text: Dinosaur remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation, from the Late Cretaceous of the Cenozoic Era.

entity_name: Dinosaur

text: Dinosaur

text: remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation, from the

entity_name: Late Cretaceous

text: Late Cretaceous

text: of the Cenozoic Era.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic Era

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is not a dinosaur

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: dinosaur

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: dinosaurs

answer_match: Using FLAN-T5-Large with this prompt: For the question "{question}" the correct answer is "{correct_answer}". Is "{answer}" an equally correct response to this question? Answer yes or no.

orig_prompt_class: QuestionPromptWithChoices

prompt_style: context: question:

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Dinosaur

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Late Cretaceous of the Cenozoic Era.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Dinosaur

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: Dinosaur

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Late Cretaceous of the Cenozoic Era.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Dinosaur

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Dinosaur

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Dinosaur

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Dinosaur remains

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Dinosaur

text: The terrain of Korea is rumpled, covered with low mountains. Most rocks are of Precambrian origin, although isolated pockets of Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic rock can also be found.

text: The terrain of Korea is rumpled, covered with low mountains. Most rocks are of

entity_name: Precambrian

text: Precambrian

text: origin, although isolated pockets of

entity_name: Paleozoic

text: Paleozoic

entity_name: Mesozoic

text: Mesozoic

text: , and

entity_name: Cenozoic

text: Cenozoic

text: rock can also be found.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: did not live in Korea

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: mountains

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Korea

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: The terrain of Korea is rumpled, covered with low mountains.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Korea

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Most rocks are of Precambrian

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Precambrian

text: Notable hominids include:

text: Notable hominids include:

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Paleolithic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: chimpanzees

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Homo erectus is a hominid

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: family Hominidae

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: apes

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Notable hominids

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: Notable hominids

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Notable hominids

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Notable hominids

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Notable hominids

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Notable hominids

text: Aiello studies evolutionary anthropology with focuses on human adaptation and life history, as well as the evolution of the brain, diet, language and cognition, and locomotion and its energetic costs. She has also researched Paleolithic hominids and their thermoregulation and climate adaptation.

text: Aiello studies evolutionary anthropology with focuses on human adaptation and life history, as well as the evolution of the brain, diet, language and cognition, and locomotion and its energetic costs. She has also researched Paleolithic hominids and their thermoregulation and climate adaptation.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Paleolithic

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Paleolithic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Paleolithic

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Paleolithic

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Paleolithic

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Paleolithic hominids

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Paleolithic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Paleolithic hominids

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: locomotion

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Paleolithic hominids

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Paleolithic hominids

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Paleolithic hominids

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Paleolithic hominids

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Paleolithic hominids

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: climate adaptation.

text: The continuum concept is an idea, coined by Jean Liedloff in her 1975 book The Continuum Concept, that human beings have an innate set of expectations (which Liedloff calls the continuum) that our evolution as a species has designed us to meet in order to achieve optimal physical, mental, and emotional development and adaptability. According to Liedloff, in order to achieve this level of development, young humans—especially babies—require the kind of experience to which our species adapted during the long process of our evolution by natural selection. For infants, these include, for example, that they experience:

text: The continuum concept is an idea, coined by

entity_name: Jean Liedloff

text: Jean Liedloff

text: in her 1975 book The Continuum Concept, that

entity_name: Human

text: human being

text: s have an

entity_name: Intrinsic and extrinsic properties

text: innate

text: set of expectations (which Liedloff calls the continuum) that our evolution as a species has designed us to meet in order to achieve optimal physical, mental, and emotional

entity_name: Human development (biology)

text: development and adaptability

text: . According to Liedloff, in order to achieve this level of development, young humans—especially babies—require the kind of experience to which our species adapted during the long process of

entity_name: Human evolution

text: our evolution

text: by

entity_name: Natural selection

text: natural selection

text: . For infants, these include, for example, that they experience:

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: natural selection

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is an extinct species

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: ape

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: evolution

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: babies—require

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: natural selection.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: natural selection.

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: adaptability.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: natural selection.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: humans—especially

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Jean Liedloff

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: evolution by natural selection.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: babies—require

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: natural selection.

text: Lyell's most important specific work was in the field of stratigraphy. From May 1828, until February 1829, he travelled with Roderick Impey Murchison (1792–1871) to the south of France (Auvergne volcanic district) and to Italy. In these areas he concluded that the recent strata (rock layers) could be categorised according to the number and proportion of marine shells encased within. Based on this he proposed dividing the Tertiary period into three parts, which he named the Pliocene, Miocene, and Eocene. He also renamed the traditional Primary, Secondary and Tertiary periods (now called eras) to Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic, which nomenclature was gradually accepted worldwide.

text: Lyell's most important specific work was in the field of

entity_name: Stratigraphy

text: stratigraphy

text: . From May 1828, until February 1829, he travelled with

entity_name: Roderick Murchison

text: Roderick Impey Murchison

text: (1792–1871) to the south of France (Auvergne volcanic district) and to Italy. In these areas he concluded that the recent strata (rock layers) could be categorised according to the number and proportion of marine shells encased within. Based on this he proposed dividing the

entity_name: Tertiary

text: Tertiary

text: period into three parts, which he named the

entity_name: Pliocene

text: Pliocene

entity_name: Miocene

text: Miocene

text: , and

entity_name: Eocene

text: Eocene

text: . He also renamed the traditional Primary, Secondary and Tertiary periods (now called

entity_name: Era (geology)

text: eras

text: ) to

text: Paleozoic

text: Mesozoic

text: and

text: Cenozoic

text: , which nomenclature was gradually accepted worldwide.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Eocene

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: erectus is a species of

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Eocene

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Eocene

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Lyell's

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Tertiary

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Lyell's

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: Lyell's

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Pliocene,

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Lyell's

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Pliocene,

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Pliocene,

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Lyell's

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic,

text: During the Cenozoic, mammals proliferated from a few small, simple, generalized forms into a diverse collection of terrestrial, marine, and flying animals, giving this period its other name, the Age of Mammals, despite the fact that there are more than twice as many bird species as mammal species.  The Cenozoic is just as much the age of savannas, the age of co-dependent flowering plants and insects, and the age of birds. Grass also played a very important role in this era, shaping the evolution of the birds and mammals that fed on it.  One group that diversified significantly in the Cenozoic as well were the snakes. Evolving in the Cenozoic, the variety of snakes increased tremendously, resulting in many colubrids, following the evolution of their current primary prey source, the rodents.

text: During the Cenozoic,

entity_name: Evolution of mammals

entity_section: Expansion of ecological niches in the Mesozoic

text: mammals proliferated

text: from a few small, simple, generalized forms into a diverse collection of

entity_name: Terrestrial animal

text: terrestrial

entity_name: Marine mammal

text: marine

text: , and

entity_name: Bat

text: flying

text: animals, giving this period its other name, the Age of Mammals, despite the fact that there are more than twice as many

entity_name: Bird

text: bird

text: species as mammal species.  The Cenozoic is just as much the age of

entity_name: Savanna

text: savanna

text: s, the age of co-dependent

entity_name: Flowering plant

text: flowering plant

text: s and

entity_name: Insect

text: insect

text: s, and the age of birds.

entity_name: Poaceae

text: Grass

text: also played a very important role in this era, shaping the evolution of the birds and mammals that fed on it.  One group that diversified significantly in the Cenozoic as well were the

entity_name: Snake

text: snake

text: s. Evolving in the Cenozoic, the variety of snakes increased tremendously, resulting in many

entity_name: Colubridae

text: colubrids

text: , following the evolution of their current primary prey source, the

entity_name: Rodent

text: rodent

text: s.

method: UNH-qee

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: snakes

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is not the same as

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: snakes.

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic,

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: During the Cenozoic,

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: flying animals,

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Cenozoic,

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: the Age of Mammals,

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Cenozoic,

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Age of Mammals,

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Cenozoic,

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Cenozoic,

text: Ungar has written or coauthored more than 150 scientific papers on ecology and evolution for books and journals including Nature,  Science,  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, and Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society.  These have focused on food choices and feeding in living primates, and the role of diet in the evolution of human ancestors and other fossil species.  His book  Mammal Teeth: Origin, Evolution and Diversity was published in 2010, and he edited <ref>''Evolution of the Human Diet: The Known, the Unknown and the Unknowable'' and coedited Human Diet: Its Origins and Evolution. His most recent book is  Teeth: A Very Short Introduction.

text: Ungar has written or coauthored more than 150 scientific papers on

entity_name: Ecology

text: ecology

text: and

entity_name: Evolution

text: evolution

text: for books and journals including Nature,  Science,  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, and Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society.  These have focused on food choices and feeding in living primates, and the role of diet in the evolution of human ancestors and other fossil species.  His book  Mammal Teeth: Origin, Evolution and Diversity was published in 2010, and he edited <ref>''Evolution of the Human Diet: The Known, the Unknown and the Unknowable'' and coedited Human Diet: Its Origins and Evolution. His most recent book is  Teeth: A Very Short Introduction.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: eukaryotic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: ancestors and other fossil species

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: mammal teeth

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: ancestors and other fossil species

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: primates,

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: human ancestors

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: human ancestors

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: food choices and feeding in living primates,

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: 2010,

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: primates,

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: primates,

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: living primates,

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: food choices and feeding in living primates,

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: fossil species.

text: The evolution of trichromatic color vision in primates occurred as the ancestors of modern monkeys, apes, and humans switched to diurnal (daytime) activity and began consuming fruits and leaves from flowering plants.(see-Evolution of color vision,  Evolution of color vision in primates)

text: The

entity_name: Evolution of color vision in primates

text: evolution of trichromatic color vision in primates

text: occurred as the ancestors of modern monkeys, apes, and humans switched to

entity_name: Diurnality

text: diurnal

text: (daytime) activity and began consuming fruits and leaves from flowering plants.(see-

entity_name: Evolution of color vision

text: Evolution of color vision

text: Evolution of color vision in primates

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: monkeys

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: daytime

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: did not have trichromatic color vision

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: modern monkeys

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: apes,

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: switched to diurnal (daytime) activity

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: monkeys, apes, and humans

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: consuming fruits and leaves from flowering plants.(see-Evolution

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: monkeys, apes,

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: The evolution of trichromatic color vision in primates

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: fruits and leaves from flowering plants.(see-Evolution

text: Texas contains a great variety of geologic settings.  The state's stratigraphy has been largely influenced by marine transgressive-regressive cycles during the Phanerozoic, with a lesser but still significant contribution from late Cenozoic tectonic activity, as well as the remnants of a Paleozoic mountain range.

entity_name: Texas

text: Texas

text: contains a great variety of geologic settings.  The state's

text: stratigraphy

text: has been largely influenced by marine

entity_name: Marine transgression

text: transgressive-regressive

text: cycles during the

entity_name: Phanerozoic

text: Phanerozoic

text: , with a lesser but still significant contribution from late

text: Cenozoic

entity_name: Plate tectonics

text: tectonic activity

text: , as well as the remnants of a

text: Paleozoic

text: mountain range.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: was not found in Texas

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Texas

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Texas

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Phanerozoic,

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: Texas contains a great variety of geologic settings.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Phanerozoic,

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Texas

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Phanerozoic,

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Phanerozoic,

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Phanerozoic,

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Paleozoic

text: The story offers an early view of human evolution. The majority of the story is told through the eyes of the man's hominid alter ego, one of the Cave People. In addition to the Cave People, there are the more advanced Fire People, and the more animal-like Tree People.

text: The story offers an early view of human evolution. The majority of the story is told through the eyes of the man's hominid alter ego, one of the Cave People. In addition to the Cave People, there are the more advanced Fire People, and the more animal-like Tree People.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Cave People

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Tree People

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: one of the Cave People

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Cave People

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Cave People

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Ice Ages

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Cave People.

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: early

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: hominid alter ego, one of the Cave People.

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: Fire People, and the more animal-like Tree People.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Fire People,

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Cave People.

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Cave People.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Fire People,

text: The philosophical current indicated under the name philosophy of evolution has been developed since the 1970s by Humanist Ecology (also called Environmental or Evolutive Humanism) and by the neo-darwinian school. Its purpose is the long-term evolution of the complex living being in its universal environment, analysed through its Human cultural expression.

text: The philosophical current indicated under the name philosophy of evolution has been developed since the 1970s by Humanist Ecology (also called Environmental or Evolutive Humanism) and by the

text: neo-darwinian

text: school. Its purpose is the long-term evolution of the complex

text: living being

text: in its universal environment, analysed through its Human cultural expression.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: neo-darwinian

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is a complex living being

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: darwinian

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: universal environment

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: universal environment

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: neo-darwinian

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: 1970s

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: neo-darwinian school.

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: neo-darwinian school.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: neo-darwinian school.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: neo-darwinian school.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: neo-darwinian

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: complex living being

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: neo-darwinian school.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: evolution has been developed since the 1970s by Humanist Ecology

text: The fossil is regarded by its describers as shedding light on a stage of human evolution about which little was known, more than a million years before Lucy (Australopithecus afarensis), the iconic early human ancestor candidate who lived 3.2 million years ago, and was discovered in 1974 just  away from Ardi's discovery site. However, because the "Ardi" skeleton is no more than 200,000 years older than the earliest fossils of Australopithecus, and may in fact be younger than they are, some researchers doubt that it can represent a direct ancestor of Australopithecus.

text: The fossil is regarded by its describers as shedding light on a stage of human evolution about which little was known, more than a million years before

text: Lucy

text: (Australopithecus afarensis), the iconic early human ancestor candidate who lived 3.2 million years ago, and was discovered in 1974 just  away from Ardi's discovery site. However, because the "Ardi" skeleton is no more than 200,000 years older than the earliest fossils of Australopithecus, and may in fact be younger than they are, some researchers doubt that it can represent a direct ancestor of Australopithecus.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Australopithecus

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: 3.2 million years ago

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: ancestor

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Australopithecus

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Australopithecus,

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: more than a million years before Lucy

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: some researchers doubt that it can represent a direct ancestor

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: The fossil is regarded by its describers

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Australopithecus,

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Lucy

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Lucy

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Australopithecus,

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: 3.2 million years ago,

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: (Australopithecus afarensis),

text: Because ancestors of the MRCA are by definition also common ancestors, we can continue to find (less recent) common ancestors by pushing further back in time to find more and more ancestors that are the ancestors of all people alive today. Eventually we will reach a point in the past where all humans can be divided into two groups: those who have no descendants today and those who are common ancestors of all living humans today.  This point in time is termed the identical ancestors point. Even though each living person receives genes in dramatically different proportions from these ancestors from the identical ancestors point, all living people share exactly the same set of ancestors from this point back, all the way to the very first single-celled organism.

text: Because ancestors of the MRCA are by definition also common ancestors, we can continue to find (less recent) common ancestors by pushing further back in time to find more and more ancestors that are the ancestors of all people alive today. Eventually we will reach a point in the past where all humans can be divided into two groups: those who have no descendants today and those who are common ancestors of all living humans today.  This point in time is termed the identical ancestors point. Even though each living person receives genes in dramatically different proportions from these ancestors from the identical ancestors point, all living people share exactly the same set of ancestors from this point back, all the way to the very first single-celled organism.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: those who have no descendants

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: MRCA

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: was the first single-celled organism

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: single-celled organism

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: the identical ancestors point

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: those who have no descendants

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: recent) common ancestors

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: common ancestors,

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: we can continue to find (less recent) common ancestors

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: identical ancestors point.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: single-celled organism.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: MRCA

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: common ancestors of all living humans today.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: identical ancestors point.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: MRCA

text: Monophyly is contrasted with paraphyly and polyphyly, as shown in the second diagram. A paraphyletic group consists of all of the descendants of a common ancestor minus one or more monophyletic groups. Thus, a paraphyletic group is 'nearly' monophyletic (hence the prefix 'para', meaning 'near' or 'alongside'.) A polyphyletic group is characterized by convergent features or habits (for example, night-active primates, fruit trees, aquatic insects); the features by which the group is differentiated from others are not inherited from a common ancestor.

text: Monophyly is contrasted with

text: paraphyly

text: and

text: polyphyly

text: , as shown in the second diagram. A paraphyletic group consists of all of the descendants of a common ancestor minus one or more monophyletic groups. Thus, a paraphyletic group is 'nearly' monophyletic (hence the prefix 'para', meaning 'near' or 'alongside'.) A polyphyletic group is characterized by

text: convergent

text: features or habits (for example, night-active primates, fruit trees, aquatic insects); the features by which the group is differentiated from others are not inherited from a common ancestor.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: fruit trees

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: polyphyletic group

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is a monophyletic group

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: monophyletic

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: polyphyletic group

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: fruit trees, aquatic insects);

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Monophyly is contrasted with paraphyly and polyphyly,

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: paraphyletic group

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: night-active primates,

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: night-active primates,

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: night-active primates,

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: night-active primates,

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: descendants of a common ancestor

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Monophyly is contrasted with paraphyly and polyphyly,

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Monophyly

text: Hrdlička was interested in the origin of the human being. He was a critic of hominid evolution as well as the Asia hypothesis, as he claimed there was little evidence to go on for those theories. He dismissed finds such as the Ramapithecus which were labeled as hominids by most scientists, instead believing that they were nothing more than fossil apes, unrelated to human ancestry.

text: Hrdlička was interested in the origin of the human being. He was a critic of

text: hominid

text: evolution as well as the Asia hypothesis, as he claimed there was little evidence to go on for those theories. He dismissed finds such as the

text: Ramapithecus

text: which were labeled as hominids by most scientists, instead believing that they were nothing more than

text: fossil

text: apes

text: , unrelated to human ancestry.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Asia hypothesis

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: was a critic of hominid evolution as well as the Asia hypothesis

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Ramapithecus

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Asia hypothesis,

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: hominid evolution as well as the Asia hypothesis,

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: Hrdli<unk>ka

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Asia hypothesis,

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: hominid evolution

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: unrelated to human ancestry.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Ramapithecus

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Asia hypothesis,

text: Erik Trinkaus, PhD, (December 24, 1948) is a prominent paleoanthropologist and expert on Neandertal biology and human evolution.  Trinkaus researches the evolution of the species Homo sapiens and recent human diversity, focusing on the paleoanthropology and emergence of late archaic and early modern humans, and the subsequent evolution of anatomically modern humanity.  Trinkaus is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, a contributor to publications including Natural History and Scientific American, and is frequently quoted in the popular media.  Trinkaus is the Mary Tileston Hemenway Professor of Physical Anthropology at Washington University in St. Louis.

text: Erik Trinkaus, PhD, (December 24, 1948) is a prominent

text: paleoanthropologist

text: and expert on

text: Neandertal

text: biology

text: and

text: human evolution

text: .  Trinkaus researches the

text: evolution

text: of the

text: species

text: Homo sapiens

text: and recent

text: human diversity

text: , focusing on the

text: paleoanthropology

text: and emergence of late

text: archaic

text: and early modern

text: human

text: s, and the subsequent evolution of

text: anatomically

text: modern humanity.  Trinkaus is a member of the

text: National Academy of Sciences

text: , a contributor to publications including

text: Natural History

text: and

text: Scientific American

text: , and is frequently quoted in the popular

text: media

text: .  Trinkaus is the

text: Mary Tileston Hemenway

text: Professor of Physical Anthropology at

text: Washington University in St. Louis

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Neandertal

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: archaic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Homo sapiens

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Neandertal

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Homo sapiens

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: late archaic

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: late archaic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Homo sapiens

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: frequently quoted in the popular media.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Erik Trinkaus,

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Homo sapiens

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Homo sapiens

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Homo sapiens

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Erik Trinkaus,

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Homo sapiens

text: Laitman is an active member in a number of scientific and scholarly societies, most notably the American Association of Anatomists (AAA), one of the premier scientific and educational societies in the world.  He has held many positions in the AAA, including being elected a Member of the Board of Directors from 2006–2009.  In 2009 Laitman was elected President of the Association and will serve as President-Elect from 2009–2011, President from 2011–13, and Past-President from 2013–2015.  In 2009 he was elected Vice President of The Mount Sinai Alumni, Inc., and in 2011 elected President of that organization.  In 2009 he was also elected Vice-Chair of the Anatomical Committee of the Associated Medical Schools of New York (ASMSNY).  Laitman also serves as Associate Editor and Editor for Functional and Evolutionary Morphology for The Anatomical Record, and in that role has overseen many special issues of that journal, such as ones on aquatic mammals, paranasal sinuses, dinosaurs, primate functional anatomy, new world monkey evolution, the anatomy underlying new advances in cochlear and vestibular implants and the evolution of primate special senses.

text: Laitman is an active member in a number of scientific and scholarly societies, most notably the

text: American Association of Anatomists

text: (AAA), one of the premier scientific and educational societies in the world.  He has held many positions in the AAA, including being elected a Member of the Board of Directors from 2006–2009.  In 2009 Laitman was elected President of the Association and will serve as President-Elect from 2009–2011, President from 2011–13, and Past-President from 2013–2015.  In 2009 he was elected Vice President of The Mount Sinai Alumni, Inc., and in 2011 elected President of that organization.  In 2009 he was also elected Vice-Chair of the Anatomical Committee of the Associated Medical Schools of New York (ASMSNY).  Laitman also serves as Associate Editor and Editor for Functional and Evolutionary Morphology for The Anatomical Record, and in that role has overseen many special issues of that journal, such as ones on aquatic mammals, paranasal sinuses, dinosaurs, primate functional anatomy, new world monkey evolution, the anatomy underlying new advances in cochlear and vestibular implants and the evolution of primate special senses.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: primate

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: dinosaurs,

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: dinosaurs,

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: primate functional anatomy, new world monkey evolution,

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: aquatic mammals,

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: primate functional anatomy, new world monkey evolution,

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: dinosaurs,

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: dinosaurs,

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: primate

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: American Association of Anatomists

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: dinosaurs,

text: The Cenozoic era began afterward. The inland sea of the Cretaceous vanished and mammals came to dominate the land. The western states were home to primitive camels and horses as well as the carnivorous creodonts. Soon mammals had entered the oceans and the early whale Basilosaurus swam the coastal waters of the southeast. Rhino-like titanotheres dominated Oligocene South Dakota. From this point on the climate in the United States cooled until the Pleistocene, when glaciers spread. Saber-toothed cats, woolly mammoths, mastodons, and dire wolves roamed the land. Humans arrived across a land bridge between Siberia and Alaska and may have played a role in hunting these animals into extinction.

text: The

text: Cenozoic era

text: began afterward. The inland sea of the Cretaceous vanished and

text: mammal

text: s came to dominate the land. The western states were home to primitive

text: camel

text: s and

text: horse

text: s as well as the carnivorous

text: creodonts

text: . Soon mammals had entered the oceans and the early

text: whale

text: Basilosaurus

text: swam the coastal waters of the southeast.

text: Rhino

text: -like

text: titanotheres

text: dominated

text: Oligocene

text: South Dakota. From this point on the climate in the United States cooled until the

text: Pleistocene

text: , when

text: glacier

text: s spread.

text: Saber-toothed cat

text: s,

text: woolly mammoth

text: s,

text: mastodon

text: s, and

text: dire wolves

text: roamed the land.

text: Human

text: s arrived across a land bridge between Siberia and Alaska and may have played a role in hunting these animals into extinction.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: camels

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Pleistocene

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is a species of primate

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Basilosaurus

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: land bridge

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Basilosaurus

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: The Cenozoic era

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Humans

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: coastal waters

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Humans

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Humans

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Basilosaurus

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Humans arrived across a land bridge between Siberia and Alaska

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: The Cenozoic era

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: land bridge

text: In his work The Descent of Man (1871) Charles Darwin and some of his supporters argued for the monogenesis of the human species, seeing the common origin of all humans as essential for evolutionary theory. This is known as the single-origin hypothesis. Darwin even dedicated a chapter of his The Descent of Man in attempt to refute the polygenists and support common ancestry for all races. Polygenist evolution views however continued into the early 20th century, and still found support amongst prominent scientists. Henry Fairfield Osborn for example in his The Origin and Evolution of Life (1916) claimed blacks and whites both evolved from different primates.

text: In his work The Descent of Man (1871)

text: Charles Darwin

text: and some of his supporters argued for the

text: monogenesis

text: of the human species, seeing the common origin of all humans as essential for

text: evolutionary theory

text: . This is known as the

text: single-origin hypothesis

text: . Darwin even dedicated a chapter of his The Descent of Man in attempt to refute the polygenists and support common ancestry for all races. Polygenist evolution views however continued into the early 20th century, and still found support amongst prominent scientists.

text: Henry Fairfield Osborn

text: for example in his The Origin and Evolution of Life (1916) claimed blacks and whites both evolved from different primates.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: modern humans

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: 20th century

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is not a species

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: monogenesis

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: monogenesis

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: blacks and whites

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Polygenist evolution views however continued into the early 20th century,

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: single-origin hypothesis.

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: monogenesis of the human species,

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: monogenesis of the human species,

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: monogenesis of the human species,

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Charles Darwin

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: monogenesis

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: single-origin hypothesis.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: single-origin hypothesis.

text: The Cenozoic era began afterward. The inland sea of the Cretaceous gradually vanished and mammals were beginning to dominate the land. During the Eocene the western states were home to small primitive camels and horses as well as the carnivorous creodonts. Soon mammals had entered the oceans and the early whale Basilosaurus swam the coastal waters of the southeast. Rhino-like titanotheres dominated Oligocene South Dakota. From this point on the climate in the United States cooled until the Pleistocene, when glaciers spread. Saber-toothed cats, woolly mammoths, mastodons, and dire wolves roamed the land. Humans arrived across a land bridge between Siberia and Alaska and may have played a role in hunting these animals into extinction.

text: The

text: Cenozoic era

text: began afterward. The inland sea of the Cretaceous gradually vanished and mammals were beginning to dominate the land. During the

text: Eocene

text: the western states were home to small primitive

text: camels

text: and

text: horses

text: as well as the carnivorous

text: creodonts

text: . Soon mammals had entered the oceans and the early

text: whale

text: Basilosaurus

text: swam the coastal waters of the southeast.

text: Rhino

text: -like

text: titanotheres

text: dominated

text: Oligocene

text: South Dakota. From this point on the climate in the United States cooled until the

text: Pleistocene

text: , when

text: glacier

text: s spread.

text: Saber-toothed cat

text: s,

text: woolly mammoth

text: s,

text: mastodon

text: s, and

text: dire wolves

text: roamed the land.

text: Humans arrived across a land bridge

text: between Siberia and Alaska and may have played a role in hunting these animals into extinction.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: camels

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Pleistocene

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: was a camel

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Basilosaurus

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: United States

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: land bridge

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: whale Basilosaurus

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Humans arrived across a land bridge between Siberia and Alaska

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Humans

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: swam the coastal waters

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Humans

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: mammals

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Basilosaurus

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Humans arrived across a land bridge between Siberia and Alaska

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: The Cenozoic era

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: land bridge

text: Independent experts have raised concern about publicity exaggerating the importance of the find before information was available for scrutiny. Chris Beard, curator of the Carnegie Museum of Natural History, was "awestruck" by the publicity machine but concerned that if the hype was exaggerated, it could damage the popularisation of science if the creature was not all that it was hyped up to be. Paleoanthropologist Elwyn Simons of Duke University stated that it is a wonderful specimen but most of the information had been previously known, and paleoanthropologist Peter Brown of the University of New England said that the paper had insufficient evidence that Darwinius was ancestral to the simians. Others have also criticized claims that the fossil represents the "missing link in human evolution", arguing that there is no such thing unless evolution is visualized as a chain as there are an enormous number of missing branches, and that while the fossil is a primate, there is no evidence to suggest that its species is a direct ancestor of humans. ScienceBlogger Brian Switek questioned the sensationalist coverage of claims of ancestral relationships made before a full cladistic analysis, and in a column in The Times he stated that a unique opportunity to communicate science had been lost, with press releases forestalling the necessary discovery and debate which should now proceed.

text: Independent experts have raised concern about publicity exaggerating the importance of the find before information was available for scrutiny. Chris Beard, curator of the

text: Carnegie Museum of Natural History

text: , was "awestruck" by the publicity machine but concerned that if the hype was exaggerated, it could damage the popularisation of science if the creature was not all that it was hyped up to be. Paleoanthropologist Elwyn Simons of

text: Duke University

text: stated that it is a wonderful specimen but most of the information had been previously known, and paleoanthropologist Peter Brown of the

text: University of New England

text: said that the paper had insufficient evidence that Darwinius was ancestral to the simians. Others have also criticized claims that the fossil represents the "missing link in human evolution", arguing that there is no such thing unless evolution is visualized as

text: a chain

text: as there are an enormous number of

text: missing branches

text: , and that while the fossil is a primate, there is no evidence to suggest that its species is a direct ancestor of humans.

text: ScienceBlogger

text: Brian Switek questioned the sensationalist coverage of claims of ancestral relationships made before a full

text: cladistic analysis

text: , and in a column in

text: The Times

text: he stated that a unique opportunity to communicate science had been lost, with press releases forestalling the necessary discovery and debate which should now proceed.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Darwinius

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: simians

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: the fossil is a primate

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Darwinius

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: a direct ancestor of humans

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Darwinius

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: a chain as there are an enormous number of missing branches,

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: there is no evidence

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: damage the popularisation of science

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: primate,

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: primate,

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Darwinius

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: direct ancestor of humans.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: "missing link in human evolution",

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: simians.

text: At Buya in Eritrea, one of the oldest hominids representing a possible link between Homo erectus and an archaic Homo sapiens was found by Italian scientists. Dated to over 1 million years old, it is the oldest skeletal find of its kind and provides a link between hominids and the earliest anatomically modern humans. It is believed that the section of the Danakil Depression in Eritrea was also a major player in terms of human evolution, and may contain other traces of evolution from Homo erectus hominids to anatomically modern humans.

text: At Buya in Eritrea, one of the oldest

text: hominid

text: s representing a possible link between

text: Homo erectus

text: and an archaic

text: Homo sapiens

text: was found by Italian scientists. Dated to over 1 million years old, it is the oldest skeletal find of its kind and provides a link between hominids and the earliest

text: anatomically modern humans

text: . It is believed that the section of the

text: Danakil Depression

text: in Eritrea was also a major player in terms of human evolution, and may contain other traces of evolution from Homo erectus hominids to anatomically modern humans.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Homo erectus

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Danakil Depression

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is the oldest skeletal find of its kind

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Homo erectus

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Homo sapiens

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Danakil Depression

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Danakil Depression

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Homo erectus hominids

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: humans.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: 1 million

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Homo sapiens

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Homo erectus

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: anatomically modern humans.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Homo erectus

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Danakil Depression

text: Other theorists have argued that neoteny has not been the main cause of human evolution, because humans only retain some juvenile traits, while relinquishing others. For example, the high leg-to-body ratio (long legs) of adult humans as opposed to human infants shows that there is not a holistic trend in humans towards neoteny when compared to the other great apes. Andrew Arthur Abbie agrees, citing the gerontomorphic fleshy human nose and long human legs as contradicting the neoteny hominid evolution hypothesis, although he does believe humans are generally neotenous. Brian K. Hall also cites the long legs of humans as a peramorphic trait, which is in sharp contrast to neoteny.

text: Other theorists have argued that neoteny has not been the main cause of human evolution, because humans only retain some juvenile traits, while relinquishing others. For example, the high leg-to-body ratio (long legs) of adult humans as opposed to human infants shows that there is not a holistic trend in humans towards neoteny when compared to the other

text: great apes

text: . Andrew Arthur Abbie agrees, citing the gerontomorphic fleshy human nose and long human legs as contradicting the neoteny hominid evolution hypothesis, although he does believe humans are generally neotenous.

text: Brian K. Hall

text: also cites the long legs of humans as a

text: peramorphic

text: trait, which is in sharp contrast to neoteny.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: great apes

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: neoteny

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: neoteny

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: apes

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: great apes.

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: neoteny

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: neoteny

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: (long legs)

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: neoteny

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: neoteny hominid

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: neoteny hominid

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: neotenous.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: neoteny

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: neoteny

text: The evolution of human intelligence is closely tied to the evolution of the human brain and to the origin of language.  The timeline of human evolution spans approximately 7 million years, from the separation of the Pan genus until the emergence of behavioral modernity by 50,000 years ago. The first 3 million years of this timeline concern Sahelanthropus, the following 2 million concern Australopithecus and the final 2 million span the history of actual human genus in the Paleolithic era.

text: The evolution of human intelligence is closely tied to the evolution of the

text: human brain

text: and to the

text: origin of language

text: .  The

text: timeline of human evolution

text: spans approximately 7 million years, from the separation of the

text: Pan

text: genus until the emergence of

text: behavioral modernity

text: by 50,000 years ago. The first 3 million years of this timeline concern

text: Sahelanthropus

text: , the following 2 million concern

text: Australopithecus

text: and the final 2 million span the history of actual

text: human

text: genus in the

text: Paleolithic

text: era.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Sahelanthropus

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Paleolithic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: 50,000 years ago

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Sahelanthropus

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: 50,000 years ago

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Pan genus

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Paleolithic era.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Pan genus

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: The evolution of human intelligence

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: 50,000

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: human genus

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Sahelanthropus,

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: 50,000 years ago.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: 50,000 years ago.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Sahelanthropus,

text: Provisioning may actually be a form of sexual competition between males for females.<ref name = "Norton">Larsen, Clark S. "Early Hominid Origins and Evolution: The Roots of Humanity." Chapter 10:. W.W. Norton & Company, n.d. Web. 15 Nov. 2012.

text: Provisioning may actually be a form of sexual competition between males for females.<ref name = "Norton">Larsen, Clark S. "Early Hominid Origins and Evolution: The Roots of Humanity." Chapter 10:. W.W. Norton & Company, n.d. Web. 15 Nov. 2012.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Early Hominids

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Early Hominid

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: "Early Hominid Origins and Evolution: The Roots of Humanity."

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Early Hominid

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Early Hominid

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: "Early Hominid

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: "Early Hominid

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: The Roots of Humanity."

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: Provisioning

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: The Roots of Humanity."

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: sexual competition between males for females.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: "Early Hominid

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: "Early Hominid

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Provisioning

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: sexual competition between males for females.

text: The human capacity to store and transmit culture arose from genetically evolved psychological mechanisms.  This implies that at some point during the evolution of the human species a type of social learning leading to cumulative cultural evolution was evolutionarily advantageous.

text: The human capacity to store and transmit culture arose from genetically evolved psychological mechanisms.  This implies that at some point during the evolution of the human species a type of

text: social learning

text: leading to cumulative cultural evolution was evolutionarily advantageous.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Neanderthals

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: evolution

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: can store and transmit culture

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: ape

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: The human

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: social learning

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: genetically evolved psychological mechanisms.

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: store and transmit culture

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: genetically evolved psychological mechanisms.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: human species

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: genetically evolved psychological mechanisms.

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: evolution of the human species

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: a type of social learning leading to cumulative cultural evolution

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: genetically evolved psychological mechanisms.

text: It formed during the Alpine orogeny of the Cenozoic Era. Initially, it was a large lake that filled in with Paleogene, Neogene and Quaternary materials. It was originally part of the Mediterranean basin, connected to the sea by the corridor of the Almanzora River. Later, the action of the African and Eurasian tectonic plates raised it upward to become an endorheic lake (that is, one without an outlet)  above sea level.

text: It formed during the

text: Alpine orogeny

text: of the

text: Cenozoic

text: Era. Initially, it was a large lake that filled in with

text: Paleogene

text: Neogene

text: and

text: Quaternary

text: materials. It was originally part of the

text: Mediterranean

text: basin

text: , connected to the sea by the corridor of the

text: Almanzora

text: River. Later, the action of the African and Eurasian

text: tectonic plates

text: raised it upward to become an

text: endorheic

text: lake (that is, one without an outlet)  above sea level.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Paleogene

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: did erectus have an outlet?

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Cenozoic Era

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Eurasian tectonic plates

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Alpine orogeny of the Cenozoic Era.

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: African and Eurasian tectonic plates

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Alpine orogeny of the Cenozoic Era.

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: Alpine orogeny of the Cenozoic Era.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Cenozoic Era.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Alpine orogeny of the Cenozoic Era.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Cenozoic Era.

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Cenozoic Era.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Cenozoic Era.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Alpine orogeny of the Cenozoic Era.

text: Somel et al. said that 48% of the genes that affect the development of the prefrontal cortex change with age differently between humans and chimpanzees. Somel et al. said that there is a "significant excess of genes" related to the development of the prefrontal cortex that show "neotenic expression in humans" relative to chimpanzees and rhesus macaques. Somel et al. said that this difference was in accordance with the neoteny hypothesis of human evolution.

text: Somel et al. said that 48% of the genes that affect the development of the

text: prefrontal cortex

text: change with age differently between humans and chimpanzees. Somel et al. said that there is a "significant excess of genes" related to the development of the prefrontal cortex that show "neotenic expression in humans" relative to

text: chimpanzee

text: s and

text: rhesus macaque

text: s. Somel et al. said that this difference was in accordance with the neoteny hypothesis of human evolution.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: chimpanzees

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: chimpanzees

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is not the same as

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: chimpanzees

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: chimpanzees.

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: neoteny

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: neoteny hypothesis

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: chimpanzees.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: neoteny hypothesis

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: humans and chimpanzees.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: rhesus macaques.

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: neoteny hypothesis of human evolution.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: neoteny hypothesis

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: chimpanzees.

text: Neil Genzlinger of The New York Times notes that, "Documentaries about prehistory and paleoanthropology are usually interesting, sometimes even thought-provoking. But you don’t often encounter one that’s thrilling. Yet that is a fitting adjective for “Dawn of Humanity,” a program ... that brings an aura of breaking news to a field that can often seem musty." Brooke Cain of the Charlotte Observer reports that the documentary features "exclusive footage of the hair-raising descent deep into a nearly inaccessible cave to retrieve more than 1,500 hominid fossils."

text: Neil Genzlinger

text: of

text: The New York Times

text: notes that, "Documentaries about

text: prehistory

text: and

text: paleoanthropology

text: are usually interesting, sometimes even thought-provoking. But you don’t often encounter one that’s thrilling. Yet that is a fitting adjective for “Dawn of Humanity,” a program ... that brings an aura of

text: breaking news

text: to a field that can often seem musty." Brooke Cain of the

text: Charlotte Observer

text: reports that the documentary features "exclusive footage of the hair-raising descent deep into a nearly inaccessible cave to retrieve more than 1,500 hominid fossils."

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: prehistory

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: 1,500 hominid fossils

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: prehistory

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: descent deep into a nearly inaccessible cave

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: 1,500 hominid fossils."

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: 1,500 hominid fossils."

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: hominid

text: The Phanerozoic is divided into three eras: the Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic.  The Paleozoic era spanned from roughly  (ICS, 2004), and is subdivided into six geologic periods; from oldest to youngest they are: the Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, and Permian.

text: The

text: Phanerozoic

text: is divided into three

text: eras

text: : the

text: Paleozoic

text: Mesozoic

text: , and

text: Cenozoic

text: .  The

text: Paleozoic era

text: spanned from roughly  (ICS, 2004), and is subdivided into six

text: geologic periods

text: ; from oldest to youngest they are: the

text: Cambrian

text: Ordovician

text: Silurian

text: Devonian

text: Carboniferous

text: , and

text: Permian

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Devonian

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Cambrian

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Cambrian

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Devonian

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Paleozoic,

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic.

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: The Phanerozoic

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: The Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: The Phanerozoic

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Permian.

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: The Phanerozoic

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Devonian, Carboniferous, and Permian.

text: It dates to the Upper Miocene epoch of the Miocene Period, in the Cenozoic Era.

text: It dates to the

text: Upper Miocene

text: epoch of the

text: Miocene

text: Period, in the

text: Cenozoic Era

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic Era

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is a species of primate

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Upper Miocene

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Upper Miocene

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic Era.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Upper Miocene

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: Upper Miocene

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Upper Miocene

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Upper Miocene

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Upper Miocene

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Cenozoic Era.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Upper Miocene

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Upper Miocene

text: What is the origin of these changes? In earlier work Crow considered but was able to rule out a viral causation. There is a genetic component but its nature has been obscure. Crow is known for his suggestion that schizophrenia is a widespread genetic anomaly which arose quite recently in human evolution. He believes that it arose with the evolution of language and that the two are linked. In his argument, he says that schizophrenia is associated with atypical patterns of lateralisation – which is the differential functioning of the left and right cerebral hemispheres. He argues that through studying epigenetic variation, we can look at the changes in human evolution and see where the alterations in our genes have occurred, that lead to language development and henceforth schizophrenia. Crow reported that lateralisation occurs greater in males, who undergo more severe psychosis. Crow’s particular recent contribution has been the proposal that the origins of the psychoses relate particularly to those characteristics (e.g. cerebral asymmetry) that are associated with the specifically human capacity for language. This leads to a theory of the origin of psychotic symptoms – that they are associated with deviations in the subtle asymmetries of development of the cortex, and that the symptoms arise as confusions between thought and speech and through the abnormal attachment of meaning to perceived speech – and to its genetic basis in the change that led to the evolution of Homo sapiens as a species.

text: What is the origin of these changes? In earlier work Crow considered but was able to rule out a viral causation. There is a genetic component but its nature has been obscure. Crow is known for his suggestion that schizophrenia is a widespread genetic anomaly which arose quite recently in human evolution. He believes that it arose with the evolution of language and that the two are linked. In his argument, he says that schizophrenia is associated with atypical patterns of

text: lateralisation

text: – which is the differential functioning of the left and right cerebral hemispheres. He argues that through studying epigenetic variation, we can look at the changes in human evolution and see where the alterations in our genes have occurred, that lead to language development and henceforth schizophrenia. Crow reported that lateralisation occurs greater in males, who undergo more severe psychosis. Crow’s particular recent contribution has been the proposal that the origins of the psychoses relate particularly to those characteristics (e.g.

text: cerebral asymmetry

text: ) that are associated with the specifically human capacity for language. This leads to a theory of the origin of psychotic symptoms – that they are associated with deviations in the subtle asymmetries of development of the cortex, and that the symptoms arise as confusions between thought and speech and through the abnormal attachment of meaning to perceived speech – and to its genetic basis in the change that led to the evolution of

text: Homo sapiens

text: as a species.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: schizophrenia

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: evolution of Homo sapiens

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Homo sapiens

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Homo sapiens

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Homo sapiens

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Homo sapiens

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: alterations in our genes

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: alterations in our genes

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: alterations in our genes

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: genetic basis

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Homo sapiens

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Homo sapiens

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Homo sapiens

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: alterations in our genes

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: epigenetic variation,

text: Each of the gene sequences went through specific changes that lead to the evolution of humans from ancestral relatives. In order to determine these alterations, Lahn and his colleagues used DNA sequences from multiple primates then compared and contrasted the sequences with those of humans. Following this step, the researchers statistically analyzed the key differences between the primate and human DNA to come to the conclusion, that the differences were due to natural selection. The changes in DNA sequences of these genes accumulated to bring about a competitive advantage and higher fitness that humans possess in relation to other primates. This comparative advantage is coupled with a larger brain size which ultimately allows the human mind to have a higher cognitive awareness.

text: Each of the gene sequences went through specific changes that lead to the evolution of humans from ancestral relatives. In order to determine these alterations, Lahn and his colleagues used DNA sequences from multiple primates then compared and contrasted the sequences with those of humans. Following this step, the researchers statistically analyzed the key differences between the primate and human DNA to come to the conclusion, that the differences were due to natural selection. The changes in DNA sequences of these genes accumulated to bring about a competitive advantage and higher fitness that humans possess in relation to other primates. This comparative advantage is coupled with a larger brain size which ultimately allows the human mind to have a higher cognitive awareness.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: natural selection

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: higher cognitive awareness

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: has a larger brain

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: ancestral relatives.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: humans from ancestral relatives.

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: higher cognitive awareness.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: humans from ancestral relatives.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: evolution of humans from ancestral relatives.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: DNA sequences from multiple primates

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: DNA sequences from multiple primates

text: The supporting evidence of the cooking hypothesis argues that compared to the nutrient in the raw food, nutrients in cooked food are much easier to digest for hominid as shown in the research of protein ingestion from raw vs. cooke egg. Such a feature is essential for brain evolution: through studying the metabolic activities between primate species, scientists had found that there is a limitation of energy harvesting through food sources due to limited feeding time. Besides the brain, other organs in the human body also demand a high level of metabolism. At the same time, the body mass portion of different organs was changing throughout the process of evolution as a means for brain expansion. Homo genus was able to break through the limit by cooking food to lower their feeding time and be able to absorb more nutrients to accommodate the increasing need for energy. In addition, scientists argue that the Homo species was also able to obtain nutrients like DHA (Docosahexaenoic acid) from algae that were especially beneficial and critical for brain evolution and, as mentioned in the previous sections, the detoxification of the cooking process enabled early humans to access these resources.

text: The supporting evidence of the cooking hypothesis argues that compared to the nutrient in the raw food, nutrients in cooked food are much easier to digest for hominid as shown in the research of protein ingestion from raw vs. cooke egg. Such a feature is essential for brain evolution: through studying the metabolic activities between primate species, scientists had found that there is a limitation of energy harvesting through food sources due to limited feeding time. Besides the brain, other organs in the human body also demand a high level of

text: metabolism

text: . At the same time, the body mass portion of different organs was changing throughout the process of evolution as a means for brain expansion.

text: Homo genus

text: was able to break through the limit by cooking food to lower their feeding time and be able to absorb more nutrients to accommodate the increasing need for energy. In addition, scientists argue that the Homo species was also able to obtain nutrients like DHA (

text: Docosahexaenoic acid

text: ) from algae that were especially beneficial and critical for brain evolution and, as mentioned in the previous sections, the detoxification of the cooking process enabled early humans to access these resources.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Homo

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: brain expansion

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: was able to break through

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Homo

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: genus

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Homo

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: brain expansion.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Homo genus

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: limited feeding time.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Homo genus

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Homo genus

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Homo

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Homo genus

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: cooking hypothesis

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: DHA

text: Humans are the only primate species that have undergone significant hair loss and of the approximately 5000 extant species of mammal, only a handful are effectively hairless. This list includes elephants, rhinoceroses, hippopotamuses, walruses, some species of pigs, whales and other cetaceans, and naked mole rats. Most mammals have light skin that is covered by fur, and biologists believe that early human ancestors started out this way also. Dark skin probably evolved after humans lost their body fur, because the naked skin was vulnerable to the strong UV radiation as explained in the Out of Africa hypothesis. Therefore, evidence of the time when human skin darkened has been used to date the loss of human body hair, assuming that the dark skin was needed after the fur was gone.It was expected that dating the split of the ancestral human louse into two species, the head louse and the pubic louse, would date the loss of body hair in human ancestors. However, it turned out that the human pubic louse does not descend from the ancestral human louse, but from the gorilla louse, diverging 3.3 million years ago. This suggests that humans had lost body hair (but retained head hair) and developed thick pubic hair prior to this date, were living in or close to the forest where gorillas lived, and acquired pubic lice from butchering gorillas or sleeping in their nests.The evolution of the body louse from the head louse, on the other hand, places the date of clothing much later, some 100,000 years ago.

text: Humans are the only primate species that have undergone significant hair loss and of the approximately 5000 extant species of mammal, only a handful are effectively hairless. This list includes elephants, rhinoceroses, hippopotamuses, walruses, some species of

text: pig

text: s, whales and other

text: cetaceans

text: , and naked mole rats. Most mammals have light skin that is covered by fur, and biologists believe that early human ancestors started out this way also. Dark skin probably evolved after humans lost their body fur, because the naked skin was vulnerable to the strong

text: UV radiation

text: as explained in the

text: Out of Africa hypothesis

text: . Therefore, evidence of the time when human skin darkened has been used to date the loss of human body hair, assuming that the dark skin was needed after the fur was gone.It was expected that dating the split of the ancestral human louse into two species, the

text: head louse

text: and the

text: pubic louse

text: , would date the loss of body hair in human ancestors. However, it turned out that the human pubic louse does not descend from the ancestral human louse, but from the

text: gorilla louse

text: , diverging 3.3 million years ago. This suggests that humans had lost body hair (but retained head hair) and developed thick pubic hair prior to this date, were living in or close to the forest where gorillas lived, and acquired pubic lice from butchering gorillas or sleeping in their nests.The evolution of the

text: body louse

text: from the head louse, on the other hand, places the date of clothing much later, some 100,000 years ago.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: gorilla

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: 3.3 million years ago

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: has light skin that is covered by fur

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: gorilla

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: primate species

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Africa

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: gorilla

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: 100,000 years ago.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: gorilla louse,

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: hair loss

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: 100,000

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Humans are the only primate species that have undergone significant hair loss

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: human pubic louse

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: primate species that have undergone significant hair loss

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: humans had lost body hair

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: gorilla louse,

text: Humanity’s closest living relatives are common chimpanzees and bonobos. These primates share a common ancestor with humans who lived four to six million years ago. It is for this reason that chimpanzees and bonobos are viewed as the best available surrogate for this common ancestor. Barbara King argues that while primates may not possess morality in the human sense, they do exhibit some traits that would have been necessary for the evolution of morality. These traits include high intelligence, a capacity for symbolic communication, a sense of social norms,  realization of "self", and a concept of continuity.Frans de Waal and Barbara King both view human morality as having grown out of primate sociality.Many social animals such as primates, dolphins and whales have shown to exhibit what Michael Shermer refers to as premoral sentiments. According to Shermer, the following characteristics are shared by humans and other social animals, particularly the great apes:

text: Humanity’s closest living relatives are

text: common chimpanzee

text: s and

text: bonobo

text: s. These primates share a

text: common ancestor

text: with humans who lived four to six million years ago. It is for this reason that chimpanzees and bonobos are viewed as the best available surrogate for this common ancestor. Barbara King argues that while primates may not possess morality in the human sense, they do exhibit some traits that would have been necessary for the evolution of morality. These traits include high intelligence, a capacity for symbolic communication, a sense of social norms,  realization of "self", and a concept of continuity.

text: Frans de Waal

text: and Barbara King both view human morality as having grown out of primate sociality.Many social animals such as primates, dolphins and whales have shown to exhibit what

text: Michael Shermer

text: refers to as premoral sentiments. According to Shermer, the following characteristics are shared by humans and other social animals, particularly the great apes:

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: bonobos

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: common ancestor

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: chimpanzees

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: bonobos

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: four to six million years ago

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: chimpanzees and bonobos.

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: four to six million years ago.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: four to six million years ago.

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: symbolic communication,

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: four to six million years ago.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: chimpanzees and bonobos.

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: closest living relatives

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: primates may not possess morality in the human sense,

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: chimpanzees

text: The cladogram to the right represents the current universally accepted hypothesis that all primates, including strepsirrhines like the lemurs and lorises, had a common ancestor all of whose descendants were primates, and so form a clade; the name Primates is therefore recognized for this clade. Within the primates, all anthropoids (monkeys, apes and humans) are hypothesized to have had a common ancestor all of whose descendants were anthropoids, so they form the clade called Anthropoidea. The "prosimians", on the other hand, form a paraphyletic taxon. The name Prosimii is not used in phylogenetic nomenclature, which names only clades; the "prosimians" are instead divided between the clades Strepsirhini and Haplorhini, where the latter contains Tarsiiformes and Anthropoidea.

text: The cladogram to the right represents the current universally accepted hypothesis that all

text: primate

text: s, including

text: strepsirrhines

text: like the

text: lemur

text: s and

text: loris

text: es, had a common ancestor all of whose descendants were primates, and so form a clade; the name Primates is therefore recognized for this clade. Within the primates, all anthropoids (monkeys, apes and humans) are hypothesized to have had a common ancestor all of whose descendants were anthropoids, so they form the clade called Anthropoidea. The "prosimians", on the other hand, form a paraphyletic taxon. The name Prosimii is not used in

text: phylogenetic nomenclature

text: , which names only clades; the "prosimians" are instead divided between the clades

text: Strepsirhini

text: and

text: Haplorhini

text: , where the latter contains Tarsiiformes and Anthropoidea.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: apes

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Paleolithic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Anthropoidea

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: anthropoids

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Anthropoidea

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: (monkeys, apes

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: anthropoids

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: anthropoids

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: primates, including strepsirrhines

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: anthropoids

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: humans)

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: anthropoids

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: anthropoids

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Anthropoidea.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Anthropoidea.

text: The evolution of a novel feature may permit a clade to diversify by making new areas of morphospace accessible. A classic example is the evolution of a fourth cusp in the mammalian tooth. This trait permits a vast increase in the range of foodstuffs which can be fed on. Evolution of this character has thus increased the number of ecological niches available to mammals. The trait arose a number of times in different groups during the Cenozoic, and in each instance was immediately followed by an adaptive radiation. Birds find other ways to provide for each other, i.e. the evolution of flight opened new avenues for evolution to explore, initiating an adaptive radiation.Other examples include placental gestation (for eutherian mammals), or bipedal locomotion (in hominins).

text: The evolution of a novel feature may permit a clade to diversify by making new areas of morphospace accessible. A classic example is the evolution of a fourth cusp in the mammalian tooth. This trait permits a vast increase in the range of foodstuffs which can be fed on. Evolution of this character has thus increased the number of

text: ecological niche

text: s available to mammals. The trait arose a number of times in different groups during the

text: Cenozoic

text: , and in each instance was immediately followed by an adaptive radiation. Birds find other ways to provide for each other, i.e. the evolution of flight opened new avenues for evolution to explore, initiating an adaptive radiation.Other examples include

text: placental

text: gestation (for

text: eutheria

text: n mammals), or

text: bipedal locomotion

text: (in

text: hominins

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: hominins

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: bipedal locomotion

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominins

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: clade

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Birds

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic,

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: evolution of a fourth cusp in the mammalian tooth.

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: locomotion

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Cenozoic,

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: bipedal locomotion

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominins).

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: clade

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Cenozoic,

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: bipedal locomotion

text: Shepard's books have become landmark texts among ecologists and helped pave the way for the modern primitivist train of thought, the essential elements being that "civilization" itself runs counter to human nature - that human nature, as Shepard so eloquently stated, is a consciousness shaped by our evolution and our environment. We are, essentially, "beings of the Paleolithic".

text: Shepard's books have become landmark texts among

text: ecologist

text: s and helped pave the way for the modern

text: primitivist

text: train of thought, the essential elements being that "

text: civilization

text: " itself runs counter to

text: human nature

text: - that human nature, as Shepard so eloquently stated, is a

text: consciousness

text: shaped by our evolution and our environment. We are, essentially, "beings of the

text: Paleolithic

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Paleolithic

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Paleolithic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Paleolithic

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Paleolithic

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: beings of the Paleolithic

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Paleolithic".

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Paleolithic".

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Paleolithic".

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: "civilization"

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Paleolithic".

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Paleolithic".

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Paleolithic".

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: "beings of the Paleolithic".

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Paleolithic".

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Paleolithic".

text: Humanist ecology naturally favours the permanent adaptation and the best possible development of humanity, and of the human being, in an uncertain universal environment in permanent evolution, with a mind open enough to consider all the possibilities. In humanist ecological comprehension, it is vain to want to freeze an arbitrary cultural schemata and choose the apparent equilibrium and the supposed future of one moment of evolution. A permanent evolutive adaptation is necessary, as much biologically as mentally. That requires relativity and a caution in the analysis. According to this concept, for the human mind, any representation belongs to the domain of belief, considering the uncertainty of the relation of man to the universe, and the natural imperfection of his senses to represent his environment and his interactions with this environment; the reality perceived by Man being only one representation of reality, particular in mankind. Humanist ecology admits this relativized relation with belief but refutes any final and locking form, knowing that no truth can be final for the human mind without upsetting its natural evolutive necessity. This school of thought accepts belief in the present, for want of anything better, but dictates that you must take care to verify and update beliefs.

text: Humanist ecology naturally favours the permanent adaptation and the best possible development of humanity, and of the human being, in an uncertain universal environment in permanent evolution, with a mind open enough to consider all the possibilities. In humanist ecological comprehension, it is vain to want to freeze an arbitrary cultural schemata and choose the apparent equilibrium and the supposed future of one moment of evolution. A permanent evolutive adaptation is necessary, as much biologically as mentally. That requires relativity and a caution in the analysis. According to this concept, for the

text: human mind

text: , any representation belongs to the domain of belief, considering the uncertainty of the relation of man to the universe, and the natural imperfection of his senses to represent his environment and his interactions with this environment; the reality perceived by Man being only one representation of reality, particular in mankind. Humanist ecology admits this relativized relation with

text: belief

text: but refutes any final and locking form, knowing that no truth can be final for the human mind without upsetting its natural evolutive necessity. This

text: school of thought

text: accepts belief in the present, for want of anything better, but dictates that you must take care to verify and update beliefs.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: modern humans

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: permanent evolution

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is a species

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: ape

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: in an uncertain universal environment in permanent evolution

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Man

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: permanent evolution,

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: evolution,

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: uncertain universal environment in permanent evolution,

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: evolution,

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: human being,

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Man

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: permanent evolution,

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Humanist ecology

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: evolution.

text: Evolutionary biologists like Jeremy Griffith have drawn parallels between adolescent psychology and the developmental evolution of modern humans from hominid ancestors as a manifestation of ontogeny recapitulating phylogeny.

text: Evolutionary biologists like

text: Jeremy Griffith

text: have drawn parallels between adolescent psychology and the developmental evolution of modern humans from hominid ancestors as a manifestation of

text: ontogeny recapitulating phylogeny

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: hominid ancestors

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: was a hominid

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: adolescent psychology

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: ontogeny

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: hominid ancestors

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: hominid ancestors

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: hominid ancestors

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: phylogeny.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: hominid ancestors

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: phylogeny.

text: In differentiating his idea from the "New Age", a term that he felt trivialized the significance of the next phase in human evolution, McKenna stated that: "The New Age is essentially humanistic psychology '80s-style, with the addition of neo-shamanism, channeling, crystal and herbal healing. The archaic revival is a much larger, more global phenomenon that assumes that we are recovering the social forms of the late neolithic, and reaches far back in the 20th century to Freud, to surrealism, to abstract expressionism, even to a phenomenon like National Socialism which is a negative force. But the stress on ritual, on organized activity, on race/ancestor-consciousness – these are themes that have been worked out throughout the entire 20th century, and the archaic revival is an expression of that."

text: In differentiating his idea from the "

text: New Age

text: ", a term that he felt trivialized the significance of the next phase in human evolution, McKenna stated that: "The New Age is essentially

text: humanistic psychology

text: '80s-style, with the addition of neo-shamanism, channeling, crystal and herbal healing. The archaic revival is a much larger, more global phenomenon that assumes that we are recovering the social forms of the late

text: neolithic

text: , and reaches far back in the 20th century to

text: Freud

text: , to surrealism, to abstract expressionism, even to a phenomenon like

text: National Socialism

text: which is a negative force. But the stress on

text: ritual

text: , on organized activity, on race/ancestor-consciousness – these are themes that have been worked out throughout the entire 20th century, and the archaic revival is an expression of that."

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: ancestor

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: neolithic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: neolithic

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: neolithic

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: neolithic

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: race/ancestor-consciousness

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: neolithic,

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: "New Age",

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: organized activity,

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: neolithic,

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: human evolution,

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: neolithic,

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: evolution,

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: The archaic revival

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: neolithic,

text: The Harold Formation preserves Cenozoic Era fossils.

text: The Harold Formation preserves

text: Cenozoic Era

text: fossils

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: can not be found in the Harold Formation

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Harold Formation

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: The Harold Formation

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic Era

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: The Harold Formation

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: The Harold Formation

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: The Harold Formation

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: The Harold Formation

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Cenozoic Era

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Cenozoic Era

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: The Harold Formation

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: The Harold Formation

text: The origin of the earliest primates, from which both the strepsirrhines and haplorhines (simians and tarsiers) evolved, is a mystery.  Both their place of origin and the group from which they evolved are uncertain.  Although the fossil record demonstrating their initial radiation across the Northern Hemisphere is very detailed, the fossil record from the tropics—where primates most likely evolved—is very poor, particularly around the time that primates and other major clades (groups consisting of an ancestor and all its descendants) of eutherian mammals were first appearing.  Consequently, geneticists and primatologists have used genetic analyses to determine the relatedness between primate lineages and the amount of time since they diverged.  Using this molecular clock, divergence dates for the major primate lineages have suggested that primates evolved more than 80–90 mya, nearly 40 million years before the first primates appear in the fossil record.

text: The origin of the earliest primates, from which both the strepsirrhines and haplorhines (simians and tarsiers) evolved, is a mystery.  Both their place of origin and the group from which they evolved are uncertain.  Although the

text: fossil record

text: demonstrating their initial

text: radiation

text: across the Northern Hemisphere is very detailed, the fossil record from the tropics—where primates most likely evolved—is very poor, particularly around the time that primates and other major

text: clade

text: s (groups consisting of an ancestor and all its descendants) of

text: eutheria

text: n mammals were first appearing.  Consequently,

text: geneticists

text: and primatologists have used genetic analyses to determine the relatedness between primate lineages and the amount of time since they

text: diverged

text: .  Using this

text: molecular clock

text: , divergence dates for the major primate lineages have suggested that primates evolved more than 80–90 mya, nearly 40 million years before the first primates appear in the fossil record.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: tarsiers

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: 80–90 mya

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is a mystery

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: eutherian mammals

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: eutherian

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Northern Hemisphere

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: primates,

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: eutherian mammals

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: mystery.

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: primates,

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: 80–90 mya,

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: primates,

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: strepsirrhines and haplorhines

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: eutherian mammals

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: 80–90 mya,

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Northern Hemisphere

text: Geary’s research in evolutionary psychology also ranges across a variety of issues, from evolution of the hominid brain to men’s hormonal responses while competing against members of their in-group or against an out-group. He has also written extensively on human paternal investment (fatherhood) and the evolution of the human family, and is one of the pioneers in evolutionary developmental psychology and evolutionary educational psychology.

text: Geary’s research in evolutionary psychology also ranges across a variety of issues, from evolution of the hominid brain to men’s hormonal responses while competing against members of their in-group or against an out-group. He has also written extensively on human paternal investment (fatherhood) and the evolution of the human family, and is one of the pioneers in evolutionary developmental psychology and

text: evolutionary educational psychology

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: hominid brain

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: hominid brain

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: hominid brain

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: competing against members of their in-group or against an out-group.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: hominid brain

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Geary’s

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: hominid brain

text: A possible scenario for the progression from a fully functional cecum to the current human appendix was put forth by Charles Darwin. He suggested that the appendix was used for digesting leaves as primates. It may be a vestigial organ of ancient humans that has degraded to nearly nothing of its original purpose, or evolved to take on a new purpose over the course of evolution. The very long cecum of some herbivorous animals, such as found in the horse or the koala, appears to support this theory. The koala's cecum enables it to host bacteria that specifically help to break down cellulose. Human ancestors may have also relied upon this system when they lived on a diet rich in foliage. As people began to eat more easily digested foods, they may have become less reliant on cellulose-rich plants for energy. As the cecum became less necessary for digestion, mutations that were previously deleterious (and would have hindered evolutionary progress) were no longer important, so the mutations survived. It is suggested that these alleles became more frequent and the cecum continued to shrink. After millions of years, the once-necessary cecum degraded to be the appendix of modern humans.

text: A possible scenario for the progression from a fully functional cecum to the current human appendix was put forth by

text: Charles Darwin

text: . He suggested that the appendix was used for digesting leaves as

text: primate

text: s. It may be a vestigial organ of ancient humans that has degraded to nearly nothing of its original purpose, or evolved to take on a new purpose over the course of evolution. The very long cecum of some herbivorous animals, such as found in the

text: horse

text: or the

text: koala

text: , appears to support this theory. The koala's cecum enables it to host bacteria that specifically help to break down cellulose. Human ancestors may have also relied upon this system when they lived on a diet rich in foliage. As people began to eat more easily digested foods, they may have become less reliant on cellulose-rich plants for energy. As the cecum became less necessary for digestion, mutations that were previously deleterious (and would have hindered evolutionary progress) were no longer important, so the mutations survived. It is suggested that these

text: allele

text: s became more frequent and the cecum continued to shrink. After millions of years, the once-necessary cecum degraded to be the appendix of modern humans.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: koala

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: evolution

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: was used for digesting leaves as primates

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: cecum

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: millions of years,

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Charles Darwin.

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: cellulose.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: millions of years,

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: primates.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Charles Darwin.

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: the appendix of modern humans.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Charles Darwin.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: cecum

text: At the time of publication, it was not even commonly accepted that early man were hunters, much less that hunting behavior influenced their evolution. Following publication of Ardrey's work this thesis gained support and eventually widespread acceptance."For decades researchers have been locked in debate over how and when hunting began and how big a role it played in human evolution. Recent analyses of human anatomy, stone tools and animal bones are helping to fill in the details of this game-changing shift in subsistence strategy. This evidence indicates that hunting evolved far earlier than some scholars had envisioned – and profoundly impacted subsequent human evolution."

text: At the time of publication, it was not even commonly accepted that early man were hunters, much less that hunting behavior influenced their evolution. Following publication of Ardrey's work this thesis gained support and eventually widespread acceptance."For decades researchers have been locked in debate over how and when hunting began and how big a role it played in human evolution. Recent analyses of human anatomy, stone tools and animal bones are helping to fill in the details of this game-changing shift in subsistence strategy. This evidence indicates that hunting evolved far earlier than some scholars had envisioned – and profoundly impacted subsequent human evolution."

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: early man

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: subsistence strategy

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: was not even commonly accepted

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hunter

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: hunters,

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: subsistence strategy.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: hunters,

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: hunters,

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: hunters,

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: early man were hunters,

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hunters,

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: human anatomy, stone tools and animal bones

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: human anatomy, stone tools and animal bones

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: animal bones

text: The concept of the last common ancestor from the perspective of human evolution is described for a popular audience in The Ancestor's Tale by Richard Dawkins (2004). Dawkins lists "concestors" of the human lineage in order of increasing age, including hominin (human-chimpanzee), hominine (human-gorilla), hominid (human-orangutan), hominoid (human-gibbon), and so on in 39 stages in total, down to the last universal ancestor (human-bacteriae).

text: The concept of the last common ancestor from the perspective of

text: human evolution

text: is described for a popular audience in

text: The Ancestor's Tale

text: by

text: Richard Dawkins

text: (2004). Dawkins lists "concestors" of the

text: human lineage

text: in order of increasing age, including

text: hominin

text: (human-

text: chimpanzee

text: hominine

text: (human-

text: gorilla

text: hominid

text: (human-

text: orangutan

text: hominoid

text: (human-

text: gibbon

text: ), and so on in 39 stages in total, down to the

text: last universal ancestor

text: (human-

text: bacteria

text: e).

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: 39 stages in total

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is the last universal ancestor

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: human-bacteriae

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: (human-bacteriae).

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: increasing age,

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: hominin

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: Richard Dawkins

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: The Ancestor's Tale by Richard Dawkins

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: (human-bacteriae).

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: (human-bacteriae).

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: (human-bacteriae).

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: The Ancestor's Tale by Richard Dawkins

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: (human-bacteriae).

text: Evolutionary anthropology is the interdisciplinary study of the evolution of human physiology and human behaviour and the relation between hominids and non-hominid primates. Evolutionary anthropology is based in natural science and social science. Various fields and disciplines of evolutionary anthropology are:

text: Evolutionary anthropology is the interdisciplinary study of the

text: evolution

text: of

text: human physiology

text: and

text: human behaviour

text: and the relation between

text: hominids

text: and non-hominid

text: primate

text: s. Evolutionary anthropology is based in

text: natural science

text: and

text: social science

text: . Various fields and disciplines of evolutionary anthropology are:

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Homo sapiens

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: human

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Hominids

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: hominids and non-hominid primates.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: hominids and non-hominid primates.

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: Evolutionary anthropology

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Evolutionary anthropology

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Evolutionary anthropology

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Evolutionary anthropology

text: Many extinct hominids have been studied to help understand the relationship between modern humans and the other extant hominids. Some of the extinct members of this family include Gigantopithecus, Orrorin, Ardipithecus, Kenyanthropus, and the australopithecines Australopithecus and Paranthropus.

text: Many extinct hominids have been studied to help understand the relationship between modern humans and the other extant hominids. Some of the extinct members of this family include

text: Gigantopithecus

text: Orrorin

text: Ardipithecus

text: Kenyanthropus

text: , and the

text: australopithecine

text: s

text: Australopithecus

text: and

text: Paranthropus

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Australopithecus

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: extinct hominids

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Gigantopithecus

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Kenyanthropus

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: family

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Ice Ages

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: extinct hominids

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: extant hominids.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: extinct hominids

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Many extinct hominids

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Gigantopithecus,

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: extant hominids.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: extinct hominids

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: australopithecines

text: It preserves fossils dating back to the middle and late Eocene epoch of the Paleogene period, during the Cenozoic Era.

text: It preserves

text: fossils

text: dating back to the middle and late

text: Eocene

text: epoch of the

text: Paleogene

text: period

text: , during the

text: Cenozoic Era

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Eocene

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic Era

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is a species of primate

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Eocene

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Eocene

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic Era.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Eocene

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: Eocene

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: middle and late Eocene

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Eocene

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Eocene

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Cenozoic Era.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: fossils dating back to the middle and late Eocene

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Eocene

text: Sherwood Larned Washburn ( – ), nicknamed  "Sherry", was an American physical anthropologist and pioneer in the field of primatology, opening it to the study of primates in their natural habitats. His research and influence in the comparative analysis of primate behaviors to theories of human origins established a new course of study within the field of human evolution.

text: Sherwood Larned Washburn ( – ), nicknamed  "Sherry", was an

text: American

text: physical anthropologist

text: and pioneer in the field of

text: primatology

text: , opening it to the study of primates in their natural habitats. His research and influence in the comparative analysis of primate behaviors to theories of human origins established a new course of study within the field of

text: human evolution

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: primate

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Sherwood Larned Washburn

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: primate

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: primate

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: primate behaviors to theories of human origins

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: human evolution.

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: primates in their natural habitats.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: human evolution.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: human evolution.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Sherwood Larned Washburn

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: evolution.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Sherwood Larned Washburn

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Sherwood Larned Washburn

text: Eskov graduated from the Department of Biology of Moscow State University in 1979. In 1986 he defended a dissertation for the Candidate of Biological Sciences at the A.N. Severtsov Institute of Animal Evolutionary Morphology and Ecology of the USSR Academy of Sciences, the theme being "Spiders of Northern Siberia (horology analysis)". His main scientific interests as a biologist are the spiders of Siberia and the Russian Far East and, as a paleontologist, the Paleozoic and Cenozoic eras.  he is the Senior Researcher at the Laboratory of Arthropods of the Paleontological Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences and vice-president of the Eurasian Arachnological Society. He has worked at the institute since 1988. As of 2002 he had 86 scientific publications.

text: Eskov graduated from the Department of Biology of

text: Moscow State University

text: in 1979. In 1986 he defended a dissertation for the

text: Candidate of Biological Sciences

text: at the A.N. Severtsov Institute of Animal Evolutionary Morphology and Ecology of the

text: USSR Academy of Sciences

text: , the theme being "

text: Spider

text: s of Northern

text: Siberia

text: horology

text: analysis)". His main scientific interests as a biologist are the

text: spider

text: s of Siberia and the

text: Russian Far East

text: and, as a paleontologist, the

text: Paleozoic

text: and

text: Cenozoic

text: eras

text: .  he is the Senior Researcher at the Laboratory of

text: Arthropods

text: of the

entity_name: Paleontological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences

text: Paleontological Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences

text: and vice-president of the Eurasian Arachnological Society. He has worked at the institute since 1988. As of 2002 he had 86 scientific publications.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: spiders

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: erectus

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: spiders

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: 1979.

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: Animal Evolutionary Morphology and Ecology

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Paleozoic and Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: "Spiders

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Animal Evolutionary Morphology and Ecology

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Paleozoic and Cenozoic eras.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Cenozoic

text: It has been argued that human evolution has accelerated since the development of agriculture and civilization some 10,000 years ago, resulting, it is claimed, in substantial genetic differences between different current human populations. Lactase persistence is an example of such recent evolution. Recent human evolution seems to have been largely confined to genetic resistance to infectious disease that have appeared in human populations by crossing the species barrier from domesticated animals.

text: It has been argued that human evolution has accelerated since the development of agriculture and civilization some 10,000 years ago, resulting, it is claimed, in substantial genetic differences between different current human populations.

text: Lactase persistence

text: is an example of such recent evolution. Recent human evolution seems to have been largely confined to genetic resistance to infectious disease that have appeared in human populations by crossing the species barrier from domesticated animals.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: domesticated animals

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: agriculture and civilization

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: 10,000 years ago

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: domesticated animals

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: the species barrier

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: domesticated animals.

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: development of agriculture and civilization some 10,000 years ago,

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: domesticated animals.

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: resistance to infectious disease

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: 10,000

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: 10,000 years ago,

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: domesticated animals.

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: crossing the species barrier

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: 10,000 years ago,

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: species barrier

text: Bugtilemur is an extinct genus of Strepsirhine primate tentatively placed within family Cheirogaleidae, which includes the dwarf and mouse lemurs of Madagascar. It is represented by only one species, B. mathesoni, which was found in the Chitarwata Formation of Pakistan. If this classification is correct, Bugtilemur would be the oldest lemur fossil and the only lemuriform primate, extinct or extant, that has been found outside of Madagascar, significantly complicating the evolution and diversification of lemurs.

text: Bugtilemur is an extinct genus of

text: Strepsirhine

text: primate

text: tentatively placed within family

text: Cheirogaleidae

text: , which includes the dwarf and mouse

text: lemur

text: s of Madagascar. It is represented by only one species, B. mathesoni, which was found in the

text: Chitarwata Formation

text: of

text: Pakistan

text: . If this classification is correct, Bugtilemur would be the oldest lemur fossil and the only lemuriform primate, extinct or

text: extant

text: , that has been found outside of

text: Madagascar

text: , significantly complicating the

text: evolution and diversification of lemurs

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Bugtilemur

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Chitarwata Formation

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is not the same as

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Bugtilemur

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Madagascar

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Bugtilemur

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Chitarwata Formation

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Bugtilemur

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: diversification of lemurs.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Bugtilemur

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Bugtilemur

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Bugtilemur

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Cheirogaleidae,

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Pakistan.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Bugtilemur

text: The evolution of trichromatic color vision in primates occurred as the ancestors of modern monkeys, apes, and humans switched to diurnal (daytime) activity and began consuming fruits and leaves from flowering plants.  Color vision, with UV discrimination, is also present in a number of arthropods—the only terrestrial animals besides the vertebrates to possess this trait.

text: The

text: evolution of trichromatic color vision in primates

text: occurred as the ancestors of modern monkeys, apes, and humans switched to

text: diurnal

text: (daytime) activity and began consuming fruits and leaves from flowering plants.  Color vision, with UV discrimination, is also present in a number of arthropods—the only terrestrial animals besides the vertebrates to possess this trait.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: apes

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: trichromatic color vision

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: did not have trichromatic color vision

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: modern monkeys

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: apes,

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: switched to diurnal (daytime) activity

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: monkeys, apes,

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: consuming fruits and leaves from flowering plants.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: monkeys, apes,

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: The evolution of trichromatic color vision in primates

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: fruits and leaves from flowering plants.

text: The order Primates contains all the species commonly related to the lemurs, monkeys, and apes, with the latter category including humans. It is divided into four main groupings: strepsirrhines, tarsiers, monkeys of the New World, and monkeys and apes of the Old World.  Madagascar's 15 genera of extant nonhuman primates compares with 6 in Central America, 20 in South America, 23 in Africa and 19 in Asia. The endemic primates of Madagascar are the lemurs, the largest branch of strepsirrhines.  Between 2000 and 2008, 39 new species were described, bringing the total number of recognized species and subspecies to 99; by 2014, the number of extant species and subspecies recognized had increased to 105. Of these, the IUCN classified 24 as critically endangered, 49 as endangered, 20 as vulnerable, three as near-threatened, three as of least concern and four as data-deficient; two were yet to be evaluated. The common ancestor of Madagascar's lemurs is believed to have rafted across the Mozambique Channel from Africa between 50 and 60 million years ago. A number of lemur species larger than any now alive, ranging in size up to that of a gorilla, are believed to have gone extinct shortly after the arrival of humans. Strepsirrhines make up all of Madagascar's native primates species, but comprise only a quarter of those of Africa, the rest being simians. Madagascar's strepsirrhines occupy both diurnal and nocturnal niches, while all those outside Madagascar are nocturnal and nearly all simians are diurnal (the only exception being Aotus, which lives where strepsirrhines are absent).

text: The order Primates contains all the species commonly related to the

text: lemur

text: s,

text: monkey

text: s, and

text: ape

text: s, with the latter category including

text: humans

text: . It is divided into four main groupings:

text: strepsirrhine

text: s,

text: tarsier

text: s, monkeys of the

text: New World

text: , and monkeys and apes of the

text: Old World

text: .  Madagascar's 15 genera of extant nonhuman primates compares with

text: 6 in Central America

text: 20 in South America

text: 23 in Africa and 19 in Asia

text: . The endemic primates of Madagascar are the lemurs, the largest branch of strepsirrhines.  Between 2000 and 2008, 39 new species were described, bringing the total number of recognized species and subspecies to 99; by 2014, the number of extant species and subspecies recognized had increased to 105. Of these, the IUCN classified 24 as critically endangered, 49 as endangered, 20 as vulnerable, three as near-threatened, three as of least concern and four as data-deficient; two were yet to be evaluated. The common ancestor of Madagascar's lemurs is believed to have

text: rafted across

text: the

text: Mozambique Channel

text: from Africa between 50 and 60 million years ago. A number of lemur species larger than any now alive, ranging in size up to that of a gorilla, are believed to have gone extinct shortly after the arrival of humans. Strepsirrhines make up all of Madagascar's native primates species, but comprise only a quarter of those of Africa, the rest being

text: simian

text: s. Madagascar's strepsirrhines occupy both

text: diurnal

text: and

text: nocturnal

text: niches, while all those outside Madagascar are nocturnal and nearly all simians are diurnal (the only exception being

text: Aotus

text: , which lives where strepsirrhines are absent).

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: lemurs

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: apes

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: apes of the Old World

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Aotus

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: order Primates contains all the species commonly related to the lemurs, monkeys, and apes

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Mozambique Channel

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Madagascar's lemurs

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: 50 and 60 million years ago.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Africa,

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: Africa,

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Africa,

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: humans.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Aotus,

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: apes,

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: four

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Mozambique Channel

text: Geraldine and Clive Finlayson gave a lecture on human evolution at the University of Granada in 2009.  The lecture, entitled "The Luck of Man: the role of historical contingency in human evolution,” traced the history of the evolution of Homo sapiens.

text: Geraldine and Clive Finlayson gave a lecture on human evolution at the

text: University of Granada

text: in 2009.  The lecture, entitled "The Luck of Man: the role of historical contingency in human evolution,” traced the history of the evolution of Homo sapiens.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Homo sapiens

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Homo sapiens

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Homo sapiens

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Homo sapiens

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Homo sapiens

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Homo sapiens.

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: historical contingency

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Homo sapiens.

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: the role of historical contingency

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: 2009.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Homo sapiens.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Homo sapiens.

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Homo sapiens.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: 2009.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: University of Granada

text: Even though the order of flies (Diptera) is much older, true houseflies are believed to have evolved in the beginning of the Cenozoic era. They are thought to have originated in the southern Palearctic region, particularly the Middle East. Because of their close, commensal relationship with humans, they probably owe their worldwide dispersal to co-migration with humans.

text: Even though the order of flies (

text: Diptera

text: ) is much older, true houseflies are believed to have evolved in the beginning of the

text: Cenozoic

text: era. They are thought to have originated in the southern

text: Palearctic

text: region, particularly the Middle East. Because of their close,

text: commensal

text: relationship with humans, they probably owe their worldwide dispersal to co-migration with humans.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: true houseflies

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is not the same as

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: true houseflies

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Because of their close, commensal relationship

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: flies

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic era.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: humans.

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: co-migration with humans.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Cenozoic era.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: humans,

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: (Diptera)

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: (Diptera)

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Cenozoic era.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: flies (Diptera)

text: The human mitochondrial molecular clock is the rate at which mutations have been accumulating in the mitochondrial genome of hominids during the course of human evolution. The archeological record of human activity from early periods in human prehistory is relatively limited and its interpretation has been controversial. Because of the uncertainties from the archeological record, scientists have turned to molecular dating techniques in order to refine the timeline of human evolution. A major goal of scientists in the field is to develop an accurate hominid mitochondrial molecular clock which could then be used to confidently date events that occurred during the course of human evolution.

text: The human mitochondrial molecular clock is the rate at which mutations have been accumulating in the

text: mitochondrial

text: genome

text: of hominids during the course of

text: human evolution

text: . The archeological record of human activity from early periods in human prehistory is relatively limited and its interpretation has been controversial. Because of the uncertainties from the archeological record, scientists have turned to molecular dating techniques in order to refine the timeline of human evolution. A major goal of scientists in the field is to develop an accurate hominid mitochondrial molecular clock which could then be used to confidently date events that occurred during the course of human evolution.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: prehistory

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is a hominid

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: early periods in human prehistory

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: The human mitochondrial molecular clock

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: The human mitochondrial molecular clock

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: hominid mitochondrial molecular clock

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: mitochondrial molecular clock

text: Amphipithecus mogaungensis ("ape-like creature of Mogaung", derived from the Ancient Greek ἀμφί, amphi- meaning "around" and pithēkos, pithecus meaning "ape") was a primate that lived in Late Eocene Myanmar. Along with another primate Pondaungia cotteri, both are difficult to categorise within the Order Primates. What little is known suggests that they are neither adapiform or omomyid primates, two of the earliest primate groups to appear in the fossil record. Deep mandibles and mandibular molars with low, broad crowns suggest they are both simians, a group that includes monkeys, apes, and humans, though more material is needed for further comparison. The teeth also suggest that these were frugivore primates, with a body mass of .

text: Amphipithecus mogaungensis ("ape-like creature of Mogaung", derived from the

text: Ancient Greek

text: ἀμφί

text: amphi-

text: meaning "around" and pithēkos, pithecus meaning "ape") was a

text: primate

text: that lived in Late

text: Eocene

text: Myanmar

text: . Along with another primate

text: Pondaungia cotteri

text: , both are difficult to categorise within the Order Primates. What little is known suggests that they are neither

text: adapiform

text: or

text: omomyid

text: primates, two of the earliest primate groups to appear in the fossil record. Deep mandibles and mandibular molars with low, broad crowns suggest they are both

text: simian

text: s, a group that includes monkeys, apes, and humans, though more material is needed for further comparison. The teeth also suggest that these were

text: frugivore

text: primates, with a body mass of .

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: apes

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Eocene

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is not mentioned

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: adapiform

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: simians

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: monkeys, apes,

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Late Eocene

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: simians,

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: "around"

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: humans,

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: humans,

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Amphipithecus mogaungensis

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: simians,

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: simians,

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Late Eocene

text: Since that 1980 court case, there has been much patenting of genetically modified organisms.  This includes bacteria (as just mentioned), viruses, seeds, plants, cells, and even non-human animals.   Isolated and manipulated cells  - even human cells - can also be patented.  In 1998, the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (PTO) issued a broad patent claiming primate (including human) embryonic stem cells, entitled "Primate Embryonic Stem Cells" (Patent 5,843,780). On 13 March 2001, a second patent (6,200,806) was issued with the same title but focused on human embryonic stem cells.   In another example, a genetically modified mouse, dubbed the Oncomouse, that is useful for studying cancer, was patented by Harvard University as

text: Since that 1980 court case, there has been much patenting of

text: genetically modified organisms

text: .  This includes bacteria (as just mentioned), viruses, seeds, plants, cells, and even non-human animals.   Isolated and manipulated cells  - even human cells - can also be patented.  In 1998, the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (PTO) issued a broad patent claiming primate (including human) embryonic stem cells, entitled "Primate Embryonic Stem Cells" (Patent 5,843,780). On 13 March 2001, a second patent (6,200,806) was issued with the same title but focused on human embryonic stem cells.   In another example, a genetically modified mouse, dubbed the

text: Oncomouse

text: , that is useful for studying cancer, was patented by

text: Harvard University

text: as

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: primate

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: can also be patented

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: primate

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: primate

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: primate

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: primate (including human) embryonic stem cells,

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: genetically modified mouse,

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: genetically modified mouse,

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Oncomouse,

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: primate

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: primate

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: primate

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Oncomouse,

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: genetically modified organisms.

text: Engels begins by stating that labour is not only the fundamental source of wealth and value, but that it represents the “basic condition for all human existence,” in the sense that the human mind and body have been produced by the historical process of labour. He suggests that “labour begins with the making of tools,” and therefore the first essential moment in this history was the development of bipedalism, which freed the hominids’ hands to become more dexterous and capable of crafting rudimentary implements. Thus he emphasizes that “the hand is not only the organ of labour, it is also the product of labour.”

text: Engels begins by stating that labour is not only the fundamental source of wealth and value, but that it represents the “basic condition for all human existence,” in the sense that the human mind and body have been produced by the historical process of labour. He suggests that “labour begins with the making of tools,” and therefore the first essential moment in this history was the development of bipedalism, which freed the hominids’ hands to become more dexterous and capable of crafting rudimentary implements. Thus he emphasizes that “the hand is not only the organ of labour, it is also the product of labour.”

