text: Both systems offer some similar degree of remediation. For web presence management systems, remediation would include finding counterfeit properties that infringe on a brand or trademark. For reputation management systems, remediation would include identifying and eliminating misleading reviews and/or encouraging the contribution of authentic comments.

text: Both systems offer some similar degree of remediation. For web presence management systems, remediation would include finding counterfeit properties that infringe on a brand or trademark. For reputation management systems, remediation would include identifying and eliminating misleading reviews and/or encouraging the contribution of authentic comments.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: identifying and eliminating misleading reviews

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: sulfate

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: remediation would include finding counterfeit properties

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answer_match: Using FLAN-T5-Large with this prompt: For the question "{question}" the correct answer is "{correct_answer}". Is "{answer}" an equally correct response to this question? Answer yes or no.

orig_prompt_class: QuestionPromptWithChoices

prompt_style: context: question:

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Both systems offer some similar degree of remediation.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: identifying and eliminating misleading reviews and/or encouraging the contribution of authentic comments.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: finding counterfeit properties

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: counterfeit properties that infringe on a brand or trademark.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: web presence management systems, remediation would include finding counterfeit properties

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: remediation.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: remediation.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: counterfeit properties

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Both systems offer some similar degree of remediation.

text: In 2011, Shell was ordered by the Los Angeles Regional Water Quality Control Board to clean up the Carousel neighborhood after benzene and methane gas contamination was discovered, as well as soil and groundwater contamination.

text: In 2011, Shell was ordered by the

text: Los Angeles Regional Water Quality Control Board

text: to clean up the Carousel neighborhood after

entity_name: Benzene

text: benzene

text: and

entity_name: Methane

text: methane

text: gas contamination was discovered, as well as soil and groundwater contamination.

method: UvABottomUpChangeOrder

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: contaminate soil

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: methane

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: contaminating groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: soil and groundwater contamination.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: benzene

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: soil and groundwater

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: soil and groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: benzene

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: soil and groundwater

text: Monitoring the quality of drinking water is a joint responsibility of ADH and the State’s public water-supply systems. According to ADH (Bradley Jones, Arkansas Department of Health, oral commun., 2013), Arkansas has over 1,190 individual groundwater wells used for public drinking-water supply. Statewide, there are about 710 community public drinking-water systems, of which about 690 use groundwater as their only water source. These groundwater systems serve more than 870,000 residents. Additionally, there are about 35 facilities defined by the SDWA as noncommunity, nontransient public water systems that rely on groundwater. These smaller facilities include schools, daycare centers, and businesses. There are also about 375 transient noncommunity public systems such asrestaurants, churches, community centers, and campgrounds that use groundwater.

text: Monitoring the quality of drinking water is a joint responsibility of ADH and the State’s public water-supply systems. According to ADH (Bradley Jones, Arkansas Department of Health, oral commun., 2013), Arkansas has over 1,190 individual groundwater wells used for public drinking-water supply. Statewide, there are about 710 community public drinking-water systems, of which about 690 use groundwater as their only water source. These groundwater systems serve more than 870,000 residents. Additionally, there are about 35 facilities defined by the SDWA as noncommunity, nontransient public water systems that rely on groundwater. These smaller facilities include schools, daycare centers, and businesses. There are also about 375 transient noncommunity public systems such asrestaurants, churches, community centers, and campgrounds that use groundwater.

method: Bert-ConvKNRM

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Monitoring the quality of drinking water

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: public drinking-water supply

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: 690 use groundwater

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Monitoring the quality of drinking water

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: groundwater wells

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Monitoring the quality of drinking water

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Monitoring the quality of drinking water

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: 1,190 individual groundwater wells

text: John A. Cherry (born ca. 1942) is the recipient of the 2016 Lee Kuan Yew Water Prize, awarded at Singapore International Water Week in July 2016 for his work in groundwater research, protection and management. He is a Distinguished Professor Emeritus from the University of Waterloo in Ontario, Canada. He undertook research on the migration of contaminants in groundwater and he participated in the development of technologies for groundwater monitoring and remediation thus "revolutionizing groundwater research". His research resulted in a "paradigm shift in groundwater pollution control measures", leading to new groundwater remediation guidelines to be adopted in the United States and other countries in the 1990s.

text: John A. Cherry (born ca. 1942) is the recipient of the 2016

entity_name: Lee Kuan Yew

text: Lee Kuan Yew

text: Water Prize, awarded at

entity_name: Singapore International Water Week

text: Singapore International Water Week

text: in July 2016 for his work in groundwater research, protection and management. He is a Distinguished

entity_name: Emeritus

text: Professor Emeritus

text: from the

entity_name: University of Waterloo

text: University of Waterloo

text: in Ontario, Canada. He undertook research on the migration of contaminants in

entity_name: Groundwater

text: groundwater

text: and he participated in the development of technologies for groundwater monitoring and

entity_name: Groundwater remediation

text: remediation

text: thus "revolutionizing groundwater research". His research resulted in a "paradigm shift in

entity_name: Groundwater pollution

text: groundwater pollution

text: control measures", leading to new groundwater remediation guidelines to be adopted in the United States and other countries in the 1990s.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: protect it

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: cyanide

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: new groundwater remediation guidelines

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: remediation

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: remediation

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: contaminants in groundwater

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: groundwater monitoring and remediation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: remediation

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: migration of contaminants in groundwater

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: groundwater

text: Depending on the number of animals at a particular site, Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs) may generate significant amounts of manure. One method to remove the manure is to apply it to land for fertilization. However, in an effort to dispose of manure at a reduced costs, some CAFOs have applied excess amounts of manure to land areas. The excess amounts of manure may then be washed away by rain into surface waters. This practice was a key feature in the U.S. Court of Appeals case Waterkeeper Alliance, et al. v. EPA, 399 F.3d 486 (2d Cir. 2005). Based on that case, the EPA created its 2008 CAFO Rule. The Rule notes that the CWA specifically exempts agricultural storm water runoff from being considered a point source, but, based on the Court of Appeals' decision in the Waterkeeper case, the EPA may treat land applications of excessive amounts of manure as a point source. So while in general agricultural storm water runoff from CAFOs is a nonpoint source, CAFOs may end up requiring a National Pollution Discharge Elimination System permit under the CWA.

text: Depending on the number of animals at a particular site,

entity_name: Concentrated animal feeding operation

text: Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations

text: (CAFOs) may generate significant amounts of manure. One method to remove the manure is to apply it to land for fertilization. However, in an effort to dispose of manure at a reduced costs, some CAFOs have applied excess amounts of manure to land areas. The excess amounts of manure may then be washed away by rain into surface waters. This practice was a key feature in the U.S. Court of Appeals case Waterkeeper Alliance, et al. v. EPA, 399 F.3d 486 (2d Cir. 2005). Based on that case, the EPA created its 2008 CAFO Rule. The Rule notes that the CWA specifically exempts agricultural storm water runoff from being considered a point source, but, based on the Court of Appeals' decision in the Waterkeeper case, the EPA may treat land applications of excessive amounts of manure as a point source. So while in general agricultural storm water runoff from CAFOs is a nonpoint source, CAFOs may end up requiring a National Pollution Discharge Elimination System permit under the CWA.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: remove the manure

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: a National Pollution Discharge Elimination System permit

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: surface waters.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: National Pollution Discharge Elimination System permit

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: National Pollution Discharge Elimination System

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: National Pollution Discharge Elimination System

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: surface waters.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: surface waters.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: surface waters.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: surface waters.

text: Help to clean up current polluted lands and preserve Long Valley in the long run.

text: Help to clean up current polluted lands and preserve Long Valley in the long run.

method: ICT-DRMMTKS

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: it is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: preserve it

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: sulfate

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: a waste of resources

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Long Valley would be preserved

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: clean up current polluted lands

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: preserve Long Valley

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: polluted lands and preserve Long Valley

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: polluted lands and preserve Long Valley in the long run.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: polluted lands and preserve Long Valley in the long run.

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: polluted lands and preserve Long Valley in the long run.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: preserve Long Valley

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Help to clean up current polluted lands

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: polluted lands and preserve Long Valley in the long run.

text: In 1973, the Regional Water Quality Control Board (RWQCB) first discovered PCP in nearby ground-water wells used as a source of residential drinking water. The control board issued several orders from 1973 to 1982 for cleanup of all contaminated groundwater, installation of groundwater recovery wells, and construction of wastewater treatment processes to end the use of unlined ponds and excavation of debris from the site 1963 fire. Koppers installed two recovery wells to recover PCP from local groundwater in accordance with the RWQCB. The RWQCB order was retracted after PCP concentrations decreased in off-site wells in 1974. However, in 1982, Koppers was issued a cease-and-desist order by the RWQCB to end the discharge of PCP into soil and ground water at the wood treatment plant and ordered a plan for mitigating the source, future prevention of chemical contamination, and remediation of contaminants.

text: In 1973, the Regional Water Quality Control Board (RWQCB) first discovered PCP in nearby ground-water wells used as a source of residential drinking water. The control board issued several orders from 1973 to 1982 for cleanup of all contaminated groundwater, installation of groundwater recovery wells, and construction of

entity_name: Industrial wastewater treatment

text: wastewater treatment

text: processes to end the use of unlined ponds and excavation of debris from the site 1963 fire.

entity_name: Koppers

text: Koppers

text: installed two recovery wells to recover PCP from local groundwater in accordance with the RWQCB. The RWQCB order was retracted after PCP concentrations decreased in off-site wells in 1974. However, in 1982, Koppers was issued a cease-and-desist order by the RWQCB to end the discharge of PCP into soil and ground water at the wood treatment plant and ordered a plan for mitigating the source, future prevention of chemical contamination, and remediation of contaminants.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: install groundwater recovery wells

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: groundwater recovery wells

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: remediation of contaminants

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unlined ponds

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: groundwater recovery wells

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: cleanup of all contaminated groundwater,

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: installation of groundwater recovery wells,

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Koppers installed two recovery wells

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: groundwater recovery wells,

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater recovery wells,

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: excavation of debris

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: groundwater recovery wells,

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: chemical

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: ground-water wells

text: A bailer in hydrogeology is a hollow tube used to retrieve groundwater samples from monitoring wells. Groundwater monitoring wells are drilled in areas where there are underground storage tanks or where there is environmental remediation occurring. The wells are typically built out of PVC casing which is slotted to allow groundwater to flow freely through the well. Bailers are tied to a piece of rope (usually made from nylon or polypropylene) or a piece of wire (composed of Teflon or stainless steel) and lowered into the water column. Once lowered, the bailer uses a simple ball check valve to seal at the bottom in order to pull up a sample of the groundwater table. Bailers can be disposable or reusable, and they are made out of polyethylene, PVC, FEP or stainless steel.

text: A bailer in

entity_name: Hydrogeology

text: hydrogeology

text: is a hollow tube used to retrieve groundwater samples from monitoring wells. Groundwater monitoring wells are drilled in areas where there are

entity_name: Underground storage tank

text: underground storage tanks

text: or where there is

entity_name: Environmental remediation

text: environmental remediation

text: occurring. The wells are typically built out of PVC casing which is slotted to allow groundwater to flow freely through the well. Bailers are tied to a piece of rope (usually made from

entity_name: Nylon

text: nylon

text: or

entity_name: Polypropylene

text: polypropylene

text: ) or a piece of wire (composed of Teflon or stainless steel) and lowered into the water column. Once lowered, the bailer uses a simple ball

entity_name: Check valve

text: check valve

text: to seal at the bottom in order to pull up a sample of the groundwater table. Bailers can be disposable or reusable, and they are made out of polyethylene, PVC, FEP or stainless steel.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Bailers

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: a bailer

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: environmental remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: environmental remediation occurring

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: remediation

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: environmental remediation

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: bailer

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: environmental remediation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: environmental remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: underground storage tanks

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: remediation

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Teflon or stainless steel) and lowered into the water column.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: lowered into the water column.

text: Groundwater aquifers support drought refuges for water-dependent ecosystems.Pollution and over-extraction of groundwater are both problematic because it lowers its ability to support groundwater-supplied drought refuges. Over-extraction lowers the water table and degrades water-dependent ecosystems. Over-extraction often occurs in areas with surface water scarcity and frequent drought; where groundwater refuges and refugia are most important. Man-made disturbances can mimic the effects of drought, like water withdrawal, and dams. Man-made channel modifications threaten the hyporheic zone as a refuge.

text: Groundwater

entity_name: Aquifer

text: aquifers

text: support drought refuges for water-dependent ecosystems.

entity_name: Pollution

text: Pollution

text: and over-extraction of

text: groundwater

text: are both problematic because it lowers its ability to support groundwater-supplied drought refuges. Over-extraction lowers the

entity_name: Water table

text: water table

text: and degrades water-dependent

entity_name: Ecosystem

text: ecosystems

text: . Over-extraction often occurs in areas with

entity_name: Surface water

text: surface water

text: scarcity and frequent drought; where groundwater refuges and refugia are most important. Man-made disturbances can mimic the effects of drought, like water withdrawal, and dams. Man-made channel modifications threaten the

entity_name: Hyporheic zone

text: hyporheic zone

text: as a refuge.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Over-extraction

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: acidic chemicals

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: over-extraction

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: degrades water-dependent ecosystems

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: ecosystems.Pollution

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: ecosystems.Pollution

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: over-extraction of groundwater

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: over-extraction of groundwater

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: ecosystems.Pollution and over-extraction of groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: lowers its ability to support groundwater-supplied drought refuges.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: ecosystems.Pollution

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: over-extraction of groundwater

text: In the year 2000, groundwater pollution occurred in the small town of Walkerton, Canada leading to seven deaths in what is known as the Walkerton E. Coli outbreak. The water supply which was drawn from groundwater became contaminated with the highly dangerous O157:H7 strain of E. coli bacteria. This contamination was due to farm runoff into an adjacent water well that was vulnerable to groundwater pollution.

text: In the year 2000, groundwater pollution occurred in the small town of Walkerton, Canada leading to seven deaths in what is known as the

entity_name: Walkerton E. coli outbreak

text: Walkerton E. Coli outbreak

text: . The water supply which was drawn from

text: groundwater

text: became contaminated with the highly dangerous

entity_name: Escherichia coli O157:H7

text: strain of

entity_name: Escherichia coli

text: E. coli

text: bacteria. This contamination was due to farm runoff into an adjacent

entity_name: Water well

text: water well

text: that was vulnerable to groundwater pollution.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: groundwater pollution

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: acidic chemicals

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater pollution

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: the water would be safe to drink

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: farm runoff into an adjacent water well that was vulnerable to groundwater pollution.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: farm runoff

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: farm runoff

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: farm runoff into an adjacent water well that was vulnerable to groundwater pollution.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: water well

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: O157:H7

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: groundwater

text: Ukrah is one of the areas where the groundwater is affected by arsenic contamination.

text: Ukrah is one of the areas where the

text: groundwater

text: is affected by

entity_name: Arsenic contamination of groundwater

text: arsenic contamination

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: contaminate it

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: arsenic

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: contaminating groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: arsenic

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: arsenic

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: arsenic

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Ukrah

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater is affected by arsenic

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: arsenic

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Ukrah

text: Sprigg also became active in the Pure Water League, of which he served as chairman. The league was formed in December 1899 for the purpose of cleaning up the pollution of the North Branch Potomac River, Cumberland's main public water source. West Virginia Pulp and Paper Company which was blamed for the majority of the river's pollution. Other cities downstream from the company's Luke pulp mill, including Hancock, complained of pollution and decreased fish populations in the river. The league enlisted U.S. Senator George L. Wellington and U.S. House Representative George Alexander Pearre in seeking congressional support for the river's cleanup. The following year, the West Virginia Pulp and Paper Company came to an agreement with the city of Cumberland, promising to abandon its process of using a sulfite process for producing pulp in favor of soda pulping. In exchange, the league and the city of Cumberland abandoned their pending court cases against the company. To celebrate the league's progress toward meeting its goal, it held a "Jubilee Concert" on August 27, 1900, at Cumberland's Riverside Park.

text: Sprigg also became active in the Pure Water League, of which he served as chairman. The league was formed in December 1899 for the purpose of cleaning up the pollution of the North Branch Potomac River, Cumberland's main public water source.

text: West Virginia Pulp and Paper Company

text: which was blamed for the majority of the river's pollution. Other cities downstream from the company's

text: Luke

text: pulp mill, including

text: Hancock

text: , complained of pollution and decreased fish populations in the river. The league enlisted U.S. Senator

text: George L. Wellington

text: and U.S. House Representative

text: George Alexander Pearre

text: in seeking congressional support for the river's cleanup. The following year, the West Virginia Pulp and Paper Company came to an agreement with the city of Cumberland, promising to abandon its process of using a

text: sulfite process

text: for producing pulp in favor of

text: soda pulping

text: . In exchange, the league and the city of Cumberland abandoned their pending court cases against the company. To celebrate the league's progress toward meeting its goal, it held a "Jubilee Concert" on August 27, 1900, at Cumberland's Riverside Park.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: seeking congressional support

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: sulfite

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: decreased fish populations in the river

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: decreased fish populations in the river

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: pollution of the North Branch Potomac River,

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: congressional support

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: West Virginia Pulp and Paper Company

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Pure Water League,

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Pure Water League,

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: decreased fish populations in the river.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: public water source.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: West Virginia Pulp and Paper Company

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Pure Water League,

text: Each year, one hectare of the Swiss plateau filter an average of four million liters of clean groundwater. According to the Federal Office of Environment, the Swiss basement contains about fifty billion m3 of water. Groundwater is by far the main source of drinking water in Switzerland, covering 80% of requirements. Considering other uses (drinking water and industrial water), groundwater covers 58% of requirements.

text: Each year, one hectare of the Swiss plateau filter an average of four million liters of clean groundwater. According to the Federal Office of Environment, the Swiss basement contains about fifty billion m3 of water. Groundwater is by far the main source of drinking water in Switzerland, covering 80% of requirements. Considering other uses (drinking water and industrial water), groundwater covers 58% of requirements.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: drinking water

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: groundwater would cover 58% of requirements

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: clean groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: groundwater.

text: As plants are able to translocate and accumulate particular types of contaminants, plants can be used as biosensors of subsurface contamination, thereby allowing investigators to quickly delineate contaminant plumes. Chlorinated solvents, such as trichloroethylene, have been observed in tree trunks at concentrations related to groundwater concentrations. To ease field implementation of phytoscreening, standard methods have been developed to extract a section of the tree trunk for later laboratory analysis, often by using an increment borer. Phytoscreening may lead to more optimized site investigations and reduce contaminated site cleanup costs.

text: As plants are able to translocate and accumulate particular types of contaminants, plants can be used as

text: biosensor

text: s of subsurface contamination, thereby allowing investigators to quickly delineate contaminant plumes. Chlorinated solvents, such as

text: trichloroethylene

text: , have been observed in tree trunks at concentrations related to groundwater concentrations. To ease field implementation of phytoscreening, standard methods have been developed to extract a section of the tree trunk for later laboratory analysis, often by using an

text: increment borer

text: . Phytoscreening may lead to more optimized site investigations and reduce contaminated site cleanup costs.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: phytoscreening

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chlorinated solvents

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: contaminated site cleanup costs

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: reduce contaminated site cleanup costs

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: contaminated site cleanup costs.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Phytoscreening

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Chlorinated solvents, such as trichloroethylene,

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Phytoscreening

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Chlorinated solvents,

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: contaminated site cleanup costs.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Phytoscreening

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Chlorinated solvents,

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Phytoscreening

text: Beyond the simple wear that check standards can experience, the mass of even the carefully stored national prototypes can drift relative to the IPK for a variety of reasons, some known and some unknown. Since the IPK and its replicas are stored in air (albeit under two or more nested bell jars), they gain mass through adsorption of atmospheric contamination onto their surfaces. Accordingly, they are cleaned in a process the BIPM developed between 1939 and 1946 known as "the BIPM cleaning method" that comprises firmly rubbing with a chamois soaked in equal parts ether and ethanol, followed by steam cleaning with bi-distilled water, and allowing the prototypes to settle for  days before verification. Before the BIPM's published report in 1994 detailing the relative change in mass of the prototypes, different standard bodies used different techniques to clean their prototypes. The NIST's practice before then was to soak and rinse its two prototypes first in benzene, then in ethanol, and to then clean them with a jet of bi-distilled water steam. Cleaning the prototypes removes between 5 and 60µg of contamination depending largely on the time elapsed since the last cleaning. Further, a second cleaning can remove up to 10µg more. After cleaning—even when they are stored under their bell jars—the IPK and its replicas immediately begin gaining mass again. The BIPM even developed a model of this gain and concluded that it averaged 1.11µg per month for the first 3 months after cleaning and then decreased to an average of about 1µg per year thereafter. Since check standards like K4 are not cleaned for routine calibrations of other mass standards—a precaution to minimize the potential for wear and handling damage—the BIPM's model of time-dependent mass gain has been used as an "after cleaning" correction factor.

text: Beyond the simple wear that check standards can experience, the mass of even the carefully stored national prototypes can drift relative to the IPK for a variety of reasons, some known and some unknown. Since the IPK and its replicas are stored in air (albeit under two or more nested

text: bell jar

text: s), they gain mass through

text: adsorption

text: of atmospheric contamination onto their surfaces. Accordingly, they are cleaned in a process the BIPM developed between 1939 and 1946 known as "the BIPM cleaning method" that comprises firmly rubbing with a

text: chamois

text: soaked in equal parts

text: ether

text: and

text: ethanol

text: , followed by

text: steam cleaning

text: with bi-

text: distilled water

text: , and allowing the

text: prototypes

text: to settle for  days before verification. Before the BIPM's published report in 1994 detailing the relative change in mass of the prototypes, different standard bodies used different techniques to clean their prototypes. The NIST's practice before then was to soak and rinse its two prototypes first in

text: benzene

text: , then in ethanol, and to then clean them with a jet of bi-distilled water steam. Cleaning the prototypes removes between 5 and 60µg of contamination depending largely on the time elapsed since the last cleaning. Further, a second cleaning can remove up to 10µg more. After cleaning—even when they are stored under their bell jars—the IPK and its replicas immediately begin gaining mass again. The BIPM even developed a model of this gain and concluded that it averaged 1.11µg per month for the first 3 months after cleaning and then decreased to an average of about 1µg per year thereafter. Since check standards like K4 are not cleaned for routine calibrations of other mass standards—a precaution to minimize the potential for wear and handling damage—the BIPM's model of time-dependent mass gain has been used as an "after cleaning" correction factor.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: clean the aquifer

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: benzene

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: a second cleaning can remove up to 10 g more

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Cleaning the prototypes removes between 5 and 60<unk>g of contamination

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: water steam.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: jet of bi-distilled water steam.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: clean them with a jet of bi-distilled water steam.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: bi-distilled water steam.

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: they gain mass through adsorption of atmospheric contamination

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: jars—the IPK and its replicas immediately begin gaining mass again.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: atmospheric contamination

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: prototypes

text: Movement of water and dispersion within the aquifer spreads the pollutant over a wider area, its advancing boundary often called a plume edge, which can then intersect with groundwater wells or daylight into surface water such as seeps and springs, making the water supplies unsafe for humans and wildlife. Different mechanism have influence on the transport of pollutants, e.g. diffusion, adsorption, precipitation, decay, in the groundwater. The interaction of groundwater contamination with surface waters is analyzed by use of hydrology transport models.

text: Movement of water and dispersion within the aquifer spreads the pollutant over a wider area, its advancing boundary often called a plume edge, which can then intersect with groundwater wells or daylight into surface water such as

text: seep

text: s and

text: spring

text: s, making the water supplies unsafe for humans and wildlife. Different mechanism have influence on the transport of pollutants, e.g.

text: diffusion

text: adsorption

text: precipitation

text: decay

text: , in the groundwater. The interaction of groundwater contamination with surface waters is analyzed by use of

text: hydrology transport model

text: s.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: make the water supplies unsafe

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: adsorption

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: making the water supplies unsafe

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: make the water supplies unsafe for humans and wildlife

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: groundwater wells or daylight into surface water

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: spreads the pollutant over a wider area,

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: hydrology transport models.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: adsorption,

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: adsorption,

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: making the water supplies unsafe for humans and wildlife.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: making the water supplies unsafe for humans and wildlife.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: daylight into surface water

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: groundwater wells or daylight into surface water

text: Contaminants found in groundwater cover a broad range of physical, inorganic chemical, organic chemical, bacteriological, and radioactive parameters. Principally, many of the same pollutants that play a role in surface water pollution may also be found in polluted groundwater, although their respective importance may differ.

text: Contaminants found in groundwater cover a broad range of physical, inorganic chemical, organic chemical, bacteriological, and radioactive parameters. Principally, many of the same pollutants that play a role in surface

text: water pollution

text: may also be found in polluted groundwater, although their respective importance may differ.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: polluted groundwater

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: organic chemical

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: surface water pollution may also be found in polluted groundwater,

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: polluted groundwater,

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: bacteriological, and radioactive parameters.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: bacteriological, and radioactive parameters.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: surface water pollution may also be found in polluted groundwater,

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Contaminants found in groundwater

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Contaminants found in groundwater

text: Protecting groundwater is accomplished through issuance of permits, inspections, as well as continuous monitoring and enforcement of the regulations. ADEQ and other State agencies issue many types of permits for activities that can have a negative effect on groundwater quality. Permits can establish limits for specific chemicals or groups of pollutants or can require BMPs designed to reduce release of pollutants to surface and groundwater resources.

text: Protecting groundwater is accomplished through issuance of permits, inspections, as well as continuous monitoring and enforcement of the regulations. ADEQ and other State agencies issue many types of permits for activities that can have a negative effect on groundwater quality. Permits can establish limits for specific chemicals or groups of pollutants or can require BMPs designed to reduce release of pollutants to surface and groundwater resources.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: enforce the regulations

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: BMPs

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: BMPs

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater resources

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: BMPs

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Protecting groundwater

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: continuous monitoring and enforcement of the regulations.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: BMPs

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: BMPs

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: BMPs

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: release of pollutants to surface and groundwater resources.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Protecting groundwater

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: surface

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Protecting groundwater

text: Petroleum leaks are not infrequent.  Of the three hundred storage tanks in the Española Basin, including tanks no longer in service, 137 releases were reported from the early 1990s until 2007, of which 96 had been closed.  The PSTB has a Corrective Action Fund that may be used to clean up tank leaks and protect groundwater.

text: Petroleum leaks are not infrequent.  Of the three hundred storage tanks in the

text: Española Basin

text: , including tanks no longer in service, 137 releases were reported from the early 1990s until 2007, of which 96 had been closed.  The PSTB has a Corrective Action Fund that may be used to clean up tank leaks and protect groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: protect groundwater

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Corrective Action Fund

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: not infrequent

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: The PSTB has a Corrective Action Fund

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: clean up tank leaks and protect groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: protect groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: The PSTB has a Corrective Action Fund

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Corrective Action Fund

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Corrective Action Fund

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: protect groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Petroleum leaks

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: 137

text: The Wedding Belles is produced and filmed in and around Vancouver, British Columbia. Some episodes were filmed abroad; the London segment featuring the marriage of Prince William and Kate Middleton as well as the wedding of Groundwater Law filmed in Tuscany, Italy.  Arnason & Groundwater Law produce the series which airs on Shaw Television via The Express.

text: The Wedding Belles is produced and filmed in and around

text: Vancouver

text: , British Columbia. Some episodes were filmed abroad; the

text: London

text: segment featuring the marriage of

text: Prince William

text: and

text: Kate Middleton

text: as well as the wedding of Groundwater Law filmed in

text: Tuscany

text: , Italy.  Arnason & Groundwater Law produce the series which airs on Shaw Television via The Express.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Groundwater Law

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: groundwater law

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: Groundwater Law

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Prince William and Kate Middleton

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: The Wedding Belles

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Groundwater Law

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Groundwater Law

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: The Wedding Belles

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Prince William and Kate Middleton

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Vancouver, British Columbia.

text: Over ten years later, on June 9, 2008, the EPA announced its five-year plan for the clean-up of uranium contamination on the Navajo Nation. This five-year plan contained nine specific objectives for 2008-2012: assess up to 500 contaminated structures and remediate those that pose a health risk; assess up to 70 potentially contaminated water sources and assist those affected by it; assess and require cleanup of AUMs via a tiered ranking system of high priority mines; clean Church Rock Mine, the highest-priority mine; remediate groundwater of abandoned uranium milling sites; assess the Highway 160 site; assess and clean Tuba City Dump; assess and treat health conditions for populations near AUMs; and lastly to summarize the action of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) in its assistance to the Navajo Nation’s cleanup efforts. Since the introduction of the five-year plan, the EPA has released a progress report (available online) each consecutive year. As of August 2011, the EPA lists its accomplishments as: screening 683 structures, sampling 250 unregulated water sources and shutting down 3 such contaminated sources, provision of public outreach and educational programs for safe water practices, instituting a 2.6 million dollar water hauling feasibility project, and providing up to 386 homes with clean drinking water through a 20 million dollar project with Indian Health Services. For 2012, the EPA has listed its next steps as replacing 6 contaminated structures, demolishing other contaminated structures, and continuing screening of these structures for referral to the EPA’s Response Program. The 2011 progress report also lists Church Rock, the Oljato Mesa, and the Mariano Lake Mine as sites of current or proposed remediation.

text: Over ten years later, on June 9, 2008, the EPA announced its five-year plan for the clean-up of uranium contamination on the Navajo Nation. This five-year plan contained nine specific objectives for 2008-2012: assess up to 500 contaminated structures and remediate those that pose a health risk; assess up to 70 potentially contaminated water sources and assist those affected by it; assess and require cleanup of AUMs via a tiered ranking system of high priority mines; clean Church Rock Mine, the highest-priority mine; remediate groundwater of abandoned uranium milling sites; assess the Highway 160 site; assess and clean Tuba City Dump; assess and treat health conditions for populations near AUMs; and lastly to summarize the action of the

text: Nuclear Regulatory Commission

text: (NRC) in its assistance to the Navajo Nation’s cleanup efforts. Since the introduction of the five-year plan, the EPA has released a progress report (available online) each consecutive year. As of August 2011, the EPA lists its accomplishments as: screening 683 structures, sampling 250 unregulated water sources and shutting down 3 such contaminated sources, provision of public outreach and educational programs for safe water practices, instituting a 2.6 million dollar water hauling feasibility project, and providing up to 386 homes with clean drinking water through a 20 million dollar project with Indian Health Services. For 2012, the EPA has listed its next steps as replacing 6 contaminated structures, demolishing other contaminated structures, and continuing screening of these structures for referral to the EPA’s Response Program. The 2011 progress report also lists Church Rock, the Oljato Mesa, and the Mariano Lake Mine as sites of current or proposed remediation.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: clean Church Rock Mine, the highest-priority mine

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: uranium

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: remediate groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: uranium contamination

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: clean drinking water

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: uranium milling sites;

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: remediate groundwater of abandoned uranium milling sites;

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Church Rock Mine,

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: water hauling

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: providing up to 386 homes with clean drinking water

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Tuba City Dump;

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: 2011,

text: Current practices can still impact groundwater, such as the over application of fertilizer or pesticides, spills from industrial operations, infiltration from urban runoff, and leaking from landfills. Using contaminated groundwater causes hazards to public health through poisoning or the spread of disease, and the practice of groundwater remediation has been developed to address these issues. Contaminants found in groundwater cover a broad range of physical, inorganic chemical, organic chemical, bacteriological, and radioactive parameters. Pollutants and contaminants can be removed from groundwater by applying various techniques, thereby bringing the water to a standard that is commensurate with various intended uses.

text: Current practices can still impact groundwater, such as the over application of

text: fertilizer

text: or

text: pesticide

text: s,

text: spills

text: from

text: industrial

text: operations, infiltration from

text: urban runoff

text: , and leaking from

text: landfill

text: s. Using contaminated groundwater causes hazards to

text: public health

text: through

text: poisoning

text: or the spread of disease, and the practice of groundwater remediation has been developed to address these issues. Contaminants found in groundwater cover a broad range of physical, inorganic chemical, organic chemical, bacteriological, and radioactive parameters. Pollutants and contaminants can be removed from groundwater by applying various techniques, thereby bringing the water to a standard that is commensurate with various intended uses.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: apply pesticides

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: pesticides

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: the spread of disease

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: a standard that is commensurate with various intended uses

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: groundwater remediation

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Pollutants and contaminants can be removed from groundwater

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: various techniques,

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: groundwater remediation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: Using contaminated groundwater causes hazards to public health

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: bringing the water to a standard

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: physical,

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Pollutants and contaminants can be removed from groundwater

text: From 1948 to 2001, the Oroville Plant conducted wood treatment operations to prevent wood from deteriorating. In 1963, an on-site fire released 20,000 gallons of pentachlorophenol (PCP) from tanks onto the soil. Another fire was documented in 1987 releasing high levels of dioxins. With many orders and remedial actions to clean up the site, KCI Superfund Site is under monitored recovery to clean the affected groundwater and soil contamination. The goal is to return the original source of groundwater to the 10,650 people living in the surrounding area.

text: From 1948 to 2001, the Oroville Plant conducted wood treatment operations to prevent wood from deteriorating. In 1963, an on-site fire released 20,000 gallons of pentachlorophenol (PCP) from tanks onto the soil. Another fire was documented in 1987 releasing high levels of dioxins. With many orders and remedial actions to clean up the site, KCI Superfund Site is under monitored recovery to clean the affected groundwater and soil contamination. The goal is to return the original source of groundwater to the 10,650 people living in the surrounding area.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: soil contamination

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: dioxins

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: remedial actions

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater and soil contamination

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: the original source of groundwater

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: KCI Superfund Site is under monitored recovery to clean the affected groundwater

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: soil contamination.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: KCI Superfund Site

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: recovery

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: KCI Superfund

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater and soil contamination.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: original source of groundwater to the 10,650 people living in the surrounding area.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: dioxins.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: groundwater

text: Environmental issues can include erosion, formation of sinkholes, loss of biodiversity, and contamination of soil, groundwater and surface water by chemicals from mining processes. In some cases, additional forest logging is done in the vicinity of mines to create space for the storage of the created debris and soil. Contamination resulting from leakage of chemicals can also affect the health of the local population if not properly controlled. Extreme examples of pollution from mining activities include coal fires, which can last for years or even decades, producing massive amounts of environmental damage.

text: Environmental issues

text: can include

text: erosion

text: , formation of

text: sinkhole

text: s, loss of

text: biodiversity

text: , and

text: contamination of soil

text: groundwater

text: and

text: surface water

text: by chemicals from mining processes. In some cases, additional forest logging is done in the vicinity of mines to create space for the storage of the created debris and soil. Contamination resulting from leakage of chemicals can also affect the health of the local population if not properly controlled. Extreme examples of pollution from mining activities include

text: coal fires

text: , which can last for years or even decades, producing massive amounts of environmental damage.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: control leakage of chemicals

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: Contamination

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Contamination resulting from leakage of chemicals

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Contamination

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: properly controlled.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: mining processes.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: controlled.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: controlled.

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: contamination of soil, groundwater and surface water by chemicals from mining processes.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: affect the health of the local population

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: soil, groundwater and surface water

text: Domtar also operated a wood treatment facility in Cochrane, Alberta, treating railroad ties. This ceased operation about 1982, leaving significantly contaminated land. The latest of several clean-up operations is attempting to prevent the underground migration of the main contaminant plume. Building of non-residential structures is now in progress on part of the land.

text: Domtar also operated a wood treatment facility in

text: Cochrane, Alberta

text: , treating

text: railroad

text: ties. This ceased operation about 1982, leaving significantly contaminated land. The latest of several clean-up operations is attempting to prevent the underground migration of the main contaminant plume. Building of non-residential structures is now in progress on part of the land.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: building non-residential structures

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: underground migration

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: prevent the underground migration of the main contaminant plume.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Building of non-residential structures

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: railroad ties.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: underground migration

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: clean-up

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: underground migration of the main contaminant plume.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: underground migration

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: underground migration of the main contaminant plume.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: underground migration of the main contaminant plume.

text: TCP does not contaminate soil. Instead, it leaks down into groundwater and settles at the bottom of the reservoir because TCP is more dense than water. This makes TCP in its pure form a DNAPL (Dense Nonaqueous Phase Liquid) and it is, therefore, harder to remove it from groundwater. There is no evidence that TCP can naturally decompose, but it might in favorable conditions. Groundwater remediation of TCP can occur through in situ chemical oxidation, permeable reactive barriers, and other remediation techniques. Several TCP remediation strategies have been studied and/or applied with varying degrees of success. These include extraction with granular activated carbon, in situ chemical oxidation, and in situ chemical reduction. Recent studies suggest that reduction with zerovalent metals, particularly zerovalent zinc, may be particularly effective in TCP remediation. Bioremediation may also be a promising clean-up technique.

text: TCP does not contaminate soil. Instead, it leaks down into groundwater and settles at the bottom of the reservoir because TCP is more dense than water. This makes TCP in its pure form a DNAPL (Dense Nonaqueous Phase Liquid) and it is, therefore, harder to remove it from groundwater. There is no evidence that TCP can naturally decompose, but it might in favorable conditions. Groundwater remediation of TCP can occur through

text: in situ chemical oxidation

text: permeable reactive barrier

text: s, and other remediation techniques. Several TCP remediation strategies have been studied and/or applied with varying degrees of success. These include extraction with granular activated carbon, in situ chemical oxidation, and in situ chemical reduction. Recent studies suggest that reduction with zerovalent metals, particularly zerovalent zinc, may be particularly effective in TCP remediation. Bioremediation may also be a promising clean-up technique.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Bioremediation

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: granular activated carbon

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Bioremediation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical oxidation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: it is, therefore, harder to remove it from groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Bioremediation

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: harder to remove it from groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Bioremediation

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: in situ chemical oxidation,

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Bioremediation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: in situ chemical oxidation,

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: harder to remove it from groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Bioremediation

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: TCP

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: TCP is more dense than water.

text: DNAPLs that are not viscous, such as chlorinated solvents, tend to sink into aquifer materials below the water table and become much more difficult to locate and remediate than non aqueous phase liquids that are lighter than water (LNAPLs) which tend to float at the water table when spilled into natural soils. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) has focused considerable attention on the remediation of DNAPL which can be costly. Removal or in situ destruction of DNAPLs eliminates the potential exposure to the compounds in the environment and can be an effective method for remediation; however, at some DNAPL sites remediation of DNAPL may not be practicable, and containment may be the only viable remedial action. The USEPA has a program to address sites where DNAPL removal is not practicable for remediation projects under CERCLA under the Resource Conservation and Recovery ActDense nonaqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs), have low solubility and are with viscosity markedly lower and density higher than water-asphalt, heavy oils, lubricants and also chlorinated solvents-penetrate the full depth of the aquifer and accumulate on its bottom. "DNAPL movement follows the slope of the impermeable strata underlying the aquifer and can move in the opposite direction to the groundwater gradient."

text: DNAPLs that are not viscous, such as chlorinated solvents, tend to sink into aquifer materials below the water table and become much more difficult to locate and remediate than non aqueous phase liquids that are lighter than water (

text: LNAPL

text: s) which tend to float at the water table when spilled into natural soils. The

entity_name: United States Environmental Protection Agency

text: United States Environmental Protection Agency

text: (USEPA) has focused considerable attention on the remediation of DNAPL which can be costly. Removal or in situ destruction of DNAPLs eliminates the potential exposure to the compounds in the environment and can be an effective method for remediation; however, at some DNAPL sites remediation of DNAPL may not be practicable, and containment may be the only viable remedial action. The USEPA has a program to address sites where DNAPL removal is not practicable for remediation projects under

text: CERCLA

text: under the

text: Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

text: Dense nonaqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs), have low solubility and are with viscosity markedly lower and density higher than water-asphalt, heavy oils, lubricants and also chlorinated solvents-penetrate the full depth of the aquifer and accumulate on its bottom. "DNAPL movement follows the slope of the impermeable strata underlying the aquifer and can move in the opposite direction to the groundwater gradient."

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: containment

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: in situ destruction

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: in situ destruction

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: costly

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: it would float at the water table

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: non aqueous phase liquids that are lighter than water

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: containment

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Removal or in situ destruction of DNAPLs

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: in situ destruction

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Removal or in situ destruction

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: costly.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: remediation;

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: water-asphalt,

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ destruction

text: There are also packages using other patch systems, such as dpatch. It generates and executes shell scripts that are non-standard unified diff files with a header, which nevertheless are compatible with the standard diff utility. The debian/rules file is modified to call dpatch apply-all before building the binary package and dpatch deapply-all before building the source package (and cleaning up any build byproducts). quilt and certain other patch systems eliminate the need for special headers and use standard diff files.

text: There are also packages using other patch systems, such as dpatch. It generates and executes

text: shell scripts

text: that are non-standard

text: unified diff

text: files with a header, which nevertheless are compatible with the standard diff utility. The debian/rules file is modified to call dpatch apply-all before building the binary package and dpatch deapply-all before building the source package (and cleaning up any build byproducts). quilt and certain other patch systems eliminate the need for special headers and use standard diff files.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: dpatch

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: dpatch.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: cleaning up any build byproducts).

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: dpatch.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: quilt

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: dpatch.

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: build byproducts).

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: dpatch.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: dpatch.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: dpatch.

text: In situ can refer to where a clean up or remediation of a polluted site is performed using and simulating the natural processes in the soil, contrary to ex situ where contaminated soil is excavated and cleaned elsewhere, off site.

text: In situ can refer to where a clean up or

text: remediation

text: of a

text: polluted

text: site is performed using and simulating the natural processes in the

text: soil

text: , contrary to

text: ex situ

text: where contaminated soil is excavated and cleaned elsewhere, off site.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: in situ

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: in situ

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: ex situ

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: ex situ

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: ex situ

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: In situ

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: In situ

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: In situ

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: In situ

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: ex situ

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: ex situ

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: In situ

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: In situ

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: ex situ

text: The degree of pathogen removal strongly varies with soil type, aquifer type, distance and other environmental factors. For this reason, it is difficult to estimate the safe distance between a pit and a water source – a problem that also applies to septic tanks. Detailed guidelines have been developed to estimate safe distances to protect groundwater sources from pollution from on-site sanitation. However, these are mostly ignored by those building pit latrines. In addition to that, household plots are of a limited size and therefore pit latrines are often built much closer to groundwater wells than what can be regarded as safe This results in groundwater pollution and household members falling sick when using this groundwater as a source of drinking water.

text: The degree of pathogen removal strongly varies with soil type, aquifer type, distance and other environmental factors. For this reason, it is difficult to estimate the safe distance between a pit and a water source – a problem that also applies to

text: septic tank

text: s. Detailed guidelines have been developed to estimate safe distances to protect

text: groundwater

text: sources from pollution from on-site

text: sanitation

text: . However, these are mostly ignored by those building pit latrines. In addition to that, household plots are of a limited size and therefore pit latrines are often built much closer to groundwater wells than what can be regarded as safe This results in

text: groundwater pollution

text: and household members falling sick when using this groundwater as a source of drinking water.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: groundwater pollution

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: septic tanks

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: septic tanks

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: difficult to estimate the safe distance between a pit and a water source

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: groundwater pollution

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: on-site sanitation.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: pathogen removal

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: pathogen removal

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: pathogen removal

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: septic tanks.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: pathogen removal

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: difficult to estimate the safe distance between a pit and a water source

text: In Sept 2009, CAN teamed up with a youth filmmaking non-governmental organization, Focus on Film, to raise public awareness about the issue of Hong Kong’s air quality. "Clean Air 1-2 Go" involved 200 students who made short films about Hong Kong’s air pollution that were eventually aired on monitors in Hong Kong’s major malls.

text: In Sept 2009, CAN teamed up with a youth filmmaking non-governmental organization, Focus on Film, to raise public awareness about the issue of Hong Kong’s air quality. "Clean Air 1-2 Go" involved 200 students who made short films about Hong Kong’s air pollution that were eventually aired on monitors in Hong Kong’s major malls.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: raise public awareness

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: clean air 1-2 Go

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: "Clean Air 1-2 Go"

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: "Clean Air 1-2 Go"

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: "Clean Air 1-2 Go"

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: "Clean Air 1-2 Go"

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: "Clean Air 1-2 Go"

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: air quality.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: "Clean Air 1-2 Go"

text: Carr was ordered to proceed to Naval Station Mayport.  Arriving the next morning, the local community had staged relief supplies to be taken to Charleston.  The next day, Carr was directed to return to her homeport.  Upon arrival, there were no shore services, so the Engineering Department kept the engineering plant on line to provide power, air-conditioning, fresh water and other support services.  Crew members were dispatched, during the day, to assist in the clean up of the Naval Station, the Naval Weapons Station and the local community.  As time permitted, they also helped each other's families secure their belongings and clean up their homes.  For this response the natural disaster, Carr was awarded the Humanitarian Service Medal.

text: Carr was ordered to proceed to Naval Station Mayport.  Arriving the next morning, the local community had staged relief supplies to be taken to Charleston.  The next day, Carr was directed to return to her homeport.  Upon arrival, there were no shore services, so the Engineering Department kept the engineering plant on line to provide power, air-conditioning, fresh water and other support services.  Crew members were dispatched, during the day, to assist in the clean up of the Naval Station, the Naval Weapons Station and the local community.  As time permitted, they also helped each other's families secure their belongings and clean up their homes.  For this response the natural disaster, Carr was awarded the

text: Humanitarian Service Medal

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: clean up homes

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Humanitarian Service Medal.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: helped each other's families secure their belongings and clean up their homes.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: the Engineering Department kept the engineering plant

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: clean up of the Naval Station, the Naval Weapons Station

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: fresh water

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: no shore services,

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: fresh water

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: fresh water

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Humanitarian Service Medal.

text: The groundwater pumpout system was constructed in 1985 and pumped contaminated groundwater from three wells to a storm sewer.  A pilot groundwater aeration (air injection) system was added in 1992 to augment the pumpout system.  Additional air injection wells were placed in operation in 1995 to aerate the width of the contaminant plume while pumping continued.  From 2001 to 2008, various combinations of pumping and air injection were used to control groundwater.  Since 2008, an expanded air injection system has been used alone to control and treat contaminants in groundwater.

text: The groundwater pumpout system was constructed in 1985 and pumped contaminated groundwater from three wells to a storm sewer.  A pilot groundwater aeration (air injection) system was added in 1992 to augment the pumpout system.  Additional air injection wells were placed in operation in 1995 to aerate the width of the contaminant plume while pumping continued.  From 2001 to 2008, various combinations of pumping and air injection were used to control groundwater.  Since 2008, an expanded air injection system has been used alone to control and treat contaminants in groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: it is impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: pumping

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: air injection

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: air injection

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater aeration

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: a storm sewer

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: pumped contaminated groundwater from three wells to a storm sewer.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: air injection system has been used alone to control and treat contaminants in groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: (air injection) system

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: (air injection)

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: (air injection)

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: pumped contaminated groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: storm sewer.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: aerate the width of the contaminant plume

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: pumped contaminated groundwater from three wells to a storm sewer.

text: Severe conditions, such as extremely high temperatures and lack of water and fertile soil, hinder increased agricultural production. Orthents, the predominant soil type in the peninsula, accounting for approximately 1,020,000 ha., are unfavorable for crop cultivation because of their extreme shallowness. The limited groundwater that permits agriculture in some areas is being depleted so rapidly that saltwater is encroaching and making the soil inhospitable to all but the most salt-resistant crops.  The northern section of Qatar comprises the most significant source of fresh groundwater in the country, mainly due to the more advantageous hydro-geological conditions than those that exist in the southern section of the country. The rate of groundwater extraction in 1966 was 20 mm3/year. This increased to 120 mm3/year by 2000. Studies have approximated that aquifer storage will be completely exhausted by 2025.

text: Severe conditions, such as extremely high temperatures and lack of water and fertile soil, hinder increased

text: agricultural production

text: Orthent

text: s, the predominant soil type in the peninsula, accounting for approximately 1,020,000 ha., are unfavorable for crop cultivation because of their extreme shallowness. The limited

text: groundwater

text: that permits agriculture in some areas is being depleted so rapidly that

text: saltwater

text: is encroaching and making the soil inhospitable to all but the most salt-resistant crops.  The northern section of Qatar comprises the most significant source of fresh groundwater in the country, mainly due to the more advantageous hydro-geological conditions than those that exist in the southern section of the country. The rate of groundwater extraction in 1966 was 20 mm3/year. This increased to 120 mm3/year by 2000. Studies have approximated that aquifer storage will be completely exhausted by 2025.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: groundwater extraction

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: aquifer storage will be completely exhausted

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: 120 mm3/year by 2000.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: extraction

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: saltwater

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: agricultural production.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: saltwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: completely exhausted by 2025.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: saltwater

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: groundwater

text: A major groundwater plume containing the contaminant PCE was discovered in Merced in the year 1987.  Subsequently, drilling of new water wells was severely restricted.

text: A major groundwater plume containing the contaminant

text: PCE

text: was discovered in Merced in the year 1987.  Subsequently, drilling of new water wells was severely restricted.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: drill wells

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: PCE

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater plumes

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: drilling of new water wells was severely restricted

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: drilling of new water wells

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: drilling of new water wells

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: PCE

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: drilling of new water wells was severely restricted.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: drilling of new water wells

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: PCE

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: drilling of new water wells was severely restricted.

text: Chemical contamination is a common problem with groundwater. Nitrates from sewage, sewage sludge or fertilizer are a particular problem for babies and young children. Pollutant chemicals include pesticides and volatile organic compounds from gasoline, dry-cleaning, the fuel additive methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), and perchlorate from rocket fuel, airbag inflators, and other artificial and natural sources.

text: Chemical contamination is a common problem with groundwater.

text: Nitrate

text: s from

text: sewage

text: sewage sludge

text: or

text: fertilizer

text: are a particular problem for babies and young children. Pollutant chemicals include

text: pesticide

text: s and

text: volatile organic compound

text: s from

text: gasoline

text: dry-cleaning

text: , the fuel additive

text: methyl tert-butyl ether

text: (MTBE), and

text: perchlorate

text: from rocket fuel, airbag inflators, and other artificial and natural sources.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: chemical contamination

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: perchlorate

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical contamination

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: dry-cleaning

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Chemical contamination is a common problem with groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Chemical contamination

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE),

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Chemical contamination is a common problem with groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Chemical contamination is a common problem with groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: dry-cleaning,

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Chemical contamination is a common problem with groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Nitrates

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: groundwater.

text: Up to the year 2003, 33,600 cubic yards or sedimentation, sludge and soil have been removed for disposal and incineration. The area was then back filled with top soil. In June 2011, a five-year review of the site was published. At that time the remediation status was complete as of date: 9/21/2004. Finally a fence has been installed around the entire site to restrict access and protect human health but has been breached in several locations. The downstream area was cleaned up to residential levels. It was recommended that the NJDEP continued monitoring off Site groundwater for five years. The final suggestion was "Since hazardous substances, pollutants or contaminants remain at the Site which do not allow for unlimited use or unrestricted exposure, in accordance with 40 CFR 300.430 (f) (4) (ii), the remedial action for the Site shall be reviewed no less often than every five years. EPA will conduct another five-year review prior to June 2016."

text: Up to the year 2003, 33,600 cubic yards or sedimentation, sludge and soil have been removed for disposal and incineration. The area was then back filled with top soil. In June 2011, a five-year review of the site was published. At that time the remediation status was complete as of date: 9/21/2004. Finally a fence has been installed around the entire site to restrict access and protect human health but has been breached in several locations. The downstream area was cleaned up to residential levels. It was recommended that the NJDEP continued monitoring off Site groundwater for five years. The final suggestion was "Since hazardous substances, pollutants or contaminants remain at the Site which do not allow for unlimited use or unrestricted exposure, in accordance with 40 CFR 300.430 (f) (4) (ii), the remedial action for the Site shall be reviewed no less often than every five years. EPA will conduct another five-year review prior to June 2016."

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: it's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: monitoring off Site groundwater for five years

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: incineration

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: incineration

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unrestricted exposure

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: The downstream area was cleaned

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: removed for disposal and incineration.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: monitoring off Site groundwater

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: sludge and soil have been removed for disposal and incineration.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: incineration.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: incineration.

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: incineration.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: top soil.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: soil have been removed for disposal and incineration.

text: Many states, or concerned citizens of the state, have established their own programs to help promote pollution clean-up strategies.

text: Many states, or concerned citizens of the state, have established their own programs to help promote pollution clean-up strategies.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: protect the environment

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: sulfate

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: a waste of resources

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: pollution clean-up

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: pollution clean-up strategies.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: pollution clean-up strategies.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: clean-up strategies.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: clean-up strategies.

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: pollution clean-up strategies.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: clean-up strategies.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: pollution clean-up strategies.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: pollution clean-up strategies.

text: The former DEW Line sites were operated using practices and materials accepted by the environmental standards of the time. With their closure and many of them rebuilt as NWS sites, a clean-up project was undertaken to remove surplus infrastructure, treat chemically contaminated soils, and stabilize landfill sites. The clean-up was designed to keep chemical contamination from the DEW Line sites out of the Arctic food chain, and ensure that the sites are restored to an environmentally safe condition. In 1989, the Canadian Department of National Defence (DND) started investigating the environmental conditions of the DEW Line sites and commenced clean-up work at two sites in 1996. The clean-up of 21 sites is scheduled to be completed in 2013. Currently, 14 sites have been cleaned up and the remaining seven are on-going in Nunavut.

text: The former DEW Line sites were operated using practices and materials accepted by the environmental standards of the time. With their closure and many of them rebuilt as NWS sites, a clean-up project was undertaken to remove surplus infrastructure, treat chemically contaminated soils, and stabilize landfill sites. The clean-up was designed to keep chemical contamination from the DEW Line sites out of the

text: Arctic

text: food chain, and ensure that the sites are restored to an environmentally safe condition. In 1989, the Canadian

text: Department of National Defence

text: (DND) started investigating the environmental conditions of the DEW Line sites and commenced clean-up work at two sites in 1996. The clean-up of 21 sites is scheduled to be completed in 2013. Currently, 14 sites have been cleaned up and the remaining seven are on-going in Nunavut.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: stabilize landfill sites

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: aquifer

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: a clean-up project was undertaken to remove surplus infrastructure

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: keep chemical contamination from the DEW Line sites out of the Arctic food chain

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: chemical contamination from the DEW Line sites out of the Arctic food chain,

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: treat chemically contaminated soils, and stabilize landfill sites.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemically contaminated soils,

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: treat chemically contaminated soils, and stabilize landfill sites.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemically contaminated soils,

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: chemically contaminated soils,

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: keep chemical contamination from the DEW Line sites out of the Arctic food chain,

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: chemical contamination

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: chemically contaminated soils, and stabilize landfill sites.

text: Abating the effects of pollution draws funds from other sources to pay for cleaning up the environment (Sanderson, 1994).  This decreases the value of

text: Abating the effects of pollution draws funds from other sources to pay for cleaning up the environment (

text: Sanderson, 1994

text: ).  This decreases the value of

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: pollute it

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: acidic chemicals

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: bioremediation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: drawing funds from other sources

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: decrease the value of aquifers

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Abating the effects of pollution draws funds from other sources

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Abating the effects of pollution draws funds from other sources

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: decreases the value

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Abating the effects of pollution draws funds from other sources

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Abating the effects of pollution

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: funds from other sources

text: In November 2002, the United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights asserted that access to clean, safe water goes beyond the classification of water as an economic commodity. The committee stressed the fundamental right of sufficient access to clean water for both domestic and personal use. “The human right to water is indispensable for leading a life in human dignity.” With this in mind, manufacturers of water pumps, like those produced by GOAZ Development in Malaysia, have a wide range of potential customers: governments, non- governmental organizations, women’s groups, community groups and other organizations of various types interested to developing access to groundwater.

text: In November 2002, the United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights asserted that access to clean, safe water goes beyond the classification of water as an economic commodity. The committee stressed the fundamental right of sufficient access to clean water for both domestic and personal use. “The human right to water is indispensable for leading a life in human dignity.” With this in mind, manufacturers of water pumps, like those produced by GOAZ Development in Malaysia, have a wide range of potential customers: governments, non- governmental organizations, women’s groups, community groups and other organizations of various types interested to developing access to groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: sufficient access

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: sufficient access to clean water

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: developing access to groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: manufacturers of water pumps,

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: groundwater.

text: In Hindu traditions, cremation is one of the rites of passage and the Ghats of Varanasi are considered one of the auspicious locations for this ritual. At the time of the cremation or "last rites", a "Puja" (prayer) is performed. Hymns and mantras are recited during cremation to mark the ritual. The Manikarnika and Harishchandra Ghats are dedicated to the cremation ritual. Annually, less than 2 in 1000 people who die in India, or 25,000 to 30,000 bodies are cremated on various Varanasi Ghats; about an average of 80 per day. This practice has become controversial for the pollution it causes to the river. In 1980s, the Government of India funded a Clean Ganges initiative, to address cremation and other sources of pollution along the Ghats of Varanasi. In many cases, the cremation is done elsewhere and only the ashes are dispersed into the river near these Ghats.

text: In

text: Hindu

text: traditions, cremation is one of the

text: rites of passage

text: and the Ghats of Varanasi are considered one of the auspicious locations for this ritual. At the time of the cremation or "last rites", a "

text: Puja

text: " (prayer) is performed. Hymns and mantras are recited during cremation to mark the ritual. The Manikarnika and Harishchandra Ghats are dedicated to the cremation ritual. Annually, less than 2 in 1000 people who die in India, or 25,000 to 30,000 bodies are cremated on various Varanasi Ghats; about an average of 80 per day. This practice has become controversial for the pollution it causes to the river. In 1980s, the Government of India funded a Clean Ganges initiative, to address cremation and other sources of pollution along the Ghats of Varanasi. In many cases, the cremation is done elsewhere and only the ashes are dispersed into the river near these Ghats.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Clean Ganges initiative

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: cremation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: This practice has become controversial for the pollution

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: pollution it causes to the river.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Clean Ganges

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Clean Ganges

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Clean Ganges

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Clean Ganges

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: pollution it causes to the river.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Clean Ganges

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: ashes

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Clean Ganges

text: On-site sanitation systems can be designed in such a way that groundwater pollution from these sanitation systems is prevented from occurring. Detailed guidelines have been developed to estimate safe distances to protect groundwater sources from pollution from on-site sanitation. The following criteria have been proposed for safe siting (i.e. deciding on the location) of on-site sanitation systems:

text: On-site sanitation systems can be designed in such a way that groundwater pollution from these sanitation systems is prevented from occurring. Detailed guidelines have been developed to estimate safe distances to protect

text: groundwater

text: sources from pollution from on-site

text: sanitation

text: . The following criteria have been proposed for safe siting (i.e. deciding on the location) of on-site sanitation systems:

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: on-site sanitation

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: acidic reagents

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater pollution

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: safe siting

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: groundwater pollution from these sanitation systems is prevented from occurring.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: pollution from on-site sanitation.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Detailed guidelines have been developed to estimate safe distances

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: On-site sanitation systems

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: groundwater pollution from these sanitation systems is prevented from occurring.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: On-site sanitation systems

text: Each POCIS disk will sample a certain volume of water per day. The volume of water sampled varies from chemical to chemical and is dependent on the physical and chemical properties of the compound as well as the duration of sampling. The sampling rate of POCIS can vary with changes in the water flow, turbulence, temperature, and the buildup of solids on the sampler’s surface. The accumulation of contaminants into a POCIS device is the result of three successive process occurring at the same time. First, the contaminants have to diffuse across the water boundary layer. The thickness of this layer is dependent on water flow and turbulence around the sampler and can significantly alter sampling rates. Second, the contaminant must transport across the membrane either through the water-filled pores or through the membrane itself. Finally, contaminants transfer from the membrane into the sorbent material mainly through adsorption. These last two steps make the modeling, understanding, and prediction of accumulation by a POCIS device challenging. To date, a limited number of chemical sampling rates have been determined.

text: Each POCIS disk will sample a certain volume of water per day. The volume of water sampled varies from chemical to chemical and is dependent on the

text: physical

text: and

text: chemical

text: properties of the compound as well as the duration of sampling. The sampling rate of POCIS can vary with changes in the water flow, turbulence, temperature, and the buildup of solids on the sampler’s surface. The accumulation of contaminants into a POCIS device is the result of three successive process occurring at the same time. First, the contaminants have to diffuse across the water

text: boundary layer

text: . The thickness of this layer is dependent on water flow and turbulence around the sampler and can significantly alter sampling rates. Second, the contaminant must transport across the membrane either through the water-filled pores or through the membrane itself. Finally, contaminants transfer from the membrane into the sorbent material mainly through

text: adsorption

text: . These last two steps make the modeling, understanding, and prediction of accumulation by a POCIS device challenging. To date, a limited number of chemical sampling rates have been determined.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: pollute it

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: POCIS

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: the accumulation of contaminants into a POCIS device

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: contaminants

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: contaminants

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: POCIS disk will sample a certain volume of water per day.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: adsorption.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: adsorption.

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: modeling, understanding, and prediction of accumulation by a POCIS device challenging.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: mainly through adsorption.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: chemical to chemical

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: water boundary layer.

text: The soil cleanup at the FMC site and installation of groundwater extraction wells were completed between 1983 and 1987.  In addition to storing contaminated soil in an on-site vault, the cleanup also included pumping contaminated groundwater and transporting it to a nearby treatment plant.  Routine monitoring of groundwater began in 1987 and continues to this day.  Although concentrations of VOCs in groundwater have decreased in most monitoring wells, pumping will continue until cleanup goals have been met.

text: The soil cleanup at the FMC site and installation of groundwater extraction wells were completed between 1983 and 1987.  In addition to storing contaminated soil in an on-site vault, the cleanup also included pumping contaminated groundwater and transporting it to a nearby treatment plant.  Routine monitoring of groundwater began in 1987 and continues to this day.  Although concentrations of VOCs in groundwater have decreased in most monitoring wells, pumping will continue until cleanup goals have been met.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: pumping contaminated groundwater

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: VOCs

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater extraction

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: pumping will continue until cleanup goals have been met

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: a nearby treatment plant

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: contaminated groundwater and transporting it to a nearby treatment plant.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: pumping contaminated groundwater

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: a nearby treatment plant.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: groundwater extraction wells

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: contaminated groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: pumping contaminated groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: a nearby treatment plant.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: VOCs

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: pumping contaminated groundwater

text: Remediation of groundwater contaminated by anthropogenic sources often is required to restore groundwater to its previous uses. Numerous sites in Arkansas have been investigated or remediated under voluntary actions, through enforcement, or under hazardous waste permits. Most cleanups are overseen by ADEQ, but if radiological materials are involved, ADH will lead the cleanup effort. This section describes some of the programs through which groundwater remediation is managed in Arkansas.

text: Remediation of groundwater contaminated by anthropogenic sources often is required to restore groundwater to its previous uses. Numerous sites in Arkansas have been investigated or remediated under voluntary actions, through enforcement, or under hazardous waste permits. Most cleanups are overseen by ADEQ, but if radiological materials are involved, ADH will lead the cleanup effort. This section describes some of the programs through which groundwater remediation is managed in Arkansas.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: it is impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: remediation

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: hazardous waste permits

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: radiological materials are involved

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: restore groundwater to its previous uses

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Remediation of groundwater contaminated by anthropogenic sources

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Remediation of groundwater contaminated by anthropogenic sources

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: anthropogenic sources

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: voluntary actions, through enforcement, or under hazardous waste permits.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: hazardous waste permits.

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater contaminated by anthropogenic sources

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: restore groundwater to its previous uses.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: if radiological materials

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Remediation of groundwater

text: Giant reed is adapted to a wide variety of ecological conditions, but is generally associated with riparian and wetland systems. It is distributed across the southern United States from Maryland to California. Plants can grow in a variety of soils, from heavy clays to loose sands and gravelly soils, but prefer wet drained soils, where they produce monotypic dense stands. In soil contaminated with arsenic, cadmium and lead, giant reed was found to grow rapidly, showing a strong metal-tolerance, with a limited metal translocation from roots to shoots. In this study, it is underlined that accumulation of As, Cd and Pb in shoots of giant reed is low, while metal concentration in roots is high, and the anatomical characteristics of stem tissues are thick and homogeneous according to SEM image. In Pakistan, where the detection of arsenic in  ground waters has threatened the use of groundwater as major source of drinking water, a research highlighted the phytoremediation potential of A. donax when grown in hydroponics cultures containing arsenic concentrations up to 1000 µg l. Giant reed was able to translocate the metals absorbed into the shoot and to accumulate metals in the stalk and leaves above the root concentration without showing any toxic effects up to As concentration of 600 µg l. Furthermore, the plant is not consumed by herbivores, a positive trait in phytoremediation plants.

text: Giant reed is adapted to a wide variety of ecological conditions, but is generally associated with riparian and wetland systems. It is distributed across the southern

text: United States

text: from

text: Maryland

text: to

text: California

text: . Plants can grow in a variety of soils, from heavy clays to loose sands and gravelly soils, but prefer wet drained soils, where they produce

text: monotypic

text: dense stands. In soil contaminated with

text: arsenic

text: cadmium

text: and

text: lead

text: , giant reed was found to grow rapidly, showing a strong metal-tolerance, with a limited metal translocation from roots to shoots. In this study, it is underlined that accumulation of As, Cd and Pb in shoots of giant reed is low, while metal concentration in roots is high, and the anatomical characteristics of stem tissues are thick and homogeneous according to

text: SEM

text: image. In

text: Pakistan

text: , where the detection of

text: arsenic

text: in

text: ground waters

text: has threatened the use of groundwater as major source of drinking water, a research highlighted the

text: phytoremediation

text: potential of A. donax when grown in

text: hydroponics

text: cultures containing arsenic concentrations up to 1000 µ

text: g

text: l

text: . Giant reed was able to translocate the metals absorbed into the shoot and to accumulate metals in the

text: stalk

text: and

text: leaves

text: above the

text: root

text: concentration without showing any toxic effects up to As concentration of 600 µ

text: g

text: l. Furthermore, the plant is not consumed by

text: herbivore

text: s, a positive trait in

text: phytoremediation

text: plants.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: It is easier and cheaper to clean up groundwater

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: protect the environment

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: arsenic

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Giant reed

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: What is the cost of pumping water to the surface to clean the pollutant?

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: groundwater as major source of drinking water,

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: phytoremediation

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: A. donax

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: phytoremediation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: phytoremediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: limited metal translocation from roots to shoots.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: drinking water,

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: arsenic, cadmium and lead,

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: groundwater as major source of drinking water,

text: Newer UCG technologies and practices claim to address environmental concerns, such as issues related to groundwater contamination, by implementing the “Clean Cavern” concept. This is the process whereby the gasifier is self-cleaned via the steam produced during operation and also after decommissioning. Another important practice is maintaining the pressure of the underground gasifier below that of the surrounding groundwater. The pressure difference forces groundwater to flow continuously into the gasifier and no chemical from the gasifier can escape into the surrounding strata. The pressure is controlled by the operator using pressure valves at the surface.

text: Newer UCG technologies and practices claim to address environmental concerns, such as issues related to groundwater contamination, by implementing the “Clean Cavern” concept. This is the process whereby the gasifier is self-cleaned via the steam produced during operation and also after decommissioning. Another important practice is maintaining the pressure of the underground gasifier below that of the surrounding groundwater. The pressure difference forces groundwater to flow continuously into the gasifier and no chemical from the gasifier can escape into the surrounding strata. The pressure is controlled by the operator using pressure valves at the surface.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: maintaining the pressure

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: gasifier

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: UCG

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater contamination

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: no chemical from the gasifier can escape into the surrounding strata

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: “Clean Cavern”

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: maintaining the pressure of the underground gasifier below that of the surrounding groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: maintaining the pressure of the underground gasifier below that of the surrounding groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: “Clean Cavern”

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: “Clean Cavern”

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater contamination,

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: no chemical from the gasifier can escape into the surrounding strata.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: surface.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: underground gasifier below that of the surrounding groundwater.

text: In 1981, a plume of contaminated groundwater was discovered beneath the former  Ammunition Plant, which occupies 20 square miles west of Grand Island. The plume extended to northeast of the plant for about five miles and migrated towards Grand Island. RDX was discovered at 371 parts per billion (ppb) and TNT at 445 ppb on the plant site and just over 100 ppb off-site. The safe drinking water standard for RDX and TNT is 2 ppb.

text: In 1981, a plume of contaminated groundwater was discovered beneath the former  Ammunition Plant, which occupies 20 square miles west of Grand Island. The plume extended to northeast of the plant for about five miles and migrated towards Grand Island.

text: RDX

text: was discovered at 371 parts per billion (ppb) and

text: TNT

text: at 445 ppb on the plant site and just over 100 ppb off-site. The safe drinking water standard for RDX and TNT is 2 ppb.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: contaminate it

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: RDX

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: safe drinking water standard

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: contaminated groundwater was discovered beneath the former Ammunition Plant,

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: contaminated groundwater

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: RDX

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: contaminated groundwater

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: contaminated groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: The safe drinking water

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: contaminated groundwater

text: As part of the remediation action, the City of Montgomery planted two acres of poplar trees, which take up and break down contaminants from shallow groundwater through their roots.  The Alliance has submitted a work plan to complete the assessment of the plume area. During the years of analysis and cleanup, the downtown area has remained open for business and redevelopment. This includes the building of a new Riverfront Amphitheater, a Conference Complex, and parks and attracting new retail outlets, housing, offices, and industry.

text: As part of the remediation action, the City of Montgomery planted two acres of

text: poplar

text: trees, which take up and break down contaminants from shallow groundwater through their roots.  The Alliance has submitted a work plan to complete the assessment of the plume area. During the years of analysis and cleanup, the downtown area has remained open for business and redevelopment. This includes the building of a new Riverfront Amphitheater, a Conference Complex, and parks and attracting new retail outlets, housing, offices, and industry.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: plant trees

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: poplar trees

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: shallow groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: plant two acres of poplar trees

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: shallow groundwater

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: the City of Montgomery planted two acres of poplar trees,

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: the City of Montgomery planted two acres of poplar trees,

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: poplar trees,

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: poplar trees,

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: shallow groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: the downtown area has remained open for business and redevelopment.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: shallow groundwater

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: shallow groundwater

text: Alectoria sarmentosa is a long-lived, perennial lichen. It is also sometimes classified as a fungus. It is a light greenish colored and fruticose or bushy bodied.  This epiphytic lichen belonging to the Alectoriaceae family and the suborder Lecanorineae, which includes six similar species. A. sarmentosa grows draped or strung over conifer tree limbs and deciduous shrub branches in Northern temperate rainforest. This lichen favors mature and old growth, wet conifer and hardwood forests with clean air. A. sarmentosa is sensitive to air pollution and used for air quality monitoring. Areas required by A. sarmentosa are found in northern and southern  temperate zones and receive high rainfall. This lichen is commonly found in transitional areas between valley and mountainous forests, but usually avoiding the immediate coast.

text: Alectoria sarmentosa is a long-lived, perennial

text: lichen

text: . It is also sometimes classified as a

text: fungus

text: . It is a light greenish colored and

text: fruticose

text: or bushy bodied.  This

text: epiphytic

text: lichen belonging to the

text: Alectoriaceae

text: family and the suborder

text: Lecanorineae

text: , which includes six similar species. A. sarmentosa grows draped or strung over conifer tree limbs and deciduous shrub branches in Northern

text: temperate rainforest

text: . This lichen favors mature and

text: old growth

text: , wet

text: conifer

text: and hardwood forests with clean air. A. sarmentosa is sensitive to air pollution and used for

text: air quality monitoring

text: . Areas required by A. sarmentosa are found in northern and southern

text: temperate zones

text: and receive high rainfall. This lichen is commonly found in transitional areas between valley and mountainous forests, but usually avoiding the immediate coast.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: clean air

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: sarmentosa

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Alectoria sarmentosa

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Alectoria sarmentosa

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Lecanorineae,

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Alectoria sarmentosa

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: A. sarmentosa is sensitive to air pollution

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: clean air.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: A. sarmentosa is sensitive to air pollution

text: After a well blowout by Windsor Energy Corp near Clark, Wyoming in August 2006, which forced evacuations and took nearly 56 hours to plug with drilling mud, liquid gas condensate and natural gas were released through a cracked well casing 255 feet below ground. On January 12, 2007 the DEQ water quality division issued a notice of violation; the company settled in August 2007 by promising to participate in the 'Voluntary Remediation Program' and paid a $2,812.50 fine. Monitoring wells showed groundwater contamination, but didn't include residential areas. In 2007, elevated levels of benzene in one private water well sped up the 2009 clean up schedule; Windsor had to deliver a clean up plan to the DEQ by May 1, 2008.  Not until 2010 did residents learn about the plan. In May 2011, Windsor presented a final remedy draft to Clark residents in a public meeting, where residents criticized lack of monitoring private wells and "some expressed frustration with Wyoming state laws that they feel favor industry over personal property rights", and where "county and the state both work together, and they’re all extremely pro industry".

text: After a

text: well blowout

text: by Windsor Energy Corp near

text: Clark, Wyoming

text: in August 2006, which forced evacuations and took nearly 56 hours to plug with drilling mud, liquid gas condensate and natural gas were released through a cracked

text: well casing

text: 255 feet below ground. On January 12, 2007 the DEQ water quality division issued a notice of violation; the company settled in August 2007 by promising to participate in the 'Voluntary Remediation Program' and paid a $2,812.50 fine. Monitoring wells showed groundwater contamination, but didn't include residential areas. In 2007, elevated levels of

text: benzene

text: in one private water well sped up the 2009 clean up schedule; Windsor had to deliver a

text: clean up

text: plan to the DEQ by May 1, 2008.  Not until 2010 did residents learn about the plan. In May 2011, Windsor presented a final remedy draft to Clark residents in a public meeting, where residents criticized lack of monitoring private wells and "some expressed frustration with Wyoming state laws that they feel favor industry over personal property rights", and where "county and the state both work together, and they’re all extremely pro industry".

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: monitoring private wells

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: benzene

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: some expressed frustration

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: residential areas

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Monitoring wells showed groundwater contamination, but didn't include residential areas.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: residential areas.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: benzene

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: 'Voluntary Remediation Program'

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: 'Voluntary Remediation Program'

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater contamination, but didn't include residential areas.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: residential areas.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Monitoring wells showed groundwater

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: 255 feet below ground.

text: The reduction of effluents from wastewater treatment plants and the introduction of biodegradable detergents have greatly reduced the incidence of pollution-related foam, the presence of which can be ascertained by a fragrant or perfume-like smell. The foam lines are restricted to the part of the water course in the vicinity of the source of the pollution.

text: The reduction of effluents from wastewater treatment plants and the introduction of biodegradable detergents have greatly reduced the incidence of pollution-related foam, the presence of which can be ascertained by a fragrant or perfume-like smell. The foam lines are restricted to the part of the water course in the vicinity of the source of the pollution.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: introduce biodegradable detergents

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: biodegradable detergents

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: biodegradable detergents

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: biodegradable detergents

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: pollution-related foam,

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: The reduction of effluents from wastewater treatment plants

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: biodegradable detergents

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: biodegradable detergents

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: biodegradable detergents

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: pollution-related foam,

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: wastewater treatment plants

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: pollution-related foam,

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: The reduction of effluents from wastewater treatment plants

text: Many things contributed to the pollution in Rio Santiago. Some say it is big corporate factories and businesses that should clean it up because it was their fault. Others say it was the locals who contaminated the lake. The thing is that whatever way the river got contaminated, the fact of the matter is that it needs to be cleaned up, and people need to be educated on how to properly dispose of their waste. It is also up to the government to constantly regulate and punish anyone who violates the regulations. The fact of the matter is that whichever way the river got contaminated in the first place it is everyone’s job to help clean up and to respect what mother nature has given us, because we might not get another chance. This not only goes for Rio Santiago, but for all polluted areas.

text: Many things contributed to the pollution in Rio Santiago. Some say it is big corporate factories and businesses that should clean it up because it was their fault. Others say it was the locals who contaminated the lake. The thing is that whatever way the river got contaminated, the fact of the matter is that it needs to be cleaned up, and people need to be educated on how to properly dispose of their waste. It is also up to the government to constantly regulate and punish anyone who violates the regulations. The fact of the matter is that whichever way the river got contaminated in the first place it is everyone’s job to help clean up and to respect what mother nature has given us, because we might not get another chance. This not only goes for Rio Santiago, but for all polluted areas.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: dispose of your waste

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: sulfate

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: the locals who contaminated the lake

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: None of the above choices

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: it needs to be cleaned up,

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: people need to be educated on how to properly dispose of their waste.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: people need to be educated on how to properly dispose of their waste.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: it needs to be cleaned up,

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: corporate factories

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: people need to be educated on how to properly dispose of their waste.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: it needs to be cleaned up,

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: big corporate factories

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: it needs to be cleaned up,

text: The model can also be run 'backwards' to generate maps that locate possible plume originating sources.

text: The model can also be run 'backwards' to generate maps that locate possible plume originating sources.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: run it backwards

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: contaminating them

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: clean water would be pumped back in

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: plume originating sources.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: plume originating sources.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: plume originating sources.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: The model

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: plume originating sources.

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: plume originating sources.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: generate maps that locate possible plume originating sources.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: The model can also be run 'backwards'

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: The model can also be run 'backwards'

text: According to the lawsuit, PG&E was also required to discontinue use of chromium-6 and to clean up the contaminated groundwater. By 2008 however, the plume of chromium was spreading, capturing media attention by 2011. In November 2010 PG&E began to offer to purchase threatened homes and property in Hinkley and to provide bottled water. By 2013, the plume was "more than six miles long and two miles wide and gradually expanding."

text: According to the lawsuit, PG&E was also required to discontinue use of chromium-6 and to clean up the contaminated groundwater. By 2008 however, the plume of chromium was spreading, capturing media attention by 2011. In November 2010 PG&E began to offer to purchase threatened homes and property in Hinkley and to provide bottled water. By 2013, the plume was "more than six miles long and two miles wide and gradually expanding."

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: use chromium-6

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: bottled water

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: contaminated groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: clean up the contaminated groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: discontinue use of chromium-6

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chromium-6

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: contaminated groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: clean up the contaminated groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: the plume of chromium was spreading,

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: bottled water.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: bottled water.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: contaminated groundwater.

text: Groundwater pumping has altered historical groundwater flow in the Sankoty aquifer.  The flat geography of the area leads to groundwater flows that are perpendicular to the Illinois River, however municipal groundwater pumping in the Peoria, Illinois area and to a lesser degree agricultural pumping elsewhere over the aquifer has led to numerous cones of depression.

text: Groundwater pumping has altered historical groundwater flow in the Sankoty aquifer.  The flat geography of the area leads to groundwater flows that are perpendicular to the Illinois River, however municipal groundwater pumping in the Peoria, Illinois area and to a lesser degree agricultural pumping elsewhere over the aquifer has led to numerous

text: cones of depression

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: pumping

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: acidic chemicals

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Groundwater pumping

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater pumping

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: numerous cones of depression

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: municipal groundwater pumping

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Groundwater pumping

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Groundwater pumping

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Groundwater pumping

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Groundwater pumping

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: numerous cones of depression.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: cones of depression.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Groundwater pumping

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: municipal groundwater pumping

text: Since then the Mass DEP and EPA have ordered remedial activities which included the removal of: potential contaminants, solid waste, construction debris, tires, and over 70 tons of impacted soils. The groundwater plume from the site contains low levels of a chemical called TCE. Due to the low and naturally declining levels (due to the removal of the source) the Mass DEP to conclude that no further water clean-up is required. Other chemicals recorded by the Mass DEP were VOCs. According to the EPA’s inspection the Ozone is considered to be a Non-Attainment Area. No further data was recorded.

text: Since then the Mass DEP and EPA have ordered remedial activities which included the removal of: potential contaminants, solid waste, construction debris, tires, and over 70 tons of impacted soils. The groundwater plume from the site contains low levels of a chemical called

text: TCE

text: . Due to the low and naturally declining levels (due to the removal of the source) the Mass DEP to conclude that no further water clean-up is required. Other chemicals recorded by the Mass DEP were

text: VOCs

text: . According to the EPA’s inspection the Ozone is considered to be a Non-Attainment Area. No further data was recorded.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: remove solid waste

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: TCE

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: no further data was recorded

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: no further data was recorded

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no further water clean-up

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: impacted soils.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: TCE.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: TCE.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: water clean-up

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: impacted soils.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: no further water clean-up is required.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: VOCs.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: impacted soils.

text: Before the POCIS is constructed, all the hardware as well as the sorbents and membrane must be thoroughly cleaned so that any potential interference is removed. During and after sampling the only cleaning necessary is the removal of any sediment that has adhered to the surface of the sampler. After assembly, and prior to deployment, the samplers are stored in frozen airtight containers to avoid any contamination. The samplers should be kept in airtight containers during transportation both to and from the sampling site so that airborne contaminants do not contaminate the sampler. It is ideal to keep the samplers cold while transporting them in order to preserve the integrity of the samples.

text: Before the POCIS is constructed, all the hardware as well as the sorbents and membrane must be thoroughly cleaned so that any potential interference is removed. During and after sampling the only cleaning necessary is the removal of any sediment that has adhered to the surface of the sampler. After assembly, and prior to deployment, the samplers are stored in frozen airtight containers to avoid any contamination. The samplers should be kept in airtight containers during transportation both to and from the sampling site so that airborne contaminants do not contaminate the sampler. It is ideal to keep the samplers cold while transporting them in order to preserve the integrity of the samples.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: keep the samplers cold

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: The samplers should be kept in airtight containers during transportation

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: It is ideal to keep the samplers cold

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: During and after sampling

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: removal of any sediment that has adhered to the surface of the sampler.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: POCIS

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: POCIS

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: POCIS

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: sediment that has adhered to the surface of the sampler.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: frozen airtight containers

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: airborne contaminants

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: frozen airtight containers

text: Councillor Evan Woolley estimated that the environmental remediation of this site would cost much more than remediation for the "East Village, which cost in the hundreds of millions." The costs of the clean-up is not presently known, but estimated between $50 and $300 million.

text: Councillor Evan Woolley estimated that the environmental remediation of this site would cost much more than remediation for the "East Village, which cost in the hundreds of millions." The costs of the clean-up is not presently known, but estimated between $50 and $300 million.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: clean-up

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: environmental remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: not presently known, but estimated between $50 and $300 million

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: between $50 and $300 million

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: $50 and $300 million.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: environmental remediation

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: $50 and $300 million.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: environmental remediation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: environmental

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: cost much more

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: The costs of the clean-up

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: "East Village,

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: between $50 and $300 million.

text: A further phenomenon of importance is whether a plume has laminar flow or turbulent flow. Usually there is a transition from laminar to turbulent as the plume moves away from its source. This phenomenon can be clearly seen in the rising column of smoke from a cigarette. When high accuracy is required, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) can be employed to simulate plumes, but the results can be sensitive to the turbulence model chosen. CFD is often undertaken for rocket plumes, where condensed phase constituents can be present in addition to gaseous constituents. These types of simulations can become quite complex, including afterburning and thermal radiation, and (for example) ballistic missile launches are often detected by sensing hot rocket plumes. Similarly, spacecraft managers are sometimes concerned with impingement of attitude control system thruster plumes onto sensitive subsystems like solar arrays and star trackers.

text: A further phenomenon of importance is whether a plume has

text: laminar flow

text: or

text: turbulent flow

text: . Usually there is a transition from laminar to turbulent as the plume moves away from its source. This phenomenon can be clearly seen in the rising column of smoke from a cigarette. When high accuracy is required,

text: computational fluid dynamics

text: (CFD) can be employed to simulate plumes, but the results can be sensitive to the

text: turbulence model

text: chosen. CFD is often undertaken for rocket plumes, where condensed phase constituents can be present in addition to gaseous constituents. These types of simulations can become quite complex, including

text: afterburning

text: and

text: thermal radiation

text: , and (for example)

text: ballistic missile

text: launches are often detected by sensing hot rocket plumes. Similarly, spacecraft managers are sometimes concerned with impingement of

text: attitude control system

text: thruster plumes onto sensitive subsystems like solar arrays and star trackers.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: impingement

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: CFD

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: the results can be sensitive to the turbulence model chosen

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: laminar to turbulent

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: source.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: source.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: computational fluid dynamics

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: computational fluid dynamics

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: computational fluid dynamics

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: impingement of attitude control system thruster plumes

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: turbulent as the plume moves away from its source.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: smoke from a cigarette.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: computational fluid dynamics

text: Ellsworth Air Force Base is a military superfundsite, listed in August 1990. Contaminants are petroleum products, waste solvents and radioactive waste polluting soil and groundwater. The Air Force has been cleaning up 12 areas, under supervision by EPA, including landfills, a fire protection training area, spill sites, industrial areas and an explosive-ordnance disposal area. Remedies have included groundwater pump-and-treat systems, bio-dechlorination, soil excavation, landfill covers,  and institutional controls (fences/signs). In 2007, in-place reductive treatment for groundwater cleanup replaced the pump-and-treat systems.  operation and maintenance activities and groundwater monitoring are ongoing.

text: Ellsworth Air Force Base is a military superfundsite, listed in August 1990. Contaminants are petroleum products, waste solvents and radioactive waste polluting soil and groundwater. The Air Force has been cleaning up 12 areas, under supervision by EPA, including landfills, a fire protection training area, spill sites, industrial areas and an explosive-ordnance disposal area. Remedies have included groundwater pump-and-treat systems, bio-dechlorination, soil excavation, landfill covers,  and institutional controls (fences/signs). In 2007, in-place reductive treatment for groundwater cleanup replaced the pump-and-treat systems.  operation and maintenance activities and groundwater monitoring are ongoing.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: pump-and-treat

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: bio-dechlorination

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: bio-dechlorination

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater pump-and-treat systems, bio-dechlorination, soil excavation

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: in-place reductive treatment

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: groundwater pump-and-treat systems,

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: groundwater pump-and-treat systems,

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: bio-dechlorination,

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: bio-dechlorination,

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: bio-dechlorination,

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: soil excavation,

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: groundwater pump-and-treat systems,

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: (fences/signs).

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in-place reductive treatment

text: It can be argued that the depiction of groundwater is an even more complex task than that of surface water.  The two resources are by no means disjoint, as knowing where surface water recharges groundwater and where groundwater flows supply surface water is an important aspect of the hydrologic cycle.  Hydrogeology is especially well suited to GIS.  Groundwater moves much more slowly than surface water, on the order of less than a meter per day up to perhaps a hundred meters per day, and is 3-dimensional in flow.  In contrast, surface water flows much faster and is more two-dimensional.  Groundwater flow is a function of geology and “head,” the total potential energy at a location.  Groundwater flows from higher head to lower head at a travel rate and flow path dictated by geology.  Head values, geology, groundwater flow direction, even water table height and location of aquifers are among the quantities which may be presented spatially in GIS and used for analysis, management of water availability and water quality, and land use practices.

text: It can be argued that the depiction of groundwater is an even more complex task than that of surface water.  The two resources are by no means disjoint, as knowing where surface water recharges groundwater and where groundwater flows supply surface water is an important aspect of the hydrologic cycle.  Hydrogeology is especially well suited to GIS.  Groundwater moves much more slowly than surface water, on the order of less than a meter per day up to perhaps a hundred meters per day, and is 3-dimensional in flow.  In contrast, surface water flows much faster and is more two-dimensional.  Groundwater flow is a function of

text: geology

text: and “head,” the total potential energy at a location.  Groundwater flows from higher head to lower head at a travel rate and flow path dictated by geology.  Head values, geology, groundwater flow direction, even

text: water table

text: height and location of

text: aquifers

text: are among the quantities which may be presented spatially in GIS and used for analysis, management of water availability and water quality, and land use practices.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: GIS

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: groundwater flows supply surface water

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Groundwater moves much more slowly than surface water,

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: knowing where surface water recharges groundwater

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: groundwater is an even more complex task than that of surface water.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: knowing where surface water recharges groundwater

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: surface water.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Groundwater moves much more slowly than surface water,

text: Harford County has environmental issues in three major areas:  land use, water pollution/urban runoff, and soil contamination/groundwater contamination.

text: Harford County has environmental issues in three major areas:

text: land use

text: water pollution

text: urban runoff

text: , and

text: soil contamination

text: groundwater contamination

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: land use

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: sulfate

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: microbial remediation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater contamination

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: clean water would be pumped back in

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: soil contamination/groundwater

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: water pollution/urban runoff,

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: soil contamination/groundwater contamination.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: water pollution/urban runoff,

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: contamination/groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: soil contamination/groundwater contamination.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: soil contamination/groundwater

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: pollution/urban runoff,

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: soil contamination/groundwater contamination.

text: Green Clean: How "Environmental" is Remediation?, Written by Keith Gaskill, in collaboration with Steve Henshaw, March 2012, Cleaner & Launderer.

text: Green Clean: How "Environmental" is Remediation?, Written by Keith Gaskill, in collaboration with Steve Henshaw, March 2012, Cleaner & Launderer.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: contaminate it

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: environmental damage

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: contaminated water would be pumped back in

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: How "Environmental" is Remediation?,

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Cleaner & Launderer.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Steve Henshaw,

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Cleaner & Launderer.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Green Clean:

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: "Environmental" is Remediation?,

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Remediation?,

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Steve Henshaw,

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Green Clean: How "Environmental" is Remediation?,

text: Monitoring-wells are often drilled for the purpose of collecting ground water samples for analysis. These wells, which are usually six inches or fewer in diameter, can also be used to remove hydrocarbons from the contaminant plume within a groundwater aquifer by using a belt style oil skimmer. Belt oil skimmers, which are simple in design, are commonly used to remove oil and other floating hydrocarbon contaminants from industrial water systems.

text: Monitoring-wells are often drilled for the purpose of collecting ground water samples for analysis. These wells, which are usually six inches or fewer in diameter, can also be used to remove hydrocarbons from the contaminant plume within a groundwater aquifer by using a belt style oil skimmer. Belt oil skimmers, which are simple in design, are commonly used to remove oil and other floating hydrocarbon contaminants from industrial water systems.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: monitoring-wells

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: monitoring-wells

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: contaminant plume within a groundwater aquifer

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: belt style oil skimmer.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: belt style oil skimmer.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: belt style oil skimmer.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: belt style oil skimmer.

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater aquifer

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: belt style oil skimmer.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: oil

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: groundwater aquifer

text: There are two types of indicators of environmental impact: "means-based", which is based on the farmer's production methods, and "effect-based", which is the impact that farming methods have on the farming system or on emissions to the environment. An example of a means-based indicator would be the quality of groundwater, that is effected by the amount of nitrogen applied to the soil. An indicator reflecting the loss of nitrate to groundwater would be effect-based.

text: There are two types of indicators of environmental impact: "means-based", which is based on the farmer's production methods, and "effect-based", which is the impact that farming methods have on the farming system or on emissions to the environment. An example of a means-based indicator would be the quality of groundwater, that is effected by the amount of nitrogen applied to the soil. An indicator reflecting the loss of nitrate to groundwater would be effect-based.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: increase the amount of nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: the quality of groundwater would be improved

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: means-based indicator would be the quality of groundwater,

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: nitrogen applied to the soil.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: nitrate

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: effect-based.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: means-based indicator would be the quality of groundwater,

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: loss of nitrate to groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: quality of groundwater,

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: nitrate

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: means-based indicator would be the quality of groundwater,

text: nZVI appears to be useful for degrading organic contaminants, including chlorinated organic compounds such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and trichloroethene (TCE), as well as immobilizing or removing metals. nZVI and other nanoparticles that do not require light can be injected belowground into the contaminated zone for in situ groundwater remediation and, potentially, soil remediation.

text: nZVI appears to be useful for degrading organic contaminants, including

text: chlorinated organic compounds

text: such as

text: polychlorinated biphenyl

text: s (PCBs) and

text: trichloroethene

text: (TCE), as well as immobilizing or removing metals. nZVI and other nanoparticles that do not require light can be injected belowground into the contaminated zone for in situ

text: groundwater remediation

text: and, potentially, soil remediation.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: immobilizing or removing metals

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: nZVI

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: nZVI

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: in situ groundwater remediation

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: in situ groundwater remediation

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: nZVI and other nanoparticles

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: in situ groundwater remediation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: in situ groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: in situ groundwater remediation and, potentially, soil remediation.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: in situ groundwater remediation

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: light

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ groundwater remediation

text: Zero Valent Metals are the main reductants used in ISCR. The most common metal used is iron, in the form of ZVI (zero valent iron), and it is also the metal longest in use. However, some studies show that zero valent zinc (ZVZ) could actually be up to ten times more effective at eradicating the contaminants than ZVI. Some applications of ZVMs are to clean up Trichloroethylene (TCE) and Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)). ZVMs are usually implemented by a permeable reactive barrier. For example, iron that has been embedded in a swellable, organically modified silica creates a permanent soft barrier underground to capture and reduce small, organic compounds as groundwater passes through it.

text: Zero Valent Metals are the main reductants used in ISCR. The most common metal used is iron, in the form of ZVI (zero valent iron), and it is also the metal longest in use. However, some studies show that zero valent zinc (ZVZ) could actually be up to ten times more effective at eradicating the contaminants than ZVI. Some applications of ZVMs are to clean up

text: Trichloroethylene

text: (TCE) and

text: Hexavalent chromium

text: (Cr(VI)). ZVMs are usually implemented by a

text: permeable reactive barrier

text: . For example, iron that has been embedded in a swellable, organically modified

text: silica

text: creates a permanent soft barrier underground to capture and reduce small, organic compounds as groundwater passes through it.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: a permeable reactive barrier

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Zero Valent Metals

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: ISCR

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: a permeable reactive barrier

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: a permeable reactive barrier

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: zero valent zinc

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: a permeable reactive barrier.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Zero Valent Metals

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: ISCR.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: ISCR.

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: ZVMs are usually implemented by a permeable reactive barrier.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Trichloroethylene

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: groundwater

text: As the combustion flue gas exits the boiler it is routed through a rotating flat basket of metal mesh which picks up heat and returns it to incoming fresh air as the basket rotates. This is called the air preheater. The gas exiting the boiler is laden with fly ash, which are tiny spherical ash particles. The flue gas contains nitrogen along with combustion products carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen oxides. The fly ash is removed by fabric bag filters or electrostatic precipitators. Once removed, the fly ash byproduct can sometimes be used in the manufacturing of concrete. This cleaning up of flue gases, however, only occurs in plants that are fitted with the appropriate technology. Still, the majority of coal-fired power plants in the world do not have these facilities. Legislation in Europe has been efficient to reduce flue gas pollution. Japan has been using flue gas cleaning technology for over 30 years and the US has been doing the same for over 25 years. China is now beginning to grapple with the pollution caused by coal-fired power plants.

text: As the combustion

text: flue gas

text: exits the boiler it is routed through a rotating flat basket of metal mesh which picks up heat and returns it to incoming fresh air as the basket rotates. This is called the

text: air preheater

text: . The gas exiting the boiler is laden with

text: fly ash

text: , which are tiny spherical ash particles. The flue gas contains

text: nitrogen

text: along with combustion products

text: carbon dioxide

text: sulfur dioxide

text: , and

text: nitrogen oxide

text: s. The fly ash is removed by

text: fabric bag filter

text: s or

text: electrostatic precipitator

text: s. Once removed, the fly ash byproduct can sometimes be used in the manufacturing of

text: concrete

text: . This cleaning up of flue gases, however, only occurs in plants that are fitted with the appropriate technology. Still, the majority of coal-fired power plants in the world do not have these facilities. Legislation in Europe has been efficient to reduce flue gas pollution. Japan has been using flue gas cleaning technology for over 30 years and the US has been doing the same for over 25 years. China is now beginning to grapple with the pollution caused by coal-fired power plants.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: remove the fly ash

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: fly ash

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: the majority of coal-fired power plants in the world do not have these facilities

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: flue gases,

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: flue gases,

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: fabric bag filters or electrostatic precipitators.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: electrostatic precipitators.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: electrostatic precipitators.

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: the majority of coal-fired power plants

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: fly ash byproduct can sometimes be used in the manufacturing of concrete.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: fly ash,

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: the majority of coal-fired power plants

text: Surface and groundwater in the Barada basin is polluted by industrial and domestic wastewater, as well as by agricultural non-point sources such as fertilizers and pesticides. Much of the wastewater generated from industrial activities in Greater Damascus is discharged into the environment, mainly to the Barada River, without prior treatment. The uncontrolled disposal of toxic, chemical products, primarily from lead industries and battery manufactories, has also resulted in severe soil pollution. There is no pre-treatment of industrial wastewater discharged into the sewer network. As a result, the largest wastewater treatment plant of Damascus in Adra frequently malfunctions. Measured concentrations of biological oxygen demand (BOD), a measure of organic water pollution, exceeded the allowed limits in most of the branches of the Barada River. According to the Syrian National Environmental Action Plan of 2003, concentrations of BOD and ammonia in the Barada River exceeded Syrian Standards for 86% of collected samples between 1995 and 2000. Well and spring water in the basin is bacteriologically contaminated because of sewage discharge. The concentrations of nitrates in some wells in the Ghouta exceeded the limits set by the drinking water standards. Because of discharges by tanneries concentrations of Chromium III reach 10 mg/liter in Al Daiyani River and exceed the allowable limits tenfold in the wells of Al Zablatini area, all located in the Barada basin. Surface water pollution reduces real estate values next to the river and its branches, as well as the recreational value of the river. It also damages fishery, aquaculture and biodiversity, in addition to its health impacts.

text: Surface and groundwater in the Barada basin is polluted by industrial and domestic wastewater, as well as by agricultural non-point sources such as fertilizers and pesticides. Much of the wastewater generated from industrial activities in Greater Damascus is discharged into the environment, mainly to the Barada River, without prior treatment. The uncontrolled disposal of toxic, chemical products, primarily from lead industries and battery manufactories, has also resulted in severe soil pollution. There is no pre-treatment of industrial wastewater discharged into the sewer network. As a result, the largest wastewater treatment plant of Damascus in Adra frequently malfunctions. Measured concentrations of

text: biological oxygen demand

text: (BOD), a measure of organic water pollution, exceeded the allowed limits in most of the branches of the Barada River. According to the Syrian National Environmental Action Plan of 2003, concentrations of BOD and

text: ammonia

text: in the Barada River exceeded Syrian Standards for 86% of collected samples between 1995 and 2000. Well and spring water in the basin is bacteriologically contaminated because of sewage discharge. The concentrations of nitrates in some wells in the Ghouta exceeded the limits set by the drinking water standards. Because of discharges by tanneries concentrations of

text: Chromium III

text: reach 10 mg/liter in Al Daiyani River and exceed the allowable limits tenfold in the wells of Al Zablatini area, all located in the Barada basin. Surface water pollution reduces real estate values next to the river and its branches, as well as the recreational value of the river. It also damages fishery, aquaculture and biodiversity, in addition to its health impacts.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: prior treatment

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: ammonia

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: There is no pre-treatment

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: well and spring water in the basin

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Surface water pollution

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: prior treatment.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: lead industries and battery manufactories,

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: pre-treatment

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: drinking water

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: There is no pre-treatment

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: drinking water standards.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Surface water pollution

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Surface water pollution

text: In 2008 Waste Management applied to expand their landfill for the purpose of storing polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) waste. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued an investigation of a variety of invertebrates, fish, reptiles, mammals, and plants were in order to determine an environmental impact, if any. The EPA’s July 2009 report followed that two species may be affected by the expansion: the San Joaquin kit fox and the blunt-nosed leopard lizard. Furthermore, in 1984, Waste Management discovered groundwater contamination underneath two formerly unlined ponds. Pond P-09 was lined in 1985 and cleanup began in 1988. Pond P-12 stopped receiving waste in 1985 and was closed in 1997. Groundwater cleanup began in 1985. Waste Management has 48 monitoring wells in the surrounding and impacted areas as of December 2012. The California Department of Toxic Substances Control (DTSC) ordered the facility to clean up spills of PCBs around the storage building, and as of February 2012, DTSC reported that the soil cleanup and removal was the final step in protecting human health and the environment as there was no longer a threat.

text: In 2008

text: Waste Management

text: applied to expand their landfill for the purpose of storing

text: polychlorinated biphenyl

text: (PCB) waste. The

text: United States Environmental Protection Agency

text: (EPA) issued an investigation of a variety of invertebrates, fish, reptiles, mammals, and plants were in order to determine an environmental impact, if any. The EPA’s July 2009 report followed that two species may be affected by the expansion: the San Joaquin

text: kit fox

text: and the

text: blunt-nosed leopard lizard

text: . Furthermore, in 1984, Waste Management discovered groundwater contamination underneath two formerly unlined ponds. Pond P-09 was lined in 1985 and cleanup began in 1988. Pond P-12 stopped receiving waste in 1985 and was closed in 1997. Groundwater cleanup began in 1985. Waste Management has 48 monitoring wells in the surrounding and impacted areas as of December 2012. The

entity_name: California Department of Toxic Substances Control

text: California Department of Toxic Substances Control

text: (DTSC) ordered the facility to clean up spills of PCBs around the storage building, and as of February 2012, DTSC reported that the soil cleanup and removal was the final step in protecting human health and the environment as there was no longer a threat.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: clean up spills

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: PCB

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater contamination underneath two formerly unlined ponds

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: no longer a threat

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: groundwater contamination

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: soil cleanup and removal

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: groundwater contamination underneath two formerly unlined ponds.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: protecting human health and the environment

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: groundwater

text: The danger of pollution of municipal supplies is minimized by locating wells in areas of deep groundwater and impermeable soils, and careful testing and monitoring of the aquifer and nearby potential pollution sources.

text: The danger of pollution of municipal supplies is minimized by locating wells in areas of deep groundwater and impermeable soils, and careful testing and monitoring of the aquifer and nearby potential pollution sources.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: monitoring nearby potential pollution sources

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: clean water would be pumped back in

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: The danger of pollution of municipal supplies is minimized by locating wells

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: careful testing and monitoring

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: careful testing and monitoring of the aquifer and nearby potential pollution sources.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: locating wells in areas of deep groundwater

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: locating wells

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: pollution of municipal supplies

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: municipal supplies

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: locating wells in areas of deep groundwater

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: locating wells in areas of deep groundwater

text: This means that all media, from literature to new digital media, is unable to make a radical break away from what has come before. Media continues to “function in a constant dialectic with earlier media” (p. 50) forms, where both old and new are able to impact on one another regardless of which came first. For example, “users of older media such as film and television can seek to appropriate and refashion digital graphics, just as digital graphics artists can refashion film and television” (p. 48). However these appropriations within digital technologies of immediacy have often sought to deny mediation. Bolter and Grusin elaborate on the double logic of this form of remediation as an integral function of contemporary immediacy in media. Although Bolter and Grusin acknowledge that not “all of our culture's claims of remediation are equally compelling or that we could necessarily identify all of the strategies through which digital media remediate and are remediated by their predecessors” (p. 55) they outline various ways in which “the double logic of remediation can function explicitly or implicitly” (p. 55) can be restated in the following ways:

text: This means that all media, from literature to new digital media, is unable to make a radical break away from what has come before. Media continues to “function in a constant dialectic with earlier media” (p. 50) forms, where both old and new are able to impact on one another regardless of which came first. For example, “users of older media such as film and television can seek to appropriate and refashion digital graphics, just as digital graphics artists can refashion film and television” (p. 48). However these appropriations within digital technologies of immediacy have often sought to deny mediation. Bolter and Grusin elaborate on the double logic of this form of remediation as an integral function of contemporary immediacy in media. Although Bolter and Grusin acknowledge that not “all of our culture's claims of remediation are equally compelling or that we could necessarily identify all of the strategies through which digital media remediate and are remediated by their predecessors” (p. 55) they outline various ways in which “the double logic of remediation can function explicitly or implicitly” (p. 55) can be restated in the following ways:

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: it is easier and cheaper to clean up groundwater than to prevent

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: contaminate it

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: bioremediation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: remediation is a double logic

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: aquifer would be remediated

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: remediation

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: remediation

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: digital media remediate and are remediated by their predecessors”

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: double logic of this form of remediation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: mediation.

