text:
On January 4, 2008, a reversed-polarity sunspot appeared, and this signaled the start of Solar Cycle 24. It was high latitude (30° N) and magnetically reversed. NOAA named the spot AR10981, or sunspot 981 for short.
Sunspot 1007 produced the first solar flare above the B-class on November 2, 2008.
Sunspot 1009 produced the first solar flare above the C-class, a C1.4, on December 11, 2008.Only a few sunspots were observed in the surface of the Sun throughout 2008.

text: On January 4, 2008, a reversed-polarity sunspot appeared, and this signaled the start of Solar Cycle 24. It was high latitude (30° N) and magnetically reversed.

entity_name: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

text: NOAA

text:
named the spot AR10981, or sunspot 981 for short.
Sunspot 1007 produced the first solar flare above the B-class on November 2, 2008.
Sunspot 1009 produced the first solar flare above the C-class, a C1.4, on December 11, 2008.Only a few sunspots were observed in the surface of the Sun throughout 2008.

method: UNH-tfidf-stem

method: UNH-tfidf-ptsim

method: UNH-tfidf-lem

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: solar flares above the C-class

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sunspot 981

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar cycle 24

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: B-class

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can sunspots last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Solar Cycle 24

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Yes

answer_match: Using FLAN-T5-Large with this prompt: For the question "{question}" the correct answer is "{correct_answer}". Is "{answer}" an equally correct response to this question? Answer yes or no.

orig_prompt_class: QuestionPromptWithChoices

prompt_style: context: question:

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: surface of the Sun

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: 2008.Only a few

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: flare

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Solar Cycle 24.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: surface of the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: B-class

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: sunspot

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Solar Cycle 24.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Solar Cycle 24.

text: Jupiter's mass is 2.5 times that of all the other planets in the Solar System combined—this is so massive that its barycenter with the Sun lies above the Sun's surface at 1.068 solar radii from the Sun's center. Jupiter is much larger than Earth and considerably less dense: its volume is that of about 1,321 Earths, but it is only 318 times as massive. Jupiter's radius is about 1/10 the radius of the Sun, and its mass is 0.001 times the mass of the Sun, so the densities of the two bodies are similar. A "Jupiter mass" ( or ) is often used as a unit to describe masses of other objects, particularly extrasolar planets and brown dwarfs. So, for example, the extrasolar planet HD 209458 b has a mass of , while Kappa Andromedae b has a mass of .

text: Jupiter's mass is 2.5 times that of all the other planets in the Solar System combined—this is so massive that its

entity_name: Barycenter

text: barycenter

text: with the

entity_name: Sun

text: Sun

text: lies above the

entity_name: Photosphere

text: Sun's surface

text: at 1.068

entity_name: Solar radius

text: solar radii

text: from the Sun's center. Jupiter is much larger than Earth and considerably less dense: its volume is that of about 1,321 Earths, but it is only 318 times as massive. Jupiter's radius is about 1/10 the

text: radius of the Sun

text: , and its mass is 0.001 times the

entity_name: Solar mass

text: mass of the Sun

text: , so the densities of the two bodies are similar. A "

entity_name: Jupiter mass

text: Jupiter mass

text: " ( or ) is often used as a unit to describe masses of other objects, particularly

entity_name: Exoplanet

text: extrasolar planet

text: s and

entity_name: Brown dwarf

text: brown dwarfs

text: . So, for example, the extrasolar planet

text: HD 209458 b

text: has a mass of , while

entity_name: Kappa Andromedae b

text: Kappa Andromedae b

text: has a mass of .

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: the Sun's surface

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: 1.068 solar radii from the Sun's center

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: nuclear explosions

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Jupiter's barycenter

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Solar System

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: barycenter

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can Jupiter's prominences last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Jupiter

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: Jupiter's

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: 1.068 solar radii from the Sun's center.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: brown dwarfs.

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: 1.068 solar radii from the Sun's center.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Jupiter's

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: 1.068 solar radii

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Jupiter's

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Jupiter's

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Jupiter

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Jupiter's

text: Space weather degrades GPS operation in two ways, direct interference by solar radio burst noise in the same frequency band or by scattering of the GPS radio signal in ionospheric irregularities referred to as scintillation. Both forms of degradation follow the 11 year solar cycle and are a maximum at sunspot maximum although they can occur at any time. Solar radio bursts are associated with solar flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs) and their impact can affect reception over the half of the Earth facing the sun. Scintillation occurs most frequently at tropical latitudes where it is a night time phenomenon. It occurs less frequently at high latitudes or mid-latitudes where magnetic storms can lead to scintillation. In addition to producing scintillation, magnetic storms can produce strong ionospheric gradients that degrade the accuracy of SBAS systems.

entity_name: Space weather

text: Space weather

text: degrades GPS operation in two ways, direct interference by solar radio burst noise in the same frequency band or by scattering of the GPS radio signal in ionospheric irregularities referred to as scintillation. Both forms of degradation follow the 11 year

entity_name: Solar cycle

text: solar cycle

text: and are a maximum at sunspot maximum although they can occur at any time. Solar radio bursts are associated with

entity_name: Solar flare

text: solar flares

text: and

entity_name: Coronal mass ejection

text: coronal mass ejection

text: s (CMEs) and their impact can affect reception over the half of the Earth facing the sun. Scintillation occurs most frequently at tropical latitudes where it is a night time phenomenon. It occurs less frequently at high latitudes or mid-latitudes where magnetic storms can lead to scintillation. In addition to producing scintillation, magnetic storms can produce strong ionospheric gradients that degrade the accuracy of SBAS systems.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: Both forms of degradation follow the 11 year solar cycle

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: CMEs

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar cycle

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: Space weather

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: a maximum at sunspot maximum

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: coronal mass ejections

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: (CMEs)

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: sun.

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspot maximum

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: sunspot maximum

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Space weather

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: sun.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Space weather

text: The 'Stonyhurst System of heliographic coordinates' is one of two 'heliographic coordinate' systems used for identifying the position of features on the Sun's surface. In the Stonyhurst system the zero point is set at the intersection of the Sun's equator and central meridian as seen from the Earth. Longitude increases towards the Sun's western limb. A solar feature will have a fixed latitude as it rotates across the solar disk, but its longitude will increase. This is in contrast to the Carrington heliographic coordinate system, where the longitude remains approximately fixed in time. The coordinates take their name from the College where they were devised in the nineteenth century.

text: The 'Stonyhurst System of heliographic coordinates' is one of two 'heliographic coordinate' systems used for identifying the position of features on the Sun's surface. In the Stonyhurst system the zero point is set at the intersection of the Sun's equator and central meridian as seen from the Earth. Longitude increases towards the Sun's western limb. A solar feature will have a fixed latitude as it rotates across the solar disk, but its longitude will increase. This is in contrast to the

entity_name: Prime meridian

entity_section: Other planetary bodies

text: Carrington heliographic coordinate system

text: , where the longitude remains approximately fixed in time. The coordinates take their name from the

entity_name: Stonyhurst College

text: College

text: where they were devised in the nineteenth century.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar features

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: have a fixed latitude as it rotates

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar disk

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: fixed latitude

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long does the Carrington heliographic coordinate system last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the Sun's surface

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar feature

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: A solar feature will have a fixed latitude

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: heliographic coordinates'

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Sun's equator and central meridian

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar disk,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: fixed latitude as it rotates across the solar disk,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: solar feature

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: identifying the position of features on the Sun's surface.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: the Earth.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: The 'Stonyhurst System of heliographic coordinates'

text: Based upon the features of its spectrum, Beta Librae has a stellar classification of B8 V, making it a B-type main sequence star. It is about 130 times more luminous than the Sun and has a surface temperature of , double that of the Sun. This high temperature produces light with a simple spectrum, making it ideal for examining the interstellar gas and dust between Earth and the star. Like many stars of its kind, it is spinning rapidly, over 100 times faster than the Sun with a projected rotational velocity of . The measured angular diameter of the primary star is 0.801 mas. At the estimated distance of this system, this yields a physical size of about 4.9 times the radius of the Sun. This type of massive, hydrogen-fusing star often appears blue-white, and is usually stated to be white or bluish by modern observers, but earlier observers often described Beta Librae as the only greenish star visible to the naked eye. There seems to be no generally accepted explanation for why some observers see it as green.

text: Based upon the features of its

entity_name: Spectrum

text: spectrum

text: , Beta Librae has a

entity_name: Stellar classification

text: stellar classification

text: of B8 V, making it a

entity_name: B-type main-sequence star

text: B-type main sequence star

text: . It is about 130 times more luminous than the Sun and has a surface temperature of , double that of the Sun. This high temperature produces light with a simple spectrum, making it ideal for examining the interstellar gas and dust between Earth and the star. Like many stars of its kind, it is spinning rapidly, over 100 times faster than the Sun with a

entity_name: Stellar rotation

entity_section: Measurement

text: projected rotational velocity

text: of . The measured

entity_name: Angular diameter

text: angular diameter

text: of the primary star is 0.801

entity_name: Minute and second of arc

entity_section: Symbols and abbreviations

text: mas

text: . At the estimated distance of this system, this yields a physical size of about 4.9 times the

text: radius of the Sun

text: . This type of massive, hydrogen-fusing star often appears blue-white, and is usually stated to be white or bluish by modern observers, but earlier observers often described Beta Librae as the only

entity_name: Green star (astronomy)

text: greenish star

text: visible to the naked eye. There seems to be no generally accepted explanation for why some observers see it as green.

method: Bert-ConvKNRM

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: nuclear explosions

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: main sequence stars

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Beta Librae

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: hydrogen-fusing star

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: spinning rapidly,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: hydrogen-fusing star

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: B-type main sequence star.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: hydrogen-fusing star often appears blue-white,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: B-type main sequence star.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Beta Librae

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: 4.9 times the radius of the Sun.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: 130 times more luminous than the Sun

text: QZ Carinae A1 is a blue supergiant of spectral type O9.7I with around 40 times the Sun's mass that has expanded to 22.5 times the Sun's radius. With a surface temperature of 32,000 K, it is around 500,000 times as luminous as the Sun. Its partner A2 is a blue-white main sequence star of spectral type B2V with around 10 times the Sun's mass and 6 times its radius. With a surface temperature of 20,000 K, it is around 5,000 times as luminous as the Sun.

text: QZ Carinae A1 is a

entity_name: Blue supergiant

text: blue supergiant

text: of spectral type

entity_name: O-type main-sequence star

text: I with around 40 times the Sun's mass that has expanded to 22.5 times the Sun's radius. With a surface temperature of 32,000 K, it is around 500,000 times as luminous as the Sun. Its partner A2 is a

text: blue-white main sequence star

text: of spectral type

text: V with around 10 times the Sun's mass and 6 times its radius. With a surface temperature of 20,000 K, it is around 5,000 times as luminous as the Sun.

method: UvABottomUpChangeOrder

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: supergiants

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: with a surface temperature of 32,000 K

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: supergiants

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: QZ Carinae A1

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: main sequence stars

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar dynamics observatory

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: blue supergiant

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: 500,000 times as luminous as the Sun.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: supergiant

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: 40

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: QZ Carinae A1 is a blue supergiant

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: luminous

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: QZ Carinae A1 is a blue supergiant

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: QZ Carinae A1

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: QZ Carinae A1 is a blue supergiant

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: QZ Carinae A1

text: It became apparent in the early 1960s that certain space weather events might interfere with the U.S. objective of putting a man on the moon. Foremost among these concerns was the possibility of a geomagnetic storm of solar origin. Metric Type II radio bursts, signatures of coronal shock waves or coronal mass ejections, were known to be commonly associated with solar flares. The United States Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) was thus assigned the task of developing and validating a network of ground-based solar observatories. AFRL established a world-wide network of sweep frequency recorders from which estimates of the shock speed in the corona could be made. The prototype was assembled and operated at Sagamore Hill during the early 1960s. The observatory began operating solar patrols in 1966.

text: It became apparent in the early 1960s that certain

text: space weather

text: events might interfere with the U.S. objective of putting a man on the moon. Foremost among these concerns was the possibility of a

entity_name: Geomagnetic storm

text: geomagnetic storm

text: of solar origin. Metric Type II radio bursts, signatures of coronal shock waves or

text: coronal mass ejections

text: , were known to be commonly associated with

text: solar flares

text: . The

entity_name: Air Force Research Laboratory

text: United States Air Force Research Laboratory

text: (AFRL) was thus assigned the task of developing and validating a network of ground-based solar observatories. AFRL established a world-wide network of sweep frequency recorders from which estimates of the shock speed in the corona could be made. The prototype was assembled and operated at Sagamore Hill during the early 1960s. The observatory began operating solar patrols in 1966.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: flares

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: commonly associated with solar flares

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Metric Type II radio bursts

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: corona

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can solar flares last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar flares.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: solar flares.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares.

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Metric Type II radio bursts,

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: corona

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: corona

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: solar flares.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar patrols

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: moon.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: solar flares.

text: Flare sprays are a type of eruption associated with solar flares. They involve faster ejections of material than eruptive prominences, and reach velocities of 20 to 2000 kilometers per second.

text: Flare sprays are a type of eruption associated with solar flares. They involve faster ejections of material than eruptive prominences, and reach velocities of 20 to 2000 kilometers per second.

method: dangnt-nlp

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: a type of eruption

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: faster ejections of material than eruptive prominences

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: is an eruption associated with solar flares

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: eruptive

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar flares.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: faster ejections of material than eruptive prominences,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: eruptive prominences,

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: eruptive prominences,

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: eruptive

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: eruptive prominences,

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar flares.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: solar flares.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Flare sprays are a type of eruption associated with solar flares.

text: Solar minimum is the period of least solar activity in the 11 year solar cycle of the sun. During this time, sunspot and solar flare activity diminishes, and often does not occur for days at a time.  The date of the minimum is described by a smoothed average over 12 months of sunspot activity, so identifying the date of the solar minimum usually can only happen 6 months after the minimum takes place. Solar minima are not generally correlated with changes in climate but recent studies have shown a correlation with regional weather patterns.

text: Solar minimum is the period of least solar activity in the 11 year

text: solar cycle

text: of the

text: sun

text: . During this time,

entity_name: Sunspot

text: sunspot

text: and

text: solar flare

text: activity diminishes, and often does not occur for days at a time.  The date of the minimum is described by a smoothed average over 12 months of

text: sunspot

text: activity, so identifying the date of the solar minimum usually can only happen 6 months after the minimum takes place. Solar minima are not generally correlated with changes in climate but recent studies have shown a correlation with regional weather patterns.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar activity

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: Solar minimum is the period of least solar activity in the 11 year solar cycle of the sun

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sunspot

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar minimum

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar minimum

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar activity

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: often does not occur for days at a time.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flare

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Solar minimum

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Solar minimum

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspot and solar flare

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: days at a time.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Solar minimum

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: sun.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Solar minimum

text: On September 1–2, 1859, the largest recorded geomagnetic storm occurred. From August 28 until September 2, 1859, numerous sunspots and solar flares were observed on the Sun, with the largest flare on September 1. This is referred to as the Solar storm of 1859 or the Carrington Event. It can be assumed that a massive coronal mass ejection (CME) was launched from the Sun and reached the Earth within eighteen hours—a trip that normally takes three to four days. The horizontal field was reduced by 1600 nT as recorded by the Colaba Observatory. It is estimated that Dst would have been approximately −1760 nT. Telegraph wires in both the United States and Europe experienced induced voltage increases (emf), in some cases even delivering shocks to telegraph operators and igniting fires. Aurorae were seen as far south as Hawaii, Mexico, Cuba and Italy—phenomena that are usually only visible in polar regions. Ice cores show evidence that events of similar intensity recur at an average rate of approximately once per 500 years.

text: On September 1–2, 1859, the largest recorded geomagnetic storm occurred. From August 28 until September 2, 1859, numerous sunspots and solar flares were observed on the Sun, with the largest flare on September 1. This is referred to as the

entity_name: Solar storm of 1859

text: Solar storm of 1859

text: or the

entity_name: Richard Christopher Carrington

text: Carrington

text: Event. It can be assumed that a massive

text: coronal mass ejection

text: (CME) was launched from the Sun and reached the Earth within eighteen hours—a trip that normally takes three to four days. The horizontal field was reduced by 1600 nT as recorded by the

entity_name: Colaba Observatory

text: Colaba Observatory

text: . It is estimated that Dst would have been approximately −1760 nT.

entity_name: Aurora

entity_section: Auroral events of historical significance

text: Telegraph wires

text: in both the United States and Europe experienced induced voltage increases (

entity_name: Electromotive force

text: emf

text: ), in some cases even delivering shocks to telegraph operators and igniting fires. Aurorae were seen as far south as Hawaii, Mexico, Cuba and Italy—phenomena that are usually only visible in polar regions.

entity_name: Ice core

text: Ice cores

text: show evidence that events of similar intensity recur at an average rate of approximately once per 500 years.

method: ICT-DRMMTKS

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: observed on the Sun

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: It can be assumed that a massive

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar flares were observed on the Sun,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: numerous sunspots and solar flares were observed on the Sun,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: coronal mass ejection

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: (CME)

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: sunspots and solar flares

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: delivering shocks to telegraph operators and igniting fires.

text: Zeta Telescopii (ζ Tel, ζ Telescopii) is the second-brightest star in the constellation Telescopium. An orange K-type giant of spectral type K1III-IV, with an apparent magnitude of +4.13 and surface temperature of 4720 K, it is around 1.53 times as massive as the Sun and shining with around 512 times its luminosity.  It is approximately 127 light-years from Earth.

text: Zeta Telescopii (ζ Tel, ζ Telescopii) is the second-brightest

text: star

text: in the

text: constellation

text: Telescopium

text: . An orange

text: K-type

text: giant

text: of spectral type K1III-IV, with an

text: apparent magnitude

text: of +4.13 and surface temperature of 4720

text: K

text: , it is around 1.53 times as massive as the

text: Sun

text: and shining with around 512 times its luminosity.  It is approximately 127

text: light-year

text: s from

text: Earth

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: hot spots

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: surface temperature of 4720 K

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: nuclear explosions

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: luminosity

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: orange K-type giant of spectral type K1III-IV,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: 512 times its luminosity.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: K-type giant

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: 1.53 times as massive as the Sun

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: star in the constellation Telescopium.

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: 512 times its luminosity.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Zeta Telescopii

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Zeta Telescopii

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: 127 light-years

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: 127 light-years from Earth.

text: Gaia was launched by Arianespace, using a Soyuz ST-B rocket with a Fregat-MT upper stage, from the Ensemble de Lancement Soyouz at Kourou in French Guiana on 19 December 2013 at 09:12 UTC (06:12 local time). The satellite separated from the rocket's upper stage 43 minutes after launch at 09:54 UTC. The craft headed towards the Sun–Earth Lagrange point L2 located approximately 1.5 million kilometres from Earth, arriving there 8 January 2014. The L2 point provides the spacecraft with a very stable gravitational and thermal environment. There it uses a Lissajous orbit that avoids blockage of the Sun by the Earth, which would limit the amount of solar energy the satellite could produce through its solar panels, as well as disturb the spacecraft's thermal equilibrium. After launch, a 10-metre diameter sunshade was deployed. The sunshade always faces the Sun, thus keeping all telescope components cool and powering Gaia using solar panels on its surface.

text: Gaia was launched by

text: Arianespace

text: , using a

text: Soyuz ST-B

text: rocket with a

text: Fregat-MT

text: upper stage, from the

text: Ensemble de Lancement Soyouz

text: at

text: Kourou

text: in

text: French Guiana

text: on 19 December 2013 at 09:12 UTC (06:12 local time). The satellite separated from the rocket's upper stage 43 minutes after launch at 09:54 UTC. The craft headed towards the Sun–Earth

text: Lagrange point L2

text: located approximately 1.5 million kilometres from Earth, arriving there 8 January 2014. The L2 point provides the spacecraft with a very stable gravitational and thermal environment. There it uses a

text: Lissajous orbit

text: that avoids blockage of the Sun by the Earth, which would limit the amount of solar energy the satellite could produce through its

text: solar panels

text: , as well as disturb the spacecraft's thermal equilibrium. After launch, a 10-metre diameter sunshade was deployed. The sunshade always faces the Sun, thus keeping all telescope components cool and powering Gaia using solar panels on its surface.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar storms

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: solar panels on its surface

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar storms

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can prominences last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: Sun by the Earth, which would limit the amount of solar energy

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: limit the amount of solar energy

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: blockage of the Sun by the Earth,

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: Sun by the Earth, which would limit the amount of solar energy

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: sunshade

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar energy

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: blockage of the Sun by the Earth,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: sunshade

text: Author Douglas Reeman featured XE craft in two of his novels, the 1961 Dive in the Sun and Surface with Daring published in 1976.

text: Author

text: Douglas Reeman

text: featured XE craft in two of his novels, the 1961 Dive in the Sun and Surface with Daring published in 1976.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: hot spots on the sun

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: they are caused by solar flares

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: nuclear explosions

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: is a type of solar storm

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar system

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: 1976.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: XE

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: XE

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Dive in the Sun and Surface with Daring

text: Scientific opinion is divided on what causes geomagnetic excursions.  The dominant theory is that they are an inherent aspect of the dynamo processes that maintain the Earth's magnetic field.  In computer simulations, it is observed that magnetic field lines can sometimes become tangled and disorganized through the chaotic motions of liquid metal in the Earth's core.  In such cases, this spontaneous disorganization can cause decreases in the magnetic field as perceived at the Earth's surface.  In truth, under this scenario, the Earth's magnetic field intensity does not significantly change in the core itself, but rather energy is transferred from a dipole configuration to higher order multipole moments which decay more rapidly with the distance from the Earth's core, so that the expression of such a magnetic field at the surface of the Earth would be considerably less, even without significant changes in the strength of the deep field.  This scenario is supported by observed tangling and spontaneous disorganizations in the solar magnetic field.  However, this process in the sun invariabily leads to a reversal of the solar magnetic field (see: solar cycle), and has never been observed such that the field would recover without large scale changes in field orientation.

text: Scientific opinion

text: is divided on what causes geomagnetic excursions.  The dominant theory is that they are an inherent aspect of the

text: dynamo

text: processes that maintain the Earth's magnetic field.  In computer simulations, it is observed that magnetic field lines can sometimes become tangled and disorganized through the chaotic motions of liquid metal in the

text: Earth's core

text: .  In such cases, this spontaneous disorganization can cause decreases in the magnetic field as perceived at the Earth's surface.  In truth, under this scenario, the Earth's magnetic field intensity does not significantly change in the core itself, but rather energy is transferred from a

text: dipole

text: configuration to higher order

text: multipole moment

text: s which decay more rapidly with the distance from the Earth's core, so that the expression of such a magnetic field at the surface of the Earth would be considerably less, even without significant changes in the strength of the deep field.  This scenario is supported by observed tangling and spontaneous disorganizations in the

text: solar

text: magnetic field.  However, this process in the sun invariabily leads to a reversal of the solar magnetic field (see:

text: solar cycle

text: ), and has never been observed such that the field would recover without large scale changes in field orientation.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: spontaneous disorganizations

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: has never been observed such that the field would recover without large scale changes in field orientation.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar cycle

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: magnetic fields

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar magnetic field

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: inherent aspect of the dynamo processes

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: leads to a reversal of the solar magnetic field

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: geomagnetic excursions.