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: bipedalism

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: craft rudimentary implements

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: hominids’ hands to become more dexterous and capable of crafting rudimentary implements

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: hominids’

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: bipedalism,

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: hominids’

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: crafting rudimentary implements.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: bipedalism,

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: hominids’

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominids’

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: hominids’

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: the human mind and body have been produced by the historical process of labour.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: bipedalism,

text: The Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum at about  was a significant global warming event; however, since the Azolla event of , the Cenozoic Era has been a period of long-term cooling. After the tectonic creation of Drake Passage, when South America fully detached from Antarctica during the Oligocene, the climate cooled significantly due to the advent of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current which brought cool deep Antarctic water to the surface. The cooling trend continued in the Miocene, with relatively short warmer periods. When South America became attached to North America creating the Isthmus of Panama, the Arctic region cooled due to the strengthening of the Humboldt and Gulf Stream currents, eventually leading to the glaciations of the Quaternary ice age, the current interglacial of which is the Holocene Epoch.Recent analysis of the geomagnetic reversal frequency, oxygen isotope record, and tectonic plate subduction rate, which are indicators of the changes in the heat flux at the core mantle boundary, climate and plate tectonic activity, shows that all these changes indicate similar rhythms on million years’ timescale in the Cenozoic Era occurring with the common fundamental periodicity of ∼13 Myr during most of the time.

text: The

text: Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum

text: at about  was a significant global warming event; however, since the

text: Azolla event

text: of , the Cenozoic Era has been a period of long-term cooling. After the tectonic creation of

text: Drake Passage

text: , when South America fully detached from Antarctica during the

text: Oligocene

text: , the climate cooled significantly due to the advent of the

text: Antarctic Circumpolar Current

text: which brought cool deep Antarctic water to the surface. The cooling trend continued in the

text: Miocene

text: , with relatively short warmer periods. When South America became attached to North America creating the

text: Isthmus of Panama

text: , the Arctic region cooled due to the strengthening of the

text: Humboldt

text: and

text: Gulf Stream

text: currents, eventually leading to the glaciations of the

text: Quaternary ice age

text: , the current

text: interglacial

text: of which is the

text: Holocene

text: Epoch.Recent analysis of the geomagnetic reversal frequency, oxygen isotope record, and tectonic plate subduction rate, which are indicators of the changes in the heat flux at the core mantle boundary, climate and plate tectonic activity, shows that all these changes indicate similar rhythms on million years’ timescale in the Cenozoic Era occurring with the common fundamental periodicity of ∼13 Myr during most of the time.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Eocene

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic Era

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: was a significant global warming event

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Oligocene

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Holocene Epoch

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Drake Passage

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: The Paleocene–Eocene

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Miocene,

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: The Paleocene–Eocene

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: The Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: The Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: The Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Paleocene–Eocene

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Holocene Epoch.Recent

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: The Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Isthmus of Panama,

text: The sea floor contains Paleozoic and Mesozoic granite and metamorphic rocks. The abysses are caused by the formation of the Himalayas in the Cenozoic.

text: The sea floor contains

text: Paleozoic

text: and

text: Mesozoic

text: granite

text: and

text: metamorphic rock

text: s. The

text: abysses

text: are caused by the formation of the

text: Himalayas

text: in the

text: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Mesozoic

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: was not a mammal

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Mesozoic

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Himalayas

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: The sea floor contains Paleozoic and Mesozoic

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: The sea floor contains Paleozoic and Mesozoic

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: The sea floor contains Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: The sea floor contains Paleozoic and Mesozoic

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Paleozoic and Mesozoic

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Paleozoic and Mesozoic granite and metamorphic rocks.

text: The Cenozoic Research Laboratory of the Geological Survey of China was established at the Peking Union Medical College in 1928 with the assistance of Chinese geologists Ding Wenjiang and Weng Wenhao for the research and appraisal of the fossils unearthed. Black stayed on at the Laboratory as honorary director while excavations continued at the site under Chinese paleontologist Yang Zhongjian, anthropologists Pei Wenzhong and Jia Lanpo.

text: The

text: Cenozoic Research Laboratory

text: of the

text: Geological Survey of China

text: was established at the

text: Peking Union Medical College

text: in

text: with the assistance of

text: Chinese

text: geologist

text: s

text: Ding Wenjiang

text: and

text: Weng Wenhao

text: for the research and appraisal of the fossils unearthed. Black stayed on at the Laboratory as honorary director while excavations continued at the site under Chinese

text: paleontologist

text: Yang Zhongjian

text: anthropologists

text: Pei Wenzhong

text: and

text: Jia Lanpo

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is a species of primate

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Pei Wenzhong

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Black

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Yang Zhongjian,

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: research and appraisal of the fossils unearthed.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: The Cenozoic Research Laboratory of the Geological Survey of China

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Yang Zhongjian,

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Black

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Pei Wenzhong and Jia Lanpo.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: The Cenozoic Research Laboratory of the Geological Survey of China

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Chinese geologists Ding Wenjiang and Weng Wenhao

text: The Paleocene () or Palaeocene, the "old recent", is a geologic epoch that lasted from about . It is the first epoch of the Paleogene Period in the modern Cenozoic Era. As with many geologic periods, the strata that define the epoch's beginning and end are well identified, but the exact ages remain uncertain.

text: The Paleocene () or Palaeocene, the "old recent", is a geologic

text: epoch

text: that lasted from about . It is the first epoch of the

text: Paleogene

text: Period

text: in the modern

text: Cenozoic

text: Era

text: . As with many

text: geologic periods

text: , the

text: strata

text: that define the epoch's beginning and end are well identified, but the exact ages remain uncertain.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Paleocene

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic Era

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: did the Paleocene end before the Paleogene Period?

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Paleocene

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Paleogene Period

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Cenozoic Era

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Paleocene

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Paleogene Period in the modern Cenozoic Era.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: The Paleocene

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: The Paleocene

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: The Paleocene

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: The Paleocene

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Paleocene

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Cenozoic Era.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Paleocene

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Paleocene

text: After the Cretaceous, a new era of geologic time began; the Cenozoic era, which means the era of "recent life". Traditionally, the first period of the Cenozoic was called the Tertiary, however recent recommendations of the International Commission on Stratigraphy discourage its use, with the correspondent time span divided between the earlier Paleogene and the more recent Neogene periods. The geologic turmoil on the west coast was maintained as the Pacific Plate continued to slide under the North American Plate. During the early part of the Cenozoic period climates were much warmer than they are today. Latitudes as high as South Dakota had a subtropical climate until as recently as the end of the Oligocene.

text: After the Cretaceous, a new era of geologic time began; the

text: Cenozoic

text: era, which means the era of "recent life". Traditionally, the first period of the Cenozoic was called the

text: Tertiary

text: , however recent recommendations of the

entity_name: International Commission on Stratigraphy

text: International Commission on Stratigraphy

text: discourage its use, with the correspondent time span divided between the earlier

text: Paleogene

text: and the more recent

text: Neogene

text: periods. The geologic turmoil on the west coast was maintained as the

text: Pacific Plate

text: continued to slide under the

text: North American Plate

text: . During the early part of the Cenozoic period climates were much warmer than they are today. Latitudes as high as South Dakota had a

text: subtropical

text: climate until as recently as the end of the

text: Oligocene

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Cretaceous

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: did the Cretaceous end?

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Cretaceous

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Pacific Plate

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Paleogene

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Oligocene.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Cretaceous,

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: "recent life".

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Cretaceous,

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Cretaceous,

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Cretaceous,

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Cenozoic era,

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Cenozoic era,

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: North American Plate.

text: The order Primates includes the lemurs, monkeys, and apes, with the latter category including humans. It is divided into four main groupings: strepsirrhines, tarsiers, monkeys of the New World (parvorder Platyrrhini), and monkeys and apes of the Old World.  Central America's 6 genera of nonhuman primates compares with 20 in South America, 15 in Madagascar, 23 in Africa and 19 in Asia. Central American monkeys are recent immigrants from South America, where their ancestors arrived after rafting over from Africa 25 million years ago.

text: The order Primates includes the

text: lemur

text: s,

text: monkey

text: s, and

text: ape

text: s, with the latter category including

text: humans

text: . It is divided into four main groupings:

text: strepsirrhine

text: s,

text: tarsier

text: s,

text: monkeys of the New World

text: parvorder

text: Platyrrhini), and

text: monkeys and apes of the Old World

text: .  Central America's 6 genera of nonhuman primates compares with

text: 20 in South America

text: 15 in Madagascar

text: 23 in Africa and 19 in Asia

text: . Central American monkeys are recent immigrants from South America, where their ancestors arrived after

text: rafting over

text: from

text: Africa

text: 25 million years ago.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: lemurs

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Primates

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: apes

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Primates

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Central America

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: apes,

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Primates

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: apes,

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: humans.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: humans.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: humans.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: strepsirrhines,

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Primates

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Central American monkeys are recent immigrants from South America,

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: rafting over from Africa

text: [[File:Primate Tree.tiff|thumb|500px|Primate phylogenetic tree and complex-vocal learning vs. auditory sequence learning. Shown is a primate phylogenetic tree based on a combination of DNA sequence and fossil age data (Goodman et al., 1998; Page et al., 1999). Humans (Homo) are the only primates classified as “vocal learners.” However, non-human primates might be better at auditory sequence learning than their limited vocal-production learning capabilities would suggest. In blue text and (#) we highlight species for which there is some evidence of Artificial Grammar Learning capabilities for at least adjacent relationships between the elements in a sequence (tamarins: Fitch and Hauser, 2004), (macaques: Wilson et al., 2011). Presuming that the auditory capabilities of guenons and gibbons (or the symbolic learning of signs by apes) would mean that these animals are able to learn at least adjacent relationships in Artificial Grammars we can tentatively mark these species also in blue #. Note however, that for the species labeled in black text, future studies might show them to be capable of some limited-vocal learning or various levels of complexity in learning the structure of auditory sequences. Three not mutually exclusive hypotheses are illustrated for both complex-vocal learning and auditory sequence learning. From Petkov, CI; Jarvis ED (2012). "Birds, primates, and spoken language origins: behavioral phenotypes and neurobiological substrates". Front. Evol. Neurosci. 4:12.]]In primates, only humans are known to be capable of complex vocal learning.  Similar to the first hypothesis relating to birds, one explanation is that vocal learning evolved independently in humans. An alternative hypothesis suggests evolution from a primate common ancestor capable of vocal learning, with the trait subsequently being lost at least eight other times. Considering the most parsimonious analysis, it seems unlikely that the number of independent gains (one in humans) would be exceeded so greatly by the number of independent losses (at least eight), which supports the independent evolution hypothesis.

text: primates

text: , only

text: humans

text: are known to be capable of complex vocal learning.  Similar to the first hypothesis relating to birds, one explanation is that vocal learning evolved independently in humans. An alternative hypothesis suggests evolution from a primate common ancestor capable of vocal learning, with the trait subsequently being lost at least eight other times. Considering the most parsimonious analysis, it seems unlikely that the number of independent gains (one in humans) would be exceeded so greatly by the number of independent losses (at least eight), which supports the independent evolution hypothesis.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: primate]]

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: It seems unlikely that the number of independent gains (one in humans) would be exceeded so greatly by the number of independent losses (at least eight), which supports the independent evolution hypothesis.]]

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: [[File:Primate Tree.tiff|thumb|500px|Primate phylogenetic tree and complex-vocal learning vs. auditory sequence learning. Shown is a primate phylogenetic tree based on a combination of DNA sequence and fossil age data (Goodman et al., 1998; Page et al., 1999).

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: [[File:Primate Tree.tiff|thumb|500px|Primate phylogenetic tree]]

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: [[File:Primate Tree.tiff|thumb|500px|Primate phylogenetic tree and complex-vocal learning vs. auditory sequence learning. Shown is a primate phylogenetic tree based on a combination of DNA sequence and fossil age data (Goodman et al., 1998; Page et al., 1999). Humans (Homo) are the only primates classified as “vocal learners.” However, non-human primates might be better at auditory sequence learning than their limited vocal-production learning capabilities would suggest. In blue text and (#) we highlight species for which there is some evidence of Artificial Grammar Learning capabilities for at least adjacent relationships between the elements in a sequence (tamarins: Fitch and Hauser, 2004), (macaques: Wilson et al., 2011). Presuming that the auditory capabilities of guenons and gibbons (or the symbolic learning of signs by apes) would mean that these animals are able to learn at least adjacent relationships in Artificial Grammars we can tentatively mark these species also in blue #.

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: [[File:Primate Tree.tiff|thumb|500px|Primate phylogenetic tree and complex-vocal learning vs. auditory sequence learning. Shown is a primate phylogenetic tree based on a combination of DNA sequence and fossil age data (Goodman et al., 1998; Page et al., 1999). Humans (Homo) are the only primates classified as “vocal learners.” However, non-human primates might be better at auditory sequence learning than their limited vocal-production learning capabilities would suggest. In blue text and (#) we highlight species for which there is some evidence of Artificial Grammar Learning capabilities for at least adjacent relationships between the elements in a sequence (tamarins: Fitch and Hauser, 2004), (macaques: Wilson et al., 2011). Presuming that the auditory capabilities of guenons and gibbons (or the symbolic learning of signs by apes) would mean that these animals are able to learn at least adjacent relationships in Artificial Grammars we can tentatively mark these species also in blue #. Note however, that for the species labeled in black text, future studies might show them to be capable of some limited-vocal learning or various levels of complexity in learning the structure of auditory sequences.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: primate

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: primate common ancestor

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: vocal learning evolved independently in humans.

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: vocal learning evolved independently in humans.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: “vocal learners.”

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Humans

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: (Homo)

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: (Homo)

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: blue #.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: eight

text: Many prominent evolutionary theorists propose that neoteny has been a key feature in human evolution. Stephen Jay Gould believed that the "evolutionary story" of humans is one where we have been "retaining to adulthood the originally juvenile features of our ancestors". J. B. S. Haldane mirrors Gould's hypothesis by stating a "major evolutionary trend in human beings" is "greater prolongation of childhood and retardation of maturity." Delbert D. Thiessen said that "neoteny becomes more apparent as early primates evolved into later forms" and that primates have been "evolving toward flat face." However, in light of some groups using arguments based around neoteny to support racism, Gould also argued "that the whole enterprise of ranking groups by degree of neoteny is fundamentally unjustified" (Gould, 1996, pg. 150).

text: Many prominent evolutionary theorists propose that neoteny has been a key feature in

text: human evolution

text: Stephen Jay Gould

text: believed that the "evolutionary story" of humans is one where we have been "retaining to adulthood the originally juvenile features of our ancestors".

text: J. B. S. Haldane

text: mirrors Gould's hypothesis by stating a "major evolutionary trend in human beings" is "greater prolongation of childhood and retardation of maturity."

text: Delbert D. Thiessen

text: said that "neoteny becomes more apparent as early primates evolved into later forms" and that primates have been "evolving toward flat face." However, in light of some groups using arguments based around neoteny to support

text: racism

text: , Gould also argued "that the whole enterprise of ranking groups by degree of neoteny is fundamentally unjustified" (Gould, 1996, pg. 150).

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: evolutionary story

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: has been "evolving toward flat face."

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: juvenile

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: neoteny

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: early primates

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: early primates evolved into later forms"

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: neoteny

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: "greater prolongation of childhood and retardation of maturity."

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: neoteny

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: early primates

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: adulthood

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: neoteny

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: neoteny

text: Dubois was bitter about this and locked the fossil up in a trunk until 1923 when he showed it to Ales Hrdlicka from the Smithsonian Institution. In response to critics who refused to accept that Java Man was a "missing link", in 1932 Dubois published a paper arguing that the Trinil bones looked like those of a "giant gibbon". Dubois' use of the phrase has been widely misinterpreted as a retraction, but it was intended an argument to support his claim that Pithecanthropus was a transitional form. According to Dubois, evolution occurred by leaps, and the ancestors of humanity had doubled their brain-to-body ratio on each leap. To prove that Java Man was the "missing link" between apes and humans, he therefore had to show that its brain-to-body ratio was double that of apes and half that of humans. The problem was that Java Man's cranial capacity was 900 cubic centimeters, about two thirds of modern humans'.

text: Dubois was bitter about this and locked the fossil up in a trunk until 1923 when he showed it to Ales Hrdlicka from the Smithsonian Institution. In response to critics who refused to accept that Java Man was a "missing link", in 1932 Dubois published a paper arguing that the Trinil bones looked like those of a "giant gibbon". Dubois' use of the phrase has been widely misinterpreted as a retraction, but it was intended an argument to support his claim that Pithecanthropus was a transitional form. According to Dubois, evolution occurred by leaps, and the ancestors of humanity had doubled their

text: brain-to-body ratio

text: on each leap. To prove that Java Man was the "missing link" between apes and humans, he therefore had to show that its brain-to-body ratio was double that of apes and half that of humans. The problem was that Java Man's cranial capacity was 900 cubic centimeters, about two thirds of modern humans'.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: apes

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: leaps

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: apes and humans

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Pithecanthropus

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: apes

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: leaps

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: apes

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: leaps,

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: apes

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: two thirds of modern humans'.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: two thirds of modern humans'.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Java Man

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Java Man

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: two thirds

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: doubled their brain-to-body ratio

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: leaps,

text: The models represent fifteen genera of extinct animals, not all dinosaurs. They are from a wide range of geological ages, and include true dinosaurs, ichthyosaurs, and plesiosaurs mainly from the Mesozoic era, and some mammals from the more recent Cenozoic era.

text: The models represent fifteen

text: genera

text: of extinct animals, not all dinosaurs. They are from a wide range of geological ages, and include true dinosaurs,

text: ichthyosaur

text: s, and

text: plesiosaur

text: s mainly from the

text: Mesozoic

text: era, and some mammals from the more recent

text: Cenozoic

text: era.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: plesiosaurs

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Mesozoic era

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Mesozoic

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: mammals

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic era.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: The models represent fifteen genera of extinct animals, not all dinosaurs.

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: plesiosaurs

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Cenozoic era.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: dinosaurs.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: plesiosaurs

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: some mammals from the more recent Cenozoic era.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: The models represent fifteen genera of extinct animals, not all dinosaurs.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Mesozoic era,

text: Homo sapiens (Latin: "wise man") is the binomial nomenclature (also known as the scientific name) for the only extant human species. Homo is the human genus, which also includes Neanderthals and many other extinct species of hominid; H. sapiens is the only surviving species of the genus Homo. Modern humans are the subspecies Homo sapiens sapiens, which differentiates them from what has been argued to be their direct ancestor, Homo sapiens idaltu. The ingenuity and adaptability of Homo sapiens has led to its becoming the most influential species on the Earth; it is currently deemed of least concern on the Red List of endangered species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature.

text: Homo sapiens (

text: Latin

text: : "wise man") is the

text: binomial nomenclature

text: (also known as the

text: scientific name

text: ) for the only extant

text: human

text: species.

text: Homo

text: is the human

text: genus

text: , which also includes

text: Neanderthal

text: s and many other

text: extinct

text: species of

text: hominid

text: ; H. sapiens is the only surviving species of the genus Homo. Modern humans are the subspecies

text: Homo sapiens sapiens

text: , which differentiates them from what has been argued to be their direct ancestor,

text: Homo sapiens idaltu

text: . The ingenuity and adaptability of Homo sapiens has led to its becoming the most influential species on the

text: Earth

text: ; it is currently deemed of least concern on the

text: Red List

text: of endangered species by the

entity_name: International Union for Conservation of Nature

text: International Union for Conservation of Nature

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Neanderthals

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Neanderthals

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is the only extant human species

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: H. sapiens idaltu

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: subspecies

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Ice Ages

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Homo sapiens idaltu.

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Neanderthals

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Homo sapiens idaltu.

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: adaptability

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Homo sapiens idaltu.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Homo sapiens

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Homo sapiens idaltu.

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: subspecies Homo sapiens sapiens,

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Homo sapiens idaltu.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Homo sapiens

text: TLR4 originated when TLR2 and TLR4 diverged about 500 million years ago near the beginning of vertebrate evolution. Sequence alignments of human and great ape TLR4 exons have demonstrated that not much evolution has occurred in human TLR4 since our divergence from our last common ancestor with chimpanzees; human and chimp TLR4 exons only differ by three substitutions while humans and baboons are 93.5% similar in the extracellular domain. Notably, humans possess a greater number of early stop codons in TLR4 than great apes; in a study of 158 humans worldwide, 0.6% had a nonsense mutation. This suggests that there are weaker evolutionary pressures on the human TLR4 than on our primate relatives. The distribution of human TLR4 polymorphisms matches the out-of-Africa migration, and it is likely that the polymorphisms were generated in Africa before migration to other continents.

text: TLR4 originated when TLR2 and TLR4 diverged about 500 million years ago near the beginning of vertebrate evolution. Sequence alignments of human and great ape TLR4 exons have demonstrated that not much evolution has occurred in human TLR4 since our divergence from our last common ancestor with chimpanzees; human and chimp TLR4 exons only differ by three substitutions while humans and baboons are 93.5% similar in the extracellular domain. Notably, humans possess a greater number of early stop codons in TLR4 than great apes; in a study of 158 humans worldwide, 0.6% had a nonsense mutation. This suggests that there are weaker evolutionary pressures on the human TLR4 than on our primate relatives. The distribution of human TLR4 polymorphisms matches the out-of-Africa migration, and it is likely that the polymorphisms were generated in Africa before migration to other continents.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: great ape

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: vertebrate evolution

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: was the last common ancestor of what?

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: great ape

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Africa

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: chimpanzees;

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: vertebrate evolution.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: our last common ancestor

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: migration to other continents.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: 500 million years ago near the beginning of vertebrate evolution.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: chimpanzees;

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: chimpanzees;

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: last common ancestor with chimpanzees;

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: chimpanzees;

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: out-of-Africa

text: The evolutionary history of lemurs occurred in isolation from other primates, on the island of Madagascar, for at least 40 million years. Lemurs are primates belonging to the suborder Strepsirrhini, which branched off from other primates less than 63 mya (million years ago).  They share some traits with the most basal primates, and thus are often confused as being ancestral to modern monkeys, apes, and humans.  Instead, they merely resemble ancestral primates.

text: The evolutionary history of

text: lemur

text: s occurred in isolation from other

text: primate

text: s, on the island of

text: Madagascar

text: , for at least 40 million years.

text: Lemur

text: s are primates belonging to the suborder

text: Strepsirrhini

text: , which branched off from other primates less than 63

text: mya

text: (million years ago).  They share some traits with the most

text: basal

text: primates, and thus are often confused as being ancestral to modern monkeys, apes, and humans.  Instead, they merely resemble ancestral primates.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: lemurs

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: lemurs

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is not the same as

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: lemurs

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Madagascar

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Lemurs

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: 63 mya

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: monkeys, apes, and humans.

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: humans.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: 63 mya

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: humans.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: lemurs

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: ancestral to modern monkeys, apes, and humans.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: 63 mya

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Madagascar,

text: More recently, RFT has also been proposed as a way to guide discussion within evolution science, whether within evolutionary biology or evolutionary psychology, toward a more informed understanding of the role of language in shaping human social behavior. The effort at integrating RFT into evolution science has been led by, among others, Steven C. Hayes, a co-developer of RFT, and David Sloan Wilson, an evolutionary biologist at Binghamton University. For example, in 2011, Hayes presented at a seminar at Binghamton, on the topic of Symbolic Behavior, Behavioral Psychology, and the Clinical Importance of Evolution Science, while Wilson likewise presented at a symposium at the annual conference in Parma, Italy, of the Association for Contextual Behavioral Science, the parent organization sponsoring RFT research, on the topic of Evolution for Everyone, Including Contextual Psychology - Interplay between evolution and contextual behavior science.

text: More recently, RFT has also been proposed as a way to guide discussion within evolution science, whether within

text: evolutionary biology

text: or

text: evolutionary psychology

text: , toward a more informed understanding of the role of language in shaping human social behavior. The effort at integrating RFT into evolution science has been led by, among others,

text: Steven C. Hayes

text: , a co-developer of RFT, and

text: David Sloan Wilson

text: , an evolutionary biologist at

text: Binghamton University

text: . For example, in 2011, Hayes presented at a seminar at Binghamton, on the topic of Symbolic Behavior, Behavioral Psychology, and the Clinical Importance of Evolution Science, while Wilson likewise presented at a symposium at the annual conference in Parma, Italy, of the

entity_name: Association for Contextual Behavioral Science

text: Association for Contextual Behavioral Science

text: , the parent organization sponsoring RFT research, on the topic of Evolution for Everyone, Including Contextual Psychology - Interplay between evolution and contextual behavior science.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: modern humans

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: RFT

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is a species of primate

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: ape

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: RFT

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: language

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: evolutionary biology or evolutionary psychology,

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: RFT

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: social behavior.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: evolutionary biology or evolutionary psychology,

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: human social behavior.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Association for Contextual Behavioral Science,

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: evolution

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Symbolic Behavior,

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: language

text: The Early Paleozoic and the Middle to Late Mesozoic oceans were predominantly calcite seas, whereas the Middle Paleozoic through the Early Mesozoic and the Cenozoic (including today) are characterized by aragonite seas.

text: The Early

text: Paleozoic

text: and the Middle to Late

text: Mesozoic

text: oceans were predominantly calcite seas, whereas the Middle Paleozoic through the Early Mesozoic and the

text: Cenozoic

text: (including today) are characterized by aragonite seas.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: aragonite

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: aragonite seas

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Early Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: calcite

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: The Early Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: The Early Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: The Early Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: The Early Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: The Early Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Early Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: aragonite seas.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: calcite seas,

text: Paleoparasitology (or "palaeoparasitology") is the study of parasites from the past, and their interactions with hosts and vectors; it is a subfield of Paleontology, the study of living organisms from the past.    Some authors define this term more narrowly, as "Paleoparasitology is the study of parasites in archaeological material." (p. 103) K.J. Reinhard suggests that the term "archaeoparasitology" be applied to "... all parasitological remains excavated from archaeological contexts ... derived from human activity" and that "the term 'paleoparasitology' be applied to studies of nonhuman, paleontological material." (p. 233)  This article follows Reinhard's suggestion and discusses the protozoan and animal parasites of non-human animals and plants from the past, while those from humans and our hominid ancestors are covered in archaeoparasitology.

text: Paleoparasitology (or "palaeoparasitology") is the study of

text: parasite

text: s from the past, and their interactions with hosts and

text: vectors

text: ; it is a subfield of

text: Paleontology

text: , the study of living organisms from the past.    Some authors define this term more narrowly, as "Paleoparasitology is the study of parasites in archaeological material." (p. 103) K.J. Reinhard suggests that the term "

text: archaeoparasitology

text: " be applied to "... all parasitological remains excavated from archaeological contexts ... derived from human activity" and that "the term 'paleoparasitology' be applied to studies of nonhuman, paleontological material." (p. 233)  This article follows Reinhard's suggestion and discusses the

text: protozoa

text: n and animal parasites of non-human animals and plants from the past, while those from humans and our

text: hominid

text: ancestors are covered in

text: archaeoparasitology

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Paleoparasitology

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: paleoparasitology

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Paleoparasitology

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: paleoparasitology

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: hominid ancestors

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: hominid ancestors

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: Paleoparasitology

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: hominid ancestors

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: hominid ancestors

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: hominid ancestors

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Paleoparasitology

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Paleoparasitology

text: Paleoanthropological estimates of the time frame for the evolution of monogamy are primarily based on the level of sexual dimorphism seen in the fossil record because, in general, the reduced male-male competition seen in monogamous mating results in reduced sexual dimorphism.  According to Reno et al., the sexual dimorphism of Australopithecus afarensis, a human ancestor from approximately 3.9–3.0 million years ago, was within the modern human range, based on dental and postcranial morphology.  Although careful not to say that this indicates monogamous mating in early hominids, the authors do say that reduced levels of sexual dimorphism in A. afarensis “do not imply that monogamy is any less probable than polygyny”.  However, Gordon, Green and Richmond claim that in examining postcranial remains, A. afarensis is more sexually dimorphic than modern humans and chimps with levels closer to those of orangutans and gorillas.  Furthermore, Homo habilis, living approximately 2.3 mya, is the most sexually dimorphic early hominid.  Plavcan and van Schaik conclude their examination of this controversy by stating that, overall, sexual dimorphism in australopithecines is not indicative of any behavioral implications or mating systems.

text: Paleoanthropological estimates of the time frame for the evolution of monogamy are primarily based on the level of

text: sexual dimorphism

text: seen in the fossil record because, in general, the reduced male-male competition seen in monogamous mating results in reduced sexual dimorphism.  According to Reno et al., the sexual dimorphism of Australopithecus afarensis, a human ancestor from approximately 3.9–3.0 million years ago, was within the modern human range, based on dental and postcranial morphology.  Although careful not to say that this indicates monogamous mating in early

text: hominid

text: s, the authors do say that reduced levels of sexual dimorphism in A. afarensis “do not imply that monogamy is any less probable than polygyny”.  However, Gordon, Green and Richmond claim that in examining postcranial remains, A. afarensis is more sexually dimorphic than modern humans and chimps with levels closer to those of orangutans and gorillas.  Furthermore, Homo habilis, living approximately 2.3 mya, is the most sexually dimorphic early hominid.  Plavcan and van Schaik conclude their examination of this controversy by stating that, overall, sexual dimorphism in australopithecines is not indicative of any behavioral implications or mating systems.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Homo habilis

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Homo habilis

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Homo habilis

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Homo habilis

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Australopithecus

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Australopithecus afarensis,

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: 3.9–3.0 million years ago,

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Australopithecus afarensis,

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: male-male competition

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: 2.3

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Homo habilis,

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Australopithecus afarensis,

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: modern human range,

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: 3.9–3.0 million years ago,

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Australopithecus afarensis,

text: The order Primates includes the lemurs, monkeys, and apes, with the latter category including humans. It is divided into four main groupings: strepsirrhines, tarsiers, monkeys of the New World (parvorder Platyrrhini), and monkeys and apes of the Old World.  South America's 20 genera of nonhuman primates compares with 6 in Central America, 15 in Madagascar, 23 in Africa and 19 in Asia.  All South American monkeys are believed to be descended from ancestors that rafted over from Africa about 25 million years ago in a single dispersal event.

text: The order Primates includes the

text: lemur

text: s,

text: monkey

text: s, and

text: ape

text: s, with the latter category including

text: humans

text: . It is divided into four main groupings:

text: strepsirrhine

text: s,

text: tarsier

text: s,

text: monkeys of the New World

text: parvorder

text: Platyrrhini), and

text: monkeys and apes of the Old World

text: .  South America's 20 genera of nonhuman primates compares with

text: 6 in Central America

text: 15 in Madagascar

text: 23 in Africa and 19 in Asia

text: .  All South American monkeys are believed to be descended from ancestors that

text: rafted over

text: from Africa about 25 million years ago in a single dispersal event.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: lemurs

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: apes of the Old World

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: apes

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Primates

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: monkeys of the New World

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: apes,

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Primates

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: apes,

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: humans.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: humans.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: humans.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: strepsirrhines,

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Primates

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: 25 million years ago in a single dispersal event.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Africa

text: Population and admixture studies suggest a three-way model for the evolution of human skin color, with dark skin evolving in early hominids in Africa and light skin evolving partly separately at least two times after modern humans had expanded out of Africa.

text: Population and admixture studies suggest a three-way model for the evolution of human skin color, with dark skin evolving in early

text: hominids

text: in

text: Africa

text: and light skin evolving partly separately at least two times after modern humans had expanded

text: out of Africa

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: early hominids

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: continents

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: early hominids

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: modern humans had expanded out of Africa.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: early hominids

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: Population and admixture studies

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: modern humans

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: early hominids

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: expanded out of Africa.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Population and admixture studies

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Africa

text: In modern Chinese terms of human evolution, zhenren means "true human" as distinct from other primates.

text: In modern Chinese terms of

text: human evolution

text: , zhenren means "true human" as distinct from other primates.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: zhenren

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: eons

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: was a species of primate

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: zhenren

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Chinese

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: modern Chinese

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: zhenren

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: zhenren means "true human" as distinct from other primates.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: zhenren

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: zhenren means "true human" as distinct from other primates.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: zhenren

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: primates.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: zhenren

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: zhenren

text: It preserves fossils from the Pleistocene Epoch of the Quaternary Period, during the Cenozoic Era.

text: It preserves

text: fossils

text: from the

text: Pleistocene

text: Epoch of the

text: Quaternary Period

text: , during the

text: Cenozoic Era

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Pleistocene

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic Era

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is a species of primate

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Pleistocene

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Pleistocene

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic Era.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Pleistocene Epoch

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: It preserves fossils from the Pleistocene Epoch

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Pleistocene Epoch

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Pleistocene Epoch

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Pleistocene

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Cenozoic Era.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Pleistocene Epoch

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Quaternary Period,

text: Human knee joints are enlarged for the same reason as the hip – to better support an increased amount of body weight.  The degree of knee extension (the angle between the thigh and shank in a walking cycle) has decreased. The changing pattern of the knee joint angle of humans shows a small extension peak, called the “double knee action,” in the midstance phase.  Double knee action decreases energy lost by vertical movement of the center of gravity. Humans walk with their knees kept straight and the thighs bent inward so that the knees are almost directly under the body, rather than out to the side, as is the case in ancestral hominids. This type of gait also aids balance.

text: Human

text: knee

text: joints are enlarged for the same reason as the hip – to better support an increased amount of body weight.  The degree of knee extension (the angle between the thigh and shank in a walking cycle) has decreased. The changing pattern of the knee joint angle of humans shows a small extension peak, called the “double knee action,” in the midstance phase.  Double knee action decreases energy lost by vertical movement of the center of gravity. Humans walk with their knees kept straight and the

text: thigh

text: s bent inward so that the knees are almost directly under the body, rather than out to the side, as is the case in ancestral hominids. This type of gait also aids balance.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: does not have a knee extension

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: hominids.

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: ancestral hominids.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: ancestral hominids.

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: balance.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: ancestral hominids.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: ancestral hominids.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominids.

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: ancestral hominids.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: ancestral hominids.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: knee joints

text: While much discussed, a yet more important find was to be made by Brunet's team on July 19, 2001; a Chadian student of the mission, Ahounta Djimdoumalbaye, unearthed a nearly complete cranium, from 6 to 7 million years old, nicknamed Toumaï  by the Chadian President Idriss Déby, and classified by Brunet as the first exemplary of the Sahelanthropus tchadensis. Brunet and others, like Tim White, are strongly convinced Toumai to be a hominid, though this is contested by colleagues like Milford Wolpoff, who instead believe it to be an ape. Other experts, like Chris Stringer, argued it was inconclusive where the Sahelanthropus belongs in the human evolutionary line.  Brunet has argued that further excavations have uncovered additional remains which further confirm that Sahelanthropus was a hominid, though his conclusions with these newer findings are also debated by some scientists.

text: While much discussed, a yet more important find was to be made by Brunet's team on July 19, 2001; a Chadian student of the mission, Ahounta Djimdoumalbaye, unearthed a nearly complete

text: cranium

text: , from 6 to 7 million years old, nicknamed

text: Toumaï

text: by the

text: Chadian President

text: Idriss Déby

text: , and classified by Brunet as the first exemplary of the

text: Sahelanthropus tchadensis

text: . Brunet and others, like Tim White, are strongly convinced Toumai to be a hominid, though this is contested by colleagues like Milford Wolpoff, who instead believe it to be an ape. Other experts, like Chris Stringer, argued it was inconclusive where the Sahelanthropus belongs in the human evolutionary line.  Brunet has argued that further excavations have uncovered additional remains which further confirm that Sahelanthropus was a hominid, though his conclusions with these newer findings are also debated by some scientists.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Hominids

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Sahelanthropus

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is a hominid

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Sahelanthropus

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Sahelanthropus tchadensis

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Sahelanthropus

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Sahelanthropus

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: ape.

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: ape.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: 6 to 7 million years old,

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: hominid,

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Sahelanthropus

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: human evolutionary line.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: hominid,

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Sahelanthropus

text: The geology of Germany is heavily influenced by several phases of orogeny in the Paleozoic and the Cenozoic, by sedimentation in shelf seas and epicontinental seas and on plains in the Permian and Mesozoic as well as by the Quaternary glaciations.

text: The geology of Germany is heavily influenced by several phases of

text: orogeny

text: in the

text: Paleozoic

text: and the

text: Cenozoic

text: , by

text: sedimentation

text: in shelf seas and

text: epicontinental sea

text: s and on

text: plain

text: s in the

text: Permian

text: and

text: Mesozoic

text: as well as by the

text: Quaternary glaciation

text: s.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: can not be found in germany

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciations

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic,

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Paleozoic and the Cenozoic,

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: Paleozoic and the Cenozoic,

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Paleozoic and the Cenozoic,

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: The geology of Germany

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Paleozoic and the Cenozoic,

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Paleozoic and the Cenozoic,

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: epicontinental seas

text: In the novel Evolution by Stephen Baxter, some chapters are dedicated to the description of futuristic animals, including the posthumans. In various chapters of the book we see elements of speculative evolution. These are intelligent Ornitholestes dinosaurs, Cenozoic dinosaurs and other primitive inhabitants of Antarctica, futuristic descendants of pigs, goats, rats, rabbits and humans, and symbiosis between barometz tree and posthumans of New Pangea 500 MY in the future.

text: In the novel

text: Evolution

text: by

text: Stephen Baxter

text: , some chapters are dedicated to the description of futuristic animals, including the posthumans. In various chapters of the book we see elements of speculative evolution. These are intelligent

text: Ornitholestes

text: dinosaurs, Cenozoic dinosaurs and other primitive inhabitants of Antarctica, futuristic descendants of pigs, goats, rats, rabbits and humans, and symbiosis between barometz tree and posthumans of New Pangea 500 MY in the future.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: futuristic descendants of pigs

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Antarctica

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: pigs, goats, rats, rabbits

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: pigs, goats, rats, rabbits and humans,

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: intelligent Ornitholestes dinosaurs,

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: 500 MY

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: humans,

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Cenozoic dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: futuristic descendants

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: futuristic descendants

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Cenozoic dinosaurs

text: Cooper's Cave is now recognised as the fifth richest hominid site in the Cradle of Humankind World Heritage Site (behind Sterkfontein, Swartkrans, Drimolen and Kromdraai) and one of the richest sites for early hominid stone tools of the Developed Olduwan culture. Excavations are still underway at Cooper's and are currently being directed by Christine Steininger and Lee Berger of the Institute for Human Evolution and the Bernard Price Institute for Palaeontological Research at the University of the Witwatersrand.

text: Cooper's Cave is now recognised as the fifth richest hominid site in the

text: Cradle of Humankind

text: World Heritage Site

text: (behind Sterkfontein,

text: Swartkrans

text: , Drimolen and Kromdraai) and one of the richest sites for early hominid stone tools of the Developed

text: Olduwan

text: culture. Excavations are still underway at Cooper's and are currently being directed by Christine Steininger and

text: Lee Berger

text: of the Institute for Human Evolution and the

entity_name: Bernard Price Institute for Palaeontological Research

text: Bernard Price Institute for Palaeontological Research

text: at the

text: University of the Witwatersrand

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Olduwan

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Developed Olduwan culture

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Developed Olduwan culture

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Olduwan

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Cooper's Cave

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Developed Olduwan culture.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Cradle of Humankind

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: fifth richest hominid site in the Cradle of Humankind

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Cradle of Humankind

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Cooper's Cave is now recognised as the fifth richest hominid

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Olduwan

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Cradle of Humankind

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Developed Olduwan culture.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Cooper's Cave

text: The theory, using precedents established in biological theory, proposes to explain many aspects of human social and sexual behavior. It proposed to account for the evolution of the human species from the advent of its phylogenetic branching from other hominids through physiological and behavioral adaptations until  our current civilization.  This theory of human uniqueness claims to answer the fundamental scientific challenge posted by Charles Darwin, to explain the descent of man: how did the 'incremental' process of evolution by natural selection suddenly produce an utterly unprecedented kind of animal, humans?  It suggests an explanation of human origins, and also of human properties (from speech to political/economic/religious behavior).

text: The theory, using precedents established in biological theory, proposes to explain many aspects of human social and sexual behavior. It proposed to account for the

text: evolution

text: of the human species from the advent of its phylogenetic branching from other hominids through physiological and behavioral adaptations until  our current civilization.  This theory of

text: human uniqueness

text: claims to answer the fundamental scientific challenge posted by

text: Charles Darwin

text: , to explain the descent of man: how did the 'incremental' process of evolution by natural selection suddenly produce an utterly unprecedented kind of animal, humans?  It suggests an explanation of

text: human origins

text: , and also of human properties (from speech to political/economic/religious behavior).

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: evolution by natural selection

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: other hominids

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: evolution of the human species

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: other hominids

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: our current civilization.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: phylogenetic branching from other hominids

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: sexual behavior.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: our current civilization.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: civilization.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: political/economic/religious behavior).

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: phylogenetic branching from other hominids

text: Anthropogeny is the study of human origins. It is not simply a synonym for human evolution by natural selection, which is only a part of the processes involved in human origins. Many other factors besides biological evolution were involved, ranging over climatic, geographic, ecological, social, and cultural ones. Anthropogenesis, meaning the process or point of becoming human, is also called hominization.

text: Anthropogeny is the study of human origins. It is not simply a synonym for

text: human evolution

text: by

text: natural selection

text: , which is only a part of the processes involved in human origins. Many other factors besides biological

text: evolution

text: were involved, ranging over climatic, geographic, ecological, social, and cultural ones.

text: Anthropogenesis

text: , meaning the process or point of becoming human, is also called

text: hominization

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: hominins

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: hominization

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Anthropogeny

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominin

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Anthropogenic

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: geographic

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Anthropogeny

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: natural selection,

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Anthropogeny

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: Anthropogeny

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Anthropogeny

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: hominization.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominization.

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: human,

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Anthropogeny

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: climatic, geographic, ecological, social, and cultural ones.

text: Marine regression is a geological process occurring when areas of submerged seafloor are exposed above the sea level. The opposite event, marine transgression, occurs when flooding from the sea covers previously exposed land.

text: Marine regression is a

text: geological

text: process occurring when areas of submerged seafloor are exposed above the sea level. The opposite event,

text: marine transgression

text: , occurs when flooding from the sea covers previously exposed land.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: marine transgression

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: marine transgression

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: can not be marine transgression

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: marine transgression

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: marine

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: marine transgression

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Marine regression

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: marine transgression,

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Marine regression

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: Marine regression

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Marine regression

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Marine regression

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Marine regression

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Marine regression

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Marine regression

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Marine regression

text: The journal content covers all aspects of human evolution, focusing on those topics in physical anthropology, primatology, paleoanthropology, and paleolithic archaeology. Topics include but are not limited to studies of human and primate fossils, comparative studies of living species through morphological and molecular evidence (See Molecular Anthropology), and studies supporting fossil evidence of primate and human evolution through stratigraphy and taphonomy. Additional research areas include interpretative analyses of new and previously described fossil or skeletal material, assessments of the phylogeny and paleobiology of primate species including the line of Homo, and studies involving paleoecological and paleogeographical models of primate and human evolution. In addition to articles and studies published in the journal, the journal makes available space to publish brief announcements of new or important discoveries.

text: The journal content covers all aspects of human evolution, focusing on those topics in

text: physical anthropology

text: primatology

text: paleoanthropology

text: , and

text: paleolithic archaeology

text: . Topics include but are not limited to studies of human and primate fossils, comparative studies of living species through morphological and molecular evidence (

text: See Molecular Anthropology

text: ), and studies supporting fossil evidence of primate and human evolution through

text: stratigraphy

text: and

text: taphonomy

text: . Additional research areas include interpretative analyses of new and previously described fossil or skeletal material, assessments of the

text: phylogeny

text: and

text: paleobiology

text: of primate species including the line of

text: Homo

text: , and studies involving paleoecological and paleogeographical models of primate and

text: human evolution

text: . In addition to articles and studies published in the journal, the journal makes available space to publish brief announcements of new or important discoveries.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Homo

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: paleolithic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: the line of Homo

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Homo

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: line of Homo

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: primate

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: paleolithic archaeology.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Homo,

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: morphological and molecular evidence

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Homo,

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: the line of Homo,

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Homo,

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Homo,

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: fossil evidence of primate and human evolution

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: paleolithic archaeology.

text: The proportions of the human hand are plesiomorphic (shared by both ancestors and extant primate species); the elongated thumbs and short hands more closely resemble the hand proportions of Miocene apes than those of extant primates.Humans did not evolve from knuckle-walking apes, and chimpanzees and gorillas independently acquired elongated metacarpals as part of their adaptation to their modes of locomotion.Several of primitive hand features most likely present in the chimpanzee-human last common ancestor (CHLCA) and absent in modern humans are still present in the hands of Australopithecus, Paranthropus, and Homo floresiensis.  This suggests that the derived changes in modern humans and Neanderthals did not evolve until  or after the appearance of the earliest Acheulian stone tools, and that these changes are associated with tool-related tasks beyond those observed in other hominins.The thumbs of Ardipithecus ramidus, an early hominin, are almost as robust as in humans, so this may be a primitive trait, while the palms of other extant higher primates are elongated to the extent that some of the thumb's original function has been lost (most notably in highly arboreal primates such as the spider monkey).  In humans, the big toe is thus more derived than the thumb.

text: The proportions of the human hand are

text: plesiomorphic

text: (shared by both ancestors and extant primate species); the elongated thumbs and short hands more closely resemble the hand proportions of

text: Miocene

text: apes than those of extant primates.Humans did not evolve from knuckle-walking apes, and chimpanzees and gorillas independently acquired elongated metacarpals as part of their adaptation to their modes of locomotion.Several of primitive hand features most likely present in the

text: chimpanzee-human last common ancestor

text: (CHLCA) and absent in

text: modern humans

text: are still present in the hands of

text: Australopithecus

text: Paranthropus

text: , and

text: Homo floresiensis

text: .  This suggests that the

text: derived

text: changes in modern humans and

text: Neanderthal

text: s did not evolve until  or after the appearance of the earliest

text: Acheulian

text: stone tools, and that these changes are associated with tool-related tasks beyond those observed in other hominins.The thumbs of

text: Ardipithecus ramidus

text: , an early hominin, are almost as robust as in humans, so this may be a primitive trait, while the palms of other extant higher primates are elongated to the extent that some of the thumb's original function has been lost (most notably in highly arboreal primates such as the

text: spider monkey

text: ).  In humans, the

text: big toe

text: is thus more derived than the thumb.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: chimpanzee

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Acheulian stone tools

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: floresiensis

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: CHLCA

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: plesiomorphic

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Ice Ages

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: chimpanzee-human

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Acheulian stone tools,

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: knuckle-walking apes,

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: knuckle-walking

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: knuckle-walking apes,

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Homo floresiensis.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: (CHLCA)

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: ancestor

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: chimpanzee-human last common ancestor

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: knuckle-walking

text: The beginning of the Cenozoic was also the beginning of the Age of Mammals. The small shrew-like generalist insectivores that survived the Late Cretaceous extinction event began diversifying into the mammals that dominate the modern world's terrestrial ecosystems. The creodonts, which first appeared in the Paleocene, were among the first mammals to specialize in carnivory. The coastal region of the southeastern states, like Alabama and Mississippi were covered in seawater and home to the primitive whale Basilosaurus during the Eocene. The diversity of mammalian carnivores on land increased from the Eocene to the Miocene.

text: The beginning of the Cenozoic was also the beginning of the Age of Mammals. The small

text: shrew

text: -like generalist

text: insectivores

text: that survived the Late Cretaceous extinction event began diversifying into the mammals that dominate the modern world's terrestrial ecosystems. The

text: creodonts

text: , which first appeared in the

text: Paleocene

text: , were among the first mammals to specialize in carnivory. The coastal region of the southeastern states, like Alabama and Mississippi were covered in seawater and home to the primitive whale

text: Basilosaurus

text: during the Eocene. The diversity of mammalian carnivores on land increased from the Eocene to the Miocene.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: creodonts

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cretaceous

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: was the first mammals to specialize in carnivory

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Basilosaurus

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: The creodonts,

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Late Cretaceous

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: The small shrew-like generalist insectivores

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: terrestrial ecosystems.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Cenozoic was also the beginning of the Age of Mammals.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Basilosaurus

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: mammals that dominate the modern world's terrestrial ecosystems.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Cenozoic was also the beginning of the Age of Mammals.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Eocene.

text: By the end of the Mesozoic Era, most of the once-mighty Marathon-Ouachita-Appalachian mountain chain had eroded. Today, only a small part of the original range, rejuvenated in the Cenozoic Era, remains.

text: By the end of the

text: Mesozoic

text: Era, most of the once-mighty Marathon-Ouachita-Appalachian mountain chain had eroded. Today, only a small part of the original range, rejuvenated in the

text: Cenozoic

text: Era, remains.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Mesozoic

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Mesozoic Era

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is not the same as

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Mesozoic

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Marathon-Ouachita-Appalachian mountain chain

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic Era,

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Mesozoic Era,

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: By the end of the Mesozoic Era,

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Mesozoic Era,

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Mesozoic Era,

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Mesozoic Era,

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Mesozoic Era,

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Mesozoic Era,

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Marathon-Ouachita-Appalachian mountain chain

text: Zeresenay then moved back to Ethiopia, and it was the next year, 1999, while working as a research associate at the National Museum of Ethiopia and the French Center for Ethiopian Studies in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, that he formed the Dikika Research Project (DRP), the first Ethiopian-led paleoanthropological field research project, whose ongoing multi-national and multi-disciplinary mission is aimed at recovering data addressing Zeresenay’s primary research interests: hominin evolution and the ways by which that evolution was influenced by the paleoenvironment. Zeresenay both leads the project and studies the recovered hominins and other primates.

text: Zeresenay then moved back to Ethiopia, and it was the next year, 1999, while working as a research associate at the National Museum of Ethiopia and the French Center for Ethiopian Studies in

text: Addis Ababa

text: , Ethiopia, that he formed the

text: Dikika Research Project

text: (DRP), the first Ethiopian-led paleoanthropological field research project, whose ongoing multi-national and multi-disciplinary mission is aimed at recovering data addressing Zeresenay’s primary research interests:

text: hominin evolution

text: and the ways by which that evolution was influenced by the paleoenvironment. Zeresenay both leads the project and studies the recovered hominins and other

text: primates

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: hominin

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: paleoenvironment

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: was influenced by the paleoenvironment

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominin

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: hominin

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: hominin

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: paleoenvironment.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: hominin evolution

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: influenced by the paleoenvironment.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: hominin

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: hominin

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominin

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: hominin

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: hominin evolution

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: paleoenvironment.

text: Since 1991, research groups at the University of Barcelona interested in the origin of the human species and primate behavior have been working in collaboration, a unique initiative in the international sphere. For the first time, the study of evolution and the behavior of the human species, as well as of other primates, was being conducted between research teams from different backgrounds: Evolution of Hominids and Other Primates; HOMINID, Human Origins Group, and Information Technology in behavioral Sciences. This collection of researchers constituted the Special Centre of Primate Research (CERP in Catalan), of which Joaquim Veà was director. It is from this centre, at the University of Barcelona, from which all field work on primates is coordinated.

text: Since 1991, research groups at the University of Barcelona interested in the origin of the human species and primate behavior have been working in collaboration, a unique initiative in the international sphere. For the first time, the study of evolution and the behavior of the human species, as well as of other primates, was being conducted between research teams from different backgrounds: Evolution of Hominids and Other Primates; HOMINID, Human Origins Group, and Information Technology in behavioral Sciences. This collection of researchers constituted the

text: Special Centre of Primate Research

text: (CERP in Catalan), of which Joaquim Veà was director. It is from this centre, at the University of Barcelona, from which all field work on primates is coordinated.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Hominid

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Hominids

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: HOMINID, Human Origins Group

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Hominids

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Hominid

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Hominids

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: 1991,

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Evolution of Hominids and Other Primates;

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: collaboration,

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Evolution of Hominids and Other Primates;

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Evolution of Hominids and Other Primates;

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Hominids

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: human species

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Special Centre of Primate Research

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Special Centre of Primate Research (CERP in Catalan),

text: By the end of the Renaissance the number of courses had grown to ten, and during the Baroque era the number continued to grow until it reached 14 (and occasionally as many as 19). These instruments, with up to 26-35 strings, required innovations in the structure of the lute. At the end of the lute's evolution the archlute, theorbo and torban had long extensions attached to the main tuning head to provide a greater resonating length for the bass strings, and since human fingers are not long enough to stop strings across a neck wide enough to hold 14 courses, the bass strings were placed outside the fretboard, and were played open, i.e., without pressing them against the fingerboard with the left hand.

text: By the end of the Renaissance the number of courses had grown to ten, and during the Baroque era the number continued to grow until it reached 14 (and occasionally as many as 19). These instruments, with up to 26-35 strings, required innovations in the structure of the lute. At the end of the lute's evolution the

text: archlute

text: theorbo

text: and

text: torban

text: had long extensions attached to the main tuning head to provide a greater resonating length for the bass strings, and since human fingers are not long enough to stop strings across a neck wide enough to hold 14 courses, the bass strings were placed outside the fretboard, and were played open, i.e., without pressing them against the fingerboard with the left hand.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: ancient humans

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Baroque

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is not the same as

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: ape

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: human fingers

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Baroque era

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: human fingers

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: a greater resonating length for the bass strings,

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: human fingers

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: ten,

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: By the end of the Renaissance the number of courses had grown to ten,

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: fingers are not long enough

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: ten,

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: ten,

text: For his reviews, which used population genetics to illuminate such anthropological questions as race and intelligence, the biological and cultural components of language, "scientific creationism" relationships among species, and the timetable of human evolution.

text: For his reviews, which used population genetics to illuminate such anthropological questions as race and intelligence, the biological and cultural components of language, "scientific creationism" relationships among species, and the timetable of human evolution.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Neanderthals

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: timetable

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Erectus is a species of primate

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: primate

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: "scientific creationism"

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: population genetics

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: timetable

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: the timetable of human evolution.

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: intelligence,

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: the timetable of human evolution.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: human evolution.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: population genetics

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: relationships among species, and the timetable of human evolution.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: "scientific creationism"

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: population genetics

text: Periods of greenhouse climate: Early Paleozoic, Mesozoic–early Cenozoic.

text: Periods of greenhouse climate: Early

text: Paleozoic

text: Mesozoic

text: –early

text: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Early Paleozoic, Mesozoic–early Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Early Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Early Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Early Paleozoic,

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Periods of greenhouse climate: Early Paleozoic,

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: Periods of greenhouse climate:

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Periods of greenhouse climate: Early Paleozoic,

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Early Paleozoic,

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Early Paleozoic,

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Periods of greenhouse climate: Early Paleozoic,

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Mesozoic–early Cenozoic.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: greenhouse climate:

text: During Paleozoic to Mesozoic times, the Himalaya shows two major depositional strata, which are Tethyan Himalayan Strata and Lesser Himalayan Strata. Tethyan Himalayan Strata consists of well-defined marine succession from Upper Proterozoic to Cretaceous, and it is well-developed in many basins to the north of Great Himalaya. On the contrary, the Lesser Himalayan Strata in Paleozoic times has a quite different succession. Most parts of it are sparsely fossiliferous or even devoid of any well-defined fossils. Moreover, it consists of many varied litho-facies, making correlation work more difficult. This article describes the major formations of the Paleozoic - Mesozoic Lesser Himalayan Strata, including the Tal Formation, Gondwana Strata, Singtali Formation and Subathu Formation.

text: During

text: Paleozoic

text: to

text: Mesozoic

text: times, the

text: Himalaya

text: shows two major depositional

text: strata

text: , which are Tethyan Himalayan Strata and Lesser Himalayan Strata. Tethyan Himalayan Strata consists of well-defined marine succession from

text: Upper Proterozoic

text: to

text: Cretaceous

text: , and it is well-developed in many basins to the north of Great Himalaya. On the contrary, the Lesser Himalayan Strata in

text: Paleozoic

text: times has a quite different succession. Most parts of it are sparsely fossiliferous or even devoid of any well-defined

text: fossil

text: s. Moreover, it consists of many varied

text: litho-facies

text: , making correlation work more difficult. This article describes the major formations of the Paleozoic - Mesozoic Lesser Himalayan Strata, including the Tal Formation, Gondwana Strata, Singtali Formation and Subathu Formation.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Gondwana

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Mesozoic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Homo erectus is a species of primate

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Cretaceous

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Cretaceous

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Gondwana

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Gondwana Strata,

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Mesozoic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Paleozoic to Mesozoic

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: many varied litho-facies,

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Paleozoic to Mesozoic

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Paleozoic to Mesozoic times,

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Paleozoic to Mesozoic times,

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Paleozoic to Mesozoic times,

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Paleozoic to Mesozoic times, the Himalaya

text: Human evolution is the part of biological evolution concerning the emergence of anatomically modern humans as a distinct species.

text: Human evolution is the part of biological

text: evolution

text: concerning the emergence of

text: anatomically modern humans

text: as a distinct species.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: biological evolution

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is a species

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: apes

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Human evolution

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: biological evolution

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: anatomically modern humans

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: Human evolution

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: anatomically modern humans

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: humans as a distinct species.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: distinct

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Human evolution

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Human evolution is the part of biological evolution

text: The contemporary relief of Bulgaria is a result of continuous geological evolution. The Bulgarian lands were often submerged by ancient seas and lakes, some land layers rose others sank. Volcanic eruptions were common both on land and in the water basins. All three main groups of rocks, magmatic, sedimentary and metamorphic, are found in the country. The oldest rock formations in Bulgaria date from the Precambrian period than 500 million years ago. During the Archean, Proterozoic and Paleozoic eras (4.0 billion to 252 million years ago) the magmatic rocks were formed. Throughout most of that period the only land areas were Rila, Pirin and the western Rhodope Mountains. The Mesozoic era (252 million to 66 million years ago) saw the beginning of the Alpine orogeny that has formed the mountain ranges of the Alpide belt, including the Balkan Mountains and Sredna Gora. The Cenozoic era (since 66 million years ago) is characterized with active tectonic processes, the definitive formation of the Balkan Mountains, the formation of grabens and horsts in Rila, Pirin and Kraishte region.

text: The contemporary relief of Bulgaria is a result of continuous

text: geological

text: evolution. The Bulgarian lands were often submerged by ancient seas and lakes, some land layers rose others sank.

text: Volcanic eruption

text: s were common both on land and in the water basins. All three main groups of rocks,

text: magmatic

text: sedimentary

text: and

text: metamorphic

text: , are found in the country. The oldest rock formations in Bulgaria date from the

text: Precambrian

text: period than 500 million years ago. During the

text: Archean

text: Proterozoic

text: and

text: Paleozoic

text: eras (4.0 billion to 252 million years ago) the magmatic rocks were formed. Throughout most of that period the only land areas were Rila, Pirin and the western Rhodope Mountains. The

text: Mesozoic

text: era (252 million to 66 million years ago) saw the beginning of the

text: Alpine orogeny

text: that has formed the mountain ranges of the

text: Alpide belt

text: , including the Balkan Mountains and

text: Sredna Gora

text: . The

text: Cenozoic

text: era (since 66 million years ago) is characterized with active tectonic processes, the definitive formation of the Balkan Mountains, the formation of

text: graben

text: s and

text: horsts

text: in Rila, Pirin and Kraishte region.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Proterozoic

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic era

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: During the Archean

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Mesozoic

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Alpide belt

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Bulgaria

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: The contemporary relief of Bulgaria is a result of continuous geological evolution.

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: land and in the water basins.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: 500 million years ago.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: 500 million years ago.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Bulgaria is a result of continuous geological evolution.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: 500 million years ago.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Archean,

text: The Bernard and Anne Spitzer Hall of Human Origins, formerly The Hall of Human Biology and Evolution, opened on February 10, 2007. Originally known under the name "Hall of the Age of Man", at the time of its original opening in 1921 it was the only major exhibition in the United States to present an in-depth investigation of human evolution. The displays traced the story of Homo sapiens, illuminated the path of human evolution and examined the origins of human creativity.

text: The

text: Bernard and Anne Spitzer

text: Hall of Human Origins, formerly The Hall of Human Biology and Evolution, opened on February 10, 2007. Originally known under the name "Hall of the Age of Man", at the time of its original opening in 1921 it was the only major exhibition in the United States to present an in-depth investigation of human evolution. The displays traced the story of

text: Homo sapiens

text: , illuminated the path of human evolution and examined the origins of human creativity.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Homo sapiens

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Age of Man

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Homo sapiens

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Homo sapiens

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Homo sapiens,

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Age of Man",

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Homo sapiens,

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: creativity.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: 2007.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Homo sapiens,

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Homo sapiens,

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Homo sapiens,

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: The Bernard and Anne Spitzer Hall of Human Origins,

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Homo sapiens,

text: In a recent review of the major research on human and primate tool-use, communication, and learning strategies, Tomasello argues that the key human advances over primates (language, complex technologies, and complex social organization) are all the results of humans pooling cognitive resources. This is called "the ratchet effect:" innovations spread and are shared by a group, and mastered "by youngsters, which enables them to remain in their new and improved form within the group until something better comes along." The key point is that children are born good at a particular kind of social learning; this creates a favored environment for social innovations, making them more likely to be maintained and transmitted to new generations than individual innovations. For Tomasello, human social learning—the kind of learning that distinguishes humans from other primates and that played a decisive role in human evolution—is based on two elements: first, what he calls "imitative learning," (as opposed to "emulative learning" characteristic of other primates) and second,  the fact that humans represent their experiences symbolically (rather than iconically, as is characteristic of other primates).  Together, these elements enable humans to be both inventive, and to preserve useful inventions. It is this combination that produces the ratchet effect.

text: In a recent review of the major research on human and primate tool-use, communication, and learning strategies, Tomasello argues that the key human advances over primates (language, complex technologies, and complex social organization) are all the results of humans pooling cognitive resources. This is called "the

text: ratchet effect

text: :" innovations spread and are shared by a group, and mastered "by youngsters, which enables them to remain in their new and improved form within the group until something better comes along." The key point is that children are born good at a particular kind of social learning; this creates a favored environment for social innovations, making them more likely to be maintained and transmitted to new generations than individual innovations. For Tomasello, human social learning—the kind of learning that distinguishes humans from other primates and that played a decisive role in human evolution—is based on two elements: first, what he calls "imitative learning," (as opposed to "

text: emulative learning

text: " characteristic of other primates) and second,  the fact that humans represent their experiences symbolically (rather than iconically, as is characteristic of other primates).  Together, these elements enable humans to be both inventive, and to preserve useful inventions. It is this combination that produces the ratchet effect.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: primate

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: primate

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is based on two elements

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: primate

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: primate

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: primate

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: inventive, and to preserve useful inventions.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: human and primate

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: human evolution—is

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: primate

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: humans represent their experiences symbolically

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: primates

text: Joseph Jordania has suggested that music (as well as several other universal elements of contemporary human culture, including dance and body painting) was part of a predator control system used by early hominids. He suggested that rhythmic loud singing and drumming, together with the threatening rhythmic body movements and body painting, was the core element of the ancient "Audio-Visual Intimidating Display" (AVID). AVID  was also a key factor in putting the hominid group into a specific altered state of consciousness which he calls  "battle trance" where they would not feel fear and pain, and would be religiously dedicated to group interests. Jordania suggested that listening and dancing to the sounds of loud rhythmic rock music, used in many contemporary combat units before the combat missions is directly related to this. Apart from the defense from predators, Jordania suggested that this system was the core strategy to obtain food via confrontational, or aggressive scavenging.

text: Joseph Jordania

text: has suggested that music (as well as several other universal elements of contemporary human culture, including

text: dance

text: and

text: body painting

text: ) was part of a predator control system used by early

text: hominids

text: . He suggested that rhythmic loud singing and drumming, together with the threatening rhythmic body movements and body painting, was the core element of the ancient "Audio-Visual Intimidating Display" (AVID). AVID  was also a key factor in putting the hominid group into a specific

text: altered state of consciousness

text: which he calls  "battle trance" where they would not feel fear and pain, and would be religiously dedicated to group interests. Jordania suggested that listening and dancing to the sounds of loud rhythmic rock music, used in many contemporary combat units before the combat missions is directly related to this. Apart from the defense from predators, Jordania suggested that this system was the core strategy to obtain food via confrontational, or aggressive

text: scavenging

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: did not feel fear and pain

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: hominids.

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: early hominids.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: hominids.

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: obtain food via confrontational, or aggressive scavenging.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: early hominids.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: early hominids.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominids.

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: hominids.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: "battle trance"

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: "Audio-Visual Intimidating Display"

text: The book's extensive teachings about the history of the world include its physical development about 4.5 billion years ago, the gradual changes in conditions that allowed life to develop, and long ages of organic evolution that started with microscopic marine life and led to plant and animal life in the oceans, later on land. The emergence of humans is presented as having occurred about a million years ago from a branch of superior primates originating from a lemur ancestor. The first humans are said to have been male and female twins called Andon and Fonta, born "993,419 years prior to 1934."

text: The book's extensive teachings about the history of the world include its physical development about 4.5 billion years ago, the gradual changes in conditions that allowed life to develop, and long ages of organic evolution that started with microscopic marine life and led to plant and animal life in the oceans, later on land. The emergence of humans is presented as having occurred about a million years ago from a branch of superior

text: primate

text: s originating from a

text: lemur

text: ancestor. The first humans are said to have been male and female twins called Andon and Fonta, born "993,419 years prior to 1934."

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: lemur

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: 4.5 billion years ago

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: 4.5 billion years ago

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: lemur

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: about a million years ago

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: oceans

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: lemur

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: land.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: lemur ancestor.

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: land.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: a million

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: lemur

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: about a million years ago

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: "993,419

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: microscopic marine life

text: During the Cenozoic era, specifically about 25 million years ago during the Miocene and Pliocene epochs, the continental climate became favorable to the evolution of grasslands. Existing forest biomes declined and grasslands became much more widespread. The grasslands provided a new niche for mammals, including many ungulates and glires, that switched from browsing diets to grazing diets. Traditionally, the spread of grasslands and the development of grazers have been strongly linked. However, an examination of mammalian teeth suggests that it is the open, gritty habitat and not the grass itself which is linked to diet changes  in mammals, giving rise to the "grit, not grass" hypothesis.

text: During the Cenozoic era, specifically about 25 million years ago during the

text: Miocene

text: and

text: Pliocene

text: epochs, the continental climate became favorable to the evolution of grasslands. Existing forest biomes declined and grasslands became much more widespread. The grasslands provided a new

text: niche

text: for mammals, including many

text: ungulate

text: s and

text: glires

text: , that switched from browsing diets to grazing diets. Traditionally, the spread of grasslands and the development of grazers have been strongly linked. However, an examination of mammalian teeth suggests that it is the open, gritty habitat and not the grass itself which is linked to diet changes  in mammals, giving rise to the "grit, not grass" hypothesis.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: ungulates

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic era

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: graze

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is a species of primate

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Miocene

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Cenozoic era

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: ungulates

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic era,

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: mammals,

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: grazing diets.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: 25

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: mammals,

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: mammals,

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Cenozoic era,

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: forest biomes

text: In scientific terms, the meanings of "hominid" and "hominin" have changed during the recent decades with advances in the discovery and study of the fossil ancestors of modern humans. The previously clear boundary between humans and apes has blurred, resulting in now acknowledging the hominids as encompassing multiple species, and Homo and close relatives since the split from chimpanzees as the only hominins. There is also a distinction between anatomically modern humans and Archaic Homo sapiens, the earliest fossil members of the species.

text: In scientific terms, the meanings of "

text: hominid

text: " and "

text: hominin

text: " have changed during the recent decades with advances in the discovery and study of the fossil ancestors of modern humans. The previously clear boundary between humans and apes has blurred, resulting in now acknowledging the hominids as encompassing multiple

text: species

text: , and Homo and close relatives since the split from chimpanzees as the only hominins. There is also a distinction between

text: anatomically modern humans

text: and

text: Archaic Homo sapiens

text: , the earliest fossil members of the species.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: chimpanzees

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Archaic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Archaic Homo sapiens

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Homo sapiens

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: continents

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: chimpanzees

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: modern humans.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Homo

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: humans.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Archaic Homo sapiens,

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: chimpanzees

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Archaic Homo sapiens,

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: anatomically modern humans and Archaic Homo sapiens,

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: fossil ancestors of modern humans.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: chimpanzees

text: David Tab Rasmussen (June 17, 1958 – August 7, 2014), also known as D. Tab Rasmussen, was an American biological anthropologist. Specializing in both paleontology and behavioral ecology with interests in Paleogene mammals, early primate evolution, prosimians (lorises, lemurs, and tarsiers), and birds, he synthesized multiple fields of study in order to better understand evolutionary processes. His field research spanned the western United States as well as internationally in Africa and the Neotropics. He published over 85 research articles.

text: David Tab Rasmussen (June 17, 1958 – August 7, 2014), also known as D. Tab Rasmussen, was an American

text: biological anthropologist

text: . Specializing in both

text: paleontology

text: and

text: behavioral ecology

text: with interests in

text: Paleogene

text: mammals, early

text: primate evolution

text: prosimian

text: s (

text: lorises

text: lemur

text: s, and

text: tarsier

text: s), and birds, he synthesized multiple fields of study in order to better understand

text: evolutionary processes

text: . His field research spanned the western United States as well as internationally in Africa and the

text: Neotropics

text: . He published over 85 research articles.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: prosimians

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Paleogene

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Homo erectus

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: prosimians

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Paleogene

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: prosimians

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Paleogene

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: prosimians

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: better understand evolutionary processes.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Paleogene mammals, early primate evolution,

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: primate evolution,

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: prosimians

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Paleogene mammals,

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: David Tab Rasmussen

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Africa and the Neotropics.

text: Geologically, the area of modern Indonesia appeared from under the Southeast Asian seas as the result of the Indian and Australian plates colliding and slipping under the Sunda Plate, sometime in the early Cenozoic era around 63 million years ago. This tectonic collision created Sunda volcanic Arc that has produced chains of islands of Sumatra, Java and the Lesser Sunda Islands. The active volcanic arc creating supervolcano that today become Lake Toba in Sumatra. The massive eruption of Toba supervolcano that occurred some time between 69,000 and 77,000 years ago instigated the Toba catastrophe theory, a global volcanic winter that caused a bottleneck in human evolution. Other notable volcanoes in Sunda Arc are Mount Tambora and Krakatau. The region is known for its instability due to volcano formations and other volcanic and tectonic activities as well as climate changes; resulted in lowlands drowned occasionally under shallow seas, the formation of islands, the connection and disconnection of islands through narrow land-bridges, etc.

text: Geologically, the area of modern

text: Indonesia

text: appeared from under the Southeast Asian seas as the result of the Indian and Australian plates colliding and slipping under the

text: Sunda Plate

text: , sometime in the early

text: Cenozoic

text: era around 63 million years ago. This tectonic collision created

text: Sunda volcanic Arc

text: that has produced chains of islands of

text: Sumatra

text: Java

text: and the

text: Lesser Sunda Islands

text: . The active volcanic arc creating

text: supervolcano

text: that today become

text: Lake Toba

text: in Sumatra. The massive eruption of Toba supervolcano that occurred some time between 69,000 and 77,000 years ago instigated the

text: Toba catastrophe theory

text: , a global volcanic winter that caused a bottleneck in human evolution. Other notable volcanoes in Sunda Arc are

text: Mount Tambora

text: and

text: Krakatau

text: . The region is known for its instability due to volcano formations and other volcanic and tectonic activities as well as climate changes; resulted in lowlands drowned occasionally under shallow seas, the formation of islands, the connection and disconnection of islands through narrow land-bridges, etc.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Sumatra

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Toba catastrophe theory

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is not a species

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Sumatra

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: a global volcanic winter that caused a bottleneck in human evolution

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: land

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Toba supervolcano

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: bottleneck

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Toba catastrophe theory,

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: land-bridges,

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: 63 million years ago.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: human evolution.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Indonesia

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: bottleneck in human evolution.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: 63 million years ago.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Indian and Australian plates colliding and slipping under the Sunda Plate,

text: It dates to the Upper Eocene—Lower Oligocene epochs of the Paleogene Period, in the Cenozoic Era.

text: It dates to the

text: Upper Eocene

text: —Lower

text: Oligocene

text: epochs of the

text: Paleogene

text: Period, in the

text: Cenozoic Era

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Eocene

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Paleogene Period

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is a species of primate

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Upper Eocene

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Upper Eocene—Lower

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic Era.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Upper Eocene—Lower Oligocene

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: Upper Eocene—Lower Oligocene

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Upper Eocene—Lower Oligocene

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Upper Eocene—Lower Oligocene

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Upper Eocene—Lower

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Cenozoic Era.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Upper Eocene—Lower Oligocene

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Upper Eocene—Lower

text: During the late Pliocene and early Pleistocene Series of the Cenozoic Era, 3.6 to 2.2 Ma (million years ago), the Arctic was much warmer than it is at the present day (with summer temperatures from 3.6-3.4 Ma some 8 °C warmer than today). That is a key finding of research into a lake-sediment core obtained in Eastern Siberia, which is of exceptional importance because it has provided the longest continuous late Cenozoic land-based sedimentary record thus far.

text: During the late Pliocene and early Pleistocene Series of the Cenozoic Era, 3.6 to 2.2 Ma (million years ago), the Arctic was much warmer than it is at the present day (with summer temperatures from 3.6-3.4 Ma some 8 °C warmer than today). That is a key finding of research into a lake-sediment core obtained in Eastern Siberia, which is of exceptional importance because it has provided the longest continuous late Cenozoic land-based sedimentary record thus far.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Pleistocene Series

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: 3.6 to 2.2 Ma

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Pleistocene

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Cenozoic Era

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: the Arctic

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Pliocene

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Pliocene

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: During the late Pliocene

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: Pleistocene Series of the Cenozoic Era,

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: 3.6 to 2.2 Ma (million

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Pleistocene Series of the Cenozoic Era,

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: late Pliocene

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Cenozoic Era,

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: 3.6 to 2.2 Ma

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Pleistocene Series of the Cenozoic Era,

text: At the beginning of the Paleolithic, hominids were found primarily in eastern Africa, east of the Great Rift Valley. Most known hominid fossils dating earlier than one million years before present are found in this area, particularly in Kenya, Tanzania, and Ethiopia.

text: At the beginning of the Paleolithic,

text: hominids

text: were found primarily in eastern Africa, east of the

text: Great Rift Valley

text: . Most known hominid fossils dating earlier than one million years before present are found in this area, particularly in

text: Kenya

text: Tanzania

text: , and

text: Ethiopia

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Paleolithic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is a hominid

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Africa

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Great Rift Valley

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Paleolithic,

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: Great Rift Valley.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: one million years before present

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Most known hominid fossils

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Great Rift Valley.

text: Arthur M. Young and Edward Haskell have each independently incorporated the findings of science into a larger theory of spiritual evolution, and extended the traditional human, animal, vegetable, and mineral categories with kingdoms representing photons, atoms and molecules. Arthur M. Young goes further in considering the human state as a subset of a larger kingdom of "Dominion", of which the sixth stage is represented for example by Christ and Buddha, and the seventh (final) stage an even higher level of Enlightenment or God-realisation. Moreover, both Haskell and Young present profound accounts of evolution through these kingdoms in terms of cybernetic principles. A more "mainstream" scientific presentation of this same idea is provided by Erich Jantsch in his account of how self-organising systems evolve and develop as a series of "symmetry breaks" through the sequence of matter, life, and mind. Although abiding strictly by the understanding of science, Jantsch arranges the various elements of cosmic, planetary, biological, psychological, and human evolution in a single overall framework of emergent evolution that may or may not be considered teleological.

text: Arthur M. Young

text: and

text: Edward Haskell

text: have each independently incorporated the findings of science into a larger theory of spiritual evolution, and extended the traditional human, animal, vegetable, and mineral categories with kingdoms representing

text: photon

text: s,

text: atom

text: s and

text: molecule

text: s. Arthur M. Young goes further in considering the human state as a subset of a larger kingdom of "Dominion", of which the sixth stage is represented for example by Christ and Buddha, and the seventh (final) stage an even higher level of Enlightenment or God-realisation. Moreover, both Haskell and Young present profound accounts of evolution through these kingdoms in terms of

text: cybernetic

text: principles. A more "mainstream" scientific presentation of this same idea is provided by

text: Erich Jantsch

text: in his account of how self-organising systems evolve and develop as a series of "

text: symmetry break

text: s" through the sequence of matter, life, and mind. Although abiding strictly by the understanding of science, Jantsch arranges the various elements of cosmic, planetary, biological, psychological, and human evolution in a single overall framework of

text: emergent evolution

text: that may or may not be considered teleological.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: animal

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: seventh (final) stage

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: haskell

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Erich Jantsch

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: kingdom of "Dominion"

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: planetary

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: animal,

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: seventh (final) stage

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Arthur M. Young and Edward Haskell

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: "Dominion",

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: human,

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: human,

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Christ

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: "Dominion",

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: spiritual evolution,

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: photons, atoms and molecules.

text: Geologic upheaval during the early Cenozoic era formed the state's basin and range physiographic province. The landscape was divided by rivers and dotted by lakes. Garfish inhabited the local lakes while magnolias grew in the floodplains between rivers. Many volcanic eruptions occurred in the region at this time. The Raton area was covered in swamps during the Paleocene epoch of the Cenozoic era. The individual leaves from some of the contemporary palms could be more than 9 feet wide. At least 42 different kinds of mammals lived in New Mexico at the time. Groups including the amblypods, carnivorans, condylarths, marsupials, multituberculates, and taeniodonts. Other kinds of animal life included two kinds of crocodiles, fishes, snails relatives of the modern tuatara, and 16 kinds of turtle.

text: Geologic upheaval during the early

text: Cenozoic

text: era formed the state's

text: basin and range

text: physiographic province

text: . The landscape was divided by rivers and dotted by lakes.

text: Garfish

text: inhabited the local lakes while

text: magnolias

text: grew in the floodplains between rivers. Many

text: volcanic eruptions

text: occurred in the region at this time. The

text: Raton

text: area was covered in

text: swamps

text: during the

text: Paleocene epoch

text: of the

text: Cenozoic era

text: . The individual leaves from some of the contemporary

text: palms

text: could be more than 9 feet wide. At least 42 different kinds of mammals lived in New Mexico at the time. Groups including the

text: amblypods

text: carnivorans

text: condylarths

text: marsupials

text: multituberculates

text: , and

text: taeniodonts

text: . Other kinds of animal life included two kinds of crocodiles, fishes, snails relatives of the modern

text: tuatara

text: , and 16 kinds of turtle.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: condylarths

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic era

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is not a type of

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Paleocene

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: taeniodonts.

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic era

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: 42 different kinds of mammals lived in New Mexico

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: 9 feet wide. At least 42 different kinds of mammals lived in New Mexico

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: 42 different kinds of mammals lived in New Mexico

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: 42 different kinds of mammals lived in New Mexico

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Paleocene

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: 42

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: 42 different kinds of mammals lived in New Mexico

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: New Mexico

text: Some species are partially terrestrial, such as baboons and patas monkeys, and a few species are fully terrestrial, such as geladas and humans. Non-human primates live in a diverse number of forested habitats in the tropical latitudes of Africa, India, Southeast Asia, and South America, including rainforests, mangrove forests, and montane forests. There are some examples of non-human primates that live outside of the tropics; the mountain-dwelling Japanese macaque lives in the north of Honshū where there is snow-cover eight months of the year; the Barbary macaque lives in the Atlas Mountains of Algeria and Morocco. Primate habitats span a range of altitudes: the black snub-nosed monkey has been found living in the Hengduan Mountains at altitudes of 4,700 meters (15,400 ft), the mountain gorilla can be found at 4,200 meters (13,200 ft) crossing the Virunga Mountains, and the gelada has been found at elevations of up to  in the Ethiopian Highlands. Although most species are generally shy of water, a few are good swimmers and are comfortable in swamps and watery areas, including the proboscis monkey, De Brazza's monkey and Allen's swamp monkey, which has developed small webbing between its fingers. Some primates, such as the rhesus macaque and gray langurs, can exploit human-modified environments and even live in cities.

text: Some species are partially

text: terrestrial

text: , such as

text: baboon

text: s and

text: patas monkey

text: s, and a few species are fully terrestrial, such as

text: gelada

text: s and

text: human

text: s. Non-human primates live in a diverse number of forested habitats in the tropical latitudes of Africa, India, Southeast Asia, and South America, including

text: rainforest

text: s,

text: mangrove

text: forests, and

text: montane forest

text: s. There are some examples of non-human primates that live outside of the tropics; the mountain-dwelling

text: Japanese macaque

text: lives in the north of

text: Honshū

text: where there is snow-cover eight months of the year; the

text: Barbary macaque

text: lives in the

text: Atlas Mountains

text: of Algeria and Morocco. Primate habitats span a range of altitudes: the

text: black snub-nosed monkey

text: has been found living in the

text: Hengduan Mountains

text: at altitudes of 4,700 meters (15,400 ft), the

text: mountain gorilla

text: can be found at 4,200 meters (13,200 ft) crossing the

text: Virunga Mountains

text: , and the gelada has been found at elevations of up to  in the

text: Ethiopian Highlands

text: . Although most species are generally shy of water, a few are good swimmers and are comfortable in swamps and watery areas, including the

text: proboscis monkey

text: De Brazza's monkey

text: and

text: Allen's swamp monkey

text: , which has developed small webbing between its fingers. Some primates, such as the

text: rhesus macaque

text: and gray langurs, can exploit human-modified environments and even live in cities.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: geladas

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: non-human primates

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: swim

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is a fully terrestrial species

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: de Brazza's monkey

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: fully terrestrial, such as geladas and humans

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: geladas

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: terrestrial,

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: fully terrestrial,

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: good swimmers

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: humans.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: humans.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: gray langurs,

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: a few species are fully terrestrial,

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Non-human primates

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Virunga Mountains,

text: The museum has a unique collection of casts of the original human fossils which represent the evolution of the hominids in general and that of the Neanderthals in particular. This cast collection, prepared on the basis of finds from various excavated sites in the world, was facilitated by the donations given by Alfred Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach Foundation.

text: The museum has a unique collection of casts of the original human fossils which represent the evolution of the

text: hominids

text: in general and that of the Neanderthals in particular. This cast collection, prepared on the basis of finds from various excavated sites in the world, was facilitated by the donations given by Alfred Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach Foundation.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Neanderthals

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Neanderthals

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Neanderthals

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Neanderthals

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Neanderthals

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Neanderthals

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Neanderthals

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Neanderthals

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Neanderthals

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Neanderthals

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Alfred Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach Foundation.

text: Serial recall is the ability to recall items or events in the order in which they occurred.  The ability of humans to store items in memory and recall them is important to the use of language.  Imagine recalling the different parts of a sentence, but in the wrong order.  The ability to recall in serial order has been found not only in humans, but in a number of non-human primate species and some non-primates.  Imagine mixing up the order of phonemes, or meaningful units of sound, in a word so that "slight" becomes "style."  Serial-order also helps us remember the order of events in our lives, our autobiographical memories.  Our memory of our past appears to exist on a continuum on which more recent events are more easily remembered in order.

text: Serial recall is the ability to recall items or events in the order in which they occurred.  The ability of humans to store items in memory and recall them is important to the use of language.  Imagine recalling the different parts of a sentence, but in the wrong order.  The ability to recall in serial order has been found not only in humans, but in a number of non-human primate species and some non-primates.  Imagine mixing up the order of

text: phonemes

text: , or meaningful units of sound, in a word so that "slight" becomes "style."  Serial-order also helps us remember the order of events in our lives, our autobiographical memories.  Our memory of our past appears to exist on a continuum on which more recent events are more easily remembered in order.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: primate species

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: continuum

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is a primate

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: primate

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: primate

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: non-human primate

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: more recent events are more easily remembered in order.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: a number of non-human primate species

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: Serial recall

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: a number of non-human primate species

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: humans,

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: humans, but in a number of non-human primate species

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: primate

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: more recent events are more easily remembered in order.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Serial recall

text: The Altai mountains were home to the Denisovan branch of hominids who were contemporaries of Neanderthals and of Homo Sapiens (modern humans), descended from Hominids who reached Asia earlier than modern humans. The Denisova hominin, dated to 40,000 years ago, was discovered in the Denisova Cave of the Altai mountains in southern Siberia in 2008. Knowledge of the Denisovan humans derives primarily from DNA evidence and artifacts, as no complete skeletons have yet been recovered. DNA evidence has been unusually well preserved because of the low average temperature in the Denisova caves. The same cave has uncovered Neanderthal bones, and tools made by Homo sapiens, making it the only known locale in the world where all three hominids are known to have lived.

text: The Altai mountains were home to the

text: Denisovan

text: branch of

text: hominid

text: s who were contemporaries of

text: Neanderthals

text: and of

text: Homo Sapiens

text: (modern humans), descended from Hominids who reached Asia earlier than modern humans. The

text: Denisova hominin

text: , dated to 40,000 years ago, was discovered in the

text: Denisova Cave

text: of the Altai mountains in southern Siberia in 2008. Knowledge of the Denisovan humans derives primarily from DNA evidence and artifacts, as no complete skeletons have yet been recovered. DNA evidence has been unusually well preserved because of the low average temperature in the Denisova caves. The same cave has uncovered Neanderthal bones, and tools made by Homo sapiens, making it the only known locale in the world where all three hominids are known to have lived.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Neanderthals

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Neanderthals

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Homo sapiens

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Hominids

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Altai mountains

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Neanderthals

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: (modern humans),

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: modern humans.

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: Asia earlier than modern humans.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: (modern humans),

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: (modern humans),

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Denisovan

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Homo Sapiens

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: DNA evidence and artifacts,

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: The Altai mountains

text: Classical figures have not discussed the subject as it has only come up in the 19th century. Contemporaries have come up with several distinct stances. One stance is that adaptation, or evolution on a micro scale, is accepted within a species, but cross-species evolution, that is evolution from one species into another species, is not as the human beginning is considered to be miraculous. However, this traditional thought would not conflict with the view that human-like beings could have been created around the same time as human beings, which, in this view, would explain the fossil records that look human but are not. Another stance is that since evolution is the simplest explanation it is the most reasonable to accept under the condition that it is not random but occurs only with the permission of God every step of the way. One particular argument that supports the idea that evolution is possible is the one stating that in that the stages of human development in evolution are akin to the distinct stages of development acknowledged in the Koran. The final stance completely rejects cross-species evolution across all organisms, but approves of adaptation (micro evolution).

text: Classical figures have not discussed the subject as it has only come up in the 19th century. Contemporaries have come up with several distinct stances. One stance is that adaptation, or evolution on a micro scale, is accepted within a species, but cross-species evolution, that is evolution from one species into another species, is not as the human beginning is considered to be miraculous. However, this traditional thought would not conflict with the view that human-like beings could have been created around the same time as human beings, which, in this view, would explain the fossil records that look human but are not. Another stance is that since evolution is the simplest explanation it is the most reasonable to accept under the condition that it is not random but occurs only with the permission of God every step of the way. One particular argument that supports the idea that evolution is possible is the one stating that in that the stages of human development in evolution are akin to the distinct stages of development acknowledged in the Koran. The final stance completely rejects cross-species evolution across all organisms, but approves of adaptation (micro evolution).

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: ancient humans

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: 19th century

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is not as the human beginning is considered to be miraculous

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: ape

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: The final stance completely rejects cross-species evolution across all organisms

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: human-like beings

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: 19th century.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: cross-species evolution,

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: 19th century.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: 19th century.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: human-like beings

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: human-like beings

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: adaptation,

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: human-like beings

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: cross-species evolution,

text: Agustín Fuentes is an American primatologist and biological anthropologist whose work focuses largely on human and non-human primate interaction, pathogen transfer, communication, cooperation, and human social evolution.

text: Agustín Fuentes is an American

text: primatologist

text: and biological anthropologist whose work focuses largely on human and non-human primate interaction, pathogen transfer, communication, cooperation, and human social evolution.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: nonhuman primate

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: non-human primate

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Agust n Fuentes

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: chimpanzee

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: non-human primate

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: non-human primate

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: social evolution.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: human social evolution.