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: sought to deny mediation.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: remediation

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: graphics,

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Media continues to “function in a constant dialectic with earlier media”

text: In the 1960s, environmental hazards became a concern. Air pollution abatement began in 1969 and all coal burning heating systems had been converted to fuel oil by 1972. In 1983, the groundwater beneath the Letterkenny Army Depot's southeast area was found to be contaminated with volatile organic compounds (VOC). In 1984, at least six major areas of VOC contamination and/or elevated levels of metals were found, particularly three industrial waste lagoons which had contributed to the contamination to the groundwater. The contaminated groundwater plume migrated off-site and discharged to springs up to two miles to the east and south downstream and to off-post water wells. The Army supplied residents with bottled water after residential well sampling showed the presence of VOC.

text: In the 1960s, environmental hazards became a concern. Air pollution abatement began in 1969 and all coal burning heating systems had been converted to fuel oil by 1972. In 1983, the groundwater beneath the Letterkenny Army Depot's southeast area was found to be contaminated with

text: volatile organic compounds

text: (VOC). In 1984, at least six major areas of VOC contamination and/or elevated levels of metals were found, particularly three industrial waste lagoons which had contributed to the contamination to the groundwater. The contaminated groundwater plume migrated off-site and discharged to springs up to two miles to the east and south downstream and to off-post water wells. The Army supplied residents with bottled water after residential well sampling showed the presence of VOC.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: bottled water

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: VOC

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: The Army supplied residents with bottled water after residential well sampling showed the presence of VOC

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: off-post water wells

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: contaminated with volatile organic compounds

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: off-post water wells.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: volatile organic compounds (VOC).

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Air pollution abatement

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Air pollution abatement

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: The contaminated groundwater plume migrated off-site

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: off-post water wells.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: bottled water

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: contaminated groundwater plume migrated off-site

text: In 1989, the Salina School District unearthed three of later 107 underground fuel storage tanks on its vo-tech property. It first became known that Trichlorethylene (TCE), a degreaser used to clean aircraft and a carcinogen, as well as other compounds disposed off on the former base, have migrated into the soil and groundwater, forming a toxic plume. 107 underground storage were removed -In 1999, the US Army Corps of Engineers published its first remedial investigation.In 2005, the Corps shared the draft of a second remedial investigation of the contamination in the Salina Airport Industrial Area. Residents in the area of the plume were advised not to drink the water, per the Kansas Department of Health and Environment. Soilwater intrusion assays in 1999 by EPA and again in 2005 showed vapor levels inside Kansas State University's Tullis building did not exceed state standards for air quality, but they may exceed federal EPA guidelines. As of 2005, the federal government had spent more than $17 million studying the problem in its jurisdiction. In December 2007 the Corps groundwater contamination cleanup was put on hold. In August 2008, the city of Salina offered to clean-up former Schilling AFB, as suggested by the Corps.

text: In 1989, the Salina School District unearthed three of later 107 underground fuel storage tanks on its vo-tech property. It first became known that

text: Trichlorethylene

text: (TCE), a degreaser used to clean aircraft and a carcinogen, as well as other compounds disposed off on the former base, have migrated into the soil and groundwater, forming a toxic plume. 107 underground storage were removed -In 1999, the

text: US Army Corps of Engineers

text: published its first remedial investigation.In 2005, the Corps shared the draft of a second remedial investigation of the contamination in the Salina Airport Industrial Area. Residents in the area of the plume were advised not to drink the water, per the Kansas Department of Health and Environment. Soilwater intrusion assays in 1999 by EPA and again in 2005 showed vapor levels inside Kansas State University's Tullis building did not exceed state standards for air quality, but they may exceed federal EPA guidelines. As of 2005, the federal government had spent more than $17 million studying the problem in its jurisdiction. In December 2007 the Corps groundwater contamination cleanup was put on hold. In August 2008, the city of Salina offered to clean-up former Schilling AFB, as suggested by the Corps.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: remedial investigation

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: TCE

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: remedial investigation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: a degreaser used to clean aircraft

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Trichlorethylene

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Residents in the area of the plume were advised not to drink the water,

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Trichlorethylene (TCE),

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: US Army Corps of Engineers

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: migrated into the soil and groundwater,

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Residents in the area of the plume were advised not to drink the water,

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: air quality,

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: groundwater,

text: Botany Bay Groundwater Plume is contamination of the local aquifer in Botany Bay caused by a chemical leak. The groundwater that flows into Botany Bay contains pollutants linked to cancer and is regarded as the worst case of groundwater contamination in Australia.

text: Botany Bay Groundwater Plume is contamination of the local

text: aquifer

text: in

text: Botany Bay

text: caused by a chemical leak. The

text: groundwater

text: that flows into

text: Botany Bay

text: contains pollutants linked to

text: cancer

text: and is regarded as the worst case of groundwater contamination in

text: Australia

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: pollute it

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: cyanide

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical leak

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater contamination

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Botany Bay Groundwater Plume

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: chemical leak.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical leak.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Botany Bay Groundwater Plume

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical leak.

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: The groundwater that flows into Botany Bay contains pollutants linked to cancer

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: pollutants linked to cancer and is regarded as the worst case of groundwater

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: cancer

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Botany Bay Groundwater Plume

text: The use of quality-controlled, commercially available receiving phases allow high reproducibility as compared to some other passive sampling devices. The bound receiving phase also ensures that the active sampling area of the device remains constant during laboratory or field calibration uptake experiments and in field deployments. By altering the combination of receiving phase and diffusion-limiting membrane (low-density polyethylene, polyethersulphone or cellulose acetate), you can monitor potable, surface , coastal and marine environment. The sampler can be deployed in the field for extended periods of time ranging from days to weeks. The specific pollutants of interest are sequestered by the samplers and these are retained on the receiving phase disk. After retrieval from the environment the pollutants are eluted from the disk and analysed in the laboratory using conventional instrumental methods. In order to obtain TWA concentrations the sampler must first be calibrated in the laboratory so as to ascertain the uptake rate (usually measured as the volume of water cleared per unit time i.e. L/h for the analyte) of the pollutant of interest. The Chemcatcher® has been used in a range of aquatic environments; however, most work to date has been in monitoring the TWA concentrations of priority and emerging pollutants surface waters.

text: The use of quality-controlled, commercially available receiving phases allow high reproducibility as compared to some other passive sampling devices. The bound receiving phase also ensures that the active sampling area of the device remains constant during laboratory or field calibration uptake experiments and in field deployments. By altering the combination of receiving phase and diffusion-limiting membrane (low-density polyethylene, polyethersulphone or

text: cellulose acetate

text: ), you can monitor potable, surface , coastal and marine environment. The sampler can be deployed in the field for extended periods of time ranging from days to weeks. The specific pollutants of interest are sequestered by the samplers and these are retained on the receiving phase disk. After retrieval from the environment the pollutants are eluted from the disk and analysed in the laboratory using conventional instrumental methods. In order to obtain TWA concentrations the sampler must first be calibrated in the laboratory so as to ascertain the uptake rate (usually measured as the volume of water cleared per unit time i.e. L/h for the analyte) of the pollutant of interest. The Chemcatcher® has been used in a range of aquatic environments; however, most work to date has been in monitoring the TWA concentrations of priority and emerging pollutants surface waters.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: calibrate the sampler

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: cellulose acetate

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: the pollutants are eluted

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: surface waters.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: calibrated in the laboratory

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: The Chemcatcher®

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: The Chemcatcher®

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: The Chemcatcher®

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: some other passive sampling devices.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: pollutants are eluted from the disk and analysed in the laboratory

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: surface waters.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: The Chemcatcher®

text: July 1996 - The EPA began investigating options for cleaning up the DDT- and PCB-polluted ocean sediments.

text: July 1996 - The EPA began investigating options for cleaning up the DDT- and PCB-polluted ocean sediments.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: pollute it

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: PCB

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: environmental damage

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: None of the above choices

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: DDT- and PCB-polluted ocean sediments.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: DDT- and PCB-polluted ocean sediments.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: DDT-

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: cleaning up the DDT-

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: cleaning up the DDT-

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: DDT- and PCB-polluted ocean sediments.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: ocean sediments.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: DDT-

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: DDT- and PCB-polluted ocean sediments.

text: Landfills have the potential to cause a number of issues. Infrastructure disruption, such as damage to access roads by heavy vehicles, may occur. Pollution of local roads and water courses from wheels on vehicles when they leave the landfill can be significant and can be mitigated by wheel washing systems. Pollution of the local environment, such as contamination of groundwater or aquifers or soil contamination may occur, as well.

text: Landfills have the potential to cause a number of issues.

text: Infrastructure

text: disruption, such as damage to access roads by heavy vehicles, may occur. Pollution of local roads and water courses from wheels on vehicles when they leave the landfill can be significant and can be mitigated by

text: wheel washing system

text: s.

text: Pollution

text: of the local

text: environment

text: , such as contamination of

text: groundwater

text: or

text: aquifers

text: or

text: soil contamination

text: may occur, as well.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: wheel washing systems

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: Pollution

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Pollution of the local environment,

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: contamination of groundwater

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: wheel washing systems.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: wheel washing systems.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: wheel washing systems.

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: Pollution

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Pollution of the local environment,

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: wheels

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Pollution of local roads

text: In October 2000, Chad, Egypt, Libya and Sudan signed agreements for monitoring and managing groundwater in the Nubian Sandstone / Northwestern Sahara Aquifer Systems.

text: In October 2000, Chad, Egypt, Libya and Sudan signed agreements for monitoring and managing groundwater in the

text: Nubian Sandstone / Northwestern Sahara Aquifer Systems

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: monitoring

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: sulfonate

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: contaminating the groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: clean water would be pumped back in

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: monitoring and managing groundwater

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: monitoring and managing groundwater

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Nubian Sandstone

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: monitoring and managing groundwater

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: groundwater

text: During the next several years, Dodge County hired an environmental consulting firm; submitted a site assessment to DNR; installed a system for dealing with petroleum contamination; cleaned up and disposed of contaminated soils; and put together a remedial action plan for removing non-petroleum products from groundwater. The effort cost the county nearly $1.5 million. The city of Beaver Dam created a Tax Increment Financing (TIF) District in September 1994 for development on the property, and contributed $350,000 toward environmental clean-up costs.The state provided some financial assistance as well. Dodge County received $657,000 from the state PECFA (Petroleum Environmental Clean-Up Fund Act) to clean up groundwater pollution caused by underground tanks. And the state Department of Development awarded Beaver Dam a $350,000 block grant for improvements, including street, sewer and water utilities, engineering and site work.

text: During the next several years, Dodge County hired an environmental consulting firm; submitted a site assessment to DNR; installed a system for dealing with petroleum contamination; cleaned up and disposed of contaminated soils; and put together a remedial action plan for removing non-petroleum products from groundwater. The effort cost the county nearly $1.5 million. The city of Beaver Dam created a

text: Tax Increment Financing

text: (TIF) District in September 1994 for development on the property, and contributed $350,000 toward environmental clean-up costs.The state provided some financial assistance as well. Dodge County received $657,000 from the state PECFA (Petroleum Environmental Clean-Up Fund Act) to clean up groundwater pollution caused by underground tanks. And the state Department of Development awarded Beaver Dam a $350,000 block grant for improvements, including street, sewer and water utilities, engineering and site work.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: disposed of contaminated soils

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: non-petroleum products

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: non-petroleum products

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater pollution caused by underground tanks

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: removing non-petroleum products from groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: disposed of contaminated soils;

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: non-petroleum products from groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: removing non-petroleum products from groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: removing non-petroleum products from groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: contaminated soils;

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: non-petroleum products from groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: groundwater.

text: The goal of groundwater remediation in Arkansas is to protect, enhance, and restore, to the extent technically and economically feasible, groundwater conditions to the maximum beneficial use, while maintaining conditions that are protective of human health and the environment (Ellen Carpenter, Arkansas Department of Environmental Quality, oral commun., 2005). It is the policy of ADEQ that until final regulations are enacted by APCEC specific to the establishment of groundwater cleanup standards, cleanup levels or goals will be established on a case-by-case basis in a consistent manner. The process includes full characterization of the contaminant plume, source-control measures, BMPs to control migration of the plume, and a groundwater cleanup strategy. Preliminary remediation goals are established after an evaluation of risks to human health and the environment; consideration is given to the current and reasonably anticipated future land use, including groundwater usage. Because many citizens drink groundwater and use it in their homes, ADEQ currently classifies all groundwater in Arkansas as a potential source of drinking water. It is not necessary for groundwater to be defined as an aquifer (that is, a saturated permeable geologic formation that can produce a significant quantity of water) in order to be protected. Thus, final groundwater remediation levels are the existing Federal MCLs. Institutional controls, such as deed restrictions or city ordinances, are used with source controls to minimize the potential for human exposure to contamination by limiting groundwater use.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: BMPs

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: It is not necessary for groundwater to be defined as an aquifer

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: groundwater remediation levels are the existing Federal MCLs

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: groundwater remediation

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Institutional controls,

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: source-control measures, BMPs

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: BMPs to control migration of the plume,

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: migration of the plume,

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: BMPs to control migration of the plume,

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: contaminant plume,

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: contaminant plume,

text: Environmental remediation deals with the removal of pollution or contaminants from environmental media such as soil, groundwater, sediment, or surface water. This would mean that once requested by the government or a land remediation authority, immediate action should be taken as this can impact negatively on human health and the environment.

text: Environmental remediation deals with the removal of

text: pollution

text: or

text: contaminant

text: s from

text: environmental

text: media such as

text: soil

text: groundwater

text: sediment

text: , or

text: surface water

text: . This would mean that once requested by the government or a land remediation authority, immediate action should be taken as this can impact negatively on human health and the environment.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: remove contaminants

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: impact negatively on human health and the environment

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: this can impact negatively on human health

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Environmental remediation

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: immediate action should be taken

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: contaminants from environmental media such as soil, groundwater,

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Environmental remediation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Environmental remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: impact negatively on human health and the environment.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: immediate action should be taken as this can impact negatively on human health

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: surface water.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: soil, groundwater, sediment, or surface water.

text: Obuasi, Ghana is the home of one of the world’s top gold mining sites. It was in 1897 when the first machinery was used to mine the gold from the region. As the years went by, new strategies were needed to establish out ways to "treat the ores". By 1908, A leading chemist was brought in to help with the strategies and brought his Australian method of "dry crushing and roasting preparatory to treatment with cyanide". Many rivers, fishing areas, and irrigation systems have been either slightly or permanently damaged. The mining industry has tried to compensate by building standpipes but for many, they have been to no use. The average amount of contamination in the water system of Obuasi was over 10–38 times the maximum amount that is allowable by law. The two main sources of the contamination is the arsenic powder that flows out from the mills  and the extensive amount of run-off water that is disposed of through dams. "Thus in the processing of the ore for gold, the dust may contain particles of the ore, ferric oxide, oxides of arsenic and sulphur". The dust will then get carried into the atmosphere and settle on the soil, humans, and rivers. In Obuasi, they receive a high annual rainfall due to the tropical rainforest that surrounds it (Smedley,1996,464). During precipitation or rainfall, the dust "may be oxidized to the trioxide by the air and be converted to the sulphate in dew and rainwater". The soil is the main target of contamination because the soil is contaminated and whatever vegetation grows and decays goes right back in the soil which results in the contamination of the groundwater. However, the groundwater is not as polluted as the streams or rivers mainly due to the high dissolving process of the arsenic and due to the basement rocks that lie between the groundwater and the soil. "The only disadvantage is that whatever is deposited on the surface soil may be carried to greater depths with time by rainwater (Gish et al,2010, 1973)". The most extensively damaged areas are the ones closest to the mines, but with the wind carrying the dust, areas hundreds of miles away are getting contaminated by the chemicals. Due to the extensive output of the chemicals from the mining mills and un resolved toxic spills, many rivers, streams, lakes and irrigation systems have been damaged or obsolete. The local residents have been affected greatly by this phenomenon. Residents have seen the environmental changes especially in the water. Sludge floats down on streams that were once main sources of drinking water according to local residents. All the marine life in the rivers and streams has died due to the high amounts of chemicals in the water. According to Action Aid, residents have seen pipes that run straight into local streams and rivers that were depositing the waste directly sometimes causing flooding of the streams and rivers (2006,11). Many local farmers suffered the hardest with the contamination of the water. Due to the irrigation systems using the contaminated water to irrigate all of the soil were then contaminated as well. The soil was no longer usable, causing the killing off their crops that were used for their business as well as for their own families. Children have also been targeted and affected by the pollution. According to Action Aid, many schools have been flooded with the over flow of the local streams, causing the children to leave school, sometimes permanently. AngloGold Ashanti (AGA) has put up standpipes to compensate for the contaminated water supplies, but these have also been useless to the locals. Standpipes were installed in the 1940s and 50’s that have now been contaminated with arsenic from the mills. AGA staff claim it is because of them being made of iron, but studies have shown large amounts of arsenic in the water. Many standpipes have been either broken or obsolete. This leads to the residents to walk at least 1.5 miles to go get clean water. All the work the local people have to go through to get clean water is uncalled for. No compensation has been giving to the local residents for the damage they have done to their water and environment.

text: AngloGold Ashanti

text: (AGA) has put up standpipes to compensate for the contaminated water supplies, but these have also been useless to the locals. Standpipes were installed in the 1940s and 50’s that have now been contaminated with arsenic from the mills. AGA staff claim it is because of them being made of iron, but studies have shown large amounts of arsenic in the water. Many standpipes have been either broken or obsolete. This leads to the residents to walk at least 1.5 miles to go get clean water. All the work the local people have to go through to get clean water is uncalled for. No compensation has been giving to the local residents for the damage they have done to their water and environment.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: groundwater is not as polluted as the streams or rivers

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: run-off

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: cyanide

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Context: Obuasi, Ghana is the home of one of the world’s top gold mining sites

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: cyanide

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: what is deposited on the surface soil may be carried to greater depths with time by rainwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: clean water would be pumped back in

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: What is the average amount of contamination in the water system of Obuasi?

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: rainwater

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: standpipes

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: "dry crushing and roasting preparatory to treatment with cyanide".

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: cyanide".

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: cyanide".

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: standpipes

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: cyanide".

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: arsenic powder

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: streams or rivers

text: In April 2006, three former next-door neighbors who contracted brain cancer filed suit against several manufacturers in the neighboring town of Ringwood, claiming that groundwater and air contamination caused their illnesses.

text: In April 2006, three former next-door neighbors who contracted brain cancer filed suit against several manufacturers in the neighboring town of

text: Ringwood

text: , claiming that groundwater and air contamination caused their illnesses.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: contaminate it

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: acidic chemicals

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater contamination

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: groundwater and air contamination

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: air

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: groundwater

text: The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit program addresses water pollution by regulating point sources that discharge pollutants to waters of the United States. Created in 1972 by the Clean Water Act, the NPDES permit program is authorized to state governments by EPA to perform many permitting, administrative, and enforcement aspects of the program.

text: The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit program addresses water pollution by regulating point sources that discharge pollutants to waters of the United States. Created in 1972 by the Clean Water Act, the NPDES permit program is authorized to state governments by EPA to perform many permitting, administrative, and enforcement aspects of the program.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: regulate point sources

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: NPDES

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: regulating point sources that discharge pollutants

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: point sources

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: water pollution

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: waters

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System

text: Much attention has been given to the benefits of the use of hand pumps in developing nations, as opposed to more traditional methods. In communities reliant on groundwater, through a borehole or well, the utilization of a bucket and rope system has hygienic issues. The bucket and rope system is not compatible with the use of a cover slab, which can prevent pollution of groundwater. In addition, unwashed hands can contaminate the bucket and rope. Hand pumps avoid these issues and are therefore preferable.

text: Much attention has been given to the benefits of the use of hand pumps in developing nations, as opposed to more traditional methods. In communities reliant on groundwater, through a borehole or well, the utilization of a bucket and rope system has hygienic issues. The bucket and rope system is not compatible with the use of a cover slab, which can prevent pollution of groundwater. In addition, unwashed hands can contaminate the bucket and rope. Hand pumps avoid these issues and are therefore preferable.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: cover it

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: hygienic

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: hygienic issues

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Hand pumps

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: unwashed hands can contaminate the bucket and rope.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: cover slab,

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: hand pumps

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: hand pumps

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unwashed hands can contaminate the bucket and rope.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: cover slab, which can prevent pollution of groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: unwashed hands

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Hand pumps

text: Seven factors to be cognizant of at this stage are: suitability of the site for the proposed works, economic and adequacy of design, optimum method of construction with reference to potential issues due to ground and groundwater. The effect of changes to the ground and environment due to the works, and, therefore the effect on the works from these changes. Consideration of suitability on a selection of sites. And finally, the existing works and their implications. If a site has been used in the past, this is a major factor in the investigation, mining, quarrying, landfill or waste disposal, industrial usages, archaeological or ecological factors may all have a bearing on the intended works. The cost of an SI is low relative to the project cost and when conducted thoroughly can be a significant saving later.Investigations should evaluate the nature of the ground and groundwater. The size and nature of the works will have a bearing on the investigations as will its former use as a site or contamination of ground or groundwater. It will be considered in 3 stages. First a desk study to collate the information above as far as possible. Where a site is contaminated it is appropriate at this stage to plan site safety procedures for any further investigations. Planning the details of further investigations is appropriate too. Existing records, local authorities, industry, libraries, present or past OS maps and aerial photography or even anecdotal information are to be used. A site reconnaissance should also be conducted at this stage and includes a thorough visual inspection of any exposed cuttings and note taken of level of vegetation. The surroundings should also be noted. Second, a more detailed investigation is undertaken and finally a construction review – these shall be discussed later.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: contaminate the groundwater

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: microbial remediation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: where a site is contaminated

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: it would be considered in 3 stages

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: The cost of an SI is low relative to the project cost

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: plan site safety procedures for any further investigations.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: desk study

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: SI

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: SI

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: contaminated it is appropriate at this stage to plan site safety procedures

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: site safety procedures

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: visual inspection of any exposed cuttings and note taken of level of vegetation.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: desk study

text: Koore has four tribal (?) groups known as Oma: Koorese, Kana'e, Manna and Wogache. These groups or tribes are composed of more than 50 gosa (clans?), some of which do not establish clear genealogical links to a common ancestor. The Koorese and Kana'e think of themselves as shawo, "pure" or "clean"; whereas the other two clans, Mana and Wogache are despised, "impure" or "polluted." The former two tribes were cultivators who owned the agricultural land; whereas the latter two clans were (and still to some extent are) landless handicraftsmen. The Mana are potters and tanners and the Wogache are iron workers. The Mana and Wogache were not only landless, they also were and are marginalized and neglected. Because they were and are considered "unclean" or "polluted" they were/are not allowed to eat or intermarry with the "clean" or "pure" Koorese and Kana'e. Still they do not intermarry with the "clean" tribes and their burial sites are separate. Though these social stigma, discrimination and inequality is under challenge by the fast spreading Christianity, especially evangelical Christianity, still it survives. Still there is no intermarriage between the shawo and the artisan groups, even among the Christians. Pottery, tannery, and ironwork are still despised and are considered the business of "unclean" persons.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: intermarry

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: The Mana are potters and tanners

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: there would be no intermarriage

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: "polluted."

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: eat or intermarry

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Mana and Wogache

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: "unclean"

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Christianity,

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: "unclean" or "polluted"

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: landless handicraftsmen.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: "polluted."

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: "impure" or "polluted."

text: Specific chemical compounds are often taken out of tap water during the treatment process to adjust the pH or remove contaminants, and chlorine may be added to kill biological toxins. Local geological conditions affecting groundwater are determining factors for the presence of various metal ions, often rendering the water "soft" or "hard".

text: Specific

text: chemical compounds

text: are often taken out of tap water during the treatment process to adjust the

text: pH

text: or remove contaminants, and

text: chlorine

text: may be added to kill

text: biological toxins

text: . Local geological conditions affecting

text: groundwater

text: are determining factors for the presence of various metal

text: ion

text: s, often rendering the water "

text: soft

text: " or "

text: hard

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: treat it

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chlorine

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chlorination

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: the water would be soft

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Local geological conditions affecting groundwater

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Local geological conditions

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chlorine may be added to kill biological toxins.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: chlorine may be added to kill biological toxins.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chlorine

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: Local geological conditions affecting groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: chlorine may be added to kill biological toxins.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: biological toxins.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Local geological conditions affecting groundwater

text: Groundwater in the vicinity of the oil field was formerly thought to exist only in perched zones not connected to the major aquifers of the Los Angeles Basin, and found mainly in canyon sediments and weathered bedrock. However, more recent modeling of regional groundwater occurrence and dynamics suggests that the Newport-Inglewood Fault is only a partial barrier to groundwater, and some hydraulic communication between the groundwater in the Baldwin Hills and the surrounding aquifers exists. Since the hills are higher than the adjoining plains, groundwater would necessarily move outward from the hills and the oilfield area. The base of fresh water in the oilfield area varies from about 200 to 350 feet below ground surface.

text: Groundwater

text: in the vicinity of the oil field was formerly thought to exist only in

text: perched zones

text: not connected to the major aquifers of the Los Angeles Basin, and found mainly in canyon sediments and weathered bedrock. However, more recent modeling of regional groundwater occurrence and dynamics suggests that the Newport-Inglewood Fault is only a partial barrier to groundwater, and some hydraulic communication between the groundwater in the Baldwin Hills and the surrounding aquifers exists. Since the hills are higher than the adjoining plains, groundwater would necessarily move outward from the hills and the oilfield area. The base of fresh water in the oilfield area varies from about 200 to 350 feet below ground surface.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater would necessarily move outward

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: groundwater would necessarily move outward

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater would necessarily move outward from the hills and the oilfield area.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Groundwater

text: In the case of groundwater, the main issue is contamination of drinking water, if the aquifer is abstracted for human use. Regarding soil contamination, runoff waters can have two important pathways of concern. Firstly, runoff water can extract soil contaminants and carry them in the form of water pollution to even more sensitive aquatic habitats. Secondly, runoff can deposit contaminants on pristine soils, creating health or ecological consequences.

text: In the case of groundwater, the main issue is contamination of drinking water, if the

text: aquifer

text: is abstracted for human use. Regarding

text: soil contamination

text: , runoff waters can have two important pathways of concern. Firstly, runoff water can extract soil contaminants and carry them in the form of water pollution to even more sensitive aquatic habitats. Secondly, runoff can deposit contaminants on pristine soils, creating health or ecological consequences.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: runoff

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: runoff

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: runoff can deposit contaminants on pristine soils

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: runoff can deposit contaminants on pristine soils

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: groundwater, the main issue is contamination of drinking water,

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: abstracted for human use.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: groundwater,

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: groundwater,

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: abstracted

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: runoff can deposit contaminants on pristine soils,

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: drinking water,

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: groundwater,

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: groundwater,

text: Any system failing the checks will be denied general access to the network and will probably be placed in a quarantined role (how exactly a failed system is handled depends entirely on how the Clean Access Manager is configured, and may vary from network to network. For example: a failed system may simply be denied all network access afterward). Quarantined systems are then typically given a 60-minute window where the user can try to resolve the reason(s) for quarantine. In such a case, the user is only allowed connectivity to the Windows Update website and a number of antivirus providers (Symantec, McAfee, Trend Micro, etc.), or the user may be redirected to a Guest Server for remediation. All other traffic is typically blocked. Once the 60-minute window expires, all network traffic is blocked. The user has the option of re-authenticating with Clean Access again, and continuing the process as needed.

text: Any system failing the checks will be denied general access to the network and will probably be placed in a quarantined role (how exactly a failed system is handled depends entirely on how the Clean Access Manager is configured, and may vary from network to network. For example: a failed system may simply be denied all network access afterward). Quarantined systems are then typically given a 60-minute window where the user can try to resolve the reason(s) for quarantine. In such a case, the user is only allowed connectivity to the

text: Windows Update

text: website and a number of antivirus providers (

text: Symantec

text: McAfee

text: Trend Micro

text: , etc.), or the user may be redirected to a Guest Server for remediation. All other traffic is typically blocked. Once the 60-minute window expires, all network traffic is blocked. The user has the option of re-authenticating with Clean Access again, and continuing the process as needed.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: clean the water

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: acidic chemicals

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: None of the above choices are available

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: remediation.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Any system failing the checks will be denied general access to the network

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Guest Server

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Guest Server

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Guest Server

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: quarantined role

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: quarantined role

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: quarantined role

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Any system failing the checks will be denied general access to the network

text: Regulatory regimes may also use definitions to reflect policy decisions, excluding certain classes of materials from the definition of water pollution that would otherwise be considered to constitute water pollution. For example, the U.S. Clean Water Act definition quoted above later excludes sewage discharged from vessels (further information at Regulation of ship pollution in the United States) - meaning that a common and important class of water pollution is, by definition, not considered a pollutant for purposes of the United States' primary water quality law.

text: Regulatory regimes may also use definitions to reflect policy decisions, excluding certain classes of materials from the definition of water pollution that would otherwise be considered to constitute water pollution. For example, the U.S. Clean Water Act definition quoted above later excludes sewage discharged from vessels (further information at

entity_name: Regulation of ship pollution in the United States

text: Regulation of ship pollution in the United States

text: ) - meaning that a common and important class of

text: water pollution

text: is, by definition, not considered a pollutant for purposes of the United States' primary water quality law.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: sewage discharged from vessels

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: water pollution that would otherwise be considered to constitute water pollution.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: water pollution that would otherwise be considered to constitute water pollution.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: sewage discharged from vessels

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Regulatory regimes

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Regulatory regimes

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: water pollution

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Regulatory regimes

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Regulatory regimes

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Regulatory regimes

text: Sher was a major environmental proponent during his time in the legislature. Major legislative accomplishments of his include the Groundwater Protection Act (1983), California Clean Air Act (1988), and the California Safe Drinking Water Act (1989). He was the chairman of the Natural Resources Committee for 11 years.  Sher also authored a bill, signed by Jerry Brown, that increased the statute of limitations for rape from three years to six in response to the fact that many serial rapists--such as Melvin Carter--were able to avoid or partially avoid prosecution due to the shorter limit expiring.

text: Sher was a major environmental proponent during his time in the legislature. Major legislative accomplishments of his include the Groundwater Protection Act (1983), California Clean Air Act (1988), and the California Safe Drinking Water Act (1989). He was the chairman of the Natural Resources Committee for 11 years.  Sher also authored a bill, signed by

text: Jerry Brown

text: , that increased the statute of limitations for rape from three years to six in response to the fact that many serial rapists--such as

text: Melvin Carter

text: --were able to avoid or partially avoid prosecution due to the shorter limit expiring.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Groundwater Protection Act

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Safe Drinking Water Act

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Groundwater Protection Act

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Groundwater Protection Act

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Groundwater Protection Act

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Groundwater Protection Act

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: many serial rapists--such

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Safe Drinking Water

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Groundwater Protection Act (1983), California Clean Air

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Groundwater Protection Act

text: Given the continued growth of the city and its population, problems are tackled only with difficulty—for instance, the Yamuna clean-up projects spent $500 million between 1993 and 2005, yet the river's pollution actually doubled during this same period.

text: Given the continued growth of the city and its population, problems are tackled only with difficulty—for instance, the Yamuna clean-up projects spent $500 million between 1993 and 2005, yet the river's pollution actually doubled during this same period.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: increase the population

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: acidic chemicals

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: the river's pollution actually doubled

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: $500 million

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: $500 million

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: clean-up

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: clean-up

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: problems are tackled only with difficulty—for

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: doubled

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: the river's pollution

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: the Yamuna clean-up projects spent $500 million

text: The government of India used early versions of the software developed by the EMRL to help with finding sources of clean groundwater, setting groundwater policy, and setting a course of action to clean up the contaminated groundwater in their country. State and local governments in Utah and California have used the software to help trace contaminant sources at farms and mining facilities, and to determine how to manage water resources in drier climates like the Los Angeles area.

text: The government of

text: India

text: used early versions of the software developed by the EMRL to help with finding sources of clean groundwater, setting groundwater policy, and setting a course of action to clean up the contaminated groundwater in their country. State and local governments in Utah and California have used the software to help trace contaminant sources at farms and mining facilities, and to determine how to manage water resources in drier climates like the Los Angeles area.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: it is impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: set groundwater policy

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: contaminated groundwater

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: setting groundwater policy,

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: contaminant sources at farms and mining facilities,

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: contaminated groundwater

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: contaminated groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: contaminated groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: clean groundwater,

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: contaminated groundwater

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: contaminated groundwater

text: Groundwater can be thought of in the same terms as surface water: inputs, outputs and storage.  The critical difference is that due to its slow rate of turnover, groundwater storage is generally much larger (in volume) compared to inputs than it is for surface water. This difference makes it easy for humans to use groundwater unsustainably for a long time without severe consequences.  Nevertheless, over the long term the average rate of seepage above a groundwater source is the upper bound for average consumption of water from that source.

text: Groundwater can be thought of in the same terms as surface water: inputs, outputs and storage.  The critical difference is that due to its slow rate of turnover, groundwater storage is generally much larger (in volume) compared to inputs than it is for surface water. This difference makes it easy for humans to use groundwater unsustainably for a long time without severe consequences.  Nevertheless, over the long term the average rate of seepage above a groundwater source is the upper bound for average consumption of water from that source.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: use groundwater

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: the average rate of seepage above a groundwater source

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: groundwater unsustainably for a long time without severe consequences.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: groundwater storage

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater unsustainably for a long time without severe consequences.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: groundwater storage

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: surface water.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: groundwater storage

text: Though 92% of Bahrain is desert with periodic droughts and dust storms, the main natural hazards for Bahrainis. Environmental issues facing Bahrain include desertification resulting from the degradation of limited arable land, coastal degradation (damage to coastlines, coral reefs, and sea vegetation) resulting from oil spills and other discharges from large tankers, oil refineries, distribution stations, and illegal land reclamation at places such as Tubli Bay. The agricultural and domestic sectors' over-utilisation of the Dammam Aquifer, the principal aquifer in Bahrain, has led to its salinisation by adjacent brackish and saline water bodies. A hydrochemical study identified the locations of the sources of aquifer salinisation and delineated their areas of influence. The investigation indicates that the aquifer water quality is significantly modified as groundwater flows from the northwestern parts of Bahrain, where the aquifer receives its water by lateral underflow from eastern Saudi Arabia, to the southern and southeastern parts. Four types of salinisation of the aquifer are identified: brackish-water up-flow from the underlying brackish-water zones in north-central, western, and eastern regions; seawater intrusion in the eastern region; intrusion of sabkha water in the southwestern region; and irrigation return flow in a local area in the western region. Four alternatives for the management of groundwater quality that are available to the water authorities in Bahrain are discussed and their priority areas are proposed, based on the type and extent of each salinisation source, in addition to groundwater use in that area.

text: Though 92% of Bahrain is desert with periodic droughts and dust storms, the main natural hazards for Bahrainis. Environmental issues facing Bahrain include desertification resulting from the degradation of limited arable land, coastal degradation (damage to coastlines,

text: coral reef

text: s, and sea vegetation) resulting from oil spills and other discharges from large tankers, oil refineries, distribution stations, and illegal land reclamation at places such as

text: Tubli Bay

text: . The agricultural and domestic sectors' over-utilisation of the

text: Dammam Aquifer

text: , the principal aquifer in Bahrain, has led to its

text: salinisation

text: by adjacent brackish and saline water bodies. A hydrochemical study identified the locations of the sources of aquifer salinisation and delineated their areas of influence. The investigation indicates that the aquifer water quality is significantly modified as groundwater flows from the northwestern parts of Bahrain, where the aquifer receives its water by lateral underflow from eastern Saudi Arabia, to the southern and southeastern parts. Four types of salinisation of the aquifer are identified: brackish-water up-flow from the underlying brackish-water zones in north-central, western, and eastern regions; seawater intrusion in the eastern region; intrusion of

text: sabkha

text: water in the southwestern region; and irrigation return flow in a local area in the western region. Four alternatives for the management of groundwater quality that are available to the water authorities in Bahrain are discussed and their priority areas are proposed, based on the type and extent of each salinisation source, in addition to groundwater use in that area.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: groundwater use

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: hydrochemical

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: the aquifer water quality is significantly modified

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Four alternatives for the management of groundwater

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: groundwater use

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: hydrochemical study

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: salinisation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: hydrochemical

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: oil spills

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: salinisation

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: oil spills

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Four types of salinisation of the aquifer

text: Permits are required for various classes of landfills. Class 1 landfills include all municipal solid waste landfill units. These landfills can accept household wastes, commercial wastes, and approved industrial wastes. Class 3 landfills accept commercial, industrial, and special solid wastes, and Class 4 landfills accept construction and demolition debris and other nonputrescible wastes. The solid waste program permitting requirements for facilities accepting wastes are directed at protecting groundwater and surface water, while assuring the safe management and disposal of wastes. Permitting requirements for Class I landfills and most Class 3 landfills include liners and leachate-collection/treatment systems, groundwater-monitoring systems, and other environmental protection systems that protect groundwater. At a minimum, semiannual reports are submitted by facilities required to monitor groundwater. If constituents in groundwater around the landfill exceed the EPA MCLs for drinking-water supplies, corrective action is required to bring the facility into compliance. A Post-Closure Trust Fund pays for corrective action needed after closure of landfills. The SWMD currently (2013) evaluates environmental monitoring data for one closed landfill.

text: Permits are required for various classes of landfills. Class 1 landfills include all municipal solid waste landfill units. These landfills can accept household wastes, commercial wastes, and approved industrial wastes. Class 3 landfills accept commercial, industrial, and special solid wastes, and Class 4 landfills accept construction and demolition debris and other nonputrescible wastes. The solid waste program permitting requirements for facilities accepting wastes are directed at protecting groundwater and surface water, while assuring the safe management and disposal of wastes. Permitting requirements for Class I landfills and most Class 3 landfills include liners and leachate-collection/treatment systems, groundwater-monitoring systems, and other environmental protection systems that protect groundwater. At a minimum, semiannual reports are submitted by facilities required to monitor groundwater. If constituents in groundwater around the landfill exceed the EPA MCLs for drinking-water supplies, corrective action is required to bring the facility into compliance. A Post-Closure Trust Fund pays for corrective action needed after closure of landfills. The SWMD currently (2013) evaluates environmental monitoring data for one closed landfill.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: protect groundwater

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: leachate

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: nonputrescible wastes

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: A Post-Closure Trust Fund

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: protecting groundwater

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: leachate-collection/treatment systems,

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: leachate-collection/treatment

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: leachate-collection/treatment

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: leachate-collection/treatment

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: corrective action is required to bring the facility into compliance.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: surface water,

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: groundwater and surface water,

text: More than a month after the first discovery of the groundwater contamination, TEPCO made a start to contain the radioactive groundwater. They assumed that the radioactivity had escaped early in the beginning of the disaster in 2011, but NRA-experts had serious doubts about their assumption. According to them, other sources could not be excluded. Numerous pipes were running everywhere on the reactor grounds to cool the reactors and decontaminate the water used, and leaks could be anywhere. This solution might easily redirect the groundwater flows, and spread the contamination even more. Besides that, TEPCO had plans for pumping groundwater. At that time the turbine-buildings of reactor nr.2 and nr.3 contained 5000 and 6000 cubic meter highly radioactive water. With wells in contact with the turbine-buildings, this could spread the radioactivity into the ground. The NRA announced that it would form a task force to find the leaks and to block the flow of the groundwater to the coastline, because the NRA suspected that the groundwater was leaking into the sea.

text: More than a month after the first discovery of the groundwater contamination, TEPCO made a start to contain the radioactive groundwater. They assumed that the radioactivity had escaped early in the beginning of the disaster in 2011, but NRA-experts had serious doubts about their assumption. According to them, other sources could not be excluded. Numerous pipes were running everywhere on the reactor grounds to cool the reactors and decontaminate the water used, and leaks could be anywhere. This solution might easily redirect the groundwater flows, and spread the contamination even more. Besides that, TEPCO had plans for pumping groundwater. At that time the turbine-buildings of reactor nr.2 and nr.3 contained 5000 and 6000 cubic meter highly radioactive water. With wells in contact with the turbine-buildings, this could spread the radioactivity into the ground. The NRA announced that it would form a task force to find the leaks and to block the flow of the groundwater to the coastline, because the NRA suspected that the groundwater was leaking into the sea.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: pumping groundwater

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: radioactive water

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: decontamination

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: this could spread the radioactivity into the ground

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: spread the contamination even more

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: contain the radioactive groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: pumping groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: radioactive groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: decontaminate the water used,

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: decontaminate the water

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: spread the contamination even more.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: spread the contamination even more.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: radioactive groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: pumping groundwater.

text: Dredge plume evolution—how large it becomes, where it moves, how long it lasts, where its constituent materials settle—can be modeled, albeit imperfectly.  Examples of such models include DREDGEMAP, the MMS Dredge Plume Model and the Delft3D Suite.  The result of years of research and engineering, such models are important tools to help determine if the expected effects of proposed dredging are within acceptable governmental limits.

text: Dredge plume evolution—how large it becomes, where it moves, how long it lasts, where its constituent materials settle—can be modeled, albeit imperfectly.  Examples of such models include DREDGEMAP, the MMS Dredge Plume Model and the Delft3D Suite.  The result of years of research and engineering, such models are important tools to help determine if the expected effects of proposed dredging are within acceptable governmental limits.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: dredging

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: dredging

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: dredging

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: can be modeled, albeit imperfectly

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: dredging

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: dredging

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: dredging are within acceptable governmental limits.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Dredge plume

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Dredge plume

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: dredging are within acceptable governmental limits.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: effects of proposed dredging are within acceptable governmental limits.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: modeled,

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Dredge plume

text: New forms of cleaning procedures are being tested in order to reduce biofilm formation in these processes which will lead to safer and more productive food processing industries. These new forms of cleaning procedures also have a profound effect on the environment, often releasing toxic gases into the groundwater reservoirs.

text: New forms of cleaning procedures are being tested in order to reduce biofilm formation in these processes which will lead to safer and more productive food processing industries. These new forms of cleaning procedures also have a profound effect on the environment, often releasing toxic gases into the groundwater reservoirs.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: release toxic gases

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: biofilm

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: releasing toxic gases

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: toxic gases would be released

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: releasing toxic gases

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: releasing toxic gases into the groundwater reservoirs.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: toxic gases

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: biofilm formation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: toxic gases

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: releasing toxic gases into the groundwater reservoirs.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: releasing toxic gases into the groundwater reservoirs.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: toxic gases

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: releasing toxic gases into the groundwater reservoirs.

text: When a pollutant source is in an attainment area, it becomes subject to the PSD permitting process. The PSD is part of the New Source Review program and was added to the CAA in 1977 with the goal of not allowing the good air to deteriorate, since it is only required for areas of attainment. The PSD is focused on air quality in the region, in regards to health effects, as opposed to the emission technology. While some argue that the PSD is not needed as the public health is protected by National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS), others may say that the PSD prevents the "flight of industry" from dirty to clean areas that are in attainment, as they would not have to comply with as strict of regulations. Before this program was implemented, there was nothing in place that addressed potential air quality deterioration.

text: When a pollutant source is in an attainment area, it becomes subject to the PSD permitting process. The PSD is part of the

text: New Source Review

text: program and was added to the CAA in 1977 with the goal of not allowing the good air to deteriorate, since it is only required for areas of attainment. The PSD is focused on air quality in the region, in regards to health effects, as opposed to the emission technology. While some argue that the PSD is not needed as the public health is protected by

text: National Ambient Air Quality Standards

text: (NAAQS), others may say that the PSD prevents the "flight of industry" from dirty to clean areas that are in attainment, as they would not have to comply with as strict of regulations. Before this program was implemented, there was nothing in place that addressed potential air quality deterioration.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: permit the PSD

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: some argue that the PSD is not needed

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: they would not have to comply with as strict of regulations.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: PSD permitting process.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: PSD permitting process. The PSD is part of the New Source Review program

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: PSD permitting process. The PSD is part of the New Source Review

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: emission technology.

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: "flight of industry"

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: they would not have to comply with as strict of regulations.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: air quality

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: When a pollutant source is in an attainment area,

text: The primary piece of federal legislation governing the airborne release of mercury in the United States is the Clean Air Act. Unlike the criteria air pollutants, mercury is classified under the Act as a hazardous air pollutant and is thus subject to control under the National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP's) rather than the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS).  The key distinction is that the former is controlled by establishing performance standards under a program known as maximum achievable control technology standards (MACT), designed to reduce hazardous air pollutant emissions to a maximum achievable degree, by setting a standard at least as stringent as the emission reductions achieved by the average of the top 12% best controlled in the same pollution sources. However, as of early 2011, no federal limits of mercury from coal and oil-fired electric utility steam generating units (EGU's) were on the books. The development of a regulatory policy framework to guide the emissions of mercury from power plants is on-going, the major developments of which have occurred largely within the last decade.

text: The primary piece of federal legislation governing the airborne release of mercury in the United States is the

text: Clean Air Act

text: . Unlike the

text: criteria air pollutants

text: , mercury is classified under the Act as a

entity_name: National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants

text: hazardous air pollutant

text: and is thus subject to control under the

text: National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants

text: (NESHAP's) rather than the

text: National Ambient Air Quality Standards

text: (NAAQS).  The key distinction is that the former is controlled by establishing

text: performance standards

text: under a program known as

text: maximum achievable control technology standards

text: (MACT), designed to reduce hazardous air pollutant emissions to a maximum achievable degree, by setting a standard at least as stringent as the emission reductions achieved by the average of the top 12% best controlled in the same pollution sources. However, as of early 2011, no federal limits of mercury from coal and oil-fired

text: electric utility steam generating units

text: (EGU's) were on the books. The development of a regulatory policy framework to guide the emissions of mercury from power plants is on-going, the major developments of which have occurred largely within the last decade.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Clean Air Act

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: mercury

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: mercury

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: mercury from coal and oil-fired electric utility steam generating units

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: maximum achievable control technology standards

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: maximum achievable control technology standards

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: maximum achievable control technology standards

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: no federal limits of mercury

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: mercury in the United States is the Clean Air Act.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: mercury

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: mercury in the United States is the Clean Air Act.

text: EPA investigations have been completed at multiple areas of contamination including landfills, discharge areas, chemical disposal areas, fire training areas, fuel spill areas, and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) spill areas. Through the fiscal year 2006, $164.27 million was spent on cleanup activities at Castle. The USAF expects to spend an additional $70.98 million through fiscal year 2044. Approximately 6000 people obtain their drinking water from both municipal and private wells located near the site. The principal pollutant at the base, trichloroethylene (TCE), was found in a plume. Merced Irrigation purified the water at the edge of the plume and released the purified water outside the plume. Working their way inward, they managed to clean the contaminated water. The methods used to purify the groundwater included passing the water through carbon filters and then aerating it. The pollutant remaining after purification was packaged in a barrel and removed from the site. In 1991, a Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) Cleanup Team (BCT) was created to review and offer comments/recommendations on the progress of the cleanup effort at Castle. BCT membership included representatives from the Air Force, federal and state regulatory agencies, and appointed representatives from the governing bodies of surrounding communities. The Castle RAB, or Restoration Advisory Board, which was established in 1994 on behalf of the former Castle Air Force Base, was responsible for reviewing Federal cleanup methods and efforts, and was officially adjourned on January 16, 2007.

text: EPA

text: investigations have been completed at multiple areas of contamination including

text: landfills

text: , discharge areas, chemical disposal areas, fire training areas, fuel spill areas, and

text: polychlorinated biphenyl

text: (PCB) spill areas. Through the fiscal year 2006, $164.27 million was spent on cleanup activities at Castle. The USAF expects to spend an additional $70.98 million through fiscal year 2044. Approximately 6000 people obtain their

text: drinking water

text: from both municipal and private wells located near the site. The principal pollutant at the base,

text: trichloroethylene

text: (TCE), was found in a plume. Merced Irrigation purified the water at the edge of the plume and released the purified water outside the plume. Working their way inward, they managed to clean the contaminated water. The methods used to purify the groundwater included passing the water through carbon filters and then aerating it. The pollutant remaining after purification was packaged in a barrel and removed from the site. In 1991, a Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) Cleanup Team (BCT) was created to review and offer comments/recommendations on the progress of the cleanup effort at Castle. BCT membership included representatives from the Air Force, federal and state regulatory agencies, and appointed representatives from the governing bodies of surrounding communities. The Castle RAB, or Restoration Advisory Board, which was established in 1994 on behalf of the former Castle Air Force Base, was responsible for reviewing Federal cleanup methods and efforts, and was officially adjourned on January 16, 2007.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: pass the water through carbon filters

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: carbon filters

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical disposal

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: trichloroethylene (TCE) was found in a plume

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: working their way inward

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: clean the contaminated water.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: passing the water through carbon filters and then aerating it.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: passing the water through carbon filters and then aerating it.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: purify the groundwater

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical disposal

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Working their way inward,

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: trichloroethylene

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: groundwater

text: In 2008, the former Port Malabar Country Club property was revalued at $300,000, essentially "worthless" because of arsenic in the groundwater which would require an estimated $12 million to clean up.

text: In 2008, the former Port Malabar Country Club property was revalued at $300,000, essentially "worthless" because of

text: arsenic

text: in the groundwater which would require an estimated $12 million to clean up.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: contaminate it

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: arsenic

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: arsenic in groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: would require an estimated $12 million to clean up

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: $12 million

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: arsenic

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: arsenic

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: arsenic in the groundwater

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: arsenic in the groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: $12 million

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: arsenic in the groundwater

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: $12 million

text: Soil vapor extraction (SVE) is a physical treatment process for in situ remediation of volatile contaminants in vadose zone (unsaturated) soils (EPA, 2012).  SVE (also referred to as in situ soil venting or vacuum extraction) is based on mass transfer of contaminant from the solid (sorbed) and liquid (aqueous or non-aqueous) phases into the gas phase, with subsequent collection of the gas phase contamination at extraction wells.  Extracted contaminant mass in the gas phase (and any condensed liquid phase) is treated in aboveground systems.  In essence, SVE is the vadose zone equivalent of the pump-and-treat technology for groundwater remediation.  SVE is particularly amenable to contaminants with higher Henry’s Law constants, including various chlorinated solvents and hydrocarbons.  SVE is a well-demonstrated, mature remediation technology (Hutzler et al., 1990; Pedersen and Curtis, 1991; Noyes, 1994; Stamnes and Blanchard, 1997; Suthersan, 1999; Kahn et al., 2004; Damera and Bhandari, 2007) and has been identified by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as presumptive remedy (EPA, 1993, 1996, 2011).

text: Soil vapor extraction (SVE) is a physical treatment process for

text: in situ

text: remediation of volatile contaminants in

text: vadose zone

text: (unsaturated) soils (EPA, 2012).  SVE (also referred to as in situ soil venting or vacuum extraction) is based on

text: mass transfer

text: of contaminant from the solid (sorbed) and liquid (aqueous or non-aqueous) phases into the gas phase, with subsequent collection of the gas phase contamination at extraction wells.  Extracted contaminant mass in the gas phase (and any condensed liquid phase) is treated in aboveground systems.  In essence, SVE is the vadose zone equivalent of the

text: pump-and-treat

text: technology for

text: groundwater remediation

text: .  SVE is particularly amenable to contaminants with higher

text: Henry’s Law

text: constants, including various chlorinated solvents and hydrocarbons.  SVE is a well-demonstrated, mature remediation technology (Hutzler et al., 1990; Pedersen and Curtis, 1991; Noyes, 1994; Stamnes and Blanchard, 1997; Suthersan, 1999; Kahn et al., 2004; Damera and Bhandari, 2007) and has been identified by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as presumptive remedy (EPA, 1993, 1996, 2011).

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: pump and treat

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Soil vapor extraction

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: pump-and-treat

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: SVE is the vadose zone equivalent of the pump-and-treat technology for groundwater remediation

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: the pump-and-treat technology for groundwater remediation

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: groundwater remediation.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: pump-and-treat technology for groundwater remediation.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Soil vapor extraction

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Soil vapor extraction

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: pump-and-treat

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: pump-and-treat technology for groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: aboveground systems.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: chlorinated solvents and hydrocarbons.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: pump-and-treat technology for groundwater remediation.

text: Several assessments have been made regarding the environmental impact of the sawmill and associated activities. A 2004 assessment by Wesfarmers showed arsenic contamination in and surrounding a drainage channel to Lefroy Brook. The WA government accepted responsibility for the issue, as State Saw Mills used arsenic to treat timber in the 1920s. Wesfarmers accepted responsibility for groundwater and soil contamination with creosote, and the clean-up cost was shared by Wesfarmers and the State government.

text: Several assessments have been made regarding the

text: environmental impact

text: of the sawmill and associated activities. A 2004 assessment by

text: Wesfarmers

text: showed

text: arsenic

text: contamination

text: in and surrounding a

text: drainage channel

text: to Lefroy Brook. The WA government accepted responsibility for the issue, as State Saw Mills used arsenic to treat timber in the 1920s. Wesfarmers accepted responsibility for groundwater and soil contamination with

text: creosote

text: , and the clean-up cost was shared by Wesfarmers and the State government.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: share the cost

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: creosote

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: clean-up

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater and soil contamination

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: clean-up cost was shared by Wesfarmers and the State government

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: the clean-up

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: clean-up cost was shared by Wesfarmers and the State government.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: creosote,

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: creosote,

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater and soil contamination with creosote,

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: clean-up cost was shared by Wesfarmers and the State government.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: arsenic

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: groundwater

text: Apart from the conventional surface water sources of freshwater such as rivers and lakes, other resources of freshwater such as groundwater and glaciers have become more developed sources of freshwater, becoming the main source of clean water. Groundwater is water that has pooled below the surface of the Earth and can provide a usable quantity of water through springs or wells. These areas where groundwater is collected are also known as aquifers. Glaciers provide freshwater in the form meltwater, or freshwater melted from snow or ice, that supply streams or springs as temperatures rise. More and more of these sources are being drawn upon as conventional sources' usability decreases due to factors such as pollution or disappearance due to climate changes. The exponential growth rate of the human population is a main contributing factor in the increasing use of these types of water resources.

text: Apart from the conventional surface water sources of freshwater such as rivers and lakes, other resources of freshwater such as groundwater and glaciers have become more developed sources of freshwater, becoming the main source of clean water.

text: Groundwater

text: is water that has pooled below the surface of the Earth and can provide a usable quantity of water through springs or wells. These areas where groundwater is collected are also known as aquifers.

text: Glaciers

text: provide freshwater in the form

text: meltwater

text: , or freshwater melted from snow or ice, that supply streams or springs as temperatures rise. More and more of these sources are being drawn upon as conventional sources' usability decreases due to factors such as pollution or disappearance due to climate changes. The exponential growth rate of the human population is a main contributing factor in the increasing use of these types of water resources.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: conventional sources' usability decreases

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: pollution or disappearance due to climate changes.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: clean water.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: surface

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Groundwater

text: The purpose of a shipboard oily water separator (OWS) is to separate oil and other contaminants that could be harmful for the oceans. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) publishes regulations through the Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC). On July 18, 2003, the MEPC issued new regulations that each vessel built after this date had to follow. This document is known as MEPC 107(49) and it details revised guidelines and specifications for pollution prevention equipment for machinery space bilges of ships.  Each OWS must be able to achieve clean bilge water under 15 ppm of type C oil or heavily emulsified oil, and any other contaminates that may be found. All oil content monitors (OCM) must be tamper-proof. Also whenever the OWS is being cleaned out the OCM must be active. An OWS must be able to clear out contaminants as well as oil. Some of these contaminating agents include lubricating oil, cleaning product, soot from combustion, fuel oil, rust, sewage, and several other things that can be harmful to the ocean environment.

text: The purpose of a shipboard oily water separator (OWS) is to separate oil and other contaminants that could be harmful for the oceans. The

text: International Maritime Organization

text: (IMO) publishes regulations through the Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC). On July 18, 2003, the MEPC issued new regulations that each vessel built after this date had to follow. This document is known as MEPC 107(49) and it details revised guidelines and specifications for pollution prevention equipment for machinery space bilges of ships.  Each OWS must be able to achieve clean bilge water under 15 ppm of type C oil or heavily emulsified oil, and any other contaminates that may be found. All

text: oil content monitors

text: (OCM) must be tamper-proof. Also whenever the OWS is being cleaned out the OCM must be active. An OWS must be able to clear out contaminants as well as oil. Some of these contaminating agents include lubricating oil, cleaning product, soot from combustion, fuel oil, rust, sewage, and several other things that can be harmful to the ocean environment.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: clear out contaminants

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: tamper-proof

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: bilge water

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: contaminants as well as oil.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: rust, sewage,

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: oil content monitors

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: oily water separator

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: rust, sewage,

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: An OWS

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: rust, sewage,

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: OWS must be able to clear out contaminants as well as oil.

text: How much groundwater is used by golf courses and whether the present use of groundwater is sustainable is the subject of many hot debates. In data from 2002, we find documentation that water used for domestic purposes per day in Jeju is 634,864㎥/day, (43%), while water used for agricultural purposes per day is 800,565㎥/day (54%). These researchers referred to the report issued by KOWACO. Water used by 16 golf courses during 2004 was 39,303 ton per day. Environmental organizations say that golf courses are the main cause of groundwater exhaustion and pollution, but we do not yet know whether this is true or not.

text: How much groundwater is used by golf courses and whether the present use of groundwater is sustainable is the subject of many hot debates. In data from 2002, we find documentation that water used for domestic purposes per day in Jeju is 634,864㎥/day, (43%), while water used for agricultural purposes per day is 800,565㎥/day (54%). These researchers referred to the report issued by KOWACO. Water used by 16 golf courses during 2004 was 39,303 ton per day. Environmental organizations say that golf courses are the main cause of groundwater exhaustion and pollution, but we do not yet know whether this is true or not.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: use it

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater exhaustion and pollution

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: clean water would be pumped back in

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: golf courses

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: pollution,

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: golf courses

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: KOWACO.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: golf courses are the main cause of groundwater exhaustion and pollution,

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: groundwater exhaustion and pollution,

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: golf courses

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Environmental organizations say that golf courses

text: As a result of pollution caused by harmful industrial chemicals, international legislation setting minimal levels of organic pollutants in potable and environmental waters and soil were introduced leading to the need for sensitive and cost effective methods for detection and routine monitoring.

text: As a result of pollution caused by harmful industrial chemicals, international legislation setting minimal levels of organic pollutants in potable and environmental waters and soil were introduced leading to the need for sensitive and cost effective methods for detection and routine monitoring.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: monitor it

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: aqueducts

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: cost effective

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: it would be safe to drink

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: sensitive and cost effective methods for detection and routine monitoring.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: routine monitoring.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: detection and routine monitoring.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: waters

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: waters

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: cost effective methods

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: potable and environmental waters

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: harmful industrial chemicals,

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: cost effective methods for detection and routine monitoring.

text: Pollution of the public resources is really not a different action, it just is a reverse tragedy of the commons, in that instead of taking something out, something is put into the commons.  When the costs of polluting the commons are not calculated into the cost of the items consumed, then it becomes only natural to pollute, as the cost of pollution is external to the cost of the goods produced and the cost of cleaning the waste before it is discharged exceeds the cost of releasing the waste directly into the commons.  So, the only way to solve this problem is by protecting the ecology of the commons by making it, through taxes or fines, more costly to release the waste directly into the commons than would be the cost of cleaning the waste before discharge.

text: Pollution of the public resources is really not a different action, it just is a reverse tragedy of the commons, in that instead of taking something out, something is put into the commons.  When the costs of polluting the commons are not calculated into the cost of the items consumed, then it becomes only natural to pollute, as the cost of pollution is external to the cost of the goods produced and the cost of cleaning the waste before it is discharged exceeds the cost of releasing the waste directly into the commons.  So, the only way to solve this problem is by protecting the ecology of the commons by making it, through taxes or fines, more costly to release the waste directly into the commons than would be the cost of cleaning the waste before discharge.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: make it more costly

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: acidic chemicals

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: the cost of pollution is external to the cost of the goods produced

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: cost of cleaning the waste before discharge

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: the cost of cleaning the waste before it is discharged

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: releasing the waste directly into the commons.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: taxes or fines,

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: reverse tragedy of the commons,

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: releasing the waste directly into the commons.

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: exceeds the cost of releasing the waste directly into the commons.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: exceeds the cost of releasing the waste directly into the commons.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: reverse tragedy of the commons,

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: cost of cleaning the waste before it is discharged

text: Environmental remediation is the process of physically removing, treating, or isolating pollutants in environmental media. Environmental cleanup laws may contain specific requisite remediation protocols, or may contain standards and processes by which a regulatory agency may determine an appropriate remedy.

text: Environmental remediation is the process of physically removing, treating, or isolating pollutants in environmental media. Environmental cleanup laws may contain specific requisite remediation protocols, or may contain standards and processes by which a regulatory agency may determine an appropriate remedy.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: treat it

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: physical removing

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: environmental remediation

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: aquifer would be refilled

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Environmental remediation

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Environmental remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Environmental remediation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Environmental

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: physically removing, treating, or isolating pollutants in environmental media.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Environmental remediation

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Environmental remediation

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Environmental remediation

text: The pollutant creates a contaminant plume within an aquifer. Movement of water and dispersion within the aquifer spreads the pollutant over a wider area. Its advancing boundary, often called a plume edge, can intersect with groundwater wells or daylight into surface water such as seeps and spring, making the water supplies unsafe for humans and wildlife. The movement of the plume, called a plume front, may be analyzed through a hydrological transport model or groundwater model. Analysis of groundwater pollution may focus on soil characteristics and site geology, hydrogeology, hydrology, and the nature of the contaminants.

text: The pollutant creates a contaminant

text: plume

text: within an

text: aquifer

text: . Movement of water and dispersion within the aquifer spreads the pollutant over a wider area. Its advancing boundary, often called a plume edge, can intersect with

text: groundwater wells

text: or daylight into surface water such as seeps and spring, making the water supplies unsafe for humans and wildlife. The movement of the plume, called a plume front, may be analyzed through a

text: hydrological transport model

text: or

text: groundwater model

text: . Analysis of groundwater pollution may focus on

text: soil

text: characteristics and site geology,

text: hydrogeology

text: hydrology

text: , and the nature of the contaminants.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: spread the pollutant

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: plume front

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: making the water supplies unsafe

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: safe for humans and wildlife

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: contaminant plume within an aquifer.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: spreads the pollutant over a wider area.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: contaminant plume

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: aquifer.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: making the water supplies unsafe for humans and wildlife.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: spreads the pollutant over a wider area.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: contaminant plume within an aquifer.

text: Remediation, or sometimes referred to as developmental education, is a format of education aimed to help open doors for students by reinforcing or re-teaching them core skills. This educational strategy is utilized so students can meet competencies in various academic arenas and further progress in their academics. Remediation is prominent in community colleges, a type of two-year colleges, as these institutions are designed to accommodate students of various levels of academic abilities. Community college students are placed into remedial coursework according to their performance on placement-based testing they take prior to beginning classes.

text: Remediation, or sometimes referred to as developmental education, is a format of education aimed to help open doors for students by reinforcing or re-teaching them core skills. This educational strategy is utilized so students can meet competencies in various academic arenas and further progress in their academics. Remediation is prominent in community colleges, a type of two-year colleges, as these institutions are designed to accommodate students of various levels of academic abilities. Community college students are placed into remedial coursework according to their performance on placement-based testing they take prior to beginning classes.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: reinforcing

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: re-teaching them core skills

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Remediation,

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Remediation,

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: core skills.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: developmental education,

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: developmental education,

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: Remediation,

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Remediation,

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Remediation,

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Remediation,

text: During World War I Spring Valley was an undeveloped area on the main campus of American University that the Army was allowed to use for testing chemical weapons, such as mustard gas, therefore also known as the American University Experimental Station or Camp American University and Camp Leach. In 1993, during excavations of a utility trench, construction workers found unexploded ordnance, and scientists found high levels of arsenic in the soil. This touched off a cleanup effort by the Environmental Protection Agency and Army who call it the Spring Valley Formerly Used Defense Site. Cleanup lasted merely two years at first. A decade later, in 2003 many more dangerous sites in the area were uncovered, including perchlorate in groundwater and three burial pits on grounds of the South Korean ambassador’s residence. In 2005 ATSDR issued a "Health Consultation"' and 2 years later Johns Hopkins University was contracted for a health study, and reported in 2007. A review of all site data and previous health studies was supposed to be completed by 2013. As of 2014, the work is still ongoing with tons of earth being replaced and at least one house being scheduled for demolition.    A Restoration Advisory Board is in place. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) is the lead agency in clean up.

text: During

text: World War I

text: Spring Valley was an undeveloped area on the main campus of

text: American University

text: that the Army was allowed to use for testing chemical weapons, such as

text: mustard gas

text: , therefore also known as the American University Experimental Station or

text: Camp American University

text: and

text: Camp Leach

text: . In 1993, during excavations of a utility trench, construction workers found

text: unexploded ordnance

text: , and scientists found high levels of

text: arsenic

text: in the soil. This touched off a cleanup effort by the

text: Environmental Protection Agency

text: and Army who call it the Spring Valley Formerly Used Defense Site. Cleanup lasted merely two years at first. A decade later, in 2003 many more dangerous sites in the area were uncovered, including

text: perchlorate

text: in groundwater and three burial pits on grounds of the South Korean ambassador’s residence. In 2005

entity_name: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry

text: ATSDR

text: issued a "Health Consultation"' and 2 years later Johns Hopkins University was contracted for a health study, and reported in 2007. A review of all site data and previous health studies was supposed to be completed by 2013. As of 2014, the work is still ongoing with tons of earth being replaced and at least one house being scheduled for demolition.    A Restoration Advisory Board is in place. The

text: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

text: (USACE) is the lead agency in clean up.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: perchlorate in groundwater

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: perchlorate

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: Cleanup lasted merely two years at first

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: undeveloped area on the main campus

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: perchlorate in groundwater

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: perchlorate in groundwater

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: perchlorate

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Restoration Advisory Board

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: Cleanup lasted merely two years at first.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Cleanup lasted merely two years

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: perchlorate in groundwater

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: groundwater

text: Farmers were attracted to the Coachella Valley's inexpensive land, year-around growing season and what was initially a plentiful supply of groundwater. They soon realized, however, that the aquifer's water supply was finite and CVWD was voted into existence by Coachella Valley residents and established by the state Legislature on January 9, 1918 with the primary responsibility to protect local water resources. One of the first actions taken by the District was to claim the rights to the Whitewater River (the valley's only source of natural replenishment) to ensure that natural inflows of water to the valley would stay in the valley and benefit the groundwater basin. To better manage the groundwater basin (the only source of water that was then being used for agricultural irrigation) and minimize groundwater pumping, the District looked for alternate sources of water to irrigate agriculturally productive land.

text: Farmers were attracted to the Coachella Valley's inexpensive land, year-around growing season and what was initially a plentiful supply of groundwater. They soon realized, however, that the aquifer's water supply was finite and CVWD was voted into existence by Coachella Valley residents and established by the state Legislature on January 9, 1918 with the primary responsibility to protect local water resources. One of the first actions taken by the District was to claim the rights to the Whitewater River (the valley's only source of natural replenishment) to ensure that natural inflows of water to the valley would stay in the valley and benefit the groundwater basin. To better manage the groundwater basin (the only source of water that was then being used for agricultural irrigation) and minimize groundwater pumping, the District looked for alternate sources of water to irrigate agriculturally productive land.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: protect local water resources

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: groundwater pumping

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater pumping

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater pumping

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: benefit the groundwater basin

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: minimize groundwater pumping,

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Whitewater River

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater pumping,

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: minimize groundwater pumping,

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: benefit the groundwater basin.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: minimize groundwater pumping,

text: In October 2001 a resident of Ivatt Close, Bawtry, uncovered a coal tar pit, covered by wooden boards and a layer of soil, in his back garden. An investigation by Doncaster Metropolitan Borough Council determined that the contamination also included nickel and affected parts of two adjacent streets, Stirling Avenue and Gresley Avenue. In total, 47 properties were found to be contaminated to some extent. The presence of a major aquifer beneath the site, its situation within a Groundwater Source Protection Zone and the potential for groundwater contamination, led to it being designated a 'special site' under the EPA in June 2003 and enforcement of the Act therefore passed from the local authority to the EA.

text: In October 2001 a resident of Ivatt Close, Bawtry, uncovered a coal tar pit, covered by wooden boards and a layer of soil, in his back garden. An investigation by

text: Doncaster Metropolitan Borough Council

text: determined that the contamination also included

text: nickel

text: and affected parts of two adjacent streets, Stirling Avenue and Gresley Avenue. In total, 47 properties were found to be contaminated to some extent. The presence of a major

text: aquifer

text: beneath the site, its situation within a Groundwater Source Protection Zone and the potential for groundwater contamination, led to it being designated a 'special site' under the EPA in June 2003 and enforcement of the Act therefore passed from the local authority to the EA.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: groundwater contamination

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: nickel

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater contamination

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Groundwater Source Protection Zone

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Groundwater Source Protection Zone

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Groundwater Source Protection Zone

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: nickel

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Groundwater Source Protection Zone

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Groundwater Source Protection Zone

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: coal tar pit, covered by wooden boards and a layer of soil,

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Groundwater Source Protection Zone

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: nickel

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: soil, in his back garden.

text: Two rivers meander through Chennai, the Cooum River (or Koovam) in the central region and the Adyar River in the southern region. Both rivers are heavily polluted with effluents and trash from domestic and commercial sources. The Adyar, which is much less polluted than the Cooum, is de-silted and cleaned periodically by the state government. A protected estuary of the Adyar forms the natural habitat of several species of birds and animals. The Buckingham Canal,  inland, travels parallel to the coast, linking the two rivers. The Otteri Nullah, an east-west stream runs through north Chennai and meets the Buckingham Canal at Basin Bridge.Several lakes of varying size are located on the western fringes of the city. Red Hills, Sholavaram and Chembarambakkam Lake supply Chennai with potable water. Groundwater sources are mostly brackish.

text: Two rivers meander through Chennai, the

text: Cooum River

text: (or Koovam) in the central region and the

text: Adyar River

text: in the southern region. Both rivers are heavily polluted with effluents and trash from domestic and commercial sources. The Adyar, which is much less polluted than the Cooum, is de-silted and cleaned periodically by the state government. A protected

text: estuary

text: of the Adyar forms the natural habitat of several species of birds and animals. The

text: Buckingham Canal

text: ,  inland, travels parallel to the coast, linking the two rivers. The

text: Otteri Nullah

text: , an east-west stream runs through north Chennai and meets the Buckingham Canal at

text: Basin Bridge

text: .Several lakes of varying size are located on the western fringes of the city.

text: Red Hills

text: Sholavaram

text: and

text: Chembarambakkam Lake

text: supply Chennai with

text: potable water

text: Groundwater

text: sources are mostly

text: brackish

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: de-silted

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: The Adyar, which is much less polluted than the Cooum

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Groundwater sources are mostly brackish

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Groundwater sources are mostly brackish.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Groundwater sources are mostly brackish.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: de-silted and cleaned periodically by the state government.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: de-silted

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: effluents and trash from domestic and commercial sources.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Groundwater sources are mostly brackish.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: effluents and trash

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Groundwater sources are mostly brackish.

text: The model has the capability to calculate: the rise of buoyant plumes; deposition of pollution plume components due to rainfall (i.e., wet deposition); dry deposition; plume chemistry focusing on sulphate and nitrate chemistry; plume depletion via the decay of radioactive materials; the downwash effects of buildings.

text: The model has the capability to calculate: the rise of

text: buoyant plumes

text: ; deposition of pollution plume components due to rainfall (i.e.,

text: wet deposition

text: dry deposition

text: ; plume chemistry focusing on sulphate and nitrate chemistry; plume depletion via the decay of radioactive materials; the

text: downwash effects

text: of buildings.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: plume depletion

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: plume chemistry

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: plume depletion

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: plume depletion

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: downwash effects of buildings

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: plume depletion via the decay of radioactive materials;

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: downwash effects of buildings.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: sulphate and nitrate chemistry;

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: plume depletion via the decay of radioactive materials;

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: plume depletion via the decay of radioactive materials;

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: plume depletion via the decay of radioactive materials;

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: the rise of buoyant plumes;

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: wet deposition); dry deposition;

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: wet deposition); dry deposition;

text: According to Cherry, "the biggest cause of groundwater pollution and of water use not being sustainable is agriculture". Out of concern for environmental sustainability, he became a vegan in 2010. Noting that 80 percent of all freshwater is used for food production, Cherry said in his acceptance speech of the Lee Kuan Yew Water Prize that “eating meat is the largest single contributor to the global water crisis. Diet changes could reduce per capita water consumption in the industrialized countries by up to 40 percent.” He also noted that 50 percent of drinking water supplies globally depend on groundwater.” Cherry has also urged governments to devote more of their budget to groundwater monitoring, noting that unlike sewage treatment, it is not as politically popular because its benefits appear only over the long term.

text: According to Cherry, "the biggest cause of groundwater pollution and of water use not being sustainable is agriculture". Out of concern for environmental sustainability, he became a

text: vegan

text: in 2010. Noting that 80 percent of all freshwater is used for food production, Cherry said in his acceptance speech of the Lee Kuan Yew Water Prize that “eating meat is the largest single contributor to the global water crisis. Diet changes could reduce per capita water consumption in the industrialized countries by up to 40 percent.” He also noted that 50 percent of drinking water supplies globally depend on groundwater.” Cherry has also urged governments to devote more of their budget to groundwater monitoring, noting that unlike sewage treatment, it is not as politically popular because its benefits appear only over the long term.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: sewage treatment

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: sewage treatment

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: sewage treatment

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: it is not as politically popular

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: its benefits appear only over the long term

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: it is not as politically popular because its benefits appear only over the long term.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: sewage treatment,

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: sewage treatment,

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: sewage treatment,

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: sewage treatment,

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: sewage treatment,

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: sewage treatment,

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: sewage treatment,

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: it is not as politically popular because its benefits appear only over the long term.

text: Polluted groundwater is less visible, but more difficult to clean up, than pollution in rivers and lakes. Groundwater pollution most often results from improper disposal of wastes on land. Major sources include industrial and household chemicals and garbage landfills, excessive fertilizers and pesticides used in agriculture, industrial waste lagoons, tailings and process wastewater from mines, industrial fracking, oil field brine pits, leaking underground oil storage tanks and pipelines, sewage sludge and septic systems.

text: Polluted groundwater

text: is less visible, but more difficult to clean up, than pollution in rivers and lakes. Groundwater pollution most often results from improper disposal of wastes on land. Major sources include industrial and household chemicals and garbage

text: landfills

text: , excessive

text: fertilizer

text: s and pesticides used in agriculture, industrial waste lagoons, tailings and process

text: wastewater

text: from mines, industrial fracking, oil field brine pits, leaking underground oil storage tanks and pipelines,

text: sewage sludge

text: and

text: septic systems

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: fracking

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: industrial fracking

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: fracking

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: fracking

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: more difficult to clean up

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: clean water would be pumped back in

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: rivers and lakes.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: improper disposal of wastes on land.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: industrial fracking,

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: fracking,

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: fracking,

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Polluted groundwater

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: rivers and lakes.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Polluted groundwater

text: Another method based on plume modeling is maximum likelihood estimation (MLE). In this odor localization method, several matrices are defined as follows:

text: Another method based on plume modeling is

text: maximum likelihood estimation

text: (MLE). In this odor localization method, several matrices are defined as follows:

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: contaminate it

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: aquifer remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: contaminating

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: maximum likelihood estimation (MLE).

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Another method based on plume modeling

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: plume modeling is maximum likelihood estimation (MLE).

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: maximum likelihood estimation (MLE).

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: maximum likelihood estimation (MLE).

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: odor localization method, several matrices

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: odor localization method, several matrices

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: odor localization method, several matrices

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: maximum likelihood estimation (MLE).

text: In situ chemical oxidation (ISCO), a form of advanced oxidation processes and advanced oxidation technology, is an environmental remediation technique used for soil and/or groundwater remediation to reduce the concentrations of targeted environmental contaminants to acceptable levels. ISCO is accomplished by injecting or otherwise introducing strong chemical oxidizers directly into the contaminated medium (soil or groundwater) to destroy chemical contaminants in place. It can be used to remediate a variety of organic compounds, including some that are resistant to natural degradation.

text: In situ chemical oxidation (ISCO), a form of

text: advanced oxidation process

text: es and advanced oxidation technology, is an

text: environmental remediation

text: technique used for soil and/or

text: groundwater remediation

text: to reduce the concentrations of targeted environmental contaminants to acceptable levels. ISCO is accomplished by injecting or otherwise introducing strong

text: chemical oxidizers

text: directly into the contaminated medium (soil or groundwater) to destroy chemical contaminants in place. It can be used to remediate a variety of organic compounds, including some that are resistant to natural degradation.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: In situ chemical oxidation

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: strong chemical oxidizers

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: In situ chemical oxidation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: in place

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: destroy chemical contaminants in place

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: In situ chemical oxidation

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: introducing strong chemical oxidizers

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: strong chemical oxidizers

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: In situ chemical oxidation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: In situ chemical oxidation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: resistant to natural degradation.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: destroy chemical contaminants in place.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: contaminants to acceptable levels.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: In situ chemical oxidation

text: Approximately  of contaminated water had been leaking from the site on a daily basis, leaching into groundwater or washed away in the rain. In 1983, following the construction of a  wall constructed around the center of the dump site, seepage was reduced to  per day. The contaminated areas at the dump site were also covered with a high-density polyethylene (HDPE) cap.  In 1992 a treatment plant was constructed to flush the landfill.  By 1996 off-site work including excavation of the marsh, portions of the stream bed, and the lake sediment excavation was completed.  Drains to capture contaminated water from outside and below the landfill were completed which must be operated indefinitely.  These drains have successfully protected the surrounding environment from landfill contaminants and are constantly monitored to insure their effectiveness.  Today, remediation continues at the Landfill through the removal of vast quantities of volatile organic compounds, such as benzene and toluene.  These compounds are removed in the vapor phase and destroyed.  To date (2010) over  of contaminants have been removed from Lipari.

text: Approximately  of contaminated water had been leaking from the site on a daily basis, leaching into groundwater or washed away in the rain. In 1983, following the construction of a  wall constructed around the center of the dump site, seepage was reduced to  per day. The contaminated areas at the dump site were also covered with a

text: high-density polyethylene

text: (HDPE) cap.  In 1992 a treatment plant was constructed to flush the landfill.  By 1996 off-site work including excavation of the marsh, portions of the stream bed, and the lake sediment excavation was completed.  Drains to capture contaminated water from outside and below the landfill were completed which must be operated indefinitely.  These drains have successfully protected the surrounding environment from landfill contaminants and are constantly monitored to insure their effectiveness.  Today, remediation continues at the Landfill through the removal of vast quantities of

text: volatile organic compounds

text: , such as

text: benzene

text: and

text: toluene

text: .  These compounds are removed in the vapor phase and destroyed.  To date (2010) over  of contaminants have been removed from Lipari.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: drains

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: benzene and toluene

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: indefinitely

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Drains

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: benzene and toluene.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: These compounds are removed in the vapor phase and destroyed.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: vapor phase

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: indefinitely.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: volatile organic compounds,

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Drains

text: Depending on geology and soil type, pump and treat may be a good method to quickly reduce high concentrations of pollutants. It is more difficult to reach sufficiently low concentrations to satisfy remediation standards, due to the equilibrium of absorption/desorption processes in the soil. However, pump and treat is typically not the best form of remediation. It is expensive to treat the groundwater, and typically is a very slow process to clean up a release with pump and treat. It is best suited to control the hydraulic gradient and keep a release from spreading further. Better options of in-situ treatment often include air sparge/soil vapor extraction (AS/SVE) or dual phase extraction/multiphase extraction(DPE/MPE). Other methods include trying to increase the dissolved oxygen content of the groundwater to support microbial degradation of the compound (especially petroleum) by direct injection of oxygen into the subsurface, or the direct injection of a slurry that slowly releases oxygen over time (typically magnesium peroxide or calium oxy-hydroxide).

text: Depending on

text: geology

text: and soil type, pump and treat may be a good method to quickly reduce high concentrations of pollutants. It is more difficult to reach sufficiently low concentrations to satisfy remediation standards, due to the equilibrium of

text: absorption

text: desorption

text: processes in the soil. However, pump and treat is typically not the best form of remediation. It is expensive to treat the groundwater, and typically is a very slow process to clean up a release with pump and treat. It is best suited to control the hydraulic gradient and keep a release from spreading further. Better options of in-situ treatment often include air sparge/soil vapor extraction (AS/SVE) or dual phase extraction/multiphase extraction(DPE/MPE). Other methods include trying to increase the dissolved oxygen content of the groundwater to support microbial degradation of the compound (especially petroleum) by direct injection of oxygen into the subsurface, or the direct injection of a slurry that slowly releases oxygen over time (typically magnesium peroxide or calium oxy-hydroxide).

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: pump and treat

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: calium oxy-hydroxide

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: pump and treat

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: It is expensive to treat the groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: It is more difficult to reach sufficiently low concentrations

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: It is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: expensive to treat the groundwater,

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: control the hydraulic gradient and keep a release from spreading further.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: magnesium peroxide or calium oxy-hydroxide).

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: microbial degradation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: pump and treat

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: It is expensive

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: control the hydraulic gradient and keep a release from spreading further.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: pollutants.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: It is expensive to treat the groundwater,

text: Interactions between groundwater and surface water are complex. Consequently, groundwater pollution, sometimes referred to as groundwater contamination, is not as easily classified as surface water pollution. By its very nature, groundwater aquifers are susceptible to contamination from sources that may not directly affect surface water bodies, and the distinction of point vs. non-point source may be irrelevant. A spill or ongoing release of chemical or radionuclide contaminants into soil (located away from a surface water body) may not create point or non-point source pollution but can contaminate the aquifer below, creating a toxic plume.

text: Interactions between

text: groundwater

text: and surface water are complex. Consequently, groundwater pollution, sometimes referred to as groundwater contamination, is not as easily classified as surface

text: water pollution

text: . By its very nature, groundwater

text: aquifer

text: s are susceptible to contamination from sources that may not directly affect surface water bodies, and the distinction of point vs. non-point source may be irrelevant. A spill or ongoing release of chemical or

text: radionuclide

text: contaminants into soil (located away from a surface water body) may not create point or non-point source pollution but can contaminate the aquifer below, creating a toxic

text: plume

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: groundwater pollution

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: radionuclides

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: non-point source

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: creating a toxic plume

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: groundwater pollution,

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: contamination from sources that may not directly affect surface water bodies,

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: A spill or ongoing release of chemical or radionuclide contaminants

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: non-point source

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: non-point source may be irrelevant. A spill or ongoing release of chemical

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: contaminate the aquifer below, creating a toxic plume.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: creating a toxic plume.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: surface water pollution.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: groundwater

text: Nuclear power plant accidents include the Chernobyl disaster (1986), Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster (2011), and the Three Mile Island accident (1979). There have also been some nuclear submarine accidents. In terms of lives lost per unit of energy generated, analysis has determined that nuclear power has caused less fatalities per unit of energy generated than the other major sources of energy generation. Energy production from coal, petroleum, natural gas and hydropower has caused a greater number of fatalities per unit of energy generated due to air pollution and energy accident effects. However, the economic costs of nuclear power accidents is high, and meltdowns can take decades to clean up. The human costs of evacuations of affected populations and lost livelihoods is also significant.

entity_name: Nuclear and radiation accidents and incidents

text: Nuclear power plant accidents

text: include the

text: Chernobyl disaster

text: Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster

text: (2011), and the

text: Three Mile Island accident

text: (1979). There have also been some nuclear submarine accidents. In terms of lives lost per unit of energy generated, analysis has determined that nuclear power has caused less fatalities per unit of energy generated than the other major sources of energy generation. Energy production from

text: coal

text: petroleum

text: natural gas

text: and

text: hydropower

text: has caused a greater number of fatalities per unit of energy generated due to

text: air pollution

text: and

text: energy accident

text: effects. However, the economic costs of nuclear power accidents is high, and meltdowns can take decades to clean up. The human costs of evacuations of affected populations and lost livelihoods is also significant.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: nuclear power

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: nuclear power

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: The human costs of evacuations of affected populations and lost livelihoods is also significant.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: the economic costs of nuclear power accidents is high

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: meltdowns can take decades to clean up.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: evacuations of affected populations and lost livelihoods

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Nuclear power plant accidents

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: nuclear power

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: hydropower

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: meltdowns can take decades to clean up.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: meltdowns can take decades to clean up.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: meltdowns can take decades to clean up.

text: The Upper Klamath Watershed lies between the Cascade Range and the Basin and Range Province in southern Oregon and northern California. Bedrock stratigraphy in the area includes volcanic deposits, volcanic ejecta, and fluviolacustrine deposits. This creates three general hydrologic layers: 1) Highly permeable basalt with an older depositional age serving as the principle aquifer, 2) fluvial deposits made up of tuff, shale, agglomerate, sandstone, and volcanic ash that are collectively known as the Yonna Formation and act as a groundwater cap, and 3) more recent eruptive volcanic deposits that overlie the aquifer. Little water is able to permeate through the upper volcanic deposit layers to the principle aquifers. Groundwater is able to move freely throughout the upper basin despite geologic structures that occur due to normal faulting which only confine groundwater on a local scale. Artesian wells discharging into the Upper Klamath Lake are essential for recharge into the lake and Klamath River flow throughout the year. Snowmelt is currently a large contributor of groundwater recharge in the Upper Klamath Basin.

text: The Upper Klamath Watershed lies between the

text: Cascade Range

text: and the

text: Basin and Range Province

text: in southern Oregon and northern California. Bedrock

text: stratigraphy

text: in the area includes volcanic deposits,

text: volcanic ejecta

text: , and fluviolacustrine deposits. This creates three general

text: hydrologic

text: layers: 1) Highly permeable

text: basalt

text: with an older depositional age serving as the principle

text: aquifer

text: , 2)

text: fluvial

text: deposits made up of tuff, shale, agglomerate, sandstone, and volcanic ash that are collectively known as the Yonna Formation and act as a groundwater cap, and 3) more recent eruptive volcanic deposits that overlie the aquifer. Little water is able to permeate through the upper volcanic deposit layers to the principle aquifers. Groundwater is able to move freely throughout the upper basin despite geologic structures that occur due to normal faulting which only confine groundwater on a local scale.

text: Artesian wells

text: discharging into the Upper Klamath Lake are essential for recharge into the lake and

text: Klamath River

text: flow throughout the year. Snowmelt is currently a large contributor of groundwater recharge in the Upper Klamath Basin.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Groundwater is able to move freely throughout the upper basin

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: Little water is able to permeate

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Groundwater is able to move freely

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Snowmelt

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Artesian wells

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Yonna Formation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: volcanic ejecta, and fluviolacustrine

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Snowmelt is currently a large contributor of groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: Little water is able to permeate through the upper volcanic deposit layers

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Artesian wells discharging into the Upper Klamath Lake

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: volcanic deposits,

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Artesian wells

text: Although groundwater sources are quite prevalent, one major area of concern is the renewal rate or recharge rate of some groundwater sources. Abstracting from groundwater sources that are non-renewable could lead to exhaustion if not properly monitored and managed. Another concern of increased groundwater usage is the diminished water quality of the source over time. Reduction of natural outflows, decreasing stored volumes, declining water levels and water degradation are commonly observed in groundwater systems. Groundwater depletion may result in many negative effects such as increased cost of groundwater pumping, induced salinity and other water quality changes, land subsidence, degraded springs and reduced baseflows. Human pollution is also harmful to this important resource.

text: Although groundwater sources are quite prevalent, one major area of concern is the renewal rate or recharge rate of some groundwater sources.

text: Abstracting

text: from groundwater sources that are non-renewable could lead to exhaustion if not properly monitored and managed. Another concern of increased groundwater usage is the diminished water quality of the source over time. Reduction of natural outflows, decreasing stored volumes, declining water levels and water degradation are commonly observed in groundwater systems. Groundwater depletion may result in many negative effects such as increased cost of groundwater pumping, induced salinity and other water quality changes, land subsidence, degraded springs and reduced baseflows. Human pollution is also harmful to this important resource.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: properly monitor and manage

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater pumping

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: increased cost of groundwater pumping

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: induced salinity and other water quality changes

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: increased cost of groundwater pumping,

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: properly monitored and managed.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Human pollution

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Abstracting from groundwater sources

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater pumping,

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: Human pollution

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: induced salinity

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Human pollution

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: increased cost of groundwater pumping,

text: There are dozens of different transport models that can be generally grouped by pollutants addressed, complexity of pollutant sources, whether the model is steady state or dynamic, and time period modeled. Another important designation is whether the model is distributed (i.e. capable of predicting multiple points within a river) or lumped. In a basic model, for example, only one pollutant might be addressed from a simple point discharge into the receiving waters. In the most complex of models, various line source inputs from surface runoff might be added to multiple point sources, treating a variety of chemicals plus sediment in a dynamic environment including vertical river stratification and interactions of pollutants with in-stream biota. In addition watershed groundwater may also be included. The model is termed "physically based" if its parameters can be measured in the field.

text: There are dozens of different transport models that can be generally grouped by

text: pollutants

text: addressed, complexity of pollutant sources, whether the model is steady state or dynamic, and time period modeled. Another important designation is whether the model is distributed (i.e. capable of predicting multiple points within a river) or lumped. In a basic model, for example, only one pollutant might be addressed from a simple point discharge into the

text: receiving water

text: s. In the most complex of models, various

text: line source

text: inputs from

text: surface runoff

text: might be added to multiple

text: point source

text: s, treating a variety of

text: chemical

text: s plus

text: sediment

text: in a dynamic environment including vertical river stratification and interactions of pollutants with in-stream

text: biota

text: . In addition

text: watershed

text: groundwater

text: may also be included. The model is termed "physically based" if its parameters can be measured in the field.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: watershed groundwater

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: line source inputs

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: in-stream biota

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: in-stream biota

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: watershed groundwater

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: various line source inputs from surface runoff

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: "physically based"

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: line source inputs from surface runoff

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: sediment

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: receiving waters.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: surface runoff

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: surface runoff

text: The remediation process in Palmerton has been contentious. Both the United States Environmental Protection Agency and the citizens' group Palmerton Citizens for a Clean Environment (PCCE) believe that extensive cleanup of the town's soil is necessary to protect human health. On the other hand, many citizens, including the Pro-Palmerton Coalition (PPC), argue that the health risks are exaggerated and that the town's Superfund status stigmatizes it. Both groups, as well as other stakeholders, are part of a Superfund Community Advisory Group called the Palmerton Environmental Task Force.

text: The remediation process in Palmerton has been contentious. Both the

text: United States Environmental Protection Agency

text: and the citizens' group Palmerton Citizens for a Clean Environment (PCCE) believe that extensive cleanup of the town's soil is necessary to protect human health. On the other hand, many citizens, including the Pro-Palmerton Coalition (PPC), argue that the health risks are exaggerated and that the town's Superfund status stigmatizes it. Both groups, as well as other stakeholders, are part of a Superfund Community Advisory Group called the Palmerton Environmental Task Force.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: protect human health

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Superfund

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Superfund

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: the town's Superfund status stigmatizes it

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: to protect human health

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: cleanup of the town's soil is necessary to protect human health.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: cleanup of the town's soil is necessary to protect human health.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Superfund

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Superfund

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Superfund

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: the town's Superfund status stigmatizes it.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: protect human health.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: exaggerated

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: extensive cleanup of the town's soil is necessary to protect human health.

text: The company has been the subject of several major federal lawsuits related to air pollution. In 2001, it agreed to pay a $1.46 million fine for violating federal and Illinois clean-air regulations at its Decatur feed plant and to spend $1.6 million to reduce air pollution there. In 2003, the company settled federal air pollution complaints related to the its efforts to avoid New Source Review provisions of the Clean Air Act that require pollution control upgrades when a plant is modernized. The company paid $4.5 million in penalties and more than $6 million to support environmental projects. In addition, ADM agreed to eliminate more than 60,000 tons of emissions of carbon monoxide, particulate matter, organic volatile chemicals and other pollutants from 42 plants in 17 states at a cost of hundreds of millions of dollars.

text: The company has been the subject of several major federal lawsuits related to air pollution. In 2001, it agreed to pay a $1.46 million fine for violating federal and Illinois clean-air regulations at its Decatur feed plant and to spend $1.6 million to reduce air pollution there. In 2003, the company settled federal air pollution complaints related to the its efforts to avoid

text: New Source Review

text: provisions of the

text: Clean Air Act

text: that require pollution control upgrades when a plant is modernized. The company paid $4.5 million in penalties and more than $6 million to support environmental projects. In addition, ADM agreed to eliminate more than 60,000 tons of emissions of carbon monoxide, particulate matter, organic volatile chemicals and other pollutants from 42 plants in 17 states at a cost of hundreds of millions of dollars.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: support environmental projects

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: carbon monoxide

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: air pollution.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: pollution control upgrades

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: carbon monoxide, particulate matter, organic volatile chemicals

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: New Source Review

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: New Source Review

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: carbon monoxide, particulate matter, organic volatile chemicals

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: pollution control upgrades

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: carbon monoxide, particulate matter, organic volatile chemicals

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: hundreds of millions of dollars.

text: The utility plans to substitute surface water for groundwater through the construction of four large water treatment plants until 2020 at a cost of  (Saidabad Phase II and III, Padma/Pagla and Khilkhet). The treatment plants will draw water from more distant and less polluted rivers up to  from the city. The four plants are expected to have a combined capacity of  per year, compared to a 2010 supply of  per year that is mainly from groundwater. , funding had been secured for the first plant which is under construction thanks to a  contribution from Danish development assistance. In 2012 the government signed a contract with a Chinese company to build a water treatment plant at Munshiganj on the Padma River. The project costs  of which  is financed by a soft loan from the Chinese government, the remainder coming from the Bangladeshi government.

text: The utility plans to substitute surface water for groundwater through the construction of four large water treatment plants until 2020 at a cost of  (Saidabad Phase II and III, Padma/Pagla and Khilkhet). The treatment plants will draw water from more distant and less polluted rivers up to  from the city. The four plants are expected to have a combined capacity of  per year, compared to a 2010 supply of  per year that is mainly from groundwater. , funding had been secured for the first plant which is under construction thanks to a  contribution from Danish development assistance. In 2012 the government signed a contract with a Chinese company to build a water treatment plant at

text: Munshiganj

text: on the

text: Padma River

text: . The project costs  of which  is financed by a soft loan from the Chinese government, the remainder coming from the Bangladeshi government.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: substitute surface water

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: surface water for groundwater

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: water treatment plants

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: water treatment plants

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: four large water treatment plants

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: water treatment plants

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: water treatment plants

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: surface water for groundwater

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: surface water for groundwater

text: The legal framework referred to as the "Clean Water Act" (CWA) has its statutory basis in the Water Pollution Control Act of 1948, which was the first federal regulation designed to address water pollution.  The Clean Water Act has been amended many times, but the CWA amendments of 1972 provide the core statutory basis for the regulation of point source water pollution and created the National Pollution Discharge Elimination System permit program. The CWA amendments of 1972 were also the first instance where Congress acknowledged the problem of NPS water pollution through the passage of section 208 of the CWA. Congress passed additional amendments to the CWA in 1987 that address NPS water pollution. This section will chronologically address the parts of the CWA that regulate NPS water pollution.

text: The legal framework referred to as the "

text: Clean Water Act

text: " (CWA) has its

text: statutory

text: basis in the Water Pollution Control Act of 1948, which was the first federal regulation designed to address water pollution.  The Clean Water Act has been amended many times, but the CWA amendments of 1972 provide the core statutory basis for the regulation of point source water pollution and created the National Pollution Discharge Elimination System permit program. The CWA amendments of 1972 were also the first instance where Congress acknowledged the problem of NPS water pollution through the passage of section 208 of the CWA. Congress passed additional amendments to the CWA in 1987 that address NPS water pollution. This section will chronologically address the parts of the CWA that regulate NPS water pollution.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: To answer the above question, the relevant sentence is:

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: the National Pollution Discharge Elimination System permit program

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: clean water would be pumped back in

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: point source water pollution

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: pollution.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: National Pollution Discharge Elimination System

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: National Pollution Discharge Elimination System

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: National Pollution Discharge Elimination System

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: National Pollution Discharge Elimination System

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: National Pollution Discharge Elimination System

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: point source water pollution

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Water Pollution Control Act of 1948,

text: The command-and-control permitting structure of the Clean Water Act (CWA) provides the basis for nearly all regulation of CAFOs in the United States. Generally speaking, the CWA prohibits the discharge of pollution to the "waters of the United States" from any "point source," unless the discharge is authorized by a National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit issued by the EPA (or a state delegated by the EPA). CAFOs are explicitly listed as a "point source" in the CWA. Unauthorized discharges made from CAFOs (and other point sources) violate the CWA, even if the discharges are "unplanned or accidental." CAFOs that do not apply for NPDES permits "operate at their own risk because any discharge from an unpermitted CAFO (other than agricultural stormwater) is a violation of the CWA subject to enforcement action, including third party citizen suits."

text: The command-and-control permitting structure of the

text: Clean Water Act

text: (CWA) provides the basis for nearly all regulation of CAFOs in the United States. Generally speaking, the CWA prohibits the discharge of pollution to the "waters of the United States" from any "point source," unless the discharge is authorized by a

text: National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System

text: (NPDES) permit issued by the EPA (or a state delegated by the EPA). CAFOs are explicitly listed as a "point source" in the CWA. Unauthorized discharges made from CAFOs (and other point sources) violate the CWA, even if the discharges are "unplanned or accidental." CAFOs that do not apply for NPDES permits "operate at their own risk because any discharge from an unpermitted CAFO (other than agricultural

text: stormwater

text: ) is a violation of the CWA subject to enforcement action, including third party citizen suits."

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: authorize the discharge

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: NPDES

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unplanned or accidental

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unplanned or accidental

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: stormwater)

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: apply for NPDES permits

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: third party citizen suits."

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: "waters of the United States"

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: "point source,"

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: CAFOs

text: Another remix, "Richard's Hairpiece", was done courtesy of Aphex Twin, in which the riff is removed, and Beck's vocals are sped up to the extent that his voice is extremely high-pitched. This remix was not included on either CD version of "Devils Haircut", because of Aphex Twin's delay in making it, but it was included on the subsequent CD for "The New Pollution".

text: Another remix, "Richard's Hairpiece", was done courtesy of

text: Aphex Twin

text: , in which the riff is removed, and Beck's vocals are sped up to the extent that his voice is extremely high-pitched. This remix was not included on either CD version of "Devils Haircut", because of Aphex Twin's delay in making it, but it was included on the subsequent CD for "

text: The New Pollution

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: pollute it

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: clean water would be pumped back in

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: "The New Pollution".

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: "The New Pollution".

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Aphex Twin,

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: "The New Pollution".

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: "The New Pollution".

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: "The New Pollution".

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: "The New Pollution".

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: "The New Pollution".

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: "The New Pollution".

text: Although interrelated, surface water and groundwater have often been studied and managed as separate resources. Surface water seeps through the soil and becomes groundwater. Conversely, groundwater can also feed surface water sources. Sources of surface water pollution are generally grouped into two categories based on their origin.

text: Although interrelated,

text: surface water

text: and groundwater have often been studied and managed as separate resources. Surface water seeps through the soil and becomes groundwater. Conversely, groundwater can also feed surface water sources. Sources of surface water pollution are generally grouped into two categories based on their origin.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater can also feed surface water

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: groundwater can also feed surface water

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Surface water seeps through the soil and becomes groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: surface water and groundwater

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Surface water seeps through the soil and becomes groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: Surface water seeps through the soil and becomes groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Surface water seeps through the soil and becomes groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Surface water seeps through the soil and becomes groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Surface water seeps through the soil and becomes groundwater.

text: The nymphs dwell in the hyporheic zone, the interface between stream water and groundwater. Only immediately before moulting into the adult form will the nymphs move out of the substrate and appear on the stream bed. Thus, although they may be plentiful in clean rivers and streams, they are seldom encountered in standard samples of benthos.

text: The nymphs dwell in the

text: hyporheic zone

text: , the interface between stream water and

text: groundwater

text: . Only immediately before

text: moulting

text: into the adult form will the nymphs move out of the substrate and appear on the

text: stream bed

text: . Thus, although they may be plentiful in clean rivers and streams, they are seldom encountered in standard samples of

text: benthos

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: acidic chemicals

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: None of the above choices

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: hyporheic zone, the interface between stream water and groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: hyporheic zone,

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: they are seldom encountered in standard samples of benthos.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: The nymphs dwell in the hyporheic zone,

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: The nymphs dwell in the hyporheic zone,

text: In the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is charged with regulating stormwater pursuant to the Clean Water Act (CWA). The goal of the CWA is to restore all "Waters of the United States" to their "fishable" and "swimmable" conditions. Point source discharges, which originate mostly from municipal wastewater (sewage) and industrial wastewater discharges, have been regulated since enactment of the CWA in 1972. Pollutant loadings from these sources are tightly controlled through the issuance of National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permits. However, despite these controls, thousands of water bodies in the U.S. remain classified as "impaired," meaning that they contain pollutants at levels higher than is considered safe by EPA for the intended beneficial uses of the water. Much of this impairment is due to polluted runoff.

text: In the

text: United States

text: , the

text: Environmental Protection Agency

text: (EPA) is charged with

text: regulating

text: stormwater pursuant to the

text: Clean Water Act

text: (CWA). The goal of the CWA is to restore all "Waters of the United States" to their "fishable" and "swimmable" conditions. Point source discharges, which originate mostly from municipal

text: wastewater

text: sewage

text: ) and industrial wastewater discharges, have been regulated since enactment of the CWA in 1972. Pollutant loadings from these sources are tightly controlled through the issuance of National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (

text: NPDES

text: ) permits. However, despite these controls, thousands of water bodies in the U.S. remain classified as "impaired," meaning that they contain pollutants at levels higher than is considered safe by EPA for the intended beneficial uses of the water. Much of this impairment is due to polluted runoff.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: polluted runoff

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: polluted runoff

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: beneficial uses of the water

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: stormwater

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: polluted runoff.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: National Pollution Discharge Elimination System

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: National Pollution Discharge Elimination System

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: (NPDES)

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: polluted runoff.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: EPA for the intended beneficial uses of the water.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: polluted runoff.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Point source discharges,

text: Floods magnitude and frequency is likely to increase due to intense precipitation and land use change, especially around urban areas. Groundwater recharge will also be affected by change on precipitation, although it is not expected to be substantially lower. However, MVOTMA expects an increase in groundwater use in the future due to an increased water demand for irrigation and industrial purposes. Higher demand could increase pressure in already stressed systems such as the Raigon Aquifer and Southern areas where there is a need for groundwater integrated management systems.

text: Floods magnitude and frequency is likely to increase due to intense precipitation and land use change, especially around urban areas. Groundwater recharge will also be affected by change on precipitation, although it is not expected to be substantially lower. However, MVOTMA expects an increase in groundwater use in the future due to an increased water demand for irrigation and industrial purposes. Higher demand could increase pressure in already stressed systems such as the Raigon Aquifer and Southern areas where there is a need for groundwater integrated management systems.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: groundwater integrated management

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater integrated management systems

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: it is not expected to be substantially lower

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: groundwater integrated management systems.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: groundwater integrated management systems.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: groundwater integrated management systems.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: groundwater integrated management systems.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater integrated management systems.

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Groundwater recharge

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: urban areas.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Groundwater recharge will also be affected by change on precipitation,

text: The only way to avoid environmental harm from waste is to prevent its generation. Pollution prevention means changing the way activities are conducted and eliminating the source of the problem. It does not mean doing without, but doing differently. For example, preventing waste pollution from litter caused by disposable beverage containers does not mean doing without beverages; it just means using refillable bottles.

text: The only way to avoid environmental harm from waste is to prevent its generation. Pollution prevention means changing the way activities are conducted and eliminating the source of the problem. It does not mean doing without, but doing differently. For example, preventing waste pollution from litter caused by disposable beverage containers does not mean doing without beverages; it just means using refillable bottles.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: prevent its generation

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: acidic chemicals

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: eliminate the source of the problem

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: prevent its generation.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: eliminating the source of the problem.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: eliminating the source of the problem.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: eliminating the source of the problem.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Pollution prevention

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: Pollution prevention

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Pollution prevention

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: litter

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: The only way to avoid environmental harm from waste is to prevent its generation.

text: Waste disposal practices, common during that era, resulted in the contamination of its soil, its groundwater, and the Skykomish River by oil and heavy metals. BNSF (then BN) and the Washington State Department of Ecology began remediation discussions in the mid-1980s, and in 2006, agreed to a plan whereby the railroad would pay up to $50 million to clean up the area over a three-year period (completed in 2009). This effort involved massive excavations—essentially removing the contaminated soil and replacing it with clean soil—and the rebuilding of a levee. Many of  Skykomish's buildings—both homes and business—were moved during the cleanup process.

text: Waste disposal practices, common during that era, resulted in the

text: contamination

text: of its

text: soil

text: , its

text: groundwater

text: , and the

text: Skykomish River

text: by

text: oil

text: and

text: heavy metals

text: . BNSF (then BN) and the Washington State Department of Ecology began remediation discussions in the mid-1980s, and in 2006, agreed to a plan whereby the railroad would pay up to $50 million to clean up the area over a three-year period (completed in 2009). This effort involved massive

text: excavations

text: —essentially removing the contaminated soil and replacing it with clean soil—and the rebuilding of a

text: levee

text: . Many of  Skykomish's buildings—both homes and business—were moved during the cleanup process.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: rebuilding a levee

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: heavy metals

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: removing the contaminated soil and replacing it with clean soil

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Waste disposal practices,

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: removing the contaminated soil and replacing it with clean soil—and

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: removing the contaminated soil and replacing it with clean soil—and

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: removing the contaminated soil and replacing it with clean soil—and

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: massive excavations—essentially

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: Many of Skykomish's buildings—both

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: removing the contaminated soil and replacing it with clean soil—and

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: oil and heavy metals.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: massive excavations—essentially

text: Emoto claimed that different water sources would produce different crystalline structures when frozen. For example, he claimed that a water sample from a mountain stream when frozen would show structures of beautifully-shaped geometric design, but those structures would be distorted and randomly formed if the sample were taken from a polluted water source. Emoto believed that these changes could be eliminated by exposing water to ultraviolet light or certain electromagnetic waves.

text: Emoto claimed that different water sources would produce different crystalline structures when frozen. For example, he claimed that a water sample from a mountain stream when frozen would show structures of beautifully-shaped geometric design, but those structures would be distorted and randomly formed if the sample were taken from a polluted water source. Emoto believed that these changes could be eliminated by exposing water to

text: ultraviolet light

text: or certain

text: electromagnetic waves

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: exposing water to ultraviolet light

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: ultraviolet light

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: distorted and randomly formed

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: polluted water source.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: exposing water to ultraviolet light or certain electromagnetic waves.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: exposing water to ultraviolet light or certain electromagnetic waves.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: exposing water to ultraviolet light or certain electromagnetic waves.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: ultraviolet light or certain electromagnetic waves.