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: reversal of the solar magnetic field

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: dynamo processes that maintain the Earth's magnetic field.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Scientific opinion is divided on what causes geomagnetic excursions.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar magnetic field.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: sun

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: magnetic field lines can sometimes become tangled and disorganized

text: Kepler-90 is a G-type star that is approximately 120% the mass and radius of the Sun. It has a surface temperature of 6080 K, and an estimated age of around 2 billion years. In comparison, the Sun is about 4.6 billion years old and has a surface temperature of 5778 K.

text: Kepler-90 is a

text: G-type

text: star that is approximately 120% the mass and radius of the

text: Sun

text: . It has a surface temperature of 6080

text: K

text: , and an estimated age of around 2 billion years. In comparison, the Sun is about 4.6 billion years old and has a surface temperature of 5778 K.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: hot spots

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: surface temperature of 5778 K

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: G-type stars

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Kepler-90

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: G-type

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Kepler

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: G-type star

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: surface temperature

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: G-type star

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Kepler-90

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: G-type star

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: G-type star

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Kepler-90

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Kepler-90

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Kepler-90

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Kepler-90

text: Flares take place in active regions and are characterized by a sudden increase of the radiative flux emitted from small regions of the corona. They are very complex phenomena, visible at different wavelengths; they involve several zones of the solar atmosphere and many physical effects, thermal and not thermal, and sometimes wide reconnections of the magnetic field lines with material expulsion.

text: Flares take place in active regions and are characterized by a sudden increase of the radiative flux emitted from small regions of the corona. They are very complex phenomena, visible at different wavelengths; they involve several zones of the solar atmosphere and many physical effects, thermal and not thermal, and sometimes wide reconnections of the magnetic field lines with material expulsion.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: active regions

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: they involve several zones of the solar atmosphere

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: active regions

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: active regions

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: active regions

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: active regions

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: They are very complex phenomena, visible at different wavelengths;

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: Flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Flares

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: active regions

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: small regions of the corona.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Flares

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Flares

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: small regions of the corona.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Flares

text: Another occurrence took place later that year on November 1, 2014.  This flare was defined as a C-Class flare and happened between 0400 and 0600 UTC.  Scientists noted that some material was sent back into the sun, which then caused several flashes of x-rays wherever they hit the surface of the sun.  The remaining material flew out into space that formed a large core of Coronal Mass Ejection (CME) and gravitated away from the sun.  It was not projected to hit Earth.  Unlike the flare of June 2014, solar activity was high after the event even when no sunspots were detected.

text: Another occurrence took place later that year on November 1, 2014.  This flare was defined as a C-Class flare and happened between 0400 and 0600 UTC.  Scientists noted that some material was sent back into the sun, which then caused several flashes of

text: x-rays

text: wherever they hit the surface of the sun.  The remaining material flew out into space that formed a large core of Coronal Mass Ejection (CME) and gravitated away from the sun.  It was not projected to hit

text: Earth

text: .  Unlike the flare of June 2014, solar activity was high after the event even when no

text: sunspots

text: were detected.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: no sunspots were detected

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: CME

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: (CME)

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: Coronal Mass Ejection

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can a CME last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar activity

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: no sunspots were detected.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: no sunspots were detected.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: Coronal Mass Ejection

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: (CME)

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar activity

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar activity was high after the event even when no sunspots

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: It was not projected to hit Earth.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: x-rays

text: Due to its unique spot in the spectrum, 10 meters can occasionally be challenging to work. At peak times of the solar cycle when many sunspots appear on the Sun's surface, 10 meters can be alive with extremely long-distance signals, refracting from the F2 layer in the ionosphere. Generally speaking, the most effective and efficient propagation of 10-meter radio waves takes place during local daylight hours.  During periods of increased sunspot activity, band openings may begin well before sunrise and continue into the night.

text: Due to its unique spot in the spectrum, 10 meters can occasionally be challenging to work. At peak times of the

text: solar cycle

text: when many

text: sunspots

text: appear on the Sun's surface, 10 meters can be alive with extremely long-distance signals, refracting from the

text: F2 layer

text: in the

text: ionosphere

text: . Generally speaking, the most effective and efficient propagation of 10-meter radio waves takes place during local daylight hours.  During periods of increased sunspot activity, band openings may begin well before sunrise and continue into the night.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: band openings may begin well before sunrise and continue into the night

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Sun's surface

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: Sun's surface,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: extremely long-distance signals,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: on the Sun's surface,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar cycle

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: extremely long-distance signals,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: sunspots

text: In the time zone at GMT+7 it would have been 15 minutes to high noon on 28 August. Any observatory situated at plus or minus two time zones would have been in an excellent position to observe the super flare and record the magnetic signature of Solar Flare Effect. Unfortunately in 1859 the Kew Observatory had the only self-recording magnetographs. Other magnetic observatories were manually operated and typically only took readings at hourly intervals unless there was a magnetic storm, in which case readings were taken at 15 minute intervals. One such magnetic observatory was the Colaba Observatory on the Island of Colaba which is now part of Mumbai (Bombay), India at GMT+5.5. In a 2003 paper the manually recorded magnetic readings from the Colaba Observatory for 1 September, through 2 September 1859 were recalibrated and evaluated. No mention is made in this paper of reading before 1 September or any visual observations of the sun. After 150 years it is very unlikely that any additional data will surface but any reports of strange events about noon Asian time on 28 August 1859 would be of interest.

text: In the time zone at GMT+7 it would have been 15 minutes to high noon on 28 August. Any observatory situated at plus or minus two time zones would have been in an excellent position to observe the super flare and record the magnetic signature of Solar Flare Effect. Unfortunately in 1859 the

text: Kew Observatory

text: had the only

text: self-recording magnetographs

text: . Other magnetic observatories were manually operated and typically only took readings at hourly intervals unless there was a magnetic storm, in which case readings were taken at 15 minute intervals. One such magnetic observatory was the

text: Colaba Observatory

text: on the Island of

text: Colaba

text: which is now part of

text: Mumbai

text: Bombay

text: India

text: at GMT+5.5. In a 2003 paper the manually recorded magnetic readings from the

text: Colaba Observatory

text: for 1 September, through 2 September 1859 were recalibrated and evaluated. No mention is made in this paper of reading before 1 September or any visual observations of the sun. After 150 years it is very unlikely that any additional data will surface but any reports of strange events about noon Asian time on 28 August 1859 would be of interest.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: magnetic storms

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: typically only took readings at hourly intervals

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: super flare

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar flare

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar system

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: super flares

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can a magnetic storm last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar flare effect

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: super flare

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: magnetic storm, in which case readings were taken at 15 minute intervals.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: super flare

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Solar Flare Effect.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: magnetic storm,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: super flare

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Solar Flare Effect.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Solar Flare Effect.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: sun.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Solar Flare Effect.

text: Until [1911] the Observatory belonged to the Navy Ministry, and from 1912 to 1991 NAO became the southern branch of the Pulkovo Observatory. The main objective of the Observatory at that time was the spread of the Pulkovo absolute star catalogs to the southern sky and the implementation of regular observations of the Sun and Solar system bodies. To equip the new department the Repsold Vertical Circle and the passage instrument (Freiberg-Kondratiev) were moved from Odessa. The Observatory managed to survive and was preserved as a scientific institution during a period of great distress in our society: the First World War, the  Revolution and then Civil War. Boris Pavlovich Ostaschenko-Kudryavtsev (1879–1956) was the director at that times. The Renaissance of the Observatory after the ordeal is associated with the name of the fourth director Leonid Ivanovich Semenov (1878–1965), who headed the Observatory in [1923]. In [1931], the highly accurate Time Service was created by NAO, which contributed to national and international programs to determine the exact time. In 1935 the observatory was included in the system of institutions of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR as a branch of the Pulkovo. During the Great Patriotic War from August 1941 to March 1944 the observatory was occupied by the Germans. Director L.I. Semenov managed to keep it from serious injury and destruction.

text: Until [1911] the Observatory belonged to the Navy Ministry, and from 1912 to 1991 NAO became the southern branch of the Pulkovo Observatory. The main objective of the Observatory at that time was the spread of the Pulkovo absolute star catalogs to the southern sky and the implementation of regular observations of the Sun and Solar system bodies. To equip the new department the Repsold Vertical Circle and the passage instrument (Freiberg-Kondratiev) were moved from Odessa. The Observatory managed to survive and was preserved as a scientific institution during a period of great distress in our society: the

text: First World War

text: , the

text: Revolution

text: and then

text: Civil War

text: . Boris Pavlovich Ostaschenko-Kudryavtsev (1879–1956) was the director at that times. The Renaissance of the Observatory after the ordeal is associated with the name of the fourth director Leonid Ivanovich Semenov (1878–1965), who headed the Observatory in [1923]. In [1931], the highly accurate Time Service was created by NAO, which contributed to national and international programs to determine the exact time. In 1935 the observatory was included in the system of institutions of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR as a branch of the Pulkovo. During the Great Patriotic War from August 1941 to March 1944 the observatory was occupied by the Germans. Director L.I. Semenov managed to keep it from serious injury and destruction.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar system bodies

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: regular observations of the Sun

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: nuclear explosions

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: the Sun and Solar system bodies

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar system bodies

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can prominences last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: Solar system bodies.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: regular observations of the Sun

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: First World War,

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: southern sky

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: star

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: During the Great Patriotic War

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Sun and Solar system bodies.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: During the Great Patriotic War

text: Around 5.4 billion years from now, the core of the Sun will become hot enough to trigger hydrogen fusion in its surrounding shell. This will cause the outer layers of the star to expand greatly, and the star will enter a phase of its life in which it is called a red giant. Within 7.5 billion years, the Sun will have expanded to a radius of 1.2 AU—256 times its current size. At the tip of the red giant branch, as a result of the vastly increased surface area, the Sun's surface will be much cooler (about 2600 K) than now and its luminosity much higher—up to 2,700 current solar luminosities. For part of its red giant life, the Sun will have a strong stellar wind that will carry away around 33% of its mass. During these times, it is possible that Saturn's moon Titan could achieve surface temperatures necessary to support life.

text: Around 5.4 billion years from now, the core of the Sun will become hot enough to trigger hydrogen fusion in its surrounding shell. This will cause the outer layers of the star to expand greatly, and the star will enter a phase of its life in which it is called a

text: red giant

text: . Within 7.5 billion years, the Sun will have expanded to a radius of 1.2 AU—256 times its current size. At the tip of the

text: red giant branch

text: , as a result of the vastly increased surface area, the Sun's surface will be much cooler (about 2600 K) than now and its

text: luminosity

text: much higher—up to 2,700 current solar luminosities. For part of its red giant life, the Sun will have a strong

text: stellar wind

text: that will carry away around 33% of its mass. During these times, it is possible that

text: Saturn

text: 's moon

text: Titan

text: could achieve surface temperatures necessary to support life.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: hot spots

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: strong stellar wind that will carry away around 33% of its mass

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: hydrogen fusion

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: strong stellar wind that will carry away around 33% of its mass

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: red giants

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: red giant

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: red giant.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: strong stellar wind

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: red giant.

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: stellar wind that will carry away around 33% of its mass.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: red giant.

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: red giant branch,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: stellar wind

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Sun will become hot enough to trigger hydrogen fusion in its surrounding shell.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: the Sun will have a strong stellar wind

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: stellar wind

text: As of July 31 there had been 18 days during 2016 on which there were no sunspots.

text: As of July 31 there had been 18 days during 2016 on which there were no sunspots.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: no sunspots have been observed during 2016

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: can cause a solar flare

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar system

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: no sunspots.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: no sunspots.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots.

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sunspots.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: days

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspots.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: sunspots.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: sunspots.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: 18 days during 2016 on which there were no sunspots.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: sunspots.

text: The heliospheric current sheetis the surface within the Solar System where the polarity of the Sun's magnetic field changes from north to south. This field extends throughout the Sun's equatorial plane in the heliosphere.   The shape of the current sheet results from the influence of the Sun's rotating magnetic field on the plasma in the interplanetary medium (Solar Wind). A small electrical current flows within the sheet, about 10 A/m². The thickness of the current sheet is about 10,000 km near the orbit of the Earth.

text: The heliospheric current sheetis the surface within the

text: Solar System

text: where the

text: polarity

text: of the

text: Sun

text: 's

text: magnetic field

text: changes from north to south. This field extends throughout the Sun's

text: equatorial plane

text: in the

text: heliosphere

text: .   The shape of the

text: current sheet

text: results from the influence of the Sun's

text: rotating magnetic field

text: on the

text: plasma

text: in the

text: interplanetary medium

text: Solar Wind

text: ). A small

text: electrical current

text: flows within the sheet, about 10

text: A

text: /m². The thickness of the current sheet is about 10,000 km near the orbit of the Earth.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: magnetic field changes from north to south

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: polarity of the sun's magnetic field changes from north to south

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar storms

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar wind

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Solar System

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: heliosphere

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the Sun's magnetic field

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: polarity of the Sun's magnetic field changes from north to south.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: polarity of the Sun's magnetic field changes from north to south.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: (Solar Wind).

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: (Solar Wind).

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: heliospheric current sheetis the surface within the Solar System

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: heliospheric current sheetis

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: The heliospheric

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: heliospheric current sheetis the surface within the Solar System

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: orbit of the Earth.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: heliospheric current sheetis the surface within the Solar System

text: Solar flares strongly influence the local space weather in the vicinity of the Earth. They can produce streams of highly energetic particles in the solar wind, known as a solar proton event. These particles can impact the Earth's magnetosphere (see main article at geomagnetic storm), and present radiation hazards to spacecraft and astronauts. Additionally, massive solar flares are sometimes accompanied by coronal mass ejections (CMEs) which can trigger geomagnetic storms that have been known to disable satellites and knock out terrestrial electric power grids for extended periods of time.

text: Solar flares strongly influence the local

text: space weather

text: in the vicinity of the Earth. They can produce streams of highly energetic particles in the

text: solar wind

text: , known as a solar proton event. These particles can impact the Earth's

text: magnetosphere

text: (see main article at

text: geomagnetic storm

text: ), and present

text: radiation

text: hazards to spacecraft and astronauts. Additionally, massive solar flares are sometimes accompanied by

text: coronal mass ejections

text: (CMEs) which can trigger

text: geomagnetic storms

text: that

text: have been known

text: to disable satellites and knock out terrestrial electric power grids for extended periods of time.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: present radiation hazards to spacecraft and astronauts

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: CMEs

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar wind

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: coronal masses

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can solar flares last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: Solar flares

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: They can produce streams of highly energetic particles in the solar wind,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: Solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: (CMEs)

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar wind,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: solar wind,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Solar flares

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Solar flares

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Solar flares strongly influence the local space weather in the vicinity of the Earth.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Solar flares

text: They decide to accompany the Sodal Ye back to Bountiful Basin, an arm of the sea close to the terminator. On the way they witness a solar flare.  The morel explains to them that the world is about to end as the Sun brightens, and the strange, green columns they begin to see beaming into space is life itself, transferring to new stars.

text: They decide to accompany the Sodal Ye back to Bountiful Basin, an arm of the sea close to the terminator. On the way they witness a

text: solar flare

text: .  The morel explains to them that the world is about to end as the Sun brightens, and the strange, green columns they begin to see beaming into space is life itself, transferring to new

text: stars

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: life transfers to new stars

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: is a solar flare

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar system

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: green columns

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar flare

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: life itself, transferring to new stars.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: life itself, transferring to new stars.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flare.

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar flare.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar flare.

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: life itself, transferring to new stars.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: solar flare.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar flare.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: space is life itself, transferring to new stars.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: solar flare.

text: Flares may also occur from solar panels, but they are not as bright (up to −3.5 magnitude). Such flares last about twice as long as those from the main mission antennas (MMA), because the so-called "mirror angle" for the solar panels is twice that for the MMAs. There are also rare cases of flares from MMAs and solar panels, or two MMAs (front and either right or left) of one satellite in a single pass.

text: Flares may also occur from solar panels, but they are not as bright (up to −3.5 magnitude). Such flares last about twice as long as those from the main mission antennas (MMA), because the so-called "mirror angle" for the solar panels is twice that for the MMAs. There are also rare cases of flares from MMAs and solar panels, or two MMAs (front and either right or left) of one satellite in a single

text: pass

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar panels

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: Flares may also occur from solar panels

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar panels

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: MMAs

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar panels

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: 3.5 magnitude).

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: flares last about twice as long as those from the main mission antennas

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: Flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Flares may also occur from solar panels,

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar panels,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: 3.5 magnitude).

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: flares last about twice as long as those from the main mission antennas

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar panels,

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: satellite

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Flares may also occur from solar panels,

text: Prior to the age of space exploration, interplanetary space was considered to be a vacuum.  The coincidence of the Carrington super flare and the super geomagnetic event of 1859 was evidence that plasma was ejected from the Sun during a flare event.  Chapman and Ferraro  proposed that a plasma was emitted by the Sun in a burst as part of a flare event which disturbed the planet's magnetic field in a manner known as a geomagnetic storm.  The collision frequency of particles in the plasma in the interplanetary medium is very low and the electrical conductivity is so high that it could be approximated to an infinite conductor.  A magnetic field in a vacuum cannot penetrate a volume with infinite conductivity.  Chapman and Bartels (1940) illustrated this concept by postulating a plate with infinite conductivity placed on the dayside of a planet’s dipole as shown in the schematic.  The field lines on the dayside are bent.  At low latitudes, the magnetic field lines are pushed inward.  At high latitudes, the magnetic field lines are pushed backwards and over the polar regions.  The boundary between the region dominated by the planet’s magnetic field (i.e., the magnetosphere) and the plasma in the interplanetary medium is the magnetopause.  The configuration equivalent to a flat, infinitely conductive plate is achieved by placing an image dipole (green arrow at left of schematic) at twice the distance from the planet’s dipole to the magnetopause along the planet-Sun line.  Since the solar wind is continuously flowing outward, the magnetopause above, below and to the sides of the planet are swept backward into the geomagnetic tail as shown in the artist’s concept.  The region (shown in pink in the schematic) which separates field lines from the planet which are pushed inward from those which are pushed backward over the poles is an area of weak magnetic field or day-side cusp.  Solar wind particles can enter the planet’s magnetosphere through the cusp region.  Because the solar wind exists at all times and not just times of solar flares, the magnetopause is a permanent feature of the space near any planet with a magnetic field.

text: Prior to the age of space exploration, interplanetary space was considered to be a vacuum.  The coincidence of the

text: Carrington super flare

text: and the

text: super geomagnetic event of 1859

text: was evidence that plasma was ejected from the Sun during a flare event.  Chapman and Ferraro  proposed that a plasma was emitted by the Sun in a burst as part of a flare event which disturbed the planet's magnetic field in a manner known as a geomagnetic storm.  The collision frequency of particles in the plasma in the interplanetary medium is very low and the electrical conductivity is so high that it could be approximated to an infinite conductor.  A magnetic field in a vacuum cannot penetrate a volume with infinite conductivity.  Chapman and Bartels (1940) illustrated this concept by postulating a plate with infinite conductivity placed on the dayside of a planet’s dipole as shown in the schematic.  The field lines on the dayside are bent.  At low latitudes, the magnetic field lines are pushed inward.  At high latitudes, the magnetic field lines are pushed backwards and over the polar regions.  The boundary between the region dominated by the planet’s magnetic field (i.e., the

text: magnetosphere

text: ) and the plasma in the interplanetary medium is the magnetopause.  The configuration equivalent to a flat, infinitely conductive plate is achieved by placing an image dipole (green arrow at left of schematic) at twice the distance from the planet’s dipole to the magnetopause along the planet-Sun line.  Since the solar wind is continuously flowing outward, the magnetopause above, below and to the sides of the planet are swept backward into the geomagnetic tail as shown in the artist’s concept.  The region (shown in pink in the schematic) which separates field lines from the planet which are pushed inward from those which are pushed backward over the poles is an area of weak magnetic field or day-side cusp.  Solar wind particles can enter the planet’s magnetosphere through the cusp region.  Because the solar wind exists at all times and not just times of solar flares, the magnetopause is a permanent feature of the space near any planet with a magnetic field.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: plasma was ejected from the Sun during a flare event

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: super flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: super geomagnetic event

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar wind

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: plasma

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: planet's magnetic field

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar wind

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: The boundary between the region dominated by the planet’s magnetic field (i.e., the magnetosphere) and the plasma in the interplanetary medium is the magnetopause

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: pushed backwards and over the polar regions.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: Since the solar wind is continuously flowing outward,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares,

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: flare event.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar wind

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: planet-Sun

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: continuously flowing outward,

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar wind is continuously flowing outward,

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Because the solar wind

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: the solar wind is continuously flowing outward,

text: The band formed in the summer of 2005 under the name Sunspots but underwent an early name-change for legal reasons. Original members included Andrew Wood, Keith Sigel, Peter Mucek and Jon Crockett. Their self-titled debut EP was released on their label CityBird records in September 2006 and received praise from a variety of sources, earning the tag "band to watch."

text: The band formed in the summer of 2005 under the name Sunspots but underwent an early name-change for legal reasons. Original members included Andrew Wood, Keith Sigel, Peter Mucek and Jon Crockett. Their self-titled debut EP was released on their label CityBird records in September 2006 and received praise from a variety of sources, earning the tag "band to watch."