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: cooperation,

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: human social evolution.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: human social evolution.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Agust<unk>n Fuentes

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: human social evolution.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Agust<unk>n Fuentes

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: pathogen transfer, communication, cooperation, and human social evolution.

text: This is, geologically speaking, rather a young group, having evolved from the Late Paleocene in the Cenozoic Era.

text: This is, geologically speaking, rather a young group, having evolved from the Late

text: Paleocene

text: in the

text: Cenozoic

text: Era.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic Era

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: has evolved from the Late Paleocene

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Late Paleocene

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Late Paleocene

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Late Paleocene

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Late Paleocene

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: Late Paleocene in the Cenozoic Era.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Late Paleocene in the Cenozoic Era.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Late Paleocene in the Cenozoic Era.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Late Paleocene

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Cenozoic Era.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Late Paleocene in the Cenozoic Era.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Late Paleocene

text: According to the savanna-based theory, hominines descended from the trees and adapted to life on the savanna by walking erect on two feet. The theory suggests that early hominids were forced to adapt to bipedal locomotion on the open savanna after they left the trees. This theory is closely related to the knuckle-walking hypothesis, which states that human ancestors used quadrupedal locomotion on the savanna, as  evidenced by morphological characteristics found in Australopithecus anamensis and Australopithecus afarensis forelimbs, and that it is less parsimonious to assume that knuckle walking developed twice in genera Pan and Gorilla instead of evolving it once as synapomorphy for Pan and Gorilla before losing it in Australopithecus. The evolution of an orthograde posture would have been very helpful on a savanna as it would allow the ability to look over tall grasses in order to watch out for predators, or terrestrially hunt and sneak up on prey. It was also suggested in P.E. Wheeler's "The evolution of bipedality and loss of functional body hair in hominids", that a possible advantage of bipedalism in the savanna was reducing the amount of surface area of the body exposed to the sun, helping regulate body temperature. In fact, Elizabeth Vrba’s turnover pulse hypothesis supports the savanna-based theory by explaining the shrinking of forested areas due to global warming and cooling, which forced animals out into the open grasslands and caused the need for hominids to acquire bipedality.

text: According to the savanna-based theory,

text: hominines

text: descended from the trees and adapted to life on the savanna by walking erect on two feet. The theory suggests that early hominids were forced to adapt to bipedal locomotion on the open savanna after they left the trees. This theory is closely related to the knuckle-walking hypothesis, which states that human ancestors used quadrupedal locomotion on the savanna, as  evidenced by morphological characteristics found in Australopithecus anamensis and Australopithecus afarensis forelimbs, and that it is less parsimonious to assume that knuckle walking developed twice in genera Pan and Gorilla instead of evolving it once as synapomorphy for Pan and Gorilla before losing it in Australopithecus. The evolution of an orthograde posture would have been very helpful on a savanna as it would allow the ability to look over tall grasses in order to watch out for predators, or terrestrially hunt and sneak up on prey. It was also suggested in P.E. Wheeler's "The evolution of bipedality and loss of functional body hair in hominids", that a possible advantage of bipedalism in the savanna was reducing the amount of surface area of the body exposed to the sun, helping regulate body temperature. In fact,

text: Elizabeth Vrba

text: ’s

text: turnover pulse hypothesis

text: supports the savanna-based theory by explaining the shrinking of forested areas due to global warming and cooling, which forced animals out into the open grasslands and caused the need for hominids to acquire bipedality.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Gorilla

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: global warming and cooling

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: look over tall grasses

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: knuckle-walking

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Australopithecus afarensis

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Australopithecus

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: tall grasses

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Australopithecus

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: bipedality

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: bipedality

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: terrestrially hunt and sneak up on prey.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: bipedality

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: walking erect on two feet.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Australopithecus anamensis

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: bipedality

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: bipedality

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: tall grasses

text: The timeline of human evolution outlines the major events in the development of the human species, Homo sapiens, and the evolution of human ancestors. It includes brief explanations of some of the species, genera, and the higher ranks of taxa that are seen today as possible ancestors of modern humans.

text: The timeline of human evolution outlines the major events in the development of the

text: human

text: species

text: Homo sapiens

text: , and the

text: evolution

text: of human ancestors. It includes brief explanations of some of the

text: species

text: genera

text: , and the

text: higher ranks of taxa

text: that are seen today as possible ancestors of modern humans.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Homo sapiens

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Homo sapiens

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Homo erectus

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Homo sapiens

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Homo sapiens

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Homo sapiens,

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Homo sapiens, and the evolution of human ancestors.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Homo sapiens, and the evolution of human ancestors.

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: humans.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Homo sapiens, and the evolution of human ancestors.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Homo sapiens,

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Homo sapiens,

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Homo sapiens,

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: The timeline of human evolution

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Homo sapiens, and the evolution of human ancestors.

text: The structure was originally depicted by Tiedemann, and later by Knox in the early 19th century, but it was John Struthers was the first to draw attention to this structure in 1848 as a "peculiar process" that bore curious resemblance to anatomy that he had seen in cats.  This observation was one of many that Struthers made in subsequent investigations of vestigial and rudimentary structures, and in sharing these observations with his contemporary, Charles Darwin, provided significant evidence for the theories of evolution. Charles Darwin took the ligament to mean that humans and other mammals had a common ancestor, and used Struthers' work as evidence in Chapter 1 of his Descent of Man (1871).  Struthers went on to create an museum of Comparative Anatomy filled with zoological specimens to illustrate Darwin's theory of common descent.

text: The structure was originally depicted by Tiedemann, and later by Knox in the early 19th century, but it was

text: John Struthers

text: was the first to draw attention to this structure in 1848 as a "peculiar process" that bore curious resemblance to anatomy that he had seen in cats.  This observation was one of many that Struthers made in subsequent investigations of vestigial and rudimentary structures, and in sharing these observations with his contemporary, Charles Darwin, provided significant evidence for the theories of evolution.

text: Charles Darwin

text: took the ligament to mean that humans and other mammals had a

text: common ancestor

text: , and used Struthers' work as evidence in Chapter 1 of his

entity_name: The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex

text: Descent of Man

text: (1871).  Struthers went on to create an museum of Comparative Anatomy filled with zoological specimens to illustrate Darwin's theory of common descent.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: other mammals

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: 19th century

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: did charles darwin

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: cats

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: common ancestor

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: ligament

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: mammals

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Charles Darwin

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: humans and other mammals had a common ancestor,

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: humans and other mammals

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Charles Darwin,

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: humans and other mammals had a common ancestor,

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Charles Darwin,

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: common ancestor,

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Charles Darwin, provided significant evidence for the theories of evolution.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: ligament

text: The ACC is a relatively ancient cortical region, and is involved with many autonomic functions, including motor and digestive functions, while also playing a role in the regulation of blood pressure and heart rate. Significant olfactory and gustatory capabilities of the ACC and fronto-insular cortex appear to have been usurped, during recent evolution, to serve enhanced roles related to higher cognitionranging from planning and self-awareness to role playing and deception. The diminished olfactory function of humans, compared to other primates, may be related to the fact that spindle cells located at crucial neural network hubs have only two dendrites rather than many, resulting in reduced neurological integration.

text: The ACC is a relatively ancient cortical region, and is involved with many

text: autonomic

text: functions, including motor and digestive functions, while also playing a role in the regulation of blood pressure and heart rate. Significant

text: olfactory

text: and

text: gustatory

text: capabilities of the ACC and fronto-insular cortex appear to have been usurped, during recent evolution, to serve enhanced roles related to higher cognitionranging from planning and self-awareness to role playing and deception. The diminished olfactory function of humans, compared to other primates, may be related to the fact that spindle cells located at crucial neural network hubs have only two dendrites rather than many, resulting in reduced neurological integration.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: other primates

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: recent evolution

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is a relatively ancient cortical region

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: other primates,

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: recent evolution,

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: humans, compared to other primates,

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: role playing and deception.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: The ACC is a relatively ancient cortical region,

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: humans,

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: ACC

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: primates,

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: self-awareness to role playing and deception.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: ACC

text: Neoteny has been important to human evolution, because it has increased the maturation period and the size of the human brain. Two to three million years ago, there was an "incomplete segmental duplication of [the] ancestral SRGAP2" gene in the ancestors of humans. This new gene, SRGAC2, slowed spine maturation and allowed for more neuronal migration. As a result, the dendrite spines increased in number and length, and they became "more complex". This accounts for the greater synaptic densities in humans when compared to other primates and rodents.

text: Neoteny has been important to human evolution, because it has increased the maturation period and the size of the human brain. Two to three million years ago, there was an "incomplete segmental duplication of [the] ancestral SRGAP2" gene in the ancestors of humans. This new gene, SRGAC2, slowed spine maturation and allowed for more neuronal migration. As a result, the

text: dendrite

text: spines increased in number and length, and they became "more complex". This accounts for the greater

text: synaptic

text: densities in humans when compared to other

text: primate

text: s and

text: rodent

text: s.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: SRGAP2

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Two to three million years ago

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Two to three million years ago

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: SRGAP2

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: ancestors

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: primates and rodents.

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Two to three million years ago,

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: humans.

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: neuronal migration.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Two to three million years

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: humans.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: SRGAP2"

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Two to three million years ago,

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Neoteny

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: SRGAP2"

text: Further than the basic scientific theory of evolution (notably neo-darwinian, Evolutive Humanism, developed by Richard Dawkins and Stephen Jay Gould),  looks at the necessity for Man of a permanent adaptation of both his organism and his thoughts to his universal environment. And from there to the relativized relation to belief and to uncertainty, because human ideas evolve and are transformed, as are physical qualities, in a universal process of evolution and adaptive improvement in their environment. But this does not suppose determinism, genetic or cultural, it refers to the evolutive interactivity and reactivity, partly random, of the living being with his surroundings. According to Marc Carl, "Man must necessarily learn to manage the insufficient appearance and the uncertainty of information to fit and to develop in his relational interactions with his environment, as well as physically and culturally". In a universal environment still as much as 90% unknown, this evolutive cogitation therefore tries not to be locked in premature schemata and answers. It encourages humility in proposals and intuitive boldness in investigations.A subjacent humanist thought encourages human beings to deliberately take his destiny in his hands, in careful correlation with his environment, knowing that human thought is one of the most impacting manifestations of the living being, as an agent of transformation of the environment, and consequently not only of the Earth's environment. In terms of philosophy of evolution, the organized collective thought of humanity, and in general his evolutive culture, appears as the key to development of our species in its universal environment, and the key to a possibly significant interactive modification, in the long term, of this environment. It is principally a prospective step.

text: Further than the basic

text: scientific theory

text: of evolution (notably neo-

text: darwinian

text: , Evolutive Humanism, developed by

text: Richard Dawkins

text: and

text: Stephen Jay Gould

text: ),  looks at the necessity for Man of a permanent adaptation of both his organism and his thoughts to his universal

text: environment

text: . And from there to the relativized relation to belief and to uncertainty, because human ideas evolve and are transformed, as are physical qualities, in a universal process of

text: evolution

text: and adaptive improvement in their environment. But this does not suppose

text: determinism

text: , genetic or cultural, it refers to the evolutive interactivity and reactivity, partly random, of the living being with his surroundings. According to

text: Marc Carl

text: , "Man must necessarily learn to manage the insufficient appearance and the uncertainty of information to fit and to develop in his relational interactions with his environment, as well as physically and culturally". In a universal environment still as much as 90% unknown, this evolutive cogitation therefore tries not to be locked in premature schemata and answers. It encourages humility in proposals and intuitive boldness in investigations.A subjacent humanist thought encourages human beings to deliberately take his destiny in his hands, in careful correlation with his environment, knowing that human thought is one of the most impacting manifestations of the living being, as an agent of transformation of the environment, and consequently not only of the Earth's environment. In terms of philosophy of evolution, the organized collective thought of humanity, and in general his evolutive culture, appears as the key to development of our

text: species

text: in its universal environment, and the key to a possibly significant interactive modification, in the long term, of this environment. It is principally a prospective step.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: evolution

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: neo-darwinian

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: darwinian

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: universal environment

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: boldness in investigations.A

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: universal process of evolution and adaptive improvement in their environment.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: neo-darwinian,

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: humility in proposals and intuitive boldness in investigations.A

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: neo-darwinian,

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: evolution

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: neo-darwinian,

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: universal environment,

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: humanist thought

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: intuitive boldness in investigations.A

text: Bailey described a concept of racial differentiation that posited a division of humanity into races that are on different levels in a "ladder of evolution". These '"races" do not represent a national or physical type but a stage of evolution. For example, she states that the Aryan root race (or '5th race'), is an "emerging new race" and so a relative new evolutionary phenomena.  The term "Aryan" as used by her has a different meaning than a separative or racist use of the word. She stated that this newer type is forming in every land but primarily in lands where Caucasian peoples are found and indicates a culture where thought or intellect is dominant. Bailey considered the Aryan race to be determined by a state of consciousness rather than by genetic or racial traits.  She stated that as evolution proceeds, things are accelerated and humanity will soon be predominantly distinguished by the Aryan consciousness. "I speak not in terms of the Aryan race as it is generally understood today or in its Nordic implications.” In her book Education in the New Age, Bailey made predictions about the use of this esoteric racial concept in the schools of the future and that these schools would incorporate the idea of "root races".  These "races" are a way of conceptualizing evolution as it occurs over vast prehistoric spans of time, and during which humanity developed body (Lemurian), emotion (Atlantean), and mind (Aryan).  She states that there is now being developed a "new race" with a spiritual dimension that expresses as "group qualities and consciousness and idealistic vision". However, she stated that this new development may take many thousands of years and may therefore not be the quick advance some of her New Age followers wish for. In her The Destiny of the Nations, Bailey described a process by which this "new race" will evolve, after which "very low grade human bodies will disappear, causing a general shift in the racial types toward a higher standard."  For Bailey, the evolution of humanity was intimately bound up with its relationship to this Spiritual Hierarchy. She believed that the influences of religions, philosophies, sciences, educational movements, and human culture in general are the result of this relationship.

text: Bailey described a concept of racial differentiation that posited a division of humanity into races that are on different levels in a "ladder of evolution". These '"races" do not represent a national or physical type but a stage of evolution. For example, she states that the

text: Aryan

text: root race

text: New Age

text: followers wish for. In her The Destiny of the Nations, Bailey described a process by which this "new race" will evolve, after which "very low grade human bodies will disappear, causing a general shift in the racial types toward a higher standard."  For Bailey, the evolution of humanity was intimately bound up with its relationship to this Spiritual Hierarchy. She believed that the influences of religions, philosophies, sciences, educational movements, and human culture in general are the result of this relationship.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Lemurian

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Lemurian

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Lemurian

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Lemurian

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Aryan

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Bailey described a concept of racial differentiation

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: continents

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: (Lemurian),

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: (Lemurian),

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Spiritual Hierarchy.

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: Spiritual Hierarchy.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Spiritual Hierarchy.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Spiritual Hierarchy.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: (Lemurian),

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: a "new race"

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: (Aryan).

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: (Lemurian),

text: Biological Anthropology and Physical Anthropology are synonymous terms to describe anthropological research focused on the study of humans and non-human primates in their biological, evolutionary, and demographic dimensions. It examines the biological and social factors that have affected the evolution of humans and other primates, and that generate, maintain or change contemporary genetic and physiological variation.

text: Biological Anthropology and Physical Anthropology are synonymous terms to describe anthropological research focused on the study of humans and non-human primates in their biological, evolutionary, and demographic dimensions. It examines the biological and social factors that have affected the evolution of humans and other primates, and that generate, maintain or change contemporary genetic and physiological variation.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: eons

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is a non-human primat

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Biological Anthropology and Physical Anthropology

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: non-human primates

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: contemporary genetic and physiological variation.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Biological Anthropology

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: Biological Anthropology and Physical Anthropology

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Biological Anthropology and Physical Anthropology

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: humans and non-human primates

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: humans and non-human primates

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: genetic and physiological variation.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Biological Anthropology

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Biological Anthropology and Physical Anthropology

text: Hominid species that lived 1.8 to 1.3 million years ago. Continuing the pattern of hominid dental morphological evolution, ergaster had a less prognathic face, smaller dental arcade. The mandibular symphysis is also shown to have grown.  In general the dentition, is very similar to that of Homo erectus.

text: Hominid species that lived 1.8 to 1.3 million years ago. Continuing the pattern of hominid dental morphological evolution, ergaster had a less prognathic face, smaller dental arcade. The mandibular symphysis is also shown to have grown.  In general the dentition, is very similar to that of Homo erectus.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: ergaster

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: 1.3 million years ago

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is very similar to that of

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Homo sapiens

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Hominid

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: 1.8 to 1.3 million years ago.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Hominid

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: Continuing the pattern of hominid dental morphological evolution,

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: 1.8 to 1.3 million years ago.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Homo erectus.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Homo erectus.

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Hominid

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: 1.8 to 1.3 million years ago.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Hominid species

text: Paleogenetics opens up many new possibilities for the study of hominid evolution and dispersion. By analyzing the genomes of hominid remains, their lineage can be traced back to from where they came, or from where they share a common ancestor. The Denisova hominid, a species of hominid found in Siberia from which DNA was able to be extracted, may show signs of having genes that are not found in any Neanderthal nor Homo sapiens genome, possibly representing a new lineage or species of hominid.

text: Paleogenetics opens up many new possibilities for the study of hominid evolution and dispersion. By analyzing the genomes of

text: hominid

text: remains, their lineage can be traced back to from where they came, or from where they share a common ancestor. The

text: Denisova hominid

text: , a species of hominid found in

text: Siberia

text: from which DNA was able to be extracted, may show signs of having genes that are not found in any Neanderthal nor

text: Homo sapiens

text: genome, possibly representing a new lineage or species of hominid.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Neanderthal

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Neanderthal

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Homo sapiens

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Neanderthal

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Homo sapiens

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Siberia

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Neanderthal

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Neanderthal

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: The Denisova hominid,

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: dispersion.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: The Denisova hominid,

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Homo sapiens

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Homo sapiens

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Homo sapiens

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: The Denisova hominid,

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Siberia

text: She was a former editor-in-chief of the journal Evolution and Human Behavior along with Daly, and served as president of the Human Behavior and Evolution Society.

text: She was a former

text: editor-in-chief

text: of the journal Evolution and Human Behavior along with Daly, and served as president of the

text: Human Behavior and Evolution Society

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Daly

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Eocene

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Daly

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Daly

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Daly

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Daly,

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Evolution and Human Behavior along with Daly,

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Evolution and Human Behavior along with Daly,

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: Evolution and Human Behavior

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Evolution and Human Behavior along with Daly,

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Evolution and Human Behavior

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Evolution and Human Behavior

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Evolution and Human Behavior

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Evolution and Human Behavior along with Daly,

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Evolution

text: Palaeoarchaeology (or paleoarcheology) is the archaeology of deep time. Paleoarchaeologists' studies focus on hominid fossils ranging from 15,000,000 to 10,000 years ago, and  emphasize human evolution and how humans have adapted to the environment in the past few million years.

text: Palaeoarchaeology (or paleoarcheology) is the

text: archaeology

text: of

text: deep time

text: . Paleoarchaeologists' studies focus on hominid fossils ranging from 15,000,000 to 10,000 years ago, and  emphasize human evolution and how humans have adapted to the environment in the past few million years.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: 10,000 years ago

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: 15,000,000 to 10,000 years ago

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: from 15,000,000 to 10,000 years ago

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: past few million years.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: hominid fossils

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: humans have adapted to the environment

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: 15,000,000 to 10,000

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: hominid fossils

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: humans have adapted to the environment in the past few million years.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: 15,000,000 to 10,000 years ago,

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Palaeoarchaeology

text: The Dunajec River Gorge represents the main stages of geological and geomorphological evolution of mountain terrain from the early Cenozoic era to the Quaternary period including tectonic movement, geological structure, petrographic composition and proportion of rocks.

text: The Dunajec River Gorge represents the main stages of geological and geomorphological evolution of mountain terrain from the early

text: Cenozoic

text: era to the

text: Quaternary period

text: including tectonic movement, geological structure,

text: petrographic

text: composition and proportion of rocks.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Quaternary period

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is not the same as

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Dunajec River Gorge

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Quaternary period

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: The Dunajec River Gorge

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: tectonic movement,

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Quaternary period

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: early Cenozoic era to the Quaternary period

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Cenozoic era to the Quaternary period

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: The Dunajec River Gorge

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Dunajec River Gorge

text: Wilson then moved to the University of California, Berkeley, to pursue his doctoral research. At the time the family thought Allan would only be gone two years. Instead, Wilson remained in the United States, gaining his PhD at Berkeley in 1961 under the direction of biochemist Arthur Pardee for work on the regulation of flavin biosynthesis in bacteria. From 1961 to 1964, Wilson studied as a post-doc under biochemist Nathan O. Kaplan at Brandeis University in Waltham, Massachusetts.  In Kaplan's lab, working with lactate and malate dehydrogenases, Wilson was first introduced to the nascent field of molecular evolution.  Nate Kaplan was one of the very earliest pioneers to address phylogenetic problems with evidence from protein molecules, an approach that Wilson later famously applied to human evolution and primate relationships. After Brandeis, Wilson returned to Berkeley where he set up his own lab in the Biochemistry department, remaining there for the rest of his life.

text: Wilson then moved to the

text: University of California, Berkeley

text: , to pursue his doctoral research. At the time the family thought Allan would only be gone two years. Instead, Wilson remained in the United States, gaining his PhD at Berkeley in 1961 under the direction of biochemist

text: Arthur Pardee

text: for work on the regulation of

text: flavin

text: biosynthesis in bacteria. From 1961 to 1964, Wilson studied as a post-doc under biochemist

text: Nathan O. Kaplan

text: at

text: Brandeis University

text: in Waltham, Massachusetts.  In Kaplan's lab, working with

text: lactate

text: and

text: malate dehydrogenase

text: s, Wilson was first introduced to the nascent field of molecular evolution.  Nate Kaplan was one of the very earliest pioneers to address phylogenetic problems with evidence from protein molecules, an approach that Wilson later famously applied to human evolution and primate relationships. After Brandeis, Wilson returned to Berkeley where he set up his own lab in the Biochemistry department, remaining there for the rest of his life.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: molecular evolution

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: human evolution and primate relationships

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Allan

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: bacteria.

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: molecular evolution.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: primate relationships.

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: primate relationships.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: primate relationships.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: primate relationships.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Allan

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: primate

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: 1961

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Massachusetts.

text: In the context of modern theistic evolution, "hominization" refers to the theory that there was a point at which a population of hominids who had (or may have) evolved by a process of evolution acquired souls and thus (with their descendants) became fully human in theological terms.  This group might be restricted to Adam and Eve, or indeed to Mitochondrial Eve, although versions of the theory allow for larger populations. The point at which this occurred should essentially be the same as in paleoanthropology and archeology, but theological discussion of the matter tends to concentrate on the theoretical.  The term "special transformism" refers to theories of a divine intervention of some sort, achieving hominization.

text: In the context of modern

text: theistic evolution

text: , "hominization" refers to the theory that there was a point at which a population of

text: hominid

text: s who had (or may have) evolved by a process of

text: evolution

text: acquired souls and thus (with their descendants) became fully human in theological terms.  This group might be restricted to

text: Adam and Eve

text: , or indeed to

text: Mitochondrial Eve

text: , although versions of the theory allow for larger populations. The point at which this occurred should essentially be the same as in paleoanthropology and archeology, but theological discussion of the matter tends to concentrate on the theoretical.  The term "

text: special transformism

text: " refers to theories of a divine intervention of some sort, achieving hominization.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Adam

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: modern theistic evolution

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: "hominization"

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Adam

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: This group might be restricted to Adam and Eve, or indeed to Mitochondrial Eve

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Adam and Eve,

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: modern theistic evolution,

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: larger populations.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: paleoanthropology and archeology,

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: "hominization"

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Adam and Eve,

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: became fully human in theological terms.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: paleoanthropology and archeology,

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Adam and Eve, or indeed to Mitochondrial Eve,

text: Thus the fossil record of an evolutionary progression typically consists of species that suddenly appear, and ultimately disappear, in many cases close to a million years later, without any change in external appearance. Graphically, these fossil species are represented by horizontal lines, whose lengths depict how long each of them existed. The horizontality of the lines illustrates the unchanging appearance of each of the fossil species depicted on the graph. During each species' existence new species appear at random intervals, each also lasting many hundreds of thousands of years before disappearing without a change in appearance. The exact relatedness of these concurrent species is generally impossible to determine. This is illustrated in the following diagram depicting the evolution of modern humans from the time that the Hominins separated from the line that led to the evolution of our closest living primate relatives, the chimpanzees.

text: Thus the fossil record of an evolutionary progression typically consists of species that suddenly appear, and ultimately disappear, in many cases close to a million years later, without any change in external appearance. Graphically, these fossil species are represented by horizontal lines, whose lengths depict how long each of them existed. The horizontality of the lines illustrates the unchanging appearance of each of the fossil species depicted on the graph. During each species' existence new species appear at random intervals, each also lasting many hundreds of thousands of years before disappearing without a change in appearance. The exact relatedness of these concurrent species is generally impossible to determine. This is illustrated in the following diagram depicting the

text: evolution of modern humans

text: from the time that the

text: Hominins

text: separated from the line that led to the evolution of our closest living primate relatives, the chimpanzees.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Hominins

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: chimpanzees

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: modern humans

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Hominins

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: the Hominins separated from the line that led to the evolution of our closest living primate relatives, the chimpanzees

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Hominins

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Hominins

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Hominins

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: change in external appearance.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: chimpanzees.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Hominins

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Hominins

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: our closest living primate relatives,

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: impossible to determine.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: chimpanzees.

text: A geologic era is a subdivision of geologic time that divides an eon into smaller units of time. The Phanerozoic Eon is divided into three such time frames: the Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic represent the major stages in the macroscopic fossil record. These eras are separated by catastrophic extinction boundaries, the P-T boundary between the Paleozoic and the Mesozoic and the K-T boundary between the Mesozoic and the Cenozoic. There is evidence that catastrophic meteorite impacts played a role in demarcating the differences between the eras.

text: A geologic era is a subdivision of

text: geologic time

text: that divides an

text: eon

text: into smaller units of time. The

text: Phanerozoic

text: Eon is divided into three such time frames: the

text: Paleozoic

text: Mesozoic

text: , and

text: Cenozoic

text: represent the major stages in the macroscopic

text: fossil record

text: . These eras are separated by catastrophic

text: extinction

text: boundaries, the

text: P-T boundary

text: between the Paleozoic and the Mesozoic and the

text: K-T boundary

text: between the Mesozoic and the Cenozoic. There is evidence that catastrophic

text: meteorite impact

text: s played a role in demarcating the differences between the eras.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Mesozoic

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is a species of primate

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Phanerozoic

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: K-T boundary

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Paleozoic,

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: A geologic era

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: time.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: The Phanerozoic Eon

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: A geologic era

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Phanerozoic Eon

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: The Phanerozoic Eon

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: catastrophic meteorite impacts

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: meteorite impacts

text: It a forest from the Cenozoic era, the petrified wood is of primitive conifers and palm trees.

text: It a forest from the

text: Cenozoic

text: era, the

text: petrified wood

text: is of primitive conifers and palm trees.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic era

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: was not a mammal

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: conifers and palm trees.

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic era,

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Cenozoic era,

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: conifers and palm trees.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Cenozoic era,

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Cenozoic era,

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Cenozoic era,

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Cenozoic era,

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Cenozoic era,

text: The pollical palmar interosseous (PPIM) is absent in non-human primates and probably is an autapomorphic muscle unique to the human thumb (together with flexor pollicis longus) which probably evolved from the oblique portion of adductor pollicis.  In African apes, adductor pollicis is notably well-developed, with an origin on the carpus and its ligaments, and an insertion that has migrated distally, in some cases as far as the distal phalanx.  The insertion of the PPIM into the extensor mechanism is likely to have evolved with tool usage in early hominids. As comparative anatomy studies of the human PPIM strongly suggest that the muscle is evolutionarily derived from the adductor pollicis, it has been proposed that PPIM should be designated by the name musculus adductor pollicis accessorius, which indicates that the muscle is most likely a de novo structure derived from the adductor pollicis.

text: The pollical palmar interosseous (PPIM) is absent in non-human

text: primate

text: s and probably is an

text: autapomorphic

text: muscle unique to the human thumb (together with

text: flexor pollicis longus

text: ) which probably evolved from the oblique portion of adductor pollicis.  In African apes, adductor pollicis is notably well-developed, with an origin on the carpus and its ligaments, and an insertion that has migrated distally, in some cases as far as the distal phalanx.  The insertion of the PPIM into the extensor mechanism is likely to have evolved with tool usage in early hominids. As comparative anatomy studies of the human PPIM strongly suggest that the muscle is evolutionarily derived from the adductor pollicis, it has been proposed that PPIM should be designated by the name musculus adductor pollicis accessorius, which indicates that the muscle is most likely a de novo structure derived from the adductor pollicis.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: African apes

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is absent in non-human primates

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: African apes

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: continents

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: African apes,

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: early hominids.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: African apes,

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: tool usage

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: musculus adductor pollicis accessorius,

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: early hominids.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominids.

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: non-human primates

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: musculus adductor pollicis accessorius,

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: The pollical palmar interosseous

text: The evolution of Rhinocerotidae follows a very similar pattern to the evolution of the Equidae, both being facets of the evolution of mammalian herbivores during the Cenozoic. The overall pattern is based on the evolutionary development of grass and grassland, and further the changing distribution of C and C types of plant metabolism, so-called because they generate a molecule containing three or four Carbon atoms by different metabolic pathways (sequences of chemical reactions).

text: The evolution of Rhinocerotidae follows a very similar pattern to the evolution of the

text: Equidae

text: , both being facets of the evolution of mammalian herbivores during the

text: Cenozoic

text: . The overall pattern is based on the evolutionary development of grass and

text: grassland

text: , and further the changing distribution of

text: C

text: and

text: C

text: types of plant metabolism, so-called because they generate a molecule containing three or four

text: Carbon

text: atoms by different metabolic pathways (sequences of chemical reactions).

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Equidae

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is not a mammalian

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Equidae

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Rhinocerotidae

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: The evolution of Rhinocerotidae

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: three or four Carbon atoms by different metabolic pathways

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Cenozoic.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Equidae,

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Rhinocerotidae

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: mammalian herbivores

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Cenozoic.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Cenozoic.

text: Hominids started using primitive stone tools millions of years ago. The earliest stone tools were little more than a fractured rock, but approximately 75,000 years ago, pressure flaking provided a way to make much finer work.

text: Hominids started using primitive stone tools millions of years ago. The earliest stone tools were little more than a fractured rock, but approximately 75,000 years ago,

text: pressure flaking

text: provided a way to make much finer work.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Hominid

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: 75,000 years ago

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: used primitive stone tools

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Hominids

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Hominids

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: 75,000 years ago,

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Hominids

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: Hominids

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: 75,000

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Hominids started using primitive stone tools millions of years ago.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Hominids

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Hominids

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Hominids

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: stone tools

text: In humans, the lips are important for the production of stops and fricatives, in addition to vowels. Nothing, however, suggests that the lips evolved for those reasons. During primate evolution, a shift from nocturnal to diurnal activity in tarsiers, monkeys and apes (the haplorhines) brought with it an increased reliance on vision at the expense of olfaction. As a result, the snout became reduced and the rhinarium or "wet nose" was lost. The muscles of the face and lips consequently became less constrained, enabling their co-option to serve purposes of facial expression. The lips also became thicker. "Hence", according to one major authority, "the evolution of mobile, muscular lips, so important to human speech, was the exaptive result of the evolution of diurnality and visual communication in the common ancestor of haplorhines". It is unclear whether our lips have undergone more recent adaptation to the specific requirements of speech.

text: In humans, the lips are important for the production of

text: stops

text: and

text: fricatives

text: , in addition to

text: vowel

text: s. Nothing, however, suggests that the lips evolved for those reasons. During primate evolution, a shift from nocturnal to diurnal activity in

text: tarsier

text: s, monkeys and apes (the

text: haplorhines

text: ) brought with it an increased reliance on vision at the expense of olfaction. As a result, the snout became reduced and the

text: rhinarium

text: or "wet nose" was lost. The muscles of the face and lips consequently became less constrained, enabling their co-option to serve purposes of facial expression. The lips also became thicker. "Hence", according to one major authority, "the evolution of mobile, muscular lips, so important to human speech, was the exaptive result of the evolution of diurnality and visual communication in the common ancestor of haplorhines". It is unclear whether our lips have undergone more recent adaptation to the specific requirements of speech.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: tarsiers

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: primate evolution

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: was the common ancestor of

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: haplorhines

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: primate

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: haplorhines".

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: primate evolution,

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: haplorhines".

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: vision at the expense of olfaction.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: humans,

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: humans,

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: haplorhines".

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: common ancestor of haplorhines".

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: haplorhines".

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: tarsiers, monkeys and apes

text: In the Evolution mode players purchase and race cars in a series of tournaments and club meeting events. Each is divided into three eras: Classic Era, Golden Era, and Modern Era. Players start from the introduction of the Porsche 356 1100 to the debut of the Porsche 911 Turbo (996). Most tournaments differ in difficulty level, the fee for entry, and the number of tracks and course types.

text: In the Evolution mode players purchase and race cars in a series of tournaments and club meeting events. Each is divided into three eras: Classic Era, Golden Era, and Modern Era. Players start from the introduction of the Porsche 356 1100 to the debut of the Porsche 911 Turbo (996). Most tournaments differ in difficulty level, the fee for entry, and the number of tracks and course types.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Classic Era

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Modern Era

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is not the same as

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Classic Era

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Modern Era

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Golden Era

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: cars

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Modern Era.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Evolution mode

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: race cars

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Classic Era, Golden Era, and Modern Era.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Evolution

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Classic Era, Golden Era, and Modern Era.

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Modern Era.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Classic Era, Golden Era, and Modern Era.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Classic Era, Golden Era, and Modern Era.

text: Several revisions in classifying the great apes have caused the use of the term "hominid" to vary over time. Its original meaning referred only to humans (Homo) and their closest non-extant relatives. That restrictive meaning has now been largely assumed by the term "hominin", which comprises all members of the human clade after the split from the chimpanzees (Pan). (See below, for a fuller discussion of related and very similar terms, at Terminology.) The current, 21st-century meaning of "hominid" refers to all the great apes including humans. Usage still varies, however, and some scientists and laypersons still use "hominid" in the original restrictive sense; the scholarly literature generally shows the traditional usage until around the turn of the 21st century.

text: Several revisions in classifying the great apes have caused the use of the term "hominid" to vary over time. Its original meaning referred only to humans (Homo) and their closest non-extant relatives. That restrictive meaning has now been largely assumed by the term "

text: hominin

text: ", which comprises all members of the human clade after the split from the chimpanzees (Pan). (See below, for a fuller discussion of related and very similar terms, at

text: Terminology

text: .) The current, 21st-century meaning of "hominid" refers to all the great apes including humans. Usage still varies, however, and some scientists and laypersons still use "hominid" in the original restrictive sense; the scholarly literature generally shows the traditional usage until around the turn of the 21st century.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Pan

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: the 21st-century

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: human clade

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Homo

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: "hominid" refers to all the great apes including humans

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: the ice

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: chimpanzees

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: split from the chimpanzees (Pan).

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: split from the chimpanzees

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: humans (Homo) and their closest non-extant relatives.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: humans (Homo) and their closest non-extant relatives.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: (Homo)

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: "hominid" refers to all the great apes

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: humans (Homo) and their closest non-extant relatives.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: chimpanzees

text: This cultural trend seems to have emerged because the concept of progressive permanent adaptation, which is no longer appreciated only by its scientific aspects, also took a metaphysical dimension (in a sense of research of the essence of the human), which consequently encourages analysis of human evolution, an agent which potentially modifies our environment, in philosophical terms. The possibilities and the risks of this evolution, non-deterministic because of its integration into a dynamic complex living system, gives the human existence and destiny a new sense. And to be involved in such a cogitation opens a philosophical way in which curious minds could not miss advancing sooner or later, a way which rests on a regenerated metaphysics, encouraging us to take back in an evolutive way Aristoteles original concept of physis and its substance, and to search with modern conceptual tools the essence and the sense of our life.

text: This cultural trend seems to have emerged because the concept of progressive permanent adaptation, which is no longer appreciated only by its scientific aspects, also took a metaphysical dimension (in a sense of research of the essence of the human), which consequently encourages analysis of

text: human evolution

text: , an agent which potentially modifies our environment, in philosophical terms. The possibilities and the risks of this evolution,

text: non-deterministic

text: because of its integration into a dynamic complex living system, gives the human existence and destiny a new sense. And to be involved in such a cogitation opens a philosophical way in which curious minds could not miss advancing sooner or later, a way which rests on a regenerated

text: metaphysics

text: , encouraging us to take back in an evolutive way Aristoteles original concept of physis and its substance, and to search with modern conceptual tools the essence and the sense of our life.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Aristoteles

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Aristoteles original concept

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is a species

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Aristoteles

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: human evolution

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Aristoteles

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: sooner or later,

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: human evolution,

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: modifies our environment,

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: dynamic complex living system,

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: human evolution,

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Aristoteles

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: a dynamic complex living system,

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: metaphysical dimension

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: evolution,

text: The Cenozoic comprises the Palaeogene, Neogene and Quaternary periods (66 Ma–present).

text: The

text: Cenozoic

text: comprises the

text: Palaeogene

text: , Neogene and Quaternary periods (66 Ma–present).

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Neogene

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Quaternary

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: 66 Ma–present

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Neogene

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: The Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: The Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: The Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: The Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: The Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: The Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: The Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: The Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: The Cenozoic

text: Glynn Isaac is best remembered for a series of papers and ideas which attempted to combine the available archeological record with models of both human behavior and a human activity from the standpoint of evolution. In the early 1970s Isaac published on the effect of social networks, gathering, meat eating and other factors on human evolution, and proposed a series of models to examine how groups of humans in the paleolithic would have engaged in acquiring the necessities of life, and interacting with each other. Isaac's models focused on a "home base" and the importance of sexual division of labor on hominid social organization.

text: Glynn Isaac is best remembered for a series of papers and ideas which attempted to combine the available archeological record with models of both human behavior and a human activity from the standpoint of

text: evolution

text: . In the early 1970s Isaac published on the effect of social networks, gathering, meat eating and other factors on human evolution, and proposed a series of models to examine how groups of humans in the paleolithic would have engaged in acquiring the necessities of life, and interacting with each other. Isaac's models focused on a "home base" and the importance of sexual division of labor on hominid social organization.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: paleolithic

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: paleolithic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: interact with each other

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Glynn Isaac

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: paleolithic

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: paleolithic

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: paleolithic

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: paleolithic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: interacting with each other.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: paleolithic

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: paleolithic

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: paleolithic

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: paleolithic

text: The evolution is the development of all entities in the cosmos, including humans, in order to attain their fulfillment, including the discovery of spiritual Delight, which was, and always is, the experience of the Source Creator. The evolution is the progressive development from the original inconscience of matter into life (movement, sensation, desire, etc. and living physical beings), and from thence to mind (in conscious animals and most especially humans - the self-conscious thinking animal), and from thence to spiritualized mind, culminating in The Supermind  or Truth Consciousness (as supramental individuals, and finally the  supramental, i.e. a divine life on earth.)

text: The evolution is the development of all entities in the

text: cosmos

text: , including

text: humans

text: , in order to attain their fulfillment, including the discovery of spiritual Delight, which was, and always is, the experience of the Source Creator. The evolution is the progressive development from the original inconscience of matter into life (movement, sensation, desire, etc. and living physical beings), and from thence to

text: mind

text: (in conscious animals and most especially humans - the self-conscious thinking animal), and from thence to spiritualized mind, culminating in

text: The Supermind

text: or Truth Consciousness (as supramental individuals, and finally the  supramental, i.e. a divine life on earth.)

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: animals

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: cosmos

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is the self-conscious thinking animal

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: the cosmos

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: cosmos

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: conscious animals

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: spiritualized mind,

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: the self-conscious thinking animal),

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: (movement,

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: humans,

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: humans,

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Source Creator.

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: self-conscious thinking animal),

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: spiritual Delight,

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: The evolution

text: David Deutsch argues that the mediocrity principle is not actually correct from a physical point of view, either in reference to our part of the universe or to our species. Deutsch refers to Stephen Hawking's quote that "The human race is just a chemical scum on a moderate-sized planet, orbiting around a very average star in the outer suburb of one among a hundred billion galaxies", writing that our neighborhood in the universe is not typical (80% of the universe's matter is dark matter) and that a concentration of mass such as the Solar System is an "isolated, uncommon phenomenon". He also argues with Richard Dawkins' opinion that humans, as result of natural evolution, are limited to the capabilities of our species — Deutsch responds that even though evolution did not give humans the ability to detect neutrinos, scientists can currently detect them, significantly expanding their capabilities beyond what is available as a result of evolution.

text: David Deutsch

text: argues that the mediocrity principle is not actually correct from a physical point of view, either in reference to our part of the universe or to our species. Deutsch refers to

text: Stephen Hawking

text: 's quote that "The human race is just a chemical scum on a moderate-sized planet, orbiting around a very average star in the outer suburb of one among a hundred billion galaxies", writing that our neighborhood in the universe is not typical (80% of the universe's matter is

text: dark matter

text: ) and that a concentration of mass such as the Solar System is an "isolated, uncommon phenomenon". He also argues with

text: Richard Dawkins

text: ' opinion that humans, as result of natural evolution, are limited to the capabilities of our species — Deutsch responds that even though evolution did not give humans the ability to detect

text: neutrino

text: s, scientists can currently detect them, significantly expanding their capabilities beyond what is available as a result of evolution.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Dawkins

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: galaxies

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: detect neutrinos

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is an extinct species

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: ape

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: neutrinos

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Stephen Hawking's

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: natural evolution, are limited to the capabilities of our species

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: evolution did not give humans the ability to detect neutrinos,

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: detect neutrinos,

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: a hundred billion galaxies",

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: "The human race is just a chemical scum

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Stephen Hawking's

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: limited to the capabilities of our species

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: evolution did not give humans the ability to detect neutrinos,

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: neutrinos,

text: The Cenozoic is divided into three periods: the Paleogene, Neogene, and Quaternary; and seven epochs: the Paleocene, Eocene, Oligocene, Miocene, Pliocene, Pleistocene, and Holocene. The Quaternary Period was officially recognized by the International Commission on Stratigraphy in June 2009, and the former Tertiary Period was officially disused in 2004 because of the necessity to divide the Cenozoic into periods more like that of the previous Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras. The common use of epochs during the Cenozoic helps paleontologists better organize and group the many significant events that occurred during this comparatively short interval of time. There is also more detailed knowledge of this era than any other because of the relatively young, well-preserved rocks associated with it.

text: The Cenozoic is divided into three periods: the

text: Paleogene

text: Neogene

text: , and

text: Quaternary

text: ; and seven epochs: the

text: Paleocene

text: Eocene

text: Oligocene

text: Miocene

text: Pliocene

text: Pleistocene

text: , and

text: Holocene

text: . The Quaternary Period was officially recognized by the

text: International Commission on Stratigraphy

text: in June 2009, and the former

text: Tertiary Period

text: was officially disused in 2004 because of the necessity to divide the Cenozoic into periods more like that of the previous Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras. The common use of epochs during the Cenozoic helps

text: paleontologist

text: s better organize and group the many significant events that occurred during this comparatively short interval of time. There is also more detailed knowledge of this era than any other because of the relatively young, well-preserved rocks associated with it.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Neogene

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Holocene

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Holocene

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Neogene

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Holocene

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Neogene

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: paleontologists

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: The Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: well-preserved rocks

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: The Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: The Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: The Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: The Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: The Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Miocene,

text: Homo erectus ("upright man") lived about  in West Asia and Africa and is thought to be the first hominid to hunt in coordinated groups, use complex tools, and care for infirm or weaker companions. Homo antecessor the earliest hominid in Northern Europe lived from 1.2 million to 800,000 years ago and used stone tools. Homo heidelbergensis lived between 600,000 and 400,000  years ago and used stone tool technology similar the Acheulean tools used by Homo erectus.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Rightmire | first1 = G. P. | year = 1998 | title = Human Evolution in the Middle Pleistocene: The Role of Homo heidelbergensis | url = http://www.archeo.uw.edu.pl/zalaczniki/upload23.pdf | format = PDF | journal = Evolutionary Anthropology | volume = 6 | issue = 6| pages = 218–227 | doi = 10.1002/(SICI)1520-6505(1998)6:6

text: Homo erectus

text: ("upright man") lived about  in

text: West Asia

text: and

text: Africa

text: and is thought to be the first

text: hominid

text: to hunt in coordinated groups, use complex tools, and care for infirm or weaker companions.

text: Homo antecessor

text: the earliest hominid in Northern Europe lived from 1.2 million to 800,000 years ago and used stone tools.

text: Homo heidelbergensis

text: lived between 600,000 and 400,000  years ago and used stone tool technology similar the

text: Acheulean

text: tools used by

text: Homo erectus

text: .<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Rightmire | first1 = G. P. | year = 1998 | title = Human Evolution in the Middle Pleistocene: The Role of Homo heidelbergensis | url = http://www.archeo.uw.edu.pl/zalaczniki/upload23.pdf | format = PDF | journal = Evolutionary Anthropology | volume = 6 | issue = 6| pages = 218–227 | doi = 10.1002/(SICI)1520-6505(1998)6:6

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Homo antecessor

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Middle Pleistocene

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is thought to be the first hominid to hunt in coordinated groups

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Homo antecessor

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Homo erectus

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Homo antecessor

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Homo heidelbergensis

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Middle Pleistocene:

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Human Evolution in the Middle Pleistocene:

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: hunt in coordinated groups,

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Homo heidelbergensis

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: ("upright man")

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Homo heidelbergensis

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Human Evolution in the Middle Pleistocene:

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Human Evolution in the Middle Pleistocene:

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Middle Pleistocene:

text: Many modern insect genera developed during the Cenozoic. Insects from this period on are often found preserved in amber, often in perfect condition. The body plan, or morphology, of such specimens is thus easily compared with modern species. The study of fossilized insects is called paleoentomology.

text: Many modern insect

text: genera

text: developed during the Cenozoic. Insects from this period on are often found preserved in

text: amber

text: , often in perfect condition. The body plan, or

text: morphology

text: , of such specimens is thus easily compared with modern species. The study of fossilized insects is called

text: paleoentomology

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: insects

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is not the same as

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: amber

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: insect genera developed during the Cenozoic. Insects

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Many modern insect genera developed during the Cenozoic.

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: easily compared with modern species.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Cenozoic.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Cenozoic. Insects

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Cenozoic.

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: insect genera developed during the Cenozoic.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Insects from this period on are often found preserved in amber,

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Cenozoic.

text: Gene–culture coevolution was developed to explain how human behavior is a product of two different and interacting evolutionary processes: genetic evolution and cultural evolution.

text: Gene–culture coevolution was developed to explain how human behavior is a product of two different and interacting evolutionary processes: genetic evolution and cultural evolution.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Neanderthals

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: cultural evolution

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is a type of human

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: mammalian

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: genus

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Gene–culture

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: genetic evolution and cultural evolution.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Gene–culture coevolution

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: Gene–culture coevolution

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Gene–culture coevolution

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: human behavior is a product of two different and interacting evolutionary processes:

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Gene–culture coevolution

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: human behavior is a product of two different and interacting evolutionary processes:

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Gene–culture coevolution

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Gene–culture coevolution

text: All of this more recent research has shown that primates possess cognitive abilities that many thought were too advanced for them. Tomasello firmly believes that the study of primate cognition should be continued and that in the next 30 years after these studies, many gray areas involving specific cognitive capabilities of non-human primates will be made clear. Additionally, he believes that increased research on primate cognition will reveal more about evolution and help explain what exactly makes human cognition so unique and special.

text: All of this more recent research has shown that primates possess cognitive abilities that many thought were too advanced for them. Tomasello firmly believes that the study of primate cognition should be continued and that in the next 30 years after these studies, many gray areas involving specific cognitive capabilities of non-human primates will be made clear. Additionally, he believes that increased research on primate cognition will reveal more about

text: evolution

text: and help explain what exactly makes human cognition so unique and special.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: primate

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is a species of primate

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: primates possess cognitive abilities that many thought were too advanced for them.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: 30 years

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: primates possess cognitive abilities that many thought were too advanced for them.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: primates

text: "The goal is to reconstruct the history of every gene in the human genome," said Evan Eichler, University of Washington, Seattle. DNA from different branches of the primate tree will allow us "to trace back the evolutionary changes that occurred at various time points, leading from the common ancestors of the primate clade to Homo sapiens," said Bruce Lahn, University of Chicago.

text: "The goal is to reconstruct the history of every gene in the human genome," said

text: Evan Eichler

text: , University of Washington, Seattle. DNA from different branches of the primate tree will allow us "to trace back the evolutionary changes that occurred at various time points, leading from the common ancestors of the primate clade to Homo sapiens," said

text: Bruce Lahn

text: , University of Chicago.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: primate

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: primate clade

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is not the same as

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: primate

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: primate

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: primate clade

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: common ancestors of the primate clade

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Homo sapiens,"

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: "The goal is to reconstruct the history of every gene in the human genome,"

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Homo sapiens,"

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Homo sapiens,"

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Homo sapiens,"

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Homo sapiens,"

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: DNA

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: DNA from different branches of the primate tree

text: He studied lemurs and the insectivorous primates, as always concerning himself with evolutionary origins. From the 1920s he became involved in the study of marsupials, in 1947 developing his palimpsest theory by showing a connection between the monotremes and early reptiles. Around the early 1920s he also became interested in recent human evolution particularly after the discovery of the early African hominids. His specialist knowledge of mammalian dentition led him to pursue the same path with regard to human evolution and he came to be regarded as the world's leading expert on the evolution of human dentition, a reputation secured by the 1922 publication of The Evolution of the Human Dentition. However, he did initially think the hoax, Piltdown Man, likely to be genuine.

text: He studied

text: lemurs

text: and the insectivorous primates, as always concerning himself with evolutionary origins. From the 1920s he became involved in the study of

text: marsupial

text: s, in 1947 developing his palimpsest theory by showing a connection between the

text: monotreme

text: s and early reptiles. Around the early 1920s he also became interested in recent human evolution particularly after the discovery of the early African

text: hominid

text: s. His specialist knowledge of mammalian dentition led him to pursue the same path with regard to human evolution and he came to be regarded as the world's leading expert on the evolution of human dentition, a reputation secured by the 1922 publication of The Evolution of the Human Dentition. However, he did initially think the hoax,

text: Piltdown Man

text: , likely to be genuine.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: African hominids

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: 1920s

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: the hoax, Piltdown Man

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: African hominids

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: African hominids

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: continents

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: African hominids.

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: 1920s

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: early African hominids.

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: insectivorous primates, as always concerning himself with evolutionary origins.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: early African hominids.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: early African hominids.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: African hominids.

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: early African hominids.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Piltdown Man,

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: African hominids.

text: The Interior Plains continued to receive deposits from the eroding Rocky Mountains to the west and Appalachian and Ozark/Ouachita Mountains to the east and south throughout the most recent Era, the Cenozoic. The flatness of the Interior Plains is a reflection of the platform of mostly flat-lying marine and stream deposits laid down in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic Eras.

text: The Interior Plains continued to receive deposits from the eroding Rocky Mountains to the west and Appalachian and Ozark/Ouachita Mountains to the east and south throughout the most recent Era, the Cenozoic. The flatness of the Interior Plains is a reflection of the platform of mostly flat-lying marine and stream deposits laid down in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic Eras.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Mesozoic

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is not the same as

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Mesozoic

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Rocky Mountains

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Cenozoic.

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Cenozoic.

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: eroding Rocky Mountains

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Cenozoic.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Cenozoic.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Cenozoic.

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Cenozoic.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Cenozoic.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Rocky Mountains

text: McGrew suggests a definition of culture that he finds scientifically useful for studying primate culture. He points out that scientists do not have access to the subjective thoughts or knowledge of non-human primates. Thus, if culture is defined in terms of knowledge, then scientists are severely limited in their attempts to study primate culture. Instead of defining culture as a kind of knowledge, McGrew suggests that we view culture as a process. He lists six steps in the process:

text: McGrew suggests a definition of culture that he finds scientifically useful for studying primate culture. He points out that scientists do not have access to the subjective thoughts or knowledge of non-human primates. Thus, if culture is defined in terms of knowledge, then scientists are severely limited in their attempts to study primate culture. Instead of defining culture as a kind of knowledge, McGrew suggests that we view culture as a process. He lists six steps in the process:

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: primate

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: process

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is a species of primate

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: primate

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: genus

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: non-human primates.

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: non-human primates.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: primate culture.

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: thoughts or knowledge of non-human primates.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: non-human primates.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: primates.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: non-human primates.

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: non-human primates.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: subjective thoughts or knowledge of non-human primates.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: primate culture.

text: Footsteps Through Time: This exhibit displays Bone Clones replicas of skulls and reconstructions of early hominids, arranged to show the timeline of human evolution.  The reconstructions include Lucy, the Taung Child, Zinj, Mrs. Ples, and a replica of a Neanderthal skeleton based on the La Chapelle-aux-Saints Old Man.  A small reconstruction of a cave allows visitors to walk into the habitat of Cro-Magnon man, and view the bones of their kills and replicas of their cave paintings. The Primate Hall and Human Lab are also a part of the exhibit.

text: Footsteps Through Time: This exhibit displays

text: Bone Clones

text: replicas of skulls and reconstructions of early hominids, arranged to show the timeline of human evolution.  The reconstructions include

text: Lucy

text: , the

text: Taung Child

text: Zinj

text: Mrs. Ples

text: , and a replica of a

text: Neanderthal

text: skeleton based on the La Chapelle-aux-Saints

text: Old Man

text: .  A small reconstruction of a cave allows visitors to walk into the habitat of

text: Cro-Magnon

text: man, and view the bones of their kills and replicas of their

text: cave painting

text: s. The Primate Hall and Human Lab are also a part of the exhibit.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Neanderthal

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Neanderthal

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Lucy, the Taung Child

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Neanderthal

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Cro-Magnon man

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Neanderthal

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Neanderthal

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Footsteps Through Time: This exhibit displays Bone Clones

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Neanderthal

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: early hominids,

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Neanderthal

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: early hominids,

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: cave paintings.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Cro-Magnon

text: The R class reflected an ongoing evolution of VR locomotive design and a response to the changing operational environment of the VR in the postwar era.

text: The R class reflected an ongoing evolution of VR locomotive design and a response to the changing operational environment of the VR in the postwar era.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: VR

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: postwar

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is a species of primate

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: R class

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: VR

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: postwar era.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: The R class

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: The R class

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: The R class

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: The R class

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: The R class

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: The R class

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: The R class

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: The R class

text: Lewis Wolpert argues that causal beliefs that emerged from tool use played a major role in the evolution of belief. The manufacture of complex tools requires creating a mental image of an object which does not exist naturally before actually making the artifact. Furthermore, one must understand how the tool would be used, that requires an understanding of causality. Accordingly, the level of sophistication of stone tools is a useful indicator of causal beliefs. Wolpert contends use of tools composed of more than one component, such as hand axes, represents an ability to understand cause and effect.   However, recent studies of other primates indicate that causality may not be a uniquely human trait.   For example, chimpanzees have been known to escape from pens closed with multiple latches, which was previously thought could only have been figured out by humans who understood causality.  Chimpanzees are also known to mourn the dead, and notice things that have only aesthetic value, like sunsets, both of which may be considered to be components of religion or spirituality.The difference between the comprehension of causality by humans and chimpanzees is one of degree. The degree of comprehension in an animal depends upon the size of the prefrontal cortex: the greater the size of the prefrontal cortex the deeper the comprehension.

text: Lewis Wolpert

text: argues that causal beliefs that emerged from tool use played a major role in the evolution of belief. The manufacture of complex tools requires creating a mental image of an object which does not exist naturally before actually making the artifact. Furthermore, one must understand how the tool would be used, that requires an understanding of

text: causality

text: . Accordingly, the level of sophistication of stone tools is a useful indicator of causal beliefs. Wolpert contends use of tools composed of more than one component, such as hand axes, represents an ability to understand cause and effect.   However, recent studies of other primates indicate that causality may not be a uniquely human trait.   For example, chimpanzees have been known to escape from pens closed with multiple latches, which was previously thought could only have been figured out by humans who understood causality.  Chimpanzees are also known to mourn the dead, and notice things that have only aesthetic value, like sunsets, both of which may be considered to be components of religion or spirituality.The difference between the comprehension of causality by humans and chimpanzees is one of degree. The degree of comprehension in an animal depends upon the size of the prefrontal cortex: the greater the size of the prefrontal cortex the deeper the comprehension.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: chimpanzees

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: evolution of belief

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: has been known to escape from pens closed with multiple latches

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: chimpanzees

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: chimpanzees

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: degree.

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: escape from pens closed with multiple latches,

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: chimpanzees

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: chimpanzees

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: chimpanzees

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: chimpanzees

text: Scientific study of human evolution is concerned, primarily, with the development of the genus Homo (extant and extinct human species), but usually involves studying other hominids as well, i.e. other "great apes"; these include Australopithecus, an important ancestor of humans, and our current as well as extinct relatives among the Homininae subfamily: chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas, and the related extinct hominins.

text: Scientific study of

text: human evolution

text: is concerned, primarily, with the development of the genus Homo (

text: extant

text: and extinct human species), but usually involves studying other

text: hominids

text: as well, i.e. other "great apes"; these include

text: Australopithecus

text: , an important ancestor of humans, and our current as well as extinct relatives among the

text: Homininae

text: subfamily:

text: chimpanzee

text: s,

text: bonobo

text: s,

text: gorilla

text: s, and the related extinct hominins.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Australopithecus

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Homininae

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: extinct human species

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Australopithecus

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Homininae

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Australopithecus,

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: genus Homo

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Homininae subfamily:

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: chimpanzees,

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: genus Homo

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: genus Homo

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Australopithecus,

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Homininae subfamily:

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Australopithecus,

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Australopithecus,

text: In 1929, the first evidence, called Bennett Kamm, of the presence of ancient early human ancestors in Kenya was discovered when Louis Leakey unearthed 1 million year old Acheulian hand axes at Kariandusi in south west Kenya. Subsequently many species of early hominid have been discovered in Kenya. Maxim Stromeier is the oldest was found by Martin Pickford in the year 2000 and is the 6 million years old Orrorin tugenensis, named after the Tugen Hills where it was unearthed. It is the second oldest fossil hominid in the world after Sahelanthropus tchadensis.

text: In 1929, the first evidence, called Bennett Kamm, of the presence of ancient early human ancestors in Kenya was discovered when

text: Louis Leakey

text: unearthed 1 million year old

text: Acheulian

text: hand axes at

text: Kariandusi

text: in south west Kenya. Subsequently many species of early

text: hominid

text: have been discovered in Kenya. Maxim Stromeier is the oldest was found by

text: Martin Pickford

text: in the year 2000 and is the 6 million years old

text: Orrorin tugenensis

text: , named after the

text: Tugen Hills

text: where it was unearthed. It is the second oldest fossil hominid in the world after

text: Sahelanthropus tchadensis

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Acheulian

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Acheulian

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is the oldest fossil hominid in the world

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Maxim Stromeier

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Tugen Hills

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: early hominid

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Acheulian

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: human ancestors

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: 6 million

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Sahelanthropus tchadensis.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Maxim Stromeier

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: ancient early human ancestors

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: 1 million year old Acheulian hand axes

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Tugen Hills

text: During the Upper Paleolithic Revolution, advancements in human intelligence and technology changed radically with the advent of Behavioral modernity between 60,000 and 30,000 years ago. Behavioral modernity is a set of traits that distinguish Homo sapiens from extinct hominid lineages. Homo sapiens reached full behavior modernity around 50,000 years ago due to a highly developed brain capable of abstract reasoning, language, introspection, and problem solving.

text: During the

text: Upper Paleolithic Revolution

text: , advancements in human intelligence and technology changed radically with the advent of

text: Behavioral modernity

text: between 60,000 and 30,000 years ago.

text: Behavioral modernity

text: is a set of traits that distinguish

text: Homo sapiens

text: from extinct

text: hominid

text: lineages. Homo sapiens reached full behavior modernity around 50,000 years ago due to a

text: highly developed

text: brain

text: capable of abstract

text: reasoning

text: language

text: introspection

text: , and

text: problem solving

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: extinct hominid

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Behavioral modernity

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: 60,000 and 30,000 years ago

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Homo sapiens

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Upper Paleolithic Revolution,

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Homo sapiens from extinct hominid lineages.

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: problem solving.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: 50,000

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Homo sapiens

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Homo sapiens

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Homo sapiens from extinct hominid lineages.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Upper Paleolithic Revolution,

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Upper Paleolithic Revolution,

text: Devín Carpathians consist of Paleozoic era landforms (south-eastern part), Mesozoic era landforms, Cenozoic era landforms, the latter including Quaternary period landforms.

text: Devín Carpathians consist of

text: Paleozoic

text: era landforms (south-eastern part),

text: Mesozoic

text: era landforms,

text: Cenozoic

text: era landforms, the latter including

text: Quaternary

text: period landforms.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Quaternary

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is an extinct species

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Quaternary period

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Dev n Carpathians

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Dev<unk>n Carpathians

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Dev<unk>n Carpathians

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: Dev<unk>n Carpathians

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Cenozoic era landforms,

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Dev<unk>n Carpathians

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Dev<unk>n Carpathians

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Quaternary period landforms.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Cenozoic era landforms,

text: At the beginning of the Palaeogene period of the Cenozoic era (66 to 23.8 million years ago) the formation of the Alps led to considerable tensions in the earth's crust, which, in their forelands to the north of the Alps, caused a bulge in the mantle and crust. At the apex of the arch so formed, there were considerable tensile stresses, so that the rock layers were stretched and about 35 million years ago, deep cracks and depressions in the earth's crust occurred (passive rifting). At the same time the sides of the newly created lowlands were uplifted, in the case of the Palatinate Forest, to a height of about 1000 metres.

text: At the beginning of the

text: Palaeogene

text: period of the

text: Cenozoic

text: era (66 to 23.8 million years ago) the formation of the

text: Alps

text: led to considerable tensions in the

text: earth's crust

text: , which, in their forelands to the north of the Alps, caused a bulge in the

text: mantle

text: and crust. At the apex of the arch so formed, there were considerable tensile stresses, so that the rock layers were stretched and about 35 million years ago, deep cracks and depressions in the earth's crust occurred (passive

text: rift

text: ing). At the same time the sides of the newly created lowlands were uplifted, in the case of the Palatinate Forest, to a height of about 1000 metres.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Palatinate Forest

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is not the same as

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Palaeogene

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Alps

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Palaeogene

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Palaeogene period of the Cenozoic era

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Palaeogene period of the Cenozoic era

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: 1000 metres.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: 23.8 million years ago)

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Palaeogene period of the Cenozoic era

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Palaeogene

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Palaeogene period of the Cenozoic era

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: (66 to 23.8 million years ago)

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Alps

text: The Cenozoic Era formation can regionally overlie the Vaqueros Formation, and can regionally underlie the Martinez Formation or Tejon Formation.

text: The

text: Cenozoic Era

text: formation can regionally overlie the

text: Vaqueros Formation

text: , and can regionally underlie the

text: Martinez Formation

text: or

text: Tejon Formation

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Martinez Formation

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: can regionally overlie the vaqueros formation

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Tejon Formation

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Cenozoic Era

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Martinez Formation

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Cenozoic Era

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic Era

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: The Cenozoic Era

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: overlie the Vaqueros Formation,

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: The Cenozoic Era

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: The Cenozoic Era

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Cenozoic Era

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: The Cenozoic Era

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: The Cenozoic Era

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Vaqueros Formation,

text: The order Primates, established by Linnaeus in 1758, includes humans and their immediate ancestors. However, contrarily to the common opinion, most primates do not have especially large brains. Brain size is a derived character, which only appeared with genus Homo, and was lacking in the first hominid. In fact, hominid encephalization quotient is only 1.5 Ma more recent than that of some dolphin species. The encephalization quotient of some cetaceans is therefore higher than that of most primates, including the nearest relatives of humans, such as Australopithecus.

text: The order Primates, established by

text: Linnaeus

text: in 1758, includes humans and their immediate ancestors. However, contrarily to the common opinion, most primates do not have especially large brains. Brain size is a derived character, which only appeared with genus

text: Homo

text: , and was lacking in the first

text: hominid

text: . In fact, hominid encephalization quotient is only 1.5

text: Ma

text: more recent than that of some dolphin species. The encephalization quotient of some

text: cetacean

text: s is therefore higher than that of most primates, including the nearest relatives of humans, such as

text: Australopithecus

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Homo

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Homo

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: was lacking in the first hominid

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Homo

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: order Primates

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Primates,

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: genus Homo,

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: humans and their immediate ancestors.

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: large brains.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: 1.5 Ma

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: genus Homo,

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Homo,

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Primates,

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: hominid encephalization quotient

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: The order Primates, established by Linnaeus in 1758,

text: Teilhard's life work was predicated on the conviction that human spiritual development is moved by the same universal laws as material development.  He wrote, "...everything is the sum of the past" and "...nothing is comprehensible except through its history.  'Nature' is the equivalent of 'becoming', self-creation: this is the view to which experience irresistibly leads us. ...  There is nothing, not even the human soul, the highest spiritual manifestation we know of, that does not come within this universal law."  There is no doubt that The Phenomenon of Man represents Teilhard's attempt at reconciling his religious faith with his academic interests as a paleontologist. One particularly poignant observation in Teilhard's book entails the notion that evolution is becoming an increasingly optional process. Teilhard points to the societal problems of isolation and marginalization as huge inhibitors of evolution, especially since evolution requires a unification of consciousness. He states that "no evolutionary future awaits anyone except in association with everyone else." Teilhard argued that the human condition necessarily leads to the psychic unity of humankind, though he stressed that this unity can only be voluntary;  this voluntary psychic unity he termed "unanimization."  Teilhard also states that "evolution is an ascent toward consciousness", giving encephalization as an example of early stages, and therefore, signifies a continuous upsurge toward the Omega Point, which for all intents and purposes, is God.

text: Teilhard's life work was predicated on the conviction that human spiritual development is moved by the same universal laws as material development.  He wrote, "...everything is the sum of the past" and "...nothing is comprehensible except through its history.  'Nature' is the equivalent of 'becoming', self-creation: this is the view to which experience irresistibly leads us. ...  There is nothing, not even the human soul, the highest spiritual manifestation we know of, that does not come within this universal law."  There is no doubt that The Phenomenon of Man represents Teilhard's attempt at reconciling his religious

text: faith

text: with his academic interests as a

text: paleontologist

text: . One particularly poignant observation in Teilhard's book entails the notion that

text: evolution

text: is becoming an increasingly optional

text: process

text: . Teilhard points to the societal problems of

text: isolation

text: and

text: marginalization

text: as huge

text: inhibitor

text: s of evolution, especially since evolution requires a unification of

text: consciousness

text: . He states that "no evolutionary future awaits anyone except in association with everyone else." Teilhard argued that the human condition necessarily leads to the psychic unity of humankind, though he stressed that this unity can only be voluntary;  this voluntary psychic unity he termed "unanimization."  Teilhard also states that "evolution is an ascent toward consciousness", giving

text: encephalization

text: as an example of early stages, and therefore, signifies a continuous upsurge toward the

text: Omega Point

text: , which for all intents and purposes, is

text: God

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: encephalization as an example of early stages

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is a species of primate

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: evolution requires a unification of consciousness

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: paleontologist.

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: early stages,

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: evolution is becoming an increasingly optional process.

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: association with everyone else."

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: evolution is becoming an increasingly optional process.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: God.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: encephalization

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: psychic unity of humankind,

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: human soul,

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: human spiritual development is moved by the same universal laws as material development.

text: The primate lineage is thought to go back at least 65 million years ago (mya), even though the oldest known primates from the fossil record date to the Late Paleocene of Africa (Altiatlasius) or the Paleocene-Eocene transition in the northern continents, c. 55 mya (Cantius, Donrussellia, Altanius, and Teilhardina). Other studies, including molecular clock studies, have estimated the origin of the primate branch to have been in the mid-Cretaceous period, around 85 mya.

text: The primate lineage is thought to go back at least 65 million years ago (

text: mya

text: ), even though the oldest known primates from the fossil record date to the Late Paleocene of Africa (

text: Altiatlasius

text: ) or the Paleocene-Eocene transition in the northern continents, c. 55 mya (

text: Cantius

text: Donrussellia

text: Altanius

text: , and

text: Teilhardina

text: ). Other studies, including molecular clock studies, have estimated the origin of the primate branch to have been in the mid-Cretaceous period, around 85 mya.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cretaceous

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: 65 million years ago

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Altiatlasius

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Cretaceous

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Eocene

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: primate

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: mid-Cretaceous period,

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: The primate lineage

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: Paleocene-Eocene

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: 85 mya.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: 65 million years ago (mya), even though the oldest known primates

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: (Altiatlasius)

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: The primate lineage

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Late Paleocene

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Paleocene-Eocene

text: Australopithecines are generally all species in the related Australopithecus and Paranthropus genera, and it typically includes Kenyanthropus, Ardipithecus, and Praeanthropus. All these related species are now sometimes collectively classified as a subtribe of the Hominini tribe called Australopithecina. They are the extinct, close relatives of humans and, with the extant genus Homo, comprise the human clade. Members of the human clade, i.e. the Hominini after the split from the chimpanzees, are now called hominins (see Hominidae; terms "hominids" and hominins).

text: Australopithecines are generally all species in the related

text: Australopithecus

text: and

text: Paranthropus

text: genera

text: , and it typically includes

text: Kenyanthropus

text: Ardipithecus

text: , and

text: Praeanthropus

text: . All these related species are now sometimes collectively classified as a subtribe of the

text: Hominini

text: tribe

text: called Australopithecina. They are the extinct, close relatives of

text: human

text: s and, with the extant genus

text: Homo

text: , comprise the human

text: clade

text: . Members of the human clade, i.e. the Hominini after the split from the chimpanzees, are now called

text: hominins

text: (see Hominidae;

text: terms "hominids" and hominins

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Paranthropus

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Hominini

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: extant genus

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Homo

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Hominini

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Paranthropus

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: chimpanzees,

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: chimpanzees,

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Hominini after the split from the chimpanzees,

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Homo, comprise the human clade.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Homo, comprise the human clade.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Homo,

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: genus Homo, comprise the human clade.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Australopithecines

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Australopithecines

text: There is an academic debate on the time the first primates appeared. One of the earliest probable primate fossils is the problematic Altiatlasius koulchii, perhaps an Omomyid, but perhaps a non-Primate Plesiadapiform, which lived in Morocco, during the Paleocene, around 60 Ma. However, other studies, including molecular clock studies, have estimated the origin of the primate branch to have been in the mid-Cretaceous period, around 85 Ma, that is to say, in the time previous to the extinction of dinosaurs and the successful mammal radiation. Nevertheless, there seems to be a consensus about the monophyletic origin of the order, although the evidence is not clear. There are no fossils known that can be directly linked to the living African apes, nor any that could be considered representative of the last common ancestor between them and humans.

text: There is an academic debate on the time the first primates appeared. One of the earliest probable primate fossils is the problematic

text: Altiatlasius koulchii

text: , perhaps an

text: Omomyid

text: , but perhaps a non-Primate

text: Plesiadapiform

text: , which lived in Morocco, during the

text: Paleocene

text: , around 60

text: Ma

text: . However, other studies, including molecular clock studies, have estimated the origin of the primate branch to have been in the mid-

text: Cretaceous

text: period, around 85 Ma, that is to say, in the time previous to the extinction of dinosaurs and the successful mammal radiation. Nevertheless, there seems to be a consensus about the monophyletic origin of the order, although the evidence is not clear. There are no fossils known that can be directly linked to the living African apes, nor any that could be considered representative of the last common ancestor between them and humans.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: African apes

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cretaceous

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: There is an academic debate on the time the first primates appeared

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: African apes

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: African apes

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: African apes,

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: successful mammal radiation.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: African apes,

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: humans.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: 85 Ma,

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: humans.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: African apes,

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: African apes,

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: mid-Cretaceous period,

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: dinosaurs

text: The deep layer of the precursor extensor mass is known to be phylogenetically unstable and is undergoing evolution as high variability is seen in non-human primates.  In humans, anomalous or additional muscles can be seen in small portion of population.

text: The deep layer of the precursor extensor mass is known to be phylogenetically unstable and is undergoing evolution as high variability is seen in non-human primates.  In humans, anomalous or additional muscles can be seen in small portion of population.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: non-human primates

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: extensor mass

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: can be seen in small portion of population

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: non-human primates

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: non-human primates.

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: high variability is seen in non-human primates.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: non-human primates.

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: high variability is seen in non-human primates.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: non-human primates.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: humans,

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: non-human primates.

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: anomalous or additional muscles can be seen in small portion of population.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: phylogenetically unstable

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: The deep layer of the precursor extensor mass

text: Lester Frank Ward (1841–1913), sometimes referred to as the "father" of American sociology, rejected many of Spencer's theories regarding the evolution of societies. Ward, who was also a botanist and a paleontologist, believed that the law of evolution functioned much differently in human societies than it did in the plant and animal kingdoms, and theorized that the "law of nature" had been superseded by the "law of the mind". He stressed that humans, driven by emotions, create goals for themselves and strive to realize them (most effectively with the modern scientific method) whereas there is no such intelligence and awareness guiding the non-human world. Plants and animals adapt to nature; man shapes nature. While Spencer believed that competition and "survival of the fittest" benefited human society and socio-cultural evolution, Ward regarded competition as a destructive force, pointing out that all human institutions, traditions and laws were tools invented by the mind of man and that that mind designed them, like all tools, to "meet and checkmate" the unrestrained competition of natural forces. Ward agreed with Spencer that authoritarian governments repress the talents of the individual, but he believed that modern democratic societies, which minimized the role of religion and maximized that of science, could effectively support the individual in his or her attempt to fully utilize their talents and achieve happiness. He believed that the evolutionary processes have four stages:

text: Lester Frank Ward (1841–1913), sometimes referred to as the "father" of American sociology, rejected many of Spencer's theories regarding the evolution of societies. Ward, who was also a botanist and a paleontologist, believed that the law of evolution functioned much differently in human societies than it did in the plant and animal kingdoms, and theorized that the "law of nature" had been superseded by the "law of the mind". He stressed that humans, driven by emotions, create goals for themselves and strive to realize them (most effectively with the modern

text: scientific method

text: ) whereas there is no such intelligence and awareness guiding the non-human world. Plants and animals adapt to nature; man shapes nature. While Spencer believed that competition and "survival of the fittest" benefited human society and socio-cultural evolution, Ward regarded competition as a destructive force, pointing out that all human institutions, traditions and laws were tools invented by the mind of man and that that mind designed them, like all tools, to "meet and checkmate" the unrestrained competition of natural forces. Ward agreed with Spencer that authoritarian governments repress the talents of the individual, but he believed that modern democratic societies, which minimized the role of religion and maximized that of science, could effectively support the individual in his or her attempt to fully utilize their talents and achieve happiness. He believed that the evolutionary processes have four stages:

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: law of the mind

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is a species

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: mammalian

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: human societies

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Plants and animals

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: "law of the mind".

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: four stages:

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: competition and "survival of the fittest"

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: four stages:

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Lester Frank Ward (1841–1913),

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Lester Frank Ward

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: there is no such intelligence and awareness guiding the non-human world.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: religion

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: "law of nature"

text: Hominid is a short novel which contains one single and linear storyline. However, it is subdivided into seven chapters, each standing for a narrated day. The satirical character of the book stems from the underlying grotesque scenario, the speeches of Pitar and his fellow hominids, the mentioning of artifacts which have not yet been invented, and the numerous allusions to world history and literature.

text: Hominid is a

text: short novel

text: which contains one single and linear storyline. However, it is subdivided into seven chapters, each standing for a narrated day. The satirical character of the book stems from the underlying grotesque scenario, the speeches of Pitar and his fellow hominids, the mentioning of artifacts which have not yet been invented, and the numerous allusions to world history and literature.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Hominid

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Hominid

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Hominid

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Hominid

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Hominid

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: hominids,

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: hominids,

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Hominid

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: artifacts which have not yet been invented,

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Hominid

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Hominid

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominids,

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: hominids,

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Hominid

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: artifacts which have not yet been invented,

text: The expansion of grassland biomes and the evolutionary radiation of grasses during the Miocene is believed to have increased the flux of soluble silicon to the oceans, and it has been argued that this promoted the diatoms during the Cenozoic era.  Recent work suggests that diatom success is decoupled from the evolution of grasses, although both diatom and grassland diversity increased strongly from the middle Miocene.  Diatom diversity over the Cenozoic has been very sensitive to global temperature, particularly to the equator-pole temperature gradient. Warmer oceans, particularly warmer polar regions, have in the past been shown to have had substantially lower diatom diversity.  Future warm oceans with enhanced polar warming, as projected in global-warming scenarios, could thus in theory result in a significant loss of diatom diversity, although from current knowledge it is impossible to say if this would occur rapidly or only over many tens of thousands of years.

text: The expansion of

text: grassland

text: biome

text: s and the

text: evolutionary radiation

text: of

text: grass

text: es during the

text: Miocene

text: is believed to have increased the flux of soluble silicon to the oceans, and it has been argued that this promoted the diatoms during the Cenozoic era.  Recent work suggests that diatom success is decoupled from the evolution of grasses, although both diatom and grassland diversity increased strongly from the middle Miocene.  Diatom diversity over the Cenozoic has been very sensitive to global temperature, particularly to the equator-pole temperature gradient. Warmer oceans, particularly warmer polar regions, have in the past been shown to have had substantially lower diatom diversity.  Future warm oceans with enhanced polar warming, as projected in global-warming scenarios, could thus in theory result in a significant loss of diatom diversity, although from current knowledge it is impossible to say if this would occur rapidly or only over many tens of thousands of years.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Miocene

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is not the same as

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Miocene

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: polar regions

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: grasses

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Miocene

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: The expansion of grassland biomes

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: The expansion of grassland biomes

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Miocene

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: The expansion of grassland biomes

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Miocene

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: The expansion of grassland biomes

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Miocene

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Miocene

text: Sexuality is related to family structure and partly shapes it. The involvement of fathers in education is quite unique to humans, at least when compared to other Homininae. Concealed ovulation and menopause in women both also occur in a few other primates however, but are uncommon in other species. Testis and penis size seems to be related to family structure: monogamy or promiscuity, or harem, in humans, chimpanzees or gorillas, respectively. The levels of sexual dimorphism are generally seen as a marker of sexual selection. Studies have suggested that the earliest hominins were dimorphic and that this lessened over the course of the evolution of the genus Homo, correlating with humans becoming more monogamous, whereas gorillas, who live in harems, show a large degree of sexual dimorphism. Concealed (or "hidden") ovulation means that the phase of fertility is not detectable in women, whereas chimpanzees advertise ovulation via an obvious swelling of the genitals. Women can be partly aware of their ovulation along the menstrual phases, but men are essentially unable to detect ovulation in women. Most primates have semi-concealed ovulation, thus one can think that the common ancestor had semi-concealed ovulation, that was inherited by gorillas, and that later evolved in concealed ovulation in humans and advertised ovulation in chimpanzees. Menopause also occurs in rhesus monkeys, and possibly in chimpanzees, but does not in gorillas and is quite uncommon in other primates (and other mammal groups).

text: Sexuality is related to family structure and partly shapes it. The involvement of fathers in education is quite unique to humans, at least when compared to other Homininae.

text: Concealed ovulation

text: and

text: menopause

text: in women both also occur in a few other primates however, but are uncommon in other species.

text: Testis

text: and

text: penis size

text: seems to be related to family structure:

text: monogamy

text: or

text: promiscuity

text: , or

text: harem

text: , in humans, chimpanzees or gorillas, respectively. The levels of

text: sexual dimorphism

text: are generally seen as a marker of

text: sexual selection

text: . Studies have suggested that the earliest hominins were dimorphic and that this lessened over the course of the evolution of the genus Homo, correlating with humans becoming more monogamous, whereas gorillas, who live in harems, show a large degree of sexual dimorphism. Concealed (or "hidden") ovulation means that the phase of fertility is not detectable in women, whereas chimpanzees advertise ovulation via an obvious swelling of the genitals. Women can be partly aware of their ovulation along the menstrual phases, but men are essentially unable to detect ovulation in women. Most primates have semi-concealed ovulation, thus one can think that the common ancestor had semi-concealed ovulation, that was inherited by gorillas, and that later evolved in concealed ovulation in humans and advertised ovulation in chimpanzees. Menopause also occurs in

text: rhesus monkeys

text: , and possibly in chimpanzees, but does not in gorillas and is quite uncommon in other primates (and other mammal groups).

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: gorillas

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: evolution of the genus Homo

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: was the earliest hominins

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Homo

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Homininae

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: gorillas,

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: concealed ovulation

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: a few other primates

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: a few other primates

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: chimpanzees.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: genus Homo,

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Homo,

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: concealed ovulation

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Most primates have semi-concealed ovulation,

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: concealed ovulation

text: Many sociologists and anthropologists have created social theories dealing with social and cultural evolution. Some, like Lewis H. Morgan, Leslie White, and Gerhard Lenski have declared technological progress to be the primary factor driving the development of human civilization. Morgan's concept of three major stages of social evolution (savagery, barbarism, and civilization) can be divided by technological milestones, such as fire. White argued the measure by which to judge the evolution of culture was energy.

text: Many

text: sociologists

text: and

text: anthropologists

text: have created

text: social theories

text: dealing with

text: social

text: and

text: cultural evolution

text: . Some, like

text: Lewis H. Morgan

text: Leslie White

text: , and

text: Gerhard Lenski

text: have declared

text: technological progress

text: to be the primary factor driving the development of human civilization. Morgan's concept of three major stages of social evolution (savagery,

text: barbarism

text: , and

text: civilization

text: ) can be divided by technological milestones, such as

text: fire

text: . White argued the measure by which to judge the evolution of culture was

text: energy

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: modern humans

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: barbarism

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: was not a species

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: ape

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: civilization

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: anthropologists

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: (savagery, barbarism, and civilization)

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Lewis H. Morgan, Leslie White, and Gerhard Lenski

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: technological progress to be the primary factor driving the development of human civilization.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Lewis H. Morgan,

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: human civilization.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Lewis H. Morgan, Leslie White, and Gerhard Lenski

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: human civilization.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Lewis H. Morgan,

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: fire.

text: John Scales Avery (born in 1933 in Lebanon to American parents) is a theoretical chemist noted for his research publications in quantum chemistry, thermodynamics, evolution, and history of science.  Since the early 1990s, Avery has been an active World peace activist.  During these years, he was part of a group associated with the Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs.  In 1995, this group received the Nobel Peace Prize for their efforts.  Presently, he is an Associate Professor in quantum chemistry at the University of Copenhagen.  His 2003 book Information Theory and Evolution set forth the view that the phenomenon of life, including its origin and evolution, that including human cultural evolution, has it background situated over thermodynamics, statistical mechanics, and information theory.

text: John Scales Avery (born in 1933 in

text: Lebanon

text: to American parents) is a theoretical chemist noted for his research publications in

text: quantum chemistry

text: thermodynamics

text: evolution

text: , and

text: history of science

text: .  Since the early 1990s, Avery has been an active World

text: peace activist

text: .  During these years, he was part of a group associated with the

entity_name: Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs

text: Pugwash Conferences

text: on Science and World Affairs.  In 1995, this group received the

text: Nobel Peace Prize

text: for their efforts.  Presently, he is an Associate Professor in

text: quantum chemistry

text: at the

text: University of Copenhagen

text: .  His 2003 book Information Theory and Evolution set forth the view that the phenomenon of

text: life

text: , including its origin and

text: evolution

text: , that including human

text: cultural evolution

text: , has it background situated over

text: thermodynamics

text: statistical mechanics

text: , and

text: information theory

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Avery

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: information theory

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is not the same as

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: ape

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: human cultural evolution

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: John Scales Avery

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: cultural evolution,

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: human cultural evolution,

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: John Scales Avery

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: human cultural evolution,

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: human cultural evolution,

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: life,

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: human cultural evolution,

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: John Scales Avery

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: thermodynamics, statistical mechanics,

text: Susan Cachel is an American anthropologist, paleontologist and researcher who specializes in primate evolution, including humans. In 2009 she was named a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in honor of her work in primate evolution. She is the author of Primate and Human Evolution, published in 2006 by the Cambridge University Press.

text: Susan Cachel is an American

text: anthropologist

text: paleontologist

text: and

text: researcher

text: who specializes in primate evolution, including humans. In 2009 she was named a

entity_name: Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science

text: Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science

text: in honor of her work in primate evolution. She is the author of Primate and Human Evolution, published in 2006 by the

text: Cambridge University Press

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: primate evolution

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Susan Cachel

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: primate

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: primate

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: primate

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: primate evolution,

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: primate evolution,

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: humans.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: humans.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: humans.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: primate

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: primate

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Susan Cachel

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: primate evolution,

text: The geological history of Antarctica covers the geological development of the continent through the Proterozoic Eon, Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras.

text: The geological history of Antarctica covers the

text: geological

text: development of the continent through the

text: Proterozoic

text: Eon,

text: Paleozoic

text: Mesozoic

text: and

text: Cenozoic

text: eras

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Proterozoic

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: was not a genus

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Antarctica

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Antarctica

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Proterozoic Eon,

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: The geological history of Antarctica

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Proterozoic Eon,

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Proterozoic Eon,

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Proterozoic Eon,

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Proterozoic Eon,

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Proterozoic Eon,

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Proterozoic Eon,

text: The order Primates includes the lemurs, monkeys, and apes, with the latter category including humans. It is divided into four main groupings: strepsirrhines, tarsiers, monkeys of the New World (parvorder Platyrrhini), and monkeys and apes of the Old World. Mexico's 2 genera of nonhuman primates compares to 6 in Central America, 20 in South America, 15 in Madagascar, 23 in Africa and 19 in Asia. Mexican and Central American monkeys are recent immigrants from South America, where their ancestors arrived after rafting over from Africa roughly 25 million years ago. Southeastern Mexico is the northernmost limit of the distribution of New World monkeys, which are restricted to tropical rainforest habitat.

text: The order Primates includes the

text: lemur

text: s,

text: monkey

text: s, and

text: ape

text: s, with the latter category including

text: humans

text: . It is divided into four main groupings:

text: strepsirrhine

text: s,

text: tarsier

text: s,

text: monkeys of the New World

text: parvorder

text: Platyrrhini), and

text: monkeys and apes of the Old World

text: . Mexico's 2 genera of nonhuman primates compares to

text: 6 in Central America

text: 20 in South America

text: 15 in Madagascar

text: 23 in Africa and 19 in Asia

text: . Mexican and Central American monkeys are recent immigrants from South America, where their ancestors arrived after

text: rafting over

text: from

text: Africa

text: roughly 25 million years ago. Southeastern Mexico is the northernmost limit of the distribution of New World monkeys, which are restricted to

text: tropical rainforest

text: habitat.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: lemurs

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: apes

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: apes, with the latter category including humans

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: South America

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Mexican and Central American monkeys

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Primates

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: apes,

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: rafting

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: humans.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: humans.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Platyrrhini),

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Primates

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: 25 million years ago.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Africa

text: It was formed during the Neogene period of the Cenozoic Era, and overlies the Repetto Formation.

text: It was formed during the

text: Neogene period

text: of the

text: Cenozoic Era

text: , and overlies the

text: Repetto Formation

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Neogene

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Neogene period

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: was not in the Neogene period

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Neogene

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Neogene

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Repetto Formation

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Neogene

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Neogene period of the Cenozoic Era,

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Repetto Formation.