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: exposing water to ultraviolet light or certain electromagnetic waves.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: exposing water to ultraviolet light or certain electromagnetic waves.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: ultraviolet light

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: exposing water to ultraviolet light or certain electromagnetic waves.

text: The appropriate person responsible for remedial work is "any person, or any of the persons, who caused or knowingly permitted the substances" giving rise to the designation "to be in, on or under that land" (s.78F(2)). If no such person can be identified after reasonable enquiries, the present owner or occupier is the appropriate person (s.78F(4)-(5)). Any persons controlling other land to which access is required for remediation must grant such access and may apply to the appropriate person for compensation (s.78G). The appropriate person is deemed to be responsible for remediation of other land into which substances have escaped (s.78K).

text: The appropriate person responsible for remedial work is "any person, or any of the persons, who caused or knowingly permitted the substances" giving rise to the designation "to be in, on or under that land" (s.78F(2)). If no such person can be identified after reasonable enquiries, the present owner or occupier is the appropriate person (s.78F(4)-(5)). Any persons controlling other land to which access is required for remediation must grant such access and may apply to the appropriate person for compensation (s.78G). The appropriate person is deemed to be responsible for remediation of other land into which substances have escaped (s.78K).

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: grant such access

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: remediation of other land

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: any person, or any of the persons, who caused or knowingly permitted the substances

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: the appropriate person would be responsible for remediation

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: The appropriate person responsible for remedial work

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: access is required for remediation

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: caused or knowingly permitted the substances"

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: (s.78F(4)-(5)).

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: remedial work

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: substances have escaped

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: remedial work

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: substances"

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: The appropriate person responsible for remedial work

text: Groundwater (or ground water) is the water present beneath Earth's surface in soil pore spaces and in the fractures of rock formations. A unit of rock or an unconsolidated deposit is called an aquifer when it can yield a usable quantity of water. The depth at which soil pore spaces or fractures and voids in rock become completely saturated with water is called the water table. Groundwater is recharged from, and eventually flows to, the surface naturally; natural discharge often occurs at springs and seeps, and can form oases or wetlands. Groundwater is also often withdrawn for agricultural, municipal, and industrial use by constructing and operating extraction wells. The study of the distribution and movement of groundwater is hydrogeology, also called groundwater hydrology.

text: Groundwater (or ground water) is the

text: water

text: present beneath

text: Earth

text: 's surface in

text: soil pore spaces

text: and in the

text: fracture

text: s of

text: rock formations

text: . A unit of rock or an unconsolidated deposit is called an

text: aquifer

text: when it can yield a usable quantity of water. The depth at which

text: soil

text: pore spaces or fractures and voids in rock become completely saturated with water is called the

text: water table

text: Groundwater is recharged

text: from, and eventually flows to, the surface naturally; natural discharge often occurs at

text: springs

text: and

text: seeps

text: , and can form

text: oases

text: or

text: wetland

text: s. Groundwater is also often withdrawn for

text: agricultural

text: municipal

text: , and

text: industrial

text: use by constructing and operating extraction

text: wells

text: . The study of the distribution and movement of groundwater is

text: hydrogeology

text: , also called groundwater

text: hydrology

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: operate extraction wells

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: extraction wells

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: constructing and operating extraction wells.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: extraction wells.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: aquifer

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: extraction wells.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: flows to, the surface naturally;

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Groundwater

text: Pistachio shells may be helpful in cleaning up pollution created by mercury emissions.

text: Pistachio shells may be helpful in cleaning up pollution created by mercury emissions.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: eat the shells

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: pistachios

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: contaminating the environment

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: pistachio shells may be helpful in cleaning up pollution

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Pistachio shells

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Pistachio shells

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Pistachio shells

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Pistachio shells

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: mercury

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: mercury emissions.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Pistachio shells

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: mercury

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Pistachio shells

text: Access to dependable and clean drinking water remains a major issue for the majority of cities within Azerbaijan. In particular, the Absheron peninsula lacks a source of potable water, as its groundwater is contaminated and polluted. Azerbaijan imports bottled drinking water from other nations such as Iran, Turkey, and the United Arab Emirates, but the country actually has enough domestic water sources to avoid importing water, according to Parviz Moin, an Iranian fluid dynamicist.

text: Access to dependable and clean drinking water remains a major issue for the majority of cities within

text: Azerbaijan

text: . In particular, the

text: Absheron peninsula

text: lacks a source of potable water, as its groundwater is contaminated and polluted. Azerbaijan imports bottled drinking water from other nations such as

text: Iran

text: Turkey

text: , and the

text: United Arab Emirates

text: , but the country actually has enough domestic water sources to avoid importing water, according to

text: Parviz Moin

text: , an Iranian fluid dynamicist.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: import water

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater is contaminated

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: potable water

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: groundwater is contaminated and polluted.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: contaminated and polluted.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater is contaminated and polluted.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: potable water,

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: bottled drinking water

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: groundwater

text: In addition to using "typical" scale iron in PRBs, nanoparticles (1-100 nm diameter)  containing zerovalent iron (nZVI) may be used. There are uncertainties regarding the features of this technology which have made it difficult to engineer applications for optimal performance or to assess the risk to human or ecological health. However, several key facts have been identified related to nZVIs which, if ignored, may lead to misconceptions of the technology. These are as follows: 1) nZVIs used in groundwater remediation are larger than particles that exhibit "true" nano-size effects 2) the high reactivity of nZVI is mainly due to its high specific surface area and 3) the mobility of the nZVI particles will, in almost all relevant scenarios, be less than a few meters (one implication of this limited mobility is that human exposure due to remediation applications of nZVI is likely to be minimal). However, there are still many characteristics of this technology about which very little is known: e.g., how quickly nZVI will be transformed and to what products, whether this residue will be detectable in the environment, and how surface modifications of nZVI will alter its long-term environmental fate and effectiveness for remediation.

text: In addition to using "typical" scale iron in

text: PRBs

text: nanoparticles

text: (1-100 nm diameter)  containing zerovalent iron (nZVI) may be used. There are uncertainties regarding the features of this technology which have made it difficult to engineer applications for optimal performance or to assess the risk to human or ecological health. However, several key facts have been identified related to nZVIs which, if ignored, may lead to misconceptions of the technology. These are as follows: 1) nZVIs used in

text: groundwater remediation

text: are larger than particles that exhibit "true"

text: nano-size effects

text: 2) the high reactivity of nZVI is mainly due to its high

text: specific surface area

text: and 3) the mobility of the nZVI particles will, in almost all relevant scenarios, be less than a few meters (one implication of this limited mobility is that human exposure due to

text: remediation

text: applications of nZVI is likely to be minimal). However, there are still many characteristics of this technology about which very little is known: e.g., how quickly nZVI will be transformed and to what products, whether this residue will be detectable in the environment, and how surface modifications of nZVI will alter its long-term environmental fate and effectiveness for remediation.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: nZVIs

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: zerovalent iron

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: PRBs

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: nZVIs

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: remediation.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: groundwater remediation

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: nanoparticles

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: PRBs,

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: PRBs,

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: whether this residue will be detectable in the environment,

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: groundwater remediation

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: detectable

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: groundwater remediation

text: The number of confirmed releases in Arkansas peaked in 2001 and has slowly declined since that time (Arkansas Department of Environmental Quality, 2012). Releases from USTs are required to be investigated, and those with groundwater impacts are required to have owners define the vertical and horizontal extent of contamination. Once defined, a Corrective Action Plan is implemented to mitigate the impact of contamination. The effectiveness of remediation normally is evaluated through groundwater monitoring.

text: The number of confirmed releases in Arkansas peaked in 2001 and has slowly declined since that time (Arkansas Department of Environmental Quality, 2012). Releases from USTs are required to be investigated, and those with groundwater impacts are required to have owners define the vertical and horizontal extent of contamination. Once defined, a Corrective Action Plan is implemented to mitigate the impact of contamination. The effectiveness of remediation normally is evaluated through groundwater monitoring.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: groundwater monitoring

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Corrective Action Plan

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: remediation normally is evaluated through groundwater monitoring

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: remediation normally is evaluated through groundwater monitoring

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: remediation

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: groundwater monitoring.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: a Corrective Action Plan

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: groundwater monitoring.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Corrective Action Plan

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: The effectiveness of remediation normally is evaluated through groundwater monitoring.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: The effectiveness of remediation normally is evaluated through groundwater monitoring.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: groundwater monitoring.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: The effectiveness of remediation normally is evaluated through groundwater monitoring.

text: Beijing has a long history of environmental problems. Between 2000 and 2009 Beijing's urban extent quadrupled, which not only strongly increased the extent of anthropogenic emissions, but also changed the meteorological situation fundamentally, even if emissions of human society are not included. For example, surface albedo, wind speed and humidity near the surface were decreased, whereas ground and near-surface air temperatures, vertical air dilution and ozone levels were increased. Because of the combined factors of urbanisation and pollution caused by burning of fossil fuel, Beijing is often affected by serious environmental problems, which lead to health issues of many inhabitants. In 2013 heavy smog struck Beijing and most parts of northern China, in total 600 million people. After this "pollution shock" air pollution became an important economic and social concern in China. After that the government of Beijing announced measures to reduce air pollution, for example by lowering the share of coal from 24% in 2012 to 10% in 2017, while the national government ordered heavily polluting vehicles to be removed from 2015 to 2017 and increased its efforts to transition the energy system to clean sources.

text: Beijing has a long history of

text: environmental problems

text: . Between 2000 and 2009 Beijing's urban extent quadrupled, which not only strongly increased the extent of anthropogenic emissions, but also changed the meteorological situation fundamentally, even if

text: emissions

text: of human society are not included. For example, surface

text: albedo

text: , wind speed and

text: humidity

text: near the surface were decreased, whereas ground and near-surface

text: air temperature

text: s, vertical air dilution and

text: ozone

text: levels were increased. Because of the combined factors of urbanisation and pollution caused by burning of

text: fossil fuel

text: , Beijing is often affected by serious environmental problems, which lead to

text: health

text: issues of many inhabitants. In 2013 heavy

text: smog

text: struck Beijing and most parts of northern China, in total 600 million people. After this "pollution shock"

text: air pollution

text: became an important economic and social concern in China. After that the government of Beijing announced measures to reduce air pollution, for example by lowering the share of coal from 24% in 2012 to 10% in 2017, while the national government ordered heavily polluting vehicles to be removed from 2015 to 2017 and increased its efforts to transition the energy system to clean sources.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: pollute it

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: lowering the share of coal

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: lead to health issues of many inhabitants

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: ozone levels were increased

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: pollution caused by burning of fossil fuel,

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: transition the energy system to clean sources.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: burning of fossil fuel,

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: clean sources.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: measures to reduce air pollution,

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: health issues of many inhabitants.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: clean sources.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: vertical air dilution

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Beijing's urban extent quadrupled,

text: The cyanobacteria, Calothrix, Synechococcus and Gloeocapsa, can precipitate strontian calcite in groundwater. The strontium exists as strontianite in solid solution within the host calcite with the strontium content of up to one percent.

text: The

text: cyanobacteria

text: Calothrix

text: Synechococcus

text: and

text: Gloeocapsa

text: , can precipitate strontian

text: calcite

text: in

text: groundwater

text: . The strontium exists as

text: strontianite

text: in

text: solid solution

text: within the host calcite with the strontium content of up to one percent.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: strontianite

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: cyanobacteria

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: strontianite

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: strontian calcite in groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: strontian calcite in groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: strontian calcite

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: cyanobacteria,

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: strontian calcite in groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: groundwater.

text: In some cases, a proposed use might be the highest and best use but for some cost that changes the net economics. An example might be an industrially-used site that can now be used legally for high-rise residential buildings, but would cost so much to clean up (remediate) that the value as currently used is higher. In that case, if it can be continued, the existing industrial use could be the highest and best use. In some cases appraisers are given specific instructions as to an assumed highest and best use. This use might not pass the tests discussed below as a legitimate highest and best use, and may very well produce a different value. One example of this might be a parkland valuation, where the appraiser has been instructed to ignore all other possible uses. Further, the highest and best use of a property can be a class of uses (such as retail or multi family), rather than a specific use (i.e. development of a fast food restaurant).

text: In some cases, a proposed use might be the highest and best use but for some cost that changes the net economics. An example might be an industrially-used site that can now be used legally for high-rise residential buildings, but would cost so much to clean up (remediate) that the value as currently used is higher. In that case, if it can be continued, the existing industrial use could be the highest and best use. In some cases appraisers are given specific instructions as to an assumed highest and best use. This use might not pass the tests discussed below as a legitimate highest and best use, and may very well produce a different value. One example of this might be a parkland valuation, where the appraiser has been instructed to ignore all other possible uses. Further, the highest and best use of a property can be a class of uses (such as retail or multi family), rather than a specific use (i.e. development of a fast food restaurant).

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: use it

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: An example might be an industrially-used site

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: the value as currently used is higher

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: (remediate)

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: (remediate)

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: industrially-used site

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: (remediate)

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: clean up

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: would cost so much to clean up

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: the value as currently used is higher.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: high-rise residential buildings,

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: would cost so much to clean up

text: Innovative remedial techniques used at distressed brownfields in recent years include in situ thermal remediation, bioremediation and in situ oxidation. Often, these strategies are used in conjunction with each other or with other remedial strategies such as soil vapor extraction. In this process, vapor from the soil phase is extracted from soils and treated, which has the effect of removing contaminants from the soils and groundwater beneath a site. Binders can be added to contaminated soil to prevent chemical leaching. Some brownfields with heavy metal contamination have even been cleaned up through an innovative approach called phytoremediation, which uses deep-rooted plants to soak up metals in soils into the plant structure as the plant grows. After they reach maturity, the plants – which now contain the heavy metal contaminants in their tissues – are removed and disposed of as hazardous waste.

text: Innovative remedial techniques used at distressed brownfields in recent years include

text: in situ thermal remediation

text: bioremediation

text: and

text: in situ oxidation

text: . Often, these strategies are used in conjunction with each other or with other remedial strategies such as

text: soil vapor extraction

text: . In this process, vapor from the soil phase is extracted from soils and treated, which has the effect of removing contaminants from the soils and

text: groundwater

text: beneath a site. Binders can be added to contaminated soil to prevent chemical leaching. Some brownfields with heavy metal contamination have even been cleaned up through an innovative approach called

text: phytoremediation

text: , which uses deep-rooted plants to soak up metals in soils into the plant structure as the plant grows. After they reach maturity, the plants – which now contain the heavy metal contaminants in their tissues – are removed and disposed of as hazardous waste.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: soil vapor extraction

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: in situ oxidation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: bioremediation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: removing contaminants from the soils and groundwater

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Binders can be added to contaminated soil to prevent chemical leaching.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: in situ oxidation.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: bioremediation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: in situ oxidation.

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: chemical leaching.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: removing contaminants from the soils and groundwater

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: removing contaminants from the soils and groundwater

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ thermal remediation,

text: The word "hydraulic" originates from the Greek word ὑδραυλικός (hydraulikos) which in turn stems from ὕδωρ (hydor, Greek for water) and αὐλός (aulos, meaning tube), and "containment" refers to the action of keeping something harmful under control or within limits. Thus, hydraulic containment is the attempt of confining the movement of any harmful fluid within a limit. In the pollution management sense, hydraulic containment is a technique used to control the movement of contaminated groundwater, preventing the continued expansion of the contaminated zone. It is the first step of pump and treat technology for environmental remediation.

text: The word "hydraulic" originates from the

text: Greek

text: word ὑδραυλικός (hydraulikos) which in turn stems from ὕδωρ (hydor, Greek for

text: water

text: ) and αὐλός (aulos, meaning tube), and "containment" refers to the action of keeping something harmful under control or within limits. Thus, hydraulic containment is the attempt of confining the movement of any harmful

text: fluid

text: within a limit. In the pollution management sense, hydraulic containment is a technique used to control the movement of

text: contaminated groundwater

text: , preventing the continued expansion of the contaminated zone. It is the first step of pump and treat technology for

text: environmental remediation

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: treat

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: pump and treat

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: pump and treat

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: pump and treat technology for environmental remediation

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: pump and treat technology

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: contaminated groundwater, preventing the continued expansion of the contaminated zone.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: pump and treat

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: pump and treat technology

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: pump and treat

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: pump and treat

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: contaminated groundwater, preventing the continued expansion of the contaminated zone.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: pump and treat technology for environmental remediation.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: contaminated groundwater,

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: pump and treat technology for environmental remediation.

text: Trees have been genetically engineered to overexpress the CYP2E1 enzyme.  These transgenic trees have been used to remove pollutants from groundwater, a process known as phytoremediation.

text: Trees have been genetically engineered to overexpress the CYP2E1 enzyme.  These

text: transgenic

text: trees have been used to remove pollutants from groundwater, a process known as

text: phytoremediation

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: plant trees

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: transgenic trees

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: phytoremediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: phytoremediation

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: phytoremediation

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: phytoremediation.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: pollutants from groundwater,

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: CYP2E1 enzyme.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: phytoremediation.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: phytoremediation.

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater,

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: phytoremediation.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: pollutants from groundwater,

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: phytoremediation.

text: USTs are regulated in the United States to prevent release of petroleum and contamination of groundwater, soil and air. The 1984 Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments to the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) required EPA to develop regulations for the underground storage of motor fuels to minimize and prevent environmental damage, by mandating owners and operators of UST systems to verify, maintain, and clean up sites damaged by petroleum contamination.

text: USTs are regulated in the United States to prevent release of petroleum and contamination of groundwater, soil and air. The 1984 Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments to the

text: Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

text: (RCRA) required EPA to develop regulations for the underground storage of motor fuels to minimize and prevent environmental damage, by mandating owners and operators of UST systems to verify, maintain, and clean up sites damaged by petroleum contamination.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: maintain

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: USTs

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: clean up sites damaged by petroleum contamination

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: contamination of groundwater,

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: verify, maintain, and clean up sites damaged by petroleum contamination.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: UST systems to verify, maintain, and clean up sites damaged by petroleum contamination.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: UST systems to verify, maintain, and clean up sites damaged by petroleum contamination.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater,

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: petroleum contamination.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: UST systems

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: air.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: groundwater, soil and air.

text: As of 2014 there were no approved plans for environmental remediation of either the liquid or the dissolved portion of the jet fuel plume.In 2009, the Albuquerque's groundwater table had dropped almost 120 feet, and the city started a water saving program. When the water level recovered and rose, the increasing pressure started to mix water and fuel together dissolving it, so the fuel could no longer be skimmed off the water.  In 2014, tons of soil were removed and in mid June 2015, the first well of a pump-and-treat system pulling the plume back to Kirtland to clean it up there had been drilled, to start by June 30. The Air Force expects to construct two more wells by the end of 2015 and five wells in 2016.New Mexico officials estimated in 2010 when the fuel spill was thought to be only 8 million gallons, the cleanup could cost $100 million, and have maintained that the Air Force's original plan to clean up the spill could take 56 years.

text: As of 2014 there were no approved plans for

text: environmental remediation

text: of either the liquid or the dissolved portion of the jet fuel plume.In 2009, the Albuquerque's groundwater table had dropped almost 120 feet, and the city started a water saving program. When the water level recovered and rose, the increasing pressure started to mix water and fuel together dissolving it, so the fuel could no longer be skimmed off the water.  In 2014, tons of soil were removed and in mid June 2015, the first well of a

text: pump-and-treat system

text: pulling the plume back to Kirtland to clean it up there had been drilled, to start by June 30. The Air Force expects to construct two more wells by the end of 2015 and five wells in 2016.New Mexico officials estimated in 2010 when the fuel spill was thought to be only 8 million gallons, the cleanup could cost $100 million, and have maintained that the Air Force's original plan to clean up the spill could take 56 years.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: pump and treat

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: pump-and-treat

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: pump-and-treat

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: the fuel could no longer be skimmed off the water

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Kirtland

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: $100 million,

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: pump-and-treat system

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: jet fuel plume.In

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: pump-and-treat

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: pump-and-treat

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: the fuel could no longer be skimmed off the water.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Kirtland

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: skimmed off the water.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: the cleanup could cost $100 million,

text: As of 2016, there are four contaminated groundwater plumes, each 2 to 3 miles long and 200 feet to half a mile wide.

text: As of 2016, there are four contaminated groundwater plumes, each 2 to 3 miles long and 200 feet to half a mile wide.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: contaminate it

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: groundwater plumes

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: contaminated groundwater plumes

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: contaminated groundwater plumes,

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: contaminated groundwater plumes,

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: contaminated groundwater plumes,

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: As of 2016,

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: contaminated groundwater plumes,

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: contaminated groundwater plumes,

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: contaminated groundwater plumes,

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: four contaminated groundwater plumes,

text: The Central Pollution Control Board, which had collected samples with CSE, also confirmed the contamination. This was the first-ever study that revealed continued contamination of surrounding areas from waste stored at the UCIL factory. This led to the re-opening of the Bhopal case and for the first time there was serious focus on the clean-up. The government of India has ordered cleaning up of the site and asked different institutions to prepare plans for remediation. Renewed the liability debate; senior Union ministers said Dow Chemicals should be held liable for the clean-up.

text: The Central Pollution Control Board, which had collected samples with CSE, also confirmed the contamination. This was the first-ever study that revealed continued contamination of surrounding areas from waste stored at the UCIL factory. This led to the re-opening of the Bhopal case and for the first time there was serious focus on the clean-up. The government of India has ordered cleaning up of the site and asked different institutions to prepare plans for remediation. Renewed the liability debate; senior Union ministers said Dow Chemicals should be held liable for the clean-up.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: remediation

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: CSE

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: liability debate

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: clean-up.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: remediation.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: waste stored at the UCIL factory.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: CSE,

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: CSE,

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: liability debate;

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: remediation.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: samples with CSE,

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: The Central Pollution Control Board,

text: A solvent-contamination plume is in the groundwater below Building 36. Monitoring well testing found chlorinated solvents leaking from underground into two portions of the Lake Cochituate shoreline. Sensitive tests have detected these solvents in lake waters and sediments.

text: A solvent-contamination plume is in the groundwater below Building 36. Monitoring well testing found chlorinated solvents leaking from underground into two portions of the Lake Cochituate shoreline. Sensitive tests have detected these solvents in lake waters and sediments.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: chlorinated solvents

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chlorinated solvent

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater contamination

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: None of the above choices

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: solvent-contamination plume is in the groundwater below Building 36.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Monitoring well testing found chlorinated solvents leaking from underground

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chlorinated solvents

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: solvent-contamination plume is in the groundwater below Building 36.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: solvent-contamination

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: leaking from underground

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: lake waters and sediments.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: underground

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: underground

text: Currently, the in-situ process is the most attractive proposition due to the reduction in standard surface environmental problems. However, in-situ processes do involve possible significant environmental costs to aquifers, especially since in-situ methods may require ice-capping or some other form of barrier to restrict the flow of the newly gained oil into the groundwater aquifers. However, after the removal of the freeze wall these methods can still cause groundwater contamination as the hydraulic conductivity of the remaining shale increases allowing groundwater to flow through and leach salts from the newly toxic aquifer.

text: Currently, the

text: in-situ

text: process is the most attractive proposition due to the reduction in standard surface environmental problems. However, in-situ processes do involve possible significant environmental costs to

text: aquifer

text: s, especially since in-situ methods may require ice-capping or some other form of barrier to restrict the flow of the newly gained oil into the groundwater aquifers. However, after the removal of the freeze wall these methods can still cause groundwater contamination as the hydraulic conductivity of the remaining shale increases allowing groundwater to flow through and leach salts from the newly toxic aquifer.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: ice-capping

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: ice-capping

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: in-situ processes do involve possible significant environmental costs to aquifers

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: in-situ process

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: ice-capping

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: ice-capping or some other form of barrier

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: in-situ

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: in-situ

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: after the removal of the freeze wall these methods can still cause groundwater contamination

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: allowing groundwater to flow through and leach salts

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: surface environmental problems.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in-situ

text: The main aim of the statistics is to provide indicators to show the response of society to reduce pollution. The statistics can be used in different types of analysis. One type of analysis determines whether the "polluter pays" principle holds, i.e. whether those who pollute are also the ones who pay for remediation and clean-up. It can also be used to analyse the effects on enterprise competitiveness, for cost-effective analysis related to propositions of new regulations and policies.

text: The main aim of the statistics is to provide indicators to show the response of society to reduce pollution. The statistics can be used in different types of analysis. One type of analysis determines whether the "polluter pays" principle holds, i.e. whether those who pollute are also the ones who pay for remediation and clean-up. It can also be used to analyse the effects on enterprise competitiveness, for cost-effective analysis related to propositions of new regulations and policies.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: the "polluter pays" principle

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: pollute

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: the "polluter pays" principle holds

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: clean-up.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: "polluter pays"

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: clean-up.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: clean-up.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: clean-up.

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: those who pollute are also the ones who pay for remediation

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: remediation and clean-up.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: clean-up.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: cost-effective analysis

text: The primary source area for the Baytown Township Groundwater Plume Contamination Superfund site is a property located at 11325 Stillwater Boulevard in Lake Elmo.  The property was used by a metal-working facility from 1940 to 1968.  The site is listed as a superfund site due to TCE contamination of a groundwater aquifer used for local drinking water supplies.

text: The primary source area for the Baytown Township Groundwater Plume Contamination

text: Superfund

text: site is a property located at 11325 Stillwater Boulevard in Lake Elmo.  The property was used by a metal-working facility from 1940 to 1968.  The site is listed as a superfund site due to

text: TCE

text: contamination

text: of a

text: groundwater

text: aquifer used for local drinking water supplies.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: TCE contamination

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: TCE

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater plume

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater plume

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: local drinking water supplies

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: groundwater aquifer used for local drinking water supplies.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: TCE contamination

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: TCE

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Groundwater Plume Contamination Superfund

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: superfund site due to TCE

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: local drinking water supplies.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: TCE

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: 11325 Stillwater Boulevard in Lake Elmo.

text: According to the DEQ's 2007 factsheet, water testing results had revealed a subsurface plume extending about 2000' to the north-northwest of the dumpsite and covering at least  has contaminated the shallow groundwater aquifer at the site, but according to the DEQ, it has not expanded since their assessment of the area began in 1991. The area is polluted with dioxins: the soil contains up to 100 parts per trillion, and nearby groundwater is about 0.4 parts per trillion. A  fence was installed to prevent grazing cattle from entering the area.  The endangered Hutton Springs tui chub are only known to live at Hutton Spring,  away. According to the United States Fish and Wildlife Service, "The DEQ has determined that the contaminated plume is spreading from east to west, away from Hutton Spring and thus does not currently constitute a threat to the water quality in Hutton Spring".  Threatened western snowy plovers have also been observed at the lake, feeding on brine shrimp. A low-temperature methanogen extremophile, Methanohalophilus oregonense, was found at the dump site in 1989 by David Boone, an Oregon Graduate Institute scientist.

text: According to the DEQ's 2007 factsheet, water testing results had revealed a subsurface

text: plume

text: extending about 2000' to the north-northwest of the dumpsite and covering at least  has contaminated the shallow

text: groundwater

text: aquifer

text: at the site, but according to the DEQ, it has not expanded since their assessment of the area began in 1991. The area is polluted with

text: dioxins

text: : the soil contains up to 100 parts per trillion, and nearby groundwater is about 0.4 parts per trillion. A  fence was installed to prevent grazing

text: cattle

text: from entering the area.  The endangered

text: Hutton Springs tui chub

text: are only known to live at

text: Hutton Spring

text: ,  away. According to the

text: United States Fish and Wildlife Service

text: , "The DEQ has determined that the contaminated plume is spreading from east to west, away from Hutton Spring and thus does not currently constitute a threat to the water quality in Hutton Spring".  Threatened

text: western snowy plover

text: s have also been observed at the lake, feeding on

text: brine shrimp

text: . A low-temperature

text: methanogen

text: extremophile

text: Methanohalophilus oregonense

text: , was found at the dump site in 1989 by David Boone, an

text: Oregon Graduate Institute

text: scientist.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: pollute the soil

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: dioxins

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: a fence was installed to prevent grazing cattle from entering the area

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: the contaminated plume is spreading

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: 0.4 parts per trillion.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: covering at least has contaminated the shallow groundwater aquifer

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: dioxins:

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: brine shrimp. A low-temperature methanogen extremophile,

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: The area is polluted with dioxins:

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: shallow groundwater aquifer

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: dioxins:

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: subsurface plume

text: Polychlorinated aliphatic C2 and C3 alkanes (ethanes and propanes with at least two chlorine substituents) are industrially important chemical intermediates globally produced on a massive scale. Due to spills and past inappropriate disposal methods, these chlorinated compounds are prevalent groundwater and soil contaminants throughout the US and around the world. Bioremediation approaches that rely on the action of anaerobic, reductively-dehalogenating bacteria, such as D. lykanthroporepellens, have shown great promise for clean-up of chlorinated solvent-contaminated soil and groundwater. Using qPCR (quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction), 16S rRNA gene sequences for Dehalogenimonas strains have been found to be at concentrations as high as 10 copies/ml of groundwater contaminated with high concentrations of chlorinated solvents and comprise up to nearly 19% of the total bacterial 16S rRNA gene copies.

text: Polychlorinated

text: aliphatic

text: C2 and C3 alkanes (ethanes and propanes with at least two chlorine substituents) are industrially important

text: chemical intermediate

text: s globally produced on a massive scale. Due to spills and past inappropriate disposal methods, these chlorinated compounds are prevalent groundwater and soil contaminants throughout the US and around the world.

text: Bioremediation

text: approaches that rely on the action of

text: anaerobic

text: , reductively-dehalogenating bacteria, such as D. lykanthroporepellens, have shown great promise for clean-up of chlorinated solvent-contaminated soil and

text: groundwater

text: . Using

text: qPCR

text: (quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction), 16S rRNA gene sequences for Dehalogenimonas strains have been found to be at concentrations as high as 10 copies/ml of groundwater contaminated with high concentrations of chlorinated solvents and comprise up to nearly 19% of the total bacterial 16S rRNA gene copies.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Bioremediation

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: D. lykanthroporepellens

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Bioremediation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unsuitable disposal methods

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Bioremediation

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Bioremediation

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Bioremediation

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Bioremediation approaches

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Bioremediation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Bioremediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: inappropriate disposal methods,

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Bioremediation

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: chlorinated solvent-contaminated soil and groundwater.

text: The software is used primarily by hydrogeologists to simulate groundwater flow and contaminant transport.

text: The software is used primarily by

text: hydrogeologist

text: s to simulate

text: groundwater

text: flow and contaminant transport.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: contaminate it

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: acidic chemicals

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: contaminant transport

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: contaminant would be removed from the water

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: The software is used primarily by hydrogeologists

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: contaminant transport.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: The software is used primarily by hydrogeologists

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: The software is used primarily by hydrogeologists

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: The software is used primarily by hydrogeologists to simulate groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: contaminant transport.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: contaminant transport.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: The software is used primarily by hydrogeologists

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: The software is used primarily by hydrogeologists

text: Aerojet's manufacture, testing and disposal methods led to toxic contamination of both the land and groundwater in the Rancho Cordova area, leading to the designation of a Superfund site. Solvents such as trichloroethylene (TCE) and chloroform and rocket fuel by-products such as N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) and perchlorate were discovered in drinking water wells near Aerojet in 1979. Since then, two State agencies and the Environmental Protection Agency have been working with Aerojet to ensure that the company cleans up pollution caused by its operations at the site. Under state and federal enforcement orders, Aerojet installed several systems on the borders of its property to pump out and treat contaminated groundwater. Aerojet has also conducted a number of removal actions for onsite soils, liquids, and sludges. In 2003, groundwater sampling data revealed a plume of contamination extending northwest under Carmichael.

text: Aerojet's manufacture, testing and disposal methods led to

text: toxic contamination

text: of both the land and

text: groundwater

text: in the

text: Rancho Cordova

text: area, leading to the designation of a

text: Superfund

text: site.

text: Solvent

text: s such as

text: trichloroethylene

text: (TCE) and

text: chloroform

text: and rocket fuel by-products such as

text: N-Nitrosodimethylamine

text: (NDMA) and

text: perchlorate

text: were discovered in drinking water wells near Aerojet in 1979. Since then, two State agencies and the

text: Environmental Protection Agency

text: have been working with Aerojet to ensure that the company cleans up pollution caused by its operations at the site. Under state and federal enforcement orders, Aerojet installed several systems on the borders of its property to pump out and treat contaminated groundwater. Aerojet has also conducted a number of removal actions for onsite soils, liquids, and sludges. In 2003, groundwater sampling data revealed a plume of contamination extending northwest under

text: Carmichael

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: treat contaminated groundwater

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: trichloroethylene

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Superfund

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: contaminated groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: contaminated groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: treat contaminated groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Aerojet installed several systems

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: removal actions

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: pump out and treat contaminated groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: contaminated groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: treat contaminated groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: trichloroethylene (TCE) and chloroform

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: contaminated groundwater.

text: Three small rivers flow north to south through the District of Itaim Paulista, emptying into the Rio Tietê (Tietê River). These are the Itaim, the Tijuco Preto and the Três Pontes (Three Bridges).  The Lajeado river marks the boundary between Itaim Paulista on the eastern side and Vila Curuçá.  In the past these rivers provided local residents with a source of income but now, like the Tietê, they are very badly polluted.  Along with the three Vila Curuca rivers, the watercourses have been included in the Prefecture of São Paulo's "Corrego Limpo" clean-up program

text: Three small rivers flow north to south through the District of Itaim Paulista, emptying into the

text: Rio Tietê

text: (Tietê River). These are the Itaim, the Tijuco Preto and the Três Pontes (Three Bridges).  The Lajeado river marks the boundary between Itaim Paulista on the eastern side and Vila Curuçá.  In the past these rivers provided local residents with a source of income but now, like the Tietê, they are very badly polluted.  Along with the three Vila Curuca rivers, the watercourses have been included in the Prefecture of São Paulo's "Corrego Limpo" clean-up program

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Itaim Paulista

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: clean up rivers

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Corrego Limpo

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Itaim Paulista

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Corrego Limpo

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: the three Vila Curuca rivers

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Itaim Paulista

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: "Corrego Limpo"

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: "Corrego Limpo" clean-up program

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: "Corrego Limpo"

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: "Corrego Limpo"

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: "Corrego Limpo"

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: they are very badly polluted.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: "Corrego Limpo"

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: "Corrego Limpo"

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Rio Tietê

text: In 1992 Jagannathan started working on issues concerned with prawn farms along the coast of Tamil Nadu. This time the problems were not from the local landlords, but from large industries from cities such as Chennai, Mumbai, Kolkatta, Delhi and Hyderabad which occupied large areas of land for aquaculture along the coast, which not only threw the landless labourers out of employment but also converted fertile and cultivable land into salty deserts after a few years when the prawn companies moved on. The prawn farms also caused heavy seepage of seawater into the groundwater in the neighbourhood, thus the local people were deprived of clean drinking water resources. The result is that even more small farmers sell their meager land-holdings to multinational prawn companies and move to the cities, filling urban slums.

text: In 1992 Jagannathan started working on issues concerned with

text: prawn

text: farms along the coast of Tamil Nadu. This time the problems were not from the local landlords, but from large industries from cities such as

text: Chennai

text: Mumbai

text: Kolkatta

text: Delhi

text: and

text: Hyderabad

text: which occupied large areas of land for

text: aquaculture

text: along the coast, which not only threw the landless labourers out of employment but also converted fertile and cultivable land into salty deserts after a few years when the prawn companies moved on. The prawn farms also caused heavy seepage of

text: seawater

text: into the

text: groundwater

text: in the neighbourhood, thus the local people were deprived of clean drinking water resources. The result is that even more small farmers sell their meager land-holdings to multinational prawn companies and move to the cities, filling urban slums.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: clean drinking water resources

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: clean drinking water resources

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: seepage of seawater into the groundwater

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: heavy seepage of seawater into the groundwater

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: prawn farms also caused heavy seepage of seawater

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: aquaculture

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: seepage of seawater into the groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: heavy seepage of seawater into the groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: the local people were deprived of clean drinking water resources.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: seepage of seawater

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: seepage of seawater into the groundwater

text: . Under the plume modeling, different algorithms can be used to localize the odor source.

text: . Under the plume modeling, different algorithms can be used to localize the odor source.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: locate the odor source

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: plume modeling

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: contaminating them

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: None of the above choices

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: odor source.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: odor source.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: plume modeling,

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: plume modeling,

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: plume modeling,

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: odor source.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: plume modeling,

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: odor

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: plume modeling,

text: Metagenomics can improve strategies for monitoring the impact of pollutants on ecosystems and for cleaning up contaminated environments. Increased understanding of how microbial communities cope with pollutants improves assessments of the potential of contaminated sites to recover from pollution and increases the chances of bioaugmentation or biostimulation trials to succeed.

text: Metagenomics can improve strategies for monitoring the impact of

text: pollutant

text: s on

text: ecosystem

text: s and for cleaning up contaminated environments. Increased understanding of how microbial communities cope with pollutants improves assessments of the potential of contaminated sites to recover from pollution and increases the chances of

text: bioaugmentation

text: or

text: biostimulation

text: trials to succeed.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: bioaugmentation

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: bioaugmentation or biostimulation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: bioaugmentation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: bioaugmentation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: contaminated sites to recover from pollution

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: contaminated environments.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: bioaugmentation or biostimulation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: bioaugmentation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: bioaugmentation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: contaminated environments.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: recover from pollution

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Metagenomics

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Metagenomics

text: Strong efforts were made to diminish pollution in the city, costing $1.2 billion so far. Although things have improved a lot, it is impossible to completely clean the soil and groundwater and while many large industries continue to work in such a small area, there will always be some pollution.

text: Strong efforts were made to diminish pollution in the city, costing

text: 1.2 billion so far. Although things have improved a lot, it is impossible to completely clean the soil and groundwater and while many large industries continue to work in such a small area, there will always be some pollution.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: clean the soil

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: acidic chemicals

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: it is impossible to completely clean the soil

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: there would be no pollution

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: None of the above choices .

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: it is impossible to completely clean the soil and groundwater

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: soil and groundwater

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: it is impossible to completely clean the soil and groundwater

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: it is impossible to completely clean the soil and groundwater

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: it is impossible to completely clean the soil and groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: it is impossible to completely clean the soil and groundwater

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: it is impossible to completely clean the soil and groundwater

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: it is impossible to completely clean the soil and groundwater

text: Synthetic pesticides such as 'Malathon, 'Rogor', 'Kelthane' and 'confidor' are the most widespread method of controlling pests in agriculture. Pesticides can leach through the soil and enter the groundwater, as well as linger in food products and result in death in humans. Pesticides can also kill non-target plants, birds, fish and other wildlife.A wide range of agricultural chemicals are used and some become pollutants through use, misuse, or ignorance. Pollutants from agriculture have a huge effect on water quality. Agricultural nonpoint source (NPS) solution impacts lakes, rivers, wetlands, estuaries, and groundwater. Agricultural NPS can be caused by poorly managed animal feeding operations, overgrazing, plowing, fertilizer, and improper, excessive, or badly timed use of Pesticides. Pollutants from farming include sediments, nutrients, pathogens, pesticides, metals, and salts.

text: Synthetic pesticides such as 'Malathon, 'Rogor', 'Kelthane' and 'confidor' are the most widespread method of controlling pests in agriculture. Pesticides can leach through the soil and enter the groundwater, as well as linger in food products and result in death in humans. Pesticides can also kill non-target plants, birds, fish and other wildlife.A wide range of

text: agricultural chemicals

text: are used and some become

text: pollutant

text: s through use, misuse, or ignorance. Pollutants from agriculture have a huge effect on water quality. Agricultural nonpoint source (NPS) solution impacts lakes, rivers,

text: wetland

text: s, estuaries, and

text: groundwater

text: . Agricultural NPS can be caused by poorly managed animal feeding operations, overgrazing, plowing, fertilizer, and improper, excessive, or badly timed use of

text: Pesticide

text: s. Pollutants from farming include sediments, nutrients, pathogens, pesticides, metals, and salts.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: use pesticides

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: pesticides

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: nonpoint source

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: Pollutants from agriculture have a huge effect on water quality

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: aquifer would have a better water quality

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Pesticides can leach through the soil and enter the groundwater,

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Pollutants from agriculture

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Agricultural nonpoint source

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Agricultural nonpoint source

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Agricultural nonpoint source

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: Pesticides can leach through the soil and enter the groundwater,

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: metals, and salts.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Pesticides can leach through the soil and enter the groundwater,

text: Originally developed for cleaning closed systems as described above, CIP has more recently been applied to groundwater source boreholes used for high end-uses such as natural mineral / spring waters, food production and carbonated soft drinks (CSD).

text: Originally developed for cleaning closed systems as described above, CIP has more recently been applied to

text: groundwater

text: source

text: borehole

text: s used for high end-uses such as natural mineral / spring waters, food production and carbonated soft drinks (CSD).

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: CIP

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: CIP

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: CIP

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: natural mineral / spring waters

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: CIP

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: CIP

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: CIP

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: CIP

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: CIP

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: closed systems

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: CIP has more recently been applied to groundwater source boreholes

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: carbonated soft drinks

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: CIP has more recently been applied to groundwater source boreholes

text: In 1956, President Dwight D. Eisenhower announced the testing of a 95% "clean" (2-stage) fusion weapon, later identified to have been the 11 July Navajo test at Bikini Atoll during Operation Redwing.  This weapon had a yield of 4.5 megatons.  Previous "dirty" weapons had fission proportions of 50–77%, due to the use of uranium-238 as a "pusher" around the lithium deuteride (secondary) stage.  (The fusion neutrons have energies of up to 14.1 MeV, well exceeding the 1.1 MeV "fission threshold" for U-238.)  The 1956 "clean" tests used a lead pusher, while in 1958 a tungsten carbide pusher was employed.  Hans A. Bethe supported clean nuclear weapons in 1958 as Chairman of a Presidential science advisory group on nuclear testing:

text: In 1956, President

text: Dwight D. Eisenhower

text: announced the testing of a 95% "clean" (2-stage) fusion weapon, later identified to have been the 11 July Navajo test at Bikini Atoll during Operation Redwing.  This weapon had a yield of 4.5 megatons.  Previous "dirty" weapons had fission proportions of 50–77%, due to the use of uranium-238 as a "pusher" around the lithium deuteride (secondary) stage.  (The fusion neutrons have energies of up to 14.1 MeV, well exceeding the 1.1 MeV "fission threshold" for U-238.)  The 1956 "clean" tests used a lead pusher, while in 1958 a

text: tungsten carbide

text: pusher was employed.

text: Hans A. Bethe

text: supported clean nuclear weapons in 1958 as Chairman of a Presidential science advisory group on nuclear testing:

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: clean nuclear weapons

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: lead

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: clean nuclear weapons

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: "clean" (2-stage) fusion weapon,

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: "clean" (2-stage) fusion weapon,

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: tungsten carbide pusher

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Redwing.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Redwing.

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: Previous "dirty"

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: "clean" (2-stage) fusion weapon,

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: "clean"

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: 95% "clean" (2-stage) fusion weapon,

text: Another related issue for avoiding costly repairs (or disasters) is the proper operation of a home, including systems and appliances, in a way that prevents damage or prolongs their usefulness. For example, at higher latitudes, even a clean rain gutter can suddenly build up an ice dam in winter, forcing melt water into unprotected roofing, resulting in leaks or even flooding inside walls or rooms. This can be prevented by installing moisture barrier beneath the roofing tiles. A wary home-owner should be alert to the conditions that can result in larger problems and take remedial action before damage or injury occurs. It may be easier to tack down a bit of worn carpet than repair a large patch damaged by prolonged misuse. Another example is to seek out the source of unusual noises or smells when mechanical, electrical or plumbing systems are operating—sometimes they indicate incipient problems. One should avoid overloading or otherwise misusing systems, and a recurring overload may indicate time for an upgrade.

text: Another related issue for avoiding costly repairs (or disasters) is the proper operation of a home, including systems and appliances, in a way that prevents damage or prolongs their usefulness. For example, at higher latitudes, even a clean rain gutter can suddenly build up an ice dam in winter, forcing melt water into unprotected

text: roof

text: ing, resulting in leaks or even flooding inside walls or rooms. This can be prevented by installing

text: moisture barrier

text: beneath the roofing tiles. A wary home-owner should be alert to the conditions that can result in larger problems and take remedial action before damage or injury occurs. It may be easier to tack down a bit of worn carpet than repair a large patch damaged by prolonged misuse. Another example is to seek out the source of unusual noises or smells when mechanical, electrical or plumbing systems are operating—sometimes they indicate incipient problems. One should avoid overloading or otherwise misusing systems, and a recurring overload may indicate time for an upgrade.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: install moisture barrier

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: moisture barrier

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unprotected roofing, resulting in leaks or even flooding inside walls or rooms

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unprotected roofing

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: moisture barrier beneath the roofing tiles.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: installing moisture barrier

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: installing moisture barrier beneath the roofing tiles.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: moisture barrier beneath the roofing tiles.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: tack down a bit of worn carpet

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: ice dam

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: resulting in leaks or even flooding

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: smells

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: It may be easier to tack down a bit of worn carpet

text: A fully lined pit latrine has concrete lining also at the base so that no liquids infiltrate into the ground. One could argue that this is no longer a "pit" latrine in the stricter sense. The advantage is that no groundwater contamination can occur. The major disadvantage is that a fully lined pit latrine fills up very fast (as the urine cannot escape the pit) which results in high costs to empty and maintain the latrine. Increased odour can also be an issue as the pit content is much wetter and emits more odour. This type of pit latrine is used only in special circumstances, e.g. in denser settlements where groundwater protection is paramount.

text: A fully lined pit latrine has concrete lining also at the base so that no liquids infiltrate into the ground. One could argue that this is no longer a "pit" latrine in the stricter sense. The advantage is that no

text: groundwater

text: contamination can occur. The major disadvantage is that a fully lined pit latrine fills up very fast (as the urine cannot escape the pit) which results in high costs to empty and maintain the latrine. Increased odour can also be an issue as the pit content is much wetter and emits more odour. This type of pit latrine is used only in special circumstances, e.g. in denser settlements where groundwater protection is paramount.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: protect it

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: acidic chemicals

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: high costs to empty and maintain the latrine.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: groundwater protection

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: A fully lined pit latrine

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: fully lined pit latrine

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: Increased odour

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: odour

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: a fully lined pit latrine fills up very fast

text: A biological monitor, or biomonitor, can be defined as an organism that provides quantitative information on the quality of the environment around it. Therefore, a good biomonitor will indicate the presence of the pollutant and also attempt to provide additional information about the amount and intensity of the exposure.

text: A biological

text: monitor

text: , or biomonitor, can be defined as an

text: organism

text: that provides

text: quantitative

text: information on the quality of

text: the environment

text: around it. Therefore, a good biomonitor will indicate the presence of the pollutant and also attempt to provide additional information about the amount and intensity of the exposure.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: contaminate it

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: biomonitor

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: biomonitor will indicate the presence

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: a good biomonitor

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: a good biomonitor will indicate the presence of the pollutant

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: a good biomonitor will indicate the presence of the pollutant

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: biological monitor,

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: biological monitor,

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: biological monitor,

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: a good biomonitor will indicate the presence of the pollutant

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: a good biomonitor

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: a good biomonitor will indicate the presence of the pollutant

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: A biological monitor, or biomonitor,

text: Remediation efforts include capping the waste area, installation of surface water controls, a soil vapor extraction and remediation facility, fencing, and long-term monitoring of the site. Contaminated soil and waste material from up to 25 meters depth was removed from one of the waste pits between 1982 and 1984. This material was taken to an appropriate disposal facility, and the excavated area was backfilled with clean soil. Contaminated soil likely exists beneath the backfill, based on samples collected later. Between 1994 and 1999 Shell Oil Company performed routine inspections of the area and secured the waste pits.

text: Remediation efforts include capping the waste area, installation of surface water controls, a soil vapor extraction and remediation facility, fencing, and long-term monitoring of the site. Contaminated soil and waste material from up to 25 meters depth was removed from one of the waste pits between 1982 and 1984. This material was taken to an appropriate disposal facility, and the excavated area was backfilled with clean soil. Contaminated soil likely exists beneath the backfill, based on samples collected later. Between 1994 and 1999 Shell Oil Company performed routine inspections of the area and secured the waste pits.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: long-term monitoring

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: surface water controls

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: Contaminated soil

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: surface water controls, a soil vapor extraction and remediation

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: disposal facility,

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: a soil vapor extraction and remediation facility,

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: soil vapor extraction and remediation facility,

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: soil vapor extraction

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: Contaminated soil likely exists beneath the backfill,

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: the excavated area was backfilled with clean soil.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: surface water controls,

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: soil vapor extraction and remediation facility,

text: 70% of Gujarat's area is classified as semi-arid to arid climatically, thus the demand on water from various economic activities puts a strain on the supply. Of the total gross irrigated area, 16–17% is irrigated by government-owned canals and 83–84% by privately owned tube wells and other wells extracting groundwater, which is the predominant source of irrigation and water supply to the agricultural areas. As a result, Gujarat has faced problems with groundwater depletion, especially after demand for water went up in the 1960s. As access to electricity in rural areas increased, subermersible electric pumps became more popular in the 1980s and 1990s. However, the Gujarat Electricity Board switched to flat tariff rates linked to the horsepower of pumps, which increased tubewell irrigation again and decreased the use of electric pumps. By the 1990s, groundwater abstraction rates exceeded groundwater recharge rate in many districts, whilst only 37.5% of all districts has "safe" recharge rates. Groundwater maintenance and preventing unnecessary loss of the available water supplies is now an issue faced by the state. The Sardar Sarovar Project, a debated dam project in the Narmada valley consisting of a network of canals, has significantly increased irrigation in the region. However, its impact on communities who were displaced is still a contested issue. Recently, in 2012, Gujarat began an experiment to reduce water loss due to evaporation in canals and to increase sustainability in the area by constructing solar panels over the canals. A one megawatt (MW) solar power project set up at Chandrasan, Gujarat uses solar panels fixed over a 750-metre stretch of an irrigation canal. Unlike many solar power projects, this one does not take up large amounts of land since the panels are constructed over the canals, and not on additional land. This results in lower upfront costs since land does not need to be acquired, cleared or modified to set up the panels. The Chandrasan project is projected to save 9 million litres of water per year.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: preventing unnecessary loss of the available water supplies

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: groundwater depletion

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: evaporation in canals

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Groundwater maintenance

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: constructing solar panels

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: solar panels

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: preventing unnecessary loss of the available water supplies

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater depletion,

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Groundwater maintenance and preventing unnecessary loss of the available water supplies

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: canals.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: lower upfront costs

text: Scientists have air pollution dispersion models to evaluate the concentration of a pollutant at a receptor or the impact on overall air quality from vehicle exhausts and industrial flue gas stack emissions. To some extent, this field overlaps the desire to decrease carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions from combustion processes.They apply scientific and engineering principles to evaluate if there are likely to be any adverse impacts to water quality, air quality, habitat quality, flora and fauna, agricultural capacity, traffic impacts, social impacts, ecological impacts, noise impacts, visual (landscape) impacts, etc. If impacts are expected, they then develop mitigation measures to limit or prevent such impacts. An example of a mitigation measure would be the creation of wetlands in a nearby location to mitigate the filling in of wetlands necessary for a road development if it is not possible to reroute the road.

text: Scientists have air pollution dispersion models to evaluate the concentration of a pollutant at a receptor or the impact on overall air quality from vehicle exhausts and industrial flue gas stack emissions. To some extent, this field overlaps the desire to decrease carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions from combustion processes.They apply scientific and engineering principles to evaluate if there are likely to be any adverse impacts to water quality, air quality,

text: habitat

text: quality,

text: flora

text: and

text: fauna

text: , agricultural capacity,

text: traffic

text: impacts, social impacts, ecological impacts, noise impacts, visual (landscape) impacts, etc. If impacts are expected, they then develop mitigation measures to limit or prevent such impacts. An example of a mitigation measure would be the creation of

text: wetland

text: s in a nearby location to mitigate the filling in of wetlands necessary for a road development if it is not possible to reroute the road.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: mitigation measures

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: wetlands

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: an example of a mitigation measure

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: prevent such impacts.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: mitigation measures

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: mitigation measures

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: creation of wetlands

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: mitigation measures

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: wetlands

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: mitigation measures

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: (landscape)

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: wetlands

text: Due to overpopulation of Sonoma Valley as well as overly intensive agriculture, groundwater supplies have been drawn down to the point of causing deleterious effects. The U.S. Geological Survey has found in the Carneros region between Sonoma Creek and the Napa Ridge that due to excessive groundwater drawdown, saltwater intrusion is already occurring, rendering water unsuitable for many uses.

text: Due to

text: overpopulation

text: of

text: Sonoma Valley

text: as well as overly intensive

text: agriculture

text: groundwater

text: supplies have been drawn down to the point of causing deleterious effects. The

text: U.S. Geological Survey

text: has found in the

text: Carneros

text: region between Sonoma Creek and the Napa Ridge that due to excessive groundwater drawdown,

text: saltwater intrusion

text: is already occurring, rendering water unsuitable for many uses.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: overpopulation

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: acidic chemicals

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unsuitable for many uses

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unsuitable for many uses

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: groundwater supplies have been drawn down

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: overly intensive agriculture,

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: saltwater

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: rendering water unsuitable for many uses.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: saltwater

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: groundwater

text: The Clean Water Act does not directly address groundwater contamination. Groundwater protection provisions are included in the Safe Drinking Water Act, Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, and the Superfund act.

text: The Clean Water Act does not directly address

text: groundwater contamination

text: Groundwater

text: protection provisions are included in the

text: Safe Drinking Water Act

text: Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

text: , and the

text: Superfund

text: act.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Superfund act

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Superfund

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Superfund

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater contamination

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: The Clean Water Act does not directly address groundwater contamination.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Groundwater protection provisions

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Superfund act.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Superfund

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Superfund

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater contamination.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Groundwater protection provisions are included in the Safe Drinking Water Act,

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: The Clean Water Act does not directly address groundwater

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: The Clean Water Act does not directly address groundwater contamination.

text: The device offers several cleaning modes. During the spot cleaning the robot circles around small, highly contaminated area. During Zig Zag cleaning, it attempts to cover all space in long "wall to wall" sections, resulting in faster but possibly less accurate cleaning. During Cell by Cell (or spatial extension) cleaning it divides the bigger area into cells and cleans each cell separately, only moving to the next cell after the current one is complete. It can also be directly steered with remote control.

text: The device offers several cleaning modes. During the spot cleaning the robot circles around small, highly contaminated area. During Zig Zag cleaning, it attempts to cover all space in long "wall to wall" sections, resulting in faster but possibly less accurate cleaning. During Cell by Cell (or spatial extension) cleaning it divides the bigger area into cells and cleans each cell separately, only moving to the next cell after the current one is complete. It can also be directly steered with remote control.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Cell by Cell

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: acidic chemicals

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Zig Zag

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: contaminated area.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Cell by Cell

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Cell by Cell

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: spot cleaning

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: less accurate cleaning.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Cell by Cell

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: spot cleaning the robot circles around small, highly contaminated area.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Zig Zag

text: Surfactant enhanced recovery increases the mobility and solubility of the  contaminants absorbed to the saturated soil matrix or present as dense non-aqueous phase liquid. Surfactant-enhanced recovery injects surfactants (surface-active agents that are primary ingredient in soap and detergent) into contaminated  groundwater. A typical system uses an extraction pump to remove groundwater downstream from the injection point. The extracted groundwater is treated aboveground to separate the injected surfactants from the contaminants and groundwater. Once the surfactants have separated from the groundwater they are re-used. The surfactants used are non-toxic, food-grade, and biodegradable. Surfactant enhanced recovery is used most often when the groundwater is contaminated by dense non-aqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs). These dense compounds, such as trichloroethylene (TCE), sink in groundwater because they have a higher density than water. They then act as a continuous source for contaminant plumes that can stretch for miles within an aquifer. These compounds may biodegrade very slowly. They are commonly found in the vicinity of the original spill or leak where capillary forces have trapped them.

text: Surfactant enhanced recovery increases the mobility and solubility of the  contaminants absorbed to the saturated soil matrix or present as

text: dense non-aqueous phase liquid

text: . Surfactant-enhanced recovery injects

text: surfactant

text: s (surface-active agents that are primary ingredient in soap and detergent) into contaminated  groundwater. A typical system uses an extraction pump to remove groundwater downstream from the injection point. The extracted groundwater is treated aboveground to separate the injected surfactants from the contaminants and groundwater. Once the surfactants have separated from the groundwater they are re-used. The surfactants used are non-toxic, food-grade, and biodegradable. Surfactant enhanced recovery is used most often when the groundwater is contaminated by

text: dense non-aqueous phase liquids

text: (DNAPLs). These dense compounds, such as

text: trichloroethylene

text: (TCE), sink in groundwater because they have a higher density than water. They then act as a continuous source for

text: contaminant plume

text: s that can stretch for miles within an aquifer. These compounds may biodegrade very slowly. They are commonly found in the vicinity of the original spill or leak where capillary forces have trapped them.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Surfactant-enhanced recovery

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: trichloroethylene

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: The surfactants used are non-toxic, food-grade, and biodegradable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: The extracted groundwater is treated aboveground to separate the injected surfactants

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: contaminated groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Surfactant enhanced recovery

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Surfactant-enhanced recovery injects surfactants

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Surfactant-enhanced recovery

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Surfactant-enhanced recovery

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: These compounds may biodegrade very slowly.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: The extracted groundwater is treated aboveground

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: dense non-aqueous phase liquids

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: extraction pump to remove groundwater

text: ic toxin. In October 2011, the Institute of Environmental Management and Assessment published an article and video by two British environmental scientists, showing the current state of the plant, landfill and solar evaporation ponds and calling for renewed international efforts to provide the necessary skills to clean up the site and contaminated groundwater.

text: ic toxin. In October 2011, the Institute of Environmental Management and Assessment published an article and video by two British environmental scientists, showing the current state of the plant, landfill and solar evaporation ponds and calling for renewed international efforts to provide the necessary skills to clean up the site and contaminated groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: contaminate it

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: acidic toxin

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: contaminated groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: contaminated groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: contaminated groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: ic toxin.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: contaminated groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: contaminated groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: ic toxin.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: contaminated groundwater.

text: Chemicals abandoned at the plant continue to leak and pollute the groundwater. Whether the chemicals pose a health hazard is disputed. Contamination at the site and surrounding area was not caused by the gas leakage. The area around the plant was used as a dumping ground for hazardous chemicals and by 1982 water wells in the vicinity of the UCIL factory had to be abandoned. UCC states that "after the incident, UCIL began clean-up work at the site under the direction of Indian central and state government authorities", which was continued after 1994 by the successor to UCIL. The successor, Eveready Industries India, Limited (EIIL), ended cleanup on the site in 1998, when it terminated its 99-year lease and turned over control of the site to the state government of Madhya Pradesh.

text: Chemicals abandoned at the plant continue to leak and pollute the

text: groundwater

text: . Whether the chemicals pose a health hazard is disputed. Contamination at the site and surrounding area was not caused by the gas leakage. The area around the plant was used as a dumping ground for hazardous chemicals and by 1982 water wells in the vicinity of the UCIL factory had to be abandoned. UCC states that "after the incident, UCIL began clean-up work at the site under the direction of Indian central and state government authorities", which was continued after 1994 by the successor to UCIL. The successor, Eveready Industries India, Limited (EIIL), ended cleanup on the site in 1998, when it terminated its 99-year lease and turned over control of the site to the state government of Madhya Pradesh.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: abandon it

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: UCIL

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: clean-up

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Chemicals abandoned at the plant continue to leak and pollute the groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Chemicals abandoned at the plant continue to leak and pollute the groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: water wells

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Chemicals abandoned at the plant continue to leak and pollute the groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: The area around the plant was used as a dumping ground

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Chemicals abandoned at the plant continue to leak and pollute the groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Chemicals abandoned at the plant continue to leak and pollute the groundwater.

text: A pit latrine generally consists of three major parts: a hole in the ground, a slab or floor with a small hole, and a shelter. The shelter is often known as an outhouse. The pit is typically at least 3 meters (10 feet) deep and 1 m (3.2 feet) across. The World Health Organization recommends they be built a reasonable distance from the house balancing issues of easy access versus that of smell. The distance from groundwater and surface water should be as large as possible to decrease the risk of groundwater pollution. The hole in the slab should not be larger than 25 centimeters (9.8 inches) to prevent children falling in. Light should be prevented from entering the pit to reduce access by flies. This may require the use of a lid to cover the hole in the floor when not in use. When the pit fills to within 0.5 meters (1.6 feet) of the top, it should be either emptied or a new pit constructed and the shelter moved or re-built at the new location. Fecal sludge management involves emptying pits as well as transporting, treating and using the collected fecal sludge. If this is not carried out properly, water pollution and public health risks can occur.

text: A pit latrine generally consists of three major parts: a hole in the ground, a slab or floor with a small hole, and a shelter. The shelter is often known as an

text: outhouse

text: . The pit is typically at least 3 meters (10 feet) deep and 1 m (3.2 feet) across. The

text: World Health Organization

text: recommends they be built a reasonable distance from the house balancing issues of easy access versus that of smell. The distance from

text: groundwater

text: and

text: surface water

text: should be as large as possible to decrease the risk of

text: groundwater pollution

text: . The hole in the slab should not be larger than 25 centimeters (9.8 inches) to prevent children falling in. Light should be prevented from entering the pit to reduce access by flies. This may require the use of a lid to cover the hole in the floor when not in use. When the pit fills to within 0.5 meters (1.6 feet) of the top, it should be either emptied or a new pit constructed and the shelter moved or re-built at the new location.

text: Fecal sludge management

text: involves emptying pits as well as transporting, treating and using the collected fecal sludge. If this is not carried out properly,

text: water pollution

text: and

text: public health

text: risks can occur.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: emptying pits

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: sludge

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: Fecal sludge

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: groundwater pollution.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Fecal sludge management

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: fecal sludge.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Fecal sludge management

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: smell.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: water pollution and public health risks

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Light should be prevented from entering the pit to reduce access by flies.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: groundwater pollution.

text: The Water Replenishment District of Southern California (WRD), in service since 1959, is one of the more aggressive agencies that use recycled water for their groundwater replenishment and seawater intrusion barriers. To prevent seawater contamination of their groundwater, they have several sets of injection wells that inject clean water between their aquifer and the sea. This creates a local water barrier to seawater intrusion. The other mechanism is to make sure the water level is above sea level.

text: The Water Replenishment District of Southern California (WRD), in service since 1959, is one of the more aggressive agencies that use recycled water for their groundwater replenishment and seawater intrusion barriers. To prevent seawater contamination of their groundwater, they have several sets of

text: injection well

text: s that inject clean water between their

text: aquifer

text: and the sea. This creates a local water barrier to seawater intrusion. The other mechanism is to make sure the water level is above sea level.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: injection wells

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: injection wells

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: injection wells

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: a local water barrier to seawater intrusion

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: prevent seawater contamination of their groundwater,

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: inject clean water between their aquifer and the sea.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: injection wells

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: injection wells

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: injection wells

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater,

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: creates a local water barrier to seawater intrusion.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: seawater intrusion barriers. To prevent seawater contamination of their groundwater,

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: injection wells

text: Before and after the event there was concern over the sponsorship of the Run For Water by Dow Chemical, whose sponsorship of this event has been described as "the ultimate in greenwashing", given Dow's ownership of Union Carbide, their refusal to clean up the Bhopal site, plus their direct responsibility for groundwater poisoning incidents in Morrisonville, Louisiana and the Tittabawassee River in Michigan. Their much-publicised water filtration plants in India have failed because the local population cannot afford to replace the expensive high-tech filters.

text: Before and after the event there was concern over the sponsorship of the Run For Water by

text: Dow Chemical

text: , whose sponsorship of this event has been described as "the ultimate in

text: greenwashing

text: ", given Dow's ownership of

text: Union Carbide

text: , their refusal to clean up the

text: Bhopal site

text: , plus their direct responsibility for groundwater poisoning incidents in

text: Morrisonville, Louisiana

text: and the

text: Tittabawassee River

text: in Michigan. Their much-publicised water filtration plants in India have failed because the local population cannot afford to replace the expensive high-tech filters.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: groundwater poisoning

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Union Carbide

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater poisoning

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater poisoning

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: the local population cannot afford to replace the expensive high-tech filters

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Dow Chemical,

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: groundwater poisoning

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Union Carbide,

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: water filtration plants

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater poisoning

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: water filtration plants

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: much-publicised

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Dow Chemical,

text: Dirt particles with an extremely reduced contact area are picked up by water droplets and are thus easily cleaned off the surface. If a water droplet rolls across such a contaminated surface the adhesion between the dirt particle, irrespective of its chemistry, and the droplet is higher than between the particle and the surface. As this self-cleaning effect is based on the high surface tension of water it does not work with organic solvents. Therefore, the hydrophobicity of a surface is no protection against graffiti.

text: Dirt particles with an extremely reduced contact area are picked up by water droplets and are thus easily cleaned off the surface. If a water droplet rolls across such a contaminated surface the adhesion between the dirt particle, irrespective of its chemistry, and the droplet is higher than between the particle and the surface. As this self-cleaning effect is based on the high surface tension of water it does not work with organic solvents. Therefore, the hydrophobicity of a surface is no protection against graffiti.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: organic solvents

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: organic solvents

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: organic solvents

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: graffiti.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: organic solvents.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: organic solvents.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: organic solvents.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: organic solvents.

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: organic solvents.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: self-cleaning

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: graffiti.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Dirt particles with an extremely reduced contact area

text: Perennially popular with fishermen and home to several rare invertebrates, it has been polluted in its lower reaches in recent decades, due in part to the oil refinery at Stanlow and the arrival of the nearby M53 and M56 motorways, leading to schemes by environmental groups to clean up the area and to restock the fish population.

text: Perennially popular with fishermen and home to several rare invertebrates, it has been polluted in its lower reaches in recent decades, due in part to the

text: oil refinery

text: at

text: Stanlow

text: and the arrival of the nearby

text: and

text: motorways, leading to schemes by environmental groups to clean up the area and to restock the fish population.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: restock the fish

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: restock the fish population

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: M53 and M56 motorways,

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: restock the fish population.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: oil refinery

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: clean up the area and to restock the fish population.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: clean up the area and to restock the fish population.

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: environmental groups to clean up the area and to restock the fish population.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: restock the fish population.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: M53 and M56 motorways,

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: M53 and M56 motorways,

text: The model is capable of simulating passive or buoyant continuous plumes as well as short duration puff releases. It characterizes the atmospheric turbulence by two parameters, the boundary layer depth and the Monin-Obukhov length, rather the single parameter Pasquill class.

text: The model is capable of simulating

text: passive or buoyant

text: continuous plumes as well as short duration

text: puff

text: releases. It characterizes the

text: atmospheric turbulence

text: by two parameters, the

text: boundary layer

text: depth and the

text: Monin-Obukhov length

text: , rather the single parameter

text: Pasquill class

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: contaminate it

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: clean water would be pumped back in

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: The model is capable of simulating passive or buoyant continuous plumes

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: boundary layer depth and the Monin-Obukhov length,

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Monin-Obukhov length,

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: puff releases.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: puff releases.

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: Pasquill class.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: passive or buoyant continuous plumes

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Pasquill class.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: the boundary layer depth and the Monin-Obukhov length,

text: A Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) is a regulatory term in the U.S. Clean Water Act, describing a value of the maximum amount of a pollutant that a body of water can receive while still meeting water quality standards. Alternatively, TMDL is an allocation of that water pollutant deemed acceptable to the subject receiving waters.TMDLs have been used extensively by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and state environmental agencies in implementing the Clean Water Act by establishing maximum pollution limits for industrial wastewater dischargers.  EPA published regulations in 1992 establishing TMDL procedures. Application of TMDL has broadened significantly in the last decade to include many watershed-scale efforts.  This process incorporates both point source and nonpoint source pollutants within a watershed.

text: A Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) is a regulatory term in the U.S.

text: Clean Water Act

text: , describing a value of the maximum amount of a

text: pollutant

text: that a

text: body of water

text: can receive while still meeting

text: water quality standards

text: . Alternatively, TMDL is an allocation of that

text: water pollutant

text: deemed acceptable to the subject

text: receiving water

text: s.TMDLs have been used extensively by the

text: United States Environmental Protection Agency

text: (EPA) and state environmental agencies in implementing the Clean Water Act by establishing maximum pollution limits for

text: industrial wastewater

text: dischargers.  EPA published regulations in 1992 establishing TMDL procedures. Application of TMDL has broadened significantly in the last decade to include many watershed-scale efforts.  This process incorporates both

text: point source

text: and

text: nonpoint source

text: pollutants within a

text: watershed

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: tmdl

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: meet water quality standards

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Total Maximum Daily Load

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: point source and nonpoint source pollutants within a watershed.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Total Maximum Daily Load

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Total Maximum Daily Load

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Total Maximum Daily Load

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: wastewater dischargers.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: meeting water quality standards.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: point source and nonpoint source pollutants

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Total Maximum Daily Load

text: New in situ oxidation technologies have become popular, for remediation of a wide range of soil and groundwater contaminants. Remediation by chemical oxidation involves the injection of strong oxidants such as hydrogen peroxide, ozone gas, potassium permanganate or persulfates.

text: New

text: in situ oxidation

text: technologies have become popular, for remediation of a wide range of soil and groundwater contaminants. Remediation by

text: chemical oxidation

text: involves the injection of strong

text: oxidant

text: s such as

text: hydrogen peroxide

text: ozone

text: gas,

text: potassium permanganate

text: or persulfates.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: injecting strong oxidants

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: hydrogen peroxide

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical oxidation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: chemical oxidation

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: New in situ oxidation technologies have become popular, for remediation

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: injection of strong oxidants

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: injection of strong oxidants

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: chemical oxidation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical oxidation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: injection of strong oxidants

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Remediation by chemical oxidation

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ oxidation technologies

text: DTSC regulates the generation, handling, treatment and disposal of hazardous waste in California.  DTSC also cleans up thousands of hazardous waste sites in California including disposal sites and industrial sites that resulted in contamination of soil and groundwater.

text: DTSC regulates the generation, handling, treatment and disposal of hazardous waste in California.  DTSC also cleans up thousands of hazardous waste sites in California including disposal sites and industrial sites that resulted in contamination of soil and groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: dispose of hazardous waste

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: aqueous solutions

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: contamination of soil

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: DTSC

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: industrial sites that resulted in contamination of soil and groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: DTSC also cleans up thousands of hazardous waste sites

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: industrial sites that resulted in contamination of soil and groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: treatment and disposal of hazardous waste

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: contamination of soil and groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: DTSC regulates the generation, handling, treatment and disposal of hazardous waste

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: soil and groundwater.

text: General Electric and GENICOM manufactured circuit boards on site using a plating and etching processes that generated waste solvents. These solvents and other wastes contributed to groundwater contamination. General Electric assumed environmental responsibility for the contamination and operates a pump-and-treat system.

text: General Electric and GENICOM manufactured circuit boards on site using a plating and etching processes that generated waste solvents. These solvents and other wastes contributed to groundwater contamination. General Electric assumed environmental responsibility for the contamination and operates a pump-and-treat system.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: pump and treat

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: pump and treat system

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: pump-and-treat

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater contamination

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: General Electric assumed environmental responsibility for the contamination

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: pump-and-treat system.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: pump-and-treat

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: pump-and-treat system.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: pump-and-treat system.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: pump-and-treat

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater contamination.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: pump-and-treat system.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: pump-and-treat system.

text: Water from the dams is released into flood-control channels and some is diverted into spreading basins where it percolates into the ground and recharges the groundwater. The surface water is not used directly as it requires more cleaning than groundwater. Near the coast, the department has constructed sea water barriers that use injection wells to create a fresh water barrier to prevent salt water intrusion from the ocean into the groundwater.

text: Water from the dams is released into flood-control channels and some is diverted into spreading basins where it percolates into the ground and recharges the

text: groundwater

text: . The surface water is not used directly as it requires more cleaning than groundwater. Near the coast, the department has constructed sea water barriers that use injection wells to create a fresh water barrier to prevent

text: salt water

text: intrusion from the

text: ocean

text: into the groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: divert the water

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: injection wells

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: injection wells

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: surface water is not used directly

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: it percolates into the ground

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: The surface water

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: The surface water is not used directly as it requires more cleaning than groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: injection wells

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: injection wells

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: injection wells

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: The surface water is not used directly as it requires more cleaning than groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: recharges the groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: The surface water is not used directly as it requires more cleaning than groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: The surface water is not used directly as it requires more cleaning than groundwater.

text: Landfarming is an ex-situ waste treatment process that is performed in the upper soil zone or in biotreatment cells. Contaminated soils, sediments, or sludges are transported to the landfarming site, incorporated into the soil surface and periodically turned over (tilled) to aerate the mixture. Landfarming commonly uses a clay or composite liner to intercept leaching contaminants and prevent groundwater pollution, however, a liner is not a universal requirement.

text: Landfarming is an

entity_section: Ex-situ Bioremediation of Contaminated Soils

text: ex-situ waste treatment process

text: that is performed in the upper

text: soil

text: zone or in biotreatment cells.

text: Contaminated soils

text: sediment

text: s, or

text: sludge

text: s are transported to the landfarming site, incorporated into the

text: soil surface

text: and periodically turned over (

text: tilled

text: ) to

text: aerate

text: the mixture. Landfarming commonly uses a

text: clay

text: or

text: composite liner

text: to intercept

text: leaching

text: contaminants and prevent

text: groundwater pollution

text: , however, a liner is not a universal requirement.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: intercept leaching contaminants

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: clay or composite liner

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: incorporated into the soil surface

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: prevent groundwater pollution,

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: prevent groundwater pollution,

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Landfarming commonly uses a clay or composite liner

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Landfarming

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Landfarming

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: a liner is not a universal requirement.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: incorporated into the soil surface

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: contaminants

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Landfarming

text: Gatto was the lead Los Angeles negotiator for the California Water Bond of 2014, securing just under a billion dollars for the Los Angeles region to clean up polluted groundwater reservoirs, which were still full despite the California drought, so that the region did not need to import so much water from elsewhere.

text: Gatto was the lead Los Angeles negotiator for the California Water Bond of 2014, securing just under a billion dollars for the Los Angeles region to clean up polluted groundwater reservoirs, which were still full despite the

text: California drought

text: , so that the region did not need to import so much water from elsewhere.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: import water

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: the region did not need to import so much water

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: clean up polluted groundwater

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: import so much water from elsewhere.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: groundwater reservoirs,

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: clean up polluted groundwater reservoirs,

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: polluted groundwater reservoirs,

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: the region did not need to import so much water

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: groundwater reservoirs,

text: TEPCO begins to construct facilities to establish an ice wall within the ground around the reactors to prevent contaminated water to mix with groundwater flowing under the area.

text: TEPCO begins to construct facilities to establish an ice wall within the ground around the reactors to prevent contaminated water to mix with groundwater flowing under the area.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: contaminate it

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: iodine

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: contaminating groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: contaminated water would not be pumped back in

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: ice wall within the ground around the reactors to prevent contaminated water

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: contaminated water

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: ice wall within the ground around the reactors

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: ice wall

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: ice wall

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: contaminated water to mix with groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: mix with groundwater

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: ice wall

text: Pollutants released to the ground can work their way down into the groundwater, leading to groundwater pollution. The resulting body of polluted water within an aquifer is called a plume, with its migrating edges called plume fronts. Plumes are used to locate, map, and measure water pollution within the aquifer's total body of water, and plume fronts to determine directions and speed of the contamination's spreading in it.

text: Pollutants

text: released to the ground can work their way down into the

text: groundwater

text: , leading to

text: groundwater pollution

text: . The resulting body of polluted water within an

text: aquifer

text: is called a plume, with its migrating edges called plume fronts. Plumes are used to locate, map, and measure

text: water pollution

text: within the aquifer's total body of water, and plume fronts to determine directions and speed of the contamination's spreading in it.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: groundwater pollution

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: plume fronts

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater pollution

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: groundwater pollution.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: groundwater pollution.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: a plume,

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: plume fronts.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater pollution.

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater pollution.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: a plume,

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Pollutants

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Pollutants released to the ground

text:
Vertical hydrological components along the boundary between two zones with arrows in the same direction can be combined into net values .
For example : Npc = Per − Cap (net percolation), Ncp = Cap − Per (net capillary rise).
Horizontal hydrological components in the same zone with arrows in same direction can be combined into excess values .
For example :  Egio = Iaq − Oaq (excess groundwater inflow over outflow), Egoi = Oaq − Iaq (excess groundwater outflow over inflow).

text:
Vertical hydrological components along the boundary between two zones with arrows in the same direction can be combined into net values .
For example : Npc = Per − Cap (net percolation), Ncp = Cap − Per (net capillary rise).
Horizontal hydrological components in the same zone with arrows in same direction can be combined into excess values .
For example :  Egio = Iaq − Oaq (excess groundwater inflow over outflow), Egoi = Oaq − Iaq (excess groundwater outflow over inflow).

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: None of the above choices .

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: contaminate it

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Bioremediation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: contaminating them

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: excess values.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: excess values.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Egio

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: excess values.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: excess

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: excess values.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: (excess groundwater inflow over outflow),

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Vertical hydrological components

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: br>Horizontal hydrological components

text: Kali Bein plays a key role in recharging the water table and in flood management in its watershed. It is also a key source of irrigation for the agricultural fields there. The Kanjli Wetland, a Ramsar site (a wetland site designated of international importance under the Ramsar Convention), is supported by the Kali Bein. As a result of the Green Revolution, the use of industrial and agricultural chemicals and the exploitation of groundwater led to the drying up of the Kali Bein along parts of its course and the contamination of groundwater leading to diseases and the drying up of farmlands.

text: Kali Bein plays a key role in recharging the

text: water table

text: and in flood management in its watershed. It is also a key source of irrigation for the agricultural fields there. The

text: Kanjli Wetland

text: , a

text: Ramsar site

text: (a wetland site designated of international importance under the

text: Ramsar Convention

text: ), is supported by the Kali Bein. As a result of the Green Revolution, the use of industrial and agricultural chemicals and the exploitation of groundwater led to the drying up of the Kali Bein along parts of its course and the contamination of groundwater leading to diseases and the drying up of farmlands.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: use of industrial and agricultural chemicals

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: industrial and agricultural chemicals

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: contamination of groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: the contamination of groundwater leading to diseases

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: exploitation of groundwater

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: irrigation

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Kali Bein

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Green Revolution,

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Green Revolution,

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: diseases and the drying up of farmlands.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: diseases and the drying up of farmlands.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: chemicals

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: groundwater

text: In the on-line process, the cleaning body moves through the tubes with the conveying medium and cleans them by means of its oversize compared to the tube diameter. In the range of diameters of up to 50 mm these cleaning bodies consist of sponge rubber, in larger diameters up to the size of oil pipelines it is a matter of scrapers or so-called pigs. Sponge rubber balls are applied mainly for cooling water, like sea, river, or cooling tower water. For the chemical or pharmaceutical industry, specially adapted cleaning bodies are imaginable but the conveying media flows are so weak that off-line processes are employed in most cases. Given the fact that the cleaning bodies are not allowed to remain in the conveying medium they have to be collected after passing through the tubes. In the case of sponge rubber balls this is done through special strainer sections; for scrapers or pigs an outward transfer station is provided. According to the Taprogge process, the sponge rubber balls are re-injected upstream of the system to be cleaned by a corresponding ball recirculating unit whereas the scraper or pig is mostly taken out by hand and re-injected into another collector. Sponge rubber balls therefore safeguard a continuous cleaning while the scraper or pig system is discontinuous.

text: In the on-line process, the cleaning body moves through the tubes with the conveying medium and cleans them by means of its oversize compared to the tube diameter. In the range of diameters of up to 50 mm these cleaning bodies consist of sponge rubber, in larger diameters up to the size of

text: oil pipeline

text: s it is a matter of scrapers or so-called pigs. Sponge rubber balls are applied mainly for

text: cooling water

text: , like sea, river, or

text: cooling tower

text: water. For the chemical or pharmaceutical industry, specially adapted cleaning bodies are imaginable but the conveying media flows are so weak that off-line processes are employed in most cases. Given the fact that the cleaning bodies are not allowed to remain in the conveying medium they have to be collected after passing through the tubes. In the case of sponge rubber balls this is done through special

text: strainer

text: sections; for scrapers or pigs an outward transfer station is provided. According to the

text: Taprogge process

text: , the sponge rubber balls are re-injected upstream of the system to be cleaned by a corresponding ball recirculating unit whereas the scraper or pig is mostly taken out by hand and re-injected into another collector. Sponge rubber balls therefore safeguard a continuous cleaning while the scraper or pig system is discontinuous.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: off-line processes

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: off-line processes

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Taprogge

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: off-line processes are employed in most cases

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: it would be re-injected

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: cooling water,

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: collected

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Taprogge process,

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Taprogge process,

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Taprogge process,

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: the conveying media flows are so weak that off-line processes

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: the sponge rubber balls are re-injected upstream of the system

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: cooling water,

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: off-line processes

text: A member of the Waterkeeper Alliance, CRBI is also known as the Upper Coosa Riverkeeper. As such, they work to enforce the Clean Water Act, by monitoring pollution and polluters. When pollution problems are identified all necessary means , including legal action, are utilized to correct these problems.

text: A member of the

text: Waterkeeper Alliance

text: , CRBI is also known as the Upper Coosa Riverkeeper. As such, they work to enforce the

text: Clean Water Act

text: , by monitoring pollution and polluters. When pollution problems are identified all necessary means , including legal action, are utilized to correct these problems.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: legal action

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: all necessary means

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: pollution and polluters.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: legal action,

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: legal action,

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Waterkeeper Alliance,

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: legal action,

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: legal action,

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: all necessary means, including legal action, are utilized to correct these problems.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Clean Water Act,

text: Over 200 contaminated sites are adjacent or drain into the lower Raritan River, including abandoned industrial sites, Superfund sites, old landfills, dredge dumping areas and old army arsenals.  Residents continue to be exposed to toxic waste through recreational use of the river and eating contaminated fish despite warning that it may be hazardous to their health.  The mission of the Raritan River Project is to clean up and protect the lower reaches of the Raritan River by identifying and reducing sources of contamination.  The goal of the EWA is to stop the ongoing pollution, clean up the existing contamination and restore the watershed.

text: Over 200 contaminated sites are adjacent or drain into the lower Raritan River, including abandoned industrial sites,

text: Superfund

text: sites, old landfills, dredge dumping areas and old army arsenals.  Residents continue to be exposed to toxic waste through recreational use of the river and eating contaminated fish despite warning that it may be hazardous to their health.  The mission of the Raritan River Project is to clean up and protect the lower reaches of the Raritan River by identifying and reducing sources of contamination.  The goal of the EWA is to stop the ongoing pollution, clean up the existing contamination and restore the watershed.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: stop the ongoing pollution

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Superfund

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Superfund

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: dredge dumping areas

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: the Raritan River

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: clean up the existing contamination and restore the watershed.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: restore the watershed.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Superfund

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Superfund

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Superfund

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: Residents continue to be exposed to toxic waste through recreational use of the river

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: restore the watershed.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: toxic waste

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Over 200

text: When the contamination of the site was discovered, about 500 people live within a mile of the Site. Approximately 6,300 people get their drinking water from public and private wells within three miles of the Site. However, the contamination does not affect current residential populations since the groundwater contamination plume does not extend more than 350 feet from the burn pit.

text: When the contamination of the site was discovered, about 500 people live within a mile of the Site. Approximately 6,300 people get their drinking water from public and private wells within three miles of the Site. However, the contamination does not affect current residential populations since the groundwater contamination plume does not extend more than 350 feet from the burn pit.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: burn pit

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: burn pits

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: burn pit

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater contamination plume

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: the contamination does not affect current residential populations

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: 500

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: public and private wells

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: burn pit.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Approximately 6,300 people get their drinking water

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: public and private wells

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Approximately 6,300 people get their drinking water from public and private wells

text: Groundwater accounts for 64% of the volume for public water supply, 33% of all water used for agriculture and livestock, and 24% of water utilized by self-supplied industry. There are 653 groundwater aquifers in Mexico. CONAGUA estimates the total amount of groundwater recharge to be around  per year, 36.4% of which, (around  per year) are actually used. This average rate does not fully represent the situation of the arid region, where a negative balance is threatening the sustainable use of groundwater resources.

text: Groundwater

text: accounts for 64% of the volume for public water supply, 33% of all water used for agriculture and livestock, and 24% of water utilized by self-supplied industry. There are 653 groundwater aquifers in Mexico. CONAGUA estimates the total amount of groundwater recharge to be around  per year, 36.4% of which, (around  per year) are actually used. This average rate does not fully represent the situation of the arid region, where a negative balance is threatening the sustainable use of groundwater resources.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: use it

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: the sustainable use of groundwater resources.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: 36.4% of which, (around per year) are actually used

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: recharge

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: a negative balance is threatening the sustainable use of groundwater resources.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Groundwater accounts for 64% of the volume for public water supply,

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Groundwater

text: Miss Rose agrees on the condition that they must also clean up the existing pollution, she gives them 8 hours to clean up the pollution. If the water isn't cleaned by then, they attack. She also demands a "hostage for security" and Joni promptly volunteers herself. As the user completes the activities that entail tracking down the polluting companies and cleaning up the plants' water supply, Joni starts to turn green and seems to begin transforming into a plant herself as a result of the pollution in the plant creatures' food supply. Once all the pollution is cleaned up, Joni is saved and the memories of the human hostages are wiped, leaving the other ClueFinders the only ones who know of the plant empire. Owen and Leslie promise to keep the existence of the empire a secret before they are transported back to the surface.

text: Miss Rose agrees on the condition that they must also clean up the existing pollution, she gives them 8 hours to clean up the pollution. If the water isn't cleaned by then, they attack. She also demands a "hostage for security" and Joni promptly volunteers herself. As the user completes the activities that entail tracking down the polluting companies and cleaning up the plants' water supply, Joni starts to turn green and seems to begin transforming into a plant herself as a result of the pollution in the plant creatures' food supply. Once all the pollution is cleaned up, Joni is saved and the memories of the human hostages are wiped, leaving the other ClueFinders the only ones who know of the plant empire. Owen and Leslie promise to keep the existence of the empire a secret before they are transported back to the surface.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: track down the polluting companies

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: what does Joni start to turn green

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Joni starts to turn green

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: cleaning up the plants' water supply,

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: pollution,

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: tracking down the polluting companies

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: cleaning up the plants' water supply,

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: cleaning up the plants' water supply,

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: they attack.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Joni starts to turn green

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: polluting companies

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: cleaning up the plants' water supply,

text: Aslett says that the amount of time spent cleaning can be reduced 75% by if the homeowner were to reduce clutter, get the right cleaning tools, and make them accessible. One of his approaches is to develop a self-cleaning house, through the use of household items and flooring that are easy to maintain, and eliminating most of the dirt that comes into a house by taking one's shoes off at the door. Another way to manage cleanliness is to make each person responsible for cleaning up their own mess. He says that "even if President Bush stayed at my house, he'd know where the vacuum is."

text: Aslett says that the amount of time spent cleaning can be reduced 75% by if the homeowner were to reduce clutter, get the right cleaning tools, and make them accessible. One of his approaches is to develop a self-cleaning house, through the use of household items and flooring that are easy to maintain, and eliminating most of the dirt that comes into a house by taking one's shoes off at the door. Another way to manage cleanliness is to make each person responsible for cleaning up their own mess. He says that "even if

text: President Bush

text: stayed at my house, he'd know where the vacuum is."

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: make each person responsible

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: acidic compounds

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Aslett

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: make each person responsible for cleaning up their own mess.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Aslett

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: self-cleaning house,

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: self-cleaning house,

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: taking one's shoes off at the door.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: the amount of time spent cleaning can be reduced 75%

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: dirt

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Aslett

text: A 1991 study by Irene Gruenfeld, a Williams College undergraduate, measured various pollutants at eight points along the river, from just below the duck pond in Chappaqua to inside the tunnel in Yonkers. The levels increased as the river flowed along, suggesting that most pollutants, especially dissolved salts, came from urban runoff instead of any single point source. The exception was PCBs, which rose drastically south of Elmsford (a finding that concurred with an earlier study) and then doubled in Yonkers. The study noted that this suggested a point source, perhaps a known burial site for used capacitors in the Elmsford area, yet Gruenfeld argued that cleaning up this and other possible point sources would not eliminate PCBs in the river. While the PCBs in the river were found somewhat biodegraded, chlordane levels are high enough that DEC recommends eating no more than a half-pound () of fish or eel from the Saw Mill per month.

text: A 1991 study by Irene Gruenfeld, a

text: Williams College

text: undergraduate, measured various pollutants at eight points along the river, from just below the duck pond in Chappaqua to inside the tunnel in Yonkers. The levels increased as the river flowed along, suggesting that most pollutants, especially dissolved salts, came from

text: urban runoff

text: instead of any single

text: point source

text: . The exception was PCBs, which rose drastically south of

text: Elmsford

text: (a finding that concurred with an earlier study) and then doubled in Yonkers. The study noted that this suggested a point source, perhaps a known burial site for used

text: capacitor

text: s in the Elmsford area, yet Gruenfeld argued that cleaning up this and other possible point sources would not eliminate PCBs in the river. While the PCBs in the river were found somewhat

text: biodegraded

text: chlordane

text: levels are high enough that DEC recommends eating no more than a half-pound () of fish or eel from the Saw Mill per month.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: point sources

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chlordane

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: biodegradation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: biodegradation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: the PCBs in the river were found somewhat biodegraded

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: urban runoff

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: eliminate PCBs in the river.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: used capacitors

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: biodegraded,

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: biodegraded,

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: would not eliminate PCBs in the river.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: eliminate PCBs in the river.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: dissolved salts,

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: urban runoff

text: Military operations in the early years at Otis AFB included the use of petroleum products and other hazardous materials such as fuels, motor oils, and cleaning solvents and the generation of associated wastes. Consistent with practices of other industries at the time, it was common practice for many years to dispose of such wastes in landfills, dry wells, sumps, and the sewage treatment plant. Spills and leaks also occurred.  These activities have resulted in serious impacts to the Upper Cape’s groundwater resources.  As a direct result of the threats from waste plumes in the groundwater, much of the water supply in the surrounding area was converted from wells to municipal water sources.

text: Military operations in the early years at Otis AFB included the use of petroleum products and other hazardous materials such as fuels, motor oils, and cleaning solvents and the generation of associated wastes. Consistent with practices of other industries at the time, it was common practice for many years to dispose of such wastes in landfills, dry wells, sumps, and the sewage treatment plant. Spills and leaks also occurred.  These activities have resulted in serious impacts to the Upper Cape’s groundwater resources.  As a direct result of the threats from waste

text: plumes

text: in the groundwater, much of the water supply in the surrounding area was converted from wells to municipal water sources.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: dispose of such wastes

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: sewage treatment plant

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: serious impacts to the Upper Cape’s groundwater resources

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: sewage treatment plant

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: waste plumes in the groundwater,

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: sewage treatment plant.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: sewage treatment plant.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: sewage treatment plant.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: sewage treatment plant.

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: Spills and leaks

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: sewage treatment plant.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: waste plumes

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: landfills,

text: See Your Lung CampaignNew Delhi is termed as one of the most polluted cities in the world. Therefore, the government is doing all it can to tackle land, water and air pollution in the city. The See Your Lung campaign comes as a helping hand for it in terms of bringing forth the message of anti-pollution to the citizens.Vijay Kannan, the founder of the  See Your Lung Campaign, said that people do not realize the risk that they are putting themselves and others by using motor vehicles. He further stressed on the point that what’s the point in using a vehicle for conveyance when a cycle can do all the work.Mr. Kannan is also the founder of the Clean India Air Movement (CLAIM) under which free car pool service was offered to around 10,000 citizens of New Delhi. CLAIM and the See Your Lung initiatives have quickly picked up the pace in terms of accomplishing their goals. The probability of the future being a bright, pollution-free one is slowly but surely turning into a reality.

text: See Your Lung CampaignNew Delhi is termed as one of the most polluted cities in the world. Therefore, the government is doing all it can to tackle land, water and air pollution in the city. The See Your Lung campaign comes as a helping hand for it in terms of bringing forth the message of anti-pollution to the citizens.Vijay Kannan, the founder of the  See Your Lung Campaign, said that people do not realize the risk that they are putting themselves and others by using motor vehicles. He further stressed on the point that what’s the point in using a vehicle for conveyance when a cycle can do all the work.Mr. Kannan is also the founder of the Clean India Air Movement (CLAIM) under which free car pool service was offered to around 10,000 citizens of New Delhi. CLAIM and the See Your Lung initiatives have quickly picked up the pace in terms of accomplishing their goals. The probability of the future being a bright, pollution-free one is slowly but surely turning into a reality.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: free car pool service

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: cycle

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: motor vehicles.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: citizens.Vijay Kannan,

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Clean India Air Movement

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: water

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: motor vehicles.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: pollution-free one

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: motor vehicles.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Clean India Air Movement

text: Large-scale demonstrations have been held protesting the pollution of the Kishon. Zalul's report has prompted the Ministry of the Environment to investigate the problem and introduce clean-up measures.

text: Large-scale demonstrations have been held protesting the pollution of the

text: Kishon

text: . Zalul's report has prompted the

entity_name: Ministry of Environmental Protection (Israel)

text: Ministry of the Environment

text: to investigate the problem and introduce clean-up measures.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: introduce clean-up

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: clean-up measures

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: clean-up measures

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: clean-up measures.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: clean-up measures.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: clean-up measures.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: clean-up measures.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: clean-up measures.

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: pollution of the Kishon.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: clean-up measures.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: pollution of the Kishon.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: clean-up measures.

text: Pollution has cost. Manufacturing activities that cause air pollution impose health and clean-up costs on the whole society, whereas the neighbors of an individual who chooses to fire-proof his home may benefit from a reduced risk of a fire spreading to their own houses. If external costs exist, such as pollution, the producer may choose to produce more of the product than would be produced if the producer were required to pay all associated environmental costs. Because responsibility or consequence for self-directed action lies partly outside the self, an element of externalization is involved. If there are external benefits, such as in public safety, less of the good may be produced than would be the case if the producer were to receive payment for the external benefits to others.

text: Pollution has cost. Manufacturing activities that cause

text: air pollution

text: impose health and clean-up costs on the whole society, whereas the neighbors of an individual who chooses to fire-proof his home may benefit from a reduced risk of a fire spreading to their own houses. If external costs exist, such as pollution, the producer may choose to produce more of the product than would be produced if the producer were required to pay all associated environmental costs. Because responsibility or consequence for self-directed action lies partly outside the self, an element of

text: externalization

text: is involved. If there are external benefits, such as in

text: public safety

text: , less of the good may be produced than would be the case if the producer were to receive payment for the external benefits to others.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: pay all associated environmental costs

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: clean-up costs

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: less of the good may be produced

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: pay all associated environmental costs.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Manufacturing activities that cause air pollution impose health and clean-up costs

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: fire-proof his home

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: clean-up

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: impose health and clean-up costs on the whole society,

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: clean-up costs

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Manufacturing activities that cause air pollution impose health and clean-up costs

text: Currently, groundwater remediation is the most common commercial application of nanoremediation technologies.Using nanomaterials, especially zero-valent metals (ZVMs), for groundwater remediation is an emerging approach that is promising due to the availability and effectiveness of many nanomaterials for degrading or sequestering contaminants.

text: Currently,

text: groundwater remediation

text: is the most common commercial application of nanoremediation technologies.Using

text: nanomaterials

text: , especially zero-valent metals (ZVMs), for groundwater remediation is an emerging approach that is promising due to the availability and effectiveness of many nanomaterials for degrading or sequestering contaminants.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: sequestering contaminants

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: nanomaterials

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Using nanomaterials

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: groundwater remediation

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: contaminants.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: nanomaterials, especially zero-valent metals (ZVMs),

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: nanoremediation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: technologies.Using nanomaterials,

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: contaminants.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: groundwater remediation

text: The smelter was ranked 2 under Directive 96/82/EC (Seveso). The plant had an internal landfill site of 1.8 hectares located several kilometres from the smelter site at a place called Massada on the border with Vicdessos commune. This discharge area, as well as the groundwater and soil that supported the plant operations, are polluted by various pollutants including fluorides, cyanides, hydrocarbons, arsenic, aluminium, and barium.

text: The smelter was ranked 2 under

text: Directive 96/82/EC

text: (Seveso). The plant had an internal

text: landfill

text: site of 1.8 hectares located several kilometres from the smelter site at a place called Massada on the border with

text: Vicdessos

text: commune. This discharge area, as well as the groundwater and soil that supported the plant operations, are polluted by various pollutants including

text: fluoride

text: s,

text: cyanide

text: s,

text: hydrocarbon

text: s,

text: arsenic

text: aluminium

text: , and

text: barium

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: support the plant operations

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: fluorides

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater and soil that supported the plant operations

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: groundwater and soil that supported the plant operations,

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: arsenic, aluminium, and barium.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: (Seveso).

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: landfill

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater and soil that supported the plant operations, are polluted

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: fluorides,

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: groundwater and soil

text: Many of these UDDTs serve indigenous communities who live along small rivers as well as ecotourism operations in the Amazonian part of the country. In these regions, piped water supply is often lacking, clay-rich soils do not permit infiltration of wastewater, and the groundwater level is usually high. These factors make other types of toilets or other forms of excreta management problematic. For example, local governments and ecotourism operations often install flush toilets that drain straight into rivers or into holes in the ground, where the water is intended to drain but cannot, since the soil is mostly impermeable clay. Coupled with the abundant local rainfall, these pits tend to fill very fast and overflow into the nearest streams. The streams get easily contaminated with fecal matter, as they are often quite small and there is not much dilution with clean river water. This leads to health hazards for the communities who use these rivers for drinking water, washing, swimming, and fishing.

text: Many of these UDDTs serve

text: indigenous communities

text: who live along small rivers as well as

text: ecotourism

text: operations in the Amazonian part of the country. In these regions, piped

text: water supply

text: is often lacking, clay-rich soils do not permit infiltration of wastewater, and the

text: groundwater

text: level is usually high. These factors make other types of toilets or other forms of excreta management problematic. For example, local governments and ecotourism operations often install flush toilets that drain straight into rivers or into holes in the ground, where the water is intended to drain but cannot, since the soil is mostly impermeable clay. Coupled with the abundant local rainfall, these pits tend to fill very fast and overflow into the nearest streams. The streams get easily contaminated with fecal matter, as they are often quite small and there is not much dilution with clean river water. This leads to health hazards for the communities who use these rivers for drinking water, washing, swimming, and fishing.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: infiltration of wastewater

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: fecal matter

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: health hazards

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: clay-rich soils do not permit infiltration of wastewater,

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: infiltration

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: fecal matter,

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: UDDTs

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: The streams get easily contaminated with fecal matter,

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: dilution

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: fecal matter,

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: clay-rich soils do not permit infiltration of wastewater,

text: Traditional remediation approaches consist of soil excavation and disposal to landfill and groundwater "pump and treat". In-situ technologies include but are not limited to: solidification and stabilization, soil vapor extraction, permeable reactive barriers, monitored natural attenuation, bioremediation-phytoremediation, chemical oxidation, steam-enhanced extraction and in situ thermal desorption and have been used extensively in the USA.

text: Traditional remediation approaches consist of soil excavation and disposal to

text: landfill

text: and

text: groundwater

text: "pump and treat". In-situ technologies include but are not limited to:

entity_name: Remediation of contaminated sites with cement

text: solidification and stabilization

text: soil vapor extraction

text: , permeable reactive barriers, monitored natural attenuation,

text: bioremediation

text: phytoremediation

text: , chemical oxidation, steam-enhanced extraction and

text: in situ thermal desorption

text: and have been used extensively in the USA.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: pump and treat

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical oxidation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical oxidation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: "pump and treat"

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: treat

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: "pump and treat".

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: "pump and treat".

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical oxidation,

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: bioremediation-phytoremediation,

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical oxidation,

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater "pump and treat".

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: "pump and treat".

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: In-situ

text: "The remediation system consists of approximately 5 pumping wells that penetrate the contamination.  Special chemical resistant pumps pump the contaminated groundwater to a treatment building above ground.  Air Stripping is the primary form of treatment of the contaminated groundwater.  Once treated, water is pumped to the sewer system for disposal."

text: "The remediation system consists of approximately 5 pumping wells that penetrate the contamination.  Special chemical resistant pumps pump the contaminated groundwater to a treatment building above ground.  Air Stripping is the primary form of treatment of the contaminated groundwater.  Once treated, water is pumped to the sewer system for disposal."