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: band

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: formed in the summer of 2005

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: Sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar system

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Sunspots

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: The band

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: underwent an early name-change for legal reasons.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: Sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: 2005 under the name Sunspots

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: summer of 2005

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: Sunspots

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: 2006

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Sunspots

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Sunspots

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: The band formed in the summer of 2005 under the name Sunspots

text: According to Mitra, the so-called astrophysical black holes are ultra-magnetized and ultra-hot balls of plasma, nicknamed Magnetospheric Eternally Collapsing Objects which are something like extremely general relativistic versions of Sun. He claims, accordingly, MECOs can give rise to flares like Solar flares and Coronal mass ejections like the Sun. And on October 25, 2015, NASA reported that its NuStar telescope has detected a massive X-ray flare from a supermassive black hole in a certain quasar, and this flare appears to be triggered by emission of corona from very close to the black hole. In an interview to Nature India, Mitra claimed that, emission of such a corona from the so-called black hole suggests that it is actually a MECO and not a true mathematical black hole. In an international workshop entitled "Jet Triggering Mechanisms in Black Hole Sources", organized by Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India (January 20–23, 2016), Mitra elaborated on this point in the presence of large number of astrophysicists.

text: According to Mitra, the so-called astrophysical black holes are ultra-magnetized and ultra-hot balls of plasma, nicknamed

entity_name: Magnetospheric eternally collapsing object

text: Magnetospheric Eternally Collapsing Objects

text: which are something like extremely general relativistic versions of Sun. He claims, accordingly, MECOs can give rise to flares like

text: Solar flares

text: and

text: Coronal mass ejection

text: s like the Sun. And on October 25, 2015, NASA reported that its NuStar telescope has detected a massive X-ray flare from a supermassive black hole in a certain quasar, and this flare appears to be triggered by emission of corona from very close to the black hole. In an interview to

text: Nature India

text: , Mitra claimed that, emission of such a corona from the so-called black hole suggests that it is actually a MECO and not a true mathematical black hole. In an international workshop entitled "Jet Triggering Mechanisms in Black Hole Sources", organized by Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India (January 20–23, 2016), Mitra elaborated on this point in the presence of large number of astrophysicists.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: Coronal mass ejections

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: MECOs can give rise to flares like Solar flares

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: Solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: like the Sun

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: Coronal mass ejections

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: quasars

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: Coronal mass ejections

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: Solar flares and Coronal mass ejections

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: Solar flares and Coronal mass ejections

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: the Sun.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: quasar,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: Coronal mass ejections

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Solar flares and Coronal mass ejections

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: NuStar

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: MECOs can give rise to flares like Solar flares

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: X-ray

text: Scheiner's delay led to the dispute with Galileo Galilei over who had seen the sunspots first. In fact, others had independently observed sunspots before either Scheiner or Galileo.Scheiner eventually came to accept Galileo's view that the sunspots were in fact marks on the Sun's surface.Cysat succeeded Scheiner as professor of mathematics and astronomy from 1616 to 1622.Later Cysat was asked to become professor of mathematics at the Reales Estudios in Madrid, where he would be primarily concerned with military architecture.

text: Scheiner's delay led to the dispute with

text: Galileo Galilei

text: over who had seen the sunspots first. In fact, others had independently observed sunspots before either Scheiner or Galileo.Scheiner eventually came to accept Galileo's view that the sunspots were in fact marks on the Sun's surface.Cysat succeeded Scheiner as professor of mathematics and astronomy from 1616 to 1622.Later Cysat was asked to become professor of mathematics at the

text: Reales Estudios

text: in

text: Madrid

text: , where he would be primarily concerned with military architecture.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: marks on the Sun's surface

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: marks on the Sun's surface

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: marks on the Sun's surface.Cysat

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: marks on the Sun's surface.Cysat

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun's surface.Cysat

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: marks on the Sun's surface.Cysat

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Sun's

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: sunspots

text: Fényi Gyula was noted for his observations of the Sun, including spectroscopic studies of solar prominences, as well as sun spots. He was the first person to demonstrate a correlation between the number of solar prominences and the number of sun spots. Between 1880 until 1919 he assembled over 6,000 drawings of the Sun, all using the same instrument. (These drawings are archived at the Heliophysical Observatory, in Debrecen, Hungary.) He published over 200 scientific papers in several languages. In 1916 he was elected a corresponding member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.

text: Fényi Gyula was noted for his observations of the Sun, including

text: spectroscopic

text: studies of solar

text: prominence

text: s, as well as

text: sun spot

text: s. He was the first person to demonstrate a correlation between the number of solar prominences and the number of sun spots. Between 1880 until 1919 he assembled over 6,000 drawings of the Sun, all using the same instrument. (These drawings are archived at the Heliophysical Observatory, in

text: Debrecen

text: , Hungary.) He published over 200 scientific papers in several languages. In 1916 he was elected a corresponding member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar prominences

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: correlation between the number of solar prominences and the number of sun spots

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sun spots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sun spots

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sun spots

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar prominences,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: a correlation between the number of solar prominences

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sun spots.

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar prominences,

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: spectroscopic

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: solar prominences,

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar prominences,

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: solar prominences,

text: Stephen Schneider said of him that "Jaworowski is perhaps even more contrarian than most, claiming that he can prove the climate is going to get colder through his work excavating glaciers on six different continents, which he says indicates what we should really be worrying about is 'The approaching new Ice Age...'."  Jaworowski wrote The current sunspot cycle is weaker than the preceding cycles, and the next two cycles will be even weaker. Bashkirtsev and Mishnich (2003) expect that the minimum of the secular cycle of solar activity will occur between 2021 and 2026, which will result in the minimum global temperature of the surface air. The shift from warm to cool climate might have already started..

text: Stephen Schneider

text: said of him that "Jaworowski is perhaps even more contrarian than most, claiming that he can prove the climate is going to get colder through his work excavating glaciers on six different continents, which he says indicates what we should really be worrying about is 'The approaching new Ice Age...'."  Jaworowski wrote The current sunspot cycle is weaker than the preceding cycles, and the next two cycles will be even weaker. Bashkirtsev and Mishnich (2003) expect that the minimum of the secular cycle of solar activity will occur between 2021 and 2026, which will result in the minimum global temperature of the surface air. The shift from warm to cool climate might have already started..

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar activity

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: weaker than the preceding cycles

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Sunspot

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar activity

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspot

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar activity

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar activity

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: weaker than the preceding cycles,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspot

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sunspot cycle

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar activity

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspot

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: sunspot

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: sunspot cycle

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: global temperature of the surface air.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: solar activity

text: Both stars are small red dwarfs, with each having around a third the Sun's mass and radius. They each display the type of variability common to flare stars, and their active surfaces are sources of X-ray emission. The orbital period for the pair is about 295 years, with an average distance of about 56 astronomical units, and the eccentricity of their orbit is 0.70.

text: Both stars are small

text: red dwarf

text: s, with each having around a third the Sun's mass and radius. They each display the type of

text: variability

text: common to

text: flare star

text: s, and their active surfaces are sources of

text: X-ray emission

text: . The orbital period for the pair is about 295 years, with an average distance of about 56

text: astronomical units

text: , and the

text: eccentricity

text: of their orbit is 0.70.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: active surfaces

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: sources of X-ray emission

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: flare stars

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: X-ray emission

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: red dwarfs

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: active surfaces

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can X-ray emission last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: red dwarfs

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: active surfaces

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: their active surfaces are sources of X-ray emission.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: flare stars,

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: flare stars,

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: active surfaces

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sources of X-ray emission.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: 295 years,

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: stars are small red dwarfs,

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: 56 astronomical units,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: X-ray emission.

text: Significantly, the SMM's ACRIM instrument package showed that contrary to expectations, the Sun is actually brighter during the sunspot cycle maximum (when the greatest number of dark 'sunspots' appear). This is because sunspots are surrounded by bright features called faculae, which more than cancel the darkening effect of the sunspot.

text: Significantly, the SMM's ACRIM instrument package showed that contrary to expectations, the Sun is actually brighter during the

text: sunspot

text: cycle maximum (when the greatest number of dark 'sunspots' appear). This is because sunspots are surrounded by bright features called

text: faculae

text: , which more than cancel the darkening effect of the sunspot.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: surrounded by bright features

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: are surrounded by bright features called faculae

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: bright features

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: surrounded by bright features called faculae,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: sunspots are surrounded by bright features called faculae,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspot

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: ACRIM

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: bright features called faculae,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: sunspots are surrounded by bright features called faculae,

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the Sun is actually brighter during the sunspot cycle maximum

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: the Sun

text: |-| 7801 Goretti ||  || |-id=802| 7802 Takiguchi ||  || Setsuo Takiguchi, 20th-century Japanese founder and first director of the Hiroshima Children's Museum |-id=803| 7803 Adachi ||  || Makoto Adachi, Japanese elementary school teacher, amateur astronomer, and director of the Oriental Astronomical Association |-id=804| 7804 Boesgaard || 3083 P-L || Ann Merchant Boesgaard, American astronomer †|-id=805| 7805 Moons || 7610 P-L || Michèle Moons, 20th-century Belgian astronomer |-id=806| 7806 Umasslowell || 1971 UM || University of Massachusetts Lowell |-id=807| 7807 Grier ||  || Jennifer Grier, American planetary scientist |-id=808| 7808 Bagould ||  || Benjamin Apthorp Gould, 19th-century American astronomer, founder of the Astronomical Journal, first director of the Córdoba Observatory, initiator of the Uranometria Argentina |-id=811| 7811 Zhaojiuzhang ||  || Zhao Jiuzhang, 20th-century Chinese physicist and pioneer of the Chinese satellite program |-id=812| 7812 Billward || 1984 UT ||  Named in honor of William R. Ward (b. 1943), an accomplished theoretician who specializes in dynamics and celestial mechanics. Ward has made fundamental contributions to a wide variety of topics in modern planetary science, including both solar nebula and circumplanetary disk dynamics, the origin of the moon, planetesimal formation, planetary ring dynamics, and martian obliquity variations and their coupling to planetwide climatological change. Ward has spent most of his career at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and Southwest Research Institute, Boulder. Both his talents and his good spirits are enjoyed by colleagues around the world. Name proposed and citation written by S. A. Stern.|-id=813| 7813 Anderserikson ||  || Anders Erikson, Swedish astronomer †|-id=815| 7815 Dolon || 1987 QN || Dolon, mythical Trojan warrior †|-id=816| 7816 Hanoi || 1987 YA || Hanoi, Vietnam*|-id=817| 7817 Zibiturtle ||  || Elizabeth "Zibi" Turtle, American planetary scientist |-id=818| 7818 Muirhead || 1990 QO || |-id=824| 7824 Lynch ||  || Named in honor of William Lynch III of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and an outstanding model of efficiency, friendliness and dedication to his work and responsibilities. He is the epitome of the NASA/JPL motto, "Faster, better and cheaper", in the sense that anyone who works in a highly-charged, positive fashion, streamlined for action, leads to a more successful and economical operation. Always with a big smile and a cheerful greeting, he is one of JPL's biggest assets.|-id=826| 7826 Kinugasa || 1991 VO || Sachio Kinugasa, Japanese professional baseball player|-id=828| 7828 Noriyositosi ||  || Named for Noriyosi Furiya (1838-1914), a pioneer Japanese winegrower, and his great-grandson Tosihiko (Tosi) Tukamoto (b. 1931). Tosi introduced a sake-brewing technique of low-temperature fermentation to the winemaking world.|-id=829| 7829 Jaroff ||  || Named in honor of Leon Jaroff (b. 1927), science journalist with a long, distinctive association with Time magazine. Jaroff is internationally known for his well-researched, insightful articles and essays on scientific subjects combining factual reporting and intelligent commentary. He has won many awards and honors for his fine journalism. Through his writing, he has drawn attention to the issue of NEOs and the potentially catastrophic consequences for our civilization should a large comet or asteroid strike the earth.|-id=830| 7830 Akihikotago ||  || Akihiko Tago, Japanese amateur (?) astronomer*|-id=831| 7831 François-Xavier || 1993 FQ || François-Xavier Bagnoud, French pilot|-id=833| 7833 Nilstamm ||  || Nils Tamm, Swedish amateur astronomer and artist whose private observatory is now the Kvistabergs Observatorium, an observing station of Uppsala Astronomical Observatory †|-id=835| 7835 Myroncope || 1993 MC || Myron Cope, 20th-century American sports journalist |-id=837| 7837 Mutsumi || 1993 TX || |-id=838| 7838 Feliceierman || 1993 WA || Felice Ierman (1922-1996), father of this minor planet's co-discoverer Giovanni Ierman, was a strong believer in science and technology who inspired his son's passion for astronomy. He also contributed morally and materially to the construction of the first Farra d´Isonzo observatory.|-id=840| 7840 Hendrika ||  || Hendrika Cornelia Marshall Aikman (née Grootendorst), wife of the discoverer †|-id=842| 7842 Ishitsuka || 1994 XQ || Named in honor of Mutsumi Ishitsuka (b. 1930), who has worked in Peru since 1957, making coronagraphic observations of the sun at high altitude. In 1979 he built the Cosmos Observatory and in 1988 set up a new coronagraph there that was destroyed by a group of guerrillas. He is currently trying to reconstruct the observatory and to establish a Peruvian National Observatory for teaching astronomy. Name proposed by the discoverers following a suggestion by T. Kuroda and Y. Yamada.|-id=844| 7844 Horikawa ||  || Kuniaki Horikawa (b. 1958), a computer systems engineer in Yokohama, started Jupiter observations in 1974, and he has obtained more than 3000 drawings and 8200 central-meridian transit timings. Since 2001 he has served as director of the Jupiter-Saturn Section of the Oriental Astronomical Association.|-id=845| 7845 Mckim || 1996 AC || Richard McKim, British amateur astronomer*|-id=846| 7846 Setvák || 1996 BJ || Martin Setvák, Czech meteorologist †|-id=847| 7847 Mattiaorsi ||  || Named for Mattia Orsi (b. 1995), nephew of Arcetri astronomer Giuseppe Forti.|-id=848| 7848 Bernasconi ||  || Giovanni and Angelo Bernasconi, Italian amateur astronomers †|-id=849| 7849 Janjosefrič || 1996 HR || Josef Jan Frič, Czech amateur astronomer, founder of Ondřejov Observatory*|-id=850| 7850 Buenos Aires || 1996 LH || Buenos Aires, Argentina*|-id=851| 7851 Azumino ||  || Named for an area in Nagano prefecture, Azumino is the rice field area east of the Japanese Northern Alps. In various places, natural spring water surfaces to form clear mountain streams. Azumino is famous throughout Japan for its beautiful scenery year-round.|-id=852| 7852 Itsukushima || 7604 P-L || Named for Itsukushima Island near Hiroshima City. Known as "one of the Scenic Trio of Japan", the island is also called "Miyajima", which means "Shrine Island". The origin of the shrine is not known, but it goes back at least to the sixth century; in the twelfth century its building complex was much enlarged. The shrine and its giant torii gate stand in the sea at high tide. In 1996 the shrine was assigned "World Heritage" recognition by UNESCO. Name proposed by Takeshi Sato.|-id=853| 7853 Confucius || 2086 T-2 || Confucius, Chinese philosopher*|-id=854| 7854 Laotse || 1076 T-3 || Lao Zi, Chinese philosopher*|-id=855| 7855 Tagore || 4092 T-3 || Rabindranath Tagore, poet*|-id=856| 7856 Viktorbykov ||  ||  Russian scientist Viktor Leonidovich Bykov (b. 1934) is known for his work on the theory of satellite communication. He was a designer of the space communication systems "Ekran" and "Intersputnik", as well as of the direct government line between Russia and the U.S. The name was suggested by the Institute of Applied Astronomy.|-id=857| 7857 Lagerros ||  || Johan S. V. Lagerros, Swedish astronomer †|-id=858| 7858 Bolotov ||  || Andrey Timofeyevich Bolotov, 18th-century Russian writer, scientist, agriculturist, forester and builder of parks |-id=859| 7859 Lhasa || 1979 US || Lhasa, Tibet †|-id=860| 7860 Zahnle || 1980 PF || Kevin J. Zahnle, American space research scientist |-id=861| 7861 Messenger ||  || Scott R. Messenger, American space scientist |-id=862| 7862 Keikonakamura ||  || Keiko Nakamura Messenger, Japanese-American(?) space scientist |-id=863| 7863 Turnbull || 1981 VK || Margaret A. ("Maggie") Turnbull, American astrobiologist |-id=865| 7865 Françoisgros ||  || François Gros (b. 1925) is a molecular biologist and permanent secretary emeritus of the French Academy of Sciences. He is honorary professor at the College de France and at the Institut Pasteur. He is the president of COPED, the Committee of Developing Countries of the French Academy of Sciences.|-id=866| 7866 Sicoli || 1982 TK || Piero Sicoli, Italian amateur astronomer. |-id=867| 7867 Burian ||  || Zdeněk Burian, Czech artist †|-id=868| 7868 Barker ||  ||  Named in honor of Edwin S. Barker (b. 1940), a research scientist at the McDonald Observatory of the University of Texas at Austin. Barker is well known for his work on physical observations of both major and minor planets. He served as McDonald Observatory superintendent for several years in the 1980s, simultaneously continuing his planetary studies and vastly improving seeing conditions at the observatory. He also conducted an extensive atmospheric-monitoring and data-reduction program that resulted in the recommendation of locating the Hobby-Eberly Telescope on Mt. Fowlkes. In the early 1990s he very successfully served as discipline scientist at NASA headquarters, and in 1997-1998 was chair of the Division for Planetary Sciences of the American Astronomical Society. Citation written by P. J. Shelus.|-id=869| 7869 Pradun ||  || Valentin Panteleevich Pradun, Ukrainian economist and professor at Tavrichesky National University, president of the Crimean Academy of Humanities |-id=871| 7871 Tunder ||  || Franz Tunder, German organist †|-id=873| 7873 Böll ||  || Heinrich Böll, German novelist and recipient of the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1972*|-id=881| 7881 Schieferdecker ||  || Johann Christian Schieferdecker, German organist †|-id=885| 7885 Levine ||  || A ballerina, an astrophysicist and a yoga instructor, Joanna L. Levine (b. 1975) is an inspiration to those around her. She attended Walnut Hill School to study ballet, obtained a Ph.D. from the University of Florida concentrating on star formation in Orion, and is currently is a professor at Mt. Holyoke College.  |-id=886| 7886 Redman || 1993 PE || Roderick Oliver Redman and Russell Ormond Redman, American-Canadian astronomers †|-id=887| 7887 Bratfest ||  || Oktoberfest style gathering hosted by the graduate students of the Lunar and Planetary Laboratory at the University of Arizona|-id=890| 7890 Yasuofukui ||  ||  Named in honor of Yasuo Fukui (b. 1951), professor at Nagoya University and a radio astronomer specializing in molecular clouds and the birth of stars. He established and directs the operation of the "Nanten" millimeter-wavelength radio telescope at the Las Campanas Observatory in Chile. He is a winner of the Vainu Bappu Gold Medal and other prizes. Name proposed by the discoverers following a suggestion by T. Sato and A. Fujii.|-id=891| 7891 Fuchie ||  ||  Named in honor of the Tokyo Metropolitan Fuchie Senior High School, where the first discoverer teaches astronomy and geology. Fuchie means the bank of a large river. This place has been called Fuchie for nearly a thousand years.|-id=892| 7892 Musamurahigashi ||  || Musashimurayama East High School, Japan*|-id=894| 7894 Rogers ||  ||  John H. Rogers (b. 1952), director of the British Astronomical Association's Jupiter section since 1988, received the Association's Goodacre Medal in 2003. He is the author of The Giant Planet Jupiter (Cambridge University Press, 1995). By profession he is a molecular neurobiologist at the University of Cambridge.|-id=895| 7895 Kaseda ||  ||  Named for a city in the southwest of Kagoshima prefecture, where the discoverer was born. This town is fully blessed with natural beauty and is relatively free of light pollution. It once won the highest commendation for the most beautiful starry sky in Japan.|-id=896| 7896 Švejk || 1995 EC || The Good Soldier Švejk, character created by Jaroslav Hašek †|-id=897| 7897 Bohuška ||  || |-id=898| 7898 Ohkuma ||  || Masami Ohkuma (b. 1954) is an amateur astronomer who serves as chief editor of the Japanese astronomical monthly magazine Hoshi-Navi. He also plays an important role for the popularization of astronomy in Japan.|-id=899| 7899 Joya ||  || Masanori Joya (1940-1967) was an early member of the Japan Lunar and Planetary Observers Network and played a vital role in its early development. He was the first discoverer in Japan of Jupiter's SEB Disturbance in 1962. He died tragically after losing his way in an unexpectedly heavy snowfall on Mt. Asama.|-id=900| 7900 Portule ||  || Named for the highest mountain peak in the Asiago tableland, near the Asiago Astrophysical Observatory. The wild mountain range is a trekking favorite for local astronomers.|}

text: 7801 Goretti

text: ||  || |-id=802|

text: 7802 Takiguchi

text: ||  || Setsuo Takiguchi, 20th-century Japanese founder and first director of the

text: Hiroshima Children's Museum

text: 7803 Adachi

text: ||  || Makoto Adachi, Japanese elementary school teacher, amateur astronomer, and director of the

text: Oriental Astronomical Association

text: 7804 Boesgaard

text: || 3083 P-L ||

text: Ann Merchant Boesgaard

text: , American astronomer †|-id=805|

text: 7805 Moons

text: || 7610 P-L ||

text: Michèle Moons

text: , 20th-century Belgian astronomer |-id=806|

text: 7806 Umasslowell

text: || 1971 UM ||

text: University of Massachusetts Lowell

text: 7807 Grier

text: ||  || Jennifer Grier, American planetary scientist |-id=808|

text: 7808 Bagould

text: Benjamin Apthorp Gould

text: , 19th-century American astronomer, founder of the

text: Astronomical Journal

text: , first director of the

text: Córdoba Observatory

text: , initiator of the

text: Uranometria Argentina

text: 7811 Zhaojiuzhang

text: Zhao Jiuzhang

text: , 20th-century Chinese physicist and pioneer of the Chinese satellite program |-id=812|

text: 7812 Billward

text: || 1984 UT ||  Named in honor of William R. Ward (b. 1943), an accomplished theoretician who specializes in dynamics and celestial mechanics. Ward has made fundamental contributions to a wide variety of topics in modern planetary science, including both solar nebula and circumplanetary disk dynamics, the origin of the moon, planetesimal formation, planetary ring dynamics, and martian obliquity variations and their coupling to planetwide climatological change. Ward has spent most of his career at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and Southwest Research Institute, Boulder. Both his talents and his good spirits are enjoyed by colleagues around the world. Name proposed and citation written by S. A. Stern.|-id=813|

text: 7813 Anderserikson

text: Anders Erikson

text: , Swedish astronomer †|-id=815|

text: 7815 Dolon

text: || 1987 QN ||

text: Dolon

text: , mythical Trojan warrior †|-id=816|

text: 7816 Hanoi

text: || 1987 YA ||

text: Hanoi

text: , Vietnam*|-id=817|

text: 7817 Zibiturtle

text: Elizabeth "Zibi" Turtle

text: , American planetary scientist |-id=818|

text: 7818 Muirhead

text: || 1990 QO || |-id=824|

text: 7824 Lynch

text: ||  || Named in honor of William Lynch III of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and an outstanding model of efficiency, friendliness and dedication to his work and responsibilities. He is the epitome of the NASA/JPL motto, "Faster, better and cheaper", in the sense that anyone who works in a highly-charged, positive fashion, streamlined for action, leads to a more successful and economical operation. Always with a big smile and a cheerful greeting, he is one of JPL's biggest assets.|-id=826|