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: Repetto Formation.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Neogene period of the Cenozoic Era,

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Repetto Formation.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Neogene

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Neogene period of the Cenozoic Era,

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Repetto Formation.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Repetto Formation.

text: However, the view that human ancestors were knuckle-walkers is now questioned since the anatomy and biomechanics of knuckle-walking in chimpanzees and gorillas are different, suggesting that this ability evolved independently after the last common ancestor with the human lineage. Further comparative analysis with other primates suggests that these wrist-bone adaptations support a palm-based tree walking.

text: However, the view that human ancestors were knuckle-walkers is now questioned since the anatomy and biomechanics of knuckle-walking in chimpanzees and gorillas are different, suggesting that this ability evolved independently after the last common ancestor with the human lineage. Further comparative analysis with other primates suggests that these wrist-bone adaptations support a palm-based tree walking.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: chimpanzees

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: knuckle-walking

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: knuckle

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: gorillas

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: lineage

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: chimpanzees

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: last common ancestor

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: knuckle-walkers

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: palm-based tree walking.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: human ancestors were knuckle-walkers

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: human ancestors were knuckle-walkers

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: knuckle-walkers

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: human lineage.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: knuckle-walkers

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: palm-based tree

text: The image of the caveman is commonly associated with the Stone Age. For example, the 2003 documentary series showing the evolution of humans through the Stone Age was called Walking with Cavemen, but only the last programme showed humans living in caves. While the idea that human beings and dinosaurs coexisted is sometimes portrayed in popular culture in cartoons, films and computer games, such as The Flintstones, One Million Years B.C. and Chuck Rock, the notion of hominids and non-avian dinosaurs co-existing is not supported by any scientific evidence.

text: The image of the

text: caveman

text: is commonly associated with the Stone Age. For example, the 2003 documentary series showing the evolution of humans through the Stone Age was called

text: Walking with Cavemen

text: , but only the last programme showed humans living in caves. While the idea that human beings and

text: dinosaur

text: s coexisted is sometimes portrayed in popular culture in cartoons, films and computer games, such as

text: The Flintstones

text: One Million Years B.C.

text: and

text: Chuck Rock

text: , the notion of hominids and non-

text: avian

text: dinosaurs co-existing is not supported by any scientific evidence.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Stone Age

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is not supported by any scientific evidence

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Stone Age

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Stone Age

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: not supported by any scientific evidence.

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: Walking

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Stone Age

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: not supported by any scientific evidence.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Stone Age.

text: The research group led by Varki has made many contributions over the last few decades towards understanding the biological roles of the sugar chains or "glycans" found on all vertebrate cell surfaces and glycoproteins. In this field of Glycobiology, his present focus is on the Sialic Acids, which are found at the outermost position on such glycans, and which can be recognized by intrinsic receptors such as Selectins and the Siglecs (which he co-discovered and named as a sub-group of I-type Lectins), and also by the binding proteins of various pathogens. The group studies the significance of these interactions in biology, evolution and disease. A particular focus is on multiple differences in sialic acid biology between humans and our closest evolutionary cousins, the great apes. These represent unusual events that occurred during human evolution and are relevant to understanding aspects of human uniqueness in health and disease.

text: The research group led by Varki has made many contributions over the last few decades towards understanding the biological roles of the sugar chains or "

text: glycan

text: s" found on all vertebrate cell surfaces and

text: glycoproteins

text: . In this field of

text: Glycobiology

text: , his present focus is on the

text: Sialic Acids

text: , which are found at the outermost position on such glycans, and which can be recognized by intrinsic receptors such as

text: Selectins

text: and the Siglecs (which he co-discovered and named as a sub-group of I-type

text: Lectins

text: ), and also by the binding proteins of various pathogens. The group studies the significance of these interactions in biology, evolution and disease. A particular focus is on multiple differences in sialic acid biology between humans and our closest evolutionary cousins, the

text: great apes

text: . These represent unusual events that occurred during

text: human evolution

text: and are relevant to understanding aspects of human uniqueness in health and disease.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: great apes

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: great apes

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: apes

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: great apes

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: great apes

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: the great apes.

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: great apes.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: great apes.

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: vertebrate cell surfaces and glycoproteins.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: great apes.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: humans and our closest evolutionary cousins, the great apes.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: the great apes.

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: closest evolutionary cousins, the great apes.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: the great apes.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: great apes.

text: Discussion concerning culture among biological anthropologists centers around two debates. First, is culture uniquely human or shared by other species (most notably, other primates)? This is an important question, as the theory of evolution holds that humans are descended from (now extinct) non-human primates. Second, how did culture evolve among human beings?

text: Discussion concerning culture among

text: biological anthropologists

text: centers around two debates. First, is culture uniquely human or shared by other species (most notably, other primates)? This is an important question, as the theory of

text: evolution

text: holds that humans are descended from (now extinct) non-human primates. Second, how did culture evolve among human beings?

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: nonhuman primates

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: evolution

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: culture evolved among human beings

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is shared by other species

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: nonhuman primates

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: culture uniquely human

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: is culture uniquely human

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: primates)?

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: non-human primates.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: humans are descended from (now extinct) non-human primates.

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: shared by other species

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: shared by other species

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: humans are descended from (now extinct) non-human primates.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: non-human primates.

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: descended from (now extinct) non-human primates.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: uniquely human or shared by other species

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: shared by other species

text: The Amundsen Basin formed during the Cenozoic Era from seafloor spreading.

text: The Amundsen Basin formed during the

text: Cenozoic

text: Era from

text: seafloor spreading

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: did not live in the amundsen basin

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Cenozoic Era

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: seafloor spreading

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: The Amundsen Basin

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic Era

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: The Amundsen Basin

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: The Amundsen Basin

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Cenozoic Era

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Cenozoic Era

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Cenozoic Era

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Cenozoic Era

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: The Amundsen Basin

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Cenozoic Era

text: The blog deals primarily with Paleoanthropology. The blog provides analysis of current research in Paleoanthropology, discussing the significance and implications of fossils related to human evolution, genetics and genomics of hominid populations (alive and extinct), archaeological topics, as well as general commentary and review of both scientific and popular literature.

text: The blog deals primarily with Paleoanthropology. The blog provides analysis of current research in Paleoanthropology, discussing the significance and implications of fossils related to human evolution, genetics and genomics of hominid populations (alive and extinct), archaeological topics, as well as general commentary and review of both scientific and popular literature.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Paleoanthropology

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: The blog deals primarily with Paleoanthropology

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: The blog deals primarily with Paleoanthropology

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Paleoanthropology

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Paleoanthropology.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: fossils related to human evolution,

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: human evolution, genetics and genomics

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: human evolution, genetics and genomics

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: hominid populations

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: fossils related to human evolution,

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: genetics and genomics

text: Joseph Jordania recently suggested that the sense of rhythm was developed in the early stages of hominid evolution by the forces of natural selection . Plenty of animals walk rhythmically and hear the sounds of the heartbeat in the womb, but only humans have the ability to be engaged (entrained) in rhythmically coordinated vocalizations and other activities. According to Jordania, development of the sense of rhythm was central for the achievement of the specific neurological state of the battle trance, crucial for the development of the effective defense system of early hominids. Rhythmic war cry, rhythmic drumming by shamans, rhythmic drilling of the soldiers and contemporary professional combat forces listening to the heavy rhythmic rock music  all use the ability of rhythm to unite human individuals into a shared collective identity where group members put the interests of the group above their individual interests and safety.

text: Joseph Jordania

text: recently suggested that the sense of rhythm was developed in the early stages of

text: hominid

text: evolution by the forces of

text: natural selection

text: . Plenty of animals walk rhythmically and hear the sounds of the heartbeat in the womb, but only humans have the ability to be engaged (

text: entrained

text: ) in rhythmically coordinated vocalizations and other activities. According to Jordania, development of the sense of rhythm was central for the achievement of the specific neurological state of the

text: battle trance

text: , crucial for the development of the effective

text: defense

text: system of early hominids. Rhythmic

text: war cry

text: , rhythmic drumming by

text: shaman

text: s, rhythmic

text: drilling

text: of the soldiers and contemporary professional combat forces listening to the heavy rhythmic rock music  all use the ability of rhythm to unite human individuals into a shared

text: collective identity

text: where group members put the interests of the group above their individual interests and safety.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: hominid evolution

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk rhythmically

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: developed the effective defense system of early hominids

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: animals

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: early stages of hominid evolution by the forces of natural selection.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: rhythmically coordinated vocalizations

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominids.

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: only humans

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: battle trance,

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: rhythmically and hear the sounds of the heartbeat in the womb,

text: Transhumanist philosophers argue that there not only exists a perfectionist ethical imperative for humans to strive for progress and improvement of the human condition, but that it is possible and desirable for humanity to enter a transhuman phase of existence in which humans enhance themselves beyond what is naturally human. In such a phase, natural evolution would be replaced with deliberate participatory or directed evolution.

text: Transhumanist philosophers argue that there not only exists a

text: perfectionist ethical imperative

text: for humans to strive for progress and improvement of the human condition, but that it is possible and desirable for humanity to enter a

text: transhuman

text: phase of existence in which humans

text: enhance themselves

text: beyond what is naturally human. In such a phase, natural evolution would be replaced with deliberate participatory or

text: directed evolution

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: transhumanist

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: transhuman phase of existence

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is not the same as

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: transhuman

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: transhuman

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Transhumanist philosophers

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: natural evolution would be replaced with deliberate participatory or directed evolution.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: natural evolution

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: humans enhance themselves beyond what is naturally human.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: natural evolution

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: humans enhance themselves beyond what is naturally human.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: natural evolution

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: transhuman phase of existence in which humans enhance themselves beyond what is naturally human.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Transhumanist philosophers

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: natural evolution

text: Contrary to appearances and some complaints, the original 1965 text of "The Road to Homo Sapiens" reveals an understanding of the fact that a linear presentation of a sequence of primate species, all of which are in the direct line of human ancestors, would not be a correct interpretation. For example, the fourth of Zallinger's figures (Oreopithecus) is said to be "a likely side branch on man's family tree". Only the next figure (Ramapithecus) is described as "now thought by some experts to be the oldest of man's ancestors in a direct line" (something no longer considered likely). This implies that none of the first four primates are to be considered actual human ancestors. Likewise, the seventh figure (Paranthropus) is said to be "an evolutionary dead end".  In addition, the colored stripes across the top of the figure that indicate the age and duration of the various lineages clearly imply that there is no evidence of direct continuity between extinct and extant lineages, and also that multiple lineages of the figured hominids occurred contemporaneously at several points in the history of the group.

text: Contrary to appearances and some complaints, the original 1965 text of "The Road to Homo Sapiens" reveals an understanding of the fact that a linear presentation of a sequence of primate species, all of which are in the direct line of human ancestors, would not be a correct interpretation. For example, the fourth of Zallinger's figures (Oreopithecus) is said to be "a likely side branch on man's family tree". Only the next figure (Ramapithecus) is described as "now thought by some experts to be the oldest of man's ancestors in a direct line" (something no longer considered likely). This implies that none of the first four primates are to be considered actual human ancestors. Likewise, the seventh figure (Paranthropus) is said to be "an evolutionary dead end".  In addition, the colored stripes across the top of the figure that indicate the age and duration of the various lineages clearly imply that there is no evidence of direct continuity between extinct and extant lineages, and also that multiple lineages of the figured hominids occurred contemporaneously at several points in the history of the group.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Ramapithecus

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: The Road to Homo Sapiens

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: The Road to Homo Sapiens

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Ramapithecus

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: The Road to Homo Sapiens

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: (Oreopithecus)

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: there is no evidence of direct continuity between extinct and extant lineages,

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: all of which are in the direct line of human ancestors,

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: "The Road to Homo Sapiens"

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: "The Road to Homo Sapiens"

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: "The Road to Homo Sapiens"

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Homo Sapiens"

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: direct line of human ancestors,

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: "The Road to Homo Sapiens"

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: (Oreopithecus)

text: "A new understanding of the term "noogenesis" as an evolution of the intellect was proposed by Alexey Eryomin. A hypothesis based on recapitulation theory links the evolution of the human brain to the development of human civilization. The parallel between the amount of people living on Earth and the amount of neurons becomes more and more obvious leading us to viewing global intelligence as an analogy for human brain.All of the people living on this planet have undoubtedly inherited the amazing cultural treasures of the past, be it production, social and intellectual ones. We are genetically hardwired to be a sort of "live RAM" of the global intellectual system. Alexey Eryomin suggests that humanity is moving towards a unified self-contained informational and intellectual system.  His research has shown the probability of Super Intellect realizing itself as Global Intelligence on Earth. We could get closer to understanding the most profound patterns and laws of the Universe if these kinds of research were given enough attention. Also, the resemblance between the individual human development and such of the whole human race has to be explored further if we are to face some of the threats of the future».

text: "A new understanding of the term "noogenesis" as an evolution of the intellect was proposed by Alexey Eryomin. A hypothesis based on

text: recapitulation theory

text: links the evolution of the human brain to the development of human civilization. The parallel between the amount of people living on Earth and the amount of neurons becomes more and more obvious leading us to viewing global intelligence as an analogy for human brain.All of the people living on this planet have undoubtedly inherited the amazing cultural treasures of the past, be it production, social and intellectual ones. We are genetically hardwired to be a sort of "live RAM" of the global intellectual system. Alexey Eryomin suggests that humanity is moving towards a unified self-contained informational and intellectual system.  His research has shown the probability of Super Intellect realizing itself as Global Intelligence on Earth. We could get closer to understanding the most profound patterns and laws of the Universe if these kinds of research were given enough attention. Also, the resemblance between the individual human development and such of the whole human race has to be explored further if we are to face some of the threats of the future».

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: noogenesis

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: noogenesis

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: noogenesis

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: noogenesis

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: all of the people living on this planet

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: "noogenesis"

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: human civilization.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: "noogenesis"

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: production, social and intellectual ones.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: "noogenesis"

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: "noogenesis"

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: "noogenesis"

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: We are genetically hardwired

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: "noogenesis"

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: "noogenesis"

text: Concomitantly, the hominids underwent a process of adaptation encompassing a change in their diets that allowed them to inhabit new environments. Fishing and hunting with the assistance of crafted tools were an essential part of this process, because, although often time-consuming, they provided a rich source of protein that helped nourish their bodies and their physical brains.

text: Concomitantly, the hominids underwent a process of adaptation encompassing a change in their diets that allowed them to inhabit new environments. Fishing and hunting with the assistance of crafted tools were an essential part of this process, because, although often time-consuming, they provided a rich source of protein that helped nourish their bodies and their physical brains.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: inhabit new environments

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: was a hominid

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: a change in their diets that allowed them to inhabit new environments.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: inhabit new environments.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Fishing and hunting with the assistance of crafted tools

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: a change in their diets that allowed them to inhabit new environments.

text: It was formed in two volcanic phases during the Pleistocene epoch of the Quaternary period in the Cenozoic Era.

text: It was formed in two volcanic phases during the

text: Pleistocene epoch

text: of the

text: Quaternary

text: period in the

text: Cenozoic Era

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic Era

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is a species of primate

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Quaternary period

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: volcanic phases during the Pleistocene

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Pleistocene

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: It was formed in two volcanic phases during the Pleistocene

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: It was formed in two volcanic phases during the Pleistocene

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Cenozoic Era.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Quaternary period in the Cenozoic Era.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Pleistocene

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Cenozoic Era.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Quaternary period in the Cenozoic Era.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: volcanic phases during the Pleistocene

text: In response to the unfalsifiability criticism of evolutionary theory, numerous examples of potential ways to falsify evolution have been proposed. J. B. S. Haldane, when asked what hypothetical evidence could disprove evolution, replied "fossil rabbits in the Precambrian era." Numerous other potential ways to falsify evolution have also been proposed. For example, the fact that humans have one fewer pair of chromosomes than the great apes offered a testable hypothesis involving the fusion or splitting of chromosomes from a common ancestor. The fusion hypothesis was confirmed in 2005 by discovery that human chromosome 2 is homologous with a fusion of two chromosomes that remain separate in other primates. Extra, inactive telomeres and centromeres remain on human chromosome 2 as a result of the fusion. The assertion of common descent could also have been disproven with the invention of DNA sequencing methods. If true, human DNA should be far more similar to chimpanzees and other great apes, than to other mammals. If not, then common descent is falsified. DNA analysis has shown that humans and chimpanzees share a large percentage of their DNA (between 95% to 99.4% depending on the measure).<ref>

text: In response to the unfalsifiability criticism of evolutionary theory, numerous examples of potential ways to falsify evolution have been proposed.

text: J. B. S. Haldane

text: , when asked what hypothetical evidence could disprove evolution, replied "

text: fossil rabbits in the Precambrian era

text: ." Numerous other potential ways to falsify evolution have also been proposed. For example, the fact that humans have one fewer pair of chromosomes than the

text: great apes

text: offered a testable hypothesis involving the fusion or splitting of chromosomes from a common ancestor. The fusion hypothesis was confirmed in 2005 by discovery that

text: human chromosome 2

text: is homologous with a fusion of two chromosomes that remain separate in other

text: primate

text: s. Extra, inactive

text: telomere

text: s and

text: centromere

text: s remain on human chromosome 2 as a result of the fusion. The assertion of common descent could also have been disproven with the invention of

text: DNA sequencing

text: methods. If true, human

text: DNA

text: should be far more similar to chimpanzees and other great apes, than to other

text: mammal

text: s. If not, then common descent is falsified. DNA analysis has shown that humans and chimpanzees share a large percentage of their DNA (between 95% to 99.4% depending on the measure).<ref>

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: great apes

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Precambrian

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: humans have one fewer pair of chromosomes than the great apes

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: great apes

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: chimpanzees share a large percentage of their DNA

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: chimpanzees

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Precambrian era."

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: common descent is falsified.

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: humans have one fewer pair of chromosomes

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: "fossil rabbits in the Precambrian era."

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: great apes

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: great apes

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: "fossil rabbits in the Precambrian era."

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: "fossil rabbits in the Precambrian era."

text: The Hanau-Seligenstadt Basin is a Cenozoic graben. As a subbasin of the Upper Rhine Graben it belongs to the European Cenozoic Rift System, a fracture zone crossing Europe from the North Sea to the Mediterranean.

text: The Hanau-Seligenstadt Basin is a

text: Cenozoic

text: graben

text: . As a subbasin of the Upper Rhine Graben it belongs to the

text: European Cenozoic Rift System

text: , a fracture zone crossing Europe from the North Sea to the Mediterranean.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is not the same as

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Europe from the North Sea to the Mediterranean

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: The Hanau-Seligenstadt Basin

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: The Hanau-Seligenstadt Basin

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: European Cenozoic Rift System,

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: The Hanau-Seligenstadt Basin

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: The Hanau-Seligenstadt Basin

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: European Cenozoic Rift System,

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: European Cenozoic Rift System,

text: Falling in Love With Hominids is a collection of short stories by Nalo Hopkinson. One of the stories in this collection, "Flying Lessons" is a new story, while other stories had been written and published in the decade proceeding publication of the collection. In the introduction to the collection, Hopkinson explains the double meaning behind its title. Partially derived from a phrase written by science fiction author Cordwainer Smith, "falling in love with hominids" also describes her own feelings about the human race. When she was younger, Hopkinson writes that she hated human beings, but has grown to love and be fascinated by the human race over the intervening years. The paradox of people who are "capable simultaneously of such great good and such horrifying evil" runs throughout the stories brought together in the collection.

text: Falling in Love With Hominids is a collection of short stories by

text: Nalo Hopkinson

text: . One of the stories in this collection, "Flying Lessons" is a new story, while other stories had been written and published in the decade proceeding publication of the collection. In the introduction to the collection, Hopkinson explains the double meaning behind its title. Partially derived from a phrase written by science fiction author

text: Cordwainer Smith

text: , "falling in love with hominids" also describes her own feelings about the human race. When she was younger, Hopkinson writes that she hated human beings, but has grown to love and be fascinated by the human race over the intervening years. The paradox of people who are "capable simultaneously of such great good and such horrifying evil" runs throughout the stories brought together in the collection.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: fly

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: fall in love with hominids

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Falling in Love With Hominids

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Hominids

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: years.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Hominids

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: "capable simultaneously of such great good and such horrifying evil"

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Falling in Love With Hominids

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Hominids

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Hominids

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: hominids"

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Falling in Love With Hominids

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Hominids

text: In Andean geology the basement refers to the Proterozoic, Paleozoic and early Mesozoic (Triassic to Jurassic) rock units as the basement to the late Mesozoic and Cenozoic Andean sequences developed following the onset of subduction along the western margin of the South American Plate.

text: In

text: Andean

text: geology the basement refers to the

text: Proterozoic

text: Paleozoic

text: and early

text: Mesozoic

text: Triassic

text: to

text: Jurassic

text: ) rock units as the basement to the late Mesozoic and

text: Cenozoic

text: Andean sequences developed following the onset of

text: subduction

text: along the western margin of the

text: South American Plate

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Mesozoic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is not the same as

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Jurassic

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Andean

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: South American Plate

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Mesozoic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: In Andean geology

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: In Andean geology

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Mesozoic (Triassic to Jurassic)

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: In Andean geology

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: (Triassic to Jurassic)

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: In Andean geology

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: In Andean geology

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Proterozoic, Paleozoic and early Mesozoic

text: l evolution” (Shennan, 2008).  Initially cultural evolution focused on human transitions from foragers to horticulturalist, to implementation of agriculture, and eventually rise of civilizations.  In the 19 century, the goal of evolution theory was to explain cultural traits and human history and account for the significant differences between cultural groups and their current state of living. However, this notion of evolution was not as one would define in the biological sciences, and thus “not a coherent theoretical evolutionary framework, and even after Darwin’s publication of On the Origin of Species the 19th- and early 20th-century cultural evolutionists maintained a thoroughly non-Darwinian notion of evolution” (Bettinger 1991).

text: l evolution” (Shennan, 2008).  Initially cultural evolution focused on human transitions from foragers to horticulturalist, to implementation of agriculture, and eventually rise of civilizations.  In the 19 century, the goal of evolution theory was to explain cultural traits and human history and account for the significant differences between cultural groups and their current state of living. However, this notion of evolution was not as one would define in the biological sciences, and thus “not a coherent theoretical evolutionary framework, and even after Darwin’s publication of On the

text: Origin of Species

text: the 19th- and early 20th-century cultural evolutionists maintained a thoroughly non-Darwinian notion of evolution” (Bettinger 1991).

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: foragers

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: 20th- and early 20th-century

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is a species

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: foragers

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Darwin’s publication of On the Origin of Species

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: foragers

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: rise of civilizations.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Initially cultural evolution focused on human transitions from foragers

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: agriculture, and eventually rise of civilizations.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: human transitions from foragers to horticulturalist,

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: human transitions from foragers

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: foragers

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: On the Origin of Species

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: non-Darwinian notion of evolution”

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: evolution”

text: Sir Wilfrid Le Gros Clark was one of the primatologists who developed the idea of trends in primate evolution and the methodology of arranging the living members of an order into an "ascending series" leading to humans. Commonly used names for groups of primates such as "prosimians", "monkeys", "lesser apes", and "great apes" reflect this methodology. According to our current understanding of the evolutionary history of the primates, several of these groups are paraphyletic: a paraphyletic group is one which does not include all the descendants of the group's common ancestor.

text: Sir

text: Wilfrid Le Gros Clark

text: was one of the

text: primatologists

text: who developed the idea of trends in primate evolution and the methodology of arranging the living members of an order into an "ascending series" leading to humans. Commonly used names for groups of primates such as "

text: prosimian

text: s", "

text: monkey

text: s", "

text: lesser ape

text: s", and "

text: great ape

text: s" reflect this methodology. According to our current understanding of the evolutionary history of the primates, several of these groups are

text: paraphyletic

text: : a paraphyletic group is one which does not include all the descendants of the group's common ancestor.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: prosimians

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: ascending series

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: was one of the primates

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: great apes

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: ascending series

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: "monkeys",

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: "ascending series"

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: humans.

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: humans.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: humans.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: humans.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: "great apes"

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: "ascending series"

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: humans.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: "ascending series"

text: For many years, many scientists thought that the frontal lobe was disproportionately enlarged in humans compared to other primates. They thought that this was an important feature of human evolution and was the primary reason why human cognition differs from that of other primates. However, this view has been challenged by newer research. Using magnetic resonance imaging to determine the volume of the frontal cortex in humans, all extant ape species and several monkey species, Semendeferi et al. found that the human frontal cortex was not relatively larger than the cortex of other great apes but was relatively larger than the frontal cortex of lesser apes and the monkeys.

text: For many years, many scientists thought that the frontal lobe was disproportionately enlarged in humans compared to other primates. They thought that this was an important feature of human evolution and was the primary reason why human cognition differs from that of other primates. However, this view has been challenged by newer research. Using

text: magnetic resonance imaging

text: to determine the volume of the frontal cortex in humans, all extant ape species and several

text: monkey

text: species, Semendeferi et al. found that the human frontal cortex was not relatively larger than the cortex of other

text: great ape

text: s but was relatively larger than the frontal cortex of

text: lesser ape

text: s and the monkeys.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: great ape

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Great Apes

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is a species of primate

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: great ape

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: ape

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: primates.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: great apes

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: human cognition differs from that of other primates.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: humans compared to other primates.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: great apes

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: primates.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: enlarged in humans compared to other primates.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: great apes

text: The show revolved around themes of evolution, as well as her paranoias represented on The Fame Monster. While developing the tour Gaga spoke about original sin and demons inside human beings; "So we talked about growth, and that led us into this kind of scientific space, and we started talking about evolution and the evolution of humanity and how we begin as one thing, and we become another." This theme of monsters and evolution played a part in the fashion for the tour, which according to Gaga was "another level from where we were with the Fame Ball. [...] It's going to be a truly artistic experience that is going to take the form of the greatest post-apocalyptic house party that you've ever been to." Although Gaga stated that she was inspired by the things she and West were doing with the Fame Kills tour, she concluded that she did not want to use any of the things that they had designed together. Later, she said that Fame Kills was "the great lost tour", but confirmed that some of the elements of it were incorporated into The Monster Ball.

text: The show revolved around themes of evolution, as well as her paranoias represented on The Fame Monster. While developing the tour Gaga spoke about

text: original sin

text: and demons inside human beings; "So we talked about growth, and that led us into this kind of scientific space, and we started talking about evolution and the evolution of humanity and how we begin as one thing, and we become another." This theme of monsters and evolution played a part in the fashion for the tour, which according to Gaga was "another level from where we were with the

text: Fame Ball

text: . [...] It's going to be a truly artistic experience that is going to take the form of the greatest post-apocalyptic house party that you've ever been to." Although Gaga stated that she was inspired by the things she and West were doing with the Fame Kills tour, she concluded that she did not want to use any of the things that they had designed together. Later, she said that Fame Kills was "the great lost tour", but confirmed that some of the elements of it were incorporated into The Monster Ball.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Gaga

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Fame Kills tour

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: what is the first species mentioned?

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: ape

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: We began as one thing, and we become another

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Gaga

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: we begin as one thing, and we become another."

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: evolution, as well as her paranoias represented on The Fame Monster.

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: evolution, as well as her paranoias represented on The Fame Monster.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: evolution, as well as her paranoias represented on The Fame Monster.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: evolution, as well as her paranoias represented on The Fame Monster.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: evolution,

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: we begin as one thing, and we become another."

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: evolution, as well as her paranoias represented on The Fame Monster.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: evolution,

text: The term "missing link" has been used extensively in popular writings on human evolution to refer to a perceived gap in the hominid evolutionary record. It is most commonly used to refer to any new transitional fossil finds. Scientists, however, do not use the term, as it refers to a pre-evolutionary view of nature.

text: The term "missing link" has been used extensively in popular writings on

text: human evolution

text: to refer to a perceived gap in the

text: hominid

text: evolutionary record. It is most commonly used to refer to any new transitional fossil finds. Scientists, however, do not use the term, as it refers to a pre-evolutionary view of nature.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: transitional fossil finds

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: missing link

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: transitional

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: pre-evolutionary

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: "missing link"

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: "missing link"

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: "missing link"

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: "missing link"

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: "missing link"

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: transitional fossil finds.

text: It preserves numerous fossils dating back to the  Neogene Period of the Cenozoic Era, including mollusks.

text: It preserves numerous

text: fossils

text: dating back to the

text: Neogene

text: Period

text: of the

text: Cenozoic Era

text: , including

text: mollusk

text: s.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Neogene Period

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic Era

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is not a genus

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Neogene Period

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: mollusks.

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic Era,

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: mollusks.

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: mollusks.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Neogene Period of the Cenozoic Era,

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: mollusks.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Neogene Period

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Cenozoic Era,

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Neogene Period of the Cenozoic Era,

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: mollusks.

text: The relationship between known fossil primate families remains unclear.  A conservative estimate for the divergence of haplorhines (tarsiers, monkeys, apes, and humans) and strepsirrhines is 58 to 63 mya.  A consensus is emerging that places omomyids as a sister group to tarsiers, eosimids as a stem group to simians (non-tarsier haplorhines), and Djebelemur, an African genus likely to be related to an early Asian branch of cercamoniine adapiforms, as a stem group to modern strepsirrhines, including lemurs.  In 2009, a highly publicized and scientifically criticized publication proclaimed that a 47-million-year-old adapiform fossil, Darwinius masillae, demonstrated both adapiform and simian traits, making it a transitional form between the prosimian and simian lineages.  Media sources inaccurately dubbed the fossil as a "missing link" between lemurs and humans.

text: The relationship between known fossil primate families remains unclear.  A conservative estimate for the divergence of

text: haplorhines

text: tarsier

text: s,

text: monkey

text: s,

text: ape

text: s, and

text: human

text: s) and strepsirrhines is 58 to 63 mya.  A consensus is emerging that places omomyids as a

text: sister group

text: to tarsiers, eosimids as a

text: stem group

text: to

text: simian

text: s (non-tarsier haplorhines), and

text: Djebelemur

text: , an African genus likely to be related to an early Asian branch of

text: cercamoniine

text: adapiforms, as a stem group to modern strepsirrhines, including lemurs.  In 2009, a highly publicized and scientifically criticized publication proclaimed that a 47-million-year-old adapiform fossil,

text: Darwinius masillae

text: , demonstrated both adapiform and

text: simian

text: traits, making it a

text: transitional form

text: between the

text: prosimian

text: and

text: simian

text: lineages.  Media sources inaccurately dubbed the fossil as a "missing link" between lemurs and humans.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: lemurs

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: 58 to 63 mya

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: haplorhines

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Djebelemur

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: haplorhines

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: tarsiers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: lemurs

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: 58 to 63 mya.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: haplorhines

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: humans) and strepsirrhines

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: 58 to 63 mya.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: humans)

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Djebelemur,

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: haplorhines

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: 58 to 63 mya.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: haplorhines

text: Anthropologists Sir E.B. Tylor in England and Lewis Henry Morgan in the United States worked with data from indigenous people, whom they claimed represented earlier stages of cultural evolution that gave insight into the process and progression of cultural evolution. Morgan would later have a significant influence on Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, who developed a theory of cultural evolution in which the internal contradictions in society created a series of escalating stages that ended in a socialist society (see Marxism). Tylor and Morgan elaborated upon, modified and expanded the theory of unilinear evolution, specifying criteria for categorizing cultures according to their standing within a fixed system of growth of humanity as a whole while examining the modes and mechanisms of this growth.

text: Anthropologists

text: Sir E.B. Tylor

text: in England and Lewis Henry Morgan in the United States worked with data from

text: indigenous people

text: , whom they claimed represented earlier stages of cultural evolution that gave insight into the process and progression of cultural evolution. Morgan would later have a significant influence on

text: Karl Marx

text: and

text: Friedrich Engels

text: , who developed a theory of cultural evolution in which the internal contradictions in society created a series of escalating stages that ended in a socialist society (see

text: Marxism

text: ). Tylor and Morgan elaborated upon, modified and expanded the theory of unilinear evolution, specifying criteria for categorizing cultures according to their standing within a fixed system of growth of humanity as a whole while examining the modes and mechanisms of this growth.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Lewis Henry Morgan

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: unilinear evolution

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is an extinct species

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Lewis Henry Morgan

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: unilinear evolution

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: indigenous people,

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: escalating stages that ended in a socialist society

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Lewis Henry Morgan in the United States

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: process and progression of cultural evolution.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Lewis Henry Morgan in the United States

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: indigenous people,

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: indigenous people,

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: humanity as a whole

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: indigenous people,

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: indigenous people, whom they claimed represented earlier stages of cultural evolution

text: Human evolution is the study of the biological evolution of humans as a distinct species from its common ancestors with other animals. Analysis of fossil evidence and genetic distance are two of the means by which scientists understand this evolutionary history.

text: Human evolution is the study of the biological evolution of humans as a distinct

text: species

text: from its common ancestors with other animals. Analysis of fossil evidence and

text: genetic distance

text: are two of the means by which scientists understand this evolutionary history.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: other animals

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: geological time

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is a type of human

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: other animals

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: distinct species

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: animals.

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: common ancestors

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: humans as a distinct species from its common ancestors

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: humans as a distinct species from its common ancestors

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: distinct

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: fossil evidence

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: genetic distance

text: The Phanerozoic comprises the Palaeozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras, each of which are represented in English geology.

text: The Phanerozoic comprises the Palaeozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras, each of which are represented in English geology.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Mesozoic

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: was not in the Phanerozoic

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Palaeozoic

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Phanerozoic

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: The Phanerozoic

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: The Phanerozoic

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: The Phanerozoic

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: The Phanerozoic

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: The Phanerozoic

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: The Phanerozoic

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: The Phanerozoic

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: The Phanerozoic

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: The Phanerozoic

text: Sperm competition is a form of post-copulatory sexual selection whereby male ejaculates simultaneously physically compete to fertilize a single ovum. Sperm competition occurs between sperm from two or more rival males when they make an attempt to fertilize a female within a sufficiently short period of time.  This results primarily as a consequence of polyandrous mating systems, or due to extra-pair copulations of females, which increases the chance of cuckoldry, in which the male mate raises a child that is not genetically related to him. Sperm competition among males has resulted in numerous physiological and psychological adaptations, including the relative size of testes, the size of the sperm midpiece, prudent sperm allocation, and behaviors relating to sexual coercion, however this is not without consequences: the production of large amounts of sperm is costly and therefore, researchers have predicted that males will produce larger amounts of semen when there is a perceived or known increase in sperm competition risk. Sperm competition is not exclusive to humans, and has been studied extensively in other primates, as well as throughout much of the animal kingdom. The differing rates of sperm competition among other primates indicates that sperm competition is highest in primates with multi-male breeding systems, and lowest in primates with single-male breeding systems. Compared to other animals, and primates in particular, humans show low-to-intermediate levels of sperm competition, suggesting that humans have a history of little selection pressure for sperm competition.

text: Sperm competition

text: is a form of post-copulatory

text: sexual selection

text: whereby male

text: ejaculate

text: s simultaneously physically compete to fertilize a single ovum. Sperm competition occurs between sperm from two or more rival males when they make an attempt to fertilize a female within a sufficiently short period of time.  This results primarily as a consequence of

text: polyandrous

text: mating system

text: s, or due to extra-pair copulations of females, which increases the chance of

text: cuckoldry

text: , in which the male mate raises a child that is not genetically related to him. Sperm competition among males has resulted in numerous physiological and psychological adaptations, including the relative size of testes, the size of the sperm midpiece, prudent sperm allocation, and behaviors relating to sexual coercion, however this is not without consequences: the production of large amounts of sperm is costly and therefore, researchers have predicted that males will produce larger amounts of semen when there is a perceived or known increase in sperm competition risk. Sperm competition is not exclusive to humans, and has been studied extensively in other primates, as well as throughout much of the animal kingdom. The differing rates of sperm competition among other primates indicates that sperm competition is highest in primates with multi-male breeding systems, and lowest in primates with single-male breeding systems. Compared to other animals, and primates in particular, humans show low-to-intermediate levels of sperm competition, suggesting that humans have a history of little selection pressure for sperm competition.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: other primates

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: sperm competition

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: has been studied extensively in other primates

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: other primates,

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: little selection pressure for sperm competition.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: humans,

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: sperm midpiece,

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: humans,

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: humans,

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: low-to-intermediate levels of sperm competition,

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Sperm competition is not exclusive to humans,

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: humans show low-to-intermediate levels of sperm competition,

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Sperm competition

text: This model, which invokes sexual selection, is proposed by Geoffrey Miller who argues that human intelligence is unnecessarily sophisticated for the needs of hunter-gatherers to survive. He argues that the manifestations of intelligence such as language, music and art did not evolve because of their utilitarian value to the survival of ancient hominids. Rather, intelligence may have been a fitness indicator. Hominids would have been chosen for greater intelligence as an indicator of healthy genes and a Fisherian runaway positive feedback loop of sexual selection would have led to the evolution of human intelligence in a relatively short period.

text: This model, which invokes

text: sexual selection

text: , is proposed by

text: Geoffrey Miller

text: who argues that human intelligence is unnecessarily sophisticated for the needs of

text: hunter-gatherers

text: to survive. He argues that the manifestations of intelligence such as language, music and art did not evolve because of their utilitarian value to the survival of ancient hominids. Rather, intelligence may have been a

text: fitness

text: indicator. Hominids would have been

text: chosen

text: for greater intelligence as an indicator of healthy genes and a

text: Fisherian runaway

text: positive feedback

text: loop of sexual selection would have led to the evolution of human intelligence in a relatively short period.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Fisherian runaway positive feedback loop

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is an ancient hominid

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: ancient hominids.

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Fisherian

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Hominids

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: hunter-gatherers

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: a relatively short period.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Hominids

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominids.

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: hominids.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Geoffrey Miller

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: language, music and art

text: The Hominidae (), whose members are known as great apes or hominids, are a taxonomic family of primates that includes seven extant species in four genera: Pongo, the Bornean and Sumatran orangutan; Gorilla, the eastern and western gorilla; Pan, the common chimpanzee and the bonobo; and Homo, the human (and though not extant, the near-human ancestors and relatives (e.g., the Neanderthal)).

text: The Hominidae (), whose members are known as great apes or hominids, are a taxonomic

text: family

text: of primates that includes seven

text: extant

text: species in four

text: genera

text: Pongo

text: , the

text: Bornean

text: and

text: Sumatran orangutan

text: Gorilla

text: , the

text: eastern

text: and

text: western gorilla

text: Pan

text: , the

text: common chimpanzee

text: and the

text: bonobo

text: ; and

text: Homo

text: , the

text: human

text: (and though not extant, the near-human ancestors and relatives (e.g., the

text: Neanderthal

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Neanderthal

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Hominidae

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is a great ape

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Neanderthal

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Neanderthal)).

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Neanderthal)).

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Homo,

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: The Hominidae

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: The Hominidae

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: the human

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Homo,

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Homo,

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: The Hominidae

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Hominidae

text: According to Symons, the ideas that he developed in The Evolution of Human Sexuality were partly inspired by a conversation he had with ethologist Richard Dawkins in 1968. Symons, who had concluded that "men tend to want a variety of sexual partners and women tend not to because this desire always was adaptive for ancestral males and never was adaptive for ancestral females", found that Dawkins had independently reached the same conclusion. Symons presented an early draft of The Evolution of Human Sexuality during a 1974 seminar on primate and human sexuality he co-taught with anthropologist Donald Brown. Symons argued in the draft that there are universal human sex differences. Brown assisted Symons in writing The Evolution of Human Sexuality.

text: According to Symons, the ideas that he developed in The Evolution of Human Sexuality were partly inspired by a conversation he had with ethologist

text: Richard Dawkins

text: in 1968. Symons, who had concluded that "men tend to want a variety of sexual partners and women tend not to because this desire always was adaptive for ancestral males and never was adaptive for ancestral females", found that Dawkins had independently reached the same conclusion. Symons presented an early draft of The Evolution of Human Sexuality during a 1974 seminar on primate and

text: human sexuality

text: he co-taught with anthropologist

text: Donald Brown

text: . Symons argued in the draft that there are universal human sex differences. Brown assisted Symons in writing The Evolution of Human Sexuality.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: 1974 seminar

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is not a species

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: males

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: universal

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: primate

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: 1974

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: primate

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: a variety of sexual partners

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Richard Dawkins

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: ancestral males

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: primate

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: universal human sex differences.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Donald Brown.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: ancestral males and never was adaptive for ancestral females",

text: While some workers (e.g., Lyatsky and Haggart, 1993; Lyatsky, 2006) regard the Mesozoic horizons to be the primary oil-exploration targets, others (e.g., Dietrich, 1995; Hannigan et al., 2001) focus more on the overlying Cenozoic rocks.  Rohr and Dietrich (1992) considered the Queen Charlotte Basin to have formed largely by strike-slip movements in the Cenozoic.  On the other hand, Lyatsky (1993, 2006) considered significant strike-slip movements to be impossible in this basin since at least the Late Oligocene, based on kinematic indicators and cross-cutting relationships of major faults and dated dikes; instead, he viewed the basin's Cenozoic evolution to be a product of reactivation of older networks of block-bounding faults.

text: While some workers (e.g., Lyatsky and Haggart, 1993; Lyatsky, 2006) regard the Mesozoic horizons to be the primary oil-exploration targets, others (e.g., Dietrich, 1995; Hannigan et al., 2001) focus more on the overlying Cenozoic rocks.  Rohr and Dietrich (1992) considered the Queen Charlotte Basin to have formed largely by strike-slip movements in the Cenozoic.  On the other hand, Lyatsky (1993, 2006) considered significant strike-slip movements to be impossible in this basin since at least the Late

text: Oligocene

text: , based on kinematic indicators and cross-cutting relationships of major faults and dated

text: dikes

text: ; instead, he viewed the basin's Cenozoic evolution to be a product of reactivation of older networks of block-bounding faults.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Mesozoic

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Lyatsky and Haggart

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Mesozoic

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Late Oligocene,

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Late Oligocene,

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: impossible in this basin since at least the Late Oligocene,

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: oil-exploration targets,

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Late Oligocene,

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Late Oligocene,

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Late Oligocene,

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Late Oligocene,

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Late Oligocene,

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Late Oligocene,

text: David R. Begun  concluded that early primates flourished in Eurasia and that a lineage leading to the African apes and humans, including to Dryopithecus, migrated south from Europe or Western Asia into Africa. The surviving tropical population of primates—which is seen most completely in the Upper Eocene and lowermost Oligocene fossil beds of the Faiyum depression southwest of Cairo—gave rise to all extant primate species, including the lemurs of Madagascar, lorises of Southeast Asia, galagos or "bush babies" of Africa, and to the anthropoids, which are the Platyrrhines or New World monkeys, the Catarrhines or Old World monkeys, and the great apes, including humans and other hominids.

text: David R. Begun  concluded that early primates flourished in Eurasia and that a lineage leading to the African apes and humans, including to

text: Dryopithecus

text: , migrated south from Europe or Western Asia into Africa. The surviving tropical population of primates—which is seen most completely in the Upper Eocene and lowermost

text: Oligocene

text: fossil beds of the

text: Faiyum

text: depression southwest of

text: Cairo

text: —gave rise to all extant primate species, including the

text: lemur

text: s of

text: Madagascar

text: loris

text: es of Southeast Asia,

text: galago

text: s or "bush babies" of Africa, and to the

text: anthropoids

text: , which are the

text: Platyrrhine

text: s or New World monkeys, the

text: Catarrhine

text: s or Old World monkeys, and the great apes, including humans and other hominids.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: African apes

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Oligocene

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is not the correct answer

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Dryopithecus

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: The surviving tropical population of primates

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Europe or Western Asia

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: African apes

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Oligocene

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: great apes,

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: lorises of Southeast Asia,

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: hominids.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: humans and other hominids.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Dryopithecus,

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: great apes, including humans and other hominids.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: early primates flourished in Eurasia

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Catarrhines

text: The Phanerozoic is divided into three eras: the Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic, which are further subdivided into 12 periods. The Paleozoic features the rise of fish, amphibians and reptiles. The Mesozoic is ruled by the reptiles, and features the evolution of mammals, birds and more famously, dinosaurs. The Cenozoic is the time of the mammals, and more recently, humans.

text: The Phanerozoic is divided into three

text: era

text: s: the

text: Paleozoic

text: Mesozoic

text: , and

text: Cenozoic

text: , which are further subdivided into 12 periods. The Paleozoic features the rise of fish, amphibians and reptiles. The Mesozoic is ruled by the reptiles, and features the evolution of mammals, birds and more famously, dinosaurs. The Cenozoic is the time of the mammals, and more recently, humans.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: mammals,

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: The Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: humans.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: humans.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: dinosaurs.

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: The Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: The Phanerozoic

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Cenozoic

text: Into the Cenozoic era, geologic processes elevated the state's topography. Utah was also host to a complex of large lakes. Many of these lakes' inhabitants fossilized. These massive lakes gradually vanished as the Cenozoic era proceeded. The Uinta Basin region near the state's border with neighboring Wyoming has been a source of fossil bird tracks, fish, insects, and leaves dating back to the Eocene epoch of the Cenozoic era. Later in the Cenozoic geologic uplift created the state's Basin and Range physiographic province. More recently, in the Quaternary, the state's many canyons were formed by rivers eroding through uplifted rock. Lake Bonneville formed and then largely dried out as local precipitation decreased. Its remnants are known as Great Salt Lake. Local wildlife included short-faced bears, bison, musk oxen, saber teeth, and giant ground sloths.

text: Into the

text: Cenozoic

text: era, geologic processes elevated the state's

text: topography

text: . Utah was also host to a complex of large lakes. Many of these lakes' inhabitants fossilized. These massive lakes gradually vanished as the Cenozoic era proceeded. The

text: Uinta Basin

text: region near the state's border with neighboring

text: Wyoming

text: has been a source of fossil

text: bird

text: tracks,

text: fish

text: insects

text: , and

text: leaves

text: dating back to the

text: Eocene

text: epoch

text: of the

text: Cenozoic

text: era. Later in the Cenozoic geologic uplift created the state's

text: Basin and Range

text: physiographic province

text: . More recently, in the

text: Quaternary

text: , the state's many

text: canyons

text: were formed by rivers eroding through uplifted rock.

text: Lake Bonneville

text: formed and then largely dried out as local precipitation decreased. Its remnants are known as

text: Great Salt Lake

text: . Local wildlife included

text: short-faced bear

text: s,

text: bison

text: musk oxen

text: saber teeth

text: , and

text: giant ground sloth

text: s.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: saber teeth

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Quaternary

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is not the correct answer

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Eocene

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: bird tracks, fish, insects,

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Quaternary,

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Cenozoic era,

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: bird tracks,

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Cenozoic era,

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Many of these lakes' inhabitants fossilized.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Eocene

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: short-faced bears,

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: fossil bird tracks, fish, insects, and leaves

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: fish, insects, and leaves

text: The novel features a reference to 2001: A Space Odyssey in that Starr’s full name is Starchilde, an allusion to the new creature at the end of the film that is presumably the next stage of humanity’s evolution; this represents the political uprising in the novel as being a rebirth of humanity and the next stage in human evolution, entirely new creatures existing outside of capitalist concerns. The novel also contains references to Webster’s mother being addicted to living via interface in the world of the Dragons of Pern, where life itself is heavily genetically modified to defend human colonists. This might be understood as a jab against colonialism, as it is willing to modify the nature of life, or as an attack against escapism, since the dragons serve as a mere diversion from the real world. The novel additionally alludes to The Postman with Kevin Costner, and notes the irony in that the viewers were living in the time of an apocalypse, even while the watching the movie, as the political implications of widespread capitalism had corrupted society to its core.

text: The novel features a reference to

text: 2001: A Space Odyssey

text: in that Starr’s full name is Starchilde, an allusion to the new creature at the end of the film that is presumably the next stage of humanity’s evolution; this represents the political uprising in the novel as being a rebirth of humanity and the next stage in human evolution, entirely new creatures existing outside of capitalist concerns. The novel also contains references to Webster’s mother being addicted to living via interface in the world of the

text: Dragons of Pern

text: , where life itself is heavily genetically modified to defend human colonists. This might be understood as a jab against colonialism, as it is willing to modify the nature of life, or as an attack against escapism, since the dragons serve as a mere diversion from the real world. The novel additionally alludes to

text: The Postman

text: with Kevin Costner, and notes the irony in that the viewers were living in the time of an apocalypse, even while the watching the movie, as the political implications of widespread capitalism had corrupted society to its core.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Starchilde

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: 2001: A Space Odyssey

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: does the novel feature a reference to 2001: A Space Odyssey

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Starchilde

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: The novel features a reference to 2001: A Space Odyssey

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Dragons of Pern

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Dragons of Pern,

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: next stage in human evolution, entirely new creatures existing outside of capitalist concerns.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: 2001: A Space Odyssey

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: Space Odyssey

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: 2001: A Space Odyssey

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Starchilde,

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Starchilde,

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: outside of capitalist concerns.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: escapism,

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Dragons of Pern,

text: Thalamic regions may be functionally inhomogeneous. The elements of the lateral region have been frequently separated into ventral and dorsal (in fact named lateral) nuclei. This subdivision no more hold true. Cytoarchitectonics have partly failed. What differentiates anatomofunctional parts are the major afferent systems present in the thalamus as terminal parts of axons and axonal arborisations. Three-dimensional analyses of the distribution of all the axonal ending coming from the same source show that they occupy together an own space in the thalamus, which is called a territory. Such a main territory do no mix or overlap in primates with neighbouring territories (Percheron et al. 1998). This is what made possible a solid partition of the thalamus. These territories may cover one or several nuclei. The analyses of the three-dimensional geometry of the main afferent territories in macaques have shown that a dorsal element on transverse sections is simply the posterior part of the preceding territory. There are thus no "dorsal nuclei". This is one reason why the nomenclature selected by the Nomina anatomica and the Terminologia Anatomica (1998) is hardly applicable. The evolution of the thalamus follows that of the cortex and there are differences including between primates (new world monkeys and old world; old world and humans), which means that a universal nomenclature valid in all species is not simply reachable.

text: Thalamic regions may be functionally inhomogeneous. The elements of the lateral region have been frequently separated into ventral and dorsal (in fact named lateral) nuclei. This subdivision no more hold true.

text: Cytoarchitectonics

text: have partly failed. What differentiates anatomofunctional parts are the major afferent systems present in the thalamus as terminal parts of axons and axonal arborisations. Three-dimensional analyses of the distribution of all the axonal ending coming from the same source show that they occupy together an own space in the thalamus, which is called a territory. Such a main territory do no mix or overlap in primates with neighbouring territories (Percheron et al. 1998). This is what made possible a solid partition of the thalamus. These territories may cover one or several nuclei. The analyses of the three-dimensional geometry of the main afferent territories in macaques have shown that a dorsal element on transverse sections is simply the posterior part of the preceding territory. There are thus no "dorsal nuclei". This is one reason why the nomenclature selected by the Nomina anatomica and the

text: Terminologia Anatomica

text: (1998) is hardly applicable. The evolution of the thalamus follows that of the cortex and there are differences including between primates (new world monkeys and old world; old world and humans), which means that a universal nomenclature valid in all species is not simply reachable.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: new world monkeys

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: cortex

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: thalamus

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: old world

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: old world

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: (new world monkeys and old world; old world and humans),

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: overlap in primates with neighbouring territories

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: humans),

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: humans),

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: macaques

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: (new world monkeys and old world; old world and humans),

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: a universal nomenclature valid in all species is not simply reachable.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: (new world monkeys and old world;

text: Like the other regular Dalek members of the Cult, he had doubts about Dalek Sec's plan to merge with a human as part of Sec's vision of Dalek "evolution". He sacrificed three panels of his skirt to create the lightning conductor of the Empire State Building, and also served as the Cult's contact to Mr. Diagoras. In the climax of "Evolution of the Daleks", Thay dismisses the warnings of the Hybrid Dalek Sec and kills him. Moments later, Thay was destroyed (along with Dalek Jast) when the Dalek Human hybrids rebelled against the orders to kill the Doctor and opened fire on the Daleks instead.

text: Like the other regular Dalek members of the Cult, he had doubts about Dalek Sec's plan to merge with a human as part of Sec's vision of Dalek "evolution". He sacrificed three panels of his skirt to create the lightning conductor of the Empire State Building, and also served as the Cult's contact to Mr. Diagoras. In the climax of "

text: Evolution of the Daleks

text: ", Thay dismisses the warnings of the Hybrid Dalek Sec and kills him. Moments later, Thay was destroyed (along with Dalek Jast) when the Dalek Human hybrids rebelled against the orders to kill the Doctor and opened fire on the Daleks instead.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Dalek

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Dalek Human hybrids

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is not the same as

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Dalek

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Daleks

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Daleks

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Dalek Human hybrids

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: lightning conductor of the Empire State Building,

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: lightning conductor of the Empire State Building,

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: lightning conductor of the Empire State Building,

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Thay

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Thay

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Dalek Human hybrids

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: lightning conductor of the Empire State Building,

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Daleks

text: Like Huxley before them, anthropologists of the late 19th and early 20th century, still tended to classify and consider the increasingly more numerous hominid fossils as to be representatives of early "races" of modern man.

text: Like Huxley before them, anthropologists of the late 19th and early 20th century, still tended to classify and consider the increasingly more numerous hominid fossils as to be representatives of early "races" of modern man.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: 20th century

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is a hominid

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: 19th and early 20th century,

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: hominid fossils

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: man.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: modern man.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: modern man.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: "races"

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: hominid fossils

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: hominid fossils

text: The understanding of the genetic mechanisms underlying human skin color variation is still incomplete, however genetic studies have discovered a number of genes that affect human skin color in specific populations, and have shown that this happens independently of other physical features such as eye and hair color. Different populations have different allele frequencies of these genes, and it is the combination of these allele variations that bring about the complex, continuous variation in skin coloration we can observe today in modern humans. Population and admixture studies suggest a 3-way model for the evolution of human skin color, with dark skin evolving in early hominids in sub-Saharan Africa and light skin evolving independently in Europe and East Asia after modern humans had expanded out of Africa.

text: The understanding of the genetic mechanisms underlying human skin color variation is still incomplete, however genetic studies have discovered a number of genes that affect human skin color in specific populations, and have shown that this happens independently of other physical features such as eye and hair color. Different populations have different allele frequencies of these genes, and it is the combination of these allele variations that bring about the complex, continuous variation in skin coloration we can observe today in modern humans. Population and admixture studies suggest a 3-way model for the evolution of human skin color, with dark skin evolving in early

text: hominids

text: in

text: sub-Saharan Africa

text: and light skin evolving independently in

text: Europe

text: and

text: East Asia

text: after modern humans had expanded

text: out of Africa

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: modern humans had expanded out of Africa

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: dark skin evolving in early hominid

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Africa

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Europe and East Asia after modern humans had expanded out of Africa.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: The understanding of the genetic mechanisms underlying human skin color variation is still incomplete,

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: early hominids

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: expanded out of Africa.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: incomplete,

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: sub-Saharan Africa

text: The term hominid is easily confused with a number of very similar words:

text: The term hominid is easily confused with a number of very similar words:

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is a hominid

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: figurines

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: hominid

text: The earliest known ancestor of primates is Archicebus achilles from around 55 million years ago. This tiny primate weighed 20–30 grams (0.7–1.1 ounce) and could fit within a human palm.

text: The earliest known ancestor of

text: primate

text: s is

text: Archicebus achilles

text: from around 55 million years ago. This tiny primate weighed 20–30 grams (0.7–1.1 ounce) and could fit within a human palm.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: 55 million years ago

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is the ancestor of primates

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Archicebus achilles

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: 55 million years ago.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Archicebus achilles

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: fit within a human palm.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: 55 million years ago.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Archicebus achilles

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Archicebus achilles

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Archicebus achilles

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Archicebus achilles

text: The word evolution (from the Latin evolutio, meaning "to unroll like a scroll") appeared in English in the 17th century, referring to an orderly sequence of events, particularly one in which the outcome was somehow contained within it from the start. Notably, in 1677 Sir Matthew Hale, attacking the atheistic atomism of Democritus and Epicurus, used the term evolution to describe his opponent's ideas that vibrations and collisions of atoms in the void — without divine intervention — had formed "Primordial Seeds" (semina) which were the "immediate, primitive, productive Principles of Men, Animals, Birds and Fishes." For Hale, this mechanism was "absurd", because "it must have potentially at least the whole Systeme of Humane Nature, or at least that Ideal Principle or Configuration thereof, in the evolution whereof the complement and formation of the Humane Nature must consist ... and all this drawn from a fortuitous coalition of senseless and dead Atoms."

text: The word evolution (from the

text: Latin

text: evolutio, meaning "to unroll like a scroll") appeared in English in the 17th century, referring to an orderly sequence of events, particularly one in which the outcome was somehow contained within it from the start. Notably, in 1677 Sir

text: Matthew Hale

text: , attacking the

text: atheist

text: ic

text: atomism

text: of

text: Democritus

text: and

text: Epicurus

text: , used the term evolution to describe his opponent's ideas that vibrations and collisions of atoms in the void — without divine intervention — had formed "Primordial Seeds" (semina) which were the "immediate, primitive, productive Principles of Men, Animals, Birds and Fishes." For Hale, this mechanism was "absurd", because "it must have potentially at least the whole Systeme of Humane Nature, or at least that Ideal Principle or Configuration thereof, in the evolution whereof the complement and formation of the Humane Nature must consist ... and all this drawn from a fortuitous coalition of senseless and dead Atoms."

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Birds

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: 17th century

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is an extinct species

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: primal

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: in the evolution whereof the complement and formation of the Humane Nature must consist

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: the void

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Animals, Birds and Fishes."

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: "Primordial Seeds"

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: evolution

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: "to unroll like a scroll")

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: evolution

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Men, Animals, Birds and Fishes."

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Men, Animals, Birds and Fishes."

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Men, Animals, Birds and Fishes."

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: evolution

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Animals, Birds and Fishes."

text: Hominid appears during one of the levels in The Behemoth's 2nd game, Castle Crashers, using a lance weapon based on his ray gun. He is playable to anyone who has also downloaded Alien Hominid HD on the XBLA version, while he is unlocked by completing said level on the PlayStation Network and Steam versions of the game. The green eyeball from an early boss fight also appears as an Animal Orb, firing lasers at enemies. Hominid appears as a playable character in Team Meat's Super Meat Boy, another game that originated as a flash game on Newgrounds. The Super Soviet Missile Mastar minigame from Alien Hominid was released as a free app for iOS on February 7, 2011. An improved version of the PDA Games minigame was released for iOS on December 9, 2011. Developer Tom Fulp has cited the PDA Games as being the inspiration for The Behemoth's third game, BattleBlock Theater, which features unlockable Hominid character heads for those who own Alien Hominid HD.

text: Hominid appears during one of the levels in The Behemoth's 2nd game,

text: Castle Crashers

text: , using a lance weapon based on his ray gun. He is playable to anyone who has also downloaded Alien Hominid HD on the XBLA version, while he is unlocked by completing said level on the PlayStation Network and Steam versions of the game. The green eyeball from an early boss fight also appears as an Animal Orb, firing lasers at enemies. Hominid appears as a playable character in Team Meat's

text: Super Meat Boy

text: , another game that originated as a flash game on Newgrounds. The Super Soviet Missile Mastar minigame from Alien Hominid was released as a free app for

text: iOS

text: on February 7, 2011. An improved version of the PDA Games minigame was released for iOS on December 9, 2011. Developer Tom Fulp has cited the PDA Games as being the inspiration for The Behemoth's third game,

text: BattleBlock Theater

text: , which features unlockable Hominid character heads for those who own Alien Hominid HD.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Hominid

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Alien Hominid

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is a species of primate

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Hominid

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: the new world

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Hominid

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Hominid

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Hominid

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: firing lasers at enemies.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Hominid

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Hominid

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Hominid

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Hominid

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Animal Orb,

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Hominid

text: During November 1928, a lower jaw and several teeth and skull fragments were discovered. His find expanded the knowledge of human evolution.   Black presented this to the Foundation, which granted him $80,000. This grant continued the investigation and Black established the Cenozoic Research Laboratory with it.

text: During November 1928, a lower jaw and several teeth and skull fragments were discovered. His find expanded the knowledge of human evolution.   Black presented this to the Foundation, which granted him $80,000. This grant continued the investigation and Black established the

text: Cenozoic Research Laboratory

text: with it.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: human evolution

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Black

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: a lower jaw and several teeth and skull fragments

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: evolution. Black presented this to the Foundation, which granted him $80,000.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Cenozoic Research Laboratory

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: human evolution.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: evolution.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Cenozoic Research Laboratory

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: 1928,

text: The discovery of fire came to provide a wide variety of uses for early hominids.  It acted as a source of warmth, making it easier to get through cold nighttime temperatures and allowing hominids to survive in colder environments, through which geographic expansion from tropical and subtropical climates to areas of temperate climates containing colder winters began to occur.  The use of fire continued to aid hominids at night by also acting as a means by which to ward off predatory animals.  This allowed hominids to sleep on the ground and in caves instead of trees and led to more time being spent on the ground.  This may have contributed to the evolution of bipedalism as such an ability became increasingly necessary for human activity.

text: The discovery of fire came to provide a wide variety of uses for early hominids.  It acted as a source of warmth, making it easier to get through cold nighttime temperatures and allowing hominids to survive in colder environments, through which geographic expansion from tropical and subtropical climates to areas of temperate climates containing colder winters began to occur.  The use of fire continued to aid hominids at night by also acting as a means by which to ward off predatory animals.  This allowed hominids to sleep on the ground and in caves instead of trees and led to more time being spent on the ground.  This may have contributed to the evolution of bipedalism as such an ability became increasingly necessary for human activity.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: bipedalism

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: sleep on the ground

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: was a hominid

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: colder environments

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: hominids.

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: bipedalism

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: hominids.

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: human activity.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: fire

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: fire

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominids.

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: bipedalism

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: fire

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: fire

text: The olfactory tubercle differs in location and relative size between humans, non-human primates, rodents, birds, and other animals. In most cases, the olfactory tubercle is identified as a round bulge along the basal forebrain anterior to the optic chiasm and posterior to the olfactory peduncle. In humans and non-human primates, visual identification of the olfactory tubercle is not easy because the basal forebrain bulge is small in these animals. With regard to functional anatomy, the olfactory tubercle can be considered to be a part of three larger networks. First, it is considered to be part of the basal forebrain, the nucleus accumbens, and the amygdaloid nuclei because of its location along the rostral ventral region of the brain, that is, the front-bottom part. Second, it is considered to be part of the olfactory cortex because it receives direct input from the olfactory bulb. Third, it is also considered to be part of the ventral striatum based on anatomy, neurochemical, and embryology data.

text: The olfactory tubercle differs in location and relative size between humans, non-human primates, rodents, birds, and other animals. In most cases, the olfactory tubercle is identified as a round bulge along the

text: basal forebrain

text: anterior to the

text: optic chiasm

text: and posterior to the olfactory peduncle. In humans and non-human primates, visual identification of the olfactory tubercle is not easy because the basal forebrain bulge is small in these animals. With regard to functional

text: anatomy

text: , the olfactory tubercle can be considered to be a part of three larger networks. First, it is considered to be part of the basal forebrain, the

text: nucleus accumbens

text: , and the

text: amygdaloid nuclei

text: because of its location along the rostral ventral region of the brain, that is, the front-bottom part. Second, it is considered to be part of the olfactory cortex because it receives direct input from the

text: olfactory bulb

text: . Third, it is also considered to be part of the

text: ventral striatum

text: based on anatomy, neurochemical, and embryology data.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: rodents

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Mesozoic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: olfactory tubercle

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: non-human primates

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: non-human primates,

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: non-human primates,

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: humans, non-human primates,

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: olfactory peduncle.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: humans, non-human primates,

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: humans,

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: non-human primates,

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: non-human primates,

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: olfactory peduncle.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: olfactory tubercle

text: Spiritual evolution is the philosophical, theological, esoteric or spiritual idea that nature and human beings and/or human culture evolve: either extending from the established cosmological pattern (ascent), or in accordance with certain pre-established potentials. The phrase "spiritual evolution" can occur in the context of "higher evolution", a term used to differentiate psychological, mental, or spiritual evolution from the "lower" or biological evolution of physical form.

text: Spiritual evolution is the

text: philosophical

text: theological

text: esoteric

text: or

text: spiritual

text: idea that nature and human beings and/or human culture evolve: either extending from the established

text: cosmological

text: pattern

text: (ascent), or in accordance with certain pre-established potentials. The phrase "spiritual evolution" can occur in the context of "higher evolution", a term used to differentiate psychological, mental, or spiritual evolution from the "lower" or biological evolution of physical form.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: ancient humans

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Spiritual evolution

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: did not evolve spiritually

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Spiritual evolution

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: nature

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: biological evolution

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Spiritual evolution

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: Spiritual evolution

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Spiritual evolution

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Spiritual evolution

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Spiritual evolution

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: cosmological pattern

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Spiritual evolution

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: cosmological pattern

text: In 2012, John Langdon reviewed an e-book published by Bentham Science Publishers collecting 50 years of theorizing about the AAH. In his review, Langdon noted there is no longer a single "aquatic ape hypothesis", but rather  multiple hypotheses with a common theme of evolutionary pressure due to dependence on an aquatic habitat. While original versions attempted to explain an apparently substantial gap between humans and closely related common ancestors, more recent variants of these hypotheses have had to adjust to the fact that the gap was more apparent than real and the significant commonalities found between humans and other African apes. Three main strands of thought now exist regarding the AAH, varying according to when the theorized aquatic phase occurred: from the Middle Miocene to approximately three million years ago (Hardy's original model, which was based on a large gap in the fossil record that has since been filled in), from the Early Miocene when ancestral hominids were thought to wade in coastal swamps and from which Homo species were thought to split off and adapt to swimming and diving (associated with the work of Marc Verhaegen), and from 200,000 years ago when exploitation of coastal resources led humans out of Africa and resulted in the evolution of modern humans (associated with the work of Algis Kuliukas). Langdon notes the strong associations of humans with water, as well as the adaptability of the species to incredibly diverse ecological niches (including coastal and wetland regions), both within and across lifetimes. Whether these associations define humans as "semiaquatic" or not "represents a fundamental point of departure between anthropologists and the [aquatic hypothesis] community." Langdon describes the three lines of evidence cited to support the AAH: comparative anatomy between humans and other semiaquatic species, hypothetical situations in which evolutionary pressure might have produced convergent evolution between humans and semiaquatic species, and the ability of humans to perform various activities in the water. He rejects these as unproven:

text: In 2012, John Langdon reviewed an

text: e-book

text: published by

text: Bentham Science Publishers

text: collecting 50 years of theorizing about the AAH. In his review, Langdon noted there is no longer a single "aquatic ape hypothesis", but rather  multiple hypotheses with a common theme of

text: evolutionary pressure

text: due to dependence on an aquatic habitat. While original versions attempted to explain an apparently substantial gap between humans and closely related

text: common ancestors

text: , more recent variants of these hypotheses have had to adjust to the fact that the gap was more apparent than real and the significant commonalities found between humans and other African apes. Three main strands of thought now exist regarding the AAH, varying according to when the theorized aquatic phase occurred: from the

text: Middle Miocene

text: to approximately three million years ago (Hardy's original model, which was based on a large gap in the

text: fossil record

text: that has since been filled in), from the

text: Early Miocene

text: when ancestral hominids were thought to wade in coastal swamps and from which Homo species were thought to split off and adapt to swimming and diving (associated with the work of Marc Verhaegen), and from 200,000 years ago when exploitation of coastal resources led humans out of Africa and resulted in the evolution of modern humans (associated with the work of Algis Kuliukas). Langdon notes the strong associations of humans with water, as well as the adaptability of the species to incredibly diverse ecological niches (including coastal and wetland regions), both within and across lifetimes. Whether these associations define humans as "semiaquatic" or not "represents a fundamental point of departure between anthropologists and the [aquatic hypothesis] community." Langdon describes the three lines of evidence cited to support the AAH: comparative anatomy between humans and other semiaquatic species, hypothetical situations in which evolutionary pressure might have produced

text: convergent evolution

text: between humans and semiaquatic species, and the ability of humans to perform various activities in the water. He rejects these as unproven:

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: African apes

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: 200,000 years ago

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: aquatic ape hypothesis

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Middle Miocene

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: 200,000 years ago when exploitation of coastal resources led humans out of Africa

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Africa

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Homo species were thought to split off and adapt to swimming and diving

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: 200,000 years ago

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: "semiaquatic"

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: incredibly diverse ecological niches

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: modern humans

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Homo species were thought to split off and adapt to swimming and diving

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: 200,000 years ago

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: coastal swamps

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: water,

text: According to the Guardian newspaper, some British Muslim students have distributed leaflets on campus, advocating against Darwin's theory of evolution. At a conference in the UK in January 2004, entitled Creationism: Science and Faith in Schools, "Dr Khalid Anees, of the Islamic Society of Britain stated that 'Muslims interpret the world through both the Koran and what is tangible and seen. There is no contradiction between what is revealed in the Koran and natural selection and survival of the fittest'." Maurice Bucaille, famous in the Muslim world for his commentary on the Quran and science, attempted to reconcile evolution with the Quran by accepting animal evolution up to early hominid species, and then positing a separate hominid evolution leading to modern humans. However, these ideas differ from the theory of evolution as accepted by biologists.

text: According to

text: the Guardian

text: newspaper, some British Muslim students have distributed leaflets on campus, advocating against Darwin's theory of evolution. At a conference in the UK in January 2004, entitled Creationism: Science and Faith in Schools, "Dr Khalid Anees, of the Islamic Society of Britain stated that 'Muslims interpret the world through both the Koran and what is tangible and seen. There is no contradiction between what is revealed in the Koran and natural selection and survival of the fittest'."

text: Maurice Bucaille

text: , famous in the Muslim world for his commentary on the

text: Quran and science

text: , attempted to reconcile evolution with the Quran by accepting animal evolution up to early hominid species, and then positing a separate hominid evolution leading to modern humans. However, these ideas differ from the theory of evolution as accepted by biologists.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: hominid evolution

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Maurice Bucaille

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: a separate hominid evolution leading to modern humans.

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: survival of the fittest'."

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: modern humans.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: modern humans.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: hominid evolution

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: biologists.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: evolution.

text: Maestripieri has published six books, several popular science essays, and over 175 scientific articles. His books provide an illustration of his intellectual interests. Evolutionary Theory and Primate Behavior includes a collection of essays illustrating evolutionary analyses of major aspects of primate socioecology and behavior including feeding, social, and reproductive strategies. In Primate Psychology, Maestripieri integrates human and nonhuman primate research on many aspects of social behavior, development, communication and cognition. In Macachiavellian Intelligence: How Rhesus Macaques and Humans Have Conquered the World, he highlights the many parallels between the social behavior of rhesus macaques and human beings and explains them using evolutionary and economic cost-benefit analyses. He also suggests that complex political intelligence evolved in highly competitive primate societies played a role in the evolution of the human brain and human intelligence, as well as in our ecological success on this planet. Maternal Effects in Mammals is an edited collection of theoretical and empirical essays addressing the role of nongenetic maternal influences on phenotypic evolution in many species of mammals. In Animal Personalities: Behavior, Physiology, and Evolution, research on individual differences in behavior and reactivity to the environment in many animals and humans is discussed and integrated from a comparative and evolutionary perspective. In Games Primates Play: An Undercover Investigation of the Evolution and Economics of Human Relationships, Maestripieri illustrates how evolutionary and comparative studies, along with economic cost-benefit analyses of behavior, can explain why people behave the way they do in everyday social situations and in the negotiation of their personal and business relationships.

text: Maestripieri has published six books, several popular science essays, and over 175 scientific articles. His books provide an illustration of his intellectual interests. Evolutionary Theory and Primate Behavior includes a collection of essays illustrating evolutionary analyses of major aspects of

text: primate

text: socioecology

text: and behavior including feeding, social, and reproductive strategies. In Primate Psychology, Maestripieri integrates human and nonhuman primate research on many aspects of social behavior, development, communication and

text: cognition

text: . In Macachiavellian Intelligence: How Rhesus Macaques and Humans Have Conquered the World, he highlights the many parallels between the social behavior of rhesus macaques and human beings and explains them using evolutionary and economic

text: cost-benefit analyses

text: . He also suggests that complex political intelligence evolved in highly competitive primate societies played a role in the evolution of the human brain and human intelligence, as well as in our ecological success on this planet. Maternal Effects in Mammals is an edited collection of theoretical and empirical essays addressing the role of nongenetic maternal influences on

text: phenotypic

text: evolution in many species of mammals. In Animal Personalities: Behavior, Physiology, and Evolution, research on individual differences in behavior and reactivity to the environment in many animals and humans is discussed and integrated from a comparative and evolutionary perspective. In Games Primates Play: An Undercover Investigation of the Evolution and Economics of Human Relationships, Maestripieri illustrates how evolutionary and comparative studies, along with economic cost-benefit analyses of behavior, can explain why people behave the way they do in everyday social situations and in the negotiation of their personal and business relationships.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Rhesus Macaques

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Maestripieri integrates human and nonhuman primate research

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Rhesus Macaques

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: highly competitive primate societies

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Rhesus Macaques

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: feeding, social, and reproductive strategies.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: human brain

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: rhesus macaques

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Rhesus Macaques

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: primate societies

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Animal Personalities: Behavior, Physiology, and Evolution,

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: nongenetic maternal influences on phenotypic evolution

text: The hills date from the late Cenozoic era, and range up to over . Composed mainly of basalt, the mountains were formed by several flows of the Grande Ronde basalt flows that were part of the larger Columbia River basalts. Human settlement goes back 10,000 years to the area's earliest known residents, the Chinook people.

text: The hills date from the late

text: Cenozoic

text: era, and range up to over . Composed mainly of

text: basalt

text: , the mountains were formed by several flows of the Grande Ronde basalt flows that were part of the larger

text: Columbia River basalts

text: . Human settlement goes back 10,000 years to the area's earliest known residents, the

text: Chinook

text: people.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Chinook people

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic era

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is not the same as

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Chinook people

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Columbia River

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Chinook people.

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic era,

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Human settlement goes back 10,000 years

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: over.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Human settlement goes back 10,000

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Human settlement goes back 10,000 years

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Chinook people.

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Chinook people.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: late Cenozoic era,

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Columbia River basalts.

text: The Geology of Kansas encompasses the geologic history of the US state of Kansas and the present-day rock and soil that is exposed there. Rock that crops out in Kansas was formed during the Phanerozoic eon, which consists of three geologic eras: the Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic. Paleozoic rocks at the surface in Kansas are primarily from the Mississippian, Pennsylvanian and Permian periods.

text: The Geology of Kansas encompasses the

text: geologic history

text: of the

text: US

text: state of Kansas and the present-day

text: rock

text: and

text: soil

text: that is exposed there. Rock that

text: crops out

text: in Kansas was formed during the

text: Phanerozoic eon

text: , which consists of three geologic

text: eras

text: : the

text: Paleozoic

text: Mesozoic

text: and

text: Cenozoic

text: . Paleozoic rocks at the surface in Kansas are primarily from the

text: Mississippian

text: Pennsylvanian

text: and

text: Permian

text: periods.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: paleozoic

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is not the same as

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Permian

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Kansas

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Kansas

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Phanerozoic

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Phanerozoic

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: The Geology of Kansas

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Phanerozoic

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Phanerozoic eon,

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Phanerozoic

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Phanerozoic eon,

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Phanerozoic

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Phanerozoic eon,

text: Many scientists, including paleoanthropologists, continue to use the term "hominid" to mean humans and their direct and near-direct bipedal ancestors.

text: Many scientists, including

text: paleoanthropologist

text: s, continue to use the term "hominid" to mean humans and their direct and near-direct bipedal

text: ancestors

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Homininid

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is a term used to refer to humans

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: "hominid"

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: paleoanthropologists, continue to use the term "hominid"

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: "hominid"

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: "hominid"

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: "hominid"

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: "hominid"

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: "hominid"

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: "hominid"

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: "hominid"

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: "hominid"

text: s during the Late Cenozoic. Deng currently assumes several positions, including Deputy Director for the Academic Committee of IVPP, and professor of palaeontology at the graduate school of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. He is also the Deputy Editor-in-Chief of two technical journals, Vertebrata Palasiatica and Evolution of Life.

text: s during the Late Cenozoic. Deng currently assumes several positions, including Deputy Director for the Academic Committee of IVPP, and professor of palaeontology at the graduate school of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. He is also the Deputy Editor-in-Chief of two technical journals, Vertebrata Palasiatica and Evolution of Life.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: was the ancestor of humans

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Late Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: palaeontology

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Late Cenozoic.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Late Cenozoic.

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: Late Cenozoic.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Late Cenozoic.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: s during the Late Cenozoic.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Late Cenozoic.

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Late Cenozoic.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Late Cenozoic.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Late Cenozoic.

text: The human FPR2 gene encodes the 351 amino acid receptor, FPR2, within an intronless open reading frame.  It forms a cluster with FPR1 and FPR3 genes on chromosome 19q.13.3 in the order of FPR1, FPR2, and FPR3; this cluster also includes the genes for two other chemotactic factor receptors, the G protein-coupled C5a receptor (also termed CD88) and a second C5a receptor, GPR77 (i.e. C5a2 or C5L2), which has the structure of G protein receptors but apparently does not couple to G proteins and is of uncertain function.  The FPR1, FPR2, and FPR3 paralogs, based on phylogenetic analysis, originated from a common ancestor with early duplication of FPR1 and FPR2/FPR3 splitting with FPR3 originating from the latest duplication event near the origin of primates.

text: The human FPR2 gene encodes the 351 amino acid receptor, FPR2, within an intronless open reading frame.  It forms a cluster with FPR1 and FPR3 genes on chromosome 19q.13.3 in the order of FPR1, FPR2, and FPR3; this cluster also includes the genes for two other chemotactic factor receptors, the G protein-coupled

text: C5a receptor

text: (also termed CD88) and a second C5a receptor,

text: (i.e. C5a2 or C5L2), which has the structure of G protein receptors but apparently does not couple to G proteins and is of uncertain function.  The FPR1, FPR2, and FPR3

text: paralog

text: s, based on

text: phylogenetic analysis

text: , originated from a common ancestor with early duplication of FPR1 and FPR2/FPR3 splitting with FPR3 originating from the latest duplication event near the origin of primates.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: duplication event

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: It does not say

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: FPR2 gene

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: primates.

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: latest duplication event near the origin of primates.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: primates.

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: primates.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: primates.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: primates.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: primates.

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: primates.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: FPR1, FPR2, and FPR3

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: FPR2

text: Various mutations can stop a gene from being successfully transcribed or translated, and a gene may become nonfunctional or deactivated if such a mutation becomes fixed in the population. This is the same mechanism by which non-processed genes become deactivated, but the difference in this case is that the gene was not duplicated before becoming disabled. Normally, such gene deactivation would be unlikely to become fixed in a population, but various population effects, such as genetic drift, a population bottleneck, or in some cases, natural selection, can lead to fixation. The classic example of a unitary pseudogene is the gene that presumably coded the enzyme L-gulono-γ-lactone oxidase (GULO) in primates. In all mammals studied besides primates (except guinea pigs), GULO aids in the biosynthesis of ascorbic acid (vitamin C), but it exists as a disabled gene (GULOP) in humans and other primates. Another interesting and more recent example of a disabled gene links the deactivation of the caspase 12 gene (through a nonsense mutation) to positive selection in humans.

text: Various mutations can stop a gene from being successfully transcribed or translated, and a gene may become nonfunctional or deactivated if such a mutation becomes fixed in the population. This is the same mechanism by which non-processed genes become deactivated, but the difference in this case is that the gene was not duplicated before becoming disabled. Normally, such gene deactivation would be unlikely to become fixed in a population, but various population effects, such as

text: genetic drift

text: , a

text: population bottleneck

text: , or in some cases,

text: natural selection

text: , can lead to fixation. The classic example of a unitary pseudogene is the gene that presumably coded the enzyme

text: L-gulono-γ-lactone oxidase

text: (GULO) in primates. In all mammals studied besides primates (except guinea pigs), GULO aids in the biosynthesis of

text: ascorbic acid

text: (vitamin C), but it exists as a disabled gene (GULOP) in humans and other primates. Another interesting and more recent example of a disabled gene links the deactivation of the

text: caspase 12

text: gene (through a

text: nonsense mutation

text: ) to positive selection in humans.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: natural selection

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: guinea pigs

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: primates.

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: natural selection,

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: primates.

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: transcribed or translated,

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: primates.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: primates.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: primates.

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: primates.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Various mutations can stop a gene from being successfully transcribed

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: mutations

text: The Cenozoic evolution of Borneo is predominantly controlled by active regional and local tectonics and climate.  In the Paleocene, Borneo was a promontory of SE Asia, partially separated by oceanic crust of the proto-South China Sea.  There is geologic evidence that suggests Borneo has rotated counter clock wise about 45° from its orentation at the end of the Oligocene while remaining to straddle the equator.  This would indicate most of the Paleogene sediment in North Borneo was sourced from Indochina.  In the Mid Eocene formation of the Celebs Sea and Makassar Strait rifted the eastern margin of Borneo while subduction of oceanic crust occurred on the western margin, producing deep basins on both sides. In the late Oligocene to Early Miocene, the central mountain ranges of Borneo began to rise.  The equatorial perhumid climate provided intense chemical weathering and erosion of the newly uplifted rock and filled the marginal basins of Borneo with sediment.  Neogene sediments are up to 9 km thick in sections of some basins.  Reconstruction of the sediment volume indicates that at least 6 km of crust was removed from the interior of Borneo in the Neogene.  A period of punctuated compressional events beginning in the mid Miocene affected the continued evolution of these basins, deforming and inverting them.  Igneous activity continued throughout the Cenozoic but was particularly more active in the northern region of Borneo in the Neogene.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Neogene

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Neogene

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Paleocene

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Paleocene

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Borneo is predominantly controlled by active regional and local tectonics and climate

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Makassar Strait

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Neogene

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Oligocene to Early Miocene,

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Neogene

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: lifted rock

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Paleocene,

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Paleocene,

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Miocene

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: The Cenozoic evolution of Borneo

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: chemical weathering and erosion of the newly uplifted rock

text: Dr. Walker is a paleoanthropologist who works on primate and human evolution.

text: Dr. Walker is a paleoanthropologist who works on primate and human evolution.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: primate

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Paleolithic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is a primate

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: primate

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: genus

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: primate

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: primate and human evolution.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: primate

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: primate and human evolution.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: human

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: human evolution.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: primate

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: human evolution.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Dr. Walker

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: primate

text: Ridley argues that few, if any, aspects of human nature can be understood apart from sex, since human nature is a product of evolution, driven by sexual reproduction in the case of sexual selection in human evolution.

text: Ridley argues that few, if any, aspects of human nature can be understood apart from sex, since human nature is a product of

text: evolution

text: , driven by

text: sexual reproduction

text: in the case of

text: sexual selection in human evolution

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: sex

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: geological time

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is not a species

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: ape

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: evolution

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: sex,

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: sexual selection

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: sexual reproduction in the case of sexual selection in human evolution.

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: sex,

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: sex,

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: sex,

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: a product of evolution,

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: sex,

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: sex,

text: In the early Eocene Epoch (55.8 million years ago) the Coastal Plain of Virginia was completely underwater. Sediment accumulating beneath this sea eventually would become the Crow's Nest of today. The Paleocene and the Eocene epochs are found in the Cenozoic Era, or the age of the mammals. The Cenozoic Era spanned a length of time from 66 million years ago to the present.

text: In the early

text: Eocene Epoch

text: (55.8 million years ago) the Coastal Plain of Virginia was completely underwater. Sediment accumulating beneath this sea eventually would become the Crow's Nest of today. The

text: Paleocene

text: and the

text: Eocene

text: epochs

text: are found in the

text: Cenozoic

text: Era, or the age of the mammals. The Cenozoic Era spanned a length of time from 66 million years ago to the present.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Eocene

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic Era

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: 66 million years ago

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Eocene

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Cenozoic Era

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: the Coastal Plain

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Eocene

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic Era,

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Eocene Epoch

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: underwater.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Eocene Epoch

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Eocene

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Cenozoic Era,

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Eocene Epoch

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Eocene Epoch

text: The GRIK4 gene displayed significantly higher rates of evolution in primates than in rodents and especially in the lineage leading from primates to humans.  Furthermore, the GRIK4 gene is implicated in the development of the nervous system.  Hence evolution of the GRIK4 gene is thought to have played a role in the dramatic increases in size and complexity of the brain that occurred during evolutionary history leading to humans.

text: The GRIK4 gene displayed significantly higher rates of evolution in primates than in rodents and especially in the lineage leading from primates to humans.  Furthermore, the GRIK4 gene is implicated in the development of the nervous system.  Hence evolution of the GRIK4 gene is thought to have played a role in the dramatic increases in size and complexity of the brain that occurred during evolutionary history leading to humans.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: lineage

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is a species of primate

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: lineage

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: evolutionary history

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: primates to humans.

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: The GRIK4 gene displayed significantly higher rates of evolution in primates

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: humans.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: humans.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: primates to humans.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: humans.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: GRIK4

text: Clarence (2012) suggests that afro-textured hair may have initially evolved because of an adaptive need amongst humans' early hominid ancestors for protection against the intense UV radiation of the sun in Africa. With regard to the hypothesized recent African origin of modern humans, the author argues that afro-textured hair was the original hair texture of all modern humans prior to the "Out-of-Africa" migration that populated the rest of the globe. According to Clarence (2012), afro-textured hair may have been adaptive for the earliest modern humans in Africa because the relatively sparse density of such hair, combined with its elastic helix shape, results in an airy effect. The resulting increased circulation of cool air onto the scalp may have thus served to facilitate the body-temperature-regulation system of hominids while they lived on the open savannah. Afro-hair requires more moisture than straight hair and tends to shrink when dry. Instead of sticking to the neck and scalp when damp (as do straighter textures), unless completely drenched it tends to retain its basic springiness. The trait may have been retained and/or preferred among many anatomically modern populations in equatorial areas, such as Polynesians, Micronesians, Melanesians, Australoids and the Negrito, because of its contribution to enhanced comfort levels under tropical climate conditions.

text: Clarence (2012) suggests that afro-textured hair may have initially evolved because of an adaptive need amongst humans' early

text: hominid

text: ancestors for protection against the intense

text: UV

text: radiation

text: of the sun in Africa. With regard to the hypothesized

text: recent African origin of modern humans

text: , the author argues that afro-textured hair was the original hair texture of all modern humans prior to the "Out-of-Africa" migration that populated the rest of the globe. According to Clarence (2012), afro-textured hair may have been adaptive for the earliest modern humans in Africa because the relatively sparse density of such hair, combined with its elastic helix shape, results in an airy effect. The resulting increased circulation of cool air onto the scalp may have thus served to facilitate the

text: body-temperature-regulation system

text: of hominids while they lived on the open

text: savannah

text: . Afro-hair requires more moisture than straight hair and tends to shrink when dry. Instead of sticking to the neck and scalp when damp (as do straighter textures), unless completely drenched it tends to retain its basic springiness. The trait may have been retained and/or preferred among many anatomically modern populations in equatorial areas, such as

text: Polynesians

entity_name: Demographics of the Federated States of Micronesia

text: Micronesians

text: Melanesians

text: Australoids

text: and the

text: Negrito

text: , because of its contribution to enhanced comfort levels under

text: tropical climate

text: conditions.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Out-of-Africa

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: afro-textured hair

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Africa

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: afro-textured hair

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: "Out-of-Africa" migration

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: hominid ancestors

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: enhanced comfort levels under tropical climate conditions.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: humans' early hominid ancestors

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: African origin

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: afro-textured hair

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: "Out-of-Africa"

text: Some fossil snakes from the Cenozoic era are also known.

text: Some fossil snakes from the

text: Cenozoic

text: era are also known.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is a species of primate

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: snakes

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic era

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Some fossil snakes

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: Some fossil snakes

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Cenozoic era

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: fossil snakes

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: snakes

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Some fossil snakes

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: snakes

text: Archicebus is a genus of fossil primates that lived in the early Eocene forests (~55 million years ago) of what is now Jingzhou in the Hubei Province in central China, discovered in 2003. The only known species, A. achilles, was a small primate, estimated to weigh approximately , and is the only known member of the family Archicebidae. As of 2013, it is the oldest fossil haplorhine primate skeleton discovered, and is most closely related to tarsiers and the fossil omomyids, although A. achilles is suggested to have been diurnal whereas tarsiers are nocturnal. Resembling tarsiers and simians (monkeys, apes, and humans), it was a haplorhine primate, and it also may have resembled the last common ancestor of all haplorhines as well as the last common ancestor of all primates. Its discovery further supports the hypothesis that primates originated in Asia, not in Africa.

text: Archicebus is a

text: genus

text: of

text: fossil primates

text: that lived in the early

text: Eocene

text: forests (~55 million years ago) of what is now

text: Jingzhou

text: in the

text: Hubei

text: Province in central China, discovered in 2003. The only known

text: species

text: , A. achilles, was a small

text: primate

text: , estimated to weigh approximately , and is the only known member of the

text: family

text: Archicebidae. As of 2013, it is the oldest fossil haplorhine primate skeleton discovered, and is most closely related to

text: tarsier

text: s and the fossil

text: omomyid

text: s, although A. achilles is suggested to have been

text: diurnal

text: whereas tarsiers are

text: nocturnal

text: . Resembling tarsiers and

text: simian

text: s (

text: monkey

text: s,

text: ape

text: s, and

text: human

text: s), it was a

text: haplorhine

text: primate, and it also may have resembled the last common ancestor of all haplorhines as well as the last

text: common ancestor

text: of all primates. Its discovery further supports the hypothesis that primates originated in Asia, not in Africa.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: tarsiers

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Eocene

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: What is the last common ancestor of humans?