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Air Stripping

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: air stripping

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Air Stripping

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: contaminated groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: sewer system for disposal

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Air Stripping

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Air Stripping

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Special chemical resistant pumps

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Air Stripping

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Air Stripping

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: contaminated groundwater to a treatment building above ground.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: the sewer system

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Air Stripping

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: contaminated groundwater to a treatment building above ground.

text: In 1950, in what was then the largest oil spill in United States history, 17 to 30 million gallons of oil spilled into Newtown Creek. Oil is believed to have been seeping into the groundwater since then. Groundwater in this area is not used as drinking water, as all of New York City's drinking water presently comes from upstate reservoirs. However, local activists have been campaigning ever since to clean up the spill.   In January 2006, state and oil company officials asserted that to date half of the spill had been cleaned up.

text: In 1950, in what was then the largest

text: oil spill

text: in United States history, 17 to 30 million gallons of oil spilled into

text: Newtown Creek

text: . Oil is believed to have been seeping into the groundwater since then. Groundwater in this area is not used as drinking water, as all of New York City's drinking water presently comes from upstate reservoirs. However, local activists have been campaigning ever since to clean up the spill.   In January 2006, state and oil company officials asserted that to date half of the spill had been cleaned up.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: clean up the spill

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: acidic chemicals

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater in this area is not used as drinking water

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: contaminated water would be pumped back in

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Oil is believed to have been seeping into the groundwater

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: drinking water,

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Oil is believed to have been seeping into the groundwater

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: Oil is believed to have been seeping into the groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: drinking water,

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Oil is believed to have been seeping into the groundwater

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Oil is believed to have been seeping into the groundwater

text: NSTAR has had its share of environmental mishaps, including nearly a dozen spills at its former Watertown, Massachusetts facility. The spills, most of which occurred during the 1980s, consisted of transformer oil, which contained PCBs in high concentrations (6,200 Parts Per million). These spills have contaminated nearby Sawins and Williams Pond, both of which are downgradient of the NSTAR facility, and possibly flowed into the Charles river, which is downstream of Sawins Pond. Many local activists lobbied for NSTAR to abide by state regulations and spend the $20–40 million required to perform a PCB remediation of the affected lands. By 1997 NSTAR was responsible for nearly 50 hazardous waste sites, and by 2006 all but 5 of these had been cleaned up.

text: NSTAR has had its share of environmental mishaps, including nearly a dozen spills at its former Watertown, Massachusetts facility. The spills, most of which occurred during the 1980s, consisted of transformer oil, which contained PCBs in high concentrations (6,200 Parts Per million). These spills have contaminated nearby

text: Sawins and Williams Pond

text: , both of which are downgradient of the NSTAR facility, and possibly flowed into the Charles river, which is downstream of Sawins Pond. Many local activists lobbied for NSTAR to abide by state regulations and spend the $20–40 million required to perform a PCB remediation of the affected lands. By 1997 NSTAR was responsible for nearly 50 hazardous waste sites, and by 2006 all but 5 of these had been cleaned up.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: spend the $20–40 million required

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: PCBs

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: PCB remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: Many local activists lobbied for NSTAR to abide by state regulations

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: possibly flowed into the Charles river

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: $20–40 million

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: PCB remediation

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: PCBs

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: PCB remediation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: PCB remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: PCB remediation of the affected lands.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: possibly flowed into the Charles river,

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: PCBs

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: $20–40 million

text: The site is located on the Burswood Peninsula, previously known as the Swan Portland Cement Site. The Swan Portland Cement Company Ltd operated at the site from 1927 and James Hardie Industries operated at the adjacent site from the 1920s up until 1981. In its report and recommendations, Remediation and Redevelopment of the Swan Portland Cement Site, Burswood, (January, 1998) the Environmental Protection Authority, states "The current site is contaminated with asbestos waste from the James Hardie operations and cement kiln dust, kiln bricks and associated contaminated soil and hydrocarbons from the Swan Portland cement operations." In its report it estimates 750,000 m3 cement kiln dust on the site, the effects of which should be managed, with regard to its effects upon public health, groundwater and surface water. Three zones of asbestos contamination on the site were identified in the report; zone 1 having 68,000 cubic metres of broken and loose asbestos, zone 2 having 150,000 cubic metres of asbestos contamination up to 15 metres below ground level and zone 3 being 180,000 cubic metres of asbestos contamination within 600,000 cubic metres of cement kiln dust.

text: The site is located on the Burswood Peninsula, previously known as the Swan Portland Cement Site. The Swan Portland Cement Company Ltd operated at the site from 1927 and

text: James Hardie Industries

text: operated at the adjacent site from the 1920s up until 1981. In its report and recommendations, Remediation and Redevelopment of the Swan Portland Cement Site, Burswood, (January, 1998) the

entity_name: Environmental Protection Authority of Western Australia

text: Environmental Protection Authority

text: , states "The current site is contaminated with

text: asbestos

text: waste from the James Hardie operations and cement kiln dust, kiln bricks and associated contaminated soil and hydrocarbons from the Swan Portland cement operations." In its report it estimates 750,000 m3 cement kiln dust on the site, the effects of which should be managed, with regard to its effects upon public health, groundwater and surface water. Three zones of asbestos contamination on the site were identified in the report; zone 1 having 68,000 cubic metres of broken and loose asbestos, zone 2 having 150,000 cubic metres of asbestos contamination up to 15 metres below ground level and zone 3 being 180,000 cubic metres of asbestos contamination within 600,000 cubic metres of cement kiln dust.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: manage the effects

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: hydrocarbons

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: the effects of which should be managed

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: the effects of which should be managed

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: It is impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: groundwater and surface water.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: asbestos waste from the James Hardie operations and cement kiln dust,

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Remediation and Redevelopment of the Swan Portland Cement Site,

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater and surface water.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: groundwater and surface water.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: surface water.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: contaminated soil

text: There are two volatile organic compounds of concern in the groundwater contaminant plume - trichloroethylene (TCE) and carbon tetrachloride.  The Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA) believes that use of the chlorinated solvent TCE at a former metal working facility at the location of the Hagberg Country Market was the major source of site ground water contamination.  The use of TCE at the Lake Elmo airport likely also have caused some of the TCE groundwater contaminant plume.  On the north side of the plume there are a few former grain storage bins which MPCA believes were the potential source of carbon tetrachloride that was previously detected in that area of the plume.

text: There are two

text: volatile organic compounds

text: of concern in the groundwater contaminant plume -

text: trichloroethylene

text: (TCE) and

text: carbon tetrachloride

text: .  The

text: Minnesota Pollution Control Agency

text: (MPCA) believes that use of the chlorinated solvent TCE at a former metal working facility at the location of the

text: Hagberg Country Market

text: was the major source of site ground water contamination.  The use of TCE at the Lake Elmo airport likely also have caused some of the TCE groundwater contaminant plume.  On the north side of the plume there are a few former grain storage bins which MPCA believes were the potential source of carbon tetrachloride that was previously detected in that area of the plume.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: pollute it

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: trichloroethylene

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater contamination

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: trichloroethylene

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: ground water contamination.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: carbon tetrachloride.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Minnesota Pollution Control Agency

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chlorinated solvent

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: ground water contamination.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: The Minnesota Pollution Control Agency

text: AVX appealed Wooten's 2011 decision on whether the air force should help with the cost of cleanup. S.C. DHEC stated in a March 13, 2012 letter that pollution in some areas came from AVX, but in one area another source was responsible. AVX argues that the government's expert, who said groundwater from the base flowed away from the polluted areas, was not qualified to testify about groundwater.  The findings could influence an upcoming class-action lawsuit by property owners.

text: AVX appealed Wooten's 2011 decision on whether the air force should help with the cost of cleanup.

entity_name: South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control

text: S.C. DHEC

text: stated in a March 13, 2012 letter that pollution in some areas came from AVX, but in one area another source was responsible. AVX argues that the government's expert, who said groundwater from the base flowed away from the polluted areas, was not qualified to testify about groundwater.  The findings could influence an upcoming

text: class-action lawsuit

text: by property owners.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: help with the cost

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: cleanup.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: the air force should help with the cost of cleanup.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: flowed away from the polluted areas,

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: groundwater

text: Various studies, supervised by the French regional agency for industry and research, DRIRE, revealed serious pollution by heavy metals (zinc, copper and lead) almost everywhere on the site, plus mercury and cadmium in one area and nitrates, sulfates, ammonium and arsenic by the Deûle canal.Certain pollutants had percolated into the soil and polluted the surface groundwater: potassium, sulfates, nitrates, nitrites, chlorides, ammonium and sodium, and locally, zinc and cadmium, to depths of up to 2 m in the so-called ANS sector, plus arsenic under the AS/PS sector and manganese under the GMG sector.This groundwater rose when the industrial pumps were stopped and flooded the basements in nearby houses, requiring permanent pumping in order to drain the subsoil. Severe pollution by arsenic was discovered up to depths of 5 meters in the AS/PS sector, plus mercury in the northeast half of this same sector.The chalk layer under the site was contaminated by sulfates.For these reasons, the local authorities deemed that the site was compatible with industrial usage, but with restrictions to be applied on a case-by-case basis with the potential buyers of the various parts of the site, on a long-term and mandatory basis for third parties through publication in the land registry. The Lille city authorities considered locating a purification plant on the site. A number of projects for the industrial, urban or administrative use of the site are in progress. The position of the site in an area of designated as “green belt” on the banks of the Deûle, the pollution and its highly artificial character make it an important factor in the ecological fragmentation of the regional ‘’’blue infrastructure’’’.

text: Various studies, supervised by the French regional agency for industry and research,

text: DRIRE

text: , revealed serious pollution by heavy metals (zinc, copper and lead) almost everywhere on the site, plus mercury and cadmium in one area and nitrates, sulfates, ammonium and arsenic by the

text: Deûle canal

text: .Certain pollutants had

text: percolated

text: into the soil and polluted the surface groundwater: potassium, sulfates, nitrates, nitrites, chlorides, ammonium and sodium, and locally, zinc and cadmium, to depths of up to 2 m in the so-called ANS sector, plus arsenic under the AS/PS sector and manganese under the GMG sector.This groundwater rose when the industrial pumps were stopped and flooded the basements in nearby houses, requiring permanent pumping in order to drain the subsoil. Severe pollution by arsenic was discovered up to depths of 5 meters in the AS/PS sector, plus mercury in the northeast half of this same sector.The

text: chalk layer

text: under the site was contaminated by sulfates.For these reasons, the local authorities deemed that the site was compatible with industrial usage, but with restrictions to be applied on a case-by-case basis with the potential buyers of the various parts of the site, on a long-term and mandatory basis for third parties through publication in the land registry. The Lille city authorities considered locating a

text: purification plant

text: on the site. A number of projects for the industrial, urban or administrative use of the site are in progress. The position of the site in an area of designated as “green belt” on the banks of the Deûle, the pollution and its highly artificial character make it an important factor in the

text: ecological fragmentation

text: of the regional ‘’’blue infrastructure’’’.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: It is easier and cheaper to clean up groundwater

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: locating a purification plant

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: sulfates

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: purification plant

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: The Lille city authorities considered locating a purification plant on the site

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: flooded the basements in nearby houses

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: It is more expensive because the soil and rock must be cleaned too.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: The Lille city authorities considered locating a purification plant

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: permanent pumping

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: sulfates.For

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: purification plant

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: permanent pumping

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: permanent pumping

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: permanent pumping in order to drain the subsoil.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: surface groundwater:

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: permanent pumping

text: In the past year, with the addition of water quality data, now it is possible to take into consideration the communities that have been affected by groundwater pollution.  Also, this new factor can address the issue of the lack of clean drinking water within disadvantaged communities. In addition, now the OEHHA is moving towards identifying areas based on the census tract rather than zipcodes. The problem with recording pollution under the current use of zip codes in such large areas is that it’s very difficult to be accurate.  A major goal of SB 535 is to make sure that a minimum of 25% of the cap and trade revenue will be distributed to highly impacted communities that face burdens from different types of pollution.

text: In the past year, with the addition of water quality data, now it is possible to take into consideration the communities that have been affected by groundwater pollution.  Also, this new factor can address the issue of the lack of clean drinking water within disadvantaged communities. In addition, now the OEHHA is moving towards identifying areas based on the census tract rather than zipcodes. The problem with recording pollution under the current use of zip codes in such large areas is that it’s very difficult to be accurate.  A major goal of

text: SB 535

text: is to make sure that a minimum of 25% of the cap and trade revenue will be distributed to highly impacted communities that face burdens from different types of pollution.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: clean drinking water within disadvantaged communities

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: clean drinking water

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: lack of clean drinking water

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: groundwater pollution.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: it’s very difficult to be accurate.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: clean drinking water

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: groundwater pollution.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: groundwater

text: Because of the small size of individual nanocrystals, Fh is nanoporous yielding large surface areas of several hundred square meters per gram. In addition to having a high surface area to volume ratio, Fh also has a high density of local or point defects, such as dangling bonds and vacancies. These properties confer a high ability to adsorb many environmentally important chemical species, including arsenic, lead, phosphate, and organic molecules (e.g., humic and fulvic acids). Its strong and extensive interaction with trace metals and metalloids is used in industry, at large-scale in water purification plants, as in North Germany and to produce the city water at Hiroshima, and at small scale to clean wastewaters and groundwaters, for example to remove arsenic from industrial effluents and drinking water. Its nanoporosity and high affinity for gold can be used to elaborate Fh-supported nanosized Au particles for the catalytic oxidation of CO at temperatures below 0 °C.

text: Because of the small size of individual

text: nanocrystal

text: s, Fh is

text: nanoporous

text: yielding large surface areas of several hundred square meters per gram. In addition to having a high surface area to volume ratio, Fh also has a high density of local or

text: point defect

text: s, such as dangling bonds and vacancies. These properties confer a high ability to adsorb many environmentally important chemical species, including

text: arsenic

text: lead

text: phosphate

text: , and organic molecules (e.g.,

text: humic

text: and

text: fulvic acid

text: s). Its strong and extensive interaction with trace metals and metalloids is used in industry, at large-scale in

text: water purification

text: plants, as in North Germany and to produce the city water at

text: Hiroshima

text: , and at small scale to clean

text: wastewater

text: s and

text: groundwater

text: s, for example to remove arsenic from industrial effluents and

text: drinking water

text: . Its nanoporosity and high affinity for

text: gold

text: can be used to elaborate Fh-supported nanosized Au particles for the

text: catalytic oxidation

text: of CO at temperatures below 0 °C.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: remove arsenic

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: arsenic

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: remove arsenic from industrial effluents

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: clean wastewaters and groundwaters,

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: remove arsenic from industrial effluents and drinking water.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: arsenic

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: catalytic oxidation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: water purification

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: arsenic from industrial effluents and drinking water.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: drinking water.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: arsenic,

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: groundwaters,

text: The Kretschmarr Cave mold beetle was first listed on the endangered species list on September 16, 1988.  Threats to the beetle include loss of habitat due to urban development, invasive species, and mining.  Urban development is the number one threat to the beetle and affects their karst environment in many different ways.  For instance, urban development may lead to the filling in or collapse of caves, alteration of drainage patterns, alteration of surface plant and animal communities, as well as contamination and human visitation.  Many caves are filled in or collapsed during road and building construction.  A solid foundation is required for construction to take place so if there is a cave in the way it will be collapsed and filled for a sturdy foundation.  Road development destroys a majority of the karst habitats where the beetles live.  It is estimated that 10% of all caves in Travis County are destroyed every ten years.  Some ranchers even lead to the problem.  Many of them fill the entrances to the caves so their livestock do not roam into the caves.  This blocks the air movement in the cave changing the conditions in the cave.  If conditions are not just right the beetle will die.  Large paved areas and drainage systems that are put in during urban development alter the natural drainage patterns causing major problems to karst environments.  This environment depends on air filled gaps and infiltration from water above, diverting water away from a cave can dry it up killing all the species inside.  If water is diverted into a cave it can flood and alter living conditions.  Altering surface plant and animal communities affects karst environments as well.  When these communities are removed for development many of the nutrients that originally entered the cave are now lost.  Without nutrients the beetle and other karst invertebrates can not survive.  If a substantial amount of vegetation is removed, infiltration will increase changing their delicate habitat.  The caves also face the threat of contamination when developing close to their habitat.  Karst is very susceptible to groundwater contamination so when sewer and drainage systems are put in contaminated water can enter the caves.  Many of the caves in Travis County are used for disposal of refuse and have probable killed most organisms within the cave.  Farming as well leads to the contamination of habitat.  Fertilizers, pesticides, and other agricultural waste can infiltrate through the ground contaminating the groundwater that enters the cave.  The final way urban development has increased the loss of habitat is by increased human visitation.  When humans build close to a species habitat it likely that visitation to the cave will increase.  Some species are scared off by this new visitation.  If one species leaves it often affects the whole chain of that ecosystem.  Some caves are vandalized so much so that it changes the environment in which the beetle lives.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Urban development is the number one threat to the beetle

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: contamination

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: invasive species

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: Contamination

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: contaminated water can enter the caves.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: contaminated water

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: urban development

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: nutrients that originally entered the cave are now lost.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: drainage systems

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: contaminated water can enter the caves.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: flood and alter living conditions.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: paved areas

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: nutrients that originally entered the cave are now lost.

text: IPECC is designed to improve and enhance the efforts of governments, non-governmental actors—such as corporations, non-governmental organizations, trade unions, churches—and key decision-makers throughout the world in two ways: First by evaluating the extent to which their existing commitments and pledges are actually working; and second, by facilitating new and better clean and affordable energy solutions. IPECC will provide the information needed to improve the effectiveness of existing commitments and encourage new commitments where necessary. It is designed to track and monitor the implementation of sustainable energy commitments undertaken by governments, corporations and other entities, and to provide detailed information on the extent to which they are being complied with. In doing so it will serve as a watchdog over what is and should be happening with respect to these instruments and the commitments they embody. IPECC

text: IPECC is designed to improve and enhance the efforts of governments, non-governmental actors—such as corporations,

text: non-governmental organization

text: s, trade unions, churches—and key decision-makers throughout the world in two ways: First by evaluating the extent to which their existing commitments and pledges are actually working; and second, by facilitating new and better clean and affordable energy solutions. IPECC will provide the information needed to improve the effectiveness of existing commitments and encourage new commitments where necessary. It is designed to track and monitor the implementation of sustainable energy commitments undertaken by governments, corporations and other entities, and to provide detailed information on the extent to which they are being complied with. In doing so it will serve as a watchdog over what is and should be happening with respect to these instruments and the commitments they embody. IPECC

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: encourage new commitments

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: ipecc

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: bioremediation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: clean and affordable energy solutions

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: new and better clean and affordable energy solutions.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: facilitating new and better clean and affordable energy solutions.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: IPECC

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: new and better clean and affordable energy solutions.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: clean and affordable energy solutions.

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: clean and affordable energy solutions.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: facilitating new and better clean and affordable energy solutions.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: new and better clean and affordable energy solutions.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: facilitating new and better clean and affordable energy solutions.

text: For example, honey bees are susceptible to air pollution. Similarly both bats and swallows have been used to monitor pesticide contamination due to their diet of insects that may have been affected by the chemicals. By the same token, aquatic animals, or their direct predators, are used as sentinel species to monitor water pollution.

text: For example,

text: honey bee

text: s are susceptible to

text: air pollution

text: . Similarly both

text: bats

text: and

text: swallows

text: have been used to monitor pesticide contamination due to their diet of insects that may have been affected by the chemicals. By the same token, aquatic animals, or their direct predators, are used as sentinel species to monitor water pollution.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: pollute it

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: pesticide

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: aquatic animals

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: aquatic animals, or their direct predators, would monitor water pollution

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: water pollution.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: pollution.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: aquatic animals,

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: pesticide contamination

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: pesticide

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: pesticide contamination

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: aquatic animals,

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: aquatic animals,

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: aquatic animals,

text: In traditional animation, the first drawings are called "roughs" or "rough animation" because they are often done in a very loose fashion. If the animation is successfully pencil tested and approved by the director, clean versions of the drawings have to be done. In larger studios this task is given to the animator's assistant, or, in a more specialised setting, to a clean-up-artist. The artist doing the clean-ups is responsible for the final line and finished look of the shot.

text: In

text: traditional animation

text: , the first drawings are called "roughs" or "rough animation" because they are often done in a very loose fashion. If the animation is successfully

text: pencil tested

text: and approved by the director, clean versions of the

text: drawing

text: s have to be done. In larger

text: studio

text: s this task is given to the animator's assistant, or, in a more specialised setting, to a clean-up-artist. The artist doing the clean-ups is responsible for the final line and finished look of the shot.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: clean up

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: a clean-up-artist

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: clean-up-artist.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: clean versions of the drawings have to be done.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: clean-up-artist.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: clean-up-artist.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: In traditional animation,

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: clean-up-artist.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: clean-up-artist.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: clean-up-artist.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: clean-up-artist.

text: Heating can be conducted at and below the groundwater table, and larger quantities of groundwater are extracted and treated through the system. The extraction system is connected to the header and set up to extract both groundwater and hydrocarbon vapors from the subsurface within the electrode array. All recovered groundwater is transferred into the treatment system and then discharged. Contaminant vapors can be discharged into the ambient air or combusted, dependent on local regulatory requirements.

text: Heating can be conducted at and below the groundwater table, and larger quantities of groundwater are extracted and treated through the system. The extraction system is connected to the header and set up to extract both groundwater and hydrocarbon vapors from the subsurface within the electrode array. All recovered groundwater is transferred into the treatment system and then discharged. Contaminant vapors can be discharged into the ambient air or combusted, dependent on local regulatory requirements.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: it is impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: treat it

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: hydrocarbon vapors

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: Contaminant vapors

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: All recovered groundwater is transferred into the treatment system

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: larger quantities of groundwater

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: treated

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Heating can be conducted at and below the groundwater table,

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Heating

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Heating

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: Contaminant vapors can be discharged into the ambient air

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: combusted,

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Contaminant vapors can be discharged into the ambient air

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: larger quantities of groundwater

text: Although water resources become scarce in some regions and seasons, the Philippines as a whole has more than enough surface and groundwater. However, the neglect of a coherent environmental policy led to the actual situation, in which 58% of the groundwater is contaminated. The main source of pollution is untreated domestic and industrial wastewater. Only one third of Philippine river systems are considered suitable for public water supply.

text: Although water resources become scarce in some regions and seasons, the Philippines as a whole has more than enough surface and groundwater. However, the neglect of a coherent environmental policy led to the actual situation, in which 58% of the groundwater is contaminated. The main source of pollution is untreated domestic and industrial wastewater. Only one third of Philippine river systems are considered suitable for public water supply.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: untreated industrial wastewater

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: acidic chemicals

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: untreated domestic and industrial wastewater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: only one third of Philippine river systems

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: untreated domestic and industrial wastewater.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: untreated domestic and industrial wastewater.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: untreated domestic and industrial wastewater.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: untreated domestic and industrial wastewater.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: untreated

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: untreated domestic and industrial wastewater.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: public water supply.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: untreated domestic and industrial wastewater.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: 58% of the groundwater is contaminated.

text: In the US there has been a mechanism for taxing polluting industries to form a Superfund to remediate abandoned sites, or to litigate to force corporations to remediate their contaminated sites. Other countries have other mechanisms and commonly sites are rezoned to "higher" uses such as high density housing, to give the land a higher value so that after deducting cleanup costs there is still an incentive for a developer to purchase the land, clean it up, redevelop it and sell it on, often as apartments (home units).

text: In the US there has been a mechanism for

text: tax

text: ing polluting industries to form a

text: Superfund

text: to remediate abandoned sites, or to

text: litigate

text: to force corporations to remediate their contaminated sites. Other countries have other mechanisms and commonly sites are rezoned to "higher" uses such as high density housing, to give the land a higher value so that after deducting cleanup costs there is still an incentive for a developer to purchase the land, clean it up, redevelop it and sell it on, often as apartments (home units).

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: redevelop it

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Superfund

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: incentive for a developer to purchase the land, clean it up

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: a developer to purchase the land

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: contaminated sites.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: redevelop it and sell it on,

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: contaminated sites.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Superfund

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Superfund

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: incentive for a developer

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: redevelop it and sell it on, often as apartments (home units).

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: high density housing,

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: contaminated sites.

text: The soil and groundwater of the site was contaminated during operation as a gasification plant. The 1971 Master Plan called for "cleaning and greening" the park through bio-phytoremediation. Although the presence of organic pollutants had been substantially reduced by the mid-1980s, the US Environmental Protection Agency and Washington State Department of Ecology required additional measures, including removing and capping wastes, and air sparging in the southeast portion of the site to try to remove benzene that was a theoretical source of pollutants reaching Lake Union via ground water. There are no known areas of surface soil contamination remaining on the site today, although tar occasionally still oozes from some locations within the site and is isolated and removed.

text: The soil and groundwater of the site was contaminated during operation as a gasification plant. The 1971 Master Plan called for "cleaning and greening" the park through bio-

text: phytoremediation

text: . Although the presence of organic pollutants had been substantially reduced by the mid-1980s, the

text: US Environmental Protection Agency

text: and

text: Washington State Department of Ecology

text: required additional measures, including removing and capping wastes, and

text: air sparging

text: in the southeast portion of the site to try to remove

text: benzene

text: that was a theoretical source of pollutants reaching

text: Lake Union

text: via ground water. There are no known areas of surface

text: soil contamination

text: remaining on the site today, although

text: tar

text: occasionally still oozes from some locations within the site and is isolated and removed.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: capping wastes

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: benzene

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: tar occasionally still oozes from some locations within the site and is isolated and removed.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: bio-phytoremediation

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: bio-phytoremediation.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: removing and capping wastes,

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: benzene

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: bio-phytoremediation.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: bio-phytoremediation.

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: removing and capping wastes,

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: bio-phytoremediation.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: surface soil

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: The soil and groundwater

text: In 2009, the Taiwanese Environmental Protection Administration Executive Yuan (EPA) found that the soil and the groundwater in the area close to Formosa Plastics' Renwu Plant has been polluted by benzene, chloroform, dichloromethane, 1,1,2-Trichloroethane, 1,1-dichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, trichloroethylene, and vinylchloride. The pollutants were all over 20 times than the government standard; and most frighteningly, the levels of 1,2-dichloroethane were 30,000 times higher than the standard.

text: In 2009, the Taiwanese Environmental Protection Administration Executive Yuan (EPA) found that the soil and the groundwater in the area close to Formosa Plastics' Renwu Plant has been polluted by

text: benzene

text: chloroform

text: dichloromethane

text: tetrachloroethylene

text: trichloroethylene

text: , and

text: vinylchloride

text: . The pollutants were all over 20 times than the government standard; and most frighteningly, the levels of 1,2-dichloroethane were 30,000 times higher than the standard.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: pollute the soil

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chloroform

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: None of the above choices

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: 20 times than the government standard;

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: the soil and the groundwater

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: vinylchloride.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: 1,1,2-Trichloroethane,

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: 30,000 times higher than the standard.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: 30,000 times higher than the standard.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: 30,000 times higher than the standard.

text: Benzene is considered a light aromatic hydrocarbon with high solubility and high volatility. It is unclear how temperature and depth would impact the volatility of benzene, so assumptions have been made that benzene in oil (1% weight by volume) would not volatilize before equilibrating with water.Using the octanol-water partition coefficient and a 100-year precipitation event for the area, a worst-case estimate of 75 mg/L of benzene is anticipated to flow toward the aquifer. The actual movement of the plume through groundwater systems is not well described, although one estimate is that up to 4.9 billion gallons of water in the Ogallala Aquifer could become contaminated with benzene at concentrations above the MCL. The Final Environmental Impact Statement from the State Department does not include a quantitative analysis because it assumed that most benzene will volatilize.

text: Benzene is considered a light

text: aromatic hydrocarbon

text: with high solubility and high volatility. It is unclear how temperature and depth would impact the volatility of benzene, so assumptions have been made that benzene in oil (1% weight by volume) would not volatilize before equilibrating with water.Using the octanol-water partition coefficient and a 100-year precipitation event for the area, a worst-case estimate of 75 mg/L of benzene is anticipated to flow toward the aquifer. The actual movement of the

text: plume

text: through

text: groundwater

text: systems is not well described, although one estimate is that up to 4.9 billion gallons of water in the Ogallala Aquifer could become contaminated with benzene at concentrations above the MCL. The Final Environmental Impact Statement from the State Department does not include a quantitative analysis because it assumed that most benzene will volatilize.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: benzene

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: benzene

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: The actual movement of the plume through groundwater systems is not well described

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: benzene at concentrations above the MCL.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: contaminated with benzene at concentrations above the MCL.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Benzene

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: octanol-water partition coefficient

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: volatilize.

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: 4.9 billion gallons

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Benzene is considered a light aromatic hydrocarbon

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: groundwater

text: See also: Arsenic contamination of groundwater

text: See also:

text: Arsenic contamination of groundwater

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Arsenic contamination of groundwater

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Arsenic contamination

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Arsenic

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: microbial remediation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: contaminating groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: aquifer would be re-contaminated

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Arsenic contamination of groundwater

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Arsenic contamination of groundwater

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Arsenic contamination of groundwater

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Arsenic contamination of groundwater

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: Arsenic contamination of groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Arsenic contamination of groundwater

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Arsenic contamination of groundwater

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Arsenic contamination of groundwater

text: Remediation of contaminated sites with cement, also called solidification/stabilization with cement (S/S with cement) is a common method for the safe environmental remediation of contaminated land with cement. The cement solidifies the contaminated soil and prevents pollutants from moving, such as rain causing leaching of pollutants into the groundwater or being carried into streams by rain or snowmelt. Developed in the 1950s, the technology is widely used today to treat industrial hazardous waste and contaminated material at brownfield sites i.e. abandoned or underutilized properties that are not being redeveloped because of fears that they may be contaminated with hazardous waste. S/S provides an economically viable means of treating contaminated sites. This technology treats and contains contaminated soil on site thereby reducing the need for landfills.

text: Remediation of contaminated sites with cement, also called solidification/stabilization with cement (S/S with cement) is a common method for the safe

text: environmental remediation

text: of

text: contaminated

text: land with

text: cement

text: . The cement solidifies the contaminated

text: soil

text: and prevents

text: pollutant

text: s from moving, such as

text: rain

text: causing leaching of pollutants into the

text: groundwater

text: or being carried into

text: stream

text: s by rain or

text: snowmelt

text: . Developed in the 1950s, the technology is widely used today to treat industrial

text: hazardous waste

text: and contaminated material at

text: brownfield

text: sites i.e. abandoned or underutilized properties that are not being redeveloped because of fears that they may be contaminated with

text: hazardous waste

text: . S/S provides an economically viable means of treating contaminated sites. This technology treats and contains contaminated soil on site thereby reducing the need for

text: landfill

text: s.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: solidify the soil

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: cement

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: the need for landfills

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: leaching of pollutants into the groundwater

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: leaching of pollutants into the groundwater

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: leaching of pollutants into the groundwater

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: solidification/stabilization with cement

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: cement,

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: landfills.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: leaching of pollutants into the groundwater

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: rain causing leaching of pollutants into the groundwater

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: S/S

text: Air sparging is the process of blowing air directly into the ground water. As the bubbles rise, the contaminants are removed from the groundwater by physical contact with the air (i.e., stripping) and are carried up into the unsaturated zone (i.e., soil). As the contaminants move into the soil, a soil vapor extraction system is usually used to remove vapors.

text: Air sparging is the process of blowing air directly into the ground water. As the bubbles rise, the contaminants are removed from the groundwater by physical contact with the air (i.e., stripping) and are carried up into the unsaturated zone (i.e., soil). As the contaminants move into the soil, a

text: soil vapor extraction

text: system is usually used to remove vapors.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: air sparging

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: air sparging

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: a soil vapor extraction system

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Air sparging

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: physical contact with the air

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Air sparging

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Air sparging

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Air sparging

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: stripping) and are carried up into the unsaturated zone

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: carried up into the unsaturated zone

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Air sparging is the process of blowing air directly into the ground water.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Air sparging is the process of blowing air directly into the ground water.

text: The term DNAPL is used primarily by environmental engineers and hydrogeologists to describe contaminants in groundwater, surface water and sediments. DNAPLs tends to sink below the water table when spilled in significant quantities and only stop when they reach impermeable bedrock. Their penetration into an aquifer makes them difficult to locate and remediate.

text: The term DNAPL is used primarily by environmental engineers and

text: hydrogeologist

text: s to describe contaminants in

text: groundwater

text: , surface water and sediments. DNAPLs tends to sink below the

text: water table

text: when spilled in significant quantities and only stop when they reach impermeable bedrock. Their penetration into an aquifer makes them difficult to locate and remediate.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: remediate

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: DNAPLs

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: difficult to locate and remediate

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: impermeable bedrock

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: difficult to locate and remediate.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: remediate.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: DNAPLs

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: DNAPL

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: DNAPL

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: difficult to locate and remediate.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: DNAPLs tends to sink below the water table

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: DNAPLs tends to sink below the water table

text: The mining activity has caused severe environmental impact in Brazil area. Among the different types of environmental degradation, mining activities has caused landscape degradation, erosion, soil contamination, groundwater and surface water pollution.

text: The mining activity has caused severe

text: environmental impact

text: in Brazil area. Among the different types of

text: environmental degradation

text: , mining activities has caused landscape degradation,

text: erosion

text: soil contamination

text: groundwater

text: and

text: surface

text: water pollution

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: pollute it

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater contamination

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: mining activities has caused landscape degradation, erosion, soil contamination, groundwater

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: groundwater and surface water pollution.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: mining activities has caused landscape degradation, erosion, soil contamination,

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: The mining activity has caused severe environmental impact

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater and surface water pollution.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: mining activities has caused landscape degradation, erosion, soil contamination,

text: There has been a recent movement for control to be shifted to the "Formerly Utilized Sites Remedial Action Program" (FUSRAP), administered by the United States Army Corps of Engineers. FUSRAP was established in 1974 to clean up radioactive wastes resulting from early nuclear activity of the US Atomic Energy Commission. FUSRAP uses independent government scientists to conduct site studies and evaluations. After thorough evaluations are conducted, the US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) determines how to manage the radioactive waste. Fiscally responsible parties are not able to legally challenge this decision. FUSRAP currently controls two on-going remediation projects within the greater St. Louis metropolitan area, the St. Louis Airport Site (SLAPS) and the Hazelwood Interim Storage Site (HISS), both of which contain the same composition of radioactive waste as the West Lake Landfill.

text: There has been a recent movement for control to be shifted to the "

entity_name: Formerly Utilized Sites Remedial Action Program

text: Formerly Utilized Sites Remedial Action Program

text: " (FUSRAP), administered by the

text: United States Army Corps of Engineers

text: FUSRAP

text: was established in 1974 to clean up radioactive wastes resulting from early nuclear activity of the

text: US Atomic Energy Commission

text: FUSRAP

text: uses independent government scientists to conduct site studies and evaluations. After thorough evaluations are conducted, the

text: US Army Corps of Engineers

text: (USACE) determines how to manage the radioactive waste. Fiscally responsible parties are not able to legally challenge this decision.

text: FUSRAP

text: currently controls two on-going remediation projects within the greater St. Louis metropolitan area, the St. Louis Airport Site (SLAPS) and the Hazelwood Interim Storage Site (HISS), both of which contain the same composition of radioactive waste as the West Lake Landfill.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: conduct site studies and evaluations

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: radioactive waste

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: Fiscally responsible parties are not able to legally challenge this decision

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: radioactive wastes resulting from early nuclear activity

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: radioactive wastes

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: West Lake Landfill.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: "Formerly Utilized Sites Remedial Action Program"

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: radioactive wastes

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: Fiscally responsible parties are not able to legally challenge this decision.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: FUSRAP uses independent government scientists to conduct site studies and evaluations.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: radioactive wastes

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: "Formerly Utilized Sites Remedial Action Program"

text: Since housing is cheaper in Formosa than in nearby Brasília many people live there and commute, usually by bus, to the capital.  This influx of new dwellers has caused the population of Formosa to grow rapidly in recent years. This fact, in addition to the lack of public investment, has overburdened services such as health and education. At the time of this writing the city had no sewage system or sewage treatment plant, although extensive construction began in 2005 to remedy this problem. Almost all of the houses use septic tanks, endangering the groundwater which is vital to this region where so many important rivers have their source.Most public schools give poorly taught lessons to students, mainly because the majority of teachers only wanted to enter public service for the salary and accompanying benefits and have little interest in teaching mainly poor, black working-class family children. Private schools provide little better, mainly just paying the yearly fees is enough for the students to receive a high school diploma. Public security is minimal, waiting times for police to arrive when called is up to an hour. When large public shows appear in the outskirts of the city, the infrastructure is quickly overwhelmed and violence soon starts. Lack of oversight of local police also contributes to public safety problems.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: sewage treatment plant

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: septic tanks

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: sewage treatment plant

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: the city had no sewage system or sewage treatment plant

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: many important rivers have their source

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: septic tanks,

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: sewage treatment plant,

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: sewage treatment plant,

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: sewage treatment plant,

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: sewage treatment plant,

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: endangering the groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Almost all of the houses use septic tanks,

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Almost all of the houses use septic tanks,

text: Water pollution is caused by industrial and municipal wastewater, as well as by agriculture. Concerning municipal wastewater, the bulk of collected sewage is discharged untreated and constitutes a major source of pollution to groundwater and a risk to public health. In a number of cities without sanitary sewerage, households discharge their sewage through open rainwater drains.

text: Water pollution is caused by industrial and municipal wastewater, as well as by agriculture. Concerning municipal wastewater, the bulk of collected sewage is discharged untreated and constitutes a major source of pollution to groundwater and a risk to public health. In a number of cities without sanitary sewerage, households discharge their sewage through open rainwater drains.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: untreated

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: acidic chemicals

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: untreated

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: untreated

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: untreated

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: groundwater would be cleaner

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: untreated

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: sewage is discharged untreated

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: untreated

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: untreated

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: sewage is discharged untreated

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: industrial and municipal wastewater,

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: groundwater

text: Scientists have developed air pollution dispersion models to evaluate the concentration of a pollutant at a receptor or the impact on overall air quality from vehicle exhausts and industrial flue gas stack emissions. To some extent, this field overlaps the desire to decrease carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions from combustion processes.

text: Scientists have developed

text: air pollution dispersion models

text: to evaluate the concentration of a pollutant at a receptor or the impact on overall air quality from vehicle

text: exhausts

text: and industrial

text: flue gas stack

text: emissions. To some extent, this field overlaps the desire to decrease

text: carbon dioxide

text: and other

text: greenhouse gas

text: emissions from combustion processes.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: decrease carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: greenhouse gas emissions from combustion processes.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: decrease carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions from combustion processes.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: air pollution dispersion models

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: air pollution dispersion models

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: air pollution dispersion models

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: industrial flue gas stack emissions.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: air pollution dispersion models

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: pollutant

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: air pollution dispersion models

text: The IBRP is designed to assist Native American tribes with identifying tribal property that may or may not have contamination, and then assisting with the clean up process.

text: The IBRP is designed to assist Native American tribes with identifying tribal property that may or may not have contamination, and then assisting with the clean up process.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: identifying tribal property

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: sulfate

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unspecified

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: clean up process.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: identifying tribal property that may or may not have contamination,

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: identifying tribal property

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: IBRP

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: IBRP

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: identifying tribal property that may or may not have contamination,

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: clean up process.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: The IBRP

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: The IBRP

text: Each episode of the programme followed the same formula. Accompanied by a dramatic score of horror movie music, Kim and Aggie explore the abode on their own, examining the extent of the mess and looking for any particularly horrible areas.  Kim and Aggie then meet the resident before the cleaning begins, assisted by several professional cleaners. During this process, which takes up the bulk of the show, Kim and Aggie share tips for tackling particular cleaning tasks with the residents, often relying on traditional solutions rather than proprietary commercial cleaning products.

text: Each episode of the programme followed the same formula. Accompanied by a dramatic score of

text: horror movie

text: music, Kim and Aggie explore the abode on their own, examining the extent of the mess and looking for any particularly horrible areas.  Kim and Aggie then meet the resident before the cleaning begins, assisted by several professional cleaners. During this process, which takes up the bulk of the show, Kim and Aggie share tips for tackling particular cleaning tasks with the residents, often relying on traditional solutions rather than proprietary commercial cleaning products.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: assist several professional cleaners

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: proprietary commercial cleaning products

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: often relying on traditional solutions

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: traditional solutions rather than proprietary commercial cleaning products.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: proprietary commercial cleaning products.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: proprietary commercial cleaning products.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: traditional solutions rather than proprietary commercial cleaning products.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: traditional solutions rather than proprietary commercial cleaning products.

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: proprietary commercial cleaning products.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: traditional solutions rather than proprietary commercial cleaning products.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: proprietary commercial cleaning products.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: traditional solutions rather than proprietary commercial cleaning products.

text: Policy makers can use the intake fraction from various sources of a pollutant to determine which source will yield the largest return on the investment to reduce the pollutant.  For example, an oil drilling facility may emit far greater mass of pollutants than a refueling station.  However, if the oil drilling is located on a platform 10 miles offshore and the refueling station is in an urban area, then very few people will be exposed to the emitted pollutants.  A relatively small reduction in emissions from the refueling station may yield a larger reduction in health impact than a large reduction at the oil platform.

text: Policy makers can use the intake fraction from various sources of a pollutant to determine which source will yield the largest return on the investment to reduce the pollutant.  For example, an

text: oil drilling

text: facility may emit far greater mass of pollutants than a refueling station.  However, if the oil drilling is located on a platform 10 miles offshore and the refueling station is in an urban area, then very few people will be exposed to the emitted pollutants.  A relatively small reduction in emissions from the refueling station may yield a larger reduction in health impact than a large reduction at the

text: oil platform

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: reduce the pollutants

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: a larger reduction in health impact

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: A relatively small reduction in emissions from the refueling station

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: reduce the pollutant.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: intake fraction from various sources of a pollutant

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: intake fraction from various sources of a pollutant

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: oil

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: very few people will be exposed to the emitted pollutants.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: very few people will be exposed to the emitted pollutants.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: oil drilling facility

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: return on the investment to reduce the pollutant.

text: In 2010 the water quality monitoring found almost all rivers with high levels of BOD (a measure of pollution with organic matter). The worst pollution, in decreasing order, were found in river Markanda (490 mg/l BOD), followed by river Kali (364), river Amlakhadi (353), Yamuna canal (247), river Yamuna at the Delhi (70) and river Betwa (58). For context, a water sample with a 5-day BOD between 1 and 2 mg O/L indicates a very clean water, 3 to 8 mg O/L indicates a moderately clean water, 8 to 20 indicates borderline water, and greater than 20 mg O/L indicates ecologically-unsafe polluted water.

text: In 2010 the water quality monitoring found almost all rivers with high levels of

text: BOD

text: (a measure of pollution with organic matter). The worst pollution, in decreasing order, were found in river Markanda (490 mg/l BOD), followed by river Kali (364), river Amlakhadi (353), Yamuna canal (247), river Yamuna at the Delhi (70) and river Betwa (58). For context, a water sample with a 5-day BOD between 1 and 2 mg O/L indicates a very clean water, 3 to 8 mg O/L indicates a moderately clean water, 8 to 20 indicates borderline water, and greater than 20 mg O/L indicates ecologically-unsafe polluted water.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: pollute it

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: BOD

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: a measure of pollution with organic matter

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: a very clean water

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: rivers with high levels of BOD

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: BOD (a measure of pollution with organic matter).

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: BOD

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: BOD

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: pollution with organic matter).

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: clean water,

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: greater than 20 mg O/L indicates ecologically-unsafe

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: 2010 the water quality monitoring found almost all rivers with high levels of BOD

text: During its nearly 60 years of operations, the cleaning, maintenance, and change out of process equipment at the site generated spent solvents and other contaminants that were disposed of in onsite landfills and surface storage buildings.  To date, contamination has been found in various locations on site including the process buildings, the former cooling towers, landfills, waste water ponds, and other buildings.  There are also groundwater plumes from the landfills. The Ohio EPA is monitoring cleanup operations, pursuant to a 1989 consent decree.

text: During its nearly 60 years of operations, the cleaning, maintenance, and change out of process equipment at the site generated spent solvents and other contaminants that were disposed of in onsite landfills and surface storage buildings.  To date, contamination has been found in various locations on site including the process buildings, the former cooling towers, landfills, waste water ponds, and other buildings.  There are also

text: groundwater plume

text: s from the landfills. The

text: Ohio EPA

text: is monitoring cleanup operations, pursuant to a 1989 consent decree.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: disposed of

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: solvents

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater plumes from the landfills

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: groundwater plumes

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: groundwater plumes from the landfills.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: onsite landfills

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: groundwater plumes from the landfills.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: onsite landfills

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: onsite landfills and surface storage buildings.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: surface storage buildings.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: onsite landfills and surface storage buildings.

text: The Clean Air Act (United States) was passed in 1970 to insure that the general public was protected from harmful levels of criteria pollutants, established by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The six regulated criteria pollutants include: Particulate Matter, Lead, Ozone, NO, Carbon Monoxide, and SO. All pollutant levels are calculated by associated health risks that would harm the most sensitive subgroup of people, which are considered to be inner city children. Any major pollution sources must abide by the National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants, by using only the Maximum Achievable Control Technology for their industry.

text: The

text: Clean Air Act (United States)

text: was passed in 1970 to insure that the general public was protected from harmful levels of

text: criteria pollutants

text: , established by the

text: Environmental Protection Agency

text: (EPA). The six regulated criteria pollutants include:

text: Particulate Matter

text: Lead

text: Ozone

text: NO

text: Carbon Monoxide

text: , and

text: SO

text: . All pollutant levels are calculated by associated health risks that would harm the most sensitive subgroup of people, which are considered to be inner city children. Any major pollution sources must abide by the

text: National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants

text: , by using only the Maximum Achievable Control Technology for their industry.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: use only the Maximum Achievable Control Technology

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Ozone

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: None of the above choices

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Maximum Achievable Control Technology

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Maximum Achievable Control Technology

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Maximum Achievable Control Technology

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Maximum Achievable Control Technology

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Maximum Achievable Control Technology

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Maximum Achievable Control Technology

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: inner city children.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Maximum Achievable Control Technology

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Particulate Matter, Lead,

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: The Clean Air Act

text: One of the greatest barriers to entry for poor individuals to join in the environmental justice movement is legal fees. In order to try and prevent the kinds of pollution like that of Warren County, NC, there are a great number of legal fees involved which are often costly. To that end, many of the companies that produce pollution will encourage acceptance of this pollution by communities in order to avoid clean up costs and costs associated with making certain industries more environmentally sustainable. That is, the cost of paying communities to accept pollution is often less than the (initial) cost/s of avoiding pollution all together. Therefore, it can be ascertained that poorer communities are likely to accept compensation for a certain level of pollution, and wealthier communities are willing to accept a smaller amount of pollution and demand a greater level of environmental quality. The difference is that one group is able to pay for environmental quality, and the other group is not.

text: One of the greatest barriers to entry for poor individuals to join in the environmental justice movement is legal fees. In order to try and prevent the kinds of pollution like that of Warren County, NC, there are a great number of legal fees involved which are often costly. To that end, many of the companies that produce pollution will encourage acceptance of this pollution by communities in order to avoid clean up costs and costs associated with making certain industries more environmentally sustainable. That is, the cost of paying communities to accept pollution is often less than the (initial) cost/s of avoiding pollution all together. Therefore, it can be ascertained that poorer communities are likely to accept compensation for a certain level of pollution, and wealthier communities are willing to accept a smaller amount of pollution and demand a greater level of environmental quality. The difference is that one group is able to pay for environmental quality, and the other group is not.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: pay for environmental quality

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: legal fees

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: the cost of paying communities to accept pollution

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: the cost of paying communities to accept pollution

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: avoiding pollution

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: clean up costs

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: clean up costs

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: clean up

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: legal fees.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: clean up costs and costs associated with making certain industries more environmentally sustainable.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: wealthier communities

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: legal fees.

text: The parameters to calculate the RMR value are similar to those used in the RMR system of Bieniawski. This may be confusing, as some of the parameters in the MRMR system are modified, such as the condition parameter that includes groundwater presence and pressure in the MRMR system whereas groundwater is a separate parameter in the RMR system of Bieniawski. The number of classes for the parameters and the detail of the description of the parameters are also more extensive than in the RMR system of Bieniawski.

text: The parameters to calculate the RMR value are similar to those used in the RMR system of Bieniawski. This may be confusing, as some of the parameters in the MRMR system are modified, such as the condition parameter that includes groundwater presence and pressure in the MRMR system whereas groundwater is a separate parameter in the RMR system of Bieniawski. The number of classes for the parameters and the detail of the description of the parameters are also more extensive than in the RMR system of Bieniawski.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unclear

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: groundwater is a separate parameter

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Bieniawski.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: groundwater presence and pressure

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: RMR

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: confusing,

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Bieniawski.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Bieniawski.

text: The MPO monitors the air quality and level of ozone in the area. This includes a forecast from May to the end of September and alerts if the forecast approaches the level of unhealthy for sensitive groups. The MPO also educates the public about pollution reducing activities through the school system and extensive public service announcements.

text: The MPO monitors the

text: air quality

text: and level of

text: ozone

text: in the area. This includes a forecast from May to the end of September and alerts if the forecast approaches the level of unhealthy for sensitive groups. The MPO also educates the public about pollution reducing activities through the school system and extensive public service announcements.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: educate the public

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: pollution reducing activities through the school system and extensive public service announcements.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: pollution reducing activities through the school system and extensive public service announcements.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: pollution reducing activities through the school system and extensive public service announcements.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: pollution reducing activities

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: pollution reducing activities

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unhealthy for sensitive groups.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: public service announcements.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: public service announcements.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: public service announcements.

text: A major alternative to the plume model is a model in which ruptures are caused by plate-related stresses that fractured the lithosphere, allowing melt to reach the surface from shallow heterogeneous sources. The high volumes of molten material that form the LIPs is postulated to be caused by convection in the upper mantle, which is secondary to the convection driving tectonic plate motion.

text: A major alternative to the plume model is a model in which ruptures are caused by plate-related stresses that fractured the lithosphere, allowing melt to reach the surface from shallow heterogeneous sources. The high volumes of molten material that form the LIPs is postulated to be caused by convection in the upper mantle, which is secondary to the convection driving tectonic plate motion.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: convection

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: plume model

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: melt to reach the surface from shallow heterogeneous sources.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: melt to reach the surface from shallow heterogeneous sources.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: plume model

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: plume model

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: melt to reach the surface from shallow heterogeneous sources.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: A major alternative to the plume model

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: shallow heterogeneous sources.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: melt to reach the surface from shallow heterogeneous sources.

text: The EPA created the National Priorities List in 1982 to identify and prioritize hazardous waste sites and facilities that warrant remedial actions. On September 8, 1983, the site was first proposed for placement on the National Priorities List. The site was designated as a Superfund site on September 21, 1984. Groundwater monitoring was initiated in September 1984, and the in June 1985 the use of PCP in wood treatment was phased out. In April 1987, the EPA issued a unilateral removal order to conduct cleanup, removal of contaminated soil. A temporary chip-seal cap was constructed in order to stop leaking of contaminants through the soil and into the groundwater. In May 1989 a record of decision for cleanup of groundwater and soil was issued for the site. Four specified soil units were removed and landfilled. Extraction wells and treatment plants were installed to treat contaminated groundwater by carbon adsorption for both on and off-property sites. In March 1993 groundwater remediation began. Treatment of groundwater was augmented to include bioremediation to treat PCP. Contaminated soil removal began in 1995 and completed in 2002. The second five-year review was completed in February 2003. The remedial actions were deemed protective and was stated in the third five-year report released in 2008. The next five-year review was expected to be released in July 2013. The site is still on the National Priorities List due to contaminated groundwater. The estimated date of cleanup completion and removal from the National Priorities List is September 2025.

text: The

text: EPA

text: created the

text: National Priorities List

text: in 1982 to identify and prioritize hazardous waste sites and facilities that warrant remedial actions. On September 8, 1983, the site was first proposed for placement on the National Priorities List. The site was designated as a Superfund site on September 21, 1984. Groundwater monitoring was initiated in September 1984, and the in June 1985 the use of PCP in wood treatment was phased out. In April 1987, the EPA issued a unilateral removal order to conduct cleanup, removal of contaminated soil. A temporary chip-seal cap was constructed in order to stop leaking of contaminants through the soil and into the groundwater. In May 1989 a

text: record of decision

text: for cleanup of groundwater and soil was issued for the site. Four specified soil units were removed and landfilled. Extraction wells and treatment plants were installed to treat contaminated groundwater by carbon adsorption for both on and off-property sites. In March 1993 groundwater remediation began. Treatment of groundwater was augmented to include

text: bioremediation

text: to treat PCP. Contaminated soil removal began in 1995 and completed in 2002. The second five-year review was completed in February 2003. The remedial actions were deemed protective and was stated in the third five-year report released in 2008. The next five-year review was expected to be released in July 2013. The site is still on the National Priorities List due to contaminated groundwater. The estimated date of cleanup completion and removal from the National Priorities List is September 2025.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: treat contaminated groundwater

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: bioremediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: bioremediation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: bioremediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: contaminated soil removal began in 1995 and completed in 2002

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: contaminated groundwater by carbon adsorption

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: contaminated groundwater

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Extraction wells and treatment plants were installed to treat contaminated groundwater

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: bioremediation to treat PCP.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: bioremediation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: bioremediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: leaking of contaminants through the soil and into the groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Extraction wells and treatment plants

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: leaking of contaminants through the soil and into the groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Extraction wells and treatment plants were installed to treat contaminated groundwater

text: Even though Croatia has sufficient water resources at its disposal, these are not uniformly distributed and public water supply network losses remain high—estimated at 44%. Between 2004 and 2008, the number of stations monitoring surface water pollution increased by 20%; the CEA reported 476 cases of water pollution in this period. At the same time organic waste pollution levels decreased slightly, which is attributed to the completion of new sewage treatment plants; their number increased 20%, reaching a total of 101. Nearly all of Croatia's groundwater aquifers are top quality, unlike the available surface water; the latter's quality varies in terms of biochemical oxygen demand and bacteriological water analysis results. As of 2008, 80% of the Croatian population are served by the public water supply system, but only 44% of the population have access to the public sewerage network, with septic systems in use. Adriatic Sea water quality monitoring between 2004 and 2008 indicated very good, oligotrophic conditions along most of the coast, while areas of increased eutrophication were identified in the Bay of Bakar, the Bay of Kaštela, the Port of Šibenik and near Ploče; other areas of localized pollution were identified near the larger coastal cities. In the period between 2004 and 2008, the CEA identified 283 cases of marine pollution (including 128 from vessels), which was a drop of 15% relative to the period encompassed by the previous report, 1997 to August 2005.

text: Even though Croatia has sufficient

text: water resources

text: at its disposal, these are not uniformly distributed and public

text: water supply network

text: losses remain high—estimated at 44%. Between 2004 and 2008, the number of stations monitoring surface

text: water pollution

text: increased by 20%; the CEA reported 476 cases of water pollution in this period. At the same time

text: organic waste

text: pollution levels decreased slightly, which is attributed to the completion of new

text: sewage treatment

text: plants; their number increased 20%, reaching a total of 101. Nearly all of Croatia's

text: groundwater

text: aquifer

text: s are top

text: quality

text: , unlike the available surface water; the latter's quality varies in terms of

text: biochemical oxygen demand

text: and

text: bacteriological water analysis

text: results. As of 2008, 80% of the Croatian population are served by the public

text: water supply

text: system, but only 44% of the population have access to the public

text: sewerage

text: network, with

text: septic system

text: s in use. Adriatic Sea water quality monitoring between 2004 and 2008 indicated very good,

text: oligotroph

text: ic conditions along most of the coast, while areas of increased

text: eutrophication

text: were identified in the

text: Bay of Bakar

text: , the Bay of

text: Kaštela

text: , the Port of

text: Šibenik

text: and near

text: Ploče

text: ; other areas of localized pollution were identified near the larger coastal cities. In the period between 2004 and 2008, the CEA identified 283 cases of

text: marine pollution

text: (including 128

text: from vessels

text: ), which was a drop of 15% relative to the period encompassed by the previous report, 1997 to August 2005.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: sewage treatment plants

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: sewage treatment plants

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: sewage treatment plants

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: 80% of the Croatian population

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: groundwater aquifers are top quality,

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: surface water;

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: biochemical oxygen demand and bacteriological water analysis results.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: sewage treatment plants;

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: sewage treatment plants;

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: sewage treatment plants;

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: top quality,

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: surface water pollution

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Nearly all of Croatia's groundwater aquifers

text: Restoration & Remediation "Cleaning Infectious Disease";

text: Restoration & Remediation "Cleaning Infectious Disease";

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: "Cleaning Infectious Disease"

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: disinfect it

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: microbial remediation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: contaminating them

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: aquifers would be restored

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Restoration & Remediation

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Restoration & Remediation "Cleaning Infectious Disease";

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Restoration & Remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Restoration & Remediation "Cleaning Infectious Disease";

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Restoration & Remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: Infectious Disease";

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: "Cleaning Infectious Disease";

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Restoration & Remediation "Cleaning Infectious Disease";

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Restoration & Remediation "Cleaning Infectious Disease";

text: JPL has been criticized by regional environmentalists and the community for its water pollution of the local groundwater with toxic chemicals, such as solvents and perchlorate rocket fuel accelerants. A monumental cleanup project by NASA has begun, which includes a multimillion-dollar pumping and water filtration system to treat the groundwater, removing toxins until the aquifer contamination level has been reduced below their federally-specified limits. This project is carried out by a NASA project team and monitored by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Frequent public meetings are held with public comment, and recorded for the record on the quality and progress of the clean-up.

text: JPL has been criticized by regional environmentalists and the community for its

text: water pollution

text: of the local

text: groundwater

text: with

text: toxic

text: chemicals, such as

text: solvent

text: s and

text: perchlorate

text: rocket fuel

text: accelerant

text: s. A monumental cleanup project by NASA has begun, which includes a multimillion-dollar pumping and

text: water filtration

text: system to treat the groundwater, removing toxins until the aquifer contamination level has been reduced below their federally-specified limits. This project is carried out by a NASA project team and monitored by the

text: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

text: . Frequent public meetings are held with public comment, and recorded for the record on the quality and progress of the clean-up.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: pumping

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: perchlorate

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: the aquifer contamination level has been reduced

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: cleanup project by NASA has begun, which includes a multimillion-dollar

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: water filtration system to treat the groundwater,

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: perchlorate rocket fuel accelerants.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: NASA

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: reduced below their federally-specified limits.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: solvents and perchlorate rocket fuel accelerants.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: multimillion-dollar

text: State and tribal agencies report that onsite septic systems currently constitute the third most common source of groundwater pollution and that these systems have failed because of inappropriate siting or design or inadequate long-term maintenance (USEPA, 1996a). In the 1996 Clean Water Needs Survey (USEPA, 1996b), states and tribes also identified more than 500 communities as having failed septic systems that have caused public health problems. The discharge of partially treated sewage from malfunctioning onsite systems was identified as a principal or contributing source of degradation in 32 percent of all harvest-limited shellfish growing areas. Onsite wastewater treatment systems have also contributed to an overabundance of nutrients in ponds, lakes, and coastal estuaries, leading to the excessive growth of algae and other nuisance aquatic plants (USEPA, 1996b). In addition, onsite systems contribute to contamination of drinking water sources. USEPA estimates that 168,000 viral illnesses and 34,000 bacterial illnesses occur each year as a result of consumption of drinking water from systems that rely on improperly treated ground water. Malfunctioning septic systems have been identified as one potential source of ground water contamination (USEPA, 2000).

text: State and tribal agencies report that onsite septic systems currently constitute the third most common source of

text: groundwater pollution

text: and that these systems have failed because of inappropriate siting or design or inadequate long-term maintenance (USEPA, 1996a). In the 1996 Clean Water Needs Survey (USEPA, 1996b), states and tribes also identified more than 500 communities as having failed septic systems that have caused public health problems. The discharge of partially treated sewage from malfunctioning onsite systems was identified as a principal or contributing source of degradation in 32 percent of all harvest-limited shellfish growing areas. Onsite wastewater treatment systems have also contributed to an overabundance of nutrients in ponds, lakes, and coastal estuaries, leading to the excessive growth of algae and other nuisance aquatic plants (USEPA, 1996b). In addition, onsite systems contribute to contamination of drinking water sources. USEPA estimates that 168,000 viral illnesses and 34,000 bacterial illnesses occur each year as a result of consumption of drinking water from systems that rely on improperly treated ground water. Malfunctioning septic systems have been identified as one potential source of ground water contamination (USEPA, 2000).

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: long-term maintenance

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: septic systems

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: contamination of drinking water sources

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: onsite septic systems

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: long-term maintenance

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: onsite septic systems

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: onsite septic systems

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: onsite septic systems

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: sewage

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: drinking water sources.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: algae

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: onsite septic systems

text: In cases where no reuse is possible or desired, urine is usually infiltrated in the soil unless this practice would cause groundwater pollution. In eThekwini municipality in South Africa or in Lima, Peru, for example, urine from UDDTs is safely infiltrated into the soil because the groundwater level is very low there and the groundwater is not used for any particular purpose. Infiltration can be done by directing the urine to a soak pit or by running a perforated urine pipe from the toilet to an area outside, where the hose is sloping gently downhill (for rural areas). Clogging of the pipe's holes can be avoided by ensuring there are no T-junctions, no joints and that a plastic mesh is installed in the urine funnel of the toilet to keep everything other than urine out.

text: In cases where no reuse is possible or desired, urine is usually infiltrated in the soil unless this practice would cause

text: groundwater

text: pollution. In eThekwini municipality in South Africa or in Lima, Peru, for example, urine from UDDTs is safely infiltrated into the soil because the groundwater level is very low there and the groundwater is not used for any particular purpose. Infiltration can be done by directing the urine to a soak pit or by running a perforated urine pipe from the toilet to an area outside, where the hose is sloping gently downhill (for rural areas). Clogging of the pipe's holes can be avoided by ensuring there are no T-junctions, no joints and that a plastic mesh is installed in the urine funnel of the toilet to keep everything other than urine out.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: infiltration

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: a plastic mesh

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater pollution

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: groundwater pollution.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: groundwater pollution.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Infiltration can be done by directing the urine to a soak pit

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Infiltration

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater pollution.

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater pollution.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: groundwater pollution.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: urine

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Infiltration

text: However these relatively low pollution values begin to increase as greater and greater wind energy is added to the grid, or wind power 'electric grid penetration' levels are reached. Due to the effects of attempting to balance out the energy demands on the grid, from Intermittent power sources e.g. wind power(sources which have low capacity factors due to the weather), this either requires the construction of large energy storage projects, which have their own emission intensity which must be added to wind power's system-wide pollution effects, or it requires more frequent reliance on fossil fuels than the spinning reserve requirements necessary to back up more dependable sources. With the latter combination presently being the more common.

text: However these relatively low pollution values begin to increase as greater and greater wind energy is added to the grid, or wind power '

text: electric grid

text: penetration' levels are reached. Due to the effects of attempting to balance out the energy demands on the grid, from

text: Intermittent power sources

text: e.g. wind power(sources which have low

text: capacity factor

text: s due to the weather), this either requires the construction of large

text: energy storage projects

text: , which have their own

text: emission intensity

text: which must be added to wind power's system-wide pollution effects, or it requires more frequent reliance on fossil fuels than the

text: spinning reserve

text: requirements necessary to back up more dependable sources. With the latter combination presently being the more common.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: back up more dependable sources

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: hydrochloric acid

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: pollution values begin to increase as greater and greater wind energy

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: construction of large energy storage projects,

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: construction of large energy storage projects,

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Intermittent power sources e.g. wind power(sources

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: energy storage projects,

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: wind power's system-wide pollution effects,

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: large energy storage projects,

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: low pollution values

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: large energy storage projects,

text: Petitioner English, a laboratory technician at a nuclear facility operated by respondent General Electric Company (GE), complained to GE's management and to the Federal Government about several perceived violations of nuclear-safety standards at the facility, including the failure of her co-workers to clean up radioactive spills in the laboratory. Frustrated by GE's failure to address her concerns, English on one occasion deliberately failed to clean a work table contaminated with uranium during an earlier shift. Instead, she outlined the contaminated areas with red tape to make them conspicuous and, a few days later, called her supervisor's attention to the fact that the marked-off areas still had not been cleaned. Shortly after work was halted for inspection and cleaning of the laboratory, GE charged English with a knowing failure to clean up radioactive contamination, temporarily assigned her to other work, and ultimately discharged her. She then filed a complaint with the Secretary of Labor, alleging that GE's actions violated 210(a) of the Energy Reorganization Act of 1974, which makes it unlawful for a nuclear industry employer to retaliate against an employee for reporting safety violations. Although an Administrative Law Judge (ALJ) found a 210(a) violation, the Secretary dismissed the complaint as untimely under the 30-day limitations period provided by 210(b)(1). Subsequently, English filed a diversity action seeking compensatory and punitive damages from GE in the District Court, raising, inter alia, a state-law claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress. While rejecting GE's argument that the latter claim fell within a field - nuclear safety - that had been completely pre-empted by the Federal Government, the court nevertheless dismissed the claim on the ground that it conflicted with three particular aspects of 210 and was therefore pre-empted. The Court of Appeals affirmed.

text: Petitioner English, a laboratory technician at a nuclear facility operated by respondent

text: General Electric

text: Company (GE), complained to GE's management and to the Federal Government about several perceived violations of nuclear-safety standards at the facility, including the failure of her co-workers to clean up radioactive spills in the laboratory. Frustrated by GE's failure to address her concerns, English on one occasion deliberately failed to clean a work table contaminated with

text: uranium

text: during an earlier shift. Instead, she outlined the contaminated areas with red tape to make them conspicuous and, a few days later, called her supervisor's attention to the fact that the marked-off areas still had not been cleaned. Shortly after work was halted for inspection and cleaning of the laboratory, GE charged English with a knowing failure to clean up radioactive contamination, temporarily assigned her to other work, and ultimately discharged her. She then filed a complaint with the Secretary of Labor, alleging that GE's actions violated 210(a) of the Energy Reorganization Act of 1974, which makes it unlawful for a nuclear industry employer to retaliate against an employee for reporting safety violations. Although an

text: Administrative Law Judge

text: (ALJ) found a 210(a) violation, the Secretary dismissed the complaint as untimely under the 30-day limitations period provided by 210(b)(1). Subsequently, English filed a diversity action seeking compensatory and punitive damages from GE in the District Court, raising, inter alia, a state-law claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress. While rejecting GE's argument that the latter claim fell within a field - nuclear safety - that had been completely pre-empted by the Federal Government, the court nevertheless dismissed the claim on the ground that it conflicted with three particular aspects of 210 and was therefore pre-empted. The Court of Appeals affirmed.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: clean up radioactive contamination

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: radioactive contamination

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: radioactive contamination

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Act of 1974,

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Act of 1974,

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: uranium

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: radioactive contamination,

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: radioactive spills

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: failure of her co-workers to clean up radioactive spills

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: 210(a) of the Energy Reorganization Act of 1974,

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: red tape to make them conspicuous

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: GE

text: ERH is typically most effective on volatile organic compounds (VOCs).  The chlorinated compounds perchloroethylene, trichloroethylene, and cis- or trans- 1,2-dichloroethylene are contaminants that are easily remediated with ERH.  The table shows contaminants that can be remediated with ERH along with their respective boiling points.  Less volatile contaminants like xylene or diesel can also be remediated with ERH but energy requirements increase as the volatility decreases.

text: ERH is typically most effective on

text: volatile organic compounds

text: (VOCs).  The chlorinated compounds

text: perchloroethylene

text: trichloroethylene

text: , and cis- or trans- 1,2-dichloroethylene are contaminants that are easily remediated with ERH.  The table shows contaminants that can be remediated with ERH along with their respective boiling points.  Less volatile contaminants like xylene or diesel can also be remediated with ERH but energy requirements increase as the volatility decreases.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: ERH

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: perchloroethylene

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: ERH

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: energy requirements increase as the volatility decreases

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: less volatile contaminants like xylene

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: energy requirements increase

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: ERH

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: ERH

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: ERH

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: ERH

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: energy requirements increase as the volatility decreases.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: ERH.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: volatile organic compounds

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: energy requirements increase as the volatility decreases.

text: In 1993, the Government commissioned CMPS&F Environmental to undertake a feasibility study for cleaning up the town site. The study found that there was still extensive contamination, after approximately fifteen years during which attempts were made to clean up the town. The final report proposed a clean up involving removal of 100mm of contaminated top soil and replacement by gravel capping under strict guidelines. The cost was estimated at $2.43 million, and the report suggested the town could be developed further after clean up.A systematic clean up of the town was not undertaken. Members of the Interdepartmental Committee on Wittenoom believed it was unlikely the town could be satisfactorily cleaned up and the benefits of attempting to clean up the town were not in proportion to the costs, or the risks involved. The legal implications of encouraging people to live in a town contaminated with crocidolite (even after clean up) were enormous. If residents or visitors contracted an asbestos related disease at some point in the future, it was very likely they might initiate legal action against the Government or organisations involved in such a project.

text: In 1993, the Government commissioned CMPS&F Environmental to undertake a feasibility study for cleaning up the town site. The study found that there was still extensive contamination, after approximately fifteen years during which attempts were made to clean up the town. The final report proposed a clean up involving removal of 100mm of contaminated top soil and replacement by gravel capping under strict guidelines. The cost was estimated at $2.43 million, and the report suggested the town could be developed further after clean up.A systematic clean up of the town was not undertaken. Members of the Interdepartmental Committee on Wittenoom believed it was unlikely the town could be satisfactorily cleaned up and the benefits of attempting to clean up the town were not in proportion to the costs, or the risks involved. The legal implications of encouraging people to live in a town contaminated with crocidolite (even after clean up) were enormous. If residents or visitors contracted an asbestos related disease at some point in the future, it was very likely they might initiate legal action against the Government or organisations involved in such a project.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: gravel capping

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: gravel capping

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: The benefits of attempting to clean up the town were not in proportion to the costs, or the risks involved

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: $2.43 million,

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: gravel capping

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: crocidolite

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: gravel capping

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: gravel capping

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: crocidolite

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: gravel capping

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: crocidolite

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: $2.43 million,

text: This property clean-up is being handled through the NJEDA and is not considered a Superfund clean-up site. The site is located at the northeastern intersection of Route 79 and Beacon Hill Road.  There were a total of 10 buildings on the site along with wooded areas. Investigations found the presence of a variety of unspecified environmental contaminants associated with the construction of rocket launcher parts. In addition, investigations included possible groundwater contamination on the property. There are no current known plans for clean-up, however, public hearings have been held to start the process of clean-up and redevelopment of the area. Marlboro township was given a total of $200,000 in two different grants to complete remedial investigation of the site by the NJEDA.  The mayor has suggested it may take up to $5 million to clean up the land.

text: This property clean-up is being handled through the NJEDA and is not considered a Superfund clean-up site. The site is located at the northeastern intersection of Route 79 and Beacon Hill Road.  There were a total of 10 buildings on the site along with wooded areas. Investigations found the presence of a variety of unspecified environmental contaminants associated with the construction of rocket launcher parts. In addition, investigations included possible groundwater contamination on the property. There are no current known plans for clean-up, however, public hearings have been held to start the process of clean-up and redevelopment of the area. Marlboro township was given a total of $200,000 in two different grants to complete remedial investigation of the site by the NJEDA.  The mayor has suggested it may take up to $5 million to clean up the land.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: redevelopment

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: groundwater contamination

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unspecified

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: no current known plans for clean-up

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unspecified environmental contaminants

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: $200,000

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: redevelopment

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: rocket launcher parts.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Superfund

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Superfund

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: redevelopment

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: it may take up to $5 million

text: The main water source for agriculture and drinking water in the region comes from groundwater. The three primary aquifers in the Pajaro Watershed are the Alluvial, the Aromas, and the Purisma aquifers. All three suffer from seawater intrusion due to groundwater overdraft, the worst affected being the Aromas aquifer.The Alluvial aquifer is heavily polluted by agricultural runoff.

text: The main water source for agriculture and drinking water in the region comes from groundwater. The three primary aquifers in the Pajaro Watershed are the Alluvial, the Aromas, and the Purisma aquifers. All three suffer from seawater intrusion due to groundwater overdraft, the worst affected being the Aromas aquifer.The Alluvial aquifer is heavily polluted by agricultural runoff.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: overdraft

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: acidic chemicals

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater overdraft

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: None of the above choices

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: agricultural runoff.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: agricultural runoff.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: agricultural runoff.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: agricultural runoff.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: drinking water

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: agricultural runoff.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: agricultural runoff.

text: The widemouth blindcat is a vulnerable species; it is threatened by groundwater pollution.

text: The widemouth blindcat is a

text: vulnerable species

text: ; it is threatened by

text: groundwater

text: pollution

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: pollute it

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: acidic chemicals

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater pollution

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: the blindcat would be saved

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: groundwater pollution.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: groundwater pollution.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater pollution.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: groundwater pollution.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: groundwater

text: Currently, most CCGs exist as remediations of single-player games. To convert a single-player game into a CCG, the only requirement is for the controls to be opened up to multiple players. A remediation features changes solely to the gameplay mechanics, leaving everything else unchanged.

text: Currently, most CCGs exist as remediations of single-player games. To convert a single-player game into a CCG, the only requirement is for the controls to be opened up to multiple players. A remediation features changes solely to the gameplay mechanics, leaving everything else unchanged.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: open up the controls

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: CCG

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: A remediation features changes solely to the gameplay mechanics

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Currently, most CCGs exist as remediations of single-player games.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: opened up to multiple players.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: controls to be opened up to multiple players.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: CCGs exist as remediations of single-player games.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: CCGs

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: A remediation features changes solely to the gameplay mechanics,

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: CCGs exist as remediations

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Currently, most CCGs exist as remediations of single-player games.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Currently, most CCGs exist as remediations of single-player games.

text: The EPA has estimated a 72-mile plume of contaminated groundwater has been created over the course of the mine due to multiple spills and runoff.  Long-term effects of the underground water supply contamination may include an increased demand for surface water solutions as the population of the Salt Lake valley grows since the county will not be able to tap into the groundwater supply.

text: The

text: EPA

text: has estimated a 72-mile plume of contaminated

text: groundwater

text: has been created over the course of the mine due to multiple spills and runoff.  Long-term effects of the underground water supply contamination may include an increased demand for surface water solutions as the population of the

text: Salt Lake

text: valley grows since the county will not be able to tap into the

text: groundwater

text: supply.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: tap into the groundwater supply

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: acidic chemicals

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: increased demand

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: increased demand for surface water solutions

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: contaminated groundwater

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: surface water solutions

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: contaminated groundwater

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: contaminated groundwater

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: contaminated groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: the county will not be able to tap into the groundwater supply.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: increased demand for surface water solutions

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: contaminated groundwater

text: Cleanup or environmental remediation is analyzed by environmental scientists who utilize field measurement of soil chemicals and also apply computer models (GIS in Environmental Contamination) for analyzing transport and fate of soil chemicals. Various technologies have been developed for remediation of oil-contaminated soil/ sediments  There are several principal strategies for remediation:

text: Cleanup or

text: environmental remediation

text: is analyzed by

text: environmental scientist

text: s who utilize field measurement of

text: soil chemicals

text: and also apply

text: computer model

text: s (

text: GIS in Environmental Contamination

text: ) for analyzing transport and fate of soil chemicals. Various technologies have been developed for remediation of oil-contaminated soil/ sediments  There are several principal strategies for remediation:

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: remediation

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: contaminate the soil

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: field measurement of soil chemicals

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: remediation is expensive

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: contaminated water would be pumped back in

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Cleanup or environmental remediation

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Cleanup or environmental remediation

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: oil-contaminated soil/ sediments

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Cleanup

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Cleanup

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: transport and fate of soil chemicals.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Cleanup or environmental remediation

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: oil-contaminated

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Various technologies have been developed for remediation

text: Around one-third of the world’s population drinks water from groundwater resources. Of this, about 10 percent, approximately 300 million people, obtains water from groundwater resources that are heavily polluted with arsenic or fluoride. These trace elements derive mainly from natural sources by leaching from rock and sediments.

text: Around one-third of the world’s population drinks water from groundwater resources. Of this, about 10 percent, approximately 300 million people, obtains water from groundwater resources that are heavily polluted with arsenic or fluoride. These trace elements derive mainly from natural sources by leaching from rock and sediments.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: arsenic

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: fluoride

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: leaching

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: None of the above choices

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Around one-third of the world’s population drinks water from groundwater

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: heavily polluted

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: arsenic or fluoride.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: groundwater resources.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: leaching from rock and sediments.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: arsenic or fluoride.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: groundwater resources.

text: In 2012, after five years of negotiations with the Army, the City of Forest Park purchased 1,170 acres comprising most of the former Fort Gillem for $30 million, and ownership was transferred to the Forest Park/Fort Gillem Implementation Local Redevelopment Authority (ILRA). City officials wanted mixed-use development on the property, but following the housing crash turned their focus to industrial, manufacturing, warehouse and business park development. The only private residences are a 125-unit development owned by The Park, which has a lease with the Army until 2025. There are around 165 acres of contaminated groundwater on the site the cleanup of which the Army is responsible for. The clean up of the land was expected to take ten years.

text: In 2012, after five years of negotiations with the Army, the City of Forest Park purchased 1,170 acres comprising most of the former Fort Gillem for $30 million, and ownership was transferred to the Forest Park/Fort Gillem Implementation Local Redevelopment Authority (ILRA). City officials wanted

text: mixed-use development

text: on the property, but following the

text: housing crash

text: turned their focus to industrial, manufacturing,

text: warehouse

text: and

text: business park

text: development. The only private residences are a 125-unit development owned by The Park, which has a lease with the Army until 2025. There are around 165 acres of

text: contaminated groundwater

text: on the site the cleanup of which the Army is responsible for. The clean up of the land was expected to take ten years.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: clean up the land

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: contaminated groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: contaminated groundwater on the site

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: 165 acres of contaminated groundwater

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: The clean up of the land was expected to take ten years.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: contaminated groundwater

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: contaminated groundwater

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: contaminated groundwater

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: contaminated groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: contaminated groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: ten years.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: contaminated groundwater

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: contaminated groundwater

text: Until the 2006 Supreme Court case of eBay v. MercExchange, plaintiffs routinely sought, and were granted, injunctions prohibiting infringement of their patents.  After 2006, injunctions were much harder to obtain, leaving plaintiffs to pursue remedies only for damages.  Because patents last for many years, it is common for lawsuits to conclude before the patent term has ended.  This has opened up the question of whether and to what extent a court should craft a remedy that includes a royalty for infringing activity that has not yet occurred, but which likely will occur in the immediate future if the infringer continues his infringing activity.  According to a 2009 article in the Federal Lawyer, courts have been willing to grant such remedies in appropriate cases.

text: Until the 2006 Supreme Court case of eBay v. MercExchange, plaintiffs routinely sought, and were granted, injunctions prohibiting infringement of their patents.  After 2006, injunctions were much harder to obtain, leaving plaintiffs to pursue remedies only for damages.  Because patents last for many years, it is common for lawsuits to conclude before the patent term has ended.  This has opened up the question of whether and to what extent a court should craft a remedy that includes a royalty for infringing activity that has not yet occurred, but which likely will occur in the immediate future if the infringer continues his infringing activity.  According to a 2009 article in the Federal Lawyer, courts have been willing to grant such remedies in appropriate cases.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: infringe

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: After 2006, injunctions were much harder to obtain

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: clean water would be pumped back in

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: damages.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: injunctions prohibiting infringement of their patents.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: the infringer continues his infringing activity.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: injunctions prohibiting infringement of their patents.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: injunctions

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: common for lawsuits to conclude before the patent term has ended.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: courts have been willing to grant such remedies in appropriate cases.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: injunctions prohibiting infringement of their patents.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Until the 2006 Supreme Court case of eBay v. MercExchange,

text: Personnel changes and label interference frustrated The Black Crowes' attempts to follow up their 1996 album Three Snakes and One Charm.  During May and June 1997, they recorded an album called Band, but it was rejected by their label, American Recordings.  Lead singer Chris Robinson said American "couldn't go with the vibe" and wanted something more "safe".  In August, guitarist Marc Ford was fired due to a heroin habit that impaired his performances.  Guitarist Rich Robinson said, "We would be onstage playing 'Remedy', and he would be playing a completely different song.... We told him to clean up or get out.  We assumed, since he loved music and the band, that he would clean up."  Bassist Johnny Colt had been losing interest in the band since the recording of Three Snakes and One Charm; his contributions to that album were minimal, as Rich played bass in his stead on all but one track. Colt quit in October to become a yoga instructor.

text: Personnel changes and label interference frustrated The Black Crowes' attempts to follow up their 1996 album

text: Three Snakes and One Charm

text: .  During May and June 1997, they recorded an album called Band, but it was rejected by their label,

text: American Recordings

text: .  Lead singer

text: Chris Robinson

text: said American "couldn't go with the vibe" and wanted something more "safe".  In August, guitarist

text: Marc Ford

text: was fired due to a

text: heroin

text: habit that impaired his performances.  Guitarist

text: Rich Robinson

text: said, "We would be onstage playing 'Remedy', and he would be playing a completely different song.... We told him to clean up or get out.  We assumed, since he loved music and the band, that he would clean up."  Bassist

text: Johnny Colt

text: had been losing interest in the band since the recording of Three Snakes and One Charm; his contributions to that album were minimal, as Rich played bass in his stead on all but one track. Colt quit in October to become a yoga instructor.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: clean up

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: acidic pollutant

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: guitarist Marc Ford was fired due to a heroin habit that impaired his performances

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Colt quit in October

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Three Snakes and One Charm.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: We told him to clean up or get out.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Three Snakes

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: 'Remedy',

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: 'Remedy',

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: We told him to clean up or get out.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: We told him to clean up or get out.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Snakes

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Three Snakes and One Charm.

text: The API was based on the level of 6 atmospheric pollutants, namely sulphur dioxide (SO), nitrogen dioxide (NO), respirable suspended particulates, carbon monoxide (CO), ozone (O), lead (Pb), measured at all the monitoring stations throughout the territory. It was replaced by the Air Quality Health Index on the 30th December 2013.

text: The API was based on the level of 6 atmospheric pollutants, namely sulphur dioxide (SO), nitrogen dioxide (NO), respirable suspended particulates, carbon monoxide (CO), ozone (O),

text: lead

text: (Pb), measured at all the monitoring stations throughout the territory. It was replaced by the

text: Air Quality Health Index

text: on the 30th December 2013.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: carbon monoxide

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Air Quality Health Index on the 30th December 2013.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: The API was based on the level of 6 atmospheric pollutants,

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: lead (Pb),

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Air Quality Health Index

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: The API was based on the level of 6 atmospheric pollutants,

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: Air Quality Health Index on the 30th December 2013.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Air Quality Health Index on the 30th December 2013.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: lead (Pb),

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Air Quality Health Index on the 30th December 2013.

text: Remediation includes both appropriate remedial instruction and classroom accommodations.

text: Remediation includes both appropriate remedial instruction and classroom accommodations.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: remediate it

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: a waste of time

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: remediation

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Remediation includes both appropriate remedial instruction and classroom accommodations.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: appropriate remedial instruction and classroom accommodations.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: appropriate remedial instruction and classroom accommodations.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Remediation includes both appropriate remedial instruction

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: Remediation

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Remediation

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Remediation includes both appropriate remedial instruction and classroom accommodations.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Remediation includes both appropriate remedial instruction and classroom accommodations.

text: Then they considered burlesque. Burlesque acts were cheaper, and circuits (called "wheels") supplied a new show every week, complete with cast, costumes, and scenery. There was the Columbia Wheel, the American Wheel, and the Mutual Wheel. Burlesque during this period was "clean"; a fourth wheel, the Independent, actually went bankrupt in 1916 after refusing to clean up its act. The Minskys briefly considered signing with a wheel but decided to stage their own shows because it was cheaper and Billy longed to be the next Florenz Ziegfeld.

text: Then they considered

text: burlesque

text: . Burlesque acts were cheaper, and circuits (called "wheels") supplied a new show every week, complete with cast, costumes, and scenery. There was the

text: Columbia Wheel

text: , the American Wheel, and the Mutual Wheel. Burlesque during this period was "clean"; a fourth wheel, the Independent, actually went bankrupt in 1916 after refusing to clean up its act. The Minskys briefly considered signing with a wheel but decided to stage their own shows because it was cheaper and Billy longed to be the next

text: Florenz Ziegfeld

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: clean up its act

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: cheaper

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: refusing to clean up its act.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: burlesque.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: burlesque.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: burlesque.

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: a fourth wheel, the Independent, actually went bankrupt

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: a fourth wheel, the Independent, actually went bankrupt

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: burlesque.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: burlesque.

text: However, development had been hindered by toxic waste contamination of groundwater in the area. For years several dry cleaners had dumped and spilled their waste chemicals in the area, until the county health department discovered the extent of the pollution in 1979. Downtown Armonk had been declared a Superfund site, and the federal Environmental Protection Agency was supplying affected homes and businesses with bottled water while monitoring it.

text: However, development had been hindered by

text: toxic waste

text: contamination of

text: groundwater

text: in the area. For years several

text: dry cleaner

text: s had dumped and spilled their waste chemicals in the area, until the county health department discovered the extent of the pollution in 1979. Downtown Armonk had been declared a

text: Superfund

text: site, and the

text: federal Environmental Protection Agency

text: was supplying affected homes and businesses with

text: bottled water

text: while monitoring it.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: protect the environment

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Superfund

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: contamination of groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: development had been hindered by toxic waste contamination of groundwater

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: toxic waste contamination of groundwater

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Superfund site, and the federal Environmental Protection Agency

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Superfund

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Superfund

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: dry cleaners had dumped and spilled

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: supplying affected homes and businesses with bottled water

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: bottled water

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: groundwater

text: Water pollution is another type of widespread contaminant which has ethical implications in mitigating the source and balancing conflicting priorities. The two types of water contaminants are anthropogenic compounds (generally referred to as pollutants, such as disinfection products, metals, municipal and agricultural waste, and petroleum and coal hydrocarbons) and natural contaminants (such as microorganisms or chemicals like arsenic and nitrogen, which are naturally present in the soil). the common misconception is that chemicals leaking into the soil will be diluted over time and rendered harmless. This theory does not take into account Persistent Organic Pollutants, which do not break down easily, and sometimes break down into more harmful constituents. Most industrialized nations have legislation in place to protect the public from impure drinking water. The Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974 established maximum levels of pollutants in public drinking water, however its power to regulate private sources of bottled water or wells is severely limited. An additional issue regarding water pollution is the relative scarcity of clean fresh water on the earth, an issue which acutely presents itself in areas prone to drought. Agriculture uses a great deal of water, so much so that shortages in drought-prone areas can significantly affect crop yield. The main ethical issues with water pollution is whether growth should be restricted in order to preserve public health. An additional issue is the regulation of private corporations, whose activities may put populations of citizens at risk for groundwater contamination.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: regulate private corporations

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Arsenic

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: disinfection products

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: Persistent Organic Pollutants, which do not break down easily,

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Persistent Organic Pollutants

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: private corporations,

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: groundwater contamination.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: arsenic and nitrogen,

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: natural contaminants

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: disinfection

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: disinfection products,

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: public drinking water,

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: anthropogenic compounds

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: groundwater contamination.

text: The mine was opened in 1955 and operated by Anaconda Copper and later by the Atlantic Richfield Company (ARCO), until its closure on Earth Day 1982. When the pit was closed, the water pumps in the nearby Kelley Mine, 3,800 feet below the surface, were turned off, and groundwater from the surrounding aquifers began to slowly fill the pit, rising at about the rate of one foot a month. Since the pit closure in 1982, the level has risen to within 150 feet of the natural groundwater level.

text: The mine was opened in 1955 and operated by

text: Anaconda Copper

text: and later by the

text: Atlantic Richfield Company

text: (ARCO), until its closure on

text: Earth Day

text: 1982. When the pit was closed, the water pumps in the nearby Kelley Mine, 3,800 feet below the surface, were turned off, and

text: groundwater

text: from the surrounding aquifers began to slowly fill the pit, rising at about the rate of one foot a month. Since the pit closure in 1982, the level has risen to within 150 feet of the natural groundwater level.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: close the mine

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Kelley Mine,

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: slowly fill the pit,

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: 3,800 feet below the surface,

text: The groundwater monitoring system consists of a series of wells placed upgradient and downgradient of the MSWLF. The samples from the upgradient wells shows the background concentrations of constituents in the groundwater while, the downgradient wells show the extent of groundwater contamination caused by the MSWLF. The required number of wells, spacing, and depth of wells is determined on a site-specific basis based on the aquifer thickness, groundwater flow rate and direction, and the other geologic and hydrogeologic characteristics of the site. All groundwater monitoring systems must be certified by a qualified groundwater scientist and must comply with the sampling and analytical procedures outlined in the regulations.

text: The groundwater monitoring system consists of a series of wells placed upgradient and downgradient of the MSWLF. The samples from the upgradient wells shows the background concentrations of constituents in the groundwater while, the downgradient wells show the extent of groundwater contamination caused by the MSWLF. The required number of wells, spacing, and depth of wells is determined on a site-specific basis based on the

text: aquifer

text: thickness, groundwater flow rate and direction, and the other

text: geologic

text: and

text: hydrogeologic

text: characteristics of the site. All groundwater monitoring systems must be certified by a qualified groundwater scientist and must comply with the

text: sampling

text: and analytical procedures outlined in the regulations.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: groundwater monitoring

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: contamination caused by the MSWLF

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: groundwater contamination caused by the MSWLF.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: The groundwater monitoring system

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: MSWLF.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: The groundwater monitoring system

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: The groundwater monitoring system

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: The required number of wells, spacing, and depth of wells

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: the downgradient wells

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: wells placed upgradient and downgradient of the MSWLF.

text: The people that have arguably been impacted the most by this drought are the farmers who depend on water to raise their crops. Rain water plays an important role in the health of crops, but water that is pumped into the farms through irrigation techniques is even more important. Many streams are dried up, so more and more farmers and people are turning to groundwater deep in the Earth to find water. However, this is quickly depleting the aquifers that supply water for the city of Fresno. In the last 80 years since the city of Fresno has used groundwater as a water source, the water level has dropped from 30 feet below the surface to 128 feet in 2009. This has resulted in the city of Fresno turning to alternate ways to reliably get clean water, such as aggressively recharging the ground water and occasionally purifying surface water for use by residents. This has helped to an extent and groundwater levels have started to drop at slower rates, but having rain and runoff to recharge them at a faster rate would also be very beneficial.

text: The people that have arguably been impacted the most by this drought are the farmers who depend on water to raise their crops. Rain water plays an important role in the health of crops, but water that is pumped into the farms through irrigation techniques is even more important. Many streams are dried up, so more and more farmers and people are turning to groundwater deep in the Earth to find water. However, this is quickly depleting the aquifers that supply water for the city of Fresno. In the last 80 years since the city of Fresno has used groundwater as a water source, the water level has dropped from 30 feet below the surface to 128 feet in 2009. This has resulted in the city of Fresno turning to alternate ways to reliably get clean water, such as aggressively recharging the ground water and occasionally purifying surface water for use by residents. This has helped to an extent and groundwater levels have started to drop at slower rates, but having rain and runoff to recharge them at a faster rate would also be very beneficial.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: have rain and runoff

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: acidic chemicals

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: groundwater levels would drop at slower rates

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: aggressively recharging the ground water

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: having rain and runoff to recharge them at a faster rate

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: aggressively recharging the ground water and occasionally purifying surface water

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: purifying surface water

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: aggressively recharging the ground water and occasionally purifying surface water

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: clean water,

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: groundwater

text: In order to stop the spread of the contaminated groundwater, an elaborate system of 11 extraction wells has been placed to contain the plumes. This method treats the water with granular activated carbon. This field was chosen to test how effectively permanganate could remove explosive contaminants. On the field, two injection wells were placed to create a curtain of permanganate between them, through which the contaminant plume would flow. The results of the oxidation was a temporary contaminant decrease in the wells by 70–80%, but permanganate was not evenly distributed through the curtain. The test showed that permanganate was an effective tool to temporarily remove explosive contaminants from groundwater.

text: In order to stop the spread of the contaminated groundwater, an elaborate system of 11 extraction wells has been placed to contain the plumes. This method treats the water with

text: granular activated carbon

text: . This field was chosen to test how effectively

text: permanganate

text: could remove explosive contaminants. On the field, two injection wells were placed to create a curtain of permanganate between them, through which the contaminant plume would flow. The results of the oxidation was a temporary contaminant decrease in the wells by 70–80%, but permanganate was not evenly distributed through the curtain. The test showed that permanganate was an effective tool to temporarily remove explosive contaminants from groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: contain the plumes

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: permanganate

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: injection

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: permanganate was not evenly distributed

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: This method treats the water with granular activated carbon

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: contaminated groundwater,

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: granular activated carbon.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: granular activated carbon.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: oxidation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: oxidation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: permanganate was not evenly distributed

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: a temporary contaminant decrease in the wells by 70–80%,

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: explosive contaminants.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: 11 extraction wells

text: Clandestine Remediation: The cleaning of interior structures and, if applicable, the surrounding land, surface waters and groundwater by an EPA approved or National Crime Scene Clean Up Association certified company. This is the process of removing the residue and waste from the site after the gross chemical removal is done. A property that has been re-mediated should present minimal to no health risk to occupants.

text: Clandestine Remediation: The cleaning of interior structures and, if applicable, the surrounding land, surface waters and groundwater by an EPA approved or National Crime Scene Clean Up Association certified company. This is the process of removing the residue and waste from the site after the gross chemical removal is done. A property that has been re-mediated should present minimal to no health risk to occupants.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: clean the surrounding land

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: gross chemical removal

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: gross chemical removal

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: gross chemical removal

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: present minimal to no health risk to occupants

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: the surrounding land, surface waters and groundwater

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: EPA approved or National Crime Scene Clean Up Association certified company.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Clandestine Remediation:

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Clandestine

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: gross chemical removal

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: present minimal to no health risk to occupants.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: surface waters

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: surrounding land, surface waters and groundwater

text: In discussing pollution, density maps can be very useful in indicating sources and areas of greatest contamination. Contour maps are especially useful for diffuse forms or scales of pollution. Acid precipitation is indicated on maps with isoplats.  Some of the most widespread applications of environmental science contour maps involve mapping of environmental noise (where lines of equal sound pressure level are denoted isobels), air pollution, soil contamination, thermal pollution and groundwater contamination.  By contour planting and contour ploughing, the rate of water runoff and thus soil erosion can be substantially reduced; this is especially important in riparian zones.

text: In discussing pollution, density maps can be very useful in indicating sources and areas of greatest contamination. Contour maps are especially useful for diffuse forms or scales of pollution. Acid precipitation is indicated on maps with isoplats.  Some of the most widespread applications of environmental science contour maps involve mapping of

text: environmental noise

text: (where lines of equal sound pressure level are denoted isobels),

text: air pollution

text: soil contamination

text: thermal pollution

text: and

text: groundwater

text: contamination.  By

text: contour planting

text: and

text: contour ploughing

text: , the rate of

text: water runoff

text: and thus

text: soil erosion

text: can be substantially reduced; this is especially important in

text: riparian

text: zones.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Contour planting

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: contour planting

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: the rate of water runoff and thus soil erosion can be substantially reduced

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: soil erosion can be substantially reduced

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: groundwater contamination. By contour planting and contour ploughing,

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: contour planting and contour ploughing,

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Acid precipitation is indicated on maps with isoplats.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: contour planting and contour ploughing,

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: the rate of water runoff

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Contour maps

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Contour maps

text: __NOTOC__The Pollution Prevention Act of 1990 (PPA) in the United States created a national policy to have pollution prevented or reduced at the source wherever possible. It also expanded the Toxics Release Inventory.The Pollution Prevention Act focused industry, government, and public attention on reducing the amount of pollution through cost-effective changes in production, operation, and raw materials use. Opportunities for source reduction are often not realized because of existing regulations, and the industrial resources required for compliance, focus on treatment and disposal.

text: __NOTOC__The Pollution Prevention Act of 1990 (PPA) in the

text: United States

text: created a national policy to have

text: pollution

text: prevented or reduced at the source wherever possible. It also expanded the

text: Toxics Release Inventory

text: .The Pollution Prevention Act focused industry, government, and public attention on reducing the amount of pollution through cost-effective changes in production, operation, and raw materials use. Opportunities for source reduction are often not realized because of existing regulations, and the industrial resources required for compliance, focus on treatment and disposal.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: treatment and disposal

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: treatment and disposal

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: source reduction

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: treatment and disposal

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: focus on treatment and disposal

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: a national policy to have pollution prevented or reduced

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: treatment and disposal.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: treatment and disposal.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: treatment and disposal.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: treatment and disposal.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: treatment and disposal.

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: the industrial resources required for compliance, focus on treatment and disposal.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: treatment and disposal.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Toxics Release Inventory.The

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: pollution prevented or reduced at the source

text: Aquifers may occur at various depths. Those closer to the surface are not only more likely to be used for water supply and irrigation, but are also more likely to be topped up by the local rainfall. Many desert areas have limestone hills or mountains within them or close to them that can be exploited as groundwater resources. Part of the Atlas Mountains in North Africa, the Lebanon and Anti-Lebanon ranges between Syria and Lebanon, the Jebel Akhdar (Oman) in Oman, parts of the Sierra Nevada and neighboring ranges in the United States' Southwest, have shallow aquifers that are exploited for their water. Overexploitation can lead to the exceeding of the practical sustained yield; i.e., more water is taken out than can be replenished. Along the coastlines of certain countries, such as Libya and Israel, increased water usage associated with population growth has caused a lowering of the water table and the subsequent contamination of the groundwater with saltwater from the sea.

text: Aquifers may occur at various depths. Those closer to the surface are not only more likely to be used for water supply and irrigation, but are also more likely to be topped up by the local rainfall. Many desert areas have limestone hills or mountains within them or close to them that can be exploited as

text: groundwater

text: resources. Part of the

text: Atlas Mountains

text: in

text: North Africa

text: , the

text: Lebanon

text: and

text: Anti-Lebanon

text: ranges between

text: Syria

text: and

text: Lebanon

text: , the

text: Jebel Akhdar (Oman)

text: in

text: Oman

text: , parts of the

text: Sierra Nevada

text: and neighboring ranges in the

text: United States' Southwest

text: , have shallow aquifers that are exploited for their water.

text: Overexploitation

text: can lead to the exceeding of the practical sustained yield; i.e., more water is taken out than can be replenished. Along the coastlines of certain countries, such as

text: Libya

text: and Israel, increased water usage associated with population growth has caused a lowering of the water table and the

text: subsequent contamination

text: of the

text: groundwater

text: with saltwater from the

text: sea

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: overexploitation

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: saltwater

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: contamination of the groundwater with saltwater from the sea.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: clean water would be pumped back in

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: more water is taken out than can be replenished.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: topped up by the local rainfall.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: saltwater

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: topped up by the local rainfall.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Aquifers

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: contamination of the groundwater with saltwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: topped up by the local rainfall.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: saltwater

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Aquifers may occur at various depths.

text: Air pollution, lack of proper waste management infrastructure and degradation of water bodies are the major environmental issues in Coimbatore. There is a sewage treatment plant at Ukkadam with the capacity to process 70 million litres of sewage water per day. Garbage is collected by the corporation and sewage is pumped into the water tanks and the Noyyal river through streams. This along with garbage dumping and encroachments has led to degradation of the water bodies and depletion in the groundwater table. The tanks are renovated by the city's environmental groups with their own fund-raising and the corporation. The corporation is responsible and involved in clearing encroachment of the tanks. Siruthuli, an environmental organisation founded by the city's industrial houses, undertakes de-silting of tanks and cleaning of the Noyyal river. Environment Conservation Group based out of the city is also involved in conservation of trees and wetlands, monitoring wildlife crime and conducting awareness sessions for students.

text: Air pollution, lack of proper waste management infrastructure and degradation of water bodies are the major environmental issues in Coimbatore. There is a

text: sewage treatment

text: plant at Ukkadam with the capacity to process 70 million litres of sewage water per day. Garbage is collected by the corporation and sewage is pumped into the water tanks and the Noyyal river through streams. This along with garbage dumping and encroachments has led to degradation of the water bodies and depletion in the groundwater table. The tanks are renovated by the city's environmental groups with their own fund-raising and the corporation. The corporation is responsible and involved in clearing encroachment of the tanks.

text: Siruthuli

text: , an environmental organisation founded by the city's industrial houses, undertakes de-

text: silt

text: ing of tanks and cleaning of the Noyyal river.

text: Environment Conservation Group

text: based out of the city is also involved in conservation of trees and wetlands, monitoring wildlife crime and conducting awareness sessions for students.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: encroachments

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: de-silting

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: de-silting

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: depletion in the groundwater

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: depletion in the groundwater table.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: depletion in the groundwater table.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: sewage treatment plant

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: de-silting

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: de-silting

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: degradation of the water bodies and depletion in the groundwater table.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: depletion in the groundwater table.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Air pollution,

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: sewage is pumped into the water tanks

text: Over time, Munger came to be known as Minnesota's "Mr. Environment." He earned a reputation as a pioneer, leader and activist in environmental legislation. He chaired the House Environment and Natural Resources Committee from 1973 until his death, excepting a brief interlude when Republicans controlled the House. His most noted legislative accomplishments included the passage of the Environment and Natural Resources Trust Fund Act, the Solid Waste Reduction and Recycling Act of 1989, the Reinvest in Minnesota (RIM) Program, the Groundwater Protection Act of 1989, the Toxic Pollution Prevention Act, and the Wetlands Conservation Act of 1991. He also led the effort to establish the Energy Task Force to Develop Alternative Energy Resource, helped secure millions of state and federal dollars to clean up the St. Louis River, and led campaigns to fund research into frog deformities and to ban the use of DDT insecticide.

text: Over time, Munger came to be known as Minnesota's "Mr. Environment." He earned a reputation as a pioneer, leader and activist in environmental legislation. He chaired the House Environment and Natural Resources Committee from 1973 until his death, excepting a brief interlude when

text: Republicans

text: controlled the House. His most noted legislative accomplishments included the passage of the Environment and Natural Resources Trust Fund Act, the Solid Waste Reduction and Recycling Act of 1989, the Reinvest in Minnesota (RIM) Program, the Groundwater Protection Act of 1989, the Toxic Pollution Prevention Act, and the Wetlands Conservation Act of 1991. He also led the effort to establish the Energy Task Force to Develop Alternative Energy Resource, helped secure millions of state and federal dollars to clean up the

text: St. Louis River

text: , and led campaigns to fund research into frog deformities and to ban the use of DDT insecticide.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Groundwater Protection Act of 1989

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: DDT

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Groundwater Protection

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: Toxic Pollution Prevention Act

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: groundwater protection

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Groundwater Protection Act of 1989,

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Groundwater Protection Act

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Groundwater Protection Act of 1989, the Toxic Pollution Prevention Act,

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Toxic Pollution Prevention Act,

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Groundwater Protection Act of 1989, the Toxic Pollution Prevention

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: Toxic Pollution Prevention Act,

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Toxic Pollution Prevention Act,

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Groundwater Protection Act of 1989,

text: The Company has also been implicated in generating water pollution and toxic waste. In 1993, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued an order for U.S. Steel to clean up a site in Fairless Hills, Pennsylvania, on the Delaware River, where the soil had been contaminated with arsenic, lead, and other heavy metals, as well as naphthalene; groundwater at the site was found to be polluted with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and trichloroethylene (TCE). In 2005, the EPA, United States Department of Justice, and the State of Ohio reached a settlement requiring U.S. Steel to pay more than $100,000 in penalties and $294,000 in reparations in answer to allegations that the company illegally released pollutants into Ohio waters.  U.S. Steel's Gary, Indiana facility has been repeatedly charged with discharging polluted wastewater into Lake Michigan and the Grand Calumet River, and in 1998 agreed to a $30 million settlement to clean up contaminated sediments from a five-mile (8 km) stretch of the river.

text: The Company has also been implicated in generating

text: water pollution

text: and

text: toxic waste

text: . In 1993, the

text: Environmental Protection Agency

text: (EPA) issued an order for U.S. Steel to clean up a site in

text: Fairless Hills, Pennsylvania

text: , on the

text: Delaware River

text: , where the soil had been contaminated with

text: arsenic

text: lead

text: , and other

text: heavy metals

text: , as well as

text: naphthalene

text: ; groundwater at the site was found to be polluted with

text: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon

text: s and

text: trichloroethylene

text: (TCE). In 2005, the EPA,

text: United States Department of Justice

text: , and the

text: State of Ohio

text: reached a

text: settlement

text: requiring U.S. Steel to pay more than $100,000 in penalties and $294,000 in reparations in answer to allegations that the company illegally released pollutants into Ohio waters.  U.S. Steel's

text: Gary, Indiana

text: facility has been repeatedly charged with discharging polluted wastewater into

text: Lake Michigan

text: and the

text: Grand Calumet River

text: , and in 1998 agreed to a $30 million settlement to clean up contaminated sediments from a five-mile (8 km) stretch of the river.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: pay more than $100,000

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: trichloroethylene

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: trichloroethylene

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: $100,000 in penalties and $294,000 in reparations

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: $100,000 in penalties and $294,000 in reparations

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: trichloroethylene (TCE).