text: 7826 Kinugasa

text: || 1991 VO ||

text: Sachio Kinugasa

text: , Japanese professional baseball player|-id=828|

text: 7828 Noriyositosi

text: ||  || Named for Noriyosi Furiya (1838-1914), a pioneer Japanese winegrower, and his great-grandson Tosihiko (Tosi) Tukamoto (b. 1931). Tosi introduced a sake-brewing technique of low-temperature fermentation to the winemaking world.|-id=829|

text: 7829 Jaroff

text: ||  || Named in honor of Leon Jaroff (b. 1927), science journalist with a long, distinctive association with Time magazine. Jaroff is internationally known for his well-researched, insightful articles and essays on scientific subjects combining factual reporting and intelligent commentary. He has won many awards and honors for his fine journalism. Through his writing, he has drawn attention to the issue of NEOs and the potentially catastrophic consequences for our civilization should a large comet or asteroid strike the earth.|-id=830|

text: 7830 Akihikotago

text: Akihiko Tago

text: , Japanese amateur (?) astronomer*|-id=831|

text: 7831 François-Xavier

text: || 1993 FQ ||

text: François-Xavier Bagnoud

text: , French pilot|-id=833|

text: 7833 Nilstamm

text: Nils Tamm

text: , Swedish amateur astronomer and artist whose private observatory is now the

text: Kvistabergs Observatorium

text: , an observing station of

text: Uppsala Astronomical Observatory

text: 7835 Myroncope

text: || 1993 MC ||

text: Myron Cope

text: , 20th-century American sports journalist |-id=837|

text: 7837 Mutsumi

text: || 1993 TX || |-id=838|

text: 7838 Feliceierman

text: || 1993 WA || Felice Ierman (1922-1996), father of this minor planet's co-discoverer Giovanni Ierman, was a strong believer in science and technology who inspired his son's passion for astronomy. He also contributed morally and materially to the construction of the first Farra d´Isonzo observatory.|-id=840|

text: 7840 Hendrika

text: ||  || Hendrika Cornelia Marshall Aikman (née Grootendorst), wife of the discoverer †|-id=842|

text: 7842 Ishitsuka

text: || 1994 XQ || Named in honor of Mutsumi Ishitsuka (b. 1930), who has worked in Peru since 1957, making coronagraphic observations of the sun at high altitude. In 1979 he built the Cosmos Observatory and in 1988 set up a new coronagraph there that was destroyed by a group of guerrillas. He is currently trying to reconstruct the observatory and to establish a Peruvian National Observatory for teaching astronomy. Name proposed by the discoverers following a suggestion by T. Kuroda and Y. Yamada.|-id=844|

text: 7844 Horikawa

text: ||  || Kuniaki Horikawa (b. 1958), a computer systems engineer in Yokohama, started Jupiter observations in 1974, and he has obtained more than 3000 drawings and 8200 central-meridian transit timings. Since 2001 he has served as director of the Jupiter-Saturn Section of the Oriental Astronomical Association.|-id=845|

text: 7845 Mckim

text: || 1996 AC ||

text: Richard McKim

text: , British amateur astronomer*|-id=846|

text: 7846 Setvák

text: || 1996 BJ ||

text: Martin Setvák

text: , Czech meteorologist †|-id=847|

text: 7847 Mattiaorsi

text: ||  || Named for Mattia Orsi (b. 1995), nephew of Arcetri astronomer Giuseppe Forti.|-id=848|

text: 7848 Bernasconi

text: ||  || Giovanni and Angelo Bernasconi, Italian amateur astronomers †|-id=849|

text: 7849 Janjosefrič

text: || 1996 HR ||

text: Josef Jan Frič

text: , Czech amateur astronomer, founder of

text: Ondřejov Observatory

text: 7850 Buenos Aires

text: || 1996 LH ||

text: Buenos Aires

text: , Argentina*|-id=851|

text: 7851 Azumino

text: ||  || Named for an area in Nagano prefecture, Azumino is the rice field area east of the Japanese Northern Alps. In various places, natural spring water surfaces to form clear mountain streams. Azumino is famous throughout Japan for its beautiful scenery year-round.|-id=852|

text: 7852 Itsukushima

text: || 7604 P-L || Named for Itsukushima Island near Hiroshima City. Known as "one of the Scenic Trio of Japan", the island is also called "Miyajima", which means "Shrine Island". The origin of the shrine is not known, but it goes back at least to the sixth century; in the twelfth century its building complex was much enlarged. The shrine and its giant torii gate stand in the sea at high tide. In 1996 the shrine was assigned "World Heritage" recognition by UNESCO. Name proposed by Takeshi Sato.|-id=853|

text: 7853 Confucius

text: || 2086 T-2 ||

text: Confucius

text: , Chinese philosopher*|-id=854|

text: 7854 Laotse

text: || 1076 T-3 ||

text: Lao Zi

text: , Chinese philosopher*|-id=855|

text: 7855 Tagore

text: || 4092 T-3 ||

text: Rabindranath Tagore

text: , poet*|-id=856|

text: 7856 Viktorbykov

text: ||  ||  Russian scientist Viktor Leonidovich Bykov (b. 1934) is known for his work on the theory of satellite communication. He was a designer of the space communication systems "Ekran" and "Intersputnik", as well as of the direct government line between Russia and the U.S. The name was suggested by the Institute of Applied Astronomy.|-id=857|

text: 7857 Lagerros

text: Johan S. V. Lagerros

text: , Swedish astronomer †|-id=858|

text: 7858 Bolotov

text: Andrey Timofeyevich Bolotov

text: , 18th-century Russian writer, scientist, agriculturist, forester and builder of parks |-id=859|

text: 7859 Lhasa

text: || 1979 US ||

text: Lhasa

text: , Tibet †|-id=860|

text: 7860 Zahnle

text: || 1980 PF ||

text: Kevin J. Zahnle

text: , American space research scientist |-id=861|

text: 7861 Messenger

text: Scott R. Messenger

text: , American space scientist |-id=862|

text: 7862 Keikonakamura

text: Keiko Nakamura Messenger

text: , Japanese-American(?) space scientist |-id=863|

text: 7863 Turnbull

text: || 1981 VK ||

text: Margaret A. ("Maggie") Turnbull

text: , American astrobiologist |-id=865|

text: 7865 Françoisgros

text: ||  || François Gros (b. 1925) is a molecular biologist and permanent secretary emeritus of the French Academy of Sciences. He is honorary professor at the College de France and at the Institut Pasteur. He is the president of COPED, the Committee of Developing Countries of the French Academy of Sciences.|-id=866|

text: 7866 Sicoli

text: || 1982 TK ||

text: Piero Sicoli

text: , Italian amateur astronomer. |-id=867|

text: 7867 Burian

text: Zdeněk Burian

text: , Czech artist †|-id=868|

text: 7868 Barker

text: ||  ||  Named in honor of Edwin S. Barker (b. 1940), a research scientist at the McDonald Observatory of the University of Texas at Austin. Barker is well known for his work on physical observations of both major and minor planets. He served as McDonald Observatory superintendent for several years in the 1980s, simultaneously continuing his planetary studies and vastly improving seeing conditions at the observatory. He also conducted an extensive atmospheric-monitoring and data-reduction program that resulted in the recommendation of locating the Hobby-Eberly Telescope on Mt. Fowlkes. In the early 1990s he very successfully served as discipline scientist at NASA headquarters, and in 1997-1998 was chair of the Division for Planetary Sciences of the American Astronomical Society. Citation written by P. J. Shelus.|-id=869|

text: 7869 Pradun

text: Valentin Panteleevich Pradun

text: , Ukrainian economist and professor at

text: Tavrichesky National University

text: , president of the

text: Crimean Academy of Humanities

text: 7871 Tunder

text: Franz Tunder

text: , German organist †|-id=873|

text: 7873 Böll

text: Heinrich Böll

text: , German novelist and recipient of the

text: Nobel Prize for Literature

text: in 1972*|-id=881|

text: 7881 Schieferdecker

text: Johann Christian Schieferdecker

text: , German organist †|-id=885|

text: 7885 Levine

text: ||  || A ballerina, an astrophysicist and a yoga instructor, Joanna L. Levine (b. 1975) is an inspiration to those around her. She attended Walnut Hill School to study ballet, obtained a Ph.D. from the University of Florida concentrating on star formation in Orion, and is currently is a professor at Mt. Holyoke College.  |-id=886|

text: 7886 Redman

text: || 1993 PE ||

text: Roderick Oliver Redman

text: and

text: Russell Ormond Redman

text: , American-Canadian astronomers †|-id=887|

text: 7887 Bratfest

text: ||  || Oktoberfest style gathering hosted by the graduate students of the

text: Lunar and Planetary Laboratory

text: at the

text: University of Arizona

text: 7890 Yasuofukui

text: ||  ||  Named in honor of Yasuo Fukui (b. 1951), professor at Nagoya University and a radio astronomer specializing in molecular clouds and the birth of stars. He established and directs the operation of the "Nanten" millimeter-wavelength radio telescope at the Las Campanas Observatory in Chile. He is a winner of the Vainu Bappu Gold Medal and other prizes. Name proposed by the discoverers following a suggestion by T. Sato and A. Fujii.|-id=891|

text: 7891 Fuchie

text: ||  ||  Named in honor of the Tokyo Metropolitan Fuchie Senior High School, where the first discoverer teaches astronomy and geology. Fuchie means the bank of a large river. This place has been called Fuchie for nearly a thousand years.|-id=892|

text: 7892 Musamurahigashi

text: Musashimurayama East High School

text: , Japan*|-id=894|

text: 7894 Rogers

text: ||  ||  John H. Rogers (b. 1952), director of the British Astronomical Association's Jupiter section since 1988, received the Association's Goodacre Medal in 2003. He is the author of The Giant Planet Jupiter (Cambridge University Press, 1995). By profession he is a molecular neurobiologist at the University of Cambridge.|-id=895|

text: 7895 Kaseda

text: ||  ||  Named for a city in the southwest of Kagoshima prefecture, where the discoverer was born. This town is fully blessed with natural beauty and is relatively free of light pollution. It once won the highest commendation for the most beautiful starry sky in Japan.|-id=896|

text: 7896 Švejk

text: || 1995 EC ||

text: The Good Soldier Švejk

text: , character created by

text: Jaroslav Hašek

text: 7897 Bohuška

text: ||  || |-id=898|

text: 7898 Ohkuma

text: ||  || Masami Ohkuma (b. 1954) is an amateur astronomer who serves as chief editor of the Japanese astronomical monthly magazine Hoshi-Navi. He also plays an important role for the popularization of astronomy in Japan.|-id=899|

text: 7899 Joya

text: ||  || Masanori Joya (1940-1967) was an early member of the Japan Lunar and Planetary Observers Network and played a vital role in its early development. He was the first discoverer in Japan of Jupiter's SEB Disturbance in 1962. He died tragically after losing his way in an unexpectedly heavy snowfall on Mt. Asama.|-id=900|

text: 7900 Portule

text: ||  || Named for the highest mountain peak in the Asiago tableland, near the Asiago Astrophysical Observatory. The wild mountain range is a trekking favorite for local astronomers.|}

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: solar nebula

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: 7801 Goretti

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: 7801 Goretti

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar wind

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) is part of the agency's mission to study the solar system.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Mars is too far away to be affected by solar flares.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: planetary scientist

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: coupling to planetwide climatological change.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: Hiroshima

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Billward

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: martian

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: solar nebula

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Zhaojiuzhang

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar nebula and circumplanetary disk dynamics,

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: martian

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Zhaojiuzhang

text: Solar flares affect all layers of the solar atmosphere (photosphere, chromosphere, and corona), when the plasma medium is heated to tens of millions of Kelvin, while the cosmic-ray-like electrons, protons, and heavier ions are accelerated to near the speed of light. They produce radiation across the electromagnetic spectrum at all wavelengths, from radio waves to gamma rays, although most of the energy is spread over frequencies outside the visual range and for this reason the majority of the flares are not visible to the naked eye and must be observed with special instruments. Flares occur in active regions around sunspots, where intense magnetic fields penetrate the photosphere to link the corona to the solar interior.Flares are powered by the sudden (timescales of minutes to tens of minutes) release of magnetic energy stored in the corona. The same energy releases may produce coronal mass ejections (CME), although the relation between CMEs and flares is still not well established.

text: Solar flares affect all layers of the solar atmosphere (

text: photosphere

text: chromosphere

text: , and

text: corona

text: ), when the

text: plasma

text: medium is heated to tens of millions of

text: Kelvin

text: , while the

text: cosmic-ray

text: -like

text: electron

text: s,

text: proton

text: s, and heavier

text: ion

text: s are accelerated to near the

text: speed of light

text: . They produce

text: radiation

text: across the

text: electromagnetic spectrum

text: at all

text: wavelength

text: s, from

text: radio waves

text: to

text: gamma ray

text: s, although most of the energy is spread over frequencies outside the visual range and for this reason the majority of the flares are not visible to the naked eye and must be observed with special instruments. Flares occur in active regions around

text: sunspot

text: s, where intense magnetic fields penetrate the

text: photosphere

text: to link the

text: corona

text: to the solar interior.Flares are powered by the sudden (timescales of minutes to tens of minutes) release of magnetic energy stored in the corona. The same energy releases may produce

text: coronal mass ejections

text: (CME), although the relation between CMEs and flares is still not well established.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: active regions

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: intense magnetic fields penetrate the photosphere

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: coronal mass ejection

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: CME

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar atmosphere

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: active regions

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar interior.Flares

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: Flares occur in active regions

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: Solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: (CME),

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: active regions

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspots,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: interior.Flares

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Solar flares

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Solar flares affect all layers of the solar atmosphere

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Solar flares

text: The first one of August 18, 1868 created the subject of solar physics, for at this eclipse the spectroscope was used for the first time to discover the gaseous nature of the prominences. The hydrogen emission lines seen in the prominence were so strong that the French astronomer Jansen reasoned they could be seen without the eclipse. The next day at the eclipse site the speculation was proved to be correct, making it possible for daily surveys of prominences thereafter, without the need of a total eclipse.

text: The first one of August 18, 1868 created the subject of solar physics, for at this eclipse the spectroscope was used for the first time to discover the gaseous nature of the prominences. The hydrogen emission lines seen in the prominence were so strong that the French astronomer Jansen reasoned they could be seen without the eclipse. The next day at the eclipse site the speculation was proved to be correct, making it possible for daily surveys of prominences thereafter, without the need of a total eclipse.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: prominences

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: hydrogen emission lines seen in the prominence

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: prominences

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: could be seen without the eclipse

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: gaseous

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar physics

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: gaseous

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: gaseous nature

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: prominences.

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar physics,

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: gaseous

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: prominences

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar physics,

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: solar physics,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: solar physics,

text: On March 8, 2013, NASA released an article according to which ion cyclotron waves were identified by its solar probe spacecraft called WIND as the main cause for the heating of the solar wind as it rises from the sun's surface. Before this discovery, it was unclear why the solar wind particles would heat up, instead of cool down, when speeding away from the sun's surface.

text: On March 8, 2013, NASA released an article according to which ion cyclotron waves were identified by its solar probe spacecraft called WIND as the main cause for the heating of the

text: solar wind

text: as it rises from the sun's surface. Before this discovery, it was unclear why the solar wind particles would heat up, instead of cool down, when speeding away from the sun's surface.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar wind particles

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: heat up, instead of cool down

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar storms

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: suns

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar wind

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar wind

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: heat up, instead of cool down,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: ion cyclotron waves

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar wind as it rises from the sun's surface.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: sun's surface.

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: solar wind

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: solar wind

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar wind

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: sun's surface.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: ion cyclotron waves

text: When a solar flare occurs on the Sun a blast of intense ultraviolet and x-ray radiation hits the dayside of the Earth after a propagation time of about 8 minutes. This high energy radiation is absorbed by atmospheric particles, raising them to excited states and knocking electrons free in the process of photoionization. The low altitude ionospheric layers (D region and E region) immediately increase in density over the entire dayside. The ionospheric disturbance enhances VLF radio propagation. Scientists on the ground can use this enhancement to detect solar flares; by monitoring the signal strength of a distant VLF transmitter, sudden ionospheric disturbances (SIDs) are recorded and indicate when solar flares have taken place.

text: When a solar flare occurs on the

text: Sun

text: a blast of intense

text: ultraviolet

text: and

text: x-ray

text: radiation hits the dayside of the Earth after a propagation time of about 8 minutes. This high energy

text: radiation

text: is absorbed by atmospheric particles, raising them to excited states and knocking

text: electron

text: s free in the process of

text: photoionization

text: . The low altitude ionospheric layers (

text: D region

text: and

text: E region

text: ) immediately increase in density over the entire dayside. The ionospheric disturbance enhances VLF radio propagation. Scientists on the ground can use this enhancement to detect solar flares; by monitoring the signal strength of a distant VLF transmitter, sudden ionospheric disturbances (SIDs) are recorded and indicate when solar flares have taken place.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: ionospheric disturbance enhances VLF radio propagation

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: suns

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: flares

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar flare

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: immediately increase in density

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flare

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar flare occurs on the Sun

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: When a solar flare occurs on the Sun

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar flare occurs on the Sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: ultraviolet and x-ray radiation

text: Comet Lovejoy reached perihelion on 16 December 2011 at 00:17 UTC, as it passed approximately  above the Sun's surface at a speed of , or 0.18% the speed of light. It was not expected to survive the encounter due to extreme conditions in the corona, such as temperatures reaching more than one million kelvins and the exposure time of nearly an hour. However, the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO), as well as other Sun-monitoring spacecraft, observed the comet emerge from the corona intact. The STEREO and SOHO spacecraft continued to observe the comet as it moved away from the Sun.

text: Comet Lovejoy reached

text: perihelion

text: on 16 December 2011 at 00:17

text: UTC

text: , as it passed approximately  above the Sun's surface at a speed of , or 0.18% the

text: speed of light

text: . It was not expected to survive the encounter due to extreme conditions in the corona, such as temperatures reaching more than one million

text: kelvin

text: s and the exposure time of nearly an hour. However, the

text: Solar Dynamics Observatory

text: (SDO), as well as other Sun-monitoring spacecraft, observed the comet emerge from the corona intact. The STEREO and SOHO spacecraft continued to observe the comet as it moved away from the Sun.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: corona

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: extreme conditions in the corona

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: corona

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: extreme conditions in the corona

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the corona

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: corona

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can a prominence last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Comet Lovejoy

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: corona,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: temperatures reaching more than one million kelvins

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: corona,

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: the comet emerge from the corona

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: corona,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: corona,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: exposure time of nearly an hour.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Sun-monitoring spacecraft,

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: 0.18% the speed of light.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: temperatures reaching more than one million kelvins

text: Proxima Centauri's chromosphere is active, and its spectrum displays a strong emission line of singly ionized magnesium at a wavelength of 280 nm. About 88% of the surface of Proxima Centauri may be active, a percentage that is much higher than that of the Sun even at the peak of the solar cycle. Even during quiescent periods with few or no flares, this activity increases the corona temperature of Proxima Centauri to 3.5 million K, compared to the 2 million K of the Sun's corona. However, Proxima Centauri's overall activity level is considered low compared to other red dwarfs, which is consistent with the star's estimated age of 4.85 years, since the activity level of a red dwarf is expected to steadily wane over billions of years as its stellar rotation rate decreases. The activity level also appears to vary with a period of roughly 442 days, which is shorter than the solar cycle of 11 years.

text: Proxima Centauri's

text: chromosphere

text: is active, and its

text: spectrum

text: displays a strong

text: emission line

text: of singly ionized

text: magnesium

text: at a wavelength of 280

text: nm

text: . About 88% of the surface of Proxima Centauri may be active, a percentage that is much higher than that of the Sun even at the peak of the

text: solar cycle

text: . Even during quiescent periods with few or no flares, this activity increases the

text: corona

text: temperature of Proxima Centauri to 3.5 million K, compared to the 2 million K of the Sun's corona. However, Proxima Centauri's overall activity level is considered low compared to other red dwarfs, which is consistent with the star's estimated age of 4.85 years, since the activity level of a red dwarf is expected to steadily wane over billions of years as its

text: stellar rotation

text: rate decreases. The activity level also appears to vary with a period of roughly 442 days, which is shorter than the solar cycle of 11 years.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: flares

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: about 88% of the surface of Proxima Centauri may be active

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: a coronal mass ejection

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar cycle

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: active

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Proxima Centauri

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: flares,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: flares,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: flares,

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar cycle. Even during quiescent periods with few or no flares,

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar cycle. Even during quiescent periods

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: red dwarfs,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: 442 days,

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Proxima Centauri's

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Proxima Centauri's

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: ionized magnesium

text: The Big Bear Solar Observatory (BBSO) is a solar observatory located on the north side of Big Bear Lake in the San Bernardino Mountains of southwestern San Bernardino County, California (USA), approximately  east of downtown Los Angeles.  The telescopes and instruments at the observatory are designed and employed specifically for studying the activities and phenomena of our solar system's star, the Sun.

text: The Big Bear Solar Observatory (BBSO) is a

text: solar observatory

text: located on the north side of

text: Big Bear Lake

text: in the

text: San Bernardino Mountains

text: of southwestern

text: San Bernardino County

text: California

text: (USA), approximately  east of downtown

text: Los Angeles

text: .  The telescopes and instruments at the observatory are designed and employed specifically for studying the activities and phenomena of our solar system's star, the

text: Sun

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: hot spots

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: are designed and employed specifically for studying the activities and phenomena

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar storms

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: The Big Bear Solar Observatory (BBSO) is a solar observatory

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar system

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: star,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: activities and phenomena of our solar system's star,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: phenomena

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: the Sun.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: San Bernardino Mountains

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: star,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: The Big Bear Solar Observatory

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the activities and phenomena of our solar system's star, the Sun.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: the Sun.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: The Big Bear Solar Observatory

text: The surface magnetic activity on this star is similar to what is observed on the Sun. Magnetic features on the surface have been detected using asteroseismology that appear to be starspots (the stellar equivalent to sunspots on the Sun).

text: The

text: surface magnetic activity

text: on this star is similar to what is observed on the Sun. Magnetic features on the surface have been detected using

text: asteroseismology

text: that appear to be

text: starspot

text: s (the stellar equivalent to

text: sunspot

text: s on the Sun).

