijeka. The islands of Cres, Krk, and Lošinj have significant surface water that is used as the primary water supply source on those islands. The most significant among them is

text: Lake Vrana

text: on the island of Cres, containing  of water. The surface of the freshwater lake is at  above sea level, while its maximum depth is . The Gulf of Kvarner is an especially significant area for the preservation of

text: biodiversity

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: a ria located between Rijeka and Kraljevica

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: gaseous

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Lake Vrana on the island of Cres

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: water cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Water significantly contributed to the geomorphology

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: summer.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: losing streams

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: losing streams

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: freshwater springs

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: freshwater springs

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: springs of lower yield dry up during summer.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: freshwater springs

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: freshwater springs that are largely tapped for water supply systems.

text: Groundwater is recharged naturally by rain and snow melt and to a smaller extent by surface water (rivers and lakes). Recharge  may be impeded somewhat by human activities including paving, development, or logging.  These activities can result in loss of topsoil resulting in reduced water infiltration, enhanced surface runoff and reduction in recharge. Use of groundwaters, especially for irrigation, may also lower the water tables. Groundwater recharge is an important process for sustainable groundwater management, since the volume-rate abstracted from an aquifer in the long term should be less than or equal to the volume-rate that is recharged.

text: Groundwater is recharged naturally by

text: rain

text: and

text: snow

text: melt and to a smaller extent by surface water (rivers and lakes). Recharge  may be impeded somewhat by human activities including paving, development, or

text: logging

text: .  These activities can result in loss of topsoil resulting in reduced water infiltration, enhanced

text: surface runoff

text: and reduction in recharge. Use of groundwaters, especially for

text: irrigation

text: , may also lower the water tables. Groundwater recharge is an important process for

text: sustainable

text: groundwater management, since the volume-rate

text: abstracted

text: from an

text: aquifer

text: in the long term should be less than or equal to the volume-rate that is recharged.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: groundwater recharge

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: groundwater is recharged naturally

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: snow melt

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: infiltration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: rain and snow melt

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: snow melt

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Groundwater is recharged naturally by rain and snow melt

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: rain and snow melt

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: infiltration,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Groundwater is recharged naturally by rain and snow melt

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: rain and snow melt

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: human activities

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Groundwater is recharged naturally by rain and snow melt

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: irrigation,

text: Continents continued to drift, moving from positions possibly as far as 250 km from their present locations to positions only 70 km from their current locations. South America became linked to North America through the Isthmus of Panama during the Pliocene, making possible the Great American Interchange and bringing a nearly complete end to South America's distinctive large marsupial predator and native ungulate faunas. The formation of the Isthmus had major consequences on global temperatures, since warm equatorial ocean currents were cut off and an Atlantic cooling cycle began, with cold Arctic and Antarctic waters dropping temperatures in the now-isolated Atlantic Ocean.

text: Continents continued to

text: drift

text: , moving from positions possibly as far as 250 km from their present locations to positions only 70 km from their current locations.

text: South America

text: became linked to North America through the

text: Isthmus of Panama

text: during the Pliocene, making possible the

text: Great American Interchange

text: and bringing a nearly complete end to South America's distinctive

text: large marsupial predator

text: and

text: native ungulate

text: faunas. The formation of the Isthmus had major consequences on global temperatures, since warm equatorial ocean currents were cut off and an Atlantic cooling cycle began, with cold Arctic and Antarctic waters dropping temperatures in the now-isolated Atlantic Ocean.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: dropping temperatures in the now-isolated Atlantic Ocean

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: cooling cycle

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: ocean currents are reduced

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: What is stored in snow and ice?

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: cold Arctic and Antarctic waters dropping temperatures

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Pliocene,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Continents continued to drift,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Atlantic cooling cycle

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: cooling cycle

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Atlantic cooling cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Isthmus of Panama during the Pliocene,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: warm equatorial ocean currents

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: cold Arctic and Antarctic waters

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Continents

text: The process of reverse tidal vertical migrations begins when female crabs release larvae on a nocturnal spring high tide in an attempt to limit predation by planktivorous fishes. As the tide begins to ebb, larvae swim to the surface waters and are carried away from their site of hatching towards the ocean. When the tide reaches its low and begins to flood, larvae swim towards the bottom of the estuary, where water moves more slowly due to the boundary layer. This prevents them from being sloshed back and forth within the estuary in the surface waters. When the tide again changes back to ebb, the larvae swim to the surface waters and resume their journey to the ocean. Depending on the length of the estuary and the speed of the currents, this process can take anywhere from one tidal cycle to several days.

text: The process of reverse tidal vertical migrations begins when female crabs release larvae on a nocturnal

text: spring high tide

text: in an attempt to limit predation by planktivorous fishes. As the tide begins to ebb, larvae swim to the surface waters and are carried away from their site of hatching towards the ocean. When the tide reaches its low and begins to

text: flood

text: , larvae swim towards the bottom of the estuary, where water moves more slowly due to the

text: boundary layer

text: . This prevents them from being sloshed back and forth within the estuary in the surface waters. When the tide again changes back to ebb, the larvae swim to the surface waters and resume their journey to the ocean. Depending on the length of the estuary and the speed of the

text: currents

text: , this process can take anywhere from one tidal cycle to several days.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: when the tide reaches its low and begins to flood

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: tide cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: boundary layer.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: ebb,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water moves more slowly due to the boundary layer.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: larvae swim towards the bottom of the estuary,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: reverse tidal vertical migrations

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: tidal

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: planktivorous fishes.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: boundary layer.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: water moves more slowly due to the boundary layer.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: predation by planktivorous fishes.

text: Microscale meteorology is the study of short-lived atmospheric phenomena smaller than mesoscale, about 1 km or less. These two branches of meteorology are sometimes grouped together as "mesoscale and microscale meteorology" (MMM) and together study all phenomena smaller than synoptic scale; that is they study features generally too small to be depicted on a weather map. These include small and generally fleeting cloud "puffs" and other small cloud features. Microscale meteorology controls the most important mixing and dilution processes in the atmosphere. Important topics in microscale meteorology include heat transfer and gas exchange between soil, vegetation, and/or surface water and the atmosphere caused by near-ground turbulence.  Measuring these transport processes involves use of micrometeorological (or flux) towers.  Variables often measured or derived include net radiation, sensible heat flux, latent heat flux, ground heat storage, and fluxes of trace gases important to the atmosphere, biosphere, and hydrosphere.

text: Microscale meteorology is the study of short-lived

text: atmospheric

text: phenomena smaller than

text: mesoscale

text: , about 1 km or less. These two branches of

text: meteorology

text: are sometimes grouped together as "mesoscale and microscale meteorology" (MMM) and together study all phenomena smaller than

text: synoptic scale

text: ; that is they study features generally too small to be depicted on a

text: weather map

text: . These include small and generally fleeting cloud "puffs" and other small cloud features. Microscale meteorology controls the most important mixing and dilution processes in the atmosphere. Important topics in microscale meteorology include

text: heat transfer

text: and

text: gas exchange

text: between soil, vegetation, and/or surface water and the atmosphere caused by near-ground

text: turbulence

text: .  Measuring these transport processes involves use of micrometeorological (or flux) towers.  Variables often measured or derived include net

text: radiation

text: sensible heat

text: flux,

text: latent heat flux

text: , ground heat storage, and fluxes of

text: trace gases

text: important to the

text: atmosphere

text: biosphere

text: , and

text: hydrosphere

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Microscale meteorology

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: gas exchange

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Microscale meteorology

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: ground heat storage

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: gas exchange

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrosphere

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: turbulence

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: near-ground turbulence.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: gas exchange

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: cloud "puffs" and other small cloud features.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: ground heat storage,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: gas exchange

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrosphere.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: heat transfer and gas exchange between soil, vegetation, and/or surface water

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: near-ground turbulence.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: ground heat storage,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Microscale meteorology

text: The system has been the subject of studies since monitoring equipment was installed in the area in 1970. Four distinct phases can be recognised in its cycle: First, the lake level rises steadily from its lowest level by a total of almost  over the course of 8 days, and then it commences oscillating. The average lake level keeps rising over the course of the oscillations of the second phase until it reaches overflow level. At that point, the lake's volume has increased by .Next, the lake overflows for about 51 hours at a rate of almost 80 liter per second, discharging on average  of over  hot water down a temporary overflow stream into Waimangu Stream in the valley below.  The last stage sees the lake recede to its low level over the last 13 days of the cycle, its water temperature also falling to the low point. During that stage, around 30 million liters of water drain back under Mt Haszard.

text: The system has been the subject of studies since monitoring equipment was installed in the area in 1970. Four distinct phases can be recognised in its cycle: First, the lake level rises steadily from its lowest level by a total of almost  over the course of 8 days, and then it commences oscillating. The average lake level keeps rising over the course of the oscillations of the second phase until it reaches overflow level. At that point, the lake's volume has increased by .Next, the lake overflows for about 51 hours at a rate of almost 80 liter per second, discharging on average  of over  hot water down a temporary overflow stream into Waimangu Stream in the valley below.  The last stage sees the lake recede to its low level over the last 13 days of the cycle, its water temperature also falling to the low point. During that stage, around 30 million liters of water drain back under Mt Haszard.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: oscillating

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices are true

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: lake overflows for about 51 hours at a rate of almost 80 liter per second

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: lake cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: oscillating.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: 80 liter per second,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: 30 million liters of water drain back under Mt Haszard.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: 80 liter per second,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: oscillating.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: oscillating.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: 80 liter per second,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: oscillating.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: 30 million liters of water drain back under Mt Haszard.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: 30 million liters of water drain back under Mt Haszard.

text: In situ thermal desorption (ISTD) is an intensive thermally enhanced environmental remediation technology that uses thermal conductive heating (TCH) elements to directly transfer heat to environmental media. The ISTD/TCH process can be applied at low (<100 °C), moderate (~100 °C) and higher (>100 °C) temperature levels to accomplish the remediation of a wide variety of contaminants, both above and below the water table. ISTD/TCH is the only major in situ thermal remediation (ISTR) technology capable of achieving subsurface target treatment temperatures above the boiling point of water and is effective at virtually any depth in almost any media. TCH works in tight soils, clay layers, and soils with wide heterogeneity in permeability or moisture content that are impacted by a broad range of volatile and semi-volatile organic contaminants.

text: In situ thermal desorption (ISTD) is an intensive thermally enhanced

text: environmental remediation

text: technology that uses thermal conductive heating (TCH) elements to directly transfer heat to environmental media. The ISTD/TCH process can be applied at low (<100 °C), moderate (~100 °C) and higher (>100 °C) temperature levels to accomplish the remediation of a wide variety of contaminants, both above and below the water table. ISTD/TCH is the only major in situ thermal remediation (ISTR) technology capable of achieving subsurface target treatment temperatures above the boiling point of water and is effective at virtually any depth in almost any media. TCH works in tight soils, clay layers, and soils with wide heterogeneity in permeability or moisture content that are impacted by a broad range of volatile and semi-volatile organic contaminants.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: boiling point

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: boiling point of water

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: moisture content

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: boiling point

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: moisture

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: boiling point of water

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: In situ thermal desorption

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: water table.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: moisture content

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: water table.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: moisture

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: In situ thermal desorption

text: Water moves perpetually through each of these regions in the water cycle consisting of following transfer processes:

text: Water moves perpetually through each of these regions in the water cycle consisting of following transfer processes:

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: it vaporizes

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrologic cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: transfer processes:

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: transfer processes:

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Water moves perpetually through each of these regions in the water cycle

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Water

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Water moves perpetually through each of these regions in the water cycle

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Water moves perpetually through each of these regions in the water cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Water moves perpetually through each of these regions in the water cycle

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Water moves perpetually through each of these regions in the water cycle

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Water moves perpetually through each of these regions in the water cycle

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Water moves perpetually through each of these regions in the water cycle

text: Land use change is fundamental to the operations of the biosphere because alterations in the relative proportions of land dedicated to urbanisation, agriculture, forest, woodland, grassland and pasture have a marked effect on the global water, carbon and nitrogen biogeochemical cycles. Management of the Earth's atmosphere involves assessment of all aspects of the carbon cycle to identify opportunities to address human-induced climate change and this has become a major focus of scientific research because of the potential catastrophic effects on biodiversity and human communities. Ocean circulation patterns have a strong influence on climate and weather and, in turn, the food supply of both humans and other organisms.

text: Land use

text: change is fundamental to the operations of the

text: biosphere

text: because alterations in the relative proportions of land dedicated to

text: urbanisation

text: agriculture

text: forest

text: woodland

text: grassland

text: and

text: pasture

text: have a marked effect on the global water, carbon and nitrogen

text: biogeochemical cycle

text: s. Management of the

text: Earth's atmosphere

text: involves assessment of all aspects of the

text: carbon cycle

text: to identify opportunities to address human-induced

text: climate change

text: and this has become a major focus of scientific research because of the potential catastrophic effects on biodiversity and human communities.

text: Ocean

text: circulation patterns have a strong influence on

text: climate

text: and

text: weather

text: and, in turn, the food supply of both humans and other organisms.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Land use change

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: carbon cycle

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: What kind of weather do oceans have a strong influence on

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: ocean circulation patterns

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Carbon cycle

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: biogeochemical

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Land use change

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: carbon and nitrogen biogeochemical cycles.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: weather

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Ocean circulation patterns

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: carbon cycle

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: biogeochemical cycles.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: water, carbon and nitrogen biogeochemical cycles.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Ocean circulation patterns

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: water, carbon and nitrogen biogeochemical cycles.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Land use change is fundamental to the operations of the biosphere

text: In general, the surface mixed layer only occupies the first 100 meters of the ocean but can reach 150 m in the end of winter. The diurnal cycle does not change the depth of the mixed layer significantly relative to the seasonal cycle which produces much larger changes in sea surface temperature and buoyancy. With several vertical profiles, one can estimate the depth of the mixed layer by assigning a set temperature or density difference in water between surface and deep ocean observations – this is known as the “threshold method”.

text: In general, the surface mixed layer only occupies the first 100 meters of the ocean but can reach 150 m in the end of winter. The diurnal cycle does not change the depth of the mixed layer significantly relative to the seasonal cycle which produces much larger changes in sea surface temperature and buoyancy. With several vertical profiles, one can estimate the depth of the mixed layer by assigning a set temperature or density difference in water between surface and deep ocean observations – this is known as the “threshold method”.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: seasonal cycle

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: density difference

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: diurnal cycle

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: sea surface temperature and buoyancy

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: seasonal cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: seasonal cycle

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: seasonal cycle

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: winter.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: surface mixed layer

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: sea surface temperature and buoyancy.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: seasonal cycle

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: diurnal cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: 150 m in the end of winter.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: seasonal cycle

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: surface mixed layer

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: 150 m in the end of winter.

text: Sediment traps are instruments used in oceanography to measure the quantity of sinking particulate organic (and inorganic) material in aquatic systems, usually oceans.  This flux of material is the product of biological and ecological processes typically within the surface euphotic zone, and is of interest to scientists studying the role of the biological pump in the carbon cycle.

text: Sediment traps are instruments used in

text: oceanography

text: to measure the quantity of sinking particulate

text: organic

text: (and

text: inorganic

text: ) material in

text: aquatic systems

text: , usually

text: ocean

text: s.  This flux of material is the product of

text: biological

text: and

text: ecological

text: processes typically within the surface euphotic zone, and is of interest to

text: scientist

text: s studying the role of the

text: biological pump

text: in the

text: carbon cycle

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: particulate organic

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: sediment traps

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: sinking particulate organic

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: biological pump

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: euphotic zone,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: particulate organic

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Sediment traps

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: biological pump

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: carbon cycle.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Sediment traps

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: biological and ecological processes typically within the surface euphotic zone,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Sediment traps

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Sediment traps

text: A tidal atlas usually consists of a set of 12 or 13 diagrams, one for each hour of the tidal cycle, for a coastal region. Each diagram uses arrows to indicate the direction of the flow at that time. The speed of the flow may be indicated by numbers on each arrow or by the length of the arrow. Areas of slack water may be indicated by no arrows or the words "slack water".

text: A tidal atlas usually consists of a set of 12 or 13 diagrams, one for each hour of the tidal cycle, for a coastal region. Each diagram uses arrows to indicate the direction of the flow at that time. The speed of the flow may be indicated by numbers on each arrow or by the length of the arrow. Areas of

text: slack water

text: may be indicated by no arrows or the words "slack water".

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: tidal

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Areas of slack water

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: What is slack water?

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: tidal cycle,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: slack water

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: slack water

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: no arrows or the words "slack water".

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: A tidal atlas

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: tidal cycle,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: slack water

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: tidal

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: slack water

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: A tidal atlas

text: from Imphal, lies the largest fresh water lake in the North East India, the Loktak Lake, a miniature inland sea. There is a Tourist Bungalow atop Sendra Island. Life on the lake includes small islands that are floating weed on which live the Lake people, the blue waters of the lake, and colourful water plants. There is a Sendra Tourist Home with an attached cafeteria in the middle of the lake. Floating islands are made out of the tangle of watery weeds and other plants. The wetland is swampy and is favourable for a number of species. It is in the district of Bishnupur. The etymology of Loktak is "lok = stream / tak = the end" (End of the Streams). Sendra park and resort is opening on the top of Sendra hills and attracting the tourist.

text: from

text: Imphal

text: , lies the largest fresh water lake in the North East India, the

text: Loktak Lake

text: , a miniature inland sea. There is a Tourist Bungalow atop Sendra Island. Life on the lake includes small islands that are floating weed on which live the Lake people, the blue waters of the lake, and colourful water plants. There is a

text: Sendra

text: Tourist Home with an attached cafeteria in the middle of the lake.

text: Floating islands

text: are made out of the tangle of watery weeds and other plants. The wetland is swampy and is favourable for a number of species. It is in the district of

text: Bishnupur

text: . The etymology of Loktak is "lok = stream / tak = the end" (End of the Streams). Sendra park and resort is opening on the top of Sendra hills and attracting the tourist.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: tangle of watery weeds and other plants

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices .

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Life on the lake includes small islands that are floating weed

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: fresh water cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: tangle of watery weeds and other plants.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: fresh water lake in the North East India,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: fresh water lake in the North East India,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Floating islands

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Floating islands

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: (End of the Streams).

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: fresh water lake in the North East India,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: fresh water

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: fresh water lake in the North East India,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Loktak Lake,

text: Solar chemical processes use solar energy to drive chemical reactions. These processes offset energy that would otherwise come from a fossil fuel source and can also convert solar energy into storable and transportable fuels. Solar induced chemical reactions can be divided into thermochemical or photochemical. A variety of fuels can be produced by artificial photosynthesis. The multielectron catalytic chemistry involved in making carbon-based fuels (such as methanol) from reduction of carbon dioxide is challenging; a feasible alternative is hydrogen production from protons, though use of water as the source of electrons (as plants do) requires mastering the multielectron oxidation of two water molecules to molecular oxygen. Some have envisaged working solar fuel plants in coastal metropolitan areas by 2050 the splitting of sea water providing hydrogen to be run through adjacent fuel-cell electric power plants and the pure water by-product going directly into the municipal water system. Another vision involves all human structures covering the earth's surface (i.e., roads, vehicles and buildings) doing photosynthesis more efficiently than plants.

text: Solar chemical processes use solar energy to drive chemical reactions. These processes offset energy that would otherwise come from a fossil fuel source and can also convert solar energy into storable and transportable fuels. Solar induced chemical reactions can be divided into thermochemical or

text: photochemical

text: . A variety of fuels can be produced by

text: artificial photosynthesis

text: . The multielectron catalytic chemistry involved in making carbon-based fuels (such as

text: methanol

text: ) from reduction of

text: carbon dioxide

text: is challenging; a feasible alternative is

text: hydrogen

text: production from protons, though use of water as the source of electrons (as plants do) requires mastering the multielectron oxidation of two water molecules to molecular oxygen. Some have envisaged working solar fuel plants in coastal metropolitan areas by 2050 the splitting of sea water providing hydrogen to be run through adjacent fuel-cell electric power plants and the pure water by-product going directly into the municipal water system. Another vision involves all human structures covering the earth's surface (i.e., roads, vehicles and buildings) doing photosynthesis more efficiently than plants.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: oxidation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: storing and transportable fuels

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: photosynthesis

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Solar chemical processes use solar energy

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: oxidation of two water molecules to molecular oxygen.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Solar chemical processes use solar energy

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: methanol) from reduction of carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: photosynthesis

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Solar chemical processes

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: plants.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: splitting of sea water

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: storable and transportable fuels.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: 2050

text: Evaporation is an essential part of the water cycle. The sun (solar energy) drives evaporation of water from oceans, lakes, moisture in the soil, and other sources of water. In hydrology, evaporation and transpiration (which involves evaporation within plant stomata) are collectively termed evapotranspiration. Evaporation of water occurs when the surface of the liquid is exposed, allowing molecules to escape and form water vapor; this vapor can then rise up and form clouds.

text: Evaporation is an essential part of the

text: water cycle

text: . The sun (solar energy) drives evaporation of water from oceans, lakes,

text: moisture

text: in the soil, and other sources of water. In

text: hydrology

text: , evaporation and

text: transpiration

text: (which involves evaporation within plant

text: stomata

text: ) are collectively termed

text: evapotranspiration

text: . Evaporation of water occurs when the surface of the liquid is exposed, allowing molecules to escape and form water vapor; this vapor can then rise up and form clouds.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: The sun

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Evaporation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: What are examples of clouds?

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: clouds

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: The sun (solar energy)

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Evaporation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Evaporation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: clouds.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: evapotranspiration.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: evapotranspiration.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Evaporation

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Evaporation is an essential part of the water cycle.

text: Ten of the many natural satellites in the Solar System are known to have atmospheres: Europa, Io, Callisto, Enceladus, Ganymede, Titan, Rhea, Dione, Triton and Earth's Moon. Ganymede and Europa both have very tenuous oxygen atmospheres, thought to be produced by radiation splitting the water ice present on the surface of these moons into hydrogen and oxygen. Io has an extremely thin atmosphere consisting mainly of sulfur dioxide (), arising from volcanism and sunlight-driven sublimation of surface sulfur dioxide deposits. The atmosphere of Enceladus is also extremely thin and variable, consisting mainly of water vapor, nitrogen, methane, and carbon dioxide vented from the moon's interior through cryovolcanism. The extremely thin carbon dioxide atmosphere of Callisto is thought to be replenished by sublimation from surface deposits.

text: Ten of the many natural satellites in the Solar System are known to have atmospheres:

text: Europa

text: Io

text: Callisto

text: Enceladus

text: Ganymede

text: Titan

text: Rhea

text: Dione

text: Triton

text: and

text: Earth

text: 's

text: Moon

text: . Ganymede and Europa both have very tenuous oxygen atmospheres, thought to be produced by radiation splitting the water ice present on the surface of these moons into hydrogen and oxygen. Io has an extremely thin atmosphere consisting mainly of sulfur dioxide (), arising from volcanism and sunlight-driven sublimation of surface sulfur dioxide deposits. The atmosphere of Enceladus is also extremely thin and variable, consisting mainly of water vapor, nitrogen, methane, and carbon dioxide vented from the moon's interior through

text: cryovolcanism

text: . The extremely thin carbon dioxide atmosphere of Callisto is thought to be replenished by sublimation from surface deposits.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: sublimation of surface sulfur dioxide deposits

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: sublimation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: The extremely thin carbon dioxide atmosphere of Callisto

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: sublimation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: sublimation

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: sunlight-driven sublimation of surface sulfur dioxide deposits.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: vapor,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: atmospheres:

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: The extremely thin carbon dioxide atmosphere of Callisto

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: cryovolcanism.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: cryovolcanism.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Enceladus,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: sunlight-driven sublimation of surface sulfur dioxide deposits.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Ten

text: A similar process is used to break down proteins. It is first hydrolyzed into its component amino acids. Free ammonia (NH), existing as the ammonium ion (NH) in blood, is toxic to life forms. A suitable method for excreting it must therefore exist. Different tactics have evolved in different animals, depending on the animals' needs. Unicellular organisms, of course, simply release the ammonia into the environment. Likewise, bony fish can release the ammonia into the water where it is quickly diluted. In general, mammals convert the ammonia into urea, via the urea cycle.

text: A similar process is used to break down proteins. It is first hydrolyzed into its component amino acids. Free

text: ammonia

text: (NH), existing as the

text: ammonium

text: ion (NH) in blood, is toxic to life forms. A suitable method for excreting it must therefore exist. Different tactics have evolved in different animals, depending on the animals' needs.

text: Unicellular

text: organisms, of course, simply release the ammonia into the environment. Likewise,

text: bony fish

text: can release the ammonia into the water where it is quickly diluted. In general, mammals convert the ammonia into urea, via the

text: urea cycle

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: bony fish

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: urea cycle.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: hydrolyzed

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: bony fish can release the ammonia into the water

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: bony fish

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: diluted.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: urea cycle.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: diluted.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: diluted.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: diluted.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Free ammonia

text: Soils can process and hold considerable amount of water. They can take in water, and will keep doing so until they are full, or until the rate at which they can transmit water into and through the pores is exceeded. Some of this water will steadily drain through the soil (via gravity) and end up in the waterways and streams, but much of it will be retained, despite the influence of gravity. Much of this retained water can be used by plants and other organisms, thus contributing to land productivity and soil health.

text: Soil

text: s can process and hold considerable amount of

text: water

text: . They can take in water, and will keep doing so until they are full, or until the rate at which they can transmit water into and through the pores is exceeded. Some of this water will steadily drain through the soil (via

text: gravity

text: ) and end up in the

text: waterway

text: s and

text: stream

text: s, but much of it will be retained, despite the influence of gravity. Much of this retained water can be used by

text: plant

text: s and other

text: organism

text: s, thus contributing to land productivity and

text: soil health

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: the rate at which they can transmit water

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: soil health

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: gravity)

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: the rate at which they can transmit water into and through the pores is exceeded.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Soils can process and hold considerable amount of water.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: waterways and streams,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Soils can process and hold considerable amount of water.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: gravity) and end up in the waterways and streams,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: much of it will be retained,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Soils can process and hold considerable amount of water.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: much of it will be retained,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Soils can process and hold considerable amount of water.

text: Several processes can be identified using the tritium data from the rivers: direct runoff and outflow of water from groundwater reservoirs. Using these processes, it becomes possible to model the response of the river basins to the transient tritium tracer. Two of the most common models are the following:

text: Several processes can be identified using the tritium data from the rivers: direct runoff and outflow of water from groundwater reservoirs. Using these processes, it becomes possible to model the response of the river basins to the transient tritium tracer. Two of the most common models are the following:

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: direct runoff

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: direct runoff

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: context: Snow and ice can be stored for future use.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: direct runoff and outflow of water from groundwater reservoirs.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: outflow

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: direct runoff

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: direct runoff and outflow of water from groundwater reservoirs.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: direct runoff

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: direct runoff and outflow of water from groundwater reservoirs.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: direct runoff and outflow of water from groundwater reservoirs.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: direct runoff and outflow of water from groundwater reservoirs.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: groundwater reservoirs.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: direct runoff and outflow of water from groundwater reservoirs.

text: Water covers 71% of the Earth's surface. Of this, 97.5% is the salty water of the oceans and only 2.5% freshwater, most of which is locked up in the Antarctic ice sheet. The remaining freshwater is found in lakes, rivers, wetlands, the soil, aquifers and atmosphere. All life depends on the solar-powered global water cycle, the evaporation from oceans and land to form water vapour that later condenses from clouds as rain, which then becomes the renewable part of the freshwater supply.  Awareness of the global importance of preserving water for ecosystem services has only recently emerged as, during the 20th century, more than half the world’s wetlands have been lost along with their valuable environmental services. Biodiversity-rich freshwater ecosystems are currently declining faster than marine or land ecosystems making them the world's most vulnerable habitats.  Increasing urbanization pollutes clean water supplies and much of the world still does not have access to clean, safe water. In the industrial world demand management has slowed absolute usage rates but increasingly water is being transported over vast distances from water-rich natural areas to population-dense urban areas and energy-hungry desalination is becoming more widely used. Greater emphasis is now being placed on the improved management of blue (harvestable) and green (soil water available for plant use) water, and this applies at all scales of water management.

text: Water covers 71% of the Earth's surface. Of this, 97.5% is the salty water of the

text: ocean

text: s and only 2.5% freshwater, most of which is locked up in the

text: Antarctic ice sheet

text: . The remaining freshwater is found in lakes, rivers, wetlands, the soil, aquifers and atmosphere. All life depends on the solar-powered global water cycle, the evaporation from oceans and land to form water vapour that later condenses from clouds as rain, which then becomes the renewable part of the freshwater supply.  Awareness of the global importance of preserving

text: water

text: for

text: ecosystem services

text: has only recently emerged as, during the 20th century, more than half the world’s

text: wetlands

text: have been lost along with their valuable environmental services.

text: Biodiversity

text: -rich

text: freshwater

text: ecosystems are currently declining faster than

text: marine

text: or land

text: ecosystem

text: s making them the world's most vulnerable habitats.  Increasing

text: urbanization

text: pollutes clean water supplies and much of the world still does not have access to clean, safe

text: water

text: . In the industrial world

text: demand management

text: has slowed absolute usage rates but increasingly water is being transported over vast distances from water-rich natural areas to population-dense urban areas and energy-hungry

text: desalination

text: is becoming more widely used. Greater emphasis is now being placed on the improved management of blue (harvestable) and green (soil water available for plant use) water, and this applies at all scales of water management.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: solar

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: condenses

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: condenses from clouds as rain

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: condenses from clouds as rain

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: the solar-powered global water cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: solar-powered

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporation from oceans and land to form water vapour

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: rain,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Antarctic ice sheet.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: condenses from clouds as rain,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: solar-powered global

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: freshwater

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Antarctic ice sheet.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Water

text: Groundwater remediation is the process that is used to treat polluted groundwater by removing the pollutants or converting them into harmless products. Groundwater is water present below the ground surface that saturates the pore space in the subsurface. Globally, between 25 per cent and 40 per cent of the world's drinking water is drawn from boreholes and dug wells. Groundwater is also used by farmers to irrigate crops and by industries to produce everyday goods. Most groundwater is clean, but groundwater can become polluted, or contaminated as a result of human activities or as a result of natural conditions.

text: Groundwater remediation is the process that is used to treat

text: polluted groundwater

text: by removing the pollutants or converting them into harmless products.