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: arsenic, lead, and other heavy metals,

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: groundwater

text: The second stage was a "main chart" (netkaart or hoofdkaart), representing a cleaned-up elaborated version of the previous minute map, with texts in Latin.

text: The second stage was a "main chart" (netkaart or hoofdkaart), representing a cleaned-up elaborated version of the previous minute map, with texts in Latin.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: maintain it

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: contaminating

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: a cleaned-up elaborated version

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: cleaned-up elaborated version of the previous minute map,

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: cleaned-up elaborated version of the previous minute map,

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: a "main chart"

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: (netkaart or hoofdkaart),

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: "main chart" (netkaart or hoofdkaart),

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: cleaned-up elaborated version of the previous minute map,

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: a cleaned-up elaborated version

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: The second stage was a "main chart"

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: The second stage was a "main chart"

text: The Capitol City Plume, which also is referred to as the Capital City Plume, is an area of contaminated groundwater located beneath the western downtown area of Montgomery, Alabama. The contamination was discovered in 1993 by the Alabama Department of Environmental Management (ADEM) which was investigating soil contamination at the Retirement Systems of Alabama Energy Plant in the city. After assessment by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) it was proposed for inclusion in the National Priorities List (NPL) in May 2000.

text: The Capitol City Plume, which also is referred to as the Capital City Plume, is an area of contaminated

text: groundwater

text: located beneath the western downtown area of

text: Montgomery, Alabama

text: . The contamination was discovered in 1993 by the

entity_name: Alabama Department of Environmental Management

text: Alabama Department of Environmental Management

text: (ADEM) which was investigating

text: soil contamination

text: at the

text: Retirement Systems of Alabama

text: Energy Plant in the city. After assessment by the

text: United States Environmental Protection Agency

text: (EPA) it was proposed for inclusion in the

text: National Priorities List

text: (NPL) in May 2000.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: it is impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: contaminate it

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: contaminated groundwater

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: contaminated groundwater

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: soil contamination at the Retirement Systems of Alabama Energy Plant

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: contaminated groundwater

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: contaminated groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: contaminated groundwater

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: contaminated groundwater

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: contaminated groundwater

text: The annual total volume of exploitable freshwater in Tunisia is about 4670 hm, out of which about 57% (2700 hm) is surface water and the remaining 43% (1970 hm) groundwater. Tunisia is a water stressed country with per capita renewable water availability of 486 m—well below the average of 1200 m³/capita for the Middle East and North Africa Region (MENA) region. Out of the available surface water resources of 2100 hm, only about 1220 hm are expected to be captured for actual use. Eighteen existing dams, 21 projected dams and 235 hillside dams are expected to augment the available supply but rapid sedimentation of reservoirs will progressively reduce storage capacity and shorten life. Excessive groundwater extraction in the coastal regions of Cap Bon, Soukra and Ariana has resulted in saline intrusion in many areas leading to groundwater being unsuitable for further regions. Only 50% of all water resources have salinity levels lower than 1500 mg/l and can be used without restriction. 84% of all groundwater resources have salinity of more than 1500 mg/l, and 30% of the shallow aquifers more than 4000 mg/l.

text: The annual total volume of exploitable freshwater in Tunisia is about 4670 hm, out of which about 57% (2700 hm) is

text: surface water

text: and the remaining 43% (1970 hm)

text: groundwater

text: . Tunisia is a

text: water stress

text: ed country with per capita renewable water availability of 486 m—well below the average of 1200 m³/capita for the Middle East and North Africa Region (MENA) region. Out of the available surface water resources of 2100 hm, only about 1220 hm are expected to be captured for actual use. Eighteen existing dams, 21 projected dams and 235 hillside dams are expected to augment the available supply but rapid sedimentation of reservoirs will progressively reduce storage capacity and shorten life. Excessive groundwater extraction in the coastal regions of Cap Bon, Soukra and Ariana has resulted in

text: saline intrusion

text: in many areas leading to groundwater being unsuitable for further regions. Only 50% of all water resources have

text: salinity

text: levels lower than 1500 mg/l and can be used without restriction. 84% of all groundwater resources have salinity of more than 1500 mg/l, and 30% of the shallow aquifers more than 4000 mg/l.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: groundwater extraction

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: saline

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: saline intrusion

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: saline intrusion

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: groundwater extraction

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: groundwater resources have salinity of more than 1500 mg/l,

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: saline intrusion in many areas leading to groundwater

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: saline intrusion in many areas leading to groundwater

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: saline intrusion in many areas leading to groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater being unsuitable for further regions.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: groundwater resources have salinity of more than 1500 mg/l,

text: Following the study, the EPA issued a Record of Decision (ROD), which selected the actions to take at the site. The groundwater remedy consisted of using a combination of in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) and extraction and treatment of contaminated groundwater. To treat the soil, the EPA is using dual phase extraction (DPE) to protect the aquifer that lies below the site. This technique extracts contaminated soil vapors and groundwater simultaneously.

text: Following the study, the EPA issued a

text: Record of Decision

text: (ROD), which selected the actions to take at the site. The groundwater remedy consisted of using a combination of in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) and extraction and treatment of contaminated groundwater. To treat the soil, the EPA is using dual phase extraction (DPE) to protect the aquifer that lies below the site. This technique extracts contaminated soil vapors and groundwater simultaneously.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: extract contaminated soil vapors

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: in situ chemical oxidation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical oxidation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: extracting contaminated soil

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: to treat the soil

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: contaminated groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: extracts contaminated soil vapors and groundwater simultaneously.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: in situ chemical oxidation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: in situ chemical oxidation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: in situ chemical oxidation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: contaminated groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: extraction and treatment of contaminated groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: dual phase extraction

text: The legislation applies in cases where there are emissions of smoke, particulate matter, fumes or where there are odours in areas specifically defined in the regulations. Regulation of Solid FuelsThe Air Pollution Act (Marketing, Sale, Distribution and Burning of Specified Fuels) Regulations, 2012 (S.I. No. 326 of 2012), consolidated all previous applicable/associated regulations made under the Air Pollution Act, e.g. Air Pollution (Marketing, Sale and Distribution of Fuel) Regulations 1990.Under Section 6 it is an offence in these regulations for the home owner/occupier of any private dwelling to burn bituminous (smoky) coal. Not only that but is also an offence to market, sell or distribute any fuels specified in the regulations within defined areas of Ireland. Penalties for Non-ComplianceThe Air Pollution Act (Marketing, Sale, Distribution and Burning of Specified Fuels) Regulations, 2012 enable local authorities to take enforcement action against anyone suspected of non-compliance by initiating prosecutions at District Court level. Section 20 of the Environment (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act, 2015 increased the enforcement options for local authorities by amending Section 12A of the Air Pollution Act, 1987 to enable the issuing of fixed penalty notices i.e. on the spot fines. Following the signing into law of the Air Pollution (Fixed Payment Notice) Regulations, 2015 in December 2015, by Minister Alan Kelly, local authorities now have the option of issuing fixed penalty notices for alleged breaches of the 2012 Regulations. (Limerick City Council, 2016)Penalties range from a ceiling of €1000 (marketing, selling or distributing) for on the spot fines or up to €5000 plus costs if court proceedings are instigated.Future DirectionBecause of the failure to meet the objectives of WHO, i.e. clean air is considered to be a basic requirement of human health and the fact that within the EU, “poor air quality is worse than for road traffic accidents, making it the number one environmental cause of premature death in the EU.” (EU, 2015a) that in December 2013, the EU announced a Clean Air Policy Package (after a comprehensive review which began in 2011) to reduce the effect on human health. This package has at its core the following;• A new Clean Air Programme for Europe enabling existing targets are met in a much shorter term with more detailed new air quality objectives for the period up to 2030. Support via research, innovation and probably most important of all, co-operation between all stakeholders will be a factor. • The current National Emission Ceilings Directive will be revised thus ensuring a much more stringent approach to the six main pollutants named above,  • A proposal for a new Directive to reduce pollution from smaller power stations that have not been included heretofore, i.e. combustion plants up to 50MWth (EU, 2015b)Given the fact that in Ireland in 2012 it is estimated that approximately 1200 deaths were attributed to air pollution, as such it is still an issue that requires further measures (EEA, 2014). The EU estimate that the benefits to health, by 2020 and certainly by 2030, will save society in the region of at least €40 billion with even more if the higher productivity brought about by healthier workers (fewer lost working days) was to materialise. Other benefits would be reduced healthcare costs such as lower levels of asthmatics for example. Acid rain, the scourge of many cities because of damaged buildings, would be another benefit if that was to be reduced even further.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: clean the air

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: bioremediation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Air Pollution Act (Marketing, Sale, Distribution and Burning of Specified Fuels) Regulations, 2012

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: enforcement options for local authorities

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: initiating prosecutions at District Court level.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: fixed penalty notices

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: “poor air quality is worse than for road traffic accidents,

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Air Pollution

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: odours

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: prosecutions at District Court level.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: 2015,

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: fixed penalty notices

text: From the 1950s to 1998 Mercury Refining Company had a plant along an unnamed tributary to the Patroon Creek. Since 1983 the site has been on the Superfund pollution clean-up list. Several former customers of the plant including National Grid, Eveready, and Union Carbide put up over $4 million for the clean-up being supervised by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Another industrial site that has polluted the Patroon Creek and its watershed is a factory owned by NL Industries (formerly National Lead). The factory recycled depleted uranium into armor-piercing shot and shell. The factory was closed in 1983 after it was found that its six smokestacks were contaminating the suburban neighorhood of Roessleville with uranium dust. As late as 2003 uranium was found in sediments by the US Army Corps of Engineers at many locations along the creek, most of those locations the level was below their cleanup criteria, but two locations within the creek near the NL site contained uranium concentrations above the criteria. Mercury has also been found in the creek downstream from the Superfund site and is being investigated by local college professors.

text: From the 1950s to 1998 Mercury Refining Company had a plant along an unnamed tributary to the Patroon Creek. Since 1983 the site has been on the

text: Superfund

text: pollution clean-up list. Several former customers of the plant including

text: National Grid

text: Eveready

text: , and

text: Union Carbide

text: put up over $4 million for the clean-up being supervised by the

text: Environmental Protection Agency

text: (EPA). Another industrial site that has polluted the Patroon Creek and its watershed is a factory owned by NL Industries (formerly National Lead). The factory recycled

text: depleted uranium

text: into

text: armor-piercing shot and shell

text: . The factory was closed in 1983 after it was found that its six smokestacks were contaminating the suburban neighorhood of

text: Roessleville

text: with uranium dust. As late as 2003 uranium was found in sediments by the

text: US Army Corps of Engineers

text: at many locations along the creek, most of those locations the level was below their cleanup criteria, but two locations within the creek near the NL site contained uranium concentrations above the criteria. Mercury has also been found in the creek downstream from the Superfund site and is being investigated by local college professors.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: clean-up

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: uranium

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Superfund

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: Superfund pollution clean-up list

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: $4 million for the clean-up

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: watershed

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: US Army Corps of Engineers

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Superfund

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Superfund

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: sediments

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: cleanup criteria,

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: uranium dust.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: $4 million

text: Plants such as willow, sunflower, okra, most of the poplars (such as aspen and cottonwood),  pull a large amount of capillary water out of the ground, which can be a useful property of some pollution management efforts and environmental engineering. Plants that draw water upwards through the soil into the roots and out through the plant decreases the movement of soluble contaminants downwards, deeper into the site and into the groundwater. Poplars, for example, take up large quantities of water, transpiring between 200 and 1100 liters daily. With the functional water table depression created, pollutants are drawn and then taken up for an additional treatment process.

text: Plants such as

text: willow

text: sunflower

text: okra

text: , most of the

text: poplars

text: (such as aspen and

text: cottonwood

text: ),  pull a large amount of capillary water out of the ground, which can be a useful property of some pollution management efforts and

text: environmental engineering

text: . Plants that draw water upwards through the soil into the roots and out through the plant decreases the movement of soluble contaminants downwards, deeper into the site and into the groundwater. Poplars, for example, take up large quantities of water, transpiring between 200 and 1100 liters daily. With the functional

text: water table

text: depression created,

text: pollutant

text: s are drawn and then taken up for an additional

text: treatment

text: process.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: treat the water

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: okra

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: deeper into the site and into the groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: pollutants are drawn and then taken up for an additional treatment process

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: treatment process.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: pollutants are drawn and then taken up for an additional treatment process.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: pollutants are drawn and then taken up for an additional treatment process.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: pollution management efforts and environmental engineering.

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: soluble contaminants downwards, deeper into the site and into the groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: pollutants are drawn and then taken up for an additional treatment process.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: soluble

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: draw water upwards through the soil into the roots and out through the plant

text: Chemicals are added to the water to facilitate the underground fracturing process that releases natural gas. Fracturing fluid is primarily water and approximately 0.5% chemical additives (friction reducer, agents countering rust, agents killing microorganism). Since (depending on the size of the area) millions of liters of water are used, this means that hundreds of thousands liters of chemicals are often injected into the subsurface. About 50% to 70% of the injected volume of contaminated water is recovered and stored in above-ground ponds to await removal by tanker. The remaining volume remains in the subsurface. Hydraulic fracturing opponents fear that it can lead to contamination of groundwater aquifers, though the industry deems this "highly unlikely". However, foul-smelling odors and heavy metals contaminating the local water supply above-ground have been reported.

text: Chemicals are added to the water to facilitate the underground fracturing process that releases natural gas. Fracturing fluid is primarily water and approximately 0.5% chemical additives (friction reducer, agents countering

text: rust

text: , agents killing microorganism). Since (depending on the size of the area) millions of liters of water are used, this means that hundreds of thousands liters of chemicals are often injected into the subsurface. About 50% to 70% of the injected volume of contaminated water is recovered and stored in above-ground ponds to await removal by tanker. The remaining volume remains in the subsurface. Hydraulic fracturing opponents fear that it can lead to contamination of

text: groundwater aquifer

text: s, though the industry deems this "highly unlikely". However, foul-smelling odors and

text: heavy metals

text: contaminating the local water supply above-ground have been reported.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Hydrological fracturing

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical additives

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: hydraulic fracturing

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: contamination of groundwater aquifers

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: The remaining volume remains in the subsurface

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Hydraulic fracturing

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: removal by tanker.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Fracturing fluid is primarily water and approximately 0.5% chemical additives

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Hydraulic fracturing

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Hydraulic fracturing

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: contaminating the local water supply above-ground

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: stored in above-ground ponds

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: foul-smelling odors and heavy metals

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: above-ground ponds to await removal by tanker.

text: In 2015, based on data from 273 large earthquakes, researchers compiled a model based on whole waveform tomography, requiring the equivalent of 3 million hours of supercomputer time.  Due to computational limitations, high-frequency data still could not be used, and seismic data remained unavailable from much of the seafloor.  Nonetheless, vertical plumes, 400 C hotter than the surrounding rock, were visualized under many hotspots, including the Pitcairn, Macdonald, Samoa, Tahiti, Marquesas, Galapagos, Cape Verde, and Canary hotspots.  They extended nearly vertically from the core-mantle boundary (2900 km depth) to a possible layer of shearing and bending at 1000 km.  They were detectable because they were 600–800 km wide, more than three times the width expected from contemporary models.  Many of these plumes are in the Large Low Shear Velocity Provinces under Africa and the Pacific, while some other hotspots such as Yellowstone were less clearly related to mantle features in the model.

text: In 2015, based on data from 273 large earthquakes, researchers compiled a model based on

text: whole waveform tomography

text: , requiring the equivalent of 3 million hours of supercomputer time.  Due to computational limitations, high-frequency data still could not be used, and seismic data remained unavailable from much of the seafloor.  Nonetheless, vertical plumes, 400 C hotter than the surrounding rock, were visualized under many hotspots, including the

text: Pitcairn

text: Macdonald

text: Samoa

text: Tahiti

text: Marquesas

text: Galapagos

text: Cape Verde

text: , and

text: Canary

text: hotspots.  They extended nearly vertically from the core-mantle boundary (2900 km depth) to a possible layer of shearing and bending at 1000 km.  They were detectable because they were 600–800 km wide, more than three times the width expected from contemporary models.  Many of these plumes are in the

text: Large Low Shear Velocity Provinces

text: under Africa and the Pacific, while some other hotspots such as Yellowstone were less clearly related to mantle features in the model.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: contaminate it

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: due to computational limitations

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: clean water would be pumped back in

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: earthquakes,

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: vertical plumes,

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: vertical plumes,

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: whole waveform tomography,

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: whole waveform tomography,

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: high-frequency data still could not be used,

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: layer of shearing and bending

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: vertical plumes,

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: 3 million hours of supercomputer time.

text: The chairman of the Danish Chamber of Commerce in Hong Kong said each year at least two or three people decline offers to work in the Hong Kong offices of member companies because of pollution: "It's going to cost us in the future if we don't clean up here".

text: The chairman of the Danish Chamber of Commerce in Hong Kong said each year at least two or three people decline offers to work in the Hong Kong offices of member companies because of pollution: "It's going to cost us in the future if we don't clean up here".

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: pollute it

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: acidic chemicals

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unavoidable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: None of the above choices are available

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: it is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: pollution:

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: pollution:

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Danish Chamber of Commerce in Hong Kong

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: clean up

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: clean up

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: pollution:

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: people decline offers to work in the Hong Kong offices of member companies

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: pollution:

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: pollution:

text: In 2010, after the plume had reached residential areas near the former base, Salina officials, the Salina Airport Authority, the Salina school district and Kansas State University – Salina (now Kansas State University Polytechnic Campus), who own 96% of the property filed a federal lawsuit in Kansas City, Kansas, for the clean up costs. In spring of 2013 the Department of Justice signed a settlement that the government would pay $8.4 million merely toward developing the plan to clean up the former base. A remedial investigation, feasibility study and cleanup remedy were estimated to cost about $9.3 million, of which the Salina public entities agreed to pay $936,300. The Kansas Department of Health and Environment oversees the cleanup process.  studies have continued to find groundwater contamination in soil and bedrock, and no concentrations of vapor requiring immediate action were found in an area around Salina Regional Airport.

text: In 2010, after the plume had reached residential areas near the former base, Salina officials, the

text: Salina Airport Authority

text: , the Salina school district and Kansas State University – Salina (now

entity_name: Kansas State University Polytechnic Campus

text: Kansas State University Polytechnic Campus

text: ), who own 96% of the property filed a federal lawsuit in

text: Kansas City, Kansas

text: , for the clean up costs. In spring of 2013 the Department of Justice signed a settlement that the government would pay $8.4 million merely toward developing the plan to clean up the former base. A remedial investigation, feasibility study and cleanup remedy were estimated to cost about $9.3 million, of which the Salina public entities agreed to pay $936,300. The Kansas Department of Health and Environment oversees the cleanup process.  studies have continued to find groundwater contamination in soil and bedrock, and no concentrations of vapor requiring immediate action were found in an area around Salina Regional Airport.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: remedial investigation

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: remedial investigation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater contamination in soil and bedrock

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: no concentrations of vapor

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: groundwater contamination in soil and bedrock,

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: remedial investigation, feasibility study and cleanup remedy

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: groundwater contamination in soil and bedrock,

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater contamination in soil and bedrock,

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: soil and bedrock,

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: vapor

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: groundwater contamination in soil and bedrock,

text: By 2013, the NYCDEP was planning to reduce the sewage content of the canal by repairing a tunnel that flushes fresh water into the Gowanus.  The repair will not completely eliminate the sewage problem. The EPA has suggested seven plans for the clean up. The Village Voice reported two scenarios as most viable, estimated at taking ten years to complete and costing around $350–$450 million. The first step in the plans is dredging, scheduled to begin 2016. The second is to lay down one of two different proposed "caps". One cap over the still-polluted canal bed would be made of concrete. The second would have first a layer of clay to absorb pollutants, a layer of sand to act as a buffer, and then a layer of rocks to anchor that floor. Some express concern that the clean-up poses a health risk.

text: By 2013, the NYCDEP was planning to reduce the sewage content of the canal by repairing a tunnel that flushes fresh water into the Gowanus.  The repair will not completely eliminate the sewage problem. The EPA has suggested seven plans for the clean up. The

text: Village Voice

text: reported two scenarios as most viable, estimated at taking ten years to complete and costing around $350–$450 million. The first step in the plans is dredging, scheduled to begin 2016. The second is to lay down one of two different proposed "caps". One cap over the still-polluted canal bed would be made of concrete. The second would have first a layer of clay to absorb pollutants, a layer of sand to act as a buffer, and then a layer of rocks to anchor that floor. Some express concern that the clean-up poses a health risk.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: dredging

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: a layer of clay

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: The repair will not completely eliminate the sewage problem

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: $350–$450 million.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: dredging,

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: a layer of clay to absorb pollutants,

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: "caps".

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: dredging,

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: Some express concern that the clean-up poses a health risk.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: a layer of clay to absorb pollutants,

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: sewage

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: $350–$450 million.

text: A 1985 Record of Decision specified remedies for cleaning up the site. A landfill for the conaminants was constructed at the former lagoon. The storm drain was relocated. Contaminated soil, waste and sediements were excavated and dredged in operations completed in 1996. The former lagoon area was then capped. The groundwater remains contaminated.

text: A 1985

text: Record of Decision

text: specified remedies for cleaning up the site. A landfill for the conaminants was constructed at the former lagoon. The storm drain was relocated. Contaminated soil, waste and sediements were excavated and dredged in operations completed in 1996. The former lagoon area was then capped. The groundwater remains contaminated.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: dredge

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: cyanide

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater remains contaminated

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: The groundwater remains contaminated

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: The groundwater remains contaminated.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: The groundwater remains contaminated.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Contaminated soil,

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: landfill

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: The groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: The groundwater remains contaminated.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: The groundwater remains contaminated.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: The groundwater remains contaminated.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: The groundwater remains contaminated.

text: To monitor the condition of the High Plains aquifer, the KGS and the Division of Water Resources (DWR) of the Kansas Department of Agriculture measure groundwater levels, with landowner permission, in about 1,400 wells in 47 western and central Kansas counties every January. The results are available online via the WIZARD database. The KGS also provides a Kansas Master Groundwater Well Inventory (MWI)—a central repository that imports and links together the state's primary groundwater well data sets—and continuously monitors and collects data from three western Kansas wells as part of its index-well program. The KGS releases the real-time data from the index wells through the High Plains Aquifer Atlas.

text: To monitor the condition of the High Plains aquifer, the KGS and the Division of Water Resources (DWR) of the Kansas Department of Agriculture measure groundwater levels, with landowner permission, in about 1,400 wells in 47 western and central Kansas counties every January. The results are available online via the WIZARD database. The KGS also provides a Kansas Master Groundwater Well Inventory (MWI)—a central repository that imports and links together the state's primary groundwater well data sets—and continuously monitors and collects data from three western Kansas wells as part of its index-well program. The KGS releases the real-time data from the index wells through the High Plains Aquifer Atlas.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: monitor the condition

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: 1,400 wells

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: measure groundwater levels,

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: landowner permission,

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Kansas Master Groundwater Well Inventory

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Groundwater Well Inventory

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: 1,400 wells

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: WIZARD database.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: 1,400 wells

text: In the mid 1990s, groundwater monitoring wells detected low levels of volatile organic compounds, due to the landfill gas produced by the landfill. Tests dating to 1999 show that the high permeability of the underground aquifer point to a high risk for water pollution.

text: In the mid 1990s, groundwater monitoring wells detected low levels of volatile

text: organic compound

text: s, due to the

text: landfill gas

text: produced by the landfill. Tests dating to 1999 show that the high permeability of the underground aquifer point to a high risk for

text: water pollution

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: protect it

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: volatile organic compounds

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: a high risk for water pollution

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: pollution.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: water pollution.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: volatile organic compounds,

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: groundwater monitoring wells detected low levels of volatile organic compounds,

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: high permeability of the underground aquifer

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: groundwater monitoring wells detected low levels of volatile organic compounds,

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: volatile organic compounds,

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: groundwater monitoring wells detected low levels of volatile organic compounds,

text: Although light-colored when first made, Cream City bricks are porous, causing them to absorb dirt and other pollutants; this tends to make structures constructed out of them dark-colored as time passes.  Once Cream City bricks absorb pollutants, they are difficult to clean, a problem which restoration experts in Milwaukee have been facing since the 1970s.  Initially, sandblasting was attempted; however, it not only proved to be ineffective, but damaged the bricks.  Currently, chemical washes are accepted as the most effective method of cleaning Cream City bricks.  The historic Trimborn Farmhouse in Greendale, Wisconsin is an example of brick that has been cleaned to reveal its original color.

text: Although light-colored when first made, Cream City bricks are

text: porous

text: , causing them to absorb dirt and other

text: pollutant

text: s; this tends to make structures constructed out of them dark-colored as time passes.  Once Cream City bricks absorb pollutants, they are difficult to clean, a problem which restoration experts in Milwaukee have been facing since the 1970s.  Initially,

text: sandblasting

text: was attempted; however, it not only proved to be ineffective, but damaged the bricks.  Currently, chemical washes are accepted as the most effective method of cleaning Cream City bricks.  The historic

text: Trimborn Farm

text: house in

text: Greendale, Wisconsin

text: is an example of brick that has been cleaned to reveal its original color.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: chemical washes

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical washes

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: sandblasting

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: sandblasting

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: chemical washes

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: sandblasting

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical washes

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: chemical washes

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: sandblasting

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: sandblasting

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: chemical washes

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: dirt

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: chemical washes

text: Pollutants can be deleted from groundwater by perstraction. Different techniques have been patented. The oldest one has published in 1990 and the youngest one in 1998. In the 2000s has been done few patent applications but no granted patents.

text: Pollutants can be deleted from groundwater by perstraction. Different techniques have been patented. The oldest one has published in 1990 and the youngest one in 1998. In the 2000s has been done few patent applications but no granted patents.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: perstract

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: perstraction

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: perstraction

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: no granted patents

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: None of the above choices are applicable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Pollutants can be deleted from groundwater by perstraction.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Pollutants can be deleted from groundwater by perstraction.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: perstraction.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: perstraction.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: perstraction.

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: deleted from groundwater

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Pollutants can be deleted from groundwater

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Pollutants can be deleted from groundwater

text: The Thames itself provides two-thirds of London's drinking water while groundwater supplies about 40 per cent of public water supplies in the total catchment area. Groundwater is an important water source, especially in the drier months, so maintaining its quality and quantity is extremely important. Groundwater is vulnerable to surface pollution, especially in highly urbanised areas.

text: The Thames itself provides two-thirds of London's drinking water while groundwater supplies about 40 per cent of public water supplies in the total catchment area. Groundwater is an important water source, especially in the drier months, so maintaining its quality and quantity is extremely important. Groundwater is vulnerable to surface pollution, especially in highly urbanised areas.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: maintain its quality and quantity

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: in highly urbanised areas

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Groundwater is an important water source

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Groundwater is vulnerable to surface pollution,

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: maintaining its quality and quantity

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: Groundwater is vulnerable to surface pollution, especially in highly urbanised areas.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: surface pollution,

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Groundwater

text: There are three objectives of this program:1) Develop an advance system to monitor global warming pollution.2) Create a baseline reference line for future global warming pollution.3) Start an international exchange of information to expand measurements. Research is very important program of this bill, which will increase the state of knowledge technology of clean energy productions.

text: There are three objectives of this program:1) Develop an advance system to monitor global warming pollution.2) Create a baseline reference line for future global warming pollution.3) Start an international exchange of information to expand measurements. Research is very important program of this bill, which will increase the state of knowledge technology of clean energy productions.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: None of the above choices .

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: monitor global warming pollution

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: acidic chemicals

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: bioremediation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: clean energy productions

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: global warming pollution.3)

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Start an international exchange of information to expand measurements.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Create a baseline reference line for future global warming pollution.3)

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: clean energy productions.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: global warming pollution.3)

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: pollution.2)

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Create a baseline reference line for future global warming pollution.3)

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: global warming pollution.2)

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Develop an advance system to monitor global warming pollution.2)

text: Tetrachloroethylene is a common soil contaminant.  With a specific gravity greater than 1, tetrachloroethylene will be present as a dense nonaqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) if sufficient quantities are released. Because of its mobility in groundwater, its toxicity at low levels, and its density (which causes it to sink below the water table), cleanup activities are more difficult than for oil spills (which has a specific gravity less than 1).  Recent research has focused on the in place remediation of soil and ground water pollution by tetrachloroethylene.  Instead of excavation or extraction for above-ground treatment or disposal, tetrachloroethylene contamination has been successfully remediated by chemical treatment or bioremediation.  Bioremediation has been successful under anaerobic conditions by reductive dechlorination by Dehalococcoides sp. and under aerobic conditions by cometabolism by Pseudomonas sp. Partial degradation daughter products include trichloroethylene, cis-1,2-dichloroethene and vinyl chloride; full degradation converts tetrachloroethylene to ethene and hydrogen chloride dissolved in water.

text: Tetrachloroethylene is a common

text: soil contaminant

text: .  With a specific gravity greater than 1, tetrachloroethylene will be present as a

text: dense nonaqueous phase liquid

text: (DNAPL) if sufficient quantities are released. Because of its mobility in groundwater, its

text: toxicity

text: at low levels, and its density (which causes it to sink below the

text: water table

text: ), cleanup activities are more difficult than for oil spills (which has a specific gravity less than 1).  Recent research has focused on the in place

text: remediation

text: of soil and ground water pollution by tetrachloroethylene.  Instead of excavation or extraction for above-ground treatment or disposal, tetrachloroethylene contamination has been successfully remediated by chemical treatment or bioremediation.  Bioremediation has been successful under anaerobic conditions by reductive dechlorination by Dehalococcoides sp. and under aerobic conditions by cometabolism by Pseudomonas sp. Partial degradation daughter products include

text: trichloroethylene

text: , cis-

text: and

text: vinyl chloride

text: ; full degradation converts tetrachloroethylene to ethene and hydrogen chloride dissolved in water.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: bioremediation

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: tetrachloroethylene

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: bioremediation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical treatment

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: Because of its mobility in groundwater, its toxicity at low levels

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: bioremediation

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: oil spills

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: excavation or extraction for above-ground treatment or disposal,

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: tetrachloroethylene

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: bioremediation.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: bioremediation.

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: cleanup activities are more difficult

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: chemical treatment or bioremediation.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: oil spills

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: cleanup activities are more difficult than for oil spills

text: The Record of Decision (ROD) for the permanent Pemaco site soil and groundwater pollution remediation was signed on January 13, 2005. Construction of the final remedy began during 2005. EPA completed construction of the remedy that was included in the Maywood Riverfront Park by June 2006. Construction of the treatment plant and placement of the equipment into the treatment plant continued until early 2007. EPA turned on the groundwater treatment system in April 2007. The soil vapor recovery and treatment system was turned on during May 2007, and Electrical resistance heating remediation for the source area of the site began full operations in September 2007. EPA turned off the Electrical Resistive Heating remedy in April 2008, and permanently transferred vapor treatment over to carbon filtration in June 2008. The concentrations in the ERH area, vapor treatment system, and groundwater continue to decrease over time.

text: The Record of Decision (ROD) for the permanent Pemaco site soil and groundwater pollution remediation was signed on January 13, 2005. Construction of the final remedy began during 2005. EPA completed construction of the remedy that was included in the Maywood Riverfront Park by June 2006. Construction of the treatment plant and placement of the equipment into the treatment plant continued until early 2007. EPA turned on the groundwater treatment system in April 2007. The soil vapor recovery and treatment system was turned on during May 2007, and

entity_name: Electrical resistance heating remediation

text: Electrical resistance heating remediation

text: for the source area of the site began full operations in September 2007. EPA turned off the Electrical Resistive Heating remedy in April 2008, and permanently transferred vapor treatment over to carbon filtration in June 2008. The concentrations in the ERH area, vapor treatment system, and groundwater continue to decrease over time.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: groundwater treatment

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: electrical resistance heating remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: electrical resistance heating

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: The concentrations in the ERH area, vapor treatment system, and groundwater continue to decrease over time

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: EPA turned on the groundwater treatment system in April 2007

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: groundwater pollution remediation

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: groundwater treatment system

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Electrical resistance heating

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Electrical resistance heating

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Electrical resistance heating

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: treatment plant

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: vapor recovery and treatment system was turned on during May 2007,

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Pemaco site soil and groundwater

text: Once the key animation is approved, the lead animator forwards the scene on to the clean-up department, made up of the clean-up animators and the inbetweeners. The clean-up animators take the lead and assistant animators' drawings and trace them onto a new sheet of paper, taking care in including all of the details present on the original model sheets, so that it appears that one person animated the entire film. The inbetweeners will draw in whatever frames are still missing in between the other animators' drawings. This procedure is called tweening. The resulting drawings are again pencil-tested and sweatboxed until they meet approval.

text: Once the key animation is approved, the lead animator forwards the scene on to the clean-up department, made up of the clean-up animators and the inbetweeners. The clean-up animators take the lead and assistant animators' drawings and trace them onto a new sheet of paper, taking care in including all of the details present on the original model sheets, so that it appears that one person animated the entire film. The inbetweeners will draw in whatever frames are still missing in between the other animators' drawings. This procedure is called

text: tweening

text: . The resulting drawings are again pencil-tested and sweatboxed until they meet approval.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: tweening

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: clean-up animators

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: clean-up

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: tweening.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: tweening.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: tweening.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: clean-up

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: sweatboxed

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: clean-up animators

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: details

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: clean-up animators and the inbetweeners.

text: The Global Monitoring Plan (GMP) under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants is a programme that enables collection of comparable monitoring data from all regions of the world to assess the effectiveness of the Stockholm Convention in minimizing human and environmental exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs). To know whether the levels of POPs are increasing or decreasing over time, information on environmental and human exposure levels of these chemicals should enable detection of trends. GMP looks at background levels of POPs at locations not influenced by local sources, such as ‘hot spots’. For human sampling, the focus is on the general population rather than on individuals who may have suffered high exposure to POPs.

text: The Global Monitoring Plan (GMP) under the

entity_name: Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants

text: Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants

text: is a programme that enables collection of comparable monitoring data from all regions of the world to assess the effectiveness of the Stockholm Convention in minimizing human and environmental exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs). To know whether the levels of POPs are increasing or decreasing over time, information on environmental and human exposure levels of these chemicals should enable detection of trends. GMP looks at background levels of POPs at locations not influenced by local sources, such as ‘hot spots’. For human sampling, the focus is on the general population rather than on individuals who may have suffered high exposure to POPs.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: GMP

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: POPs

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: sampling, the focus is on the general population rather than individuals who may have suffered high exposure to POPs

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: minimizing human and environmental exposure

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: minimizing human and environmental exposure to persistent organic pollutants

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: The Global Monitoring Plan

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: ‘hot spots’.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Persistent Organic Pollutants

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: ‘hot spots’.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: minimizing human and environmental exposure

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: ‘hot spots’.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: The Global Monitoring Plan

text: Also, if there are problems with the property which the bank, if it takes possession and thus ownership, might become liable for, the bank might choose not to do so. For example, if a property had chemical contamination. excessive refuse or waste, or environmental damage requiring expensive remediation (such as if it was used for the manufacture of crystal meth or other illegal and/or toxic substances), it might be too expensive to rehabilitate the property or clean it up in order to be able to resell it, and thus the bank might decide to abandon the foreclosure and thus not become owner of the distressed property.

text: Also, if there are problems with the property which the bank, if it takes possession and thus ownership, might become liable for, the bank might choose not to do so. For example, if a property had chemical contamination. excessive refuse or waste, or environmental damage requiring expensive remediation (such as if it was used for the manufacture of

text: crystal meth

text: or other illegal and/or toxic substances), it might be too expensive to rehabilitate the property or clean it up in order to be able to resell it, and thus the bank might decide to abandon the foreclosure and thus not become owner of the distressed property.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: rehabilitate it

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical contamination

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: it might be too expensive

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: it might be too expensive

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: too expensive

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: resell it,

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: crystal meth

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: remediation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: it might be too expensive

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: resell it,

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: chemical contamination.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: it might be too expensive

text: The rezoning is often resisted by local communities and local government because of the adverse effects on the local amenity of the remediation and the new development. The main impacts during remediation are noise, dust, odour and incremental health risk. Then there is the noise, dust and traffic of developments. Then there is the impact on local traffic, schools, playing fields, and other public facilities of the often vastly increased local population.

text: The rezoning is often resisted by local communities and local government because of the adverse effects on the local amenity of the remediation and the new development. The main impacts during remediation are noise, dust, odour and incremental health risk. Then there is the noise, dust and traffic of developments. Then there is the impact on local traffic, schools, playing fields, and other public facilities of the often vastly increased local population.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: the new development

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: noise, dust, odour and incremental health risk

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: noise, dust, odour and incremental health risk

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: remediation are noise, dust, odour and incremental health risk.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: rezoning

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: noise, dust, odour and incremental health risk.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: rezoning

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: rezoning

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: noise, dust, odour and incremental health risk.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: noise, dust, odour and incremental health risk.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: noise, dust, odour

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: adverse effects on the local amenity of the remediation

text: Since the late 1990s, NASA and a series of subcontractors have been working under the oversight of the New Mexico Environment Department to remediate a large plume of polluted ground water caused by repeated leaks and spills of cleaning fluids and rocket propellants at the site. Remediation has involved the construction of six wells from which the groundwater is pumped; a UV reactor which treats the contaminated water; and four injection wells to inject the cleaned water back into the water table. A second, similar system is currently in the planning stage.

text: Since the late 1990s, NASA and a series of subcontractors have been working under the oversight of the New Mexico Environment Department to remediate a large plume of polluted ground water caused by repeated leaks and spills of cleaning fluids and rocket propellants at the site. Remediation has involved the construction of six wells from which the groundwater is pumped; a UV reactor which treats the contaminated water; and four injection wells to inject the cleaned water back into the water table. A second, similar system is currently in the planning stage.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: construction of six wells

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: UV reactor

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: UV reactor

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: the water table

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Remediation

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: inject the cleaned water back into the water table.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: UV reactor

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: UV reactor

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: UV reactor

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: leaks and spills of cleaning fluids and rocket propellants

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: water table.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: UV

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: six wells from which the groundwater is pumped;

text: Asbestos exposure becomes an issue if asbestos containing materials become airborne, such as due to deterioration or damage. Building occupants may be exposed to asbestos, but those most at risk are persons who purposely disturb materials, such as maintenance or construction workers. Housekeeping or custodial employees may be at an increased risk as they may potentially clean up damaged or deteriorated asbestos containing materials without knowing that the material contains asbestos. Asbestos abatement or remediation workers and emergency personnel such as firefighters may also become exposed. Asbestos-related diseases have been diagnosed in asbestos workers' family members, and in residents who live close to asbestos mines or processing plants.

text: Asbestos exposure becomes an issue if asbestos containing materials become airborne, such as due to deterioration or damage. Building occupants may be exposed to asbestos, but those most at risk are persons who purposely disturb materials, such as maintenance or construction workers. Housekeeping or custodial employees may be at an increased risk as they may potentially clean up damaged or deteriorated asbestos containing materials without knowing that the material contains asbestos. Asbestos abatement or remediation workers and emergency personnel such as firefighters may also become exposed. Asbestos-related diseases have been diagnosed in asbestos workers' family members, and in residents who live close to asbestos mines or processing plants.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Asbestos abatement

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Asbestos

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: those most at risk are persons who purposely disturb materials

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Asbestos exposure

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Asbestos

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: knowing that the material contains asbestos.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Asbestos abatement

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Asbestos abatement

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Asbestos abatement

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: Housekeeping or custodial employees

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Housekeeping or custodial employees may be at an increased risk

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: persons who purposely disturb materials, such as maintenance or construction workers.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Asbestos exposure becomes an issue if asbestos containing materials

text: Hall organized monthly Mayor’s Freeway Litter Clean-ups, and is active with the Keep Bakersfield Beautiful Committee and the annual Great American Clean-up.

text: Hall organized monthly Mayor’s Freeway Litter Clean-ups, and is active with the Keep Bakersfield Beautiful Committee and the annual Great American Clean-up.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: maintain it

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: acidic chemicals

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unavoidable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: None of the above choices .

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Great American Clean-up.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Keep Bakersfield Beautiful Committee and the annual Great American Clean-up.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Great American Clean-up.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Great American Clean-up.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Great American Clean-up.

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: Litter

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Great American Clean-up.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Litter

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Great American Clean-up.

text: Point Source pollution within the watershed is fairly well identified and regulated with few options to further reduce inputs outside investment in better technologies to remove contamination from water to be discharged into the system.  Because higher tech systems come at a higher cost it may be more effective for users to pay for removal of an equal or larger amount of nutrients from the system by installing natural storm water treatment features in urban and agricultural areas that will provide a better return on investment than trying the remove the last 5 mg/L of a nutrient out of wastewater discharge point.  Generally nutrients from waste water can be reduced to around 10 ppm using low tech solutions, in order to achieve lower concentrations to meet TMDL’s higher technology systems must be used.Water, 2016</ref>)

text: Point Source pollution within the watershed is fairly well identified and regulated with few options to further reduce inputs outside investment in better technologies to remove contamination from water to be discharged into the system.  Because higher tech systems come at a higher cost it may be more effective for users to pay for removal of an equal or larger amount of nutrients from the system by installing natural storm water treatment features in urban and agricultural areas that will provide a better return on investment than trying the remove the last 5 mg/L of a nutrient out of wastewater discharge point.  Generally nutrients from waste water can be reduced to around 10 ppm using low tech solutions, in order to achieve lower concentrations to meet TMDL’s higher technology systems must be used.Water, 2016</ref>)

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: reduce inputs

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: natural storm water treatment

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: point source pollution within the watershed

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: a better return on investment

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: natural storm water treatment features

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: installing natural storm water treatment features

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: installing natural storm water treatment features

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: natural storm water treatment features

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Point Source pollution

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: higher tech systems come at a higher cost

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: discharged into the system.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Generally nutrients from waste water can be reduced to around 10 ppm

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: higher tech systems

text: At the time the suit was filed, opponents claimed that the plants were emitting thousands of tons of pollution each year, including sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide emissions, which were allegedly wind-blown into New Jersey. They also claimed this causes smog, acid rain, and different respiratory disease. "New Jersey continues to pursue litigation to protect our citizens' health and meet clean air quality standards," Gov. Jon S. Corzine said. "This decision proves that New Jersey can and will pursue action to enforce the Clean Air Act's protections even when the federal government abdicates its own responsibility to do so." The 2005 suit claimed that three plants at issue in the litigation were at the time emitting in total hundreds of thousands of tons of pollutants a year. It also claimed that the three plants were putting out more nitrogen oxide emissions than all the power plants in New Jersey combined and more than three times the total amount of sulfur dioxide emissions emitted by all New Jersey power plants. The 2005 litigation also claimed that the Hatfield's Ferry plant was at that time the fifth largest single source of sulfur dioxide emissions in the country. The suit claimed violations of Pennsylvania's air pollution laws and regulations. New Jersey sought injunctive relief to require Allegheny to reduce its harmful emissions by installing up to date pollution controls at each of the three plants. The states also asked the court to apply penalties and order Allegheny to take additional appropriate actions to make up for the harm done to public health and the environment by its violations of federal and state law.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: install pollution controls

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: sulfur dioxide

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: public health and the environment

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: smog, acid rain, and different respiratory disease.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: installing up to date pollution controls

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide emissions,

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: pollution controls

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: injunctive relief

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: smog, acid rain, and different respiratory disease.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: smog, acid rain, and different respiratory disease.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: smog, acid rain, and different respiratory disease.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: wind-blown into New Jersey.

text: PRBs are typically installed by digging a long trench in the path of the flow of the contaminated groundwater. The trench is then filled with the reactive materials (typically iron, carbon, or limestone). Sand can be mixed with the reactive material to aid in allowing the water to flow through the materials. Sometimes, there will be a wall that directs the groundwater to the reactive parts of the barrier. After the trench has been filled with reactive material, soil will typically be used to cover the PRB, thus eliminating visibility from the surface.

text: PRBs are typically installed by digging a long trench in the path of the flow of the contaminated groundwater. The trench is then filled with the reactive materials (typically iron, carbon, or limestone). Sand can be mixed with the reactive material to aid in allowing the water to flow through the materials. Sometimes, there will be a wall that directs the groundwater to the reactive parts of the barrier. After the trench has been filled with reactive material, soil will typically be used to cover the PRB, thus eliminating visibility from the surface.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: PRBs

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: reactive materials

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: PRBs

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: PRBs

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: contaminated groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: PRBs

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: PRBs

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: PRBs

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: PRBs

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: visibility from the surface.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: PRBs

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: visibility from the surface.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: contaminated groundwater.

text: Appalachian Voices is an American environmental organization based in Boone, North Carolina.  Their stated environmental concerns include eliminating air pollution, ending mountaintop removal, cleaning up coal ash pollution and promoting renewable energy and energy efficiency.

text: Appalachian Voices is an American

text: environmental organization

text: based in

text: Boone, North Carolina

text: .  Their stated environmental concerns include eliminating

text: air pollution

text: , ending

text: mountaintop removal

text: , cleaning up

text: coal ash pollution

text: and promoting

text: renewable energy

text: and

text: energy efficiency

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: end mountaintop removal

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: coal ash

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: coal ash pollution

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: promoting renewable energy

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: coal ash

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: coal ash pollution

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: cleaning up coal ash pollution

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: coal ash pollution

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: cleaning up coal ash pollution and promoting renewable energy

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: air pollution,

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: coal ash pollution

text: Though many events still occur at Clark, critics have said that the American government left some residual toxic chemicals that now affect the groundwater near the base. Native Filipinos who live nearby show signs of the adverse effects of these chemicals, such as mercury, resulting in leukemia, gangrene, and other severe diseases and health problems. The United States denies responsibility for these actions. A CRC (Clearwater Revival Company) report claimed that "until a more detailed investigation of uncontrolled hazardous waste sites at Clark AB is completed no conclusions can be reached about the present or future safety of the groundwater supply basin."  Several organizations, such as FACES (Filipino American Coalition for Environmental Safeguards) and PTFBC (People Task Force for Bases Clean-up), have attempted to begin the detoxification process on the bases.

text: Though many events still occur at Clark, critics have said that the American government left some residual toxic chemicals that now affect the groundwater near the base. Native Filipinos who live nearby show signs of the adverse effects of these chemicals, such as mercury, resulting in leukemia, gangrene, and other severe diseases and health problems. The United States denies responsibility for these actions. A CRC (Clearwater Revival Company) report claimed that "until a more detailed investigation of uncontrolled hazardous waste sites at Clark AB is completed no conclusions can be reached about the present or future safety of the groundwater supply basin."  Several organizations, such as FACES (Filipino American Coalition for Environmental Safeguards) and PTFBC (People Task Force for Bases Clean-up), have attempted to begin the detoxification process on the bases.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: uncontrolled hazardous waste

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: mercury

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: the groundwater supply basin

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: the American government left some residual toxic chemicals

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: uncontrolled hazardous waste sites

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: mercury,

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: detoxification

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: detoxification

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: safety of the groundwater supply basin."

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: mercury,

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: the American government left some residual toxic chemicals that now affect the groundwater

text: Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies (e.g. lakes, rivers, oceans, aquifers and groundwater). This form of environmental degradation occurs when pollutants are  directly or indirectly discharged  into water bodies without adequate treatment to remove harmful compounds.

text: Water pollution is the contamination of

text: water

text: bodies (e.g.

text: lake

text: s,

text: river

text: s,

text: ocean

text: s,

text: aquifer

text: s and

text: groundwater

text: ). This form of

text: environmental degradation

text: occurs when

text: pollutant

text: s are  directly or indirectly discharged  into water bodies without adequate

text: treatment

text: to remove harmful compounds.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: remove harmful compounds

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical treatment

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: water bodies without adequate treatment

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Water pollution

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: adequate treatment

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: harmful compounds.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Water pollution

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Water pollution

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: without adequate treatment

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: harmful compounds.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: directly or indirectly discharged into water bodies without adequate treatment to remove harmful compounds.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: aquifers and groundwater).

text: Most air contaminants do not have an associated AQI. Many countries monitor ground-level ozone, particulates,  sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide, and calculate air quality indices for these pollutants.

text: Most air contaminants do not have an associated AQI. Many countries monitor

text: ground-level ozone

text: particulates

text: sulfur dioxide

text: carbon monoxide

text: and

text: nitrogen dioxide

text: , and calculate air quality indices for these pollutants.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: monitor air quality

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: sulfur dioxide

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: None of the above choices

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Most air contaminants do not have an associated AQI.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Most air contaminants do not have an associated AQI.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide,

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Most air contaminants do not have an associated AQI.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: ground-level ozone,

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: Most air contaminants do not have an associated AQI.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: air quality indices

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Most air contaminants do not have an associated AQI.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Most air contaminants do not have an associated AQI.

text: Significant groundwater contamination exists in the aquifer downgradient of the Bingham Canyon mining operations. Starting in the late 1980s, the State of Utah Natural Resource Damage Trustee has overseen the investigation of mining influenced groundwater and the implementation of cleanup actions performed by Kennecott and the Jordan Valley Water Conservancy District  to address two groundwater plumes located in southwest Salt Lake County. The plumes were caused by historical mining practices in the Kennecott South Zone. Approximately  are impacted in the southwest portion of Salt Lake County. Because of the remediation efforts, which include more than a $100 million investment in a reverse osmosis facility,  Kennecott's South End, (location of the contaminated aquifer) was removed from the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) National Priorities List (NPL). This investment represents one of many remediation projects along the Oquirrh Mountains to clean up historic mining sites. To date, Kennecott Utah Copper has remediated more than  of the total  impacted by mining at a cost of more than $450 million.

text: Significant groundwater contamination exists in the aquifer downgradient of the Bingham Canyon mining operations. Starting in the late 1980s, the State of Utah Natural Resource Damage Trustee has overseen the investigation of mining influenced groundwater and the implementation of cleanup actions performed by Kennecott and the Jordan Valley Water Conservancy District  to address two groundwater plumes located in southwest Salt Lake County. The plumes were caused by historical mining practices in the Kennecott South Zone. Approximately  are impacted in the southwest portion of Salt Lake County. Because of the remediation efforts, which include more than a $100 million investment in a

text: reverse osmosis

text: facility,  Kennecott's South End, (location of the contaminated aquifer) was removed from the

text: United States Environmental Protection Agency

text: (EPA) National Priorities List (NPL). This investment represents one of many remediation projects along the

text: Oquirrh Mountains

text: to clean up historic mining sites. To date, Kennecott Utah Copper has remediated more than  of the total  impacted by mining at a cost of more than $450 million.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: clean up historic mining sites

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: reverse osmosis

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: reverse osmosis

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: remediation projects along the Oquirrh Mountains

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: reverse osmosis

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: cleanup actions

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: reverse osmosis facility,

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: reverse osmosis

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: reverse osmosis

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: reverse osmosis

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: reverse osmosis

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: reverse osmosis

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: $450 million.

text: On April 21, 2011, Greenpeace released a report showing that of the top ten big brands in cloud computing, Facebook relied the most on coal for electricity for its data centers. At the time, data centers consumed up to 2% of all global electricity and this amount was projected to increase. Phil Radford of Greenpeace said "we are concerned that this new explosion in electricity use could lock us into old, polluting energy sources instead of the clean energy available today."

text: On April 21, 2011, Greenpeace released a report showing that of the top ten big brands in cloud computing, Facebook relied the most on coal for electricity for its data centers. At the time, data centers consumed up to 2% of all global electricity and this amount was projected to increase.

text: Phil Radford

text: of Greenpeace said "we are concerned that this new explosion in electricity use could lock us into old, polluting energy sources instead of the clean energy available today."

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: pollute it

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: acidic chemicals

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: polluting energy sources instead of the clean energy

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: polluting energy sources instead of the clean energy

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: clean energy

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: clean energy

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: polluting energy sources instead of the clean energy

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: polluting energy sources

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: clean energy

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: polluting energy sources instead of the clean energy available today."

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: 2011,

text: The ruling acknowledged the polluter pays principle but said in this case it did not give the province any special status that would move it ahead of other creditors. Friends of the Earth observed that the end result would be that taxpayers will bear much of the financial and environmental costs associated with cleaning up a polluter’s industrial sites, unless remediation orders are issued and acted upon before a company goes under. The provincial Environment Minister Tom Hedderson said the province must still do assessments for any necessary cleanups.

text: The ruling acknowledged the

text: polluter pays principle

text: but said in this case it did not give the province any special status that would move it ahead of other creditors.

text: Friends of the Earth

text: observed that the end result would be that taxpayers will bear much of the financial and environmental costs associated with cleaning up a polluter’s industrial sites, unless remediation orders are issued and acted upon before a company goes under. The provincial Environment Minister

text: Tom Hedderson

text: said the province must still do assessments for any necessary cleanups.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: remediation orders

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: remediation orders

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: environmental costs

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: taxpayers would bear the financial and environmental costs

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: taxpayers will bear much of the financial and environmental costs

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: assessments for any necessary cleanups.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: remediation orders are issued and acted upon before a company goes under.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: remediation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: taxpayers will bear much of the financial and environmental costs

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: taxpayers will bear much of the financial and environmental costs

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: polluter pays principle

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: taxpayers will bear much of the financial and environmental costs

text: The long term care of the groundwater contamination plume is expected to last through 2075 when contamination is expected to be below the EPA required two parts per billion.

text: The long term care of the groundwater contamination plume is expected to last through 2075 when contamination is expected to be below the EPA required two

text: parts per billion

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: contaminate it

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: acidic chemicals

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater contamination plume

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: the contaminated water would not be pumped back in

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: EPA required two parts per billion.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: The long term care of the groundwater contamination plume

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: EPA required two parts per billion.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: groundwater contamination plume is expected to last through 2075

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater contamination plume

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: below the EPA required two parts per billion.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: groundwater contamination plume is expected to last through 2075

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: groundwater contamination plume is expected to last through 2075

text: In addition, CIP systems can be built into the borehole headworks to permit the injection of cleaning solutions (such as sodium hypochlorite or other sanitizers) and the subsequent recirculation of the mix of these chemicals and the groundwater. This process cleans the borehole interior and equipment without any invasive maintenance being required.

text: In addition, CIP systems can be built into the borehole headworks to permit the injection of cleaning solutions (such as sodium hypochlorite or other sanitizers) and the subsequent recirculation of the mix of these chemicals and the groundwater. This process cleans the borehole interior and equipment without any invasive maintenance being required.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: recirculate

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: hypochlorite

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: CIP

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: invasive maintenance

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: cleans the borehole interior and equipment without any invasive maintenance

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: invasive maintenance

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: invasive maintenance

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: sodium hypochlorite

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: CIP systems

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: CIP

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: invasive maintenance

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: recirculation of the mix of these chemicals and the groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: chemicals and the groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: CIP systems can be built into the borehole headworks

text: Local and federal government agencies, including the US Army Corps of Engineers, the US Federal Highway Administration, Los Angeles County, the USGS, the US Department of Energy, and the USEPA, have software and consulting contracts with Aquaveo. In 2011, the government of Australia used Arc Hydro Groundwater to help in developing a national groundwater information system. Arc Hydro was used to convert bore and construction log data and to create geovolumes from georasters.

text: Local and federal government agencies, including the

text: US Army Corps of Engineers

text: , the

text: US Federal Highway Administration

text: Los Angeles County

text: , the

text: USGS

text: , the

text: US Department of Energy

text: , and the

text: USEPA

text: , have software and consulting contracts with Aquaveo. In 2011, the government of Australia used Arc Hydro Groundwater to help in developing a national groundwater information system. Arc Hydro was used to convert bore and construction log data and to create geovolumes from georasters.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: contaminate it

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Arc Hydro

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Arc Hydro

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: a national groundwater information system

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: US Army Corps of Engineers,

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: convert bore and construction log data

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Arc Hydro Groundwater

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Arc Hydro Groundwater

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Arc Hydro Groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: US Army Corps of Engineers,

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Arc Hydro Groundwater

text: LGM-118 Peacekeeper ICBM training began at Lowry in 1985, and after Lowry became the primary training center for USAF space operations, Undergraduate Space Training's 1st graduation was in 1987.  Lowry also handled ground & armament training for several interceptor models, the A-10 Thunderbolt II, and the B-1 Lancer.  After being considered for closure in 1978 and since "Lowry lacked a runway" (closed July 1966), Lowry AFB was designated for closure by BRAC 1991.  The 3400th Technical Training Wing inactivated on 27 April 1994, and the base officially closed on 30 September 1994.  The National Civilian Community Corps used Lowry facilities from 1994 until 2004; and Space Systems Support Group Detachment 1 "located at the former Lowry AFB" in March 1995 moved to Peterson AFB.  The Bonfils Blood Center "became the first commercial tenant at Lowry" in the former commissary during September 1995, and the site development company was presented facility and real estate awards in 1997 (asbestos was remediated from the Formerly Used Defense Site of "1,866 acres"—remediation at buildings included Building 402:PCBs, 606: groundwater, & 1432: soil).

text: LGM-118 Peacekeeper

text: ICBM

text: training began at Lowry in 1985, and after Lowry became the primary training center for USAF space operations,

text: Undergraduate Space Training

text: 's 1st graduation was in 1987.  Lowry also handled ground & armament training for several interceptor models, the

text: A-10 Thunderbolt II

text: , and the

text: B-1 Lancer

text: .  After being considered for closure in 1978 and since "Lowry lacked a runway" (closed July 1966), Lowry AFB was designated for closure by

entity_name: 1991 Base Realignment and Closure Commission

text: BRAC 1991

text: .  The

text: 3400th Technical Training Wing

text: inactivated on 27 April 1994, and the base officially closed on 30 September 1994.  The

text: National Civilian Community Corps

text: used Lowry facilities from 1994 until 2004; and

text: Space Systems Support Group

text: Detachment 1 "located at the former Lowry AFB" in March 1995 moved to

text: Peterson AFB

text: .  The Bonfils Blood Center "became the first commercial tenant at Lowry" in the former commissary during September 1995, and the site development company was presented facility and real estate awards in 1997 (asbestos was remediated from the

text: Formerly Used Defense Site

text: of "1,866 acres"—remediation at buildings included Building 402:PCBs, 606: groundwater, & 1432: soil).

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: PCBs

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater, & 1432: soil

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: groundwater, & 1432: soil

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: groundwater,

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: groundwater,

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: (asbestos

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: groundwater,

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater,

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater,

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: groundwater,

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: groundwater,

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: groundwater,

text: India experiences an average precipitation of  per year, or about  of rains annually. Some 80 percent of its area experiences rains of  or more a year. However, this rain is not uniform in time or geography. Most of the rains occur during its monsoon seasons (June to September), with the northeast and north receiving far more rains than India's west and south. Other than rains, the melting of snow year round over the Himalayas feeds the northern rivers to varying degrees. The southern rivers, however experience more flow variability over the year. For the Himalayan basin, this leads to flooding in some months and water scarcity in others. Despite extensive river system, safe clean drinking water as well as irrigation water supplies for sustainable agriculture are in shortage across India, in part because it has, as yet, harnessed a small fraction of its available and recoverable surface water resource. India harnessed  (20 percent) of its water resources in 2010, part of which came from unsustainable use of groundwater. Of the water it withdrew from its rivers and groundwater wells, India dedicated about  to irrigation,  to municipal and drinking water applications and  to industry.

text: India experiences an average precipitation of  per year, or about  of rains annually. Some 80 percent of its area experiences rains of  or more a year. However, this rain is not uniform in time or geography. Most of the rains occur during its monsoon seasons (June to September), with the northeast and north receiving far more rains than India's west and south. Other than rains, the melting of snow year round over the Himalayas feeds the northern rivers to varying degrees. The southern rivers, however experience more flow variability over the year. For the Himalayan basin, this leads to flooding in some months and water scarcity in others. Despite extensive river system, safe clean drinking water as well as irrigation water supplies for sustainable agriculture are in shortage across India, in part because it has, as yet, harnessed a small fraction of its available and recoverable surface water resource. India harnessed  (20 percent) of its water resources in 2010, part of which came from unsustainable use of groundwater. Of the water it withdrew from its rivers and groundwater wells, India dedicated about  to irrigation,  to municipal and drinking water applications and  to industry.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: unsustainable use

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: India dedicated about to irrigation, to municipal and drinking water applications and to industry.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: unsustainable use of groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: safe clean drinking water

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: safe clean drinking water

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: India experiences an average precipitation of per year,

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unsustainable use of groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: safe clean drinking water

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: safe clean drinking water

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: groundwater.

text: The experts agree that Joe is the worst (Jo claiming that he has gone backwards), but Andrew makes the case for Casey due to Marnie doing all his challenges, as well as him personally begging Casey to read the thinset mortar instructions for a full hour during the group challenge (before Charmaine mixed it herself). The clear most improved award goes to Charmaine for her work. Joe is the first contestant to be named the worst three times (and twice consecutively), and his remedial job is to clean everyone else's curtains.

text: The experts agree that Joe is the worst (Jo claiming that he has gone backwards), but Andrew makes the case for Casey due to Marnie doing all his challenges, as well as him personally begging Casey to read the thinset mortar instructions for a full hour during the group challenge (before Charmaine mixed it herself). The clear most improved award goes to Charmaine for her work. Joe is the first contestant to be named the worst three times (and twice consecutively), and his remedial job is to clean everyone else's curtains.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: clean the curtains

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: thinset mortar

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Joe

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: clean everyone else's curtains.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: thinset mortar

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: clean everyone else's curtains.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: thinset mortar

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: curtains.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: The clear most improved award goes to Charmaine

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: curtains.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Joe

text: Over the years, the VOCs had seeped into the groundwater, resulting in a plume of contaminated groundwater extending for three miles (5 km) to the west of the station.  In July 2005, the Department of the Navy's Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) Program Management Office (PMO) issued a public notice stating that the cleanup of the contaminated soil was complete.The cleanup of the groundwater is being handled by the Irvine Desalter Project, a project of two local water authorities that has financial backing from the Navy and the State of California.

text: Over the years, the VOCs had seeped into the

text: groundwater

text: , resulting in a plume of contaminated groundwater extending for three miles (5 km) to the west of the station.  In July 2005, the Department of the Navy's

text: Base Realignment and Closure

text: (BRAC) Program Management Office (PMO) issued a public notice stating that the cleanup of the contaminated soil was complete.The cleanup of the groundwater is being handled by the Irvine Desalter Project, a project of two local water authorities that has financial backing from the Navy and the

text: State of California

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: financial backing

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: VOCs

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: contaminated groundwater

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: cleanup of the contaminated soil

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Irvine Desalter Project,

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Irvine Desalter Project,

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: contaminated groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater,

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: complete.The cleanup of the groundwater is being handled by the Irvine Desalter Project,

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: VOCs

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: contaminated groundwater

text: United States groundwater law is that area of United States law related to groundwater.

text: United States groundwater law is that area of

text: United States

text: law related to

text: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: preventing it

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: regulate groundwater

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: groundwater remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater is contaminated

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: United States groundwater law

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: United States groundwater law

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: United States groundwater law

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: United States groundwater law

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: United States groundwater law

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater law

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: United States groundwater law

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: United States groundwater law

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: United States groundwater law

text: In 1980 and 1981 Lekkerkerk gained national notoriety when it was found that the soil underneath the new neighbourhood west of the Kerkweg (Church Road) was very polluted. The cost for removal and clean-up was 188 million Dutch Guilders.

text: In 1980 and 1981 Lekkerkerk gained national notoriety when it was found that the soil underneath the new neighbourhood west of the Kerkweg (Church Road) was very polluted. The cost for removal and clean-up was 188 million Dutch Guilders.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: remove it

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: 188 million Dutch Guilders.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: removal and clean-up

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: 188 million Dutch Guilders.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: removal and clean-up was 188 million Dutch Guilders.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: removal

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: The cost for removal and clean-up was 188 million Dutch Guilders.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: 188 million Dutch Guilders.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: soil underneath the new neighbourhood west of the Kerkweg

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: 188 million Dutch Guilders.

text: MTBE removal from groundwater and soil contamination in the U.S. is estimated to cost from $1 billion to $30 billion, including removing the compound from aquifers and municipal water supplies and replacing leaky underground oil tanks. In one case, the cost to oil companies to clean up the MTBE in wells belonging to Santa Monica is estimated to exceed $200 million.  In another case, the City of New York estimated a $250 million cost for cleanup of a single wellfield in Queens, NY.  More recently, a jury awarded the State of New Hampshire $236 million in damages in order to treat groundwater contaminated by MTBE.

text: MTBE removal from groundwater and

text: soil contamination

text: in the U.S. is estimated to cost from $1

text: billion

text: to $30 billion, including removing the compound from aquifers and municipal water supplies and replacing leaky underground oil tanks. In one case, the cost to oil companies to clean up the MTBE in wells belonging to Santa Monica is estimated to exceed $200 million.  In another case, the City of New York estimated a $250 million cost for cleanup of a single wellfield in Queens, NY.  More recently, a jury awarded the State of New Hampshire $236 million in damages in order to treat groundwater contaminated by MTBE.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: replacing leaky underground oil tanks

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: MTBE

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: MTBE removal

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: removing the compound from aquifers and municipal water supplies and replacing leaky underground oil tanks

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: cost from $1 billion to $30 billion

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: MTBE

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: replacing leaky underground oil tanks.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: MTBE

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: MTBE

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: MTBE removal

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: leaky underground oil tanks.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: municipal water supplies

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: MTBE

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: $1 billion to $30 billion,

text: Since 1993, DOE has spent more than US$580 million on remediating soil and groundwater contamination at the lab site and completed several high-profile projects. These include the decommissioning and decontamination of the Brookhaven Graphite Research Reactor, removal of mercury-contaminated sediment from the Peconic River, and installation and operation of 16 on- and off-site groundwater treatment systems that have cleaned more than 25 billion gallons of groundwater since 1996.

text: Since 1993, DOE has spent more than US$580 million on remediating soil and groundwater contamination at the lab site and completed several high-profile projects. These include the decommissioning and decontamination of the Brookhaven Graphite Research Reactor, removal of mercury-contaminated sediment from the Peconic River, and installation and operation of 16 on- and off-site groundwater treatment systems that have cleaned more than 25 billion gallons of groundwater since 1996.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: groundwater treatment systems

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: groundwater treatment systems

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: decontamination

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: 25 billion gallons of groundwater

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: 25 billion gallons of groundwater

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: groundwater treatment systems

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: mercury-contaminated sediment from the Peconic River,

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: groundwater treatment systems

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: decontamination

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: on- and off-site groundwater treatment systems

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: 16 on- and off-site groundwater treatment systems

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: mercury-contaminated

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: on- and off-site groundwater treatment systems

text: In 1990 the Friends of Santa Fe County sued LAC Minerals over a number of environmental issues based on LAC Minerals' exploratory work and initial mining in the gold fields of the Ortiz Mountains.  Some of the claims were dismissed, but an eventual settlement was reached. Under the settlement, LAC Minerals was required to clean up a plume of groundwater contaminated by nitrates and cyanide that had resulted from the heap leaching of gold ore. Also under the settlement, 1,350 acres of the mine were donated to the Santa Fe Botanical Garden for the Ortiz Mountain Educational Preserve.

text: In 1990 the Friends of Santa Fe County sued LAC Minerals over a number of environmental issues based on LAC Minerals' exploratory work and initial mining in the gold fields of the

text: Ortiz Mountains

text: .  Some of the claims were dismissed, but an eventual settlement was reached. Under the settlement, LAC Minerals was required to clean up a plume of groundwater contaminated by nitrates and cyanide that had resulted from the

text: heap leaching

text: of gold ore. Also under the settlement, 1,350 acres of the mine were donated to the Santa Fe Botanical Garden for the

text: Ortiz Mountain Educational Preserve

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: it is impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: donate the mine

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: cyanide

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: heap leaching

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: heap leaching of gold ore.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: 1,350 acres of the mine were donated

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: nitrates and cyanide

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: heap leaching

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: heap leaching

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: heap leaching of gold ore.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: nitrates and cyanide

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: groundwater

text: Samples of water from the natural environment are routinely taken and analysed as part of a pre-determined monitoring programme by  regulatory authorities to ensure that waters remain unpolluted, or if polluted, that the levels of pollution are not increasing or are falling in line with an agreed remediation plan. An example of such a scheme is the Harmonised monitoring scheme operated on all the major river sustems in the UK. The parameters analysed will be highly dependent on nature of the local environment and/or the polluting sources in the area. In many cases the parameters will reflect the national and local water quality standards determined by law or other regulations. Typical parameters for  ensuring that unpolluted surface waters remain within acceptable chemical standards include pH, major cations and anions including Ammonia, Nitrate, Nitrite, Phosphate, Conductivity, COD, Phenol and BOD.

text: Samples of water from the natural environment are routinely taken and analysed as part of a pre-determined monitoring programme by  regulatory authorities to ensure that waters remain

text: unpolluted

text: , or if polluted, that the levels of pollution are not increasing or are falling in line with an agreed remediation plan. An example of such a scheme is the

text: Harmonised monitoring scheme

text: operated on all the major river sustems in the UK. The parameters analysed will be highly dependent on nature of the local environment and/or the polluting sources in the area. In many cases the parameters will reflect the national and local

entity_name: Freshwater environmental quality parameters

text: water quality standards

text: determined by law or other regulations. Typical parameters for  ensuring that unpolluted surface waters remain within acceptable chemical standards include

text: pH

text: , major

text: cation

text: s and

text: anion

text: s including

text: Ammonia

text: Nitrate

text: Nitrite

text: Phosphate

text: Conductivity

text: COD

text: Phenol

text: and

text: BOD

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: remediation plan

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Ammonia

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: remediation plan

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: remediation plan

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: the levels of pollution are not increasing

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: waters remain unpolluted,

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: remediation plan.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: COD, Phenol and BOD.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: remediation plan.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: remediation plan.

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: remediation plan.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: remediation plan.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: COD, Phenol and BOD.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: agreed remediation plan.

text: In July 2010, Lennar Corporation received initial approval of an Environmental Impact Report from San Francisco supervisors. In September 2011, the court denied the transfer of property to Lennar Corporation prior to clean-up of contamination.

text: In July 2010,

text: Lennar Corporation

text: received initial approval of an Environmental Impact Report from San Francisco supervisors. In September 2011, the court denied the transfer of property to Lennar Corporation prior to clean-up of contamination.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: contaminate it

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: clean-up

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: contamination

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: contaminated water would be pumped back in

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: clean-up

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: contamination.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: clean-up of contamination.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: clean-up

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: clean-up

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: the court denied the transfer of property

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Environmental Impact Report

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Environmental Impact Report

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Lennar Corporation received initial approval of an Environmental Impact Report

text: If multiple pollutants are measured at a monitoring site, then the largest or "dominant" AQI value is reported for the location. The ozone AQI between 100 and 300 is computed by selecting the larger of the AQI calculated with a 1-hour ozone value and the AQI computed with the 8-hour ozone value.

text: If multiple pollutants are measured at a monitoring site, then the largest or "dominant" AQI value is reported for the location. The ozone AQI between 100 and 300 is computed by selecting the larger of the AQI calculated with a 1-hour ozone value and the AQI computed with the 8-hour ozone value.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: contaminate it

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unreliable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: ozone AQI

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: If multiple pollutants

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: If multiple pollutants

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: The ozone AQI

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: If multiple pollutants are measured at a monitoring site,

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: If multiple pollutants are measured at a monitoring site,

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: If multiple pollutants are measured at a monitoring site,

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: the largest or "dominant" AQI value

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: the largest or "dominant"

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: If multiple pollutants are measured at a monitoring site,

text: A US uranium enrichment site that was contaminated with uranium and PCBs was cleaned up with high tech equipment used to find the pollutants within the soil. The soil and water at a polluted wetlands site were cleaned of VOCs, PCBs and lead, native plants were installed as biological filters, and a community program was implemented to ensure ongoing monitoring of pollutant concentrations in the area. These case studies are encouraging due to the short amount of time needed to remediate the site and the high level of success achieved.

text: A US uranium enrichment site that was contaminated with uranium and PCBs was cleaned up with high tech equipment used to find the pollutants within the soil. The soil and water at a polluted wetlands site were cleaned of VOCs, PCBs and lead, native plants were installed as biological filters, and a community program was implemented to ensure ongoing monitoring of pollutant concentrations in the area. These case studies are encouraging due to the short amount of time needed to remediate the site and the high level of success achieved.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: install biological filters

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: native plants

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: a community program was implemented

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: short amount of time needed to remediate the site

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: native plants were installed as biological filters,

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: native plants were installed as biological filters,

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: biological filters,

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: wetlands

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: high tech equipment used to find the pollutants within the soil.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: native plants were installed as biological filters,

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: VOCs, PCBs and lead,

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: The soil and water

text: If treatment or remediation of the polluted groundwater is deemed to be too difficult or expensive then abandoning the use of this aquifer's groundwater and finding an alternative source of water is the only other option.

text: If treatment or remediation of the polluted groundwater is deemed to be too difficult or expensive then abandoning the use of this aquifer's groundwater and finding an alternative source of water is the only other option.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: find an alternative source of water

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: acidic chemicals

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: expensive

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: contaminated water would not be pumped back in

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: If treatment or remediation

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: finding an alternative source of water

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: finding an alternative source of water

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: treatment or remediation of the polluted groundwater

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: treatment

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: too difficult or expensive

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: finding an alternative source of water

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: abandoning the use of this aquifer's groundwater

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: abandoning the use of this aquifer's groundwater

text: The clean up processes are now regulated by the EPA as of 2007  The Methamphetamine Remediation Research Act of 2007 required EPA to develop guidelines for remediation of former methamphetamine labs. This creates guidelines for States and local agencies to improve "our national understanding of identifying the point at which former methamphetamine laboratories become clean enough to inhabit again." The legislation also required that EPA periodically update the guidelines, as appropriate, to reflect the best available knowledge and research.

text: The clean up processes are now regulated by the EPA as of 2007  The Methamphetamine Remediation Research Act of 2007 required EPA to develop guidelines for remediation of former methamphetamine labs. This creates guidelines for States and local agencies to improve "our national understanding of identifying the point at which former methamphetamine laboratories become clean enough to inhabit again." The legislation also required that EPA periodically update the guidelines, as appropriate, to reflect the best available knowledge and research.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: update the guidelines

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: methamphetamine

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: The Methamphetamine Remediation Research Act of 2007

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: remediation of former methamphetamine labs.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: former methamphetamine labs.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: The Methamphetamine Remediation Research Act of 2007

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: The Methamphetamine Remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: former methamphetamine laboratories become clean enough to inhabit again."

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: clean enough to inhabit again."

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: The Methamphetamine Remediation Research Act of 2007

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: The Methamphetamine Remediation Research Act of 2007

text: Amoco oil company was potentially liable for the site and agreed to clean it up in 1985. The solution entailed the construction of a slurry wall around and under the sludge pit to avoid groundwater contamination. A clay cap was also placed on top of the sludge pit and topped with grass.

text: Amoco

text: oil company was potentially liable for the site and agreed to clean it up in 1985. The solution entailed the construction of a

text: slurry wall

text: around and under the sludge pit to avoid

text: groundwater

text: contamination. A clay cap was also placed on top of the sludge pit and topped with grass.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: construct a slurry wall

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: slurry wall

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater contamination

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: slurry wall

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: groundwater contamination.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: slurry wall around and under the sludge pit

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: slurry wall

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: slurry wall

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater contamination.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: slurry wall

text: Groundwater is the main source for municipal water supply in Nicaragua. For example, Managua - which is located on the shores of the polluted Lake Managua - is supplied entirely by groundwater, including by groundwater that infiltrates from the craters of volcanoes - called "lagoons'" within the city. For example, Asososca lagoon, to the west, is Managua's most important source of drinking water.

text: Groundwater is the main source for municipal water supply in Nicaragua. For example, Managua - which is located on the shores of the polluted

text: Lake Managua

text: - is supplied entirely by groundwater, including by groundwater that infiltrates from the craters of volcanoes - called "lagoons'" within the city. For example, Asososca lagoon, to the west, is Managua's most important source of drinking water.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Asososca lagoon

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: craters of volcanoes

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater,

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: groundwater,

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: groundwater,

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: groundwater,

text: She impressed the judges with her statement: "I feel strongly that we as human beings are all entitled to fresh clean drinking water. However, our precious eco-system and oceans are under constant threat from polluted stormwater. It is our actions through land filling and vegetation clearing that result in erosion and pollution to water catchments. We can all develop strategies to minimise the amount of 'dirty water' entering our waterways. Simple measures from switching to environmentally friendly detergents and soaps to council initiatives for restoring creeks and preventing pollution. I would be honoured to encourage people to focus on cleaning our waterways so we can all enjoy our beautiful beaches and clean water for many years to come." She nailed the competition with her answer.

text: She impressed the judges with her statement: "I feel strongly that we as human beings are all entitled to fresh clean drinking water. However, our precious eco-system and oceans are under constant threat from polluted stormwater. It is our actions through land filling and vegetation clearing that result in erosion and pollution to water catchments. We can all develop strategies to minimise the amount of 'dirty water' entering our waterways. Simple measures from switching to environmentally friendly detergents and soaps to council initiatives for restoring creeks and preventing pollution. I would be honoured to encourage people to focus on cleaning our waterways so we can all enjoy our beautiful beaches and clean water for many years to come." She nailed the competition with her answer.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: prevent pollution

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: acidic reagents

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: bioremediation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: polluted stormwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: clean water for many years to come

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: stormwater.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: preventing pollution.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: switching to environmentally friendly detergents and soaps

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: restoring creeks

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: restoring creeks and preventing pollution.

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: erosion and pollution to water catchments.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: we can all enjoy our beautiful beaches and clean water for many years to come."

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: polluted stormwater.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: polluted stormwater.

text: Northeast Cape Air Force Station was very expensive to maintain, and was inactivated due to budget reductions on 30 September 1969, its mission being taken over by other AAC surveillance radar sites with upgraded and more capable equipment. After the station's closure, the buildings, radars and communications antennas sat derelict and abandoned for decades. The area surrounding the Northeast Cape base site had been a traditional camp site for several Yupik families for centuries. After the base closed down in the 1970s, many of these people started to experience health problems. For 20 years, Yupik elder and environmentalist Annie Alowa advocated for environmental cleanup of the hazardous materials.  Even today, people who grew up at Northeast Cape have high rates of cancer and other diseases, possibly due to PCB exposure around the site. According to the State of Alaska, those elevated cancer rates have been shown to be comparable to the rates of other Alaskan and non-Alaskan arctic natives who were not exposed to a similar Air Force facility. In any event, the majority of the facility was removed in a $10.5 million cleanup program in 2003. Monitoring of the site will continue into the future. In 1998 Pacific Air Forces (PACAF) initiated "Operation Clean Sweep", in which abandoned Cold War stations in Alaska were remediated and the land restored to its previous state.  After years of neglect the facilities at the station had lost any value they had when the site was closed.  The site remediation of the radar, support and White Alice communication station was carried out by the 611th Civil Engineering Squadron at Elmendorf AFB, and remediation work was completed by 2005.

text: Northeast Cape Air Force Station was very expensive to maintain, and was inactivated due to budget reductions on 30 September 1969, its mission being taken over by other AAC surveillance radar sites with upgraded and more capable equipment. After the station's closure, the buildings, radars and communications antennas sat derelict and abandoned for decades. The area surrounding the Northeast Cape base site had been a traditional camp site for several

text: Yupik

text: families for centuries. After the base closed down in the 1970s, many of these people started to experience health problems. For 20 years, Yupik elder and environmentalist

text: Annie Alowa

text: advocated for environmental cleanup of the hazardous materials.  Even today, people who grew up at Northeast Cape have high rates of cancer and other diseases, possibly due to

text: PCB

text: exposure around the site. According to the State of Alaska, those elevated

text: cancer

text: rates have been shown to be comparable to the rates of other Alaskan and non-Alaskan arctic natives who were not exposed to a similar Air Force facility. In any event, the majority of the facility was removed in a $10.5 million cleanup program in 2003. Monitoring of the site will continue into the future. In 1998

text: Pacific Air Forces

text: (PACAF) initiated "Operation Clean Sweep", in which abandoned Cold War stations in Alaska were remediated and the land restored to its previous state.  After years of neglect the facilities at the station had lost any value they had when the site was closed.  The site remediation of the radar, support and White Alice communication station was carried out by the 611th

text: Civil Engineering

text: Squadron at

text: Elmendorf AFB

text: , and remediation work was completed by 2005.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: monitor the site

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: PCB

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: PCB exposure around the site

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: land restored to its previous state

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: PCB

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: environmental cleanup of the hazardous materials.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: PCB

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: "Operation Clean Sweep",

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Clean Sweep",

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: high rates of cancer and other diseases,

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: the land restored to its previous state.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: PCB

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Pacific Air Forces

text: For a river of its size, the Sacramento is considered to have fairly clean water. However, pollutants still flow into the river from many of its tributaries and man-made drains or channels. Pesticide runoff, especially DDT, is one of the largest problems faced today, because of the valley's primarily agricultural economy. Increased erosion caused by the removal of riparian vegetation and the runoff of fertilizers into the river have led to occasional algae blooms, though the water is usually cold because of the regulation of dams upstream. Other pollutant sources include urban runoff, mercury and even rocket fuel that was reported to have leaked near the American River from an Aerojet extraction project.

text: For a river of its size, the Sacramento is considered to have fairly clean water. However, pollutants still flow into the river from many of its tributaries and man-made drains or channels.

text: Pesticide

text: runoff, especially

text: DDT

text: , is one of the largest problems faced today, because of the valley's primarily agricultural economy. Increased erosion caused by the removal of riparian vegetation and the runoff of

text: fertilizer

text: s into the river have led to occasional

text: algae bloom

text: s, though the water is usually cold because of the regulation of dams upstream. Other pollutant sources include

text: urban runoff

text: mercury

text: and even rocket fuel that was reported to have leaked near the American River from an

text: Aerojet

text: extraction project.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: regulate dams upstream

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: DDT

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Pesticide runoff

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: the valley's primarily agricultural economy

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Pesticide runoff,

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: man-made drains

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Pesticide runoff, especially DDT,

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Pesticide runoff,

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Pesticide runoff,

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: Pesticide runoff,

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: clean water.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Pesticide runoff, especially DDT,

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Pesticide runoff, especially DDT,

text: The utility plans to substitute surface water for groundwater through the construction of four large water treatment plants until 2020 at a cost of US$1.8bn (Saidabad Phase II and III, Padma/Pagla and Khilkhet). The treatment plants will draw water from more distant and less polluted rivers up to 160 km from the city. The four plants are expected to have a combined capacity of 1.63 million cubic meters per year, compared to a 2010 supply of 2.11 million cubic meter per year that is mainly from groundwater. As of 2011, funding had been secured for the first plant which is under construction thanks to a USD250 million contribution from Danish development assistance. In 2012 the government signed a contract with a Chinese company to build a water treatment plant at Munshiganj on the Padma River. The project costs USD407 million, of which USD290.8 million is financed by a soft loan from the Chinese government, the remainder coming from the Bangladeshi government.

text: The utility plans to substitute surface water for groundwater through the construction of four large water treatment plants until 2020 at a cost of US$1.8bn (Saidabad Phase II and III, Padma/Pagla and Khilkhet). The treatment plants will draw water from more distant and less polluted rivers up to 160 km from the city. The four plants are expected to have a combined capacity of 1.63 million cubic meters per year, compared to a 2010 supply of 2.11 million cubic meter per year that is mainly from groundwater. As of 2011, funding had been secured for the first plant which is under construction thanks to a USD250 million contribution from Danish development assistance. In 2012 the government signed a contract with a Chinese company to build a water treatment plant at

text: Munshiganj

text: on the Padma River. The project costs USD407 million, of which USD290.8 million is financed by a soft loan from the Chinese government, the remainder coming from the Bangladeshi government.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: substitute surface water

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: The utility plans to substitute surface water

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: water treatment plants

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: four large water treatment plants

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: water treatment plants

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: water treatment plants

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: water treatment plants

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: US$1.8bn

text: Since 2003, radioactive materials are known to be leaking from Hanford into the environment. "The highest tritium concentration detected in riverbank springs during 2002 was 58,000 pCi/L (2,100 Bq/L) at the Hanford Townsite. The highest iodine-129 concentration of 0.19 pCi/L (0.007 Bq/L) was also found in a Hanford Townsite spring. The WHO guidelines for radionuclides in drinking-water limits levels of iodine-129 at 1 Bq/L, and tritium at 10,000 Bq/L. Concentrations of radionuclides including tritium, technetium-99, and iodine-129 in riverbank springs near the Hanford Townsite have generally been increasing since 1994. This is an area where a major groundwater plume from the 200 East Area intercepts the river ... Detected radionuclides include strontium-90, technetium-99, iodine-129, uranium-234, −235, and −238, and tritium. Other detected contaminants include arsenic, chromium, chloride, fluoride, nitrate, and sulfate."

text: Since 2003, radioactive materials are known to be leaking from Hanford into the environment. "The highest tritium concentration detected in riverbank springs during 2002 was 58,000 pCi/L (2,100 Bq/L) at the Hanford Townsite. The highest iodine-129 concentration of 0.19 pCi/L (0.007 Bq/L) was also found in a Hanford Townsite spring. The WHO guidelines for radionuclides in drinking-water limits levels of iodine-129 at 1 Bq/L, and tritium at 10,000 Bq/L. Concentrations of radionuclides including tritium, technetium-99, and iodine-129 in riverbank springs near the Hanford Townsite have generally been increasing since 1994. This is an area where a major

text: groundwater plume

text: from the 200 East Area intercepts the river ... Detected radionuclides include strontium-90, technetium-99, iodine-129, uranium-234, −235, and −238, and tritium. Other detected contaminants include arsenic, chromium, chloride, fluoride, nitrate, and sulfate."

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: contain arsenic

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: arsenic

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater plume

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: iodine-129

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: 2003,

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: groundwater plume from the 200 East Area intercepts the river...

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: sulfate."

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: drinking-water

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: arsenic,

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: groundwater

text: The Department of Energy was concerned with the pollution surrounding ORNL and it began clean-up efforts. Burial trenches and leaking pipes had contaminated the groundwater beneath the lab and radiation tanks were sitting idle, full of waste. Estimates of the total cost of clean-up were into the hundreds of millions of US dollars.

text: The Department of Energy was concerned with the pollution surrounding ORNL and it began clean-up efforts. Burial trenches and leaking pipes had contaminated the groundwater beneath the lab and radiation tanks were sitting idle, full of waste. Estimates of the total cost of clean-up were into the hundreds of millions of US dollars.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Bury trenches

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: sulfate

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: the cost of clean-up

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: the contaminated water would be pumped back in

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: hundreds of millions of US dollars.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Burial trenches and leaking pipes

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Burial trenches and leaking pipes

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: clean-up

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: clean-up

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: Burial trenches and leaking pipes had contaminated the groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: leaking pipes

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: hundreds of millions of US dollars.

text: The process of the EDCs entering the water source all begins with a source. Whether it comes from an industrial plant, pharmaceutical, or human source, it eventually finds its way to a larger water source, usually in the form of a waste product. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has documented the amount of pharmaceuticals released into the environment from manufacturing plants, however, this documentation is not as prevalent on a household level. There are some on-going efforts to attempt to minimize this pollution. For example, 80 percent of pharmacies in Clark County, Washington have contributed to efforts emphasizing the safe disposal of noncontrolled drugs. Attempts to control water pollution are gaining support as pollution gradually becomes more visible. However, these efforts are still in the process of being implemented on a large scale. The polluted water is then sent to a number of places.

text: The process of the EDCs entering the water source all begins with a source. Whether it comes from an

text: industrial plant

text: , pharmaceutical, or human source, it eventually finds its way to a larger water source, usually in the form of a waste product. The

text: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

text: has documented the amount of pharmaceuticals released into the environment from manufacturing plants, however, this documentation is not as prevalent on a household level. There are some on-going efforts to attempt to minimize this pollution. For example, 80 percent of

text: pharmacies

text: in

text: Clark County, Washington

text: have contributed to efforts emphasizing the safe disposal of noncontrolled drugs. Attempts to control water pollution are gaining support as pollution gradually becomes more visible. However, these efforts are still in the process of being implemented on a large scale. The polluted water is then sent to a number of places.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: control water pollution

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: these efforts are still in the process of being implemented on a large scale

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: The polluted water is then sent to a number of places

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: The polluted water

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: The polluted water

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: a source.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: a waste product.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: a waste product.

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: this documentation is not as prevalent on a household level.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: The polluted water is then sent to a number of places.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: pollution gradually becomes more visible.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: The polluted water is then sent to a number of places.

text: MODFLOW is a well-known example of a general finite difference groundwater flow model. It is developed by the US Geological Survey as a modular and extensible simulation tool for modeling groundwater flow. It is free software developed, documented and distributed by the USGS. Many commercial products have grown up around it, providing graphical user interfaces to its input file based interface, and typically incorporating pre- and post-processing of user data. Many other models have been developed to work with MODFLOW input and output, making linked models which simulate several hydrologic processes possible (flow and transport models, surface water and groundwater models and chemical reaction models), because of the simple, well documented nature of MODFLOW.

text: MODFLOW

text: is a well-known example of a general finite difference groundwater flow model. It is developed by the

text: US Geological Survey

text: as a modular and extensible simulation tool for modeling groundwater flow. It is

text: free software

text: developed, documented and distributed by the USGS. Many commercial products have grown up around it, providing

text: graphical user interface

text: s to its input file based interface, and typically incorporating pre- and post-processing of user data. Many other models have been developed to work with MODFLOW input and output, making linked models which simulate several hydrologic processes possible (flow and transport models,

text: surface water

text: and

text: groundwater

text: models and chemical reaction models), because of the simple, well documented nature of MODFLOW.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: MODFLOW

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: MODFLOW

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical reaction

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: clean water would be pumped

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: MODFLOW

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: pre- and post-processing of user data.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical reaction models),

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: MODFLOW

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical reaction models),

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: MODFLOW

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: MODFLOW

text: In 1972, the Niles Sand and Gravel Company sued the Alameda County Water District, arguing that its groundwater recharge program constituted a damaging of their ability to use the quarry. After finding that the replenishment program served a beneficial purpose in combating seawater intrusion from the San Francisco Bay and that the gravel pits would have flooded naturally even if the program were not in place, the court ruled against the company, declaring its pumping to be an illegal waste of groundwater.

text: In 1972, the Niles Sand and Gravel Company sued the

text: Alameda County Water District

text: , arguing that its

text: groundwater recharge

text: program constituted a damaging of their ability to use the quarry. After finding that the replenishment program served a beneficial purpose in combating

text: seawater intrusion

text: from the

text: San Francisco Bay

text: and that the gravel pits would have flooded naturally even if the program were not in place, the court ruled against the company, declaring its pumping to be an illegal

text: waste

text: of groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: pumping

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: groundwater recharge

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater recharge

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: illegal waste of groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: illegal waste of groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: recharge

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: groundwater recharge program

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: groundwater recharge

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater recharge

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: illegal waste of groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: flooded naturally

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: pumping to be an illegal waste of groundwater.

text: There are a number of cost/efficiency advantages to bioremediation, which can be employed in areas that are inaccessible without excavation. For example, hydrocarbon spills (specifically, petrol spills) or certain chlorinated solvents may contaminate groundwater, and introducing the appropriate electron acceptor or electron donor amendment, as appropriate, may significantly reduce contaminant  concentrations after a long time allowing for acclimation. This is typically much less expensive than excavation followed by disposal elsewhere, incineration or other ex situ treatment strategies, and reduces or eliminates the need for "pump and treat", a practice common at sites where hydrocarbons have contaminated clean groundwater. Using archaea for bioremediation of hydrocarbons also has the advantage of breaking down contaminants at the molecular level, as opposed to simply chemically dispersing the contaminant.

text: There are a number of cost/efficiency advantages to bioremediation, which can be employed in areas that are inaccessible without

text: excavation

text: . For example,

text: hydrocarbon

text: spills (specifically,

text: petrol

text: spills) or certain chlorinated solvents may contaminate

text: groundwater

text: , and introducing the appropriate electron acceptor or electron donor amendment, as appropriate, may significantly reduce contaminant

text: concentration

text: s after a long time allowing for acclimation. This is typically much less expensive than excavation followed by disposal elsewhere,

text: incineration

text: or other ex situ treatment strategies, and reduces or eliminates the need for "pump and treat", a practice common at sites where hydrocarbons have contaminated clean groundwater. Using archaea for bioremediation of hydrocarbons also has the advantage of breaking down contaminants at the molecular level, as opposed to simply chemically dispersing the contaminant.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: pump and treat

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: electron acceptor or electron donor amendment

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: pump and treat

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: This typically much less expensive than excavation followed by disposal elsewhere

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: significantly reduce contaminant concentrations

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: excavation followed by disposal elsewhere, incineration or other ex situ treatment strategies,

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: "pump and treat",

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: electron acceptor or electron donor amendment,

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: bioremediation,

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: "pump and treat",

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: "pump and treat",

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: "pump and treat",

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: hydrocarbon spills (specifically, petrol spills)

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: "pump and treat",

text: Of the total irrigated area worldwide 38% is equipped for irrigation with groundwater, especially in India (39 million ha), China (19 million ha) and the United States of America (17 million ha). Total consumptive groundwater use for irrigation is estimated as 545 km/year. Groundwater use in irrigation leads in places to exploitation of groundwater at rates above groundwater recharge and depletion of groundwater reservoirs.

text: Of the total irrigated area worldwide 38% is equipped for irrigation with groundwater, especially in India (39 million ha), China (19 million ha) and the United States of America (17 million ha). Total consumptive groundwater use for irrigation is estimated as 545 km/year. Groundwater use in irrigation leads in places to exploitation of groundwater at rates above groundwater recharge and depletion of groundwater reservoirs.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: depletion

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: depletion of groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: depletion of groundwater reservoirs

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Groundwater use in irrigation leads in places to exploitation of groundwater

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: depletion of groundwater reservoirs.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: groundwater,

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: groundwater,

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater,

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: depletion of groundwater reservoirs.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: depletion of groundwater reservoirs.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: groundwater,

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: groundwater,

text: Congress exempted some water pollution sources from the point source definition in the 1972 CWA, and was unclear on the status of some other sources.  These sources were therefore considered to be nonpoint sources that were not subject to the permit program.

text: Congress exempted some water pollution sources from the point source definition in the 1972 CWA, and was unclear on the status of some other sources.  These sources were therefore considered to be

text: nonpoint sources

text: that were not subject to the permit program.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: permit the source

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: nonpoint sources

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: point source remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: None of the above choices

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: nonpoint sources that were not subject to the permit program.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: permit program.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: nonpoint sources

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: nonpoint sources that were not subject to the permit program.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: nonpoint sources

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: nonpoint sources that were not subject to the permit program.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: nonpoint sources that were not subject to the permit program.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: nonpoint sources

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: point source definition in the 1972 CWA,

text: Atrazine remains in soil for a matter of months (although in some soils can persist to at least 4 years) and can migrate from soil to groundwater; once in groundwater, it degrades slowly. It has been detected in groundwater at high levels in some regions of the U.S. where it is used on some crops and turf. The US Environmental Protection Agency expresses concern regarding contamination of surface waters (lakes, rivers, and streams).

text: Atrazine remains in soil for a matter of months (although in some soils can persist to at least 4 years) and can migrate from soil to

text: groundwater

text: ; once in groundwater, it degrades slowly. It has been detected in groundwater at high levels in some regions of the U.S. where it is used on some crops and turf. The US

text: Environmental Protection Agency

text: expresses concern regarding contamination of surface waters (lakes, rivers, and streams).

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: atrazine

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Atrazine

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: contamination of surface waters

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: it degrades slowly

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: groundwater;

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: groundwater;

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Atrazine

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: groundwater;

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater;

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: contamination of surface waters

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: it degrades slowly.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: surface waters

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: groundwater;

text: Zerovalent Iron was the first material to be used in PRBs for groundwater remediation. It continues to be the main material used in the construction of these barriers. In addition to conventional scale iron, nanoscale-iron may also be used.

text: Zerovalent Iron was the first material to be used in PRBs for

text: groundwater remediation

text: . It continues to be the main material used in the construction of these barriers. In addition to conventional scale iron,

text: nanoscale

text: -iron may also be used.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: PRBs

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Zerovalent Iron

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: PRBs

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater remediation

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: None of the above choices are applicable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: groundwater remediation.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: PRBs for groundwater remediation.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Zerovalent Iron

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: PRBs

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: PRBs for groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater remediation.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: PRBs for groundwater remediation.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Zerovalent Iron

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: groundwater remediation.

text: Because groundwater and surface water are closely linked, water pollution from CAFOs can affect both sources if one or the other is contaminated. Surface water may be polluted by CAFO waste through the runoff of nutrients, organics, and pathogens from fields and storage. Waste can be transmitted to groundwater through the leaching of pollutants. Some facility designs, such as lagoons, can reduce the risk of groundwater contamination, but the microbial pathogens from animal waste may still pollute surface and groundwater, causing adverse effects on wildlife and human health.

text: Because

text: groundwater

text: and surface water are closely linked, water pollution from CAFOs can affect both sources if one or the other is contaminated. Surface water may be polluted by CAFO waste through the runoff of nutrients, organics, and pathogens from fields and storage. Waste can be transmitted to groundwater through the

text: leaching

text: of pollutants. Some facility designs, such as lagoons, can reduce the risk of groundwater contamination, but the microbial pathogens from animal waste may still pollute surface and groundwater, causing adverse effects on wildlife and human health.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: runoff

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: leaching of pollutants

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: causing adverse effects on wildlife and human health

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: lagoons,

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: lagoons,

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: lagoons,

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: leaching of pollutants.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: leaching of pollutants.

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: Waste can be transmitted to groundwater through the leaching of pollutants.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: lagoons,

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: microbial pathogens

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Surface water

text: The success of a WQT market is determined by several factors including the pollutant of interest, physical characteristics of the affected watershed, control costs, trading mechanisms, and stakeholder participation and willingness. It is also important that the desired level of pollution reduction is not so great that all sources must reduce the maximum amount possible because this would eliminate surplus reductions to be used for credits.

text: The success of a WQT market is determined by several factors including the pollutant of interest, physical characteristics of the affected watershed, control costs, trading mechanisms, and stakeholder participation and willingness. It is also important that the desired level of pollution reduction is not so great that all sources must reduce the maximum amount possible because this would eliminate surplus reductions to be used for credits.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: control costs

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: WQT

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: control costs

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: would eliminate surplus reductions to be used for credits

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: control costs,

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: all sources must reduce the maximum amount possible

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: physical characteristics of the affected watershed,

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: WQT

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: WQT

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: control costs,

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: eliminate surplus reductions to be used for credits.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: physical characteristics of the affected watershed,

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: control costs,

text: Despite the threat to groundwater resources, no Federal or State statute comprehensively addresses groundwater protection. There are currently only patchworks of law at the Federal and State levels that address groundwater protection. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA, or just EPA) has been designated by Congress to be the primary Federal agency responsible for groundwater protection; however, there is no comprehensive Federal groundwater law comparable to the legislation addressing surface-water pollution. Instead, the EPA enforces requirements of a myriad of Federal laws having provisions that protect groundwater quality. These laws include among others: the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) of 1974 (42 USC §300f et seq.[and the following]) and amendments; the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976 (42 USC §6901 et seq.); and the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) of 1980 (42 USC §9601 et seq.) and amendments. The Clean Water Act (CWA) of 1972 (33 USC §1251 et seq.), including the 1977 amendments, is the primary Federal law in the United States that governs the discharge of pollutants into the Nation’s waters. The CWA’s primary regulatory mechanism is the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES), which requires permits to be issued for discharges of any pollutant or combination of pollutants into navigable waters. Certain sections specifically address groundwater, but it is unclear whether the CWA’s pollution-control provisions apply to groundwater. Some provisions of the CWA clearly apply to groundwater. For example, Section 106 provides for regional monitoring of surface water and groundwater; and Section 304 provides for development of specific water-quality criteria, which would include groundwater quality (Quatrochi, 1996).

text: Despite the threat to groundwater resources, no Federal or State statute comprehensively addresses groundwater protection. There are currently only patchworks of law at the Federal and State levels that address groundwater protection. The

text: United States Environmental Protection Agency

text: (USEPA, or just EPA) has been designated by Congress to be the primary Federal agency responsible for groundwater protection; however, there is no comprehensive Federal groundwater law comparable to the legislation addressing surface-water pollution. Instead, the EPA enforces requirements of a myriad of Federal laws having provisions that protect groundwater quality. These laws include among others: the

text: Safe Drinking Water Act

text: (SDWA) of 1974 (42 USC §300f et seq.[and the following]) and amendments; the

text: Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

text: (RCRA) of 1976 (42 USC §6901 et seq.); and the

text: Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act

text: (CERCLA) of 1980 (42 USC §9601 et seq.) and amendments. The

text: Clean Water Act

text: (CWA) of 1972 (33 USC §1251 et seq.), including the 1977 amendments, is the primary Federal law in the United States that governs the discharge of pollutants into the Nation’s waters. The CWA’s primary regulatory mechanism is the

text: National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System

text: (NPDES), which requires permits to be issued for discharges of any pollutant or combination of pollutants into navigable waters. Certain sections specifically address groundwater, but it is unclear whether the CWA’s pollution-control provisions apply to groundwater. Some provisions of the CWA clearly apply to groundwater. For example, Section 106 provides for regional monitoring of surface water and groundwater; and Section 304 provides for development of specific water-quality criteria, which would include groundwater quality (Quatrochi, 1996).

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: It is impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: protect groundwater quality

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: NPDES

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: no comprehensive Federal groundwater law

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: groundwater quality

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: CWA’s

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: groundwater,

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: groundwater,

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: groundwater,

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater,

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater,

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: The Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: surface-water pollution.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: (33 USC <unk>1251 et seq.),

text: Geology and geologic principles can be applied to various environmental problems such as stream restoration, the restoration of brownfields, and the understanding of the interaction between natural habitat and the geologic environment. Groundwater hydrology, or hydrogeology, is used to locate groundwater, which can often provide a ready supply of uncontaminated water and is especially important in arid regions, and to monitor the spread of contaminants in groundwater wells.

text: Geology and geologic principles can be applied to various environmental problems such as

text: stream restoration

text: , the restoration of

text: brownfields

text: , and the understanding of the interaction between

text: natural habitat

text: and the geologic environment. Groundwater hydrology, or

text: hydrogeology

text: , is used to locate groundwater, which can often provide a ready supply of uncontaminated water and is especially important in arid regions, and to monitor the spread of contaminants in groundwater wells.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: monitor the spread of contaminants

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: uncontaminated water

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: contaminants in groundwater wells.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: monitor the spread of contaminants in groundwater wells.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: contaminants in groundwater wells.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: stream restoration,

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Groundwater hydrology,

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: contaminants in groundwater wells.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: provide a ready supply of uncontaminated water

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: contaminants

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Groundwater hydrology,

text: The second phase is the Remediation phase. In the Remediation phase, the known weaknesses and vulnerabilities are addressed. Remediation actions are deliberate, precautionary measures designed to fix known virtual and physical vulnerabilities before an event occurs. The purpose of remediation is to improve the reliability, availability, and survivability of critical assets and infrastructures.  Remediation actions apply to any type of vulnerability, regardless of its cause. They apply to acts of nature, technology failures, or deliberate malicious actions.

text: The second phase is the Remediation phase. In the Remediation phase, the known weaknesses and vulnerabilities are addressed. Remediation actions are deliberate, precautionary measures designed to fix known virtual and physical vulnerabilities before an event occurs. The purpose of remediation is to improve the reliability, availability, and survivability of critical assets and infrastructures.  Remediation actions apply to any type of vulnerability, regardless of its cause. They apply to acts of nature, technology failures, or deliberate malicious actions.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: remediation

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: improve the reliability, availability, and survivability

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: before an event occurs.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Remediation

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: the known weaknesses and vulnerabilities

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Remediation phase.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Remediation actions are deliberate, precautionary measures

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: acts of nature, technology failures, or deliberate malicious actions.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Remediation actions are deliberate, precautionary measures

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: acts of nature, technology failures, or deliberate malicious actions.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Remediation phase.

text: Groundwater pollution, from pollutants released to the ground that can work their way down into groundwater, can create a contaminant plume within an aquifer. Pollution can occur from landfills, naturally occurring arsenic, on-site sanitation systems or other point sources, such as petrol stations or leaking sewers.

text: Groundwater pollution

text: , from

text: pollutant

text: s released to the ground that can work their way down into groundwater, can create a contaminant

text: plume

text: within an aquifer. Pollution can occur from landfills, naturally occurring arsenic, on-site

text: sanitation

text: systems or other point sources, such as petrol stations or leaking sewers.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: groundwater pollution

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: arsenic

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: on-site sanitation systems

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Groundwater pollution,

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Groundwater pollution,

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: naturally occurring arsenic,

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Groundwater pollution,

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Groundwater pollution,

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: on-site sanitation systems

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: contaminant plume

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: petrol stations or leaking sewers.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: on-site sanitation systems

text: Adam and Jamie tested several alleged methods for sobering up quickly. For each test, one of the co-hosts subjected himself to the remedy while the other did not, and both then traced a line pattern as quickly and accurately as possible. The difference in their performances was taken as the effectiveness of the remedy, although Adam also mentioned at the end of the experiment that their BAC measurements agreed with the differences in their performances as well. They tried to sober up by...

text: Adam and Jamie tested several alleged methods for sobering up quickly. For each test, one of the co-hosts subjected himself to the remedy while the other did not, and both then traced a line pattern as quickly and accurately as possible. The difference in their performances was taken as the effectiveness of the remedy, although Adam also mentioned at the end of the experiment that their

text: BAC

text: measurements agreed with the differences in their performances as well. They tried to sober up by...