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: magnetic features

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: the stellar equivalent to sunspots on the Sun

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: can cause magnetic activity on a star

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: starspots

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: (the stellar equivalent

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: (the stellar equivalent to sunspots on the Sun).

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: starspots

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Sun).

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: starspots

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: starspots

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: star

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: starspots

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: starspots

text: The Ladder features flared legs for increased stability.  Locking, telescoping side rails allow the various height configurations.  Trapezoidal rungs create a stable standing surface. They are attached using "double zig-zag" welds.

text: The Ladder features flared legs for increased stability.  Locking, telescoping side rails allow the various height configurations.  Trapezoidal rungs create a stable standing surface. They are attached using "double zig-zag" welds.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: rays of light

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: nuclear explosions

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: is a type of

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar system

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar dynamics

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: "double zig-zag" welds.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: "double zig-zag" welds.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: "double zig-zag"

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: "double zig-zag" welds.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: "double zig-zag"

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: Trapezoidal

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: "double zig-zag" welds.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: The Ladder

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: The Ladder

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: "double zig-zag" welds.

text: Other large solar flares also occurred on April 2, 2001 (X20), October 28, 2003 (X17.2 and 10), September 7, 2005 (X17), February 17, 2011 (X2), August 9, 2011 (X6.9), March 7, 2012 (X5.4), July 6, 2012 (X1.1). On July 6, 2012, a solar storm hit just after midnight UK time, when an X1.1 solar flare fired out of the AR1515 sunspot. Another X1.4 solar flare from AR 1520 region of the Sun, second in the week, reached the Earth on July 15, 2012 with a geomagnetic storm of G1–G2 level. A X1.8-class flare was recorded on October 24, 2012. There has been major solar flare activity in early 2013, notably within a 48-hour period starting on May 12, 2013, a total of four X-class solar flares were emitted ranging from an X1.2 and upwards of an X3.2, the latter of which was one of the largest year 2013 flares. Departing sunspot complex AR2035-AR2046 erupted on April 25, 2014 at 0032 UT, producing a strong X1.3-class solar flare and an HF communications blackout on the dayside of Earth. NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory recorded a flash of extreme ultraviolet radiation from the explosion.

text: Other large solar flares also occurred on April 2, 2001 (X20), October 28, 2003 (X17.2 and 10), September 7, 2005 (X17), February 17, 2011 (X2), August 9, 2011 (X6.9), March 7, 2012 (X5.4), July 6, 2012 (X1.1). On July 6, 2012, a solar storm hit just after midnight UK time, when an X1.1 solar flare fired out of the AR1515 sunspot. Another X1.4 solar flare from AR 1520 region of the Sun, second in the week, reached the Earth on July 15, 2012 with a

text: geomagnetic storm

text: of G1–G2 level. A X1.8-class flare was recorded on October 24, 2012. There has been major solar flare activity in early 2013, notably within a 48-hour period starting on May 12, 2013, a total of four X-class solar flares were emitted ranging from an X1.2 and upwards of an X3.2, the latter of which was one of the largest year 2013 flares. Departing sunspot complex AR2035-AR2046 erupted on April 25, 2014 at 0032 UT, producing a strong X1.3-class solar flare and an HF communications blackout on the dayside of Earth. NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory recorded a flash of extreme ultraviolet radiation from the explosion.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: region of the Sun

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: a strong X1.3-class solar flare

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: on April 25, 2014 at 0032 UT, producing a strong X1.3-class solar flare

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspot

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can a solar flare last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: Departing sunspot complex AR2035-AR2046

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar storm

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Departing sunspot complex AR2035-AR2046

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspot.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: 48-hour period starting on May 12, 2013,

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: solar flares

text: Located around 343 light-years distant, it shines with a luminosity approximately 576 times that of the Sun and has a surface temperature of 4000 K.

text: Located around 343 light-years distant, it shines with a

text: luminosity

text: approximately 576 times that of the Sun and has a surface temperature of 4000 K.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: they have a surface temperature of 4000 K

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: nuclear explosions

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: can cause a solar flare

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: 576 times that of the Sun

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: luminosity approximately 576 times that of the Sun

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: 576 times that of the Sun

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: 343 light-years distant,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: 576 times that of the Sun

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: 576 times that of the Sun

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: 343 light-years

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Sun

text: The geology of the dwarf planet, Ceres, was largely unknown until Dawn spacecraft explored it in early 2015. However, certain surface features such as "Piazzi", named after the dwarf planets' discoverer, had been resolved.[a] Ceres's oblateness is consistent with a differentiated body, a rocky core overlain with an icy mantle. This 100-kilometer-thick mantle (23%–28% of Ceres by mass; 50% by volume) contains 200 million cubic kilometers of water, which is more than the amount of fresh water on Earth. This result is supported by the observations made by the Keck telescope in 2002 and by evolutionary modeling. Also, some characteristics of its surface and history (such as its distance from the Sun, which weakened solar radiation enough to allow some fairly low-freezing-point components to be incorporated during its formation), point to the presence of volatile materials in the interior of Ceres. It has been suggested that a remnant layer of liquid water may have survived to the present under a layer of ice. The surface composition of Ceres is broadly similar to that of C-type asteroids. Some differences do exist. The ubiquitous features of the Cererian IR spectra are those of hydrated materials, which indicate the presence of significant amounts of water in the interior. Other possible surface constituents include iron-rich clay minerals (cronstedtite) and carbonate minerals (dolomite and siderite), which are common minerals in carbonaceous chondrite meteorites. The spectral features of carbonates and clay minerals are usually absent in the spectra of other C-type asteroids. Sometimes Ceres is classified as a G-type asteroid.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar radiation

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: weakened solar radiation enough to allow some fairly low-freezing-point components to be incorporated during its formation

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar system

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: solar radiation

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can Cererian IR spectra last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Ceres

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: hydrated materials,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: hydrated materials, which indicate the presence of significant amounts of water in the interior.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: meteorites.

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: carbonaceous chondrite meteorites.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: C-type asteroids.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Cererian IR spectra

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Ceres,

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: weakened solar radiation

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: solar radiation

text: He and his family visited Austin, Texas in 1965-66, when he was National Science Foundation Senior Visiting Scientist at The University of Texas and McDonald Observatory. This visit led to a permanent move to Austin in 1968, and he became professor of astronomy and associate director of McDonald Observatory. At McDonald Observatory R. E. Nather with Brian Warner developed a photometer able to measure extremely rapid changes in brightness. Their technique led Evans to look afresh at his occultation research and, for the next two decades he and his co-workers calculated the angular diameters of late-type stars. He also wrote "Herschel at the Cape,” and participated in measurements of the occultation of Beta Scorpii by Jupiter in 1972 and the apparent gravitational displacement of stars visually close to the Sun during a solar eclipse in 1973. The eclipse was observed from Mauritania and once again confirmed Einstein’s predictions.

text: He and his family visited

text: Austin, Texas

text: in 1965-66, when he was

text: National Science Foundation

text: Senior Visiting Scientist at The

text: University of Texas

text: and

text: McDonald Observatory

text: . This visit led to a permanent move to Austin in 1968, and he became professor of astronomy and associate director of McDonald Observatory. At McDonald Observatory

text: R. E. Nather

text: with Brian Warner developed a photometer able to measure extremely rapid changes in brightness. Their technique led Evans to look afresh at his occultation research and, for the next two decades he and his co-workers calculated the angular diameters of late-type stars. He also wrote "

text: Herschel

text: at the Cape,” and participated in measurements of the occultation of

text: Beta Scorpii

text: by

text: Jupiter

text: in 1972 and the apparent gravitational displacement of stars visually close to the Sun during a solar eclipse in 1973. The eclipse was observed from

text: Mauritania

text: and once again confirmed

text: Einstein

text: ’s predictions.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: extremely rapid changes in brightness

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar storms

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: the apparent gravitational displacement of stars visually close to the Sun during a solar eclipse in 1973

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can prominences last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: late-type stars

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: rapid changes in brightness.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: extremely rapid changes in brightness.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: occultation

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: late-type stars.

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: late-type stars.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: rapid changes in brightness.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: late-type stars.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: extremely rapid changes in brightness.

text: A solar flare is a sudden flash of brightness observed over the Sun's surface or the solar limb, which is interpreted as an energy release of up to 6 × 10 joules of energy (about a sixth of the total Sun's energy output each second or 160 billion megatons of TNT equivalent, over 25,000 times more energy than released from the impact of Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 with Jupiter). They may be followed by a coronal mass ejection. The flare ejects clouds of electrons, ions and atoms through the corona into space. These clouds typically reach Earth a day or two after the event. Similar phenomena in other stars are known as stellar flares.

text: A solar flare is a sudden flash of brightness observed over the Sun's surface or the

text: solar limb

text: , which is interpreted as an energy release of up to 6 × 10

text: joule

text: s of

text: energy

text: (about a sixth of the

text: total Sun's energy output each second

text: or 160 billion megatons of

text: TNT

text: equivalent, over 25,000 times more energy than released from the impact of

text: Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9

text: with Jupiter). They may be followed by a

text: coronal mass ejection

text: . The flare ejects clouds of electrons, ions and atoms through the corona into space. These clouds typically reach

text: Earth

text: a day or two after the event. Similar phenomena in other stars are known as stellar flares.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: coronal mass ejection

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: They may be followed by a coronal mass ejection

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: may be followed by a coronal mass ejection

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: the Sun's surface

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar flare is a sudden flash of brightness

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: coronal mass ejection.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: coronal mass ejection.

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: They may be followed by a coronal mass ejection.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: solar limb,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: coronal mass ejection.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar flare

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: These clouds typically reach Earth

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: solar flare

text: In 1917, James Hopwood Jeans argued that only a very close approach of a second star was necessary to eject material, instead of requiring solar prominences.  In 1939, Lyman Spitzer showed that a column of material drawn out from the sun would dissipate rather than condense. By this time the theory had mostly fallen out of favor, and in the 1940s, the work of Henry Norris Russell showed that if the solar material had been pulled away from the sun with the force necessary to account for the angular momentum of Jupiter, the material would have continued out of the solar system entirely.

text: In 1917,

text: James Hopwood Jeans

text: argued that only a very close approach of a second star was necessary to eject material, instead of requiring solar prominences.  In 1939,

text: Lyman Spitzer

text: showed that a column of material drawn out from the sun would dissipate rather than condense. By this time the theory had mostly fallen out of favor, and in the 1940s, the work of

text: Henry Norris Russell

text: showed that if the solar material had been pulled away from the sun with the force necessary to account for the angular momentum of Jupiter, the material would have continued out of the solar system entirely.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar prominences

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: only a very close approach of a second star

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar prominences

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: would dissipate rather than condense

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar system

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: eject material

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Jupiter

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar prominences.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: solar prominences.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar prominences.

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar prominences.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: a second star

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: a second star

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: solar prominences.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar prominences.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: only a very close approach of a second star

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: solar prominences.

text: One of the most important solar missions to date has been the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory, jointly built by the European Space Agency and NASA and launched on 2 December 1995. Originally intended to serve a two-year mission, a mission extension through 2012 was approved in October 2009. It has proven so useful that a follow-on mission, the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO), was launched in February 2010. Situated at the Lagrangian point between Earth and the Sun (at which the gravitational pull from both is equal), SOHO has provided a constant view of the Sun at many wavelengths since its launch. Besides its direct solar observation, SOHO has enabled the discovery of a large number of comets, mostly tiny sungrazing comets that incinerate as they pass the Sun.

text: One of the most important solar missions to date has been the

text: Solar and Heliospheric Observatory

text: , jointly built by the

text: European Space Agency

text: and

text: NASA

text: and launched on 2 December 1995. Originally intended to serve a two-year mission, a mission extension through 2012 was approved in October 2009. It has proven so useful that a follow-on mission, the

text: Solar Dynamics Observatory

text: (SDO), was launched in February 2010. Situated at the

text: Lagrangian point

text: between Earth and the Sun (at which the gravitational pull from both is equal), SOHO has provided a constant view of the Sun at many wavelengths since its launch. Besides its direct solar observation, SOHO has enabled the discovery of a large number of

text: comet

text: s, mostly tiny

text: sungrazing comet

text: s that incinerate as they pass the Sun.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: comets

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: incinerate as they pass the Sun

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: comets

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: incinerate as they pass the Sun

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can comets last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: sungrazing comets

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: sungrazing comets that incinerate as they pass the Sun.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sungrazing comets that incinerate

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sungrazing comets that incinerate as they pass the Sun.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sungrazing comets

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: sungrazing comets

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar observation,

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Lagrangian point between Earth and the Sun

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: sungrazing comets

text: Coronal loops form the basic structure of the lower corona and transition region of the Sun. These highly structured and elegant loops are a direct consequence of the twisted solar magnetic flux within the solar body. The population of coronal loops can be directly linked with the solar cycle, it is for this reason coronal loops are often found with sunspots at their footpoints. Coronal loops populate both active and quiet regions of the solar surface. The Yohkoh Soft X-ray Telescope (SXT) observed X-rays in the 0.25-4.0 keV range, resolving solar features to 2.5 arc seconds with a temporal resolution of 0.5–2 seconds. SXT was sensitive to plasma in the 2-4 MK temperature range, making it an ideal observational platform to compare with data collected from TRACE coronal loops radiating in the EUV wavelengths.

text: Coronal loop

text: s form the basic structure of the lower

text: corona

text: and

text: transition region

text: of the Sun. These highly structured and elegant loops are a direct consequence of the twisted solar

text: magnetic

text: flux within the solar body. The population of coronal loops can be directly linked with the

text: solar cycle

text: , it is for this reason coronal loops are often found with

text: sunspots

text: at their footpoints. Coronal loops populate both active and quiet regions of the solar surface. The

text: Yohkoh

text: Soft X-ray Telescope (SXT) observed X-rays in the 0.25-4.0

text: keV

text: range, resolving solar features to 2.5 arc seconds with a temporal resolution of 0.5–2 seconds. SXT was sensitive to plasma in the 2-4 MK temperature range, making it an ideal observational platform to compare with data collected from

text: TRACE

text: coronal loops radiating in the EUV wavelengths.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: coronal loops

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: The population of coronal loops can be directly linked with the solar cycle

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: coronal loops

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: coronal loops

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: What can be directly linked with the solar cycle?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: TRACE

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: at their footpoints.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: The population of coronal loops can be directly linked with the solar cycle,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: at their footpoints.

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: twisted solar magnetic flux

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: The Yohkoh Soft X-ray Telescope

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: solar body.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: X-rays

text: B.B.B. is still remembered for books such as The History of the Observatory of Eger University.  The famous observatory in Eger was designed by the astronomer Miksa Hell and built in 1776. Hell was approached by the founder, Archbishop Károly Esterházy, and replied: "There is nothing I wish to do more than to serve my country as well as your Excellency in this manner."  Mikas Hell had previously designed and built an observatory at Kolozsvár when he taught at the Jesuit Academy in 1753.  Hell had later taught at Lõcse and Zsolna, and in 1755 became director of the University of Vienna observatory. Miksa Hell, a Jesuit, had an important role in the establishment of almost all of the early observatories. He lived in Vienna for thirty two years, and there published a number of famous Ephemerides, that is, almanacs. Venus was to pass before the Sun in 1769, and the Danish king invited him to make observations at Vardö. Their observations of June 3 helped them calculate the solar parallax, the distance of the Earth from the Sun. Their measurement was questioned by contemporaries, but the accuracy of Hell's figures was later confirmed. It was an achievement that had the greatest international recognition of any during the classical phase of Hungarian astronomy. The Spekula Observatory astronomical museum is located in the library tower, and Bevilaqua had a planet named after him for his book.

text: B.B.B. is still remembered for books such as The History of the Observatory of Eger University.  The famous observatory in Eger was designed by the astronomer

text: Miksa Hell

text: and built in 1776. Hell was approached by the founder, Archbishop

text: Károly Esterházy

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: hot spots

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: distant from the Earth

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: nuclear explosions

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: the distance of the Earth from the Sun

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can prominences last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: astronomy

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar parallax, the distance of the Earth from the Sun.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: solar parallax, the distance of the Earth from the Sun.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar parallax,

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Venus was to pass before the Sun in 1769,

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Venus

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: distance of the Earth from the Sun.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Venus was to pass before the Sun in 1769,

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar parallax, the distance of the Earth from the Sun.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: the distance of the Earth from the Sun.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: 1776.

text: Supra-arcade downflows (SADs) are sunward-traveling plasma voids that are sometimes observed in the Sun’s outer atmosphere, or corona, during solar flares. In solar physics, an “arcade” refers to a bundle of coronal loops, and the prefix “supra” indicates that the downflows appear above flare arcades. They were first described in 1999 using the Soft X-ray Telescope (SXT) on board the Yohkoh satellite. SADs are byproducts of the magnetic reconnection process that drives solar flares, but their precise cause remains unknown.

text: Supra-arcade downflows (SADs) are sunward-traveling

text: plasma

text: voids that are sometimes observed in the

text: Sun’s

text: outer

text: atmosphere

text: , or

text: corona

text: , during

text: solar flare

text: s. In

text: solar physics

text: , an “arcade” refers to a bundle of

text: coronal loop

text: s, and the prefix “

text: supra

text: ” indicates that the downflows appear above flare arcades. They were first described in 1999 using the Soft X-ray Telescope (SXT) on board the

text: Yohkoh

text: satellite. SADs are byproducts of the

text: magnetic reconnection

text: process that drives

text: solar flare

text: s, but their precise cause remains unknown.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: are byproducts of the magnetic reconnection process

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: corona

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: bundles of coronal loops

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar flares.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: solar flares.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares.

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar flares.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Sun’s outer atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: a bundle of coronal loops,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: solar flares.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar flares.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Sun’s outer atmosphere, or corona, during solar flares.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: solar flares.

text: A selective surface can be used when energy is being extracted from the sun. For instance, when a green house is made, most of the roof and walls are made out of glass. Glass is transparent in the visible (approximately 0.4 µm<λ<0.8 µm) and near-infrared wavelengths, but opaque to mid- to far-wavelength infrared (approximately λ>3 µm). Therefore, glass lets in radiation in the visible range, allowing us to be able to see through it, but does not let out radiation that is emitted from objects at or close to room temperature. This traps what we feel as heat. This is known as the greenhouse effect and can be observed by getting into a car that has been sitting in the sun. Selective surfaces can also be used on solar collectors. We can find out how much help a selective surface coating is by looking at the equilibrium temperature of a plate that is being heated through solar radiation. If the plate is receiving a solar irradiation of 1350 W/m² (minimum is 1325 W/m² on July 4 and maximum is 1418 W/m² on January 3) from the sun the temperature of the plate where the radiation leaving is equal to the radiation being received by the plate is 393 K (248 °F). If the plate has a selective surface with an emissivity of 0.9 and a cut off wavelength of 2.0 µm, the equilibrium temperature is approximately 1250 K (1790 °F). The calculations were made neglecting convective heat transfer and neglecting the solar irradiation absorbed in the clouds/atmosphere for simplicity, the theory is still the same for an actual problem.

text: A selective surface can be used when energy is being extracted from the sun. For instance, when a green house is made, most of the roof and walls are made out of glass. Glass is transparent in the visible (approximately 0.4 µm<λ<0.8 µm) and

text: near-infrared

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: irradiation

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: energy is being extracted from the sun

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: nuclear explosions

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: hot

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can prominences last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar radiation

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: temperature of the plate

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: 1350 W/m2

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar irradiation

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: 1418 W/m2 on January 3) from the sun

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: 1325 W/m2

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: convective heat transfer

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: 1350 W/m2

text: On September 18, 1877, John Bascom, the president of the University, announced that Washburn would provide an observatory with a telescope that was to be larger than the 15-inch refractor at Harvard. Washburn, along with the Board of Regents, chose the site of the observatory to be removed from the city of Madison with the university campus acting as the divider. The site was about 100 feet above Lake Mendota on the north side of campus and, at the time, was surrounded by a vineyard and orchard. Construction on the observatory was started in May, 1878, and a contract was given to Alvan Clark to build the telescope. It was decided that the telescope would have a diameter of 15.6 inches, which would make it the third largest in the United States. James C. Watson was appointed the first director of the observatory. He oversaw the completion of the original building, and also provided funding for a students' observatory, as well as a solar observatory. He died suddenly in 1880, never seeing the completed observatory. The instruments in the solar observatory, meant to be used in locating the hypothetical planet Vulcan, were removed in 1882.

text: On September 18, 1877,

text: John Bascom

text: , the president of the University, announced that Washburn would provide an observatory with a

text: telescope

text: that was to be larger than the 15-inch

text: refractor

text: at Harvard. Washburn, along with the Board of Regents, chose the site of the observatory to be removed from the city of

text: Madison

text: with the university campus acting as the divider. The site was about 100 feet above

text: Lake Mendota

text: on the north side of campus and, at the time, was surrounded by a vineyard and orchard. Construction on the observatory was started in May, 1878, and a contract was given to

text: Alvan Clark

text: to build the telescope. It was decided that the telescope would have a diameter of 15.6 inches, which would make it the third largest in the

text: United States

text: James C. Watson

text: was appointed the first director of the observatory. He oversaw the completion of the original building, and also provided funding for a students' observatory, as well as a solar observatory. He died suddenly in 1880, never seeing the completed observatory. The instruments in the solar observatory, meant to be used in locating the hypothetical planet

text: Vulcan

text: , were removed in 1882.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: hot spots

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: Vulcan

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar system

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: planets

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can prominences last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Vulcan

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: planet

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: solar observatory. He died suddenly in 1880,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: Vulcan,

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Vulcan,

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: planet Vulcan,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: solar observatory. He died suddenly in 1880,

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: locating the hypothetical planet Vulcan,

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Vulcan,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: He died suddenly in 1880,

text: In the unperturbed solar Atmosphere, the shorter the wavelength the deeper the observation.  Frequencies near the submillimeter range are produced in the lower Chromosphere or even the Photosphere. Therefore, LLAMA observations will bring new information about the structure of the lower Solar Atmosphere, the active and quiescent filaments and the dynamics of the Chromosphere and its Magnetic Field. The possibility to observe Solar Flares at high frequencies with a high sensitive instrument will give clues about the acceleration of the high energetic particles in the Sun, complementing results obtained with the Solar Submillimeter Telescope. In particular the still unexplained spectral inversion above ≈ 100 GHz. A very challenging experiment would be to make VLBI solar observations. For example, in a joint observation between LLAMA and some of the ALMA antennas, a spatial resolution of 0.001" will be achieved for λ ≈ 1 mm, i.e. 700 m over the solar surface, never attained before at any wavelength.