text: Groundwater

text: is water present below the ground surface that saturates the pore space in the subsurface. Globally, between 25 per cent and 40 per cent of the world's

text: drinking water

text: is drawn from boreholes and dug

text: well

text: s. Groundwater is also used by farmers to

text: irrigate

text: crops and by industries to produce everyday goods. Most groundwater is clean, but groundwater can become polluted, or contaminated as a

text: result of human activities

text: or as a result of natural conditions.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: natural conditions

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: irrigate crops

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: pore space in the subsurface.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: irrigate crops

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Groundwater is also used by farmers to irrigate crops

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: human activities or as a result of natural conditions.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Groundwater is also used by farmers to irrigate crops

text: The fluke has a complex life cycle involving at least an intermediate host (presumably aquatic snails), a definitive host (vertebrates), and a free-living stage. Adult worms are found in the lumen of colon (in case of pigs) or caecum (in case of human) from where they discharge hundreds of eggs through self-fertilisation and expel them along the faeces of the host. Egg measures ~146 x 66 μ, and are rhomboidal in shape, transparent, and green in colour. Each egg contains about 24 vitelline cells and a central unembryonated ovum. Eggs in a wet environment hatch into miracidia in 9–14 days. The miracidium grows into the sporocyst stage. It is generally conceived that the unfertilised eggs are ingested by the snail, but there has been no direct observation. In experimental infection of the mollusc Helicorbis coenosus miracidum develops into cercaria after 28–153 days of ingestion.  In the snail, mother rediae and daughter rediae are found in the digestive gland, and are about 148-747/45- 140 μm in size, sausage-shaped, and lack collar and locomotory organs. The cercariae released from the snail form metacercarial cyst on water plants. However, the complete life cycle is not yet observed in nature and the tiny snail, H. coenosus remains the prime suspect as a vector, as it is coincidentally found in abundance in the pigsties. In some circumstances fishes and other aquatic animals are found to be infected. It is hypothesised that the free cercaria in water bodies, accidentally, find and penetrate these animals as second intermediate host, where they encsyt as metacercaria. These are directly infective to mammals upon consumption or they get attached to vegetation (where night soil is used). Humans ingest the metacercaria either by the infected fish or contaminated vegetable. The parasite travels through the digestive tract into the duodenum then continues down to reach the caecum, where it self-fertilizes and lay eggs, and the cycle continues.

text: The fluke has a complex

text: life cycle

text: involving at least an

text: intermediate host

text: (presumably aquatic

text: snails

text: ), a

text: definitive host

text: (vertebrates), and a free-living stage. Adult worms are found in the lumen of colon (in case of pigs) or caecum (in case of human) from where they discharge hundreds of eggs through self-fertilisation and expel them along the faeces of the host. Egg measures ~146 x 66

text: μ

text: , and are

text: rhomboid

text: al in shape, transparent, and green in colour. Each egg contains about 24 vitelline cells and a central unembryonated

text: ovum

text: . Eggs in a wet environment hatch into

text: miracidia

text: in 9–14 days. The miracidium grows into the sporocyst stage. It is generally conceived that the unfertilised eggs are ingested by the snail, but there has been no direct observation. In experimental infection of the

text: mollusc

text: Helicorbis coenosus miracidum develops into

text: cercaria

text: after 28–153 days of

text: ingestion

text: .  In the snail, mother rediae and daughter rediae are found in the digestive gland, and are about 148-747/45- 140 μm in size, sausage-shaped, and lack collar and locomotory organs. The

text: cercariae

text: released from the snail form metacercarial cyst on water plants. However, the complete life cycle is not yet observed in nature and the tiny snail, H. coenosus remains the prime suspect as a vector, as it is coincidentally found in abundance in the pigsties. In some circumstances fishes and other aquatic animals are found to be infected. It is hypothesised that the free cercaria in water bodies, accidentally, find and penetrate these animals as second intermediate host, where they encsyt as metacercaria. These are directly infective to

text: mammals

text: upon consumption or they get attached to vegetation (where

text: night soil

text: is used). Humans ingest the metacercaria either by the infected fish or contaminated vegetable. The parasite travels through the digestive tract into the

text: duodenum

text: then continues down to reach the caecum, where it self-fertilizes and lay eggs, and the cycle continues.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Eggs in a wet environment hatch into miracidia

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: aquatic snails

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: The parasite travels through the digestive tract

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: metacercarial cyst on water plants.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: water plants.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: wet

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: they discharge hundreds of eggs through self-fertilisation

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: du

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: duodenum

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: water plants.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Humans

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: duodenum

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: mammals

text: Gatun Lake is filled with rainwater, and the lake accumulates excess water during wet months. The water is lost to the oceans at a rate of  per downward lock cycle. Since a ship will have to go upward to Gatun Lake first and then descend, a single passing will cost double the amount; but the same waterflow cycle can be used for another ship passing in the opposite direction. The ship's submerged volume is not relevant to this amount of water. During the dry season, when there is less rainfall, there is also a shortfall of water in Gatun Lake.

text: Gatun Lake is filled with rainwater, and the lake accumulates excess water during wet months. The water is lost to the oceans at a rate of  per downward lock cycle. Since a ship will have to go upward to Gatun Lake first and then descend, a single passing will cost double the amount; but the same waterflow cycle can be used for another ship passing in the opposite direction. The ship's submerged volume is not relevant to this amount of water. During the

text: dry season

text: , when there is less rainfall, there is also a shortfall of water in Gatun Lake.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: a single passing will cost double the amount

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: a ship's submerged volume is not relevant to this amount of water

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: downward lock cycle.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: downward lock cycle.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: rainwater, and the lake accumulates excess water during wet months.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: a ship

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: downward lock cycle.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: downward lock cycle.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: rainwater,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: excess water

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Gatun Lake is filled with rainwater,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Gatun Lake is filled with rainwater,

text: Water is a basic necessity of life. Since 2/3 of the Earth is covered by water, the Earth is also called the blue planet and the watery planet. Hydrosphere plays an important role in the existence of the atmosphere in its present form. Oceans are important in this regard. When the Earth was formed it had only a very thin atmosphere rich in hydrogen and helium similar to the present atmosphere of Mercury. Later the gases hydrogen and helium were expelled from the atmosphere. The gases and water vapor released as the Earth cooled became our present atmosphere. Other gases and water vapor released by volcanoes also entered the atmosphere. As the Earth cooled the water vapor in the atmosphere condensed and fell as rain. The atmosphere cooled further as atmospheric carbon dioxide dissolved in to rain water. In turn this further caused the water vapor to condense and fall as rain. This rain water filled the depressions on the Earth's surface and formed the oceans. It is estimated that this occurred about 4000 million years ago. The first life forms began in the oceans. These organisms did not breathe oxygen. Later, when cyanobacteria evolved, the process of conversion of carbon dioxide into food and oxygen began. As a result, our atmosphere has a distinctly different composition from that of the other planets; it is a fundamental requirement for life on Earth.

text: Water is a basic necessity of life. Since 2/3 of the Earth is covered by water, the Earth is also called the blue planet and the watery planet. Hydrosphere plays an important role in the existence of the atmosphere in its present form. Oceans are important in this regard. When the Earth was formed it had only a very thin atmosphere rich in hydrogen and helium similar to the present atmosphere of Mercury. Later the gases hydrogen and helium were expelled from the atmosphere. The gases and water vapor released as the Earth cooled became our present atmosphere. Other gases and water vapor released by volcanoes also entered the atmosphere. As the Earth cooled the water vapor in the atmosphere condensed and fell as rain. The atmosphere cooled further as atmospheric carbon dioxide dissolved in to rain water. In turn this further caused the water vapor to condense and fall as rain. This rain water filled the depressions on the Earth's surface and formed the oceans. It is estimated that this occurred about 4000 million years ago. The first life forms began in the oceans. These organisms did not breathe oxygen. Later, when

text: cyanobacteria

text: evolved, the process of conversion of carbon dioxide into food and oxygen began. As a result, our atmosphere has a distinctly different composition from that of the other planets; it is a fundamental requirement for life on Earth.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: atmospheric carbon dioxide dissolved in to rain water

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: condensed

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: What are some examples of precipitation?

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: water vapor condensed and fell as rain

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: condensed

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Hydrosphere

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: oceans fill depressions

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Which of the following is NOT true?

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: atmospheric carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: condensed

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Hydrosphere

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: volcanoes

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: condensed and fell as rain.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Hydrosphere

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: 2/3 of the Earth is covered by water,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: oceans.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: rain.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Water is a basic necessity of life.

text: MOHID Land uses an adaptive time-stepping method in its main hydrodynamic cycle. Within an iterative cycle, if the water volume — of reach or overland flow or porous media — varies more than a user defined percentage during two consecutive time steps, the model automatically decreases the time step. Thereafter the model recalculates the current solution with a smaller time step for the affected process (reach or overland flow or porous media). This process is repeated until the volume variation is less than the user defined value mentioned above. The time step dynamically increases again when the model verifies that flow is “stable”. For example within the module "Drainage Network" the time step may be reduced to very short intervals during flush events.This procedure avoids the occurrence of negative volumes and optimizes the time it takes to make a certain simulation, without compromising model stability. Time steps of the processes — computed in the different sub-models — can be chosen differently, adding more to the optimization of the computational cost.

text: MOHID Land uses an adaptive time-stepping method in its main hydrodynamic cycle. Within an iterative cycle, if the water volume — of reach or overland flow or porous media — varies more than a user defined percentage during two consecutive time steps, the model automatically decreases the time step. Thereafter the model recalculates the current solution with a smaller time step for the affected process (reach or overland flow or porous media). This process is repeated until the volume variation is less than the user defined value mentioned above. The time step dynamically increases again when the model verifies that flow is “stable”. For example within the module "Drainage Network" the time step may be reduced to very short intervals during flush events.This procedure avoids the occurrence of negative volumes and optimizes the time it takes to make a certain simulation, without compromising model stability. Time steps of the processes — computed in the different sub-models — can be chosen differently, adding more to the optimization of the computational cost.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: adaptive time-stepping method

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: flush events

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: time step may be reduced to very short intervals during flush events

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: flush events

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: flush

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrodynamic cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: The time step dynamically increases again when the model verifies that flow is “stable”

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: adaptive time-stepping method

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: flush events.This

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: flush events.This

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: flush events.This

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: flush events.This

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrodynamic

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: adaptive time-stepping method in its main hydrodynamic cycle.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: adaptive time-stepping method in its main hydrodynamic cycle.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: porous media

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: MOHID Land uses an adaptive time-stepping method

text: Geological change has been a constant of Earth's crust since the time of its formation, and biological change since the first appearance of life. Species continue to evolve, taking on new forms, splitting into daughter species or going extinct in the process of adapting or dying  in response to  ever-changing physical environments. The process of plate tectonics continues to play a dominant role in the shaping of Earth's oceans and continents and  the living species they harbor. Changes in the biosphere—now dominated by human activity—continue, in turn, to produce significant effects on the atmosphere and other  systems of the Earth's surface,  such as the integrity of the ozone layer, the proliferation of greenhouse gases, the conditions of productive soils and clean air and water, and others.

text: Geological change has been a constant of Earth's crust since the time of its formation, and biological change since the first appearance of life. Species continue to

text: evolve

text: , taking on new forms, splitting into daughter species or going extinct in the process of adapting or dying  in response to  ever-changing physical environments. The process of

text: plate tectonics

text: continues to play a dominant role in the shaping of Earth's oceans and continents and  the living species they harbor. Changes in the

text: biosphere

text: —now dominated by human activity—continue, in turn, to produce significant effects on the atmosphere and other  systems of the Earth's surface,  such as the integrity of the

text: ozone layer

text: , the proliferation of

text: greenhouse gases

text: , the conditions of productive soils and clean air and water, and others.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: greenhouse gases

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: greenhouse gases

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: greenhouse gases

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: water cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: human activity

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: What can be stored in snow and ice?

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: plate tectonics

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: greenhouse gases,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Geological change

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: proliferation of greenhouse gases,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: greenhouse gases,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: plate tectonics

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: productive soils

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: plate tectonics

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: clean air and water,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Geological change

text: This result indicates that at most of the major ocean tidal frequencies the variation of groundwater level at this particular site is over 90% due to the forcing of the ocean tides. However, one must exercise caution in attributing causality. If the relation (transfer function) between the input and output is nonlinear, then values of the coherence can be erroneous. Another common mistake is to assume a causal input/output relation between observed variables, when in fact the causative mechanism is not in the system model. For example, it is clear that the atmospheric barometric pressure induces a variation in both the ocean water levels and the groundwater levels, but the barometric pressure is not included in the system model as an input variable. We have also assumed that the ocean water levels drive or control the groundwater levels. In reality it is a combination of hydrological forcing from the ocean water levels and the tidal potential that are driving both the observed input and output signals. Additionally, noise introduced in the measurement process, or by the spectral signal processing can contribute to or corrupt the coherence.

text: This result indicates that at most of the major ocean tidal frequencies the variation of groundwater level at this particular site is over 90% due to the forcing of the ocean tides. However, one must exercise caution in attributing causality. If the relation (

text: transfer function

text: ) between the input and output is

text: nonlinear

text: , then values of the coherence can be erroneous. Another common mistake is to assume a causal input/output relation between observed variables, when in fact the causative mechanism is not in the system model. For example, it is clear that the atmospheric barometric pressure induces a variation in both the ocean water levels and the groundwater levels, but the barometric pressure is not included in the system model as an input variable. We have also assumed that the ocean water levels drive or control the groundwater levels. In reality it is a combination of hydrological forcing from the ocean water levels and the tidal

text: potential

text: that are driving both the observed input and output signals. Additionally, noise introduced in the measurement process, or by the spectral signal processing can contribute to or corrupt the coherence.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: tidal potential

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: atmospheric barometric pressure

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: groundwater levels

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: What is stored in snow and ice?

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: tidal potential

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: noise

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: atmospheric barometric pressure

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: atmospheric barometric pressure

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: tidal

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: ocean tides.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: forcing of the ocean tides.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: one must exercise caution in attributing causality.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: one must exercise caution in attributing causality.

text: While one of the SEI goals is to minimize waste, this goal can be reached through the application of life cycle analyses. By analyzing the complete life cycle of a product, SEI will take into consideration the design, processing, manufacturing, use, and disposal stages of electronic equipment. With the use of life cycle analyses, SEI plans to make the overall process of computers and other electronics more sustainable and less environmentally harmful.

text: While one of the SEI goals is to minimize waste, this goal can be reached through the application of

text: life cycle analyses

text: . By analyzing the complete life cycle of a product, SEI will take into consideration the design, processing, manufacturing, use, and disposal stages of electronic equipment. With the use of life cycle analyses, SEI plans to make the overall process of computers and other electronics more sustainable and less environmentally harmful.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: gaseous

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: harmful to the environment

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: electronics

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: design, processing, manufacturing, use, and disposal stages of electronic equipment.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: life cycle analyses. By analyzing the complete life cycle

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: waste,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: waste,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: life cycle analyses.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: life cycle analyses.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: life cycle analyses.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: life cycle analyses.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: life cycle analyses.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: life cycle analyses.

text: During the solar cycle’s declining phase, energy shifts from the internal toroidal magnetic field to the external poloidal field, and sunspots diminish in number. At solar minimum, the toroidal field is, correspondingly, at minimum strength, sunspots are relatively rare and the poloidal field is at maximum strength. During the next cycle, differential rotation converts magnetic energy back from the poloidal to the toroidal field, with a polarity that is opposite to the previous cycle. The process carries on continuously, and in an idealized, simplified scenario, each 11-year sunspot cycle corresponds to a change in the polarity of the Sun's large-scale magnetic field.

text: During the solar cycle’s declining phase, energy shifts from the internal toroidal magnetic field to the external poloidal field, and sunspots diminish in number. At solar minimum, the toroidal field is, correspondingly, at minimum strength, sunspots are relatively rare and the poloidal field is at maximum strength. During the next cycle, differential rotation converts magnetic energy back from the poloidal to the toroidal field, with a polarity that is opposite to the previous cycle. The process carries on continuously, and in an idealized, simplified scenario, each 11-year sunspot cycle corresponds to a change in the polarity of the Sun's large-scale magnetic field.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: sunspot cycle

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: differential rotation converts magnetic energy

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: solar cycle’s declining phase,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: During the solar cycle’s

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: sunspots diminish in number.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: differential rotation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: solar cycle’s

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: During the solar cycle’s

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: During the solar cycle’s

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: During the solar cycle’s

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: During the solar cycle’s

text: Water Cooled Two-stroke cycle

text: Water Cooled

text: Two-stroke cycle

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: the water cycle

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: evaporative cooling

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: What cycle is the water cycle?

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: How can water be stored in snow and ice?

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: How do you cool a two-stroke cycle?

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Water Cooled Two-stroke cycle

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Water Cooled

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Water Cooled Two-stroke cycle

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Water Cooled Two-stroke cycle

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Water Cooled Two-stroke cycle

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Water Cooled Two-stroke cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Water Cooled Two-stroke cycle

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Water Cooled

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Water Cooled Two-stroke cycle

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Water Cooled Two-stroke cycle

text: There are more than 200 thermochemical cycles which can be used for water splitting, around a dozen of these cycles such as the iron oxide cycle, cerium(IV) oxide–cerium(III) oxide cycle, zinc zinc-oxide cycle, sulfur-iodine cycle, copper-chlorine cycle and hybrid sulfur cycle are under research and in testing phase to produce hydrogen and oxygen from water and heat without using electricity. A number of laboratories (including in France, Germany, Greece, Japan, and the USA) are developing thermochemical methods to produce hydrogen from solar energy and water.

text: There are more than 200 thermochemical cycles which can be used for

text: water splitting

text: , around a dozen of these cycles such as the

text: iron oxide cycle

text: cerium(IV) oxide–cerium(III) oxide cycle

text: zinc zinc-oxide cycle

text: sulfur-iodine cycle

text: copper-chlorine cycle

text: and

text: hybrid sulfur cycle

text: are under research and in testing phase to produce hydrogen and oxygen from water and heat without using electricity. A number of laboratories (including in France, Germany, Greece, Japan, and the USA) are developing thermochemical methods to produce hydrogen from solar energy and water.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: hydrogen and oxygen

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: hybrid sulfur cycle

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: water splitting

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: iron oxide cycle,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: splitting,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water splitting,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: cerium(IV) oxide–cerium(III) oxide cycle,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: water splitting,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: splitting,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: developing thermochemical methods to produce hydrogen from solar energy and water.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: There are more than 200 thermochemical cycles

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: 200 thermochemical cycles

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: There are more than 200 thermochemical cycles which can be used for water splitting,

text: The lake itself lies in a small basin and is actually fed by a small number of other unnamed streams within the catchment area, which measures 175ha and ranges in altitude from 435m to 530m.  The largest two of these, which enter the lake on its north-western and eastern shores, can be followed for over ¼ mile to the upper edges of the basin, even during drier periods. The heads of these two streams, where the damp ground produces an identifiable flow - at SH774465 on the slopes of Bryn y Bedol, and at SH783467 on the slopes of Pen y Bedw - should perhaps more correctly be regarded as the uppermost sources of the river Conwy.

text: The lake itself lies in a small basin and is actually fed by a small number of other unnamed streams within the

text: catchment area

text: , which measures 175ha and ranges in altitude from 435m to 530m.  The largest two of these, which enter the lake on its north-western and eastern shores, can be followed for over ¼ mile to the upper edges of the basin, even during drier periods. The heads of these two streams, where the damp ground produces an identifiable flow - at SH774465 on the slopes of Bryn y Bedol, and at SH783467 on the slopes of Pen y Bedw - should perhaps more correctly be regarded as the uppermost sources of the river Conwy.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: damp ground produces an identifiable flow

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: drier periods

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: The heads of these two streams, where the damp ground produces an identifiable flow

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: water cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: damp ground

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: flow

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: damp ground

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: SH783467 on the slopes of Pen y Bedw

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: fed

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: flow

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: damp ground produces an identifiable flow

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: damp ground

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: drier periods.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: a small number of other unnamed streams

text: The pedosphere is the outermost layer of the Earth that is composed of soil and subject to soil formation processes. It exists at the interface of the lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. Currently the total arable land is 13.31% of the land surface, with only 4.71% supporting permanent crops. Close to 40% of the Earth's land surface is presently used for cropland and pasture, or an estimated  of cropland and  of pastureland.

text: The

text: pedosphere

text: is the outermost layer of the Earth that is composed of

text: soil

text: and subject to

text: soil formation processes

text: . It exists at the interface of the

text: lithosphere

text: atmosphere

text: hydrosphere

text: , and

text: biosphere

text: . Currently the total arable land is 13.31% of the land surface, with only 4.71% supporting permanent crops. Close to 40% of the Earth's land surface is presently used for cropland and pasture, or an estimated  of cropland and  of pastureland.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: soil formation processes

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: hydrosphere

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: hydrosphere

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: soil formation processes

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: hydrosphere

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrosphere

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: hydrosphere, and biosphere.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: hydrosphere,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: hydrosphere,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: soil formation processes.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: hydrosphere,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrosphere,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: 4.71% supporting permanent crops.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: hydrosphere, and biosphere.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: The pedosphere

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The pedosphere

text: The Park (together with the Tuchola, Wda and Zaborski Landscape Parks) forms the buffer zone of the Tuchola Forest Biosphere Reserve, designated under the UNESCO Man and the Biosphere Programme in 2010. The core area of the Biosphere Reserve consists of Tuchola Forest National Park and the nature reserves lying within the Landscape Parks of the buffer zone.

text: The Park (together with the

text: Tuchola

text: Wda

text: and

text: Zaborski

text: Landscape Parks) forms the buffer zone of the

text: Tuchola Forest Biosphere Reserve

text: , designated under the UNESCO

text: Man and the Biosphere Programme

text: in 2010. The core area of the Biosphere Reserve consists of

text: Tuchola Forest National Park

text: and the

text: nature reserves

text: lying within the Landscape Parks of the buffer zone.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices are true

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Tuchola Forest National Park

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Tuchola Forest Biosphere Reserve,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: UNESCO Man and the Biosphere Programme in 2010.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: buffer zone of the Tuchola Forest Biosphere Reserve,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: UNESCO Man and the Biosphere Programme

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Tuchola Forest Biosphere Reserve,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Tuchola Forest Biosphere Reserve,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Tuchola, Wda and Zaborski Landscape Parks)

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: UNESCO Man and the Biosphere Programme

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Tuchola Forest Biosphere Reserve,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Tuchola, Wda and Zaborski Landscape Parks)

text: The design uses wet cooling and the need to regularly clean the reflectors means that the water use is high – 1.7 million m per year or 4.6 liters per kWh.Water usage is more than double the water usage of a wet cooled coal power station and 23x the water use per kWh of a dry cooled coal power station, though life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions of solar thermal plants show that generating comparable energy from coal typically releases around 20 times more carbon dioxide than renewable sources.

text: The design uses wet cooling and the need to regularly clean the reflectors means that the water use is high – 1.7 million m per year or 4.6 liters per

text: kWh

text: .Water usage is more than double the water usage of a wet cooled coal power station and 23x the water use per kWh of a dry cooled coal power station, though life-cycle

text: greenhouse gas

text: emissions of solar thermal plants show that generating comparable energy from coal typically releases around 20 times more carbon dioxide than renewable sources.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: 4.6 liters

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: wet cooling

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: greenhouse gas emissions

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: the need to regularly clean the reflectors

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: greenhouse gas emissions of solar thermal plants

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: wet cooling

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: wet cooled coal power station

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: wet cooling

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: life-cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: 1.7 million m per year or 4.6 liters per kWh.Water

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: wet cooling

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: 4.6 liters per kWh.Water

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: 4.6 liters per kWh.Water

text: The Banjhakri falls sourced to springs in its higher reaches, cascades over rock slopes over  height of  ( is also mentioned). An area of  of forest land has been developed within the back drop of the falls as a theme park. The idea for developing the theme park was conceptualized by the Chief Minister of Sikkim who had visited the falls during his visit to the Ranka monastery on 28 September 2004, with intent to revive the shamanic beliefs of the people. Then many people were also invited to suggest themes for the park. As a result, the theme park was developed into a major recreation center and tourist attraction near Gangtok highlighting shamanic tradition of the people of Sikkim. The theme park, apart from shamanic related statues of the forest based healer, also has many statues of the ancestors of the Lyam Lymay, Mangpas and Lepcha community of Sikkim as part of the shamanic culture of the people. These sculptures are Jhakri, Bongthing, Phedangba and Bijuwa, which have been set in thatched enclosures in the well tended garden with trails and footbridges to walk around. Extensive landscaping of the mountainous region has been done and are planted with many ornamental floral trees and plants such as ardesia, acer, poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima), camellia, angelica, hydrangea and tebuchinie. Many gazebos have also been erected at strategic locations in the park Renewable energy sources in the form of solar lamps and a mini hydel station have been created to provide lighting and other energy needs of the park. Sikkim Rural Energy Development Agency (SREDA) also has exhibits of eco-friendly renewable energy sources. The exhibits within the museum hall are solar power fencing. future energy world, energy transformation, geothermal energy, solar cooker and so forth. The exhibits in the open grounds of the park are grassfire, solar water heater, solar powered cars, energy drum, glass climbing wall and Wind Aero generator.

text: The Banjhakri falls sourced to springs in its higher reaches, cascades over rock slopes over  height of  ( is also mentioned). An area of  of forest land has been developed within the back drop of the falls as a theme park. The idea for developing the theme park was conceptualized by the

text: Chief Minister of Sikkim

text: who had visited the falls during his visit to the

text: Ranka monastery

text: on 28 September 2004, with intent to revive the shamanic beliefs of the people. Then many people were also invited to suggest themes for the park. As a result, the theme park was developed into a major recreation center and tourist attraction near Gangtok highlighting shamanic tradition of the people of Sikkim. The theme park, apart from shamanic related statues of the forest based healer, also has many statues of the ancestors of the Lyam Lymay, Mangpas and Lepcha community of Sikkim as part of the shamanic culture of the people. These sculptures are Jhakri, Bongthing, Phedangba and Bijuwa, which have been set in thatched enclosures in the well tended garden with trails and footbridges to walk around. Extensive landscaping of the mountainous region has been done and are planted with many ornamental floral trees and plants such as ardesia,

text: acer

text: poinsettia

text: (Euphorbia pulcherrima),

text: camellia

text: angelica

text: hydrangea

text: and

text: tebuchinie

text: . Many gazebos have also been erected at strategic locations in the park Renewable energy sources in the form of

text: solar lamps

text: and a

text: mini hydel station

text: have been created to provide lighting and other energy needs of the park. Sikkim Rural Energy Development Agency (SREDA) also has exhibits of eco-friendly renewable energy sources. The exhibits within the museum hall are solar power fencing. future energy world, energy transformation, geothermal energy, solar cooker and so forth. The exhibits in the open grounds of the park are grassfire, solar water heater, solar powered cars, energy drum, glass climbing wall and Wind Aero generator.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: geothermal

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices are mentioned

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: glass climbing wall

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: springs

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: geothermal energy,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Sikkim

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: glass climbing wall

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: geothermal energy,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: geothermal energy,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: planted with many ornamental floral trees

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Bongthing, Phedangba and Bijuwa,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: solar water heater,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Bongthing, Phedangba and Bijuwa,

text: Both biological and abiological processes contribute significantly to the global H cycle. The largest sources of environmental H are the atmospheric photochemical process of hydrocarbon dissociation and microbial H production. Biological processes are the dominant sink for atmospheric H illustrating that overall the most important physiological role of H is as a biological fuel. Within microbial environments cellular processes which result in H production are nearly always linked with either inter or intracellular H uptake.

text: Both biological and abiological processes contribute significantly to the global H cycle. The largest sources of environmental H are the atmospheric photochemical process of hydrocarbon dissociation and microbial H production. Biological processes are the dominant sink for atmospheric H illustrating that overall the most important physiological role of H is as a biological fuel. Within microbial environments cellular processes which result in H production are nearly always linked with either inter or intracellular H uptake.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: atmospheric photochemical process

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: hydrocarbon dissociation

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: photochemical process

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: What is the most important physiological role of H?