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: prevent it

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: pump the water

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: acidic chemicals into the water.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: bioremediation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: contaminating the environment

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: clean water would be pumped back in

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Adam

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: traced a line pattern

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: traced a line pattern

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: remedy

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: remedy

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: effectiveness of the remedy,

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: sober up

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: line pattern

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: traced a line pattern

text: Australian water resources have always been variable but they are becoming increasingly so with changing climate conditions. Because of how limited water resources are in Australia, there needs to be an effective implementation of environmental governance conducted within the country. Water restrictions are an important policy device used in Australian environmental governance to limit the amount of water used in urban and agricultural environments (Beeton et al. 2006). There is increased pressure on surface water resources in Australia because of the uncontrolled growth in groundwater use and the constant threat of drought. These increased pressures not only affect the quantity and quality of the waterways but they also negatively affect biodiversity. The government needs to create policies that preserve, protect and monitor Australia’s inland water. The most significant environmental governance policy imposed by the Australian government is environmental flow allocations that allocate water to the natural environment. The proper implementation of water trading systems could help to conserve water resources in Australia. Over the years there has been an increase in demand for water, making Australia the third largest per capita user of water in the world (Beeton et al. 2006). If this trend continues, the gap between supply and demand will need to be addressed. The government needs to implement more efficient water allocations and raise water rates (UNEP, 2014). By changing public perception to promote the action of reusing and recycling water some of the stress of water shortages can be alleviated.  More extensive solutions like desalination plants, building more dams and using aquifer storage are all options that could be taken to conserve water levels but all these methods are controversial. With caps on surface water use, both urban and rural consumers are turning to groundwater use; this has caused groundwater levels to decline significantly. Groundwater use is very hard to monitor and regulate. There is not enough research currently being conducted to accurately determine sustainable yields. Some regions are seeing improvement in groundwater levels by applying caps on bores and the amount of water that consumers are allowed to extract. There have been projects in environmental governance aimed at restoring vegetation in the riparian zone. Restoring riparian vegetation helps increase biodiversity, reduce salinity, prevent soil erosion and prevent riverbank collapse. Many rivers and waterways are controlled by weirs and locks that control the flow of rivers and also prevent the movement of fish. The government has funded fish-ways on some weirs and locks to allow for native fish to move upstream. Wetlands have significantly suffered under restricted water resources with water bird numbers dropping and a decrease in species diversity. The allocation of water for bird breeding through environmental flows in Macquarie Marshes has led to an increase in breeding (Beeton et al. 2006). Because of dry land salinity throughout Australia there has been an increase in the levels of salt in Australian waterways. There has been funding in salt interception schemes which help to improve in-stream salinity levels but whether river salinity has improved or not is still unclear because there is not enough data available yet. High salinity levels are dangerous because they can negatively affect larval and juvenile stages of certain fish. The introduction of invasive species into waterways has negatively affected native aquatic species because invasive species compete with native species and alter natural habitats. There has been research in producing daughterless carp to help eradicate carp. Government funding has also gone into building in-stream barriers that trap the carp and prevent them from moving into floodplains and wetlands.  Investment in national and regional programmes like the Living Murray (MDBC), Healthy Waterways Partnership and the Clean Up the Swan Programme are leading to important environmental governance. The Healthy Rivers programme promotes restoration and recovery of environmental flows, riparian re-vegetation and aquatic pest control.  The Living Murray programme has been crucial for the allocation of water to the environment by creating an agreement to recover 500 billion litres of water to the Murray River environment. Environmental governance and water resource management in Australia must be constantly monitored and adapted to suit the changing environmental conditions within the country (Beeton et al. 2006). If environmental programmes are governed with transparency there can be a reduction in policy fragmentation and an increase in policy efficiency (Mclntyre, 2010).<ref>United Nations Environmental Programme, 2014, “UNEP Conference on Strengthening Transboundary Freshwater Governance – The Environmental Sustainability Challenge”, UNEP, viewed on 31/5/14,

text: Australia

text: n

text: water resources

text: have always been variable but they are becoming increasingly so with changing climate conditions. Because of how limited water resources are in Australia, there needs to be an effective implementation of environmental governance conducted within the country. Water restrictions are an important policy device used in Australian environmental governance to limit the amount of water used in urban and agricultural environments (Beeton et al. 2006). There is increased pressure on surface water resources in Australia because of the uncontrolled growth in

text: groundwater

text: Macquarie Marshes

text: has led to an increase in breeding (Beeton et al. 2006). Because of dry land salinity throughout Australia there has been an increase in the levels of salt in Australian waterways. There has been funding in salt interception schemes which help to improve in-stream salinity levels but whether river salinity has improved or not is still unclear because there is not enough data available yet. High salinity levels are dangerous because they can negatively affect larval and juvenile stages of certain fish. The introduction of invasive species into waterways has negatively affected native aquatic species because invasive species compete with native species and alter natural habitats. There has been research in producing

text: daughterless carp

text: to help eradicate carp. Government funding has also gone into building in-stream barriers that trap the carp and prevent them from moving into floodplains and wetlands.  Investment in national and regional programmes like the Living Murray (MDBC), Healthy Waterways Partnership and the Clean Up the Swan Programme are leading to important environmental governance. The Healthy Rivers programme promotes restoration and recovery of environmental flows, riparian re-vegetation and aquatic pest control.  The Living Murray programme has been crucial for the allocation of water to the environment by creating an agreement to recover 500 billion litres of water to the Murray River environment. Environmental governance and water resource management in Australia must be constantly monitored and adapted to suit the changing environmental conditions within the country (Beeton et al. 2006). If environmental programmes are governed with transparency there can be a reduction in policy fragmentation and an increase in policy efficiency (Mclntyre, 2010).<ref>United Nations Environmental Programme, 2014, “UNEP Conference on Strengthening Transboundary Freshwater Governance – The Environmental Sustainability Challenge”, UNEP, viewed on 31/5/14,

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Groundwater use is very hard to monitor and regulate

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: building more dams

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: microbial remediation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: desalination

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: groundwater levels to decline significantly

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: The government needs to create policies that preserve, protect and monitor Australia’s inland water.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: groundwater use

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: raise water rates

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: raise water rates

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: desalination plants,

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: desalination plants,

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: desalination plants,

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater levels to decline significantly.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: desalination plants,

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: restoring vegetation in the riparian zone.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: weirs

text: An  industrial area in Castanea Township adjacent to Lock Haven was placed on the National Priorities List of uncontrolled hazardous waste sites (commonly referred to as Superfund sites) in 1982. Drake Chemical, which went bankrupt in 1981, made ingredients for pesticides and other compounds at the site from the 1960s to 1981. Starting in 1982, the United States Environmental Protection Agency began a clean-up of contaminated containers, buildings, and soils at the site and by the late 1990s had replaced the soils. Equipment to treat contaminated groundwater at the site was installed in 2000 and continues to operate.

text: An  industrial area in Castanea Township adjacent to Lock Haven was placed on the National Priorities List of uncontrolled hazardous waste sites (commonly referred to as

text: Superfund

text: sites) in 1982. Drake Chemical, which went bankrupt in 1981, made ingredients for pesticides and other compounds at the site from the 1960s to 1981. Starting in 1982, the

text: United States Environmental Protection Agency

text: began a clean-up of contaminated containers, buildings, and soils at the site and by the late 1990s had replaced the soils. Equipment to treat contaminated groundwater at the site was installed in 2000 and continues to operate.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: treat contaminated groundwater

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: equipment

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: Superfund sites

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: continues to operate

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Equipment to treat contaminated groundwater

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Equipment to treat contaminated groundwater

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Equipment to treat contaminated groundwater

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: contaminated groundwater

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: contaminated groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: continues to operate.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Equipment to treat contaminated groundwater

text: Atrazine was banned in the European Union in 2004 because of its persistent groundwater contamination.

text: Atrazine was banned in the European Union in 2004 because of its persistent groundwater contamination.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: contaminate it

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: atrazine

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater contamination

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Atrazine was banned in the European Union in 2004

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Atrazine

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Atrazine

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: persistent groundwater contamination.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Atrazine was banned in the European Union

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Atrazine

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Atrazine was banned in the European Union in 2004

text: Funds administered by the DENR, and other concerned agencies, are on special accounts in the National Treasury to be utilized in financing containment and clean-up operations in water pollution cases; restorations of ecosystems and rehabilitation of affected areas; research, enforcement and monitoring activities; technical assistance to implementing agencies; grants as rewards and incentives; and other disbursements made solely for the prevention, control of water pollution and administration of the management areas in the amounts authorized by the Department.

text: Funds administered by the DENR, and other concerned agencies, are on special accounts in the National Treasury to be utilized in financing containment and clean-up operations in water pollution cases; restorations of ecosystems and rehabilitation of affected areas; research, enforcement and monitoring activities; technical assistance to implementing agencies; grants as rewards and incentives; and other disbursements made solely for the prevention, control of water pollution and administration of the management areas in the amounts authorized by the Department.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: containment

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: clean-up operations

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: restores ecosystems and rehabilitation of affected areas

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: clean-up operations in water pollution

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: restorations of ecosystems and rehabilitation of affected areas;

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: restorations of ecosystems and rehabilitation of affected areas;

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: clean-up

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: clean-up

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: water pollution cases; restorations of ecosystems and rehabilitation of affected areas;

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: restorations of ecosystems and rehabilitation of affected areas;

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: clean-up operations in water pollution

text: The Clean Water Act has made great strides in reducing point source water pollution, but this effect is overshadowed by the fact that nonpoint source pollution, which is not subject to regulation under the Act, has correspondingly increased. One of the solutions to address this imbalance is point/nonpoint source trading of pollutants. In January 2003, the EPA Water Quality Trading Policy was issued. At this time, many waters in the United States did not support their designated uses. Specifically, 40 percent of rivers, 45 percent of streams, and 50 percent of lakes that had been surveyed were unfit. Consequently, when The Water Quality Trading Policy was issued it acknowledged that “the progress made toward restoring and maintaining the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the nation’s waters under the 1972 Clean Water Act and its National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permits has been incomplete.”

text: The Clean Water Act has made great strides in reducing point source water pollution, but this effect is overshadowed by the fact that

text: nonpoint source pollution

text: , which is not subject to regulation under the Act, has correspondingly increased. One of the solutions to address this imbalance is point/nonpoint source trading of pollutants. In January 2003, the EPA Water Quality Trading Policy was issued. At this time, many waters in the United States did not support their designated uses. Specifically, 40 percent of rivers, 45 percent of streams, and 50 percent of lakes that had been surveyed were unfit. Consequently, when The Water Quality Trading Policy was issued it acknowledged that “the progress made toward restoring and maintaining the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the nation’s waters under the 1972 Clean Water Act and its National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permits has been incomplete.”

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: nonpoint source pollution

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: NPDES

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: NPDES

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unfit

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unfit

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: nonpoint source pollution,

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: point/nonpoint source trading of pollutants.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: point/nonpoint source trading of pollutants.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: nonpoint source pollution,

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: restoring and maintaining the chemical, physical, and biological integrity

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: point source water pollution,

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: nonpoint source pollution,

text: Oxidants such as Permanganate and Fenton's Reagent are delivered as water-based solutions. These substances are injected into the aquifer and then allowed to propagate by gravity and water current. As contaminants are encountered, the substances oxidize them and purify the water. Ozone is delivered (sparged) as a gas in either a dry air or oxygen carrier gas.  Specialized equipment is required for in-situ oxidation via ozone gas injection. The ozone has to be pumped into the groundwater from the bottom of the aquifer because the ozone gas is less dense than the water. As the ozone travels through the aquifer against gravity, it reacts with contaminants along the way. However, there are some specific methods of oxidant delivery including injection probes, hydraulic fracturing, soil mixing, vertical wells, horizontal wells, and treatment walls.

text: Oxidants such as Permanganate and Fenton's Reagent are delivered as water-based solutions. These substances are injected into the aquifer and then allowed to propagate by gravity and water current. As contaminants are encountered, the substances oxidize them and purify the water. Ozone is delivered (sparged) as a gas in either a dry air or oxygen carrier gas.  Specialized equipment is required for in-situ oxidation via ozone gas injection. The ozone has to be pumped into the groundwater from the bottom of the aquifer because the ozone gas is less dense than the water. As the ozone travels through the aquifer against gravity, it reacts with contaminants along the way. However, there are some specific methods of oxidant delivery including injection probes,

text: hydraulic fracturing

text: , soil mixing, vertical wells, horizontal wells, and treatment walls.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Permanganate

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Oxidants

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: the ozone gas is less dense than the water

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: ozone travels through the aquifer against gravity

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: contaminants are encountered, the substances oxidize them and purify the water.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Oxidants

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Oxidants

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Fenton's Reagent

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Oxidants

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: ozone gas is less dense than the water.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: the substances oxidize them and purify the water.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Oxidants

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: pumped into the groundwater from the bottom of the aquifer

text: The Koppers Co., Inc. (KCI) Superfund Site is one of three Superfund sites in Oroville, California, along with Louisiana Pacific Sawmill and Western Pacific Railyard. The KCI Superfund Site is a 200-acre site which served as a wood treatment plant for 50 years. Wood was treated with many chemicals to prevent wood deterioration. The accumulation of these chemicals from spills, fires, and uses has caused this site to be contaminated with hazardous waste material. Due to soil and groundwater contamination, the site was placed on the National Priorities List in 1984 for remedial action plans to clean up the site to protect surrounding residential areas concerning environmental and human health risks.

text: The Koppers Co., Inc. (KCI) Superfund Site is one of three

text: Superfund sites

text: in

text: Oroville, California

text: , along with Louisiana Pacific Sawmill and Western Pacific Railyard. The KCI Superfund Site is a 200-acre site which served as a

text: wood treatment

text: plant for 50 years. Wood was treated with many chemicals to prevent wood deterioration. The accumulation of these chemicals from spills, fires, and uses has caused this site to be contaminated with hazardous waste material. Due to soil and

text: groundwater contamination

text: , the site was placed on the

text: National Priorities List

text: in 1984 for remedial action plans to clean up the site to protect surrounding residential areas concerning environmental and human health risks.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: protect surrounding residential areas

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: remedial action plans

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: environmental and human health risks

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: the site was placed on the National Priorities List

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: protect surrounding residential areas

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: remedial action plans to clean up the site to protect surrounding residential areas

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: soil and groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: protect surrounding residential areas

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: soil and groundwater

text: Since air pollution is carried by the wind, consideration of anemometer data in the area between sources and the monitor often provides insights on the source of the air contaminants recorded by an air pollution monitor.

text: Since air pollution is carried by the wind, consideration of

text: anemometer

text: data in the area between sources and the monitor often provides insights on the source of the air contaminants recorded by an air pollution monitor.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: pollute it

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: an acidic compound

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unavoidable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: anemometer data

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: air pollution monitor.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: air pollution monitor.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: air pollution monitor.

text: The R&H Simon Silk Mill was originally built in 1883 along Bushkill Creek on North 13th street in Easton, Pennsylvania. The mill was bought in 2006 by the Easton Redevelopment Authority, and developers Mark Mulligan and William Vogt of VM Development Group joined the $50 million project. Construction of the project began in 2010. In addition, another building at 544 N. 13th Street that is part of the Simon Silk Mill, will be developed into four additional apartments by B2 Ventures of Bethlehem, which is owned by developer Borko Milosev. The plans for the Mill include 150 residential units and at least 150,000 square feet of commercial space. The plan entails two thirds of the apartments to be one-bedroom spaces and the remaining third to be two-bedroom spaces. The new buildings will contain some of the original brick walls, refurbished wood floors and restored windows.  In addition, a piece of industrial machinery will be removed from inside one of the mills and left in a prominent outdoor location. The refurbished area and apartments are intended to be ready for tenants to move in by spring of 2016. The project’s success is crucial to the city’s economic future and is intended to be a space for resident artists to form a community. Throughout the project’s redevelopment stages, environmental remediation was necessary. In the basement of one of the main mill buildings, workers found contaminated soil. Due to the building’s industrial history as a silk mill, soil and groundwater was contaminated with metals and organic compounds. Remediation of the area was approved by state environmental officials and was successfully completed. The R&H Simon Silk Mill was added to the National Register of Historic Places in December 2014.

text: National Register of Historic Places

text: in December 2014.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: It is easier and cheaper to clean up groundwater

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: remediate the area

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: organic compounds

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: environmental remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: the area was approved by state environmental officials and was successfully completed

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Remediation of the area was approved by state environmental officials

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Remediation

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: metals and organic compounds.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: environmental remediation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: environmental remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: soil and groundwater was contaminated with metals and organic compounds.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Remediation of the area was approved by state environmental officials

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: metals and organic compounds.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: spring of 2016.

text: Professor Harry Gove, director of Rochester's laboratory (one of the laboratories not selected to conduct the testing), once hypothesised that a "bioplastic" bacterial contamination, which was unknown during the 1988 testing, could have rendered the tests inaccurate. He has however also acknowledged that the samples had been carefully cleaned with strong chemicals before testing. He noted that different cleaning procedures were employed by and within the three laboratories, and that even if some slight contamination remained, about two thirds of the sample would need to consist of modern material to swing the result away from a 1st Century date to a Medieval date. He inspected the Arizona sample material before it was cleaned, and determined that no such gross amount of contamination was present even before the cleaning commenced.

text: Professor Harry Gove, director of Rochester's laboratory (one of the laboratories not selected to conduct the testing), once hypothesised that a "bioplastic" bacterial contamination, which was unknown during the 1988 testing, could have rendered the tests inaccurate. He has however also acknowledged that the samples had been carefully cleaned with strong chemicals before testing. He noted that different cleaning procedures were employed by and within the three laboratories, and that even if some slight contamination remained, about two thirds of the sample would need to consist of modern material to swing the result away from a 1st Century date to a Medieval date. He inspected the Arizona sample material before it was cleaned, and determined that no such gross amount of contamination was present even before the cleaning commenced.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: strong chemicals

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: strong chemicals

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: no such gross amount of contamination

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: even if some slight contamination

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: strong chemicals before testing.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: strong chemicals

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: "bioplastic"

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: "bioplastic"

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: about two thirds of the sample would need to consist of modern material

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: about two thirds of the sample would need to consist of modern material

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: "bioplastic"

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: the samples had been carefully cleaned with strong chemicals

text: It was quickly discovered, however that cleaning the air was only taking care of a small percentage of the problem of indoor pollution; the larger percentile of dust and debris in a room has already "settled" onto surfaces and that any movement through that room would stir the dust and contaminates back up and into the air.  Hence, the idea of "source control" was born; by removing the contaminates at their source, the device could effectively clean the air and then keep it clean.

text: It was quickly discovered, however that cleaning the air was only taking care of a small percentage of the problem of indoor pollution; the larger percentile of dust and debris in a room has already "settled" onto surfaces and that any movement through that room would stir the dust and contaminates back up and into the air.  Hence, the idea of "source control" was born; by removing the contaminates at their source, the device could effectively clean the air and then keep it clean.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: remove the contaminates

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: source control

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: source control

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: the larger percentile of dust

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: indoor pollution;

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: removing the contaminates at their source,

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: removing the contaminates at their source,

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: "source control"

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: "source control"

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: any movement through that room would stir the dust and contaminates back up

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: "source control"

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: dust

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: removing the contaminates at their source,

text: The Environmental Protection Agency conducted emissions-certification and representative emissions test in Ann Arbor, Michigan, in 2005. Subsequently, Harley-Davidson produced an "environmental warranty". The warranty ensures each owner that the vehicle is designed and built free of any defects in materials and workmanship that would cause the vehicle to not meet EPA standards. In 2005, the EPA and the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection (PADEP) confirmed Harley-Davidson to be the first corporation to voluntarily enroll in the One Clean-Up Program. This program is designed for the clean-up of the affected soil and groundwater at the former York Naval Ordnance Plant. The program is backed by the state and local government along with participating organizations and corporations.

text: The

text: Environmental Protection Agency

text: conducted emissions-certification and representative emissions test in Ann Arbor, Michigan, in 2005. Subsequently, Harley-Davidson produced an "environmental warranty". The warranty ensures each owner that the vehicle is designed and built free of any defects in materials and workmanship that would cause the vehicle to not meet EPA standards. In 2005, the EPA and the

entity_name: Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection

text: Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection

text: (PADEP) confirmed Harley-Davidson to be the first corporation to voluntarily enroll in the One Clean-Up Program. This program is designed for the clean-up of the affected soil and groundwater at the former York Naval Ordnance Plant. The program is backed by the state and local government along with participating organizations and corporations.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: clean-up of the affected soil

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: One Clean-Up Program

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: One Clean-Up Program.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: soil and groundwater

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: York Naval Ordnance Plant.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: One Clean-Up Program.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: One Clean-Up Program.

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: soil and groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: soil and groundwater

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: One Clean-Up Program.

text: Located off Tyler Lane and Spring Valley Road on the Old Bridge Township border, the area of Burnt Fly Bog in Marlboro Township is listed as a Superfund clean-up site. It is a rural area covering approximately , most of it in Marlboro Township, Monmouth County, New Jersey. During the 1950s and early 1960s, many unlined lagoons were used for storage of waste oil. As a result, at least  of the bog have been contaminated. In addition to the current contaminated area, the site still consists of: four lagoons; an approximately 13,000-cubic-yard mound of sludge; and an undetermined number of exposed and buried drums. The site is a ground water discharge area for the Englishtown Aquifer. In this bog, ground water, surface water, and air are contaminated by oil and various organic chemicals. Contaminants known to be present include ethylbenzene, methylene chloride, tetrachloroethylene, toluene, base neutral acids, metals, PAHs, PCBs, unknown liquid waste, and VOCs.

text: Located off Tyler Lane and Spring Valley Road on the

text: Old Bridge Township

text: border, the area of

text: Burnt Fly Bog

text: in Marlboro Township is listed as a

text: Superfund

text: clean-up site. It is a

text: rural

text: area covering approximately , most of it in Marlboro Township,

text: Monmouth County

text: , New Jersey. During the 1950s and early 1960s, many unlined

text: lagoons

text: were used for storage of

text: waste oil

text: . As a result, at least  of the

text: bog

text: have been

text: contaminated

text: . In addition to the current contaminated area, the site still consists of: four lagoons; an approximately 13,000-cubic-yard mound of sludge; and an undetermined number of exposed and buried drums. The site is a

text: ground water discharge

text: area for the

text: Englishtown Aquifer

text: . In this bog, ground water, surface water, and air are contaminated by oil and various

text: organic chemicals

text: . Contaminants known to be present include

text: ethylbenzene

text: methylene chloride

text: tetrachloroethylene

text: toluene

text: base neutral acids

text: metals

text: PAHs

text: PCBs

text: , unknown liquid waste, and

text: VOCs

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: ground water

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: methylene chloride

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Superfund

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: Superfund clean-up site

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: ground water, surface water, and air

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: It is impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: ground water discharge area for the Englishtown Aquifer.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: ground water discharge area for the Englishtown Aquifer.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: base neutral acids,

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Superfund

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Superfund

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unlined lagoons

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Englishtown Aquifer.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: VOCs.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: ground water, surface water, and air

text: The Porter-Cologne Act requires the adoption of water quality control plans that give direction to managing water pollution in California. Usually basin plans get adopted by the Regional Water Boards and are updated when needed. The plans incorporate the beneficial uses of water of the State and then provide objectives that will be taken in order to maintain and protect these uses. They can meet these objectives by surveillance and monitoring and the Regional Water Boards have the authority of enforcing this objectives upon violators. Along with the Regional Water Boards, the State Water Resources Board can issue and enforce permits containing waste discharge requirements in order to maintain clean surface water and groundwater from pollution.

text: The Porter-Cologne Act requires the adoption of water quality control plans that give direction to managing water pollution in California. Usually basin plans get adopted by the Regional Water Boards and are updated when needed. The plans incorporate the beneficial uses of water of the State and then provide objectives that will be taken in order to maintain and protect these uses. They can meet these objectives by surveillance and monitoring and the Regional Water Boards have the authority of enforcing this objectives upon violators. Along with the Regional Water Boards, the State Water Resources Board can issue and enforce permits containing waste discharge requirements in order to maintain clean surface water and groundwater from pollution.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: regulate waste disposal

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: clean surface water

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: pollution.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: pollution.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Porter-Cologne Act

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: water quality control plans

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater from pollution.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: maintain clean surface water and groundwater

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: surface water and groundwater

text: In 2015, Indian rapper Sofia Ashraf released the music video "Kodaikanal Won't," set to the beat of Nicki Minaj's "Anaconda," to criticise Unilever for dumping mercury into waste ground at the Indian town of Kodaikanal. Unilever acknowledges it took on a thermometer factory there through the acquisition of Chesebrough-Ponds. According to Unilever's statement, the factory had sold mercury-contaminated scrap glass to a local dealer, prompting Hindustan Unilever to immediately close the factory, plan the clean-up of the affected sites and monitor the health of its workers. Unilever's website states that it has been waiting since 2010 for the local government Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board to give it permission for the clean-up.

text: In 2015, Indian rapper

text: Sofia Ashraf

text: released the music video "

text: Kodaikanal

text: Won't," set to the beat of

text: Nicki Minaj

text: 's "

text: Anaconda

text: ," to criticise Unilever for

text: dumping mercury

text: into waste ground at the Indian town of Kodaikanal. Unilever acknowledges it took on a thermometer factory there through the acquisition of

text: Chesebrough-Ponds

text: . According to Unilever's statement, the factory had sold mercury-contaminated scrap glass to a local dealer, prompting Hindustan Unilever to immediately close the factory, plan the clean-up of the affected sites and monitor the health of its workers. Unilever's website states that it has been waiting since 2010 for the local government

text: Tamil Nadu

text: Pollution Control Board to give it permission for the clean-up.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: monitor the health of its workers

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: mercury

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: mercury

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: mercury-contaminated scrap glass

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: dumping mercury

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: monitor the health of its workers.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: mercury-contaminated scrap glass

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: "Anaconda,"

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: mercury

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: dumping mercury into waste ground

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: clean-up.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: mercury

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: dumping mercury into waste ground

text: The primary coupling between groundwater and hydrological inputs is the unsaturated zone or vadose zone.  The soil acts to partition hydrological inputs such as rainfall or snowmelt into surface runoff, soil moisture, evapotranspiration and groundwater recharge.  Flows through the unsaturated zone that couple surface water to soil moisture and groundwater can be upward or downward, depending upon the gradient of hydraulic head in the soil, can be modeled using the numerical solution of Richards' equation  partial differential equation, or the ordinary differential equation Finite Water-Content method  as validated for modeling groundwater and vadose zone interactions.

text: The primary coupling between groundwater and hydrological inputs is the

text: unsaturated zone

text: or

text: vadose zone

text: .  The soil acts to partition hydrological inputs such as rainfall or snowmelt into

text: surface runoff

text: soil moisture

text: evapotranspiration

text: and

text: groundwater recharge

text: .  Flows through the

text: unsaturated zone

text: that couple surface water to

text: soil moisture

text: and

text: groundwater

text: can be upward or downward, depending upon the gradient of

text: hydraulic head

text: in the soil, can be modeled using the numerical solution of

text: Richards' equation

text: partial differential equation, or the ordinary differential equation Finite Water-Content method  as validated for modeling

text: groundwater

text: and

text: vadose zone

text: interactions.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: recharge it

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater recharge

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: groundwater recharge

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: groundwater recharge.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: unsaturated zone or vadose zone.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: evapotranspiration

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: The primary coupling between groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: rainfall or snowmelt into surface runoff,

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: groundwater recharge.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: surface runoff,

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: The primary coupling between groundwater

text: A federal judge ruled that the mine was the source of the pollution and that the mining company had indeed violated the Clean Water Act. At the same time, the judge praised the company for its environmental practices – recognizing the effort to clean up the pollution, but acknowledging it had not been fully successful.

text: A federal judge ruled that the mine was the source of the pollution and that the mining company had indeed violated the Clean Water Act. At the same time, the judge praised the company for its environmental practices – recognizing the effort to clean up the pollution, but acknowledging it had not been fully successful.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: violate the Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: not fully successful

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: pollution and that the mining company had indeed violated the Clean Water Act.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Clean Water Act.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Clean Water Act.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Clean Water Act.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Clean Water Act.

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: not been fully successful.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: fully successful.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: pollution and that the mining company had indeed violated the Clean Water Act.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: the mining company had indeed violated the Clean Water Act.

text: Delhi's municipal water supply is managed by the Delhi Jal Board (DJB). , it supplied 650 million gallons per day (MGD), whereas the estimated consumption requirement is 963 MGD. The shortfall is met by private and public tube wells and hand pumps. At 240 MGD, the Bhakra storage is DJB's largest water source, followed by the Yamuna and Ganges rivers. Delhi's groundwater level is falling and its population density is increasing, so residents often encounter acute water shortage. Research on Delhi suggests that up to half of the city's water use is unofficial groundwater.

text: Delhi's municipal water supply is managed by the

text: Delhi Jal Board

text: (DJB). , it supplied 650 million gallons per day (MGD), whereas the estimated consumption requirement is 963 MGD. The shortfall is met by private and public

text: tube well

text: s and

text: hand pump

text: s. At 240 MGD, the Bhakra storage is DJB's largest water source, followed by the Yamuna and

text: Ganges

text: rivers. Delhi's

text: groundwater

text: level is falling and its population density is increasing, so residents often encounter acute water shortage. Research on Delhi suggests that up to half of the city's water use is unofficial groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: pumping

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: up to half of the city's water use is unofficial groundwater

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: up to half of the city's water use is unofficial groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: private and public tube wells

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: tube wells and hand pumps.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: tube wells and hand pumps.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: tube wells

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: Delhi's groundwater level is falling and its population density is increasing,

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: tube wells

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: up to half of the city's water use is unofficial groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Delhi's groundwater

text: MODFLOW is the U.S. Geological Survey modular finite-difference flow model, which is a computer code that solves the groundwater flow equation. The program is used by hydrogeologists to simulate the flow of groundwater through aquifers. The source code is free public domain software, written primarily in Fortran, and can compile and run on Microsoft Windows or Unix-like operating systems.

text: MODFLOW is the

text: U.S. Geological Survey

text: modular

text: finite-difference

text: flow model, which is a computer

text: code

text: that

text: solves

text: the

text: groundwater flow equation

text: . The program is used by

text: hydrogeologists

text: to simulate the flow of

text: groundwater

text: through

text: aquifer

text: s. The

text: source code

text: is

text: free

text: public domain software

text: , written primarily in

text: Fortran

text: , and can compile and run on

text: Microsoft Windows

text: or

text: Unix-like

text: operating systems.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: MODFLOW

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: MODFLOW

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: MODFLOW

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: MODFLOW

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: MODFLOW

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: MODFLOW

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: MODFLOW

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: flow of groundwater

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: MODFLOW

text: Additional site remediation studies are being undertaken by national institutions, as desired by the Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board (TNPCB) and the Court's Scientific Experts Committee (SEC) during the project review meeting in January 2010. IIT Delhi is revalidating the risk assessment study and site-specific clean-up standards; the National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, is studying the impact on trees and preservation of trees; and the Centre for Soil and Water Conservation Research and Training Institute, Ooty, is studying the impact on soil and soil erosion. Based on the above study findings, results of remediation trials and recommendations of the SEC, the TNPCB will take a final decision on the clean-up standards. Hindustan Unilever Ltd. (HUL) will commence soil remediation work at the factory site once a decision on clean-up standards is taken and consent is given by TNPCB.

text: Additional site remediation studies are being undertaken by national institutions, as desired by the Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board (TNPCB) and the Court's Scientific Experts Committee (SEC) during the project review meeting in January 2010.

text: IIT Delhi

text: is revalidating the risk assessment study and site-specific clean-up standards; the

text: National Botanical Research Institute

text: , Lucknow, is studying the impact on trees and preservation of trees; and the

text: Centre for Soil and Water Conservation Research and Training Institute

text: , Ooty, is studying the impact on soil and soil erosion. Based on the above study findings, results of remediation trials and recommendations of the SEC, the TNPCB will take a final decision on the clean-up standards. Hindustan Unilever Ltd. (HUL) will commence soil remediation work at the factory site once a decision on clean-up standards is taken and consent is given by TNPCB.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: site remediation studies

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: HUL

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: soil remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: soil remediation

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: 2010.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: site-specific clean-up standards;

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Hindustan Unilever Ltd.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: soil

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: soil

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: soil and soil erosion.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: site-specific clean-up standards;

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: 2010.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: 2010.

text: Modeling groundwater flow is important for optimizing the design of a PRB. Most importantly, by modeling the flow, the hydraulic capture zone width (HCZW) and the residence time can be determined. The HCZW is the width of the zone of groundwater that will pass through the reactive cell or gate (for funnel-and-gate configurations). The residence time is the time that the contaminated groundwater will spend in the treatment zone for decontamination. Contamination outside the capture zone or that does not have a long enough residence time will not be properly decontaminated. Groundwater modeling can also be used for the following:

text: Modeling groundwater flow is important for optimizing the design of a PRB. Most importantly, by modeling the flow, the hydraulic capture zone width (HCZW) and the residence time can be determined. The HCZW is the width of the zone of groundwater that will pass through the reactive cell or gate (for funnel-and-gate configurations). The residence time is the time that the contaminated groundwater will spend in the treatment zone for decontamination. Contamination outside the capture zone or that does not have a long enough residence time will not be properly decontaminated. Groundwater modeling can also be used for the following:

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: decontaminate it

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: microbial remediation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: decontamination

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: decontamination

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: PRB.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: PRB.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: reactive cell

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: PRB.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: decontamination.

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: Contamination

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: treatment zone for decontamination.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: PRB.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: PRB.

text: Remedial Action is often enacted through ‘Remedial Action Plans’ (RAPs) of three or more stages. For example, one North American river protection scheme drew up a plan that identified environmental problems and sources of pollution, evaluated and carried out actions to restore the area, and confirmed that these actions had been effective

text: Remedial Action is often enacted through ‘Remedial Action Plans’ (RAPs) of three or more stages. For example, one North American river protection scheme drew up a plan that identified environmental problems and sources of pollution, evaluated and carried out actions to restore the area, and confirmed that these actions had been effective

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: carry out actions to restore

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: aquifer

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Remedial Action

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: pollution,

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: ‘Remedial Action Plans’

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: ‘Remedial Action Plans’

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Remedial Action

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: pollution,

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: restore the area,

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: ‘Remedial Action Plans’

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: ‘Remedial Action Plans’

text: Botswana has an arid climate, with little in the way of surface water supplies. Until recently, groundwater wells were used to meet about 80% of demand for water.Some of the groundwater accumulated long ago when the climate was wetter. "Groundwater mining" is not sustainable in areas where the water is not being renewed from the surface.The more populous eastern portion of Botswana lies in the Limpopo River basin, which is considered "closed".In the South African portion of the basin, water usage exceeds the potential water yield from the basin by 800,000,000 cubic metres (2.8×10 cu ft) annually.  Water has to be imported from the Vaal River to make up the shortfall.

text: Botswana has an arid climate, with little in the way of surface water supplies. Until recently, groundwater wells were used to meet about 80% of demand for water.Some of the groundwater accumulated long ago when the climate was wetter. "Groundwater mining" is not sustainable in areas where the water is not being renewed from the surface.The more populous eastern portion of Botswana lies in the

text: Limpopo River

text: basin, which is considered "closed".In the South African portion of the basin, water usage exceeds the potential water yield from the basin by 800,000,000 cubic metres (2.8×10 cu ft) annually.  Water has to be imported from the

text: Vaal River

text: to make up the shortfall.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: groundwater mining

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Groundwater mining

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: 80% of demand for water

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: "Groundwater mining"

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: renewed from the surface.The

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: groundwater wells

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: "Groundwater mining"

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: "Groundwater mining"

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: "Groundwater mining"

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: groundwater wells

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: surface

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: groundwater wells

text: If the surface water source is also subject to substantial evaporation, a groundwater source may become saline.  This situation can occur naturally under endorheic bodies of water, or artificially under irrigated farmland.  In coastal areas, human use of a groundwater source may cause the direction of seepage to ocean to reverse which can also cause soil salinization.  Humans can also cause groundwater to be "lost" (i.e. become unusable) through pollution.  Humans can increase the input to a groundwater source by building reservoirs or detention ponds.

text: If the surface water source is also subject to substantial evaporation, a groundwater source may become

text: saline

text: .  This situation can occur naturally under

text: endorheic

text: bodies of water, or artificially under

text: irrigated

text: farmland.  In coastal areas, human use of a groundwater source may cause the direction of seepage to ocean to reverse which can also cause

text: soil salinization

text: .  Humans can also cause groundwater to be "lost" (i.e. become unusable) through pollution.  Humans can increase the input to a groundwater source by building reservoirs or detention ponds.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: increase the input of a groundwater source

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: human use of a groundwater source

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unusable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: pollution.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: input

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: endorheic bodies of water,

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: salinization.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: artificially under irrigated farmland.

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: building reservoirs or detention ponds.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: saline.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: surface water source is also subject to substantial evaporation,

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: groundwater source may become saline.

text: Examples of electron acceptors include oxygen, nitrate, iron (III), manganese (IV), sulfate, carbon dioxide, or in some microorganisms the chlorinated solvents such as tetrachloroethylene (PCE), trichloroethylene (TCE), dichloroethene (DCE), and vinyl chloride (VC). These reactions are of interest not only because they allow organisms to obtain energy, but also because they are involved in the natural biodegradation of organic contaminants. When clean-up professionals use monitored natural attenuation to clean up contaminated sites, biodegradation is one of the major contributing processes.

text: Examples of electron acceptors include

text: oxygen

text: nitrate

text: iron

text: (III),

text: manganese

text: (IV),

text: sulfate

text: carbon dioxide

text: , or in some

text: microorganisms

text: the

text: chlorinated

text: solvents such as

text: tetrachloroethylene

text: (PCE),

text: trichloroethylene

text: (TCE),

text: dichloroethene

text: (DCE), and

text: vinyl chloride

text: (VC). These reactions are of interest not only because they allow organisms to obtain energy, but also because they are involved in the natural

text: biodegradation

text: of organic contaminants. When clean-up professionals use monitored natural attenuation to clean up contaminated sites, biodegradation is one of the major contributing processes.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: monitor natural attenuation

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chloride

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: biodegradation

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: biodegradation

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: contaminated sites,

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: monitored natural attenuation

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: monitored natural attenuation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: monitored natural attenuation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: monitored natural attenuation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: contaminated sites,

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: biodegradation

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: organic contaminants.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: biodegradation of organic contaminants.

text: Studies show that intercepting non-point pollution between the source and the water is a successful means of prevention. Riparian buffer zones are interfaces between a flowing body of water and land, and have been created near waterways in an attempt to filter pollutants; sediment and nutrients are deposited here instead of in water. Creating buffer zones near farms and roads is another possible way to prevent nutrients from traveling too far. Still, studies have shown that the effects of atmospheric nitrogen pollution can reach far past the buffer zone. This suggests that the most effective means of prevention is from the primary source.

text: Studies show that intercepting non-point pollution between the source and the water is a successful means of prevention.

text: Riparian buffer zones

text: are interfaces between a flowing body of water and land, and have been created near waterways in an attempt to filter pollutants;

text: sediment

text: and nutrients are deposited here instead of in water. Creating buffer zones near farms and roads is another possible way to prevent nutrients from traveling too far. Still, studies have shown that the effects of atmospheric nitrogen pollution can reach far past the buffer zone. This suggests that the most effective means of prevention is from the primary source.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: intercept non-point pollution

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: buffer zones

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: non-point pollution

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: the effects of atmospheric nitrogen pollution can reach far past the buffer zone

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Riparian buffer zones

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: the most effective means of prevention is from the primary source.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: the primary source.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Riparian buffer zones

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Riparian buffer zones

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: intercepting non-point pollution

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: the effects of atmospheric nitrogen pollution can reach far past the buffer zone.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: sediment and nutrients are deposited here instead of in water.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: atmospheric nitrogen pollution

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: the most effective means of prevention is from the primary source.

text: Groundwater pollution was discovered in the late 1980s in New Brighton along with Arden Hills and St. Anthony, which came from chemical dumping at the nearby Twin Cities Army Ammunition Plant. Following litigation settlement, the U.S. Army provided New Brighton and the surrounding northern suburbs with clean water supplies and new systems to monitor and filter pollution.

text: Groundwater pollution was discovered in the late 1980s in New Brighton along with Arden Hills and St. Anthony, which came from chemical dumping at the nearby

text: Twin Cities Army Ammunition Plant

text: . Following litigation settlement, the U.S. Army provided New Brighton and the surrounding northern suburbs with clean water supplies and new systems to monitor and filter pollution.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: monitor and filter

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical dumping

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical dumping

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: clean water supplies

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: clean water supplies and new systems to monitor and filter pollution.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: monitor and filter pollution.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Twin Cities Army Ammunition Plant.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Twin Cities Army Ammunition Plant.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical dumping

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: chemical dumping

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: clean water supplies

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: chemical dumping at the nearby Twin Cities Army Ammunition Plant.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Groundwater

text: In developed areas, natural depressions where storm water would pool, are filled in. The surface of the ground is often leveled or paved. Storm water is directed into storm drains which often may cause overflows of combined sewer systems or poisoning, erosion or flooding of waterways receiving the storm water runoff. Redirected storm water is often warmer than the groundwater normally feeding a stream, and has been linked to upset in some aquatic ecosystems primarily through the reduction of dissolved oxygen (DO). Storm water runoff is also a source of a wide variety of pollutants washed off hard or compacted surfaces during rain events. These pollutants include volatile organic compounds, pesticides, herbicides, hydrocarbons and trace metals Rain gardens are designed to capture the initial flow of storm water and reduce the accumulation of toxins flowing directly into natural waterways through ground filtration. They also reduce energy consumption. For example, “the cumulative storage capacity of these rain gardens exceeds a conventional stormwater’s system’s by 10 times.” The National Science Foundation, the United States Environmental Protection Agency, and a number of research institutions are presently studying the impact of augmenting rain gardens with materials capable of capture or chemical reduction of the pollutants to benign compounds.

text: In developed areas, natural

text: depressions

text: where

text: storm water

text: would pool, are filled in. The surface of the ground is often

text: leveled

text: or paved. Storm water is directed into

text: storm drain

text: s which often may cause overflows of

text: combined sewer

text: systems or poisoning, erosion or flooding of waterways receiving the storm water runoff. Redirected storm water is often warmer than the

text: groundwater

text: normally feeding a stream, and has been linked to upset in some aquatic ecosystems primarily through the reduction of

text: dissolved oxygen

text: (DO). Storm water runoff is also a source of a wide variety of pollutants washed off hard or compacted surfaces during rain events. These pollutants include

text: volatile organic compounds

text: pesticides

text: herbicides

text: hydrocarbons

text: and

text: trace metals

text: Rain gardens are designed to capture the initial flow of storm water and reduce the accumulation of toxins flowing directly into natural waterways through ground filtration. They also reduce energy consumption. For example, “the cumulative storage capacity of these rain gardens exceeds a conventional stormwater’s system’s by 10 times.” The

text: National Science Foundation

text: , the

text: United States Environmental Protection Agency

text: , and a number of research institutions are presently studying the impact of augmenting rain gardens with materials capable of capture or

text: chemical reduction

text: of the pollutants to benign compounds.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: reduce energy consumption

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: hydrocarbons

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical reduction

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: energy consumption.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: ground filtration.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: rain gardens

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: chemical reduction

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical reduction

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: reduce the accumulation of toxins flowing directly into natural waterways

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: reduce the accumulation of toxins flowing directly into natural waterways

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: pesticides, herbicides, hydrocarbons and trace metals

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Rain gardens

text: The injection of gases into the groundwater may also cause contamination to spread faster than normal depending on the site's hydrogeology. In these cases, injections downgradient of groundwater flow may provide adequate microbial destruction of contaminants prior to exposure to surface waters or drinking water supply wells.

text: The injection of

text: gas

text: es into the groundwater may also cause contamination to spread faster than normal depending on the site's

text: hydrogeology

text: . In these cases, injections downgradient of groundwater flow may provide adequate microbial destruction of contaminants prior to exposure to surface waters or drinking water supply wells.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: injecting gases

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: gases

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: microbial destruction

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: contamination to spread faster than normal

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: provide adequate microbial destruction

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: microbial destruction of contaminants

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: drinking water supply wells.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: injections downgradient of groundwater flow

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: microbial destruction

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: injection of gases

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: contamination to spread faster than normal

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: drinking water supply wells.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: surface waters

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: microbial destruction of contaminants prior to exposure to surface waters

text: There have also been instances where the local initiative power under Proposition 218 has been used concurrently with pending litigation (typically as a speedier remedy to litigation or as a backup if litigation is unsuccessful or dropped) such as an instance where a local groundwater charge was repealed by voters which resulted in the legal issues in the litigation being rendered moot.

text: There have also been instances where the local initiative power under Proposition 218 has been used concurrently with pending litigation (typically as a speedier remedy to litigation or as a backup if litigation is unsuccessful or dropped) such as an instance where a local groundwater charge was repealed by voters which resulted in the legal issues in the litigation being rendered moot.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: groundwater charge

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: pending litigation

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: pending litigation

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Proposition 218

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Proposition 218 has been used concurrently with pending litigation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: (typically as a speedier remedy to litigation

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: pending litigation

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: pending litigation

text: In 1962 Stoddart moved to a small community, Groton in Massachusetts from Nevada with their three children.  Her home in Groton was only three quarters of a mile from the Nashua River, which by then was already known to be highly polluted, and even dangerous. Organizing the Nashua River Clean Up committee she enlisted the help of thousands of ordinary citizens. She met with Massachusetts Governor John Volpe, Fitchburg Mayor William Flynn, plus executives of the paper mills which were polluting the river. Through her tireless efforts Stoddart was able to get the first anti-water pollution bill enacted by any state in the US: the 1965 Massachusetts Clean Water Act.

text: In 1962 Stoddart moved to a small community,

text: Groton

text: in Massachusetts from Nevada with their three children.  Her home in Groton was only three quarters of a mile from the Nashua River, which by then was already known to be highly polluted, and even dangerous. Organizing the Nashua River Clean Up committee she enlisted the help of thousands of ordinary citizens. She met with Massachusetts Governor John Volpe, Fitchburg Mayor William Flynn, plus executives of the paper mills which were polluting the river. Through her tireless efforts Stoddart was able to get the first anti-water pollution bill enacted by any state in the US: the 1965 Massachusetts Clean Water Act.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: 1965 Massachusetts Clean Water Act.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: anti-water pollution bill

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: paper mills

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Clean Up

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: anti-water pollution

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: dangerous.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: 1965 Massachusetts Clean Water Act.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: paper mills

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: 1965 Massachusetts Clean Water Act.

text: In a postscript, a montage of short scenes involving the key characters in the film, combined with on-screen captions, reveals that the Environmental Protection Agency, building on Jan's work on the case, later brought its own enforcement action against the offending companies, forcing them to pay millions to clean up the land and the groundwater. It takes Jan several years to settle his debts, and he now practices environmental law in Boston.

text: In a postscript, a montage of short scenes involving the key characters in the film, combined with on-screen captions, reveals that the

text: Environmental Protection Agency

text: , building on Jan's work on the case, later brought its own enforcement action against the offending companies, forcing them to pay millions to clean up the land and the groundwater. It takes Jan several years to settle his debts, and he now practices environmental law in Boston.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: pay millions

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: the groundwater would be clean

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: None of the above choices

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: forcing them to pay millions

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: clean up the land and the groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: the Environmental Protection Agency,

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: clean up the land and the groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: forcing them to pay millions to clean up the land and the groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: on-screen captions,

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: millions to clean up the land and the groundwater.

text: There are three phases of groundwater monitoring requirements:

text: There are three phases of groundwater monitoring requirements:

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: it is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: monitor it

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: contaminated

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: contaminated water would be pumped back in

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: three

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: groundwater monitoring

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: three phases of groundwater monitoring requirements:

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: three

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: three phases of groundwater

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: three phases of groundwater

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: three

text: CSEC had proposed to pay $200 million of the cost directly, have the city pay $200 million to fund the field house, and the remainder funded by a ticket surcharge on events at the new facilities, and a community revitalization levy. Environmental remediation required to clean up creosote contamination on the site, would provide an additional cost to the project. Immediate reaction to the proposal from local politicians was mixed; they supported the plan to redevelop the West Village area, but many – including Major Naheed Nenshi – expressed concern at the proposal, which would potentially have the city initially fund between $440 and $690 million of the projected cost which promoters claim will be recouped over a long period of time. As part of the proposal, the city would own the facilities and be managed by CSEC - thus exempting the land from property taxes - but would not receive any share of the profits.

text: CSEC had proposed to pay $200 million of the cost directly, have the city pay $200 million to fund the field house, and the remainder funded by a ticket surcharge on events at the new facilities, and a community revitalization levy. Environmental remediation required to clean up

text: creosote

text: contamination on the site, would provide an additional cost to the project. Immediate reaction to the proposal from local politicians was mixed; they supported the plan to redevelop the West Village area, but many – including Major

text: Naheed Nenshi

text: – expressed concern at the proposal, which would potentially have the city initially fund between $440 and $690 million of the projected cost which promoters claim will be recouped over a long period of time. As part of the proposal, the city would own the facilities and be managed by CSEC - thus exempting the land from property taxes - but would not receive any share of the profits.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: provide an additional cost to the project

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Environmental remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: environmental remediation

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: an additional cost to the project

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: creosote

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: creosote contamination

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: creosote

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Environmental remediation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Environmental

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: creosote contamination

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: recouped over a long period of time.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: creosote

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Environmental remediation

text: The Dupuit–Forchheimer assumption holds that groundwater flows horizontally in an unconfined aquifer and that the groundwater discharge is proportional to the saturated aquifer thickness. It was formulated by Jules Dupuit and Philipp Forchheimer in the late 1800s to simplify groundwater flow equations for analytical solutions.

text: The Dupuit–Forchheimer assumption holds that

text: groundwater

text: flows horizontally in an

text: unconfined aquifer

text: and that the

text: groundwater discharge

text: is proportional to the saturated

text: aquifer

text: thickness. It was formulated by

text: Jules Dupuit

text: and

text: Philipp Forchheimer

text: in the late 1800s to simplify

text: groundwater flow equation

text: s for

text: analytical solution

text: s.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: groundwater discharge

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unconfined aquifer

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: The Dupuit–Forchheimer

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: saturated aquifer thickness.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Dupuit–Forchheimer assumption

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Dupuit–Forchheimer

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: The Dupuit–Forchheimer assumption holds that groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater flows horizontally in an unconfined aquifer

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: groundwater flows horizontally in an unconfined aquifer

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: The Dupuit–Forchheimer

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: The Dupuit–Forchheimer

text: In 1985, HB-Line began producing plutonium-238 for NASA's deep-space exploration program. The L-Reactor was restarted and C-Reactor shut down. A full-scale groundwater remediation system constructed in M-Area.

text: In 1985, HB-Line began producing

text: plutonium

text: -238 for

text: NASA

text: 's deep-space exploration program. The L-Reactor was restarted and C-Reactor shut down. A full-scale

text: groundwater remediation

text: system constructed in M-Area.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: it is impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: construct a remediation system

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: groundwater remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater remediation

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: remediation system constructed in M-Area

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: A full-scale groundwater remediation system constructed in M-Area.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: groundwater remediation system

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: groundwater remediation system constructed in M-Area.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: full-scale groundwater remediation system

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: A full-scale groundwater remediation system constructed in M-Area.

text: Air pollution often travels from its source in one state to another state. In many metropolitan areas, people live in one state and work or shop in another; air pollution from cars and trucks may spread throughout the interstate area. The 1990 Clean Air Act provides for interstate commissions on air pollution control, which are to develop regional strategies for cleaning up air pollution. The 1990 amendments include other provisions to reduce interstate air pollution.

text: Air pollution often travels from its source in one state to another state. In many

text: metropolitan areas

text: , people live in one state and work or shop in another; air pollution from cars and trucks may spread throughout the

text: interstate

text: area. The 1990 Clean Air Act provides for interstate commissions on air pollution control, which are to develop regional strategies for cleaning up air pollution. The 1990 amendments include other provisions to reduce interstate air pollution.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: None of the above choices

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Air pollution

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: air pollution.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: The 1990 Clean Air Act

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: air pollution control, which are to develop regional strategies for cleaning up air pollution.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Air pollution

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: air pollution from cars and trucks may spread throughout the interstate area.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Air pollution often travels from its source in one state to another state.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Air pollution often travels from its source in one state to another state.

text: Groundwater pollution is much more difficult to abate than surface pollution because groundwater can move great distances through unseen aquifers. Non-porous aquifers such as clays partially purify water of bacteria by simple filtration (adsorption and absorption), dilution, and, in some cases, chemical reactions and biological activity; however, in some cases, the pollutants merely transform to soil contaminants. Groundwater that moves through open fractures and caverns is not filtered and can be transported as easily as surface water. In fact, this can be aggravated by the human tendency to use natural sinkholes as dumps in areas of karst topography.

text: Groundwater pollution is much more difficult to abate than surface pollution because groundwater can move great distances through unseen

text: aquifer

text: s. Non-porous aquifers such as

text: clay

text: s partially purify water of bacteria by simple filtration (adsorption and absorption), dilution, and, in some cases, chemical reactions and biological activity; however, in some cases, the pollutants merely transform to

text: soil contaminant

text: s. Groundwater that moves through open

text: fractures

text: and

text: caverns

text: is not filtered and can be transported as easily as surface water. In fact, this can be aggravated by the human tendency to use natural

text: sinkhole

text: s as dumps in areas of

text: karst topography

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: groundwater pollution

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical reactions

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical reactions

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater can move great distances through unseen aquifers

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: chemical reactions and biological activity

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: surface pollution

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: filtration

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical reactions and biological activity;

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: filtration

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical reactions

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: human tendency to use natural sinkholes as dumps

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: soil contaminants.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: surface pollution

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Groundwater pollution is much more difficult to abate than surface pollution

text: The process begins by extending a formal invitation to an astrologer to perform an Ashtamangala Prasna. The astrologer then fixes a date for the Prasna based on the principles of electional astrology. The services of two astrologers are required for conducting the Prasna. On the day fixed for the Prasna, a priest would perform a puja of the zodiac. During that time the main astrologer would ask a girl or boy to keep the gold coin randomly in one of the twelve houses drawn on a wooden plank placed before the astrologer. Based on the house in which the coin was placed and on certain numbers computed during the process, the question-answer session begins. The full session may extend up to two days.  After full diagnosis, remedial measures are finalized on the last day of Prasna. A person for performing the remedial measures is also finalized. The  main astrologer  prepares a report  mentioning all the relevant facts and details of remedial measures. Remedial measures are arranged according to the availability of the designated person and suitability of the persons conducting the Prasna.

text: The process begins by extending a formal invitation to an

text: astrologer

text: to perform an Ashtamangala Prasna. The astrologer then fixes a date for the Prasna based on the principles of

text: electional astrology

text: . The services of two astrologers are required for conducting the Prasna. On the day fixed for the Prasna, a priest would perform a

text: puja

text: of the

text: zodiac

text: . During that time the main astrologer would ask a girl or boy to keep the gold coin randomly in one of the twelve houses drawn on a wooden plank placed before the astrologer. Based on the house in which the coin was placed and on certain numbers computed during the process, the question-answer session begins. The full session may extend up to two days.  After full diagnosis, remedial measures are finalized on the last day of Prasna. A person for performing the remedial measures is also finalized. The  main astrologer  prepares a report  mentioning all the relevant facts and details of remedial measures. Remedial measures are arranged according to the availability of the designated person and suitability of the persons conducting the Prasna.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: perform remedial measures

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: remedial measures are finalized

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: remedial measures

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: remedial measures

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Ashtamangala Prasna.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Ashtamangala Prasna.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: remedial measures

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: remedial measures are finalized on the last day of Prasna.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: remedial measures

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Ashtamangala Prasna.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Ashtamangala Prasna.

text: The government held U.S. Steel to its responsibilities as a land tenant. The land occupied by the former plant and the surrounding area was polluted after almost 70 years of heavy industry. So polluted, that the Pollution Control Agency placed the site on the Environmental Protection Agency's Superfund list in 1984, requiring a plan and actions for hazard containment and environmental remediation. That year, buildings were inspected and harmful materials removed. In 1988, US Steel contracted for the razing and demolition of the once massive complex; the last of the buildings was brought down in 1997. Today the land of the former steel and cement plants sit primarily vacant, a brownfield available for development. The cement plant has been deemed as "cleaned" by U.S. Steel and the city of Duluth. The former steel plant site still has areas affected with pollution, which are areas of concern for area residents and prospective new tenants of the property. The MPCA, EPA and U.S. Steel continue to monitor and treat the  site and surrounding areas.

text: The government held U.S. Steel to its responsibilities as a land tenant. The land occupied by the former plant and the surrounding area was polluted after almost 70 years of heavy industry. So polluted, that the Pollution Control Agency placed the site on the

text: Environmental Protection Agency

text: 's

text: Superfund

text: list in 1984, requiring a plan and actions for hazard containment and environmental remediation. That year, buildings were inspected and harmful materials removed. In 1988, US Steel contracted for the razing and demolition of the once massive complex; the last of the buildings was brought down in 1997. Today the land of the former steel and cement plants sit primarily vacant, a

text: brownfield

text: available for development. The cement plant has been deemed as "cleaned" by U.S. Steel and the city of Duluth. The former steel plant site still has areas affected with pollution, which are areas of concern for area residents and prospective new tenants of the property. The MPCA, EPA and U.S. Steel continue to monitor and treat the  site and surrounding areas.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: monitor and treat the site

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: harmful materials

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: superfund list

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: hazard containment and environmental remediation.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: hazard containment and environmental remediation.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: harmful materials removed.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Superfund

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Superfund

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: harmful materials removed.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: hazard containment and environmental remediation.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: harmful materials

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Environmental Protection Agency's Superfund list in 1984,

text: Groundwater is a highly useful and often abundant resource. However, over-use, or overdraft, can cause major problems to human users and to the environment. The most evident problem (as far as human groundwater use is concerned) is a lowering of the water table beyond the reach of existing wells. As a consequence, wells must be drilled deeper to reach the groundwater; in some places (e.g., California, Texas, and India) the water table has dropped hundreds of feet because of extensive well pumping. In the Punjab region of India, for example, groundwater levels have dropped 10 meters since 1979, and the rate of depletion is accelerating. A lowered water table may, in turn, cause other problems such as groundwater-related subsidence and saltwater intrusion.

text: Groundwater is a highly useful and often abundant resource. However, over-use, or overdraft, can cause major problems to human users and to the environment. The most evident problem (as far as human groundwater use is concerned) is a lowering of the water table beyond the reach of existing wells. As a consequence, wells must be drilled deeper to reach the groundwater; in some places (e.g.,

text: California

text: Texas

text: , and

text: India

text: ) the water table has dropped hundreds of feet because of extensive well pumping. In the

text: Punjab

text: region of

text: India

text: , for example, groundwater levels have dropped 10 meters since 1979, and the rate of depletion is accelerating. A lowered water table may, in turn, cause other problems such as

text: groundwater-related subsidence

text: and

text: saltwater intrusion

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: pumping

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: saltwater

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: groundwater-related subsidence

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: over-use,

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: wells must be drilled deeper to reach the groundwater;

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: wells must be drilled deeper to reach the groundwater;

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: well pumping.

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: extensive well pumping.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: wells must be drilled deeper to reach the groundwater;

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: evident problem

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: wells must be drilled deeper to reach the groundwater;

text: In IWFM, the land surface, surface water and groundwater flow domains are simulated as separate processes, compiled into individual dynamic link libraries. The processes are linked by water flow terms, maintain conservation of mass and momentum between processes, and are solved simultaneously. This allows each IWFM process to be run independently as a stand-alone model, or to be linked to other programs. This functionality has been used to create a Microsoft Excel Add-in to create workbooks from IWFM output files. The IWFM land surface process has been compiled into a stand-alone program called the IWFM Demand Calculator IDC. The groundwater process is linked to the WRIMS modeling system and used in the water resources optimization model CalSim. This feature allows other models to be easily linked with IWFM, to either enhance the capabilities of the target model (for example, by adding groundwater flow to a land surface-surface water model) or to enhance the capabilities of IWFM (for example, linking an economic model to IWFM to dynamically change the crop mix based on the depth to groundwater, as the cost of pumping increases with depth to water).

text: In IWFM, the land surface, surface water and groundwater flow domains are simulated as separate processes, compiled into individual dynamic link libraries. The processes are linked by water flow terms, maintain conservation of mass and momentum between processes, and are solved simultaneously. This allows each IWFM process to be run independently as a stand-alone model, or to be linked to other programs. This functionality has been used to create a

text: Microsoft Excel

text: Add-in to create workbooks from IWFM output files. The IWFM land surface process has been compiled into a stand-alone program called the IWFM Demand Calculator IDC. The groundwater process is linked to the WRIMS modeling system and used in the water resources optimization model CalSim. This feature allows other models to be easily linked with IWFM, to either enhance the capabilities of the target model (for example, by adding groundwater flow to a land surface-surface water model) or to enhance the capabilities of IWFM (for example, linking an economic model to IWFM to dynamically change the crop mix based on the depth to groundwater, as the cost of pumping increases with depth to water).

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: pumping

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: microbial remediation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: cost of pumping increases with depth to water

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: the cost of pumping increases with depth

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: pumping

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: pumping

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: CalSim.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: IWFM,

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: IWFM,

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: the cost of pumping increases with depth to water).

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: the cost of pumping increases with depth to water).

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: surface water and groundwater

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: pumping increases with depth to water).

text: Primary functions of the busser are to clean and reset tables, carry dishes and other tableware to the kitchen, serve items such as water, coffee and bread, replenish supplies of linens, tableware and trays, and assist servers with clearing plates and other areas of table service. Other tasks include cleaning and polishing fixtures, walls, furniture and equipment, cleaning tableware, cleaning food service areas, mopping and vacuuming floors, cleaning up spills, removing empty bottles and trash, and scraping and stacking dirty dishes.

text: Primary functions of the busser are to clean and reset tables, carry dishes and other tableware to the kitchen, serve items such as water, coffee and bread, replenish supplies of linens, tableware and trays, and assist

text: servers

text: with clearing plates and other areas of table service. Other tasks include cleaning and polishing fixtures, walls, furniture and equipment, cleaning tableware, cleaning food service areas, mopping and vacuuming floors, cleaning up spills, removing empty bottles and trash, and scraping and stacking dirty dishes.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: clean up spills

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: acidic chemicals

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: clean water would be pumped back in

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: spills,

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: mopping and vacuuming floors,

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: mopping and vacuuming floors, cleaning up spills,

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: replenish supplies of linens, tableware and trays,

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: clearing plates and other areas of table service.

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: spills,

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: kitchen,

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: spills,

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: mopping and vacuuming floors,

text: The case was argued on December 4, 2012 by NRDC senior attorney Aaron Colangelo for respondents and GMSR partner Timothy T. Coates for the petitioner L.A. County. Essentially conceding that the premise upon which the Ninth Circuit's decision was based was incorrect, the NRDC and Baykeeper sought to argue that the exceedances detected at monitoring stations themselves sufficed in establishing the liability of the District under the Clean Water Act for its upstream discharges. NRDC felt that the Court of Appeals came to the correct decision, albeit for the wrong reasons, in their evaluation of the discharge of pollutants from an improved portion to an unimproved portion of the same waters. The NRDC and Baykeeper contended that the exceedances detected at the instream monitoring stations were sufficient to establish the District's liability under the Clean Water Act for upstream discharges. In addition, the NRDC argued that under the terms of the permit, the District had agreed to be severally liable with its co-permittees for any excess pollution in the river picked up by the monitoring stations.

text: The case was argued on December 4, 2012 by NRDC senior attorney Aaron Colangelo for respondents and GMSR partner Timothy T. Coates for the petitioner L.A. County. Essentially conceding that the premise upon which the Ninth Circuit's decision was based was incorrect, the NRDC and Baykeeper sought to argue that the exceedances detected at monitoring stations themselves sufficed in establishing the liability of the District under the Clean Water Act for its upstream discharges. NRDC felt that the Court of Appeals came to the correct decision, albeit for the wrong reasons, in their evaluation of the discharge of pollutants from an improved portion to an unimproved portion of the same waters. The NRDC and Baykeeper contended that the exceedances detected at the instream monitoring stations were sufficient to establish the District's liability under the Clean Water Act for upstream discharges. In addition, the NRDC argued that under the terms of the permit, the District had agreed to be

text: severally liable

text: with its co-permittees for any excess pollution in the river picked up by the monitoring stations.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: liable

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: an acidic pollutant

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: the premise upon which the Ninth Circuit's decision was based was incorrect

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unimproved portion

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: upstream discharges.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: severally liable with its co-permittees

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: improved portion to an unimproved portion of the same waters.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unimproved portion of the same waters.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: instream monitoring stations

text: This SEA was carried out as a consequence of the regional planning process (which included the requirement for SEAs) and is notable for the alternatives suggested. Groundwater extraction takes places beneath polluted urban areas and two strategies were devised – ’cleaning up’ or extracting water from rural areas. The resulting analysis found there was no clear best solution and therefore other factors, such as economic considerations, should be taken into account to aid the decision making process.

text: This SEA was carried out as a consequence of the regional planning process (which included the requirement for SEAs) and is notable for the alternatives suggested.

text: Groundwater

text: extraction takes places beneath polluted

text: urban area

text: s and two strategies were devised – ’cleaning up’ or extracting water from rural areas. The resulting analysis found there was no clear best solution and therefore other factors, such as economic considerations, should be taken into account to aid the decision making process.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: extracting water

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: groundwater extraction

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Groundwater extraction

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: 'cleaning up' or extracting water from rural areas

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: no clear best solution

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: ’cleaning up’ or extracting water from rural areas.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: extracting water from rural areas.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Groundwater extraction

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Groundwater extraction

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Groundwater extraction

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: Groundwater extraction

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: ’cleaning up’

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Groundwater extraction takes places beneath polluted urban areas

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Groundwater extraction

text: Remediation requirements are also gathered through lessons learned from Defense Infrastructure sector monitoring and reporting and infrastructure protection operations and exercises.  The CIP program tracks the status of remediation activities for critical assets. Remediation activities to protect the critical Defense Infrastructure cross multiple Department components.

text: Remediation requirements are also gathered through lessons learned from Defense Infrastructure sector monitoring and reporting and infrastructure protection operations and exercises.  The CIP program tracks the status of remediation activities for critical assets. Remediation activities to protect the critical Defense Infrastructure cross multiple Department components.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: protect critical Defense Infrastructure

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: remediation activities

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: None of the above choices are available

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: remediation

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: infrastructure protection operations and exercises.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: The CIP program tracks the status of remediation activities for critical assets.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: infrastructure protection operations and exercises.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: remediation activities for critical assets.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: The CIP program tracks the status of remediation activities for critical assets.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Remediation requirements

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Remediation requirements are also gathered through lessons learned from Defense Infrastructure

text: The sooner at-risk students are identified, the more likely that preventative "remediation" measures will be effective.  Examples of remediation include:

text: The sooner at-risk students are identified, the more likely that preventative "remediation" measures will be effective.  Examples of remediation include:

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: remediation

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: contaminate it

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: acidic chemicals

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: remediation is expensive

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: remediation would be effective

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: cations

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: preventative "remediation"

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: The sooner at-risk students are identified,

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Examples of remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: preventative "remediation" measures

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: preventative

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: remediation

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: remediation

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: The sooner at-risk students

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: The sooner at-risk students

text: Plumes are of considerable importance in the atmospheric dispersion modelling of air pollution. A classic work on the subject of air pollution plumes is that by Gary Briggs.

text: Plumes are of considerable importance in the

text: atmospheric dispersion modelling

text: of

text: air pollution

text: . A classic work on the subject of air pollution plumes is that by Gary Briggs.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: pollute it

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unsuitable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: air pollution.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: air pollution.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Plumes

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: air pollution plumes is that by Gary Briggs.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Plumes are of considerable importance in the atmospheric dispersion modelling

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: air pollution.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Plumes are of considerable importance in the atmospheric dispersion

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: air pollution.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: air pollution plumes is that by Gary Briggs.

text: Xiaomi released an air purifier on 9 December 2014 in Beijing. This  device has the capability to clean up to 406 m of air in an hour. The device uses HEPA technology to reduce polluting particles from as high as 600 ppm to a clean 2.5 ppm. The device has a real-time air quality monitor. Users can synch the air purifier with a smartphone to control it remotely, receive air quality data, and be alerted when the air filter is dirty.

text: Xiaomi released an air purifier on 9 December 2014 in Beijing. This  device has the capability to clean up to 406 m of air in an hour. The device uses

text: HEPA

text: technology to reduce polluting particles from as high as 600 ppm to a clean 2.5 ppm. The device has a real-time air quality monitor. Users can synch the air purifier with a smartphone to control it remotely, receive air quality data, and be alerted when the air filter is dirty.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: air purifier

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: HEPA technology

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: air purifier

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: air purifier

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: HEPA technology

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: HEPA

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: HEPA technology

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: polluting particles

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: air purifier

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: polluting particles

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: 406 m of air in an hour.

text: The Superfund program conducts periodic Five-Year Reviews to evaluate whether the remedy remains protective.  The latest Five Year Review, completed in December 2011, documented that the remedy as currently operating is protective in the short-term and that the groundwater plume which exceeds drinking water standards has decreased significantly in size.  However, the 2011 review also raised issues should be addressed to ensure long-term protection related to soil, groundwater, and the containment unit.  EPA is currently reviewing how the issues are best to be addressed at the site.

text: The Superfund program conducts periodic Five-Year Reviews to evaluate whether the remedy remains protective.  The latest Five Year Review, completed in December 2011, documented that the remedy as currently operating is protective in the short-term and that the groundwater plume which exceeds drinking water standards has decreased significantly in size.  However, the 2011 review also raised issues should be addressed to ensure long-term protection related to soil, groundwater, and the containment unit.  EPA is currently reviewing how the issues are best to be addressed at the site.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: raise issues

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: superfund

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Superfund

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: the 2011 review also raised issues should be addressed

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: to ensure long-term protection

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: groundwater plume which exceeds drinking water standards has decreased significantly in size.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: long-term protection

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: The Superfund

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Superfund

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Superfund

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: soil, groundwater, and the containment unit.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: groundwater plume which exceeds drinking water standards has decreased significantly in size.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: soil, groundwater, and the containment unit.

text: Septic tank and drain field microorganisms have very limited capability for catabolizing petroleum products and chlorinated solvents, and cannot remove dissolved metals; although some may sorb onto septic tank sludge or drain field soils, and concentrations may be diluted by other groundwater in the vicinity of the drain field.  Cleaning formulations may reduce drain field efficiency.  Laundry bleach may slow or stop microbial activity in the drain field, and sanitizing or deodorizing chemicals may have similar effects.  Detergents, solvents and drain cleaners may transport emulsified, saponified or dissolved fats into the drain field before they can be catabolized to short-chain organic acids in the septic tank scum layer.

text: Septic tank and drain field microorganisms have very limited capability for catabolizing petroleum products and

text: chlorinated solvents

text: , and cannot remove dissolved

text: metals

text: ; although some may

text: sorb

text: onto septic tank sludge or drain field soils, and concentrations may be diluted by other groundwater in the vicinity of the drain field.  Cleaning formulations may reduce drain field efficiency.  Laundry

text: bleach

text: may slow or stop microbial activity in the drain field, and

text: sanitizing

text: or deodorizing chemicals may have similar effects.  Detergents, solvents and

text: drain cleaner

text: s may transport

text: emulsified

text: saponified

text: or dissolved fats into the drain field before they can be catabolized to short-chain organic acids in the septic tank scum layer.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: disinfect it

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: detergents

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: dissolved metals

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Laundry bleach may slow or stop

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Septic tank and drain field microorganisms

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Cleaning formulations may reduce drain field efficiency.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: short-chain organic acids in the septic tank scum layer.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: catabolizing

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: catabolizing

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: Detergents, solvents and drain cleaners

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Cleaning formulations may reduce drain field efficiency.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: dissolved metals;

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Cleaning formulations may reduce drain field efficiency.

text: It is also used to clean effluent and brackish groundwater. The effluent in larger volumes (more than 500 m/d) should be treated in an effluent treatment plant first, and then the clear effluent is subjected to reverse osmosis system. Treatment cost is reduced significantly and membrane life of the reverse osmosis system is increased.

text: It is also used to clean effluent and

text: brackish groundwater

text: . The effluent in larger volumes (more than 500 m/d) should be treated in an effluent treatment plant first, and then the clear effluent is subjected to reverse osmosis system. Treatment cost is reduced significantly and membrane life of the reverse osmosis system is increased.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: treat it

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: aquifer

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Treatment cost

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: effluent and brackish groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: reverse osmosis system.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: reverse osmosis

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: reverse osmosis

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: Treatment cost

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: reverse osmosis system.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: clear effluent

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: effluent and brackish groundwater.

text: The main threat to the species is groundwater contamination.

text: The main threat to the species is

text: groundwater contamination

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: it is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: contaminate it

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: acidic chemicals

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater contamination

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: The main threat to the species is groundwater contamination.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: groundwater contamination.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: groundwater contamination.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater contamination.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: groundwater contamination.

text: Viktor Petrik was born in 1946 in Zhytomyr, Ukrainian SSR. Petrik attended Leningrad State University and received a degree in Psychology in 1976. He later worked in the export business. In the 1980s he spent time in prison for fraud and extortion. After his release he started a laboratory and began working on several inventions. In the early 1990s, according to rumors, he became friends with Vladimir Putin, then a city official in Saint Petersburg. In December 2004, he visited former President George H.W. Bush in Texas and discussed his technology for cleaning groundwater. Petrik lives in Saint Petersburg.

text: Viktor Petrik was born in 1946 in

text: Zhytomyr

text: Ukrainian SSR

text: . Petrik attended

text: Leningrad State University

text: and received a degree in Psychology in 1976. He later worked in the export business. In the 1980s he spent time in prison for

text: fraud

text: and

text: extortion

text: . After his release he started a laboratory and began working on several inventions. In the early 1990s, according to rumors, he became friends with Vladimir Putin, then a city official in

text: Saint Petersburg

text: . In December 2004, he visited former President George H.W. Bush in Texas and discussed his technology for cleaning groundwater. Petrik lives in Saint Petersburg.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: clean the air

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Viktor Petrik

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: clean groundwater

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: cleaning groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: cleaning groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: cleaning groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: cleaning groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: groundwater.

text: From 1998 to 2006, Sununu worked as an environmental engineer designing systems and solutions for cleaning up waste sites. He specialized in soil and groundwater remediation, wastewater treatment plants, and landfill designs.

text: From 1998 to 2006, Sununu worked as an environmental engineer designing systems and solutions for cleaning up waste sites. He specialized in soil and groundwater remediation, wastewater treatment plants, and landfill designs.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: treat the water

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Sununu

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater remediation

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: contaminated water would be pumped back in

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: groundwater remediation,

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: wastewater treatment plants,

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: wastewater treatment plants, and landfill designs.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: soil and groundwater remediation,

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: soil and groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: wastewater treatment plants,

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: wastewater treatment plants, and landfill designs.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: soil and groundwater remediation,

text: Isotopic analysis may complement product measurements because it can measure degradation in the absence of metabolites and has the potential to cover sufficiently long time scales to assess transformation in groundwater. Isotope ratios (e.g.,/, /) can reveal history in the absence of any label. Because kinetic isotope effects typically favor transformation of light isotopes (e.g., ), heavy isotopes (13C) become enriched in residues. An increased / isotope ratio in a parent compound thus provides direct evidence of degradation. Repeated pesticide analyses, in groundwater over time, or direct measurements in combination with groundwater dating that show increasing / isotope ratios in a parent pesticide, provides direct evidence of degradation, even if the pesticide was released long before. Multiple transformation pathways were revealed for atrazine by measuring isotope effects of multiple elements. In such a case, transformation mechanisms are identifiable from plots of / versus / parent compound data, reflecting different underlying carbon- and nitrogen-isotope effects. The approach requires a relatively high amount of substance for gas chromatography–isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC-IRMS) or LC-IRMS analysis (100 ng to 1 μg), which, for instance, requires extraction of 10 liters of groundwater at pesticide concentrations of 100 ng/liter. For the special case of chiral pesticides, enantiomer analysis may substitute for isotopes in such analyses as a result of stereoselective reactions. Combining isotope and chirality measurement can increase prediction strength.

text: Isotopic analysis may complement product measurements because it can measure degradation in the absence of metabolites and has the potential to cover sufficiently long time scales to assess transformation in groundwater. Isotope ratios (e.g.,/, /) can reveal history in the absence of any label. Because kinetic isotope effects typically favor transformation of light isotopes (e.g., ), heavy isotopes (13C) become enriched in residues. An increased / isotope ratio in a parent compound thus provides direct evidence of degradation. Repeated pesticide analyses, in groundwater over time, or direct measurements in combination with groundwater dating that show increasing / isotope ratios in a parent pesticide, provides direct evidence of degradation, even if the pesticide was released long before. Multiple transformation pathways were revealed for atrazine by measuring isotope effects of multiple elements. In such a case, transformation mechanisms are identifiable from plots of / versus / parent compound data, reflecting different underlying carbon- and nitrogen-isotope effects. The approach requires a relatively high amount of substance for

text: gas chromatography

text: –isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC-IRMS) or LC-IRMS analysis (100 ng to 1 μg), which, for instance, requires extraction of 10 liters of groundwater at pesticide concentrations of 100 ng/liter. For the special case of

text: chiral

text: pesticides,

text: enantiomer

text: analysis may substitute for isotopes in such analyses as a result of

text: stereoselective reaction

text: s. Combining isotope and chirality measurement can increase prediction strength.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Isotope analysis

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: enantiomer analysis

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: The approach requires a relatively high amount of substance for gas chromatography–isotope ratio mass spectrometry

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: enantiomer analysis

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: extraction of 10 liters of groundwater

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Combining isotope and chirality measurement

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: extraction of 10 liters of groundwater

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: gas chromatography–isotope ratio mass spectrometry

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: extraction of 10 liters of groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: The approach requires a relatively high amount of substance

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: pesticide

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: The approach requires a relatively high amount of substance

text: Since 1993 the London Air Quality Network of King's College London has coordinated the monitoring of air pollution across 30 London boroughs and Heathrow, and has noted that in 2005–06 almost all road and curbside monitoring sites across greater London exceeded the annual average limits for nitrogen dioxide of 40 μgm-3 (21 ppb), with eleven sites exceeding the hourly limits of 200 μgm-3 (105 ppb) on at least 18 occasions each.

text: Since 1993 the

text: London Air Quality Network

text: of

text: King's College London

text: has coordinated the monitoring of air pollution across 30 London boroughs and

text: Heathrow

text: , and has noted that in 2005–06 almost all road and curbside monitoring sites across greater London exceeded the annual average limits for

text: nitrogen dioxide

text: of 40 μgm-3 (21 ppb), with eleven sites exceeding the hourly limits of 200 μgm-3 (105 ppb) on at least 18 occasions each.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: monitor air quality

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: nitrogen dioxide

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: London Air Quality Network of King's College London

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: London Air Quality Network

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: almost all road and curbside monitoring sites

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: London Air Quality Network

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: nitrogen dioxide

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: 40 <unk>gm-3

text: There were environmental concerns associated with the site’s redevelopment. The contaminants were PCBs and Iron and Cyanide Metals. The total actual cost of remediation was $265 million, and the project was funded by both the private and public sector.  In 1996–1997, the Urban Redevelopment Authority completed major remediation, yet continued to model and assess groundwater on the site for contamination. As of 1998, most of the assessment had concluded, and as a result the site was safe for redevelopment.  Developers, however, were required to clean up any contamination discovered during construction, and to implement a Health and Safety Plan.

text: There were environmental concerns associated with the site’s redevelopment. The contaminants were

text: PCBs

text: and Iron and Cyanide Metals. The total actual cost of remediation was $265 million, and the project was funded by both the private and public sector.  In 1996–1997, the Urban Redevelopment Authority completed major remediation, yet continued to model and assess groundwater on the site for contamination. As of 1998, most of the assessment had concluded, and as a result the site was safe for redevelopment.  Developers, however, were required to clean up any contamination discovered during construction, and to implement a Health and Safety Plan.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: implement a Health and Safety Plan

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Cyanide Metals

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: major remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: environmental concerns associated with the site’s redevelopment

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: the site was safe for redevelopment

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Developers, however, were required to clean up any contamination discovered during construction,

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Health and Safety Plan.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: PCBs and Iron and Cyanide Metals.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: major remediation,

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: major remediation,

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: Developers, however, were required to clean up any contamination discovered during construction,

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Health and Safety Plan.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: PCBs and Iron and Cyanide Metals.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: $265 million,

text: Buildings made of limestone like Al-Ghuri are susceptible to erosion by pollution because the crust that forms disrupts the integrity of the stone and falls off, removing the outer surface of the building with it. Many sites from the early Islamic era are falling into disrepair because of salt deposition from air and groundwater pollution as well as other destructive phenomena, and a major rescue effort is currently unfeasible because of the political and economic climate of Egypt. Salty and wet environments also lead to microbial growth. Without regular cleaning, historic buildings made of limestone, because of their high porosity, will continue to decay as a result of biological colonization.

text: Buildings made of

text: limestone

text: like Al-Ghuri are susceptible to erosion by pollution because the crust that forms disrupts the integrity of the stone and falls off, removing the outer surface of the building with it. Many sites from the early Islamic era are falling into disrepair because of salt deposition from air and groundwater pollution as well as other destructive phenomena, and a major rescue effort is currently unfeasible because of the political and economic climate of Egypt. Salty and wet environments also lead to microbial growth. Without regular cleaning, historic buildings made of limestone, because of their high

text: porosity

text: , will continue to decay as a result of biological colonization.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: regular cleaning

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: biological colonization

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unfeasible

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Salty and wet environments also lead to microbial growth

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: a major rescue effort is currently unfeasible

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: regular cleaning,

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Salty and wet environments also lead to microbial growth.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: biological colonization.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: Salty and wet environments also lead to microbial growth.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Salty and wet environments also lead to microbial growth.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: salt

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: groundwater

text: Movement of water within the vadose zone is studied within soil physics and hydrology, particularly hydrogeology, and is of importance to agriculture, contaminant transport, and flood control. The Richards equation is often used to mathematically describe the flow of water, which is based partially on Darcy's law.  Groundwater recharge, which is an important process that refills aquifers, generally occurs through the vadose zone from precipitation.

text: Movement of water within the vadose zone is studied within

text: soil physics

text: and

text: hydrology

text: , particularly

text: hydrogeology

text: , and is of importance to

text: agriculture

text: contaminant

text: transport, and

text: flood control

text: . The

text: Richards equation

text: is often used to mathematically describe the flow of water, which is based partially on

text: Darcy's law

text: Groundwater recharge

text: , which is an important process that refills aquifers, generally occurs through the vadose zone from precipitation.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Groundwater recharge

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater recharge

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Groundwater recharge

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: flood control.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Groundwater recharge,

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Groundwater recharge,

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Groundwater recharge,

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Groundwater recharge,

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: contaminant transport,

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Groundwater recharge,

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: contaminant transport, and flood control.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Movement of water within the vadose zone

text: Despite being labelled a not-consumer-ready "hobbyist" device by the manufacturer, the AQE is one of the few de facto commercially available, comprehensive Internet of Things pollution monitors on the US market. A number of competing devices have been announced, such as the Chemisense Wearable in the US or the Alima in France, but these do not appear to be commercially available in the US at time of writing. CitizenSensor is another US crowdsourced air quality monitoring device, but it is listed an "outgoing project", "DIY", and apparently not available for purchase. In terms of a comprehensive Internet of Things air pollution monitoring solution, the most direct competitor may be China's iKair (pronounced "I Care"), although this uses a closed, proprietary platform rather than the AQE's open source hardware and open data design. Unfortunately, at time of writing the iKair's companion smartphone app does not appear to be available in English or for download in the US. IBM recently announced a partnership with the government of China for analytics software to process data from pollution sensors, so both the software and hardware aspects of this market may be heating up. A major potential criticism of the AQE is that it is still a hobbyist device despite the appearance of consumer-ready packaging. In an effort to get these devices to end-users more quickly, the AQE's sensors have not yet been fully calibrated by the manufacturer. No doubt these issues will be addressed as more competing devices enter the market.

text: Despite being labelled a not-consumer-ready "hobbyist" device by the manufacturer, the AQE is one of the few de facto commercially available, comprehensive Internet of Things pollution monitors on the US market. A number of competing devices have been announced, such as the Chemisense

text: Wearable

text: in the US or the Alima in France, but these do not appear to be commercially available in the US at time of writing. CitizenSensor is another US crowdsourced air quality monitoring device, but it is listed an "outgoing project", "DIY", and apparently not available for purchase. In terms of a comprehensive Internet of Things air pollution monitoring solution, the most direct competitor may be China's iKair (pronounced "I Care"), although this uses a closed, proprietary platform rather than the AQE's open source hardware and open data design. Unfortunately, at time of writing the iKair's companion smartphone app does not appear to be available in English or for download in the US.

text: IBM

text: recently announced a partnership with the government of China for analytics software to process data from pollution sensors, so both the software and hardware aspects of this market may be heating up. A major potential criticism of the AQE is that it is still a hobbyist device despite the appearance of consumer-ready packaging. In an effort to get these devices to end-users more quickly, the AQE's sensors have not yet been fully calibrated by the manufacturer. No doubt these issues will be addressed as more competing devices enter the market.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: iKair

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: iKair

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: No doubt these issues will be addressed as more competing devices enter the market.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Chemisense Wearable in the US or the Alima in France,

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: fully calibrated

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Chemisense Wearable

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Chemisense Wearable in the US or the Alima in France,

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Chemisense Wearable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: AQE's sensors have not yet been fully calibrated by the manufacturer.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: commercially available, comprehensive Internet of Things pollution monitors

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Chemisense Wearable

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Chemisense Wearable in the US or the Alima in France,

text: Fort Detrick Area B is a 399-acre proving ground and was a disposal area for chemical, biological, and radiological material until 1970. Only very recently, in 2009, it was listed as a superfund site on the National Priorities List with four so called "source areas": chemical waste disposal pits, a landfill, the Area B-Grid and the Area B-20 South burn area. There are 30 additional possible areas. Groundwater has been known to be contaminated with volatile organic compounds trichloroethylene since 1992, as well as tetrachloroethene (TCE), both onsite and offsite. Eight 55-gallon drums of TCE buried in Area B in 1968 are believed one source of the contamination. Groundwater plume modeling is difficult due to underlying karst formations. No "Records of Decision" how each site will be remediated have been signed by EPA and Army.

text: Fort Detrick Area B is a 399-acre proving ground and was a disposal area for chemical, biological, and radiological material until 1970. Only very recently, in 2009, it was listed as a

text: superfund site

text: on the

text: National Priorities List

text: with four so called "source areas": chemical waste disposal pits, a landfill, the Area B-Grid and the Area B-20 South burn area. There are 30 additional possible areas. Groundwater has been known to be contaminated with volatile organic compounds

text: trichloroethylene

text: since 1992, as well as

text: tetrachloroethene

text: (TCE), both onsite and offsite. Eight 55-gallon drums of TCE buried in Area B in 1968 are believed one source of the contamination. Groundwater plume modeling is difficult due to underlying karst formations. No "Records of Decision" how each site will be remediated have been signed by EPA and Army.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: tetrachloroethene

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: trichloroethylene

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: superfund

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: Groundwater plume modeling is difficult

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: karst formations

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Groundwater plume modeling

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: remediated

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: tetrachloroethene

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Groundwater plume modeling

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Groundwater plume modeling

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: underlying karst formations.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Groundwater plume modeling

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: volatile organic compounds

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Groundwater

text: The Newmark Groundwater Contamination Site resides on part of a groundwater aquifer that supplies water to the cities of San Bernardino, Colton, Loma Linda, Fontana, Rialto, and Riverside. Many of the wells responsible for supplying water to these areas lay down gradient from the two contamination plumes that resulted from the pollution.

text: The Newmark Groundwater Contamination Site resides on part of a

text: groundwater

text: aquifer

text: that supplies water to the cities of

text: San Bernardino

text: Colton

text: Loma Linda

text: Fontana

text: Rialto

text: , and

text: Riverside

text: . Many of the wells responsible for supplying water to these areas lay down gradient from the two contamination plumes that resulted from the pollution.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: pollute it

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: acidic chemicals

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater contamination

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: aquifer that supplies water

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: groundwater aquifer

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Many of the wells

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: contamination plumes

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: groundwater aquifer

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: contamination plumes that resulted from the pollution.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: wells

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: two contamination plumes

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: groundwater aquifer

text: In 2012 concerns emerged about the pollution of groundwater beneath Hendon and surrounding suburbs, and in May 2012 residents were advised not to use bore water for any purpose. Contaminants including perchloroethene (PCE), trichloroethene (TCE), dichloroethene (DCE) and metals in groundwater and soil vapour had been detected, and noted by a consultants' report from 1992, which attributed the pollution to a former munitions manufacturing site on Philips Crescent. The Environment Protection Authority is now "working with site contamination consultants to better characterise the current nature and extent of the contamination, and to ascertain potential risks".

text: In 2012 concerns emerged about the pollution of groundwater beneath Hendon and surrounding suburbs, and in May 2012 residents were advised not to use bore water for any purpose. Contaminants including

text: perchloroethene

text: (PCE),

text: trichloroethene

text: (TCE),

text: dichloroethene

text: (DCE) and metals in groundwater and soil vapour had been detected, and noted by a consultants' report from 1992, which attributed the pollution to a former munitions manufacturing site on Philips Crescent. The Environment Protection Authority is now "working with site contamination consultants to better characterise the current nature and extent of the contamination, and to ascertain potential risks".

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: use bore water

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: perchloroethene

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: to ascertain potential risks

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: pollution of groundwater

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: pollution of groundwater

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: perchloroethene

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater and soil vapour

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: bore water for any purpose.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: metals

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: groundwater

text: The source of virtually all freshwater is precipitation from the atmosphere, in the form of mist, rain and snow, as part of the water cycle over eons, millennia and in the present day. Freshwater constitutes only 3% of all water on Earth, and of that, slightly over two thirds is stored frozen in glaciers and polar ice caps. The remaining unfrozen freshwater is mainly found as groundwater, with only a small fraction present in the air, or on the ground surface.  Surface water is stored in wetlands or lakes or flows in a stream or river, and is the most commonly utilized resource for water.  In places, surface water can be stored in a reservoir behind a dam, and then used for municipal and industrial water supply, for irrigation and to generate power in the form of hydroelectricity. Sub-surface groundwater, although stored in the pore space of soil and rock; it is utilized most as water flowing within aquifers below the water table. Groundwater can exist both as a renewable water system closely associated with surface water and as a separate, deep sub-surface water system in an aquifer. This latter case is sometimes called "fossil water", and is realistically non-renewable.  Normally, groundwater is utilized where surface sources are unavailable or when surface supply distribution is limited.

text: The source of virtually all

text: freshwater

text: is

text: precipitation

text: from the

text: atmosphere

text: , in the form of

text: mist

text: rain

text: and

text: snow

text: , as part of the

text: water cycle

text: over

text: eons

text: millennia

text: and in the present day. Freshwater constitutes only 3% of all water on Earth, and of that, slightly over two thirds is stored frozen in

text: glacier

text: s and

text: polar

text: ice cap

text: s. The remaining unfrozen freshwater is mainly found as

text: groundwater

text: , with only a small fraction present in the air, or on the ground surface.

text: Surface water

text: is stored in

text: wetland

text: s or

text: lake

text: s or flows in a stream or

text: river

text: , and is the most commonly utilized resource for water.  In places, surface water can be stored in a

text: reservoir

text: behind a

text: dam

text: , and then used for municipal and industrial

text: water supply

text: , for

text: irrigation

text: and to generate power in the form of

text: hydroelectricity

text: . Sub-surface groundwater, although stored in the

text: pore

text: space of

text: soil

text: and

text: rock

text: ; it is utilized most as water flowing within

text: aquifer

text: s below the

text: water table

text: . Groundwater can exist both as a renewable water system closely associated with surface water and as a separate, deep sub-surface water system in an aquifer. This latter case is sometimes called "fossil water", and is realistically non-renewable.  Normally, groundwater is utilized where surface sources are unavailable or when surface supply distribution is limited.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: Groundwater can exist both as a renewable water system closely associated with surface water

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: non-renewable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Sub-surface groundwater,

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Sub-surface groundwater,

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Sub-surface groundwater,

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: air, or on the ground surface.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Sub-surface groundwater,

text: The Lake Elmo Airport is connected to the contamination at the Baytown Township Ground Water Plume Superfund site. The site is listed due to trichloroethylene contamination of a groundwater aquifer used for local drinking water supplies.

text: The Lake Elmo Airport is connected to the contamination at the

text: Baytown Township Ground Water Plume

text: Superfund

text: site. The site is listed due to

text: trichloroethylene

text: contamination of a

text: groundwater

text: aquifer used for local drinking water supplies.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: use it for drinking water

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: trichloroethylene

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Superfund

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater plumes

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: local drinking water supplies

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: trichloroethylene

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: drinking water supplies.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: trichloroethylene

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Ground Water Plume Superfund

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Superfund

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: local drinking water supplies.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: trichloroethylene

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: groundwater aquifer

text: Point source water pollution comes from discrete conveyances and alters the chemical, biological, and physical characteristics of water. In the United States, it is largely regulated by the Clean Water Act (CWA). Among other things, the Act requires dischargers to obtain a National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit to legally discharge pollutants into a water body. However, point source pollution remains an issue in some water bodies, due to some limitations of the Act. Consequently, other regulatory approaches have emerged, such as water quality trading and voluntary community-level efforts.

text: Point source

text: water pollution comes from discrete conveyances and alters the chemical, biological, and physical characteristics of water. In the United States, it is largely regulated by the

text: Clean Water Act

text: (CWA). Among other things, the Act requires dischargers to obtain a National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit to legally discharge pollutants into a water body. However, point source pollution remains an issue in some water bodies, due to some limitations of the Act. Consequently, other regulatory approaches have emerged, such as water quality trading and voluntary community-level efforts.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: point source pollution remains an issue in some water bodies

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: NPDES

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: point source pollution remains an issue in some water bodies

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: clean water

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Point source water pollution

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: water quality trading and voluntary community-level efforts.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: water quality trading

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Point source water pollution

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: point source pollution

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Point source water pollution comes from discrete conveyances

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Point source water pollution comes from discrete conveyances

text: NPS may derive from many different sources with no specific solution may change to rectify the problem, making it difficult to regulate. Non point source water pollution is difficult to control because it comes from the everyday activities of many different people, such as fertilizing a lawn, using a pesticide, or constructing a road or building.

text: NPS may derive from many different sources with no specific solution may change to rectify the problem, making it difficult to regulate. Non point source water pollution is difficult to control because it comes from the everyday activities of many different people, such as

text: fertilizing

text: a lawn, using a

text: pesticide

text: , or

text: constructing a road

text: or

text: building

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: use pesticides

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: pesticide

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: point source water pollution

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: difficult to regulate

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: no specific solution may change

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Non point source water pollution

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: fertilizing a lawn, using a pesticide,

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: pesticide,

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: pesticide,

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: pesticide,

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: difficult to regulate.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: no specific solution may change to rectify the problem,

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: fertilizing a lawn, using a pesticide,

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Non point source water pollution

text: Cadmium poisoning- Callendar effect- Calnev Pipeline- Cancer- Cancer Alley- Car Free Days- Carbofuran- Carbon audit regime- Carbon credit- Carbon cycle- Carbon dioxide sink- Carbon emissions trading- Carbon fixation- Carbon flux- Carbon footprint- Carbon intensity- Carbon offset- Carbon sequestering- Carbon tax- Carbon tetrachloride- Carfree Cities- Car-free movement- Car-free zone- Carl Garner Federal Lands Cleanup Day- Carpool- Carrying capacity- Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety- Cause of Environmental Degradation- Catch and release- Certified wood- Cetacean bycatch- Cetacean Conservation Center- Charles Darwin Foundation- Chartered Institute of Environmental Health- Chemical oxygen demand- Chemical toilet- Chemical warfare- Chemical waste- Chemical weapon designation- Chemical weapon proliferation- Chemical Weapons Convention- Cherenkov radiation- Chernobyl accident- Chernobyl2020- Chicago Climate Exchange- Children's Environmental Exposure Research Study- China Australia Migratory Bird Agreement- Chionophile- Chipko movement- Chlorofluorocarbon- Citizen Information Project- Citizens for Alternatives to Chemical Contamination- Citizens for Global Solutions- City Beautiful movement- Clark County Wetlands Park- Clean Air Act- Clean Air Act (1970)- Clean Air Act (1990)- Clean Air Act 1956- Clean coal- Clean Development Mechanism- Clean Energy Future Group- Clean Up Australia- Clean Water Act- Clear Skies Act- Clearfelling- Climate Audit- Climate change- Climate changes of 535-536- Climate commitment studies- Climate Diagnostics Center- Climate engineering- Climate Group- Climate house- Climate model- Climate modeller- Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory- Climate Outreach and Information Network- Climate sensitivity- Climate surprise- Climatic determinism- Clinton Global Initiative- Cloaca Maxima- Cloud forcing- Coastal Zone Management Act- Cogeneration- Committee on Climate Change Science and Technology Integration- Common alcohol fuel mixtures- Community bicycle program- Community Climate System Model- Community Fisheries Control Agency- Community Forests in England- Community garden- Community gardening- Compact fluorescent lamp- Compactor- Compost- Compost windrow turner- Composting toilet- Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty- Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty Organization- Compressed air energy storage- Computer Conservation Society- Computer recycling- Concrete recycling- Conservation agriculture- Conservation and Neocolonialism- Conservation and Research Center- Conservation area- Conservation areas in Singapore- Conservation areas of Portugal- Conservation Authorities Act- Conservation authority- Conservation biology- Conservation Centre Liverpool- Conservation designation- Conservation district- Conservation easement- Conservation ethic- Conservation genetics- Conservation Halton- Conservation headland- Conservation Law Foundation- Conservation medicine- Conservation movement- Conservation park- Conservation status- Conservation status (TNC)- Conservationist- Constructed wetland- Consumerism- Container composting- Cooler Heads Coalition- Coral bleaching- COSMIC- Country park- Countryside Agency- Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000- Countryside Commission- Critical Mass (cycling)- Critical Mass Energy Project- Current Population Survey- Cycling advocacy

text: Cadmium poisoning

text: Callendar effect

text: Calnev Pipeline

text: Cancer

text: Cancer Alley

text: Car Free Days

text: Carbofuran

text: Carbon audit regime

text: Carbon credit

text: Carbon cycle

text: Carbon dioxide sink

text: Carbon emissions trading

text: Carbon fixation

text: Carbon flux

text: Carbon footprint

text: Carbon intensity

text: Carbon offset

text: Carbon sequestering

text: Carbon tax

text: Carbon tetrachloride

text: Carfree Cities

text: Car-free movement

text: Car-free zone

text: Carl Garner Federal Lands Cleanup Day

text: Carpool

text: Carrying capacity

text: Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety

text: Cause of Environmental Degradation

text: Catch and release

text: Certified wood

text: Cetacean bycatch

text: Cetacean Conservation Center

text: Charles Darwin Foundation

entity_name: Chartered Institute of Environmental Health

text: Chartered Institute of Environmental Health

text: Chemical oxygen demand

text: Chemical toilet

text: Chemical warfare

text: Chemical waste

text: Chemical weapon designation

text: Chemical weapon proliferation

text: Chemical Weapons Convention

text: Cherenkov radiation

text: Chernobyl accident

text: Chicago Climate Exchange

entity_name: Children's Environmental Exposure Research Study

text: Children's Environmental Exposure Research Study

entity_name: China–Australia Migratory Bird Agreement

text: China Australia Migratory Bird Agreement

text: Chionophile

text: Chipko movement

text: Chlorofluorocarbon

text: Citizen Information Project

entity_name: Citizens for Alternatives to Chemical Contamination

text: Citizens for Alternatives to Chemical Contamination

text: Citizens for Global Solutions

text: City Beautiful movement

text: Clark County Wetlands Park

text: Clean Air Act

text: Clean Air Act (1970)

text: Clean Air Act (1990)

text: Clean Air Act 1956

text: Clean coal

text: Clean Development Mechanism

text: Clean Energy Future Group

text: Clean Up Australia

text: Clean Water Act

text: Clear Skies Act

text: Clearfelling

text: Climate Audit

text: Climate change

text: Climate changes of 535-536

text: Climate commitment studies

text: Climate Diagnostics Center

text: Climate engineering

text: Climate Group

text: Climate house

text: Climate model

text: Climate modeller

entity_name: Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory

text: Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory

text: Climate Outreach and Information Network

text: Climate sensitivity

text: Climate surprise

text: Climatic determinism

entity_section: Clinton Global Initiative (CGI) and CGI U

text: Clinton Global Initiative

text: Cloaca Maxima

text: Cloud forcing

text: Coastal Zone Management Act

text: Cogeneration

entity_name: Committee on Climate Change Science and Technology Integration

text: Committee on Climate Change Science and Technology Integration

text: Common alcohol fuel mixtures

text: Community bicycle program

text: Community Climate System Model

text: Community Fisheries Control Agency

text: Community Forests in England

text: Community garden

text: Community gardening

text: Compact fluorescent lamp

text: Compactor

text: Compost

text: Compost windrow turner

text: Composting toilet

text: Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty

entity_name: Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization

text: Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty Organization

text: Compressed air energy storage

text: Computer Conservation Society

text: Computer recycling

text: Concrete recycling

text: Conservation agriculture

text: Conservation and Neocolonialism

entity_name: Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute

text: Conservation and Research Center

text: Conservation area

text: Conservation areas in Singapore

text: Conservation areas of Portugal

text: Conservation Authorities Act

entity_name: Conservation authority (Ontario, Canada)

text: Conservation authority

text: Conservation biology

text: Conservation Centre Liverpool

text: Conservation designation

text: Conservation district

text: Conservation easement

text: Conservation ethic

text: Conservation genetics

text: Conservation Halton

text: Conservation headland

text: Conservation Law Foundation

text: Conservation medicine

text: Conservation movement

text: Conservation park

text: Conservation status

text: Conservation status (TNC)

text: Conservationist

text: Constructed wetland

text: Consumerism

text: Container composting

text: Cooler Heads Coalition

text: Coral bleaching

entity_name: Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate

text: COSMIC

text: Country park

text: Countryside Agency

text: Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000

text: Countryside Commission

text: Critical Mass (cycling)

text: Critical Mass Energy Project

text: Current Population Survey

text: Cycling advocacy

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: contaminate it

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Chlorofluorocarbon

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Bioremediation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Clearfelling

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: Cartagena Protocol

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Cloud forcing

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Clean Water Act-

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Clean Water Act-

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Chlorofluorocarbon-

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Catch and release-

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Chlorofluorocarbon-

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: Catch and release-

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Clean Water Act-

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: City Beautiful movement-

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Climate Audit- Climate change-

text: China's environmental movement is characterized by spontaneous alliances that often only occur at the local level. The Chinese have realized the ability of riots and protests to have success and had led to an increase in disputes in China by 30% since 2005 to more than 50,000 events. Protests cover topics such as environmental issues, land-loss, income, and political issues. They have also grown in size from about 10 people or fewer in the mid-1990s to 52 people per incident in 2004. China has more relaxed environmental laws than other countries in Asia, so many polluting factories have relocated to China causing pollution in China. Water pollution, water scarcity, soil pollution, soil degradation, and desertification are issues currently in discussion in China. The groundwater table of the North China Plain is dropping by 1.5 m (5 ft) per year. This groundwater table occurs in the region of China that produces 40% of the country's grain.

text: China's environmental movement is characterized by spontaneous alliances that often only occur at the local level. The Chinese have realized the ability of riots and protests to have success and had led to an increase in disputes in China by 30% since 2005 to more than 50,000 events. Protests cover topics such as environmental issues, land-loss, income, and political issues. They have also grown in size from about 10 people or fewer in the mid-1990s to 52 people per incident in 2004. China has more relaxed environmental laws than other countries in Asia, so many polluting factories have relocated to China causing pollution in China. Water pollution, water scarcity, soil pollution, soil degradation, and desertification are issues currently in discussion in China. The groundwater table of the

text: North China Plain

text: is dropping by 1.5 m (5 ft) per year. This groundwater table occurs in the region of China that produces 40% of the country's grain.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: pollute it

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: acidic chemicals

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: The groundwater table of the North China Plain is dropping

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: polluting factories have relocated to China causing pollution

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Water pollution,

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: polluting factories

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: spontaneous alliances that often only occur at the local level.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Water pollution,

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: soil pollution, soil degradation, and desertification

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: dropping by 1.5 m (5 ft) per year.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Water pollution,

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: polluting factories have relocated to China causing pollution in China.

text: The Arky property is a non-Superfund clean-up site with focus by the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, located at 217 Route 520 in Marlboro Township. This  site was an automobile junkyard. Contamination consisted of volatile organic compounds in the groundwater and soil contamination of metals, trichloroethylene (TCE), methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Initial clean-up consisted of removal of the contaminated soil. Also found were buried drums of unknown product. There were 22 drums removed. In 1998, NJDEP conducted a second drum removal action. They excavated 70 buried drums and removed some of the contaminated soil around the drums. The drums of hazardous wastes had been crushed and buried prior to 1987. To further monitor  the property, NJDEP has installed additional monitor wells near the site to collect ground water samples. Investigations are continuing to determine if additional contamination is present on the site which would require clean-up actions.

text: The Arky property is a non-Superfund clean-up site with focus by the

entity_name: New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection

text: New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection

text: , located at 217 Route 520 in Marlboro Township. This  site was an automobile junkyard. Contamination consisted of volatile organic compounds in the groundwater and soil contamination of metals,

text: trichloroethylene

text: (TCE),

text: methyl tert-butyl ether

text: (MTBE), and

text: polychlorinated biphenyls

text: (PCBs). Initial clean-up consisted of removal of the contaminated soil. Also found were buried drums of unknown product. There were 22 drums removed. In 1998, NJDEP conducted a second drum removal action. They excavated 70 buried drums and removed some of the contaminated soil around the drums. The drums of hazardous wastes had been crushed and buried prior to 1987. To further monitor  the property, NJDEP has installed additional monitor wells near the site to collect ground water samples. Investigations are continuing to determine if additional contamination is present on the site which would require clean-up actions.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: monitor the property

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: trichloroethylene

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Superfund

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: trichloroethylene (TCE)

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Contamination consisted of volatile organic compounds in the groundwater

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: monitor wells near the site to collect ground water samples.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE),

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: non-Superfund

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: non-Superfund

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: buried drums

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: removal of the contaminated soil.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: volatile organic compounds

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: groundwater

text: A typical day at NAPS starts with Midshipman Candidates marching to Ney Hall Galley shortly after a 0600 reveille for chow. Morning formation commences at 0725 then the Midshipman Candidates take off to class. They  go to school until 1410, unless changes due to tests or other events delay until 1435, then Extra Instruction period begins. During the E.I. period, which starts immediately after the last class, professors and tutors are available for further academic help. Midshipmen candidates are then offered a two-hour "sports period" after the E.I. period, during which the athletes practice for their respective sport. Students that are not on a sports team are encouraged to work out on their own, unless they are on remedial physical training (PT) for failing the physical readiness test (PRT). Those students on remedial PT work out with the battalion drill instructor in order to prepare for the PRT. After sports period, Midshipman Candidates go to chow then immediately start a 3-hour study period. Midshipman Candidates are required to be academically productive. They can either stay inside their Ripley Hall Room or study with the tutors that are provided until 2200 when their academic day ends.  2200-2230 is clean up time where the hallways(P-ways) must be swept and mopped, and common areas must be kept clean.  Finally, from 2230-2300 is personal time for the Midshipman Candidates followed by a 2300 taps call to go to bed.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: clean up

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: remedial physical training

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: the hallways(P-ways) must be swept and mopped

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: clean up time

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: None of the above choices are true

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: 1410,

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: swept and mopped,

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: hallways(P-ways) must be swept and mopped,

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: remedial physical training

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: remedial physical training

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: common areas must be kept clean.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: common areas must be kept clean.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: "sports period"

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: "sports period"

text: Interactions between groundwater and surface water are complex. Consequently, groundwater pollution, also referred to as groundwater contamination, is not as easily classified as surface water pollution. By its very nature, groundwater aquifers are susceptible to contamination from sources that may not directly affect surface water bodies, and the distinction of point vs. non-point source may be irrelevant. A spill or ongoing release of chemical or radionuclide contaminants into soil (located away from a surface water body) may not create point or non-point source pollution but can contaminate the aquifer below, creating a toxic plume. The movement of the plume, called a plume front, may be analyzed through a hydrological transport model or groundwater model. Analysis of groundwater contamination may focus on soil characteristics and site geology, hydrogeology, hydrology, and the nature of the contaminants.

text: Interactions between

text: groundwater

text: and surface water are complex. Consequently, groundwater pollution, also referred to as groundwater contamination, is not as easily classified as surface water pollution. By its very nature, groundwater

text: aquifer

text: s are susceptible to contamination from sources that may not directly affect surface water bodies, and the distinction of point vs. non-point source may be irrelevant. A spill or ongoing release of chemical or

text: radionuclide

text: contaminants into soil (located away from a surface water body) may not create point or non-point source pollution but can contaminate the aquifer below, creating a toxic

text: plume

text: . The movement of the plume, called a plume front, may be analyzed through a

text: hydrological transport model

text: or

text: groundwater model

text: . Analysis of groundwater contamination may focus on

text: soil

text: characteristics and site geology,

text: hydrogeology

text: hydrology

text: , and the nature of the contaminants.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: groundwater pollution

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: radionuclides

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: non-point source

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: creating a toxic plume

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: groundwater pollution,

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: contaminate the aquifer below, creating a toxic plume.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: A spill or ongoing release of chemical or radionuclide contaminants

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: hydrological transport model or groundwater model.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: non-point source may be irrelevant. A spill or ongoing release

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: creating a toxic plume.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: creating a toxic plume.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: surface water pollution.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: groundwater pollution,

text: Plume dynamics are based on Gaussian models, which are based on Navier–Stokes equations. The simplified boundary condition of the Gaussian based model is:

text: Plume dynamics are based on Gaussian models, which are based on

text: Navier–Stokes equations

text: . The simplified boundary condition of the Gaussian based model is:

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: contaminate it

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: sulfuric acid

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: contaminating them

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: aquifer would fill with clean water

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Navier–Stokes equations.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Navier–Stokes equations.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Navier–Stokes equations.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Plume dynamics

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Plume dynamics

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: Plume dynamics

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Plume dynamics

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Navier–Stokes equations.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Navier–Stokes equations.

text: The degree of pathogen removal strongly varies with soil type, aquifer type, distance and other environmental factors. For this reason, it is difficult to estimate the safe distance between a pit latrine or a septic tank and a water source. In any case, such recommendations about the safe distance are mostly ignored by those building pit latrines. In addition, household plots are of a limited size and therefore pit latrines are often built much closer to groundwater wells than what can be regarded as safe. This results in groundwater pollution and household members falling sick when using this groundwater as a source of drinking water.

text: The degree of pathogen removal strongly varies with soil type, aquifer type, distance and other environmental factors. For this reason, it is difficult to estimate the safe distance between a pit latrine or a septic tank and a water source. In any case, such recommendations about the safe distance are mostly ignored by those building pit latrines. In addition, household plots are of a limited size and therefore pit latrines are often built much closer to groundwater wells than what can be regarded as safe. This results in groundwater pollution and household members falling sick when using this groundwater as a source of drinking water.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: septic tank

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: septic tank

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: septic tank

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: difficult to estimate the safe distance between a pit latrine or a septic tank

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: household members falling sick

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: groundwater pollution

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: The degree of pathogen removal

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: septic tank

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: pathogen removal

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: pathogen removal

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater pollution

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: pathogen removal

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: distance and other environmental factors.

text: OU5 was started to be cleaned up in 2007, and in September 2013, the EPA selected in situ chemical oxidation as a remedy.

text: OU5 was started to be cleaned up in 2007, and in September 2013, the EPA selected

text: in situ chemical oxidation

text: as a remedy.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: in situ chemical oxidation

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: in situ chemical oxidation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical oxidation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: inconvenient

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: in situ chemical oxidation

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: in situ chemical oxidation

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: in situ chemical oxidation

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: in situ chemical oxidation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: in situ chemical oxidation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: in situ chemical oxidation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: in situ chemical oxidation

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: in situ chemical oxidation

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: OU5 was started to be cleaned up in 2007,

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ chemical oxidation

text: In 1988, as ordered by the State, Brown & Bryant excavated heavily contaminated soil underneath their pond and installed a liner.  The removed soil was then cleaned and treated and returned to the ground using an innovate technology called ultraviolet/ozone. In 1989, the EPA’s emergency response program began to evaluate the need to conduct removal action at the site; and Brown & Bryant Inc. was placed on the Superfund List.  The following year the EPA began to look into and develop long term solutions to the groundwater and soil contamination problems at the site.  EPA decided to consolidate the contaminated soil, install a cap over this consolidated soil, and extract and treat water from the first water bearing unit.  To remediate the groundwater EPA planned to extract and treat groundwater in the A-zone, which was the source of contamination to the B-zone.

text: In 1988, as ordered by the State, Brown & Bryant excavated heavily contaminated soil underneath their pond and installed a liner.  The removed soil was then cleaned and treated and returned to the ground using an innovate technology called ultraviolet/ozone. In 1989, the EPA’s emergency response program began to evaluate the need to conduct removal action at the site; and Brown & Bryant Inc. was placed on the

text: Superfund List

text: .  The following year the EPA began to look into and develop long term solutions to the groundwater and soil contamination problems at the site.  EPA decided to consolidate the contaminated soil, install a cap over this consolidated soil, and extract and treat water from the first water bearing unit.  To remediate the groundwater EPA planned to extract and treat groundwater in the A-zone, which was the source of contamination to the B-zone.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: extract and treat

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: ultraviolet/ozone

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Superfund

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: EPA planned to extract and treat groundwater in the A-zone,

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: extract and treat water from the first water bearing unit.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: ultraviolet/ozone.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: ultraviolet/ozone.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: ultraviolet/ozone.