text: In the unperturbed solar Atmosphere, the shorter the wavelength the deeper the observation.  Frequencies near the submillimeter range are produced in the lower

text: Chromosphere

text: or even the

text: Photosphere

text: . Therefore, LLAMA observations will bring new information about the structure of the lower Solar Atmosphere, the

text: active and quiescent filaments

text: and the dynamics of the

text: Chromosphere

text: and its

text: Magnetic Field

text: . The possibility to observe

text: Solar Flares

text: at high frequencies with a high sensitive instrument will give clues about the acceleration of the high energetic particles in the Sun, complementing results obtained with the

text: Solar Submillimeter Telescope

text: . In particular the still unexplained spectral inversion above ≈ 100 GHz. A very challenging experiment would be to make

text: VLBI

text: solar observations. For example, in a joint observation between LLAMA and some of the

text: ALMA

text: antennas, a spatial resolution of 0.001" will be achieved for λ ≈ 1 mm, i.e. 700 m over the solar surface, never attained before at any wavelength.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: Solar Flares

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: the longer the wavelength the deeper the observation

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Solar Flares

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: lower Solar Atmosphere

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: active filaments

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can solar flares last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the lower Solar Atmosphere

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: Solar Flares

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: Solar Flares

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: Solar Flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Solar Flares

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar Atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: Solar Flares

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Solar Flares

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the dynamics of the Chromosphere and its Magnetic Field.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Solar Flares

text: The planet orbits an (M-type) pre-main-sequence star named K2-33. The star has a mass of 0.54  and a radius of 1.05 . It has a surface temperature of 3540 K and is 9.3 million years old. In comparison, the Sun is 4.6 billion years old and has a surface temperature of 5778 K. It has about the same amount of metals as the Sun, with a metallicity ([Fe/H]) of 0. Its luminosity () is 15% that of the Sun.

text: The planet orbits an (

text: M-type

text: pre-main-sequence star

text: named

text: . The star has a mass of 0.54  and a radius of 1.05 . It has a surface temperature of 3540

text: K

text: and is 9.3 million years old. In comparison, the

text: Sun

text: is 4.6 billion years old and has a surface temperature of 5778 K. It has about the same amount of metals as the Sun, with a

text: metallicity

text: ([Fe/H]) of 0. Its luminosity () is 15% that of the Sun.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: hot spots

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: luminosity () is 15% that of the Sun

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: nuclear explosions

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: a coronal mass ejection

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: K2-33

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: luminosity

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: (M-type) pre-main-sequence star

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: 9.3 million years old.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: (M-type) pre-main-sequence star

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: K2-33.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: pre-main-sequence star

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: luminosity

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: K2-33.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: K2-33.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: K2-33.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: K2-33.

text: In the absence of other information, the axis of rotation is assumed to be normal to the mean orbital plane; Mercury and most of the satellites are in this category. For many of the satellites, it is assumed that the rotation rate is equal to the mean orbital period. In the case of the giant planets, since their surface features are constantly changing and moving at various rates, the rotation of their magnetic fields is used as a reference instead. In the case of the Sun, even this criterion fails (because its magnetosphere is very complex and does not really rotate in a steady fashion), and an agreed-upon value for the rotation of its equator is used instead.

text: In the absence of other information, the axis of rotation is assumed to be normal to the mean

text: orbital plane

text: Mercury

text: and most of the satellites are in this category. For many of the satellites, it is assumed that the rotation rate is equal to the mean

text: orbital period

text: . In the case of the

text: giant planets

text: , since their surface features are constantly changing and moving at various rates, the rotation of their

text: magnetic field

text: s is used as a reference instead. In the case of the

text: Sun

text: , even this criterion fails (because its magnetosphere is very complex and does not really rotate in a steady fashion), and an agreed-upon value for the rotation of its equator is used instead.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: magnetic fields

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: does not really rotate in a steady fashion

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: nuclear explosions

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: does not really rotate in a steady fashion

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: surface features

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: does not really rotate in a steady fashion),

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Mercury

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Mercury

text: Chankillo is one of the Early Horizon ruins of most interest. Dating from as early as 350 BCE, Chankillo incorporated a fortress, a solar observatory, and ceremonial areas. The observatory, called the Thirteen Towers of Chankillo, permitted an observer to determine a precise date of the year by observing the position of the sun at sunrise and sunset on the towers. Chankillo and other structures of the Casma/Sechin culture were partially destroyed and their use abandoned in an apparent conflict about 100 BCE.

text: Chankillo is one of the Early Horizon ruins of most interest. Dating from as early as 350 BCE, Chankillo incorporated a fortress, a solar observatory, and ceremonial areas. The observatory, called the Thirteen Towers of Chankillo, permitted an observer to determine a precise date of the year by observing the position of the sun at sunrise and sunset on the towers. Chankillo and other structures of the Casma/Sechin culture were partially destroyed and their use abandoned in an apparent conflict about 100 BCE.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: a precise date of the year

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: Casma

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar observatories

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: suns

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar observatory

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: position of the sun

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: position of the sun

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: Casma/Sechin

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sun

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Chankillo

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunrise and sunset on the towers.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: sun

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the position of the sun at sunrise and sunset on the towers.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: sun

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: partially destroyed and their use abandoned in an apparent conflict about 100 BCE.

text: HD 3240 is a 5th magnitude star in the constellation Cassiopeia, approximately 510 light years away from Earth. It is a bluish white giant star of the spectral type B7III, meaning its surface temperature is at least twice as hot as that of the Sun, and it is many times larger and brighter.

text: HD 3240 is a 5th magnitude star in the constellation

text: Cassiopeia

text: , approximately 510

text: light year

text: s away from

text: Earth

text: . It is a bluish white

text: giant star

text: of the

text: spectral type

text: B7III, meaning its surface temperature is at least twice as hot as that of the Sun, and it is many times larger and brighter.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: hot spots

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: hotter than that of the Sun

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: giant stars

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: What is the star called?

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: hot

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: HD 3240

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: surface temperature is at least twice as hot

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: surface temperature is at least twice as hot

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: giant star

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: star in the constellation Cassiopeia,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: bluish white giant star of the spectral type B7III,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: HD 3240

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: HD 3240

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: 510 light years

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: twice as hot as that of the Sun,

text: The biggest technical challenge that has faced the probe designers is the heat to which the latter is subject when it is near the sun. At 0.3 astronomical units from the Sun which undergoes heat flow is 11 solar constant (11 times the amount of received heat in the Earth's orbit) or 22,4 kW per square meter exposed. The temperature can then reach 370 °C. The solar cells and the central compartment of the equipment and instruments are located must be maintained at much lower temperatures. The solar cell should not exceed 165 °C, while the central compartment should be maintained between -10 °C and + 20 °C (or 14 °F and 68 °F). These restrictions require to reject 96% of the heat received from the sun. The conical shape of the solar panels is one of the measures taken to reduce the flow of heat. By tilting the solar panels with respect to sunlight arriving perpendicularly to the axis of the probe, reflected a greater proportion of the solar radiation. Furthermore, as discussed above, the solar panels are covered 50% of its surface mirrors developed by NASA dubbed Second Surface Mirrors (SSM). These are made of fused quartz, with a silver film on the inner face, which is itself covered with a dielectric material. The central compartment sides are entirely covered by these mirrors. For additional protection, multi-layer insulation, consisting of 18 layers of 0.25 mm Mylar or Kapton (depending on location) held apart from each other by small plastic pins intended to prevent the formation of thermal bridges, was used to partially cover the core compartment. In addition to these passive devices, the probe uses an active system based on a system of movable louvers in a star lining the bottom and top side of the compartment. The opening thereof is controlled separately by a bimetal spring whose length varies depending on the temperature and causes the opening or closing of the shutter. Resistors are also used to keep a temperature sufficient for certain equipment.

text: The biggest technical challenge that has faced the probe designers is the heat to which the latter is subject when it is near the sun. At 0.3

text: astronomical units

text: from the Sun which undergoes heat flow is 11 solar constant (11 times the amount of received heat in the Earth's orbit) or 22,4

text: kW

text: per square meter exposed. The temperature can then reach 370 °C. The

text: solar cells

text: and the central compartment of the equipment and instruments are located must be maintained at much lower temperatures. The

text: solar cell

text: should not exceed 165 °C, while the central compartment should be maintained between -10 °C and + 20 °C (or 14 °F and 68 °F). These restrictions require to reject 96% of the heat received from the sun. The conical shape of the solar panels is one of the measures taken to reduce the flow of heat. By tilting the solar panels with respect to sunlight arriving perpendicularly to the axis of the probe, reflected a greater proportion of the

text: solar radiation

text: . Furthermore, as discussed above, the solar panels are covered 50% of its surface mirrors developed by

text: NASA

text: dubbed Second Surface Mirrors (SSM). These are made of fused quartz, with a silver film on the inner face, which is itself covered with a dielectric material. The central compartment sides are entirely covered by these mirrors. For additional protection,

text: multi-layer insulation

text: , consisting of 18 layers of 0.25 mm

text: Mylar

text: or

text: Kapton

text: (depending on location) held apart from each other by small plastic pins intended to prevent the formation of thermal bridges, was used to partially cover the core compartment. In addition to these passive devices, the probe uses an active system based on a system of movable louvers in a star lining the bottom and top side of the compartment. The opening thereof is controlled separately by a bimetal spring whose length varies depending on the temperature and causes the opening or closing of the shutter. Resistors are also used to keep a temperature sufficient for certain equipment.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar constant

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: At 0.3 astronomical units from the Sun which undergoes heat flow is 11 solar constant

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: nuclear explosions

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can prominences last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: Second Surface Mirrors

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: Second Surface Mirrors

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: Second Surface Mirrors

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Second Surface Mirrors

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: near the sun.

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: star

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Second Surface Mirrors

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Second Surface Mirrors

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Second Surface Mirrors

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Second Surface Mirrors

text: Dr. Bernard Lyot developed the first coronagraph to study the Sun's corona. Improved coronagraphs are used at the High Altitude Observatory by Dr. Walter Roberts and at the Evans Solar Facility by Dr. J. W. Evans. Dr. Donald H. Menzel was the first to use the coronagraph in America. These coronagraphs are used to film structures on the Sun called prominences and spicules which show matter flowing on the surface in structures many times the size of the earth. Often matter appears from nowhere to flow down into a sunspot which is sometimes referred to as Coronal Rain. The largest recorded prominence was captured at the High Altitude Observatory in Colorado on June 4, 1946 as it left the Sun at 400,000 miles per hour.

text: Dr. Bernard Lyot

text: developed the first

text: coronagraph

text: to study the Sun's corona. Improved coronagraphs are used at the

text: High Altitude Observatory

text: by

text: Dr. Walter Roberts

text: and at the

text: Evans Solar Facility

text: by

text: Dr. J. W. Evans

text: Dr. Donald H. Menzel

text: was the first to use the coronagraph in America. These coronagraphs are used to film structures on the Sun called

text: prominences

text: and

text: spicules

text: which show matter flowing on the surface in structures many times the size of the earth. Often matter appears from nowhere to flow down into a sunspot which is sometimes referred to as

text: Coronal Rain

text: . The largest recorded prominence was captured at the High Altitude Observatory in Colorado on June 4, 1946 as it left the Sun at 400,000 miles per hour.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: matter flowing on the surface

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: matter appears from nowhere

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: a sunspot

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: structures on the Sun

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: Coronal Rain.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: Often matter appears from nowhere to flow down

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspot

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sunspot

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Sun's corona.

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: structures

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: prominences

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Sun's corona.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: many times the size of the earth.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: sunspot

text: is its orbital angular velocity. That of Jupiter contributes the bulk of the Solar System's angular momentum, 60.3%. Then comes Saturn at 24.5%, Neptune at 7.9%, and Uranus at 5.3%. The Sun forms a counterbalance to all of the planets, so it is near the barycenter when Jupiter is on one side and the other three jovian planets are diametrically opposite on the other side, but the Sun moves to 2.17 solar radii away from the barycenter when all jovian planets are in line on other side. The orbital angular momenta of the Sun and all non-jovian planets, moons, and small Solar System bodies, as well as the axial rotation momenta of all bodies, including the Sun, total only about 2%.

text: is its orbital angular velocity. That of Jupiter contributes the bulk of the Solar System's angular momentum, 60.3%. Then comes Saturn at 24.5%, Neptune at 7.9%, and Uranus at 5.3%. The

text: Sun

text: forms a counterbalance to all of the planets, so it is near the barycenter when Jupiter is on one side and the other three jovian planets are diametrically opposite on the other side, but the Sun moves to 2.17 solar radii away from the barycenter when all jovian planets are in line on other side. The orbital angular momenta of the Sun and all non-jovian planets, moons, and

text: small Solar System bodies

text: , as well as the axial rotation momenta of all bodies, including the Sun, total only about 2%.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: the Sun forms a counterbalance to all of the planets

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: nuclear explosions

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: What is the name of the solar storm that occurs when the Sun's magnetic field changes direction?

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Solar System

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: radii

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the Solar System

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: orbital angular velocity.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: The Sun forms a counterbalance to all of the planets,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: angular momentum,

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: 2%.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: orbital angular velocity.

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: orbital angular velocity.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: 5.3%.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Solar System's

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: 2.17 solar radii

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: 2%.

text: Prior to the arrival of the Dawn spacecraft, some Vestan surface features had already been resolved using the Hubble Space Telescope and ground-based telescopes (e.g. the Keck Observatory).The arrival of Dawn in July 2011 revealed the complex surface of Vesta in detail.

text: Prior to the arrival of the

text: Dawn spacecraft

text: , some Vestan surface features had already been resolved using the

text: Hubble Space Telescope

text: and ground-based telescopes (e.g. the

text: Keck Observatory

text: ).The arrival of Dawn in July 2011 revealed the complex surface of Vesta in detail.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: nuclear explosions

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Vestan

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Vesta

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: features

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: Vestan surface features had already been resolved using the Hubble Space Telescope

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: Hubble Space Telescope

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Hubble Space Telescope

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Vestan

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: Vestan surface features had already been resolved using the Hubble Space Telescope

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Prior to the arrival of the Dawn spacecraft,

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Vesta

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Prior to the arrival of the Dawn spacecraft,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Prior to the arrival of the Dawn spacecraft,

text: With the large craters Cyrillus and Theophilus in the north, Catharina forms a prominent grouping that is framed by the curve of the Rupes Altai. Together they form a notable feature when the Sun is at a low angle to the surface. There is also a distinct difference in the ages of these three craters, with the age increasing significantly from north to south.

text: With the large craters

text: Cyrillus

text: and

text: Theophilus

text: in the north, Catharina forms a prominent grouping that is framed by the curve of the Rupes Altai. Together they form a notable feature when the Sun is at a low angle to the surface. There is also a distinct difference in the ages of these three craters, with the age increasing significantly from north to south.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: when the Sun is at a low angle

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: low angle to the surface

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: craters

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: the Sun at a low angle to the surface

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: low angle to the surface

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: when the Sun is at a low angle to the surface.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: the Sun is at a low angle to the surface.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: craters

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: the Sun is at a low angle to the surface.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun is at a low angle to the surface.

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: low angle to the surface.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Sun is at a low angle to the surface.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the Sun is at a low angle to the surface.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: the Sun is at a low angle to the surface.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Sun is at a low angle to the surface.

text: 'Sun Flare' is a floribunda rose cultivar that was bred in the United States in 1981 by William A. Warriner. Its scientific name is 'JACjem', after the company which introduced the rose commercially, Jackson & Perkins Co., but is known to most by its common name,  'Sun Flare' or  'Sunflare'.

text: 'Sun Flare' is a

text: floribunda

text: rose

text: cultivar

text: that was bred in the United States in 1981 by William A. Warriner. Its scientific name is 'JACjem', after the company which introduced the rose commercially,

text: Jackson & Perkins Co.

text: , but is known to most by its common name,  'Sun Flare' or  'Sunflare'.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: they are formed by the heat of the sun

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: Sun flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar system

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can prominences last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Sun Flare

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: floribunda rose

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: 'Sun Flare'

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: 'Sun Flare'

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: 'Sun Flare'

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: rose cultivar that was bred in the United States

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: 'Sun Flare'

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: 'Sun Flare'

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: 'Sun Flare'

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: 'Sun Flare'

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: 'Sun Flare'

text: In 1760 Alexander Wilson was installed as professor of practical astronomy. His interest in sun spots made Macfarlane Observatory an early contributor to solar physics as Wilson described the surface of the Sun. Observing the variation in width of the penumbra of a sunspot near the limb, he concluded the sunspots were depressions in the generally spherical photosphere. The phenomenon is called the Wilson effect to acknowledge his early observations.

text: In 1760

text: Alexander Wilson

text: was installed as professor of practical astronomy. His interest in

text: sun spot

text: s made Macfarlane Observatory an early contributor to

text: solar physics

text: as Wilson described the surface of the Sun. Observing the variation in width of the

text: penumbra

text: of a sunspot near the limb, he concluded the sunspots were depressions in the generally spherical

text: photosphere

text: . The phenomenon is called the

text: Wilson effect

text: to acknowledge his early observations.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: depressions

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: the Wilson effect to acknowledge his early observations

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar physics

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: depressions

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: depressions in the generally spherical photosphere.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspot

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Wilson effect

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: depressions in the generally spherical photosphere.

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: depressions in the generally spherical photosphere.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: sunspot

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar physics

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Sun.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Wilson effect

text: Unlike the familiar shape of the field from a bar magnet, the Sun's extended field is twisted into an arithmetic spiral by the magnetohydrodynamic influence of the solar wind. The solar wind travels outward from the Sun at a uniform rate, but an individual jet of solar wind from a particular feature on the Sun's surface rotates with the solar rotation, making a spiral pattern in space. Unlike the jet from a sprinkler, the solar wind is tied to the magnetic field by MHD effects, so that magnetic field lines are tied to the material in the jet and take on an arithmetic spiral shape.The cause of the ballerina spiral shape has sometimes been called the "garden sprinkler effect" or "garden hose effect", because it is likened to a lawn sprinkler with nozzle that moves up and down while it spins. The stream of water represents the Solar Wind.

text: Unlike the familiar shape of the field from a bar

text: magnet

text: , the Sun's extended field is twisted into an

text: arithmetic spiral

text: by the

text: magnetohydrodynamic

text: influence of the

text: solar wind

text: . The

text: solar wind

text: travels outward from the Sun at a uniform rate, but an individual jet of solar wind from a particular feature on the Sun's surface rotates with the

text: solar rotation

text: , making a spiral pattern in space. Unlike the jet from a sprinkler, the solar wind is tied to the

text: magnetic field

text: by

text: MHD

text: effects, so that magnetic field lines are tied to the material in the jet and take on an arithmetic spiral shape.The cause of the ballerina spiral shape has sometimes been called the "garden sprinkler effect" or "garden hose effect", because it is likened to a

text: lawn sprinkler

text: with nozzle that moves up and down while it spins. The stream of water represents the Solar Wind.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: feature on the Sun's surface

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: an individual jet of solar wind from a particular feature on the Sun's surface rotates with the solar rotation

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar storms

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: The solar wind travels outward from the Sun

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: feature on the Sun's surface

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar wind

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: a particular feature on the Sun's surface

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: an individual jet of solar wind

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar wind.

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar wind.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Sun's surface

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: a particular feature on the Sun's surface

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: solar wind.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar wind.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: The solar wind travels outward from the Sun

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: solar wind.

text: At first sight, the defining feature of a mere is its breadth in relation to its shallow depth. This means that it has a large surface in proportion to the volume of water it contains. However, there is a limiting depth beyond which a lake does not behave as a mere since the sun does not warm the deeper water and the wind does not mix it. Here, a thermocline develops but where the limiting dimensions lie is influenced by the sunniness and windiness of the site and the murkiness of the water. This last usually depends on how eutrophic (rich in plant nutrients) the water is. Nonetheless, in general, with the enlargement of the extent of a mere, the depth has to become proportionately less if it is to behave as a mere.

text: At first sight, the defining feature of a mere is its breadth in relation to its shallow depth. This means that it has a large surface in proportion to the volume of water it contains. However, there is a limiting depth beyond which a lake does not behave as a mere since the sun does not warm the deeper water and the wind does not mix it. Here, a thermocline develops but where the limiting dimensions lie is influenced by the sunniness and windiness of the site and the murkiness of the water. This last usually depends on how eutrophic (rich in plant nutrients) the water is. Nonetheless, in general, with the enlargement of the extent of a mere, the depth has to become proportionately less if it is to behave as a mere.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: nuclear explosions

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: a mere

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar dynamics

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: sunniness

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: sunniness

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: thermocline

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: thermocline

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: sunniness

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunniness

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: At first sight, the defining feature of a mere

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: a mere

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: the sun does not warm the deeper water

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: mere is its breadth in relation to its shallow depth.

text: Flares are most commonly gravity-fed from a dispenser inside  the aircraft's fuselage. These dispensers can be programmed by the pilot or ground crew to dispense flares in short intervals, one at a time, long intervals, or in clusters. Most currently used flares are of the pyrophoric variety, and thus the dispensers do not have to ignite and deploy the flare at the same time. With pyrotechnic flares, a lanyard automatically pulls off a friction cap covering the exposed end of the flare as it falls from the dispenser. A friction surface inside the cap rubs against the exposed end of the flare (similar to a match-head and striking surface) and ignites the flare.

text: Flares are most commonly gravity-fed from a dispenser inside  the aircraft's fuselage. These dispensers can be programmed by the pilot or ground crew to dispense flares in short intervals, one at a time, long intervals, or in clusters. Most currently used flares are of the pyrophoric variety, and thus the dispensers do not have to ignite and deploy the flare at the same time. With pyrotechnic flares, a lanyard automatically pulls off a friction cap covering the exposed end of the flare as it falls from the dispenser. A friction surface inside the cap rubs against the exposed end of the flare (similar to a match-head and striking surface) and ignites the flare.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: most commonly gravity-fed from a dispenser inside the aircraft's fuselage

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: pyrophoric

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar system

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Flares

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: pyrophoric variety,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: dispensers do not have to ignite and deploy the flare at the same time.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: pyrophoric

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Flares are most commonly gravity-fed

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: clusters.