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: H cycle.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: hydrocarbon dissociation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: atmospheric photochemical process

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: hydrocarbon dissociation

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: hydrocarbon dissociation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: H cycle.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Both biological and abiological processes contribute significantly to the global H cycle.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: biological and abiological processes contribute significantly to the global H cycle.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Biological processes are the dominant sink for atmospheric H

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Both biological and abiological processes contribute significantly to the global H cycle.

text: The dam is located in the northwestern part of the lake. It is an embankment dam, built of a concrete core with an earth-filled cover. Construction ran from 1946 to 1948, when the reservoir was first filled. It is  long,  wide at the base and  at the top, and  high (of which  is above the ground). The reservoir it creates has a volume of around . Of these,  is usable for hydroelectric exploitation. The system of 4 hydroelectric plants called Vrla (I-IV) lies downstream of the lake, on the Vlasina River, with a total capacity of . A part of the hydroelectric system is the pump station "Lisina", which pumps in water from the nearby Lisina Lake, chiefly in summer months. Vlasina Lake is also fed by numerous streams, descending from the surrounding mountains. The water level varies, depending on the water influx and drainage of the dam. Two artificial canals enter the lake near the dam: Čemernički kanal from the west and Strvna from east.

text: The dam is located in the northwestern part of the lake. It is an

text: embankment dam

text: , built of a concrete core with an earth-filled cover. Construction ran from 1946 to 1948, when the reservoir was first filled. It is  long,  wide at the base and  at the top, and  high (of which  is above the ground). The reservoir it creates has a volume of around . Of these,  is usable for

text: hydroelectric

text: exploitation. The system of 4 hydroelectric plants called

text: Vrla

text: (I-IV) lies downstream of the lake, on the Vlasina River, with a total capacity of . A part of the hydroelectric system is the pump station "Lisina", which pumps in water from the nearby

text: Lisina Lake

text: , chiefly in summer months. Vlasina Lake is also fed by numerous streams, descending from the surrounding mountains. The water level varies, depending on the water influx and drainage of the dam. Two artificial canals enter the lake near the dam: Čemernički kanal from the west and Strvna from east.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: water influx and drainage of the dam

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices are true

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: emerni ki kanal

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: do not grow

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: It is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: water influx and drainage of the dam.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: summer months.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Vlasina Lake is also fed by numerous streams,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: <unk>emerni<unk>ki kanal

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: <unk>emerni<unk>ki kanal

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: The water level varies, depending on the water influx and drainage

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: streams,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: water influx and drainage of the dam.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: around.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: <unk>emerni<unk>ki kanal

text: Despite being in direct contact with a nuclear explosion, the water of the expanding bubble wall does not boil.  This is because the pressure inside the bubble exceeds (by far) the vapor pressure of ocean water.  The water touching the blast can only boil during contraction.  This boiling is like evaporation, cooling the bubble wall, and it is another reason that an oscillating blast bubble contains only 40% of the energy it had in the previous cycle.

text: Despite being in direct contact with a nuclear explosion, the water of the expanding bubble wall does not boil.  This is because the pressure inside the bubble exceeds (by far) the vapor pressure of ocean water.  The water touching the blast can only boil during contraction.  This boiling is like evaporation, cooling the bubble wall, and it is another reason that an oscillating blast bubble contains only 40% of the energy it had in the previous cycle.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: contraction

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: cooling the bubble wall

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: pressure inside the bubble exceeds (by far) the vapor pressure

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: contraction.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: vapor pressure of ocean water.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: cooling the bubble wall,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: evaporation,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: contraction.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: vapor pressure of ocean water.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: vapor pressure of ocean water.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: The water touching the blast can only boil during contraction.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Despite being in direct contact with a nuclear explosion,

text: But the seasonal and latitudinal distribution and intensity of solar radiation received at Earth's surface does vary. The effect of sun angle on climate results in the change in solar energy in summer and winter.  For example, at latitudes of 65 degrees, this can vary by more than 25% as a result of Earth's orbital variation. Because changes in winter and summer tend to offset, the change in the annual average insolation at any given location is near zero, but the redistribution of energy between summer and winter does strongly affect the intensity of seasonal cycles. Such changes associated with the redistribution of solar energy are considered a likely cause for the coming and going of recent ice ages (see: Milankovitch cycles).

text: But the

text: seasonal

text: and latitudinal distribution and intensity of solar radiation received at Earth's surface does vary. The

text: effect of sun angle on climate

text: results in the change in solar energy in summer and winter.  For example, at

text: latitude

text: s of 65 degrees, this can vary by more than 25% as a result of Earth's orbital variation. Because changes in winter and summer tend to offset, the change in the annual average insolation at any given location is near zero, but the redistribution of energy between summer and winter does strongly affect the intensity of seasonal cycles. Such changes associated with the redistribution of solar energy are considered a likely cause for the coming and going of recent

text: ice age

text: s (see:

text: Milankovitch cycles

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: recent ice ages

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: seasonal cycles

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: sun angle on climate results in the change in solar energy

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: ice ages

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: the seasonal and latitudinal distribution and intensity of solar radiation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: ice ages

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: the redistribution

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Milankovitch cycles).

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: zero,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Earth's orbital variation.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: ice ages

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: the seasonal and latitudinal distribution and intensity of solar radiation

text: Nutrient cycling in lakes and freshwater wetlands depends heavily on redox conditions. Under a few millimeters of water heterotrophic bacteria metabolize and consume oxygen. They therefore deplete the soil of oxygen and create the need for anaerobic respiration. Some anaerobic microbial processes include denitrification, sulfate reduction and methanogenesis and are responsible for the release of N (nitrogen), HS (hydrogen sulfide) and CH (methane).  Other anaerobic microbial processes are linked to changes in the oxidation state of iron and manganese.  As a result of anaerobic decomposition, the soil stores large amounts of organic carbon because decomposition is incomplete.

text: Nutrient cycling in lakes and freshwater wetlands depends heavily on redox conditions. Under a few millimeters of water

text: heterotrophic

text: bacteria metabolize and consume oxygen. They therefore deplete the soil of oxygen and create the need for anaerobic respiration. Some anaerobic microbial processes include

text: denitrification

text: , sulfate reduction and

text: methanogenesis

text: and are responsible for the release of N (nitrogen), HS (

text: hydrogen sulfide

text: ) and CH (

text: methane

text: ).  Other

text: anaerobic

text: microbial processes are linked to changes in the oxidation state of

text: iron

text: and

text: manganese

text: .  As a result of anaerobic decomposition, the soil stores large amounts of organic carbon because decomposition is incomplete.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: methanogenesis

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: anaerobic respiration

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: respiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: wetlands

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: redox conditions.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: methanogenesis

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: anaerobic respiration.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: sulfate reduction

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: anaerobic respiration.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Nutrient cycling

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: oxygen and create the need for anaerobic respiration.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: decomposition is incomplete.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Nutrient cycling in lakes and freshwater wetlands

text: Coastal cutthroat trout usually inhabit and spawn in small to moderately large, clear, well-oxygenated, shallow rivers with gravel bottoms. They are native to the alluvial or freestone streams that are typical tributaries of the Pacific Basin. They typically spawn from December through June, with peak spawning in February. Eggs begin to hatch within six to seven weeks of spawning. Spawning begins when water temperatures reach 43 to 46°F (6 to 8°C). Depending on temperature, alevins emerge as fry between March and June, with peak emergence in mid-April. Lake-resident coastal cutthroat trout are usually found in moderately deep, cool lakes with adequate shallows and vegetation for good food production. Lake populations generally require access to gravel-bottomed streams to be self-sustaining, but occasionally spawn on shallow gravel beds with good water circulation.

text: Coastal cutthroat trout usually inhabit and spawn in small to moderately large, clear, well-

text: oxygenated

text: , shallow rivers with

text: gravel

text: bottoms. They are native to the

text: alluvial

text: or

text: freestone stream

text: s that are typical tributaries of the Pacific Basin. They typically spawn from December through June, with peak spawning in February. Eggs begin to hatch within six to seven weeks of spawning. Spawning begins when water temperatures reach 43 to 46°F (6 to 8°C). Depending on temperature,

text: alevins

text: emerge as fry between March and June, with peak emergence in mid-April. Lake-resident coastal cutthroat trout are usually found in moderately deep, cool lakes with adequate shallows and vegetation for good food production. Lake populations generally require access to gravel-bottomed streams to be self-sustaining, but occasionally spawn on shallow gravel beds with good water circulation.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: good water circulation

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Spawning begins

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Depending on temperature, alevins emerge as fry

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Oxygenation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: water circulation

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: shallow gravel beds with good water circulation.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Spawning begins when water temperatures reach 43 to 46°F

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: clear, well-oxygenated,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: spawn on shallow gravel beds with good water circulation.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: well-oxygenated,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: water circulation.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: shallow gravel beds with good water circulation.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: 43 to 46°F

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: shallow rivers with gravel bottoms.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: shallow rivers with gravel bottoms.

text: The stream bluet (Enallagma exsulans) is a species of American bluet damselflies in the family Coenagrionidae. Its length is 29–37 mm. Many bluet species prefer ponds and lakes; the stream bluet as its name implies is most at home along moving waters. It can be found along small to medium-sized rivers. It is occasionally found at lakes too. In many species of damselflies the males have a blue tip to the abdomen. Enallagma exsulans is one of those less common cases where the female, too, has a blue abdominal tip. Summertime is the best time to look for stream bluets.

text: The stream bluet (Enallagma exsulans) is a species of American bluet damselflies in the family

text: Coenagrionidae

text: . Its length is 29–37 mm. Many bluet species prefer ponds and lakes; the stream bluet as its name implies is most at home along moving waters. It can be found along small to medium-sized rivers. It is occasionally found at lakes too. In many species of damselflies the males have a blue tip to the abdomen. Enallagma exsulans is one of those less common cases where the female, too, has a blue abdominal tip. Summertime is the best time to look for stream bluets.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: males have a blue tip to the abdomen

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: What can be stored in snow and ice

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: moving waters.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: waters.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Summertime

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the female, too, has a blue abdominal tip.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Summertime

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: moving waters.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Summertime

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Summertime

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Summertime

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: the stream bluet as its name implies is most at home along moving waters.

text: A seawater greenhouse uses the sun, the sea and the atmosphere to produce fresh water andcool air. The process recreates the natural hydrological cycle within a controlled environment. The front wall of the building is a seawater evaporator. It consists of a honeycomb lattice and faces the prevailing wind. Fans control air movement. Seawater trickles down over the lattice, cooling and humidifying the air passing through into the planting area.Sunlight is filtered through a specially constructed roof. The roof traps infrared heat, while allowing visible light through to promote photosynthesis. This creates optimum growing conditions – cool and humid with high light intensity. Seawater that has been heated in the roof passes through a second evaporator creating hot, saturated air which then flows through a condenser.The condenser is cooled by incoming seawater. The temperature difference causes fresh water to condense out of the air stream. The volume of fresh water is determined by air temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation and the airflow rate. These conditions can be modeled with appropriate meteorological data, enabling the design and process to be optimized for any suitable location.

text: A seawater greenhouse uses the sun, the sea and the atmosphere to produce fresh water andcool air. The process recreates the natural

text: hydrological cycle

text: within a controlled environment. The front wall of the building is a seawater evaporator. It consists of a

text: honeycomb lattice

text: and faces the prevailing wind. Fans control air movement. Seawater trickles down over the lattice, cooling and humidifying the air passing through into the planting area.Sunlight is filtered through a specially constructed roof. The roof traps

text: infrared

text: heat, while allowing visible light through to promote photosynthesis. This creates optimum growing conditions – cool and humid with high light intensity. Seawater that has been heated in the roof passes through a second evaporator creating hot, saturated air which then flows through a condenser.The condenser is cooled by incoming seawater. The temperature difference causes fresh water to condense out of the air stream. The volume of fresh water is determined by air temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation and the airflow rate. These conditions can be modeled with appropriate meteorological data, enabling the design and process to be optimized for any suitable location.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: The process recreates the natural hydrological cycle

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: condensation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: What kind of precipitation does the process recreate?

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: condenser

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: photosynthesis

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrological cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: fresh water condenses

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: What can be stored in snow and ice?

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: The process recreates the natural hydrological cycle within a controlled environment.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: condense

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: hydrological cycle

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: hot, saturated air which then flows through a condenser.The

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: photosynthesis.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrological

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: cool and humid

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: natural hydrological cycle

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: fresh water

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: seawater greenhouse

text: Groundwater can be created by using dewatered aquifer space to store water during the years when there is abundant rainfall. It can then be pumped and used during years that don’t have a surplus of water. People can manage the use of groundwater to benefit society through the purchasing and selling of these groundwater rights. The surface water should be used first, and then the groundwater will be used when there isn’t enough surface water to meet demands. The groundwater will reduce the risk of relying on surface water and will maximize expected income. There are regulatory storage-type aquifer recovery and storage systems which when water is injected into it gives the right to withdraw the water later on. Groundwater banking has been implemented into semiarid and arid southwestern United States because this is where there is the most need for extra water. The overall goal is to transfer water from low-value to high-value uses by bringing buyers and sellers together.

text: Groundwater

text: can be created by using dewatered

text: aquifer

text: space to store water during the years when there is abundant rainfall. It can then be pumped and used during years that don’t have a surplus of water. People can manage the use of groundwater to benefit society through the purchasing and selling of these groundwater rights. The surface water should be used first, and then the groundwater will be used when there isn’t enough surface water to meet demands. The groundwater will reduce the risk of relying on surface water and will maximize expected income. There are regulatory storage-type aquifer recovery and storage systems which when water is injected into it gives the right to withdraw the water later on. Groundwater banking has been implemented into semiarid and arid southwestern

text: United States

text: because this is where there is the most need for extra water. The overall goal is to transfer water from low-value to high-value uses by bringing buyers and sellers together.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: What drives the water cycle?

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: gaseous

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: What kind of precipitation can be used to create groundwater?

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: rainfall.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: regulatory storage-type aquifer recovery and storage systems

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: rainfall.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Groundwater

text: The lake's grayish-blue water is easily viewed in its perpetual rolling-boil state which looks like a giant pot of water cooking and steaming on a stove. The basin's water is replenished by rainfall and two small streams which drain into the area. The water then seeps down to the lava and is heated to the boiling point. The trail leads through another volcanic area called the Valley of Desolation. The air around the area is hot, steamy and moist, supported by the sharp, acrid smell of sulphur. The area is known to have been filled with vapors and gases that escapes bubbling and escaping from boiling sulphur-water pots, small spraying and hissing geysers, cracks and holes, and a small stream that runs through and beneath the terrain. Tiny invisible sprays of steam will easily burn an ankle or foot.

text: The lake's grayish-blue water is easily viewed in its perpetual rolling-boil state which looks like a giant pot of water cooking and steaming on a stove. The basin's water is replenished by rainfall and two small streams which drain into the area. The water then seeps down to the lava and is heated to the boiling point. The trail leads through another volcanic area called the Valley of Desolation. The air around the area is hot, steamy and moist, supported by the sharp, acrid smell of sulphur. The area is known to have been filled with vapors and gases that escapes bubbling and escaping from boiling sulphur-water pots, small spraying and hissing geysers, cracks and holes, and a small stream that runs through and beneath the terrain. Tiny invisible sprays of steam will easily burn an ankle or foot.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: The water then seeps down to the lava

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: boiling point

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: What kind of precipitation does the basin receive?

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: The air around the area is hot, steamy and moist

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: rainfall

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: boiling point.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: rainfall

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: small spraying and hissing geysers,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: rainfall

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: The basin's water is replenished by rainfall

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: rainfall

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rainfall

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: rainfall

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Valley of Desolation.

text: The Lake District comprises 7 lakes and several streams. The total expanse of water is about 20 km².

text: The Lake District comprises 7 lakes and several streams. The total expanse of water is about 20 km².

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: The Lake District comprises 7 lakes and several streams

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: vaporization

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Lake District

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: anthropogenic

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: The Lake District comprises 7 lakes and several streams.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: 20 km2.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: The Lake District

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: streams.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: The Lake District comprises 7 lakes and several streams.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: streams.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: 20 km2.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: The Lake District

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: The Lake District

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The Lake District

text: Belize is fortunate to have ample water resources with many rivers and lakes as well as groundwater supplies although specific details about groundwater is not well known. Average daily water use in Belize is similar to that of industrialized countries at around 160 L in rural areas to 280 L in urban areas. Industrial processes encompass the largest demand where about 73% of the freshwater resources end up being used in this sector. Water quality in Belize is mostly good except where industry is discharging effluents in urban areas. Most of the groundwater used for supply can be expected to be free of major contaminants. Urban water delivery systems that are connected to WASA's infrastructure are treated and safe; however, this only constitutes about 30% of the systems in Belize.

text: Belize is fortunate to have ample water resources with many rivers and lakes as well as groundwater supplies although specific details about groundwater is not well known. Average daily water use in Belize is similar to that of industrialized countries at around 160 L in rural areas to 280 L in urban areas. Industrial processes encompass the largest demand where about 73% of the

text: freshwater

text: resources end up being used in this sector. Water quality in Belize is mostly good except where industry is discharging

text: effluents

text: in urban areas. Most of the groundwater used for supply can be expected to be free of major contaminants. Urban water delivery systems that are connected to WASA's infrastructure are treated and safe; however, this only constitutes about 30% of the systems in Belize.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: industrial processes

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: freshwater cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Industrial processes

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: industry is discharging effluents in urban areas.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: 160 L in rural areas to 280 L in urban areas.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Belize is fortunate to have ample water resources

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: water resources

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: groundwater supplies although specific details about groundwater

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Belize is fortunate to have ample water resources

text: The benthic boundary layer (BBL) represents a few tens of meters of the water column directly above the sea floor and constitutes an important zone of biological activity in the ocean. It plays a vital role in the cycling of matter, and has been called the “endpoint” for sedimenting material, which fuels high metabolic rates for microbial populations. After passing through the BBL, this degraded material is either returned to the water column or mobilized into the sediment, where it may eventually become immobilized. With growing concern over the ultimate fate of matter in the ocean, knowledge of the complex biological processes in the deep sea BBL (deep-BBL) and how they affect future sedimentation and remineralization rates is valuable.

text: The benthic boundary layer (BBL) represents a few tens of meters of the water column directly above the sea floor and constitutes an important zone of biological activity in the ocean. It plays a vital role in the cycling of matter, and has been called the “endpoint” for sedimenting material, which fuels high metabolic rates for microbial populations. After passing through the BBL, this degraded material is either returned to the

text: water column

text: or mobilized into the

text: sediment

text: , where it may eventually become immobilized. With growing concern over the ultimate fate of matter in the ocean, knowledge of the complex biological processes in the

text: deep sea

text: BBL (deep-BBL) and how they affect future sedimentation and remineralization rates is valuable.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: The benthic boundary layer

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: remineralization

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: degraded material

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: benthic boundary layer

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: The benthic boundary layer

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: The benthic boundary layer

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: microbial populations.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: The benthic boundary layer

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: matter,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: The benthic boundary layer

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: The benthic boundary layer

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: The benthic boundary layer

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The benthic boundary layer

text: Erosion of soil is caused by water, wind, ice, and movement in response to gravity. More than one kind of erosion can occur simultaneously. Erosion is distinguished from weathering, since erosion also transports eroded soil away from its place of origin (soil in transit may be described as sediment). Erosion is an intrinsic natural process, but in many places it is greatly increased by human activity, especially poor land use practices. These include agricultural activities which leave the soil bare during times of heavy rain or strong winds, overgrazing, deforestation, and improper construction activity. Improved management can limit erosion. Soil conservation techniques which are employed include changes of land use (such as replacing erosion-prone crops with grass or other soil-binding plants), changes to the timing or type of agricultural operations, terrace building, use of erosion-suppressing cover materials (including cover crops and other plants), limiting disturbance during construction, and avoiding construction during erosion-prone periods.

text: Erosion

text: of soil is caused by

text: water

text: wind

text: ice

text: , and

text: movement in response to gravity

text: . More than one kind of erosion can occur simultaneously. Erosion is distinguished from

text: weathering

text: , since erosion also transports eroded soil away from its place of origin (soil in transit may be described as

text: sediment

text: ). Erosion is an intrinsic natural process, but in many places it is greatly increased by human activity, especially poor

text: land use

text: practices. These include

text: agricultural

text: activities which leave the soil bare during times of heavy rain or strong winds,

text: overgrazing

text: deforestation

text: , and improper

text: construction

text: activity. Improved management can limit erosion.

text: Soil conservation techniques

text: which are employed include changes of land use (such as replacing erosion-prone

text: crop

text: s with

text: grass

text: or other soil-binding plants), changes to the timing or type of agricultural operations,

text: terrace

text: building, use of erosion-suppressing cover materials (including

text: cover crops

text: and

text: other plants

text: ), limiting disturbance during construction, and avoiding construction during erosion-prone periods.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Erosion

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: weathering

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: weathering

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: natural process

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: erosion of soil

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: gravity.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: weathering,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: heavy rain or strong winds,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: ice,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: weathering,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: weathering,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: heavy rain

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: human activity,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Erosion of soil is caused by water,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Erosion

text: Most groundwater is meteoric water. Other forms normally do not play a significant role in the hydrologic cycle. Non-meteoric forms of groundwater are connate water and magmatic water, also termed juvenile water. Connate water is trapped in rock strata at the time of formation. Because rock containing connate water is typically formed from ocean sediments, connate water is normally saline.  Magmatic water rises from great depth accompanying magma intrusion and affects mineralogy. In other words, meteoric water is the water that has fallen as rain and has filled up the porous and permeable shallow rocks, or percolate through them along bedding planes, fractures, and permeable layers.

text: Most

text: groundwater

text: is meteoric water. Other forms normally do not play a significant role in the

text: hydrologic cycle

text: . Non-meteoric forms of groundwater are

text: connate water

text: and

text: magmatic water

text: , also termed

text: juvenile water

text: . Connate water is trapped in

text: rock

text: strata

text: at the time of formation. Because rock containing connate water is typically formed from

text: ocean

text: sediments

text: , connate water is normally

text: saline

text: .  Magmatic water rises from great depth accompanying

text: magma

text: intrusion

text: and affects

text: mineralogy

text: . In other words, meteoric water is the water that has fallen as rain and has filled up the porous and permeable shallow rocks, or percolate through them along bedding planes, fractures, and permeable layers.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Meteoric water

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: meteoric water

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: magma intrusion

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrologic cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: meteoric water.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: meteoric water.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: meteoric water

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Magmatic water

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: meteoric water.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrologic

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: meteoric water.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Connate water is trapped in rock strata

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Most groundwater is meteoric water.

text: Water is a very complex substance and its unique properties are essential for life. Its physical properties shape the hydrosphere and are an essential part of the water cycle and climate. Its thermodynamic properties determine evaporation and the thermal gradient in the atmosphere. The many types of precipitation involve a complex mixture of processes such as coalescence, supercooling and supersaturation. Some precipitated water becomes groundwater, and groundwater flow includes phenomena such as percolation, while the conductivity of water makes electrical and electromagnetic methods useful for tracking groundwater flow. Physical properties of water such as salinity have a large effect on its motion in the oceans.

text: Water is a very complex substance and its unique properties are essential for life. Its physical properties shape the

text: hydrosphere

text: and are an essential part of the

text: water cycle

text: and

text: climate

text: . Its thermodynamic properties determine

text: evaporation

text: and the thermal gradient in the atmosphere. The many types of

text: precipitation

text: involve a complex mixture of processes such as

text: coalescence

text: supercooling

text: and

text: supersaturation

text: . Some precipitated water becomes

text: groundwater

text: , and groundwater flow includes phenomena such as

text: percolation

text: , while the

text: conductivity

text: of water makes electrical and electromagnetic methods useful for tracking groundwater flow. Physical properties of water such as

text: salinity

text: have a large effect on its motion in the oceans.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: its physical properties shape the hydrosphere

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: supercooling

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: climate

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Its physical properties

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: supercooling

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: climate.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: groundwater,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: thermal gradient

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Some precipitated water becomes groundwater,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Water is a very complex substance and its unique properties are essential for life.

text: Mosedale Beck is a stream in Cumbria which runs into Wast Water, which is the deepest lake in England.

text: Mosedale Beck is a stream in

text: Cumbria

text: which runs into

text: Wast Water

text: , which is the deepest lake in

text: England

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Mosedale Beck is a stream

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: vaporization

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Mosedale Beck

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Wast Water,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: stream

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Mosedale Beck is a stream

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Mosedale Beck

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Mosedale Beck is a stream

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: stream in Cumbria which runs into Wast Water,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Mosedale Beck is a stream in Cumbria

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: deepest lake in England.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Wast Water,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Mosedale Beck

text: Lotic systems typically connect to each other, forming a path to the ocean (spring → stream → river → ocean), and many fishes have life cycles that require stages in both fresh and salt water.  Salmon, for example, are anadromous species that are born in freshwater but spend most of their adult life in the ocean, returning to fresh water only to spawn. Eels are catadromous species that do the opposite, living in freshwater as adults but migrating to the ocean to spawn.

text: Lotic systems typically connect to each other, forming a path to the ocean (spring → stream → river → ocean), and many fishes have life cycles that require stages in both fresh and salt water.

text: Salmon

text: , for example, are

text: anadromous

text: species that are born in freshwater but spend most of their adult life in the ocean, returning to fresh water only to spawn.

text: Eel

text: s are

text: catadromous

text: species that

text: do the opposite

text: , living in freshwater as adults but migrating to the ocean to spawn.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: a path to the ocean

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: living in freshwater as adults but migrating to the ocean to spawn

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Lotic systems

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Lotic systems typically connect to each other,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: ocean

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Lotic systems

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Eels

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Lotic systems

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Lotic systems

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: ocean

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: ocean

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Lotic systems

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Lotic systems

text: Slack water, which used to be known as 'the stand of the tide', is a short period in a body of tidal water when the water is completely unstressed, and therefore no movement either way in the tidal stream, and which occurs before the direction of the tidal stream reverses. Slack water can be estimated using a tidal atlas or the tidal diamond information on a nautical chart. It is a common misconception that the time of slack water occurs at high and low water, that is, at the greatest and lowest height of tide. In fact, the time of slack water, particularly in constricted waters, does not occur at high and low water, and in certain areas, such as Primera Angostura, the ebb may run for up to three hours after the water level has started to rise, and the flood may run for three hours after the water has started to fall. Thornton Lecky, writing in 1884, illustrates the phenomenon with an inland basin of infinite size, connected to the sea by a narrow mouth. Since the level of the basin is always at mean sea level, the flood in the mouth starts at half tide, and its velocity is at its greatest at the time of high water, with the strongest ebb occurring conversely at low water.

text: Slack water, which used to be known as 'the stand of the tide', is a short period in a body of tidal water when the water is completely unstressed, and therefore no movement either way in the

text: tidal

text: stream, and which occurs before the direction of the tidal stream reverses. Slack water can be estimated using a

text: tidal atlas

text: or the

text: tidal diamond

text: information on a

text: nautical chart

text: . It is a common misconception that the time of slack water occurs at high and low water, that is, at the greatest and lowest height of tide. In fact, the time of slack water, particularly in constricted waters, does not occur at high and low water, and in certain areas, such as

text: Primera Angostura

text: , the

text: ebb

text: may run for up to three hours after the water level has started to rise, and the flood may run for three hours after the water has started to fall. Thornton Lecky, writing in 1884, illustrates the phenomenon with an inland basin of infinite size, connected to the sea by a narrow mouth. Since the level of the basin is always at mean sea level, the flood in the mouth starts at half tide, and its velocity is at its greatest at the time of high water, with the strongest ebb occurring conversely at low water.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: the direction of the tidal stream

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Primera Angostura

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unstressed,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: the water is completely unstressed,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Slack water,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: inland basin of infinite size,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Slack water,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: 'the stand of the tide',

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Slack water,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: mean sea level,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Slack water,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Slack water,

text: β-propeller phytases make up a recently discovered class of phytase. These first examples of this class of enzyme were originally cloned from Bacillus species, but numerous microorganisms have since been identified as producing β-propeller phytases. The three-dimensional structure of β-propeller phytase is similar to a propeller with six blades. Current research suggests that β-propeller phytases are the major phytate-degrading enzymes in water and soil, and may play a major role in phytate-phosphorus cycling.

text: β-propeller phytases make up a recently discovered class of phytase. These first examples of this class of enzyme were originally cloned from

text: Bacillus

text: species, but numerous microorganisms have since been identified as producing β-propeller phytases. The three-dimensional structure of β-propeller phytase is similar to a propeller with six blades. Current research suggests that β-propeller phytases are the major phytate-degrading enzymes in water and soil, and may play a major role in phytate-phosphorus cycling.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: phytase

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: phytase

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: phytate-phosphorus cycling.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: phytate-phosphorus cycling.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: cloned from Bacillus species,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: phytate-phosphorus cycling.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: phytate-phosphorus cycling.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: <unk>-propeller phytases

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: phytate-phosphorus cycling.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: <unk>-propeller phytases

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: <unk>-propeller phytases

text: A jet spray washer cleans by flooding the parts with warm chemical solution and high chemical concentration to clean the parts.  In the power wash process the parts are blasted with hot chemical solution utilizing the hydraulic impact force of the cleaning solution as the primary cleaning mechanism.  A parts washer utilizing the power washer process operates at a very low concentration of cleaning detergent.  The lower concentration causes the cleaning solution to last longer before it becomes supersaturated and requires disposal.  Additionally, a low concentration of cleaning chemicals allows for easier rinsing of the detergent from the parts thereby minimizing rinse cycle requirements thus saving water and cycle time. A final factor used in the power wash process is an oscillating manifold system that is non-synchronous to the rotation of the turntable. This system assures that the blasted solution reaches all areas of the parts load that are otherwise blinded by the stationary manifolds used in the jet spray process. All things considered the power wash process is superior to the jet spray process for faster more thorough parts cleaning cycles while minimizing detergent use and waste generation. The power wash process is generally effective for difficult soil removal applications such as burnt hydrocarbons, paint, scale, varnish, carbon, mastic, or rubber. Additional power wash types of applications generally include cleaning diesel engines, aerospace components, aluminum automobile engine parts and rolling mill equipment.

text: A jet spray washer cleans by flooding the parts with warm chemical solution and high chemical concentration to clean the parts.  In the power wash process the parts are blasted with hot chemical solution utilizing the hydraulic impact force of the cleaning solution as the primary cleaning mechanism.  A parts washer utilizing the power washer process operates at a very low concentration of cleaning detergent.  The lower concentration causes the cleaning solution to last longer before it becomes

text: supersaturate

text: d and requires disposal.  Additionally, a low concentration of cleaning chemicals allows for easier rinsing of the detergent from the parts thereby minimizing rinse cycle requirements thus saving water and cycle time. A final factor used in the power wash process is an oscillating manifold system that is non-synchronous to the rotation of the turntable. This system assures that the blasted solution reaches all areas of the parts load that are otherwise blinded by the stationary manifolds used in the jet spray process. All things considered the power wash process is superior to the jet spray process for faster more thorough parts cleaning cycles while minimizing detergent use and waste generation. The power wash process is generally effective for difficult soil removal applications such as burnt

text: hydrocarbons

text: , paint,

text: scale

text: varnish

text: , carbon,

text: mastic

text: , or

text: rubber

text: . Additional power wash types of applications generally include cleaning diesel engines, aerospace components, aluminum automobile engine parts and rolling mill equipment.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: vaporization

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: low concentration of cleaning detergent

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: rinse cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: hydraulic impact force of the cleaning solution

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: supersaturated

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: soil

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: supersaturated and requires disposal.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: jet spray washer

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: rinse cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: power washer process operates at a very low concentration of cleaning detergent.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: water and cycle time.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: power washer process operates at a very low concentration of cleaning detergent.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: water and cycle time.

text: A new concept in pumped-storage is utilizing wind energy or solar power to pump water. Wind turbines or solar cells that direct drive water pumps for an energy storing wind or solar dam can make this a more efficient process but are limited. Such systems can only increase kinetic water volume during windy and daylight periods.

text: A new concept in pumped-storage is utilizing

text: wind energy

text: or

text: solar power

text: to pump water.

text: Wind turbine

text: s or solar cells that direct drive

text: water pump

text: s for an energy storing wind or solar

text: dam

text: can make this a more efficient process but are limited. Such systems can only increase kinetic water volume during windy and daylight periods.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: solar dam

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: windy and daylight periods.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: windy and daylight periods.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: pumped-storage is utilizing wind energy or solar power to pump water.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: solar dam