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: simians

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: haplorhines

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Eocene

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: simians

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: nocturnal.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Africa.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: omomyids,

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: haplorhines

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Resembling tarsiers and simians

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Africa.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Africa.

text: There is a fourth meaning for the word evolution that is not used by biologists today. In 1857, the philosopher Herbert Spencer defined it as "change from the homogeneous to the heterogeneous." He claimed (before Darwin) that this was "settled beyond dispute" for organic evolution and applied it to the evolution of star systems, geology and human society. Even Spencer by 1865 was admitting that his definition was imperfect, but it remained popular throughout the nineteenth century before declining under the criticisms of William James and others.

text: There is a fourth meaning for the word evolution that is not used by biologists today. In 1857, the philosopher

text: Herbert Spencer

text: defined it as "change from the homogeneous to the heterogeneous." He claimed (before Darwin) that this was "settled beyond dispute" for organic evolution and applied it to the evolution of star systems, geology and human society. Even Spencer by 1865 was admitting that his definition was imperfect, but it remained popular throughout the nineteenth century before declining under the criticisms of

text: William James

text: and others.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Spencer

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: nineteenth century

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is not used by biologists today

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Herbert Spencer

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: evolution of star systems, geology and human society

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: change

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: star systems,

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: nineteenth century

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: "change from the homogeneous to the heterogeneous."

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: "change from the homogeneous to the heterogeneous."

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: "change from the homogeneous to the heterogeneous."

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: homogeneous to the heterogeneous."

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Darwin)

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: homogeneous to the heterogeneous."

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: "settled beyond dispute" for organic evolution

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: homogeneous to the heterogeneous."

text: In New Zealand, these epochs and stages use local place names (mainly Maori in origin) back to the Permian. Prior to this time, they largely use the same terms as used in the Australian geologic time scale, and are not divided into epochs. In practice, these early terms are rarely used, as most New Zealand geology is of more recent origin. In all cases, New Zealand uses the same periods as used internationally; it is only the subdivisions of these periods that have been renamed. Very few epochs and stages cross international period boundaries. Of those that do, almost all are within the Cenozoic Era.

text: In

text: New Zealand

text: , these epochs and stages use local place names (mainly

text: Maori

text: in origin) back to the

text: Permian

text: . Prior to this time, they largely use the same terms as used in the

text: Australian geologic time scale

text: , and are not divided into epochs. In practice, these early terms are rarely used, as most New Zealand geology is of more recent origin. In all cases, New Zealand uses the same periods as used internationally; it is only the subdivisions of these periods that have been renamed. Very few epochs and stages cross international period boundaries. Of those that do, almost all are within the Cenozoic Era.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Maori

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Permian

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is a species of primate

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Permian

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: international period boundaries

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Maori in origin) back to the Permian.

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic Era.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Permian.

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: In New Zealand,

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Permian.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Permian.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Permian.

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Cenozoic Era.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Permian.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Permian.

text: The theory builds on human evolution ideas and has been proposed as an alternative to media richness theory. Media naturalness theory argues that since our Stone Age hominid ancestors have communicated primarily face-to-face, evolutionary pressures have led to the development of a brain that is consequently designed for that form of communication. Other forms of communication are too recent and unlikely to have posed evolutionary pressures that could have shaped our brain in their direction. Using communication media that suppress key elements found in face-to-face communication, as many electronic communication media do, thus ends up posing cognitive obstacles to communication. This is particularly the case in the context of complex tasks (e.g., business process redesign, new product development, online learning), because such tasks seem to require more intense communication over extended periods of time than simple tasks.

text: The theory builds on human evolution ideas and has been proposed as an alternative to

text: media richness theory

text: . Media naturalness theory argues that since our Stone Age hominid ancestors have communicated primarily face-to-face, evolutionary pressures have led to the development of a brain that is consequently designed for that form of communication. Other forms of communication are too recent and unlikely to have posed evolutionary pressures that could have shaped our brain in their direction. Using communication media that suppress key elements found in face-to-face communication, as many electronic communication media do, thus ends up posing cognitive obstacles to communication. This is particularly the case in the context of complex tasks (e.g.,

text: business process redesign

text: new product development

text: online learning

text: ), because such tasks seem to require more intense communication over extended periods of time than simple tasks.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Stone Age

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Stone Age

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: media naturalness theory

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Stone Age hominid

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Stone Age hominid

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Stone Age hominid

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Stone Age

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Media naturalness theory

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: simple tasks.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Stone Age

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Stone Age hominid ancestors

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Stone Age hominid

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Stone Age hominid ancestors

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Media naturalness theory

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Stone Age

text: The range is typical of the Basin and Range Province with isolated high mountains surrounded by downfaulted basins filled with sediments. The rocks of the range include Paleozoic sedimentary and metamorphic rocks intruded by Mesozoic igneous rocks and covered by Mesozoic and Cenozoic volcanic rocks.

text: The range is typical of the

text: Basin and Range Province

text: with isolated high mountains surrounded by downfaulted basins filled with sediments. The rocks of the range include

text: Paleozoic

text: sedimentary

text: and

text: metamorphic

text: rocks intruded by

text: Mesozoic

text: igneous rock

text: s and covered by Mesozoic and

text: Cenozoic

text: volcanic rock

text: s.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is not the same as

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Mesozoic

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Basin and Range Province

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Mesozoic and Cenozoic volcanic rocks.

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: mountains surrounded by downfaulted basins filled with sediments.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: The range is typical of the Basin and Range Province

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Basin and Range Province

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Mesozoic and Cenozoic volcanic rocks.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Mesozoic and Cenozoic volcanic rocks.

text: At the beginning of the Cenozoic era and the early Alpine tectonic cycle, large anticlines, or folds were being formed in the Balkan Mountains, and during this time the region turned to dry land.  About 45 million years ago, the rising of the Belogradchik anticline began, and during this folding, the limestone and the conglomerates in the core cracked, creating vertical and horizontal rifts in the ridge of the anticline.  In the core of the Belogradchik anticline, Paleozoic rocks are found and the slopes are formed of conglomerates, sandstone, and Jurassic limestone.

text: At the beginning of the

text: Cenozoic

text: era

text: and the early Alpine tectonic cycle, large anticlines, or folds were being formed in the Balkan Mountains, and during this time the region turned to dry land.  About 45 million years ago, the rising of the Belogradchik

text: anticline

text: began, and during this folding, the limestone and the conglomerates in the core cracked, creating vertical and horizontal rifts in the ridge of the anticline.  In the core of the Belogradchik anticline, Paleozoic rocks are found and the slopes are formed of conglomerates, sandstone, and Jurassic limestone.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Jurassic

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Jurassic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is a type of

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Jurassic

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Jurassic

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: anticlines

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic era and the early Alpine tectonic cycle,

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Cenozoic era and the early Alpine tectonic cycle,

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: Cenozoic era and the early Alpine tectonic cycle,

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: 45

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Cenozoic era and the early Alpine tectonic cycle,

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Cenozoic era

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Cenozoic era and the early Alpine tectonic cycle,

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: anticlines,

text: The second and third timelines are each subsections of their preceding timeline as indicated by asterisks. The Cenozoic is sometimes divided into the Quaternary and Tertiary periods, although the latter is no longer used officially.

text: The second and third timelines are each subsections of their preceding timeline as indicated by asterisks. The Cenozoic is sometimes divided into the

text: Quaternary

text: and

text: Tertiary

text: periods, although the latter is no longer used officially.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Quaternary

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Tertiary

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: The Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Quaternary

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Tertiary

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Tertiary

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: The Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: The Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: The Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: asterisks.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: The Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: The Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: The Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: The Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: The Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: The Cenozoic

text: It deals with many esoteric topics and also metaphysics, physiology and cosmology (the visible and invisible worlds, human evolution, death and rebirth, nutrition, esoteric training, ...). It contains a history of the evolution of the human spirit and related bodies (from before awareness, through various incarnations of our planet on various planes, and into the future development) and of animal, vegetable and mineral life waves (the myriad life forms and types of consciousness on this physical plane, experiencing their own points in evolution). It also presents an esoteric interpretation about the mission of Christ and an occult analysis of Biblical texts which include the fall of man, the Law of Cause and Consequence and Bible and rebirth, and many other themes which were further developed in the subsequent books, lectures and lessons given by the author at the time (1910s) in the United States.

text: It deals with many esoteric topics and also

text: metaphysics

text: physiology

text: and

text: cosmology

text: (the visible and invisible worlds, human evolution,

text: death and rebirth

text: , nutrition, esoteric training, ...). It contains a history of the evolution of the human spirit and related bodies (from before awareness, through various incarnations of our planet on various planes, and into the future development) and of animal, vegetable and mineral life waves (the myriad life forms and types of consciousness on this physical plane, experiencing their own points in evolution). It also presents an

text: esoteric interpretation

text: about the mission of Christ and an

text: occult

text: analysis of

text: Biblical

text: texts which include the fall of man, the

text: Law of Cause and Consequence

text: and Bible and rebirth, and many other themes which were further developed in the subsequent books, lectures and lessons given by the author at the time (1910s) in the United States.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: incarnations

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: human evolution

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: before awareness

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: the visible and invisible worlds

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: animal,

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: future development)

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: human evolution,

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: death and rebirth,

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: human evolution,

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: human evolution,

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: man,

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: evolution).

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: evolution of the human spirit and related bodies

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: (the visible and invisible worlds,

text: David Begun concluded that early primates flourished in Eurasia and that a lineage leading to the African apes and humans, including Dryopithecus, migrated south from Europe or Western Asia into Africa. The surviving tropical population of primates, which is seen most completely in the upper Eocene and lowermost Oligocene fossil beds of the Faiyum depression southwest of Cairo, gave rise to all living species—lemurs of Madagascar, lorises of Southeast Asia, galagos or "bush babies" of Africa, and the anthropoids: platyrrhine or New World monkeys, catarrhines or Old World monkeys, and the great apes, which share common ancestors with Homo sapiens.

text: David Begun

text: concluded that early primates flourished in Eurasia and that a lineage leading to the African apes and humans, including

text: Dryopithecus

text: , migrated south from Europe or Western Asia into Africa. The surviving tropical population of primates, which is seen most completely in the upper Eocene and lowermost Oligocene fossil beds of the

text: Faiyum

text: depression southwest of Cairo, gave rise to all living species—

text: lemur

text: s of Madagascar,

text: loris

text: es of Southeast Asia,

text: galago

text: s or "bush babies" of Africa, and the

text: anthropoids

text: platyrrhine or New World monkeys

text: catarrhine

text: s or Old World monkeys, and the great apes, which share common ancestors with

text: Homo sapiens

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: great apes

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Oligocene

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: great apes share common ancestors with Homo sapiens

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Dryopithecus

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: a lineage leading to the African apes

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Europe or Western Asia

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: the great apes,

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Oligocene

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: African apes

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: African apes and humans, including Dryopithecus,

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: upper Eocene and lowermost Oligocene

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Homo sapiens.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Dryopithecus,

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Homo sapiens.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: David Begun concluded that early primates flourished in Eurasia

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Europe or Western Asia into Africa.

text: The evolution of color vision in primates is unique compared to most eutherian mammals. A remote vertebrate ancestor of primates possessed tetrachromacy, but nocturnal, warm-blooded, mammalian ancestors lost two of four cones in the retina at the time of dinosaurs. Most teleost fish, reptiles and birds are therefore tetrachromatic while all mammals, with the exception of some primates and marsupials, are strictly dichromats.

text: The evolution of

text: color vision

text: in primates is unique compared to most

text: eutherian

text: mammals

text: . A remote

text: vertebrate

text: ancestor of primates possessed

text: tetrachromacy

text: , but

text: nocturnal

text: warm-blooded

text: , mammalian ancestors lost two of four cones in the

text: retina

text: at the

text: time of dinosaur

text: s. Most

text: teleost fish

text: reptile

text: s and

text: bird

text: s are therefore tetrachromatic while all mammals, with the exception of some

text: primate

text: s and

text: marsupial

text: s, are strictly dichromats.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: tetrachromacy

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: dinosaurs.

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: dinosaurs.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: nocturnal, warm-blooded,

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: dinosaurs.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: some primates and marsupials, are strictly dichromats.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: primates possessed tetrachromacy,

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: dinosaurs.

text: One of the original aspects of the noosphere concept deals with evolution. Henri Bergson, with his L'évolution créatrice  (1907), was one of the first to propose evolution is "creative" and cannot necessarily be explained solely by Darwinian natural selection. L'évolution créatrice is upheld, according to Bergson, by a constant vital force which animates life and fundamentally connects mind and body, an idea opposing the dualism of René Descartes. In 1923, C. Lloyd Morgan took this work further, elaborating on an "emergent evolution" which could explain increasing complexity (including the evolution of mind). Morgan found many of the most interesting changes in living things have been largely discontinuous with past evolution. Therefore, these living things did not necessarily evolve through a gradual process of natural selection. Rather, he posited, the process of evolution experiences jumps in complexity (such as the emergence of a self-reflective universe, or noosphere). Finally, the complexification of human cultures, particularly language, facilitated a quickening of evolution in which cultural evolution occurs more rapidly than biological evolution. Recent understanding of human ecosystems and of human impact on the biosphere have led to a link between the notion of sustainability with the "co-evolution" and harmonization of cultural and biological evolution.

text: One of the original aspects of the noosphere concept deals with

text: evolution

text: Henri Bergson

text: , with his

text: L'évolution créatrice

text: (1907), was one of the first to propose evolution is "creative" and cannot necessarily be explained solely by Darwinian

text: natural selection

text: . L'évolution créatrice is upheld, according to Bergson, by a constant

text: vital force

text: which animates life and fundamentally connects mind and body, an idea opposing the dualism of

text: René Descartes

text: . In 1923,

text: C. Lloyd Morgan

text: took this work further, elaborating on an "

text: emergent evolution

text: " which could explain increasing

text: complexity

text: (including the evolution of mind). Morgan found many of the most interesting changes in living things have been largely discontinuous with past evolution. Therefore, these living things did not necessarily evolve through a gradual process of natural selection. Rather, he posited, the process of evolution experiences jumps in complexity (such as the emergence of a self-reflective universe, or noosphere). Finally, the complexification of human cultures, particularly language, facilitated a quickening of evolution in which cultural evolution occurs more rapidly than biological evolution. Recent understanding of human ecosystems and of human impact on the biosphere have led to a link between the notion of

text: sustainability

text: with the "co-evolution" and harmonization of cultural and biological evolution.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: modern humans

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: cultural evolution occurs more rapidly than biological evolution

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: did not necessarily evolve through a gradual process

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: C. Lloyd Morgan

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: noosphere

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: noosphere

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Henri Bergson,

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: cultural evolution occurs more rapidly than biological evolution.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: L'évolution créatrice

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: connects mind and body,

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: L'évolution créatrice (1907),

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: evolution. Henri Bergson,

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Henri Bergson,

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: human impact on the biosphere

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: C. Lloyd Morgan

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Darwinian natural selection.

text: Amylase is an enzyme in saliva that is responsible for the breakdown of starch into monosaccharides, and one type of amylase is encoded by the alpha-amylase gene (AMY1). The AMY1 locus, as well as the amylase enzyme, is one of the most extensively studied and sequenced gene in the human genome. Its homologs are also found in other primates and therefore it is likely that the primate AMY1 gene is ancestral to the human AMY1 gene and was adapted early in primate evolution. AMY1 is a particularly interesting gene to examine as it is one of the most well studied genes which has wide range of variable numbers of copies throughout different human populations. The AMY1 gene is also one of the few genes that had been studied that displayed convincing evidence which correlates its protein function to its copy number. Copy number is known to alter transcription as well as translation levels of a particular gene, however research has shown that the relationship between protein levels and copy number is variable. In the AMY1 genes of European Americans it is found that the concentration of salivary amylase is closely correlated to the copy number of the AMY1 gene. As a result, it was hypothesized that the copy number of the AMY1 gene is closely correlated with its protein function, which is to digest starch.

text: Amylase is an

text: enzyme

text: in saliva that is responsible for the breakdown of

text: starch

text: into

text: monosaccharides

text: , and one type of amylase is encoded by the alpha-amylase gene (AMY1). The AMY1 locus, as well as the amylase enzyme, is one of the most extensively studied and sequenced gene in the human genome. Its homologs are also found in other primates and therefore it is likely that the

text: primate

text: AMY1 gene is ancestral to the human AMY1 gene and was adapted early in primate evolution. AMY1 is a particularly interesting gene to examine as it is one of the most well studied genes which has wide range of variable numbers of copies throughout different human populations. The AMY1 gene is also one of the few genes that had been studied that displayed convincing evidence which correlates its protein function to its copy number. Copy number is known to alter

text: transcription

text: as well as

text: translation

text: levels of a particular gene, however research has shown that the relationship between protein levels and copy number is variable. In the AMY1 genes of European Americans it is found that the concentration of salivary amylase is closely correlated to the copy number of the AMY1 gene. As a result, it was hypothesized that the copy number of the AMY1 gene is closely correlated with its protein function, which is to digest starch.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: European Americans

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: primate evolution

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: was adapted early in primate evolution

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: primate

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: primate evolution.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: primate evolution.

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: digest starch.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: primate evolution.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: primate evolution.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: AMY1 genes of European Americans

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Amylase

text: The Captain Marshall Field Expeditions were undertaken by the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago, Illinois.  The two Captain Marshall Field paleontological expeditions had the goal of finding South American  Cenozoic mammals. The mammals of South America had evolved in near total isolation from the rest of the world from almost the beginning of the Cenozoic Era until only a few million years ago.

text: The Captain Marshall Field Expeditions were undertaken by the

text: Field Museum of Natural History

text: in

text: Chicago

text: Illinois

text: .  The two Captain Marshall Field paleontological expeditions had the goal of finding South American

text: Cenozoic

text: mammals. The mammals of South America had evolved in near total isolation from the rest of the world from almost the beginning of the

text: Cenozoic

text: Era until only a few million years ago.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is a mammal

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: South America

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic Era

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: South American Cenozoic mammals.

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: a few million

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: South American Cenozoic mammals.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Cenozoic mammals.

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Cenozoic mammals.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: South American Cenozoic mammals.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Cenozoic Era

text: Bringmans' research and teaching interests include archaeological method and theory, Quaternary research, geoarchaeology, especially loess-stratigraphy and paleosols, lithic technology, dating methods in archaeology and human evolution.

text: Bringmans'

text: research

text: and

text: teaching

text: interests include archaeological method and theory,

text: Quaternary

text: research,

text: geoarchaeology

text: , especially

text: loess

text: stratigraphy

text: and

text: paleosols

text: lithic technology

text: , dating methods in

text: archaeology

text: and

text: human evolution

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Quaternary

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Quaternary

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: bringmans

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: bringmans

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Bringmans

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Bringmans'

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Quaternary

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: human evolution.

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: human evolution.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: human evolution.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: human evolution.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: human evolution.

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: human evolution.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: human evolution.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: loess-stratigraphy and paleosols,

text: The Mississippi embayment still covered part of Missouri during the early Cenozoic. The state's early Cenozoic flora comprised plants typical of moderate climatic conditions. During the Eocene epoch of the Cenozoic era, the plant life of the time left behind fossils. Hickory, linden, sycamore, and walnut left behind remains in southeastern Missouri, especially, Stottard and Scott County

text: The Mississippi embayment still covered part of Missouri during the early

text: Cenozoic

text: . The state's early Cenozoic flora comprised plants typical of moderate climatic conditions. During the

text: Eocene

text: epoch of the

text: Cenozoic

text: era, the plant life of the time left behind fossils.

text: Hickory

text: linden

text: sycamore

text: , and

text: walnut

text: left behind remains in southeastern Missouri, especially,

text: Stottard

text: and

text: Scott County

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is not the same as

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Eocene

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Hickory,

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: early Cenozoic.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: early Cenozoic.

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: moderate climatic conditions.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: early Cenozoic.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: early Cenozoic.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Eocene

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: early Cenozoic.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: early Cenozoic.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: The Mississippi embayment

text: The University of the Witwatersrand is the curator of the fossils. The fossils are owned by the Republic of South Africa and will likely stay there, in accord with a 1998 resolution by the International Association for the Study of Human Paleontology – also approved by a South African permanent council member of the organisation – "strongly recommending that original hominid fossils not be transported beyond the boundaries of the country of origin, unless there are compelling scientific reasons which must include the demonstration that the proposed investigations cannot proceed in the forseeable [sic] future in the country of origin".

text: The University of the Witwatersrand is the curator of the fossils. The fossils are owned by the Republic of South Africa and will likely stay there, in accord with a 1998 resolution by the

text: International Association for the Study of Human Paleontology

text: – also approved by a South African permanent council member of the organisation – "strongly recommending that original hominid fossils not be transported beyond the boundaries of the country of origin, unless there are compelling scientific reasons which must include the demonstration that the proposed investigations cannot proceed in the forseeable [sic] future in the country of origin".

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: South Africa

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: transported beyond the boundaries of the country of origin,

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: 1998 resolution by the International Association for the Study of Human Paleontology

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: 1998 resolution by the International Association for the Study of Human Paleontology

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: hominid

text: Palaeoanthropologists Alice Roberts and Mark Maslin have published a website critique of the AAH (also published in the ‘i’ newspaper) dismissing it as a distraction "from the emerging story of human evolution that is more interesting and complex", adding AAH has become "a theory of everything" that is simultaneously "too extravagant and too simple".  This was a response, as their title indicates, to two BBC radio documentaries made by David Attenborough aired in September 2016, which referred to a number of recent research findings presented as consistent with the AAH/Waterside Hypothesis standpoint. Several authors of papers in a special issue of the Journal of Human Evolutionwere interviewed about their work including Kathlyn Stewart,Michael Crawford and Curtis Marean Other research findings highlighted were on the common chemistry of vernix in human and aquatic mammalian neonates and aural exostoses (surfer's ear) found in hominid fossils.

text: Palaeoanthropologists

text: Alice Roberts

text: and Mark Maslin have published a website critique of the AAH (also published in the ‘i’ newspaper) dismissing it as a distraction "from the emerging story of human evolution that is more interesting and complex", adding AAH has become "a theory of everything" that is simultaneously "too extravagant and too simple".  This was a response, as their title indicates, to two BBC radio documentaries made by

text: David Attenborough

text: aired in September 2016, which referred to a number of recent research findings presented as consistent with the AAH/Waterside Hypothesis standpoint. Several authors of papers in a special issue of the Journal of Human Evolutionwere interviewed about their work including Kathlyn Stewart,Michael Crawford and Curtis Marean Other research findings highlighted were on the common chemistry of vernix in human and aquatic mammalian neonates and aural exostoses (

text: surfer's ear

text: ) found in hominid fossils.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Hominid

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: AAH/Waterside Hypothesis

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: aquatic mammalian

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: AAH

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: AAH

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: aquatic

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: AAH

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: human evolution

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: AAH/Waterside Hypothesis

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: AAH/Waterside Hypothesis

text: After the Ancients' ascension they continued to oppose their former nemesis, the Ori, who had also reached Enlightenment. Although the two factions were deadlocked in strength, the Ori were still bent on destroying the Ancients once and for all. The Ancients probably outnumbered the Ori as the ranks of the ascended Ori were not swelled by new ascendants, rather they preferred to hoard the energy they derived from their own mortal worshipers, sapping power from this second evolution of humanity created in their own galaxy to gather enough strength to, ultimately, attack the Ancients. In response, the Ancients chose to hide their own second evolution created in the Milky Way from the Ori with the sole purpose of protecting the Milky Way humans from being coerced into forced religious servitude to the Ori, and thus used as a resource for the Ori to empower themselves. To this end they also probably influenced the association of fire, the central icon of the Ori religion, with demonic imagery. Still, they refused to take direct action because of their strict self-imposed edict of self-determination.  It is also likely that the Ancients knew the slippery slope of addiction to empowerment by way of the worship of `Lowers` and understood that there was a danger in this reliance, giving the Ori and later Adria a weakness despite `God` like powers. There are several examples of "lowers" praying and giving thanks to the Ancients/Ancestors in the Pegasus Galaxy. Such as "The Tower", even an exiled Ancient on a planet where the people worship her as "Athar" in the Stargate Atlantis episode, "Sanctuary."

text: After the Ancients' ascension they continued to oppose their former nemesis, the Ori, who had also reached Enlightenment. Although the two factions were deadlocked in strength, the Ori were still bent on destroying the Ancients once and for all. The Ancients probably outnumbered the Ori as the ranks of the ascended Ori were not swelled by new ascendants, rather they preferred to hoard the energy they derived from their own mortal worshipers, sapping power from this second evolution of humanity created in their own galaxy to gather enough strength to, ultimately, attack the Ancients. In response, the Ancients chose to hide their own second evolution created in the Milky Way from the Ori with the sole purpose of protecting the Milky Way humans from being coerced into forced religious servitude to the Ori, and thus used as a resource for the Ori to empower themselves. To this end they also probably influenced the association of

text: fire

text: , the central icon of the Ori religion, with demonic imagery. Still, they refused to take direct action because of their strict self-imposed edict of self-determination.  It is also likely that the Ancients knew the slippery slope of addiction to empowerment by way of the worship of `Lowers` and understood that there was a danger in this reliance, giving the Ori and later Adria a weakness despite `God` like powers. There are several examples of "lowers" praying and giving thanks to the Ancients/Ancestors in the Pegasus Galaxy. Such as "

text: The Tower

text: ", even an exiled Ancient on a planet where the people worship her as "Athar" in the

text: Stargate Atlantis

text: episode,

text: "Sanctuary."

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Ori

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Milky Way

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: was created in the Milky Way

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Milky Way humans

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Milky Way

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Milky Way

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Ancients/Ancestors

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Milky Way

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: self-determination.

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: take direct action

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: self-determination.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: strict self-imposed edict of self-determination.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Milky Way

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Milky Way

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: <unk>Lowers

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: demonic imagery.

text: Chimpanzees live in fission-fusion groups that average 50 individuals. It is likely that early ancestors of humans lived in groups of similar size. Based on the size of extant hunter-gatherer societies, recent Paleolithic hominids lived in bands of a few hundred individuals. As community size increased over the course of human evolution, greater enforcement to achieve group cohesion would have been required. Morality may have evolved in these bands of 100 to 200 people as a means of social control, conflict resolution and group solidarity. According to Dr. de Waal, human morality has two extra levels of sophistication that are not found in primate societies. Humans enforce their society’s moral codes much more rigorously with rewards, punishments and reputation building. Humans also apply a degree of judgment and reason not otherwise seen in the animal kingdom.

text: Chimpanzees live in

text: fission-fusion groups

text: that average 50 individuals. It is likely that early ancestors of humans lived in groups of similar size. Based on the size of

text: extant

text: hunter-gatherer societies, recent Paleolithic

text: hominid

text: s lived in bands of a few hundred individuals. As community size increased over the course of human evolution, greater enforcement to achieve group cohesion would have been required. Morality may have evolved in these bands of 100 to 200 people as a means of social control, conflict resolution and group solidarity. According to Dr. de Waal, human morality has two extra levels of sophistication that are not found in primate societies. Humans enforce their society’s moral codes much more rigorously with rewards, punishments and reputation building. Humans also apply a degree of judgment and reason not otherwise seen in the animal kingdom.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Chimpanzees

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Paleolithic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: lived in bands of a few hundred individuals

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Paleolithic hominids

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: the animal kingdom

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Chimpanzees

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: community size increased

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: early ancestors of humans lived in groups of similar size.

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: conflict resolution and group solidarity.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: recent Paleolithic hominids

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Paleolithic hominids

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: recent Paleolithic hominids

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: early ancestors of humans lived in groups of similar size.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Chimpanzees

text: Many more species of early hominid have come to light in recent decades. The oldest is Little Foot, a collection of footbones of an unknown hominid between 2.2 and 3.3 million years old, discovered at Sterkfontein by Ronald J. Clarke. An important recent find was that of 1.9 million year old Australopithecus sediba, discovered in 2008. In 2015, the discovery near Johannesburg of a previously unknown species of Homo was announced, named Homo naledi. It has been described as one of the most important paleontological discoveries in modern times.

text: Many more species of early hominid have come to light in recent decades. The oldest is

text: Little Foot

text: , a collection of footbones of an unknown hominid between 2.2 and 3.3 million years old, discovered at Sterkfontein by

text: Ronald J. Clarke

text: . An important recent find was that of 1.9 million year old

text: Australopithecus sediba

text: , discovered in 2008. In 2015, the discovery near Johannesburg of a previously unknown species of Homo was announced, named

text: Homo naledi

text: . It has been described as one of the most important paleontological discoveries in modern times.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: early hominid

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: 3.3 million years

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Homo naledi

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: naledi

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: early hominid

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: early hominid have come to light in recent decades.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Homo naledi.

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: footbones

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: 2.2 and 3.3 million years old,

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Homo naledi.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Homo naledi.

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Homo naledi.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Homo naledi.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Homo naledi.

text: In 2000, Martin Pickford and Brigitte Senut discovered, in the Tugen Hills of Kenya, a 6-million-year-old bipedal hominin which they named Orrorin tugenensis. And in 2001, a team led by Michel Brunet discovered the skull of Sahelanthropus tchadensis which was dated as , and which Brunet argued was a bipedal, and therefore a hominid—that is, a hominin ( Hominidae; terms "hominids" and hominins).

text: In 2000,

text: Martin Pickford

text: and

text: Brigitte Senut

text: discovered, in the

text: Tugen Hills

text: of

text: Kenya

text: , a 6-million-year-old bipedal hominin which they named

text: Orrorin tugenensis

text: . And in 2001, a team led by

text: Michel Brunet

text: discovered the skull of

text: Sahelanthropus tchadensis

text: which was dated as , and which Brunet argued was a bipedal, and therefore a hominid—that is, a hominin ( Hominidae;

text: terms "hominids" and hominins

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Hominids

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Hominidae

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is a hominin

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Hominidae

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: hominin

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Hominidae;

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: 6-million-year-old bipedal hominin

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: bipedal

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: 6-million-year-old

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Hominidae;

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Sahelanthropus tchadensis

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Hominidae;

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: 6-million-year-old bipedal hominin

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Hominidae;

text: The Cenozoic era covers the period from  Ma and is still ongoing. It comprises the Quaternary, the Paleogene and Neogene periods. Geologically, the Cenozoic is the era when the continents moved into their current positions.  The Alpine Orogeny, the spreading of the Mid Atlantic ridge, and the creation of the Atlantic Ocean basin occurred in the Cenozoic era. The Iceland hot spot and North Atlantic rifting helped to exhume the British Isles. In the early Palaeogene period (Caenozoic Era) between 63 and 52 Ma, the North Sea formed, and Britain was uplifted. Some of this uplift was along old lines of weakness from the Caledonian and Variscan Orogenies long before.

text: The

text: Cenozoic

text: era covers the period from  Ma and is still ongoing. It comprises the

text: Quaternary

text: , the

text: Paleogene

text: and

text: Neogene

text: periods.

text: Geologically

text: , the Cenozoic is the era when the

text: continent

text: s moved into their current positions.  The

text: Alpine Orogeny

text: , the spreading of the Mid Atlantic ridge, and the creation of the Atlantic Ocean basin occurred in the Cenozoic era. The Iceland hot spot and North Atlantic rifting helped to exhume the British Isles. In the early

text: Palaeogene

text: period (Caenozoic Era) between 63 and 52 Ma, the

text: North Sea

text: formed, and Britain was

text: uplift

text: ed. Some of this uplift was along old lines of weakness from the Caledonian and Variscan Orogenies long before.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Quaternary

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Palaeogene period

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Ma

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Neogene

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: The Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Palaeogene period

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: The Cenozoic era covers the period from Ma

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: The Cenozoic era

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: The Cenozoic era covers the period from Ma

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: The Cenozoic era covers the period from Ma

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: The Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: The Cenozoic era

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: The Cenozoic era covers the period from Ma

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Caledonian and Variscan Orogenies

text: Hall 's 2007 book Fins into Limbs. Development, Transformation, and Evolution was published by University of Chicago Press. In a review for Science, Alan C. Love wrote that “Fins into Limbs is an exploration of a longstanding evolutionary puzzle associated with the origin of tetrapods and the vertebrate invasion of land. Brian Hall has assembled a stellar array of contributors from various fields that represent the pieces necessary for a solution.” Love called the book “handsomely executed and also timely...a necessary reference and a worthy guide to future research on this and other evolutionary transitions.” Mark W. Hamrick, in the Journal of Mammal Evolution, wrote that “in driving a new era of research in skeletal biology, Fins into Limbs is a great success.” Michael J. Benton, in Evolution and Development, called the book “essential reading for a broad range of natural scientists, from embryologists to paleontologists, and geneticists to philosophers.” And Michel Laurin, in Copeia, called it “an indispensable reference for all scientists interested in the origin, development and evolution of limbs.”

text: Hall 's 2007 book Fins into Limbs. Development, Transformation, and Evolution was published by University of Chicago Press. In a review for Science, Alan C. Love wrote that “Fins into Limbs is an exploration of a longstanding evolutionary puzzle associated with the origin of tetrapods and the vertebrate invasion of land. Brian Hall has assembled a stellar array of contributors from various fields that represent the pieces necessary for a solution.” Love called the book “handsomely executed and also timely...a necessary reference and a worthy guide to future research on this and other evolutionary transitions.” Mark W. Hamrick, in the Journal of Mammal Evolution, wrote that “in driving a new era of research in skeletal biology, Fins into Limbs is a great success.” Michael J. Benton, in Evolution and Development, called the book “essential reading for a broad range of natural scientists, from embryologists to paleontologists, and geneticists to philosophers.” And Michel Laurin, in Copeia, called it “an indispensable reference for all scientists interested in the origin, development and evolution of limbs.”

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: tetrapod

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: vertebrate invasion of land

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: tetrapods

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Tetrapods

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: tetrapods

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: land

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: tetrapods

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: vertebrate invasion of land.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: tetrapods

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: land.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: tetrapods

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: tetrapods

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: tetrapods

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: tetrapods

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: embryologists to paleontologists, and geneticists to philosophers.”

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: land.

text: Kenneth and Aldrich Estel identify six eras of Management Information System evolution corresponding to the five phases in the development of computing technology:

text: Kenneth

text: and Aldrich Estel identify six eras of Management Information System evolution corresponding to the five phases in the development of

text: computing

text: technology:

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: era

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is a species of primate

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: primate

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: genus

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: computing technology:

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: five phases in the development of computing technology:

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Kenneth and Aldrich Estel

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: five phases in the development of computing technology:

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Kenneth and Aldrich Estel

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Kenneth and Aldrich Estel

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Kenneth and Aldrich Estel

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Kenneth and Aldrich Estel identify six eras

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Kenneth and Aldrich Estel

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: five phases in the development of computing technology:

text: Miller is critical of theories that imply that human culture arose as accidents or by-products of human evolution. He believes that human culture arose through sexual selection for creative traits. In that view, many human artifacts could be considered subject to sexual selection as part of the extended phenotype, for instance clothing that enhances sexually selected traits. During human evolution, on at least two occasions, hominid brain size increased rapidly over a short period of time followed by a period of stasis. The first period of brain expansion occurred 2.5 million years ago, when Homo habilis first began using stone tools. The second period occurred 500,000 years ago, with the emergence of archaic Homo sapiens. Miller argues that the rapid increases in brain size would have occurred by a positive feedback loop resulting in a Fisherian runaway selection for larger brains. Tor Nørretranders, in The Generous Man conjectures how intelligence, musicality, artistic and social skills, and language might have evolved as an example of the handicap principle, analogously with the peacock's tail, the standard example of that principle. Another hypothesis proposes that human intelligence is a courtship indicator of health and resistance against parasites and pathogens which are deleterious to human cognitive capabilities.

text: Miller is critical of theories that imply that human culture arose as accidents or by-products of human evolution. He believes that human culture arose through sexual selection for creative traits. In that view, many human artifacts could be considered subject to sexual selection as part of the extended phenotype, for instance clothing that enhances sexually selected traits. During human evolution, on at least two occasions, hominid brain size increased rapidly over a short period of time followed by a period of stasis. The first period of brain expansion occurred 2.5 million years ago, when

text: Homo habilis

text: first began using

text: stone tools

text: . The second period occurred 500,000 years ago, with the emergence of

text: archaic Homo sapiens

text: . Miller argues that the rapid increases in brain size would have occurred by a

text: positive feedback

text: loop resulting in a

text: Fisherian runaway

text: selection for larger brains.

text: Tor Nørretranders

text: , in The Generous Man conjectures how intelligence, musicality, artistic and social skills, and language might have evolved as an example of the

text: handicap principle

text: , analogously with the

text: peacock

text: 's tail, the standard example of that principle. Another hypothesis proposes that human intelligence is a courtship indicator of health and resistance against

text: parasites

text: and

text: pathogen

text: s which are deleterious to human cognitive capabilities.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Homo habilis

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: 500,000 years ago

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Homo habilis

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Homo habilis

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: 500,000 years ago

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: archaic Homo sapiens.

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: 500,000 years ago,

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Homo sapiens.

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: social skills,

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: 500,000

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Homo habilis first began using stone tools.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Homo habilis

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Homo sapiens.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: sexual selection for creative traits.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: stone tools.

text: Human vestigiality is related to human evolution, and includes a variety of characters occurring in the human species. Many examples of these are vestigial in other primates and related animals, whereas other examples are still highly developed. The human caecum is vestigial, as often is the case in omnivores, being reduced to a single chamber receiving the content of the ileum into the colon. The ancestral caecum would have been a large, blind diverticulum in which resistant plant material such as cellulose would have been fermented in preparation for absorption in the colon. Analogous organs in other animals similar to humans continue to perform similar functions.  An alternative explanation would be the possibility that natural selection selects for larger appendices because smaller and thinner appendices would be more susceptible to inflammation and disease.  The coccyx, or tailbone, though a vestige of the tail of some primate ancestors, is functional as an anchor for certain pelvic muscles including: the levator ani muscle and the largest gluteal muscle, the gluteus maximus.

text: Human vestigiality is related to

text: human evolution

text: , and includes a variety of characters occurring in the

text: human

text: species. Many examples of these are vestigial in other

text: primate

text: s and related animals, whereas other examples are still highly developed. The human

text: caecum

text: is vestigial, as often is the case in

text: omnivore

text: s, being reduced to a single chamber receiving the content of the

text: ileum

text: into the

text: colon

text: . The ancestral caecum would have been a large, blind diverticulum in which resistant plant material such as

text: cellulose

text: would have been fermented in preparation for absorption in the colon. Analogous organs in other animals similar to humans continue to perform similar functions.  An alternative explanation would be the possibility that natural selection selects for larger appendices because smaller and thinner appendices would be more susceptible to inflammation and disease.  The

text: coccyx

text: , or tailbone, though a vestige of the tail of some primate ancestors, is functional as an anchor for certain pelvic muscles including: the levator ani muscle and the largest gluteal muscle, the gluteus maximus.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: other primates

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: natural selection

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is related to human evolution

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: human vestigiality

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: animals

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: natural selection

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Human vestigiality

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: smaller and thinner appendices

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Human vestigiality

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: The human caecum

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: gluteus maximus.

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: highly developed.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: The coccyx,

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Human vestigiality

text: Rocks of the Cenozoic era yield very large numbers of gastropod fossils, many of these fossils being closely related to modern living forms. The diversity of the gastropods increased markedly at the beginning of this era, along with that of the bivalves.

text: Rocks of the

text: Cenozoic

text: era yield very large numbers of gastropod fossils, many of these fossils being closely related to modern living forms. The diversity of the gastropods increased markedly at the beginning of this era, along with that of the

text: bivalve

text: s.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: gastropods

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is not a living thing

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: gastropod

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic era

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Cenozoic era yield very large numbers of gastropod fossils,

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: modern living forms.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Cenozoic era

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Cenozoic era yield very large numbers of gastropod fossils,

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: closely related to modern living forms.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Cenozoic era yield very large numbers of gastropod fossils,

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Cenozoic era yield very large numbers of gastropod fossils,

text: The Hunter-Bowen orogeny also known as the New England Orogen contains rocks from Late Paleozoic to early Mesozoic times.  It was formed as an arc-forearc zone as the Pacific Plate was subducted to the west.

text: The Hunter-Bowen orogeny also known as the New England Orogen contains rocks from Late

text: Paleozoic

text: to early

text: Mesozoic

text: times.  It was formed as an arc-forearc zone as the

text: Pacific Plate

text: was subducted to the west.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Hunter-Bowen

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Mesozoic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: The Hunter-Bowen orogen

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Late Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Pacific Plate

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Hunter-Bowen

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Late Paleozoic to early Mesozoic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: The Hunter-Bowen orogeny

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: west.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Late Paleozoic to early Mesozoic times.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: New England Orogen

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Hunter-Bowen

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Late Paleozoic to early Mesozoic times.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: New England Orogen

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: New England Orogen contains rocks from Late Paleozoic

text: Humanity’s closest living relatives are common chimpanzees and bonobos. These primates share a common ancestor with humans who lived between six and eight million years ago. It is for this reason that chimpanzees and bonobos are viewed as the best available surrogate for this common ancestor. Barbara King argues that while non-human primates are not religious, they do exhibit some traits that would have been necessary for the evolution of religion. These traits include high intelligence, a capacity for symbolic communication, a sense of social norms, realization of "self" and a concept of continuity. There is inconclusive evidence that Homo neanderthalensis may have buried their dead which is evidence of the use of ritual. The use of burial rituals is thought to be evidence of religious activity, and there is no other evidence that religion existed in human culture before humans reached behavioral modernity.

text: Humanity’s closest living relatives are

text: common chimpanzee

text: s and

text: bonobo

text: s. These

text: primate

text: s share a

text: common ancestor

text: with humans who lived between six and eight million years ago. It is for this reason that chimpanzees and bonobos are viewed as the best available surrogate for this common ancestor. Barbara King argues that while non-human primates are not religious, they do exhibit some traits that would have been necessary for the evolution of religion. These traits include high intelligence, a capacity for

text: symbolic communication

text: , a sense of social norms, realization of "

text: self

text: " and a concept of continuity. There is inconclusive evidence that

text: Homo neanderthalensis

text: may have

text: buried

text: their dead which is evidence of the use of ritual. The use of burial rituals is thought to be evidence of religious activity, and there is no other evidence that religion existed in human culture before humans reached

text: behavioral modernity

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: bonobos

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: modernity

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: between six and eight million years

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: neanderthalensis

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: chimpanzees and bonobos

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: chimpanzees

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: modernity.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: six and eight million years ago.

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: symbolic communication,

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: six and eight million years ago.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Homo neanderthalensis

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Homo neanderthalensis

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: behavioral modernity.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: The use of burial rituals

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: chimpanzees

text: The myth of the one percent refers to the 1975 study done by Wilson and King that asserted that human-chimpanzee divergence is about 1%. Humans share a common ancestor with chimpanzees, and the rapid evolution of chimpanzees and humans, along with gorillas and bonobos, has led to difficulties in creating an accurate lineage or tree topology. Chimpanzees and humans were found to be a monophyletic clade, leading to the question of how closely related the two are.

text: The myth of the one percent refers to the 1975 study done by Wilson and King that asserted that human-chimpanzee divergence is about 1%. Humans share a common ancestor with chimpanzees, and the rapid evolution of chimpanzees and humans, along with gorillas and bonobos, has led to difficulties in creating an accurate lineage or tree topology. Chimpanzees and humans were found to be a monophyletic

text: clade

text: , leading to the question of how closely related the two are.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: chimpanzee

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: 1%

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: chimpanzee

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: chimpanzee

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: monophyletic clade

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: chimpanzees,

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: rapid evolution

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Humans share a common ancestor

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: 1%.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: 1%.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Humans share a common ancestor

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: chimpanzees,

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: a monophyletic clade,

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: 1%.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: 1%.

text: She has also found early evidence of fishers around Lake Turkana. Fishing has typically been located at sites that are dated later in the archaeological record, like the periods of the Upper Paleolithic, Later Stone Age, or the Holocene; usually with anatomically modern humans. Contrary to the belief, there has been evidence of fishing at Lake Rutanzige, Olduvai Gorge, and Lake Turkana that date from the late Pliocene to the Late Pleistocene. That would mean that there is evidence of fishing before there was any species with the genus Homo on Earth yet. Gifford-Gonzalez then raises the question: was it possible for pre-hominids to have collected the knowledge of how to fish and passed it down to Homo sapiens? In order to find the answers to this question, she and her colleague Kathlyn Stewart studied 19 pastoralist communities; 18 of these communities being of the Dassanetch people who live on the banks in the lower Omo River valley. They found that the Dassanetch people were completely self-sufficent on their own livestock and from the things they could get from the nearby river. They even have a specific status that is called gal dies that announces a person as a "fisherman" or someone without cattle. All this ethnographic work with the Dassanetch people when compared to the fossil evidence found from Olduvai Gorge was unable to help Gifford Gonzalez and Stewart come to a clear conclusion that answered their question but it gave them a starting point for further research.

text: She has also found early evidence of fishers around

text: Lake Turkana

text: . Fishing has typically been located at sites that are dated later in the

text: archaeological record

text: , like the periods of the

text: Upper Paleolithic

text: Later Stone Age

text: , or the

text: Holocene

text: ; usually with

text: anatomically modern human

text: s. Contrary to the belief, there has been evidence of fishing at

text: Lake Rutanzige

text: Olduvai Gorge

text: , and

text: Lake Turkana

text: that date from the late

text: Pliocene

text: to the

text: Late Pleistocene

text: . That would mean that there is evidence of fishing before there was any species with the

text: genus

text: Homo

text: on Earth yet. Gifford-Gonzalez then raises the question: was it possible for pre-

text: hominids

text: to have collected the knowledge of how to fish and passed it down to

text: Homo sapiens

text: ? In order to find the answers to this question, she and her colleague

text: Kathlyn Stewart

text: studied 19 pastoralist communities; 18 of these communities being of the

text: Dassanetch people

text: who live on the banks in the lower

text: Omo River

text: valley. They found that the

text: Dassanetch people

text: were completely self-sufficent on their own

text: livestock

text: and from the things they could get from the nearby river. They even have a specific status that is called gal dies that announces a person as a "fisherman" or someone without

text: cattle

text: . All this

text: ethnographic

text: work with the

text: Dassanetch people

text: when compared to the

text: fossil

text: evidence found from

text: Olduvai Gorge

text: was unable to help Gifford Gonzalez and

text: Stewart

text: come to a clear conclusion that answered their question but it gave them a starting point for further research.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Homo sapiens

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Holocene

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: that there is evidence of fishing before there was any species with the genus Homo on Earth yet

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: that would mean that there is evidence of fishing before there was any species with the genus Homo on Earth yet

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Homo sapiens

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Homo sapiens

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Dassanetch

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Later Stone Age,

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: pre-hominids

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: pre-hominids

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Homo sapiens?

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: pre-hominids

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: genus Homo on Earth yet.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: pre-hominids

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Olduvai Gorge

text: Tylor's answer was culture, with which he founded cultural anthropology. As the other primates, from whose ancestors the evolutionists hypothesized man had evolved, did not appear to evidence any culture, then all memeplexes must have evolved from some pre-adaptive behaviour in the earliest of the human line. One is justified therefore in conceiving an evolution of mythology, religion, and philosophy, which is the development of these cultural complexes, by whatever path, from a hypothetical zero state.

text: Tylor's answer was culture, with which he founded

text: cultural anthropology

text: . As the other

text: primate

text: s, from whose ancestors the evolutionists hypothesized man had evolved, did not appear to evidence any culture, then all

text: memeplex

text: es must have evolved from some pre-adaptive behaviour in the earliest of the human line. One is justified therefore in conceiving an evolution of mythology, religion, and philosophy, which is the development of these cultural complexes, by whatever path, from a hypothetical zero state.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: other primates

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: did not evidence any culture

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: other primates

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: evolutionists hypothesized man had evolved

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: primates,

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: earliest of the human line.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: the other primates,

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: primates,

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: primates,

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: primates,

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: primates,

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: primates,

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: mythology, religion, and philosophy,

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: culture,

text: The opposite case can also be true: cultural practice might selectively breed humans to meet the fitness conditions of new environments, cultural and physical, which earlier hominids could not have survived. Baldwinian evolution might strengthen or weaken a genetic trait.

text: The opposite case can also be true: cultural practice might

text: selectively breed

text: humans to meet the fitness conditions of new environments, cultural and physical, which earlier hominids could not have survived. Baldwinian evolution might strengthen or weaken a genetic trait.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Baldwinian

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Baldwinian

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: could not have survived

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: the opposite case can also be true

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: earlier hominids

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Baldwinian

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: earlier hominids

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: survived.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: earlier hominids

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: earlier hominids

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: earlier hominids could not have survived.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: earlier hominids could not have survived.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: cultural practice might selectively breed humans to meet the fitness conditions of new environments,

text: One of the major changes throughout hominid evolution, are the changes to the dental morphology and jaw. These changes were driven by the types and processing of food eaten. The evolution of the jaw is thought to have facilitated encephalization, speech, and the formation of the chin, a uniquely human feature.

text: One of the major changes throughout

text: hominid

text: evolution, are the changes to the dental morphology and jaw. These changes were driven by the types and processing of food eaten. The evolution of the jaw is thought to have facilitated

text: encephalization

text: , speech, and the formation of the chin, a uniquely human feature.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: hominid evolution

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: did not have a chin

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: hominid evolution,

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: speech,

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: hominid evolution,

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: encephalization,

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: dental morphology

text: Fossil evidence suggests that humans' earliest hominid ancestors may have split from other primates as early as the late Oligocene, circa 26 to 24 Ma, and that by the early Miocene, the adaptive radiation of many different hominoid forms was well underway. Evidence from the molecular dating of genetic differences indicates that the gibbon lineage (family Hylobatidae) diverged between 18 and 12 Ma, and the orangutan lineage (subfamily Ponginae) diverged about 12 Ma. While there is no fossil evidence thus far clearly documenting the early ancestry of gibbons, fossil proto-orangutans may be represented by Sivapithecus from India and Griphopithecus from Turkey, dated to around 10 Ma. Molecular evidence further suggests that between 8 and 4 Ma, first the gorillas, and then the chimpanzee (genus Pan) split from the line leading to the humans. We have no fossil record of this divergence, but distinctively hominid fossils have been found dating to 3.2 Ma (see Lucy) and possibly even earlier, at 6 or 7 Ma (see Toumaï). Comparisons of DNA show that 99.4 percent of the coding regions are identical in chimpanzees and humans (95–96% overall), which is taken as strong evidence of recent common ancestry.<ref name="98.4">

text: Fossil evidence suggests that humans' earliest

text: hominid

text: ancestors may have split from other

text: primates

text: as early as the late

text: Oligocene

text: , circa 26 to 24

text: Ma

text: , and that by the early

text: Miocene

text: , the

text: adaptive radiation

text: of many different hominoid forms was well underway. Evidence from the

text: molecular dating

text: of genetic differences indicates that the

text: gibbon

text: lineage (family

text: Hylobatidae

text: ) diverged between 18 and 12 Ma, and the

text: orangutan

text: lineage (subfamily

text: Ponginae

text: ) diverged about 12 Ma. While there is no fossil evidence thus far clearly documenting the early ancestry of gibbons, fossil proto-orangutans may be represented by

text: Sivapithecus

text: from India and

text: Griphopithecus

text: from

text: Turkey

text: , dated to around 10 Ma. Molecular evidence further suggests that between 8 and 4 Ma, first the

text: gorilla

text: s, and then the

text: chimpanzee

text: (genus Pan) split from the line leading to the humans. We have no fossil record of this divergence, but distinctively hominid fossils have been found dating to 3.2 Ma (see

text: Lucy

text: ) and possibly even earlier, at 6 or 7 Ma (see

text: Toumaï

text: ). Comparisons of

text: DNA

text: show that 99.4 percent of the

text: coding region

text: s are identical in chimpanzees and humans (95–96% overall), which is taken as strong evidence of recent common ancestry.<ref name="98.4">

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: gorillas

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Miocene

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Hominids

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: gorillas

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: chimpanzee

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: chimpanzees

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Oligocene,

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: split from the line leading to the humans.

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: humans'

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: 26 to 24 Ma,

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: humans'

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Lucy)

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: recent common ancestry.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: late Oligocene,

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Oligocene,

text: Gabora has contributed to the study of cultural evolution and evolution of societies, focusing strongly on the role of personal creativity, as opposed to memetic imitation or instruction, in differentiating modern human from prior hominid or modern ape culture. In particular, she seems to follow feminist economists and green economists in making a very strong, indeed pivotal, distinction between creative "enterprise", invention, art or "individual capital" and imitative "meme", rule, social category or "instructional capital".

text: Gabora has contributed to the study of

text: cultural evolution

text: and

text: evolution of societies

text: , focusing strongly on the role of personal creativity, as opposed to

text: memetic

text: imitation or instruction, in differentiating modern human from prior

text: hominid

text: or modern

text: ape culture

text: . In particular, she seems to follow

text: feminist economists

text: and

text: green economists

text: in making a very strong, indeed pivotal, distinction between creative "enterprise", invention, art or "

text: individual capital

text: " and imitative "

text: meme

text: ", rule, social category or "

text: instructional capital

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: prior hominid

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: modern ape culture.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: modern ape

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: creativity,

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: modern ape

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: modern ape culture.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: modern ape culture.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: focusing strongly on the role of personal creativity,

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: hominid

text: Each of the Three Amandas can also be looked at as an evolution of the previous character.  This evolution can be equated with that of The Dorsai culture.  The first Amanda's responsibility is directly related to her family and immediate community.  The Second Amanda's responsibility is for The Dorsai as a whole.  The Third Amanda's responsibility transcends the other two and encompasses the whole of humanity.  Paralleling this, The Dorsai as a people begin as simple mercenary soldiers interested in making a living.  By the Second Amanda's life they have developed a moral code and reputation as a society that protects them as a whole. Finally, as embodied by the Third Amanda, The Dorsai become the protectors of all humanity and its potentiality.

text: Each of the Three Amandas can also be looked at as an evolution of the previous character.  This evolution can be equated with that of The

text: Dorsai

text: culture.  The first Amanda's responsibility is directly related to her family and immediate community.  The Second Amanda's responsibility is for The Dorsai as a whole.  The Third Amanda's responsibility transcends the other two and encompasses the whole of humanity.  Paralleling this, The Dorsai as a people begin as simple mercenary soldiers interested in making a living.  By the Second Amanda's life they have developed a moral code and reputation as a society that protects them as a whole. Finally, as embodied by the Third Amanda, The Dorsai become the protectors of all humanity and its potentiality.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Dorsai

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Amanda's responsibility transcends the other two and encompasses the whole of humanity

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is a species of

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Dorsai

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: The third Amanda's responsibility transcends the other two and encompasses the whole of humanity

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Dorsai

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: By the Second Amanda's life they have developed a moral code

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: humanity.

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: making a living.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: humanity.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: mercenary soldiers

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Dorsai

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: humanity.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: The Dorsai

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Dorsai

text: It preserves fossils dating back to the Late Eocene Epoch of the Paleogene period, during the Cenozoic Era.

text: It preserves

text: fossils

text: dating back to the Late

text: Eocene Epoch

text: of the

text: Paleogene

text: period

text: , during the

text: Cenozoic Era

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Eocene

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic Era

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is a species of primate

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Late Eocene

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Late Eocene

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic Era.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Late Eocene Epoch

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: It preserves fossils dating back to the Late Eocene

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Late Eocene Epoch

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Late Eocene Epoch

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Late Eocene

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Cenozoic Era.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Late Eocene Epoch

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Late Eocene

text: The use of tools by early humans was partly a process of discovery and of evolution. Early humans evolved from a species of foraging hominids which were already bipedal, with a brain mass approximately one third of modern humans. Tool use remained relatively unchanged for most of early human history. Approximately 50,000 years ago, the use of tools and complex set of behaviors emerged, believed by many archaeologists to be connected to the emergence of fully modern language.

text: The use of tools by

text: early humans

text: was partly a process of discovery and of evolution. Early humans evolved from a

text: species

text: of

text: foraging

text: hominids

text: which were already

text: bipedal

text: , with a brain mass approximately one third of modern humans. Tool use remained relatively unchanged for most of early human history. Approximately 50,000 years ago, the use of tools and

text: complex set of behaviors

text: emerged, believed by many archaeologists to be connected to the emergence of fully modern

text: language

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: 50,000 years ago

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: foraging

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: was a species of foraging hominids which were already bipedal

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: one third of modern humans

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Early humans evolved from a species of foraging hominids

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: modern language.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: a species of foraging hominids

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: foraging

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: 50,000

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Early humans evolved from a species of foraging hominids

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: foraging hominids

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Early humans evolved from a species of foraging hominids

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: 50,000

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: bipedal,

text: The scientific classification established by Carl Linnaeus is requisite to any human racial classification scheme. In the 19th century, unilineal evolution (a.k.a. classical social evolution) was a conflation of competing sociologic and anthropologic theories proposing that Western European culture was the acme of human socio-cultural evolution. The proposal that social status is unilineal—from primitive to civilized, from agricultural to industrial—became popular among philosophers, including Friedrich Hegel, Immanuel Kant, and Auguste Comte. The Christian Bible was interpreted to sanction slavery and from the 1820s to the 1850s was often used in the antebellum Southern United States, by writers such as the Rev. Richard Furman and Thomas R. Cobb, to enforce the idea that Negroes had been created inferior, and thus suited to slavery.

text: The

text: scientific classification

text: established by Carl Linnaeus is requisite to any human racial classification scheme. In the 19th century,

text: unilineal evolution

text: (a.k.a. classical social evolution) was a conflation of competing sociologic and anthropologic theories proposing that Western European culture was the acme of human socio-cultural evolution. The proposal that social status is unilineal—from primitive to civilized, from agricultural to industrial—became popular among philosophers, including

text: Friedrich Hegel

text: Immanuel Kant

text: , and

text: Auguste Comte

text: . The Christian

text: Bible

text: was interpreted to sanction

text: slavery

text: and from the 1820s to the 1850s was often used in the

entity_name: History of the United States (1789–1849)

text: antebellum

text: Southern United States

text: , by writers such as the Rev.

text: Richard Furman

text: and

text: Thomas R. Cobb

text: , to enforce the idea that Negroes had been created inferior, and thus suited to slavery.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: 19th century

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is the scientific classification established by Carl Linnaeus

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: primitive

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: unilineal

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Negroes

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: 19th century,

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: unilineal evolution

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: The scientific classification established by Carl Linnaeus

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: unilineal evolution

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: unilineal evolution

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Carl Linnaeus

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: unilineal—from primitive to civilized,

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: unilineal evolution

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: evolution.

text: The primates called "apes" today became known to Europeans after the 18th century. As zoological knowledge developed, it became clear that taillessness occurred in a number of different and otherwise distantly related species. Sir Wilfrid Le Gros Clark was one of those primatologists who developed the idea that there were trends in primate evolution and that the extant members of the order could be arranged in an ".. ascending series", leading from "monkeys" to "apes" to humans. Within this tradition "ape" came to refer to all members of the superfamily Hominoidea except humans. As such, this use of "apes" represented a paraphyletic grouping, meaning that, even though all species of apes were descended from a common ancestor, this grouping did not include all the descendant species, because humans were excluded from being among the apes.

text: The primates called "apes" today became known to Europeans after the 18th century. As

text: zoological

text: knowledge developed, it became clear that taillessness occurred in a number of different and otherwise distantly related

text: species

text: . Sir

text: Wilfrid Le Gros Clark

text: was one of those

text: primatologists

text: who developed the idea that there were trends in primate evolution and that the extant members of the order could be arranged in an ".. ascending series", leading from "monkeys" to "apes" to humans. Within this tradition "ape" came to refer to all members of the superfamily Hominoidea except humans. As such, this use of "apes" represented a

text: paraphyletic

text: grouping, meaning that, even though all species of apes were descended from a common ancestor, this grouping did not include all the descendant species, because humans were excluded from being among the apes.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: apes

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: 18th century

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: superfamily Hominoidea

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Hominoidea

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: humans were excluded from being among the apes

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Hominoidea

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: apes

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: ascending series",

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: "monkeys" to "apes" to humans.

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: taillessness

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: humans.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Hominoidea

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Hominoidea

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: humans were excluded from being among the apes.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: humans.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Hominoidea

text: Although it lacks a toothcomb (a specialized dental structure found in most lemuriforms), its front dentition is enlarged and procumbent.  Its cranial and dental traits are comparable to that of the aye-aye (Daubentonia madagascariensis), suggesting a possible close relationship.  Such a close relationship between an African fossil primate and the aye-aye within the lemur radiation could suggest that lemur evolution involved two dispersal events from Africa to Madagascar.  However, affinities are unclear because the similarities may be due to convergent evolution.

text: Although it lacks a

text: toothcomb

text: (a specialized dental structure found in most lemuriforms), its front

text: dentition

text: is enlarged and procumbent.  Its cranial and dental traits are comparable to that of the

text: aye-aye

text: (Daubentonia madagascariensis), suggesting a possible close relationship.  Such a close relationship between an African fossil primate and the aye-aye within the

text: lemur

text: radiation could suggest that

text: lemur evolution

text: involved two dispersal events from Africa to

text: Madagascar

text: .  However, affinities are unclear because the similarities may be due to

text: convergent evolution

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: African fossil primate

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: lemur radiation

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is a fossil primate

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: African fossil primate

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Madagascar

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: African fossil primate

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: convergent evolution.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: convergent evolution.

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: procumbent.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: aye-aye

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: aye-aye

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: (Daubentonia madagascariensis),

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: lemur radiation

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: aye-aye

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Africa

text: The Cretaceous was a period with a relatively warm climate, resulting in high eustatic sea levels that created numerous shallow inland seas. These oceans and seas were populated with now-extinct marine reptiles, ammonites and rudists, while dinosaurs continued to dominate on land. During this time, new groups of mammals and birds, as well as flowering plants, appeared. The Cretaceous ended with a large mass extinction, the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, in which many groups, including non-avian dinosaurs, pterosaurs and large marine reptiles, died out. The end of the Cretaceous is defined by the abrupt K–Pg boundary, a geologic signature associated with the mass extinction which lies between the Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras.

text: The Cretaceous was a period with a relatively warm

text: climate

text: , resulting in high

text: eustatic sea levels

text: that created numerous shallow

text: inland seas

text: . These oceans and seas were populated with now-

text: extinct

text: marine reptile

text: s,

text: ammonites

text: and

text: rudists

text: , while

text: dinosaur

text: s continued to dominate on land. During this time, new groups of

text: mammal

text: s and

text: birds

text: , as well as

text: flowering plants

text: , appeared. The Cretaceous ended with a large

text: mass extinction

text: , the

text: Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event

text: , in which many groups, including non-avian dinosaurs,

text: pterosaur

text: s and large marine reptiles, died out. The end of the Cretaceous is defined by the abrupt

text: K–Pg boundary

text: , a geologic signature associated with the mass extinction which lies between the Mesozoic and

text: Cenozoic

text: eras

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cretaceous

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: was a dinosaur

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Paleogene

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Cretaceous

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: K–Pg boundary

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cretaceous

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: The Cretaceous

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: land.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Cretaceous

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: The Cretaceous

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Cretaceous

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: mammals

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: The Cretaceous

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: The Cretaceous

text: In addition, he is part of a team that has conducted 17 years of biological analysis of Ardi (Ardipithecus ramidus)--a near-complete 4.4-million-year-old hominid fossil found in present-day Ethiopia.  Publication of a special issue of Science in October 2009 about this research demonstrated that hominid history was nearly one million years older than believed, and provided new information on the evolution of human limbs and locomotion, the habitats occupied by early hominids, and the nature of our last common ancestor with chimps.

text: In addition, he is part of a team that has conducted 17 years of biological analysis of

text: Ardi

text: (Ardipithecus ramidus)--a near-complete 4.4-million-year-old hominid fossil found in present-day

text: Ethiopia

text: .  Publication of a special issue of

text: Science

text: in October 2009 about this research demonstrated that hominid history was nearly one million years older than believed, and provided new information on the evolution of human limbs and locomotion, the habitats occupied by early hominids, and the nature of our last common ancestor with chimps.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: chimps

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Ardipithecus ramidus

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Ardi

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: present-day Ethiopia

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: chimps.

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: early hominids,

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: our last common ancestor

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: locomotion,

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: one million years older than believed,

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: chimps.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: (Ardipithecus ramidus)--a

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: our last common ancestor with chimps.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: hominid history was nearly one million years older than believed,

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: chimps.

text: Hominid paleoneurology refers specifically to the study of brain evolution by directly examining the fossil record of humans and their closest hominid relatives (defined as species more closely related to humans than chimpanzees). Paleoneurologists analyze endocasts that reproduce details of the external morphology of brains that have been imprinted on the internal surfaces of skulls.

text: Hominid

text: paleoneurology refers specifically to the study of brain evolution by directly examining the

text: fossil record

text: of humans and their closest hominid relatives (defined as species more closely related to humans than chimpanzees). Paleoneurologists analyze endocasts that reproduce details of the external

text: morphology

text: of brains that have been imprinted on the internal surfaces of skulls.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Hominid era

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is a hominid

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: chimpanzees).

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Hominid paleoneurology

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: species more closely related to humans than chimpanzees).

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: chimpanzees).

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Hominid paleoneurology

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: more closely related to humans than chimpanzees).

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Hominid paleoneurology

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: chimpanzees).

text: Gen Suwa (born 1954) is a Japanese paleoanthropologist. He is known for his contributions to the understanding of the evolution of early hominids, including the discovery of a tooth from a hominid that was more than one million years older than the oldest previously known hominid. The discovery changed scientific opinion regarding the ancestral splits between humans, chimps and gorillas.

text: Gen Suwa (born 1954) is a Japanese

text: paleoanthropologist

text: . He is known for his contributions to the understanding of the evolution of early hominids, including the discovery of a tooth from a hominid that was more than one million years older than the oldest previously known hominid. The discovery changed scientific opinion regarding the ancestral splits between humans, chimps and gorillas.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: gorillas

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Gen Suwa

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: gorillas

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: ancestral splits

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: chimps and gorillas.

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: early hominids,

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: ancestral splits between humans, chimps and gorillas.

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: chimps and gorillas.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: one million years older than the oldest previously known hominid.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: humans,

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: gorillas.

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: ancestral splits between humans, chimps and gorillas.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: a tooth

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: chimps and gorillas.

text: Human evolution is the evolutionary process that led to the emergence of anatomically modern humans. The topic typically focuses on the evolutionary history of the primates—in particular the genus Homo, and the emergence of Homo sapiens as a distinct species of the hominids (or great apes) rather than studying the earlier history that led to the primates. The study of human evolution involves many scientific disciplines, including physical anthropology, primatology, archaeology, paleontology, neurobiology, ethology, linguistics, evolutionary psychology, embryology and genetics.Genetic studies show that primates diverged from other mammals about , in the Late Cretaceous period, and the earliest fossils appear in the Paleocene, around . Within the Hominoidea (apes) superfamily, the Hominidae family diverged from the Hylobatidae (gibbon) family some 15–20 million years ago; African great apes (subfamily Homininae) diverged from orangutans (Ponginae) about ; the Hominini tribe (humans, Australopithecines and other extinct biped genera, and chimpanzees) parted from the Gorillini tribe (gorillas) between  and ; and, in turn, the subtribes Hominina (humans and biped ancestors) and Panina (chimps) separated about  to .<ref name="Dawkins R 2004">

text: Human evolution is the

text: evolution

text: ary process that led to the emergence of

text: anatomically modern humans

text: . The topic typically focuses on the evolutionary history of the

text: primate

text: s—in particular the

text: genus

text: Homo

text: , and the emergence of

text: Homo sapiens

text: as a distinct species of the

text: hominid

text: s (or great apes) rather than studying the earlier history that led to the primates. The study of human evolution involves many scientific disciplines, including

text: physical anthropology

text: primatology

text: archaeology

text: paleontology

text: neurobiology

text: ethology

text: linguistics

text: evolutionary psychology

text: embryology

text: and

text: genetics

text: .Genetic studies show that primates diverged from other

text: mammal

text: s about , in the

text: Late Cretaceous

text: period, and the earliest

text: fossil

text: s appear in the

text: Paleocene

text: , around . Within the

text: Hominoidea

text: (apes) superfamily, the

text: Hominidae

text: family

text: diverged from the

text: Hylobatidae

text: (gibbon) family some 15–20 million years ago; African great apes (subfamily

text: Homininae

text: ) diverged from

text: orangutan

text: s (

text: Ponginae

text: ) about ; the

text: Hominini

text: tribe (humans, Australopithecines and other extinct biped genera, and chimpanzees) parted from the

text: Gorillini

text: tribe (gorillas) between  and ; and, in turn, the subtribes

text: Hominina

text: (humans and biped ancestors) and

text: Panina

text: (chimps) separated about  to .<ref name="Dawkins R 2004">

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Hominini

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cretaceous period

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Homo sapiens

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Hominini

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Homo sapiens

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: chimpanzees)

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Late Cretaceous period,

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Hominini tribe

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: biped genera,

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: around.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: genus Homo,

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Australopithecines

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: distinct species of the hominids

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: name="Dawkins R 2004">

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: the Hominini tribe

text: According to paleontology, early hominid skull anatomy was similar to that of their close cousins, the great African forest apes, gorilla and chimpanzee, but they had adopted a bipedal locomotion and freed hands giving them a crucial advantage enabling them to live in both forested areas and on the open savanna at a time when Africa was drying up, with savanna encroaching on forested areas. This occurred 10 million to 5 million years ago.

text: According to

text: paleontology

text: , early hominid skull anatomy was similar to that of their close cousins, the great African forest

text: apes

text: gorilla

text: and

text: chimpanzee

text: , but they had adopted a

text: biped

text: al locomotion and freed hands giving them a crucial advantage enabling them to live in both forested areas and on the open

text: savanna

text: at a time when Africa was drying up, with savanna encroaching on forested areas. This occurred 10 million to 5 million years ago.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: chimpanzee

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: 5 million years ago

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: live in both forested areas

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: 10 million to 5 million years ago

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: early hominid

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: continents

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: chimpanzee,

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: 10 million to 5 million years ago.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: early hominid skull anatomy was similar to that of their close cousins,

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: both forested areas and on the open savanna

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: 10 million to 5 million years ago.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: bipedal locomotion and freed hands

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: hominid skull anatomy was similar to that of their close cousins,

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: 10 million to 5 million years ago.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Africa

text: According to the theory, the ancestors of humans were distinguished from other primate species by their greater aggressiveness and this aggression remains within humanity, which retains many murderous instincts.

text: According to the theory, the ancestors of humans were distinguished from other

text: primate

text: species by their greater aggressiveness and this aggression remains within humanity, which retains many

text: murder

text: ous instincts.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: primate species

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: was the ancestor of humans

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: primate species

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: primate

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: other primate species

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: primate species

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: humans were distinguished from other primate species by their greater aggressiveness

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: aggressiveness

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: humans were distinguished from other primate species by their greater aggressiveness

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: primate species

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: humanity,

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: aggressiveness

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: primate species

text: Chapter seven, Settlement, concerns sedentism – the transition from a nomadic lifestyle to a society which remains in one place permanently – which began to rise in the Near East at the end of the Last Glacial Maximum. It required new ways of thought and social organisation; Wade thinks that an evolutionary adaptation for less aggressiveness allowed this change, noting how the skeletons of the ancestral population were less gracile than those of today. Sedentism facilitated the development of agriculture, including the cultivation and domestication of wild cereals and animals. The domestication of cattle in northern Europe and parts of Africa facilitated the spread of a genetic mutation that allowed lactose tolerance, and Wade believes this is evidence of culture and evolution interacting. The following chapter, Sociality, focuses on the common dynamics of human societies, including warfare, religion, trade, and a division of roles between the sexes. Wade theorises that these institutions have an evolutionary basis, and looks at closely related primate societies – such as those of chimpanzees and bonobos – for evidence. Wade goes on to suggest that cannibalism may have been more common in the human past by noting a common genetic adaptation that protects against Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease, which is associated with the consumption of brain.

text: Chapter seven, Settlement, concerns

text: sedentism

text: – the transition from a nomadic lifestyle to a society which remains in one place permanently – which began to rise in the

text: Near East

text: at the end of the

text: Last Glacial Maximum

text: . It required new ways of thought and social organisation; Wade thinks that an evolutionary adaptation for less aggressiveness allowed this change, noting how the skeletons of the ancestral population were less gracile than those of today. Sedentism facilitated the development of agriculture, including the cultivation and domestication of wild cereals and animals. The domestication of cattle in northern Europe and parts of Africa facilitated the spread of a genetic mutation that allowed

text: lactose tolerance

text: , and Wade believes this is evidence of culture and evolution interacting. The following chapter, Sociality, focuses on the common dynamics of human societies, including warfare, religion, trade, and a

text: division of roles between the sexes

text: . Wade theorises that these institutions have an evolutionary basis, and looks at closely related primate societies – such as those of chimpanzees and

text: bonobo

text: s – for evidence. Wade goes on to suggest that cannibalism may have been more common in the human past by noting a common genetic adaptation that protects against

text: Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease

text: , which is associated with the consumption of brain.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: bonobos

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Last Glacial Maximum

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: sedentism facilitated the development of agriculture, including the cultivation and domestication of wild cereals and animals

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: bonobos

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Wade thinks that an evolutionary adaptation for less aggressiveness allowed this change

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: chimpanzees

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Last Glacial Maximum.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: closely related primate societies

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: less aggressiveness

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Last Glacial Maximum.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: chimpanzees and bonobos

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: bonobos

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: a division of roles between the sexes.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: religion,

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Last Glacial Maximum.

text: The importance of deep learning with respect to the evolution and development of human cognition did not escape the attention of these researchers. One aspect of human development that distinguishes us from our nearest primate neighbors may be changes in the timing of development. Among primates, the human brain remains relatively plastic until late in the post-natal period, whereas the brains of our closest relatives are more completely formed by birth. Thus, humans have greater access to the complex experiences afforded by being out in the world during the most formative period of brain development. This may enable us to "tune in" to rapidly changing features of the environment that other animals, more constrained by evolutionary structuring of their brains, are unable to take account of. To the extent that these changes are reflected in similar timing changes in hypothesized wave of cortical development, they may also lead to changes in the extraction of information from the stimulus environment during the early self-organization of the brain. Of course, along with this flexibility comes an extended period of immaturity, during which we are dependent upon our caretakers and our community for both support and training. The theory of deep learning therefore sees the coevolution of culture and cognition as a fundamental condition of human evolution.

text: The importance of deep learning with respect to the evolution and development of human

text: cognition

text: did not escape the attention of these researchers. One aspect of human development that distinguishes us from our nearest primate neighbors may be changes in the timing of development. Among

text: primate

text: s, the human brain remains relatively plastic until late in the post-natal period, whereas the brains of our closest relatives are more completely formed by birth. Thus, humans have greater access to the complex experiences afforded by being out in the world during the most formative period of brain development. This may enable us to "tune in" to rapidly changing features of the environment that other animals, more constrained by evolutionary structuring of their brains, are unable to take account of. To the extent that these changes are reflected in similar timing changes in hypothesized wave of cortical development, they may also lead to changes in the extraction of information from the stimulus environment during the early self-organization of the brain. Of course, along with this flexibility comes an extended period of immaturity, during which we are dependent upon our caretakers and our community for both support and training. The theory of deep learning therefore sees the coevolution of culture and cognition as a fundamental condition of human evolution.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: post-natal period

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: are unable to take account of

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: primate

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: primate

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: post-natal period,

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: primate neighbors

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: "tune in" to rapidly changing features of the environment

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: primate neighbors

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: primate neighbors

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: primates,

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: primate neighbors

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: the human brain remains relatively plastic until late in the post-natal period,

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: human brain remains relatively plastic until late in the post-natal period,

text: He distinguished two major ways of understanding evolution.  The first is the "naturalistic" way of understanding evolution as "explicable entirely in terms of natural law without reference to a divine intention or intervention."  But a "theistic" understanding of evolution holds that "there was a divine teleology in this process, a divine direction at each crucial stage in accordance with divine plan or intention."  In other words, a theistic understanding of evolution holds that although evolution occurred, God still directed evolution.  Evolution is merely the tool of God's design.  Evolution, and even the great struggle for existence that "selects" some animals to survive and others to die, is the instrument with which God designs human beings and other animals. On this view, Darwinian evolution is consistent with the belief that God, through evolution, produced human beings for a purpose.  Other philosophers, such as Henri Bergson and Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, have also argued that the process of evolution is not blind and random, but directed and purposeful.

text: He distinguished two major ways of understanding

text: evolution

text: .  The first is the "naturalistic" way of understanding evolution as "explicable entirely in terms of natural law without reference to a divine intention or intervention."  But a "theistic" understanding of evolution holds that "there was a divine teleology in this process, a divine direction at each crucial stage in accordance with divine plan or intention."  In other words, a theistic understanding of evolution holds that although evolution occurred, God still directed evolution.  Evolution is merely the tool of God's design.  Evolution, and even the great struggle for existence that "selects" some animals to survive and others to die, is the instrument with which God designs human beings and other animals. On this view, Darwinian evolution is consistent with the belief that God, through evolution, produced human beings for a purpose.  Other philosophers, such as

text: Henri Bergson

text: and

text: Pierre Teilhard de Chardin

text: , have also argued that the process of evolution is not blind and random, but directed and purposeful.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: animals

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: great struggle for existence

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is the tool of God's design

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: chimp

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: God, through evolution, produced human beings for a purpose

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: animals

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: great struggle for existence

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Darwinian evolution

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: survive and others to die,

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Darwinian evolution

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Darwinian

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Darwinian

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: animals.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: a "theistic"

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: natural law

text: Some other animals have evolved their own unique prints, especially those whose lifestyle involves climbing or grasping wet objects; these include many primates, such as gorillas and chimpanzees, Australian koalas and aquatic mammal species such as the North American fisher. According to one study, even with an electron microscope, it can be quite difficult to distinguish between the fingerprints of a koala and a human. Koalas' independent development of fingerprints is an example of convergent evolution.

text: Some other animals have evolved their own unique prints, especially those whose lifestyle involves climbing or grasping wet objects; these include many

text: primate

text: s, such as gorillas and chimpanzees, Australian

text: koalas

text: and aquatic mammal species such as the North American

text: fisher

text: . According to one study, even with an electron microscope, it can be quite difficult to distinguish between the fingerprints of a koala and a human. Koalas' independent development of fingerprints is an example of

text: convergent evolution

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: koalas

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Koala

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: climb

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is not the same as

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: gorillas

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: It can be quite difficult to distinguish between the fingerprints of a koala and a human

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Australian koalas

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: convergent evolution.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: primates,

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: climbing or grasping wet objects;

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: human.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: human.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: chimpanzees,

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: primates,

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: it can be quite difficult to distinguish between the fingerprints

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: North American fisher.

text: The evolution of the executive support staff of the Prime Minister and the cabinet pertains to four distinct eras:

text: The evolution of the executive support staff of the Prime Minister and the cabinet pertains to four distinct eras:

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: eras

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: was a species of primate

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: primate

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: genus

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Prime Minister

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: four distinct eras:

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: four distinct eras:

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: four distinct eras:

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: four distinct eras:

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: four distinct eras:

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Prime Minister and the cabinet pertains to four distinct eras:

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: four distinct eras:

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: four distinct eras:

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: four distinct eras:

text: Man, therefore, is not the outcome of the evolution from a common ancestor to the primates, but rather the exponent of an eternal anthropic principle.  Monkeys, apes, and other primates are instead the outcome of certain sub-sects of ancient humanity copulating with animals, and are in a complete state of devolution.

text: Man, therefore, is not the outcome of the evolution from a common ancestor to the primates, but rather the exponent of an eternal anthropic principle.  Monkeys, apes, and other primates are instead the outcome of certain sub-sects of ancient humanity copulating with animals, and are in a complete state of devolution.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is not the outcome of the evolution from a common ancestor

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: the primates

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Monkeys, apes,

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: evolution from a common ancestor to the primates,

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Monkeys, apes,

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: copulating with animals,

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: evolution from a common ancestor

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Man,

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: common

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: evolution from a common ancestor to the primates,

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: eternal anthropic principle.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: evolution from a common ancestor

text: Chimpanzees live in fission-fusion groups that average 50 individuals. It is likely that early ancestors of humans lived in groups of similar size. Based on the size of extant hunter gatherer societies, recent paleolithic hominids lived in bands of a few hundred individuals.  As community size increased over the course of human evolution, greater enforcement to achieve group cohesion would have been required. Morality may have evolved in these bands of 100 to 200 people as a means of social control, conflict resolution and group solidarity. This numerical limit is theorized to be hard coded in our genes since even modern humans have difficulty maintaining stable social relationships with more than 100-200 people.  According to Dr. de Waal, human morality has two extra levels of sophistication that are not found in primate societies. Humans enforce their society’s moral codes much more rigorously with rewards, punishments and reputation building. People also apply a degree of judgment and reason not seen in the animal kingdom .

text: Chimpanzees live in

text: fission-fusion groups

text: that average 50 individuals. It is likely that early ancestors of humans lived in groups of similar size. Based on the size of

text: extant

text: hunter gatherer societies, recent paleolithic hominids lived in bands of a few hundred individuals.  As community size increased over the course of human evolution, greater enforcement to achieve group cohesion would have been required. Morality may have evolved in these bands of 100 to 200 people as a means of social control, conflict resolution and group solidarity. This numerical limit is theorized to be hard coded in our genes since even modern humans have difficulty maintaining stable social relationships with

text: more than 100-200 people

text: .  According to Dr. de Waal, human morality has two extra levels of sophistication that are not found in primate societies. Humans enforce their society’s moral codes much more rigorously with rewards, punishments and reputation building. People also apply a degree of judgment and reason not seen in the animal kingdom .

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Chimpanzees

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: paleolithic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: has two extra levels of sophistication

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: paleolithic hominid

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Chimpanzees

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: community size increased over the course of human evolution,

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: early ancestors of humans lived in groups of similar size.

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: conflict resolution and group solidarity.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: recent paleolithic hominids

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: paleolithic hominids

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: modern humans have difficulty maintaining stable social relationships with more than 100-200 people.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Morality may have evolved in these bands of 100 to 200 people

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Chimpanzees

text: This is a list of fossil primates—extinct primates for which a fossil record exists. Primates are generally thought to have evolved from a small, unspecialized mammal, which probably fed on insects and fruits. However, the precise source of the primates remains controversial and even their arboreal origin has recently been questioned. As it has been suggested, many other mammal orders are arboreal too, but they have not developed the same characteristics as primates. Nowadays, some well known genera, such as Purgatorius and Plesiadapis, thought to be the most ancient primates for a long time, are not usually considered as such by recent authors, who tend to include them in the new order Plesiadapiformes, within superorder Euarchontoglires. Some, to avoid confusions, employ the unranked term Euprimates, which excludes Plesiadapiformes. That denomination is not used here.

text: This is a list of fossil primates—extinct

text: primate

text: s for which a

text: fossil record

text: exists. Primates are generally thought to have evolved from a small, unspecialized

text: mammal

text: , which probably fed on insects and fruits. However, the precise source of the primates remains controversial and even their arboreal origin has recently been questioned. As it has been suggested, many other mammal orders are arboreal too, but they have not developed the same characteristics as primates. Nowadays, some well known genera, such as

text: Purgatorius

text: and

text: Plesiadapis

text: , thought to be the most ancient primates for a long time, are not usually considered as such by recent authors, who tend to include them in the new order

text: Plesiadapiformes

text: , within superorder

text: Euarchontoglires

text: . Some, to avoid confusions, employ the unranked term

text: Euprimates

text: , which excludes Plesiadapiformes. That denomination is not used here.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Cretaceous

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Paleolithic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Homo sapiens

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: homo erectus

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Plesiadapis

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Euarchontoglires

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: primates—extinct

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: a small, unspecialized mammal,

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Primates

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: insects and fruits.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: fossil primates—extinct

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: fossil primates—extinct

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Purgatorius

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: fossil primates—extinct

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: questioned.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Euarchontoglires.

text: Analysis of the mtDNA cytochrome b sequence indicates that the holarctic pine grosbeak (Pinicola enucleator) is the closest living relative of this genus. Arguably, it could be included in Pyrrhula, but more probably is a distinct offshoot of a common ancestor, with the pine grosbeak as the sister group to the ancestor of the bullfinches. The evolution of the bullfinch species started soon after the pine grosbeak's ancestors diverged from them (at the end of the Middle Miocene, about a dozen mya), and it is quite possible that the latter species evolved in North America; what is fairly certain is that the bullfinch radiation started in the general area of the Himalayas. The mountain finches also seem to be part of this clade.

text: Analysis of the

text: mtDNA

text: cytochrome b

text: sequence

text: indicates that the

text: holarctic

text: pine grosbeak

text: (Pinicola enucleator) is the closest living relative of this genus. Arguably, it could be included in Pyrrhula, but more probably is a distinct offshoot of a common ancestor, with the pine grosbeak as the sister group to the ancestor of the bullfinches. The

text: evolution

text: of the bullfinch species started soon after the pine grosbeak's ancestors diverged from them (at the end of the Middle

text: Miocene

text: , about a dozen

text: mya

text: ), and it is quite possible that the latter species evolved in North America; what is fairly certain is that the bullfinch radiation started in the general area of the Himalayas. The

text: mountain finch

text: es also seem to be part of this

text: clade

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Pyrrhula

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Middle Miocene

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is not the same as

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Middle Miocene

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: the Himalayas

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: pine grosbeak

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Middle Miocene,

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: a distinct offshoot of a common ancestor,

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: bullfinches.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Middle Miocene,

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: holarctic pine grosbeak

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Middle Miocene,

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: bullfinches.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Middle Miocene,

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Middle Miocene,

text: is a Japanese research center for the study of primates. It was founded in 1967 by primatologists Kinji Imanishi and Junichiro Itani. The Institute works toward understanding the biological, behavioral and socioecological aspects of primates, and the origin and evolution of humans. The Institute is located in the city of Inuyama, Aichi Prefecture, which is about 150 km east of the main campus of Kyoto University. Through the Division of Biological Sciences of the Graduate School of Science of Kyoto University, the Institute offers graduate programs leading to the Master of Science and Doctorate of Science degrees in the field of primatological science. Since 2013, the director of the institute is Hirohisa Hirai (following Tetsuro Matsuzawa's tenure from 2006-2012).

text: is a

text: Japan

text: ese research center for the study of

text: primates

text: . It was founded in 1967 by

text: primatologists

text: Kinji Imanishi

text: and

text: Junichiro Itani

text: . The Institute works toward understanding the biological, behavioral and socioecological aspects of primates, and the origin and

text: evolution of humans

text: . The Institute is located in the city of

text: Inuyama

text: Aichi Prefecture

text: , which is about 150 km east of the main campus of

text: Kyoto University

text: . Through the Division of Biological Sciences of the Graduate School of Science of

text: Kyoto University

text: , the Institute offers graduate programs leading to the Master of Science and Doctorate of Science degrees in the field of primatological science. Since 2013, the director of the institute is Hirohisa Hirai (following

text: Tetsuro Matsuzawa

text: 's tenure from 2006-2012).