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: Brown & Bryant Inc. was placed on the Superfund List.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: ultraviolet/ozone.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: ultraviolet/ozone.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: ultraviolet/ozone.

text: Some runoff water is trapped for periods of time, for example in lakes.At high altitude, during winter, and in the far north and south, snow collects in ice caps, snow pack and glaciers.Water also infiltrates the ground and goes into aquifers. This groundwater later flows back to the surface in springs, or more spectacularly in hot springs and geysers. Groundwater is also extracted artificially in wells.This water storage is important, since clean, fresh water is essential to human and other land-based life. In many parts of the world, it is in short supply.

text: Some runoff water is trapped for periods of time, for example in lakes.At high altitude, during winter, and in the far north and south, snow collects in ice caps, snow pack and glaciers.Water also infiltrates the ground and goes into aquifers. This groundwater later flows back to the surface in

text: springs

text: , or more spectacularly in

text: hot spring

text: s and

text: geyser

text: s. Groundwater is also extracted artificially in

text: wells

text: .This water storage is important, since clean, fresh water is essential to human and other land-based life. In many parts of the world, it is in short supply.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: extract groundwater

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: acidic chemicals

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater is also extracted artificially in wells

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: This groundwater later flows back to the surface

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Groundwater is also extracted artificially in wells.This

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Groundwater is also extracted artificially in wells.This

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Groundwater is also extracted artificially in wells.This

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Groundwater is also extracted artificially in wells.This

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Groundwater is also extracted artificially

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: In many parts of the world, it is in short supply.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: flows back to the surface in springs,

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: hot springs and geysers.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: glaciers.Water also infiltrates the ground

text: LHS buildings and 15.5 acre property were offered for sale in 2007. The City of Ottawa was interested in keeping this community landmark in public hands, but the School Board was unwilling to compromise on the sale price. The Board subsequently sold the school on July 18, 2007 to $21.26 million to Clyde Baseline Developments Inc., a subsidiary of SmartCentres, a Toronto-based real-estate developer that specializes in big-box developments anchored by Wal-Mart stores. After community consultation and rezoning the LHS facilities were demolished in 2009. The brownfields were remediated including clean up of asbestos and heating oil spills in exchange for incentives of $1.8 million of property tax rebates.   The property was converted to $60-million mixed-use development, known as Laurentian Place.  The site features two- and three-storey buildings containing stores, offices, and a big-box WalMart superstore opened on the location in 2011.

text: LHS buildings and 15.5 acre property were offered for sale in 2007. The City of Ottawa was interested in keeping this community landmark in public hands, but the School Board was unwilling to compromise on the sale price. The Board subsequently sold the school on July 18, 2007 to $21.26 million to Clyde Baseline Developments Inc., a subsidiary of SmartCentres, a Toronto-based real-estate developer that specializes in big-box developments anchored by Wal-Mart stores. After community consultation and rezoning the LHS facilities were demolished in 2009. The brownfields were remediated including clean up of asbestos and heating oil spills in exchange for incentives of $1.8 million of property tax rebates.   The property was converted to $60-million mixed-use development, known as Laurentian Place.  The site features two- and three-storey buildings containing stores, offices, and a big-box

text: WalMart

text: superstore opened on the location in 2011.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: clean up

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: clean up of asbestos

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: brownfields

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: brownfields

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: $1.8 million of property tax rebates

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: asbestos and heating oil spills

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: asbestos and heating oil spills

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: asbestos and heating oil spills

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: clean up of asbestos and heating oil spills

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: asbestos

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: asbestos and heating oil spills

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: $1.8 million of property tax rebates.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: asbestos and heating oil spills

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: asbestos and heating oil spills

text: In OSPM concentrations of traffic-emitted pollution is calculated using a combination of a plume model for the direct contribution and a box model for the recirculating part of the pollutants in the street.

text: In OSPM concentrations of traffic-emitted pollution is calculated using a combination of a plume model for the direct contribution and a box model for the recirculating part of the pollutants in the street.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: pump water out

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: plume model

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: traffic-emitted pollution

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: plume model for the direct contribution and a box model

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: OSPM

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: plume model

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: recirculating

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: recirculating

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: plume model

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: plume model for the direct contribution and a box model

text: Historically, site contaminants originally included volatile organic compounds (VOCs), including trichloroethene (TCE), dichloroethene (DCE), and vinyl chloride, fuel-related compounds (mainly benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene), pesticides, various metals including chromium and cadmium, and lead and munitions waste from an old small arms range and an explosive ordnance demolition range. As stated in others sections of this site profile, most of the formerly contaminated areas have been cleaned up.  In addition to groundwater contamination, other potential exposures included direct contact with and ingestion of contaminants found in soil. The only known remaining soil contamination at the former base is at the landfills, which have been capped and are fenced off.

text: Historically, site contaminants originally included volatile organic compounds (VOCs), including trichloroethene (TCE), dichloroethene (DCE), and vinyl chloride, fuel-related compounds (mainly benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene), pesticides, various metals including chromium and cadmium, and lead and munitions waste from an old small arms range and an explosive ordnance demolition range. As stated in others sections of this site profile, most of the formerly contaminated areas have been cleaned up.  In addition to groundwater contamination, other potential exposures included direct contact with and ingestion of contaminants found in soil. The only known remaining soil contamination at the former base is at the landfills, which have been capped and are fenced off.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: it is impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: groundwater contamination

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: cadmium

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater contamination

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: potential exposures included direct contact with and ingestion of contaminants found in soil

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: ingestion of contaminants found in soil

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: most of the formerly contaminated areas have been cleaned up.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: direct contact with and ingestion of contaminants found in soil.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: pesticides,

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: direct contact with and ingestion of contaminants found in soil.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: most of the formerly contaminated areas have been cleaned up.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: groundwater

text: The Nebraska Ordnance Plant, located near Mead, Nebraska was a military facility that produced bombs, rockets, and shells from 1942-1956. For their production, highly explosive materials like 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) were used; to reduce the plant's workers' chemical exposure to these materials, RDX and TNT residues that collected on the floor were washed away with water routinely. The water flowed outside into unlined ditches contaminated the soil around the plant with RDX and TNT. Trichloroethylene (TCE) to degrease pipelines further contaminated the area. Over the years the contaminants entered the groundwater.

text: The

text: Nebraska Ordnance Plant

text: , located near

text: Mead, Nebraska

text: was a military facility that produced bombs, rockets, and shells from 1942-1956. For their production, highly explosive materials like 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (

text: TNT

text: ) and hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (

text: RDX

text: ) were used; to reduce the plant's workers' chemical exposure to these materials, RDX and TNT residues that collected on the floor were washed away with water routinely. The water flowed outside into unlined ditches contaminated the soil around the plant with RDX and TNT.

text: Trichloroethylene

text: (TCE) to degrease pipelines further contaminated the area. Over the years the contaminants entered the groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: it is impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: TCE

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: TCE

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: The water flowed outside into unlined ditches

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Over the years the contaminants entered the groundwater

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Over the years the contaminants entered the groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: unlined ditches

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Trichloroethylene (TCE)

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: The water flowed outside into unlined ditches

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Over the years the contaminants entered the groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: The water flowed outside into unlined ditches

text: In 2011, it found one of the monitoring wells, not owned or used by Indiana American Water, had amounts of vinyl chloride that were more than 2,500 times the maximum level for drinking water. IDEM has identified fourteen facilities that handle chlorinated solvents and could be sources to the contamination plume. Some of these potential sources are currently being managed under other authorities but there is no cleanup approach focusing on the ground water plume. Water from several well fields in Kokomo are blended and treated prior to distribution. A water treatment system has been successfully removing the vinyl chloride from the finished drinking water, but this is not a permanent solution to address the contaminated ground water plume.

text: In 2011, it found one of the monitoring wells, not owned or used by Indiana American Water, had amounts of vinyl chloride that were more than 2,500 times the maximum level for drinking water. IDEM has identified fourteen facilities that handle chlorinated solvents and could be sources to the contamination plume. Some of these potential sources are currently being managed under other authorities but there is no cleanup approach focusing on the ground water plume. Water from several well fields in Kokomo are blended and treated prior to distribution. A water treatment system has been successfully removing the vinyl chloride from the finished drinking water, but this is not a permanent solution to address the contaminated ground water plume.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: treat the water

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: water treatment system

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: no cleanup approach focusing on the ground water plume

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: no cleanup approach focusing on the ground water plume

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: cleanup approach focusing on the ground water plume.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: blended and treated prior to distribution.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: A water treatment system

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: water treatment system

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: water treatment system

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: there is no cleanup approach focusing on the ground water plume.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: distribution.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: vinyl chloride

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: 2,500 times the maximum level for drinking water.

text: Quite simple modelling will enable many properties of fully developed, turbulent plumes to be investigated.

text: Quite simple modelling will enable many properties of fully developed, turbulent plumes to be investigated.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: contaminate it

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: aqueous acidic solutions

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: contaminating them

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Quite simple modelling will enable many properties of fully developed, turbulent plumes

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: modelling

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Quite simple modelling

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Quite simple modelling

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: turbulent plumes to be investigated.

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: turbulent plumes

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: turbulent plumes

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: turbulent plumes to be investigated.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Quite simple modelling will enable many properties of fully developed, turbulent plumes

text: NGWA provides short courses, conferences, and webinars related to the science of groundwater and the groundwater industry to both its members and the general public. It publishes two peer-reviewed journals: Groundwater and  Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation, as well as a trade publication, Water Well Journal. The association also offers voluntary certification programs.

text: NGWA provides short courses, conferences, and webinars related to the science of

text: groundwater

text: and the groundwater industry to both its members and the general public. It publishes two peer-reviewed journals: Groundwater and  Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation, as well as a trade publication, Water Well Journal. The association also offers voluntary

text: certification

text: programs.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: groundwater monitoring

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: groundwater monitoring

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation,

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation,

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation,

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation,

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation,

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation,

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: groundwater

text: In the process of cleaning contaminated brownfield sites, surprises are sometimes encountered, such as previously unknown underground storage tanks, buried drums or buried railroad tank cars containing wastes. When unexpected circumstances arise, the cost for clean-up increases, and as a result, the cleanup work may be delayed or stopped entirely. To avoid unexpected contamination and increased costs, many developers insist that a site be thoroughly investigated (via a Phase II Site Investigation or Remedial Investigation) prior to commencing remedial cleanup activities.

text: In the process of cleaning contaminated brownfield sites, surprises are sometimes encountered, such as previously unknown

text: underground storage tanks

text: , buried drums or buried railroad

text: tank car

text: s containing wastes. When unexpected circumstances arise, the cost for clean-up increases, and as a result, the cleanup work may be delayed or stopped entirely. To avoid unexpected contamination and increased costs, many developers insist that a site be thoroughly investigated (via a

text: Phase II Site Investigation

text: or Remedial Investigation) prior to commencing remedial cleanup activities.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: thoroughly investigate

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Phase II Site Investigation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: When unexpected circumstances arise, the cost for clean-up increases

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: the cost for clean-up increases

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: the cost for clean-up

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: thoroughly investigated

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Phase II Site Investigation or Remedial Investigation)

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Remedial Investigation)

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: remedial cleanup

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: the cost for clean-up increases,

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: the cost for clean-up

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: buried drums or buried railroad tank cars

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: When unexpected circumstances arise, the cost for clean-up

text: In August 2010, using the ARRA funds, EPA completed the cleanup of the former slag processing area of the Superfund Site. Approximately  of slag were moved to the site's acid lagoon area for use as fill on that portion of the site.  of clean soil were used to cap the former slag processing area, leaving it suitable for potential redevelopment. ARRA funds were also used to address contaminated groundwater at the site. This work included extensive groundwater sampling to determine the contaminated plume area and installation of groundwater extraction and monitoring wells. Three wind turbines will be used to generate much of the power needed to operate the groundwater extraction system.

text: In August 2010, using the ARRA funds, EPA completed the cleanup of the former slag processing area of the Superfund Site. Approximately  of slag were moved to the site's acid lagoon area for use as fill on that portion of the site.  of clean soil were used to cap the former slag processing area, leaving it suitable for potential redevelopment. ARRA funds were also used to address contaminated groundwater at the site. This work included extensive groundwater sampling to determine the contaminated plume area and installation of groundwater extraction and monitoring wells. Three wind turbines will be used to generate much of the power needed to operate the groundwater extraction system.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: it is impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: groundwater extraction and monitoring wells

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: slag

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Superfund

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: contaminated groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: contaminated groundwater

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: installation of groundwater extraction and monitoring wells.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: installation of groundwater extraction and monitoring wells.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: contaminated groundwater

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater extraction

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: contaminated groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: groundwater extraction and monitoring wells.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: contaminated groundwater

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: contaminated groundwater

text: The job of cleaning up the city fell to the Soviets, as they were first (the Western Allies arrived on July 4, 1945) to enter the city. According to them, the clean-up operation would last 12 years.

text: The job of cleaning up the city fell to the Soviets, as they were first (the

text: Western Allies

text: arrived on July 4, 1945) to enter the city. According to them, the clean-up operation would last 12 years.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: enter the city

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: acidic chemicals

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: the operation would last 12 years

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: the clean-up operation would last 12 years

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: the clean-up operation would last 12 years.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: The job of cleaning up the city fell to the Soviets,

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Soviets,

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Soviets,

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Soviets,

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: the clean-up operation would last 12 years.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: the clean-up operation would last 12 years.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Soviets,

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: the clean-up operation would last 12 years.

text: Real time monitoring data from continuous monitors are typically available as 1-hour averages. However, computation of the AQI for some pollutants requires averaging over multiple hours of data.  (For example, calculation of the ozone AQI requires computation of an 8-hour average and computation of the PM or PM AQI requires a 24-hour average.) To accurately reflect the current air quality, the multi-hour average used for the AQI computation should be centered on the current time, but as concentrations of future hours are unknown and are difficult to estimate accurately, EPA uses surrogate concentrations to estimate these multi-hour averages. For reporting the PM, PM and ozone air quality indices, this surrogate concentration is called the NowCast. The Nowcast is a particular type of weighted average that provides more weight to the most recent air quality data when air pollution levels are changing.

text: Real time monitoring data from continuous monitors are typically available as 1-hour averages. However, computation of the AQI for some pollutants requires averaging over multiple hours of data.  (For example, calculation of the ozone AQI requires computation of an 8-hour average and computation of the PM or PM AQI requires a 24-hour average.) To accurately reflect the current air quality, the multi-hour average used for the AQI computation should be centered on the current time, but as concentrations of future hours are unknown and are difficult to estimate accurately, EPA uses surrogate concentrations to estimate these multi-hour averages. For reporting the PM, PM and ozone air quality indices, this surrogate concentration is called the

text: NowCast

text: . The Nowcast is a particular type of weighted average that provides more weight to the most recent air quality data when air pollution levels are changing.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: contaminate it

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: concentrations of future hours are unknown

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: to accurately reflect the current air quality

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: 1-hour averages.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: air pollution levels are changing.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: EPA uses surrogate concentrations

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: NowCast.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: ozone AQI

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: concentrations of future hours are unknown and are difficult to estimate accurately,

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: 1-hour averages.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: 1-hour averages.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: 1-hour averages.

text: The most popular plumes came from various species of egret, known as "little snowies" for their snowy-white feathers; even more prized were the "nuptial plumes", grown during the mating season and displayed by birds during courtship. So-called "osprey" plumes, actually egret plumes, were used as part of British army uniforms until they were discontinued in 1889. Poachers often entered the densely populated rookeries, where they would shoot and then pluck the roosting birds clean, leaving their carcasses to rot.  Unprotected eggs became easy prey for predators, as were newly hatched birds, who also starved or died from exposure.  One ex-poacher would later write of the practice, "The heads and necks of the young birds were hanging out of the nests by the hundreds.  I am done with bird hunting forever!"

text: The most popular plumes came from various species of

text: egret

text: , known as "little snowies" for their snowy-white feathers; even more prized were the "nuptial plumes", grown during the mating season and displayed by birds during courtship. So-called "osprey" plumes, actually egret plumes, were used as part of British army uniforms until they were discontinued in 1889. Poachers often entered the densely populated rookeries, where they would shoot and then pluck the roosting birds clean, leaving their carcasses to rot.  Unprotected eggs became easy prey for predators, as were newly hatched birds, who also starved or died from exposure.  One ex-poacher would later write of the practice, "The heads and necks of the young birds were hanging out of the nests by the hundreds.  I am done with bird hunting forever!"

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: protect the eggs

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: leaving their carcasses to rot

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Unprotected eggs became easy prey for predators,

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Unprotected eggs became easy prey for predators,

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Unprotected eggs became easy prey for predators,

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: "osprey" plumes,

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: "little snowies" for their snowy-white feathers;

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: leaving their carcasses to rot.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: leaving their carcasses to rot.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Unprotected eggs

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: rookeries,

text: Secretary of State Hillary Clinton stated during a visit to Hanoi in October 2010 that the U.S. government would begin work on the clean-up of dioxin contamination at the Da Nang airbase.

text: Secretary of State

text: Hillary Clinton

text: stated during a visit to Hanoi in October 2010 that the U.S. government would begin work on the clean-up of dioxin contamination at the Da Nang airbase.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: dioxin contamination

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: dioxin

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: dioxin contamination

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: clean-up

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: clean-up of dioxin contamination

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: dioxin

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: clean-up

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: clean-up

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: dioxin contamination

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: clean-up of dioxin contamination at the Da Nang airbase.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: dioxin

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: clean-up of dioxin contamination at the Da Nang airbase.

text: Environmentalists and local residents continued to worry officials would incinerate some of the material, though Federal and provincial officials claimed the S/S method they had chosen would stabilize the 100-hectare site without producing any adverse health or environmental effects. One way of verifying the potential for adverse health or environmental effects during remediation and clean up of the Sydney Tar Ponds and Coke Ovens site was via environmental effects monitoring prior to and during remediation activities. Dillon Consulting Limited was awarded the contract to monitor changes in chemical contaminants in groundwater, surface water and in the marine environment in Sydney Harbour during baseline (pre-construction / remediation) and during construction / remediation. The marine environment in Sydney Harbour was monitored as contaminants released via Muggah Creek have historically impacted harbour sediments and marine biota. Monitoring of Sydney Harbour sediments prior to and during remediation did not reveal evidence of adverse health or environmental effects due to remediation activities, and sediment quality improved due to natural recovery processes (i.e., burial of historically contaminated sediments by uncontaminated material).

text: Environmentalists and local residents continued to worry officials would incinerate some of the material, though Federal and provincial officials claimed the S/S method they had chosen would stabilize the 100-hectare site without producing any adverse health or environmental effects. One way of verifying the potential for adverse health or environmental effects during remediation and clean up of the Sydney Tar Ponds and Coke Ovens site was via environmental effects monitoring prior to and during remediation activities. Dillon Consulting Limited was awarded the contract to monitor changes in chemical contaminants in groundwater, surface water and in the marine environment in Sydney Harbour during baseline (pre-construction / remediation) and during construction / remediation. The marine environment in Sydney Harbour was monitored as contaminants released via Muggah Creek have historically impacted harbour sediments and marine biota. Monitoring of Sydney Harbour sediments prior to and during remediation did not reveal evidence of adverse health or environmental effects due to remediation activities, and sediment quality improved due to natural recovery processes (i.e., burial of historically contaminated sediments by uncontaminated material).

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: environmental effects monitoring

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: S/S

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: incinerate

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: incinerate some of the material

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: sediment quality improved

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: groundwater,

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: environmental effects monitoring

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Sydney Tar Ponds and Coke Ovens

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: S/S

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: incinerate

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: incinerate

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: sediment quality improved due to natural recovery processes

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: S/S method

text: As facilities and structures closed, assets were transferred to the Government of Canada under the terms of the U.S.-Britain lend-lease program; Newfoundland having become a Canadian province in 1949. In 1973 Naval Air Station Argentia was closed and by 1975 the entire north side of the base was out of U.S. hands. In 1994 Naval Operating Base Argentia, was officially decommissioned and the site was transferred to the Government of Canada. From 1994 to 2007, Government of Canada carried out a $106 million environmental remediation program at Argentia which included the removal of many building structures, and the clean up, removal or safe containment of various hazardous materials on the land and in the water about the site. Concurrently, by 2001, the site was turned over to a private, not-for-profit organization to manage and lead the redevelopment of Argentia.

text: As facilities and structures closed, assets were transferred to the Government of Canada under the terms of the U.S.-Britain lend-lease program; Newfoundland having become a Canadian province in 1949. In 1973 Naval Air Station Argentia was closed and by 1975 the entire north side of the base was out of U.S. hands. In 1994 Naval Operating Base Argentia, was officially decommissioned and the site was transferred to the Government of Canada. From 1994 to 2007, Government of Canada carried out a $106 million environmental remediation program at Argentia which included the removal of many building structures, and the clean up, removal or safe containment of various hazardous materials on the land and in the water about the site. Concurrently, by 2001, the site was turned over to a private, not-for-profit organization to manage and lead the redevelopment of Argentia.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: containment

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: environmental remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: environmental remediation program

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: safe containment

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: the clean up, removal or safe containment of various hazardous materials

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: the clean up, removal or safe containment

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: hazardous materials

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: the clean up, removal or safe containment

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: environmental

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: on the land and in the water

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: safe containment

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: hazardous materials

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: $106 million

text: There are advantages and disadvantages to using bailers for groundwater sampling. Bailers are simple devices to use and are relatively inexpensive. Disposable bailers are usually cleaned to United States Environmental Protection Agency specifications and individually packaged to protect sample integrity. In addition, bailers can be lowered to any depth while pumps have sharp limitations on the depth of the well. The main drawback of using bailers is aeration of the water as the sample is obtained, which could release volatile organic compounds that need to be tested. Also, if there is a high amount of sediment or turbidity, this may interfere with the ball check valve seating correctly.

text: There are advantages and disadvantages to using bailers for groundwater sampling. Bailers are simple devices to use and are relatively inexpensive. Disposable bailers are usually cleaned to

text: United States Environmental Protection Agency

text: specifications and individually packaged to protect sample integrity. In addition, bailers can be lowered to any depth while pumps have sharp limitations on the depth of the well. The main drawback of using bailers is aeration of the water as the sample is obtained, which could release

text: volatile organic compounds

text: that need to be tested. Also, if there is a high amount of sediment or

text: turbidity

text: , this may interfere with the ball check valve seating correctly.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: use bailers

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: volatile organic compounds

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: aeration

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Bailers

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: if there is a high amount of sediment or turbidity,

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: volatile organic compounds

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: bailers for groundwater sampling.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: pumps

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: volatile organic compounds

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: release volatile organic compounds that need to be tested.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: volatile organic compounds

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: pumps have sharp limitations on the depth of the well.

text: Funnel and gate systems are used to channel the contaminant plume into a gate which contains the reactive material. The funnels are non-permeable, and the simplest design consists of a single gate with walls extending from both sides. The main advantage of the funnel and gate system is that a smaller reactive region can be used for treating the plume, resulting in a lower cost. In addition, if the reactive media needs to be replaced, it is much easier to do so because of the small gate.

text: Funnel and gate systems are used to channel the contaminant plume into a gate which contains the reactive material. The funnels are non-permeable, and the simplest design consists of a single gate with walls extending from both sides. The main advantage of the funnel and gate system is that a smaller reactive region can be used for treating the plume, resulting in a lower cost. In addition, if the reactive media needs to be replaced, it is much easier to do so because of the small gate.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: treat it

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: reactive material

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Funnel and gate

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: a lower cost

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Funnel and gate systems

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: if the reactive media needs to be replaced,

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: channel the contaminant plume

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Funnel and gate systems

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Funnel and gate systems

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Funnel and gate systems

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: lower cost.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: lower cost.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: contaminant plume

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: funnel and gate system is that a smaller reactive region

text: The high specific heat capacity of water and the insulating effect of soil and rock can mitigate the effects of climate and maintain groundwater at a relatively steady temperature. In some places where groundwater temperatures are maintained by this effect at about 10 °C (50 °F), groundwater can be used for controlling the temperature inside structures at the surface. For example, during hot weather relatively cool groundwater can be pumped through radiators in a home and then returned to the ground in another well. During cold seasons, because it is relatively warm, the water can be used in the same way as a source of heat for heat pumps that is much more efficient than using air.

text: The high

text: specific heat capacity

text: of water and the insulating effect of soil and rock can mitigate the effects of climate and maintain groundwater at a relatively steady temperature. In some places where groundwater temperatures are maintained by this effect at about 10 °C (50 °F), groundwater can be used for controlling the temperature inside structures at the surface. For example, during hot weather relatively cool groundwater can be pumped through radiators in a home and then returned to the ground in another well. During cold seasons, because it is relatively warm, the water can be used in the same way as a source of heat for

text: heat pump

text: s that is much more efficient than using air.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: control the temperature inside structures

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: groundwater can be used for controlling the temperature inside structures at the surface

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: insulating effect of soil and rock

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: The high specific heat capacity of water

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: groundwater at a relatively steady temperature.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: returned to the ground in another well.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: groundwater

text: ISC3 (Industrial Source Complex) model is a popular steady-state Gaussian plume model which can be used to assess pollutant concentrations from a wide variety of sources associated with an industrial complex.

text: ISC3 (Industrial Source Complex) model is a popular steady-state

text: Gaussian plume model

text: which can be used to assess pollutant concentrations from a wide variety of sources associated with an industrial complex.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: pollute it

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: ISC3

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unsuitable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: None of the above choices

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: ISC3

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: industrial complex.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: ISC3 (Industrial Source Complex) model

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: ISC3

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: ISC3

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: industrial complex.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: steady-state Gaussian plume model

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: industrial complex.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: ISC3

text: In 1989, following an agreement with the United States Environmental Protection Agency and the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, the Depot installed a "pump and treat" system which remains in use to treat contaminated groundwater in the installation's northeast industrial area.

text: In 1989, following an agreement with the

text: United States Environmental Protection Agency

text: and the

text: Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection

text: , the Depot installed a "pump and treat" system which remains in use to treat contaminated groundwater in the installation's northeast industrial area.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: pump and treat

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: pump and treat

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: pump and treat

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: treat contaminated groundwater

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: contaminated groundwater

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: "pump and treat"

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: contaminated groundwater

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: "pump and treat"

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: "pump and treat"

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: contaminated groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: "pump and treat"

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: contaminated groundwater

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: "pump and treat" system

text: After the Americans decided the Canol project was a failure, it was abandoned and sold for scrap to Imperial Oil.Some valuable equipment was salvaged but a great deal of pipeline, wire, vehicles and buildings remain as well as various contaminants. Clean-up of telegraph wire began in 2015 and at the end of 2016 over 70% of wire on the trail had been removed. In 2016 the Government of Canada was preparing to tender for the clean-up of the entire trail. Remediation of the trail will allow the creation of a territorial park to proceed as set out in the Sahtu Dene and Metis Comprehensive Land Claim Agreement.

text: After the Americans decided the Canol project was a failure, it was abandoned and sold for scrap to

text: Imperial Oil

text: .Some valuable equipment was salvaged but a great deal of pipeline, wire, vehicles and buildings remain as well as various contaminants. Clean-up of telegraph wire began in 2015 and at the end of 2016 over 70% of wire on the trail had been removed. In 2016 the Government of Canada was preparing to tender for the clean-up of the entire trail. Remediation of the trail will allow the creation of a territorial park to proceed as set out in the Sahtu Dene and Metis Comprehensive Land Claim Agreement.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Remediation of the trail

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: a great deal of pipeline

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: the creation of a territorial park

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: contaminants.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Remediation of the trail will allow the creation of a territorial park

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: telegraph wire

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Clean-up

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Clean-up

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: contaminants.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: creation of a territorial park

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: contaminants.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Clean-up of telegraph wire began in 2015

text: Exxon is responsible for clean-up of environmental damage caused by oil facilities, and has been the subject of extended litigation. As of 2015, Exxon has completed a soil investigation at the 324-acre terminal. It has until May 7, 2016, to finish its groundwater investigation under a bill passed unanimously by the New Jersey Legislature in late 2013 that gave polluters a deadline extension on investigating cleanups. according to the NJ DEP, clean-up at Constable Hook has included excavation, stabilization, capping, and the capturing of ground water contamination and installation of steel wall containment systems.

text: Exxon is responsible for clean-up of environmental damage caused by oil facilities, and has been the subject of extended litigation. As of 2015, Exxon has completed a soil investigation at the 324-acre terminal. It has until May 7, 2016, to finish its groundwater investigation under a bill passed unanimously by the

text: New Jersey Legislature

text: in late 2013 that gave polluters a deadline extension on investigating cleanups. according to the NJ DEP, clean-up at Constable Hook has included excavation, stabilization, capping, and the capturing of ground water contamination and installation of steel wall containment systems.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: containment systems

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: steel wall containment systems

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: ground water contamination

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: clean-up of environmental damage

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: steel wall containment systems.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: steel wall containment systems.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: capturing of ground water contamination and installation of steel wall containment systems.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: capping,

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: extended litigation.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: steel wall containment systems.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: ground water

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: ground water contamination and installation of steel wall containment systems.

text: At least three lawsuits against FirstEnergy have been filed. The first action was a notice of intent to sue letter filed by The Environmental Integrity Project and Public Justice on May 30th 2012. The notice of Intent alleged that toxic pollution and leaks from the Little Blue Run Impoundment violated State and Federal environmental laws. The leaks from the Impoundment allowed Boron, Manganese, sulfate, arsenic, and other pollutants to discharge into local water sources. On day 59 of a 60 day notice of intent to sue waiting period, The Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection (PADEP), filed the first ever state lawsuit for a coal ash disposal site. This state action was taken against FirstEnergy because the Little Blue Run Impoundment caused a potential "imminent and substantial endangerment" to human health and the environment. Simultaneously the PADEP filed its lawsuit and a consent decree in federal court seeking the closure of the Little Blue Run Coal Ash Impoundment. The consent decree "The consent decree requires First Energy to submit a plan to close the plant by the end of 2016. The company will also have to pay a fine of $800,000, supply 21 households with hook-ups to municipal water systems, and conduct an environmental impact study on the area." FirstEnergy is required to clean up the site by 2031 but in April, 2014 FirstEnergy agreed to have the site cleaned by 2028. FirstEnergy is required to cover the ash with two layers of impermeable "geotextile" sheeting to keep unhealthy chemicals from entering the local groundwater, it must monitor noise, odors and particulate emissions, conduct quarterly reconnaissance of contaminated water seepage from the lake and take corrective actions when necessary. According to the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, FirstEnergy is also required to monitor the site "for as long as environmental problems remain at the site."

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: cover the ash

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: sulfate

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: FirstEnergy is required to cover the ash with two layers of impermeable "geotextile" sheeting

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: 2028.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: keep unhealthy chemicals from entering the local groundwater,

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: "geotextile" sheeting

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: "geotextile" sheeting

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater,

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater,

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: local water sources.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: noise, odors and particulate emissions,

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: FirstEnergy is required to clean up the site by 2031

text: Soakaway latrines, which are common in rural areas, often do not work properly due to the high groundwater table, infrequent emptying and cracks in the walls. Thus sewage leaks out and contaminates the surrounding streets, canals, and groundwater. Trucks that empty latrines and septic tanks do not necessarily discharge septage into wastewater treatment plants, but rather dump the content in the environment.

text: Soakaway latrines, which are common in rural areas, often do not work properly due to the high groundwater table, infrequent emptying and cracks in the walls. Thus sewage leaks out and contaminates the surrounding streets, canals, and groundwater. Trucks that empty latrines and septic tanks do not necessarily discharge septage into wastewater treatment plants, but rather dump the content in the environment.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: septic tanks

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: septic tanks

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: the content in the environment

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: treatment plants

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: wastewater treatment plants,

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: wastewater treatment plants,

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: wastewater treatment plants,

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: wastewater treatment plants,

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: dump the content in the environment.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: wastewater treatment plants,

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: streets,

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Soakaway latrines,

text: The Water Quality Division of the State Water Board develops statewide water protection plans and establishes water quality standards like the California Bays and Estuaries Policy. The Division has two branches: a surface water branch and a groundwater branch.  The surface water branch focuses on monitoring and regulating storm water discharges and wastewater (sewage) treatment. It also monitors surface water quality, oversees protection of wetlands and the ocean, is active in environmental education and environmental justice issues, identifies and oversees clean-up of contaminated sites, and promotes low-impact development (LID).  The groundwater branch provides statewide guidance and oversight for discharges to land and cleanup of sites with contaminated groundwater.

text: The Water Quality Division of the State Water Board develops statewide water protection plans and establishes water quality standards like the

text: California Bays and Estuaries Policy

text: . The Division has two branches: a surface water branch and a groundwater branch.  The surface water branch focuses on monitoring and regulating storm water discharges and wastewater (sewage) treatment. It also monitors surface water quality, oversees protection of wetlands and the ocean, is active in environmental education and environmental justice issues, identifies and oversees clean-up of contaminated sites, and promotes

entity_name: Low-impact development (U.S. and Canada)

text: low-impact development

text: (LID).  The groundwater branch provides statewide guidance and oversight for discharges to land and cleanup of sites with contaminated groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: groundwater branch

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: clean-up of contaminated sites

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: clean-up of contaminated sites

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: contaminated groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: contaminated groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: contaminated sites,

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: low-impact development

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: clean-up

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: contaminated sites,

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: discharges to land

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: contaminated groundwater.

text: If an air monitor produces concentrations of multiple chemical compounds, a unique "chemical fingerprint" of a particular air pollution source may emerge from analysis of the data.

text: If an air monitor produces concentrations of multiple chemical compounds, a unique "chemical fingerprint" of a particular air pollution source may emerge from analysis of the data.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: contaminate it

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical compounds

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: contaminating the environment

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: None of the above choices

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: If an air monitor produces concentrations of multiple chemical compounds,

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: If an air monitor produces concentrations of multiple chemical compounds,

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: "chemical fingerprint" of a particular air pollution source

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: If an air monitor produces concentrations of multiple chemical compounds,

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical compounds,

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: a unique "chemical fingerprint" of a particular air pollution source

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: a unique "chemical fingerprint"

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: chemical compounds,

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: If an air monitor produces concentrations of multiple chemical compounds,

text: The Turlock Basin is a sub-basin of the San Joaquin Valley groundwater basin which occupies approximately 13,700 total square miles, making it the largest groundwater basin in California.  The Turlock Basin makes up 542 square miles (347,000 acres) of this total. This aquifer is located within Merced and Stanislaus counties in the Central Valley bounded by the Tuolumne River to the north, the Merced River to the south and San Joaquin River to the west.  The Sierra Nevada foothills bound the sub-basin to the east.  Groundwater in the San Joaquin Valley occurs mostly in younger alluvial material.  The Turlock Basin lies to the east of the city of Turlock.  Groundwater in the Turlock Basin occurs in older alluvial deposits.  Large portions of the San Joaquin Basin have experienced overdraft of water and infiltration of agricultural water pollutants, resulting in poor water quality.

text: The Turlock Basin is a sub-basin of the

text: San Joaquin Valley

text: groundwater

text: basin which occupies approximately 13,700 total square miles, making it the largest groundwater basin in California.  The Turlock Basin makes up 542 square miles (347,000 acres) of this total. This

text: aquifer

text: is located within Merced and Stanislaus counties in the

text: Central Valley

text: bounded by the Tuolumne River to the north, the Merced River to the south and San Joaquin River to the west.  The Sierra Nevada foothills bound the sub-basin to the east.  Groundwater in the San Joaquin Valley occurs mostly in younger

text: alluvial

text: material.  The Turlock Basin lies to the east of

text: the city of Turlock

text: .  Groundwater in the Turlock Basin occurs in older alluvial deposits.  Large portions of the San Joaquin Basin have experienced overdraft of water and infiltration of

text: agricultural water

text: pollutants, resulting in poor water quality.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: overdraft

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: poor water quality

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: overdraft of water and infiltration of agricultural water pollutants,

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: infiltration of agricultural water pollutants,

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: agricultural water pollutants,

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: overdraft of water and infiltration of agricultural water pollutants,

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: agricultural water pollutants,

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: infiltration of agricultural water pollutants,

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: poor water quality.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: agricultural water pollutants,

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: overdraft of water and infiltration of agricultural water pollutants,

text: There is evidence that once a pollutant is no longer in use, or once its use is heavily restricted, the human body burden of that pollutant declines. Through the efforts of several large-scale monitoring programs, the most prevalent pollutants in the human population are fairly well known. The first step in reducing the body burden of these pollutants is eliminating or phasing out their production.

text: There is evidence that once a pollutant is no longer in use, or once its use is heavily restricted, the human

text: body burden

text: of that pollutant declines. Through the efforts of several large-scale monitoring programs, the most prevalent pollutants in the human population are fairly well known. The first step in reducing the body burden of these pollutants is eliminating or phasing out their production.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: eliminate or phasing out their production

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: the human body burden of that pollutant declines

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: eliminating or phasing out their production.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: eliminating or phasing out their production.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: eliminating or phasing out their production.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: eliminating or phasing out their production.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: eliminating or phasing out their production.

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: eliminating or phasing out their production.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: the human body burden of that pollutant declines.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: the most prevalent pollutants in the human population are fairly well known.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: once a pollutant is no longer in use,

text: Bolter and Grusin contend that the process of remediation emphasizes that all media is, on one level, a poststructutalist ‘play of signs’ (p. 19). The recognition of these varying signs of influence differ across a spectrum, from ‘transparent’ remediations that clearly represent the previous media form, to aggressive forms that seek to disguise the role of their hypermediated practices in the name of providing the highest sense of immediacy. Bolter and Grusin broadly identify forms of remediation, across a spectrum, in the following five categorisations:

text: Bolter and Grusin contend that the process of remediation emphasizes that all media is, on one level, a poststructutalist ‘play of signs’ (p. 19). The recognition of these varying signs of influence differ across a spectrum, from ‘transparent’ remediations that clearly represent the previous media form, to aggressive forms that seek to disguise the role of their hypermediated practices in the name of providing the highest sense of immediacy. Bolter and Grusin broadly identify forms of remediation, across a spectrum, in the following five categorisations:

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: remediation

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: contaminate it

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: microbial remediation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: immediacy

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: a poststructutalist ‘play of signs

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: remediation

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: remediation

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: ‘transparent’ remediations that clearly represent the previous media form,

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: aggressive

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: aggressive

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: aggressive forms that seek to disguise the role of their hypermediated practices

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: ‘transparent’ remediations that clearly represent the previous media form,

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: aggressive forms

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: 19).

text: Biological monitoring is another approach to measuring exposure. This measures the amount of a pollutant within the body in various tissue media such adipose tissue, bone, or urine. Biological monitoring measures the body burden of a pollutant but not the source from whence it came. The substance measured may be either the contaminant itself or a biomarker which is specific to and indicative of an exposure to the contaminant.

text: Biological monitoring

text: is another approach to measuring exposure. This measures the amount of a pollutant within the body in various tissue media such adipose tissue, bone, or urine. Biological monitoring measures the body burden of a pollutant but not the source from whence it came. The substance measured may be either the contaminant itself or a biomarker which is specific to and indicative of an exposure to the contaminant.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: biological monitoring

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: biological monitoring

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: not the source from whence it came

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Biological monitoring

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Biological monitoring

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Biological monitoring

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Biological monitoring

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Biological monitoring

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: the source from whence it came.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Biological monitoring

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Biological monitoring

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Biological monitoring

text: Dioxins and other persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are subject to the Stockholm Convention. The treaty obliges signatories to take measures to eliminate where possible, and minimize where not possible to eliminate, all sources of dioxin.

text: Dioxins and other

text: persistent organic pollutant

text: s (POPs) are subject to the

text: Stockholm Convention

text: . The

text: treaty

text: obliges signatories to take measures to eliminate where possible, and minimize where not possible to eliminate, all sources of dioxin.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: eliminate all sources of dioxin

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: POPs

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: not possible to eliminate

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: eliminate all sources of dioxin

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: minimize where not possible to eliminate, all sources of dioxin.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: minimize where not possible to eliminate, all sources of dioxin.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: sources of dioxin.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Stockholm Convention.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: eliminate where possible, and minimize where not possible to eliminate,

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: minimize where not possible to eliminate,

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: eliminate where possible, and minimize where not possible to eliminate,

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Dioxins

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Stockholm Convention.

text: The Olympic Games can affect water quality in the surrounding region in several ways, including water runoff and the transfer of polluting substances from the air to water sources through rainfall. Harmful particulates come from both natural substances (such as plant matter crushed by higher volumes of pedestrian and vehicle traffic) and man-made substances (such as exhaust from vehicles or industry). Contaminants from these two categories lead to elevated amounts of toxins in street dust. Street dust then reaches water sources through runoff, facilitating the transfer of toxins to environments and communities that rely on these water sources. For example, one method of measuring the runoff contamination of water sources involves magnetism. Magnetism measurement systems allow specialists to measure the differences in mineral magnetic parameters in samples of water, air, and vegetation. Unlike traditional methods of measuring pollutants, magnetism is relatively inexpensive, and can identify smaller particle sizes.Another method used to assess the amount and effects of water pollutants is to measure the amount of PM2.5 in rainfall. Measuring PM2.5 (the amount of aerodynamic diameter of particle≤2.5 μm in a given amount of air) is a common metric for assessing air quality. Comparing PM2.5 levels between air and rainfall samples allows scientists to determine the amount of air pollution being transferred to water sources. Pollutants in rainfall quickly and directly affect pollution in groundwater sources. In 2013, researchers in Beijing found a significant relationship between the amount of PM2.5 concentrations in the air and in rainfall. Studies showed that rainfall had a significant “washing” effect on PM2.5 in the air, transferring a large portion of these pollutants from the air to water sources. In this way, Beijing’s notorious air pollution has a direct and significant impact on rainfall, and therefore, on water resources throughout the region.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: pollute the air

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: magnetism

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: facilitating the transfer of toxins

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: pollution in groundwater sources

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: PM2.5

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: PM2.5

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: PM2.5

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: magnetism.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: facilitating the transfer of toxins

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: pollution in groundwater sources.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: street dust.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: water sources.

text: Groundwater treatment systems remove dissolved contaminants and sediment from the groundwater. The treatment system typically consists of a sedimentation tank and an air stripper or granular activated carbon. Groundwater is transferred from the extraction system into the treatment system where the sediment and the dissolved-phase contaminants are removed. The clean effluent water is then discharged or removed by an approved method.

text: Groundwater treatment systems remove dissolved contaminants and sediment from the groundwater. The treatment system typically consists of a sedimentation tank and an

text: air stripper

text: or granular

text: activated carbon

text: . Groundwater is transferred from the extraction system into the treatment system where the sediment and the dissolved-phase contaminants are removed. The clean effluent water is then discharged or removed by an approved method.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: it is impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: groundwater treatment

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: air stripper

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: The clean effluent water is then discharged

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Groundwater treatment systems remove dissolved contaminants and sediment from the groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Groundwater treatment systems remove dissolved contaminants and sediment from the groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: granular activated carbon.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: granular activated carbon.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Groundwater treatment systems

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: The clean effluent water is then discharged or removed

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: dissolved contaminants

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Groundwater treatment systems remove dissolved contaminants and sediment from the groundwater.

text: India experiences an average precipitation of  per year, or about  of rains annually or about  of fresh water per person every year. Some 80 percent of its area experiences rains of  or more a year. However, this rain is not uniform in time or geography. Most of the rains occur during its monsoon seasons (June to September), with the north east and north receiving far more rains than India's west and south. Other than rains, the melting of snow over the Himalayas after winter season feeds the northern rivers to varying degrees. The southern rivers, however experience more flow variability over the year. For the Himalayan basin, this leads to flooding in some months and water scarcity in others. Despite extensive river system, safe clean drinking water as well as irrigation water supplies for sustainable agriculture are in shortage across India, in part because it has, as yet, harnessed a small fraction of its available and recoverable surface water resource. India harnessed  (20 percent) of its water resources in 2010, part of which came from unsustainable use of groundwater. Of the water it withdrew from its rivers and groundwater wells, India dedicated about  to irrigation,  to municipal and drinking water applications and  to industry.

text: India experiences an average precipitation of  per year, or about  of rains annually or about  of fresh water per person every year. Some 80 percent of its area experiences rains of  or more a year. However, this rain is not uniform in time or geography. Most of the rains occur during its

text: monsoon

text: seasons (June to September), with the north east and north receiving far more rains than India's west and south. Other than rains, the melting of snow over the Himalayas after winter season feeds the northern rivers to varying degrees. The southern rivers, however experience more flow variability over the year. For the Himalayan basin, this leads to flooding in some months and water scarcity in others. Despite extensive river system, safe clean drinking water as well as irrigation water supplies for sustainable agriculture are in shortage across India, in part because it has, as yet, harnessed a small fraction of its available and recoverable surface water resource. India harnessed  (20 percent) of its water resources in 2010, part of which came from unsustainable use of groundwater. Of the water it withdrew from its rivers and groundwater wells, India dedicated about  to irrigation,  to municipal and drinking water applications and  to industry.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: unsustainable use

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: India dedicated about to irrigation, to municipal and drinking water applications and to industry.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: unsustainable use of groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: irrigation,

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: safe clean drinking water

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: India experiences an average precipitation of per year,

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unsustainable use of groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: safe clean drinking water

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: safe clean drinking water

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: groundwater.

text: Yet another use for injection wells is in environmental remediation, for cleanup of either soil or groundwater contamination.  Injection wells can insert clean water into an aquifer, thereby changing the direction and speed of groundwater flow, perhaps towards extraction wells downgradient, which could then more speedily and efficiently remove the contaminated groundwater.  Injection wells can also be used in cleanup of soil contamination, for example by use of an ozonation system. Complex hydrocarbons and other contaminants trapped in soil and otherwise inaccessible can be broken down by ozone, a highly reactive gas, often with greater cost-effectiveness than could be had by digging out the affected area. Such systems are particularly useful in built-up urban environments where digging may be impractical due to overlying buildings.

text: Yet another use for injection wells is in

text: environmental remediation

text: , for cleanup of either

text: soil

text: or

text: groundwater contamination

text: .  Injection wells can insert clean water into an

text: aquifer

text: , thereby changing the direction and speed of groundwater flow, perhaps towards

text: extraction well

text: s downgradient, which could then more speedily and efficiently remove the contaminated groundwater.  Injection wells can also be used in cleanup of soil contamination, for example by use of an ozonation system. Complex

text: hydrocarbons

text: and other contaminants trapped in soil and otherwise inaccessible can be broken down by

text: ozone

text: , a highly reactive gas, often with greater cost-effectiveness than could be had by digging out the affected area. Such systems are particularly useful in built-up urban environments where digging may be impractical due to overlying buildings.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: inject clean water

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: injection wells

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: ozonation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: changing the direction and speed of groundwater flow

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: contaminated groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: extraction wells

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: ozonation system.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: ozonation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: ozonation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: digging may be impractical due to overlying buildings.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: changing the direction and speed of groundwater flow,

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Complex hydrocarbons

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: digging out the affected area.

text: A third five-year review completed in September 2007 determined that all of the issues from the second five-year review were addressed with the exception of the finalization of the property restrictive covenants. Restrictive covenants are one of several legal or administrative controls which help to minimize exposure to contaminants and are generally referred to as institutional controls. The third five-year review determined that the remedy is expected to be or is protective of human health and the environment, and in the interim, exposure pathways that could result in unacceptable risks are being controlled.  However, in order for the remedy to be protective in the long-term, some further actions need to be taken, including more robust instutitional controls to ensure the remedy is not disturbed in the future. A trial shut-down of the groundwater extraction system has been started by the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA) and ground water monitoring will be performed for several more years to verify that groundwater cleanup goals have been achieved. Groundwater will also be monitored to determine if surface water is being impacted by the site. The MPCA and the EPA are in the process of implementing more institutional controls that will achieve long-term protectiveness at the site.

text: A third five-year review completed in September 2007 determined that all of the issues from the second five-year review were addressed with the exception of the finalization of the property restrictive covenants. Restrictive covenants are one of several legal or administrative controls which help to minimize exposure to contaminants and are generally referred to as institutional controls. The third five-year review determined that the remedy is expected to be or is protective of human health and the environment, and in the interim, exposure pathways that could result in unacceptable risks are being controlled.  However, in order for the remedy to be protective in the long-term, some further actions need to be taken, including more robust instutitional controls to ensure the remedy is not disturbed in the future. A trial shut-down of the groundwater extraction system has been started by the

text: Minnesota Pollution Control Agency

text: (MPCA) and ground water monitoring will be performed for several more years to verify that groundwater cleanup goals have been achieved. Groundwater will also be monitored to determine if surface water is being impacted by the site. The

text: MPCA

text: and the

text: EPA

text: are in the process of implementing more institutional controls that will achieve long-term protectiveness at the site.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: ground water monitoring

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater extraction

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: the remedy is expected to be or is protective of human health and the environment

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: more robust instutitional controls

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: groundwater extraction system

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: groundwater extraction system

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: ground water monitoring

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: groundwater

text: He and Cronin hiked along the lower seven miles (11 km) of the creek, taking notes and photos wherever they could. They dived and swam into ponds to collect samples, exposing themselves to raw sewage and many toxins such as naphthalene in the process. They sneaked onto company roofs late at night to find illegal pipes. Eventually they identified 24 different sources of pollution and sued 16 different companies under the federal Clean Water Act, all of which settled before trial and helped clean up the lower Quassaick. Kennedy has since cited the experience as an epiphany, the moment he grasped the connection between environmentalism and his family's traditional involvement in social justice: "The battle for the environment ... was the ultimate civil rights and human rights contest, a struggle to maintain public control over publicly owned resources against special interests that would monopolize, segregate and liquidate them for cash." Since then the creek has recovered to the extent that residents have begun planning on how it could be made accessible and used as a park.

text: He and Cronin hiked along the lower seven miles (11 km) of the creek, taking notes and photos wherever they could. They dived and swam into ponds to collect samples, exposing themselves to raw

text: sewage

text: and many

text: toxin

text: s such as

text: naphthalene

text: in the process. They

text: sneaked

text: onto company roofs late at night to find illegal pipes. Eventually they identified 24 different sources of pollution and sued 16 different companies under the federal

text: Clean Water Act

text: , all of which

text: settled

text: before trial and helped

text: clean up

text: the lower Quassaick. Kennedy has since cited the experience as an

text: epiphany

text: , the moment he grasped the connection between

text: environmentalism

text: and his family's traditional involvement in

text: social justice

text: : "The battle for the environment ... was the ultimate civil rights and human rights contest, a struggle to maintain public control over publicly owned resources against special interests that would monopolize, segregate and liquidate them for cash." Since then the creek has recovered to the extent that residents have begun planning on how it could be made accessible and used as a park.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: sue

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: naphthalene

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: exposing themselves to raw sewage

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: the creek has recovered

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: pollution and sued 16 different companies under the federal Clean Water Act,

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: sued 16 different companies under the federal Clean Water Act,

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Clean Water Act,

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Clean Water Act,

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Clean Water Act,

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: exposing themselves to raw sewage

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: clean up the lower Quassaick.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: raw sewage

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: sued 16 different companies under the federal Clean Water Act,

text: ATES is currently not allowed to be applied in contaminated aquifers, due to the possible spreading of contaminants in the groundwater of the subsurface, especially in urban areas. This will lead to deterioration of the quality of groundwater, which is also an important source for drinking water. Despite the regulations made to prevent the interference between ATES and groundwater contaminants, the possibility of their encounter is however rising, because of the rapid increase of the number of ATES and slow progress of remediation groundwater contaminations in urban area. Among the common groundwater contaminants, chlorinated ethenes have a most chance to interfere with the ATES system, as they are often found at the similar depth as ATES. When chlorinated ethenes present as Dense non-aqueous phase liquid (DNAPLs), the possible dissolution of DNAPLs by ATES will cause more severe impact on the groundwater quality.

text: ATES is currently not allowed to be applied in contaminated aquifers, due to the possible spreading of contaminants in the groundwater of the subsurface, especially in urban areas. This will lead to deterioration of the quality of groundwater, which is also an important source for drinking water. Despite the regulations made to prevent the interference between ATES and groundwater contaminants, the possibility of their encounter is however rising, because of the rapid increase of the number of ATES and slow progress of remediation groundwater contaminations in urban area. Among the common groundwater contaminants, chlorinated ethenes have a most chance to interfere with the ATES system, as they are often found at the similar depth as ATES. When chlorinated ethenes present as

text: Dense non-aqueous phase liquid

text: (DNAPLs), the possible dissolution of DNAPLs by ATES will cause more severe impact on the groundwater quality.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: ATES

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: ATES

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: ATES

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: the possibility of their encounter is however rising

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: This will lead to deterioration of the quality of groundwater

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: remediation groundwater contaminations in urban area.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: ATES

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: ATES

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: ATES

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: ATES

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: slow progress of remediation groundwater contaminations in urban area.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: deterioration of the quality of groundwater,

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: chlorinated ethenes

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: groundwater of the subsurface,

text: The Department of Energy is using electrical resistance heating, ET-DSP (trademarked) to vaporize the TCE from the groundwater. This cleanup action began in mid-2008. Groundwater and soil remediation efforts are still being performed as of mid-2014. Much of the contamination of the actual plant will not be cleaned up until the plant ceases operations.

text: The Department of Energy is using electrical resistance heating, ET-DSP (trademarked) to vaporize the TCE from the groundwater. This cleanup action began in mid-2008. Groundwater and soil remediation efforts are still being performed as of mid-2014. Much of the contamination of the actual plant will not be cleaned up until the plant ceases operations.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: cease operations

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: electrical resistance heating

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: electrical resistance heating

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: Groundwater and soil remediation efforts are still being performed as of mid-2014

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: soil remediation

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: electrical resistance heating,

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: electrical resistance heating,

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: electrical resistance heating,

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: will not be cleaned up until the plant ceases operations.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: vaporize the TCE from the groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: TCE from the groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: groundwater.

text: Salt contamination beneath a coating, such as paint on steel, can cause adhesion and corrosion problems due to the hygroscopic nature of salt. Its tendency to attract water through a permeable coating creates a build-up of water molecules between substrate and coating. These, together with salt and other oxidation agents entrapped during coating or migrating later through the coating, create an electrolytic cell, causing corrosion. Blast cleaning is frequently used to clean surfaces before coating; however, with salt contamination, blast cleaning may increase the problem by forcing salt into the base material. Washing a surface with deionized water before coating is a common solution.

text: Salt contamination beneath a coating, such as paint on steel, can cause adhesion and

text: corrosion

text: problems due to the

text: hygroscopic

text: nature of

text: salt

text: . Its tendency to attract water through a

text: permeable

text: coating creates a build-up of water molecules between substrate and coating. These, together with salt and other

text: oxidation

text: agents entrapped during coating or migrating later through the coating, create an electrolytic cell, causing corrosion.

text: Blast cleaning

text: is frequently used to clean surfaces before coating; however, with salt contamination, blast cleaning may increase the problem by forcing salt into the base material. Washing a surface with deionized water before coating is a common solution.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: deionized water

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: blast cleaning

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: deionized water

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: blast cleaning may increase the problem by forcing salt into the base material.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Washing a surface with deionized water

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Washing a surface with deionized water before coating

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Blast cleaning

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: blast cleaning

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: blast cleaning may increase the problem by forcing salt into the base material.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: blast cleaning may increase the problem by forcing salt into the base material.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: salt.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: blast cleaning may increase the problem by forcing salt into the base material.

text: In addition, several more recent models have been developed that employ non-steady state Lagrangian puff algorithms.  The HYROAD dispersion model has been developed through the National Cooperative Highway Research Program's Project 25-06, incorporating ROADWAY-2 model puff and steady-state plume algorithms (Rao et al., 2002).

text: In addition, several more recent models have been developed that employ non-steady state Lagrangian puff algorithms.  The HYROAD dispersion model has been developed through the

entity_name: National Cooperative Highway Research Program

text: National Cooperative Highway Research Program

text: 's Project 25-06, incorporating ROADWAY-2 model puff and steady-state plume algorithms (Rao et al., 2002).

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: pump water into it

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Lagrangian puff algorithms

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: clean water would be pumped back in

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: non-steady state Lagrangian puff algorithms.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: steady-state plume algorithms

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: non-steady state Lagrangian puff algorithms.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: HYROAD dispersion

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Lagrangian puff algorithms.

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: non-steady state Lagrangian puff algorithms.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: HYROAD dispersion

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: non-steady state Lagrangian puff algorithms.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: non-steady state Lagrangian puff algorithms.

text: At the Eleura Mine near Cobar, New South Wales, Australia, oxygenated groundwater reacted with sulfide minerals during the Cenozoic, forming supergene sulfides, as well as the sulfate minerals beudantite, anglesite and baryte, together with some mimetite and native silver. Cerussite crystallised later, and later still chloride-rich groundwaters reacted with many of these earlier minerals to form more mimetite, as well as blixite, laurionite, mendipite and chlorargyrite.

text: At the Eleura Mine near

text: Cobar, New South Wales

text: , Australia, oxygenated

text: groundwater

text: reacted with

text: sulfide mineral

text: s during the

text: Cenozoic

text: , forming

text: supergene

text: sulfides, as well as the

text: sulfate mineral

text: s

text: beudantite

text: anglesite

text: and

text: baryte

text: , together with some

text: mimetite

text: and native

text: silver

text: Cerussite

text: crystallised later, and later still

text: chloride

text: -rich groundwaters reacted with many of these earlier minerals to form more mimetite, as well as

text: blixite

text: laurionite

text: , mendipite and

text: chlorargyrite

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: oxygenated groundwater

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chlorargyrite

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: sulfate minerals

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: oxygenated groundwater

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: oxygenated groundwater

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: oxygenated groundwater reacted with sulfide minerals

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: oxygenated groundwater

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: oxygenated groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: oxygenated groundwater

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: sulfide

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: groundwater

text: The CAFO designation resulted from the 1972 US Federal Clean Water Act, which was enacted to protect and restore lakes and rivers to a "fishable, swimmable" quality. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) identified certain animal feeding operations, along with many other types of industry, as "point source" groundwater polluters. These operations were subjected to regulation.

text: The CAFO designation resulted from the 1972 US

text: Federal Clean Water Act

text: , which was enacted to protect and restore lakes and rivers to a "fishable, swimmable" quality. The

text: United States Environmental Protection Agency

text: (EPA) identified certain animal feeding operations, along with many other types of industry, as "point source"

text: groundwater

text: polluters. These operations were subjected to regulation.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: regulate it

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: point source

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater polluters

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: "point source" groundwater polluters.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: regulation.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: animal feeding operations,

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: "point source" groundwater

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: "point source" groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater polluters.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: restore lakes and rivers

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: "point source" groundwater polluters.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: "point source" groundwater polluters.

text: There are programs in East Boston that help low-income residents with affordable housing. NOAH (Neighborhood of Affordable Housing) is a program which serves individuals and families.  They serve disadvantaged housing clients, provide free counseling, free education of English language to immigrants, complete no-cost safety-related home repairs for senior and disabled residents, and develop affordable units. NOAH holds bilingual youth leadership, summer schoolyard, and soccer programs for over 180+ at-risk/disadvantaged East Boston children each year.They have also help East Boston with redeveloping school yards, built a waterfront "Urban Wild" park, and a community garden for youth-run. They have also helped with salt marsh restoration; oil spill mitigation; Brownfields "clean up" projects; and air, land and water pollution remediation.  The majority of NOAH's clients are either low-income or low/moderate-income and every year, 65% of NOAH's clients are from an ethnic minority household where 50% are Spanish speakers which ties up with the current high population of Hispanic/Latino in East Boston.

text: There are programs in East Boston that help low-income residents with affordable housing. NOAH (Neighborhood of Affordable Housing) is a program which serves individuals and families.  They serve disadvantaged housing clients, provide free counseling, free education of English language to immigrants, complete no-cost safety-related home repairs for senior and disabled residents, and develop affordable units. NOAH holds bilingual youth leadership, summer schoolyard, and soccer programs for over 180+ at-risk/disadvantaged East Boston children each year.They have also help East Boston with redeveloping school yards, built a waterfront "Urban Wild" park, and a community garden for youth-run. They have also helped with salt marsh restoration; oil spill mitigation; Brownfields "clean up" projects; and air, land and water pollution remediation.  The majority of NOAH's clients are either low-income or low/moderate-income and every year, 65% of NOAH's clients are from an ethnic minority household where 50% are Spanish speakers which ties up with the current high population of Hispanic/Latino in East Boston.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: redeveloping school yards

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: NOAH

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Brownfields

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: Brownfields "clean up" projects

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: salt marsh restoration

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Brownfields "clean up"

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: oil spill mitigation;

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Brownfields

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: oil spill mitigation;

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: oil spill mitigation;

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: Brownfields

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: air, land and water pollution remediation.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: oil spill

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: air, land and water pollution remediation.

text: Polluted groundwater is less visible, but more difficult to clean up, than pollution in rivers and lakes. Groundwater pollution most often results from improper disposal of wastes on land. Major sources include industrial and household chemicals and garbage landfills, industrial waste lagoons, tailings and process wastewater from mines, oil field brine pits, leaking underground oil storage tanks and pipelines, sewage sludge and septic systems. Polluted groundwater is mapped by sampling soils and groundwater near suspected or known sources of pollution, to determine the extent of the pollution, and to aid in the design of groundwater remediation systems. Preventing groundwater pollution near potential sources such as landfills requires lining the bottom of a landfill with watertight materials, collecting any leachate with drains, and keeping rainwater off any potential contaminants, along with regular monitoring of nearby groundwater to verify that contaminants have not leaked into the groundwater.

text: Polluted groundwater is less visible, but more difficult to clean up, than pollution in rivers and lakes. Groundwater pollution most often results from improper disposal of wastes on land. Major sources include industrial and household chemicals and garbage landfills, industrial waste lagoons, tailings and process wastewater from mines, oil field brine pits, leaking underground oil storage tanks and pipelines, sewage sludge and septic systems. Polluted groundwater is mapped by sampling soils and groundwater near suspected or known sources of pollution, to determine the extent of the pollution, and to aid in the design of groundwater remediation systems. Preventing groundwater pollution near potential sources such as landfills requires lining the bottom of a landfill with watertight materials, collecting any leachate with drains, and keeping rainwater off any potential contaminants, along with regular monitoring of nearby groundwater to verify that contaminants have not leaked into the groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: prevent groundwater pollution

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: groundwater remediation systems

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: more difficult to clean up

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: rivers and lakes.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: regular monitoring of nearby groundwater

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: sewage sludge and septic systems.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: groundwater remediation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: more difficult

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: remediation systems.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: rivers and lakes.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Polluted groundwater

text: Groundwater is often cheaper, more convenient and less vulnerable to pollution than surface water. Therefore, it is commonly used for public water supplies. For example, groundwater provides the largest source of usable water storage in the United States, and California annually withdraws the largest amount of groundwater of all the states. Underground reservoirs contain far more water than the capacity of all surface reservoirs and lakes in the US, including the Great Lakes. Many municipal water supplies are derived solely from groundwater.

text: Groundwater is often cheaper, more convenient and less vulnerable to

text: pollution

text: than surface water. Therefore, it is commonly used for public water supplies. For example, groundwater provides the largest source of usable water storage in the United States, and California annually withdraws the largest amount of groundwater of all the states. Underground reservoirs contain far more water than the capacity of all surface reservoirs and lakes in the US, including the

text: Great Lakes

text: . Many municipal water supplies are derived solely from groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: underground reservoirs contain far more water

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Groundwater is often cheaper, more convenient and less vulnerable to pollution

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: less vulnerable to pollution

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: surface water.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Groundwater

text: The U.S. Congress created the Clean Water Act (CWA) in 1972 when it reworked the Federal Water Pollution Control Amendments. It specifically defines CAFOs as point source polluters and required operations managers and/or owners to obtain permits from the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) in order to legally discharge wastewater from its facilities.

text: The U.S. Congress created the

text: Clean Water Act

text: (CWA) in 1972 when it reworked the Federal Water Pollution Control Amendments. It specifically defines CAFOs as point source polluters and required operations managers and/or owners to obtain permits from the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) in order to legally discharge wastewater from its facilities.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: obtain permits

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: NPDES

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: clean water would be pumped back in

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: legally discharge wastewater from its facilities.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: CAFOs

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Pollutant Discharge Elimination System

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Pollutant Discharge Elimination

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: wastewater from its facilities.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Clean Water Act

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: CAFOs as point source polluters

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: The U.S. Congress created the Clean Water Act

text: According to Kyrgyz State Agency on Hydrometeorology, in 2004–08, water pollution index of the Chu River in Chu Valley ranged from 0.25 to 0.7 units that is interpreted as Class II ("Clean water"). The only exception was a monitoring point downstream Vasilyevka village where water pollution index ranged from 0.4 to 1.2 unit and water quality was assessed as Class II(Clean)/Class III ("Moderately polluted").

text: According to Kyrgyz State Agency on Hydrometeorology, in 2004–08, water pollution index of the Chu River in Chu Valley ranged from 0.25 to 0.7 units that is interpreted as Class II ("Clean water"). The only exception was a monitoring point downstream Vasilyevka village where water pollution index ranged from 0.4 to 1.2 unit and water quality was assessed as Class II(Clean)/Class III ("Moderately polluted").

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Class II

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Class II

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Class II ("Clean water")

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: 0.25 to 0.7 units that is interpreted as Class II

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: water pollution

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Class II(Clean)/Class III

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Hydrometeorology,

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Hydrometeorology,

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: ("Moderately polluted").

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Class II

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: 0.25 to 0.7 units that is interpreted as Class II

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Class II

text: He set up a NGO Lok Lehar Foundation to help children affected from deformities due to polluted groundwater in the border areas of Punjab.

text: He set up a NGO Lok Lehar Foundation to help children affected from deformities due to polluted groundwater in the border areas of Punjab.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: set up an NGO

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: acidic chemicals

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unavoidable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: polluted groundwater

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: polluted groundwater

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Lok Lehar Foundation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: polluted groundwater

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: polluted groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: children affected from deformities

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: polluted groundwater

text: Two types of air pollution dominate in the U.S.: ozone and particle pollution.1 These two pollutants threaten the health and the lives of millions of Americans. Thanks to the Clean Air Act, the U.S. has far less of both pollutants now than in the past. Still, more than 166 million people live in counties where monitors show unhealthy levels of one or both—meaning the air a family breathes could shorten life or cause lung cancer.

text: Two types of air pollution dominate in the U.S.: ozone and particle pollution.1 These two pollutants threaten the health and the lives of millions of Americans. Thanks to the Clean Air Act, the U.S. has far less of both pollutants now than in the past. Still, more than 166 million people live in counties where monitors show unhealthy levels of one or both—meaning the air a family breathes could shorten life or cause lung cancer.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Clean Air Act

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Clean Air Act,

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Clean Air Act,

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: ozone and particle pollution.1

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: Clean Air Act,

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Clean Air Act,

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: ozone and particle pollution.1

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: ozone and particle pollution.1

text: Groundwater (which may contain dissolved salts or other contaminants) or surface water (which may have high turbidity or contain microorganisms) is pumped into a tank with an ultrafiltration membrane, which removes viruses and bacteria.  This water is fit for cleaning and bathing.  Ten percent of that water undergoes nanofiltration and reverse osmosis in the second stage of purification, which removes salts and trace contaminants, producing drinking water.  A photovoltaic solar array tracks the Sun and powers the pumps needed to process the water, using the plentiful sunlight available in remote regions of Australia not served by the power grid.

text: Groundwater (which may contain dissolved salts or other contaminants) or surface water (which may have high

text: turbidity

text: or contain

text: microorganism

text: s) is pumped into a tank with an

text: ultrafiltration

text: membrane, which removes viruses and bacteria.  This water is fit for cleaning and bathing.  Ten percent of that water undergoes

text: nanofiltration

text: and

text: reverse osmosis

text: in the second stage of purification, which removes salts and trace contaminants, producing drinking water.  A

text: photovoltaic

text: solar array tracks the Sun and powers the pumps needed to process the water, using the plentiful sunlight available in remote regions of Australia not served by the power grid.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: purify the water

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: osmosis

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: high turbidity

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: producing drinking water

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: drinking water.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: nanofiltration and reverse osmosis

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: nanofiltration and reverse osmosis

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: drinking water.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: surface water (which may have high turbidity

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Groundwater

text: Some permeable reactive barriers utilize chemical processes to achieve groundwater remediation.

text: Some permeable reactive barriers utilize chemical processes to achieve groundwater remediation.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: contaminate it

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical processes

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: remediation is expensive

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: chemical processes would be used

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: chemical processes to achieve groundwater remediation.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: chemical processes to achieve groundwater remediation.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: permeable reactive barriers

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: permeable reactive barriers

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: permeable reactive barriers

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater remediation.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: chemical processes to achieve groundwater remediation.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Some permeable reactive barriers

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Some permeable reactive barriers utilize chemical processes to achieve groundwater remediation.

text: Water pollution has also been found in the Santa Ana River and Cajon wash, and pollutants from the March Air Reserve Base and Stringfellow Acid Pits have contaminated groundwater in parts of Riverside County. In 1997, perchlorate, a chemical used to produce explosives, was discovered to be seeping into the groundwater under Rialto in a plume that continues to grow. In 2007, the Rialto City council petitioned the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for Superfund status to clean up the origin site. The sites comprising March Air Reserve Base, Norton Air Force Base and the Stringfellow Acid Pits have already been classified as EPA Superfund toxic waste sites.

text: Water pollution

text: has also been found in the

text: Santa Ana River

text: and Cajon wash, and pollutants from the

text: March Air Reserve Base

text: and

text: Stringfellow Acid Pits

text: have contaminated

text: groundwater

text: in parts of Riverside County. In 1997,

text: perchlorate

text: , a chemical used to produce explosives, was discovered to be seeping into the groundwater under

text: Rialto

text: in a plume that continues to grow. In 2007, the Rialto City council petitioned the

text: United States Environmental Protection Agency

text: (EPA) for

text: Superfund

text: status to clean up the origin site. The sites comprising

text: March Air Reserve Base

text: Norton Air Force Base

text: and the

text: Stringfellow Acid Pits

text: have already been classified as EPA Superfund

text: toxic waste

text: sites.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Superfund status

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: perchlorate

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Superfund

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: Superfund status to clean up the origin site

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Superfund status

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: contaminated groundwater

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Superfund status to clean up the origin site.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Superfund

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Superfund

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Superfund

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: Superfund

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Superfund

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: pollutants from the March Air Reserve Base

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: groundwater

text: Joints are important not only in understanding the local and regional geology and geomorphology, but also are important in development of natural resources, the safe design of structures, and environmental protection. Joints have a profound control on weathering and erosion of bedrock. As a result, they exert a strong control on how topography and morphology of landscapes develop. Understanding the local and regional distribution, physical character, and origin of joints is a significant part of understanding the geology and geomorphology of an area. Joints often impart a well-develop fracture-induced permeability to bedrock. As a result, joints strongly influence, even control, the natural circulation (geohydrology) of fluids, e.g. groundwater and pollutants within aquifers, petroleum in reservoirs, and hydrothermal circulation at depth, within bedrock. Thus, joints are important to the economic and safe development of petroleum, hydrothermal, and groundwater resources and the subject of intensive research relative to the development of these resources. Also, regional and local joint systems exert a very strong control on how ore-forming (hydrothermal) fluids, consisting largely of , , and NaCl, that formed most of Earth's ore deposits circulated within the Earth crust. As a result, understanding their genesis, structure, chronology, and distribution is an important part of finding and profitably developing ore deposits of various types. Finally, joints often form discontinuities that may have a large influence on the mechanical behavior (strength, deformation, etc.) of soil and rock masses in, for example, tunnel, foundation, or slope construction. As a result, joints are an important part of geotechnical engineering in practice and research.

text: Joints are important not only in understanding the local and regional

text: geology

text: and

text: geomorphology

text: , but also are important in development of natural resources, the safe design of structures, and environmental protection. Joints have a profound control on weathering and erosion of bedrock. As a result, they exert a strong control on how topography and morphology of landscapes develop. Understanding the local and regional distribution, physical character, and origin of joints is a significant part of understanding the geology and geomorphology of an area. Joints often impart a well-develop fracture-induced permeability to bedrock. As a result, joints strongly influence, even control, the natural circulation (

text: geohydrology

text: ) of fluids, e.g.

text: groundwater

text: and

text: pollutants

text: within

text: aquifer

text: s,

text: petroleum

text: in

text: reservoir

text: s, and

text: hydrothermal circulation

text: at depth, within bedrock. Thus, joints are important to the economic and safe development of petroleum, hydrothermal, and groundwater resources and the subject of intensive research relative to the development of these resources. Also, regional and local joint systems exert a very strong control on how ore-forming (hydrothermal) fluids, consisting largely of , , and NaCl, that formed most of Earth's

text: ore deposits

text: circulated within the Earth crust. As a result, understanding their genesis, structure, chronology, and distribution is an important part of finding and profitably developing ore deposits of various types. Finally, joints often form

text: discontinuities

text: that may have a large influence on the mechanical behavior (strength, deformation, etc.) of soil and rock masses in, for example,

text: tunnel

text: foundation

text: , or

text: slope

text: construction. As a result, joints are an important part of

text: geotechnical engineering

text: in practice and research.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Joints

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: NaCl

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: the natural circulation of fluids

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: joints are an important part of geotechnical engineering

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: NaCl,

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: regional and local joint systems

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: (hydrothermal)

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: pollutants within aquifers,

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: natural circulation

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: profitably developing ore deposits

text: Dupuit also considered the groundwater flow equation, which governs the flow of groundwater. He assumed that the equation could be simplified for analytical solutions by assuming that groundwater is hydrostatic and flows horizontally. This assumption is regularly used today, and is known by hydrogeologists as the Dupuit assumption.

text: Dupuit also considered the

text: groundwater flow equation

text: , which governs the flow of

text: groundwater

text: . He assumed that the equation could be simplified for

text: analytical solution

text: s by assuming that groundwater is

text: hydrostatic

text: and flows horizontally. This assumption is regularly used today, and is known by

text: hydrogeologist

text: s as the

text: Dupuit assumption

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: dupuit

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Dupuit also considered the groundwater flow equation,

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Dupuit also considered the groundwater flow equation,

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Dupuit also considered the groundwater flow equation,

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Dupuit also considered the groundwater flow equation,

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater flow equation, which governs the flow of groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: flows horizontally.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Dupuit also considered the groundwater flow equation,

text: In 2013, the United States Army submitted its Site-wide Feasibility Study to the EPA for approval.  The cleanup of affected soil was completed leaving the cleanup and long term care of the groundwater contamination plume.  The velocities of the plume vary, but the direction is primarily North towards the Rutherford Fork of the Obion River and from the Northwest boundary towards the city.

text: In 2013, the United States Army submitted its Site-wide Feasibility Study to the EPA for approval.  The cleanup of affected soil was completed leaving the cleanup and long term care of the groundwater contamination

text: plume

text: .  The

text: velocities

text: of the plume vary, but the direction is primarily North towards the Rutherford Fork of the

text: Obion River

text: and from the Northwest boundary towards the city.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: long term care

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater contamination plume

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: the direction is primarily North towards the Rutherford Fork of the Obion River

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: The cleanup of affected soil

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: long term care

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: groundwater contamination plume.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Site-wide Feasibility Study

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater contamination plume.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: long term care of the groundwater contamination plume.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: groundwater contamination plume.

text: Sometimes material will be put into the ground to stimulate the growth of microbes that facilitate the groundwater remediation. Many environmental pollutants are highly reduced, thus, the oxidation of these pollutants to harmless compounds is thermodynamically viable. Other pollutants, such as chlorinated solvents, are highly oxidized and as such are easily reduced. Microorganisms commonly facilitate such redox reactions, exploiting contaminant degradation as a means to obtain energy and materials for cell synthesis.

text: Sometimes material will be put into the ground to stimulate the growth of microbes that facilitate the

text: groundwater remediation

text: . Many environmental pollutants are highly

text: reduced

text: , thus, the

text: oxidation

text: of these pollutants to harmless compounds is

text: thermodynamically

text: viable. Other pollutants, such as chlorinated solvents, are highly

text: oxidized

text: and as such are easily reduced. Microorganisms commonly facilitate such

text: redox

text: reactions, exploiting contaminant degradation as a means to obtain energy and materials for cell synthesis.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: put material into the ground

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: material

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater remediation

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: groundwater remediation

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: groundwater remediation.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: groundwater remediation.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: microbes

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater remediation.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: oxidation of these pollutants to harmless compounds

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Many environmental pollutants are highly reduced,

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: groundwater remediation.

text: In general, more human activity up stream (i.e. the larger the stream/river) the greater the potential for contamination from sewage effluent, surface runoff, or industrial pollutants.  Groundwater pollution may occur from human activity (e.g. on-site sanitation systems or mining) or might be naturally occurring (e.g. from arsenic in some regions of India and Bangladesh).  Water collected as far upstream as possible above  all known or anticipated risks of pollution poses the lowest risk of contamination and is best suited to portable treatment methods.

text: In general, more human activity up stream (i.e. the larger the stream/river) the greater the potential for contamination from

text: sewage effluent

text: surface runoff

text: , or industrial

text: pollutants

text: Groundwater pollution

text: may occur from human activity (e.g. on-site

text: sanitation

text: systems or mining) or might be naturally occurring (e.g. from

text: arsenic

text: in some regions of India and Bangladesh).  Water collected as far upstream as possible above  all known or anticipated risks of pollution poses the lowest risk of contamination and is best suited to portable treatment methods.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: groundwater pollution

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: arsenic

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: Groundwater pollution

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Water collected as far upstream as possible

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: portable treatment methods.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Water collected as far upstream

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Water collected as far upstream as possible

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: portable treatment methods.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: portable treatment methods.

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: portable treatment methods.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: surface runoff,

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Water collected as far upstream

text: The slogan, Halden, IT- og Miljøbyen (Halden, IT and Environment City), is a reference to Halden's large number of IT companies. In the late 1960s, the most powerful mainframe computer in Norway at the time was located at the Institute for Energy Technology's facilities in Halden. From the 1960s-1980s, Halden was infamous for high levels of industrial pollution, largely originating from the Norske Skog Saugbrugs paper mill (part of Norske Skog since 1989). As a result of projects initiated by both Norske Skog-Saugbrugs and the city authorities, the polluted fjords and rivers of Halden have been cleaned up and the city was dubbed Norway's Environment City in 1996.

text: The slogan, Halden, IT- og Miljøbyen (Halden, IT and Environment City), is a reference to Halden's large number of IT companies. In the late 1960s, the most powerful

text: mainframe computer

text: in Norway at the time was located at the

text: Institute for Energy Technology

text: 's facilities in Halden. From the 1960s-1980s, Halden was infamous for high levels of industrial

text: pollution

text: , largely originating from the

text: Norske Skog Saugbrugs

text: paper mill (part of

text: Norske Skog

text: since 1989). As a result of projects initiated by both Norske Skog-Saugbrugs and the city authorities, the polluted fjords and

text: river

text: s of Halden have been cleaned up and the city was dubbed Norway's Environment City in 1996.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Norske Skog-Saugbrugs

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Norske Skog

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: clean water would be pumped back in

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: industrial pollution,

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: the polluted fjords and rivers

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Norske Skog-Saugbrugs

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Norske Skog-Saugbrugs

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: fjords and rivers

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: Halden was infamous for high levels of industrial pollution,

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: the polluted fjords and rivers

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: industrial pollution,

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Halden was infamous for high levels of industrial pollution,

text: CTAG’s plume transport model designed for on-road and near-road applications is called CFD-VIT-RIT. CTAG has been applied to investigate the plume dispersion near different highway configurations, chemical evolution of nitrogen oxides near roadways, spatial variations of air pollutants in highway-building environments, and effects of vegetation barriers on near-road air quality.

text: CTAG’s

text: plume

text: transport model designed for on-road and near-road applications is called CFD-VIT-RIT. CTAG has been applied to investigate the plume dispersion near different highway configurations, chemical evolution of

text: nitrogen oxides

text: near roadways, spatial variations of air pollutants in highway-building environments, and effects of vegetation barriers on near-road air quality.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: contaminate it

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: CFD-VIT

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: clean water would be pumped back in

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: CFD-VIT-RIT.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: vegetation barriers

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: nitrogen oxides

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: CFD-VIT-RIT.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: CFD-VIT-RIT.

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: effects of vegetation barriers

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: plume dispersion

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: nitrogen oxides

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: CFD-VIT-RIT.

text: Leachate from sanitary landfills can lead to groundwater pollution.

text: Leachate

text: from sanitary

text: landfill

text: s can lead to groundwater pollution.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: leachate

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: leachate from sanitary landfills

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater pollution

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Leachate from sanitary landfills

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Leachate from sanitary landfills

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Leachate from sanitary landfills

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Leachate from sanitary landfills can lead to groundwater

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Leachate from sanitary landfills can lead to groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: Leachate from sanitary landfills can lead to groundwater pollution.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Leachate

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Leachate from sanitary landfills can lead to groundwater pollution.

text: Remediation technologies are many and varied but can generally be categorized into ex-situ and in-situ methods. Ex-situ methods involve excavation of affected soils and subsequent treatment at the surface as well as extraction of contaminated groundwater and treatment at the surface. In-situ methods seek to treat the contamination without removing the soils or groundwater. Various technologies have been developed for remediation of oil-contaminated soil/sediments.

text: Remediation technologies are many and varied but can generally be categorized into ex-situ and in-situ methods. Ex-situ methods involve excavation of affected soils and subsequent treatment at the surface as well as extraction of contaminated groundwater and treatment at the surface. In-situ methods seek to treat the contamination without removing the soils or groundwater. Various technologies have been developed for remediation of oil-contaminated soil/sediments.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: extraction of contaminated groundwater

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: ex-situ

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: in-situ

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: in-situ

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: Ex-situ methods involve excavation

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: in-situ

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: contaminated groundwater

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: extraction of contaminated groundwater and treatment at the surface.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: oil-contaminated

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: In-situ

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: ex-situ

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: Ex-situ methods involve excavation of affected soils

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: treatment at the surface.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: surface as well as extraction of contaminated groundwater and treatment at the surface.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Ex-situ

text: The ways to deal with groundwater pollution that has already occurred can be grouped into the following categories: containing the pollutants to prevent them from migrating further; removing the pollutants from the aquifer; remediating the aquifer by either immobilizing or detoxifying the contaminants while they are still in the aquifer (in-situ); treating the groundwater at its point of use; or abandoning the use of this aquifer's groundwater and finding an alternative source of water.

text: The ways to deal with groundwater pollution that has already occurred can be grouped into the following categories: containing the pollutants to prevent them from migrating further; removing the pollutants from the aquifer; remediating the aquifer by either immobilizing or detoxifying the contaminants while they are still in the aquifer (in-situ); treating the groundwater at its point of use; or abandoning the use of this aquifer's groundwater and finding an alternative source of water.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: treating the groundwater at its point of use

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: detoxifying the contaminants

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: in-situ

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: in-situ

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: in-situ

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: in-situ

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: removing the pollutants from the aquifer;

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: containing the pollutants to prevent them from migrating further;

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: immobilizing or detoxifying the contaminants

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: (in-situ);

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: (in-situ);

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: (in-situ);

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: (in-situ);

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: containing the pollutants to prevent them from migrating further;

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: (in-situ);

text: Hydrogeology is the geoprofession involved when environmental studies involve subsurface water. Hydrogeology applications range from securing safe, plentiful underground drinking-water sources to identifying the nature of groundwater contamination in order to facilitate remediation. Environmental toxicology is a geoprofession when used to identify the source, fate, transformation, effects, and risks of pollutants on the environment, including soil, water, and air. Wetlands science is a geoprofessional pursuit that incorporates several scientific disciplines, such as botany, biology, and limnology. It involves, among other activities, the delineation, conservation, restoration, and preservation of wetlands. These services are sometimes conducted by geoprofessional specialists called wetlands scientists. Ecology is a closely related environmental geoprofession involving studies into the distribution of organisms and biodiversity within an environmental context.

text: Hydrogeology

text: is the geoprofession involved when environmental studies involve subsurface water. Hydrogeology applications range from securing safe, plentiful underground drinking-water sources to identifying the nature of groundwater contamination in order to facilitate remediation.

text: Environmental toxicology

text: is a geoprofession when used to identify the source, fate, transformation, effects, and risks of pollutants on the environment, including soil, water, and air.

text: Wetlands science

text: is a geoprofessional pursuit that incorporates several scientific disciplines, such as

text: botany

text: biology

text: , and

text: limnology

text: . It involves, among other activities, the delineation, conservation, restoration, and preservation of wetlands. These services are sometimes conducted by geoprofessional specialists called

text: wetlands scientists

text: Ecology

text: is a closely related environmental geoprofession involving studies into the distribution of organisms and biodiversity within an environmental context.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: identifying the nature

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: hydrogeology

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater contamination in order to facilitate remediation

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: remediation

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: remediation.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: remediation.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: identifying the nature of groundwater contamination

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Environmental toxicology

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Hydrogeology

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: remediation.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: remediation.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Environmental toxicology

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Hydrogeology

text: The most important river in terms of drinking water supply is the still relatively unpolluted Chaobai River in the East. It is impounded by the Miyun Dam. The Miyun Reservoir provides water to Beijing over a distance of 95 kilometer, initially through an open canal that brings the water to the Huairou Reservoir and then through a ductile iron pipe and three steel pipes to Beijing. The location of industries near the canal is prohibited to prevent accidental pollution. The Miyun Reservoir is the city’s largest single source of water. It also provides water for Beijing’s numerous lakes that used to be fed by springs that now have dried up. The dam used to also provide water for agriculture, but in 1981 the government decided that its water would only be used for domestic water supply. In 1986 the first plant in Beijing to treat surface water, the 9th water treatment plant, was established to treat water from the Miyun reservoir. As of 2009, it was Asia's largest water treatment plant with a capacity of 1.5 million cubic meters per day (0.55 billion cubic meters per year). While the plant was designed as a surface water treatment plant, when surface water is scarce groundwater is also treated in the same plant. Because of the higher salinity of groundwater and the hardness of surface water this leads to problems in the treatment process, causing limescale and the clogging of pipes.

text: The most important river in terms of drinking water supply is the still relatively unpolluted

text: Chaobai River

text: in the East. It is impounded by the Miyun Dam. The Miyun Reservoir provides water to Beijing over a distance of 95 kilometer, initially through an open canal that brings the water to the Huairou Reservoir and then through a ductile iron pipe and three steel pipes to Beijing. The location of industries near the canal is prohibited to prevent accidental pollution. The Miyun Reservoir is the city’s largest single source of water. It also provides water for Beijing’s numerous lakes that used to be fed by springs that now have dried up. The dam used to also provide water for agriculture, but in 1981 the government decided that its water would only be used for domestic water supply. In 1986 the first plant in Beijing to treat surface water, the 9th water treatment plant, was established to treat water from the Miyun reservoir. As of 2009, it was Asia's largest water treatment plant with a capacity of 1.5 million cubic meters per day (0.55 billion cubic meters per year). While the plant was designed as a surface water treatment plant, when surface water is scarce groundwater is also treated in the same plant. Because of the higher salinity of groundwater and the hardness of surface water this leads to problems in the treatment process, causing

text: limescale

text: and the clogging of pipes.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: It is impounded by the Miyun Dam

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: causing limescale and the clogging of pipes

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: the clogging of pipes

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: It is impounded by the Miyun Dam

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: groundwater is also treated in the same plant.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: limescale

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: surface water,

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: surface water,

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: limescale and the clogging of pipes.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: causing limescale

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: limescale

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: groundwater

text: The site remediation program requires all remediations in the state to proceed under the supervision of a licensed site remediation professional that they may follow the nine requirements set forth at N.J.S.A. 58:10B-1.3b.  The goal of this program is to speed up and increase the pace of remediation, thus helping to decrease the threat of future contamination.

text: The site remediation program requires all

text: remediation

text: s in the state to proceed under the supervision of a licensed site remediation professional that they may follow the nine requirements set forth at N.J.S.A. 58:10B-1.3b.  The goal of this program is to speed up and increase the pace of remediation, thus helping to decrease the threat of future contamination.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: supervise

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: acidic pollutant

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: decrease the threat of future contamination

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: contamination.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: under the supervision of a licensed site remediation professional

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: a licensed site remediation professional

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: site remediation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: site remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: future contamination.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: speed up and increase the pace of remediation,

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: contamination.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: 58:10B-1.3b.

text: The official contaminated zones became stage to a massive clean-up effort lasting seven months. The official reason for such early (and dangerous) decontamination efforts, rather than allowing time for natural decay, was that the land must be re-peopled and brought back into cultivation. Indeed, within fifteen months 75% of the land was under cultivation, even though only a third of the evacuated villages were resettled. Defence forces must have done much of the work. Yet this land was of marginal agricultural value. According to historian David Marples, the administration had a psychological purpose for the clean-up: they wished to forestall panic regarding nuclear energy, and even to restart the Chernobyl power station.

text: The official contaminated zones became stage to a massive clean-up effort lasting seven months. The official reason for such early (and dangerous) decontamination efforts, rather than allowing time for natural decay, was that the land must be re-peopled and brought back into cultivation. Indeed, within fifteen months 75% of the land was under cultivation, even though only a third of the evacuated villages were resettled. Defence forces must have done much of the work. Yet this land was of marginal agricultural value. According to historian David Marples, the administration had a psychological purpose for the clean-up: they wished to forestall panic regarding nuclear energy, and even to restart the Chernobyl power station.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: allow time for natural decay

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: decontamination efforts

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: decontamination

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: the land must be re-peopled and brought back into cultivation

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: 75% of the land was under cultivation

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: allowing time for natural decay,

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: re-peopled and brought back into cultivation.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: contaminated zones

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: decontamination

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: decontamination

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: dangerous)

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: the land must be re-peopled and brought back into cultivation.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: allowing time for natural decay,

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: the land must be re-peopled and brought back into cultivation.

text: Groundwater extraction is the primary cause of saltwater intrusion. Groundwater is the main source of drinking water in many coastal areas of the United States, and extraction has increased over time. Under baseline conditions, the inland extent of saltwater is limited by higher pressure exerted by the freshwater column, owing to its higher elevation. Groundwater extraction can lower the level of the freshwater table, reducing the pressure exerted by the freshwater column and allowing the denser saltwater to move inland laterally. In Cape May, New Jersey, since the 1940s water withdrawals have lowered groundwater levels by up to 30 meters, reducing the water table to below sea level and causing widespread intrusion and contamination of water supply wells.

text: Groundwater extraction

text: is the primary cause of saltwater intrusion. Groundwater is the main source of drinking water in many coastal areas of the United States, and extraction has increased over time. Under baseline conditions, the inland extent of saltwater is limited by higher pressure exerted by the freshwater column, owing to its higher elevation. Groundwater extraction can lower the level of the

text: freshwater table

text: , reducing the pressure exerted by the freshwater column and allowing the denser saltwater to move inland laterally. In

text: Cape May, New Jersey

text: , since the 1940s water withdrawals have lowered groundwater levels by up to 30 meters, reducing the water table to below sea level and causing widespread intrusion and contamination of

text: water supply

text: wells.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: groundwater extraction

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: contamination of water supply wells

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: contamination of water supply wells

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Groundwater extraction is the primary cause of saltwater intrusion.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: contamination of water supply wells.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Groundwater extraction

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Groundwater extraction

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: contamination of water supply wells.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: water supply wells.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Groundwater extraction is the primary cause of saltwater intrusion.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Groundwater

text: The objective is to prevent water pollution by managing and monitoring the quality of discharged water, while inducing each business to make efforts for production process improvement by analyzing and managing water pollution levels. A reasonable and objective effluent charge is determined in order to improve policy credibility by identifying the exact pollution level for each period of time. Technical support and consultation for the establishment of control methods for the pollutants discharged by a business are provided, through the continuous assessment and analysis of the pollution level by the remote control of water quality.

text: The objective is to prevent water pollution by managing and monitoring the quality of discharged water, while inducing each business to make efforts for production process improvement by analyzing and managing water pollution levels. A reasonable and objective effluent charge is determined in order to improve policy credibility by identifying the exact pollution level for each period of time. Technical support and consultation for the establishment of control methods for the pollutants discharged by a business are provided, through the continuous assessment and analysis of the pollution level by the remote control of water quality.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: monitoring the quality of discharged water

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: clean water would be pumped in

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: prevent water pollution

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: water pollution

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: control methods

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: remote control of water quality.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: water pollution

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: water pollution

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: prevent water pollution by managing and monitoring the quality of discharged water,

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: monitoring the quality of discharged water,

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: water pollution by managing and monitoring the quality of discharged water,

text: Although the general definition given above applies around the world, each county and region tends to have its own definition for legal purposes. In the United States, wetlands are defined as "those areas that are inundated or saturated by surface or groundwater at a frequency and duration sufficient to support, and that under normal circumstances do support, a prevalence of vegetation typically adapted for life in saturated soil conditions. Wetlands generally include swamps, marshes, bogs and similar areas". This definition has been used in the enforcement of the Clean Water Act. Some US states, such as Massachusetts and New York, have separate definitions that may differ from the federal government's.

text: Although the general definition given above applies around the world, each county and region tends to have its own definition for legal purposes. In the United States, wetlands are defined as "those areas that are inundated or saturated by surface or groundwater at a frequency and duration sufficient to support, and that under normal circumstances do support, a prevalence of vegetation typically adapted for life in saturated soil conditions. Wetlands generally include swamps, marshes, bogs and similar areas". This definition has been used in the enforcement of the

text: Clean Water Act

text: . Some US states, such as

text: Massachusetts

text: and

text: New York

text: , have separate definitions that may differ from the federal government's.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Wetlands

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Clean Water Act.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: wetlands

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Clean Water Act.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Clean Water Act.

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: Clean Water Act.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Clean Water Act.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: surface or groundwater

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: surface or groundwater

text: Zerovalent iron and zerovalent metals (ZVI and ZVM, respectively) have a variety of applications ranging from filters to electrodes to trenches. One of the emerging uses for ZVI is iron wall remediation. This technology uses ZVIs to form a permeable reactive barrier (PRB) which filters out contaminants in groundwater, leaving only decontaminated groundwater and dissolved iron on the other side of the PRB.

text: Zerovalent iron and zerovalent metals (ZVI and ZVM, respectively) have a variety of applications ranging from filters to

text: electrode

text: s to trenches. One of the emerging uses for ZVI is iron wall

text: remediation

text: . This technology uses ZVIs to form a

text: permeable reactive barrier

text: (PRB) which filters out contaminants in

text: groundwater

text: , leaving only decontaminated groundwater and dissolved iron on the other side of the PRB.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: iron wall remediation

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: iron wall remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: leaving only decontaminated groundwater

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: contaminants in groundwater,

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: filters out contaminants in groundwater,

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Zerovalent iron and zerovalent metals

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: iron wall remediation.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: iron wall remediation.