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: pumped-storage

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: pumped-storage

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: wind energy or solar power to pump water.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: water.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: pumped-storage is utilizing wind energy or solar power to pump water.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: A new concept in pumped-storage

text: Another consequence of land clearing is dryland salinity. Dryland salinity is the movement of salt to the land surface via groundwater. In Australia there are vast amounts of salt stored beneath the land surface. Much of Australian native vegetation has adapted to low rainfall conditions, and use deep root systems to take advantage of any available water beneath the surface. These help to store salt in the earth, by keeping ground water levels low enough so that salt is not pushed to the surface. However, with land clearing, the reduced amount of water that previously got pumped up by the roots of the trees means that the water table rises towards the surface, dissolving salt in the process. Salinity reduces plant productivity and affects the health of rivers and streams.

text: Another consequence of land clearing is

text: dryland salinity

text: . Dryland salinity is the movement of salt to the land surface via groundwater. In Australia there are vast amounts of salt stored beneath the land surface. Much of

text: Australian native vegetation

text: has adapted to low rainfall conditions, and use deep

text: root system

text: s to take advantage of any available water beneath the surface. These help to store salt in the earth, by keeping ground water levels low enough so that salt is not pushed to the surface. However, with land clearing, the reduced amount of water that previously got pumped up by the roots of the trees means that the

text: water table

text: rises towards the surface, dissolving salt in the process. Salinity reduces plant productivity and affects the health of rivers and streams.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: the water table rises towards the surface

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: salt stored beneath the land surface

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: the water table

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: the water table rises towards the surface,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: the water table rises towards the surface, dissolving

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: rainfall

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the water table rises towards the surface,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: productivity

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: the water table

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: adapted to low rainfall conditions,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: the water table rises towards the surface,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: salt in the earth,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Another consequence of land clearing is dryland salinity.

text: SPI’s RapiDev Tools Suite leverages thepredictability of stream processing to provide a fast path to optimizedresults using C programming. Starting with C reference code, the FastFunctional Debugger (FFD) library plugs into standard tools, such as MicrosoftVisual Studio and GNU, and simulates the DPU to support re-structuring code tokernels and streams. Because kernels are statically scheduled and data movementis  explicit, DPU cycle-accuracy can be obtained even at this functional highlevel. This is one source of the predictability of the architecture.  Fortargeting code to the device, the Stream Processor Compiler (SPC) generates theVLIW executable and pre-processed C code that is compiled/linked via standardGCC for MIPS. SPC allocates streams in the Lane Register Files and providesdependency information for the kernel function calls. Software pipelining andloop unrolling are supported. Branch penalties are avoided by predicated selectsand larger conditionals use conditional streams.  Running under Eclipse, theTarget Code Simulator provides comprehensive Host or Device binary codesimulation with breakpoint and single-stepping capabilities with bandwidth andload statistics.  A kernel view shows the VLIW pipeline for kernel optimizations,and a stream view shows kernel execution and stream loads to review global datamovement for system profiling.

text: SPI’s RapiDev Tools Suite leverages thepredictability of

text: stream processing

text: to provide a fast path to optimizedresults using

text: C programming

text: . Starting with C reference code, the FastFunctional Debugger (FFD) library plugs into standard tools, such as MicrosoftVisual Studio and GNU, and simulates the DPU to support re-structuring code tokernels and streams. Because kernels are statically scheduled and data movementis  explicit, DPU cycle-accuracy can be obtained even at this functional highlevel. This is one source of the predictability of the architecture.  Fortargeting code to the device, the Stream Processor Compiler (SPC) generates theVLIW executable and pre-processed C code that is compiled/linked via standardGCC for MIPS. SPC allocates streams in the Lane Register Files and providesdependency information for the kernel function calls. Software pipelining and

text: loop unrolling

text: are supported. Branch penalties are avoided by predicated selectsand larger conditionals use conditional streams.  Running under Eclipse, theTarget Code Simulator provides comprehensive Host or Device binary codesimulation with breakpoint and single-stepping capabilities with bandwidth andload statistics.  A kernel view shows the VLIW pipeline for kernel optimizations,and a stream view shows kernel execution and stream loads to review global datamovement for system profiling.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Because kernels are statically scheduled and data movementis explicit, DPU cycle-accuracy can be obtained even at this functional highlevel.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: gaseous

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Kernels are statically scheduled and data movementis explicit

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: snow and ice

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: DPU cycle-accuracy

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: theVLIW

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: stream processing

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Branch penalties are avoided by predicated selectsand

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: C programming.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: theVLIW

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: FastFunctional Debugger

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: kernels are statically scheduled

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Lane Register Files

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: C programming.

text: In terms of soil texture,  soil type  usually refers to the different sizes of mineral particles in a particular sample. Soil is made up in part of finely ground rock particles, grouped according to size as sand and silt in addition to clay, organic material such as decomposed plant matter.

text: In terms of

text: soil texture

text: ,  soil type  usually refers to the different sizes of

text: mineral

text: particles in a particular sample.

text: Soil

text: is made up in part of finely ground

text: rock

text: particles, grouped according to size as

text: sand

text: and

text: silt

text: in addition to

text: clay

text: , organic material such as decomposed plant matter.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: decomposing plant matter

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: decomposed plant matter.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: decomposed plant matter.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: In terms of soil texture,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: decomposed plant matter.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: decomposed plant matter.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: decomposed plant matter.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: sand and silt in addition to clay,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Soil

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: decomposed plant matter.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: In terms of soil texture,

text: Cost of electricity generated by different sources including those incorporating CCS technologies can be found in cost of electricity by source.If  capture was part of a fuel cycle then the  would have value rather than be a cost. The proposed Solar Fuel or methane cycle proposed by the Fraunhofer Society amongst others is an example. This "solar fuel" cycle uses the excess electrical renewable energy to create hydrogen via electrolysis of water. The hydrogen is then combined with  to create synthetic natural gas SNG and stored in the gas network. See the latest Cost Report on the Cost of  Capture produced by the Zero Emissions Platform

text: Cost of electricity generated by different sources including those incorporating CCS technologies can be found in

text: cost of electricity by source

text: .If  capture was part of a fuel cycle then the  would have value rather than be a cost. The proposed Solar Fuel or methane cycle proposed by the

text: Fraunhofer Society

text: amongst others is an example. This "solar fuel" cycle uses the excess electrical renewable energy to create hydrogen via electrolysis of water. The hydrogen is then combined with  to create synthetic natural gas SNG and stored in the gas network. See the latest Cost Report on the Cost of  Capture produced by the Zero Emissions Platform

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: electrolysis

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: SNG and stored in the gas network

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: electrolysis of water.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: electrolysis

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Solar Fuel or methane cycle

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: hydrogen via electrolysis of water.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Solar Fuel or methane cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: hydrogen via electrolysis of water.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: water.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: hydrogen via electrolysis of water.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: water.

text: She is one of a very few artist who uses a medium "Water Colour on Silk". A painstaking process where a special silk cloth is mounted on board before it can be used for painting.The reason it’s not so popular might be due to the fact that it is a relatively painstaking process where a special silk cloth is mounted on board before being used as a painting.The silk cloth is arranged from Murshidabad district of West Bengal, famously known as murshidabad silk, and at first washed silk cloth by hand or in the washing machine on a gentle cycle with warm water. followed by mounting on paper board with adhesive.  As water colors would tend to bleed/run more than the other paints it is required to keep the paints fairly thick without too much water added in. She applies adhesive over the mounted silk cloth to hold the water color otherwise it will spread & leave it for 2 to 3 hours for drying. The amount of adhesive to be applied over the silk cloth is tricky as one have to be very careful as two much adhesive might not be good.

text: She is one of a very few artist who uses a medium "Water Colour on Silk". A painstaking process where a special silk cloth is mounted on board before it can be used for painting.The reason it’s not so popular might be due to the fact that it is a relatively painstaking process where a special silk cloth is mounted on board before being used as a painting.The silk cloth is arranged from

text: Murshidabad

text: district of West Bengal, famously known as murshidabad silk, and at first washed silk cloth by hand or in the washing machine on a gentle cycle with warm water. followed by mounting on paper board with adhesive.  As water colors would tend to bleed/run more than the other paints it is required to keep the paints fairly thick without too much water added in. She applies adhesive over the mounted silk cloth to hold the water color otherwise it will spread & leave it for 2 to 3 hours for drying. The amount of adhesive to be applied over the silk cloth is tricky as one have to be very careful as two much adhesive might not be good.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: a gentle cycle with warm water

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Water Colour on Silk

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: to keep the paints fairly thick without too much water added in.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: two much adhesive might not be good.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: "Water Colour on Silk".

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: "Water Colour on Silk".

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: "Water Colour on Silk".

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: "Water Colour on Silk".

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: two much adhesive might not be good.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: warm water.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: two much adhesive might not be good.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: two much adhesive might not be good.

text: The Natural Stone Council (NSC) has commissioned some life-cycle inventory data for use in life cycle assessments.  Almost 90% of the effort in doing a life cycle assessment involves getting reliable data.  For example, the NSC has data that the Global Warming Potential for granite quarrying is 100 kg of carbon dioxide equivalents and for granite processing is 500 (same units); and the Global Warming Potential for limestone quarrying is 20 kg carbon dioxide equivalents while for limestone processing it is 80 (same units).  The data on energy and water use include everything back to removal of overburden in the dimension stone quarry and upstream production of energy and fuels, and forward to packaging of finished dimension stone product or slabs for shipment and transport, or to moving scrap stone to storage or reclamation and to capturing and treatment of dust and waste water.  The data is then placed in an impact category (i.e. changes to air, changes to water), characterized as to the contribution of the item to the impact compared to other items, and then the impact categories are assigned weights among themselves to show their relative importance.

text: The Natural Stone Council (NSC) has commissioned some life-cycle inventory data for use in life cycle assessments.  Almost 90% of the effort in doing a life cycle assessment involves getting reliable data.  For example, the NSC has data that the Global Warming Potential for granite quarrying is 100 kg of carbon dioxide equivalents and for granite processing is 500 (same units); and the Global Warming Potential for limestone quarrying is 20 kg carbon dioxide equivalents while for limestone processing it is 80 (same units).  The data on energy and water use include everything back to removal of overburden in the dimension stone quarry and upstream production of energy and fuels, and forward to packaging of finished dimension stone product or slabs for shipment and transport, or to moving scrap stone to storage or reclamation and to capturing and treatment of dust and waste water.  The data is then placed in an impact category (i.e. changes to air, changes to water), characterized as to the contribution of the item to the impact compared to other items, and then the impact categories are assigned weights among themselves to show their relative importance.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: capturing and treatment of dust and waste water

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: changes to air

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: changes to air

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: limestone quarrying

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Global Warming

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: life cycle assessments

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: changes to water

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: snow and ice

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: capturing and treatment of dust and waste water.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: changes to air,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: changes to air,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: moving scrap stone

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: changes to air,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: impact category

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: capturing and treatment of dust and waste water.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: changes to air, changes to water),

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: capturing and treatment of dust and waste water.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The Natural Stone Council

text: The production of salt in Kibiro is an important industry.  Kibiro’s economy revolves around salt.  “Without its salt industry Kibiro would probably be merely a small fishing village, lacking its extensive and deep archaeological deposits”. The salt is produced exclusively by women.  “The production of salt at Kibiro is based on leaching of saline soil, the resulting brine is then boiled to evaporate the water”.  The process of salt production in Kibiro is a bit more sophisticated than others.  The process used to produce the salt in Kibiro constantly reuses the same soil. “This recycling is accomplished by the repeated spreading of loose dry soil on the surface of a damp salt-bearing deposits, from which sun-induced capillary action draws out salty moisture”.  The process of winning the salt entailed techniques that were more tedious than the relatively simple harvesting methods employed at the crater lakes on the equator.  With the unique technique that is done to produce salt, it is believed that Kibiro will most likely never run out of salt, the only way in which the salt would run out is if the hot springs dry up, but before that is an actual possibility, it is believed that the salt-workers are more likely to run out of firewood.  The Bunyoro shore of Lake Albert has relatively few resources except the salt produced at Kibiro and formerly at other places.

text: The production of salt in Kibiro is an important industry.  Kibiro’s economy revolves around salt.  “Without its salt industry Kibiro would probably be merely a small fishing village, lacking its extensive and deep archaeological deposits”. The salt is produced exclusively by women.  “The production of salt at Kibiro is based on leaching of saline soil, the resulting brine is then boiled to evaporate the water”.  The process of salt production in Kibiro is a bit more sophisticated than others.  The process used to produce the salt in Kibiro constantly reuses the same soil. “This recycling is accomplished by the repeated spreading of loose dry soil on the surface of a damp salt-bearing deposits, from which sun-induced capillary action draws out salty moisture”.  The process of winning the salt entailed techniques that were more tedious than the relatively simple harvesting methods employed at the

text: crater lakes

text: on the equator.  With the unique technique that is done to produce salt, it is believed that Kibiro will most likely never run out of salt, the only way in which the salt would run out is if the hot springs dry up, but before that is an actual possibility, it is believed that the salt-workers are more likely to run out of firewood.  The Bunyoro shore of

text: Lake Albert

text: has relatively few resources except the salt produced at Kibiro and formerly at other places.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: sun-induced capillary action

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporate

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: leaching of saline soil

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Evaporation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: sun-induced capillary action draws out salty moisture”.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporate

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: sun-induced capillary action draws out salty moisture”.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: sun-induced capillary action draws out salty moisture”.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: sun-induced capillary action draws out salty moisture”.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: sun-induced capillary action

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: saline

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: sun-induced capillary action draws out salty moisture”.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: salty moisture”.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: hot springs dry up,

text: Because of this ability to take full advantage of the temperature difference between the particular heat source and sink available, it finds applications in reuse of industrial process heat, geothermal energy, solar energy, and use of waste heat from power plants (Bottoming cycle).

text: Because of this ability to take full advantage of the temperature difference between the particular heat source and sink available, it finds applications in reuse of industrial process heat, geothermal energy, solar energy, and use of

text: waste heat

text: from power plants (

text: Bottoming cycle

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: reuse of industrial process heat

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: temperature difference between the particular heat source and sink available,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: temperature difference

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: temperature difference between the particular heat source and sink available,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: use of waste heat from power plants

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: (Bottoming cycle).

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: (Bottoming cycle).

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: temperature difference between the particular heat source and sink available,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: temperature difference between the particular heat source and sink available,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: temperature difference between the particular heat source and sink available,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: temperature difference between the particular heat source and sink available,

text: The watershed includes School Section Lakes, Goggins Lake, Long Lake and Benz Lake. Brown's Creek flows through the Brown's Creek Park and Nature Preserve northwest of Stillwater, then proceeds east to it confluence with the St. Croix River. At one time in its history, Brown’s Creek was diverted into McKusick Lake, which supplied water to Stillwater residents. By 1955 fisheries managers recognized that warm lake water was putting a strain on the trout population in Brown’s Creek. In an effort to reduce water temperatures for the benefit of trout, a dike was constructed to separate the stream from the lake and return the flow back to Brown’s Creek. The dike still exists today. In 1999, Browns Creek underwent a re-route in the fall of 1999 that shortened this section of the stream from 5,130 feet to 2,000 feet in order to lower water temperatures by avoiding water warming in previous meander through a wetland just north of Lake McKusick, increasing stream velocity and decreasing organic matter in the stream. This project by the city of Stillwater and the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources also restored natural riparian vegetation as the creek traverses the Oak Glen Golf Course.

text: The watershed includes

text: School Section Lake

text: s, Goggins Lake, Long Lake and Benz Lake. Brown's Creek flows through the Brown's Creek Park and Nature Preserve northwest of Stillwater, then proceeds east to it confluence with the St. Croix River. At one time in its history, Brown’s Creek was diverted into McKusick Lake, which supplied water to Stillwater residents. By 1955 fisheries managers recognized that warm lake water was putting a strain on the trout population in Brown’s Creek. In an effort to reduce water temperatures for the benefit of trout, a dike was constructed to separate the stream from the lake and return the flow back to Brown’s Creek. The dike still exists today. In 1999, Browns Creek underwent a re-route in the fall of 1999 that shortened this section of the stream from 5,130 feet to 2,000 feet in order to lower water temperatures by avoiding water warming in previous meander through a wetland just north of Lake McKusick, increasing stream velocity and decreasing organic matter in the stream. This project by the city of Stillwater and the

entity_name: Minnesota Department of Natural Resources

text: Minnesota Department of Natural Resources

text: also restored natural riparian vegetation as the creek traverses the Oak Glen Golf Course.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: a dike

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: What kind of precipitation does Brown's Creek receive?

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: a dike was constructed to separate the stream from the lake

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: watershed

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: What can be stored in snow and ice?

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: increasing stream velocity and decreasing organic matter

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: warming

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: riparian vegetation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: avoiding water warming

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: warming

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: meander

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: warm lake water

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: avoiding water warming

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: lower water temperatures

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Brown’s Creek was diverted into McKusick Lake,

text: The oceanic lithosphere subducts at what are known as convergent boundaries. These boundaries can exist between oceanic lithosphere on one plate and oceanic lithosphere on another, or between oceanic lithosphere on one plate and continental lithosphere on another. In the second situation, the oceanic lithosphere always subducts because the continental lithosphere is less dense. The subduction process consumes older oceanic lithosphere, so oceanic crust is seldom more than 200 million years old.The process of super-continent formation and destruction via repeated cycles of creation and destruction of oceanic crust is known as the Wilson cycle.

text: The oceanic lithosphere

text: subducts

text: at what are known as

text: convergent boundaries

text: . These boundaries can exist between oceanic lithosphere on one plate and oceanic lithosphere on another, or between oceanic lithosphere on one plate and continental lithosphere on another. In the second situation, the oceanic lithosphere always subducts because the continental lithosphere is less dense. The subduction process consumes older oceanic lithosphere, so oceanic crust is seldom more than 200 million years old.The process of super-continent formation and destruction via repeated cycles of creation and destruction of oceanic crust is known as the

text: Wilson cycle

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: subducts

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Wilson cycle

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: convergent boundaries

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Wilson cycle.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: The oceanic lithosphere subducts

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: convergent boundaries.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Wilson cycle.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: convergent boundaries.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Wilson cycle.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: convergent boundaries.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: the continental lithosphere is less dense.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: convergent boundaries.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: convergent boundaries.

text: Recent advances in high-resolution genetics and X-ray absorption spectroscopy are providing revelations on the biogeochemical relations between microorganisms and minerals that may make Nickel's (1995) biogenic mineral exclusion obsolete and Skinner's (2005) biogenic mineral inclusion a necessity. For example, the IMA commissioned "Environmental Mineralogy and Geochemistry Working Group" deals with minerals in the hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere. The group's scope includes mineral-forming microorganisms, which exist on nearly every rock, soil, and particle surface spanning the globe to depths of at least 1600 metres below the sea floor and 70 kilometres into the stratosphere (possibly entering the mesosphere). Biogeochemical cycles have contributed to the formation of minerals for billions of years. Microorganisms can precipitate metals from solution, contributing to the formation of ore deposits. They can also catalyze the dissolution of minerals.

text: Recent advances in high-resolution

text: genetics

text: and

text: X-ray absorption spectroscopy

text: are providing revelations on the biogeochemical relations between

text: microorganism

text: s and minerals that may make Nickel's (1995) biogenic mineral exclusion obsolete and Skinner's (2005) biogenic mineral inclusion a necessity. For example, the IMA commissioned "Environmental Mineralogy and Geochemistry Working Group" deals with minerals in the

text: hydrosphere

text: atmosphere

text: , and

text: biosphere

text: . The group's scope includes

text: mineral-forming microorganisms

text: , which exist on nearly every rock, soil, and particle surface spanning the globe to depths of at least 1600 metres below the

text: sea floor

text: and 70 kilometres into the

text: stratosphere

text: (possibly entering the

text: mesosphere

text: Biogeochemical cycle

text: s have contributed to the formation of minerals for billions of years. Microorganisms can

text: precipitate

text: metals from

text: solution

text: , contributing to the formation of

text: ore

text: deposits. They can also

text: catalyze

text: the

text: dissolution

text: of minerals.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: precipitate metals from solution

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: hydrosphere

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: the hydrosphere

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Biogeochemical cycles

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: solution,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: hydrosphere, atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: ore deposits.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: hydrosphere,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Biogeochemical cycles

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Nickel's (1995) biogenic mineral exclusion

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Biogeochemical cycles

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: ore deposits.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Recent advances in high-resolution genetics

text: Since every groundwater basin recharges at a different rate depending upon precipitation, vegetative cover and soil conservation practises, the quantity of groundwater that can be safely pumped varies greatly among regions of the world and even within provinces.  Some aquifers require a very long time to recharge and thus the process of overdrafting can have consequences of effectively drying up certain sub-surface water supplies. Subsidence occurs when excessive groundwater is extracted from rocks that support more weight when saturated. This can lead to a capacity reduction in the aquifer.

text: Since every groundwater basin

text: recharges

text: at a different rate depending upon

text: precipitation

text: vegetative cover

text: and

text: soil conservation

text: practises, the quantity of groundwater that can be safely pumped varies greatly among regions of the world and even within provinces.  Some aquifers require a very long time to recharge and thus the process of overdrafting can have consequences of effectively drying up certain sub-surface

text: water supplies

text: Subsidence

text: occurs when excessive groundwater is extracted from rocks that support more weight when saturated. This can lead to a capacity reduction in the aquifer.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: excessive groundwater extraction from rocks that support more weight when saturated

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: subsidence occurs

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: precipitation, vegetative cover and soil conservation practises,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Subsidence

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: excessive groundwater is extracted from rocks that support more weight when saturated.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: vegetative cover

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: groundwater basin recharges at a different rate depending upon precipitation,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: precipitation, vegetative cover and soil conservation practises,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Subsidence

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: precipitation, vegetative cover and soil conservation practises,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Subsidence

text: Due to its chemical composition, world-wide dispersion and effects on the environment, used motor oil is considered a serious environmental problem. Most current motor oil lubricants contain petroleum base stocks, which are toxic to the environment and difficult to dispose of after use. Over 40% of the pollution in America's waterways is from used motor oil. Used oil is considered the largest source of oil pollution in the U.S. harbor and waterways, at 385 million gallons per year, mostly from improper disposal. By far, the greatest cause of motor oil pollution in our oceans comes from drains and urban street runoff, much of which is from improper disposal of engine oil. One gallon of used oil can create an eight-acre slick on surface water, threatening fish, waterfowl and other aquatic life. According to the U.S. EPA, films of oil on the surface of water prevent the replenishment of dissolved oxygen, impair photosynthetic processes, and block sunlight. Toxic effects of used oil on freshwater and marine organisms vary, but significant long-term effects have been found at concentrations of 310 ppm in several freshwater fish species and as low as 1 ppm in marine life forms. Motor oil can have an incredibly detrimental effect on the environment, particularly to plants that depend on healthy soil to grow. There are three main ways that motor oil affects plants: contaminating water supplies, contaminating soil, and poisoning plants. Used motor oil dumped on land reduces soil productivity. Improperly disposed used oil ends up in landfills, sewers, backyards, or storm drains where soil, groundwater and drinking water may be contaminated.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: What type of weather does oil pollute?

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: one gallon of used oil

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: photosynthetic

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: dissolved oxygen,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: dissolved oxygen,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Motor oil

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: 310 ppm in several freshwater fish species

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: photosynthetic

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: 310 ppm in several freshwater

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Motor oil

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Motor oil

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Motor oil

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Motor oil

text: There is some debate concerning the distribution of taxa within the “Rare Biosphere”. Taxa within this group at a given site may be in the process of dispersal (Fuhrman, 2009)(Patterson, 2009). Studies in the Arctic seabed identified thermophilic bacteria, arriving through mechanisms of dispersal, that could not be metabolically active (Patterson, 2009). Once these populations, such as the thermophilic bacteria in the Arctic, reach a suitable niche they will again become metabolically active and increase in abundance. This requires that one view these populations as non-discrete, not endemic to any one particular body of water (Patterson, 2009). Rather view populations as continuous throughout the oceans. Alternatively, studies suggest that given the biogeography of rare taxa the idea of the rare biosphere being the product of dispersal seems unlikely (Galand et al., 2009). Galand et al. completed a study in the Arctic Ocean on the biogeography of the rare biosphere and found that between parcels of water within that ocean the rare biosphere presented a large amount of diversity (Galand et al., 2009). Suggesting that populations within the rare biosphere experience evolutionary forces specific to the location they are found such as selection, speciation, and extinction (Galand et al., 2009). Asserting that water masses have physical boundaries resulting in highly evolved and divergent taxa between rare biospheres from different locations (Galand et al., 2009). Also, given the fact that many rare taxa cannot be identified in gene banks, it seems unlikely that they abundant elsewhere (Galand et al., 2009). Though this statement is difficult to validate, due to the extreme under sampling of marine ecosystems (Heidelberg et al., 2010).

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: water masses have physical boundaries

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: thermophilic bacteria

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: thermophilic bacteria

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: dispersal

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: biogeography

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Why is it difficult to validate this statement?

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: water masses have physical boundaries

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: extinction

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: diversity

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: extinction

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: dispersal

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: water masses

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: extinction

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: water masses have physical boundaries

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: water masses have physical boundaries

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: rare biosphere presented a large amount of diversity

text: The solar humidification–dehumidification (HDH) process (also called the multiple-effect humidification–dehumidification process, solar multistage condensation evaporation cycle (SMCEC) or multiple-effect humidification (MEH), is a technique that mimics the natural water cycle on a shorter time frame by evaporating and condensing water to separate it from other substances. The driving force in this process is thermal solar energy to produce water vapor which is later condensed in a separate chamber. In sophisticated systems, waste heat is minimized by collecting the heat from the condensing water vapor and pre-heating the incoming water source. This system is effective for small- to mid- scale desalination systems in remote locations because of the relative inexpensiveness of solar thermal collectors.

text: The solar humidification–dehumidification (HDH) process (also called the multiple-effect humidification–dehumidification process, solar multistage condensation evaporation cycle (SMCEC) or

text: multiple-effect humidification

text: (MEH), is a technique that mimics the natural

text: water cycle

text: on a shorter time frame by

text: evaporating

text: and

text: condensing

text: water to separate it from other substances. The driving force in this process is thermal solar energy to produce water vapor which is later condensed in a separate chamber. In sophisticated systems,

text: waste heat

text: is minimized by collecting the heat from the condensing water vapor and pre-heating the incoming water source. This system is effective for small- to mid- scale desalination systems in remote locations because of the relative inexpensiveness of

text: solar thermal collector

text: s.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: thermal solar energy

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporating

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: condensing water vapor

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: thermal solar energy

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporating and condensing

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: natural water cycle

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: water vapor

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: solar humidification–dehumidification

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: solar humidification–dehumidification

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: solar humidification–dehumidification

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: thermal solar energy

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: evaporating and condensing water to separate it from other substances.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The solar humidification–dehumidification

text: Waste management and recycling are co-ordinated by Poole Borough Council in partnership with Viridor Waste Management. Locally produced inert waste is sent to landfill for disposal. Recycle waste is taken to the recycling plant at the Allington Quarry Waste Management Facility in Kent for processing. Poole's Distribution Network Operator for electricity is Scottish and Southern Energy. Drinking and waste water is managed by Wessex Water; groundwater sources in Wiltshire and Dorset provide 80% of drinking water, the rest comes from reservoirs fed by rivers and streams.

text: Waste management

text: and recycling are co-ordinated by Poole Borough Council in partnership with

text: Viridor Waste Management

text: . Locally produced

text: inert waste

text: is sent to

text: landfill

text: for disposal. Recycle waste is taken to the recycling plant at the

entity_name: Allington Quarry Waste Management Facility

text: Allington Quarry Waste Management Facility

text: in Kent for processing. Poole's

text: Distribution Network Operator

text: for electricity is

text: Scottish and Southern Energy

text: Drinking

text: and

text: waste water

text: is managed by

text: Wessex Water

text: groundwater

text: sources in Wiltshire and Dorset provide 80% of drinking water, the rest comes from reservoirs fed by rivers and streams.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: groundwater sources

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: gaseous

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Allington Quarry Waste Management Facility

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: reservoirs fed by rivers and streams.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Drinking and waste water

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Locally produced inert waste is sent to landfill for disposal.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Viridor Waste Management.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: rivers and streams.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: 80% of drinking water,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Viridor Waste Management.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: reservoirs fed by rivers and streams.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Drinking and waste water is managed by Wessex Water;

text: The atmosphere is an example of a non-equilibrium system. Atmospheric thermodynamics focuses on water and its transformations.  Areas of study include the law of energy conservation, the ideal gas law, specific heat capacities, adiabatic processes (in which entropy is conserved), and moist adiabatic processes.   Most of tropospheric gases are treated as ideal gases and water vapor is considered as one of the most important trace components of air.

text: The atmosphere is an example of a non-equilibrium system. Atmospheric thermodynamics focuses on water and its transformations.  Areas of study include the law of energy conservation, the

text: ideal gas law

text: , specific heat capacities, adiabatic processes (in which

text: entropy

text: is conserved), and moist adiabatic processes.   Most of tropospheric gases are treated as ideal gases and

text: water vapor

text: is considered as one of the most important trace components of air.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Atmospheric thermodynamics

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Atmospheric thermodynamics

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: non-equilibrium

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: water vapor

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: atmospheric thermodynamics

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: adiabatic processes

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Atmospheric thermodynamics

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: water vapor

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: a non-equilibrium system.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: adiabatic processes

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: adiabatic processes

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Atmospheric thermodynamics

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Atmospheric thermodynamics

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: non-equilibrium system.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Atmospheric thermodynamics