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: pyrophoric

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: pyrophoric

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Flares

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: ground crew

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Flares

text: Reflective surfaces are surfaces that can deliver high solar reflectance (the ability to reflect the visible, infrared and ultraviolet wavelengths of the sun, reducing heat transfer to the surface) and high thermal emittance (the ability to radiate absorbed, or non-reflected solar energy). Reflective surfaces are a form of geoengineering.

text: Reflective surfaces are surfaces that can deliver high

text: solar reflectance

text: (the ability to reflect the visible,

text: infrared

text: and

text: ultraviolet

text: wavelengths of the

text: sun

text: , reducing heat transfer to the surface) and high

text: thermal emittance

text: (the ability to radiate absorbed, or non-reflected solar energy). Reflective surfaces are a form of

text: geoengineering

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: a form of geoengineering

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: thermal emittance

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar energy

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: ultraviolet wavelengths

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: (the ability to reflect the visible, infrared and ultraviolet wavelengths

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: Reflective surfaces

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sun,

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: sun,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sun,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Reflective surfaces

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: sun,

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: sun,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: radiate absorbed, or non-reflected solar energy).

text: Richard Carrington, an amateur astronomer, moved to Redhill in 1852, and built a house and observatory. Dome Way, where Redhill's only tower block stands, is named after it. The site suited an isolated observatory, being on a spur of high ground surrounded by lower fields and marsh. Here in 1859 he made astronomical observations that first corroborated the existence of solar flares as well as their electrical influence upon the Earth and its aurorae. In 1863 he published records of sunspot observations that first demonstrated differential rotation in the Sun. In 1865 ill health prompted him to sell his house and move to Churt, Surrey.

text: Richard Carrington

text: , an

text: amateur astronomer

text: , moved to Redhill in 1852, and built a house and observatory. Dome Way, where Redhill's only tower block stands, is named after it. The site suited an isolated observatory, being on a spur of high ground surrounded by lower fields and marsh. Here in 1859 he made

text: astronomical observation

text: s that first corroborated the existence of

text: solar flare

text: s as well as their

text: electrical influence upon the Earth

text: and its

text: aurorae

text: . In 1863 he published records of

text: sunspot

text: observations that first demonstrated

text: differential rotation

text: in the

text: Sun

text: . In 1865 ill health prompted him to sell his house and move to

text: Churt, Surrey

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: differential rotation in the Sun

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sunspot

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspot

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: how long can sunspots last

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: differential rotation in the Sun.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: differential rotation in the Sun.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Sun.

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspot

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: sunspot

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Sun.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: solar flares

text: The variability of BY Draconis is caused by activity in the stellar photosphere called starspots, which are comparable to sunspots on the Sun, in combination with rapid rotation that changes the viewing angle of the activity relative to the observer. This variation has an average periodicity of 3.8285 days, but the brightness also changes over the course of several years—depending on the level of surface activity. Most observers believe that the primary star (A) is responsible for the variability as the secondary produces only a third of the total luminosity from the system. However, the spots may occur on both stars. Unlike the Sun, these spots may occur in the polar regions of the stars.

text: The variability of BY Draconis is caused by activity in the stellar

text: photosphere

text: called

text: starspot

text: s, which are comparable to

text: sunspot

text: s on the

text: Sun

text: , in combination with

text: rapid rotation

text: that changes the viewing angle of the activity relative to the observer. This variation has an average periodicity of 3.8285 days, but the brightness also changes over the course of several years—depending on the level of surface activity. Most observers believe that the primary star (A) is responsible for the variability as the secondary produces only a third of the total luminosity from the system. However, the spots may occur on both stars. Unlike the Sun, these spots may occur in the polar regions of the stars.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: activity in the stellar photosphere

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: comparable to sunspots on the Sun

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar photosphere

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can starspots last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: starspots

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: comparable to sunspots on the Sun,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: comparable to sunspots on the Sun,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: starspots,

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: stellar photosphere

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: comparable to sunspots

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: starspots,

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: BY Draconis

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: starspots,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: starspots,

text: Flares occur when sped up charged particles, mainly electrons, interact with the plasma medium.Scientific research suggests that the phenomenon of magnetic reconnection leads to this copious acceleration of charged particles.On the Sun, magnetic reconnection may happen on solar arcades – a series of closely occurring loops of magnetic lines of force. These lines of force quickly reconnect into a low arcade of loops leaving a helix of magnetic field unconnected to the rest of the arcade. The sudden release of energy in this reconnection is the origin of the particle acceleration. The unconnected magnetic helical field and the material that it contains may violently expand outwards forming a coronal mass ejection. This also explains why solar flares typically erupt from what are known as the active regions on the Sun where magnetic fields are much stronger on average.

text: Flares occur when sped up charged particles, mainly electrons, interact with the

text: plasma

text: medium.Scientific research suggests that the phenomenon of

text: magnetic reconnection

text: leads to this copious acceleration of charged particles.On the Sun, magnetic reconnection may happen on solar arcades – a series of closely occurring loops of magnetic lines of force. These lines of force quickly reconnect into a low arcade of loops leaving a helix of magnetic field unconnected to the rest of the arcade. The sudden release of energy in this reconnection is the origin of the particle acceleration. The unconnected magnetic helical field and the material that it contains may violently expand outwards forming a coronal mass ejection. This also explains why solar flares typically erupt from what are known as the active regions on the Sun where magnetic fields are much stronger on average.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: active regions

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: magnetic fields are much stronger on average

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: coronal mass ejection

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: violently expand outwards forming a coronal mass ejection

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: active regions

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: active regions

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: active regions

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: active regions on the Sun where magnetic fields are much stronger on average.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: coronal mass ejection.

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: violently expand outwards

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: active regions

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: active regions

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: coronal mass ejection.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: magnetic reconnection

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Flares

text: Solar sails rely on the fact that light reflected from a surface exerts pressure on the surface. The radiation pressure is small and decreases by the square of the distance from the Sun, but unlike rockets, solar sails require no fuel. Although the thrust is small, it continues as long as the Sun shines and the sail is deployed.

text: Solar sails rely on the fact that light reflected from a surface exerts pressure on the surface. The

text: radiation pressure

text: is small and decreases by the square of the distance from the Sun, but unlike rockets, solar sails require no fuel. Although the thrust is small, it continues as long as the Sun shines and the sail is deployed.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: solar sails require no fuel

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: rockets

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: d).

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar sails

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: Solar sails

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: decreases by the square of the distance from the Sun,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: rockets,

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Solar sails

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Solar sails

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: the Sun,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: The radiation pressure

text: A rough estimate of the maximum temperature can be obtained by assuming that when the Sun is overhead, the surface is in thermal equilibrium with the instantaneous solar radiation. This gives average "sub-solar" temperature of

text: A rough estimate of the maximum temperature can be obtained by assuming that when the Sun is overhead, the surface is in

text: thermal equilibrium

text: with the instantaneous solar radiation. This gives average "sub-solar" temperature of

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: average "sub-solar" temperature

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: nuclear explosions

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: can cause a solar flare

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: overhead

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: it is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar radiation.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: the surface is in thermal equilibrium with the instantaneous solar radiation.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar radiation.

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar radiation.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun is overhead,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: overhead,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: A rough estimate of the maximum temperature

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar radiation.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: the Sun is overhead,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: solar radiation.

text: Coronal loops populate both active and quiet regions of the solar surface. Active regions on the solar surface take up small areas but produce the majority of activity and are often the source of flares and Coronal Mass Ejections due to the intense magnetic field present. Active regions produce 82% of the total coronal heating energy. Coronal holes are open field lines located predominantly in the polar regions of the Sun and are known to be the source of the fast solar wind. The quiet Sun makes up the rest of the solar surface. The quiet Sun, although less active than active regions, is awash with dynamic processes and transient events (bright points, nanoflares and jets). As a general rule, the quiet Sun exists in regions of closed magnetic structures, and active regions are highly dynamic sources of explosive events. It is important to note that observations suggest the whole corona is massively populated by open and closed magnetic fieldlines.

text: Coronal loops populate both active and quiet regions of the solar surface. Active regions on the solar surface take up small areas but produce the majority of activity and are often the source of flares and

text: Coronal Mass Ejection

text: s due to the

text: intense magnetic field

text: present. Active regions produce 82% of the total coronal heating energy. Coronal holes are open field lines located predominantly in the

text: polar

text: regions of the Sun and are known to be the source of the fast

text: solar wind

text: . The quiet Sun makes up the rest of the solar surface. The quiet Sun, although less active than active regions, is awash with

text: dynamic

text: processes and

text: transient

text: events (bright points,

text: nanoflares

text: and jets). As a general rule, the quiet Sun exists in regions of closed magnetic structures, and active regions are highly dynamic sources of explosive events. It is important to note that observations suggest the whole corona is massively populated by open and closed magnetic fieldlines.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: active regions

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: active regions produce 82% of the total coronal heating energy

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: Coronal Mass Ejections

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Coronal Mass Ejections

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar surface

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: active regions

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can a prominence last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the solar surface

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: Coronal loops

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: Active regions

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: Coronal Mass Ejections

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Coronal Mass Ejections

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Coronal loops

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: Coronal loops

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Coronal loops

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Coronal loops populate both active and quiet regions of the solar surface.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Active regions on the solar surface

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Coronal loops

text: Data collected from the IRIS spacecraft has shown that the interface region of the sun is significantly more complex than previously known. This includes features described as solar heat bombs, high-speed plasma jets, nano-flares, and mini-tornadoes. These features are an important step in understanding the transfer of heat to the corona.

text: Data collected from the IRIS spacecraft has shown that the interface region of the sun is significantly more complex than previously known. This includes features described as solar heat bombs, high-speed plasma jets, nano-flares, and mini-tornadoes. These features are an important step in understanding the transfer of heat to the corona.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar heat bombs

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: high-speed plasma jets

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar heat bombs

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: is the transfer of heat to the corona

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the interface region

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: nano-flares

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the interface region

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar heat bombs,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: solar heat bombs,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar heat bombs,

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar heat bombs,

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: interface region

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: nano-flares,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: nano-flares,

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the interface region of the sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: sun

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: solar heat bombs,

text: Coronal mass ejections release huge quantities of matter and electromagnetic radiation into space above the Sun's surface, either near the corona (sometimes called a solar prominence), or farther into the planetary system, or beyond (interplanetary CME). The ejected material is a plasma consisting primarily of electrons and protons. While solar flares are very fast, CMEs are relatively slow.

text: Coronal mass ejections release huge quantities of matter and electromagnetic radiation into space above the Sun's surface, either near the corona (sometimes called a

text: solar prominence

text: ), or farther into the planetary system, or beyond (interplanetary CME). The ejected material is a

text: plasma

text: consisting primarily of

text: electron

text: s and

text: proton

text: s. While solar flares are very fast, CMEs are relatively slow.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: CMEs are relatively slow.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: Coronal Mass Ejections

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: release huge quantities of matter and electromagnetic radiation

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: corona

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: Coronal mass ejections

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: Coronal mass ejections release huge quantities of matter and electromagnetic radiation

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: Coronal mass ejections

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: release huge quantities of matter and electromagnetic radiation

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Sun's surface, either near the corona

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: near the corona

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: solar prominence),

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Coronal mass ejections

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: (interplanetary CME).

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Coronal mass ejections release huge quantities of matter and electromagnetic radiation

text: A total solar eclipse will occur on April 9, 2043. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide.It will be unusual in that while it is a total solar eclipse, it is not a central solar eclipse.

text: A total

text: solar eclipse

text: will occur on April 9, 2043. A

text: solar eclipse

text: occurs when the

text: Moon

text: passes between

text: Earth

text: and the

text: Sun

text: , thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's

text: apparent diameter

text: is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide.It will be unusual in that while it is a total solar eclipse, it is not a central solar eclipse.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: direct sunlight

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: total solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: nuclear explosions

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar system

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can prominences last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: sunlight,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: sunlight,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: 2043.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunlight,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: A total solar eclipse will occur on April 9, 2043.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: A total solar eclipse will occur on April 9, 2043.

text: Coronal rain is a phenomenon that occurs in the sun's corona. It occurs when hot plasma in the corona cools and condenses in strong magnetic fields, usually associated with regions that produce solar flares. The plasma is attracted to the magnetic fields where it condenses and slowly falls back to the solar surface.

text: Coronal rain is a phenomenon that occurs in the

text: sun's

text: corona

text: . It occurs when hot

text: plasma

text: in the corona cools and condenses in strong

text: magnetic field

text: s, usually associated with regions that produce

text: solar flare

text: s. The plasma is attracted to the magnetic fields where it

text: condense

text: s and slowly falls back to the solar surface.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: regions that produce solar flares

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: plasma is attracted to the magnetic fields

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: corona

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Coronal rain

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: regions that produce solar flares.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: hot plasma

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares.

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar flares.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: sun's corona.

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: solar flares.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Coronal rain

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Coronal rain

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: sun's corona.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Coronal rain

text: Light from the sun hitting lunar dust causes it to become charged through the photoelectric effect. The charged dust then repels itself and lifts off the surface of the Moon by electrostatic levitation. This manifests itself almost like an "atmosphere of dust", visible as a thin haze and blurring of distant features, and visible as a dim glow after the sun has set. This was first photographed by the Surveyor program probes in the 1960s. It is thought that the smallest particles are repelled up to kilometers high, and that the particles move in "fountains" as they charge and discharge.

text: Light from the sun hitting lunar dust causes it to become charged through the photoelectric effect. The charged dust then repels itself and lifts off the surface of the

text: Moon

text: by

text: electrostatic levitation

text: . This manifests itself almost like an "atmosphere of dust", visible as a thin haze and blurring of distant features, and visible as a dim glow after the sun has set. This was first photographed by the

text: Surveyor program

text: probes in the 1960s. It is thought that the smallest particles are repelled up to kilometers high, and that the particles move in "fountains" as they charge and discharge.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: a dim glow after the sun has set

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: nuclear explosions

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: visible after the sun has set

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can prominences last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: lunar dust

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: lunar dust

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: electrostatic levitation.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: "fountains"

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: lifts off the surface of the Moon by electrostatic levitation.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: lunar dust

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: charged through the photoelectric effect.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Light from the sun hitting lunar dust

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: lunar dust

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Moon

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Light from the sun

text: The Sun has a magnetic field that varies across the surface of the Sun. Its polar field is , whereas the field is typically  in features on the Sun called sunspots and  in solar prominences.

text: The Sun has a

text: magnetic field

text: that varies across the surface of the Sun. Its polar field is , whereas the field is typically  in features on the Sun called

text: sunspot

text: s and  in

text: solar prominence

text: s.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: features on the Sun

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: varies across the surface

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: can cause a solar flare

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: features on the Sun

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: features on the Sun

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: Its polar field

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar prominences.

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sunspots and in solar prominences.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: features on the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: features

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: solar prominences.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: sunspots and in solar prominences.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: sunspots and in solar prominences.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: sunspots and in solar prominences.

text: In the Northern Hemisphere summer, when the earth’s axial tilt was directed toward the sun, Laurasia would have received the most direct solar insolation. This would have yielded a broad area of warm, rising air and low surface pressure over the continent. Models have suggested that this seasonal low was positioned at 35° latitude, relatively near the Tethys Ocean. In Gondwana, high pressure would have dominated, as the land would have been receiving less solar radiation, and therefore experiencing cooler temperatures.

text: In the

text: Northern Hemisphere

text: summer

text: , when the earth’s

text: axial tilt

text: was directed toward the sun,

text: Laurasia

text: would have received the most direct solar

text: insolation

text: . This would have yielded a broad area of warm, rising air and

text: low surface pressure

text: over the continent. Models have suggested that this seasonal low was positioned at 35° latitude, relatively near the Tethys Ocean. In

text: Gondwana

text: high pressure

text: would have dominated, as the land would have been receiving less solar radiation, and therefore experiencing cooler temperatures.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: direct solar insolation

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: receiving less solar radiation, and therefore experiencing cooler temperatures

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar system

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: suns

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Laurasia

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: most direct solar insolation.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: most direct solar insolation.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar insolation.

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Laurasia would have received the most direct solar insolation.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the earth’s axial tilt was directed toward the sun,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: direct solar insolation.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: solar insolation.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar insolation.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Tethys Ocean.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: solar insolation.

text: The Solar & Heliospheric Observatory, SOHO, is a joint project between NASA and ESA that was launched in December 1995. It was launched to probe the interior of the Sun, make observations of the solar wind and phenomena associated with it and investigate the outer layers of the Sun.

text: The Solar & Heliospheric Observatory, SOHO, is a joint project between

text: NASA

text: and ESA that was launched in December 1995. It was launched to probe the interior of the Sun, make observations of the solar wind and phenomena associated with it and investigate the outer layers of the Sun.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: hot spots

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: the inner layers of the Sun

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar storms

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar wind and phenomena associated with it

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: heliosphere

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the interior of the Sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar wind

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: solar wind

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar wind

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar wind

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: solar wind

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: The Solar & Heliospheric Observatory,

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the interior of the Sun,

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: The Solar & Heliospheric Observatory,

text: The basic spectrohelioscope is a complex machine that uses a spectroscope to scan the surface of the sun.  The image from the objective lens is focused on a narrow slit revealing only a thin portion of the suns surface.  The light is then passed through a prism or diffraction grating to spread the light into a spectrum. The spectrum is then focused on another slit that allows only a narrow part of the spectrum (the desired wavelength of light for viewing) to pass.  The light is finally focused on an eyepiece so the surface of the Sun can be seen.  The view, however, would be only a narrow strip of the Sun's surface.  The slits are moved in unison to scan across the whole surface of the sun giving a full image. Independently nodding mirrors can be used instead of moving slits to produce the same scan: the first mirror selects a slice of the sun, the second selects the desired wavelength.

text: The basic spectrohelioscope is a complex machine that uses a

text: spectroscope

text: to scan the surface of the sun.  The image from the

text: objective lens

text: is focused on a narrow slit revealing only a thin portion of the suns surface.  The light is then passed through a

text: prism

text: or

text: diffraction grating

text: to spread the light into a spectrum. The spectrum is then focused on another slit that allows only a narrow part of the spectrum (the desired wavelength of light for viewing) to pass.  The light is finally focused on an eyepiece so the surface of the Sun can be seen.  The view, however, would be only a narrow strip of the Sun's surface.  The slits are moved in unison to scan across the whole surface of the sun giving a full image. Independently nodding mirrors can be used instead of moving slits to produce the same scan: the first mirror selects a slice of the sun, the second selects the desired wavelength.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: a narrow strip of the Sun's surface

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: nuclear explosions

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: can cause a solar flare

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can prominences last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: sun.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: a narrow strip of the Sun's surface.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: spectrohelioscope

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sun.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: sun.

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sun.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Independently nodding mirrors

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: sun.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: sun.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: The basic spectrohelioscope

text: The solar magnetic field structures the corona, giving it its characteristic shape visible at times of solar eclipses. Complex coronal magnetic field structures evolve in response to fluid motions at the solar surface, and emergence of magnetic flux produced by dynamo action in the solar interior. For reasons not yet understood in detail, sometimes these structures lose stability, leading to coronal mass ejections into interplanetary space, or flares, caused by sudden localized release of magnetic energy driving emission of ultraviolet and X-ray radiation as well as energetic particles. These eruptive phenomena can have a significant impact on Earth's upper atmosphere and space environment, and are the primary drivers of what is now called space weather.

text: The solar magnetic field structures the corona, giving it its characteristic shape visible at times of solar eclipses. Complex coronal magnetic field structures evolve in response to fluid motions at the solar surface, and emergence of

text: magnetic flux

text: produced by

text: dynamo

text: action in the solar interior. For reasons not yet understood in detail, sometimes these structures lose stability, leading to

text: coronal mass ejections

text: into interplanetary space, or

text: flares

text: , caused by sudden localized release of magnetic energy driving emission of ultraviolet and X-ray radiation as well as energetic particles. These eruptive phenomena can have a significant impact on Earth's upper atmosphere and space environment, and are the primary drivers of what is now called

text: space weather

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: coronal magnetic field structures

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: can have a significant impact on Earth's upper atmosphere and space environment

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: can have a significant impact on Earth's upper atmosphere

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar surface

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: corona

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar magnetic field structures

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: sudden localized release of magnetic energy

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: these structures lose stability,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: flares,

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: coronal mass ejections into interplanetary space,

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar surface,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: corona,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: solar eclipses.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: The solar magnetic field

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: interplanetary space,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: space weather.