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater,

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: leaving only decontaminated groundwater

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: contaminants in groundwater,

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: iron wall remediation.

text: A graphical illustration of the use of the steady-state groundwater flow equation (based on Darcy's law and the conservation of mass) is in the construction of flownets, to quantify the amount of groundwater flowing under a dam.

text: A graphical illustration of the use of the steady-state

text: groundwater flow equation

text: (based on Darcy's law and the conservation of mass) is in the construction of

text: flownet

text: s, to quantify the amount of

text: groundwater

text: flowing under a

text: dam

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: protect it

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: acidic chemicals into the aquifer

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater flow equation

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: the aquifer would be filled with clean water

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: A graphical illustration of the use of the steady-state groundwater

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: dam.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: steady-state groundwater flow equation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: flownets,

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: steady-state groundwater

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: A graphical illustration of the use of the steady-state groundwater

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: steady-state groundwater flow equation

text: Water pollution is not a major problem nationally, although it can be a source of concern in some localities. Major causes of water pollution in Canada include acid rain, groundwater contamination and unclean wastewater.

text: Water pollution

text: is not a major problem nationally, although it can be a source of concern in some localities. Major causes of water pollution in Canada include acid rain,

text: groundwater contamination

text: and unclean

text: wastewater

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: unclean wastewater

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: groundwater contamination

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unclean wastewater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unclean wastewater

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: groundwater contamination and unclean wastewater.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: unclean wastewater.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: groundwater contamination and unclean wastewater.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: groundwater contamination and unclean wastewater.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unclean wastewater.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: acid rain,

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Major causes of water pollution in Canada include acid rain, groundwater contamination

text: Camrosa dedicated Round Mountain Water Treatment Plant, a desalting facility, in 2015. It cleans up brackish groundwater and produces  of drinking water a year. The facility was the first paying customer for the Calleguas Regional Salinity Management Project.

text: Camrosa dedicated Round Mountain Water Treatment Plant, a desalting facility, in 2015. It cleans up brackish groundwater and produces  of drinking water a year. The facility was the first paying customer for the Calleguas Regional Salinity Management Project.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: produce drinking water

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: desalting

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: desalting

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: a desalting facility

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: It cleans up brackish groundwater

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: drinking water

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Calleguas Regional Salinity Management Project.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: desalting

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: desalting

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: drinking water

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: It cleans up brackish groundwater

text: The fragile status of this species is due to the culmination of many factors. Human activity has caused a large amount of habitat loss and/or degradation. The Devils River Minnow depends on clean, constantly flowing spring waters in order to survive. However, due to both the construction and agricultural industries, the supply of these waters has been dramatically reduced. Agricultural runoff is responsible for most of the pollutants in the minnows’ habitat, many of which they cannot tolerate at even slightly increased levels. Dam construction, particularly that of the Amistad Dam, has greatly contributed to spring inundation.  Spring flow has also been reduced due to well pumping and overgrazed soil, which lowers the amount of water that can normally be found in natural aquifers. The reduction of these springs has caused the overall quantity and length of the Devils River to dramatically decline. The exact extent of this decline is not known, however, according to United States Geological Survey (USGS) data from the Paffords Crossing gauging station on the Devils River, the daily mean discharge has “generally decreased between 1978 and 1992.”  Once established populations of the species have now been decimated, primarily in Texas where droughts reduce the supply of groundwater even further.<ref name="four">{{Citation| last = Garrett | first = Gary | title =DISCOVERY OF A NEW POPULATION OF DEVILS RIVER MINNOW (DIONDA DIABOLI), WITH IMPLICATIONS FOR CONSERVATION OF THE SPECIES  | journal = The Southwestern Naturalist | volume = 49 | pages = 435–441 | date = 12 February 2004 | doi=10.1894/0038-4909(2004)049

text: The fragile status of this species is due to the culmination of many factors. Human activity has caused a large amount of habitat loss and/or degradation. The Devils River Minnow depends on clean, constantly flowing spring waters in order to survive. However, due to both the construction and agricultural industries, the supply of these waters has been dramatically reduced. Agricultural runoff is responsible for most of the pollutants in the minnows’ habitat, many of which they cannot tolerate at even slightly increased levels. Dam construction, particularly that of the

text: Amistad Dam

text: , has greatly contributed to spring inundation.  Spring flow has also been reduced due to well pumping and overgrazed soil, which lowers the amount of water that can normally be found in natural aquifers. The reduction of these springs has caused the overall quantity and length of the Devils River to dramatically decline. The exact extent of this decline is not known, however, according to

text: United States Geological Survey

text: (USGS) data from the Paffords Crossing gauging station on the Devils River, the daily mean discharge has “generally decreased between 1978 and 1992.”  Once established populations of the species have now been decimated, primarily in Texas where droughts reduce the supply of groundwater even further.<ref name="four">{{Citation| last = Garrett | first = Gary | title =DISCOVERY OF A NEW POPULATION OF DEVILS RIVER MINNOW (DIONDA DIABOLI), WITH IMPLICATIONS FOR CONSERVATION OF THE SPECIES  | journal = The Southwestern Naturalist | volume = 49 | pages = 435–441 | date = 12 February 2004 | doi=10.1894/0038-4909(2004)049

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: It is easier and cheaper to clean up groundwater than to prevent it

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: well pumping

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: agricultural runoff

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: microbial remediation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: well pumping

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: Agricultural runoff

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: clean, constantly flowing spring waters

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: agricultural runoff

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Once established populations

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: CONSERVATION OF THE SPECIES

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Agricultural runoff

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: The Southwestern Naturalist

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: DEVILS RIVER MINNOW

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: Agricultural runoff

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: clean, constantly flowing spring waters

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Agricultural runoff

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: the daily mean discharge has “generally decreased between 1978 and 1992.”

text: Biosparging is an in situ remediation technology that uses indigenous microorganisms to biodegrade organic constituents in the saturated zone. In biosparging, air (or oxygen) and nutrients (if needed) are injected into the saturated zone to increase the biological activity of the indigenous microorganisms. Biosparging can be used to reduce concentrations of petroleum constituents that are dissolved in groundwater, adsorbed to soil below the water table, and within the capillary fringe.

text: Biosparging is an

text: in situ

text: remediation technology that uses indigenous microorganisms to biodegrade organic constituents in the saturated zone. In biosparging, air (or oxygen) and nutrients (if needed) are injected into the

text: saturated zone

text: to increase the biological activity of the indigenous microorganisms. Biosparging can be used to reduce concentrations of

text: petroleum

text: constituents that are dissolved in groundwater, adsorbed to

text: soil

text: below the

text: water table

text: , and within the

text: capillary fringe

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Biosparging

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: biosparging

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: biosparging

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Biosparging

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: petroleum constituents that are dissolved in groundwater,

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Biosparging

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Biosparging

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Biosparging

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Biosparging

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: in situ

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Biosparging

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: petroleum constituents that are dissolved in groundwater,

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Biosparging

text: Bolter states in Writing Space: Computers, Hypertext, and the Remediation of Print that "Hypertext in all its electronic forms — the World Wide Web as well as the many stand-alone systems — is the remediation of print".

text: Bolter states in Writing Space: Computers, Hypertext, and the Remediation of Print that "Hypertext in all its electronic forms — the World Wide Web as well as the many stand-alone systems — is the remediation of print".

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: remediate it

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: acidic chemicals

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: remediation of print

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Bolter states in Writing Space: Computers, Hypertext,

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: "Hypertext

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: "Hypertext

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Hypertext, and the Remediation of Print

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: "Hypertext

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: Print

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: "Hypertext

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Bolter states in Writing Space: Computers, Hypertext,

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Bolter

text: Niklausse and Van Tricasse climb up the clock tower to survey the troops. They are at first argumentative, then calm down and help each other in the clean air at the top. They agree they must stop the war but, once they reach the polluted air, they argue again in their urgency to get to war.

text: Niklausse and Van Tricasse climb up the clock tower to survey the troops. They are at first argumentative, then calm down and help each other in the clean air at the top. They agree they must stop the war but, once they reach the polluted air, they argue again in their urgency to get to war.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: pollute it

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: acidic chemicals

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: the air is polluted

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: None of the above choices

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: polluted air,

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: polluted air,

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Niklausse and Van Tricasse

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: polluted air,

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: polluted air,

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: they argue again in their urgency to get to war.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: clean air

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: clock tower

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: once they reach the polluted air,

text: In the last decade of operations the company spread about  of oil waste contaminated with trichloroethylene (TCE) to control dust on the site's dirt roads.In 1980 TCE contamination was found in nearby residential and municipal wells. The State of Michigan and McGraw-Edison Corporation registered a consent decree on 11 June 1984 for clean-up of the contaminated soil and groundwater.

text: In the last decade of operations the company spread about  of oil waste contaminated with

text: trichloroethylene

text: (TCE) to control dust on the site's dirt roads.In 1980 TCE contamination was found in nearby residential and municipal wells. The State of Michigan and McGraw-Edison Corporation registered a consent decree on 11 June 1984 for clean-up of the contaminated soil and groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: it is impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: contaminate the soil

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: trichloroethylene

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: clean-up

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: contaminated soil and groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: contaminated soil and groundwater

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: clean-up of the contaminated soil and groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: contaminated soil and groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: trichloroethylene

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: clean-up of the contaminated soil and groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: clean-up of the contaminated soil and groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: contaminated soil and groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: residential and municipal wells.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: dust

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: contaminated soil and groundwater.

text: The Damanganga River downstream of Vapi up to its confluence with the sea is polluted from the effluents emerging from the industrial and domestic wastes of the Vapi town, Silvassa, Daman and Kachigaon. According to the Central Pollution Control Board’s report the BOD value recorded at its monitoring station downstream of Kachogaon was a high of 30 mgl per liter. According to a study report of the Machhimar Adhikar Rahstriya Abhiyan due to the industrial effluents from the Vapi town the dissolved oxygen level is very low ar 0.1-mg/1 and Mercury content in the groundwater in the town is about ninety six times higher than the standards prescribed by the World Health Organization (WHO). Untreated effluents are directly discharged into the Damanganga and Kolak Rivers. This has resulted in pollution of the sea water to a limit of five nautical miles seriously affecting fish life. The Common Effluent Treatment was also reported to dis-functional with about 1000 small-scale and artisanal fishers in four to five villages getting affected on account of  the Sarigam Industrial Association’s effluent disposal pipeline.

text: The Damanganga River downstream of Vapi up to its confluence with the sea is polluted from the effluents emerging from the industrial and domestic wastes of the Vapi town, Silvassa, Daman and Kachigaon. According to the Central Pollution Control Board’s report the BOD value recorded at its monitoring station downstream of Kachogaon was a high of 30 mgl per liter. According to a study report of the Machhimar Adhikar Rahstriya Abhiyan due to the industrial effluents from the Vapi town the dissolved oxygen level is very low ar 0.1-mg/1 and Mercury content in the groundwater in the town is about ninety six times higher than the standards prescribed by the World Health Organization (WHO). Untreated effluents are directly discharged into the Damanganga and Kolak Rivers. This has resulted in pollution of the sea water to a limit of five nautical miles seriously affecting fish life. The Common Effluent Treatment was also reported to dis-functional with about 1000 small-scale and artisanal fishers in four to five villages getting affected on account of  the Sarigam Industrial Association’s effluent disposal pipeline.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: untreated

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: mercury

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: untreated effluents

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: untreated effluents are directly discharged

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Untreated effluents

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Untreated effluents

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Mercury

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Common Effluent Treatment

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Common Effluent Treatment

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: Untreated effluents

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Damanganga and Kolak Rivers.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Mercury

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Mercury content in the groundwater

text: In 2004, she was made a Fellow of Royal Society of Canada. In 2010, she was made a Senior Fellow of Massey College. In 2012, she was awarded the ENI award. In 2015, she was made a Fellow of the American Geophysical Union. In 2016, she was awarded the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council's John C. Polanyi Award. In 2016, she was made a Companion of the Order of Canada "for her revolutionary contributions to geochemistry, notably in the development of innovative mechanisms for groundwater remediation, and for her discovery of ancient fluids that hold implications for life on other planets".

text: In 2004, she was made a Fellow of

text: Royal Society of Canada

text: . In 2010, she was made a Senior Fellow of

text: Massey College

text: . In 2012, she was awarded the

text: ENI award

text: . In 2015, she was made a Fellow of the

text: American Geophysical Union

text: . In 2016, she was awarded the

entity_name: Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council

text: Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council

text: 's John C. Polanyi Award. In 2016, she was made a Companion of the

text: Order of Canada

text: "for her revolutionary contributions to geochemistry, notably in the development of innovative mechanisms for groundwater remediation, and for her discovery of ancient fluids that hold implications for life on other planets".

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: develop innovative mechanisms

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: innovative mechanisms

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater remediation

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: remediation

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: groundwater remediation,

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: groundwater remediation,

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: innovative mechanisms for groundwater

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: groundwater remediation,

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: groundwater remediation,

text: The Lake Unterbach (Unterbacher See), in the local linguistic usage excavator hole, is a former excavator lake in the quarter Unterbach in the southeast of Düsseldorf. It is 87 hectares large and up to 13.4 m deep. Around the lake lies the protected area Eller forest, which consists to a large extent of sparse woods. Within this forest there are numerous moving and cycle tracks. In the lake are four islands proven as bird protecting area. Water does not have an above ground inlet, it is fed only by groundwater. It was created by excavating for gravel and sands between 1926 and 1973. During the World War II there was a fake airfield of the German air force put there for the deception of allied bombers. With the surface removal of gravel, groundwater flows through the lake and determines also its water level.

text: The

text: Lake

text: Unterbach (Unterbacher See), in the local linguistic usage

text: excavator

text: hole, is a former excavator lake in the quarter Unterbach in the southeast of Düsseldorf. It is 87 hectares large and up to 13.4 m deep. Around the lake lies the protected area Eller forest, which consists to a large extent of sparse woods. Within this forest there are numerous moving and cycle tracks. In the lake are four islands proven as bird protecting area. Water does not have an above ground inlet, it is fed only by groundwater. It was created by excavating for gravel and sands between 1926 and 1973. During the

text: World War II

text: there was a fake

text: airfield

text: of the German air force put there for the deception of allied bombers. With the surface removal of gravel, groundwater flows through the lake and determines also its water level.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater flows through the lake and determines also its water level

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: with the surface removal of gravel

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: excavator hole,

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater flows through the lake and determines also its water level.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: groundwater flows through the lake and determines also its water level.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: above ground inlet, it is fed only by groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: groundwater.

text: Agricultural run-off, coastal aquaculture, industrial effluents and domestic sewage are responsible for the pollution of groundwater in Thailand. Also, the lack of an appropriate pricing policy is leading to over-exploitation of groundwater beyond sustainable yield levels. There is limited information on groundwater extraction rates, or the extent of contamination at the national level.

text: Agricultural run-off, coastal aquaculture, industrial effluents and domestic sewage are responsible for the pollution of groundwater in Thailand. Also, the lack of an appropriate pricing policy is leading to over-exploitation of groundwater beyond sustainable yield levels. There is limited information on groundwater extraction rates, or the extent of contamination at the national level.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: over-exploit it

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: acidic chemicals

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater extraction

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: limited information

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: sustainable yield levels

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Agricultural run-off,

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: over-exploitation of groundwater beyond sustainable yield levels.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: industrial effluents and domestic sewage

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: industrial effluents

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: industrial effluents

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: industrial effluents and domestic sewage

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: over-exploitation of groundwater beyond sustainable yield levels.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Agricultural run-off, coastal aquaculture, industrial effluents

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Agricultural run-off, coastal aquaculture, industrial effluents

text: Additional contamination was discovered in 2015.  The city has switched wells until the contaminants can be cleaned.

text: Additional contamination was discovered in 2015.  The city has switched wells until the contaminants can be cleaned.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: it is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: switch wells

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: acidic chemicals

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: a waste of resources

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: clean water would be pumped back in

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: switched wells until the contaminants can be cleaned.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: switched wells

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: switched wells

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: cleaned.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: cleaned.

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: The city has switched wells

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: The city has switched wells

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: The city has switched wells

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: The city has switched wells

text: The HWD received delegation of the Federal RCRA hazardous waste-management program from the EPA. State and Federal hazardous waste-management regulations and requirements are merged into a single reference document, APCEC Regulation 23 (Arkansas Pollution Control and Ecology Commission, 2012a). The HWD relies on record keeping to maintain a "cradle- to-grave" tracking system for all generated hazardous wastes. Proper management and pollution-prevention techniques are designed to ensure against contamination of groundwater. If there is improper management of hazardous wastes, the program requires that actions be taken to remedy the situation and to restore, to the extent possible, quality of the affected groundwater. A strong oversight and enforcement effort are maintained to provide high visibility as a deterrent against future violations. Certain permitted facilities that are used to manage hazardous wastes have specific construction criteria designed to protect groundwater quality. Permit conditions for these facilities include the requirement for groundwater monitoring that meets the requirements of APCEC Regulation 23.

text: The HWD received delegation of the Federal RCRA hazardous waste-management program from the EPA. State and Federal hazardous waste-management regulations and requirements are merged into a single reference document, APCEC Regulation 23 (Arkansas Pollution Control and Ecology Commission, 2012a). The HWD relies on record keeping to maintain a "cradle- to-grave" tracking system for all generated hazardous wastes. Proper management and pollution-prevention techniques are designed to ensure against contamination of groundwater. If there is improper management of hazardous wastes, the program requires that actions be taken to remedy the situation and to restore, to the extent possible, quality of the affected groundwater. A strong oversight and enforcement effort are maintained to provide high visibility as a deterrent against future violations. Certain permitted facilities that are used to manage hazardous wastes have specific construction criteria designed to protect groundwater quality. Permit conditions for these facilities include the requirement for groundwater monitoring that meets the requirements of APCEC Regulation 23.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: groundwater monitoring

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: groundwater monitoring

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: contamination of groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: to the extent possible, quality of the affected groundwater

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: pollution-prevention

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: contamination of groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: quality of the affected groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: quality of the affected groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: pollution-prevention techniques are designed to ensure against contamination of groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: restore, to the extent possible, quality of the affected groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: high visibility as a deterrent

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: groundwater.

text: A water balance can be used to help manage water supply and predict where there may be water shortages. It is also used in irrigation, runoff assessment (e.g. through the RainOff model ), flood control and pollution control. Further it is used in the design of subsurface drainage systems which may be horizontal (i.e. using pipes, tile drains or ditches) or vertical (drainage by wells). To estimate the drainage requirement, the use of an hydrogeological water balance and a groundwater model (e.g. SahysMod ) may be instrumental.

text: A water balance can be used to help manage water supply and predict where there may be water shortages. It is also used in

text: irrigation

text: runoff assessment

text: (e.g. through the RainOff model ),

text: flood control

text: and

text: pollution control

text: . Further it is used in the design of subsurface

text: drainage systems

text: which may be horizontal (i.e. using pipes,

text: tile drains

text: or ditches) or vertical (

text: drainage by wells

text: ). To estimate the drainage requirement, the use of an

text: hydrogeological

text: water balance and a

text: groundwater model

text: (e.g.

text: SahysMod

text: ) may be instrumental.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: subsurface drainage

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: subsurface drainage systems

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: subsurface drainage

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: RainOff model ), flood control and pollution control.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: groundwater model

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: water balance

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: RainOff model ), flood control and pollution control.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: pollution control.

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: pollution control.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: pollution control.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: pollution control.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: subsurface drainage systems

text: Groundwater remediation is the process that is used to treat polluted groundwater by removing the pollutants or converting them into harmless products. Groundwater is water present below the ground surface that saturates the pore space in the subsurface. Globally, between 25 per cent and 40 per cent of the world's drinking water is drawn from boreholes and dug wells. Groundwater is also used by farmers to irrigate crops and by industries to produce everyday goods. Most groundwater is clean, but groundwater can become polluted, or contaminated as a result of human activities or as a result of natural conditions.

text: Groundwater remediation is the process that is used to treat

text: polluted groundwater

text: by removing the pollutants or converting them into harmless products.

text: Groundwater

text: is water present below the ground surface that saturates the pore space in the subsurface. Globally, between 25 per cent and 40 per cent of the world's

text: drinking water

text: is drawn from boreholes and dug

text: well

text: s. Groundwater is also used by farmers to

text: irrigate

text: crops and by industries to produce everyday goods. Most groundwater is clean, but groundwater can become polluted, or contaminated as a

text: result of human activities

text: or as a result of natural conditions.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: removing the pollutants

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Groundwater remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Groundwater remediation

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: removing the pollutants or converting them into harmless products.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: removing the pollutants or converting them into harmless products.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Groundwater remediation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater can become polluted, or contaminated

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: harmless products.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Groundwater is water present below the ground surface

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Groundwater

text: A July 2012 consent decree from the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection is forcing FirstEnergy to close the Little Blue Run Lake, an unlined waste impoundment in Beaver County, Pennsylvania and Hancock County, West Virginia. Coal ash waste slurry has been piped there from FirstEnergy's Bruce Mansfield Power Plant since 1974. The reservoir at Little Blue Run is the country's largest coal ash impoundment. Pollutants including sulfates, chlorides, and arsenic have been found in groundwater nearby. FirstEnergy must stop dumping coal ash at the site by 2016, pay a penalty of $800,000, provide clean water to local residents, and do environmental monitoring of seeps for toxic pollutants including selenium, boron, and arsenic.

text: A July 2012 consent decree from the

text: Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection

text: is forcing FirstEnergy to close the Little Blue Run Lake, an unlined waste impoundment in

text: Beaver County, Pennsylvania

text: and

text: Hancock County, West Virginia

text: Coal ash

text: waste slurry has been piped there from FirstEnergy's Bruce Mansfield Power Plant since 1974. The reservoir at Little Blue Run is the country's largest

text: coal ash impoundment

text: . Pollutants including

text: sulfates

text: chloride

text: s, and

text: arsenic

text: have been found in groundwater nearby. FirstEnergy must stop dumping coal ash at the site by 2016, pay a penalty of $800,000, provide clean water to local residents, and do environmental monitoring of seeps for toxic pollutants including

text: selenium

text: boron

text: , and

text: arsenic

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: pay a penalty

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: arsenic

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: clean water to local residents

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: $800,000,

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: provide clean water to local residents,

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: selenium, boron, and arsenic.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: 2012 consent decree from the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: provide clean water to local residents,

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: sulfates, chlorides, and arsenic

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: groundwater

text: This result indicates that at most of the major ocean tidal frequencies the variation of groundwater level at this particular site is over 90% due to the forcing of the ocean tides. However, one must exercise caution in attributing causality. If the relation (transfer function) between the input and output is nonlinear, then values of the coherence can be erroneous. Another common mistake is to assume a causal input/output relation between observed variables, when in fact the causative mechanism is not in the system model. For example, it is clear that the atmospheric barometric pressure induces a variation in both the ocean water levels and the groundwater levels, but the barometric pressure is not included in the system model as an input variable. We have also assumed that the ocean water levels drive or control the groundwater levels. In reality it is a combination of hydrological forcing from the ocean water levels and the tidal potential that are driving both the observed input and output signals. Additionally, noise introduced in the measurement process, or by the spectral signal processing can contribute to or corrupt the coherence.

text: This result indicates that at most of the major ocean tidal frequencies the variation of groundwater level at this particular site is over 90% due to the forcing of the ocean tides. However, one must exercise caution in attributing causality. If the relation (

text: transfer function

text: ) between the input and output is

text: nonlinear

text: , then values of the coherence can be erroneous. Another common mistake is to assume a causal input/output relation between observed variables, when in fact the causative mechanism is not in the system model. For example, it is clear that the atmospheric barometric pressure induces a variation in both the ocean water levels and the groundwater levels, but the barometric pressure is not included in the system model as an input variable. We have also assumed that the ocean water levels drive or control the groundwater levels. In reality it is a combination of hydrological forcing from the ocean water levels and the tidal

text: potential

text: that are driving both the observed input and output signals. Additionally, noise introduced in the measurement process, or by the spectral signal processing can contribute to or corrupt the coherence.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: tidal

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: acidic chemicals

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: one must exercise caution in attributing causality.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: noise introduced in the measurement process,

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: noise introduced in the measurement process, or by the spectral signal processing

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: ocean tidal frequencies

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: noise introduced in the measurement process, or by the spectral signal processing

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: one must exercise caution in attributing causality.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: one must exercise caution in attributing causality.

text: The taxpayer-funded (c. $900m to about a billion dollars) remediation plan to permanently freeze the arsenic trioxide dust was approved by the Canadian federal government in August 2014. According to the federal civil servant in charge of the clean-up, Jane Amphlett, using technology like that used in ice-hockey rinks, coolants will permanently freeze the storage chambers containing the arsenic trioxide dust to keep groundwater seepage out in what is called the "Frozen Block Method."

text: The taxpayer-funded (c. $900m to about a billion dollars) remediation plan to permanently freeze the arsenic trioxide dust was approved by the Canadian federal government in August 2014. According to the federal civil servant in charge of the clean-up, Jane Amphlett, using technology like that used in ice-hockey rinks, coolants will permanently freeze the storage chambers containing the arsenic trioxide dust to keep

text: groundwater

text: seepage out in what is called the "Frozen Block Method."

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: freeze the storage chambers

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: frozen block method

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater seepage

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: "Frozen Block Method."

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: freeze the arsenic trioxide dust

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: "Frozen Block Method."

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: "Frozen Block Method."

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: "Frozen Block Method."

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater seepage

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: "Frozen Block Method."

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: arsenic trioxide dust

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: "Frozen Block Method."

text: The Coastal Aquifer is the only source of water in the Gaza strip. It runs beneath the coast of Israel, with Gaza downstream at the end of the basin. With the water flows underground mainly east-west, however, Palestinian extractions from the aquifer have no effect on the Israeli side. Israel, on the contrary, has installed a cordon of  numerous deep wells along the Gaza border and in this way extracts much of the groundwater before it can reach Gaza. Israel sells a limited part of the water to the Palestinians in Gaza. While Israel transports water from the north of its territory to the south, the Palestinians are not allowed to move water from the West Bank to Gaza. This is a reason why this aquifer is heavily over-exploited, resulting in seawater intrusion. The aquifer is polluted by salt as well as nitrate from wastewater infiltration and fertilizers. Only 5-10% of the aquifer yields drinking water quality. By 2000, the water from the Coastal Aquifer in the Gaza region was considered no longer drinkable due to high salinity from the sea water intrusion and high nitrate pollution from agricultural activity.

text: The Coastal Aquifer is the only source of water in the Gaza strip. It runs beneath the coast of Israel, with Gaza downstream at the end of the basin. With the water flows underground mainly east-west, however, Palestinian extractions from the aquifer have no effect on the Israeli side. Israel, on the contrary, has installed a cordon of  numerous deep wells along the Gaza border and in this way extracts much of the groundwater before it can reach Gaza. Israel sells a limited part of the water to the Palestinians in Gaza. While Israel transports water from the north of its territory to the south, the Palestinians are not allowed to move water from the West Bank to Gaza. This is a reason why this aquifer is heavily over-exploited, resulting in seawater intrusion. The aquifer is polluted by salt as well as

text: nitrate

text: from wastewater infiltration and fertilizers. Only 5-10% of the aquifer yields drinking water quality. By 2000, the water from the Coastal Aquifer in the Gaza region was considered no longer drinkable due to high salinity from the sea water intrusion and high nitrate pollution from agricultural activity.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: polluted

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: acidic chemicals

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: only 5-10% yields drinking water quality

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: extracts much of the groundwater before it can reach Gaza.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: wastewater infiltration and fertilizers.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: nitrate from wastewater infiltration and fertilizers.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: wastewater infiltration and fertilizers.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: wastewater infiltration and fertilizers.

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: wastewater infiltration and fertilizers.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Only 5-10% of the aquifer yields drinking water quality.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: salt as well as nitrate from wastewater infiltration and fertilizers.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: salt as well as nitrate from wastewater infiltration and fertilizers.

text: Although our regions have plans that ensure the community that they are working to maintain clean and safe surface and groundwater, there are cities that have taken it upon themselves to implement clean water programs. The California Department of Public Health had a Drinking Water Program that they transferred over to the State Water Resources Control Board to take control. This idea of safe drinking water is the basis for the cities implementing their own clean water programs.

text: Although our regions have plans that ensure the community that they are working to maintain clean and safe surface and groundwater, there are cities that have taken it upon themselves to implement clean water programs. The

text: California Department of Public Health

text: had a Drinking Water Program that they transferred over to the State Water Resources Control Board to take control. This idea of safe drinking water is the basis for the cities implementing their own clean water programs.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: implement clean water programs

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: acidic chemicals

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: safe drinking water

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: groundwater,

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: clean water programs.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: The California Department of Public Health

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Drinking Water Program

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater,

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater,

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: clean and safe surface and groundwater,

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: surface and groundwater,

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: surface and groundwater,

text: Microalgae production also includes the ability to use saline waste or waste  streams as an energy source.  This opens a new strategy to produce biofuel in conjunction with waste water treatment, while being able to produce clean water as a byproduct.  When used in a microalgal bioreactor, harvested microalgae will capture significant quantities of organic compounds as well as heavy metal contaminants absorbed from wastewater streams that would otherwise be directly discharged into surface and ground-water.  Moreover, this process also allows the recovery of phosphorus from waste, which is an essential but scarce element in nature – the reserves of which are estimated to have depleted in the last 50 years.  Another possibility is the use of algae production systems to clean up non-point source pollution, in a system known as an algal turf scrubber (ATS).  This has been demonstrated to reduce nitrogen and phosphorus levels in rivers and other large bodies of water affected by eutrophication, and systems are being built that will be capable of processing up to 110 million liters of water per day.  ATS can also be used for treating point source pollution, such as the waste water mentioned above, or in treating livestock effluent.

text: Microalgae production also includes the ability to use saline waste or waste  streams as an energy source.  This opens a new strategy to produce biofuel in conjunction with waste water treatment, while being able to produce clean water as a byproduct.  When used in a microalgal bioreactor, harvested microalgae will capture significant quantities of organic compounds as well as heavy metal contaminants absorbed from wastewater streams that would otherwise be directly discharged into surface and ground-water.  Moreover, this process also allows the recovery of phosphorus from waste, which is an essential but scarce element in nature – the reserves of which are estimated to have depleted in the last 50 years.  Another possibility is the use of algae production systems to clean up non-point source pollution, in a system known as an algal turf scrubber (ATS).  This has been demonstrated to reduce nitrogen and phosphorus levels in rivers and other large bodies of water affected by eutrophication, and systems are being built that will be capable of processing up to 110 million liters of water per day.  ATS can also be used for treating point source pollution, such as the waste water mentioned above, or in treating livestock effluent.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: treat point source pollution

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: ATS

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: ground-water

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: ground-water.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: waste water treatment,

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: algal turf scrubber (ATS).

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: algal turf scrubber

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: algal turf scrubber

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: directly discharged into surface and ground-water.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: surface and ground-water.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: surface and ground-water.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: ground-water.

text: Only a fraction of the nitrogen-based fertilizers is converted to produce and other plant matter.  The remainder accumulates in the soil or lost as run-off. High application rates of nitrogen-containing fertilizers combined with the high water solubility of nitrate leads to increased runoff into surface water as well as leaching into groundwater, thereby causing groundwater pollution. The excessive use of nitrogen-containing fertilizers (be they synthetic or natural) is particularly damaging, as much of the nitrogen that is not taken up by plants is transformed into nitrate which is easily leached.

text: Only a fraction of the nitrogen-based fertilizers is converted to produce and other plant matter.  The remainder accumulates in the soil or lost as run-off. High application rates of nitrogen-containing fertilizers combined with the high

text: water solubility

text: of nitrate leads to increased

text: runoff

text: into

text: surface water

text: as well as

text: leaching

text: into groundwater, thereby causing

text: groundwater pollution

text: . The excessive use of nitrogen-containing fertilizers (be they synthetic or natural) is particularly damaging, as much of the nitrogen that is not taken up by plants is transformed into nitrate which is easily leached.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: leaching

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: nitrate

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: leaching into groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: causing groundwater pollution

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: High application rates of nitrogen-containing fertilizers

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: groundwater pollution.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: nitrate

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: groundwater,

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater,

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater pollution.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: groundwater,

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: groundwater,

text: The accompanying figure shows two approaches to application of iron particles for groundwater remediation: Fig. A, a conventional PRB made with mm-sized granular iron and Fig. B, a "reactive treatment zone" formed by sequential injection of nano-sized iron to form overlapping zones of particles absorbed by the grains of native aquifer material. In A, groundwater flows through the barrier and is remediated. In B, nanoparticles of iron are represented by black dots; the nanoparticles have little mobility in the porous medium. Note that reaction will only occur when contaminants, either dissolved in the groundwater or as DNAPL, come into contact with the iron surfaces.

text: The accompanying figure shows two approaches to application of iron particles for

text: groundwater remediation

text: : Fig. A, a conventional PRB made with mm-sized granular iron and Fig. B, a "reactive treatment zone" formed by sequential injection of nano-sized iron to form overlapping zones of particles absorbed by the grains of native aquifer material. In A, groundwater flows through the barrier and is remediated. In B,

text: nanoparticles

text: of iron are represented by black dots; the

text: nanoparticles

text: have little mobility in the porous medium. Note that reaction will only occur when contaminants, either dissolved in the

text: groundwater

text: or as

text: DNAPL

text: , come into contact with the iron surfaces.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: apply iron particles

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: iron particles

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: conventional PRB

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater flows through the barrier and is remediated

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: a "reactive treatment zone"

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: groundwater remediation:

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: come into contact with the iron surfaces.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: DNAPL, come into contact with the iron surfaces.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: "reactive treatment zone"

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: PRB

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: the nanoparticles have little mobility in the porous medium.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: groundwater flows through the barrier and is remediated.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: dissolved

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: groundwater remediation:

text: In Colorado, coal fires have arisen as a consequence of fluctuations in the groundwater level, which can increase the temperature of the coal up to 300 °C, enough to cause it to spontaneously ignite.

text: In Colorado, coal fires have arisen as a consequence of fluctuations in the groundwater level, which can

text: increase the temperature

text: of the coal up to 300 °C, enough to cause it to

text: spontaneously ignite

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: pump water out

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: sulfate

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unavoidable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: it would not be contaminated

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: fluctuations in the groundwater

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: fluctuations in the groundwater level,

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: fluctuations in the groundwater level,

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: fluctuations in the groundwater level,

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: fluctuations in the groundwater level,

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: coal fires

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: coal fires

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: fluctuations in the groundwater level,

text: In biology, electron donors release an electron during cellular respiration, resulting in the release of energy. Microorganisms, such as bacteria, obtain energy in the electron transfer processes. Through its cellular machinery, the microorganism collects the energy for its use. The final result is the electron is donated to an electron acceptor. During this process (electron transport chain) the electron donor is oxidized and the electron acceptor is reduced. Petroleum hydrocarbons, less chlorinated solvents like vinyl chloride, soil organic matter, and reduced inorganic compounds are all compounds that can act as electron donors. These reactions are of interest not only because they allow organisms to obtain energy, but also because they are involved in the natural biodegradation of organic contaminants. When clean-up professionals use monitored natural attenuation to clean up contaminated sites, biodegradation is one of the major contributing processes.

text: In

text: biology

text: , electron donors release an electron during

text: cellular respiration

text: , resulting in the release of

text: energy

text: Microorganisms

text: , such as

text: bacteria

text: , obtain energy in the electron transfer processes. Through its cellular machinery, the microorganism collects the energy for its use. The final result is the electron is donated to an electron acceptor. During this process (

text: electron transport chain

text: ) the electron donor is oxidized and the electron acceptor is reduced. Petroleum

text: hydrocarbons

text: , less

text: chlorinated

text: solvents like

text: vinyl chloride

text: , soil organic matter, and reduced inorganic compounds are all compounds that can act as electron donors. These reactions are of interest not only because they allow organisms to obtain energy, but also because they are involved in the natural

text: biodegradation

text: of organic contaminants. When clean-up professionals use monitored natural attenuation to clean up contaminated sites, biodegradation is one of the major contributing processes.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: monitor natural attenuation

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: petroleum hydrocarbons

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: biodegradation

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: biodegradation

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: contaminated sites,

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: monitored natural attenuation

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: monitored natural attenuation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: natural attenuation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: monitored natural attenuation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: contaminated sites,

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: biodegradation

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: organic

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: soil organic matter,

text: To clean up pollution, the federal and local governments implemented numerous plans including the constant monitoring and reporting of environmental conditions, such as ozone and nitrogen oxides. When the levels of these two pollutants reached critical levels, contingency actions were implemented which included closing factories, changing school hours, and extending the A day without a car program to two days of the week. The government also instituted industrial technology improvements, a strict biannual vehicle emission inspection and the reformulation of gasoline and diesel fuels.  The introduction of Metrobús bus rapid transit and the Ecobici bike-sharing were among efforts to encourage alternate, greener forms of transportation.

text: To clean up pollution, the federal and local governments implemented numerous plans including the constant monitoring and reporting of environmental conditions, such as ozone and

text: nitrogen oxide

text: s. When the levels of these two pollutants reached critical levels, contingency actions were implemented which included closing factories, changing school hours, and extending the

text: A day without a car

text: program to two days of the week. The government also instituted industrial technology improvements, a strict biannual vehicle emission inspection and the reformulation of gasoline and

text: diesel fuel

text: s.  The introduction of

text: Metrobús

text: bus rapid transit

text: and the

text: Ecobici

text: bike-sharing were among efforts to encourage alternate, greener forms of transportation.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: close factories

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: ozone and nitrogen oxides

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: pollution,

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: industrial technology improvements,

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: ozone and nitrogen oxides.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: ozone and nitrogen oxides.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: ozone and nitrogen oxides.

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: ozone and nitrogen oxides.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: constant monitoring and reporting of environmental conditions,

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: ozone and nitrogen oxides.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: ozone and nitrogen oxides.

text: Washington County has had three locations listed as Environmental Protection Agency Superfund sites due to soil and groundwater contamination. The Baytown Township Ground Water Plume and the Oakdale Dump are currently listed, while the Washington County Landfill was cleaned up and removed from the Superfund list in 1996.

text: Washington County has had three locations listed as

text: Environmental Protection Agency

text: Superfund

text: sites due to

text: soil

text: and

text: groundwater

text: contamination

text: . The

text: Baytown Township Ground Water Plume

text: and the

text: Oakdale Dump

text: are currently listed, while the

text: Washington County Landfill

text: was cleaned up and removed from the Superfund list in 1996.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: contain it

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Superfund

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater contamination

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Washington County has had three locations listed as Environmental Protection Agency Superfund

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: soil and groundwater contamination.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Environmental Protection Agency Superfund

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Superfund

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Superfund

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: soil and groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Environmental Protection Agency Superfund sites due to soil and groundwater

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: soil and groundwater

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Superfund sites due to soil and groundwater

text: The government is also trying to raise people's awareness about the hazards of the pollution. One method that is currently being employed is the installation of Pollution Indicator Boards all around the city to monitor the current level of particulate matter (PM10), nitrogen dioxide (NO), ozone (O), sulfur dioxide (SO), and carbon monoxide (CO). The board also displays the Pollutant Standards Index (PSI), which is a general indication of air quality based on the measurements of the above-mentioned five pollutants. The Pollution Indicator Boards classify the level of each pollutant as either safe, hazardous or dangerous.

text: The government is also trying to raise people's awareness about the hazards of the pollution. One method that is currently being employed is the installation of Pollution Indicator Boards all around the city to monitor the current level of

text: particulate matter

text: nitrogen dioxide

text: (NO), ozone (O),

text: sulfur dioxide

text: (SO), and

text: carbon monoxide

text: (CO). The board also displays the

text: Pollutant Standards Index

text: (PSI), which is a general indication of air quality based on the measurements of the above-mentioned five pollutants. The Pollution Indicator Boards classify the level of each pollutant as either safe, hazardous or dangerous.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: raise people's awareness

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: sulfur dioxide

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Pollution Indicator Boards

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: pollution.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: raise people's awareness about the hazards of the pollution.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: sulfur dioxide (SO), and carbon monoxide (CO).

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Pollution Indicator Boards

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Pollution Indicator Boards

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: pollution.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Pollution Indicator Boards

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: safe, hazardous or dangerous.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Pollution Indicator Boards

text: The waste pit or trench can be dug large enough that the reduction in mass of the contained waste products by the ongoing process of decomposition allows the pit to be used for many years before it fills up. When the pit becomes too full, it may be emptied or the hole covered with earth. Pit latrines have to be located away from drinking water sources (wells, streams, etc.) to minimize the possibility of disease spread via groundwater pollution.

text: The waste pit or trench can be dug large enough that the reduction in mass of the contained waste products by the ongoing process of decomposition allows the pit to be used for many years before it fills up. When the pit becomes too full, it may be emptied or the hole covered with earth. Pit latrines have to be located away from drinking water sources (wells, streams, etc.) to minimize the possibility of disease spread via groundwater pollution.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: locate drinking water sources

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: pit latrines

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater pollution

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: groundwater pollution.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Pit latrines have to be located away from drinking water sources

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Pit latrines

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: decomposition

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: disease spread via groundwater pollution.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: disease spread

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Pit latrines have to be located away from drinking water sources

text: Why You Don't Have to Worry About Your Site Being Re-Contaminated and You Can Clean-Up Now, January 2012, Cleaner & Launderer.

text: Why You Don't Have to Worry About Your Site Being Re-Contaminated and You Can Clean-Up Now, January 2012, Cleaner & Launderer.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: pump water into it

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: sulfuric acid

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: re-contamination

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: None of the above choices are available

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: it is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Clean-Up Now, January 2012, Cleaner & Launderer.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Cleaner & Launderer.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Cleaner & Launderer.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Cleaner & Launderer.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Clean-Up

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: Re-Contaminated

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Clean-Up Now, January 2012, Cleaner & Launderer.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Cleaner & Launderer.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Cleaner & Launderer.

text: Prior to the implementation of the ET-DSP, site information such as surface infrastructure, surrounding land uses, short term site usage during remediation, subsurface lithology, depth to groundwater, plume characterization, type of contaminant, distribution of the contaminant and required time to attain target temperatures is collected. Numerical modeling and analysis simulation software combined with bench-scale experiments are used to determine the optimal thermal remediation strategy for the site.

text: Prior to the implementation of the ET-DSP, site information such as surface infrastructure, surrounding land uses, short term site usage during remediation, subsurface lithology, depth to groundwater, plume characterization, type of contaminant, distribution of the contaminant and required time to attain target temperatures is collected. Numerical modeling and analysis simulation software combined with bench-scale experiments are used to determine the optimal thermal remediation strategy for the site.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: implement the ET-DSP

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: thermal remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: thermal remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: subsurface lithology

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: thermal remediation

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: remediation,

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: thermal remediation

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: type of contaminant,

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: thermal

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: thermal

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: short term site usage during remediation,

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: thermal remediation

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: plume characterization,

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: subsurface lithology, depth to groundwater,

text: It was not until 1997 that a Record of Decision for OU2 was signed; Groundwater remediation (OU2) began 1998 with hydraulic containment and focused extraction wells;  there were 11 extraction wells for containment and one extraction well for focused extraction. Four groundwater treatment plants have been operating, two use air stripping, one the Advanced Oxidation Process, and the fourth uses an activated carbon filter. Four times a year, water is sampled from some of the over 300 monitoring wells and from surface water. Together with wells by other agencies in the surrounding area over 500 wells can be chosen for regional measurements semi-annually. The water level data are displayed on maps which show plume flow across the area over time.

text: It was not until 1997 that a

text: Record of Decision

text: for OU2 was signed;

text: Groundwater remediation

text: (OU2) began 1998 with

text: hydraulic containment

text: and focused

text: extraction well

text: s;  there were 11 extraction wells for containment and one extraction well for focused extraction. Four groundwater treatment plants have been operating, two use

text: air stripping

text: , one the

text: Advanced Oxidation Process

text: , and the fourth uses an activated carbon filter. Four times a year, water is sampled from some of the over 300

text: monitoring well

text: s and from surface water. Together with wells by other agencies in the surrounding area over 500 wells can be chosen for regional measurements semi-annually. The water level data are displayed on maps which show plume flow across the area over time.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: containment

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: air stripping

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Groundwater remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater remediation

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: OU2 began 1998

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Groundwater remediation

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: hydraulic containment and focused extraction wells;

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Advanced Oxidation Process,

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Advanced Oxidation Process,

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: extraction wells;

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: hydraulic containment and focused extraction wells;

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: surface water.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Groundwater remediation

text: Groundwater is the fresh water that can be found underground, it is also one of the largest sources. Groundwater depletion can be comparable to ¨money in a bank¨,  The primary cause of groundwater depletion is pumping or the excessive pulling up of groundwater from underground aquifers.

text: Groundwater

text: is the fresh water that can be found underground, it is also one of the largest sources. Groundwater depletion can be comparable to ¨money in a bank¨,  The primary cause of groundwater depletion is pumping or the excessive pulling up of groundwater from underground aquifers.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: pump

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater depletion

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: None of the above choices

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Groundwater depletion

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: pumping

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: pumping

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: excessive pulling up of groundwater from underground aquifers.

text: Every nitrox cylinder should also have a sticker stating whether or not the cylinder is oxygen clean and suitable for partial pressure blending. Any oxygen-clean cylinder may have any mix up to 100% oxygen inside. If by some accident an oxygen-clean cylinder is filled at a station that does not supply gas to oxygen-clean standards it is then considered contaminated and must be re-cleaned before a gas containing more than 40% oxygen may again be added. Cylinders marked as 'not oxygen clean' may only be filled with oxygen-enriched air mixtures from membrane or stick blending systems where the gas is mixed before being added to the cylinder, and to an oxygen fraction not exceeding 40% by volume.

text: Every nitrox cylinder should also have a sticker stating whether or not the cylinder is oxygen clean and suitable for partial pressure blending. Any oxygen-clean cylinder may have any mix up to 100% oxygen inside. If by some accident an oxygen-clean cylinder is filled at a station that does not supply gas to oxygen-clean standards it is then considered contaminated and must be re-cleaned before a gas containing more than 40% oxygen may again be added. Cylinders marked as 'not oxygen clean' may only be filled with oxygen-enriched air mixtures from membrane or stick blending systems where the gas is mixed before being added to the cylinder, and to an oxygen fraction not exceeding 40% by volume.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: re-clean

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: cyanide

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: contaminated and must be re-cleaned

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: a gas containing more than 40% oxygen may again be added

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: contaminated and must be re-cleaned

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: blending.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: partial pressure blending.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: partial pressure blending.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: partial pressure blending.

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: contaminated

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: a gas containing more than 40% oxygen may again be added.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: sticker

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: oxygen clean and suitable for partial pressure blending.

text: This site is being addressed through state and local department and funds and is not a superfund clean-up site. In 1997, the Monmouth County Park System bought  of the closed Marlboro Psychiatric Hospital land. The intent is to create a regional park, similar to Holmdel Park. It is also expected to be home to part of the Henry Hudson Trail. The plans for the property have not been completed, in part due to potential environmental contamination. Preliminary environmental studies by Birdsall Engineering found asbestos and oil contamination on the grounds. The land is contaminated with arsenic, reportedly a byproduct of farming. In an attempt to further classify the contamination, the Luis Berger Group has done further testing on this site. They are reporting that the arsenic found on the site is "actually a naturally occurring condition in local and regional soil in this area". Additionally they reported that the site contamination found in the prior study was caused by a number of factors, including a former septic system (Marlboro Psychiatric Hospital discharged the effluent from the hospital into Big Brook), pesticide mixing building, fuel oil underground storage tank, and construction debris. This evaluation made the following recommendations to the NJDEP:

text: This site is being addressed through state and local department and funds and is not a superfund clean-up site. In 1997, the Monmouth County Park System bought  of the closed

text: Marlboro Psychiatric Hospital

text: land. The intent is to create a regional park, similar to

text: Holmdel Park

text: . It is also expected to be home to part of the

text: Henry Hudson Trail

text: . The plans for the property have not been completed, in part due to potential environmental contamination. Preliminary environmental studies by Birdsall Engineering found

text: asbestos

text: and

text: oil contamination

text: on the grounds. The land is contaminated with

text: arsenic

text: , reportedly a byproduct of farming. In an attempt to further classify the contamination, the Luis Berger Group has done further testing on this site. They are reporting that the arsenic found on the site is "actually a naturally occurring condition in local and regional soil in this area". Additionally they reported that the site contamination found in the prior study was caused by a number of factors, including a former septic system (Marlboro Psychiatric Hospital discharged the effluent from the hospital into Big Brook), pesticide mixing building, fuel oil underground storage tank, and construction debris. This evaluation made the following recommendations to the NJDEP:

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: The land is contaminated with arsenic

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: septic system

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: arsenic

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: superfund clean-up

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: superfund clean-up site

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: septic system

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: superfund clean-up site.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: arsenic,

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: superfund

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: superfund

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: superfund clean-up site.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Big Brook),

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: asbestos

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: asbestos

text: San Juan Creek, also called the San Juan River, is a  stream in Orange County, California that consists of a catchment basin encompassing . Its mainstem rises in the Santa Ana Mountains, in the Trabuco Ranger District of the Cleveland National Forest. From there it runs parallel to the Ortega Highway as it winds west and south through San Juan Canyon, where it is joined by numerous small tributaries, and is joined by Trabuco Creek, its main branch as it passes through San Juan Capistrano. It flows into the Pacific Ocean at Doheny State Beach. Once out of the foothills, San Juan Creek flows through the city of San Juan Capistrano where groundwater flow direction generally is from the northeast to the southwest. Groundwater in this basin at the San Juan Capistrano reach is considered good. Recent efforts of stream conservation have been in the planning stage including habitat conservation plan work.

text: San Juan Creek, also called the San Juan River, is a  stream in

text: Orange County, California

text: that consists of a catchment basin encompassing . Its

text: mainstem

text: rises in the

text: Santa Ana Mountains

text: , in the Trabuco Ranger District of the

text: Cleveland National Forest

text: . From there it runs parallel to the

text: Ortega Highway

text: as it winds west and south through San Juan Canyon, where it is joined by numerous small tributaries, and is joined by

text: Trabuco

text: Creek, its main branch as it passes through

text: San Juan Capistrano

text: . It flows into the Pacific Ocean at

text: Doheny State Beach

text: . Once out of the foothills, San Juan Creek flows through the city of

text: San Juan Capistrano

text: where groundwater flow direction generally is from the northeast to the southwest. Groundwater in this basin at the San Juan Capistrano reach is considered good. Recent efforts of stream conservation have been in the planning stage including

text: habitat conservation

text: plan work.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: it is impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: habitat conservation plan

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: San Juan Creek

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: good.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: habitat conservation plan work.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Trabuco Ranger District of the Cleveland National Forest.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Trabuco Ranger District of the Cleveland National Forest.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: good.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: groundwater

text: After the lawsuit was filed, the Flambeau Mining Company removed the liner from the water containment area that was a source of the pollution to prevent further discharges to surface waters. This now directs contaminated water to seep into groundwater.

text: After the lawsuit was filed, the Flambeau Mining Company removed the liner from the water containment area that was a source of the pollution to prevent further discharges to surface waters. This now directs contaminated water to seep into groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: prevent further discharges

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: acidic chemicals

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: discharges to surface waters.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: the Flambeau Mining Company removed the liner

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: contaminated water to seep into groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: surface waters.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: contaminated water to seep into groundwater.

text: For example, the concept is useful in the flow of liquids through permeable media, especially in hydrology in relation to river and lake bottoms. In this case, it is an application of intrinsic permeability to a unit of material with a defined area and thickness, and the magnitude of conductance affects the rate of groundwater recharge or interaction with groundwater. This parameter is often used in such computer modelling codes as MODFLOW.

text: For example, the concept is useful in the flow of liquids through permeable media, especially in

text: hydrology

text: in relation to

text: river

text: and

text: lake

text: bottoms. In this case, it is an application of

text: intrinsic permeability

text: to a unit of material with a defined area and thickness, and the magnitude of conductance affects the rate of

text: groundwater recharge

text: or interaction with

text: groundwater

text: . This parameter is often used in such computer modelling codes as

text: MODFLOW

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: recharge it

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: the magnitude of conductance

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: groundwater recharge or interaction with groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: recharge

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: intrinsic permeability

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: intrinsic permeability

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater recharge or interaction with groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater recharge or interaction with groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: groundwater recharge or interaction with groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: river and lake bottoms.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: river and lake bottoms.

text: Displacement room airflow presents an opportunity to improve both the thermal comfort and indoor air quality (IAQ) of the occupied space. It also takes advantage of the difference in air density between an upper contaminated zone and a lower clean zone. Cool air is supplied at low velocity into the lower zone. Convection from heat sources creates vertical air motion into the upper zone where high level return inlets extract the air. In most cases these convection heat sources are also the contamination sources (e.g., people, equipment, or processes), thereby carrying the contaminants up to the upper zone, away from the occupants.

text: Displacement room airflow presents an opportunity to improve both the

text: thermal comfort

text: and

text: indoor air quality

text: (IAQ) of the occupied space. It also takes advantage of the difference in air density between an upper contaminated zone and a lower clean zone. Cool air is supplied at low velocity into the lower zone. Convection from heat sources creates vertical air motion into the upper zone where high level return inlets extract the air. In most cases these convection heat sources are also the contamination sources (e.g., people, equipment, or processes), thereby carrying the contaminants up to the upper zone, away from the occupants.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: improve the thermal comfort

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: carrying the contaminants up to the upper zone, away from the occupants.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: a lower clean zone

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: contaminants up to the upper zone, away from the occupants.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: contaminants up to the upper zone, away from the occupants.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Displacement room airflow

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Displacement room airflow

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Displacement

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: carrying the contaminants up to the upper zone, away from the occupants.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: away from the occupants.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: people,

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Displacement room airflow

text: On April 8, 2009, the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ) collected ground water samples from a domestic well on West County Road 112 in Midland, Texas (U.S.), in response to a resident complaint of yellow water. The well was found to be contaminated with chromium(VI). The Midland groundwater reached higher levels of contamination than the EPA mandated maximum contaminant level (MCL) of 100 parts per billion. The current groundwater plume of chromium lies under approximately 260 acres of land at the West County Road 112 Groundwater Site. In response, the TCEQ installed filtration systems on water-well sites that showed contamination of chromium.

text: On April 8, 2009, the

entity_name: Texas Commission on Environmental Quality

text: Texas Commission on Environmental Quality

text: (TCEQ) collected ground water samples from a domestic well on West County Road 112 in

text: Midland, Texas

text: (U.S.), in response to a resident complaint of yellow water. The well was found to be contaminated with chromium(VI). The Midland groundwater reached higher levels of contamination than the EPA mandated maximum contaminant level (MCL) of 100 parts per billion. The current groundwater plume of chromium lies under approximately 260 acres of land at the West County Road 112 Groundwater Site. In response, the TCEQ installed filtration systems on water-well sites that showed contamination of chromium.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: filtration systems

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: filtration systems

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: aquifer

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: filtration systems

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: filtration systems

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: filtration systems

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: filtration systems

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: filtration systems

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: filtration systems

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: filtration systems

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: yellow water.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: 260 acres of land

text: Due to its chemical composition, world-wide dispersion and effects on the environment, used motor oil is considered a serious environmental problem. Most current motor oil lubricants contain petroleum base stocks, which are toxic to the environment and difficult to dispose of after use. Over 40% of the pollution in America's waterways is from used motor oil. Used oil is considered the largest source of oil pollution in the U.S. harbor and waterways, at 385 million gallons per year, mostly from improper disposal. By far, the greatest cause of motor oil pollution in our oceans comes from drains and urban street runoff, much of which is from improper disposal of engine oil. One gallon of used oil can create an eight-acre slick on surface water, threatening fish, waterfowl and other aquatic life. According to the U.S. EPA, films of oil on the surface of water prevent the replenishment of dissolved oxygen, impair photosynthetic processes, and block sunlight. Toxic effects of used oil on freshwater and marine organisms vary, but significant long-term effects have been found at concentrations of 310 ppm in several freshwater fish species and as low as 1 ppm in marine life forms. Motor oil can have an incredibly detrimental effect on the environment, particularly to plants that depend on healthy soil to grow. There are three main ways that motor oil affects plants: contaminating water supplies, contaminating soil, and poisoning plants. Used motor oil dumped on land reduces soil productivity. Improperly disposed used oil ends up in landfills, sewers, backyards, or storm drains where soil, groundwater and drinking water may be contaminated.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: It is easier and cheaper to clean up groundwater than to prevent it

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: disposed of used oil

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: petroleum base stocks

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: difficult to dispose of

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: landfills,

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Motor oil

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Motor oil

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: landfills,

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: difficult to dispose of after use.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: drinking water

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: films of oil

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: 310 ppm

text: At the same time, energy use and city growth can be monitored since both major and even minor cities, as well as highway lights, are conspicuous.  This informs astronomers of light pollution. The New York City Blackout of 1977 was captured by one of the night orbiter DMSP space vehicles.

text: At the same time, energy use and city growth can be monitored since both major and even minor cities, as well as highway lights, are conspicuous.  This informs

text: astronomer

text: s of

text: light pollution

text: . The

text: New York City Blackout of 1977

text: was captured by one of the night orbiter DMSP space vehicles.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: light pollution

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: acidic chemicals

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unspecified

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: light pollution.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: light pollution.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: highway lights,

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: light pollution.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: light pollution.

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: light pollution.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: energy use and city growth

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: highway lights, are conspicuous.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: light pollution.

text: Groundwater pollution (also called groundwater contamination) occurs when pollutants are released to the ground and make their way down into groundwater. It can also occur naturally due to the presence of a minor and unwanted constituent, contaminant or impurity in the groundwater, in which case it is more likely referred to as contamination rather than pollution.

text: Groundwater pollution (also called groundwater contamination) occurs when pollutants are released to the ground and make their way down into

text: groundwater

text: . It can also occur naturally due to the presence of a minor and unwanted constituent, contaminant or impurity in the groundwater, in which case it is more likely referred to as

text: contamination

text: rather than

text: pollution

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: groundwater pollution

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater pollution

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Groundwater pollution

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Groundwater pollution

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Groundwater pollution

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Groundwater pollution

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Groundwater pollution

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: Groundwater pollution

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: pollutants are released to the ground and make their way down into groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Groundwater pollution

text: Crowley joined Bronx Representative Jose Serrano in 2008 when proposing legislation to help clean up PCB-contaminated schools.

text: Crowley joined Bronx Representative

text: Jose Serrano

text: in 2008 when proposing legislation to help clean up

text: PCB

text: -contaminated schools.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: contaminate it

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: PCBs

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: contaminating the environment

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: contaminated water would be pumped back in

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Crowley joined Bronx Representative Jose Serrano

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: PCB-contaminated schools.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: PCB-contaminated

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: PCB-contaminated schools.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: clean up PCB-contaminated

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: PCB-contaminated schools.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: clean up PCB-contaminated schools.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: PCB-contaminated

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: PCB-contaminated schools.

text: The Groundwater Modeling System (GMS) is a computer application designed to build and simulate groundwater models. It uses 2D and 3D geostatistics and stratigraphic modeling to show how water and contaminants can move through various soil structures. The software supports many standard models, including MODFLOW, MODPATH, MT3DMS, RT3D, FEMWATER, SEEP2D, and UTEXAS.

text: The Groundwater Modeling System (GMS) is a computer application designed to build and simulate

text: groundwater

text: models

text: . It uses 2D and 3D

text: geostatistics

text: and

text: stratigraphic

text: modeling to show how water and contaminants can move through various soil structures. The software supports many standard models, including

text: MODFLOW

text: , MODPATH, MT3DMS, RT3D, FEMWATER,

text: , and

text: UTEXAS

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: groundwater modeling

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: MODFLOW

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: The Groundwater Modeling System

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: contaminants can move through various soil structures.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: UTEXAS.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: UTEXAS.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: The Groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: contaminants can move through various soil structures.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: water and contaminants can move through various soil structures.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: RT3D, FEMWATER,

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: The Groundwater Modeling System

text: Radioactive contamination at the Rocky Flats Plant primarily resulted from two major plutonium fires in 1957 and 1969. Much lower concentrations of radioactive isotopes were released throughout the operational life of the plant from 1952 to 1992. Prevailing winds from the plant carried airborne contamination south and east, into populated areas northwest of Denver. The contamination of the Denver area by plutonium from the fires and other sources was not publicly reported until the 1970s. According to a 1972 study coauthored by Edward Martell, "In the more densely populated areas of Denver, the Pu contamination level in surface soils is several times fallout", and the plutonium contamination "just east of the Rocky Flats plant ranges up to hundreds of times that from nuclear tests". As noted by Carl Johnson in Ambio, "Exposures of a large population in the Denver area to plutonium and other radionuclides in the exhaust plumes from the plant date back to 1953." Weapons production at the Rocky Flats plant was halted after a combined FBI and EPA raid in 1989 and years of protests. The plant has since been shut down, with its buildings demolished and completely removed from the site.

text: Radioactive contamination at the

text: Rocky Flats Plant

text: primarily resulted from two major plutonium fires in 1957 and 1969. Much lower concentrations of radioactive isotopes were released throughout the operational life of the plant from 1952 to 1992. Prevailing winds from the plant carried airborne contamination south and east, into populated areas northwest of Denver. The contamination of the Denver area by plutonium from the fires and other sources was not publicly reported until the 1970s. According to a 1972 study coauthored by

text: Edward Martell

text: , "In the more densely populated areas of Denver, the Pu contamination level in surface soils is several times fallout", and the plutonium contamination "just east of the Rocky Flats plant ranges up to hundreds of times that from nuclear tests". As noted by

text: Carl Johnson

text: in

text: Ambio

text: , "Exposures of a large population in the Denver area to plutonium and other radionuclides in the exhaust plumes from the plant date back to 1953." Weapons production at the Rocky Flats plant was halted after a combined

text: FBI

text: and

text: EPA

text: raid in 1989 and years of protests. The plant has since been shut down, with its buildings demolished and completely removed from the site.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: EPA raid

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: plutonium

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: the Pu contamination level in surface soils is several times fallout

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: surface soils is several times fallout",

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Radioactive contamination at the Rocky Flats Plant

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Rocky Flats Plant

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: nuclear tests".

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Radioactive contamination

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: the Pu contamination level in surface soils is several times fallout",

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: airborne contamination south and east, into populated areas

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: surface soils is several times fallout",

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Radioactive contamination at the Rocky Flats Plant

text: HSA found particular success using the technique at solvent-impacted sites that were showing signs of rebound after initial remediation efforts. These rebounds are commonly the result of multiple (relatively small) release areas that had not been previously discovered with discrete soil sampling. MAGS can be useful in detecting how effectively the site had been cleaned up post-remediation.

text: HSA found particular success using the technique at solvent-impacted sites that were showing signs of rebound after initial remediation efforts. These rebounds are commonly the result of multiple (relatively small) release areas that had not been previously discovered with discrete soil sampling. MAGS can be useful in detecting how effectively the site had been cleaned up post-remediation.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: soil sampling

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: solvent

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: solvent-impacted

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: aquifer

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: remediation

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: soil sampling.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: solvent-impacted sites

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: MAGS

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: solvent-impacted

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: release areas that had not been previously discovered with discrete soil sampling.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: rebound

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: multiple (relatively small) release areas

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: MAGS

text: With such threats to the ecology, a citizens’ movement to protect Gotjawal forest arose on Jeju-do. "Gotjawal People " is solely dedicated to the protection of Gotjawal forest. Half-million citizens of Jeju-do not only focus on the forest plants, but also on its critically important function of recharging and cleaning groundwater supply. People are aware that protecting Gotjawal forest is essential to the protection of groundwater, which is under threat from overuse for the agriculture and golf industries.

text: With such threats to the ecology, a citizens’ movement to protect Gotjawal forest arose on Jeju-do. "Gotjawal People " is solely dedicated to the protection of Gotjawal forest. Half-million citizens of

text: Jeju-do

text: not only focus on the forest plants, but also on its critically important function of recharging and cleaning groundwater supply. People are aware that protecting Gotjawal forest is essential to the protection of groundwater, which is under threat from overuse for the agriculture and golf industries.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: protect Gotjawal forest

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Gotjawal People

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: cleaning groundwater

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: protecting Gotjawal forest

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: forest plants,

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: recharging and cleaning groundwater

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: overuse for the agriculture and golf industries.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: recharging and cleaning groundwater supply.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: overuse for the agriculture and golf industries.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: groundwater

text: The government has not taken many measures, political or regulatory to prevent further pollution of water sources other than educating the public on how to identify polluted water sources. This neglects the systematic issues that are associated with water pollution. The environmental protection agency of Kuwait was created with the purpose of addressing these domestic environmental problems; however, there has been little progress in this area.

text: The government has not taken many measures, political or regulatory to prevent further pollution of water sources other than educating the public on how to identify polluted water sources. This neglects the systematic issues that are associated with water pollution. The environmental protection agency of Kuwait was created with the purpose of addressing these domestic environmental problems; however, there has been little progress in this area.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: prevent further pollution

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: None of the above choices

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: educating the public on how to identify polluted water sources.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: educating the public on how to identify polluted water sources.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: identify polluted water sources.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: educating the public on how to identify polluted water sources.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: water sources

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: neglects the systematic issues that are associated with water pollution.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: prevent further pollution of water sources

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: educating the public on how to identify polluted water sources.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: water sources

text: The term has been in use since at least the 1750s. Before modern antibiotics were developed, the condition was very difficult to treat. In the 18th century, it was treated with remedies such as vinegar, wine, elder flower and even turpentine.  Today, cases caught early can be cleaned with peroxide,  ice packs and diluted dimethyl sulfoxide solution, with antibiotics used to prevent or slow infection.  If the infection has set in and there is a discharge, antibiotic treatment along with hot packs and surgery under local anesthesia to remove infected and dead tissue is usually required.

text: The term has been in use since at least the 1750s. Before modern antibiotics were developed, the condition was very difficult to treat. In the 18th century, it was treated with remedies such as vinegar, wine,

text: elder flower

text: and even turpentine.  Today, cases caught early can be cleaned with

text: peroxide

text: ,  ice packs and diluted

text: dimethyl sulfoxide

text: solution, with antibiotics used to prevent or slow infection.  If the infection has set in and there is a discharge, antibiotic treatment along with hot packs and surgery under local anesthesia to remove infected and dead tissue is usually required.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: antibiotic treatment

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: dimethyl sulfoxide

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: diluted dimethyl sulfoxide solution,

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: diluted dimethyl sulfoxide solution,

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: diluted dimethyl sulfoxide solution,

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: turpentine.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: antibiotics used to prevent or slow infection.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: diluted dimethyl sulfoxide solution,

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: diluted dimethyl sulfoxide solution,

text: Historically, the total surface outflow from the San Juan basin into the Pacific was calculated at  annually. Increasing urban development, resulting in increased runoff from irrigation and other sources, brought the annual outflow to  as of 1993. The maximum annual yield is . Although water from San Juan Creek, tributaries and basin groundwater are increasingly used for a limited amount of agricultural and municipal purposes, the annual yield from the watershed is continually increasing. As the groundwater recharge rate of the watershed is relatively high, it is safe to assume that groundwater levels will recover quickly from human use and human-induced pollution.

text: Historically, the total surface outflow from the San Juan basin into the Pacific was calculated at  annually. Increasing urban development, resulting in increased runoff from irrigation and other sources, brought the annual outflow to  as of 1993. The maximum annual yield is . Although water from San Juan Creek, tributaries and basin groundwater are increasingly used for a limited amount of

text: agricultural

text: and

text: municipal

text: purposes, the annual yield from the watershed is continually increasing. As the groundwater recharge rate of the watershed is relatively high, it is safe to assume that groundwater levels will recover quickly from human use and human-induced pollution.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: human use

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater recharge rate of the watershed is relatively high

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: groundwater levels will recover quickly

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: groundwater levels will recover quickly from human use and human-induced pollution.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: human use and human-induced pollution.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: human-induced pollution.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: groundwater levels will recover quickly from human use and human-induced pollution.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: human-induced pollution.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: groundwater levels will recover quickly

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: human-induced pollution.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Increasing urban development, resulting in increased runoff

text: The various legal hindrances to their traditional nomadic lifestyle have forced many travelling Roma into unsafe areas, such as ex-industrial areas, former landfills or other waste areas where pollutants have affected rivers, streams or groundwater. Consequently, Roma are often unable to access clean water or sanitation facilities, rendering the Roma people more vulnerable to health problems, such as diseases. Based in Belgium, the Health & Environment Alliance has included a statement in relation to the Roma on one of its pamphlets: "Denied environmental benefits such as water, sewage treatment facilities, sanitation and access to natural resources, and suffer from exposure to environmental hazards due to their proximity to hazardous waste sites, incinerators, factories, and other sources of pollution." Since the fall of communism and privatisation of the formerly state owned water-supply companies in many areas of central and eastern Europe, the provision of decent running water to illegal buildings Roma that often occupy became a particular issue, as the new international owners of the water-supply companies are unwilling to make contracts with Roma population and "water-borne diseases, such as diarrhoea and dysentery" became "an almost constant feature of daily life, especially for children".

text: The various legal hindrances to their traditional nomadic lifestyle have forced many travelling Roma into unsafe areas, such as ex-industrial areas, former landfills or other waste areas where pollutants have affected rivers, streams or groundwater. Consequently, Roma are often unable to access clean water or sanitation facilities, rendering the Roma people more vulnerable to health problems, such as diseases. Based in Belgium, the Health & Environment Alliance has included a statement in relation to the Roma on one of its pamphlets: "Denied environmental benefits such as water, sewage treatment facilities, sanitation and access to natural resources, and suffer from exposure to environmental hazards due to their proximity to hazardous waste sites, incinerators, factories, and other sources of pollution." Since the fall of communism and privatisation of the formerly state owned water-supply companies in many areas of central and eastern Europe, the provision of decent running water to illegal buildings Roma that often occupy became a particular issue, as the new international owners of the water-supply companies are unwilling to make contracts with Roma population and "water-borne diseases, such as

text: diarrhoea

text: and

text: dysentery

text: " became "an almost constant feature of daily life, especially for children".

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: sanitation facilities

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: incinerators

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: incinerators

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Roma are often unable to access clean water

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: pollutants have affected rivers, streams or groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: sanitation facilities,

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: sewage treatment facilities,

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: sewage treatment facilities,

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: incinerators,

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: Roma are often unable to access clean water or sanitation facilities,

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: pollutants have affected rivers, streams or groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: pollutants have affected rivers, streams or groundwater.

text: Aircraft maintenance operations at Pease AFB generated hazardous waste, including spent degreasers, solvents, paint strippers, jet fuels, and others, which contaminated soils and groundwater. Environmental investigations began in 1983 under the Air Force "Restoration Installation Program". In 1990, Pease AFB was placed on the National Priorities List of Superfund sites. The site's contamination is addressed in twelve long-term remedial phases, mainly soil excavation and disposal, vertical containment walls installed in the subsurface and groundwater extraction wells, soil vapor extraction and air sparging to treat petroleum and solvent contamination, and where groundwater extraction and treatment efforts are uncertain (zone 3) improvement thereof and wellhead preparing treatment capability for the Haven water supply well. At two sites a permeable reactive barrier was installed to intercept and destroy the groundwater contamination (sites 49 and 73). The groundwater is monitored long term and its use is restricted.

text: Aircraft maintenance operations at Pease AFB generated

text: hazardous waste

text: , including spent degreasers, solvents, paint strippers, jet fuels, and others, which

text: contaminated soils

text: and groundwater. Environmental investigations began in 1983 under the Air Force "Restoration Installation Program". In 1990, Pease AFB was placed on the

text: National Priorities List

text: of

text: Superfund

text: sites. The site's contamination is addressed in twelve long-term remedial phases, mainly soil excavation and disposal, vertical containment walls installed in the subsurface and groundwater extraction wells,

text: soil vapor extraction

text: and

text: air sparging

text: to treat petroleum and solvent contamination, and where groundwater extraction and treatment efforts are uncertain (zone 3) improvement thereof and wellhead preparing treatment capability for the Haven water supply well. At two sites a

text: permeable reactive barrier

text: was installed to intercept and destroy the groundwater contamination (sites 49 and 73). The groundwater is monitored long term and its use is restricted.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: groundwater extraction wells

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: soil vapor extraction

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: permeable reactive barrier

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: soil excavation and disposal

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: The groundwater is monitored long term and its use is restricted

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: The groundwater is monitored long term and its use is restricted.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: treatment

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: soil vapor extraction and air sparging

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: soil vapor extraction and air sparging

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: soil vapor extraction and air sparging

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: soil excavation and disposal,

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: The groundwater is monitored long term and its use is restricted.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: paint strippers,

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: groundwater extraction wells,

text: Having developed their reputation in São Paulo Nunca and the Pandolfos were invited to participate in a street-art exhibition at the Tate Modern Gallery in London that led to a significant re-evaluation of their work by their home city.  Following the introduction by the Mayor of São Paulo Gilberto Kassab of the "Cidade Limpa" ("Clean City") law aimed at eliminating forms of visual pollution, including graffiti, an official clean-up campaign led to many images being lost and others damaged. A 680-meter mural painted by the Pandolfos, Nunca and Otavio Pandolfo's wife Nina on retaining walls along the 23 de Maio expressway was half-obliterated with gray paint despite having been officially approved.  Recognition abroad of the significance of the artists' work stimulated a public discussion of what constituted art which led to the creation of a registry of street art to be preserved by the city of São Paulo.

text: Having developed their reputation in

text: São Paulo

text: Nunca and the Pandolfos were invited to participate in a street-art exhibition at the

text: Tate Modern

text: Gallery in London that led to a significant re-evaluation of their work by their home city.  Following the introduction by the Mayor of São Paulo

text: Gilberto Kassab

text: of the "

text: Cidade Limpa

text: " ("Clean City") law aimed at eliminating forms of

text: visual pollution

text: , including graffiti, an official clean-up campaign led to many images being lost and others damaged. A 680-meter mural painted by the Pandolfos, Nunca and Otavio Pandolfo's wife Nina on retaining walls along the 23 de Maio expressway was half-obliterated with gray paint despite having been officially approved.  Recognition abroad of the significance of the artists' work stimulated a public discussion of what constituted art which led to the creation of a registry of street art to be preserved by the city of São Paulo.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: clean-up

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: an official clean-up campaign

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: many images being lost and others damaged

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: many images being lost and others damaged

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: graffiti,

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: visual pollution,

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: "Cidade Limpa"

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: "Cidade Limpa"

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: "Cidade Limpa"

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: many images being lost and others damaged.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: many images being lost and others damaged.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: visual pollution,

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: "Cidade Limpa"

text: When an economic activity is carried out, it mostly affects the environment and the effect is adverse. This is the case of a firm which pollutes the environment. The society considers the cost of cleaning up of the environment as a relevant cost but the firm doesn’t. But when the negative effects of pollution and the cost of treatment are added, the total cost most of the times adds up to be more than the production cost. And when this cost is added to the production cost, the overall price becomes higher and leads to a fall in demand of the product. With this again the pollution level is reduced.

text: When an economic activity is carried out, it mostly affects the environment and the effect is adverse. This is the case of a firm which pollutes the environment. The society considers the cost of cleaning up of the environment as a relevant cost but the firm doesn’t. But when the negative effects of pollution and the cost of treatment are added, the total cost most of the times adds up to be more than the production cost. And when this cost is added to the production cost, the overall price becomes higher and leads to a fall in demand of the product. With this again the pollution level is reduced.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: cost of treatment

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: the total cost most of the times adds up to be more than the production cost

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: the overall price becomes higher

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: more than the production cost.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: the cost of treatment

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: cost of treatment

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: treatment

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: treatment

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: more than the production cost.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: the pollution level is reduced.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: firm

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: more than the production cost.

text: Even pollution whether it is nature-made or man-made can be pinpointed.  The visual and infrared photos show effects of pollution from their respective areas over the entire earth.  Aircraft and rocket pollution, as well as condensation trails, can also be spotted.  The ocean current and low level wind information gleaned from the space photos can help predict oceanic oil spill coverage and movement. Almost every summer, sand and dust from the Sahara Desert in Africa drifts across the equatorial regions of the Atlantic Ocean.  GOES-EAST photos enable meteorologists to observe, track and forecast this sand cloud.  In addition to reducing visibilities and causing respiratory problems, sand clouds suppress hurricane formation by modifying the solar radiation balance of the tropics. Other dust storms in Asia and mainland China are common and easy to spot and monitor, with recent examples of dust moving across the Pacific Ocean and reaching North America.

text: Even pollution whether it is nature-made or man-made can be pinpointed.  The visual and infrared photos show effects of pollution from their respective areas over the entire earth.  Aircraft and

text: rocket

text: pollution, as well as

text: condensation trails

text: , can also be spotted.  The ocean current and low level wind information gleaned from the space photos can help predict oceanic oil spill coverage and movement. Almost every summer, sand and dust from the

text: Sahara Desert

text: in Africa drifts across the equatorial regions of the Atlantic Ocean.  GOES-EAST photos enable meteorologists to observe, track and forecast this sand cloud.  In addition to reducing visibilities and causing respiratory problems, sand clouds suppress

text: hurricane

text: formation by modifying the

text: solar radiation

text: balance of the tropics. Other

text: dust storm

text: s in Asia and

text: mainland China

text: are common and easy to spot and monitor, with recent examples of dust moving across the Pacific Ocean and reaching North America.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: pollute it

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: reducing visibilities and causing respiratory problems

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: sand clouds suppress hurricane formation

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: oil spill

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: nature-made or man-made can be pinpointed.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: oil

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: causing respiratory problems,

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: effects of pollution from their respective areas over the entire earth.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: nature-made or man-made can be pinpointed.

text: The Yarkon River runs through the park and reaches the Mediterranean Sea at the park's western edge, then connects into the Tel Aviv Port, an entertainment and tourism center. Despite clean-up efforts in the last few years, the river is still polluted. Despite its polluted waters, on July 2011 Tel Aviv's mayor, Ron Huldai, jumped into the water and swam in the lake. Nevertheless, the region has retained its biodiversity. It is home to an abundance of insects, water fowl, golden jackals, porcupines and mongoose.

text: The

text: Yarkon River

text: runs through the park and reaches the

text: Mediterranean Sea

text: at the park's western edge, then connects into the

text: Tel Aviv Port

text: , an entertainment and tourism center. Despite clean-up efforts in the last few years, the river is still polluted. Despite its polluted waters, on July 2011 Tel Aviv's mayor,

text: Ron Huldai

text: , jumped into the water and swam in the lake. Nevertheless, the region has retained its biodiversity. It is home to an abundance of

text: insect

text: s,

text: water fowl

text: golden jackal

text: s,

text: porcupine

text: s and

text: mongoose

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: polluted

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: the river is still polluted

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: the river is still polluted

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: the river is still polluted.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: the river is still polluted.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: The Yarkon River

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: clean-up

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: clean-up

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: the river is still polluted.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: The Yarkon River

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: insects,

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: the river is still polluted.

text: Groundwater contains contaminants which exceed drinking water standards including VOCs such as tetrachloroethylene and vinyl chloride, and manganese and thallium.  Other contaminants exceed surface water criteria. Exposure to contaminated groundwater is possible if the pollutants migrate to the Burnsville municipal well field or discharges into the Minnesota River where wildlife could be harmed. Based on site conditions, the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA) has established a groundwater area of concern which extends out from the landfill based on ground measurements.

text: Groundwater contains contaminants which exceed drinking water standards including VOCs such as tetrachloroethylene and vinyl chloride, and manganese and thallium.  Other contaminants exceed surface water criteria. Exposure to contaminated groundwater is possible if the

text: pollutants

text: migrate to the Burnsville municipal well field or discharges into the

text: Minnesota River

text: where wildlife could be harmed. Based on site conditions, the

text: Minnesota Pollution Control Agency

text: (MPCA) has established a groundwater area of concern which extends out from the landfill based on ground measurements.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: pollute the air

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: thallium

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: exposure to contaminated groundwater is possible

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Minnesota Pollution Control Agency

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: manganese and thallium.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Groundwater contains contaminants which exceed drinking water standards

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: wildlife could be harmed.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: pollutants migrate to the Burnsville municipal well field

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: surface water criteria.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Groundwater

text: In the late 1980s, an application to designate the Annapolis River as a Canada federal Heritage River was rejected because of the high levels of pollution in the river from residential and agricultural development. A variety of monitoring and clean-up projects have followed in the wake of the rejection and led to the creation of the Clean Annapolis River Project (CARP).

text: In the late 1980s, an application to designate the Annapolis River as a Canada federal Heritage River was rejected because of the high levels of pollution in the river from residential and agricultural development. A variety of monitoring and clean-up projects have followed in the wake of the rejection and led to the creation of the Clean Annapolis River Project (CARP).

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: monitoring

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: clean-up

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: pollution in the river from residential and agricultural development.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: monitoring and clean-up projects

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Clean Annapolis River Project (CARP).

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Clean Annapolis River Project (CARP).

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: clean-up

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: high levels of pollution in the river from residential and agricultural development.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Clean Annapolis River Project

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: residential and agricultural development.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Clean Annapolis River Project

text: Kali Bein, a 99-mile-long (160 km) river, is considered sacred by the state's majority Sikh population. Over the past couple of decades, it was reduced to a filthy drain into which six towns and more than 40 villages emptied their waste. Parts of the river dried up, leaving neighboring farmlands parched. Its polluted waters also seeped underground, contaminating the groundwater and causing lethal diseases.Seechewal, a Sikh holy man, set out to clean up this mess. Drawing on the Sikh tradition of kar sewa (voluntary service), he and his followers taught locals why they should clean the Kali Bein, enlisting volunteers to do the physical work and raising funds for equipment. At the height of his movement, people from more than two dozen villages were pitching in. The scale of the task was gigantic — volunteers cleared the entire riverbed of water hyacinth and silt and built riverbanks and roads alongside the river. When appeals to government and municipal bodies failed to stop dirty water flowing into the river, Seechewal launched a public-awareness campaign to encourage villagers to dispose of their sewage elsewhere. Some villages revived traditional methods of waste disposal and treatment, and farmers lined up for a share of the treated water. A government order to divert water from a nearby canal was eventually obtained. As the riverbed was cleared, natural springs revived and the river began to fill up. Since then, trees have been planted along its banks and fishing has been banned to preserve bi-odiversity.Today, the Kali Bein is thriving. Families head there for picnics and the devout bathe during religious festivals. Seechewal has turned his sight to the tanneries and other factories that dispose of untreated waste in rivers. He is also leading efforts to get residents and the government to clean up rivers and creeks in a more systematic way across the state. "We have proved that it is possible to restore our rivers to a pristine condition if we all come together," says Seechewal. "It is time to do that on a bigger scale."

text: Kali Bein

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: It is easier and cheaper to clean up groundwater than to prevent it

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: contaminating the groundwater

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Kali Bein is considered sacred by the state's majority Sikh population.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: untreated waste in rivers

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Kali Bein

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: The Kali Bein, a 99-mile-long (160 km) river, is considered sacred by the state's majority Sikh population.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: diseases.Seechewal,

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: clean up rivers and creeks in a more systematic way

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: water hyacinth

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: treatment,

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: treatment,

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: contaminating the groundwater and causing lethal diseases.Seechewal,

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: natural springs revived and the river began to fill up.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: tanneries

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Seechewal

text: Satellite archaeology is a non-invasive method for mapping and monitoring potential archaeological sites in an ever changing world that faces issues such as urbanization, looting, and groundwater pollution that could pose threats to such sites. In spite of this, satellites in archaeology are mostly a tool for broad scale survey and focused excavation. All archaeological projects need ground work in order to verify any potential findings.

text: Satellite archaeology is a non-invasive method for mapping and monitoring potential archaeological sites in an ever changing world that faces issues such as urbanization, looting, and groundwater pollution that could pose threats to such sites. In spite of this, satellites in archaeology are mostly a tool for broad scale survey and focused excavation. All archaeological projects need ground work in order to verify any potential findings.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: ground work

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: groundwater pollution

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: None of the above choices

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: groundwater pollution

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: ground work

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Satellite archaeology

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Satellite archaeology

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater pollution

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: All archaeological projects need ground work in order to verify any potential findings.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: groundwater pollution

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: groundwater pollution

text: Cape Dutch architecture was prominent in the early days (17th century) of the Cape Colony, and the name derives from the fact that the initial settlers of the Cape were primarily Dutch. The style has roots in medieval Holland, Germany, France and Indonesia. Houses in this style have a distinctive and recognizable design, with a prominent feature being the grand, ornately rounded gables, reminiscent of features in townhouses of Amsterdam built in the Dutch style.

text: Cape Dutch architecture

text: was prominent in the early days (17th century) of the

text: Cape Colony

text: , and the name derives from the fact that the initial settlers of the Cape were primarily Dutch. The style has roots in medieval Holland, Germany, France and Indonesia. Houses in this style have a distinctive and recognizable design, with a prominent feature being the grand, ornately rounded gables, reminiscent of features in townhouses of

text: Amsterdam

text: built in the

text: Dutch style

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: pump water out

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: clean water would be pumped back in

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Cape Dutch architecture

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Cape Dutch architecture

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Cape Dutch architecture

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Cape Dutch architecture

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Cape Dutch

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: Cape Dutch architecture

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Cape Dutch

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: grand, ornately rounded gables,

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Cape Dutch architecture

text: Due to extensive soil and groundwater contamination, the Warren AFB has been a superfund site listed on the National Priorities List (NPL) since February 21, 1990. Trichloroethylene (TCE) used to degrease equipment was found in groundwater in the West Cheyenne area from Belvoir Ranch to about 10 miles to the east of the site during the 1990s, as on numerous other military installations. As of 2014, the DOD has spent $15.8 million on the preliminary phase of the West Cheyenne Superfundsite over the past decade, installing monitoring wells, containing and passively treating water, and a feasibility study on installing "interceptor wells". A Restoration Advisory Board is established. The extent of the underground TCE plume is unknown; data analysis due to be completed 2015 will inform about its size. The Army Corps of Engineers, who built the ICBM launch site in the 1950s has been involved in investigation and clean up since 1989; the project manager for the Corps estimated in 2014 "it will likely be a more than 100- or 200-year effort to actually remove the chemicals from the groundwater". Atlas missile site No. 3 was acquired in the late '70s and used as a car salvage yard. It was not until 2001 when the Corps began investigating Cheyenne missile sites for TCE contamination, that a "1.5-mile-long contamination plume at the site, [was found] and interest in the property evaporated. The clean up is expected to cost $175 million. In August 15, the Corps stated that it wants to collect more data before recommending a remedy.

text: Due to extensive soil and groundwater contamination, the Warren AFB has been a

text: superfund site

text: listed on the

text: National Priorities List

text: (NPL) since February 21, 1990.

text: Trichloroethylene

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: install monitoring wells

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: TCE

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: superfund

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: it will likely be a more than 100- or 200-year effort to actually remove the chemicals from the groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: it will likely be a more than 100- or 200-year effort

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: "it will likely be a more than 100- or 200-year effort

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: installing monitoring wells,

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Trichloroethylene

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: "interceptor wells".

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: passively treating water,

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: "it will likely be a more than 100- or 200-year effort

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: "it will likely be a more than 100- or 200-year effort

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Trichloroethylene

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: The clean up is expected to cost $175 million.

text: The cost of each remediation action depends on the nature of the vulnerability it addresses.   The Defense Infrastructure Sector Assurance Plan that each infrastructure sector must develop, establishes the priorities and resources for remediation. Remediation requirements are determined by multiple factors. These are analysis and assessment, input from military planners and other DoD sectors, the National Infrastructure Assurance Plan and other plans, reports, and information on national infrastructure vulnerabilities and remediation, as well as intelligence estimates and assessments of threats.

text: The cost of each remediation action depends on the nature of the vulnerability it addresses.   The Defense Infrastructure Sector Assurance Plan that each infrastructure sector must develop, establishes the priorities and resources for remediation. Remediation requirements are determined by multiple factors. These are analysis and assessment, input from military planners and other DoD sectors, the National Infrastructure Assurance Plan and other plans, reports, and information on national infrastructure vulnerabilities and remediation, as well as intelligence estimates and assessments of threats.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: contaminate it

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: remediation requirements are determined by multiple factors

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: the cost of each remediation action depends

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: remediation.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: remediation action depends on the nature of the vulnerability it addresses.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: The Defense Infrastructure Sector Assurance Plan

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: remediation.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: remediation.

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: The cost

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: remediation.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: The Defense Infrastructure Sector Assurance Plan

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: The cost of each remediation action

text: Anderson v. Cryovac was a federal lawsuit concerning toxic contamination of groundwater in Woburn, Massachusetts.

text: Anderson v. Cryovac was a federal lawsuit concerning toxic contamination of groundwater in

text: Woburn, Massachusetts

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: contamination it

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: acidic chemicals

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: contamination of groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: contaminated water would be reintroduced

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: toxic contamination of groundwater

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: toxic contamination

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: toxic contamination of groundwater

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Anderson v. Cryovac

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: toxic contamination of groundwater

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: groundwater

text: There is also a memorial, designed by Edwin Lutyens, to Raymond Asquith, who died in France in 1916. The churchyard is the last resting place of the poet Siegfried Sassoon and the Roman Catholic priest and writer Ronald Knox.

text: There is also a memorial, designed by

text: Edwin Lutyens

text: , to

text: Raymond Asquith

text: , who died in

text: France

text: in 1916. The churchyard is the last resting place of the poet

text: Siegfried Sassoon

text: and the Roman Catholic priest and writer

text: Ronald Knox

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: preserve it

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: acid

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: clean water would be pumped back in

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: 1916.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: a memorial, designed by Edwin Lutyens,

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Edwin Lutyens,

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Edwin Lutyens,

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: 1916.

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: 1916.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: 1916.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: 1916.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: 1916.

text: In Super Mario Sunshine, Mario, Toadsworth, and Princess Peach take a vacation to Isle Delfino, a tropical island. A person resembling Mario, known as "Shadow Mario", vandalizes and pollutes the entire island using a magic paintbrush. The vandalism has caused the Shine Sprites to flee from the island's main city, Delfino Plaza, and blanket the island in darkness. Blamed for the mess, Mario is arrested by the island authorities and ordered to clean up Isle Delfino. Mario is equipped with FLUDD, a robotic hosing device invented by Professor E. Gadd, which he uses to clean up the pollution and collect the Shine Sprites. Meanwhile, Peach is kidnapped by Shadow Mario, who reveals himself to be Bowser Jr., one of Bowser's children, having stolen the paintbrush from Professor E. Gadd. Mario eventually confronts Bowser and Bowser Jr. and rescues the princess. With the island cleaned up, Mario and Peach begin their vacation.

text: In

text: Super Mario Sunshine

text: , Mario,

text: Toadsworth

text: , and

text: Princess Peach

text: take a vacation to Isle Delfino, a

text: tropical island

text: . A person resembling Mario, known as "Shadow Mario", vandalizes and pollutes the entire island using a magic

text: paintbrush

text: . The vandalism has caused the Shine Sprites to flee from the island's main city, Delfino Plaza, and blanket the island in darkness. Blamed for the mess, Mario is arrested by the island authorities and ordered to clean up Isle Delfino. Mario is equipped with FLUDD, a robotic

text: hosing

text: device invented by

text: Professor E. Gadd

text: , which he uses to clean up the pollution and collect the Shine Sprites. Meanwhile, Peach is kidnapped by Shadow Mario, who reveals himself to be

text: Bowser Jr.

text: , one of Bowser's children, having stolen the paintbrush from Professor E. Gadd. Mario eventually confronts Bowser and Bowser Jr. and rescues the princess. With the island cleaned up, Mario and Peach begin their vacation.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: collect Shine Sprites

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: FLUDD

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: what is the name of the robotic hosing device?

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: the Shine Sprites

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: pollutes the entire island using a magic paintbrush.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: collect the Shine Sprites.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: FLUDD,

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: FLUDD,

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: FLUDD, a robotic hosing

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: FLUDD,

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: FLUDD,

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: paintbrush.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: FLUDD,

text: According to the director It was a difficult task to convince both families – the wife’s and the dead husband’s – to participate in the film, since the conflict was far from being over. On the other hand, they had never seen a film, and, as I found out as soon as we began shooting, they hadn’t quite realized the purpose of their participation. They simply wanted to seize the opportunity to relive the events in order to get even once and for all. Every time there was a pause in the shooting the conflict would resume on a parallel level, with unpredictable events on both sides. This made me bring a second camera into the scene in order to register such events and those situations in which the main characters would ignore the script and try to introduce other elements, or simply refuse to stick to it. Since it was so closely related to the story, this “making of” became a fundamental element in the dramatic structure of the film.

text: According to the director It was a difficult task to convince both families – the wife’s and the dead husband’s – to participate in the film, since the conflict was far from being over. On the other hand, they had never seen a film, and, as I found out as soon as we began shooting, they hadn’t quite realized the purpose of their participation. They simply wanted to seize the opportunity to relive the events in order to get even once and for all. Every time there was a pause in the shooting the conflict would resume on a parallel level, with unpredictable events on both sides. This made me bring a second camera into the scene in order to register such events and those situations in which the main characters would ignore the script and try to introduce other elements, or simply refuse to stick to it. Since it was so closely related to the story, this “making of” became a fundamental element in the dramatic structure of the film.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: relive

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: a second camera

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning methods

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: the conflict was far from being over.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: second camera

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: second camera

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: relive the events in order to get even once and for all.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: relive the events in order to get even once and for all.

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unpredictable events on both sides.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unpredictable events on both sides.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: unpredictable events on both sides. This made me bring a second camera

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: the conflict was far from being over.

text: After Escobar's death, the ranch, zoo and citadel at Hacienda Nápoles were given by the government to low income families under a law called Extinción de Dominio (Domain Extinction). The property has been converted into a theme park surrounded by four luxury hotels overlooking the zoo.

text: After Escobar's death, the ranch, zoo and citadel at

text: Hacienda Nápoles

text: were given by the government to low income families under a law called Extinción de Dominio (Domain Extinction). The property has been converted into a

text: theme park

text: surrounded by four luxury hotels overlooking the zoo.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: protect the environment

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Extinción de Dominio

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Extinción de Dominio

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Extinción de Dominio

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Extinción de Dominio

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Extinción de Dominio

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: Extinción de Dominio

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: a theme park

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Extinción de Dominio

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Extinción de Dominio

text: on Southend bound is the junction with the A1245 (old A130) and new A130 Chelmsford/Canvey Island exit. Indeed, the new A130 bridge over the A127 just before this exit is one of only two non-junction bridges on the entire stretch of road (the other being between the Fortune of War and A176, a minor road to Steeple View).  further on is the A129 exit to Rayleigh and Hadleigh (Rayleigh Weir underpass, built 4 December 1989 to early 1992), which is often the start of congestion in the evenings into Southend. After this, the road soon enters into Southend-on-Sea.

text: on Southend bound is the junction with the A1245 (old A130) and new A130

text: Chelmsford

text: Canvey Island

text: exit. Indeed, the new A130 bridge over the A127 just before this exit is one of only two non-junction bridges on the entire stretch of road (the other being between the Fortune of War and A176, a minor road to Steeple View).  further on is the A129 exit to

text: Rayleigh

text: and

text: Hadleigh

text: Rayleigh Weir underpass

text: , built 4 December 1989 to early 1992), which is often the start of congestion in the evenings into Southend. After this, the road soon enters into Southend-on-Sea.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: irrigate it

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: acidic chemicals

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: clean water would be pumped back in

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: A1245

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: new A130 bridge over the A127

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: (Rayleigh Weir

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Chelmsford/Canvey Island

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Chelmsford/Canvey Island

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: congestion in the evenings into Southend.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: A1245

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: A1245

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: A1245

text: In 1999, he was one of the individuals selected by President Daniel Arap Moi, to "turn the economy around". From 2007 until 2012, he served as group chief executive of Kenya Commercial Bank Group, Kenya's largest banking conglomerate. Between May 2013 until March 2016, he served at Deloitte Kenya, as a senior advisor in the financial services division. In March 2016, he left Deloitte and took up an appointment as a non-executive director of Standard Bank Group, the financial services conglomerate based in South Africa. In August 2016 he founded Leadership Group Limited, a firm that offers coaching to businesses and individuals in the areas of leadership, governance, strategy and execution.

text: In 1999, he was one of the individuals selected by President

text: Daniel Arap Moi

text: , to "turn the economy around". From 2007 until 2012, he served as group chief executive of Kenya Commercial Bank Group, Kenya's largest banking conglomerate. Between May 2013 until March 2016, he served at

text: Deloitte Kenya

text: , as a senior advisor in the financial services division. In March 2016, he left Deloitte and took up an appointment as a non-executive director of

text: Standard Bank Group

text: , the financial services conglomerate based in

text: South Africa

text: . In August 2016 he founded Leadership Group Limited, a firm that offers coaching to businesses and individuals in the areas of leadership, governance, strategy and execution.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: pump water into it

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: deluent

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Kenya Commercial Bank Group,

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: execution.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Leadership Group Limited,

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Moi,

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Moi,

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: Moi,

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: "turn the economy around".

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Kenya Commercial Bank Group,

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Kenya Commercial Bank Group,

text: In March 1553, he was a Member of Parliament for Canterbury.

text: In March 1553, he was a

text: Member of Parliament

text: for

text: Canterbury

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: irrigate it

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: sulphur

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: bioremediation

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: contaminating them

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: contaminated water would be pumped back in

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: 1553,

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Member of Parliament for Canterbury.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: 1553,

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: 1553,

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: In March 1553,

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: 1553,

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: 1553,

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: 1553,

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: 1553,

text: Geobacters ability to consume oil-based pollutants and radioactive material with carbon dioxide as waste byproduct has been used in environmental clean-up for underground petroleum spills and for the precipitation of uranium out of groundwater. Geobacter metabolize the material by creating electrically conductive pili between itself and the food material.

text: Geobacters ability to consume oil-based pollutants and radioactive material with

text: carbon dioxide

text: as waste byproduct has been used in environmental clean-up for underground

text: petroleum

text: spills and for the precipitation of

text: uranium

text: out of groundwater. Geobacter metabolize the material by creating electrically conductive

text: pili

text: between itself and the food material.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: contaminate it

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: geobacter

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Geobacter would metabolize the material

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: underground petroleum spills

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: underground petroleum spills

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Geobacters

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Geobacters

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: precipitation of uranium out of groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: underground petroleum spills

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: precipitation of uranium out of groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: oil-based pollutants

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: underground petroleum spills

text: Hypermediated: This form of remediation attempts to “refashion the older medium or media entirely, while still marking the presence of the older media and therefore maintaining a sense of multiplicity or hypermediacy” (p. 46). This can be seen in the use of simultaneous window frames, which are able to run different programs representative of different media. Hypermediated remediation is akin to “a mosaic in which we are simultaneously aware of the individual pieces and their new, in-appropriate setting” (p. 47).

text: Hypermediated: This form of remediation attempts to “refashion the older medium or media entirely, while still marking the presence of the older media and therefore maintaining a sense of multiplicity or hypermediacy” (p. 46). This can be seen in the use of simultaneous window frames, which are able to run different programs representative of different media. Hypermediated remediation is akin to “a mosaic in which we are simultaneously aware of the individual pieces and their new, in-appropriate setting” (p. 47).

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Hypermediated remediation

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: hypermediated

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: hypermediated remediation

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Hypermediated remediation

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Hypermediated: This form of remediation

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Hypermediated:

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Hypermediated:

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Hypermediated:

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Hypermediated:

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: in-appropriate setting”

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Hypermediated:

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: Hypermediated:

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Hypermediated:

text: As for the ecological impact, it is believed the facility contributes greatly to the pollution of the bordering Potomac River. While this is unsupported, the company does have numerous runoff sites. Also, the groundwater in the surrounding community has been verified to contain many contaminants, although actions have since been taken to reduce these contaminants, and are part of a constant monitoring process.

text: As for the ecological impact, it is believed the facility contributes greatly to the pollution of the bordering

text: Potomac River

text: . While this is unsupported, the company does have numerous runoff sites. Also, the groundwater in the surrounding community has been verified to contain many contaminants, although actions have since been taken to reduce these contaminants, and are part of a constant monitoring process.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: monitor it

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: actions have since been taken to reduce these contaminants,

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: constant monitoring process.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: constant monitoring process.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: actions have since been taken to reduce these contaminants,

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: runoff sites.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: constant monitoring process.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: the groundwater

text: The canton is commonly divided into three regions. The viticultural region is located along the lake. Its name derives from the many vineyards found there. The region called Les Vallées lies further north. The two largest valleys of the canton of Neuchâtel lie in this region: the Ruz Valley and the Val de Travers. Both valleys lie at about . The highest region of the canton, however, is the Neuchâtelois Mountains at  to . This region is made up of a long valley home to La Chaux-de-Fonds, Le Locle and La Brévine.

text: The canton is commonly divided into three regions. The

text: viticultural

text: region is located along the lake. Its name derives from the many vineyards found there. The region called Les Vallées lies further north. The two largest valleys of the canton of Neuchâtel lie in this region: the Ruz Valley and the Val de Travers. Both valleys lie at about . The highest region of the canton, however, is the Neuchâtelois Mountains at  to . This region is made up of a long valley home to

text: La Chaux-de-Fonds

text: Le Locle

text: and

text: La Brévine

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: contaminate it

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: clean water would be pumped back in

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: Neuchâtelois Mountains

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: Neuchâtelois Mountains

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Ruz Valley and the Val de Travers.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: Neuchâtelois Mountains

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Les Vallées

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: Neuchâtelois Mountains

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Neuchâtelois Mountains

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: vineyards

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: Neuchâtelois Mountains

text: An area of  to the north western boundary of the nature reserve adjacent to the Castlereagh Waste Management Centre was previously used as an area for the disposal of heavy metals including zinc, cadmium and lead. The contaminated soil was removed in 1996 and replaced with clean local fill. Groundwater quality is monitored at six sampling stations by Waste Services.

text: An area of  to the north western boundary of the nature reserve adjacent to the Castlereagh Waste Management Centre was previously used as an area for the disposal of heavy metals including zinc, cadmium and lead. The contaminated soil was removed in 1996 and replaced with clean local fill. Groundwater quality is monitored at six sampling stations by Waste Services.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: replace with clean local fill

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: clean local fill

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Groundwater quality is monitored at six sampling stations

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: contaminated soil was removed in 1996 and replaced with clean local fill.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: contaminated soil was removed in 1996 and replaced with clean local fill.

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: The contaminated soil was removed in 1996 and replaced with clean local fill.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: The contaminated soil was removed in 1996 and replaced with clean local fill.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Groundwater

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: contaminated soil

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: local fill.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: heavy metals

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: The contaminated soil was removed in 1996 and replaced with clean local fill.

text: In two seasons with the Hoosiers, Schomberg hit .288 with 23 doubles, 17 triples, six home runs, 93 RBIs and 27 stolen bases. He also holds the Hoosiers' single season record for on-base plus slugging and triples, second in on-base percentage, third in slugging percentage, fourth in batting average, runs batted in and base on balls, sixth in runs scored, seventh in total bases, eight in home runs and tenth in hits. He is also third all time in triples for the Hoosiers.

text: In two seasons with the Hoosiers, Schomberg hit .288 with 23 doubles, 17 triples, six home runs, 93 RBIs and 27 stolen bases. He also holds the Hoosiers' single season record for on-base plus slugging and triples, second in on-base percentage, third in slugging percentage, fourth in batting average, runs batted in and

text: base on balls

text: , sixth in runs scored, seventh in

entity_name: List of Major League Baseball career total bases leaders

text: total bases

text: , eight in home runs and tenth in hits. He is also third all time in triples for the Hoosiers.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: pump water out

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: acidic chemicals

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: clean water would be pumped back in

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: 93 RBIs and 27 stolen bases.

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: on-base plus slugging and triples,

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Schomberg

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: 93 RBIs and 27 stolen bases.

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: 93 RBIs and 27 stolen bases.

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: 27 stolen bases.

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: 93 RBIs and 27 stolen bases.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: 93 RBIs and 27 stolen bases.

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: 93 RBIs and 27 stolen bases.

text: Remedy is the fourth full-length studio album and seventh overall by David Crowder Band, released on September 25, 2007 through sixstepsrecords. A limited edition of the album including a bonus DVD of live performances was released on April 29, 2008.

text: Remedy is the fourth full-length

text: studio album

text: and seventh overall by

text: David Crowder Band

text: , released on September 25, 2007 through

text: sixstepsrecords

text: . A limited edition of the album including a bonus DVD of live performances was released on April 29, 2008.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: pump water out

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: Remedy

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: None of the above choices

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: September 25, 2007

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: a bonus DVD of live performances

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: sixstepsrecords.

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: September 25, 2007

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: Remedy

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: Remedy

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: Remedy

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: DVD

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: 2007

text: (55) kriya-vikalpa — art of designing a literary work or a medical remedy.

text: (55) kriya-vikalpa — art of designing a literary work or a medical remedy.

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: build a dam

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: kriya-vikalpa

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: chemical remediation

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: contaminating them

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: None of the above choices

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: in situ cleaning

answers: NDQ_003961

answers: kriya-vikalpa

answers: NDQ_003962

answers: kriya-vikalpa

answers: NDQ_003963

answers: kriya-vikalpa

answers: NDQ_003964

answers: kriya-vikalpa

answers: NDQ_003965

answers: medical remedy.

answers: NDQ_003966

answers: kriya-vikalpa

answers: NDQ_003967

answers: medical remedy.

answers: NDQ_003968

answers: kriya-vikalpa

answers: NDQ_003969

answers: kriya-vikalpa