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Atmospheric thermodynamics

text: Limnoforming (from Greek: limnee, "lake"; Latin: formo, "to shape", as in shaping, fashioning, molding, modeling) is the process of  manipulating the physical or chemical properties of a body of water by introducing organisms which facilitate higher level biological activity, thus impacting the overall ecology of a given body of water, and eventually adjacent ecosystems. 	Limnoforming is a process using living organisms to enhance a habitat's abiotic component, ultimately rendering it more conducive to a higher ecological quality. This could be accomplished by introducing a population of organisms, e.g., invertebrates or microbes, en masse to the substrate of a body of water.  These organisms would then physically and/or chemically alter the underwater environment to furnish a more suitable substrate for a wider range of biological activity; the result being an increased ecological function (e.g., in trophic dynamics), and thus a higher quality ecological state. Ultimately, limnoforming aims to accelerate the rate of ecological succession in distressed aquatic systems (e.g., lower Green Bay, Lake Michigan), so as to produce a biologically complex climax community in a comparatively short amount of time.	The concept of limnoforming originated from the benthic ecology laboratory of Dr. Jerry L. Kaster, School of Freshwater Sciences, University of Wisconsin – Milwaukee. Limnoforming was partially inspired by, and is similar in several aspects to, the concept of terraforming. The two concepts' main similarity is that both aim to accelerate the rate of change occurring in a given environment, in terms of its habitability for a given species or for a number of species, and furthermore, the overall function of its ecology. Instead of creating a habitable ecosystem or biosphere from scratch, limnoforming simply aims to amend degradated Earthly aqueous environments less apt to harboring a high quality ecological community into an environment which does support an ecologically flourishing system. Limnoforming differs from traditional habitat rehabilitation or restoration in that limnoforming is driven by an early sere biological succession process that modifies the physical substrate making it better suited for later seres, whereas rehabilitation/restoration is generally driven by targeting a terminal sere that is poorly adapted at re-forming habitat upon which it depends.	The initial limnoforming study, in Green Bay, Lake Michigan, uses freshwater oligochaetes to re-consolidate highly fluid gyttja substrate (organic black ooze) found extensively in lower Green Bay. The goal is to modify substrate suitability for the mayfly Hexagenia. Historically, this mayfly was found in abundance but the eutrophication of the bay led to their demise in first half of the 20th century.

text: Limnoforming (from Greek: limnee, "lake"; Latin: formo, "to shape", as in shaping, fashioning, molding, modeling) is the process of  manipulating the physical or chemical properties of a body of water by introducing organisms which facilitate higher level biological activity, thus impacting the overall

text: ecology

text: of a given body of water, and eventually adjacent

text: ecosystems

text: . 	Limnoforming is a process using living organisms to enhance a habitat's

text: abiotic component

text: , ultimately rendering it more conducive to a higher ecological quality. This could be accomplished by introducing a population of organisms, e.g.,

text: invertebrates

text: or

text: microbes

text: , en masse to the substrate of a body of water.  These organisms would then physically and/or chemically alter the underwater environment to furnish a more suitable substrate for a wider range of biological activity; the result being an increased ecological function (e.g., in

text: trophic dynamics

text: ), and thus a higher quality ecological state. Ultimately, limnoforming aims to accelerate the rate of ecological succession in distressed aquatic systems (e.g., lower Green Bay, Lake Michigan), so as to produce a biologically complex climax community in a comparatively short amount of time.	The concept of limnoforming originated from the

text: benthic ecology

text: laboratory of Dr. Jerry L. Kaster, School of Freshwater Sciences, University of Wisconsin – Milwaukee. Limnoforming was partially inspired by, and is similar in several aspects to, the concept of

text: terraforming

text: . The two concepts' main similarity is that both aim to accelerate the rate of change occurring in a given environment, in terms of its habitability for a given species or for a number of species, and furthermore, the overall function of its ecology. Instead of creating a habitable ecosystem or biosphere from scratch, limnoforming simply aims to amend degradated Earthly aqueous environments less apt to harboring a high quality ecological community into an environment which does support an ecologically flourishing system. Limnoforming differs from traditional habitat rehabilitation or restoration in that limnoforming is driven by an early

text: sere

text: biological succession process that modifies the physical substrate making it better suited for later seres, whereas rehabilitation/restoration is generally driven by targeting a terminal sere that is poorly adapted at re-forming habitat upon which it depends.	The initial limnoforming study, in

text: Green Bay, Lake Michigan

text: , uses freshwater

text: oligochaetes

text: to re-consolidate highly fluid

text: gyttja

text: substrate (organic black ooze) found extensively in lower Green Bay. The goal is to modify substrate suitability for the

text: mayfly

text: Hexagenia. Historically, this mayfly was found in abundance but the

text: eutrophication

text: of the bay led to their demise in first half of the 20th century.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Limnoforming

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Limnoforming

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Limnoforming

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: This could be accomplished by introducing a population

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: biological succession

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: limnoforming

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: early se

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: trophic dynamics),

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: terraforming.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: limnoforming

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Instead of creating a habitable ecosystem or biosphere from scratch,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: limnoforming aims to accelerate the rate of ecological succession

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: limnoforming

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: early

text: Solar–Hydrogen energy cycle is an energy cycle where a solar powered electrolyzer is used to convert water to hydrogen and oxygen. Hydrogen and oxygen produced thus are stored to be used by a fuel cell to produce electricity when no sunlight is available.

text: Solar–Hydrogen energy cycle is an energy cycle where a

text: solar

text: powered

text: electrolyzer

text: is used to convert water to

text: hydrogen

text: and

text: oxygen

text: . Hydrogen and oxygen produced thus are stored to be used by a

text: fuel cell

text: to produce electricity when no sunlight is available.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: solar powered electrolyzer

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: a solar powered electrolyzer is used to convert water to hydrogen and oxygen.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: hydrogen and oxygen.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Solar–Hydrogen energy cycle

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Solar–Hydrogen energy cycle

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Solar–Hydrogen energy cycle

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Solar–Hydrogen energy cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no sunlight is available.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: electricity when no sunlight is available.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Solar–Hydrogen energy cycle

text: Solar energy technologies come in various forms – solar heating, solar photovoltaics, solar thermal electricity – and can make considerable contributions to solving some of the most urgent problems the world now faces:

text: Solar energy

text: technologies come in various forms –

text: solar heating

text: solar photovoltaics

text: solar thermal electricity

text: – and can make considerable contributions to solving some of the most urgent problems the world now faces:

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: solar energy

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: solar thermal electricity

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: solar energy

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: None of the above choices

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Solar energy

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: thermal electricity

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Solar energy

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: solar heating, solar photovoltaics, solar thermal electricity

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: solar heating, solar photovoltaics,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Solar energy technologies come in various forms – solar heating,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Solar energy technologies

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Solar energy technologies

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Solar energy technologies

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Solar energy technologies

text: Soil is a complex mix of mineral and organic components, produced when rock is weathered and acted on by living organisms.  Most British soils are 2% to 5% organic and 95% to 98% mineral, but soils such as peat may contain up to 50% organic matter.  In the British Isles as far south as the Thames Valley, the soil has been heavily glaciated, which not only ground down the rock but redistributed the resulting matter.  As a result, most British soils date from the last Ice Age and are comparatively young, but in level areas and particularly south of the Thames Valley, there are much older soils.

text: Soil is a complex mix of mineral and organic components, produced when rock is weathered and acted on by living organisms.  Most British soils are 2% to 5% organic and 95% to 98% mineral, but soils such as peat may contain up to 50% organic matter.  In the

text: British Isles

text: as far south as the

text: Thames Valley

text: , the soil has been heavily glaciated, which not only ground down the rock but redistributed the resulting matter.  As a result, most British soils date from the last

text: Ice Age

text: and are comparatively young, but in level areas and particularly south of the Thames Valley, there are much older soils.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: gaseous

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the soil has been heavily glaciated

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: water cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: living organisms.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: glaciated,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Soil is a complex mix of mineral and organic components,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: glaciated,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: glaciated,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: living organisms.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: glaciated,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: level areas

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: glaciated,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: last Ice Age

text: All of Florida's abundant fresh water is the result of precipitation that returns to the atmosphere in a process called evapotranspiration that involves evaporation and transpiration of moisture from plants. As rains fall, most of the water is directed to lakes, streams, and rivers. However, a significant amount of fresh water is held underground but close to the surface in aquifers. A surficial aquifer consisting mostly of clay, shells, and sand is over a confining layer of denser materials. Wells are drilled in the surficial aquifer, which supplies better quality water in areas where the deepest aquifer has a high mineral content. Occasionally the confining layer is fractured to allow breaches of water to percolate down to recharge the layer below. The Floridan Aquifer, underneath the confining layer, underlies the entire state and portions of Georgia, Alabama, and South Carolina. It is particularly accessible in the northern part of Florida, serving as the fresh water source of metropolitan areas from St. Petersburg north to Jacksonville and Tallahassee.

text: All of Florida's abundant fresh water is the result of precipitation that returns to the atmosphere in a process called

text: evapotranspiration

text: that involves evaporation and transpiration of moisture from plants. As rains fall, most of the water is directed to lakes, streams, and rivers. However, a significant amount of fresh water is held underground but close to the surface in

text: aquifers

text: . A

text: surficial aquifer

text: consisting mostly of clay, shells, and sand is over a confining layer of denser materials. Wells are drilled in the surficial aquifer, which supplies better quality water in areas where the deepest aquifer has a high mineral content. Occasionally the confining layer is fractured to allow breaches of water to percolate down to recharge the layer below. The

text: Floridan Aquifer

text: , underneath the confining layer, underlies the entire state and portions of Georgia, Alabama, and South Carolina. It is particularly accessible in the northern part of Florida, serving as the fresh water source of metropolitan areas from

text: St. Petersburg

text: north to Jacksonville and

text: Tallahassee

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: evapotranspiration

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evapotranspiration

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: evapotranspiration

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: evaporation and transpiration of moisture from plants.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: evapotranspiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: evapotranspiration

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: evapotranspiration

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evapotranspiration

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: aquifers.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: evapotranspiration

text: Because of this bloom-and-bust cycle, diatoms are believed to play a disproportionately important role in the export of carbon from oceanic surface waters (see also the biological pump). Significantly, they also play a key role in the regulation of the biogeochemical cycle of silicon in the modern ocean.

text: Because of this bloom-and-bust cycle, diatoms are believed to play a disproportionately important role in the export of carbon from oceanic surface waters (see also the

text: biological pump

text: ). Significantly, they also play a key role in the regulation of the

text: biogeochemical cycle

text: of

text: silicon

text: in the modern ocean.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: biological pump

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: carbon from oceanic surface waters

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: bloom-and-bust cycle,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: bloom-and-bust cycle,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: carbon from oceanic surface waters

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: biological pump).

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: bloom-and-bust cycle,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: bloom-and-bust

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: export of carbon from oceanic surface waters

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: export of carbon from oceanic surface waters

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: carbon from oceanic surface waters

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: carbon from oceanic surface waters

text: The main rivers of the ZEC are: Adam (water coming from the lake Adam), Sault-aux-Cochons (from Lake Sault-aux-Cochons), Laval (from Lake Laval), Isidore (from Lake Isidore, in the North) and "Volant" (steering wheel). "Ruisseau aux Bouleaux" (Creek to Birch) (water coming from "Lac-aux-Bouleaux" (Lake to Birch)) is the main stream of the ZEC.

text: The main rivers of the ZEC are: Adam (water coming from the lake Adam), Sault-aux-Cochons (from Lake Sault-aux-Cochons),

text: Laval

text: (from Lake Laval), Isidore (from Lake Isidore, in the North) and "Volant" (steering wheel). "Ruisseau aux Bouleaux" (Creek to Birch) (water coming from "Lac-aux-Bouleaux" (Lake to Birch)) is the main stream of the ZEC.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: water coming from the lake Adam

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Adam

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: (steering wheel).

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: (water coming from the lake Adam), Sault-aux-Cochons

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: The main rivers of the ZEC

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: (steering wheel).

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: The main rivers of the ZEC

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: ZEC

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: North)

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: The main rivers of the ZEC

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: (water

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The main rivers of the ZEC

text: Steam engines are external combustion engines, where the working fluid is separate from the combustion products. Non-combustion heat sources such as solar power, nuclear power or geothermal energy may be used. The ideal thermodynamic cycle used to analyze this process is called the Rankine cycle. In the cycle, water is heated and transforms into steam within a boiler operating at a high pressure. When expanded through pistons or turbines, mechanical work is done. The reduced-pressure steam is then condensed and pumped back into the boiler.

text: Steam engines are

text: external combustion engine

text: s, where the working fluid is separate from the combustion products. Non-combustion heat sources such as

text: solar power

text: nuclear power

text: or

text: geothermal energy

text: may be used. The ideal thermodynamic cycle used to analyze this process is called the

text: Rankine cycle

text: . In the cycle, water is heated and transforms into steam within a boiler operating at a high pressure. When expanded through pistons or turbines, mechanical work is done. The reduced-pressure steam is then condensed and pumped back into the boiler.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Rankine cycle

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: heat

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Rankine cycle

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: water is heated and transforms into steam

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: steam

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Steam engines are external combustion engines,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Rankine cycle.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Rankine cycle.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Rankine cycle.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Rankine cycle.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Rankine cycle.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Rankine cycle.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Steam engines

text: Modern organic geochemistry includes studies of recent sediments to understand the carbon cycle, climate change, and ocean processes.

text: Modern organic geochemistry includes studies of recent sediments to understand the

text: carbon cycle

text: climate change

text: , and

text: ocean

text: processes.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: isotope

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: a blizzard

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: carbon cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: carbon cycle,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: carbon cycle,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Modern organic geochemistry

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: climate change,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: carbon cycle,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: carbon cycle,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Modern organic geochemistry

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: ocean

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: carbon cycle,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Modern organic geochemistry

text: The distribution of the open-ocean oxygen minimum zones is controlled by the large-scale ocean circulation as well as local physical as well as biological processes. For example, wind blowing parallel to the coast causes Ekman Transport that upwells nutrients from deep water.  The increased nutrients support phytoplankton blooms, zooplankton grazing, and an overall productive food web at the surface.  The byproducts of these blooms and the subsequent grazing sink in the form of particulate and dissolved nutrients (from phytodetritus, dead organisms, fecal pellets, excretions, shed shells, scales, and other parts).  This “rain” of organic matter (see the Biological Pump) feeds the Microbial Loop and may lead to bacterial blooms in water below the euphotic zone due to the influx of nutrients.  Since oxygen is not being produced as a byproduct of photosynthesis below the euphotic zone, these microbes use up what oxygen is in the water as they break down the falling organic matter thus creating the lower oxygen conditions.

text: The distribution of the open-ocean oxygen minimum zones is controlled by the large-scale ocean circulation as well as local physical as well as biological processes. For example, wind blowing parallel to the coast causes

text: Ekman Transport

text: that upwells nutrients from deep water.  The increased nutrients support phytoplankton blooms, zooplankton grazing, and an overall productive

text: food web

text: at the surface.  The byproducts of these blooms and the subsequent grazing sink in the form of

text: particulate

text: and

text: dissolved

text: nutrients (from phytodetritus, dead organisms, fecal pellets, excretions, shed shells, scales, and other parts).  This “rain” of organic matter (see the

text: Biological Pump

text: ) feeds the

text: Microbial Loop

text: and may lead to bacterial blooms in water below the

text: euphotic zone

text: due to the influx of nutrients.  Since oxygen is not being produced as a byproduct of photosynthesis below the euphotic zone, these microbes use up what oxygen is in the water as they break down the falling organic matter thus creating the lower oxygen conditions.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: oxygen minimum zones

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: What are examples of particulate and dissolved nutrients?

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: bacterial blooms

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: photosynthesis

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: oxygen is not being produced

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: What can be stored for future use in snow and ice

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: wind blowing parallel to the coast causes Ekman Transport

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: photosynthesis

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: “rain” of organic matter

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Biological Pump)

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: photosynthesis

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: ocean circulation

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: oxygen is not being produced as a byproduct of photosynthesis

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Ekman Transport that upwells nutrients from deep water.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: wind blowing parallel to the coast causes Ekman Transport

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The distribution of the open-ocean oxygen minimum zones

text: There are more than 352 thermochemical cycles which can be used for water splitting, around a dozen of these cycles such as the iron oxide cycle, cerium(IV) oxide-cerium(III) oxide cycle, zinc zinc-oxide cycle, sulfur-iodine cycle, copper-chlorine cycle and hybrid sulfur cycle are under research and in testing phase to produce hydrogen and oxygen from water and heat without using electricity. These processes can be more efficient than high-temperature electrolysis, typical in the range from 35% - 49% LHV efficiency. Thermochemical production of hydrogen using chemical energy from coal or natural gas is generally not considered, because the direct chemical path is more efficient.

text: There are more than 352 thermochemical cycles which can be used for

text: water splitting

text: , around a dozen of these cycles such as the

text: iron oxide cycle

text: cerium(IV) oxide-cerium(III) oxide cycle

text: zinc zinc-oxide cycle

text: sulfur-iodine cycle

text: copper-chlorine cycle

text: and

text: hybrid sulfur cycle

text: are under research and in testing phase to produce hydrogen and oxygen from water and heat without using electricity. These processes can be more efficient than high-temperature electrolysis, typical in the range from 35% - 49%

text: LHV

text: efficiency. Thermochemical production of hydrogen using chemical energy from coal or natural gas is generally not considered, because the direct chemical path is more efficient.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: water splitting

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the iron oxide cycle

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: iron oxide cycle,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: splitting,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: electricity.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: cerium(IV) oxide-cerium(III) oxide cycle,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: water splitting,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: splitting,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: the direct chemical path is more efficient.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: the direct chemical path is more efficient.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: hydrogen and oxygen from water and heat without using electricity.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: 352 thermochemical cycles which can be used for water splitting,

text: In the Ganges Plain of northern India and Bangladesh severe contamination of groundwater by naturally occurring arsenic affects 25% of water wells in the shallower of two regional aquifers. The pollution occurs because aquifer sediments contain organic matter that generates anaerobic conditions in the aquifer. These conditions result in the microbial dissolution of iron oxides in the sediment and, thus, the release of the arsenic, normally strongly bound to iron oxides, into the water. As a consequence, arsenic-rich groundwater is often iron-rich, although secondary processes often obscure the association of dissolved arsenic and dissolved iron.

text: In the

text: Ganges Plain

text: of

text: northern India

text: and

text: Bangladesh

text: severe

text: contamination of groundwater by naturally occurring arsenic

text: affects 25% of water wells in the shallower of two regional aquifers. The pollution occurs because aquifer sediments contain organic matter that generates

text: anaerobic

text: conditions in the aquifer. These conditions result in the microbial dissolution of

text: iron oxide

text: s in the sediment and, thus, the release of the

text: arsenic

text: , normally strongly bound to iron oxides, into the water. As a consequence, arsenic-rich groundwater is often iron-rich, although secondary processes often obscure the association of dissolved arsenic and dissolved iron.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: microbial dissolution of iron oxides

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: microbial dissolution of iron oxides

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: microbial dissolution of iron oxides

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: arsenic

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: microbial dissolution of iron oxides

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: microbial dissolution of iron oxides

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: anaerobic

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: aquifer sediments contain organic matter

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: aquifer sediments contain organic matter

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Ganges Plain of northern India and Bangladesh severe contamination of groundwater

text: Water on Earth moves continually through the water cycle of evaporation and transpiration (evapotranspiration), condensation, precipitation, and runoff, usually reaching the sea. Evaporation and transpiration contribute to the precipitation over land.   Large amounts of water are also chemically combined or adsorbed in hydrated minerals.

text: Water on Earth moves continually through the

text: water cycle

text: of

text: evaporation

text: and

text: transpiration

text: evapotranspiration

text: condensation

text: precipitation

text: , and

text: runoff

text: , usually reaching the sea. Evaporation and transpiration contribute to the precipitation over land.   Large amounts of water are also chemically combined or

text: adsorbed

text: in

text: hydrated minerals

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: evapotranspiration

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: runoff

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: evapotranspiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: evapotranspiration

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: increases

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: evaporation and transpiration

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: condensation,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: (evapotranspiration),

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: (evapotranspiration),

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: evaporation and transpiration (evapotranspiration),

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation and transpiration (evapotranspiration),

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: hydrated minerals.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Water on Earth moves continually through the water cycle

text: A portion of the creek below the lake is a cold water stream that supports wild rainbow and brown trout populations.

text: A portion of the creek below the lake is a cold water stream that supports wild

text: rainbow

text: and

text: brown trout

text: populations.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: c).

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: it evaporates

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: a cold water stream

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: water cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: cold water stream

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: cold water stream

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: cold water stream

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: cold water stream

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: cold water stream

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: cold water stream

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: cold water stream

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: cold water stream

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: cold water stream

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: cold water stream that supports wild rainbow and brown trout populations.

text: The cycle a-b-c-d-e-f-a which is the Rankine steam cycle takes place at a low temperature and is known as the bottoming cycle. Transfer of heat energy from high temperature exhaust gas to water and steam takes place by a waste heat recovery boiler in the bottoming cycle. During the constant pressure process 4-1 the exhaust gases in the gas turbine reject heat. The feed water, wet and super heated steam absorb some of this heat in the process a-b, b-c and c-d.

text: The cycle a-b-c-d-e-f-a which is the Rankine steam cycle takes place at a low temperature and is known as the bottoming cycle. Transfer of heat energy from high temperature exhaust gas to water and steam takes place by a

text: waste heat recovery

text: boiler in the bottoming cycle. During the constant pressure process 4-1 the exhaust gases in the

text: gas turbine

text: reject heat. The feed water, wet and super heated steam absorb some of this heat in the process a-b, b-c and c-d.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Rankine steam cycle

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: waste heat recovery boiler

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: steam

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: wet

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: The feed water, wet and super heated steam

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Rankine steam cycle

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Rankine steam cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: water,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Transfer of heat energy from high temperature exhaust gas to water

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: water,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: cycle a-b-c-d-e-f-a

text: Enceladus is a small icy moon, seemingly similar in chemical makeup to comets, with jets or geysers of water erupting from its surface that might be connected to active hydrothermal vents at its subsurface water ocean floor, where the moon's ocean meets the underlying rock, a prime habitat for life. The geysers could provide easy access for sampling the moon's subsurface ocean, and if there is microbial life in it, ice particles from the sea could contain the evidence astrobiologists need to identify them. An organic-rich world, Titan has a methane cycle comparable in atmospheric and geological processes to Earth's water cycle.

text: Enceladus

text: is a small icy moon, seemingly similar in chemical makeup to

text: comet

text: s, with jets or

text: geyser

text: s of water erupting from its surface that might be connected to active

text: hydrothermal vent

text: s at its subsurface water ocean floor, where the moon's ocean meets the underlying rock, a prime habitat for

text: life

text: . The geysers could provide easy access for sampling the moon's subsurface ocean, and if there is

text: microbial life

text: in it, ice particles from the sea could contain the evidence astrobiologists need to identify them. An

text: organic

text: -rich world,

text: Titan

text: has a

text: methane

text: cycle comparable in atmospheric and geological processes to Earth's water cycle.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: methane cycle

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: geysers

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: water cycle

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Earth's

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: methane cycle

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: methane cycle

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: methane

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: atmospheric and geological processes to Earth's water cycle.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: jets or geysers

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: water cycle.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: methane cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: organic-rich

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Earth's water cycle.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Enceladus

text: The joint project, initiated in 2005 and still in the experimental stage, developed a prototype carbon dioxide ()-free engine in 2006 that ran successfully without the need for fossil fuels. The chemical reaction between magnesium (in a powder form) and water at room temperature produces high-energy steam and hydrogen. The hydrogen is burned at the same time to produce additional high-energy steam.  These two steam sources power the engine.  The energy cycle produces no carbon dioxide or other harmful emissions. The only by-products of this reaction are water and magnesium oxide. The magnesium (a common metallic element) is separated from the oxygen through a solar-powered laser process (the development of which is already well advanced) and is reused over and over again as fuel.

text: The joint project, initiated in 2005 and still in the experimental stage, developed a prototype

text: carbon dioxide

text: ()-free engine in 2006 that ran successfully without the need for

text: fossil fuel

text: s. The chemical reaction between magnesium (in a powder form) and water at room temperature produces high-energy

text: steam

text: and

text: hydrogen

text: . The hydrogen is burned at the same time to produce additional high-energy steam.  These two steam sources

text: power

text: the engine.  The energy cycle produces no carbon dioxide or other harmful

text: emissions

text: . The only by-products of this reaction are water and

text: magnesium oxide

text: . The magnesium (a common metallic element) is separated from the oxygen through a solar-powered laser process (the development of which is already well advanced) and is reused over and over again as fuel.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: magnesium (in a powder form) and water

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: magnesium oxide.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: steam and hydrogen.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: fossil fuels.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: solar-powered laser process

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: emissions.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: magnesium oxide.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: fossil fuels.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: fossil fuels.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: water

text: Ultraviolet vision is sometimes used during only part of the life cycle of a fish. For example, juvenile brown trout live in shallow water where they use ultraviolet vision to enhance their ability to detect zooplankton. As they get older, they move to deeper waters where there is little ultraviolet light.

text: Ultraviolet vision is sometimes used during only part of the life cycle of a fish. For example, juvenile

text: brown trout

text: live in shallow water where they use ultraviolet vision to enhance their ability to detect

text: zooplankton

text: . As they get older, they move to deeper waters where there is little ultraviolet light.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: a fish using ultraviolet vision

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: ultraviolet light.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: deeper waters

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Ultraviolet vision

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: juvenile brown trout live in shallow water

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Ultraviolet vision

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: life cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Ultraviolet vision

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Ultraviolet vision

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Ultraviolet vision

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Ultraviolet vision

text: Being an element, mercury cannot be broken down or degraded into harmless substances. Mercury may change between different states and species in its cycle, but its simplest form is elemental mercury, which itself is harmful to humans and the environment. Once mercury has been liberated from either ores or from fossil fuel and mineral deposits hidden in the earth’s crust and released into the biosphere, it can be highly mobile, cycling between the earth’s surface and the atmosphere. The earth’s surface soils, water bodies and bottom sediments are thought to be the primary biospheric sinks for mercury.

text: Being an element, mercury cannot be broken down or degraded into harmless substances. Mercury may change between different states and species in its cycle, but its simplest form is elemental mercury, which itself is harmful to humans and the environment. Once mercury has been liberated from either ores or from fossil fuel and mineral deposits hidden in the earth’s crust and released into the biosphere, it can be highly mobile, cycling between the earth’s surface and the atmosphere. The earth’s surface soils, water bodies and bottom sediments are thought to be the primary biospheric sinks for mercury.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: mercury

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: mercury is released

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: The earth’s surface soils, water bodies and bottom sediments

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: mercury cannot be broken down or degraded into harmless substances.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: mercury cannot be broken down or degraded into harmless substances.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: fossil fuel

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: mercury cannot be broken down or degraded into harmless substances.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: cycling between the earth’s surface and the atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: mercury cannot be broken down or degraded into harmless substances.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: mercury

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: bottom sediments

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: mercury

text: Water cycle management relates to all planning, strategy development, operational and tactical decisions to optimize the water cycle to satisfy human or environmental objectives.

text: Water cycle management relates to all planning, strategy development, operational and tactical decisions to optimize the

text: water cycle

text: to satisfy human or environmental objectives.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: management

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: ice melting

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: water cycle management

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: water cycle management

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: human or environmental objectives.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: water cycle

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Water cycle management

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Water cycle management

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Water cycle management

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Water cycle management

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Water cycle management

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: water cycle

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Water cycle management

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Water cycle management

text: RCW consists of the twigs and branches of trees and woody shrubs, preferably deciduous, including small limbs up to 7 cm. (2 in.) in diameter. It is processed into small pieces by chipping, and the resulting product has a relatively high ratio of cambium to cellulose compared to other chipped wood products. Thus, it is higher in nutrients and is an effective promoter of the growth of soil fungi and of soil-building in general. The goal is to develop an airy and spongy soil that holds an ideal amount of water and resists evaporation and compaction, while containing a long-term source of fertility. It can effectively serve as a panacea for depleted and eroded soils.

text: RCW consists of the twigs and branches of

text: tree

text: s and woody

text: shrub

text: s, preferably

text: deciduous

text: , including small limbs up to 7 cm. (2 in.) in diameter. It is processed into small pieces by

text: chipping

text: , and the resulting product has a relatively high ratio of

text: cambium

text: to

text: cellulose

text: compared to other chipped wood products. Thus, it is higher in nutrients and is an effective promoter of the growth of soil

text: fungi

text: and of

text: soil-building

text: in general. The goal is to develop an airy and spongy soil that holds an ideal amount of water and resists evaporation and compaction, while containing a long-term source of fertility. It can effectively serve as a panacea for depleted and eroded soils.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: resists evaporation

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: evaporation and compaction,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: evaporation and compaction,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: airy and spongy soil that holds an ideal amount of water

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: airy and spongy soil that holds an ideal amount of water

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: water

text: In the petroleum industry cycle oil is an unwanted liquid residue produced when using catalytic cracking to convert heavy hydrocarbon fractions from earlier stages of refining into more valuable lighter products. Catalytic cracking produces petrol (gasoline), liquid petroleum gas (LPG), unsaturated olefin compounds, cracked gas oils, cycle oil, light gases and a solid coke residue. Cycle oil may be processed further to break it down into more useful products; in particular it may be mixed with heavier products and put through the refining process again (recycled).

text: In the

text: petroleum industry

text: cycle oil is an unwanted liquid

text: residue

text: produced when using

text: catalytic cracking

text: to convert heavy

text: hydrocarbon

text: fractions from earlier stages of

text: refining

text: into more valuable lighter products. Catalytic cracking produces

text: petrol

text: (gasoline),

text: liquid petroleum gas

text: (LPG), unsaturated

text: olefin

text: compounds, cracked

text: gas oil

text: s, cycle oil, light gases and a solid

text: coke

text: residue. Cycle oil may be processed further to break it down into more useful products; in particular it may be mixed with heavier products and put through the refining process again (recycled).