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is an extinct species

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: primates,

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: 2006-2012).

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: humans.

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: primates.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: humans.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: humans.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: primates.

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: the origin and evolution of humans.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: primates.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Aichi Prefecture,

text: The killer ape theory posits that aggression, a vital factor in hunting prey for food, was a fundamental characteristic which distinguished prehuman ancestors from other primates. Ardrey also argued that aggression was therefore an inherited evolutionary trait still present in man. He challenged the reigning blank-state hypothesis (similarly aligned with cultural determinism), then in currency among social scientists. The blank-state hypothesis was famously defended (and Ardrey was famously attacked) by Ashley Montagu. This debate sparked a major controversy in anthropology and led to widespread popular interest in human origins. It also captured the popular attention and led to increased public interest in human origins. Ardrey's ideas notably influenced Sam Peckinpah, to whom Strother Martin gave copies of two of Ardrey's books, as well as, Arthur C. Clarke and Stanley Kubrick in the development of 2001: A Space Odyssey. More recently, according to archeology expert K. Kris Hirst, reviewing the Dawn of Humanity (2015 PBS film) documentary which describes, directly in the context of 2001, the 2015 studies of fossils of Homo naledi, the behavior of apes in the "Dawn of Man" sequence of 2001 have been "proven false", since contemporary evidence suggests that such supposedly violent apes were in fact vegetarians.  Though some of Ardrey's theses on aggression have been contradicted, his popularization of the theory of African Genesis (as opposed to European or Asian Genesis) remains a major turning point in understanding the dawn of humanity.

text: The

text: killer ape theory

text: posits that

text: aggression

text: , a vital factor in

text: hunting prey

text: for food, was a fundamental characteristic which distinguished prehuman ancestors from other primates. Ardrey also argued that aggression was therefore an inherited evolutionary trait still present in man. He challenged the reigning blank-state hypothesis (similarly aligned with

text: cultural determinism

text: ), then in currency among social scientists. The blank-state hypothesis was famously defended (and Ardrey was famously attacked) by

text: Ashley Montagu

text: . This debate sparked a major controversy in anthropology and led to widespread popular interest in human origins. It also captured the popular attention and led to increased public interest in human origins. Ardrey's ideas notably influenced

text: Sam Peckinpah

text: , to whom

text: Strother Martin

text: gave copies of two of Ardrey's books, as well as,

text: Arthur C. Clarke

text: and

text: Stanley Kubrick

text: in the development of

text: 2001: A Space Odyssey

text: . More recently, according to

text: archeology

text: expert K. Kris Hirst, reviewing the

text: Dawn of Humanity (2015 PBS film)

text: documentary

text: which describes, directly in the context of 2001, the 2015 studies of

text: fossil

text: s of

text: Homo naledi

text: , the behavior of apes in the "Dawn of Man" sequence of 2001 have been "proven false", since contemporary evidence suggests that such supposedly violent apes were in fact

text: vegetarian

text: s.  Though some of Ardrey's theses on aggression have been contradicted, his popularization of the theory of African Genesis (as opposed to European or Asian Genesis) remains a major turning point in understanding the dawn of humanity.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: apes

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: African Genesis

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: hunt prey for food

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Homo naledi

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Homo

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Homo naledi

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: continents

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: apes

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: African Genesis

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: African Genesis

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: hunting prey for food,

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Homo naledi,

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Homo naledi,

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Homo naledi,

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: aggression was therefore an inherited evolutionary trait still present in man.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: fossils of Homo naledi,

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: African Genesis

text: Determining the Y-MRCA's DNA sequence, and the time when he lived, involves identifying the human Y-chromosome lineages that are most divergent from each other—the lineages that share the fewest mutations with each other when compared to a non-human primate sequence in a phylogenetic tree. The common ancestor of the most divergent lineages is therefore the common ancestor of all lineages.

text: Determining the Y-MRCA's DNA sequence, and the time when he lived, involves identifying the human Y-chromosome lineages that are most divergent from each other—the lineages that share the fewest mutations with each other when compared to a non-human primate sequence in a

text: phylogenetic tree

text: . The common ancestor of the most divergent lineages is therefore the common ancestor of all lineages.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: primate

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Y-MRCA

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: common ancestor of all lineages

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Y-MRCA

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: phylogenetic tree

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: non-human primate

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: phylogenetic tree.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Y-chromosome lineages that are most divergent from each other—the

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: a non-human primate

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Determining the Y-MRCA's

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Y-MRCA's

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Y-MRCA's

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: non-human primate

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Y-MRCA's

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: phylogenetic tree.

text: Vertebrate animals were primitively tetrachromatic. They possessed four types of cones—long, mid, short wavelength cones, and ultraviolet sensitive cones.  Today, fish, reptiles and birds are all tetrachromatic. Placental mammals lost both the mid and short wavelength cones. Thus, most mammals do not have complex color vision—they are dichromatic but they are sensitive to ultraviolet light, though they cannot see its colors. Human trichromatic color vision is a recent evolutionary novelty that first evolved in the common ancestor of the Old World Primates. Our trichromatic color vision evolved by duplication of the long wavelength sensitive opsin, found on the X chromosome. One of these copies evolved to be sensitive to green light and constitutes our mid wavelength opsin. At the same time, our short wavelength opsin evolved from the ultraviolet opsin of our vertebrate and mammalian ancestors.

text: Vertebrate animals were primitively

text: tetrachromatic

text: . They possessed four types of cones—long, mid, short wavelength cones, and ultraviolet sensitive cones.  Today, fish, reptiles and birds are all tetrachromatic. Placental mammals lost both the mid and short wavelength cones. Thus, most mammals do not have complex color vision—they are

text: dichromatic

text: but they are sensitive to ultraviolet light, though they cannot see its colors. Human trichromatic color vision is a recent evolutionary novelty that first evolved in the common ancestor of the Old World Primates. Our trichromatic color vision evolved by duplication of the long wavelength sensitive

text: opsin

text: , found on the X chromosome. One of these copies evolved to be sensitive to green light and constitutes our mid wavelength opsin. At the same time, our short wavelength opsin evolved from the ultraviolet opsin of our vertebrate and mammalian ancestors.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Old World Primates

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Old World Primates

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: was the common ancestor of the Old World Primates

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Old World Primates

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Old World Primates

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Old World Primates.

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Old World Primates.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Old World Primates.

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: Vertebrate animals were primitively tetrachromatic.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Old World Primates.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Old World Primates.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Old World Primates.

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Old World Primates.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Old World Primates.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Old World Primates.

text: The Santa Susana Formation preserves fossils from the Late Paleocene to Early Eocene epochs in the Paleogene period of the Cenozoic Era. Fossilized fauna in the Santa Susana Formation is entirely different from that of underlying Martinez Formation, and has very little in common with that of the overlying Meganos Formation.

text: The Santa Susana Formation preserves

text: fossils

text: from the

text: Late Paleocene

text: to

text: Early Eocene

text: epoch

text: s in the Paleogene

text: period

text: of the

text: Cenozoic

text: Era

text: . Fossilized fauna in the Santa Susana Formation is entirely different from that of underlying

text: Martinez Formation

text: , and has very little in common with that of the overlying

text: Meganos Formation

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Eocene

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic Era

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: was not found in the Santa Susana Formation

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Late Paleocene

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Martinez Formation

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Santa Susana Formation

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Late Paleocene to Early Eocene

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Late Paleocene to Early Eocene

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: Late Paleocene to Early Eocene

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Late Paleocene to Early Eocene

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Late Paleocene to Early Eocene

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Late Paleocene

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Late Paleocene to Early Eocene

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Late Paleocene to Early Eocene

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Late Paleocene

text: Tarsiiformes are a group of primates that once ranged across Europe, northern Africa, Asia, and North America, but whose extant species are all found in the islands of Southeast Asia. Tarsiers (family Tarsiidae) are the only living members of the infraorder, and also include the extinct Tarsius eocaenus from the Eocene and Tarsius thailandicus from the Miocene.  Two extinct genera, Xanthorhysis  and Afrotarsius, are considered to be close relatives of the living tarsiers and are generally classified within Tarsiiformes, with the former grouped within family Tarsiidae and the latter listed as incertae sedis (undefined).  Omomyids are generally considered to be extinct relatives, or even ancestors, of the living tarsiers and are often classified within Tarsiiformes.  Other fossil primates, which include Microchoeridae, Carpolestidae, and Eosimiidae, have been included in this classification, although the fossil evidence is debated.  Eosimiidae has also been classified under the infraorder Simiiformes (with monkeys and apes). Likewise, Carpolestidae is often classified within the order Plesiadapiformes, a very close, extinct relative of primates.  These conflicting classifications lie at the heart of the debate over early primate evolution.  Even the placement of Tarsiiformes within suborder Haplorhini (with the monkeys and apes") is still debated.

text: Tarsiiformes are a group of

text: primate

text: s that once ranged across Europe, northern Africa, Asia, and North America, but whose

text: extant

text: species

text: are all found in the islands of

text: Southeast Asia

text: Tarsier

text: s (family Tarsiidae) are the only living members of the

text: infraorder

text: , and also include the extinct

text: Tarsius eocaenus

text: from the

text: Eocene

text: and

text: Tarsius thailandicus

text: from the

text: Miocene

text: .  Two extinct genera,

text: Xanthorhysis

text: and

text: Afrotarsius

text: , are considered to be close relatives of the living tarsiers and are generally classified within Tarsiiformes, with the former grouped within family Tarsiidae and the latter listed as

text: incertae sedis

text: (undefined).

text: Omomyid

text: s are generally considered to be extinct relatives, or even ancestors, of the living tarsiers and are often classified within Tarsiiformes.  Other

text: fossil primates

text: , which include

text: Microchoeridae

text: Carpolestidae

text: , and

text: Eosimiidae

text: , have been included in this classification, although the fossil evidence is debated.  Eosimiidae has also been classified under the infraorder

text: Simiiformes

text: (with monkeys and apes). Likewise, Carpolestidae is often classified within the order

text: Plesiadapiformes

text: , a very close, extinct relative of primates.  These conflicting classifications lie at the heart of the debate over early primate evolution.  Even the placement of Tarsiiformes within suborder

text: Haplorhini

text: (with the

text: monkey

text: s and

text: ape

text: s") is still debated.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Omomyids

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Miocene

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Tarsiiformes

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Omomyids

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Tarsiiformes

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: North America

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Omomyids

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: early primate evolution.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Simiiformes

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: primates,

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: primates.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Omomyids

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: tarsiers

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Tarsiers (family Tarsiidae)

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: tarsiers and are often classified within Tarsiiformes.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Tarsiiformes.

text: Writing in his book Lost Worlds Charroux rejected evolution, instead he argued for human devolution. Charroux claimed that man is regressing and was superior in the past; he claimed that "Atlantis and Mu are not dreams of spiritualists, but realities of a mysterious era". He further explained that the Atlantans and Hyperboreans were the ancestors of modern humans, and the first humans on earth were originally extraterrestrial.

text: Writing in his book Lost Worlds Charroux rejected

text: evolution

text: , instead he argued for

text: human devolution

text: . Charroux claimed that man is regressing and was superior in the past; he claimed that "

text: Atlantis

text: and

text: Mu

text: are not dreams of spiritualists, but realities of a mysterious era". He further explained that the Atlantans and

text: Hyperborea

text: ns were the ancestors of

text: modern humans

text: , and the first humans on earth were originally extraterrestrial.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Atlantans

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Atlantans

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: was the first humans on earth

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Atlantans

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Atlantans and Hyperboreans

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: atlantis

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Atlantans and Hyperboreans

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: modern humans,

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: extraterrestrial.

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: man is regressing

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: the first humans on earth were originally extraterrestrial.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: the first humans on earth were originally extraterrestrial.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Atlantans and Hyperboreans

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: the first humans on earth were originally extraterrestrial.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: "Atlantis and Mu are not dreams of spiritualists,

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: evolution,

text: His central thesis across these works is that the human capacity for symbolic thought arises not from the evolution of a language-specific mental module, but out of evolutionary changes to the prefrontal cortex affecting the executive function of the primate brain. The enhanced attentional, metacognitive, and retrieval capacities that resulted from these changes made hominids immensely more capable of dealing with social complexity than their ancestors. He concludes that what drove brain expansion was not the cognitive demands of toolmaking or spatial mapping of the environment, but the growth in the size of the social group, that imposed greater demands on memory.

text: His central thesis across these works is that the human capacity for symbolic thought arises not from the evolution of a language-specific mental

text: module

text: , but out of evolutionary changes to the

text: prefrontal cortex

text: affecting the

text: executive function

text: of the primate brain. The enhanced attentional, metacognitive, and retrieval capacities that resulted from these changes made hominids immensely more capable of dealing with

text: social

text: complexity than their ancestors. He concludes that what drove brain expansion was not the cognitive demands of toolmaking or spatial mapping of the environment, but the growth in the size of the social group, that imposed greater demands on memory.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: language-specific mental module

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: was able to deal with social complexity

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: primate

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: ancestors.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: dealing with social complexity

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: the human capacity for symbolic thought

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: spatial mapping of the environment,

text: Common attachment behaviours and emotions, displayed in most social primates including humans, are adaptive. The long-term evolution of these species has involved selection for social behaviors that make individual or group survival more likely. The commonly observed attachment behaviour of toddlers staying near familiar people would have had safety advantages in the environment of early adaptation, and has similar advantages today. Bowlby saw the environment of early adaptation as similar to current hunter-gatherer societies. There is a survival advantage in the capacity to sense possibly dangerous conditions such as unfamiliarity, being alone, or rapid approach. According to Bowlby, proximity-seeking to the attachment figure in the face of threat is the "set-goal" of the attachment behavioural system.

text: Common attachment behaviours and emotions, displayed in most social primates including humans, are

text: adaptive

text: . The long-term evolution of these species has involved selection for social behaviors that make individual or group survival more likely. The commonly observed attachment behaviour of toddlers staying near familiar people would have had safety advantages in the environment of early adaptation, and has similar advantages today. Bowlby saw the environment of early adaptation as similar to current

text: hunter-gatherer

text: societies. There is a survival advantage in the capacity to sense possibly dangerous conditions such as unfamiliarity, being alone, or rapid approach. According to Bowlby, proximity-seeking to the attachment figure in the face of threat is the "set-goal" of the attachment behavioural system.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: hunter-gatherer societies

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: sense possibly dangerous conditions

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is a social primate

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: social primates

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: social primates

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: early adaptation,

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: humans,

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: sense possibly dangerous conditions such as unfamiliarity, being alone, or rapid approach.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: humans,

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: humans,

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hunter-gatherer

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: social primates

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: hunter-gatherer societies.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: hunter-gatherer

text: Philip D. Gingerich states that the seven superfamilies of primates are commonly associated in the higher taxonomic groupings of suborders Anthropoidea and Prosimii as an alternative to Haplorhini and Strepsirrhini, depending on the position of Adapoidea and Tarsioidea. He puts forward a phylogeny in which the higher primates evolved from Darwinius, which he groups with other Adapoidea. He shows the Adapoidea together with the Tarsioidea as representing early diversification of the suborder Haplorhini and shows the Strepsirrhini as having branched off directly from the earliest primates. The Revealing the Link website uses this taxonomic grouping and states that Darwinii is from an early group of primates just prior to diversification into the anthropoids (monkeys, apes and humans) and the prosimians (lemurs, lorises and tarsiers).

text: Philip D. Gingerich

text: states that the seven

text: superfamilies

text: of primates are commonly associated in the higher taxonomic groupings of suborders

text: Anthropoidea

text: and

text: Prosimii

text: as an alternative to Haplorhini and Strepsirrhini, depending on the position of Adapoidea and Tarsioidea. He puts forward a phylogeny in which the higher primates evolved from Darwinius, which he groups with other Adapoidea. He shows the Adapoidea together with the Tarsioidea as representing early diversification of the suborder Haplorhini and shows the Strepsirrhini as having branched off directly from the earliest primates. The Revealing the Link website uses this taxonomic grouping and states that Darwinii is from an early group of primates just prior to diversification into the anthropoids (monkeys, apes and humans) and the prosimians (lemurs, lorises and tarsiers).

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: apes

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Strepsirrhini

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Darwinius

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Darwinius

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: anthropoids

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: (monkeys, apes

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: anthropoids

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: anthropoids

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Darwinius,

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: anthropoids (monkeys, apes and humans)

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Darwinius,

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: anthropoids

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Philip D. Gingerich

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Haplorhini and Strepsirrhini,

text: A calcite sea is one in which low-magnesium calcite is the primary inorganic marine calcium carbonate precipitate.  An aragonite sea is the alternate seawater chemistry in which aragonite and high-magnesium calcite are the primary inorganic carbonate precipitates.  The Early Paleozoic and the Middle to Late Mesozoic oceans were predominantly calcite seas, whereas the Middle Paleozoic through the Early Mesozoic and the Cenozoic (including today) are characterized by aragonite seas (Wilkinson et al., 1985; Wilkinson and Given, 1986; Morse and Mackenzie, 1990; Lowenstein et al., 2001; Palmer and Wilson, 2004).

text: A calcite sea is one in which low-magnesium

text: calcite

text: is the primary inorganic marine

text: calcium carbonate

text: precipitate.  An

text: aragonite sea

text: is the alternate seawater chemistry in which

text: aragonite

text: and high-magnesium calcite are the primary inorganic carbonate precipitates.  The Early

text: Paleozoic

text: and the Middle to Late

text: Mesozoic

text: oceans were predominantly calcite seas, whereas the Middle Paleozoic through the Early Mesozoic and the

text: Cenozoic

text: (including today) are characterized by aragonite seas (Wilkinson et al., 1985; Wilkinson and Given, 1986; Morse and Mackenzie, 1990; Lowenstein et al., 2001; Palmer and Wilson, 2004).

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: aragonite

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: calcite sea

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Early Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: calcite

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: calcite sea

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: A calcite sea

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: A calcite sea

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: A calcite sea

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Early Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: aragonite seas

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: calcite sea

text: Primates are thought to have developed several of their traits and habits initially while living in trees.  One key component to this argument is that primates relied on sight over smell.  They were able to develop a keen sense of depth perception, perhaps because of the constant leaping that was necessary to move about the trees.  Primates also developed hands and feet that were capable of grasping.  This was also a result of arboreal life, which required a great deal of crawling along branches, and reaching out for fruit and other food.  These early primates were likely to have eaten foods found in trees, such as flowers, fruits, berries, gums, leaves, and insects.  They are thought to have shifted their diets towards insects in the early Cenozoic era, when insects became more numerous.

text: Primates are thought to have developed several of their

text: traits

text: and

text: habits

text: initially while living in trees.  One key component to this argument is that primates relied on sight over

text: smell

text: .  They were able to develop a keen sense of

text: depth perception

text: , perhaps because of the constant leaping that was necessary to move about the trees.  Primates also developed

text: hand

text: s and feet that were capable of grasping.  This was also a result of arboreal life, which required a great deal of crawling along branches, and reaching out for fruit and other food.  These early primates were likely to have

text: eaten

text: foods found in trees, such as flowers, fruits, berries, gums, leaves, and insects.  They are thought to have shifted their diets towards insects in the early

text: Cenozoic era

text: , when insects became more numerous.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: crawl along branches

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: shifted their diets towards insects

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Primates

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic era,

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Primates

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: grasping.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Cenozoic era,

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Primates

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Primates

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Primates

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: primates relied on sight over smell.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: smell.

text: The evolution of human intelligence refers to a set of theories that attempt to explain how human intelligence has evolved, closely tied to the evolution of the human brain, and to the origin of language.

text: The

text: evolution of human intelligence

text: refers to a set of theories that attempt to explain how human

text: intelligence

text: has

text: evolved

text: , closely tied to the evolution of the

text: human brain

text: , and to the

text: origin of language

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: modern humans

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: evolution of human intelligence

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: was not a human

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: mammalian

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: evolution

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: human brain,

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: evolution of the human brain,

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: The evolution of human intelligence

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: The evolution of human intelligence

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: The evolution of human intelligence

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: The evolution of human intelligence

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: The evolution of human intelligence

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: The evolution of human intelligence

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: The evolution of human intelligence

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: human brain,

text: The Cenozoic ("new life") era began at  Ma, and is subdivided into the Paleogene, Neogene, and Quaternary periods.  These three periods are further split into seven sub-divisions, with the Paleogene composed of The Paleocene, Eocene, and Oligocene, the Neocene divided into the Miocene, Pliocene, and the Quaternary composed of the Pleistocene, and Holocene. Mammals, birds, amphibians, crocodilians, turtles and lepidosaurs were able to survive the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event that killed off the non-avian dinosaurs and many other forms of life, and this is the era during which they diversified into their modern forms.

text: The Cenozoic ("new life") era began at  Ma, and is subdivided into the

text: Paleogene

text: Neogene

text: , and Quaternary periods.  These three periods are further split into seven sub-divisions, with the Paleogene composed of The

text: Paleocene

text: Eocene

text: , and

text: Oligocene

text: , the Neocene divided into the

text: Miocene

text: Pliocene

text: , and the Quaternary composed of the

text: Pleistocene

text: , and Holocene. Mammals, birds, amphibians, crocodilians, turtles and lepidosaurs were able to survive the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event that killed off the non-avian dinosaurs and many other forms of life, and this is the era during which they diversified into their modern forms.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: lepidosaurs

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Quaternary

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: was not able to survive

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: lepidosaurs

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Cretaceous

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: lepidosaurs

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cretaceous–Paleogene

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: amphibians,

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Cretaceous–Paleogene

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: lepidosaurs

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: lepidosaurs

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: The Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event

text: The early primates include both nocturnal and diurnal small-bodied species, and all were arboreal, with hands and feet specially adapted for maneuvering on small branches.  Plesiadapiforms from the early Paleocene are sometimes considered "archaic primates" because their teeth resembled those of early primates, and because they possessed arboreal adaptations, such as a divergent hallux (big toe).  Although plesiadapiforms were closely related to primates, they may represent a paraphyletic group from which primates may or may not have directly evolved, and some genera may have been more closely related to colugos, also known as dermopterans or "flying lemurs", which are thought to be closely related to primates.

text: The early primates include both

text: nocturnal

text: and

text: diurnal

text: small-bodied species, and all were arboreal, with hands and feet specially adapted for maneuvering on small branches.

text: Plesiadapiforms

text: from the early

text: Paleocene

text: are sometimes considered "archaic primates" because their teeth resembled those of early primates, and because they possessed arboreal adaptations, such as a divergent

text: hallux

text: (big toe).  Although plesiadapiforms were closely related to primates, they may represent a

text: paraphyletic

text: group from which primates may or may not have directly evolved, and some

text: genera

text: may have been more closely related to

text: colugo

text: s, also known as dermopterans or "flying lemurs", which are thought to be closely related to primates.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: colugos

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Paleocene

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: maneuvering on small branches

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: was a small-bodied species

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: colugos

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: The early primates include both nocturnal and diurnal small-bodied species

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Plesiadapiforms

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Paleocene

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: primates may or may not have directly evolved,

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: maneuvering on small branches.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: The early primates

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Paleocene

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: The early primates

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: plesiadapiforms were closely related to primates,

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Paleocene

text: There are hundreds of formations on the property of many sizes. About 240 of the formation have been cataloged, but locals say there are many more. The formations have been compared to buildings, columns, dragons, various animals and human faces with dozens of the formation between ten and twenty meters tall.  There are various stories related to their formation. One says that they were made by giants, another states that the rock formations were giants which were punished by being turned to stone.  Other stories say that the area was once under the sea or that extra terrestrials made them.  The rock formations have their origin during the Cenozoic era about 66 million years ago with volcanic activity. Since that time the rock has worn away due to wind, rain and other factors to leave what is seen here.

text: There are hundreds of formations on the property of many sizes. About 240 of the formation have been cataloged, but locals say there are many more. The formations have been compared to buildings, columns, dragons, various animals and human faces with dozens of the formation between ten and twenty meters tall.  There are various stories related to their formation. One says that they were made by giants, another states that the rock formations were giants which were punished by being turned to stone.  Other stories say that the area was once under the sea or that extra terrestrials made them.  The rock formations have their origin during the

text: Cenozoic era

text: about 66 million years ago with volcanic activity. Since that time the rock has worn away due to wind, rain and other factors to leave what is seen here.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is not mentioned in the passage

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: volcanoes

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: giants,

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic era

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: giants,

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: 240 of the formation have been cataloged,

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: 66

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: human faces

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: giants,

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: human faces

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: giants,

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Cenozoic era

text: Many hCONDELs are located around genes expressed during cortical neurogenesis. A 3,181 bp hCONDEL which is located near the GADD45G gene removes a forebrain-specific p300 enhancer binding site. The removal of this region, known to function as a suppressor specifically increases the proliferation of the subventricular zone(SVZ) of the septum. The loss of this SVZ enhancer region in an hCONDEL may provide further insights into the role of DNA sequence changes that may have resulted in evolution of the human brain  and may provide a better understanding of the evolution of humans.

text: Many hCONDELs are located around genes expressed during cortical

text: neurogenesis

text: . A 3,181 bp hCONDEL which is located near the GADD45G gene removes a forebrain-specific

text: enhancer binding site. The removal of this region, known to function as a suppressor specifically increases the proliferation of the

text: subventricular zone

text: (SVZ) of the septum. The loss of this SVZ enhancer region in an hCONDEL may provide further insights into the role of DNA sequence changes that may have resulted in evolution of the human brain  and may provide a better understanding of the evolution of humans.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: GADD45G

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: cortical neurogenesis

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is a species of primate

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: GADD45G

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: hCONDELs

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: cortical neurogenesis.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: humans.

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: humans.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: humans.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: hCONDELs

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hCONDELs

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: humans.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: humans.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: hCONDELs

text: Some literalist Muslims reject origin of species from a common ancestor by evolution as incompatible with the Qur'an. However, even amongst Muslims who accept evolution, many believe that humanity was a special creation by God. For example, Shaikh Nuh Ha Mim Keller, an American Muslim and specialist in Islamic law has argued in Islam and Evolution that a belief in macroevolution is not incompatible with Islam, as long as it is accepted that "Allah is the Creator of everything" (Qur'an 13:16) and that Allah specifically created humanity (in the person of Adam; Qur'an 38:71-76). Shaikh Keller states in his conclusion however:

text: Some literalist Muslims reject origin of species from a common ancestor by evolution as incompatible with the

text: Qur'an

text: . However, even amongst Muslims who accept evolution, many believe that humanity was a special creation by God. For example, Shaikh Nuh Ha Mim Keller, an American Muslim and specialist in Islamic law has argued in Islam and Evolution that a belief in

text: macroevolution

text: is not incompatible with Islam, as long as it is accepted that "Allah is the Creator of everything" (Qur'an 13:16) and that Allah specifically created humanity (in the person of Adam; Qur'an 38:71-76). Shaikh Keller states in his conclusion however:

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Adam

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Qur'an

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: was a special creation by God

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Adam

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Qur'an

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Adam;

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Adam;

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Allah specifically created humanity

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: a belief in macroevolution is not incompatible with Islam,

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Allah specifically created humanity

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Adam;

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Adam;

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: a common ancestor

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Allah specifically created humanity

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: macroevolution

text: Bahá'ís do not claim that the Bahá'í revelation is the final stage in God's direction in the course of human spiritual evolution.  The Bahá'í writings contain assurances that after 1000 years, another Manifestation of God will appear to advance human civilization.

text: Bahá'ís do not claim that the Bahá'í revelation is the final stage in God's direction in the course of human spiritual evolution.  The Bahá'í writings contain assurances that after 1000 years, another Manifestation of God will appear to advance human civilization.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Bahá

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Manifestation of God

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is not the same thing as evolution

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Bahá'

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: evolution

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Bahá'<unk>

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: 1000 years,

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Bahá'<unk>

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: human spiritual evolution.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: 1000

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: human spiritual evolution.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Bahá'<unk>

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: spiritual evolution.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Bahá'<unk>

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: human spiritual evolution.

text: Triassic and Jurassic volcanic rifting and graben fault systems created highs and lows in the North Sea area. This was followed by late Mesozoic and Cenozoic subsidence creating the intracratonic sedimentary basin of the North Sea. This era experienced higher sea levels because of sea floor spreading, cooler lithosphere temperatures. Plate tectonics and continental orogenies combined to create the continents and the North Sea as we know them today. The final events affecting the North Sea coastline features and submarine topography occurred in the Cenozoic era.

text: Triassic and Jurassic volcanic rifting and graben fault systems created highs and lows in the North Sea area. This was followed by late Mesozoic and Cenozoic

text: subsidence

text: creating the

text: intracratonic

text: sedimentary basin

text: of the North Sea. This era experienced higher sea levels because of sea floor spreading, cooler lithosphere temperatures. Plate tectonics and continental

text: orogenies

text: combined to create the continents and the North Sea as we know them today. The final events affecting the North Sea

text: coastline features

text: and

text: submarine topography

text: occurred in the

text: Cenozoic

text: era.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Jurassic

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is a species of primate

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Jurassic

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Jurassic

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: lithosphere

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Triassic and Jurassic

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Triassic and Jurassic

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: higher sea levels because of sea floor spreading, cooler lithosphere temperatures.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Triassic and Jurassic

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Triassic and Jurassic

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Triassic and Jurassic

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Triassic and Jurassic

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Triassic and Jurassic

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: lithosphere temperatures.

text: The Rift Valley in East Africa has been a rich source of hominid fossils that allow the study of human evolution.  The rapidly eroding highlands quickly filled the valley with sediments, creating a favorable environment for the preservation of remains. The bones of several hominid ancestors of modern humans have been found here, including those of "Lucy", a partial australopithecine skeleton discovered by anthropologist Donald Johanson dating back over 3 million years. Richard and Mary Leakey have done significant work in this region also. More recently, two other hominid ancestors have been discovered here: a 10-million-year-old ape called Chororapithecus abyssinicus, found in the Afar rift in eastern Ethiopia, and Nakalipithecus nakayamai, which is also 10 million years old.

text: The Rift Valley in East Africa has been a rich source of

text: hominid

text: fossils that allow the study of human evolution.  The rapidly eroding highlands quickly filled the valley with sediments, creating a favorable environment for the preservation of remains. The bones of several hominid ancestors of modern humans have been found here, including those of "

text: Lucy

text: ", a partial

text: australopithecine

text: skeleton discovered by anthropologist

text: Donald Johanson

text: dating back over 3 million years.

text: Richard

text: and

text: Mary Leakey

text: have done significant work in this region also. More recently, two other hominid ancestors have been discovered here: a 10-million-year-old ape called

text: Chororapithecus abyssinicus

text: , found in the Afar rift in eastern Ethiopia, and

text: Nakalipithecus nakayamai

text: , which is also 10 million years old.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: australopithecine

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Rift Valley

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: ancestors of modern humans

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: australopithecine

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: rift valley

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: australopithecine

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: 3 million years.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: hominid ancestors of modern humans

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: evolution.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: 3 million years.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Chororapithecus abyssinicus,

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: australopithecine

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: hominid ancestors of modern humans

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: 3 million years.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: The Rift Valley

text: The discovery of prehistoric art in the late 19th century raised the issue of a "naive" state, an art by which humans supposedly represented what they saw as a result of an aesthetic triggering effect. It was soon realized near the beginning of the 20th century that this view was mistaken, and that magical-religious concerns were responsible for the figurative art of the Cenozoic Era, as indeed for almost all art except in a few rare "hunting tallies" etched on bone during the Paleolithic period.

text: The discovery of

text: prehistoric art

text: in the late 19th century raised the issue of a "naive" state, an art by which humans supposedly represented what they saw as a result of an aesthetic triggering effect. It was soon realized near the beginning of the 20th century that this view was mistaken, and that magical-religious concerns were responsible for the figurative art of the

text: Cenozoic Era

text: , as indeed for almost all art except in a few rare "hunting tallies" etched on bone during the

text: Paleolithic

text: period.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: prehistoric

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic Era

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is a species of primate

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Paleolithic

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: prehistoric art

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic Era,

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: The discovery of prehistoric art

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: "hunting tallies"

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Paleolithic

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: magical-religious concerns

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Paleolithic period.

text: It preserves fossils dating back to the Neogene period of the Cenozoic Era.

text: It preserves

text: fossils

text: dating back to the

text: Neogene

text: period

text: of the

text: Cenozoic Era

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Neogene

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Neogene period

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Neogene period

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Neogene

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Neogene

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic Era.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Neogene period of the Cenozoic Era.

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: It preserves fossils

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Neogene period of the Cenozoic Era.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Neogene period of the Cenozoic Era.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Neogene

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Cenozoic Era.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Neogene period of the Cenozoic Era.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Cenozoic Era.

text: The Tugen Hills represent one of the few areas in Africa preserving a succession of deposits from the period of between 14 and 4 million years ago, making them an important location for the study of human (and animal) evolution. Excavations at the site conducted by Richard Leakey and others have yielded a complete skeleton of a 1.5-million-year-old elephant (1967), a new species of monkey (1969) and fossil remains of hominids from 1 to 2 million years ago.

text: The Tugen Hills represent one of the few areas in Africa preserving a succession of deposits from the period of between 14 and 4 million years ago, making them an important location for the study of human (and animal) evolution. Excavations at the site conducted by

text: Richard Leakey

text: and others have yielded a complete skeleton of a 1.5-million-year-old elephant (1967), a new species of monkey (1969) and

text: fossil

text: remains of

text: hominids

text: from 1 to 2 million years ago.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: elephant

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: 4 million years ago

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: fossil remains of hominids

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Africa

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: 14 and 4 million years ago,

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: human (and animal) evolution.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: 1 to 2 million years ago.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: hominids from 1 to 2 million years ago.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: hominids from 1 to 2 million years ago.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: fossil remains of hominids from 1 to 2 million years ago.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Tugen Hills

text: Joseph Jordania suggested that in human evolutionary history collective identity was crucial for the physical survival of hominids and early humans. As individual hominids were too weak and slow to survive predators on their own, in the moments most critical to survival (predator attacks, combat situations, mortal danger) humans enter the altered state of consciousness where they do not feel fear and pain, do not question the behavior of other members of their group, and are ready to sacrifice their lives for evolution's more important super-ordinate goals (i.e. survival of the children or the group). Humans sometimes do not have memory of these critical moments. Absence of stressful memories is known as psychogenic amnesia. According to Jordania, human ability to follow the rhythm in big groups, to sing together in harmony, to dance for many hours and enter the ecstatic state, as well as the tradition of body painting, were all the parts of the first universal rituals. These were primarily developed as the means to synchronize each individual group-member's neural activity (through the release of neuro-chemicals), in order to reach the state of collective identity, also known as transcendence. In this state the survival needs of the group can override the instincts of individual survival.

text: Joseph Jordania

text: suggested that in

text: human evolution

text: ary history collective identity was crucial for the physical survival of

text: hominids

text: and

text: early humans

text: . As individual hominids were too weak and slow to survive

text: predators

text: on their own, in the moments most critical to survival (

text: predator

text: attacks,

text: combat

text: situations, mortal danger) humans enter the

text: altered state of consciousness

text: where they do not feel

text: fear

text: and

text: pain

text: , do not question the behavior of other members of their group, and are ready to sacrifice their lives for evolution's more important super-ordinate goals (i.e. survival of the children or the group). Humans sometimes do not have

text: memory

text: of these critical moments. Absence of stressful memories is known as

text: psychogenic amnesia

text: . According to

text: Jordania

text: , human ability to follow the

text: rhythm

text: in big groups, to

text: sing

text: together in

text: harmony

text: , to

text: dance

text: for many hours and enter the ecstatic state, as well as the tradition of

text: body painting

text: , were all the parts of the first universal rituals. These were primarily developed as the means to synchronize each individual group-member's neural activity (through the release of neuro-chemicals), in order to reach the state of collective identity, also known as transcendence. In this state the survival needs of the group can override the

text: instinct

text: s of individual survival.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: follow the rhythm

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: did not question the behavior of other members of their group

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: early humans.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: follow the rhythm in big groups, to sing together in harmony,

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: humans.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: early humans.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: survival of the children or the group).

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: transcendence.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: hominids

text: The prosimians were once a group considered a suborder of the primate order (suborder Prosimii - Gr. pro, before, + Latin simius/simia, ape), which was named in 1811 by Johann Karl Wilhelm Illiger. They have been shown, however, to be paraphyletic - that is, their most recent common ancestor was a prosimian but it has some non-prosimian descendents (i.e. monkeys and apes). This relationship is shown by the ranks (prosimians in bold) in the list below of the current primate classification between the order and infraorder level. The term "prosimian" is considered taxonomically obsolete, although it is used to emphasize similarities between strepsirrhines, tarsiers, and the early primates.

text: The prosimians were once a group considered a suborder of the primate

text: order

text: (suborder Prosimii - Gr. pro, before, + Latin simius/simia, ape), which was named in 1811 by

text: Johann Karl Wilhelm Illiger

text: . They have been shown, however, to be paraphyletic - that is, their most recent common ancestor was a prosimian but it has some non-prosimian descendents (i.e. monkeys and apes). This relationship is shown by the ranks (prosimians in bold) in the list below of the current primate classification between the order and

text: infraorder

text: level. The term "prosimian" is considered taxonomically obsolete, although it is used to emphasize similarities between strepsirrhines, tarsiers, and the early primates.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: prosimian

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Prosimian

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Prosimii

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: prosimian

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Prosimii

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: prosimian

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: prosimian

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: prosimian

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: paraphyletic

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: The prosimians

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: The prosimians

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: prosimian

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: non-prosimian descendents

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: paraphyletic

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: The prosimians

text: There are a variety of ideas which promote a specific change in behaviour as the key driver for the evolution of hominid bipedalism. For example, Wescott (1967) and later Jablonski & Chaplin (1993) suggest that bipedal threat displays could have been the transitional behaviour which led to some groups of apes beginning to adopt bipedal postures more often. Others (e.g. Dart 1925) have offered the idea that the need for more vigilance against predators could have provided the initial motivation. Dawkins (e.g. 2004) has argued that it could have begun as a kind of fashion that just caught on and then escalated through sexual selection. And it has even been suggested (e.g. Tanner 1981:165) that male phallic display could have been the initial incentive, as well as increased sexual signaling in upright female posture.

text: There are a variety of ideas which promote a specific change in behaviour as the key driver for the evolution of hominid bipedalism. For example, Wescott (1967) and later Jablonski & Chaplin (1993) suggest that bipedal threat displays could have been the transitional behaviour which led to some groups of apes beginning to adopt bipedal postures more often. Others (e.g. Dart 1925) have offered the idea that the need for more vigilance against predators could have provided the initial motivation. Dawkins (e.g. 2004) has argued that it could have begun as a kind of fashion that just caught on and then escalated through sexual selection. And it has even been suggested (e.g. Tanner 1981:165) that male phallic display could have been the initial incentive, as well as increased sexual signaling in upright female posture.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: ape

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: apes

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: evolution of hominid bipedalism

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: apes

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: apes

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: sexual selection.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: hominid bipedalism.

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: vigilance against predators

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: hominid bipedalism.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: hominid bipedalism.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: apes

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Jablonski & Chaplin (1993)

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: predators

text: Throughout the Cenozoic Era, the large North American and South American continental plates moved westward from the Eurasian plate. This drift interlocked with the development of the Atlantic Ocean, trending north-south, with the North Pole in the small, nearly landlocked basin of the Arctic Ocean. The Isthmus of Panama developed at a convergent plate margin about 3 million years ago, and further separated oceanic circulation, closing the last strait, outside of the polar regions, that had connected the Pacific and Atlantic oceans.

text: Throughout the

text: Cenozoic Era

text: , the large

text: North America

text: n and

text: South America

text: n continental plates moved westward from the

text: Eurasia

text: n plate. This drift interlocked with the development of the

text: Atlantic Ocean

text: , trending north-south, with the North Pole in the small, nearly landlocked basin of the

text: Arctic Ocean

text: . The

text: Isthmus of Panama

text: developed at a convergent plate margin about 3 million years ago, and further separated oceanic circulation, closing the last strait, outside of the polar regions, that had connected the

text: Pacific

text: and Atlantic oceans.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Eurasian

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic Era

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is a species of primate

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Eurasian

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Isthmus of Panama

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: The Isthmus of Panama

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic Era,

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Throughout the Cenozoic Era,

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: north-south,

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: 3 million years ago,

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Throughout the Cenozoic Era,

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Cenozoic Era,

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Throughout the Cenozoic Era,

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Throughout the Cenozoic Era,

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: North American and South American continental plates

text: Martin's research uses a wide range of approaches to identify reliable general principles in human evolution. In order to interpret human origins, he has conducted comprehensive comparisons across primates with studies that cover anatomy of both living and fossil representatives, ecology, behaviour, reproduction and molecular evolution. Throughout his research, the study of size relationships (allometric scaling or allometry) has been a prevalent theme. His synthetic approach to primate evolution has revealed a number of important relationships. This was exemplified on a study by Martin and colleagues on times of divergence in the primate tree, notably the split between humans and chimpanzees. Because of major gaps in the fossil record, estimation of divergence times from earliest known fossil relatives can be misleading. So they used statistical analyses of living and fossil primates in combination with an evolutionary tree based on DNA evidence, which revealed that divergence times within the primate tree are generally substantially earlier than has often been claimed. Specifically, the divergence between humans and chimpanzees  —  which was to be around 5 million years ago  —  appears to be closer to 8 million years ago. Another example is provided by the connection between brain size and reproductive biology. By examining these features together, Martin and colleagues inferred that maternal energy resources played a vital part in the evolution of the brain. The resulting "Maternal Energy Hypothesis" is particularly relevant to interpreting the evolution of the very large brain of humans.

text: Martin's research uses a wide range of approaches to identify reliable general principles in

text: human evolution

text: . In order to interpret human origins, he has conducted comprehensive comparisons across

text: primates

text: with studies that cover anatomy of both living and fossil representatives, ecology, behaviour, reproduction and molecular evolution. Throughout his research, the study of size relationships (allometric scaling or

text: allometry

text: ) has been a prevalent theme. His synthetic approach to primate evolution has revealed a number of important relationships. This was exemplified on a study by Martin and colleagues on times of divergence in the primate tree, notably the split between humans and chimpanzees. Because of major gaps in the fossil record, estimation of divergence times from earliest known fossil relatives can be misleading. So they used statistical analyses of living and fossil primates in combination with an evolutionary tree based on DNA evidence, which revealed that divergence times within the primate tree are generally substantially earlier than has often been claimed. Specifically, the divergence between humans and chimpanzees  —  which was to be around 5 million years ago  —  appears to be closer to 8 million years ago. Another example is provided by the connection between

text: brain size

text: and

text: reproductive biology

text: . By examining these features together, Martin and colleagues inferred that maternal energy resources played a vital part in the evolution of the brain. The resulting "Maternal Energy Hypothesis" is particularly relevant to interpreting the evolution of the very large brain of humans.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: chimpanzees

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: divergence

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: chimpanzee

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: primate tree

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: chimpanzees.

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: 5 million years ago — appears to be closer to 8 million years ago.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: 5 million years ago — appears to be closer to 8 million years ago.

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: reproduction

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: 5 million years ago — appears to be closer to 8 million years ago.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: humans and chimpanzees.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: humans and chimpanzees.

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: chimpanzees.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: 5 million years ago — appears to be closer to 8 million years ago.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: chimpanzees.

text: Postcanine megadontia is commonly associated with the repeated consumption of tough plant-like material, which can be referred to as "low-quality food stuffs". The substances were integral to the diet of extinct hominids, and their molars were subject to the constant occlusal attrition from the stress of vigorous mastication. The development and evolution of this trait was characterized by a thick coating of enamel surrounding the molars and premolars, mitigating the detrimental effects of the tough diet. As such, this postcanine dentition is capable of “crushing and grinding” the tough shoots and leaves common to the diet of an early hominid. Australopithecus Paranthropus, for example, was perhaps the most noteworthy hominid to display this trait, an adaptation perhaps due to its varied and encompassing diet . Note, postcanine megadontia is hypothesized to have no correlation to durophagy, but is rather a crucial development in hominids that allowed for preservation of occlusal quality.

text: Postcanine megadontia is commonly associated with the repeated consumption of tough plant-like material, which can be referred to as "low-quality food stuffs". The substances were integral to the diet of extinct

text: hominids

text: , and their

text: molars

text: were subject to the constant occlusal attrition from the stress of vigorous

text: mastication

text: . The development and evolution of this trait was characterized by a thick coating of

text: enamel

text: surrounding the molars and premolars, mitigating the detrimental effects of the tough diet. As such, this postcanine dentition is capable of “crushing and grinding” the tough shoots and leaves common to the diet of an early hominid. Australopithecus

text: Paranthropus

text: , for example, was perhaps the most noteworthy hominid to display this trait, an adaptation perhaps due to its varied and encompassing diet . Note, postcanine megadontia is hypothesized to have no correlation to

text: durophagy

text: , but is rather a crucial development in hominids that allowed for preservation of occlusal quality.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Australopithecus Paranthropus

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Australopithecus

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Australopithecus Paranthropus

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Australopithecus Paranthropus

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Paranthropus

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Australopithecus Paranthropus,

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: early hominid.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Australopithecus Paranthropus,

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: varied and encompassing diet.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Postcanine megadontia

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Australopithecus Paranthropus,

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Australopithecus Paranthropus,

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: extinct hominids,

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Postcanine megadontia

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Postcanine megadontia

text: There has been a gradual increase in brain volume as humans progressed along the timeline of evolution (see Homininae), starting from about 600 cm in Homo habilis up to 1500 cm in Homo neanderthalensis. Thus, in general there's a correlation between brain volume and intelligence. However, modern Homo sapiens have a brain volume slightly smaller (1250 cm) than neanderthals, and the Flores hominids (Homo floresiensis), nicknamed hobbits, had a cranial capacity of about 380 cm (considered small for a chimpanzee) about a third of that of H. erectus. It is proposed that they evolved from H. erectus as a case of insular dwarfism. With their three times smaller brain the Flores hominids apparently used fire and made tools as sophisticated as those of their ancestor H.erectus. In this case, it seems that for intelligence, the structure of the brain is more important than its volume.

text: There has been a gradual increase in brain volume as humans progressed along the timeline of evolution (see

text: Homininae

text: ), starting from about 600 cm in

text: Homo habilis

text: up to 1500 cm in

text: Homo neanderthalensis

text: . Thus, in general there's a correlation between brain volume and intelligence. However, modern Homo sapiens have a brain volume slightly smaller (1250 cm) than neanderthals, and the Flores hominids (

text: Homo floresiensis

text: ), nicknamed hobbits, had a cranial capacity of about 380 cm (considered small for a chimpanzee) about a third of that of

text: H. erectus

text: . It is proposed that they evolved from H. erectus as a case of insular dwarfism. With their three times smaller brain the Flores hominids apparently used fire and made tools as sophisticated as those of their ancestor H.erectus. In this case, it seems that for intelligence, the structure of the brain is more important than its volume.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Flores hominids

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: timeline of evolution

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: a third of that of H. erectus

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Homo habilis

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Homininae

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Flores hominids

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: timeline of evolution

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Flores hominids

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: fire

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: H. erectus

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: insular dwarfism.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: H. erectus.

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Homo sapiens

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: insular dwarfism.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: fire

text: The evolutionary history of the human brain shows primarily a gradually bigger brain relative to body size during the evolutionary path from early primates to hominids and finally to Homo sapiens. Human brain size has been trending upwards since 2 million years ago, with a 3 factor increase. Early australopithecine brains were little larger than chimpanzee brains.  The increase has been seen as larger human brain volume as we progressed along the human timeline of evolution (see Homininae), starting from about 600 cm in Homo habilis up to 1500 cm in Homo sapiens neanderthalensis which is the hominid with the biggest brain size. The increase in brain size topped with neanderthals; since then the average brain size has been shrinking over the past 28,000 years. The male brain has decreased from 1,500 cm to 1,350 cm while the female brain has shrunk by the same relative proportion.

text: The evolutionary history of the human brain shows primarily a gradually bigger brain relative to body size during the evolutionary path from early primates to hominids and finally to Homo sapiens. Human brain size has been trending upwards since 2 million years ago, with a 3 factor increase. Early

text: australopithecine

text: brains were little larger than chimpanzee brains.  The increase has been seen as larger human brain volume as we progressed along the human timeline of evolution (see

text: Homininae

text: ), starting from about 600 cm in

text: Homo habilis

text: up to 1500 cm in

text: Homo sapiens neanderthalensis

text: which is the hominid with the biggest brain size. The increase in brain size topped with neanderthals; since then the average brain size has been shrinking over the past 28,000 years. The male brain has decreased from 1,500 cm to 1,350 cm while the female brain has shrunk by the same relative proportion.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: australopithecine

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Homininae

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: was little larger than chimpanzee brains

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: australopithecine

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Homo sapiens

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Homo sapiens.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Early australopithecine

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: bigger brain relative to body size

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Homo sapiens neanderthalensis

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Homo habilis

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: australopithecine

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Homo sapiens.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: neanderthals;

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Homininae),

text: Richard Land has written that from what is known about human biology it is highly unlikely that evolution has provided humans with ESP as research has shown the recognized five senses are adequate for the evolution and survival of the species. Michael Shermer in an article Psychic Drift: Why most scientists do not believe in ESP and psi phenomena for the Scientific American wrote "the reason for skepticism is that we need replicable data and a viable theory, both of which are missing in psi research."

text: Richard Land has written that from what is known about

text: human biology

text: it is highly unlikely that evolution has provided humans with

text: ESP

text: as research has shown the recognized five senses are adequate for the evolution and survival of the species.

text: Michael Shermer

text: in an article Psychic Drift: Why most scientists do not believe in ESP and psi phenomena for the

text: Scientific American

text: wrote "the reason for skepticism is that we need replicable data and a viable theory, both of which are missing in psi research."

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: ESP

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: eukaryotic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is a species of primate

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: primate

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: ESP

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: ESP

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: ESP

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: ESP

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: ESP

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: ESP

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: ESP

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: survival

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: ESP

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: ESP as research has shown the recognized five senses

text: The Turgai (or Turgay) Sea or Turgai Strait, also known as the West Siberian Sea, was a large shallow body of salt water (an epicontinental or epeiric sea) of the Mesozoic and Cenozoic Eras. It extended north of the present-day Caspian Sea to the "paleo-Arctic" region, and was in existence from Middle Jurassic to Oligocene times, from approximately 160 to 29 million years ago.

text: The Turgai (or Turgay) Sea or Turgai Strait, also known as the West Siberian Sea, was a large shallow body of salt water (an epicontinental or

text: epeiric sea

text: ) of the

text: Mesozoic

text: and

text: Cenozoic

text: Era

text: s. It extended north of the present-day

text: Caspian Sea

text: to the "paleo-Arctic" region, and was in existence from

text: Middle Jurassic

text: to

text: Oligocene

text: times, from approximately 160 to 29 million years ago.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Jurassic

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic Era

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: was in existence from Middle Jurassic to Oligocene times

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Middle Jurassic

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Mesozoic

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Turgai Strait

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Turgai

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Oligocene

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: The Turgai (or Turgay) Sea

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: Caspian Sea to the "paleo-Arctic"

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: 160 to 29 million years ago.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: 160 to 29 million years ago.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Middle Jurassic to Oligocene

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Mesozoic and Cenozoic Eras.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: 160 to 29 million years ago.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Turgai Strait,

text: The evolution of color vision in primates is unique among most eutherian mammals. While the remote vertebrate ancestors of the primates possessed three color vision (trichromaticism), the nocturnal, warm-blooded, mammalian ancestors lost one of three cones in the retina during the Mesozoic era. Fish, reptiles and birds are therefore trichromatic or tetrachromatic, while all mammals, with the exception of some primates and marsupials, are dichromats or monochromats (totally color blind). Nocturnal primates, such as the night monkeys and bush babies, are often monochromatic. Catarrhines are routinely trichromatic due to a gene duplication of the red-green opsin gene at the base of their lineage, 30 to 40 million years ago. Platyrrhines, on the other hand, are trichromatic in a few cases only. Specifically, individual females must be heterozygous for two alleles of the opsin gene (red and green) located on the same locus of the X chromosome. Males, therefore, can only be dichromatic, while females can be either dichromatic or trichromatic. Color vision in strepsirrhines is not as well understood; however, research indicates a range of color vision similar to that found in platyrrhines.

text: The

text: evolution of color vision in primates

text: is unique among most

text: eutheria

text: n

text: mammal

text: s. While the remote

text: vertebrate

text: ancestors of the primates possessed

text: three color vision

text: (trichromaticism), the

text: nocturnal

text: warm-blooded

text: , mammalian ancestors lost one of three cones in the

text: retina

text: during the

text: Mesozoic

text: era. Fish, reptiles and birds are therefore trichromatic or

text: tetrachromatic

text: , while all mammals, with the exception of some primates and

text: marsupial

text: s, are dichromats or

text: monochromats

text: (totally color blind). Nocturnal primates, such as the

text: night monkey

text: s and

text: bush babies

text: , are often monochromatic. Catarrhines are routinely trichromatic due to a

text: gene duplication

text: of the red-green

text: opsin

text: gene at the base of their lineage, 30 to 40 million years ago. Platyrrhines, on the other hand, are trichromatic in a few cases only. Specifically, individual females must be

text: heterozygous

text: for two

text: allele

text: s of the opsin gene (red and green) located on the same

text: locus

text: of the

text: X chromosome

text: . Males, therefore, can only be dichromatic, while females can be either dichromatic or trichromatic. Color vision in strepsirrhines is not as well understood; however, research indicates a range of color vision similar to that found in platyrrhines.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Catarrhines

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Mesozoic era

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is monochromatic

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: remote vertebrate

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: eutherian mammals

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Catarrhines

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Mesozoic era.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: the remote vertebrate ancestors of the primates

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: trichromatic or tetrachromatic,

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: 30 to 40 million years ago.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: three color vision

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Catarrhines

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: nocturnal, warm-blooded,

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: 30 to 40 million years ago.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Mesozoic era.

text: The study of Alu elements has also been important in elucidatinghuman population genetics and the evolution of primates, including the evolution of humans.

text: The study of Alu elements has also been important in elucidatinghuman

text: population genetics

text: and the

text: evolution

text: of

text: primate

text: s, including the

text: evolution of humans

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Alu

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Alu

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: alu elements

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Alu

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Alu

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Alu elements

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: primates,

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: elucidatinghuman population genetics and the evolution of primates,

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: primates,

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: primates,

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: humans.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: humans.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Alu

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: primates,

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: humans.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Alu elements

text: Observations of the surfaces of many Solar System bodies reveals important clues about their evolution. For example, a lava flow that spreads out and fills a large impact crater is likely to be younger than the crater.  On the other hand, a small crater on top of the same lava flow is likely to be younger than both the lava and the larger crater since it can be surmised to have been the product of a later, unobserved, geological event.  This principle, called the law of superposition, and other principles of stratigraphy, first formulated by Nicholas Steno in the 17th century, allowed geologists of the 19th century to divide the history of the Earth into the familiar eras of Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic. The same methodology was later applied to the Moon and then to Mars.

text: Observations of the surfaces of many Solar System bodies reveals important clues about their evolution. For example, a lava flow that spreads out and fills a large impact crater is likely to be younger than the crater.  On the other hand, a small crater on top of the same lava flow is likely to be younger than both the lava and the larger crater since it can be surmised to have been the product of a later, unobserved, geological event.  This principle, called the

text: law of superposition

text: , and other principles of

text: stratigraphy

text: , first formulated by

text: Nicholas Steno

text: in the 17th century, allowed geologists of the 19th century to divide the history of the Earth into the familiar eras of

text: Paleozoic

text: Mesozoic

text: , and

text: Cenozoic

text: . The same methodology was later applied to the Moon and then to Mars.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: was not a crater

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: a lava flow

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: evolution.

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: evolution.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: evolution.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Paleozoic,

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: evolution.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: law of superposition,

text: It preserves prehistoric plant and fauna fossils dating back to the Paleogene period of the Cenozoic Era.

text: It preserves

text: prehistoric plant

text: and fauna

text: fossil

text: s dating back to the Paleogene period of the

text: Cenozoic Era

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Paleogene period

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Paleogene

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Paleogene

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: prehistoric plant and fauna

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic Era.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Paleogene period of the Cenozoic Era.

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: It preserves prehistoric plant and fauna fossils

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Paleogene period of the Cenozoic Era.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Paleogene period of the Cenozoic Era.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Paleogene

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Cenozoic Era.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Paleogene period of the Cenozoic Era.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Paleogene period of the Cenozoic Era.

text: The term directed evolution is used within the transhumanist community to refer to the idea of applying the principles of directed evolution and experimental evolution to the control of human evolution. In this sense, it is distinct from the use of the term in biochemistry, which refers only to the evolution of proteins and RNA. Maxwell J. Melhmanh has described directed evolution of humans as the Holy Grail of transhumanism.Oxford philosopher Julian Savulescu wrote that:

text: The term directed evolution is used within the

text: transhumanist

text: community to refer to the idea of applying the principles of

text: directed evolution

text: and

text: experimental evolution

text: to the control of human evolution. In this sense, it is distinct from the use of the term in

text: biochemistry

text: , which refers only to the evolution of

text: proteins

text: and

text: RNA

text: . Maxwell J. Melhmanh has described directed evolution of humans as the Holy Grail of

text: transhumanism

text: .Oxford philosopher

text: Julian Savulescu

text: wrote that:

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: modern humans

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: transhumanist community

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: directed evolution

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: primate

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: transhumanist

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: directed evolution

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: directed evolution

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: directed evolution

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: directed evolution

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: human evolution.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: human evolution.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: directed evolution of humans as the Holy Grail of transhumanism.Oxford

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: directed evolution

text: The question for Deacon is what behavioral-environmental changes could have made the development of symbolic thinking adaptive? Here he emphasizes the importance of distinguishing humans from all other species, not to privilege human intelligence but to problematize it. Given that the evolution of H. sapiens began with ancestors who did not yet have "culture," what led them to move away from cognitive, learning, communication, and tool-making strategies that were and continued to be adaptive for most other primates (and, some have suggested, most other species of animals)?  Learning symbol systems is more time consuming than other forms of communication, so symbolic thought made possible a different communication strategy, but not a more efficient one than other primates. Nevertheless, it must have offered some selective advantage to H. sapiens to have evolved. Deacon starts by looking at two key determinants in evolutionary history: foraging behavior, and patterns of sexual relations. As he observes competition for sexual access limits the possibilities for social cooperation in many species; yet, Deacon observes, there are three consistent patterns in human reproduction that distinguish them from other species:

text: The question for Deacon is what behavioral-environmental changes could have made the development of symbolic thinking adaptive? Here he emphasizes the importance of distinguishing humans from all other species, not to privilege human intelligence but to problematize it. Given that the evolution of H. sapiens began with ancestors who did not yet have "culture," what led them to move away from cognitive, learning, communication, and tool-making strategies that were and continued to be adaptive for most other primates (and, some have suggested, most other species of animals)?  Learning symbol systems is more time consuming than other forms of communication, so symbolic thought made possible a different communication strategy, but not a more efficient one than other primates. Nevertheless, it must have offered some selective advantage to H. sapiens to have evolved. Deacon starts by looking at two key determinants in evolutionary history: foraging behavior, and patterns of sexual relations. As he observes competition for sexual access limits the possibilities for social cooperation in many species; yet, Deacon observes, there are three consistent patterns in human reproduction that distinguish them from other species:

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: H. sapiens

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: evolutionary history

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: ancestors who did not yet have

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: sapiens

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: H. sapiens

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: "culture,"

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: "culture,"

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: "culture,"

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: "culture,"

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: "culture,"

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: "culture,"

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: "culture,"

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: "culture,"

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: "culture,"

text: DIT holds that genetic and cultural evolution interacted in the evolution of Homo sapiens.  DIT recognizes that the natural selection of genotypes is an important component of the evolution of human behavior and that cultural traits can be constrained by genetic imperatives. However, DIT also recognizes that genetic evolution has endowed the human species with a parallel evolutionary process of cultural evolution. DIT makes three main claims:

text: DIT holds that genetic and cultural evolution interacted in the evolution of Homo sapiens.  DIT recognizes that the natural selection of genotypes is an important component of the evolution of human behavior and that cultural traits can be constrained by genetic imperatives. However, DIT also recognizes that genetic evolution has endowed the human species with a parallel evolutionary process of cultural evolution. DIT makes three main claims:

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Homo sapiens

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: DIT

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Homo sapiens

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Homo sapiens

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Homo sapiens

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Homo sapiens.

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: genetic and cultural evolution

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: genetic and cultural evolution interacted in the evolution of Homo sapiens.

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: genetic and cultural evolution interacted in the evolution of Homo sapiens.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: genetic and cultural evolution

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Homo sapiens.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Homo sapiens.

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Homo sapiens.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: genetic and cultural evolution interacted in the evolution of Homo sapiens.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: genetic and cultural evolution

text: Early human ancestors, hominids, originally gave birth in a similar way that non-human primates do because early obligate quadrupedal individuals would have retained similar skeletal structure to great apes. Most non-human primates today have neonatal heads that are close in size to the mother’s birth canal, as evidenced by observing female primates who do not need assistance in birthing, often seeking seclusion away from others of their species. In modern humans, parturition (childbirth) differs greatly from the rest of the primates because of both pelvic shape of the mother and neonatal shape of the infant.

text: Early human ancestors, hominids, originally gave birth in a similar way that non-human primates do because early obligate quadrupedal individuals would have retained similar skeletal structure to great apes. Most non-human primates today have neonatal heads that are close in size to the mother’s birth canal, as evidenced by observing female primates who do not need assistance in birthing, often seeking seclusion away from others of their species. In modern humans,

text: parturition

text: (childbirth) differs greatly from the rest of the primates because of both pelvic shape of the mother and neonatal shape of the infant.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: did not need assistance in birthing

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: hominids,

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: obligate quadrupedal

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: hominids,

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: do not need assistance in birthing,

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Early human ancestors, hominids,

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Early human ancestors, hominids,

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominids,

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Early human ancestors, hominids,

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: obligate quadrupedal

text: The Cenozoic Era covers the  million years since the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event up to and including the present day. By the end of the Mesozoic era, the continents had rifted into nearly their present form. Laurasia became North America and Eurasia, while Gondwana split into South America, Africa, Australia, Antarctica and the Indian subcontinent, which collided with the Asian plate. This impact gave rise to the Himalayas. The Tethys Sea, which had separated the northern continents from Africa and India, began to close up, forming the Mediterranean sea.

text: The Cenozoic Era covers the  million years since the

text: Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event

text: up to and including the present day. By the end of the

text: Mesozoic

text: era, the continents had rifted into nearly their present form.

text: Laurasia

text: became

text: North America

text: and

text: Eurasia

text: , while

text: Gondwana

text: split into

text: South America

text: Africa

text: Australia

text: Antarctica

text: and the

text: Indian subcontinent

text: , which collided with the Asian plate. This impact gave rise to the Himalayas. The Tethys Sea, which had separated the northern continents from Africa and India, began to close up, forming the

text: Mediterranean sea

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Paleogene

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic Era

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: The Cenozoic Era

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Cretaceous

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Cenozoic Era

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Gondwana

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Cretaceous–Paleogene

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic Era

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: The Cenozoic Era

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: The Cenozoic Era

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: The Cenozoic Era

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: The Cenozoic Era

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Cretaceous–Paleogene

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: The Cenozoic Era

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: The Cenozoic Era

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Gondwana split into South America, Africa, Australia, Antarctica

text: In other words, whereas McGrew argues that anthropologists must focus on behaviors like communication and tool-use because they have no access to the mind, Holloway argues that human language and tool-use, including the earliest stone tools in the fossil record 2.6 million years ago, are highly suggestive of cognitive differences between humans and non-humans, and that such cognitive differences in turn explain human evolution. For Holloway, the question is not whether other primates communicate, learn or make tools, but the way they do these things. "Washing potatoes in the ocean ... stripping branches of leaves to get termites," and other examples of primate tool-use and learning "are iconic, and there is no feedback from the environment to the animal." Human tools, however, express an independence from natural form that manifests symbolic thinking. "In the preparation of the stick for termite-eating, the relation between product and raw material is iconic.  In the making of a stone tool, in contrast, there is no necessary relation between the form of the final product and the original material."

text: In other words, whereas McGrew argues that anthropologists must focus on behaviors like communication and tool-use because they have no access to the mind, Holloway argues that human language and tool-use, including the earliest

text: stone tool

text: s in the fossil record 2.6 million years ago, are highly suggestive of cognitive differences between humans and non-humans, and that such cognitive differences in turn explain human evolution. For Holloway, the question is not whether other primates communicate, learn or make tools, but the way they do these things. "Washing potatoes in the ocean ... stripping branches of leaves to get termites," and other examples of primate tool-use and learning "are iconic, and there is no feedback from the environment to the animal." Human tools, however, express an independence from natural form that manifests symbolic thinking. "In the preparation of the stick for termite-eating, the relation between product and raw material is iconic.  In the making of a stone tool, in contrast, there is no necessary relation between the form of the final product and the original material."

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: other primates

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: 2.6 million years

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: 2.6 million years ago

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: stone tools

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: 2.6 million years ago

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: non-humans,

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: 2.6 million years ago,

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: human evolution.

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: communication and tool-use

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: 2.6 million years

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: human evolution.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: 2.6 million years ago,

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: stone tools

text: Robert Lynn Carroll   (born May 5, 1938) is a vertebrate paleontologist who specialises in Paleozoic and Mesozoic amphibians and reptiles.

text: Robert Lynn Carroll   (born May 5, 1938) is a vertebrate

text: paleontologist

text: who specialises in

text: Paleozoic

text: and

text: Mesozoic

text: amphibian

text: s and

text: reptile

text: s.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Mesozoic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Homo erectus is a species of primate

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Mesozoic

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Mesozoic

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Paleozoic and Mesozoic amphibians and reptiles.

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Mesozoic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Robert Lynn Carroll

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: Mesozoic amphibians

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Robert Lynn Carroll

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Paleozoic and Mesozoic amphibians and reptiles.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Robert Lynn Carroll

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Paleozoic and Mesozoic amphibians and reptiles.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Robert Lynn Carroll

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Paleozoic and Mesozoic amphibians and reptiles.

text: Compared to many other mammals, primates have a relatively small number of functional OR genes. For instance, since divergence from their most recent common ancestor (MRCA), mice have gained a total of 623 new OR genes, and lost 285 genes, whereas humans have gained only 83 genes, but lost 428 genes. Mice have a total of 1035 protein-coding OR genes, humans have 387 protein-coding OR genes. The vision priority hypothesis states that the evolution of color vision in primates may have decreased primate reliance on olfaction, which explains  the relaxation of selective pressure that accounts for the accumulation of olfactory receptor pseudogenes in primates. However, recent evidence has rendered the vision priority hypothesis obsolete, because it was based on misleading data and assumptions. The hypothesis assumed that functional OR genes can be correlated to the olfactory capability of a given animal. In this view, a decrease in the fraction of functional OR genes would cause a reduction in the sense of smell; species with higher pseudogene count would also have a decreased olfactory ability. This assumption is flawed. Dogs, which are reputed to have good sense of smell, do not have the largest number of functional OR genes. Additionally, pseudogenes may be functional; 67% of human OR pseudogenes are expressed in the main olfactory epithelium, where they possibly have regulatory roles in gene expression. More importantly, the vision priority hypothesis assumed a drastic loss of functional OR genes at the branch of the OWMs, but this conclusion was biased by low-resolution data from only 100 OR genes. High-resolution studies instead agree that primates have lost OR genes in every branch from the MRCA to humans, indicating that the degeneration of OR gene repertories in primates cannot simply be explained by the changing capabilities in vision.

text: Compared to many other mammals, primates have a relatively small number of functional OR genes. For instance, since divergence from their most recent common ancestor (MRCA), mice have gained a total of 623 new OR genes, and lost 285 genes, whereas humans have gained only 83 genes, but lost 428 genes. Mice have a total of 1035 protein-coding OR genes, humans have 387 protein-coding OR genes. The vision priority hypothesis states that the

text: evolution of color vision in primates

text: may have decreased primate reliance on olfaction, which explains  the relaxation of selective pressure that accounts for the accumulation of olfactory receptor pseudogenes in primates. However, recent evidence has rendered the vision priority hypothesis obsolete, because it was based on misleading data and assumptions. The hypothesis assumed that functional OR genes can be correlated to the olfactory capability of a given animal. In this view, a decrease in the fraction of functional OR genes would cause a reduction in the sense of smell; species with higher pseudogene count would also have a decreased olfactory ability. This assumption is flawed. Dogs, which are reputed to have good sense of smell, do not have the largest number of functional OR genes. Additionally, pseudogenes may be functional; 67% of human OR pseudogenes are expressed in the main olfactory epithelium, where they possibly have regulatory roles in gene expression. More importantly, the vision priority hypothesis assumed a drastic loss of functional OR genes at the branch of the

text: OWM

text: s, but this conclusion was biased by low-resolution data from only 100 OR genes. High-resolution studies instead agree that primates have lost OR genes in every branch from the MRCA to humans, indicating that the degeneration of OR gene repertories in primates cannot simply be explained by the changing capabilities in vision.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: mice

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: MRCA

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: has a relatively small number of functional OR genes

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: MRCA

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: MRCA

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: mice

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: MRCA

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Dogs,

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: a decreased olfactory ability.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: vision priority hypothesis

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Dogs, which are reputed to have good sense of smell,

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: (MRCA),

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: (MRCA),

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: pseudogene count

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: olfactory ability.

text: Comparative anatomy and cladistic analysis indicate that Saadanius is more closely related to the last common ancestor of crown catarrhines than any other known fossil catarrhines, placing the common ancestry of Catarrhini in Arabia and Africa. Other stem catarrhines include propliopithecoids, such as Aegyptopithecus, and pliopithecoids, such as Pliopithecus. The closer similarities between Saadanius and crown catarrhines, particularly its ectotympanic, suggest Saadanius of all known fossil primates most closely resembled the last common ancestor of living catarrhines.  Its discovery has provided new details about human evolution, particularly the split between the Old World monkeys and the ape lineage that eventually led to humans.

text: Comparative anatomy

text: and

text: cladistic analysis

text: indicate that Saadanius is more closely related to the last common ancestor of

text: crown

text: catarrhines than any other known fossil catarrhines, placing the common ancestry of Catarrhini in Arabia and Africa. Other stem catarrhines include propliopithecoids, such as

text: Aegyptopithecus

text: , and

text: pliopithecoids

text: , such as

text: Pliopithecus

text: . The closer similarities between Saadanius and crown catarrhines, particularly its ectotympanic, suggest Saadanius of all known fossil primates most closely resembled the last common ancestor of living catarrhines.  Its discovery has provided new details about

text: human evolution

text: , particularly the split between the Old World monkeys and the ape lineage that eventually led to humans.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Old World monkeys

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: split between the Old World monkeys

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: ape lineage

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Saadanius

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Its discovery has provided new details about human evolution

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: ape

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Old World monkeys and the ape

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: ape lineage

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: ape

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: humans.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: humans.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: humans.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Saadanius

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: ape lineage

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: humans.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: ape lineage

text: Throughout the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras, the mostly low-lying Interior Plains region remained relatively unaffected by the mountain-building tectonic collisions occurring on margins of the continent. During much of the Mesozoic Era, the North American continental interior were mostly well above sea level, with two major exceptions. During part of the Jurassic, rising seas flooded the low-lying areas of the continent, forming the Sundance Sea; in the Cretaceous, much of the Interior Plains region lay submerged beneath the Western Interior Seaway.

text: Throughout the

text: Paleozoic

text: and

text: Mesozoic

text: eras, the mostly low-lying Interior Plains region remained relatively unaffected by the

text: mountain-building

text: tectonic collisions occurring on margins of the continent. During much of the Mesozoic Era, the North American continental interior were mostly well above sea level, with two major exceptions. During part of the

text: Jurassic

text: , rising seas flooded the low-lying areas of the continent, forming the

text: Sundance Sea

text: ; in the

text: Cretaceous

text: , much of the Interior Plains region lay submerged beneath the

text: Western Interior Seaway

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Jurassic

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cretaceous

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is a species of primate

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Jurassic

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Cretaceous

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Western Interior Seaway

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Mesozoic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Throughout the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras,

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: unaffected by the mountain-building tectonic collisions

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras,

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Throughout the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras,

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Throughout the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras,

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Throughout the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras,

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Western Interior Seaway.

text: The rare presence of the hyoid bone also yielded some significant data pertaining to Selam’s species. In this bone Selam is more similar to the African great apes than she is to modern humans. Along with a single Neanderthal example, Selam’s hyoid is one of only two extinct hominin hyoids preserved in the fossil record and is the only example from a species of her antiquity. This bone is presumed to have played an important role in the development of human speech and its recovery gives us some clues towards understanding the nature and evolution of the human voicebox. This extraordinary ancient skeleton preserves a mosaic of features shared by both humans and the apes and clearly shows that both the anatomy and behavior of our ancestors was changing, slowly but progressively. In other words, evolution was in the making.

text: The rare presence of the hyoid bone also yielded some significant data pertaining to Selam’s species. In this bone Selam is more similar to the African great apes than she is to modern humans. Along with a single Neanderthal example, Selam’s hyoid is one of only two extinct hominin hyoids preserved in the fossil record and is the only example from a species of her antiquity. This bone is presumed to have played an important role in the development of human speech and its recovery gives us some clues towards understanding the nature and evolution of the human voicebox. This extraordinary ancient skeleton preserves a mosaic of features shared by both humans and the apes and clearly shows that both the anatomy and behavior of our ancestors was changing, slowly but progressively. In other words, evolution was in the making.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Neanderthal

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Neanderthal

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is more similar to the African great apes than she is to modern humans

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Neanderthal

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: apes

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: evolution was in the making.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: African great apes

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: speech

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: evolution was in the making.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: humans.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Selam’s

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: modern humans.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: evolution was in the making.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: hyoid bone

text: In 2003, a study compared the behavior and ethics of chimpanzees, wolves and humans. Cooperation among humans' closest genetic relative is limited to occasional hunting episodes or the persecution of a competitor for personal advantage, which had to be tempered if humans were to become domesticated. The closest approximation to human morality that can be found in nature is that of the gray wolf, Canis lupus. Wolves are among the most gregarious and cooperative of animals on the planet, and their ability to cooperate in well-coordinated drives to hunt prey, carry items too heavy for an individual, provisioning not only their own young but also the other pack members, babysitting etc. are rivaled only by that of human societies. Similar forms of cooperation are observed in two closely related canids, the African wild dog and the Asian dhole, therefore it is reasonable to assume that canid sociality and cooperation are old traits that in terms of evolution predate human sociality and cooperation. Today's wolves may even be less social than their ancestors, as they have lost access to big herds of ungulates and now tend more toward a lifestyle similar to coyotes, jackals, and even foxes. Social sharing within families may be a trait that early humans learned from wolves, and with wolves digging dens long before humans constructed huts it is not clear who domesticated whom.

text: In 2003, a study compared the behavior and ethics of chimpanzees, wolves and humans. Cooperation among humans' closest genetic relative is limited to occasional hunting episodes or the persecution of a competitor for personal advantage, which had to be tempered if humans were to become domesticated. The closest approximation to human morality that can be found in nature is that of the gray wolf, Canis lupus. Wolves are among the most gregarious and cooperative of animals on the planet, and their ability to cooperate in well-coordinated drives to hunt prey, carry items too heavy for an individual, provisioning not only their own young but also the other pack members, babysitting etc. are rivaled only by that of human societies. Similar forms of cooperation are observed in two closely related canids, the

text: African wild dog

text: and the Asian

text: dhole

text: , therefore it is reasonable to assume that canid sociality and cooperation are old traits that in terms of evolution predate human sociality and cooperation. Today's wolves may even be less social than their ancestors, as they have lost access to big herds of

text: ungulate

text: s and now tend more toward a lifestyle similar to coyotes, jackals, and even foxes. Social sharing within families may be a trait that early humans learned from wolves, and with wolves digging dens long before humans constructed huts it is not clear who domesticated whom.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: wolves

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: canid

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: carry items

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: canis lupus

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: wolves

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: humans' closest genetic relative

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: canid

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: wolves

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: canid sociality and cooperation are old traits

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: wolves,

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: carry items too heavy for an individual,

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: chimpanzees, wolves and humans.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: humans.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: wolves

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: domesticated.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: wolves may even be less social than their ancestors,

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: chimpanzees,

text: Carpolestidae is a family of primate-like Plesiadapiformes that were prevalent in North America and Asia from the mid Paleocene through the early Eocene. Typically, they are characterized by two large upper posterior premolars and one large lower posterior premolar. They weighed about 20-150g, and were about the size of a mouse. Though they come from the order, Plesiadapiformes, that may have given rise to the primate order, carpolestids are too specialized and derived to be ancestors of primates.

text: Carpolestidae is a family of primate-like

text: Plesiadapiformes

text: that were prevalent in

text: North America

text: and

text: Asia

text: from the mid

text: Paleocene

text: through the early

text: Eocene

text: . Typically, they are characterized by two large upper posterior

text: premolar

text: s and one large lower posterior premolar. They weighed about 20-150g, and were about the size of a

text: mouse

text: . Though they come from the order, Plesiadapiformes, that may have given rise to the primate order, carpolestids are too specialized and derived to be ancestors of primates.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Carpolestidae

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Eocene

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is not a primate

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Carpolestidae

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: North America

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Carpolestidae

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Eocene.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: carpolestids

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: 20-150g, and were about the size of a mouse.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: primates.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: primates.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Carpolestidae

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Carpolestidae

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: carpolestids

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Carpolestidae

text: The geological time scale (GTS) clock (see graphic) depicts the larger spans of time from the beginning of the Earth as well as a chronology of  some definitive events of Earth history. The Hadean Eon represents time before the reliable (fossil) record of life beginning on Earth; it began with the formation of the planet and ended at 4.0  billion years ago  as defined by international convention. The Archean and  Proterozoic eons follow; they produced the abiogenesis of life on Earth and then the  evolution of early life. The succeeding eon is the  Phanerozoic, which is represented by its three component eras:  the Palaeozoic; the Mesozoic, which spanned the rise, reign, and climactic extinction of the huge dinosaurs; and the Cenozoic,  which presented the subsequent development of dominant mammals on Earth.

text: The geological time scale (GTS) clock (see graphic) depicts the larger spans of time from the beginning of the Earth as well as a chronology of  some definitive events of Earth history. The Hadean Eon represents time before the reliable (fossil) record of life beginning on Earth; it began with the formation of the planet and ended at 4.0  billion years ago  as defined by international convention. The Archean and  Proterozoic eons follow; they produced the

text: abiogenesis

text: of life on Earth and then the  evolution of early life. The succeeding eon is the  Phanerozoic, which is represented by its three component eras:  the Palaeozoic; the Mesozoic, which spanned the rise, reign, and climactic extinction of the huge dinosaurs; and the

text: Cenozoic

text: ,  which presented the subsequent development of dominant mammals on Earth.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: The Archean and Proterozoic eons

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Hadean

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: dinosaurs;

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic,

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: mammals

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: mammals

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: mammals

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: mammals

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Hadean Eon

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: dominant mammals on Earth.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: The Hadean Eon

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: dinosaurs;

text: NMSR posted this website on a Art Bell newsgroup alt.fan.art-bell as well as on alt.religion.christian. The group followed the progress of the story over the next few weeks and saw it get picked up by alt.atheism, the website attracted over 2,000 views over the month, and many groups realized that it was a hoax. Some people researched people and places mentioned in Stefan's article and realized that aspects of the story were not credible. NMSR posted details that Onyate man was a hoax, showing more photos and explaining the people behind the hoax. The reason they created this specific hoax was because they had held a debate in January 1999 with creationist Paul Gammill and at that debate, a discussion of finding a dinosaur fossil with a hominid's fossils inside would be ideal evidence that hominids existed at the same time as dinosaurs.  Ed Brayton writing for Patheos wrote about the hoax and stated this was "a story designed to feed into creationist beliefs and overcome whatever latent skepticism they might have about such a find.... Within 24 hours, Kent Hovind was citing this in his revival meetings as proof that evolution was a lie."

text: NMSR posted this website on a

text: Art Bell

text: newsgroup alt.fan.art-bell as well as on alt.religion.christian. The group followed the progress of the story over the next few weeks and saw it get picked up by alt.atheism, the website attracted over 2,000 views over the month, and many groups realized that it was a hoax. Some people researched people and places mentioned in Stefan's article and realized that aspects of the story were not credible. NMSR posted details that Onyate man was a hoax, showing more photos and explaining the people behind the hoax. The reason they created this specific hoax was because they had held a debate in January 1999 with creationist Paul Gammill and at that debate, a discussion of finding a dinosaur fossil with a hominid's fossils inside would be ideal evidence that hominids existed at the same time as dinosaurs.  Ed Brayton writing for Patheos wrote about the hoax and stated this was "a story designed to feed into creationist beliefs and overcome whatever latent skepticism they might have about such a find.... Within 24 hours,

text: Kent Hovind

text: was citing this in his revival meetings as proof that evolution was a lie."

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: dinosaur

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: dinosaur era

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: hoax

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: hoax

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Onyate man

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Onyate man

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: hoax

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: hominid's

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: dinosaurs.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Onyate man

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: hominids existed at the same time as dinosaurs.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: hominids existed at the same time as dinosaurs.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Onyate man

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Onyate man

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: hominids existed at the same time as dinosaurs.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: hominids existed at the same time as dinosaurs.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: dinosaur

text: The Middle Stone age, dated at 280,000 years ago to roughly 40,000 years ago, is the period where the final stages of Hominid evolution brought what are known today as the "Modern Human Beings".

text: The

text: Middle Stone age

text: , dated at 280,000 years ago to roughly 40,000 years ago, is the period where the final stages of Hominid evolution brought what are known today as the "Modern Human Beings".

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Hominids

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Middle Stone age

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: 40,000 years ago

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Hominid

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Middle Stone age

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Middle Stone age,

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Middle Stone age,

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: "Modern Human Beings".

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: "Modern Human Beings".

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: 280,000 years ago to roughly 40,000 years ago,

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: "Modern Human Beings".

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Hominid

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: "Modern Human Beings".

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: The Middle Stone age,

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Middle Stone age,

text: The Hominini is a taxonomical tribe of the subfamily Homininae; it comprises three subtribes: Hominina, with its one genus Homo; Australopithecina, comprising at least three extinct genera (see inset at bottom right); and Panina, with its one genus Pan, the chimpanzees (see the evolutionary tree below). Members of the human clade, that is, the Hominini, including Homo and those species of the australopithecines that arose after the split from the chimpanzees, are called hominins (cf. Hominidae; terms "hominids" and hominins). Not all hominins are directly related to the emergence of early Homo.

text: The Hominini is a

text: taxonomical tribe

text: of the subfamily

text: Homininae

text: ; it comprises three

text: subtribe

text: s:

text: Hominina

text: , with its one genus

text: Homo

text: Australopithecina

text: , comprising at least three extinct genera (see inset at bottom right); and

text: Panina

text: , with its one genus

text: Pan

text: , the

text: chimpanzees

text: (see the evolutionary tree below). Members of the human

text: clade

text: , that is, the Hominini, including Homo and those species of the

text: australopithecines

text: that arose after the split from the chimpanzees, are called hominins (cf. Hominidae;

text: terms "hominids" and hominins

text: ). Not all hominins are directly related to the emergence of early Homo.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Australopithecine

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Homininae

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Homo erectus

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Australopithecine

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Hominina, with its one genus Homo

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: australopithecines

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: split from the chimpanzees,

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: hominins

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: The Hominini

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Homo.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: one genus Homo;

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Homo;

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Members of the human clade,

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: The Hominini

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Australopithecina,

text: While refined and clarified over the centuries, the Roman Catholic position on the relationship between science and religion is one of harmony, and has maintained the teaching of natural law as set forth by Thomas Aquinas.  For example, regarding scientific study such as that of evolution, the church's unofficial position is an example of theistic evolution, stating that faith and scientific findings regarding human evolution are not in conflict, though humans are regarded as a special creation, and that the existence of God is required to explain both monogenism and the spiritual component of human origins. Catholic schools have included all manners of scientific study in their curriculum for many centuries.

text: While refined and clarified over the centuries, the

text: Roman Catholic

text: position on the relationship between science and religion is one of harmony, and has maintained the teaching of

text: natural law

text: as set forth by

text: Thomas Aquinas

text: .  For example, regarding scientific study such as that of evolution, the church's unofficial position is an example of

text: theistic evolution

text: , stating that faith and scientific findings regarding human evolution are not in conflict, though humans are regarded as a special creation, and that the existence of God is required to explain both

text: monogenism

text: and the

text: spiritual

text: component of human origins. Catholic schools have included all manners of scientific study in their curriculum for many centuries.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: God

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: theistic evolution

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is not in conflict

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: monogenism

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: special creation

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: God

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: theistic evolution,

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: humans are regarded as a special creation,

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: Thomas Aquinas.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: monogenism and the spiritual component of human origins.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: God

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: a special creation,

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: the spiritual component of human origins.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: God is required to explain both monogenism

text: In the Cenozoic Era, which extended from 66 million years ago to present day, igneous activity was renewed in the eastern part of the State. Approximately 45 million years ago, a complex of dikes and sills with compositions ranging from basalt to rhyolite were intruded into the Paleozoic sedimentary rocks in the area in and around Pendleton County. These unusual igneous rocks are some of the youngest in eastern North America. Late in the Cenozoic Era, in fact extending to less than 100,000 years ago, glaciers covered the northern part of the North American continent, extending almost to the Northern Panhandle of West Virginia, but not into the State. Prior to the advance of these ice sheets, drainage of the Monongahela River was northward to the St. Lawrence River system. The ice sheet caused damming and a lake extended as far south as Weston. Important lake deposits, predominantly clay, were thus laid down in the Monongahela River basin. Drainage was diverted westward into the Ohio River system. Divergence of the New River system that formerly drained northwestward caused the deposition of similar deposits in the old Teays River channel between Charleston and Huntington. Except for recent alluvial deposits, there are no other known Cenozoic rocks.

text: In the

text: Cenozoic Era

text: , which extended from 66 million years ago to present day, igneous activity was renewed in the eastern part of the State. Approximately 45 million years ago, a complex of dikes and sills with compositions ranging from basalt to rhyolite were intruded into the Paleozoic sedimentary rocks in the area in and around Pendleton County. These unusual igneous rocks are some of the youngest in eastern North America. Late in the

text: Cenozoic Era

text: , in fact extending to less than 100,000 years ago, glaciers covered the northern part of the North American continent, extending almost to the Northern Panhandle of West Virginia, but not into the State. Prior to the advance of these ice sheets, drainage of the Monongahela River was northward to the St. Lawrence River system. The ice sheet caused damming and a lake extended as far south as Weston. Important lake deposits, predominantly

text: clay

text: , were thus laid down in the Monongahela River basin. Drainage was diverted westward into the Ohio River system. Divergence of the New River system that formerly drained northwestward caused the deposition of similar deposits in the old Teays River channel between Charleston and Huntington. Except for recent alluvial deposits, there are no other known Cenozoic rocks.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic Era

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is not the correct answer

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: North American continent

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic Era,

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Cenozoic Era,

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: youngest in eastern North America.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: 100,000

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Cenozoic Era,

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Cenozoic Era,

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Cenozoic Era,

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Cenozoic Era,

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Monongahela River

text: Molecular evolution may act in different ways, through protein evolution, gene loss, differential gene regulation and RNA evolution. All are thought to have played some part in human evolution.

text: Molecular evolution may act in different ways, through protein evolution, gene loss, differential gene regulation and RNA evolution. All are thought to have played some part in human evolution.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: modern humans

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: RNA evolution

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: RNA evolution

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: mammalian

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: genus

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Molecular evolution

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Molecular evolution

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Molecular evolution

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: Molecular evolution

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Molecular evolution

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: human evolution.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: RNA evolution.