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: solid coke residue

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: catalytic cracking

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: catalytic cracking

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: cycle oil

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: cracked gas oils,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: catalytic cracking

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: cycle oil

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: In the petroleum industry cycle oil

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: In the petroleum industry cycle oil

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: solid coke residue.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: In the petroleum industry cycle oil

text: The biosphere is the part of Earth's outer shell – including land, surface rocks, water, air and the atmosphere – within which life occurs, and which biotic processes in turn alter or transform. From the broadest geophysiological point of view, the biosphere is the global ecological system integrating all living beings and their relationships, including their interaction with the elements of the lithosphere (rocks), hydrosphere (water), and atmosphere (air). The entire Earth contains over 75 billion tons (150 trillion pounds or about 6.8×10 kilograms) of biomass (life), which lives within various environments within the biosphere.

text: The

text: biosphere

text: is the part of Earth's outer shell – including land, surface rocks, water, air and the atmosphere – within which life occurs, and which

text: biotic

text: processes in turn alter or transform. From the broadest

text: geophysiological

text: point of view, the biosphere is the global ecological system integrating all living beings and their relationships, including their interaction with the elements of the

text: lithosphere

text: (rocks),

text: hydrosphere

text: (water), and

text: atmosphere

text: (air). The entire Earth contains over 75 billion tons (150 trillion pounds or about 6.8×10 kilograms) of

text: biomass

text: (life), which lives within various environments within the biosphere.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: hydrosphere

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: hydrosphere

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: air

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: hydrosphere

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrosphere

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: lithosphere

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: hydrosphere

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: hydrosphere

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: atmosphere

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: (water),

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: hydrosphere

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrosphere

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: (water),

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: (water),

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: hydrosphere

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The biosphere

text: IESP is thematically focused on advances in Earth system science. In this context the Earth system is considered as the sum of the planet´s interacting physical, chemical, biotic and societal processes. The atmosphere, hydroshere and cryosphere are parts of the Earth system as well as the grand natural cycles (carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, phosphorus cycle and sulfur cycle) including the water cycle. All living organisms, humans included, and their activities are also an integral part of the Earth system. The growing human population is changing the interaction of the system´s components and dynamics. Therefore, one of the most important questions to be addressed by the members of IESP is how to maintain the resilience of the Earth system with respect to the grand living conditions on our planet. Answers presented to decision makers of economic and political institutions and to the general public are extracted from the discurse during workshops following the Dahlem Konferenzen concept (http:// www.fu-berlin.de/sites/dahlemkonferenzen/index.html),

text: IESP is thematically focused on advances in Earth system science. In this context the Earth system is considered as the sum of the planet´s interacting physical, chemical, biotic and societal processes. The atmosphere, hydroshere and cryosphere are parts of the Earth system as well as the grand natural cycles (

text: carbon cycle

text: nitrogen cycle

text: phosphorus cycle

text: and

text: sulfur cycle

text: ) including the

text: water cycle

text: . All living organisms, humans included, and their activities are also an integral part of the Earth system. The growing human population is changing the interaction of the system´s components and dynamics. Therefore, one of the most important questions to be addressed by the members of IESP is how to maintain the resilience of the Earth system with respect to the grand living conditions on our planet. Answers presented to decision makers of economic and political institutions and to the general public are extracted from the discurse during workshops following the Dahlem Konferenzen concept (http:// www.fu-berlin.de/sites/dahlemkonferenzen/index.html),

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: carbon cycle

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: the water cycle

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water cycle

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: cryosphere

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: water cycle

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: grand natural cycles

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: the water cycle

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: human diverted water to suit their own needs

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: (carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, phosphorus cycle and sulfur cycle)

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: water cycle.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water cycle.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: (carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, phosphorus cycle and sulfur cycle)

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: water cycle.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: grand natural cycles

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: water cycle.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: The growing human population

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: water cycle.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: water cycle.

text: Aircraft maintenance operations at Pease AFB generated hazardous waste, including spent degreasers, solvents, paint strippers, jet fuels, and others, which contaminated soils and groundwater. Environmental investigations began in 1983 under the Air Force "Restoration Installation Program". In 1990, Pease AFB was placed on the National Priorities List of Superfund sites. The site's contamination is addressed in twelve long-term remedial phases, mainly soil excavation and disposal, vertical containment walls installed in the subsurface and groundwater extraction wells, soil vapor extraction and air sparging to treat petroleum and solvent contamination, and where groundwater extraction and treatment efforts are uncertain (zone 3) improvement thereof and wellhead preparing treatment capability for the Haven water supply well. At two sites a permeable reactive barrier was installed to intercept and destroy the groundwater contamination (sites 49 and 73). The groundwater is monitored long term and its use is restricted.

text: Aircraft maintenance operations at Pease AFB generated

text: hazardous waste

text: , including spent degreasers, solvents, paint strippers, jet fuels, and others, which

text: contaminated soils

text: and groundwater. Environmental investigations began in 1983 under the Air Force "Restoration Installation Program". In 1990, Pease AFB was placed on the

text: National Priorities List

text: of

text: Superfund

text: sites. The site's contamination is addressed in twelve long-term remedial phases, mainly soil excavation and disposal, vertical containment walls installed in the subsurface and groundwater extraction wells,

text: soil vapor extraction

text: and

text: air sparging

text: to treat petroleum and solvent contamination, and where groundwater extraction and treatment efforts are uncertain (zone 3) improvement thereof and wellhead preparing treatment capability for the Haven water supply well. At two sites a

text: permeable reactive barrier

text: was installed to intercept and destroy the groundwater contamination (sites 49 and 73). The groundwater is monitored long term and its use is restricted.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: soil vapor extraction

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: vapor

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: air

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: soil vapor extraction and air sparging

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: air sparging

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: The groundwater is monitored long term and its use is restricted.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Aircraft maintenance operations at Pease AFB generated hazardous waste,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: The groundwater is monitored long term and its use is restricted.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: groundwater.

text: Stars, planets, and moons keep their atmospheres by gravitational attraction, and as such, atmospheres have no clearly delineated boundary: the density of atmospheric gas simply decreases with distance from the object. The Earth's atmospheric pressure drops to about  at  of altitude, the Kármán line, which is a common definition of the boundary with outer space. Beyond this line, isotropic gas pressure rapidly becomes insignificant when compared to radiation pressure from the Sun and the dynamic pressure of the solar winds, so the definition of pressure becomes difficult to interpret. The thermosphere in this range has large gradients of pressure, temperature and composition, and varies greatly due to space weather. Astrophysicists prefer to use number density to describe these environments, in units of particles per cubic centimetre.

text: Stars, planets, and moons keep their

text: atmosphere

text: s by gravitational attraction, and as such, atmospheres have no clearly delineated boundary: the density of atmospheric gas simply decreases with distance from the object. The Earth's atmospheric pressure drops to about  at  of altitude, the

text: Kármán line

text: , which is a common definition of the boundary with outer space. Beyond this line, isotropic gas pressure rapidly becomes insignificant when compared to

text: radiation pressure

text: from the

text: Sun

text: and the

text: dynamic pressure

text: of the

text: solar wind

text: s, so the definition of pressure becomes difficult to interpret. The

text: thermosphere

text: in this range has large gradients of pressure, temperature and composition, and varies greatly due to

text: space weather

text: . Astrophysicists prefer to use

text: number density

text: to describe these environments, in units of particles per cubic centimetre.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: space weather

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the Kármán line

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: density of atmospheric gas

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: gravitational attraction,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: the density of atmospheric gas simply decreases with distance from the object.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: space weather.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Kármán line,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: gravitational attraction,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Kármán line,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: atmospheres have no clearly delineated boundary:

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: gravitational attraction,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: the density of atmospheric gas

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Stars, planets, and moons

text: The field of ecohydrology is concerned with the interaction between ecosystems and water cycling, from measuring the small scale drainage of water into soil to tracking the broad movements of water evaporating off from trees. Because deuterium acts as a conservative tracer, it works well for tracking water movement through plants and ecosystems. Although water movement in single-process phenomena such as evaporation is relatively simple to track, many systems (e.g. cloud forests) in the environment have multiple sources and tracking water movement becomes more complicated. Isotope spiking can also be done to determine water transport through soil and into plants via injection of deuterated water directly into the ground.

text: The field of

text: ecohydrology

text: is concerned with the interaction between ecosystems and water cycling, from measuring the small scale drainage of

text: water into soil

text: to tracking the broad movements of water evaporating off from trees. Because deuterium acts as a conservative

text: tracer

text: , it works well for tracking water movement through plants and

text: ecosystem

text: s. Although water movement in single-process phenomena such as evaporation is relatively simple to track, many systems (e.g.

text: cloud forest

text: s) in the environment have multiple sources and tracking water movement becomes more complicated. Isotope spiking can also be done to determine water transport through soil and into plants via injection of

text: deuterated water

text: directly into the ground.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: deuterium acts as a conservative tracer

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: cloud forests

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: ecohydrology

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: deuterium acts as a conservative tracer,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water cycling,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: cloud forests)

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: ecohydrology

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: drainage

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: deuterium acts as a conservative tracer,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: cloud forests)

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The field of ecohydrology

text: Driven by advances in technology and increases in manufacturing scale and sophistication, the cost of photovoltaics has declined steadily since the first solar cells were manufactured, and the levelised cost of electricity (LCOE) from PV is competitive with conventional electricity sources in an expanding list of geographic regions. Net metering and financial incentives, such as preferential feed-in tariffs for solar-generated electricity, have supported solar PV installations in many countries. The Energy Payback Time (EPBT), also known as energy amortization, depends on the location's annual solar insolation and temperature profile, as well as on the used type of PV-technology. For conventional crystalline silicon photovoltaics, the EPBT is higher than for thin-film technologies such as CdTe-PV or CPV-systems. Moreover, the payback time decreased in the recent years due to a number of improvements such as solar cell efficiency and more economic manufacturing processes. As of 2014, photovoltaics recoup on average the energy needed to manufacture them in 0.7 to 2 years. This results in about 95% of net-clean energy produced by a solar rooftop PV system over a 30-year life-time.

text: Driven by advances in technology and increases in manufacturing scale and sophistication, the cost of photovoltaics has declined steadily since the first solar cells were manufactured, and the levelised cost of electricity (

text: LCOE

text: ) from PV is competitive with conventional electricity sources in an expanding list of geographic regions.

text: Net metering

text: and financial incentives, such as preferential

text: feed-in tariff

text: s for solar-generated electricity, have supported solar PV installations in many countries. The

text: Energy Payback Time

text: (EPBT), also known as energy amortization, depends on the location's annual solar

text: insolation

text: and temperature profile, as well as on the used type of PV-technology. For conventional

text: crystalline silicon

text: photovoltaics, the EPBT is higher than for

text: thin-film technologies

text: such as

text: CdTe-PV

text: or

text: CPV

text: -systems. Moreover, the payback time decreased in the recent years due to a number of improvements such as

text: solar cell efficiency

text: and more economic manufacturing processes. As of 2014, photovoltaics recoup on average the energy needed to manufacture them in 0.7 to 2 years. This results in about 95% of net-clean energy produced by a solar rooftop PV system over a 30-year life-time.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: crystalline silicon photovoltaics

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: solar insolation and temperature profile,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: temperature profile,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: solar insolation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Energy Payback Time

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: energy amortization, depends on the location's annual solar insolation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: energy amortization,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: solar insolation

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Energy Payback Time

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Energy Payback Time

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: the cost of photovoltaics

text: The way the system works can start by using the Fe/FeO redox reaction, then the hydrogen created during the oxidation of iron can be consumed by a fuel cell in conjunction with oxygen from the air to create electricity. When electricity must be stored, hydrogen generated from water by operating the fuel cell in reverse is consumed during the reduction of the iron oxide to metallic iron. The combination of both of this cycles is what makes the system operate as an iron-air rechargeable battery.

text: The way the system works can start by using the Fe/FeO redox reaction, then the hydrogen created during the oxidation of iron can be consumed by a fuel cell in conjunction with oxygen from the air to create electricity. When electricity must be stored, hydrogen generated from water by operating the fuel cell in reverse is consumed during the reduction of the iron oxide to metallic iron. The combination of both of this cycles is what makes the system operate as an iron-air rechargeable battery.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: iron-air rechargeable battery

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Fe/FeO redox reaction,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: the hydrogen created during the oxidation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: oxygen from the air

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: reduction of the iron oxide to metallic iron.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: oxygen

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Fe/FeO redox reaction,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Fe/FeO redox reaction,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: hydrogen generated from water

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: water

text: The shape of the cone of depression also can be affected when the cone intersects a source of water, such as a lake or stream. In such cases, water from the lake or stream supplies water to the cone of depression and therefore the cone will not expand as far in this direction. Conversely, if the cone of depression contacts a barrier, such as massive bedrock ridge, a clay body, or the edge of the aquifer, the cone of depression will decline to greater depths in order to supply water to the well.

text: The shape of the cone of depression also can be affected when the cone intersects a source of water, such as a

text: lake

text: or

text: stream

text: . In such cases, water from the lake or stream supplies water to the cone of depression and therefore the cone will not expand as far in this direction. Conversely, if the cone of depression contacts a barrier, such as massive

text: bedrock

text: ridge, a

text: clay

text: body, or the edge of the aquifer, the cone of depression will decline to greater depths in order to supply water to the well.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: if the cone of depression contacts a barrier

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: water from the lake or stream supplies water to the cone of depression

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: lake or stream.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the cone of depression will decline to greater depths

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: expand as far in this direction.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: cone of depression

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: water,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: the cone will not expand as far in this direction.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: lake or stream.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: a lake or stream.

text: It lies at the southern edge of the rugged Waterberg Massif, which is a biosphere that contains considerable biodiversity, including numerous large mammals (e.g. Giraffe, White Rhino, Blue Wildebeest).  Waterberg is the first region in the northern part of South Africa to be named as a Biosphere Reserve by  UNESCO.   The extensive rock formation was shaped by hundreds of millions of years of riverine erosion to yield diverse bluff and butte landform.

text: It lies at the southern edge of the rugged

text: Waterberg Massif

text: , which is a

text: biosphere

text: that contains considerable

text: biodiversity

text: , including numerous large

text: mammal

text: s (e.g.

text: Giraffe

text: White Rhino

text: Blue Wildebeest

text: ).  Waterberg is the first region in the northern part of South Africa to be named as a

text: Biosphere Reserve

text: by

text: UNESCO

text: .   The extensive rock formation was shaped by hundreds of millions of years of riverine erosion to yield diverse bluff and

text: butte

text: landform

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices are true

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Waterberg Massif

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: do not grow

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: riverine

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: riverine erosion

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: erosion

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: biodiversity,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: riverine erosion

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: riverine erosion

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: riverine erosion

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Waterberg Massif,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: biodiversity,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Waterberg Massif,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Waterberg Massif,

text: Ward Cove is a bay in the U.S. state of Alaska. It is situated about  to the westward of Ketchikan off the western coast of Revillagigedo Island within the Alexander Archipelago. The town of Ward Cove (also Wacker, Wacker City, or Wards Cove) is located on the waterway. It is a small bay on the northern shore of Tongass Narrows. Ward Cove Stream empties into the head of the cove, and is the outlet to a chain of lakes. It flows in a fairly straight course in a southerly direction over rocky bottom, with a rapid current throughout its length, between high bluff banks well wooded. Tide water extends a short distance within the mouth. The stream water is fairly clear. It is about  long, and  below the lake, has a width of  and a depth of , and a 3-knot current.

text: Ward Cove is a

text: bay

text: in the

text: U.S. state

text: of

text: Alaska

text: . It is situated about  to the westward of

text: Ketchikan

text: off the western coast of

text: Revillagigedo Island

text: within the

text: Alexander Archipelago

text: . The town of

text: Ward Cove

text: (also Wacker, Wacker City, or Wards Cove) is located on the waterway. It is a small bay on the northern shore of

text: Tongass Narrows

text: . Ward Cove Stream empties into the head of the cove, and is the outlet to a chain of lakes. It flows in a fairly straight course in a southerly direction over rocky bottom, with a rapid current throughout its length, between high bluff banks well wooded. Tide water extends a short distance within the mouth. The stream water is fairly clear. It is about  long, and  below the lake, has a width of  and a depth of , and a 3-knot current.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: a 3-knot current

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices .

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Ward Cove Stream

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Tide

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: It is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: rapid current throughout its length,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Tide water

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Tide water

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Tide water extends a short distance within the mouth.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Tide water

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Tide water

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Tide water

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Tide water

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Tide water

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Alexander Archipelago.

text: Three-quarters of the pineapples sold in Europe are grown in Costa Rica, where pineapple production is highly industrialised. Growers typically use  of pesticides per hectare in each growing cycle, a process that may affect soil quality and biodiversity. The pesticides – organophosphates, organochlorines, and hormone disruptors – have the potential to affect workers' health and can contaminate local drinking water supplies. Many of these chemicals have potential to be carcinogens, and may be related to birth defects.

text: Three-quarters of the pineapples sold in Europe are grown in Costa Rica, where pineapple production is highly industrialised. Growers typically use  of

text: pesticides

text: per hectare in each growing cycle, a process that may affect soil quality and biodiversity. The pesticides –

text: organophosphates

text: organochlorines

text: , and

text: hormone disruptors

text: – have the potential to affect workers' health and can contaminate local drinking water supplies. Many of these chemicals have potential to be

text: carcinogen

text: s, and may be related to

text: birth defects

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: contaminate local drinking water supplies

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: dew

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: pesticides

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: contaminate local drinking water supplies.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: pesticides

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: hormone disruptors

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: pesticides per hectare in each growing cycle,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: growing cycle,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: pesticides

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: pesticides

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: contaminate local drinking water supplies.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The pesticides

text: The Atlantic ocean and the Arctic ocean are good examples of active, growing oceanic basins, whereas the Mediterranean Sea is shrinking. The Pacific Ocean is also an active, shrinking oceanic basin, even though it has both spreading ridge and oceanic trenches. Perhaps the best example of an inactive oceanic basin is the Gulf of Mexico, which formed in Jurassic times and has been doing nothing but collecting sediments since then.  The Aleutian Basin is another example of a relatively inactive oceanic basin. The Japan Basin in the Sea of Japan which formed in the Miocene, is still tectonically active although recent changes have been relatively mild.

text: The

text: Atlantic ocean

text: and the

text: Arctic ocean

text: are good examples of active, growing oceanic basins, whereas the

text: Mediterranean Sea

text: is shrinking. The

text: Pacific Ocean

text: is also an active, shrinking oceanic basin, even though it has both spreading ridge and oceanic trenches. Perhaps the best example of an inactive oceanic basin is the

text: Gulf of Mexico

text: , which formed in

text: Jurassic

text: times and has been doing nothing but collecting sediments since then.  The

text: Aleutian Basin

text: is another example of a relatively inactive oceanic basin. The Japan Basin in the

text: Sea of Japan

text: which formed in the

text: Miocene

text: , is still tectonically active although recent changes have been relatively mild.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: oceanic trenches

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: The Mediterranean Sea is shrinking

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: oceanic basins shrink

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: spreading ridge and oceanic trenches.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: growing oceanic basins, whereas the Mediterranean Sea is shrinking.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: inactive oceanic basin

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Gulf of Mexico,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: spreading ridge and oceanic trenches.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: oceanic basins,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: inactive oceanic basin is the Gulf of Mexico,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: growing oceanic basins,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: active, growing oceanic basins,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: active, growing oceanic basins,

text: The ozone–oxygen cycle is the process by which ozone is continually regenerated in Earth's stratosphere, converting ultraviolet radiation (UV) into heat. In 1930 Sydney Chapman resolved the chemistry involved. The process is commonly called the Chapman cycle by atmospheric scientists.

text: The ozone–oxygen cycle is the process by which

text: ozone

text: is continually regenerated in

text: Earth

text: 's

text: stratosphere

text: , converting

text: ultraviolet radiation

text: (UV) into

text: heat

text: . In 1930

text: Sydney Chapman

text: resolved the

text: chemistry

text: involved. The process is commonly called the Chapman cycle by atmospheric scientists.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: ultraviolet radiation (UV) into heat

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: None of the above choices are true

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: converting ultraviolet radiation (UV) into heat.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: The ozone–oxygen cycle

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: The ozone–oxygen cycle

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: converting ultraviolet radiation (UV) into heat.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: ozone–oxygen cycle

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Chapman cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: ozone–oxygen cycle

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: ozone–oxygen cycle

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: ozone–oxygen cycle

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The ozone–oxygen cycle

text: The Roger Revelle Medal is given out annually by the American Geophysical Union to recognize "outstanding accomplishments or contributions toward the understanding of the Earth’s atmospheric processes, including its dynamics, chemistry, and radiation; and toward the role of the atmosphere, atmosphere-ocean coupling, or atmosphere-land coupling in determining the climate, biogeochemical cycles, or other key elements of the climate system".  The award was created in 1991 and named after Roger Revelle.

text: The Roger Revelle Medal is given out annually by the

text: American Geophysical Union

text: to recognize "outstanding accomplishments or contributions toward the understanding of the

text: Earth

text: ’s

text: atmospheric processes

text: , including its

text: dynamics

text: chemistry

text: , and radiation; and toward the role of the

text: atmosphere

text: atmosphere-ocean coupling

text: , or

text: atmosphere-land

text: coupling in determining the

text: climate

text: biogeochemical cycle

text: s, or other key elements of the

text: climate system

text: ".  The award was created in 1991 and named after

text: Roger Revelle

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: radiation

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: biogeochemical

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: atmosphere-ocean coupling, or atmosphere-land coupling

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: radiation;

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: atmospheric processes,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: radiation;

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: radiation;

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: biogeochemical cycles,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Roger Revelle Medal

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: atmosphere-ocean coupling,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: The Roger Revelle Medal

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The Roger Revelle Medal

text: The International Space Station Environmental Control and Life Support System (ECLSS) is a life support system that provides or controls atmospheric pressure, fire detection and suppression, oxygen levels, waste management and water supply. The highest priority for the ECLSS is the ISS atmosphere, but the system also collects, processes, and stores waste and water produced and used by the crew—a process that recycles fluid from the sink, shower, toilet, and condensation from the air. The Elektron system aboard Zvezda and a similar system in Destiny generate oxygen aboard the station.The crew has a backup option in the form of bottled oxygen and Solid Fuel Oxygen Generation (SFOG) canisters.Carbon dioxide is removed from the air by the Russian Vozdukh system in Zvezda, one Carbon Dioxide Removal Assembly (CDRA) located in the U.S. Lab module, and one CDRA in the U.S. Node 3 module. Other by-products of human metabolism, such as methane from the intestines and ammonia from sweat, are removed by activated charcoal filters or by the Trace Contaminant Control System (TCCS).

text: The

text: International Space Station

text: Environmental Control and Life Support System (ECLSS) is a

text: life support system

text: that provides or controls

text: atmospheric pressure

text: , fire detection and suppression, oxygen levels, waste management and water supply. The highest priority for the ECLSS is the ISS atmosphere, but the system also collects, processes, and stores waste and water produced and used by the crew—a process that recycles fluid from the sink, shower, toilet, and condensation from the air. The Elektron system aboard Zvezda and a similar system in Destiny generate oxygen aboard the station.The crew has a backup option in the form of bottled oxygen and

text: Solid Fuel Oxygen Generation

text: (SFOG) canisters.Carbon dioxide is removed from the air by the Russian Vozdukh system in Zvezda, one Carbon Dioxide Removal Assembly (CDRA) located in the U.S. Lab module, and one CDRA in the U.S. Node 3 module. Other by-products of human metabolism, such as methane from the intestines and ammonia from sweat, are removed by

text: activated charcoal

text: filters or by the Trace Contaminant Control System (TCCS).

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: recycles fluid from the sink, shower, toilet, and condensation from the air

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: condensation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: condensation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: water produced and used by the crew

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: condensation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: recycles fluid

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: pressure decreases

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: fluid from the sink, shower, toilet, and condensation from the air.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: condensation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: condensation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: condensation from the air.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: condensation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: recycles fluid

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: The International Space Station Environmental Control and Life Support System

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: pressure,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: condensation from the air.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The International Space Station

text: Task VI was created to provide the solar energy industry, the water sector and electricity sectors, governments, renewable energy organizations and related institutions in general with the most suitable and accurate information on the technical possibilities for effectively applying solar radiation to water processes, replacing the use of conventional energies. The need for development of this specific area of solar energy arises from the serious water problems expected in many areas of the world during the coming decades. With the added prospects of increasing energy costs, it makes good sense to seriously consider the use of solar energy to solve or palliate water problems. Specific technological development will be required for this.

text: Task VI was created to provide the solar energy industry, the water sector and electricity sectors, governments, renewable energy organizations and related institutions in general with the most suitable and accurate information on the technical possibilities for effectively applying solar radiation to water processes, replacing the use of conventional energies. The need for development of this specific area of solar energy arises from the serious water problems expected in many areas of the world during the coming decades. With the added prospects of increasing energy costs, it makes good sense to seriously consider the use of solar energy to solve or palliate water problems. Specific technological development will be required for this.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: solar radiation

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: solar radiation to water processes

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: water processes

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: solar radiation

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: solar radiation to water processes, replacing the use of conventional energies.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: solar radiation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: solar radiation

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: solar radiation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: water processes,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: serious water problems

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: serious water problems

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: water problems

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Task VI

text: |- | colspan=6 style="text-align:left;" |

text: |- | colspan=6 style="text-align:left;" |

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: gaseous

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: sublimation

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: the water cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: water can be stored for future use in snow and ice

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: as far back as the roman empire

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: |- | colspan=6

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: |- | colspan=6

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: |- | colspan=6

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: context: |- | colspan=6

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: |- | colspan=6

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: |- | colspan=6

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: |- | colspan=6

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: |- | colspan=6

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: |- | colspan=6

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: |- | colspan=6

text: Groundwater can be a long-term 'reservoir' of the natural water cycle (with residence times from days to millennia), as opposed to short-term water reservoirs like the atmosphere and fresh surface water (which have residence times from minutes to years). The figure shows how deep groundwater (which is quite distant from the surface recharge) can take a very long time to complete its natural cycle.

text: Groundwater can be a long-term '

text: reservoir

text: ' of the natural water cycle (with residence times from days to millennia), as opposed to short-term water reservoirs like the atmosphere and fresh surface water (which have residence times from minutes to years). The figure shows how deep groundwater (which is quite distant from the surface recharge) can take a very long time to complete its natural cycle.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: a long-term'reservoir'

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: natural

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: natural water cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Groundwater

text: Depending on the mission, a typical rescue crew may include a pilot, co-pilot, flight engineer, aerial gunner and two pararescuemen. These Pararescue Jumpers, or "PJs," are qualified as combat paramedics, scuba divers, parachutists, mountain climbers and survivalists.

text: Depending on the mission, a typical rescue crew may include a pilot, co-pilot, flight engineer, aerial gunner and two pararescuemen. These Pararescue Jumpers, or "PJs," are qualified as combat paramedics, scuba divers, parachutists, mountain climbers and survivalists.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: scuba divers

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: None of the above choices are true

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Depending on the mission, a typical rescue crew

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: aerial gunner and two pararescuemen.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Depending on the mission, a typical rescue crew

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: scuba divers, parachutists, mountain climbers

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: aerial gunner and two pararescuemen.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Pararescue Jumpers,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: two pararescuemen.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Depending on the mission, a typical rescue crew

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: two pararescuemen.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: two pararescuemen.

text: Hwabon Station is a railway station in Gunwi County. It is on Jungang Line.

text: Hwabon Station is a railway station in

text: Gunwi County

text: . It is on

text: Jungang Line

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Hwabon Station is a railway station

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: vaporization

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: train station

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Jungang Line.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Jungang Line.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Hwabon Station is a railway station in Gunwi County.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Hwabon Station

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Hwabon Station is a railway station in Gunwi County.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Hwabon Station is a railway station in Gunwi County.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Hwabon Station is a railway station in Gunwi County.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Hwabon Station is a railway station in Gunwi County.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Hwabon Station is a railway station in Gunwi County.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Hwabon Station is a railway station in Gunwi County.

text: Morisseau-Leroy married Renée in Jacmel, and always said she inspired his poetry.  They had two sons and a daughter.

text: Morisseau-Leroy married Renée in Jacmel, and always said she inspired his poetry.  They had two sons and a daughter.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: vaporization

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Renée inspired his poetry

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: it is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: poetry.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Morisseau-Leroy married Renée in Jacmel,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: poetry.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: poetry.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Morisseau-Leroy married Renée in Jacmel,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: poetry.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Morisseau-Leroy married Renée in Jacmel,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Morisseau-Leroy married Renée in Jacmel,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Morisseau-Leroy married Renée in Jacmel,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Morisseau-Leroy married Renée in Jacmel,

text: Based in Brockville, Ontario, the unit began recruiting in late 1915 in Leeds and Grenville Counties.  After sailing to England in October 1916, the battalion was absorbed into the 2nd, 21st, and 38th Battalions, CEF.  A draft was also supplied to Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry, with the remaining men going to the 6th Reserve Battalion.  The unit officially ceased to exist on February 15, 1918.  The 156th (Leeds and Grenville) Battalion, CEF had two Officer Commanding: Lieut-Col. T. C. D. Bedell (October 17, 1916-March 14, 1917) and Lieut-Col. C. M. R. Graham (March 14, 1917-February 27, 1918).

text: Based in

text: Brockville

text: Ontario

text: , the unit began recruiting in late 1915 in Leeds and Grenville Counties.  After sailing to England in October 1916, the battalion was absorbed into the

entity_name: 2nd Battalion (Eastern Ontario Regiment), CEF

text: , and

text: Battalions, CEF.  A draft was also supplied to

entity_name: Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry

text: Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry

text: , with the remaining men going to the

text: 6th Reserve Battalion

text: .  The unit officially ceased to exist on February 15, 1918.  The 156th (Leeds and Grenville) Battalion, CEF had two Officer Commanding: Lieut-Col. T. C. D. Bedell (October 17, 1916-March 14, 1917) and Lieut-Col. C. M. R. Graham (March 14, 1917-February 27, 1918).

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: What drives the water cycle?

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices are true

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: The unit officially ceased to exist on February 15, 1918

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Leeds and Grenville Counties.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: 1918.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Leeds and Grenville Counties.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: A draft was also supplied to Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: recruiting in late 1915 in Leeds and Grenville Counties.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: 1918.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Leeds and Grenville Counties.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: February 15, 1918.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Leeds and Grenville Counties.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Leeds and Grenville Counties.

text: Nadal entered the Barcelona Open as the top seed for the first time in a tournament that year. Nadal stormed through the tournament losing just one set, and extended his winning streak to 10. He defeated a succession of top-50 players up to the semifinals, including Potito Starace, compatriot Feliciano López and Argentine Juan Ignacio Chela. He then thrashed World No. 85 Denis Gremelmayr, 6–1, 6–0, before winning the trophy by defeating David Ferrer for the second time in two weeks, 6–1, 4–6, 6–1.

text: Nadal entered the

entity_name: 2008 Open Sabadell Atlántico Barcelona – Singles

text: Barcelona Open

text: as the top seed for the first time in a tournament that year. Nadal stormed through the tournament losing just one set, and extended his winning streak to 10. He defeated a succession of top-50 players up to the semifinals, including

text: Potito Starace

text: , compatriot

text: Feliciano López

text: and Argentine

text: Juan Ignacio Chela

text: . He then thrashed World No. 85

text: Denis Gremelmayr

text: , 6–1, 6–0, before winning the trophy by defeating David Ferrer for the second time in two weeks, 6–1, 4–6, 6–1.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: what drives the water cycle

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: vaporization

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices .

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Nadal stormed through the tournament losing just one set

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Nadal

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: 4–6, 6–1.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Nadal

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: 6–1, 4–6, 6–1.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Nadal

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Nadal

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: 10.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Nadal

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: 10.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: 10.

text: In 2015, the Muslim Rashtriya Manch published a book title "Yoga and Islam" on universal appeal and acceptance of Yoga. The Manch expressed its views that 'Yoga' does not have anything to do with religion, further stating that "Namaaz is one sort of Yoga asana". The move was supported by the Union Ministry of Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy (AYUSH) but Hindu groups expressed reservations.

text: In 2015, the Muslim Rashtriya Manch published a book title "Yoga and Islam" on universal appeal and acceptance of Yoga. The Manch expressed its views that 'Yoga' does not have anything to do with religion, further stating that "Namaaz is one sort of Yoga asana". The move was supported by the Union

text: Ministry of Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy

text: (AYUSH) but Hindu groups expressed reservations.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices are possible

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Namaaz

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: "Yoga and Islam" on universal appeal and acceptance of Yoga.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Yoga.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Yoga.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: "Namaaz is one sort of Yoga asana".

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: "Yoga and Islam" on universal appeal and acceptance of Yoga.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Ayurveda,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Hindu groups expressed reservations.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: 2015,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: "Yoga and Islam" on universal appeal and acceptance of Yoga.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: "Yoga and Islam" on universal appeal and acceptance of Yoga.

text: Since the mid-1990s, Robertson has been a selector for Rowing New Zealand.

text: Since the mid-1990s, Robertson has been a selector for

text: Rowing New Zealand

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Robertson being a selector

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Rowing New Zealand.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: mid-1990s,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Rowing New Zealand.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Robertson has been a selector for Rowing New Zealand.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Since the mid-1990s,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Rowing New Zealand.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Rowing New Zealand.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Rowing New Zealand.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Since the mid-1990s,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Rowing New Zealand.

text: Scribe performed at Saarang 2012, the annual cultural festival of Indian Institute of Technology Madras, on the 21st of January 2012, BITotsav 2012, the annual cultural festival of Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra and Synapse 2011, the annual techno-cultural festival of Dhirubhai Ambani Institute of Information and Communication Technology, on 27 February 2011.

text: Scribe performed at

text: Saarang

text: 2012, the annual cultural festival of

text: Indian Institute of Technology Madras

text: , on the 21st of January 2012, BITotsav 2012, the annual cultural festival of

text: Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra

text: and Synapse 2011, the annual techno-cultural festival of

entity_name: Dhirubhai Ambani Institute of Information and Communication Technology

text: Dhirubhai Ambani Institute of Information and Communication Technology

text: , on 27 February 2011.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Saarang 2012

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Dhirubhai Ambani Institute of Information and Communication Technology,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: 21st of January 2012,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: techno-cultural festival

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: BITotsav 2012,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Scribe performed at Saarang 2012,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Scribe performed at Saarang 2012,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: BITotsav 2012,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: 21st of January 2012,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Indian Institute of Technology Madras,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: 21st of January 2012, BITotsav 2012,

text: Alan J. Pakula

text: Alan J. Pakula

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: What drives the water cycle?

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: evaporation of water

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: What is the reason plants can grow in arid regions

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: What is stored in snow and ice?

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Why did humans divert water to suit their needs?

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Alan J. Pakula

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Alan J. Pakula

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Alan J. Pakula

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Alan J. Pakula

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Alan J. Pakula

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Alan J. Pakula

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Alan J. Pakula

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Alan J. Pakula

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Alan J. Pakula

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Alan J. Pakula

text: Creme Eggs are produced by Cadbury UK in the United Kingdom and by Cadbury Adams in Canada. They are sold by Mondelēz International in all markets except the US, where the Hershey Company has the local marketing rights. At the Bournville factory in Birmingham, in the UK, they are manufactured at a rate of 1.5 million per day. The Creme Egg was also previously manufactured in New Zealand but, since 2009, they are imported from the UK.

text: Creme Eggs are produced by

text: Cadbury UK

text: in the

text: United Kingdom

text: and by

text: Cadbury Adams

text: in Canada. They are sold by

text: Mondelēz International

text: in all markets except the US, where the

text: Hershey Company

text: has the local marketing rights. At the

text: Bournville

text: factory in

text: Birmingham

text: , in the UK, they are manufactured at a rate of 1.5 million per day. The Creme Egg was also previously manufactured in

text: New Zealand

text: but, since 2009, they are imported from the UK.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Creme Eggs

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: 1.5 million per day.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: 1.5 million per day.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Creme Eggs

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Creme Eggs

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Creme Eggs are produced by Cadbury UK in the United Kingdom

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Creme Eggs are produced by Cadbury UK in the United Kingdom

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: 1.5 million per day.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Creme Eggs are produced by Cadbury UK in the United Kingdom

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: 1.5 million per day.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: 1.5 million per day.

text: Osch has painted at many art festivals such as the biggest street art festival in Europe, "Upfest" Bristol, "Sand, Sea and Spray" Blackpool, "City of Colors" Birmingham, "Wynwood" Miami US, "Sunscape" Malta, as well as "Stick Together" and "Urban Art Festival" both in Amsterdam.

text: Osch has painted at many art festivals such as the biggest street art festival in Europe, "Upfest" Bristol, "Sand, Sea and Spray" Blackpool, "City of Colors" Birmingham, "Wynwood" Miami US, "Sunscape" Malta, as well as "Stick Together" and "Urban Art Festival" both in Amsterdam.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices .

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: "Upfest" Bristol

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Sea and Spray"

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: "Upfest" Bristol, "Sand, Sea and Spray"

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: art festivals

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: "Sand, Sea and Spray" Blackpool,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Spray"

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Sea and Spray"

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: "Upfest" Bristol, "Sand, Sea and Spray" Blackpool,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Sea and Spray"

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: "Upfest" Bristol, "Sand, Sea and Spray"

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: "Upfest" Bristol, "Sand, Sea and Spray" Blackpool,

text: After hostilities ceased, Nyanza decommissioned at New Orleans, Louisiana on 21 July 1865 and was sold at public auction to Owen Finnegan 12 August 1865.

text: After hostilities ceased, Nyanza decommissioned at

text: New Orleans, Louisiana

text: on 21 July 1865 and was sold at

text: public auction

text: to Owen Finnegan 12 August 1865.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Nyanza decommissioned

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Nyanza decommissioned at New Orleans, Louisiana on 21 July 1865

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Louisiana on 21 July 1865

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Louisiana on 21 July 1865

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: sold at public auction

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: auction

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: 21 July 1865

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Nyanza decommissioned at New Orleans, Louisiana on 21 July 1865

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: 21 July 1865

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Nyanza decommissioned at New Orleans, Louisiana on 21 July 1865

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Nyanza decommissioned at New Orleans, Louisiana on 21 July 1865

text: Returning to Essendon in 1999, Flood became the club's Development and Welfare Coordinator. In 2004 he left Essendon to accept the senior coaching job at Coburg, vacated by Paul Spargo. He was coach for two seasons and then coached the Calder Cannons to the 2007 TAC Cup premiership. In 2008 he was appointed as a development coach at Hawthorn.

text: Returning to Essendon in 1999, Flood became the club's Development and Welfare Coordinator. In 2004 he left Essendon to accept the senior coaching job at

text: Coburg

text: , vacated by

text: Paul Spargo

text: . He was coach for two seasons and then coached the

text: Calder Cannons

text: to the 2007

text: TAC Cup

text: premiership. In 2008 he was appointed as a development coach at

text: Hawthorn

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices are true

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Flood became the club's Development and Welfare Coordinator

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Flood became the club's Development and Welfare Coordinator.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Coburg,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Coburg,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: 2007 TAC Cup premiership.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Coburg,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Welfare Coordinator.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Coburg,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Flood became the club's Development and Welfare Coordinator.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Coburg,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Coburg,

text: The production period was from 8 August through 30 October 1948, with some additional work on 28 December.  The Technicolor process was still relatively new at the time, and required very bright lights which were uncomfortable to work under.  While the film was in production, Fred Astaire won an honorary Academy Award for "his unique artistry and his contributions to the technique of musical pictures," presented to him at the awards ceremony by Ginger Rogers.

text: The production period was from 8 August through 30 October 1948, with some additional work on 28 December.  The Technicolor process was still relatively new at the time, and required very bright lights which were uncomfortable to work under.  While the film was in production, Fred Astaire won an honorary

text: Academy Award

text: for "his unique artistry and his contributions to the technique of musical pictures," presented to him at the awards ceremony by Ginger Rogers.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices are true

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Technicolor

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: bright lights

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Technicolor process

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: The Technicolor process

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Fred Astaire

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: The Technicolor

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Technicolor process

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Ginger Rogers.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: "his unique artistry and his contributions to the technique of musical pictures,"

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: The production period was from 8 August through 30 October 1948,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The production period was from 8 August through 30 October 1948,

text: The game maintains the "shoot-and-take cover" formula of the previous installments. In Rolling Thunder 3, the player progresses through ten levels and three secret areas (including an abandoned version of the original game's first stage) by shooting hostile enemies, replenishing ammo by entering specially marked doors, and dodging or crouching under enemy fire by hiding behind objects such as crates. Unlike Rolling Thunder 2, the game features only a single-player mode.

text: The game maintains the "

text: shoot-and-take cover

text: " formula of the previous installments. In Rolling Thunder 3, the player progresses through ten levels and three secret areas (including an abandoned version of the original game's first stage) by shooting hostile enemies, replenishing ammo by entering specially marked doors, and dodging or crouching under enemy fire by hiding behind objects such as crates. Unlike Rolling Thunder 2, the game features only a single-player mode.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices are mentioned.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: an abandoned version of the original game's first stage

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: shooting hostile enemies, replenishing ammo

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: 3,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: "shoot-and-take cover"

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: hiding behind objects such as crates.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: The game maintains the "shoot-and-take cover"

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: "shoot-and-take cover"

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: 2,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: 3,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: crates.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Rolling Thunder 3,

text: Nikephoros's father, Romanos IV Diogenes, died when he was still a boy.  Although elevated to the rank of co-emperor on his birth, he was banished to a monastery along with his mother after the fall of Romanos.  Alexios I Komnenos took in Nikephoros and his brother Leo and treated them well.

text: Nikephoros's father, Romanos IV Diogenes, died when he was still a boy.  Although elevated to the rank of co-emperor on his birth, he was banished to a monastery along with his mother after the fall of Romanos.  Alexios I Komnenos took in Nikephoros and his brother Leo and treated them well.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: co-emperor on his birth

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Nikephoros's father, Romanos IV Diogenes,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Nikephoros's father, Romanos IV Diogenes,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Nikephoros's father, Romanos IV Diogenes,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: elevated to the rank of co-emperor on his birth,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Nikephoros's father, Romanos IV Diogenes,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Nikephoros's father, Romanos IV Diogenes,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Alexios I Komnenos

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Nikephoros's father, Romanos IV Diogenes,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Nikephoros's father, Romanos IV Diogenes,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Nikephoros's father, Romanos IV Diogenes,

text: In the show Brienne is quite different in personality, being more ready to kill and even taking glee in it, while in the books she has only ever killed in self-defense and doesn't take pleasure in it.

text: In the show Brienne is quite different in personality, being more ready to kill and even taking glee in it, while in the books she has only ever killed in self-defense and doesn't take pleasure in it.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: killing in self-defense

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: self-defense

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: self-defense

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: taking glee in it,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: taking glee in it,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: self-defense

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: self-defense

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: books she has only ever killed in self-defense

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: self-defense

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: books she has only ever killed in self-defense

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: books she has only ever killed in self-defense

text: The Cedar Hill Longhorns compete in the following sports:

text: The Cedar Hill Longhorns compete in the following sports:

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: football

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: water cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: The Cedar Hill Longhorns compete in the following

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: following

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: following

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: sports:

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: The Cedar Hill Longhorns compete in the following

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: following

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: following

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: following

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: following

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The Cedar Hill Longhorns

text: de:Kedrowyru:Кедровый

text: de:Kedrowy

text: ru:Кедровый

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: gaseous

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: sleet

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: sublimation

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: as far back as the roman empire

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: de:Kedrowyru:<unk>едров<unk>

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: едров<unk>

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: едров<unk>

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: <unk>едров<unk>

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: de:Kedrowyru:<unk>едров<unk>

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: <unk>едров<unk>

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: de:Kedrowyru:<unk>едров<unk>

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: едров

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: едров<unk>

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: de:Kedrowyru:<unk>едров<unk>

text: Alys ferch Owain Glyndŵr was one of the daughters of Margaret Hanmer and Owain Glyndŵr, the disinherited prince of the old Welsh royal house of Powys Fadog, who led a major revolt in Wales between 1400 and ca. 1416 against King Henry IV of England.

text: Alys ferch Owain Glyndŵr was one of the daughters of

text: Margaret Hanmer

text: and

text: Owain Glyndŵr

text: , the disinherited prince of the old

text: Welsh

text: royal house of

text: Powys Fadog

text: , who led a major revolt in

text: Wales

text: between 1400 and ca. 1416 against King

text: Henry IV of England

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: a major revolt

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Welsh royal house of Powys Fadog,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: 1416

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Welsh royal house of Powys Fadog,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: led a major revolt in Wales

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Owain Glynd<unk>r,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Welsh royal house of Powys Fadog,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Owain Glynd<unk>r,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: 1416

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Owain Glynd<unk>r,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Owain Glynd<unk>r,

text: The positive impacts of SOM result from a number of complex, interactive edaphic factors; a non-exhaustive list of SOM's effects on soil functioning includes improvements related to soil structure, aggregation, water retention, soil biodiversity, absorption and retention of pollutants, buffering capacity, and the cycling and storage of plant nutrients. SOM increases soil fertility by providing cation exchange sites and acting as reserve of plant nutrients, especially nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S), along with micronutrients, which are slowly released upon SOM mineralization.  As such, there is a significant correlation between SOM content and soil fertility.

text: The positive impacts of SOM result from a number of complex, interactive

text: edaphic

text: factors; a non-exhaustive list of SOM's effects on soil functioning includes improvements related to

text: soil structure

text: , aggregation, water retention, soil

text: biodiversity

text: , absorption and retention of

text: pollutants

text: , buffering capacity, and the

text: cycling

text: and storage of

text: plant nutrients

text: . SOM increases

text: soil fertility

text: by providing

text: cation exchange

text: sites and acting as reserve of

text: plant nutrients

text: , especially

text: nitrogen

text: (N),

text: phosphorus

text: (P), and

text: sulfur

text: (S), along with

text: micronutrients

text: , which are slowly released upon SOM

text: mineralization

text: .  As such, there is a significant correlation between SOM content and soil fertility.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: water retention

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: cation exchange

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water retention

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: slow released upon SOM mineralization

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: water retention

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: water retention,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: cation exchange sites

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water retention,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: absorption and retention of pollutants,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: water retention,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: water retention,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: water retention,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: water retention,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: water retention,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: water retention,

text: He was beatified by Pope Pius XI in 1929.

text: He was

text: beatified

text: by

text: Pope Pius XI

text: in 1929.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: beatification

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: He was beatified by Pope Pius XI

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: 1929.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: beatified by Pope Pius XI

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: beatified by Pope Pius XI

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: beatified by Pope Pius XI

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: beatified by Pope Pius XI

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Pope Pius XI

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: He was beatified by Pope Pius XI

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: He was beatified by Pope Pius XI

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: He was beatified by Pope Pius XI

text: The Bauhaus typeface design is based on Herbert Bayer's 1925 experimental Universal typeface.

text: The Bauhaus

text: typeface

text: design is based on

text: Herbert Bayer

text: 's 1925 experimental Universal typeface.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Bauhaus typeface design

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: it is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: The Bauhaus typeface design is based on Herbert Bayer's

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: 1925

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: The Bauhaus typeface design is based on Herbert Bayer's

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Universal typeface.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: The Bauhaus typeface design is based on Herbert Bayer's

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: The Bauhaus typeface design is based on Herbert Bayer's

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Herbert Bayer's 1925 experimental Universal typeface.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: The Bauhaus typeface design is based on Herbert Bayer's

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: The Bauhaus typeface design is based on Herbert Bayer's

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The Bauhaus typeface design is based on Herbert Bayer's

text: Hot-mix asphalt surface courses are referred to as flexible pavements. The Superpave System was developed in the late 1980s and has offered changes to the design approach, mix design, specifications, and quality testing of materials.

text: Hot-mix

text: asphalt

text: surface courses are referred to as flexible pavements. The Superpave System was developed in the late 1980s and has offered changes to the design approach, mix design, specifications, and quality testing of materials.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: asphalt surface courses

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Hot-mix asphalt

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: The Superpave System was developed in the late 1980s

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: flexible pavements.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Hot-mix asphalt surface courses

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Hot-mix asphalt surface courses are referred to as flexible pavements.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: flexible pavements.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: The Superpave System

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Hot-mix asphalt surface courses are referred to as flexible pavements.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Hot-mix asphalt surface courses are referred to as flexible pavements.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The Superpave System was developed in the late 1980s

text: The main road through the locality is Princes Highway which is lined with shops, including Sylvania Heights Plaza.

text: The main road through the locality is

text: Princes Highway

text: which is lined with shops, including Sylvania Heights Plaza.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: It is raining.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Princes Highway

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: It is possible for water to be stored in snow and ice.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Princes Highway

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Princes Highway

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: The main road through the locality is Princes Highway

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Sylvania Heights Plaza.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Princes Highway

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Princes Highway

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Princes Highway

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Sylvania Heights Plaza.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Princes Highway

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Sylvania Heights Plaza.

text: Edward Lawson (Barto) Bartlett (March 10, 1906 – December 21, 1976) was a West Indian cricketer who played in West Indies'  inaugural Test tour of England in 1928.

text: Edward Lawson (Barto) Bartlett (March 10, 1906 – December 21, 1976) was a

text: West Indian

text: cricketer

text: who played in West Indies'

entity_name: West Indian cricket team in England in 1928

text: inaugural Test tour of England in 1928

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: vaporization

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Barto Bartlett

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Edward Lawson (Barto) Bartlett

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: 1976)

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: 1976)

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Test tour of England in 1928.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Edward Lawson (Barto) Bartlett

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: (Barto) Bartlett

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: (Barto) Bartlett

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: 1976)

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: 1976)

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Edward Lawson (Barto) Bartlett

text: Lisa Murkowski lost Republican nomination and runs as a Republican during her write-in bid.

text: Lisa Murkowski lost Republican nomination and runs as a Republican during her write-in bid.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: vaporization

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: running as a Republican

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Lisa Murkowski lost Republican nomination

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: write-in bid.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: write-in bid.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: write-in bid.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: write-in bid.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: write-in bid.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: write-in bid.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: write-in bid.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: write-in bid.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: write-in bid.

text: Sereno returned to Valladolid and Spain's top flight for the 2012–13 season, still under contract with Porto.

text: Sereno returned to Valladolid and Spain's top flight for the

text: 2012–13 season

text: , still under contract with Porto.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices .

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Sereno returning to Valladolid

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: 2012–13

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: 2012–13

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Spain's top flight for the 2012–13

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Sereno

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: 2012–13

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: 2012–13

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: 2012–13

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: 2012–13

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: 2012–13

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: 2012–13

text: Norrköping Central Station () is a railway station located at Norrköping in  Norrköping Municipality, Sweden. It is located on the Southern Main Line, which runs from Katrineholm to Malmö.

text: Norrköping Central Station () is a

text: railway station

text: located at

text: Norrköping

text: in

text: Norrköping Municipality

text: Sweden

text: . It is located on the

text: Southern Main Line

text: , which runs from

text: Katrineholm

text: to

text: Malmö

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Norrköping Central Station

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices are true

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Norrköping Central Station

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Southern Main Line,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Norrköping Central Station

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Sweden.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Norrköping Central Station

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Norrköping Central Station

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Southern Main Line,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Norrköping Central Station

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Norrköping Central Station

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Sweden.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Norrköping Central Station

text: The CWRM's staff is divided into 4 main branches: a surveying, a planning, a groundwater regulation, and a stream protection and management branch. The survey branch collects hydrologic data. The planning branch is responsible for data analysis and preparing the Hawaii Water Plan. The ground-water regulation branch consists of 4 sections: Enforcement, Ground Water Allocation, Ground Water Infrastructure, and Ground Water Protection. They establish minimum standards for well construction, process water and well permits, and investigate.The stream protection and management branch establishes minimum standards for and processes permits for surface water or instream use.

text: The CWRM's staff is divided into 4 main branches: a surveying, a planning, a groundwater regulation, and a stream protection and management branch. The survey branch collects hydrologic data. The planning branch is responsible for data analysis and preparing the Hawaii Water Plan. The ground-water regulation branch consists of 4 sections: Enforcement, Ground Water Allocation, Ground Water Infrastructure, and Ground Water Protection. They establish minimum standards for well construction, process water and well permits, and investigate.The stream protection and management branch establishes minimum standards for and processes permits for surface water or

text: instream use

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: groundwater regulation

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: groundwater regulation

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrologic

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: hydrologic data.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Hawaii Water Plan.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: hydrologic data.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: well construction,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: stream protection and management branch. The survey branch collects hydrologic data.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrologic

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Ground Water Infrastructure, and Ground Water Protection.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: hydrologic data.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Ground Water Allocation, Ground Water Infrastructure, and Ground Water Protection.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The CWRM's

text: First Prize: Hannah Sun

text: First Prize: Hannah Sun

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: hannah sun

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: wearing a white t-shirt

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: a drought

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: ice is a form of water

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: How did humans divert water to suit their needs?

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Hannah Sun

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Hannah Sun

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Hannah Sun

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Hannah Sun

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Hannah Sun

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Hannah Sun

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Hannah Sun

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Hannah Sun

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Hannah Sun

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Hannah Sun

text: On 20 June 2016, three days before the referendum on membership of the European Union, Warsi said that she could no longer support the Leave campaign because of what she claimed was its xenophobia, and would vote to remain within the EU.  A spokesman for Vote Leave said that they were not aware that Warsi had ever been a supporter.

text: On 20 June 2016, three days before the

entity_name: United Kingdom European Union membership referendum, 2016

text: referendum on membership of the European Union

text: , Warsi said that she could no longer support the Leave campaign because of what she claimed was its

text: xenophobia

text: , and would vote to remain within the EU.  A spokesman for

text: Vote Leave

text: said that they were not aware that Warsi had ever been a supporter.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices .

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: would vote to remain within the EU

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: xenophobia,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: three days before the referendum on membership of the European Union,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: xenophobia,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Warsi said that she could no longer support the Leave campaign

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: xenophobia,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: xenophobia,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: xenophobia, and would vote to remain within the EU.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: xenophobia,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: three days before the referendum on membership of the European Union,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: On 20 June 2016,

text: are expressively equivalent at the level of sentences. This equivalence can be used to prove many of the properties that follow; they are inherited from

text: are expressively equivalent at the level of sentences. This equivalence can be used to prove many of the properties that follow; they are inherited from

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: it drives the water cycle

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: it becomes a gas

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: equivalence

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: the water cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: water trapped in the soil

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: it can be stored

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: sentences.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: sentences.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: expressively equivalent at the level of sentences.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: sentences.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: sentences.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: sentences.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: sentences.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: are expressively equivalent at the level of sentences.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: sentences.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: sentences.

text: Some time later, he meets the drunken millionaire who has just returned from Europe. The Millionaire takes him to the mansion, and after he hears the girl's plight, he gives the Tramp $1,000 to give to the girl for her operation. Unbeknownst to the Millionaire and the Tramp, two burglars were hiding in the house when they entered.  Upon hearing about the cash, they knock out the millionaire and take the rest of his money. The Tramp telephones for the police, but the robbers flee before they arrive, and the butler assumes he stole the money. The Millionaire cannot remember the Tramp or giving him the $1,000. The Tramp narrowly escapes and gives the money to the girl, saying he will be going away for a while. Later, he is arrested in front of the newsboys who taunted him earlier, and he is then jailed.

text: Some time later, he meets the drunken millionaire who has just returned from Europe. The Millionaire takes him to the mansion, and after he hears the girl's plight, he gives the Tramp $1,000 to give to the girl for her operation. Unbeknownst to the Millionaire and the Tramp, two burglars were hiding in the house when they entered.  Upon hearing about the cash, they knock out the millionaire and take the rest of his money. The Tramp telephones for the police, but the robbers flee before they arrive, and the butler assumes he stole the money. The Millionaire cannot remember the Tramp or giving him the $1,000. The Tramp narrowly escapes and gives the money to the girl, saying he will be going away for a while. Later, he is arrested in front of the newsboys who taunted him earlier, and he is then jailed.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: What drives the water cycle?

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: vaporization

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: The Tramp narrowly escapes and gives the money to the girl

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: What is stored in snow and ice

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: operation.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: operation.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Europe.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: The Millionaire cannot remember the Tramp or giving him the $1,000.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Europe.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: operation.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Europe.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Europe.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Europe.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Europe.

text: Several Porsche 356s were stripped down in weight, and were modified in order to have better performance and handling for these races. A few notable examples include the Porsche 356 SL, and the Porsche 356 A Carrera GT.

text: Several Porsche 356s were stripped down in weight, and were modified in order to have better performance and handling for these races. A few notable examples include the Porsche 356 SL, and the Porsche 356 A Carrera GT.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Porsche 356 SL

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: weight,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Porsche 356 SL, and the Porsche 356 A Carrera GT.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Several Porsche 356s were stripped down in weight,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Porsche 356 SL, and the Porsche 356 A Carrera GT.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Several

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Several

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Porsche 356 SL, and the Porsche 356 A Carrera GT.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Several Porsche 356s were stripped down in weight,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Several Porsche 356s were stripped down in weight,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Several

text: The Alien design is credited to Swiss surrealist and artist H. R. Giger, originating in a lithograph titled Necronom IV and refined for the series' first film, Alien. The practical effects for the Alien's head were designed and constructed by Italian special effects designer Carlo Rambaldi. The species' design and life cycle have been extensively augmented, sometimes inconsistently, throughout each film.

text: The Alien design is credited to

text: Swiss

text: surrealist and artist

text: H. R. Giger

text: , originating in a

text: lithograph

text: titled Necronom IV and refined for the series' first film, Alien. The practical effects for the Alien's head were designed and constructed by

text: Italian

text: special effects designer

text: Carlo Rambaldi

text: . The species' design and life cycle have been extensively augmented, sometimes inconsistently, throughout each film.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: The species' design and life cycle

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: life cycle

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Necronom IV

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: augmented,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: inconsistently,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: a lithograph titled Necronom IV

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: life cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Necronom IV

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Necronom IV

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Necronom IV

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Necronom IV

text: The soil in Australia naturally contains salt, having accumulated over thousands of years. This salt may come from prevailing winds carrying ocean salt, the evaporation of inland seas, and from weathered parent rocks. Rainfall absorbs this salt on the surface, and carries it down into the subsoil where it is stored in unsaturated soil profiles, until it is once again mobilised by ground water and rising water tables. When this ground water comes closer to the surface, this salt is also brought up. As the water eventually evaporates, it leaves behind all this concentrated salt, resulting in soil salinity. This can be caused by an imbalance in the hydrological cycle, or by irrigation.

text: The soil in Australia naturally contains salt, having accumulated over thousands of years. This salt may come from prevailing winds carrying ocean salt, the evaporation of inland seas, and from weathered parent rocks. Rainfall absorbs this salt on the surface, and carries it down into the subsoil where it is stored in unsaturated soil profiles, until it is once again mobilised by ground water and rising

text: water table

text: s. When this ground water comes closer to the surface, this salt is also brought up. As the water eventually evaporates, it leaves behind all this concentrated salt, resulting in soil salinity. This can be caused by an imbalance in the

text: hydrological cycle

text: , or by irrigation.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: inland seas

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Evaporation

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrological cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: imbalance in the hydrological cycle, or by irrigation.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporates,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Rainfall

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: inland seas,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: evaporates,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrological

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: irrigation.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: imbalance in the hydrological cycle,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: ground water

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: irrigation.

text: The microsite and rankings closed in March 2002 with the demise of Dreamarena.

text: The microsite and rankings closed in March 2002 with the demise of Dreamarena.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Dreamarena

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: The microsite and rankings closed in March 2002

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: 2002

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: The microsite and rankings closed in March 2002

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: The microsite and rankings closed in March 2002

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: The microsite and rankings closed in March 2002

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: The microsite and rankings closed in March 2002

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: 2002 with the demise of Dreamarena.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: 2002

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: The microsite and rankings closed in March 2002

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The microsite and rankings closed in March 2002

text: Solar radiation is absorbed by the Earth's land surface, oceans – which cover about 71% of the globe – and atmosphere. Warm air containing evaporated water from the oceans rises, causing atmospheric circulation or convection. When the air reaches a high altitude, where the temperature is low, water vapor condenses into clouds, which rain onto the Earth's surface, completing the water cycle. The latent heat of water condensation amplifies convection, producing atmospheric phenomena such as wind, cyclones and anti-cyclones. Sunlight absorbed by the oceans and land masses keeps the surface at an average temperature of 14 °C. By photosynthesis, green plants convert solar energy into chemically stored energy, which produces food, wood and the biomass from which fossil fuels are derived.

text: Solar radiation is absorbed by the Earth's land surface,

text: ocean

text: s – which cover about 71% of the globe – and atmosphere. Warm air containing evaporated water from the oceans rises, causing

text: atmospheric circulation

text: or

text: convection

text: . When the air reaches a high altitude, where the temperature is low, water vapor condenses into clouds, which rain onto the Earth's surface, completing the

text: water cycle

text: . The

text: latent heat

text: of water condensation amplifies convection, producing atmospheric phenomena such as wind,

text: cyclone

text: s and

text: anti-cyclone

text: s. Sunlight absorbed by the oceans and land masses keeps the surface at an average temperature of 14 °C. By

text: photosynthesis

text: , green plants convert solar energy into chemically stored energy, which produces food, wood and the

text: biomass

text: from which fossil fuels are derived.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Warm air containing evaporated water from the oceans rises

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: water vapor

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: when the air reaches a high altitude

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: warm air containing evaporated water from the oceans

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: photosynthesis

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: convection

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Warm air containing evaporated water from the oceans rises,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: water vapor

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water cycle.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Warm air containing evaporated water

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: photosynthesis,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: atmospheric circulation or convection.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: photosynthesis,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: atmospheric circulation or convection.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: clouds,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Warm air containing evaporated water

text: The superficial formations and Mesozoic formations discharge large volumes of groundwater to the sea. Much of this discharge flows through karstic solution channels in the Tamala limestone, a calcareous and siliceous formation deposited in the middle to late Pleistocene (1,500,000-10,000  years  ago). Many karst features of the Tamala Limestone, the result of karst processes and include subterranean drainage through caverns and tunnels, dolines and sinkholes, residual cone hills and circular depressions, limestone pillars and root concretions, can be linked directly to the Nambung River. Caves have evolved in relation to the movement of weakly acidic water groundwater that gradually dissolves calcium carbonate in the limestone, which can be locally redeposited within caves and cavities.

text: The superficial

text: formations

text: and Mesozoic formations discharge large volumes of groundwater to the sea. Much of this discharge flows through karstic solution channels in the

text: Tamala limestone

text: , a calcareous and siliceous formation deposited in the middle to late

text: Pleistocene

text: (1,500,000-10,000  years  ago). Many karst features of the Tamala Limestone, the result of karst processes and include subterranean drainage through caverns and tunnels,

text: dolines

text: and

text: sinkhole

text: s, residual cone hills and circular depressions, limestone pillars and root concretions, can be linked directly to the Nambung River. Caves have evolved in relation to the movement of weakly acidic water groundwater that gradually dissolves calcium carbonate in the limestone, which can be locally redeposited within caves and cavities.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: What drives the water cycle?