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Molecular evolution

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Molecular evolution

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Molecular evolution

text: As honorary director of the Cenozoic Research Laboratory he also studied fossils of the Peking Man, then known as Sinanthropus pekinensis, unearthed at Zhoukoudian, China.  Weidenreich originated the "Weidenreich Theory of Human Evolution" based on his examination of Peking Man.  Being an anatomist, Weidenreich observed numerous anatomical characteristics that Peking Man had in common with modern Chinese, this led to his Polycentric evolution model of human origins.

text: As honorary director of the

text: Cenozoic Research Laboratory

text: he also studied fossils of the

text: Peking Man

text: , then known as Sinanthropus pekinensis, unearthed at

text: Zhoukoudian

text: China

text: .  Weidenreich originated the "Weidenreich Theory of Human Evolution" based on his examination of Peking Man.  Being an anatomist, Weidenreich observed numerous anatomical characteristics that Peking Man had in common with modern

text: Chinese

text: , this led to his Polycentric evolution model of human origins.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Peking Man

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is not the same as

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Peking Man

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: China

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Peking Man,

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Polycentric

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: Peking Man,

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Peking Man,

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Sinanthropus pekinensis,

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Peking Man,

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Chinese,

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Peking Man,

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Sinanthropus pekinensis,

text: The Kutai sedimentary basin extends from the central highlands of  Borneo, across the eastern coast of the island and into the Makassar Strait.  With an area of 60,000 km, and depths up to 15 km, the Kutai is the largest and deepest Tertiary age basin in Indonesia.  Plate tectonic evolution in the Indonesian region of SE Asia has produced a diverse array of basins in the Cenozoic.  The Kutai is an extensional basin in a general foreland setting. Its geologic evolution begins in the mid Eocene and involves phases of extension and rifting, thermal sag, and isostatic subsidence. Rapid, high volume, sedimentation related to uplift and inversion began in the Early Miocene. The different stages of Kutai basin evolution can be roughly correlated to regional and local tectonic events.  It is also likely that regional climate, namely the onset of the equatorial ever wet monsoon in early Miocene, has affected the geologic evolution of Borneo and the Kutai basin through the present day.  Basin fill is ongoing in the lower Kutai basin, as the modern Mahakam River delta progrades east across the continental shelf of Borneo.

text: The Kutai

text: sedimentary basin

text: extends from the central highlands of

text: Borneo

text: , across the eastern coast of the island and into the

text: Makassar Strait

text: .  With an area of 60,000 km, and depths up to 15 km, the Kutai is the largest and deepest

text: Tertiary

text: age basin in

text: Indonesia

text: Plate tectonic

text: evolution in the Indonesian region of SE Asia has produced a diverse array of basins in the

text: Cenozoic

text: .  The Kutai is an extensional basin in a general foreland setting. Its geologic evolution begins in the mid

text: Eocene

text: and involves phases of extension and

text: rifting

text: , thermal sag, and isostatic subsidence. Rapid, high volume, sedimentation related to uplift and inversion began in the Early Miocene. The different stages of Kutai basin evolution can be roughly correlated to regional and local tectonic events.  It is also likely that regional climate, namely the onset of the equatorial ever wet monsoon in early

text: Miocene

text: , has affected the geologic evolution of Borneo and the Kutai basin through the present day.  Basin fill is ongoing in the lower Kutai basin, as the modern

text: Mahakam River

text: delta progrades east across the

text: continental shelf

text: of Borneo.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Eocene

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Miocene

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: isostatic subsidence began in the Early Miocene

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Early Miocene

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Kutai sedimentary basin

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: continental shelf of Borneo

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Borneo,

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Early Miocene.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Eocene

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: Makassar Strait.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Eocene

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Eocene

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Eocene

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Eocene

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Early Miocene.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Makassar Strait.

text: Set within the Noble Contrada of St. John houses artifacts of the era Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic, Neozoic.

text: Set within the Noble Contrada of St. John houses artifacts of the era Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic, Neozoic.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Neozoic

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Neozoic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Neozoic

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Neozoic

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Neozoic

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Paleozoic,

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic, Neozoic.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Paleozoic,

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: Noble Contrada

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Paleozoic,

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Noble Contrada of St. John

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Paleozoic,

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Paleozoic,

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Paleozoic,

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Cenozoic, Neozoic.

text: Geologically, the Cenozoic is the era when the continents moved into their current positions. Australia-New Guinea, having split from Pangea during the early Cretaceous, drifted north and, eventually, collided with South-east Asia; Antarctica moved into its current position over the South Pole; the Atlantic Ocean widened and, later in the era, South America became attached to North America with the isthmus of Panama.

text: Geologically

text: , the Cenozoic is the era when the

text: continent

text: s moved into their current positions.

text: Australia-New Guinea

text: , having split from

text: Pangea

text: during the early Cretaceous, drifted north and, eventually, collided with

text: South-east Asia

text: Antarctica

text: moved into its current position over the

text: South Pole

text: ; the

text: Atlantic Ocean

text: widened and, later in the era,

text: South America

text: became attached to

text: North America

text: with the isthmus of Panama.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Cretaceous

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is a type of animal

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Cretaceous

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: the South Pole

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: South-east Asia;

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Geologically, the Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: collided with South-east Asia;

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Cretaceous,

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: South Pole;

text: Madagascar's isolation from other land masses throughout the Cenozoic Era has led to the evolution of a large proportion of endemic animal species and the absence of many taxa found on neighboring continents. Some of Madagascar's animals appear to represent lineages that have been present since the breakup of Gondwana, while many others, including all of the nonflying native mammals, are descendants of ancestors that survived rare rafting or swimming voyages from Africa (likely aided by currents). As of 2012 it has over 200 extant mammal species, including over 100 species of lemurs, about 300 species of birds, more than 260 species of reptiles, and at least 266 species of amphibians. The island also has a rich invertebrate fauna including earthworms, insects, spiders and nonmarine molluscs.

text: Madagascar's isolation from other land masses throughout the

text: Cenozoic

text: Era has led to the evolution of a large proportion of endemic animal species and the absence of many taxa found on neighboring continents. Some of Madagascar's animals appear to represent

text: lineages

text: that have been present since the breakup of Gondwana, while many others, including all of the nonflying native mammals, are descendants of ancestors that survived rare

text: rafting

text: or swimming voyages from Africa (likely aided by currents). As of 2012 it has over

text: 200 extant mammal species

text: , including

text: over 100 species of lemurs

text: , about

text: 300 species of birds

text: , more than

text: 260 species of reptiles

text: , and at least

text: 266 species of amphibians

text: . The island also has a rich invertebrate fauna including earthworms, insects,

text: spiders

text: and

entity_name: List of non-marine molluscs of Madagascar

text: nonmarine molluscs

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: lemurs

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is not the correct answer

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Gondwana

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Africa

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Africa

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic Era

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Madagascar's

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: swimming

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Cenozoic Era

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Madagascar's

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Africa

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: nonflying native mammals,

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: (likely aided by currents).

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Africa

text: Most birds fly (see bird flight), with some exceptions. The largest birds, the ostrich and the emu, are earthbound, as were the now-extinct dodos and the Phorusrhacids, which were the dominant predators of South America in the Cenozoic era. The non-flying penguins have wings adapted for use under water and use the same wing movements for swimming that most other birds use for flight. Most small flightless birds are native to small islands, and lead a lifestyle where flight would offer little advantage.

text: Most

text: bird

text: s fly (see

text: bird flight

text: ), with some exceptions. The largest birds, the

text: ostrich

text: and the

text: emu

text: , are earthbound, as were the now-extinct

text: dodo

text: s and the

text: Phorusrhacids

text: , which were the dominant predators of South America in the

text: Cenozoic

text: era. The non-flying

text: penguin

text: s have wings adapted for use under water and use the same wing movements for swimming that most other birds use for flight. Most small flightless birds are native to small islands, and lead a lifestyle where flight would offer little advantage.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: dodos

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: fly

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: diddos and the phorusrhacids

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Phorusrhacids

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: birds

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic era.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Most birds fly (see bird flight), with some exceptions.

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: swimming

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Cenozoic era.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: dodos and the Phorusrhacids,

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: dodos and the Phorusrhacids,

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: birds

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Cenozoic era.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: dodos and the Phorusrhacids,

text: Primates exploit a variety of food sources. It has been said that many characteristics of modern primates, including humans, derive from an early ancestor's practice of taking most of its food from the tropical canopy. Most primates include fruit in their diets to obtain easily digested carbohydrates and lipids for energy. However, they require other foods, such as leaves or insects, for amino acids, vitamins and minerals. Primates in the suborder Strepsirrhini (non-tarsier prosimians) are able to synthesize vitamin C, like most other mammals, while primates of the suborder Haplorrhini (tarsiers, monkeys and apes) have lost this ability, and require the vitamin in their diet.

text: Primates exploit a variety of food sources. It has been said that many characteristics of modern primates, including humans, derive from an early ancestor's practice of taking most of its food from the tropical canopy. Most primates include fruit in their diets to obtain easily digested

text: carbohydrate

text: s and

text: lipid

text: s for energy. However, they require other foods, such as leaves or insects, for

text: amino acid

text: s,

text: vitamin

text: s and

text: mineral

text: s. Primates in the suborder

text: Strepsirrhini

text: (non-tarsier prosimians) are able to synthesize

text: vitamin C

text: , like most other mammals, while primates of the suborder

text: Haplorrhini

text: (tarsiers, monkeys and apes) have lost this ability, and require the vitamin in their diet.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: tarsiers

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: primates of the suborder Haplorrhini

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is able to synthesize vitamin C

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: tarsiers

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Primates exploit a variety of food sources

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: tropical canopy

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: primates,

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: tropical canopy.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: many characteristics of modern primates,

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: synthesize vitamin C,

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: humans,

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: humans,

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: tropical canopy.

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: primates,

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: many characteristics of modern primates,

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: tropical canopy.

text: Popular arguments against evolution have changed since the publishing of Henry M. Morris' first book on the subject, Scientific Creationism (1974), but some consistent themes remain: that missing links or gaps in the fossil record are proof against evolution; that the increased complexity of organisms over time through evolution is not possible due to the law of increasing entropy; that it is impossible that the mechanism of natural selection could account for common ancestry; and that evolutionary theory is untestable. The origin of the human species is particularly hotly contested; the fossil remains of purported hominid ancestors are not considered by advocates of creation biology to be evidence for a speciation event involving Homo sapiens. Creationists also assert that early hominids, are either apes, or humans.

text: Popular arguments against evolution have changed since the publishing of Henry M. Morris' first book on the subject, Scientific Creationism (1974), but some consistent themes remain: that

text: missing links

text: or gaps in the fossil record are proof against evolution; that the increased complexity of organisms over time through evolution is not possible due to the law of increasing

text: entropy

text: ; that it is impossible that the mechanism of natural selection could account for common ancestry; and that evolutionary theory is untestable. The

text: origin of the human species

text: is particularly hotly contested; the fossil remains of purported

text: hominid

text: ancestors are not considered by advocates of creation biology to be evidence for a speciation event involving

text: Homo sapiens

text: . Creationists also assert that early hominids, are either apes, or humans.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: hominid ancestors

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Homo sapiens

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Homo sapiens

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: apes,

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: early hominids,

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: apes,

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: law of increasing entropy;

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: the fossil remains of purported hominid ancestors

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Homo sapiens.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Homo sapiens.

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Homo sapiens.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Scientific Creationism

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: entropy;

text: In the popular science book The Madness of Adam and Eve (2001), Horrobin outlined his hypothesis that schizophrenia contributed to the evolution of modern humans. According to Horrobin, fat metabolism was altered as humans evolved from other primates, leading to early humans with schizophrenia. These humans were more creative and did not experience as much physical pain as others. Horrobin suggested that the "genes for schizophrenia are responsible for most of the religious sense, most of the technical and artistic creativity and most of the leadership qualities of modern human beings". The Madness of Adam and Eve was one of six books shortlisted for the 2002 Aventis Prize (now the Royal Society Prizes for Science Books; the prize was won that year by Stephen Hawking's The Universe in a Nutshell). Reviews of the book were mixed, writing of a "useful contribution" that was also "highly partisan and selective"; an "engaging and plausible argument" that is "not so convincingly" argued; and a book "brightly written" but with "a huge hole in its central premise" Horrobin was somewhat critical of his theory, describing it as a "just-so story perhaps fed by my own personal delusions". The book was compared unfavorably to similar works by Kay Redfield Jamison, who examines a possible link between bipolar disorder and artistic creativity.

text: In the popular science book The Madness of Adam and Eve (2001), Horrobin outlined his hypothesis that schizophrenia contributed to the evolution of modern humans. According to Horrobin, fat metabolism was altered as humans evolved from other primates, leading to early humans with schizophrenia. These humans were more creative and did not experience as much physical pain as others. Horrobin suggested that the "genes for schizophrenia are responsible for most of the religious sense, most of the technical and artistic creativity and most of the leadership qualities of modern human beings". The Madness of Adam and Eve was one of six books shortlisted for the 2002 Aventis Prize (now the

text: Royal Society Prizes for Science Books

text: ; the prize was won that year by

text: Stephen Hawking

text: 's

text: The Universe in a Nutshell

text: ). Reviews of the book were mixed, writing of a "useful contribution" that was also "highly partisan and selective"; an "engaging and plausible argument" that is "not so convincingly" argued; and a book "brightly written" but with "a huge hole in its central premise" Horrobin was somewhat critical of his theory, describing it as a "just-so story perhaps fed by my own personal delusions". The book was compared unfavorably to similar works by

text: Kay Redfield Jamison

text: , who examines a possible link between

text: bipolar disorder

text: and artistic creativity.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is not the same as modern humans

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: other primates

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: from other primates

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: primates,

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: primates,

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: other primates,

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: more creative and did not experience as much physical pain

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: primates,

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: primates,

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: primates,

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: primates,

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: religious sense,

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: other primates,

text: The book's title is a reference to the famous picture March of Progress. This drawing, by Rudolph Zallinger, was published in the Time-Life book Early Man in 1965 and shows a sequence of primates walking from left to right, starting with a non-human ape on the left, progressing through a series of hominids, and finishing with a modern human on the right. A version of the drawing is on the cover of the book, and Wells describes it as the "ultimate icon" of evolution.

text: The book's title is a reference to the famous picture

text: March of Progress

text: . This drawing, by

text: Rudolph Zallinger

text: , was published in the

text: Time-Life

text: book Early Man in 1965 and shows a sequence of

text: primate

text: s walking from left to right, starting with a non-human

text: ape

text: on the left, progressing through a series of

text: hominid

text: s, and finishing with a modern human on the right. A version of the drawing is on the cover of the book, and Wells describes it as the "ultimate icon" of evolution.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: March of Progress

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: was published in the Time-Life book

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: March of Progress

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: a non-human ape

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: a series of hominids,

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: non-human ape

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walking from left to right,

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: modern human

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: hominids,

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominids,

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: right.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: March of Progress.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: left to right,

text: The Cenozoic Era is a time of extensive deformation of the northern Gulf of Mexico basin and underlying Jurassic salt due to progradation of the continental shelf; evidenced by the basinward progression of the major fault systems found in the area.

text: The

text: Cenozoic

text: Era is a time of extensive deformation of the northern Gulf of Mexico basin and underlying Jurassic salt due to

text: progradation

text: of the continental shelf; evidenced by the basinward progression of the major fault systems found in the area.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Jurassic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: was not a genus

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Jurassic

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Jurassic

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: continental shelf

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Jurassic salt

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic Era

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: The Cenozoic Era

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: The Cenozoic Era

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: The Cenozoic Era

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: The Cenozoic Era

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Jurassic

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: The Cenozoic Era

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: The Cenozoic Era

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Jurassic salt

text: Primates first evolved sometime between the Middle Cretaceous and the early Paleocene periods on either the supercontinent of Laurasia or in Africa.  According to molecular clock studies, the last common ancestor of all primates dates to around 79.6 mya, although the earliest known fossil primates are only 54–55 million years old. The closest relatives of primates are the extinct plesiadapiforms, the modern colugos (commonly and inaccurately named "flying lemurs"), and treeshrews.  Some of the earliest known true primates are represented by the fossil groups Omomyidae, Eosimiidae, and Adapiformes.

text: Primates first evolved sometime between the

text: Middle Cretaceous

text: and the early

text: Paleocene

text: periods on either the

text: supercontinent

text: of

text: Laurasia

text: or in Africa.  According to

text: molecular clock

text: studies, the last common ancestor of all primates dates to around 79.6 mya, although the earliest known

text: fossil

text: primates are only 54–55 million years old. The closest relatives of primates are the extinct

text: plesiadapiforms

text: , the modern

text: colugo

text: s (commonly and inaccurately named "flying lemurs"), and

text: treeshrew

text: s.  Some of the earliest known true primates are represented by the fossil groups

text: Omomyidae

text: Eosimiidae

text: , and

text: Adapiformes

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Paleocene

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: fly

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: 79.6 mya

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Africa

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: colugos

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Paleocene

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Primates

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: "flying lemurs"),

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: 79.6 mya,

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: plesiadapiforms,

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: The closest relatives of primates

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: 79.6 mya,

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Laurasia

text: The RTB model predicts that future anthropological and genetic research will increasingly confirm that humans are biologically distinct rather than descended from a hominid species. It predicts stronger evidence for humanity's genetic, anatomical, and behavioral uniqueness. It places the earliest hominids at 6.5 million years ago and the first humans at around fifty thousand years ago. Naturalistic models predict stronger evidence against humanity's uniqueness. Young-earth models predict that advancing research will prove that present-day humans are anatomically, genetically, and behaviorally identical to modern humans, and that all hominid species came into existence in the past 10,000 years.

text: The RTB model predicts that future anthropological and genetic research will increasingly confirm that humans are biologically distinct rather than descended from a hominid species. It predicts stronger evidence for humanity's genetic, anatomical, and behavioral uniqueness. It places the earliest hominids at 6.5 million years ago and the first humans at around fifty thousand years ago. Naturalistic models predict stronger evidence against humanity's uniqueness. Young-earth models predict that advancing research will prove that present-day humans are anatomically, genetically, and behaviorally identical to modern humans, and that all hominid species came into existence in the past 10,000 years.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Young-earth

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: 6.5 million years ago

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: fifty thousand years ago.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: hominid species.

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: humans are biologically distinct rather than descended from a hominid

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: fifty thousand years ago.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: 6.5 million years ago and the first humans at around fifty thousand years ago.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: all hominid species came into existence in the past 10,000 years.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: fifty thousand years ago.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: hominid species.

text: Although understanding non-random insertion of NUMT and carrying out certain function after insertion, helps with revealing the structure and determining the complete function of the genome, especially human genome, NUMTs has been used as the experimental tools and has been beneficial in different biological fields even before having any knowledge about the function of NUMTs. For instance, NUMT can be used not only as genetic markers but also as a tool for understanding the relative rate of mutation in the nucleus and the mitochondria as well as recreating evolutionary tree. The continuing process of NUMT integration into the nuclear genome is evidenced by the finding of NUMTs that have been inserted into the human genome after the human–chimpanzee divergence. Some of these NUMTs are variable with respect to the genomic presence or absence, indicating that they have only arisen recently in the human population, which can be used as genetic markers. The NUMT chosen arose more recently than did the human divergence from chimps and, because of the low nuclear mutation rate, this NUMT has changed little from the ancestral state of the variable mtDNA sequence and is, therefore, ideal for rooting a fast-evolving mitochondrial phylogeny. Using a protocol based on genome alignment to estimate the number of NUMT in closely related species, Hazkani-Covo and Graur could not only identify evolutionary events that may have affected NUMT composition in each genome but could also reconstruct the NUMT makeup in the common ancestor of human and chimpanzee. NUMTs can be also used to compare the rate of nonfunctional nuclear sequence evolution to that of functional mtDNA and determine the rate of evolution, by the rate of mutation accumulation along NUMT sequence over time; those least selectively constrained regions are the segments with the most divergence from the mitochondrial sequence. One of the most promising applications of NUMT study is its use in the study of nuclear mutation. In metazoans, NUMTs are dead-on-arrival. Therefore, nuclear mutation can be distinguished from mitochondrial changes and the study of nucleotide substitution, insertion, and deletion would be possible. Additionally, the homology of paralogous NUMT sequences with the mtDNA allows testing for local sequence effects on mutation. All these information obtained from the study of NUMT fragments could be used to understand mitochondrial evolution as well as evolutionary processes throughout the history.

text: Although understanding non-random insertion of NUMT and carrying out certain function after insertion, helps with revealing the structure and determining the complete function of the genome, especially human genome, NUMTs has been used as the experimental tools and has been beneficial in different biological fields even before having any knowledge about the function of NUMTs. For instance, NUMT can be used not only as genetic markers but also as a tool for understanding the relative rate of mutation in the nucleus and the mitochondria as well as recreating evolutionary tree. The continuing process of NUMT integration into the nuclear genome is evidenced by the finding of NUMTs that have been inserted into the human genome after the human–chimpanzee divergence. Some of these NUMTs are variable with respect to the genomic presence or absence, indicating that they have only arisen recently in the human population, which can be used as genetic markers. The NUMT chosen arose more recently than did the human divergence from chimps and, because of the low nuclear mutation rate, this NUMT has changed little from the ancestral state of the variable mtDNA sequence and is, therefore, ideal for rooting a fast-evolving mitochondrial

text: phylogeny

text: . Using a protocol based on genome alignment to estimate the number of NUMT in closely related species, Hazkani-Covo and Graur could not only identify evolutionary events that may have affected NUMT composition in each genome but could also reconstruct the NUMT makeup in the common ancestor of human and chimpanzee. NUMTs can be also used to compare the rate of nonfunctional nuclear sequence evolution to that of functional mtDNA and determine the rate of evolution, by the rate of mutation accumulation along NUMT sequence over time; those least selectively constrained regions are the segments with the most divergence from the mitochondrial sequence. One of the most promising applications of NUMT study is its use in the study of nuclear mutation. In

text: metazoans

text: , NUMTs are dead-on-arrival. Therefore, nuclear mutation can be distinguished from mitochondrial changes and the study of nucleotide substitution, insertion, and deletion would be possible. Additionally, the homology of paralogous NUMT sequences with the mtDNA allows testing for local sequence effects on mutation. All these information obtained from the study of NUMT fragments could be used to understand mitochondrial evolution as well as evolutionary processes throughout the history.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: chimpanzee

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: human–chimpanzee divergence

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: The continuing process of NUMT integration into the nuclear genome is evidenced by the finding of NUMTs that have been inserted into the human genome after the human–chimpanzee divergence

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is the common ancestor of human

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: chimps

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: human–chimpanzee divergence

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: What is the main idea of this passage?

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: chimpanzee.

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: chimps

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: NUMT makeup in the common ancestor

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: NUMTs are dead-on-arrival.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: functional mtDNA

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: human and chimpanzee.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: chimpanzee.

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: chimps

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: nuclear mutation.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: NUMTs are dead-on-arrival.

text: The novel also suggests a potential future for human evolution and perhaps a warning against overvaluing intelligence against more human qualities. The Narrator describes the Martians as having evolved an overdeveloped brain, which has left them with cumbersome bodies, with increased intelligence, but a diminished ability to use their emotions, something Wells attributes to bodily function. The Narrator refers to an 1893 publication suggesting that the evolution of the human brain might outstrip the development of the body, and organs such as the stomach, nose, teeth, and hair would wither, leaving humans as thinking machines, needing mechanical devices much like the Tripod fighting machines, to be able to interact with their environment. This publication is probably Wells's own "The Man of the Year Million", first published in the Pall Mall Gazette on November 6, 1893, which suggests similar ideas.

text: The novel also suggests a potential future for human evolution and perhaps a warning against overvaluing intelligence against more human qualities. The Narrator describes the Martians as having evolved an overdeveloped brain, which has left them with cumbersome bodies, with increased intelligence, but a diminished ability to use their emotions, something Wells attributes to bodily function. The Narrator refers to an 1893 publication suggesting that the evolution of the human brain might outstrip the development of the body, and organs such as the stomach, nose, teeth, and hair would wither, leaving humans as thinking machines, needing mechanical devices much like the Tripod fighting machines, to be able to interact with their environment. This publication is probably Wells's own "The Man of the Year Million", first published in the

text: Pall Mall Gazette

text: on November 6, 1893, which suggests similar ideas.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Martians

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Pall Mall Gazette

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: use their emotions

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Martians

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Martians

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Martians

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Martians

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Martians

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: thinking machines,

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Martians

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: interact with their environment.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Martians

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: humans as thinking machines,

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Martians

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Martians

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: humans as thinking machines,

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Tripod

text: The first true primates (euprimates) do not appear in the fossil record until the early Eocene (~55 mya), at which point they radiated across the Northern Hemisphere during a brief period of rapid global warming known as the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum.  These first primates included Cantius, Donrussellia, Altanius, and Teilhardina on the northern continents, as well as the more questionable (and fragmentary) fossil Altiatlasius from Paleocene Africa.  These earliest fossil primates are often divided into two groups, adapiforms (sometimes called adapids, or adapoids) and omomyiforms (or omomyids—suspected relatives of tarsiers).  Both appeared suddenly in the fossil record without transitional forms to indicate ancestry, and both groups were rich in diversity and were widespread throughout the Eocene.  Although few fossils of extant primate groups—lemuriforms, tarsiers, or simians—are known from the Early to Middle Eocene, evidence from genetics and newer fossil finds suggest they may have been present during this early adaptive radiation.  The divergence between strepsirrhines, simians, and tarsiers likely followed almost immediately after primates first evolved.

text: The first true primates (euprimates) do not appear in the fossil record until the early

text: Eocene

text: (~55 mya), at which point they radiated across the Northern Hemisphere during a brief period of rapid

text: global warming

text: known as the

text: Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum

text: .  These first primates included

text: Cantius

text: Donrussellia

text: Altanius

text: , and

text: Teilhardina

text: on the northern continents, as well as the more questionable (and fragmentary) fossil

text: Altiatlasius

text: from Paleocene Africa.  These earliest

text: fossil primates

text: are often divided into two groups, adapiforms (sometimes called adapids, or adapoids) and

text: omomyiforms

text: (or omomyids—suspected relatives of tarsiers).  Both appeared suddenly in the fossil record without

text: transitional forms

text: to indicate ancestry, and both groups were rich in diversity and were widespread throughout the Eocene.  Although few fossils of

text: extant

text: primate groups—lemuriforms, tarsiers, or simians—are known from the Early to Middle Eocene, evidence from genetics and newer fossil finds suggest they may have been present during this early

text: adaptive radiation

text: .  The divergence between strepsirrhines, simians, and tarsiers likely followed almost immediately after primates first evolved.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: tarsiers

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Eocene

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: euprimates

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: euprimates

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: euprimates

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: continents

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: tarsiers).

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: early Eocene

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: The first true primates

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: diversity

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: early Eocene

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: omomyiforms

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: (euprimates)

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: early Eocene

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum.

text: However, in a New York Times review that included a reply from Wright, Nicholas Wade, a writer for the "Science Times" section, notes the book is "a disappointment from the Darwinian perspective", because evolution "provides a simpler explanation for moral progression than the deity Wright half invokes." Wright replied to Wade's comments, saying Wade had misunderstood Wright's argument and that "The deity (if there is one–and I’m agnostic on that point) would be realizing moral progress through evolution’s creation of the human moral sense (and through the subsequent development of that moral sense via cultural evolution, particularly technological evolution)."  Wade replied that "evolution seems to me a sufficient explanation for the moral progress that Mr. Wright correctly discerns in the human condition, so there seemed no compelling need to invoke a deity."

text: However, in a New York Times review that included a reply from Wright,

text: Nicholas Wade

text: , a writer for the "Science Times" section, notes the book is "a disappointment from the Darwinian perspective", because evolution "provides a simpler explanation for moral progression than the deity Wright half invokes." Wright replied to Wade's comments, saying Wade had misunderstood Wright's argument and that "The deity (if there is one–and I’m agnostic on that point) would be realizing moral progress through evolution’s creation of the human moral sense (and through the subsequent development of that moral sense via cultural evolution, particularly technological evolution)."  Wade replied that "evolution seems to me a sufficient explanation for the moral progress that Mr. Wright correctly discerns in the human condition, so there seemed no compelling need to invoke a deity."

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Darwin

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: cultural evolution

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is an extinct species

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: dinosaur

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: evolution seems to me a sufficient explanation

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Darwinian

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: cultural evolution, particularly technological evolution)."

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: evolution

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: evolution "provides a simpler explanation for moral progression

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: evolution

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: human moral sense

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Darwinian

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: human moral sense

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: evolution "provides a simpler explanation for moral progression than the deity

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: technological evolution)."

text: The hallmark of the mammalian cerebellum is an expansion of the lateral lobes, whose main interactions are with the neocortex. As monkeys evolved into great apes, the expansion of the lateral lobes continued, in tandem with the expansion of the frontal lobes of the neocortex. In ancestral hominids, and in Homo sapiens until the middle Pleistocene period, the cerebellum continued to expand, but the frontal lobes expanded more rapidly. The most recent period of human evolution, however, may actually have been associated with an increase in the relative size of the cerebellum, as the neocortex reduced its size somewhat while the cerebellum expanded. The size of the human cerebellum, compared to the rest of the brain, has been increasing in size while the cerebrum decreased in size  With both the development and implementation of motor tasks, visual-spatial skills and learning taking place in the cerebellum, the growth of the cerebellum is thought to have some form of correlation to greater human cognitive abilities. The lateral hemispheres of the cerebellum are now 2.7 times greater in both humans and apes than they are in monkeys. These changes in the cerebellum size cannot be explained by greater muscle mass. They show that either the development of the cerebellum is tightly linked to that of the rest of the brain or that neural activities taking place in the cerebellum were important during Hominidae evolution. Due to the cerebellum's role in cognitive functions, the increase in its size may have played a role in cognitive expansion.

text: The hallmark of the mammalian cerebellum is an expansion of the lateral lobes, whose main interactions are with the neocortex. As monkeys evolved into great apes, the expansion of the lateral lobes continued, in tandem with the expansion of the frontal lobes of the neocortex. In ancestral hominids, and in

text: Homo sapiens

text: until the middle

text: Pleistocene

text: period, the cerebellum continued to expand, but the frontal lobes expanded more rapidly. The most recent period of human evolution, however, may actually have been associated with an increase in the relative size of the cerebellum, as the neocortex reduced its size somewhat while the cerebellum expanded. The size of the human cerebellum, compared to the rest of the brain, has been increasing in size while the cerebrum decreased in size  With both the development and implementation of motor tasks, visual-spatial skills and learning taking place in the cerebellum, the growth of the cerebellum is thought to have some form of correlation to greater human cognitive abilities. The lateral hemispheres of the cerebellum are now 2.7 times greater in both humans and apes than they are in monkeys. These changes in the cerebellum size cannot be explained by greater muscle mass. They show that either the development of the cerebellum is tightly linked to that of the rest of the brain or that neural activities taking place in the cerebellum were important during

text: Hominidae

text: evolution. Due to the cerebellum's role in cognitive functions, the increase in its size may have played a role in cognitive expansion.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: middle Pleistocene period

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: in ancestral hominids

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Hominidae

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: apes

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Hominidae

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: greater human cognitive abilities.

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: is thought to have some form of correlation to greater human cognitive abilities.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: greater human cognitive abilities.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Homo sapiens

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Hominidae

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Hominidae

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: neural activities taking place in the cerebellum

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: neocortex.

text: The Wallbook’s 1,000 pictures and captions are arranged into twelve streams of colour which provide the backdrops along which the major events of natural and human history unfold. Space, Earth, Sky, Sea, Land and Humanity account for the story of evolution while Asia, the Middle East, Europe, the Americas, Africa and Australasia convey the rise and fall of human civilisations.

text: The Wallbook’s 1,000 pictures and captions are arranged into twelve streams of colour which provide the

text: backdrops

text: along which the major events of

text: natural

text: and

text: human history

text: unfold. Space, Earth, Sky, Sea, Land and Humanity account for the story of evolution while

text: Asia

text: , the

text: Middle East

text: Europe

text: , the

text: Americas

text: Africa

text: and

text: Australasia

text: convey the rise and fall of human civilisations.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Asia

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: The Wallbook’s 1,000 pictures and captions are arranged into twelve streams of colour which provide the backdrops along which the major events of natural and human history unfold

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Australasia

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Humanity account for the story of evolution

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Asia,

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: rise and fall of human civilisations.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Humanity

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: evolution

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: The Wallbook’s

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: evolution

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Africa and Australasia

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: evolution

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: The Wallbook’s

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Earth, Sky, Sea, Land

text: Encephalization can also refer to the tendency for a species to evolve larger brains through time. Anthropological studies indicate that bipedalism preceded encephalization in the human evolutionary lineage after divergence from the chimpanzee lineage. Compared to the chimpanzee brain, the human brain is larger and certain brain regions have been particularly altered during human evolution. Most brain growth of chimpanzees happens before birth while most human brain growth happens after birth.

text: Encephalization can also refer to the tendency for a species to evolve larger brains through time.

text: Anthropological

text: studies indicate that

text: bipedal

text: ism preceded encephalization in the human evolutionary lineage after divergence from the

text: chimpanzee

text: lineage. Compared to the chimpanzee brain, the human brain is larger and certain brain regions have been particularly altered during human evolution. Most brain growth of chimpanzees happens before birth while most human brain growth happens after birth.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: chimpanzee

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: chimpanzee

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: chimpanzee

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: chimpanzee

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: human evolutionary lineage

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: chimpanzee

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: chimpanzee lineage.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: divergence from the chimpanzee lineage.

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: larger brains

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: chimpanzee lineage.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: chimpanzee lineage.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: chimpanzee

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: human evolutionary lineage

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: bipedalism preceded encephalization

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: bipedalism

text: The San Benito Gravels formation preserves Cenozoic Era non−marine fossils.

text: The San Benito Gravels formation preserves

text: Cenozoic Era

text: non−marine

text: fossils

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is not the same as erectus

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: non marine

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: rocks

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: marine

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic Era

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Cenozoic Era non<unk>marine fossils.

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: The San Benito Gravels

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Cenozoic Era

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Cenozoic Era non<unk>marine fossils.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Cenozoic Era

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Cenozoic Era

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Cenozoic Era non<unk>marine fossils.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: marine fossils.

text: The genetic evidence for the evolution of monogamy in humans is more complex but much easier to interpret.  While female effective population size (the number of individuals successfully producing offspring thus contributing to the gene pool), as indicated by mitochondrial-DNA evidence, increased around the time of human (not hominid) expansion out of Africa about 80,000–100,000 years ago, male effective population size, as indicated by Y-chromosome evidence, did not increase until the advent of agriculture 18,000 years ago. This means that before 18,000 years ago, many females would be reproducing with the same few males.

text: The genetic evidence for the evolution of monogamy in humans is more complex but much easier to interpret.  While female effective population size (the number of individuals successfully producing offspring thus contributing to the gene pool), as indicated by mitochondrial-DNA evidence, increased around the time of human (not hominid) expansion out of Africa about 80,000–100,000 years ago, male effective population size, as indicated by Y-chromosome evidence, did not increase until the advent of agriculture 18,000 years ago. This means that before 18,000 years ago, many females would be reproducing with the same few males.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: agriculture 18,000 years ago

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: was not hominid

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Africa

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Africa

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: hominid)

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: 80,000–100,000 years ago,

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: 80,000–100,000 years ago,

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: contributing to the gene pool),

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: 80,000–100,000 years ago,

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: monogamy

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominid)

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: 80,000–100,000 years ago,

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: 80,000–100,000 years ago,

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Africa

text: Niche construction has many implications for the human sciences, more specifically human sociobiology, evolutionary psychology, and human behavioral ecology. Standard evolutionary theory only allows for cultural processes to affect genetic evolution by influencing the individual, and depends on the ability of that individual to survive and pass on its genes to the next generation. Cultural processes are viewed merely as an aspect of the human phenotype and are not believed to be consequential to human evolution. Cultural diversity is believed to reflect variation in the environments that different populations of humans evolved in, and nothing else. This theory overlooks the fact that humans can modify their selective environments through cultural activity, thus feeding back to affect selection. "Cultural processes add a second knowledge inheritance system to the evolutionary process through which socially learned information is accrued, stored, and transmitted between individuals both within and between generations."

text: Niche construction has many implications for the human sciences, more specifically human

text: sociobiology

text: evolutionary psychology

text: , and

text: human behavioral ecology

text: . Standard evolutionary theory only allows for cultural processes to affect genetic evolution by influencing the individual, and depends on the ability of that individual to survive and pass on its genes to the next generation. Cultural processes are viewed merely as an aspect of the human

text: phenotype

text: and are not believed to be consequential to human evolution. Cultural diversity is believed to reflect variation in the environments that different populations of humans evolved in, and nothing else. This theory overlooks the fact that humans can modify their selective environments through cultural activity, thus feeding back to affect selection. "Cultural processes add a second knowledge inheritance system to the evolutionary process through which socially learned information is accrued, stored, and transmitted between individuals both within and between generations."

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: modern humans

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Standard evolutionary theory

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is a type of human

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: ape

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: in the species

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Niche construction

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: cultural processes to affect genetic evolution

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: evolution.

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: survive and pass on its genes to the next generation.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: phenotype

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Standard evolutionary theory

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Niche construction

text: Although many aspects the human visual system remain uncertain, the theory of the evolution of rod and cone photopigments is agreed upon by most scientists.  It is believed that the earliest visual pigments were those of cone photoreceptors, with rod opsin proteins evolving later.  Following the evolution of mammals from their reptilian ancestors approximately 275 million years ago there was a nocturnal phase in which complex colour vision was lost.  Being that these pro-mammals were nocturnal they increased their sensitivity in low luminescence settings and reduced their photopic system from tetrachromatic to dichromatic.  The shift to a nocturnal lifestyle would demand more rod photoreceptors to absorb the blue light emitted by the moon during the night.  It can be extrapolated that the high ratio of rods to cones present in modern human eyes was retained even after the shift from nocturnal back to diurnal.  	It is believed that the emergence of trichromacy in primates occurred approximately 55 million years ago when the surface temperature of the planet began to rise.  The primates were diurnal rather than nocturnal in nature and therefore required a more precise photopic visual system.  A third cone photopigment was necessary to cover the entire visual spectrum enabling primates to better discriminate between fruits and detect those of the highest nutritional value.

text: Although many aspects the human visual system remain uncertain, the theory of the evolution of rod and cone photopigments is agreed upon by most scientists.  It is believed that the earliest visual pigments were those of cone photoreceptors, with rod opsin proteins evolving later.  Following the evolution of mammals from their reptilian ancestors approximately 275 million years ago there was a nocturnal phase in which complex colour vision was lost.  Being that these pro-mammals were nocturnal they increased their sensitivity in low luminescence settings and reduced their photopic system from tetrachromatic to dichromatic.  The shift to a nocturnal lifestyle would demand more rod photoreceptors to absorb the blue light emitted by the moon during the night.  It can be extrapolated that the high ratio of rods to cones present in modern human eyes was retained even after the shift from nocturnal back to diurnal.  	It is believed that the emergence of

text: trichromacy

text: in primates occurred approximately 55 million years ago when the surface temperature of the planet began to rise.  The primates were diurnal rather than nocturnal in nature and therefore required a more precise photopic visual system.  A third cone photopigment was necessary to cover the entire visual spectrum enabling primates to better discriminate between fruits and detect those of the highest nutritional value.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: nocturnal phase

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: 275 million years ago

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: reptilian

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: mammalian

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: reptilian

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: rod opsin proteins

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: reptilian ancestors

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: better discriminate between fruits and detect those of the highest nutritional value.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: 275 million years ago

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: mammals from their reptilian ancestors

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: reptilian

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: reptilian ancestors

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: 275 million

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: reptilian ancestors

text: Technology in Africa has a history stretching to the beginning of the human species, stretching back to the first evidence of tool use by hominid ancestors in the areas of Africa where humans are believed to have evolved. Africa saw the advent of some of the earliest ironworking technology in the Aïr Mountains region of what is today Niger and the erection of some of the world's oldest monuments, pyramids and towers in Egypt, Nubia, and North Africa. In Nubia and ancient Kush, glazed quartzite and building in brick was developed to a greater extent than in Egypt. Parts of the East African Swahili Coast saw the creation of the world's oldest carbon steel creation with high-temperature blast furnaces created by the Haya people of Tanzania.

text: Technology in Africa has a history stretching to the beginning of the human species, stretching back to the first evidence of

text: tool use

text: by hominid ancestors in the

text: areas of Africa

text: where humans are believed to have evolved. Africa saw the advent of some of the earliest

text: ironworking

text: technology in the

text: Aïr Mountains

text: region of what is today

text: Niger

text: and the erection of some of the world's oldest monuments, pyramids and towers in

text: Egypt

text: Nubia

text: , and

text: North Africa

text: . In Nubia and ancient Kush, glazed quartzite and building in brick was developed to a greater extent than in Egypt. Parts of the East African

text: Swahili Coast

text: saw the creation of the world's oldest

text: carbon steel

text: creation with high-temperature

text: blast furnace

text: s created by the

text: Haya people

text: of Tanzania.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: hominid ancestors

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: hominid ancestors

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Africa

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: hominid ancestors

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: hominid ancestors

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: Technology in Africa has a history stretching to the beginning of the human species,

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: hominid ancestors

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: hominid ancestors

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: beginning of the human species,

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: some of the world's oldest monuments, pyramids and towers

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Niger

text: This timeline of Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event research is a chronologically ordered listing of events in the history of research into the mass extinction event that ended the dinosaur-dominated Mesozoic Era and set the stage for the Age of Mammals, or Cenozoic Era. Paleontologists have recognized that a significant transition occurred between the Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras at least since the 1820s. Around this time dinosaur fossils were first being described in the scientific literature. Nevertheless, so few dinosaurs were known that the significance of their passing went unrecognized and little scientific effort was exerted toward finding an explanation.

text: This timeline of Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event research is a chronologically ordered listing of events in the history of research into the

text: mass

text: extinction

text: event

text: that ended the

text: dinosaur

text: dominated

text: Mesozoic Era

text: and set the stage for the Age of Mammals, or

text: Cenozoic Era

text: . Paleontologists have recognized that a significant transition occurred between the Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras at least since the

text: . Around this time dinosaur fossils were first being described in the

text: scientific literature

text: . Nevertheless, so few dinosaurs were known that the significance of their passing went unrecognized and little scientific effort was exerted toward finding an explanation.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic Era

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: The Age of Mammals

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: The Age of Mammals

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Cretaceous-Paleogene

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Cretaceous

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Cenozoic Era

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: dinosaur-dominated

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic Era.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Age of Mammals,

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: Age of Mammals,

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Age of Mammals,

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Age of Mammals,

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Cretaceous-Paleogene

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Age of Mammals,

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: little scientific effort was exerted toward finding an explanation.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Cenozoic Era.

text: Scientific accounts of the origin of the universe, the origin of life, and subsequent evolution of pre-human life forms may not cause any difficulty (helped by the reluctance of science itself to say anything about what preceded the Big Bang) but the need to reconcile religious and scientific views of hominization and to account for the addition of a soul to humans remains a problem. Theistic evolution typically postulates a point at which a population of hominids who had (or may have) evolved by a process of natural evolution acquired souls and thus (with their descendants) became fully human in theological terms. This group might be restricted to Adam and Eve, or indeed to Mitochondrial Eve, although versions of the theory allow for larger populations. The point at which such an event occurred should essentially be the same as in paleoanthropology and archeology, but theological discussion of the matter tends to concentrate on the theoretical. The term "special transformism" is sometimes used to refer to theories that there was a divine intervention of some sort, achieving hominization.

text: Scientific accounts of the

text: origin of the universe

text: , the

text: origin of life

text: , and subsequent evolution of pre-human life forms may not cause any difficulty (helped by the reluctance of science itself to say anything about what preceded the

text: Big Bang

text: ) but the need to reconcile religious and scientific views of hominization and to account for the addition of a soul to humans remains a problem. Theistic evolution typically postulates a point at which a population of

text: hominid

text: s who had (or may have) evolved by a process of natural evolution acquired souls and thus (with their descendants) became fully human in theological terms. This group might be restricted to

text: Adam and Eve

text: , or indeed to

text: Mitochondrial Eve

text: , although versions of the theory allow for larger populations. The point at which such an event occurred should essentially be the same as in

text: paleoanthropology

text: and

text: archeology

text: , but theological discussion of the matter tends to concentrate on the theoretical. The term "

text: special transformism

text: " is sometimes used to refer to theories that there was a divine intervention of some sort, achieving hominization.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Adam

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Big Bang

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: a population of hominids

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Adam

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: This group might be restricted to Adam and Eve, or indeed to Mitochondrial Eve

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: the Big Bang

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Adam and Eve,

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: pre-human life forms

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Adam and Eve,

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: larger populations.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Adam and Eve, or indeed to Mitochondrial Eve,

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Adam and Eve,

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: became fully human in theological terms.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: the need to reconcile religious and scientific views of hominization

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Big Bang)

text: During his post-doctoral days at Scripps Institution of Oceanography, Krishnaswami assisted Harmon Craig in his discovery of 210Pb-226Ra radioactive disequilibrium in the deep sea and his association with K. K. Turekian at Yale University helped develop U-Th series nuclide applications in aquatic systems which has been detailed in a book, U-Th Series Nuclides in Aquatic Systems, co-edited by him and published by Elsevier Science in 2008. His researches are known to have established the accretion rate and growth history of ocean-floor ferromanganese nodules which he estimated by radionuclide method and the work assisted in the determination of the history of sedimentation in Indian lakes and coastal regions. He applied these methods in estimating the weathering and erosion in the Himalaya and Deccan traps and for assessing their influence on global change. He was also involved in geochemical studies on the rivers of Ganges and Brahmaputra for assessing the evolution of strontium isotopes and uranium concentration in the ocean since the Cenozoic era. His studies have been detailed in over 100 peer reviewed articles; the online article repository of the Indian Academy of Sciences has listed several of them. He served as the vice president of International Association for the Physical Sciences of the Oceans (2003–07) and Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research of the International Council for Science (1994–96), as the treasurer of the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme, and as a member of the council of the Indian National Science Academy (2002-04). He was also associated with Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta and Journal of Earth System Science as a member of their editorial boards and mentored 6 doctoral scholars in their studies.

text: During his post-doctoral days at Scripps Institution of Oceanography, Krishnaswami assisted

text: Harmon Craig

text: in his discovery of 210Pb-226Ra radioactive disequilibrium in the deep sea and his association with K. K. Turekian at Yale University helped develop U-Th series nuclide applications in aquatic systems which has been detailed in a book, U-Th Series Nuclides in Aquatic Systems, co-edited by him and published by Elsevier Science in 2008. His researches are known to have established the accretion rate and growth history of ocean-floor

text: ferromanganese nodules

text: which he estimated by

text: radionuclide

text: method and the work assisted in the determination of the history of sedimentation in Indian lakes and coastal regions. He applied these methods in estimating the weathering and erosion in the Himalaya and Deccan traps and for assessing their influence on global change. He was also involved in geochemical studies on the rivers of

text: Ganges

text: and

text: Brahmaputra

text: for assessing the evolution of strontium isotopes and uranium concentration in the ocean since the

text: Cenozoic era

text: . His studies have been detailed in over 100 peer reviewed articles; the online article repository of the Indian Academy of Sciences has listed several of them. He served as the vice president of International Association for the Physical Sciences of the Oceans (2003–07) and Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research of the

text: International Council for Science

text: (1994–96), as the treasurer of the

text: International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme

text: , and as a member of the council of the Indian National Science Academy (2002-04). He was also associated with

text: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta

text: and

text: Journal of Earth System Science

text: as a member of their editorial boards and mentored 6 doctoral scholars in their studies.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Krishnaswami

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Krishnaswami assisted

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Himalaya

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Krishnaswami

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic era.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: K. K. Turekian

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: K. K. Turekian

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Cenozoic era.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: uranium concentration in the ocean since the Cenozoic era.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: uranium concentration in the ocean since the Cenozoic era.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Krishnaswami

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: strontium isotopes and uranium

text: A comparative analysis of CpG methylation patterns between humans and primates found that there were more than 800 genes that varied in their methylation patterns among orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, and bonobos. Despite these apes having the same genes, methylation differences are what account for their phenotypic variation. The genes in question are involved in development. It is not the protein sequences that account for the differences in physical characteristics between humans and apes; rather, it is the epigenetic changes to the genes. Since humans and the great apes share 99% of their DNA, it is thought that the differences in methylation patterns account for their distinction. So far, there are known to be 171 genes that are uniquely methylated in humans, 101 genes that are uniquely methylated in chimpanzees and bonobos, 101 genes that are uniquely methylated in gorillas, and 450 genes that are uniquely methylated in orangutans. For example, genes involved in blood pressure regulation and the development of the inner ear’s semicircular canal are highly methylated in humans, but not in the apes. There are also 184 genes that are conserved at the protein level between human and chimpanzees, but have epigenetic differences. Enrichments in multiple independent gene categories show that regulatory changes to these genes have given humans their specific traits. This research shows that epigenetics plays an important role in evolution in primates.It has also been shown that cis-regulatory elements changes affect the transcription start sites (TSS) of genes. 471 DNA sequences are found to be enriched or depleted in regards to histone trimethylation at the H3K4 histone in chimpanzee, human, and macaque prefrontal cortexes. Among these sequences, 33 are selectively methylated in neuronal chromatin from children and adults, but not from non-neuronal chromatin. One locus that was selectively methylated was DPP10, a regulatory sequence that showed evidence of hominid adaptation, such as higher nucleotide substitution rates and certain regulatory sequences that were missing in other primates. Epigenetic regulation of TSS chromatin has been identified as an important development in the evolution of gene expression networks in the human brain. These networks are thought to play a role in cognitive processes and neurological disorders.An analysis of methylation profiles of humans and primate sperm cells reveals epigenetic regulation plays an important role here as well. Since mammalian cells undergo reprogramming of DNA methylation patterns during germ cell development, the methylomes of human and chimp sperm can be compared to methylation in embryonic stem cells (ESCs). There were many hypomethylated regions in both sperms cells and ESCs that showed structural differences. Also, many of the promoters in human and chimp sperm cells had different amounts of methylation. In essence, DNA methylation patterns differ between germ cells and somatic cells as well as between the human and chimpanzee sperm cells. Meaning, differences in promoter methylation could possible account for the phenotypic differences between humans and primates.

text: A comparative analysis of

text: CpG

text: methylation patterns between humans and primates found that there were more than 800 genes that varied in their methylation patterns among orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, and bonobos. Despite these apes having the same genes, methylation differences are what account for their

text: phenotypic variation

text: chromatin

text: from children and adults, but not from non-neuronal chromatin. One

text: locus

text: that was selectively methylated was

text: , a

text: regulatory sequence

text: that showed evidence of hominid adaptation, such as higher

text: nucleotide substitution

text: rates and certain regulatory sequences that were missing in other primates. Epigenetic regulation of TSS chromatin has been identified as an important development in the evolution of gene expression networks in the human brain. These networks are thought to play a role in

text: cognitive processes

text: and

text: neurological disorders

text: .An analysis of methylation profiles of humans and primate

text: sperm cells

text: reveals epigenetic regulation plays an important role here as well. Since mammalian cells undergo reprogramming of DNA methylation patterns during

text: germ cell

text: development, the methylomes of human and chimp sperm can be compared to methylation in

text: embryonic stem cells

text: (ESCs). There were many hypomethylated regions in both sperms cells and ESCs that showed structural differences. Also, many of the

text: promoter

text: s in human and chimp sperm cells had different amounts of methylation. In essence, DNA methylation patterns differ between germ cells and

text: somatic cells

text: as well as between the human and chimpanzee sperm cells. Meaning, differences in promoter methylation could possible account for the phenotypic differences between humans and primates.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: orangutans

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: br>

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: bonobos

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: chimpanzee

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: great apes

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: epigenetics plays an important role in evolution in primates.It

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: 184 genes that are conserved at the protein level

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: development of the inner ear’s semicircular canal

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: humans, but not in the apes.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: humans, but not in the apes.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: 450 genes that are uniquely methylated in orangutans.

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: 99% of their DNA,

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: epigenetics plays an important role in evolution in primates.It

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: epigenetics

text: The Mesozoic–Cenozoic Radiation is the third major extended increase in biodiversity in the Phanerozoic, after the Cambrian Explosion and the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event. The Mesozoic–Cenozoic Radiation began in the mid-Mesozoic and extends through the Cenozoic, with no indication of having yet ended. It differs from the earlier radiations in that the diversity appears largely in the variety of species and other taxa below the level of Order (biology). "The spectacular radiation of the angiosperms, mammals and certain reptile groups (such as the snakes) on land is matched by that of the planktonic foraminifera, neogastropods, heteroconch bivalves, cheilostome bryozoans, decapod crustaceans and teleost fish in shallow seas." The marine diversification is largely that represented by the Modern Evolutionary Fauna, and there are also the terrestrial diversifications of the birds and among the insects.

text: The Mesozoic–Cenozoic Radiation is the third major extended increase in

text: biodiversity

text: in the

text: Phanerozoic

text: , after the

text: Cambrian Explosion

text: and the

text: Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event

text: . The Mesozoic–Cenozoic Radiation began in the mid-

text: Mesozoic

text: and extends through the

text: Cenozoic

text: , with no indication of having yet ended. It differs from the earlier radiations in that the diversity appears largely in the variety of

text: species

text: and other taxa below the level of

text: Order (biology)

text: . "The spectacular radiation of the

text: angiosperm

text: s,

text: mammal

text: s and certain

text: reptile

text: groups (such as the snakes) on land is matched by that of the planktonic

text: foraminifera

text: , neo

text: gastropods

text: , heteroconch

text: bivalve

text: s,

text: cheilostome

text: bryozoan

text: s,

text: decapod

text: crustacean

text: s and

text: teleost

text: fish in shallow seas." The marine diversification is largely that represented by the Modern

text: Evolutionary Fauna

text: , and there are also the terrestrial diversifications of the

text: bird

text: s and among the

text: insect

text: s.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: mammals

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Mesozoic–Cenozoic Radiation

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: cheilostome bryozoans

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Cambrian Explosion

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: The marine diversification is largely that represented by the Modern Evolutionary Fauna, and there are also the terrestrial diversifications of the birds and among the insects.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Cambrian Explosion

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: angiosperms,

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic,

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: mammals

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: land

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: mammals

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: mammals

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Cambrian Explosion and the Great Ordovician

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: below the level of Order

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Mesozoic–Cenozoic Radiation

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: cheilostome bryozoans, decapod crustaceans

text: William H. Calvin has advanced the view that use of the Acheulean hand axe in hominids was a major factor in the evolution in human intelligence.

text: William H. Calvin has advanced the view that use of the

text: Acheulean

text: hand axe

text: in

text: hominid

text: s was a major factor in the evolution in human intelligence.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Acheulean

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: was a hominid

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Acheulean

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Acheulean

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: intelligence.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Acheulean hand axe in hominids

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Acheulean hand axe in hominids

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Acheulean

text: Phylogeny based methods are estimated by first reconstructing the haplotype of the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of a sample of two or more genetic lineages. A requirement is that the time to the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) of the sample of lineages must already be known from other independent sources, usually the archeological record. The average number of mutations that have accumulated since the MRCA is then computed and divided by the TMRCA to arrive at the mutation rate. The human mutation rate is usually estimated by comparing the sequences of modern humans and chimpanzees and then reconstructing the ancestral haplotype of the chimpanzee-human common ancestor. According to the paleontological record the last common ancestor of humans may have lived around 6 million years ago.

text: Phylogeny based methods are estimated by first reconstructing the haplotype of the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of a sample of two or more genetic lineages. A requirement is that the time to the most recent common ancestor (

text: TMRCA

text: ) of the sample of lineages must already be known from other independent sources, usually the archeological record. The average number of mutations that have accumulated since the

text: MRCA

text: is then computed and divided by the TMRCA to arrive at the mutation rate. The human mutation rate is usually estimated by comparing the sequences of modern humans and chimpanzees and then reconstructing the ancestral haplotype of the chimpanzee-human common ancestor. According to the paleontological record the last common ancestor of humans may have lived around 6 million years ago.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: modern humans

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: 6 million years ago

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: 6 million years ago

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: human mutation rate

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: human

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: chimpanzees

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: 6 million years ago.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: chimpanzee-human common ancestor.

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: two or more genetic lineages.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: 6 million years ago.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: chimpanzee-human common ancestor.

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: chimpanzees

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: 6 million years ago.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: chimpanzees

text: His research focuses on physical anthropology, dental evolution, paleopathology and dental anthropology. He has worked extensively on health and human adaptation in the prehistory of South Asia. Much of this work focuses on odontometrics, dental morphology, development, and pathology. He has also performed dental anthropological analyses on hominin ancestors and non-human primates, particularly concerning an enamel defect named Localized Hypoplasia of the Primary Canines (or LHPC).

text: His research focuses on

text: physical anthropology

text: , dental

text: evolution

text: paleopathology

text: and

text: dental

text: anthropology

text: . He has worked extensively on health and human adaptation in the

text: prehistory

text: of

text: South Asia

text: . Much of this work focuses on

text: odontometrics

text: dental morphology

text: development

text: , and

text: pathology

text: . He has also performed dental anthropological analyses on

text: hominin

text: ancestors and non-human

text: primates

text: , particularly concerning an enamel defect named Localized Hypoplasia of the Primary Canines (or LHPC).

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: hominin

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: prehistory of South Asia

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Hominin ancestors and non-human primates

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominin

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: hominin

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: South Asia

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: hominin

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: prehistory of South Asia.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: hominin ancestors

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: human adaptation in the prehistory of South Asia.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: hominin ancestors and non-human primates,

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: hominin

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominin

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: hominin ancestors and non-human primates,

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: hominin ancestors and non-human primates,

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: South Asia.

text: Because changes in gene regulation are thought to account for most of the differences between humans and chimpanzees, researchers have looked to CNSs to try to show this. A portion of the CNSs between humans and other primates have an enrichment of human-specific single-nucleotide polymorphisms, suggesting positive selection for these SNPs and accelerated evolution of those CNSs.  Many of these SNPs are also associated with changes in gene expression, suggesting that these CNSs played an important role in human evolution.

text: Because changes in gene regulation are thought to account for most of the differences between humans and chimpanzees, researchers have looked to CNSs to try to show this. A portion of the CNSs between humans and other primates have an enrichment of human-specific

text: single-nucleotide polymorphism

text: s, suggesting positive selection for these SNPs and accelerated evolution of those CNSs.  Many of these SNPs are also associated with changes in gene expression, suggesting that these CNSs played an important role in

text: human evolution

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: other primates

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: CNSs

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is a species of primate

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: chimpanzees,

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: changes in gene expression,

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: changes in gene regulation

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: humans and chimpanzees,

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: chimpanzees,

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: humans and chimpanzees,

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: chimpanzees,

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: chimpanzees,

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: CNSs

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: chimpanzees,

text: Early hominids seem to have started with incipient ideas of wealth, similar to that of the great apes. But as tools, clothing, and other mobile infrastructural capital became important to survival (especially in hostile biomes), ideas such as the inheritance of wealth, political positions,  leadership, and ability to control group movements (to perhaps reinforce such power) emerged. Neandertal societies had pooled funerary rites and cave painting which implies at least a notion of shared assets that could be spent for social purposes, or preserved for social purposes. Wealth may have been collective.

text: Early

text: hominid

text: s seem to have started with incipient ideas of wealth, similar to that of the

text: great ape

text: s. But as tools,

text: clothing

text: , and other mobile

text: infrastructural capital

text: became important to survival (especially in hostile

text: biome

text: s), ideas such as the

text: inheritance

text: of wealth, political positions,

text: leadership

text: , and ability to control group movements (to perhaps reinforce such power) emerged.

text: Neandertal

text: societies had pooled

text: funerary rite

text: s and

text: cave painting

text: which implies at least a notion of shared assets that could be spent for social purposes, or preserved for social purposes. Wealth may have been collective.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Neandertal

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Neandertal

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: neandertal

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Neandertal

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: hostile biomes

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Neandertal

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: tools, clothing, and other mobile infrastructural capital

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: great apes.

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: control group movements

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Neandertal

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Early hominids

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Neandertal

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Early hominids

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: funerary rites

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: hostile biomes),

text: Homininae is a subfamily of Hominidae. It includes two tribes, with their extant as well as extinct species: the Hominini tribe (with the genus Homo including modern humans, and the genus Pan including chimpanzees and bonobos), and the Gorillini tribe (gorillas). It comprises all hominids that arose after orangutans (subfamily Ponginae) split from the line of great apes. The Homininae cladogram has three main branches, which lead to gorillas (through the tribe Gorillini), and to humans and chimpanzees via the tribe Hominini and subtribes Hominina and Panina (see the evolutionary tree below). There are two living species of Panina (chimpanzees and bonobos) and two living species of gorillas, but only one extant human species. Traces of hypothetical Homo species, including Homo floresiensis and Homo denisova, have been found with dates as recent as 12,000 years ago. Organisms in this class are described as hominine or hominines (not to be confused with the terms hominins or hominini).

text: Homininae is a subfamily of

text: Hominidae

text: . It includes two tribes, with their

text: extant

text: as well as extinct species: the

text: Hominini

text: tribe (with the genus

text: Homo

text: including modern

text: humans

text: , and the genus Pan including

text: chimpanzee

text: s and

text: bonobo

text: s), and the

text: Gorillini

text: tribe (

text: gorilla

text: s). It comprises all

text: hominids

text: that arose after orangutans (subfamily

text: Ponginae

text: ) split from the line of great apes. The Homininae

text: cladogram

text: has three main branches, which lead to gorillas (through the tribe Gorillini), and to humans and chimpanzees via the tribe Hominini and subtribes Hominina and Panina (see the evolutionary tree below). There are two living species of Panina (chimpanzees and bonobos) and two living species of gorillas, but only one extant human species. Traces of hypothetical Homo species, including

text: Homo floresiensis

text: and

text: Homo denisova

text: , have been found with dates as recent as 12,000 years ago. Organisms in this class are described as hominine or hominines (not to be confused with the terms

text: hominin

text: s or

text: hominini

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Hominini

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Homininae

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Homininae

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Homo

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Hominini tribe

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Homo

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: orangutans

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Hominini

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: humans,

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: 12,000

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: modern humans,

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Homo

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Hominini tribe (with the genus Homo

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: 12,000

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Homininae

text: Segmental duplications are also important for their role in the evolution of new genes as it is one of the primary mechanisms by which new genes are created. The most common method by which segmental duplication operates in creating new genes is by duplication of the entire gene, whether it is in tandem or in an interspersed configuration. Using whole-genome shotgun sequencing, it has been found that gene density is the greatest factor in showing correlation with segmental duplication density.  However, this does not mean that all segmental duplications are enriched for genes and that all duplication regions are sites for the formation of new genes. Rather, it has been seen that segmental duplications which contain interstitial interchromosomal duplications are regions with the most enrichment of genes. Comparing the subtelomeric and pericentromeric regions, it is seen that the subtelomeric regions contains more gene content and transcriptional activity. In addition, genes found within segmental duplications also share properties. Firstly, strong signatures of positive selection are common in segmentally duplicated genes. Secondly, these genes are five to ten times more likely than their counterparts to show interspecies and intraspecies structural and copy-number variation. Finally, immune response and xenobiotic recognition are some functions that are enriched within these genes. Together, this suggests an important role for segmental duplication within human and primate adaptive evolution.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: primate

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: segmental duplication

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Segmental duplication

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: primate

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: primate

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: primate

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: primate adaptive evolution.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: primate adaptive evolution.

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: interspecies and intraspecies structural and copy-number variation.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: interstitial interchromosomal duplications

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: human and primate

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Segmental duplications

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: interspecies and intraspecies

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Segmental duplications

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Segmental duplications

text: Studies of biological evolution generally concern the evolution of the human form. Cultural evolution involves the study of cultural change over time and space and frequently incorporate cultural transmission models. Note that cultural evolution is not the same as biological evolution, and that human culture involves the transmission of cultural information, which behaves in ways quite distinct from human biology and genetics. The study of cultural change is increasingly performed through cladistics and genetic models.

text: Studies of biological evolution generally concern the evolution of the human form. Cultural evolution involves the study of cultural change over time and space and frequently incorporate

text: cultural transmission

text: models. Note that cultural evolution is not the same as biological evolution, and that human culture involves the transmission of cultural information, which behaves in ways quite distinct from

text: human biology

text: and

text: genetics

text: . The study of cultural change is increasingly performed through

text: cladistics

text: and genetic models.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: modern humans

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: biological evolution

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is an example of biological evolution

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: primate

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: biological evolution

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: space

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: biological evolution

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: biological evolution

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: biological evolution

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: Studies of biological evolution generally concern the evolution of the human form.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Studies of biological evolution

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: human form.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: biological evolution

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: human form.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Cultural evolution

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: space

text: On May 19, 2009 the team revealed their findings to the world at a press conference simultaneously with online publication of the paper in PLoS ONE (for naming purposes, the paper was officially published in print on May 21, 2009). The paper included a statement that the authors were not advocating the possibility that the species could be ancestral to later anthropoid primates; Professor John Fleagle, of Stony Brook University in New York state, asserted that he was one of the anonymous scientific reviewers of the paper and that he had explicitly requested before publication that the authors tone down their original claims that the fossil was on the human evolutionary line. At the press conference the fossil was described as the "missing link" in human evolution. Hurum said that “this fossil rewrites our understanding of the evolution of primates...it will probably be pictured in all the textbooks for the next 100 years" and compared its importance to the Mona Lisa. He also said that Darwinius was "the closest thing we can get to a direct ancestor" and that finding it was "a dream come true". Team member Jens Franzen said the state of preservation was "like the Eighth Wonder of the World", with information "palaeontologists can normally only dream of", but while he said it bore "a close resemblance to ourselves" in some aspects, other features indicated that it was not a direct ancestor.

text: On May 19, 2009 the team revealed their findings to the world at a press conference simultaneously with online publication of the paper in PLoS ONE (for naming purposes, the paper was officially published in print on May 21, 2009). The paper included a statement that the authors were not advocating the possibility that the species could be ancestral to later anthropoid primates; Professor John Fleagle, of Stony Brook University in New York state, asserted that he was one of the anonymous scientific reviewers of the paper and that he had explicitly requested before publication that the authors tone down their original claims that the fossil was on the human evolutionary line. At the press conference the fossil was described as the "missing link" in human evolution. Hurum said that “this fossil rewrites our understanding of the evolution of primates...it will probably be pictured in all the textbooks for the next 100 years" and compared its importance to the

text: Mona Lisa

text: . He also said that Darwinius was "the closest thing we can get to a direct ancestor" and that finding it was "a dream come true". Team member Jens Franzen said the state of preservation was "like the Eighth Wonder of the World", with information "palaeontologists can normally only dream of", but while he said it bore "a close resemblance to ourselves" in some aspects, other features indicated that it was not a direct ancestor.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Darwinius

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: anthropoid

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is the closest thing we can get to a direct ancestor

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Darwinius

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: the fossil was described as the "missing link" in human evolution

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Darwinius

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: anthropoid primates;

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Darwinius

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: anthropoid primates;

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Darwinius

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Darwinius

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Darwinius

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: ancestral to later anthropoid primates;

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Darwinius

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: anthropoid primates;

text: Several recent studies have compared the amounts of adaptive evolution occurring between different populations within the human species. Williamson et al. (2007) found more evidence of adaptive evolution in European and Asian populations than African American populations. Assuming African Americans are representative of Africans, these results makes sense intuitively, because humans spread out of Africa approximately 50,000 years ago  (according to the consensus Out-of-Africa hypothesis of human origins (Klein 2009)), and these humans would have adapted to the new environments they encountered. By contrast, African populations remained in a similar environment for the following tens of thousands of years, and were therefore probably nearer their adaptive peak for the environment. However, Voight et al. (2006) found evidence of more adaptive evolution in Africans, than in Non-Africans (East Asian and European populations examined), and Boyko et al. (2008) found no significant difference in the amount of adaptive evolution occurring between different human populations. Therefore, the evidence obtained so far is inconclusive as to what extent different human populations have undergone different amounts of adaptive evolution.

text: Several recent studies have compared the amounts of adaptive evolution occurring between different populations within the human species. Williamson et al. (2007) found more evidence of adaptive evolution in European and Asian populations than African American populations. Assuming African Americans are representative of Africans, these results makes sense intuitively, because humans spread out of Africa approximately 50,000 years ago  (according to the consensus Out-of-Africa hypothesis of human origins (Klein 2009)), and these humans would have adapted to the new environments they encountered. By contrast, African populations remained in a similar environment for the following tens of thousands of years, and were therefore probably nearer their adaptive peak for the environment. However, Voight et al. (2006) found evidence of more adaptive evolution in Africans, than in Non-Africans (East Asian and European populations examined), and Boyko et al. (2008) found no significant difference in the amount of adaptive evolution occurring between different human populations. Therefore, the evidence obtained so far is inconclusive as to what extent different human populations have undergone different amounts of adaptive evolution.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: African Americans

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: 50,000 years ago

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: 50,000 years ago

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: out of Africa

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: human species

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Africa

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Out-of-Africa

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: humans spread out of Africa approximately 50,000 years ago

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Out-of-Africa hypothesis of human origins

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: adapted to the new environments they encountered.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: 50,000

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: human species.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Out-of-Africa

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: humans spread out of Africa approximately 50,000 years ago

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: inconclusive

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Africa

text: Makansgat Valley has been described as having one of the greatest palaeontological records of human evolution in the world. Collecting at the site began in 1925, when a local school teacher, Wilfred Eitzman, was attracted by the activities of limeworkers. Some fossil material was sent to Raymond Dart, who initiated a systematic investigation in 1947. Eitzman also discovered the so-called "Makapansgat pebble" associated with the bones. Ca. 3,000,000 BCE, the pebble is shaped naturally to resemble a human face, it is thought to have been found by an Australopithecus and carried from its source into the Makapansgat cave. It has been suggested that this pebble represents the earliest known example of symbolic thinking of early hominids.

text: Makansgat Valley has been described as having one of the greatest palaeontological records of human evolution in the world. Collecting at the site began in 1925, when a local school teacher, Wilfred Eitzman, was attracted by the activities of limeworkers. Some fossil material was sent to

text: Raymond Dart

text: , who initiated a systematic investigation in 1947. Eitzman also discovered the so-called "

text: Makapansgat pebble

text: " associated with the bones.

text: Ca.

text: 3,000,000 BCE, the pebble is shaped naturally to resemble a human face, it is thought to have been found by an Australopithecus and carried from its source into the Makapansgat cave. It has been suggested that this pebble represents the earliest known example of symbolic thinking of early hominids.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Australopithecus

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: 3,000,000 BCE

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: 3,000,000 BCE

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Australopithecus

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: ancestors

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Makansgat Valley

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Australopithecus

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: 3,000,000 BCE,

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Australopithecus

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: thinking

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: 3,000,000 BCE,

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Australopithecus

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Australopithecus

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: hominids.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: symbolic thinking of early hominids.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Makansgat Valley

text: Compared to present day humans, early hominids such as Paranthropus aethiopicus and Australopithecus garhi  had significantly larger dental morphology in their molars and premolars and smaller incisors. The hominids possessing post-canine megadontia had thick molar enamel, premolars with molarized roots, and lower molars that had additional capsules. Rather than inheriting their early hominid ancestors’ large sized molars, human molars evolved significantly, reducing instead to a size more similar to their front teeth. Contrary to megadont hominins’ dominant second molars, modern humans’ first molar is the largest, and their mandibles can rarely fit a third molar.

text: Compared to present day humans, early hominids such as Paranthropus aethiopicus and Australopithecus garhi  had significantly larger

text: dental morphology

text: in their molars and premolars and smaller incisors. The hominids possessing post-canine megadontia had thick molar enamel, premolars with molarized roots, and lower molars that had additional capsules. Rather than inheriting their early hominid ancestors’ large sized

text: molars

text: , human molars evolved significantly, reducing instead to a size more similar to their front teeth. Contrary to megadont hominins’ dominant second molars, modern humans’ first molar is the largest, and their

text: mandible

text: s can rarely fit a third molar.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Australopithecus

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: megadontia

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: did not have a third molar

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Australopithecus garhi

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Australopithecus garhi

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: early hominid ancestors’

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: humans, early hominids

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: humans,

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: humans,

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: humans,

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Paranthropus aethiopicus

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: present day humans,

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Compared to present day humans,

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Paranthropus aethiopicus

text: Pelliciera rhizophorae, known as the tea mangrove, is a less-common species of mangroves found along the Pacific coast from the Gulf of Nicoya in Costa Rica to the Esmeraldas River in Ecuador, as well as within stands located in Nicaragua, Panama, and Colombia. During eras such as the Cenozoic, the species was prevalent. The mangrove hummingbirds of Costa Rica live off the relatively large quantity of pollen produced by its prolific blooms. P. rhizophorae is the only species in the genus Pelliciera which was previously recognized as the only genus in the family Pellicieraceae.

text: Pelliciera rhizophorae, known as the tea mangrove, is a less-common species of

text: mangrove

text: s found along the Pacific coast from the

text: Gulf of Nicoya

text: in

text: Costa Rica

text: to the

text: Esmeraldas River

text: in

text: Ecuador

text: , as well as within stands located in Nicaragua, Panama, and Colombia. During eras such as the

text: Cenozoic

text: , the species was prevalent. The

text: mangrove hummingbird

text: s of Costa Rica live off the relatively large quantity of pollen produced by its prolific blooms. P. rhizophorae is the only species in the genus Pelliciera which was previously recognized as the only genus in the family Pellicieraceae.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Pellicieraceae

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is not the same as erectus

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Pelliciera

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Pacific coast

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Pelliciera rhizophorae,

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic,

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Pelliciera rhizophorae,

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: relatively large quantity of pollen produced by its prolific blooms.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Cenozoic,

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Pelliciera rhizophorae,

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Cenozoic,

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: The mangrove hummingbirds

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Cenozoic,

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Cenozoic,

text: Because she is such a big member of the human evolution debate, a lot of her research centers around human evolution and modern human behavior. Modern human behavior is generally thought of as beginning in Europe with the end of the Last Glacial Maximum, but Brooks thinks differently. She and Sally McBrearty feel that there is a fatal flaw with this direction of thinking. By thinking that modern human behavior evolved anywhere other than in Africa totally erases a fundamental part of African history from the archaeological record and also from the history of every human alive today. All the categories to divide time up have come from Europeans, but these frameworks often leave out key events in African history that cannot be fit into these categories. The first Europeans were Africans after the second Out of Africa movement. Homo sapiens are present in Africa 130,000 years ago (190,000 pending investigation). Homo sapiens do not appear in Europe or Asia until 40,000 years ago (the absolute earliest in Levant may be 80-120,000 years ago) and not until 62,000 years ago were then found in Australia. It is also shown that the area of inhabitable land in Africa that could have fostered human evolution is much larger than that of Europe or Asia. Their theory is that the adaption of modern human behavior was not a sudden change that was adapted by all Homo sapiens at the same time, but rather was transferred from human to human over time through Africa and out to Europe and Asia. She argues that modern human behavior was visible in Africa in the Middle Stone Age, way before it was visible in Europe. Brooks and McBrearty explain to us what it means to have modern human behavior and the evidence that has been found in Africa that dates back to the Middle Stone Age. In their paper, Brooks and McBrearty show that the evolution of humans was not a European revolution that suddenly overtook the world and replaced everything else but rather a gradual shift from Africa and out.

text: Because she is such a big member of the

text: human evolution

text: debate, a lot of her research centers around

text: human evolution

text: and

text: modern human behavior

text: Modern human behavior

text: is generally thought of as beginning in

text: Europe

text: with the end of the

text: Last Glacial Maximum

text: , but Brooks thinks differently. She and

text: Sally McBrearty

text: feel that there is a fatal flaw with this direction of thinking. By thinking that

text: modern human behavior

text: evolved

text: anywhere other than in

text: Africa

text: totally erases a fundamental part of

text: African history

text: from the

text: archaeological record

text: and also from the history of every human alive today. All the categories to divide time up have come from

text: Europeans

text: , but these frameworks often leave out key events in

text: African history

text: that cannot be fit into these categories. The first

text: Europeans

text: were

text: Africans

text: after the second

text: Out of Africa

text: movement.

text: Homo sapiens

text: are present in

text: Africa

text: 130,000 years ago (190,000 pending investigation).

text: Homo sapiens

text: do not appear in

text: Europe

text: or

text: Asia

text: until 40,000 years ago (the absolute earliest in Levant may be 80-120,000 years ago) and not until 62,000 years ago were then found in

text: Australia

text: . It is also shown that the area of inhabitable land in

text: Africa

text: that could have fostered

text: human evolution

text: is much larger than that of

text: Europe

text: or

text: Asia

text: . Their theory is that the adaption of

text: modern human behavior

text: was not a sudden change that was adapted by all

text: Homo sapiens

text: at the same time, but rather was transferred from

text: human

text: to

text: human

text: over time through

text: Africa

text: and out to

text: Europe

text: and

text: Asia

text: . She argues that

text: modern human behavior

text: was visible in

text: Africa

text: in the

text: Middle Stone Age

text: , way before it was visible in

text: Europe

text: . Brooks and

text: McBrearty

text: explain to us what it means to have

text: modern human behavior

text: and the evidence that has been found in

text: Africa

text: that dates back to the

text: Middle Stone Age

text: . In their paper, Brooks and

text: McBrearty

text: show that the

text: evolution of humans

text: was not a

text: European

text: revolution

text: that suddenly overtook the world and replaced everything else but rather a gradual shift from

text: Africa

text: and out.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Europeans

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Last Glacial Maximum

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: are present in Africa 130,000 years ago

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: the Middle Stone Age

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: 130,000 years ago

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Africa

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Homo sapiens

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Last Glacial Maximum,

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Africa

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: the area of inhabitable land

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: 40,000 years ago

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: 130,000 years ago

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Homo sapiens

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: 130,000 years ago

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: 62,000 years ago

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Africa

text: Conscious evolution refers to the claim that humanity has acquired the ability to choose what the species Homo sapiens becomes in the future, based on recent advancements in science, medicine, technology, psychology, sociology, and spirituality. Conscious evolution assumes that human beings may be positioned at the crest of the ongoing evolution of the universe.

text: Conscious evolution refers to the claim that humanity has acquired the ability to choose what the species

text: Homo sapiens

text: becomes in the future, based on recent advancements in science, medicine, technology, psychology, sociology, and spirituality. Conscious evolution assumes that human beings may be positioned at the crest of the ongoing evolution of the universe.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Homo sapiens

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: evolution of the universe

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Homo sapiens

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Homo sapiens

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Homo sapiens

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Homo sapiens

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: ongoing evolution of the universe.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Conscious evolution

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: Conscious evolution

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Conscious evolution

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Homo sapiens

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Homo sapiens

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Homo sapiens

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Conscious evolution

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Conscious evolution

text: Suborder Haplorhini, the simple-nosed or "dry-nosed" primates, is composed of two sister clades. Prosimian tarsiers in the family Tarsiidae (monotypic in its own infraorder Tarsiiformes), represent the most basal division, originating about 58 mya. The earliest known haplorhine skeleton, that of 55 MA old tarsier-like Archicebus, was found in central China, supporting an already suspected Asian origin for the group. The infraorder Simiiformes (simian primates, consisting of monkeys and apes) emerged about 40 mya, possibly also in Asia; if so, they dispersed across the Tethys Sea from Asia to Africa soon afterwards. There are two simian clades, both parvorders: Catarrhini, which developed in Africa, consisting of Old World monkeys, humans and the other apes, and Platyrrhini, which developed in South America, consisting of New World monkeys. A third clade, which included the eosimiids, developed in Asia, but became extinct millions of years ago.

text: Suborder

text: Haplorhini

text: , the simple-nosed or "dry-nosed" primates, is composed of two sister clades.

text: Prosimian

text: tarsiers in the family Tarsiidae (monotypic in its own infraorder Tarsiiformes), represent the most

text: basal

text: division, originating about 58 mya. The earliest known haplorhine skeleton, that of 55 MA old tarsier-like

text: Archicebus

text: , was found in central China, supporting an already suspected Asian origin for the group. The infraorder

text: Simiiformes

text: (simian primates, consisting of monkeys and apes) emerged about 40 mya, possibly also in Asia; if so, they

text: dispersed

text: across the

text: Tethys Sea

text: from Asia to Africa soon afterwards. There are two simian clades, both

text: parvorder

text: s:

text: Catarrhini

text: , which developed in Africa, consisting of

text: Old World monkey

text: s,

text: human

text: s and the other

text: ape

text: s, and Platyrrhini, which developed in South America, consisting of

text: New World monkey

text: s. A third clade, which included the

text: eosimiids

text: , developed in Asia, but became extinct millions of years ago.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Old World monkeys

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Simiiformes

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: was found in central China

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Prosimian tarsiers

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Simiiformes

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Tethys Sea

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Old World monkeys,

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Catarrhini, which developed in Africa,

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Catarrhini,

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: Suborder Haplorhini,

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: 58 mya.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: humans and the other apes,

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Archicebus,

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Catarrhini,

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: 58 mya.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Tethys Sea

text: During her graduate studies she worked on chromosome analysis, comparing chimpanzee and human chromosomes. Anne has undertaken primate field research in Morocco, Gibraltar, Texas, Borneo and Africa. These two types of research combine interests in the physical development of humans from their primate ancestors, and the behavioral patterns of primates which are similar to those found among humans. However, her approach to physical anthropology is very wide ranging and she has presented papers on witchcraft, dietary influences on behaviour, the role of children in evolution, and child abuse in primates, as well as on her major focus of primate communication.

text: During her graduate studies she worked on chromosome analysis, comparing

text: chimpanzee

text: and human

text: chromosomes

text: . Anne has undertaken primate

text: field research

text: in

text: Morocco

text: Gibraltar

text: Texas

text: Borneo

text: and

text: Africa

text: . These two types of research combine interests in the physical development of humans from their primate ancestors, and the behavioral patterns of primates which are similar to those found among humans. However, her approach to physical anthropology is very wide ranging and she has presented papers on

text: witchcraft

text: , dietary influences on behaviour, the role of children in

text: evolution

text: , and

text: child abuse

text: in primates, as well as on her major focus of

text: primate communication

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Anne has undertaken primate field

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: primate

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: primate

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Gibraltar

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: chimpanzee

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: primate ancestors,

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: comparing chimpanzee and human chromosomes.

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: communication.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: chimpanzee

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: human chromosomes.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: primate

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: primate ancestors,

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: witchcraft,

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Morocco, Gibraltar,

text: The illustration was commissioned by Time-Life Books for the Early Man volume (1965) of its popular Life Nature Library. This book, authored by anthropologist F. Clark Howell (1925–2007) and the Time-Life editors, included a foldout section of text and images (pages 41–45) entitled "The Road to Homo Sapiens", prominently featuring the sequence of figures drawn by natural history painter and muralist Rudolph Zallinger (1919–1995). The first two sentences of the caption to the illustration read (with emphasis added), "What were the stages of man's long march from apelike ancestors to sapiens?  Beginning at right and progressing across four more pages are milestones of primate and human evolution as scientists know them today, pieced together from the fragmentary fossil evidence." Although the context indicates that it was not the authors' or illustrator's intent to imply a linear ancestor-descendant parade, as the popularity of the image grew and achieved iconic status, the name "March of Progress" became attached to it.

text: The illustration was commissioned by

text: Time-Life Books

text: for the Early Man volume (1965) of its popular

text: Life Nature Library

text: . This book, authored by

text: anthropologist

text: F. Clark Howell

text: (1925–2007) and the Time-Life editors, included a

text: foldout

text: section of text and images (pages 41–45) entitled "The Road to Homo Sapiens", prominently featuring the sequence of figures drawn by natural history painter and muralist

text: Rudolph Zallinger

text: (1919–1995). The first two sentences of the caption to the illustration read (with emphasis added), "What were the stages of man's long march from apelike ancestors to sapiens?  Beginning at right and progressing across four more pages are milestones of primate and human evolution as scientists know them today, pieced together from the fragmentary fossil evidence." Although the context indicates that it was not the authors' or illustrator's intent to imply a linear ancestor-descendant parade, as the popularity of the image grew and achieved

text: icon

text: ic status, the name "March of Progress" became attached to it.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: apelike

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: March of Progress

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: The illustration was commissioned by Time-Life Books for the Early Man volume

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: apelike

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Homo sapiens

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: apelike

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: apelike ancestors to sapiens?

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: apelike ancestors to sapiens?

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: apelike ancestors to sapiens?

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: apelike ancestors to sapiens?

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Homo Sapiens",

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: apelike

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Homo Sapiens",

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: fragmentary fossil evidence."