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: What kind of precipitation does the Tamala Limestone produce?

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: limestone pillars

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: It can be locally redeposited within caves

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: gradually dissolves calcium carbonate

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: acidic

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: residual cone hills and circular depressions,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: discharge large volumes of groundwater

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: karstic solution channels

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: caves and cavities.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Mesozoic formations discharge large volumes of groundwater

text: Some may use the terms biogeochemical cycle and geochemical cycle interchangeably because both cycles deal with Earth´s reservoirs. However, a biogeochemical cycle refers to the chemical interactions in surface reservoirs such as the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere whereas a geochemical cycle refers to the chemical interactions that exist in crustal and sub crustal reservoirs such as the deep earth and lithosphere.

text: Some may use the terms

text: biogeochemical cycle

text: and geochemical cycle interchangeably because both cycles deal with Earth´s

text: reservoirs

text: . However, a biogeochemical cycle refers to the chemical interactions in surface reservoirs such as the

text: atmosphere

text: hydrosphere

text: lithosphere

text: , and

text: biosphere

text: whereas a geochemical cycle refers to the chemical interactions that exist in crustal and sub crustal reservoirs such as the deep earth and

text: lithosphere

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: biogeochemical

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: hydrosphere

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: hydrosphere

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: lithosphere

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: hydrosphere

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrosphere

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: biogeochemical

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: geochemical cycle

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: chemical interactions

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: hydrosphere,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: biogeochemical cycle

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: deep earth

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: hydrosphere,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: biogeochemical cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: biogeochemical cycle

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: biogeochemical cycle

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: biogeochemical cycle

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Some may use the terms biogeochemical cycle

text: Following the initial accretion of the continents after about 1 billion years, geo-botanist Heinrich Walter and others contend that a non-biological version of the carbon cycle provided a negative temperature feedback. The carbon dioxide in the atmosphere dissolved in liquid water and combined with metal ions derived from silicate weathering to produce carbonates. During ice age periods, this part of the cycle would shut down. Volcanic carbon emissions would then restart a warming cycle due to the greenhouse effect.

text: Following the initial accretion of the

text: continent

text: s after about 1 billion years, geo-botanist Heinrich Walter and others contend that a non-biological version of the

text: carbon cycle

text: provided a

text: negative temperature feedback

text: . The carbon dioxide in the atmosphere dissolved in liquid water and combined with metal ions derived from silicate

text: weathering

text: to produce

text: carbonate

text: s. During

text: ice age

text: periods, this part of the cycle would shut down.

text: Volcanic

text: carbon emissions would then restart a warming cycle due to the

text: greenhouse effect

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: ice age periods

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: greenhouse effect

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: greenhouse effect

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: The carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: ice age periods,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: negative temperature feedback. The carbon dioxide in the atmosphere dissolved in liquid water

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: carbonates.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: greenhouse effect.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: carbon cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: The carbon dioxide in the atmosphere dissolved in liquid water

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: greenhouse effect.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: ice age periods,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: 1 billion years,

text: A new electoral law, known as Italicum, was approved on 4 May 2015.

text: A new

text: electoral law

text: , known as Italicum, was approved on 4 May 2015.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: election law

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: what is stored in snow and ice

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: A new electoral law,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: 4 May 2015.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: A new electoral law,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: A new electoral law,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: A new electoral law,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: A new electoral law, known as Italicum,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: 2015.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: 2015.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: A new electoral law,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: 2015.

text: In the vast majority of canals the flow of water is unidirectional. That is, the "high" side of the canal is always the same. St. Peter's Canal is unusual in that, due to the difference in the timing of the tides between Bras d'Or Lake and the ocean, during part of the tide cycle the Atlantic side is the higher, in other parts of the tide cycle it is the lake side. As a result, the canal requires special "double" gates, the only ones of their kind in North America. The usual canal lock has a gate at each end, each gate consisting of two swinging doors that when closed form a shallow 'V' shape, with the point of the 'V' pointing upstream.  At the St. Peter's Canal lock each gate consists of four swinging doors which form a diamond shape when closed. In actual use the pair of doors which form the upstream pointing 'V' are used. No matter which side has the higher water level, either one pair or the other will be appropriate.

text: In the vast majority of canals the flow of water is unidirectional. That is, the "high" side of the canal is always the same. St. Peter's Canal is unusual in that, due to the difference in the timing of the tides between Bras d'Or Lake and the ocean, during part of the tide cycle the Atlantic side is the higher, in other parts of the tide cycle it is the lake side. As a result, the canal requires special "double" gates, the only ones of their kind in North America. The usual

text: canal lock

text: has a gate at each end, each gate consisting of two swinging doors that when closed form a shallow 'V' shape, with the point of the 'V' pointing upstream.  At the St. Peter's Canal lock each gate consists of four swinging doors which form a diamond shape when closed. In actual use the pair of doors which form the upstream pointing 'V' are used. No matter which side has the higher water level, either one pair or the other will be appropriate.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: the difference in the timing of the tides

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: St. Peter's Canal

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: tide cycle

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: difference in the timing of the tides

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: tide cycle

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: unidirectional.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: diamond shape

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: unidirectional.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: tides

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: unidirectional.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: difference in the timing of the tides

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unidirectional.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: In the vast majority of canals the flow of water is unidirectional.

text: The album received mixed to positive reviews from mainstream critics. Metacritic rated Atmosphere an average score of 62 out of 100 based on 5 reviews, indicating "generally positive reviews".

text: The album received mixed to positive reviews from mainstream critics.

text: Metacritic

text: rated Atmosphere an average score of 62 out of 100 based on 5 reviews, indicating "generally positive reviews".

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices .

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Atmosphere

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: It can be stored for future use in snow and ice.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: The album received mixed to positive reviews from mainstream critics.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Atmosphere

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: "generally positive reviews".

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: The album received mixed to positive reviews from mainstream critics.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Atmosphere

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Atmosphere

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: mixed to positive reviews from mainstream critics.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Atmosphere

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: The album received mixed to positive reviews from mainstream critics.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The album received mixed to positive reviews from mainstream critics.

text: Matryoshkas are used metaphorically, as a design paradigm, known as the "matryoshka principle" or "nested doll principle". It denotes a recognizable relationship of "object-within-similar-object" that appears in the design of many other natural and crafted objects. Examples of this use include the matrioshka brain and the Matroska media-container format.

text: Matryoshkas are used

text: metaphor

text: ically, as a

text: design paradigm

text: , known as the "matryoshka principle" or "nested doll principle". It denotes a recognizable relationship of "object-within-similar-object" that appears in the design of many other natural and crafted objects. Examples of this use include the

text: matrioshka brain

text: and the

text: Matroska

text: media-container format.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: natural and crafted objects

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Matrioshka brain

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: It can be stored in snow and ice.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Matryoshkas

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: "matryoshka principle"

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Matryoshkas

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Matroska media-container format.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: "matryoshka principle" or "nested doll principle".

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: "nested doll principle".

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: "matryoshka principle"

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: "matryoshka principle"

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: "matryoshka principle"

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Matryoshkas

text: Vertical harmonic motion results, producing an impulse that travels the length of the basin at a velocity that depends on the depth of the water. The impulse is reflected back from the end of the basin, generating interference. Repeated reflections produce standing waves with one or more nodes, or points, that experience no vertical motion. The frequency of the oscillation is determined by the size of the basin, its depth and contours, and the water temperature.

text: Vertical harmonic motion results, producing an impulse that travels the length of the basin at a velocity that depends on the depth of the water. The impulse is reflected back from the end of the basin, generating interference. Repeated reflections produce standing waves with one or more nodes, or points, that experience no vertical motion. The frequency of the oscillation is determined by the size of the basin, its depth and contours, and the water temperature.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: vertical harmonic motion

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: standing waves

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Vertical harmonic motion

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Vertical harmonic motion

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Vertical harmonic motion

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: standing waves

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Vertical harmonic motion

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Vertical harmonic motion

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: depth of the water.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Vertical harmonic motion

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Vertical harmonic motion

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Vertical harmonic motion

text: Paul Boghossian raised an objection to the class of Twin-Earth-style arguments for externalism in the form of an argument that aims to show that externalism is incompatible with privileged self-knowledge. Here, privileged self-knowledge is taken to be the idea that one can know the content of one's thoughts without having to investigate the external world (for empirical evidence). Although this type of argument does not directly disprove externalism, it is pressing because of the intuitive plausibility of privileged self-knowledge's existence.

text: Paul Boghossian

text: raised an objection to the class of Twin-Earth-style arguments for externalism in the form of an argument that aims to show that externalism is incompatible with privileged self-knowledge. Here, privileged self-knowledge is taken to be the idea that one can know the content of one's thoughts without having to investigate the external world (for

text: empirical evidence

text: ). Although this type of argument does not directly disprove externalism, it is pressing because of the intuitive plausibility of privileged self-knowledge's existence.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: privileged self-knowledge

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: privileged self-knowledge

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: privileged self-knowledge

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: privileged self-knowledge.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Twin-Earth-style arguments for externalism

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: externalism

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: privileged self-knowledge.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: externalism

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Twin-Earth-style

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: privileged self-knowledge.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Twin-Earth-style

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: privileged self-knowledge.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Paul Boghossian

text: Claire Galligan was an American freestyle swimmer who won 13 AAU championships over distances ranging from 220 yd to 3 miles. In 1916 she became the first female AAU champion, and on September 13, 1917, she set a world record over 500 yd at 7:31.4. She missed the 1916 Olympics due to World War I, and by he 1920 Games she got married, becoming Mrs. Finney, and retired from swimming. In 1970 she was inducted into the International Swimming Hall of Fame.

text: Claire Galligan was an American

text: freestyle swimmer

text: who won 13

text: AAU

text: championships over distances ranging from 220 yd to 3 miles. In 1916 she became the first female AAU champion, and on September 13, 1917, she set a world record over 500 yd at 7:31.4. She missed the 1916 Olympics due to

text: World War I

text: , and by he 1920 Games she got married, becoming Mrs. Finney, and retired from swimming. In 1970 she was inducted into the

text: International Swimming Hall of Fame

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: she missed the 1916 Olympics due to World War I

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: 7:31.4.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: 500 yd at 7:31.4.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Claire Galligan was an American freestyle swimmer

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: she set a world record over 500 yd

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: world record over 500 yd at 7:31.4.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: International Swimming Hall of Fame.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: 7:31.4.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: World War I,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: world record over 500 yd at 7:31.4.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: International Swimming Hall of Fame.

text: “Nutrient cycling refers to the storage, cycling, and maintenance of nutrients by organisms and their associated processes”. The ocean is a vast storage pool for these nutrients, such as carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus. The nutrients are absorbed by the basic organisms of the marine food web and are thus transferred from one organism to the other and from one ecosystem to the other. Nutrients are recycled through the life cycle of organisms as they die and decompose, releasing the nutrients into the neighboring environment. “The service of nutrient cycling eventually impacts all other ecosystem services as all living things require a constant supply of nutrients to survive”.

text: “Nutrient cycling refers to the storage, cycling, and maintenance of nutrients by organisms and their associated processes”. The ocean is a vast storage pool for these nutrients, such as carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus. The nutrients are absorbed by the basic organisms of the marine food web and are thus transferred from one organism to the other and from one ecosystem to the other. Nutrients are recycled through the life cycle of organisms as they die and decompose, releasing the nutrients into the neighboring environment. “The service of nutrient cycling eventually impacts all other ecosystem services as all living things require a constant supply of nutrients to survive”.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: decomposition

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: decompose

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: decomposition

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: decompose,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: “Nutrient cycling

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: they die and decompose,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: “Nutrient cycling

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: “Nutrient cycling

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: “Nutrient cycling

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: “Nutrient cycling

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: The ocean

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: “Nutrient cycling

text: In his final years, he suffered from Parkinson's disease and died at age 89.

text: In his final years, he suffered from

text: Parkinson's disease

text: and died at age 89.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Parkinson's disease

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Parkinson's disease

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Parkinson's disease

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Parkinson's disease

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Parkinson's disease

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Parkinson's disease

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Parkinson's disease

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Parkinson's disease and died at age 89.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Parkinson's disease

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Parkinson's disease and died at age 89.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Parkinson's disease and died at age 89.

text: Dagenham & Redbridge F.C. was formed in 1992 following a merger between two clubs – Dagenham and Redbridge Forest. Both clubs had fallen on hard times due to dwindling attendances. The club can trace back its ancestry to 1881 as Redbridge Forest was an amalgamation of three of the amateur game's most famous clubs, Ilford, Leytonstone and Walthamstow Avenue. Between the clubs they won the FA Trophy once, FA Amateur Cup seven times, Isthmian League 20 times, Athenian League six times, Essex Senior Cup 26 times and London Senior Cup 23 times.

text: Dagenham & Redbridge F.C. was formed in 1992 following a merger between two clubs –

text: Dagenham

text: and

text: Redbridge Forest

text: . Both clubs had fallen on hard times due to dwindling attendances. The club can trace back its ancestry to 1881 as Redbridge Forest was an amalgamation of three of the amateur game's most famous clubs,

text: Ilford

text: Leytonstone

text: and

text: Walthamstow Avenue

text: . Between the clubs they won the

text: FA Trophy

text: once,

text: FA Amateur Cup

text: seven times,

text: Isthmian League

text: 20 times,

text: Athenian League

text: six times,

text: Essex Senior Cup

text: 26 times and

text: London Senior Cup

text: 23 times.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices .

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: FA Amateur Cup seven times

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: dwindling attendances.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: 1992

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: dwindling attendances.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: FA Amateur Cup seven times,

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Dagenham & Redbridge F.C. was formed in 1992

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Isthmian League

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: FA Amateur Cup

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: dwindling attendances.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Dagenham & Redbridge F.C. was formed in 1992

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: 1881

text: Baghdatis' 2005 season began with a first-round loss in the Chennai Open against Nicolas Devilder. In his next tournament, the Australian Open, as a qualifier, Baghdatis defeated then-top-20 player Ivan Ljubičić in the second round and had a straight sets victory over another top-20 player, Tommy Robredo, in the third round, before losing to Roger Federer in the fourth round. Baghdatis suffered an elbow injury right after the Australian Open and was out of the professional tour until late April, when he entered a clay court tournament, the Estoril Open in Portugal. He held two match points in his first-round match against a resurging Juan Carlos Ferrero, but failed to convert them into a win.

text: Baghdatis' 2005 season began with a first-round loss in the

text: Chennai Open

text: against

text: Nicolas Devilder

text: . In his next tournament, the

text: Australian Open

text: , as a qualifier, Baghdatis defeated then-top-20 player

text: Ivan Ljubičić

text: in the second round and had a straight sets victory over another top-20 player,

text: Tommy Robredo

text: , in the third round, before losing to

text: Roger Federer

text: in the fourth round. Baghdatis suffered an elbow injury right after the Australian Open and was out of the professional tour until late April, when he entered a clay court tournament, the

text: Estoril Open

text: in Portugal. He held two match points in his first-round match against a resurging

text: Juan Carlos Ferrero

text: , but failed to convert them into a win.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices are true

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: defeat then-top-20 player Ivan Ljubi i

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: elbow injury

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: clay

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: clay court

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Juan Carlos Ferrero, but failed to convert them into a win.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Baghdatis'

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Baghdatis'

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: clay

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Baghdatis'

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Baghdatis'

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Baghdatis'

text: Due to reasons unknown, the program was pulled from the air on 2000, and was replaced by a simple station identification program announcing the handover to NNN News 24's overnight simulcast, and also by a static image of NTV's control room. However, the voice for the resumption of this program was strong, and in 2003,  a new, CGI version of the program was produced, with refined graphics and made for the then-new technology of digital terrestrial television. Between 2003 and 2008, the analog feed aired a simple animation of the Nippon Television logo forming up. In 2008, as a part of the station's 55th Anniversary celebrations, the clip got a new, shortened version.

text: Due to reasons unknown, the program was pulled from the air on 2000, and was replaced by a simple station identification program announcing the handover to NNN News 24's overnight simulcast, and also by a static image of NTV's control room. However, the voice for the resumption of this program was strong, and in 2003,  a new, CGI version of the program was produced, with refined graphics and made for the then-new technology of digital terrestrial television. Between 2003 and 2008, the analog feed aired a simple animation of the Nippon Television logo forming up. In 2008, as a part of the station's 55th Anniversary celebrations, the clip got a new, shortened version.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices are true

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: animation of the Nippon Television logo

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: digital terrestrial television.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: 2000,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: digital terrestrial television.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: a simple animation of the Nippon Television logo forming up.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Due to reasons unknown, the program was pulled from the air on 2000,

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: 2000,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: 2000,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: unknown, the program was pulled from the air on 2000,

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: 2000,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: 2000,

text: There are two islands on the crest of the falls that are large enough to divide the curtain of water even at full flood: Boaruka Island (or Cataract Island) near the western bank, and Livingstone Island near the middle—the point from which Livingstone first viewed the falls. At less than full flood, additional islets divide the curtain of water into separate parallel streams. The main streams are named, in order from Zimbabwe (west) to Zambia (east): Devil's Cataract (called Leaping Water by some), Main Falls, Rainbow Falls (the highest) and the Eastern Cataract.

text: There are two islands on the crest of the falls that are large enough to divide the curtain of water even at full flood: Boaruka Island (or Cataract Island) near the western bank, and Livingstone Island near the middle—the point from which Livingstone first viewed the falls. At less than full flood, additional islets divide the curtain of water into separate parallel streams. The main streams are named, in order from Zimbabwe (west) to Zambia (east): Devil's Cataract (called Leaping Water by some), Main Falls, Rainbow Falls (the highest) and the Eastern Cataract.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices are mentioned

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the Eastern Cataract

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: additional islets divide the curtain of water into separate parallel streams.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: full flood:

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: flood:

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Devil's Cataract

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: divide the curtain of water even at full flood:

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: separate parallel streams.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: flood:

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: flood:

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: water even at full flood:

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: full flood:

text: Fatty change, or steatosis is the accumulation of fatty acids in liver cells. These can be seen as fatty globules under the microscope. Alcoholism causes development of large fatty globules (macro vesicular steatosis) throughout the liver and can begin to occur after a few days of heavy drinking.  Alcohol is metabolized by alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) into acetaldehyde, then further metabolized by aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) into acetic acid, which is finally oxidized into carbon dioxide () and water (). This process generates NADH, and increases the NADH/NAD+ ratio. A higher NADH concentration induces fatty acid synthesis while a decreased NAD level results in decreased fatty acid oxidation. Subsequently, the higher levels of fatty acids signal the liver cells to compound it to glycerol to form triglycerides. These triglycerides accumulate, resulting in fatty liver.

text: Fatty change, or

text: steatosis

text: is the accumulation of fatty acids in

text: liver cells

text: . These can be seen as fatty globules under the microscope. Alcoholism causes development of large fatty globules (

text: macro

text: vesicular

text: steatosis) throughout the liver and can begin to occur after a few days of heavy drinking.  Alcohol is metabolized by

text: alcohol dehydrogenase

text: ADH

text: ) into

text: acetaldehyde

text: , then further metabolized by

text: aldehyde dehydrogenase

text: (ALDH) into

text: acetic acid

text: , which is finally oxidized into

text: carbon dioxide

text: () and water (). This process generates

text: NADH

text: , and increases the NADH/

text: NAD+

text: ratio. A higher NADH concentration induces

text: fatty acid synthesis

text: while a decreased NAD level results in decreased fatty acid oxidation. Subsequently, the higher levels of fatty acids signal the liver cells to compound it to

text: glycerol

text: to form

text: triglyceride

text: s. These triglycerides accumulate, resulting in fatty liver.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: oxidation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: fatty acid synthesis

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: dehydration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: rises

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: acetic acid, which is finally oxidized into carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: oxidized into carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Fatty change,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: glycerol to form triglycerides.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: acetic acid, which is finally oxidized into carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: fatty acids

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: NADH/NAD+ ratio.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: acetic acid,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Fatty change,

text: Projected Environmental Benefits (Alice Solar City Energy Champions 2008)

text: Projected Environmental Benefits (Alice Solar City Energy Champions 2008)

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: solar energy

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Alice Solar City Energy Champions

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Snow and ice can be used to store water for future use.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Projected Environmental Benefits

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Solar City Energy Champions 2008)

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: Projected Environmental Benefits (Alice Solar City Energy Champions 2008)

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: Projected Environmental Benefits

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Projected Environmental Benefits (Alice Solar City Energy Champions 2008)

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: Solar City Energy Champions 2008)

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Projected Environmental Benefits

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Projected Environmental Benefits (Alice Solar City Energy Champions 2008)

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: Environmental Benefits

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Projected Environmental Benefits (Alice Solar City Energy Champions 2008)

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Projected Environmental Benefits (Alice Solar City Energy Champions 2008)

text: While the concept has a geological origin, it is an indication of the effect of both Charles Darwin and Matthew F. Maury on the Earth sciences. The biosphere's ecological context comes from the 1920s (see Vladimir I. Vernadsky), preceding the 1935 introduction of the term "ecosystem" by Sir Arthur Tansley (see ecology history). Vernadsky defined ecology as the science of the biosphere. It is an interdisciplinary concept for integrating astronomy, geophysics, meteorology, biogeography, evolution, geology, geochemistry, hydrology and, generally speaking, all life and Earth sciences.

text: While the concept has a geological origin, it is an indication of the effect of both

text: Charles Darwin

text: and

text: Matthew F. Maury

text: on the

text: Earth sciences

text: . The biosphere's ecological context comes from the 1920s (see

text: Vladimir I. Vernadsky

text: ), preceding the 1935 introduction of the term "

text: ecosystem

text: " by Sir

text: Arthur Tansley

text: (see

text: ecology history

text: ). Vernadsky defined

text: ecology

text: as the science of the biosphere. It is an

text: interdisciplinary

text: concept for integrating

text: astronomy

text: geophysics

text: meteorology

text: biogeography

text: evolution

text: geology

text: geochemistry

text: hydrology

text: and, generally speaking, all life and Earth sciences.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: hydrology

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: vaporization

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: hydrology

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: hydrology

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrology

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: hydrology

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: hydrology

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: hydrology

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: hydrology

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: Charles Darwin and Matthew F. Maury

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: hydrology

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: hydrology

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Vladimir I. Vernadsky),

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evolution, geology, geochemistry, hydrology

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: hydrology

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Charles Darwin and Matthew F. Maury

text: Increases in ocean temperatures, a projected indicator of climate change, may result in a decrease in the production of marine snow due to the enhanced stratification of the water column.  Increasing stratification decreases the availability of phytoplankton nutrients such as nitrate, phosphate and silicic acid, and could lead to a decrease in primary production and, thus, marine snow.

text: Increases in ocean temperatures, a projected indicator of

text: climate change

text: , may result in a decrease in the production of marine snow due to the enhanced

text: stratification

text: of the water column.  Increasing stratification decreases the availability of phytoplankton nutrients such as

text: nitrate

text: phosphate

text: and

text: silicic acid

text: , and could lead to a decrease in primary production and, thus, marine snow.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: marine snow

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: stratification of the water column

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: stratification of the water column.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: stratification

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: climate change,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: stratification of the water column.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: stratification

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: stratification of the water column.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Increases in ocean temperatures,

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: enhanced stratification of the water column.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: snow due to the enhanced stratification of the water column.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Increases in ocean temperatures,

text: Wild animals found living in the reserve include red deer, roe deer, otter, red fox, mountain hare, badger, pine marten and Britain's most threatened mammal, the water vole. Brown trout and salmon are found in the rivers and streams. The moors are clad in ling and bell heather and are home to black grouse, red grouse and ptarmigan. Other large birds found in the reserve include the golden eagle, white-tailed eagle, osprey, buzzard, peregrine falcon, merlin, kestrel and raven.

text: Wild animals found living in the reserve include

text: red deer

text: roe deer

text: otter

text: red fox

text: mountain hare

text: badger

text: pine marten

text: and Britain's most threatened mammal, the

text: water vole

text: Brown trout

text: and

text: salmon

text: are found in the rivers and streams. The moors are clad in

text: ling

text: and

text: bell heather

text: and are home to

text: black grouse

text: red grouse

text: and

text: ptarmigan

text: . Other large birds found in the reserve include the

text: golden eagle

text: white-tailed eagle

text: osprey

text: buzzard

text: peregrine falcon

text: merlin

text: kestrel

text: and

text: raven

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: brown trout

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: vaporization

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: The moors are clad in ling

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: biosphere

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Brown trout and salmon are found in the rivers and streams.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: streams.

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: rivers and streams.

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: The moors are clad in ling and bell heather

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: ling and bell heather

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: rivers and streams.

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: Britain's most threatened mammal, the water vole.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: ling and bell heather

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: Brown trout and salmon are found in the rivers and streams.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: Brown trout and salmon are found in the rivers and streams.

text: The female lays eggs in water bodies containing abundant vegetation. Larval life lasts about two years. After hatching, larval survival depends on the presence of vegetation as the existence of movements in the body of water maintain good oxygenation, but the presence of seasonal ponds with some degree of drainage is essential for hatching, as these sites contain fewer predators to the larvae. Then, the transport of larvae from ponds, to larger bodies of water during the rains, or transport of these among several bodies of water facilitates the survival and allows a good development of populations. The larvae prefer cooler areas of the body of water and protective aquatic vegetation, unlike toad larvae that occupy the same sites and have a higher degree of pigmentation that protects them from the solar rays.

text: The female lays eggs in water bodies containing abundant vegetation. Larval life lasts about two years. After hatching, larval survival depends on the presence of vegetation as the existence of movements in the body of water maintain good oxygenation, but the presence of seasonal ponds with some degree of drainage is essential for hatching, as these sites contain fewer predators to the larvae. Then, the transport of larvae from ponds, to larger bodies of water during the rains, or transport of these among several bodies of water facilitates the survival and allows a good development of populations. The larvae prefer cooler areas of the body of water and protective aquatic vegetation, unlike toad larvae that occupy the same sites and have a higher degree of pigmentation that protects them from the solar rays.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: the presence of seasonal ponds with some degree of drainage

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: dehydration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: movements in the body of water maintain good oxygenation,

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: oxygenation,

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: rains,

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: toad larvae

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: drainage

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: rains,

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: drainage

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: solar rays.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: cooler areas of the body of water and protective aquatic vegetation,

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: The female lays eggs in water bodies containing abundant vegetation.

text: India's 300 MWe AHWR (pressurized heavy water reactor) began construction in 2011. The design envisages a start up with reactor grade plutonium that will breed U-233 from Th-232. Thereafter thorium is to be the only fuel.

text: India's 300 MWe

text: AHWR

text: (pressurized heavy water reactor) began construction in 2011. The design envisages a start up with reactor grade plutonium that will breed U-233 from Th-232. Thereafter thorium is to be the only fuel.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: thorium

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: (pressurized heavy water reactor)

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: (pressurized heavy water

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: U-233 from Th-232.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: (pressurized heavy water reactor)

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: (pressurized heavy water reactor)

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: India's 300 MWe AHWR

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: (pressurized heavy water reactor)

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: India's 300 MWe AHWR

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: India's

text: While very saline soil is not preferred for growing crops, it is important to note that many crops can grow in more saline soils then others. This is important in countries where resources such as fresh water are scarce and needed for drinking, and saline water is able to be used for agriculture. Soil salinity can vary between extremes in a relatively small area; this allows plants to seek areas with less salinity. It is hard to determine which plants are able to grow in soil with high salinity, because the soil salinity is not uniform, even in small areas. However, it is found that plants will absorb nutrients from areas with lower salinity.

text: While very saline soil is not preferred for growing crops, it is important to note that many crops can grow in more saline soils then others. This is important in countries where resources such as

text: fresh water

text: are scarce and needed for drinking, and saline water is able to be used for agriculture. Soil salinity can vary between extremes in a relatively small area; this allows plants to seek areas with less salinity. It is hard to determine which plants are able to grow in soil with high salinity, because the soil salinity is not uniform, even in small areas. However, it is found that plants will absorb nutrients from areas with lower salinity.

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: Soil salinity can vary between extremes in a relatively small area

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: vaporization

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: very saline soil

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: NDQ_005681

answers: plants to seek areas with less salinity.

answers: NDQ_005682

answers: saline water

answers: NDQ_005683

answers: fresh water

answers: NDQ_005684

answers: plants to seek areas with less salinity.

answers: NDQ_005685

answers: seek areas with less salinity.

answers: NDQ_005686

answers: Soil salinity can vary between extremes

answers: NDQ_005687

answers: less salinity.

answers: NDQ_005688

answers: plants to seek areas with less salinity.

answers: NDQ_005689

answers: saline water

answers: NDQ_005690

answers: While very saline soil is not preferred for growing crops,