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: apelike ancestors

text: Walking with Beasts (Walking with Prehistoric Beasts in North American releases) is a 2001 six-part television documentary miniseries, produced by the BBC Natural History Unit. It is the second installment of the Walking With... series and a sequel to Walking with Dinosaurs. Beasts takes place after the extinction of the dinosaurs 65 million years ago depicted in Walking with Dinosaurs, and recreates animals of the Cenozoic with computer-generated imagery and animatronics. Like Dinosaurs, its narrative is presented in the style of a traditional nature documentary. Some of the concepts it illustrates are the evolution of whales, horses, and humans.

text: Walking with Beasts (Walking with Prehistoric Beasts in North American releases) is a 2001 six-part

text: television

text: documentary

text: miniseries

text: , produced by the

text: BBC Natural History Unit

text: . It is the second installment of the

text: Walking With...

text: series and a sequel to

text: Walking with Dinosaurs

text: . Beasts takes place after the

text: extinction of the dinosaurs

text: 65 million years ago depicted in Walking with Dinosaurs, and recreates animals of the

text: Cenozoic

text: with

text: computer-generated imagery

text: and

text: animatronics

text: . Like Dinosaurs, its narrative is presented in the style of a traditional

text: nature documentary

text: . Some of the concepts it illustrates are the

text: evolution of whales

text: horses

text: , and

text: humans

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Walking with Beasts

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: the evolution of whales, horses, and humans

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: whales, horses,

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: humans.

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: humans.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: humans.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: humans.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: whales, horses, and humans.

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: evolution of whales, horses, and humans.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Walking with Beasts

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: whales, horses,

text: Studies indicate that responsiveness to sugars and sweetness has very ancient evolutionary beginnings, being manifest as chemotaxis even in motile bacteria such as E. coli. Newborn human infants also demonstrate preferences for high sugar concentrations and prefer solutions that are sweeter than lactose, the sugar found in breast milk. Sweetness appears to have the highest taste recognition threshold, being detectable at around 1 part in 200 of sucrose in solution. By comparison, bitterness appears to have the lowest detection threshold, at about 1 part in 2 million for quinine in solution. In the natural settings that human primate ancestors evolved in, sweetness intensity should indicate energy density, while bitterness tends to indicate toxicity The high sweetness detection threshold and low bitterness detection threshold would have predisposed our primate ancestors to seek out sweet-tasting (and energy-dense) foods and avoid bitter-tasting foods. Even amongst leaf-eating primates, there is a tendency to prefer immature leaves, which tend to be higher in protein and lower in fibre and poisons than mature leaves. The 'sweet tooth' thus has an ancient evolutionary heritage, and while food processing has changed consumption patterns, human physiology remains largely unchanged.

text: Studies indicate that responsiveness to sugars and sweetness has very ancient evolutionary beginnings, being manifest as

text: chemotaxis

text: even in

text: motile

text: bacteria such as E. coli. Newborn human infants also demonstrate preferences for high sugar concentrations and prefer solutions that are sweeter than

text: lactose

text: , the sugar found in breast milk. Sweetness appears to have the highest taste recognition threshold, being detectable at around 1 part in 200 of sucrose in solution. By comparison,

text: bitterness

text: appears to have the lowest detection threshold, at about 1 part in 2 million for quinine in solution. In the natural settings that human primate ancestors evolved in, sweetness intensity should indicate

text: energy density

text: , while bitterness tends to indicate

text: toxicity

text: The high sweetness detection threshold and low bitterness detection threshold would have predisposed our primate ancestors to seek out sweet-tasting (and energy-dense) foods and avoid bitter-tasting foods. Even amongst leaf-eating primates, there is a tendency to prefer immature leaves, which tend to be higher in protein and lower in fibre and poisons than mature leaves. The 'sweet tooth' thus has an ancient evolutionary heritage, and while food processing has changed consumption patterns, human physiology remains largely unchanged.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: primate

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: evolution

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: has very ancient evolutionary beginnings

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: primate

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: primate

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: primate

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: primate ancestors

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: primate ancestors

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: toxicity

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: responsiveness to sugars and sweetness has very ancient evolutionary beginnings,

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: human primate ancestors

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: primate

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: primate ancestors

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: responsiveness to sugars and sweetness has very ancient evolutionary beginnings,

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: bitterness

text: Hominoids are a primate superfamily, the hominid family is currently considered to comprise both the great ape lineages and human lineages within the hominoid superfamily. The "Homininae" comprise both the human lineages and the African ape lineages. The term "African apes" refers only to chimpanzees and gorillas. The terminology of the immediate biological family is currently in flux. The term "hominin" refers to any genus in the human tribe (Hominini), of which Homo sapiens (modern man) is the only living specimen.

text: Hominoids are a primate superfamily, the hominid family is currently considered to comprise both the

text: great ape

text: lineages and human lineages within the

text: hominoid

text: superfamily. The "

text: Homininae

text: " comprise both the human lineages and the

text: African ape

text: lineages. The term "African apes" refers only to

text: chimpanzees

text: and

text: gorillas

text: . The terminology of the immediate biological family is currently in flux. The term "hominin" refers to any genus in the human tribe (Hominini), of which

text: Homo sapiens

text: (modern man) is the only living specimen.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: great ape

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Homininae

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Homo sapiens

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Homo sapiens

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Homo sapiens

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: great ape

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: great ape lineages

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: "African apes"

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: Hominoids

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Homo sapiens (modern man) is the only living specimen.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Homo sapiens

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Homo sapiens

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Homo sapiens (modern man) is the only living specimen.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Hominoids

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Hominoids

text: The highest area, the  high Higher Bükk  bore Bükk Highlands begin at Lillafüred. This mostly consists of sea sediments (limestone, slate, dolomite) from the Paleozoic and Mesozoic, and volcanic rocks like diabase and porphyry. Several caves can be found in the area. The city is also known for lowest measured temperature ever in Hungary with .

text: The highest area, the  high Higher Bükk  bore Bükk Highlands begin at Lillafüred. This mostly consists of sea sediments (limestone, slate, dolomite) from the

text: Paleozoic

text: and

text: Mesozoic

text: , and volcanic rocks like

text: diabase

text: and

text: porphyry

text: . Several caves can be found in the area. The city is also known for lowest measured temperature ever in Hungary with .

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Mesozoic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is not the same as

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Mesozoic

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Mesozoic,

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Paleozoic and Mesozoic,

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: lowest measured temperature

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Lillafüred.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Paleozoic and Mesozoic,

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Paleozoic and Mesozoic,

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Paleozoic and Mesozoic,

text: It preserves fossils dating back to the Miocene epoch of the Neogene period, during the Cenozoic Era.

text: It preserves

text: fossils

text: dating back to the Miocene

text: epoch

text: of the

text: Neogene

text: period

text: , during the

text: Cenozoic Era

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Neogene

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Neogene period

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Miocene

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Miocene

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Miocene

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic Era.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Miocene

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: It preserves fossils dating back to the Miocene

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Miocene

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Miocene epoch of the Neogene period,

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Miocene

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Cenozoic Era.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Miocene

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Miocene

text: Positive feedback loops have been used to describe aspects of the dynamics of change in biological evolution.  For example, beginning at the macro level, Alfred J. Lotka (1945) argued that the evolution of the species was most essentially a matter of selection that fed back energy flows to capture more and more energy for use by living systems.  At the human level, Richard Alexander (1989) proposed that social competition between and within human groups fed back to the selection of intelligence thus constantly producing more and more refined human intelligence.  Crespi (2004) discussed several other examples of positive feedback loops in evolution.  The analogy of Evolutionary arms races provide further examples of positive feedback in biological systems.

text: Positive feedback loops have been used to describe aspects of the dynamics of change in biological

text: evolution

text: .  For example, beginning at the macro level,

text: Alfred J. Lotka

text: (1945) argued that the evolution of the species was most essentially a matter of selection that fed back energy flows to capture more and more energy for use by living systems.  At the human level,

text: Richard Alexander

text: (1989) proposed that social competition between and within human groups fed back to the selection of intelligence thus constantly producing more and more refined human intelligence.  Crespi (2004) discussed several other examples of positive feedback loops in evolution.  The analogy of

text: Evolutionary arms race

text: s provide further examples of positive feedback in biological systems.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Crespi

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: positive feedback loops

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: positive feedback loops

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Crespi

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: At the human level

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Alfred J. Lotka

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: social competition

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: social competition between and within human groups fed back to the selection of intelligence

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: more and more refined human intelligence.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: more and more refined human intelligence.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: energy flows to capture more and more energy for use by living systems.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Richard Alexander

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: social competition between and within human groups

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Positive feedback loops

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Positive feedback loops

text: The Museum of Human Evolution was inaugurated on 13 July 2010. Its foundation is based on the archeological site of Atapuerca located  east of Burgos. The Atapuerca site has been designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It contains several caves, where fossils and stone tools of the earliest known hominids in West Europe have been found, near Atapuerca Mountains.

text: The Museum of Human Evolution was inaugurated on 13 July 2010. Its foundation is based on the archeological site of Atapuerca located  east of Burgos. The Atapuerca site has been designated a UNESCO

text: World Heritage Site

text: . It contains several caves, where fossils and stone tools of the earliest known

text: hominid

text: s in West Europe have been found, near

text: Atapuerca Mountains

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: The Atapuerca site has been designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: mountains

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: earliest known hominids

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: earliest known hominids

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: stone tools

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: earliest known hominids

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: earliest known hominids

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: fossils and stone tools of the earliest known hominids

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Atapuerca Mountains.

text: In the contexts of archaeology, paleontology, and paleoanthropology, the Plio-Pleistocene is  a very useful period to which scientists may assign the long and continuous run in East Africa of datable sedimentary layers and their contents; (for one example, see the Bouri Formation). These contents collectively present a focused view of the continuous evolution of the region's large vertebrates, especially the evolution of some African apes (hominids) to the earliest hominins; and then the development of the early humans and their toolmaking cultures. This shorter pseudo-period—from after 5 mya to about 1.5 mya—straddles the boundary between the Pliocene and the Pleistocene. Thereafter the Plio-Pleistocene formations in East Africa contain, and disclose, the genus Homo developing into archaic Homo sapiens, then to anatomically modern humans.

text: In the contexts of

text: archaeology

text: paleontology

text: , and

text: paleoanthropology

text: , the Plio-Pleistocene is  a very useful period to which scientists may assign the long and continuous run in

text: East Africa

text: of datable sedimentary layers and their contents; (for one example, see the

text: Bouri Formation

text: ). These contents collectively present a focused view of the continuous evolution of the region's large

text: vertebrates

text: , especially the evolution of some African apes (

text: hominids

text: ) to the earliest

text: hominin

text: s; and then the development of the early humans and their toolmaking cultures. This shorter pseudo-period—from after 5 mya to about 1.5 mya—straddles the boundary between the

text: Pliocene

text: and the

text: Pleistocene

text: . Thereafter the Plio-Pleistocene formations in East Africa contain, and disclose, the genus

text: Homo

text: developing into archaic

text: Homo sapiens

text: , then to

text: anatomically modern humans

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Homo sapiens

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Pleistocene

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: The Plio-Pleistocene

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Homo

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Homo sapiens

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Homo sapiens,

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Plio-Pleistocene

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: (hominids)

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: toolmaking

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: archaic Homo sapiens,

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Homo sapiens,

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Homo

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: anatomically modern humans.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Plio-Pleistocene

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Plio-Pleistocene

text: The rate of adaptive evolution in the human genome has often assumed to be constant over time. For example, the 35% estimate for α calculated by Fay et al. (2001) led them to conclude that there was one adaptive substitution in the human lineage every 200 years since human divergence from old-world monkeys. However, even if the original value of α is accurate for a particular time period, this extrapolation is still invalid. This is because there has been a large acceleration in the amount of positive selection in the human lineage over the last 40,000 years, in terms of the number of genes that have undergone adaptive evolution (Hawks et al. 2007). This agrees with simple theoretical predictions, because the human population size has expanded massively in the last 40,000 years, and with more people, there should be more adaptive substitutions. Hawks et al. (2007) argue that demographic changes (particularly population expansion) may greatly facilitate adaptive evolution, an argument that corroborates somewhat with the positive correlation inferred between population size and amount of adaptive evolution occurring mentioned previously.It has been suggested that cultural evolution may have replaced genetic evolution, and hence slowed the rate of adaptive evolution over the past 10,000 years. However, it is possible that cultural evolution could actually increase genetic adaption. Cultural evolution has vastly increased communication and contact between different populations, and this provides much greater opportunities for genetic admixture between the different populations (Hawks et al. 2007). However, recent cultural phenomena, such as modern medicine and the smaller variation in modern family sizes, may reduce genetic adaption as natural selection is relaxed, overriding the increased potential for adaptation due to greater genetic admixture.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: old-world monkeys

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: 40,000 years

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: diverged from old-world monkeys

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: old-world monkey

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: human divergence

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: old-world monkeys.

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: 40,000 years,

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: old-world monkeys.

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: genetic admixture

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: 40,000

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: human divergence from old-world monkeys.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: old-world monkeys.

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: human divergence from old-world monkeys.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: cultural evolution may have replaced genetic evolution,

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: genetic evolution,

text: Wolpoff was trained primarily as a paleoanthropologist at the University of Illinois under Eugene Giles.  With his multidisciplinary training, he brings to the study of the human and non-human primate fossil record a background that combines evolutionary theory, population genetics, and biomechanics.  With over 50 grants funded by the National Science Foundation, National Academy of Sciences, and the University of Michigan, Wolpoff has visited the museums where human and primate fossils are stored and has studied in detail and at length all the materials addressing the fossil evidence for human evolution across Europe, Asia, and Africa.  His research foci have included the evolution and fate of the European Neandertals, the role of culture in early hominid evolution, the nature and explanation of allometry, robust australopithecine evolution, the distribution and explanation of sexual dimorphism, hominid origins, the pattern and explanation of Australasian hominid evolution, the contributions and role of genetics in paleoanthropological research, and the taxonomy of the genus Homo. In addition, he is a primary describer of many hominid fossil remains. Since 1976 Wolpoff has graduated more than 20 Ph.D students.

text: Wolpoff was trained primarily as a paleoanthropologist at the University of Illinois under Eugene Giles.  With his multidisciplinary training, he brings to the study of the human and non-human primate fossil record a background that combines evolutionary theory, population genetics, and biomechanics.  With over 50 grants funded by the

text: National Science Foundation

text: National Academy of Sciences

text: , and the University of Michigan, Wolpoff has visited the museums where human and primate fossils are stored and has studied in detail and at length all the materials addressing the fossil evidence for human evolution across Europe, Asia, and Africa.  His research foci have included the evolution and fate of the European

text: Neandertals

text: , the role of culture in early

text: hominid

text: evolution, the nature and explanation of

text: allometry

text: robust australopithecine

text: evolution, the distribution and explanation of

text: sexual dimorphism

text: , hominid origins, the pattern and explanation of

text: Australasia

text: n hominid evolution, the contributions and role of

text: genetics

text: in paleoanthropological research, and the

text: taxonomy

text: of the genus Homo. In addition, he is a primary describer of many hominid fossil remains. Since 1976 Wolpoff has graduated more than 20 Ph.D students.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Neandertals

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: australopithecine

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: genus Homo

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Homo

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: genus Homo

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: European Neandertals,

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: early hominid evolution,

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: australopithecine

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: biomechanics.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: European Neandertals,

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: genus Homo.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Homo.

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: genus Homo.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: culture in early hominid evolution,

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Europe, Asia, and Africa.

text: The reptiles appeared from labyrinthodonts in the subsequent Carboniferous period. The anapsid and synapsid reptiles were common during the late Paleozoic, while the diapsids became dominant during the Mesozoic. In the sea, the bony fishes became dominant.

text: The

text: reptiles

text: appeared from labyrinthodonts in the subsequent

text: Carboniferous

text: period. The

text: anapsid

text: and

text: synapsid

text: reptiles were common during the late

text: Paleozoic

text: , while the

text: diapsid

text: s became dominant during the

text: Mesozoic

text: . In the sea, the

text: bony fishes

text: became dominant.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: anapsid

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Mesozoic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is not the same as

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Carboniferous

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: The reptiles appeared from labyrinthodonts

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Mesozoic.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: The reptiles appeared from labyrinthodonts

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: anapsid

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Carboniferous

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Carboniferous period. The anapsid

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: anapsid

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Carboniferous period.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Carboniferous

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Paleozoic,

text: As a hominid brain, the human brain is substantially enlarged even in comparison to the brain of a typical monkey. The sequence of evolution from Australopithecus (four million years ago) to Homo sapiens (modern man) was marked by a steady increase in brain size, particularly in the frontal lobes, which are associated with a variety of high-level cognitive functions.

text: As a

text: hominid

text: brain, the human brain is substantially enlarged even in comparison to the brain of a typical monkey. The sequence of evolution from

text: Australopithecus

text: (four million years ago) to

text: Homo sapiens

text: (modern man) was marked by a steady increase in brain size, particularly in the frontal lobes, which are associated with a variety of high-level cognitive functions.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Australopithecus

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Australopithecus

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: four million years ago

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Australopithecus

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Australopithecus

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Australopithecus

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Australopithecus

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: monkey.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Australopithecus

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Homo sapiens

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Australopithecus

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Homo sapiens

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Australopithecus

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Australopithecus

text: 1. Creative Emergence and Becoming, expresses the new concepts through which science seeks today to understand anew matter and the material world. Physics becomes the science of creative emergence par excellence.2. The Web of Life, is the new paradigm for the life sciences, in which organic and embodied life is a world-wide-web, a living whole, with planet earth as its living and breathing organ of life. 3. Humanity is evolution becoming self-conscious. Humanity is seen as a place in and through which evolution becomes self-conscious. Evolution’s becoming self-conscious through the human, signals a beginning of a wholly new epoch of evolution, but it is evolution that is enhancing and transforming itself through its becoming human.4. The human as the growing edge of cosmic evolution. This notion sees humanity as an inwardly active co-creative and co-responsible agent in evolution. No more mere spectator, or chance product of blind evolution, the human appears to represent the essence of evolution, and human creativity becomes part of cosmic creativity.5. Individuation and future cosmic integration. Humans have individuated themselves in modern times, to discover the individual, with her freedom and self dignity. This was however only the first phase of individuation. In the future we will see also the new integration of the human in the cosmos. But this new integration will not be a return to ancient mythic times, and in the new integration the place of the individual will be preserved and enhanced.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: ancient mythic times

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: epoch

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is a species of

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: apes

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: evolution becoming self-conscious

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: a return to ancient mythic times

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: earth

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: modern times,

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Humanity is evolution becoming self-conscious.

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: self-conscious.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Humanity is evolution becoming self-conscious.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Humanity

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: earth

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: individuated themselves

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Humanity is evolution becoming self-conscious.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: earth

text: The Kern River Beds Formation preserves fossils dating back to the Neogene Period of the Cenozoic Era.

text: The Kern River Beds Formation preserves

text: fossils

text: dating back to the Neogene Period of the

text: Cenozoic Era

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Neogene

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Neogene Period

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is a species of primate

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Neogene Period

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Neogene Period

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Kern River Beds Formation

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Neogene Period of the Cenozoic Era.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: The Kern River Beds Formation preserves fossils

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: Neogene Period

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Neogene Period

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Neogene Period of the Cenozoic Era.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Neogene Period

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Cenozoic Era.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Neogene Period

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Neogene Period

text: The evolution of the MADS-box family has been extensively studied. These genes are present even in pteridophytes, but the spread and diversity is many times higher in angiosperms. There appears to be quite a bit of pattern into how this family has evolved. Consider the evolution of the C-region gene AGAMOUS (AG). It is expressed in today's flowers in the stamens, and the carpel, which are reproductive organs. It's ancestor in gymnosperms also has the same expression pattern. Here, it is expressed in the strobili, an organ that produces pollens or ovules. Similarly, the B-genes' (AP3 and PI) ancestors are expressed only in the male organs in gymnosperms. Their descendants in the modern angiosperms also are expressed only in the stamens, the male reproductive organ. Thus, the same, then-existing components were used by the plants in a novel manner to generate the first flower. This is a recurring pattern in evolution.

text: The evolution of the

text: MADS-box

text: family has been extensively studied. These genes are present even in

text: pteridophytes

text: , but the spread and diversity is many times higher in

text: angiosperms

text: . There appears to be quite a bit of pattern into how this family has evolved. Consider the evolution of the C-region gene

text: AGAMOUS

text: (AG). It is expressed in today's flowers in the

text: stamens

text: , and the

text: carpel

text: , which are reproductive organs. It's ancestor in

text: gymnosperms

text: also has the same expression pattern. Here, it is expressed in the

text: strobili

text: , an organ that produces

text: pollens

text: or ovules. Similarly, the B-genes' (AP3 and PI) ancestors are expressed only in the male organs in

text: gymnosperms

text: . Their descendants in the modern angiosperms also are expressed only in the

text: stamens

text: , the male reproductive organ. Thus, the same, then-existing components were used by the plants in a novel manner to generate the first flower. This is a recurring pattern in

text: evolution

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: gymnosperms

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: mammalian

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is a member of the phylum Erectus

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: gymnosperms

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: gymnosperms

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: evolution.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: The evolution of the MADS-box family has been extensively studied.

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: the spread and diversity is many times higher in angiosperms.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: The evolution of the MADS-box family has been extensively studied.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: male organs in gymnosperms.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: C-region gene AGAMOUS

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: angiosperms.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: pteridophytes,

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: C-region gene AGAMOUS

text: Evolutionary theorists agree that there are local trends in evolution, such as increasing brain size in hominids, but these directional changes do not persist indefinitely, and trends in opposite directions also occur (Gould, 1997). Evolution causes organisms to adapt to their local environment; when the environment changes, the direction of the trend may change. The question of whether there is evolutionary progress is better formulated as the question of whether there are any largest-scale trends in evolution (McShea, 1998). That is, is there a consistent directional change throughout the history of life on Earth?

text: Evolutionary theorists agree that there are local trends in evolution, such as increasing

text: brain

text: size in

text: hominid

text: s, but these directional changes do not persist indefinitely, and trends in opposite directions also occur (

text: Gould

text: , 1997). Evolution causes organisms to adapt to their local environment; when the environment changes, the direction of the trend may change. The question of whether there is evolutionary progress is better formulated as the question of whether there are any largest-scale trends in evolution (McShea, 1998). That is, is there a consistent directional change throughout the history of life on Earth?

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: evolution

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: increasing brain size

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: hominids,

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: these directional changes do not persist indefinitely,

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: directional changes do not persist indefinitely,

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: these directional changes do not persist indefinitely,

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: directional changes do not persist indefinitely,

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: increasing brain size in hominids,

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominids,

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: directional changes do not persist indefinitely,

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: directional changes do not persist indefinitely,

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: trends in opposite directions

text: Scoyenia is an ichnogenus found in paleozoic-mesozoic strata in North America. It appears to be the preserved remains of animal burrows.

text: Scoyenia is an

text: ichnogenus

text: found in

text: paleozoic

text: mesozoic

text: strata

text: in

text: North America

text: . It appears to be the preserved remains of animal burrows.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Scoyenia

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Mesozoic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is not the same as

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Scoyenia

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: North America

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Scoyenia

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: paleozoic-mesozoic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Scoyenia

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: burrows.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Scoyenia

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Scoyenia

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Scoyenia

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Scoyenia

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Scoyenia

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Scoyenia

text: Biological anthropologist Terrence Deacon, in a synthesis of over twenty years of research on human evolution, human neurology, and primatology, describes this "ratcheting effect" as a form of "Baldwinian Evolution." Named after psychologist James Baldwin, this describes a situation in which an animal's behavior has evolutionary consequences when it changes the natural environment and thus the selective forces acting on the animal.

text: Biological anthropologist

text: Terrence Deacon, in a synthesis of over twenty years of research on human evolution, human neurology, and primatology, describes this "ratcheting effect" as a form of "Baldwinian Evolution." Named after

text: psychologist

text: James Baldwin

text: , this describes a situation in which an animal's behavior has evolutionary consequences when it changes the natural environment and thus the selective forces acting on the animal.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: modern humans

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Baldwinian Evolution

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: ratcheting effect

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Baldwinian Evolution

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: primatology,

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: "Baldwinian Evolution."

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: "Baldwinian Evolution."

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: "Baldwinian Evolution."

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: "Baldwinian Evolution."

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: human evolution,

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: "Baldwinian Evolution."

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: human evolution,

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: "Baldwinian Evolution."

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: natural environment

text: The Cenozoic is also known as the Age of Mammals and the Age of Birds, because of the large mammals and birds that dominated, such as Entelodont, Paraceratherium, Gastornis and Basilosaurus. The extinction of many large Diapsid groups such as non-avian dinosaurs, Plesiosauria and Pterosauria allowed the mammals and birds to greatly diversify and be the predominant fauna, even to the present day.

text: The Cenozoic is also known as the Age of Mammals and the Age of Birds, because of the large

text: mammal

text: s and

text: bird

text: s that dominated, such as

text: Entelodont

text: Paraceratherium

text: Gastornis

text: and

text: Basilosaurus

text: . The extinction of many large

text: Diapsid

text: groups such as non-avian

text: dinosaurs

text: Plesiosauria

text: and

text: Pterosauria

text: allowed the mammals and birds to greatly diversify and be the predominant fauna, even to the present day.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: The Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Basilosaurus

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: dinosaurs,

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: The Cenozoic is also known as the Age of Mammals

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: Age of Mammals and the Age of Birds,

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: The Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: The Cenozoic is also known as the Age of Mammals

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Basilosaurus.

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: present day.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: The Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: non-avian dinosaurs,

text: Cooking could also kill parasites, reduce the amount of energy required for chewing and digestion, and release more nutrients from plants and meat. Due to the difficulty of chewing raw meat and digesting tough proteins (e.g. collagen) and carbohydrates, the development of cooking served as an effective mechanism to efficiently process meat and allow for its consumption in larger quantities. With its high caloric density and store of important nutrients, meat thus became a staple in the diet of early humans. By increasing digestibility, cooking allowed hominids to maximize the energy gained from consuming foods. Studies show that caloric intake from cooking starches improves 12-35% and 45-78% for protein. As a result of the increases in net energy gain from food consumption, survival and reproductive rates in hominids increased.

text: Cooking could also kill

text: parasites

text: , reduce the amount of energy required for chewing and digestion, and release more nutrients from plants and meat. Due to the difficulty of chewing raw meat and digesting tough proteins (e.g.

text: collagen

text: ) and carbohydrates, the development of cooking served as an effective mechanism to efficiently process meat and allow for its consumption in larger quantities. With its high caloric density and store of important nutrients, meat thus became a staple in the diet of early humans. By increasing digestibility, cooking allowed

text: hominids

text: to maximize the energy gained from consuming foods. Studies show that caloric intake from cooking starches improves 12-35% and 45-78% for protein. As a result of the increases in net energy gain from food consumption, survival and reproductive rates in hominids increased.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: early humans

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Hominid

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: was a staple in the diet of early humans

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: early humans.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: humans. By increasing digestibility, cooking allowed hominids

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: survival and reproductive rates

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: humans.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: humans.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: meat thus became a staple in the diet of early humans.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Cooking

text: His scientific contributions included an explanation of earthquakes, the theory of gradual "backed up-building" of volcanoes, and in stratigraphy the division of the Tertiary period into the Pliocene, Miocene, and Eocene. He also coined the currently-used names for geological eras, Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic. He incorrectly conjectured that icebergs may be the emphasis behind the transport of glacial erratics, and that silty loess deposits might have settled out of flood waters.

text: His scientific contributions included an explanation of

text: earthquake

text: s, the theory of gradual "backed up-building" of

text: volcano

text: es, and in

text: stratigraphy

text: the division of the

text: Tertiary

text: period into the

text: Pliocene

text: Miocene

text: , and

text: Eocene

text: . He also coined the currently-used names for geological

text: eras

text: Paleozoic

text: Mesozoic

text: and

text: Cenozoic

text: . He incorrectly conjectured that

text: iceberg

text: s may be the emphasis behind the transport of

text: glacial erratic

text: s, and that silty

text: loess

text: deposits might have settled out of flood waters.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: what is the name of the ancestor of humans?

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Mesozoic

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: icebergs

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: volcanoes,

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: theory of gradual "backed up-building" of volcanoes,

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: "backed up-building" of volcanoes,

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Pliocene,

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: His scientific contributions included an explanation of earthquakes,

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Pliocene,

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Pliocene,

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Pliocene,

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: icebergs

text: For example, the evolutionary biologist and the archaeologist talk about the pre-human, and even pre-life distant past as if color, sound, solidity, and a phenomenal world rather like that of modern Western humanity were all present even before the advent of life and consciousness, though physics tells us that all that is present in the absence of human beings or life is what can be described quantitatively by the particle theories of physics.  Barfield emphasizes that contradiction between physics on the one hand, and on the other, sciences that offer an account of the earth before life and consciousness evolved.  Barfield draws out the implications and argues we must learn to conceive of an evolution of phenomena that first begins at the point where life and consciousness manifest.  The evolution of phenomena is correlative to the evolution of consciousness. Prior to the point where consciousness, and in particular human consciousness, comes into existence, we should not naively speak as if phenomena similar to our own existed.

text: For example, the evolutionary biologist and the archaeologist talk about the pre-human, and even pre-life distant past as if color, sound, solidity, and a phenomenal world rather like that of modern Western humanity were all present even before the advent of life and consciousness, though physics tells us that all that is present in the absence of human beings or life is what can be described quantitatively by the particle theories of physics.  Barfield emphasizes that contradiction between physics on the one hand, and on the other, sciences that offer an account of the earth before life and consciousness evolved.  Barfield draws out the implications and argues we must learn to conceive of an evolution of phenomena that first begins at the point where life and consciousness manifest.  The evolution of phenomena is correlative to the evolution of consciousness. Prior to the point where consciousness, and in particular human consciousness, comes into existence, we should not naively speak as if phenomena similar to our own existed.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: pre-human

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: pre-human

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is a species of primate

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: pre-human

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: pre-human

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: solidity

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: pre-human,

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: life and consciousness,

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: pre-human,

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: pre-human,

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: pre-human,

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: pre-human,

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: pre-human,

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Western humanity were all present even before the advent of life and consciousness,

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: life and consciousness,

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: color, sound, solidity,

text: The shortening of the pelvis and smaller birth canal evolved as a requirement for bipedalism and had significant effects on the process of human birth which is much more difficult in modern humans than in other primates. During human birth, because of the variation in size of the pelvic region, the fetal head must be in a transverse position (compared to the mother) during entry into the birth canal and rotate about 90 degrees upon exit. The smaller birth canal became a limiting factor to brain size increases in early humans and prompted a shorter gestation period leading to the relative immaturity of human offspring, who are unable to walk much before 12 months and have greater neoteny, compared to other primates, who are mobile at a much earlier age. The increased brain growth after birth and the increased dependency of children on mothers had a big effect upon the female reproductive cycle,  and the more frequent appearance of alloparenting in humans when compared with other hominids. Delayed human sexual maturity also led to the evolution of menopause with one explanation providing that elderly women could better pass on their genes by taking care of their daughter's offspring, as compared to having more of their own.

text: The shortening of the pelvis and smaller birth canal evolved as a requirement for bipedalism and had significant effects on the process of human birth which is much more difficult in modern humans than in other primates. During human birth, because of the variation in size of the pelvic region, the fetal head must be in a transverse position (compared to the mother) during entry into the birth canal and rotate about 90 degrees upon exit. The smaller birth canal became a limiting factor to brain size increases in early humans and prompted a shorter gestation period leading to the relative immaturity of human offspring, who are unable to walk much before 12 months and have greater

text: neoteny

text: , compared to other primates, who are mobile at a much earlier age. The increased brain growth after birth and the increased dependency of children on mothers had a big effect upon the female reproductive cycle,  and the more frequent appearance of

text: alloparenting

text: in humans when compared with other hominids. Delayed human sexual maturity also led to the evolution of

text: menopause

text: with one explanation providing that elderly women could better pass on their genes by taking care of their daughter's offspring, as compared to having more of their own.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: can walk much before 12 months

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: other hominids.

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: other hominids.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: mobile at a much earlier age.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: bipedalism

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominids.

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: hominids.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: smaller birth canal

text: The Cenozoic Era (; also Cænozoic, Caenozoic or Cainozoic ; meaning "new life", from Greek καινός kainos "new", and ζωή zoe "life") is the current and most recent of the three Phanerozoic geological eras, following the Mesozoic Era and covering the period from 66 million years ago to present day.

text: The Cenozoic

text: Era

text: (; also Cænozoic, Caenozoic or Cainozoic ; meaning "new life", from

text: Greek

text: καινός kainos "new", and ζωή zoe "life") is the current and most recent of the three

text: Phanerozoic

text: geological era

text: s, following the

text: Mesozoic Era

text: and covering the period from 66 million years ago to present day.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic Era

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: The Cenozoic Era

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Mesozoic Era

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: the Ice Ages

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Cenozoic Era

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Mesozoic Era

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: The Cenozoic Era

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: The Cenozoic Era

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: The Cenozoic Era

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: The Cenozoic Era

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: The Cenozoic Era

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: The Cenozoic Era

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: The Cenozoic Era

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: The Cenozoic Era

text: Meant to show the evolution of painting in Iran during the Qajar era, the works of Iranian painters are exhibited in two sections:

text: Meant to show the evolution of painting in Iran during the Qajar era, the works of Iranian painters are exhibited in two sections:

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: chimpanzee

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Qajar era

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Homo erectus or Homo erectus may refer to:

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Neanderthal

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: genus

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Qajar

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Qajar era,

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Qajar era,

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: Qajar era,

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Qajar era,

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Qajar era,

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Qajar

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Qajar era,

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Qajar era,

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Qajar era,

text: Connie Barlow and Michael Dowd's Great Story divides the epic into 8 phases eons or eras: the Great Radiance, the Galactic, Hadean, Archean, Proterozoic, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic. Dowd uses the term 'Epic of Evolution' to help construct his viewpoint of evolution theology (a form of theistic evolution). His position is that science and religious faith are not mutually exclusive. He preaches that the epic of cosmic, biological, and human evolution, revealed by science, is a basis for an inspiring and meaningful view of our place in the universe. Evolution is viewed as a spiritual process that it is not meaningless blind chance.

text: Connie Barlow and

text: Michael Dowd

text: 's Great Story divides the epic into 8 phases eons or eras: the

text: Great Radiance

text: , the Galactic,

text: Hadean

text: Archean

text: Proterozoic

text: Paleozoic

text: Mesozoic

text: , and

text: Cenozoic

text: . Dowd uses the term 'Epic of Evolution' to help construct his viewpoint of evolution theology (a form of

text: theistic evolution

text: ). His position is that science and religious faith are not mutually exclusive. He preaches that the epic of cosmic, biological, and human evolution, revealed by science, is a basis for an inspiring and meaningful view of our place in the universe. Evolution is viewed as a spiritual process that it is not meaningless blind chance.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: human evolution

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Mesozoic

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: biological,

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: chance.

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: 8 phases eons or eras: the Great Radiance,

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: human evolution,

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Hadean, Archean,

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: our place in the universe.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Evolution is viewed as a spiritual process

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Proterozoic,

text: Primates are phylogenetically divided into Strepsirrhini ("twisted-nosed" primates with rhinaria, which is the ancestral condition) and Haplorhini ("simple-nosed" primates which have replaced the rhinarium with a more mobile, continuous, dry upper lip).

text: Primate

text: s are

text: phylogenetically

text: divided into

text: Strepsirrhini

text: ("twisted-nosed" primates with rhinaria, which is the ancestral condition) and

text: Haplorhini

text: ("simple-nosed" primates which have replaced the rhinarium with a more mobile, continuous, dry upper lip).

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Haplorhini

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Haplorhini

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Haplorhini

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Haplorhini

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Haplorhini

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Haplorhini

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Primates

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Haplorhini

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Strepsirrhini

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: mobile,

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Strepsirrhini

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Primates

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Strepsirrhini

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Haplorhini

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Strepsirrhini

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Haplorhini

text: Selection to produce more sperm can also select for the evolution of larger testes.  Relationships across species between the frequency of multiple mating by females and male testis size are well documented across many groups of animals. For example, among primates, female gorillas are relatively monogamous, so gorillas have smaller testes than humans, which in turn have smaller testes than the highly promiscuous bonobos. Male chimpanzees that live in a structured multi-male, multi-female community, have large testicles to produce more sperm, therefore giving him better odds to fertilize the female. Whereas the community of gorillas consist of one alpha male and two or three females, when the female gorillas are ready to mate, normally only the alpha male is their partner.

text: Selection to produce more sperm can also select for the evolution of larger

text: testes

text: .  Relationships across species between the frequency of multiple mating by females and male testis size are well documented across many groups of animals. For example, among primates, female gorillas are relatively monogamous, so

text: gorilla

text: s have smaller testes than

text: human

text: s, which in turn have smaller testes than the highly promiscuous

text: bonobo

text: s. Male chimpanzees that live in a structured multi-male, multi-female community, have large testicles to produce more sperm, therefore giving him better odds to fertilize the female. Whereas the community of gorillas consist of one alpha male and two or three females, when the female gorillas are ready to mate, normally only the alpha male is their partner.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: bonobos

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: bonobos

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: has larger testes

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: bonobos

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: among primates

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: gorillas

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: chimpanzees

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: bonobos.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: chimpanzees

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: larger testes.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: humans,

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Male chimpanzees

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: bonobos.

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: primates,

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Male chimpanzees

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: chimpanzees

text: The study of primatology looks at the biological and psychological aspects of non-human primates. The focus is on studying the common links between humans and primates. It is believed that by understanding our closest animal relatives, we might better understand the nature shared with our ancestors.

text: The study of primatology looks at the biological and psychological aspects of non-human primates. The focus is on studying the common links between humans and primates. It is believed that by understanding our closest animal relatives, we might better understand the nature shared with our ancestors.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: primatology

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: primates.

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: primatology

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: primatology

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: The study of primatology

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: primatology

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: primatology

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: primatology

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: primates.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: primatology

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: primatology

text: Primate vocalizations are mainly determined by music-like features (such as pitch, amplitude-and frequency-modulations, timbre and rhythm), and it is assumed that human musical abilities played a key phylogenetical part in the evolution of language. Likewise, it is assumed that, ontogenetically, infants’ ﬁrst steps into language are based on prosodic information, and that musical communication in early childhood (such as maternal music) has a major role for emotional, cognitive and social development of children. The music faculty is in some respects unique to the human species; only humans compose music, learn to play musical instruments and play instruments cooperatively together in groups. Playing a musical instrument in a group is a tremendously demanding task for the human brain that potentially engages all cognitive processes that we are aware of. It involves perception, action, learning, memory, emotion, etc., making music an ideal tool to investigate human cognition and the underlying brain mechanisms. The relatively young discipline of 'neurocognition of music' includes a wide ﬁeld  of biopsychological research, beginning with the investigation of psychoacoustics and the neural coding  of sounds, and ending with brain functions underlying cognition and emotion during the perception and production of highly complex musical information.

text: Primate vocalizations are mainly determined by music-like features (such as pitch, amplitude-and frequency-modulations,

text: timbre

text: and rhythm), and it is assumed that human musical abilities played a key phylogenetical part in the evolution of language. Likewise, it is assumed that, ontogenetically, infants’ ﬁrst steps into language are based on prosodic information, and that musical communication in early childhood (such as maternal music) has a major role for emotional, cognitive and social development of children. The music faculty is in some respects unique to the human species; only humans compose music, learn to play musical instruments and play instruments cooperatively together in groups. Playing a musical instrument in a group is a tremendously demanding task for the human brain that potentially engages all cognitive processes that we are aware of. It involves perception, action, learning, memory, emotion, etc., making music an ideal tool to investigate human cognition and the underlying brain mechanisms. The relatively young discipline of '

text: neurocognition

text: of music' includes a wide ﬁeld  of biopsychological research, beginning with the investigation of

text: psychoacoustics

text: and the neural coding  of sounds, and ending with brain functions underlying cognition and emotion during the perception and production of highly complex musical information.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: evolution of language

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: play musical instruments

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is unique to the human species

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: primate

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: music-like

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: ontogenetically,

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: humans compose music, learn to play musical instruments

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: play instruments cooperatively together in groups.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: humans compose music,

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Primate

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: human species;

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: human musical abilities

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: music-like features

text: The evolution of human bipedalism, which began in primates about four million years ago, or as early as seven million years ago with Sahelanthropus, has led to morphological alterations to the human skeleton including changes to the arrangement and size of the bones of the foot, hip size and shape, knee size, leg length, and the shape and orientation of the vertebral column. The evolutionary factors that produced these changes have been the subject of several theories.

text: The evolution of

text: human

text: bipedalism

text: , which began in primates about four million years ago, or as early as seven million years ago with

text: Sahelanthropus

text: , has led to

text: morphological

text: alterations to the

text: human skeleton

text: including changes to the arrangement and size of the bones of the foot,

text: hip

text: size and shape,

text: knee

text: size,

text: leg

text: length, and the shape and orientation of the

text: vertebral column

text: . The

text: evolutionary factor

text: s that produced these changes have been the subject of

text: several theories

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Sahelanthropus

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: seven million years ago

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: about four million years ago

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Sahelanthropus

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Sahelanthropus,

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: four million years ago,

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Sahelanthropus,

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: morphological alterations to the human skeleton

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: four million years ago,

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Sahelanthropus,

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Sahelanthropus,

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: seven million years ago with Sahelanthropus,

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Sahelanthropus,

text: Neoteny in humans is the slowing or delaying of body development, compared to non-human primates, resulting in features such as a large head, a flat face, and relatively short arms and legs. These neotenic changes may have been brought about by sexual selection in human evolution. In turn, they may have permitted the development of human capacities such as emotional communication. However, humans also have relatively large noses and long legs, both peramorphic (not neotenic) traits. Some evolutionary theorists have proposed that neoteny was a key feature in human evolution. Stephen Jay Gould believed that the "evolutionary story" of humans is one where we have been "retaining to adulthood the originally juvenile features of our ancestors". J. B. S. Haldane mirrors Gould's hypothesis by stating a "major evolutionary trend in human beings" is "greater prolongation of childhood and retardation of maturity." Delbert D. Thiessen said that "neoteny becomes more apparent as early primates evolved into later forms" and that primates have been "evolving toward flat face." However, in light of some groups using arguments based around neoteny to support racism, Gould also argued "that the whole enterprise of ranking groups by degree of neoteny is fundamentally unjustified" (Gould, 1996, pg. 150). Doug Jones argued that human evolution's trend toward neoteny may have been caused by sexual selection in human evolution for neotenous facial traits in women by men with the resulting neoteny in male faces being a "by-product" of sexual selection for neotenous female faces.

text: Neoteny in humans is the slowing or delaying of body development, compared to non-human

text: primates

text: , resulting in features such as a large head, a flat face, and relatively short arms and legs. These neotenic changes may have been brought about by

text: sexual selection in human evolution

text: . In turn, they may have permitted the development of human capacities such as emotional communication. However, humans also have relatively large noses and long legs, both

text: peramorphic

text: (not neotenic) traits. Some evolutionary theorists have proposed that neoteny was a key feature in

text: human evolution

text: Stephen Jay Gould

text: believed that the "evolutionary story" of humans is one where we have been "retaining to adulthood the originally juvenile features of our ancestors".

text: J. B. S. Haldane

text: mirrors Gould's hypothesis by stating a "major evolutionary trend in human beings" is "greater prolongation of childhood and retardation of maturity."

text: Delbert D. Thiessen

text: said that "neoteny becomes more apparent as early primates evolved into later forms" and that primates have been "evolving toward flat face." However, in light of some groups using arguments based around neoteny to support

text: racism

text: , Gould also argued "that the whole enterprise of ranking groups by degree of neoteny is fundamentally unjustified" (Gould, 1996, pg. 150). Doug Jones argued that human evolution's trend toward neoteny may have been caused by

text: sexual selection in human evolution

text: for neotenous facial traits in women by men with the resulting neoteny in male faces being a "by-product" of

text: sexual selection

text: for neotenous female faces.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: evolution

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: develop emotional communication

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: neoteny in humans

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: later forms"

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: early primates evolved into later forms"

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: emotional communication.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: early primates evolved into later forms"

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: neoteny

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: later forms"

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: sexual selection

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Neoteny

text: The Stone Age is contemporaneous with the evolution of the genus Homo, the only exception possibly being at the very beginning, when species prior to Homo may have manufactured tools. According to the age and location of the current evidence, the cradle of the genus is the East African Rift System, especially toward the north in Ethiopia, where it is bordered by grasslands. The closest relative among the other living primates, the genus Pan, represents a branch that continued on in the deep forest, where the primates evolved. The rift served as a conduit for movement into southern Africa and also north down the Nile into North Africa and through the continuation of the rift in the Levant to the vast grasslands of Asia.

text: The Stone Age is contemporaneous with the evolution of the genus

text: Homo

text: , the only exception possibly being at the very beginning, when species prior to Homo may have manufactured tools. According to the age and location of the current evidence, the cradle of the genus is the

text: East African Rift

text: System, especially toward the north in

text: Ethiopia

text: , where it is bordered by

text: grasslands

text: . The closest relative among the other living

text: primate

text: s, the genus

text: Pan

text: , represents a branch that continued on in the deep forest, where the primates evolved. The rift served as a conduit for movement into

text: southern Africa

text: and also north down the

text: Nile

text: into

text: North Africa

text: and through the continuation of the rift in the

text: Levant

text: to the vast grasslands of

text: Asia

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Homo

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: The Stone Age

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: The Stone Age is contemporaneous with the evolution of the genus Homo

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Homo

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: genus Homo

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: the Nile

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Pan,

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Stone Age

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Homo,

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: tools.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: The Stone Age

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Homo,

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Homo,

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: genus Homo,

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: The Stone Age

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: East African Rift System,

text: Altogether, there are about 90 islets and reefs, volcanic rocks formed in the Cenozoic era, more specifically 4.6 to 2.5 million years ago. A total of 37 of these islets are recognized as permanent land.

text: Altogether, there are about 90 islets and reefs,

text: volcanic rock

text: s formed in the

text: Cenozoic

text: era, more specifically 4.6 to 2.5 million years ago. A total of 37 of these islets are recognized as permanent land.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic era

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: 4.6 to 2.5 million years ago

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: islets

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: volcanic rocks

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic era,

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: 4.6 to 2.5 million years ago.

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: 37 of these islets are recognized as permanent land.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: 4.6

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: 4.6 to 2.5 million years ago.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: 4.6 to 2.5 million years ago.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: 4.6 to 2.5 million years ago.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: volcanic rocks

text: While the technological singularity is usually seen as a sudden event, some scholars argue the current speed of change already fits this description. In addition, some argue that we are already in the midst of a major evolutionary transition that merges technology, biology, and society. Digital technology has infiltrated the fabric of human society to a degree of indisputable and often life-sustaining dependence. A 2016 article in Trends in Ecology & Evolution argues that "humans already embrace fusions of biology and technology. We spend most of our waking time communicating through digitally mediated channels... we trust artificial intelligence with our lives through antilock braking in cars and autopilots in planes... With one in three marriages in America beginning online, digital algorithms are also taking a role in human pair bonding and reproduction". The article argues that from the perspective of the evolution, several previous Major Transitions in Evolution have transformed life through innovations in information storage and replication (RNA, DNA, multicellularity, and culture and language). In the current stage of life's evolution, the carbon-based biosphere has generated a cognitive system (humans) capable of creating technology that will result in a comparable evolutionary transition. The digital information created by humans has reached a similar magnitude to biological information in the biosphere. Since the 1980s, "the quantity of digital information stored has doubled about every 2.5 years, reaching about 5 zettabytes in 2014 (5x10^21 bytes). In biological terms, there are 7.2 billion humans on the planet, each having a genome of 6.2 billion nucleotides. Since one byte can encode four nucleotide pairs, the individual genomes of every human on the planet could be encoded by approximately 1x10^19 bytes. The digital realm stored 500 times more information than this in 2014 (...see Figure)... The total amount of DNA contained in all of the cells on Earth is estimated to be about 5.3x10^37 base pairs, equivalent to 1.325x10^37 bytes of information. If growth in digital storage continues at its current rate of 30–38% compound annual growth per year, it will rival the total information content contained in all of the DNA in all of the cells on Earth in about 110 years. This would represent a doubling of the amount of information stored in the biosphere across a total time period of just 150 years".

text: While the technological singularity is usually seen as a sudden event, some scholars argue the current speed of change already fits this description. In addition, some argue that we are already in the midst of a

text: major evolutionary transition

text: that merges technology, biology, and society. Digital technology has infiltrated the fabric of human society to a degree of indisputable and often life-sustaining dependence. A 2016 article in

text: Trends in Ecology & Evolution

text: argues that "humans already embrace fusions of biology and technology. We spend most of our waking time communicating through digitally mediated channels... we trust

text: artificial intelligence

text: with our lives through

text: antilock braking in cars

text: and

text: autopilot

text: s in planes... With one in three marriages in America beginning online, digital algorithms are also taking a role in human pair bonding and reproduction". The article argues that from the perspective of the

text: evolution

text: , several previous

text: Major Transitions in Evolution

text: have transformed life through innovations in information storage and replication (

text: RNA

text: DNA

text: multicellularity

text: , and

text: culture

text: and

text: language

text: ). In the current stage of life's evolution, the carbon-based biosphere has generated a

text: cognitive system

text: (humans) capable of creating technology that will result in a comparable

text: evolutionary transition

text: . The digital information created by humans has reached a similar magnitude to biological information in the biosphere. Since the 1980s, "the quantity of digital information stored has doubled about every 2.5 years, reaching about 5 zettabytes in 2014 (5x10^21 bytes). In biological terms, there are 7.2 billion humans on the planet, each having a genome of 6.2 billion nucleotides. Since one byte can encode four nucleotide pairs, the individual genomes of every human on the planet could be encoded by approximately 1x10^19 bytes. The digital realm stored 500 times more information than this in 2014 (...see Figure)... The total amount of DNA contained in all of the cells on Earth is estimated to be about 5.3x10^37 base pairs, equivalent to 1.325x10^37 bytes of information. If growth in digital storage continues at its current rate of 30–38% compound annual growth per year, it will rival the total information content contained in all of the DNA in all of the cells on Earth in about 110 years. This would represent a doubling of the amount of information stored in the biosphere across a total time period of just 150 years".

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Major Transitions in Evolution

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: How long ago did homo sapiens evolve?

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: erectus

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: multicellularity

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: in the midst of a major evolutionary transition that merges technology, biology, and society

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: digital information

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: (RNA, DNA,

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: 1980s,

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: 7.2 billion humans

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: 7.2 billion humans

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: 7.2 billion humans

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: DNA,

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: capable of creating technology that will result in a comparable evolutionary transition.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: DNA

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: carbon-based biosphere

text: The prevalent geological make up is of Ordovician or Cenozoic sediments. The rock types are of volcanic origin, dated to the Palaeozoic era.  Quaternary basalts, all of volcanic origin, constituted the forested land to the west of the Wombat State Forest. These lands were converted to agricultural zone due to the suitability to grow crops under abundant rainfall conditions. However, Ordovician or sedimentary soils, due to its poor soil conditions for farming, have remained undisturbed. The geological evolution belongs to the Quaternary period of the Cainozoic Era which has emerged from an "ash dominated rainforest to dry sclerophyll forest".  The preceding geological evolutions in the order of their ascending order of dating are: the Palaeozoic Era, the Precambrian Era, and the Mesozoic Era.

text: The prevalent geological make up is of

text: Ordovician

text: or

text: Cenozoic

text: sediments

text: . The rock types are of volcanic origin, dated to the

text: Palaeozoic era

text: Quaternary

text: basalts

text: , all of volcanic origin, constituted the forested land to the west of the Wombat State Forest. These lands were converted to agricultural zone due to the suitability to grow crops under abundant rainfall conditions. However, Ordovician or sedimentary soils, due to its poor soil conditions for farming, have remained undisturbed. The geological evolution belongs to the

text: Quaternary period

text: of the

text: Cainozoic Era

text: which has emerged from an "ash dominated

text: rainforest

text: to dry

text: sclerophyll forest

text: ".  The preceding geological evolutions in the order of their ascending order of dating are: the

text: Palaeozoic Era

text: , the

text: Precambrian Era

text: , and the

text: Mesozoic Era

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Ordovician

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Mesozoic Era

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: run

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: What is the name of the ancestor of humans?

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Mesozoic Era

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Ordovician or Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Mesozoic Era.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Cainozoic Era

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: grow crops under abundant rainfall conditions.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Cainozoic Era

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Cainozoic Era

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Ordovician or Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Cainozoic Era

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Palaeozoic era.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Ordovician or Cenozoic sediments.

text: In the course of human evolution, the pressures associated with obtaining meat required early hominids to cooperate in hunting, and in distributing the spoils afterwards. In a 2003 paper, psychologist Matteo Marneli proposed that these pressures created the basic principles of human moral judgements: put simply, he argued, "meat made us moral."

text: In the course of

text: human evolution

text: , the pressures associated with obtaining meat required early

text: hominid

text: s to

text: cooperate

text: in hunting, and in distributing the spoils afterwards. In a 2003 paper, psychologist Matteo Marneli proposed that these pressures created the basic principles of human moral judgements: put simply, he argued, "meat made us moral."

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Hominid

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: early hominids

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: early hominids

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: early hominids

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: early hominids

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: cooperate in hunting,

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: early hominids

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: early hominids

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: evolution,

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: "meat made us moral."

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: meat required early hominids

text: The Eocene Epoch contained a wide variety of different climate conditions that includes the warmest climate in the Cenozoic Era and ends in an icehouse climate. The evolution of the Eocene climate began with warming after the end of the Palaeocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) at 56 million years ago to a maximum during the Eocene Optimum at around 49 million years ago.  During this period of time, little to no ice was present on Earth with a smaller difference in temperature from the equator to the poles. Following the maximum was a descent into an icehouse climate from the Eocene Optimum to the Eocene-Oligocene transition at 34 million years ago.  During this decrease ice began to reappear at the poles, and the Eocene-Oligocene transition is the period of time where the Antarctic ice sheet began to rapidly expand.

text: The Eocene Epoch contained a wide variety of different climate conditions that includes the warmest climate in the

text: Cenozoic Era

text: and ends in an icehouse climate. The evolution of the Eocene climate began with warming after the end of the

text: Palaeocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum

text: (PETM) at 56 million years ago to a maximum during the Eocene Optimum at around 49 million years ago.  During this period of time, little to no ice was present on Earth with a smaller difference in temperature from the equator to the poles. Following the maximum was a descent into an icehouse climate from the Eocene Optimum to the Eocene-Oligocene transition at 34 million years ago.  During this decrease ice began to reappear at the poles, and the Eocene-Oligocene transition is the period of time where the

text: Antarctic ice sheet

text: began to rapidly expand.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Oligocene

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Eocene Optimum

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: erectus is a species of primate

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Eocene

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Eocene

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Antarctic ice sheet

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Eocene-Oligocene

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Eocene-Oligocene transition

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: The Eocene Epoch

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: a smaller difference in temperature from the equator to the poles.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: 49 million years ago.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Eocene Optimum at around 49 million years ago.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Eocene

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: The Eocene Epoch

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: The Eocene Epoch

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Eocene-Oligocene

text: Ardi weighed about 50 kg (110 lb) and could be up to 121.92 cm (4 ft) tall. Although she is a biped, Ardi had both opposable big toes and thumbs in order to climb trees.  It is speculated that her bipedality impeded movement, but enabled her to bear more offspring.  Although it is not known whether Ardi's species developed into Homo sapiens, the discovery is of great significance and added much to the debate on Ardipithecus and its place in human evolution.  With regards to Ardi's body composition, archaeologists note that she is unique in that she possesses traits that are characteristic of both extinct primates and early hominids.     It is still a point of debate whether Ardi was capable of bipedal movement.  Ardi's divergent big toes are not characteristic of a biped.  However, the found remains of her legs, feet, pelvis, and hands suggested that she walked upright when on the ground but was a quadruped when moving around trees. Her big toe, for example, spreads out quite a bit from her foot to better grasp tree limbs. Unlike chimpanzees, however, her foot contains a unique small bone inside a tendon which kept the big toe stronger. When seen along with Ardi's other bone structures, this unique bone would have helped her walked bipedally, though less efficient than Lucy.  Her wrist bones also provided her with flexibility but the palm bones were short. This suggests that Ardi did not walk on her knuckles and only used her palms to move along tree branches.Some of Ardi's teeth are still connected to her jawbone and show enamel wear suggesting a diet consisting of fruit and nuts.   The canine teeth of A. ramidus are smaller, and equal in size between males and females. This suggests reduced male-to-male conflict, pair-bonding, and increased parental investment."Thus fundamental reproductive and social behavioral changes probably occurred in hominids long before they had enlarged brains and began to use stone tools."

text: Ardi weighed about 50 kg (110 lb) and could be up to 121.92 cm (4 ft) tall. Although she is a biped, Ardi had both opposable big toes and thumbs in order to climb trees.  It is speculated that her bipedality impeded movement, but enabled her to bear more offspring.  Although it is not known whether Ardi's species developed into

text: Homo sapiens

text: , the discovery is of great significance and added much to the debate on

text: Ardipithecus

text: and its place in

text: human evolution

text: pair-bonding

text: , and increased parental investment."Thus fundamental reproductive and social behavioral changes probably occurred in hominids long before they had enlarged brains and began to use stone tools."

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Ardipithecus

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: bear more offspring

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is Ardipithecus or Homo sapiens

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Ardipithecus

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: It is not known whether Ardi's species developed into Homo sapiens

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: chimpanzees,

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: enlarged brains and began to use stone tools."

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Lucy.

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: bear more offspring.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Ardi's

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: enlarged brains and began to use stone tools."

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Ardipithecus

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Homo sapiens,

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Ardi's

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: bipedally,

text: The evolution of Homo sapiens since the divergence from the primate common ancestor has shown a marked expansion in the size and complexity of the brain, especially in the cerebral cortex. In comparison to primates, the human cerebral cortex has an embiggened surface area but differs only slightly in thickness. Many large scale studies in understanding the differences of the human brain from other species have indicated expansion of gene families and changes in alternative splicing to be responsible for the corollary increase in cognitive capabilities and cooperative behaviour in humans. However, we are yet to determine the exact phenotypic consequences of all these changes. One difficulty is that only primates have developed subdivisions in their cerebral cortex, making the modeling of human specific neurological problems difficult to mimic in rodents.

text: The evolution of

text: Homo sapiens

text: since the divergence from the primate common ancestor has shown a marked expansion in the size and complexity of the brain, especially in the

text: cerebral cortex

text: . In comparison to

text: primate

text: s, the human

text: cerebral cortex

text: has an embiggened surface area but differs only slightly in thickness. Many large scale studies in understanding the differences of the human brain from other species have indicated expansion of gene families and changes in

text: alternative splicing

text: to be responsible for the corollary increase in cognitive capabilities and cooperative behaviour in humans. However, we are yet to determine the exact phenotypic consequences of all these changes. One difficulty is that only primates have developed subdivisions in their cerebral cortex, making the modeling of human specific neurological problems difficult to mimic in

text: rodent

text: s.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: divergence

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: cooperative behaviour

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: was the common ancestor of humans

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Homo sapiens

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Homo sapiens

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: primate

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: divergence from the primate common ancestor

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: primate common ancestor

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: cooperative behaviour

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: primate common ancestor

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Homo sapiens

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Homo sapiens

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: primate common ancestor

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: primate common ancestor

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: primate common ancestor

text: Another group of hypotheses contended that dark skin pigmentation developed as antibacterial protection against tropical infectious diseases and parasites. Although it is true that eumelanin has antibacterial properties, its importance is secondary as a physical absorbed to protect against UVR induced damage. This hypothesis is not consistent with the evidence that most of the hominid evolution took place in savanna environment and not in tropical rainforests. Humans living in hot and sunny environments have darker skin than humans who live in wet and cloudy environments. The antimicrobial hypothesis also does not explain why some populations (like the Inuit or Tibetans) who live far from the tropics and are exposed to high UVR have darker skin pigmentation than their surrounding populations.

text: Another group of hypotheses contended that dark skin pigmentation developed as antibacterial protection against tropical infectious diseases and parasites. Although it is true that eumelanin has antibacterial properties, its importance is secondary as a physical absorbed to protect against UVR induced damage. This hypothesis is not consistent with the evidence that most of the hominid evolution took place in savanna environment and not in tropical rainforests. Humans living in hot and sunny environments have darker skin than humans who live in wet and cloudy environments. The antimicrobial hypothesis also does not explain why some populations (like the

text: Inuit

text: or

text: Tibetans

text: ) who live far from the tropics and are exposed to high UVR have darker skin pigmentation than their surrounding populations.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: tropical rainforests

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: lived in savanna environment

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: tropical rainforests

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: savanna environment and not in tropical rainforests.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: savanna environment and not in tropical rainforests.

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: antibacterial protection against tropical infectious diseases and parasites.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: savanna environment and not in tropical rainforests.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: hominid evolution took place in savanna environment

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: hominid

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: savanna environment and not in tropical rainforests.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: savanna environment and not in tropical rainforests.

text: Paul Hermelin (born 30 April 1952) is the chairman and CEO of Capgemini.

text: Paul Hermelin (born 30 April 1952) is the chairman and

text: CEO

text: of

text: Capgemini

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Neanderthals

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Eocene

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is an extinct species of primate

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: mammalian

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: genus

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Paul Hermelin

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: 1952)

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Paul Hermelin

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: Paul Hermelin

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Paul Hermelin

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Paul Hermelin

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Paul Hermelin

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Paul Hermelin

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Paul Hermelin

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Paul Hermelin (born 30 April 1952)

text: Johnson has won a Cup Series race at every track except Chicagoland Speedway, Kentucky Speedway (2011- ), and Watkins Glen International.

text: Johnson has won a Cup Series race at every track except

text: Chicagoland Speedway

text: Kentucky Speedway

text: (2011- ), and

text: Watkins Glen International

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: eukaryotic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is a species of primate

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: ape

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Johnson

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Chicagoland Speedway, Kentucky Speedway

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Chicagoland Speedway, Kentucky Speedway

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: Johnson has won a Cup Series race

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Chicagoland Speedway,

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Chicagoland Speedway, Kentucky Speedway

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Johnson

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Johnson

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Chicagoland Speedway, Kentucky Speedway

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Chicagoland Speedway,

text: Even with the growth of industry there never were enough good  jobs, so during the 1841-1931 era, about 2 million Scots emigrated to North America and Australia, and another 750,000 relocated to England.  By the 21st century, there were about as many people of Scottish descent in both Canada (see Scotch Canadians) and the U.S. (see Scottish American) as the 5 million  remaining in Scotland.

text: Even with the growth of industry there never were enough good  jobs, so during the 1841-1931 era, about 2 million Scots emigrated to North America and Australia, and another 750,000 relocated to England.  By the 21st century, there were about as many people of Scottish descent in both Canada (see

text: Scotch Canadians

text: ) and the U.S. (see

text: Scottish American

text: ) as the 5 million  remaining in Scotland.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Scots

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: 21st century

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is not the same as

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: chimpanzee

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: North America

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Scots

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: 1841-1931

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: 2 million Scots emigrated to North America

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: good jobs,

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: 2 million Scots emigrated to North America

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: 1841-1931

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Scotch Canadians)

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: growth of industry there never were enough good jobs,

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: 2 million Scots emigrated to North America

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: North America

text: The town is sometimes referred to as the flower capital of the world, as the largest flower auction in the world is based in Aalsmeer, along with numerous nurseries and an experimental stations for floriculture

text: The town is sometimes referred to as the flower capital of the world, as the

text: largest flower auction in the world

text: is based in Aalsmeer, along with numerous

text: nurseries

text: and an experimental stations for

text: floriculture

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Aalsmeer

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Aalsmeer

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is a species of primate

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Aalsmeer

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Aalsmeer,

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: flower capital of the world,

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: flower capital of the world,

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: flower capital of the world,

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: flower capital of the world,

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: flower capital of the world,

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Aalsmeer,

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: flower capital of the world,

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Aalsmeer,

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Aalsmeer,

text: She has written on globalization, transformations in citizenship, neoliberalism, science studies, gender, labor, biotechnology, and immigration. Her work draws from field studies conducted in Malaysia, the United States, China, and Singapore. Her work focuses on contemporary practices of citizenship, governance, and globalization in the Asia Pacific region.

text: She has written on

text: globalization

text: , transformations in

text: citizenship

text: neoliberalism

text: , science studies, gender, labor,

text: biotechnology

text: , and

text: immigration

text: . Her work draws from field studies conducted in Malaysia, the United States, China, and Singapore. Her work focuses on contemporary practices of citizenship, governance, and globalization in the Asia Pacific region.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Asia Pacific

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: homo erectus

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: mammalian

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Asia Pacific region

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: China,

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: neoliberalism,

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: neoliberalism,

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: neoliberalism, science studies, gender, labor, biotechnology,

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: gender, labor, biotechnology,

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: neoliberalism,

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Malaysia, the United States, China, and Singapore.

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: neoliberalism, science studies, gender, labor, biotechnology,

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Malaysia, the United States, China, and Singapore.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: neoliberalism, science studies, gender, labor, biotechnology,

text: Thus the fossil record  of an evolutionary progression typically consists of species that suddenly appear, and ultimately disappear hundreds of thousands or millions of years later, without any change in external appearance. Graphically, these fossil species are represented by horizontal lines, whose lengths depict how long each of them existed. The horizontality of the lines illustrates the unchanging appearance of each of the fossil species depicted on the graph. During each species' existence new species appear at random intervals, each also lasting many hundreds of thousands of years before disappearing without a change in appearance. The degree of relatedness and the lines of descent of these concurrent species is generally impossible to determine. This is illustrated in the following diagram depicting the evolution of modern humans from the time that the hominins separated from the line that led to the evolution of our closest living primate relatives, the chimpanzees.

text: Thus the

text: fossil record

text: of an evolutionary progression typically consists of species that suddenly appear, and ultimately disappear hundreds of thousands or millions of years later, without any change in external appearance. Graphically, these fossil species are represented by horizontal lines, whose lengths depict how long each of them existed. The horizontality of the lines illustrates the unchanging appearance of each of the fossil species depicted on the graph. During each species' existence new species appear at random intervals, each also lasting many hundreds of thousands of years before disappearing without a change in appearance. The degree of relatedness and the lines of descent of these concurrent species is generally impossible to determine. This is illustrated in the following diagram depicting the

text: evolution of modern humans

text: from the time that the

text: hominins

text: separated from the line that led to the evolution of our closest living primate relatives, the

text: chimpanzees

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: hominins

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: chimpanzees

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: modern humans

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominins

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: This is illustrated in the diagram depicting the evolution of modern humans

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: chimpanzees.

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: the hominins

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: hominins

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: change in external appearance.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: chimpanzees.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: hominins

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominins

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: our closest living primate relatives,

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: impossible to determine.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: chimpanzees.

text: Kyushindo states that the accumulation of efforts is a steady motion about the radius and center of gravity and that all things resign to this basic cyclic pattern.  The normal perception and focus of awareness in the human being, flies along the outer periphery of existence, events flash past too rapidly for the mind to grasp.  By re-discovering the original center of things, events turn more slowly in perception and the general scheme is more easily viewed.

text: Kyushindo states that the accumulation of efforts is a steady motion about the radius and center of gravity and that all things resign to this basic cyclic pattern.  The normal

text: perception

text: and focus of

text: awareness

text: in the human being, flies along the outer periphery of

text: existence

text: , events flash past too rapidly for the

text: mind

text: to grasp.  By re-discovering the original center of things, events turn more slowly in

text: perception

text: and the general scheme is more easily viewed.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: modern humans

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: cyclic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is a species of primate

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: ape

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: the human being

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Kyushindo

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: cyclic pattern.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Kyushindo

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: events turn more slowly in perception and the general scheme is more easily viewed.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Kyushindo

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: human being,

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Kyushindo

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: human being, flies along the outer periphery of existence,

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Kyushindo

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: outer periphery

text: The supplements and annual updates were given the same name as the publications

text: The supplements and annual updates were given the same name as the publications

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: geological time

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is a species of primate

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: ape

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: genus

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: The supplements and annual updates

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: The supplements and annual updates

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: The supplements and annual updates

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: The supplements and annual updates

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: The supplements and annual updates

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: The supplements and annual updates

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: The supplements and annual updates

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: The supplements and annual updates

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: The supplements and annual updates were given the same name as the publications

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: The supplements and annual updates

text: PLEN was created and manufactured by Akazawa Co. Ltd of Japan, and is currently sold by them for 262,500 ¥.

text: PLEN was created and manufactured by Akazawa Co. Ltd of

text: Japan

text: , and is currently sold by them for 262,500

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: PLEN

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: plen

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is not the same as plen

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: plen

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: PLEN

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: PLEN

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: PLEN

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: PLEN

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: PLEN

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: PLEN

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: PLEN

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: PLEN

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: PLEN

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: PLEN

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: PLEN

text: After returning from their mission in Europe, the Widstoes published The Word of Wisdom: A Modern Interpretation. This book was later incorporated into the church's teachings in 1938.

text: After returning from their mission in Europe, the Widstoes published The Word of Wisdom: A Modern Interpretation. This book was later incorporated into the church's teachings in 1938.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: ancient humans

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: was not a genus

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: ape

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: the Widstoes

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: 1938.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: 1938.

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: The Word of Wisdom: A Modern Interpretation.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: 1938.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: The Word of Wisdom: A Modern Interpretation.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: the Widstoes

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Modern Interpretation.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: The Word of Wisdom: A Modern Interpretation.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Europe,

text: 8. e5 Nd7

text: 8. e5 Nd7

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Neanderthals

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Nd7

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: d7

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: 8.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: 8. e5 Nd7

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: apes

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Nd7

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: e5

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Nd7

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: 8. e5 Nd7

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: e5 Nd7

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: 8. e5 Nd7

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: e5 Nd7

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: 8. e5 Nd7

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Nd7

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: 8. e5 Nd7

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: e5 Nd7

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: e5 Nd7

text: So, at the start of the 21st century, the problem of hominids transforming into humans in the proper sense of the phrase has acquired a philosophical explanation, on the basis of the discovery of the logic governing the development of the essence of human nature – mind.

text: So, at the start of the 21st century, the problem of hominids transforming into humans in the proper sense of the phrase has acquired a philosophical explanation, on the basis of the discovery of the logic governing the development of the essence of human nature – mind.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: 21st century

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: was a hominid

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: 21st century,

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: mind.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: hominids transforming into humans

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: hominids

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: hominids transforming into humans

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: mind.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: hominids

text: The early Kanun-name (literally: "book of law") were related to financial and fiscal matters, and based on custom (örf), they tried to reconcile previously existing practices with the priorities and needs of the Ottoman state. Kanun-names were also granted to individual provinces following their conquest; these provincial books of law would typically maintain most of the taxes and dues existing under the previous rule, and simply adapt them to an Ottoman standard.

text: The early Kanun-name (literally: "book of law") were related to financial and fiscal matters, and based on custom (

text: örf

text: ), they tried to reconcile previously existing practices with the priorities and needs of the Ottoman state. Kanun-names were also granted to individual provinces following their conquest; these provincial books of law would typically maintain most of the taxes and dues existing under the previous rule, and simply adapt them to an Ottoman standard.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Kanun-name

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Kanun-name

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is a type of animal

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: kanun

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Kanun-name

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: The early Kanun-name

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: The early Kanun-name

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: The early Kanun-name

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: The early Kanun-name

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: The early Kanun-name

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Kanun-name

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: The early Kanun-name

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: The early Kanun-name

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Kanun-name

text: BOYS

text: BOYS

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: ages

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: apes

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: The answer: boys.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is a species of primate

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: apes

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: genus

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: A).

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: BOYS

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: BOYS

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: BOYS

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: BOYS

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: BOYS

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: BOYS

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: BOYS

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: BOYS

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: BOYS

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: BOYS

text: The pub was first built in the late 17th century as a house.  By 1754 it was in use as a public house.  It was under threat of demolition for redevelopment, but on 24th May 2016 was listed Grade II.

text: The pub was first built in the late 17th century as a house.  By 1754 it was in use as a public house.  It was under threat of demolition for redevelopment, but on 24th May 2016 was listed Grade II.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: modern humans

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: 17th century

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is a species of primate

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: ape

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: The pub

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: 17th century

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: The pub was first built in the late 17th century

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: a public house.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: The pub was first built in the late 17th century

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: The pub was first built in the late 17th century

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: The pub was first built in the late 17th century

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: The pub was first built in the late 17th century

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: The pub was first built in the late 17th century as a house.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: 17th century

text: In 1976, he was elected to the Italian Parliament and served there until 1983. He was an independent deputy with the Communist Party. He was the minister of treasury from 1988 to 1989 and the minister of budget from 1993 to 1994. In the latter post he was part of the cabinet led by Prime Minister Carlo Azeglio Ciampi and was close to the Democratic Party of the Left. From 1988 to 1989 he was the chairman of the scientific consulting for the management of the public debt formed by the Italian treasury. From 1992 to 1993 he served as the coordinator of the council of experts at the general department of treasury.

text: In 1976, he was elected to the

text: Italian Parliament

text: and served there until 1983. He was an independent deputy with the

text: Communist Party

text: . He was the minister of treasury from 1988 to 1989 and the minister of budget from 1993 to 1994. In the latter post he was part of the cabinet led by

text: Prime Minister

text: Carlo Azeglio Ciampi

text: and was close to the

text: Democratic Party of the Left

text: . From 1988 to 1989 he was the chairman of the scientific consulting for the management of the public debt formed by the Italian treasury. From 1992 to 1993 he served as the coordinator of the council of experts at the general department of treasury.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Neanderthals

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is homo erectus

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: ape

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Carlo Azeglio Ciampi

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: 1993 to 1994.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: 1983.

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: 1983. He was an independent deputy with the Communist Party.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Carlo Azeglio Ciampi

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: 1983.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Carlo Azeglio Ciampi

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: 1976,

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Carlo Azeglio Ciampi

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Carlo Azeglio Ciampi

text: John Dewey Adkins (May 11, 1918 – December 26, 1998) was a Major League Baseball pitcher for the Washington Senators and Chicago Cubs in the 1940s. In a three season career, Adkins won two games, lost four, and had an earned run average (ERA) of 5.64.

text: John Dewey Adkins (May 11, 1918 – December 26, 1998) was a

text: Major League Baseball

text: pitcher

text: for the

entity_name: History of the Washington Senators (1901–60)

text: Washington Senators

text: and

text: Chicago Cubs

text: in the 1940s. In a three season career, Adkins won two games, lost four, and had an

text: earned run average

text: (ERA) of 5.64.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Adkins

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: geological time

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is not the same as

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: ape

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Ice Ages

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: John Dewey Adkins

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: 1940s.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: John Dewey Adkins

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: John Dewey Adkins

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: John Dewey Adkins

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: John Dewey Adkins

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: John Dewey Adkins

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: John Dewey Adkins

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: 5.64.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: John Dewey Adkins

text: By the beginning of the Upper Paleolithic period (50,000 BP), full behavioral modernity, including language, music and other cultural universals had developed. As modern humans spread out from Africa they encountered other hominids such as Homo neanderthalensis and the so-called Denisovans. The nature of interaction between early humans and these sister species has been a long-standing source of controversy, the question being whether humans replaced these earlier species or whether they were in fact similar enough to interbreed, in which case these earlier populations may have contributed genetic material to modern humans. Recent studies of the human and Neanderthal genomes suggest gene flow between archaic Homo sapiens and Neanderthals and Denisovans. In March 2016, studies were published that suggest that modern humans bred with hominins, including Denisovans and Neanderthals, on multiple occasions.

text: By the beginning of the

text: Upper Paleolithic

text: period (50,000

text: BP

text: ), full

text: behavioral modernity

text: , including

text: language

text: music

text: and other

text: cultural universal

text: s had developed. As modern humans spread out from Africa they encountered other hominids such as

text: Homo neanderthalensis

text: and the so-called

text: Denisovans

text: . The nature of interaction between early humans and these sister species has been a long-standing source of controversy, the question being whether humans replaced these earlier species or whether they were in fact similar enough to interbreed, in which case these earlier populations may have contributed genetic material to modern humans. Recent studies of the human and Neanderthal genomes suggest

text: gene flow

text: between archaic Homo sapiens and Neanderthals and Denisovans. In March 2016, studies were published that suggest that modern humans bred with hominins, including Denisovans and Neanderthals, on multiple occasions.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Neanderthals

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Upper Paleolithic period

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: neanderthalensis

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Homo sapiens

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Homo neanderthalensis

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Africa

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Neanderthals

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Upper Paleolithic period

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: modern humans bred with hominins,

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: interbreed,

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: (50,000 BP),

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: Homo neanderthalensis

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Homo sapiens

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: spread out from Africa they encountered other hominids

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: Upper Paleolithic period

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Africa

text: The WBC, invented by and named after William Broughton Carr in 1890, is a double-walled hive with an external housing that splays out towards the bottom of each frame covering a standard box shape hive inside. The WBC is in many respects the 'classic' hive as represented in pictures and paintings, but despite the extra level of insulation for the bees offered by its double-walled design, many beekeepers avoid it, owing to the inconvenience of having to remove the external layer before the hive can be examined.

text: The WBC, invented by and named after

text: William Broughton Carr

text: in 1890, is a double-walled hive with an external housing that splays out towards the bottom of each frame covering a standard box shape hive inside. The WBC is in many respects the 'classic' hive as represented in pictures and paintings, but despite the extra level of insulation for the bees offered by its double-walled design, many beekeepers avoid it, owing to the inconvenience of having to remove the external layer before the hive can be examined.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is not the same as

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: bees

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: bees

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: 1890,

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: The WBC,

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: extra level of insulation for the bees

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: The WBC,

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: The WBC,

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: The WBC, invented by and named after William Broughton Carr

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: bees

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: The WBC,

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: The WBC,

text: April 29

text: April 29

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: apes

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: ice age

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Humans evolved from chimpanzees

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Humans

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is a species of primate

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: apes

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: genus

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: The answer is yes.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: April 29

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: April 29

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: April 29

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: April 29

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: April 29

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: April 29

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: April 29

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: April 29

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: April 29

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: April 29

text: In January 2016, Eli Lilly submitted a new drug application to the US FDA for the approval of baricitinib to treat moderately-to-severely active RA.

text: In January 2016, Eli Lilly submitted a

text: new drug application

text: to the US

text: FDA

text: for the approval of baricitinib to treat moderately-to-severely active RA.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: RA

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: eons

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: is a species of primate

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: RA.

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: 2016,

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: RA.

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: RA.

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: In January 2016,

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: In January 2016,

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: baricitinib

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: In January 2016,

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: RA.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: FDA for the approval of baricitinib

text: The Cenozoic platform (which is also known as the "unconsolidated rock" level because the Cenozoic sedimentary rocks, due to their young age, have often not experienced intensive diagenesis and are therefore often not cemented), includes the rocks of the Tertiary and Quaternary. Because the youngest deposits in an uplifted area are removed first, the Cenozoic platform deposits occur extensively only in young Cenozoic subsidence areas in the Central European Blocks region. The largest continuous outcrops are the Upper Rhine Graben with the Mainz Basin and the Molasse Basin (Alpine foreland trough). Special "subsidence areas" are the Nördlinger Ries and the Steinheim crater, both originating through a meteorite impact event. The Cenozoic deposits in the Central European Blocks region consist of both siliciclastic rocks and limestones and both marine and continental sediments. The Cenozoic in Germany is also represented by volcanic rocks. In contrast to the mostly acidic (SiO-rich) volcanic rocks of the transition level, the Cenozoic formations are mostly intermediate to very SiO-poor (trachyte, basalt, phonolite, tephrite, nephelinite and basanite). The largest Cenozoic volcanic areas in Germany are the Vogelsberg Mountains, the Westerwald, the Rhön Mountains and the Eifel.

text: The Cenozoic platform (which is also known as the "unconsolidated rock" level because the Cenozoic sedimentary rocks, due to their young age, have often not experienced intensive

text: diagenesis

text: and are therefore often not

text: cemented

text: ), includes the rocks of the

text: Tertiary

text: and Quaternary. Because the youngest deposits in an uplifted area are removed first, the Cenozoic platform deposits occur extensively only in young Cenozoic subsidence areas in the Central European Blocks region. The largest continuous outcrops are the Upper Rhine Graben with the

text: Mainz Basin

text: and the Molasse Basin (Alpine foreland trough). Special "subsidence areas" are the

text: Nördlinger Ries

text: and the

text: Steinheim crater

text: , both originating through a

text: meteorite

text: impact event

text: . The Cenozoic deposits in the Central European Blocks region consist of both siliciclastic rocks and limestones and both marine and continental sediments. The Cenozoic in Germany is also represented by volcanic rocks. In contrast to the mostly acidic (

text: SiO

text: -rich) volcanic rocks of the transition level, the Cenozoic formations are mostly intermediate to very SiO-poor (

text: trachyte

text: , basalt,

text: phonolite

text: tephrite

text: nephelinite

text: and

text: basanite

text: ). The largest Cenozoic volcanic areas in Germany are the

text: Vogelsberg Mountains

text: , the

text: Westerwald

text: , the

text: Rhön Mountains

text: and the

text: Eifel

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Quaternary

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: The Cenozoic in Germany is also represented by volcanic rocks

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Quaternary

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: The Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: The Cenozoic platform

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: intensive diagenesis

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: The Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: The Cenozoic platform

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: The Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: The Cenozoic platform

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: The Cenozoic platform

text: The discovery of human antiquity was a major achievement of science in the middle of the 19th century, and the foundation of scientific paleoanthropology. The antiquity of man, human antiquity, or in simpler language the age of the human race, are names given to the series of scientific debates it involved, which with modifications continue in the 21st century. These debates have clarified and given scientific evidence, from a number of disciplines, towards solving the basic question of dating the first human being.

text: The discovery of human antiquity was a major achievement of science in the middle of the 19th century, and the foundation of scientific

text: paleoanthropology

text: . The antiquity of man, human antiquity, or in simpler language the age of the human race, are names given to the series of scientific debates it involved, which with modifications continue in the 21st century. These debates have clarified and given scientific evidence, from a number of disciplines, towards solving the basic question of dating the first

text: human being

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: modern humans

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: 21st century

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: dating the first human being

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: first human being

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: dating the first human being

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: man,

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: 21st century.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: The discovery of human antiquity

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: The discovery of human antiquity

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: first human being.

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: first human being.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: first human being.

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: the age of the human race,

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: solving the basic question of dating the first human being.

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: 19th century,

text: Early evolution is defined as beginning with the origin of life and ending with the last universal common ancestor (LUCA). According to the iron–sulfur world theory it covers a coevolution of cellular organization (cellularization), the genetic machinery and enzymatization of the metabolism.

text: Early evolution is defined as beginning with the

text: origin of life

text: and ending with the

text: last universal common ancestor

text: LUCA

text: ). According to the iron–sulfur world theory it covers a

text: coevolution

text: of cellular organization (

text: cellularization

text: ), the genetic machinery and enzymatization of the

text: metabolism

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: iron–sulfur

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Early evolution

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: was the last universal common ancestor

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: LUCA

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: last universal common ancestor

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: iron

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: (LUCA).

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Early evolution

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: last universal common ancestor

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: Early evolution

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: last universal common ancestor

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: last universal common ancestor

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: (LUCA).

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: last universal common ancestor

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: last universal common ancestor

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: iron–sulfur world theory

text: Besides actively participating in the current discussions on evolutionary theory and genetics, Mosterín has also tackled issues like the definition of life itself or the ontology of biological organisms and species. Following in Aristotle’s and Schrödinger’s footsteps, he has been asking the simple question: what is life? He has analyzed the main proposed definitions, based on metabolism, reproduction, thermodynamics, complexity and evolution, and found all of them wanting. It is true that all organisms on Earth share many characteristics, from the encoding of genetic information in DNA to the storage of energy in ATP, but these common features merely reflect the inheritance from a common ancestor that possibly acquired them in a random way. From that point of view, our biology is the parochial science of life on Earth, rather than a universal science of life in general. Such a general biology seems impossible, as long as we do not detect and come to know other forms of life in the galaxy (in case they exist). Concerning the ontological thesis of Michael Ghiselin and David Hull on the individuality of biological species, Mosterín shows that they are neither classes nor individuals in the usual meaning of these words. He tries to extend and make more precise the available conceptual framework of the discussion. Specifically, he shows the formal equivalence of the set-theoretical and the mereological (or part and individual) approach, so that everything that can be said about the classes can be translated into the jargon of individuals, and the other way around. All these concerns converge in his recent philosophy of animality, which combines the ontology of animals as paradigmatic individuals with the insights and results of biological research. This general theory of animals provides a solid foundation for the development of anthropology, conceived as the science of human primates.

text: Besides actively participating in the current discussions on evolutionary theory and genetics, Mosterín has also tackled issues like the definition of life itself or the ontology of biological organisms and species. Following in

text: Aristotle

text: ’s and

text: Schrödinger

text: ’s footsteps, he has been asking the simple question: what is life? He has analyzed the main proposed definitions, based on metabolism, reproduction, thermodynamics, complexity and evolution, and found all of them wanting. It is true that all organisms on Earth share many characteristics, from the encoding of genetic information in DNA to the storage of energy in ATP, but these common features merely reflect the inheritance from a common ancestor that possibly acquired them in a random way. From that point of view, our biology is the parochial science of life on Earth, rather than a universal science of life in general. Such a general biology seems impossible, as long as we do not detect and come to know other forms of life in the galaxy (in case they exist). Concerning the ontological thesis of

text: Michael Ghiselin

text: and

text: David Hull

text: on the individuality of biological species, Mosterín shows that they are neither classes nor individuals in the usual meaning of these words. He tries to extend and make more precise the available conceptual framework of the discussion. Specifically, he shows the formal equivalence of the set-theoretical and the mereological (or part and individual) approach, so that everything that can be said about the classes can be translated into the jargon of individuals, and the other way around. All these concerns converge in his recent philosophy of animality, which combines the ontology of animals as paradigmatic individuals with the insights and results of biological research. This general theory of animals provides a solid foundation for the development of anthropology, conceived as the science of human primates.

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: evolution

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: human primates

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: homo erectus

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: conceived as the science of human primates

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: animals

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: anthropology, conceived as the science of human primates.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: Moster<unk>n

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: Moster<unk>n

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: Moster<unk>n

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: human primates.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: primates.

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: human primates.

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: mereological

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: ATP,

text: The Phanerozoic is divided into three eras — the Paleozoic, the Mesozoic and the Cenozoic.

text: The Phanerozoic is divided into three eras — the

text: Paleozoic

text: , the

text: Mesozoic

text: and the

text: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Mesozoic

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: walk

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: The Phanerozoic is divided into three eras — the Paleozoic, the Mesozoic and the Cenozoic.

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: no

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_004860

answers: Paleozoic,

answers: NDQ_004861

answers: Cenozoic.

answers: NDQ_004862

answers: The Phanerozoic

answers: NDQ_004863

answers: The Phanerozoic

answers: NDQ_004864

answers: The Phanerozoic

answers: NDQ_004865

answers: The Phanerozoic

answers: NDQ_004866

answers: The Phanerozoic

answers: NDQ_004867

answers: The Phanerozoic

answers: NDQ_004868

answers: The Phanerozoic

answers: NDQ_004869

answers: Paleozoic, the Mesozoic and the Cenozoic.