text: |-| 8401 Assirelli || 1994 DA || Giuseppe Assirelli, Italian photographer †|-id=403| 8403 Minorushimizu || 1994 JG || Minoru Shimizu (b. 1928) worked at the Tokyo Astronomical Observatory for 40 years, first with the solar-tower telescope at Mitaka (participating in several eclipse expeditions) and later as chief of the technical staff at Okayama. He also worked at Kiso, as well as at public observatories like Bisei, Rikubetsu and Gunma. |-id=405| 8405 Asbolus || 1995 GO || The "black one", Asbolus was the centaur who supposedly made forecasts from the flight formations of birds. He caused the battle between the centaurs and Heracles and thus was indirectly responsible for the deaths of Pholus and Chiron. |-id=406| 8406 Iwaokusano || 1995 HJ || Iwao Kusano (1908-1999), an orthopedist and an amateur astronomer. |-id=407| 8407 Houlahan || 1995 ON || Padraig Houlahan (b. 1958), a computer expert at various institutions, lately at Lowell Observatory. |-id=408| 8408 Strom ||  || At the Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, Robert G. Strom (b. 1933) studied the cratering record on the terrestrial planets and their satellites. He participated in both manned and unmanned exploration of the solar system and has searched for evidence of ancient oceans and ice sheets on Mars. |-id=409| 8409 Valentaugustus ||  || Valentin Augustus Weber, 19th-century German-American stained-glass designer and constructor and mahogany furniture builder, grandfather of the discovery team leader |-id=410| 8410 Hiroakiohno ||  || Hiroaki Ohno (b. 1948), director of Hoshinomura Observatory in Fukushima prefecture. |-id=411| 8411 Celso || 1996 TO || Celso Macor (1925–1998), a poet in the Italian region of Friuli. |-id=413| 8413 Kawakami ||  || Isamu Kawakami (b. 1948), a member of Shirakawa Observatory in Japan and Chiro Observatory in Australia. |-id=414| 8414 Atsuko ||  || Atsuko Tsuji (b. 1953), a science journalist from Asahi Shinbun. |-id=416| 8416 Okada ||  || Yoshiyuki Okada (b. 1947), a member of Shirakawa Observatory in Japan and Chiro Observatory in Australia. |-id=417| 8417 Lancetaylor ||  || Lance Taylor, science educator †|-id=418| 8418 Mogamigawa ||  || Mogamigawa River, the longest river in the discoverer's home prefecture of Yamagata. |-id=419| 8419 Terumikazumi ||  || Brothers Terumi (b. 1947) and Kazumi Akiyama (b. 1952), members of Shirakawa Observatory in Japan and Chiro Observatory in Australia. |-id=420| 8420 Angrogna || 1996 WQ || Angrogna, a village nestled in the Cottian Alps, in the Piedmont region of Italy. |-id=421| 8421 Montanari ||  || Geminiano Montanari, Italian mathematician|-id=422| 8422 Mohorovičić ||  || Andrija Mohorovičić, Croatian seismologist †|-id=423| 8423 Macao ||  || Macau, the beautiful peninsula near Zhuhai. |-id=424| 8424 Toshitsumita || 1997 CP || Tsumita Toshi-hisa (b.1924) joined the Solar Physics Division of the Tokyo Astronomical Observatory in 1950 to study and observe the sun. After retiring in 1987, he contributed to the popularization of astronomy as a member of the Public Information Office at the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan. |-id=425| 8425 Zirankexuejijin ||  || The concatenation Zi Ran, Ke Xue, Ji Jin, or "Nature", "Science", "Fund", is derived from Guo Jia Zi Ran Ke Xue Ji Jin Wei Yuan Hui, "The National Science Foundation of China", which is celebrating its fifteenth anniversary. The Foundation provides support for the Xinglong program. |-id=428| 8428 Okiko ||  || Okiko Seki, wife of the discoverer, Tsutomu Seki. |-id=430| 8430 Florey ||  || Howard Walter Florey, pathologist who shared the 1945 Nobel Prize for physiology and medicine|-id=431| 8431 Haseda ||  || Haseda Katsumi, Japanese amateur astronomer . |-id=432| 8432 Tamakasuga ||  || Ryoji Matsumoto (b. 1972), Japanese sumo wrestler whose professional name is Tamakasuga. |-id=433| 8433 Brachyrhynchus || 2561 P-L || Pink-footed goose (Anser brachyrhynchus). |-id=434| 8434 Columbianus || 6571 P-L || Tundra swan (Cygnus columbianus). |-id=435| 8435 Anser || 6643 P-L || Greylag goose (Anser anser). |-id=436| 8436 Leucopsis || 2259 T-1 || Barnacle goose (Branta leucopsis). |-id=437| 8437 Bernicla || 3057 T-1 || Brent goose (Branta bernicla). |-id=438| 8438 Marila || 4825 T-1 || Greater scaup (Aythya marila). |-id=439| 8439 Albellus || 2034 T-2 || Smew (Mergellus albellus). |-id=440| 8440 Wigeon || 1017 T-3 || Wigeon (Anas penelope). |-id=441| 8441 Lapponica || 4008 T-3 || Bar-tailed godwit (Limosa lapponica). |-id=442| 8442 Ostralegus || 4237 T-3 || Eurasian oystercatcher (Haematopus ostralegus). |-id=443| 8443 Svecica || 4343 T-3 || Bluethroat (Luscinia svecica). |-id=444| 8444 Popovich ||  || Pavel Romanovich Popovich (b. 1930), a Soviet cosmonaut. |-id=445| 8445 Novotroitskoe ||  || This minor planet is being named on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the signing of the friendship agreement between Novotroitskoe, the district center of the Chersonian region in Ukraine, and the town of Genichesk, Ukraine. |-id=446| 8446 Tazieff ||  || Haroun Tazieff, French vulcanologist |-id=447| 8447 Cornejo || 1974 OE || Antonio Cornejo, Argentinian founder and director of the Galileo Galilei planetarium in Buenos Aires |-id=448| 8448 Belyakina ||  || Tamara Sergeevna Belyakina (born 1934), astrophysicist and stellar photometrist who worked at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory from 1955 to 1990. |-id=449| 8449 Maslovets ||  || Bogdan Pavlovich Maslovets (born 1940), an electrical engineer at Zaporozhye Transformer Works in Ukraine. |-id=450| 8450 Egorov ||  ||Vsevolod Aleksandrovich Egorov (1930–2001) was one of the founders of the modern theory of the space flight dynamics. |-id=451| 8451 Gaidai ||  || Leonid Iovich Gaidai (1923–1993), a prominent Soviet film producer and Peoples' Artist of the U.S.S.R. |-id=452| 8452 Clay || 1978 WB || Landon and Livinia Clay, steadfast friends of science and the arts, Harvard University and the Smithsonian Institution. |-id=454| 8454 Micheleferrero ||  || Michele Ferrero (1925-2015), an Italian entrepreneur, who put proceeds of his success into a foundation active in the fields of welfare, culture and art. |-id=455| 8455 Johnrayner ||  || John T. Rayner (born 1954), an astronomer at the University of Hawaii's Institute for Astronomy and Deputy Director of the NASA Infrared Telescope Facility. |-id=456| 8456 Davegriep ||  || David M. Griep (born 1957) has been a telescope operator for the NASA Infrared Telescope Facility on Mauna Kea, Hawaii since 1982. |-id=457| 8457 Billgolisch ||  || William F. Golisch (born 1958) has been a telescope operator for the NASA Infrared Telescope Facility on Mauna Kea, Hawaii since 1984. |-id=458| 8458 Georgekoenig ||  || George Koenig (born 1945), the observatory superintendent for the NASA Infrared Telescope Facility on Mauna Kea, Hawaii. |-id=459| 8459 Larsbergknut ||  || Lars V. Bergknut (born 1947), the observatory foreman and instrument technician for the NASA Infrared Telescope Facility on Mauna Kea, Hawaii. |-id=460| 8460 Imainamahoe ||  || Imai Namahoe (born 1954), an electronics technician for the NASA Infrared Telescope Facility on Mauna Kea, Hawaii. |-id=461| 8461 Sammiepung ||  || Sammie J. Pung (born 1958) is a mechanical technician for the NASA Infrared Telescope Facility on Mauna Kea, Hawaii. |-id=462| 8462 Hazelsears ||  || Hazel Sears (b. 1948), managing editor of Meteoritics and Planetary Science (1990-2000) and subsequently Meteorite magazine. |-id=463| 8463 Naomimurdoch ||  || Naomi Murdoch (born 1984) completed her Ph.D. at The Open University, United Kingdom in 2012. Using microgravity flight experiments and numerical modeling, she investigated the behavior of granular material under minor-planet-like low-gravity surface conditions. |-id=464| 8464 Polishook ||  || David L. Polishook (born 1976), a Postdoctoral Fellow at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. |-id=465| 8465 Bancelin ||  || David Bancelin (born 1978), an astronomer at the Institut de Mécanique Céleste et de Calcul des Éphémérides at the Paris Observatory. |-id=466| 8466 Leyrat ||  || Cedric Leyrat (born 1978), an astronomer at the Paris Observatory in Meudon. |-id=467| 8467 Benoîtcarry ||  || Benoît Carry, a Research Fellow at the European Space Astronomy Centre, Spain. |-id=468| 8468 Rhondastroud ||  || Rhonda M. Stroud (born 1971), a planetary scientist at the Naval Research Laboratory. |-id=470| 8470 Dudinskaya ||  || Natalya Dudinskaya, Russian ballerina. |-id=471| 8471 Obrant ||  || The ballet-master, producer and teacher-humanist Arkadij Efimovich Obrant (1906–1974) organized and headed a children's dancing ensemble during the siege of Leningrad in 1942–1945. The first Obrant contest of choreographic art took place in St. Petersburg in March 2002. |-id=472| 8472 Tarroni || 1983 TC || Gino Tarroni, Italian amateur astronomer. |-id=474| 8474 Rettig ||  || Terrence W. Rettig (born 1946), a planetary astronomer and educator at the University of Notre Dame. |-id=475| 8475 Vsevoivanov ||  || Vsevolod Vladimirovich Ivanov (born 1934) is a professor at St. Petersburg University. |-id=477| 8477 Andrejkiselev ||  || Andrej Petrovich Kiselev (1852-1940), a Russian teacher of mathematics. |-id=482| 8482 Wayneolm ||  || Wayne Olm (born 1943), a science educator for the Green Bay, Wisconsin, public schools and the Wisconsin Space Grant College. |-id=483| 8483 Kinwalaniihsia ||  || Daryl Baldwin (born 1962), whose traditional name Kinwalaniihsia means hawk in the Myaamia language, is director of the Myaamia Project at Miami University in Ohio. |-id=485| 8485 Satoru || 1989 FL || Satoru Honda, wife of astronomer Minoru Honda. |-id=488| 8488 d'Argens ||  || Jean-Baptiste de Boyer, marquis d'Argens, a French writer and freethinker. |-id=489| 8489 Boulder ||  || Boulder, Colorado, USA. |-id=491| 8491 Joelle-gilles ||  || Joelle (b. 1978) and Gilles (b. 1980) are the children of Martina Devos and Alain Meerbergen, close friends of the discoverer and his family. |-id=492| 8492 Kikuoka || 1990 BZ || Hidekazu Kikuoka (b. 1941), a planetarium educator at the Osaka Municipal Electric Science Museum and at the Science Museum of Osaka. |-id=493| 8493 Yachibozu ||  || Yachibozu (tussocks), often seen in the Kushiro Marsh on the island of Hokkaido |-id=494| 8494 Edpatvega ||  || Ed (b. 1931) and Pat (b. 1944) Vega have been a dynamic astronomical team for many years. Drawing on his experience as a pathologist, Ed Vega has completed a study, called "Comet Disaster", of the long-term effects to humanity of a large comet's impact on the earth. |-id=496| 8496 Jandlsmith ||  || Named in honor of Jim and Laurie Smith in recognition of their generosity and wisdom in the support of forefront tools to explore the heavens to the benefit of all of humanity. Most especially, their support was crucial for Harvard University's participation in the Magellan Project. |-id=498| 8498 Ufa ||  || Ufa, a large industrial and cultural center in the south Urals. |-id=500| 8500 Hori || 1990 TU || Gen-Ichiro Hori (b. 1930), professor emeritus at Tokyo University. |}

text: 8401 Assirelli

text: || 1994 DA ||

text: Giuseppe Assirelli

text: , Italian photographer †|-id=403|

text: 8403 Minorushimizu

text: || 1994 JG || Minoru Shimizu (b. 1928) worked at the Tokyo Astronomical Observatory for 40 years, first with the solar-tower telescope at Mitaka (participating in several eclipse expeditions) and later as chief of the technical staff at Okayama. He also worked at Kiso, as well as at public observatories like Bisei, Rikubetsu and Gunma. |-id=405|

text: 8405 Asbolus

text: || 1995 GO || The "black one",

text: Asbolus

text: was the centaur who supposedly made forecasts from the flight formations of birds. He caused the battle between the centaurs and Heracles and thus was indirectly responsible for the deaths of

text: Pholus

text: and

text: Chiron

text: . |-id=406|

text: 8406 Iwaokusano

text: || 1995 HJ || Iwao Kusano (1908-1999), an orthopedist and an amateur astronomer. |-id=407|

text: 8407 Houlahan

text: || 1995 ON || Padraig Houlahan (b. 1958), a computer expert at various institutions, lately at Lowell Observatory. |-id=408|

text: 8408 Strom

text: ||  || At the Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, Robert G. Strom (b. 1933) studied the cratering record on the terrestrial planets and their satellites. He participated in both manned and unmanned exploration of the solar system and has searched for evidence of ancient oceans and ice sheets on Mars. |-id=409|

text: 8409 Valentaugustus

text: Valentin Augustus Weber

text: , 19th-century German-American stained-glass designer and constructor and mahogany furniture builder, grandfather of the discovery team leader |-id=410|

text: 8410 Hiroakiohno

text: ||  || Hiroaki Ohno (b. 1948), director of

text: Hoshinomura Observatory

text: in

text: Fukushima prefecture

text: . |-id=411|

text: 8411 Celso

text: || 1996 TO ||

text: Celso Macor

text: (1925–1998), a poet in the Italian region of Friuli. |-id=413|

text: 8413 Kawakami

text: ||  || Isamu Kawakami (b. 1948), a member of Shirakawa Observatory in Japan and Chiro Observatory in Australia. |-id=414|

text: 8414 Atsuko

text: ||  || Atsuko Tsuji (b. 1953), a science journalist from Asahi Shinbun. |-id=416|

text: 8416 Okada

text: ||  || Yoshiyuki Okada (b. 1947), a member of Shirakawa Observatory in Japan and Chiro Observatory in Australia. |-id=417|

text: 8417 Lancetaylor

text: Lance Taylor

text: , science educator †|-id=418|

text: 8418 Mogamigawa

text: Mogamigawa River

text: , the longest river in the discoverer's home prefecture of Yamagata. |-id=419|

text: 8419 Terumikazumi

text: ||  || Brothers Terumi (b. 1947) and Kazumi Akiyama (b. 1952), members of Shirakawa Observatory in Japan and Chiro Observatory in Australia. |-id=420|

text: 8420 Angrogna

text: || 1996 WQ ||

text: Angrogna

text: , a village nestled in the Cottian Alps, in the Piedmont region of Italy. |-id=421|

text: 8421 Montanari

text: Geminiano Montanari

text: , Italian mathematician|-id=422|

text: 8422 Mohorovičić

text: Andrija Mohorovičić

text: Croatia

text: n seismologist †|-id=423|

text: 8423 Macao

text: Macau

text: , the beautiful peninsula near Zhuhai. |-id=424|

text: 8424 Toshitsumita

text: || 1997 CP || Tsumita Toshi-hisa (b.1924) joined the Solar Physics Division of the Tokyo Astronomical Observatory in 1950 to study and observe the sun. After retiring in 1987, he contributed to the popularization of astronomy as a member of the Public Information Office at the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan. |-id=425|

text: 8425 Zirankexuejijin

text: ||  || The concatenation Zi Ran, Ke Xue, Ji Jin, or "Nature", "Science", "Fund", is derived from Guo Jia Zi Ran Ke Xue Ji Jin Wei Yuan Hui, "The National Science Foundation of China", which is celebrating its fifteenth anniversary. The Foundation provides support for the Xinglong program. |-id=428|

text: 8428 Okiko

text: Okiko Seki

text: , wife of the discoverer,

text: Tsutomu Seki

text: . |-id=430|

text: 8430 Florey

text: Howard Walter Florey

text: , pathologist who shared the 1945

text: Nobel Prize

text: for physiology and medicine|-id=431|

text: 8431 Haseda

text: Haseda Katsumi

text: , Japanese amateur astronomer . |-id=432|

text: 8432 Tamakasuga

text: ||  || Ryoji Matsumoto (b. 1972), Japanese sumo wrestler whose professional name is

text: Tamakasuga

text: . |-id=433|

text: 8433 Brachyrhynchus

text: || 2561 P-L ||

text: Pink-footed goose

text: (Anser brachyrhynchus). |-id=434|

text: 8434 Columbianus

text: || 6571 P-L ||

text: Tundra swan

text: (Cygnus columbianus). |-id=435|

text: 8435 Anser

text: || 6643 P-L || Greylag goose (Anser anser). |-id=436|

text: 8436 Leucopsis

text: || 2259 T-1 ||

text: Barnacle goose

text: (Branta leucopsis). |-id=437|

text: 8437 Bernicla

text: || 3057 T-1 ||

text: Brent goose

text: (Branta bernicla). |-id=438|

text: 8438 Marila

text: || 4825 T-1 ||

text: Greater scaup

text: (Aythya marila). |-id=439|

text: 8439 Albellus

text: || 2034 T-2 ||

text: Smew

text: (Mergellus albellus). |-id=440|

text: 8440 Wigeon

text: || 1017 T-3 ||

text: Wigeon

text: (Anas penelope). |-id=441|

text: 8441 Lapponica

text: || 4008 T-3 ||

text: Bar-tailed godwit

text: (Limosa lapponica). |-id=442|

text: 8442 Ostralegus

text: || 4237 T-3 ||

text: Eurasian oystercatcher

text: (Haematopus ostralegus). |-id=443|

text: 8443 Svecica

text: || 4343 T-3 ||

text: Bluethroat

text: (Luscinia svecica). |-id=444|

text: 8444 Popovich

text: Pavel Romanovich Popovich

text: (b. 1930), a Soviet cosmonaut. |-id=445|

text: 8445 Novotroitskoe

text: ||  || This minor planet is being named on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the signing of the friendship agreement between

text: Novotroitskoe

text: , the district center of the

text: Chersonian region

text: in Ukraine, and the town of

text: Genichesk

text: , Ukraine. |-id=446|

text: 8446 Tazieff

text: Haroun Tazieff

text: , French vulcanologist |-id=447|

text: 8447 Cornejo

text: || 1974 OE || Antonio Cornejo, Argentinian founder and director of the

text: Galileo Galilei planetarium

text: in Buenos Aires |-id=448|

text: 8448 Belyakina

text: Tamara Sergeevna Belyakina

text: (born 1934), astrophysicist and stellar photometrist who worked at the

text: Crimean Astrophysical Observatory

text: from 1955 to 1990. |-id=449|

text: 8449 Maslovets

text: Bogdan Pavlovich Maslovets

text: (born 1940), an electrical engineer at

text: Zaporozhye Transformer Works

text: in Ukraine. |-id=450|

text: 8450 Egorov

text: Vsevolod Aleksandrovich Egorov

text: (1930–2001) was one of the founders of the modern theory of the space flight dynamics. |-id=451|

text: 8451 Gaidai

text: Leonid Iovich Gaidai

text: (1923–1993), a prominent Soviet film producer and Peoples' Artist of the U.S.S.R. |-id=452|

text: 8452 Clay

text: || 1978 WB || Landon and Livinia Clay, steadfast friends of science and the arts, Harvard University and the Smithsonian Institution. |-id=454|

text: 8454 Micheleferrero

text: Michele Ferrero

text: (1925-2015), an Italian entrepreneur, who put proceeds of his success into a foundation active in the fields of welfare, culture and art. |-id=455|

text: 8455 Johnrayner

text: ||  || John T. Rayner (born 1954), an astronomer at the

text: University of Hawaii's Institute for Astronomy

text: and Deputy Director of the

text: NASA

text: Infrared Telescope Facility. |-id=456|

text: 8456 Davegriep

text: ||  || David M. Griep (born 1957) has been a telescope operator for the NASA Infrared Telescope Facility on

text: Mauna Kea, Hawaii

text: since 1982. |-id=457|

text: 8457 Billgolisch

text: ||  || William F. Golisch (born 1958) has been a telescope operator for the NASA Infrared Telescope Facility on

text: Mauna Kea, Hawaii

text: since 1984. |-id=458|

text: 8458 Georgekoenig

text: ||  || George Koenig (born 1945), the observatory superintendent for the NASA Infrared Telescope Facility on

text: Mauna Kea, Hawaii

text: . |-id=459|

text: 8459 Larsbergknut

text: ||  || Lars V. Bergknut (born 1947), the observatory foreman and instrument technician for the NASA Infrared Telescope Facility on

text: Mauna Kea, Hawaii

text: . |-id=460|

text: 8460 Imainamahoe

text: ||  || Imai Namahoe (born 1954), an electronics technician for the NASA Infrared Telescope Facility on

text: Mauna Kea, Hawaii

text: . |-id=461|

text: 8461 Sammiepung

text: ||  || Sammie J. Pung (born 1958) is a mechanical technician for the NASA Infrared Telescope Facility on

text: Mauna Kea, Hawaii

text: . |-id=462|

text: 8462 Hazelsears

text: ||  || Hazel Sears (b. 1948), managing editor of Meteoritics and Planetary Science (1990-2000) and subsequently Meteorite magazine. |-id=463|

text: 8463 Naomimurdoch

text: ||  || Naomi Murdoch (born 1984) completed her Ph.D. at The Open University, United Kingdom in 2012. Using microgravity flight experiments and numerical modeling, she investigated the behavior of granular material under minor-planet-like low-gravity surface conditions. |-id=464|

text: 8464 Polishook

text: ||  || David L. Polishook (born 1976), a Postdoctoral Fellow at the

text: Massachusetts Institute of Technology

text: . |-id=465|

text: 8465 Bancelin

text: ||  || David Bancelin (born 1978), an astronomer at the

entity_name: Institut de mécanique céleste et de calcul des éphémérides

text: Institut de Mécanique Céleste et de Calcul des Éphémérides

text: at the

text: Paris Observatory

text: . |-id=466|

text: 8466 Leyrat

text: ||  || Cedric Leyrat (born 1978), an astronomer at the

text: Paris Observatory

text: in

text: Meudon

text: . |-id=467|

text: 8467 Benoîtcarry

text: ||  || Benoît Carry, a Research Fellow at the

text: European Space Astronomy Centre

text: Spain

text: . |-id=468|

text: 8468 Rhondastroud

text: ||  || Rhonda M. Stroud (born 1971), a planetary scientist at the

text: Naval Research Laboratory

text: . |-id=470|

text: 8470 Dudinskaya

text: Natalya Dudinskaya

text: , Russian ballerina. |-id=471|

text: 8471 Obrant

text: ||  || The ballet-master, producer and teacher-humanist Arkadij Efimovich Obrant (1906–1974) organized and headed a children's dancing ensemble during the siege of Leningrad in 1942–1945. The first Obrant contest of choreographic art took place in St. Petersburg in March 2002. |-id=472|

text: 8472 Tarroni

text: || 1983 TC ||

text: Gino Tarroni

text: , Italian amateur astronomer. |-id=474|

text: 8474 Rettig

text: ||  || Terrence W. Rettig (born 1946), a planetary astronomer and educator at the University of Notre Dame. |-id=475|

text: 8475 Vsevoivanov

text: ||  || Vsevolod Vladimirovich Ivanov (born 1934) is a professor at St. Petersburg University. |-id=477|

text: 8477 Andrejkiselev

text: ||  || Andrej Petrovich Kiselev (1852-1940), a Russian teacher of mathematics. |-id=482|

text: 8482 Wayneolm

text: ||  || Wayne Olm (born 1943), a science educator for the

text: Green Bay, Wisconsin

text: , public schools and the

text: Wisconsin Space Grant College

text: . |-id=483|

text: 8483 Kinwalaniihsia

text: ||  || Daryl Baldwin (born 1962), whose traditional name Kinwalaniihsia means hawk in the

text: Myaamia language

text: , is director of the Myaamia Project at

text: Miami University

text: in Ohio. |-id=485|

text: 8485 Satoru

text: || 1989 FL ||

text: Satoru Honda

text: , wife of astronomer

text: Minoru Honda

text: . |-id=488|

text: 8488 d'Argens

entity_name: Jean-Baptiste de Boyer, Marquis d'Argens

text: Jean-Baptiste de Boyer

text: , marquis d'Argens, a French writer and freethinker. |-id=489|

text: 8489 Boulder

text: Boulder, Colorado

text: , USA. |-id=491|

text: 8491 Joelle-gilles

text: ||  || Joelle (b. 1978) and Gilles (b. 1980) are the children of Martina Devos and Alain Meerbergen, close friends of the discoverer and his family. |-id=492|

text: 8492 Kikuoka

text: || 1990 BZ ||

text: Hidekazu Kikuoka

text: (b. 1941), a planetarium educator at the Osaka Municipal Electric Science Museum and at the Science Museum of Osaka. |-id=493|

text: 8493 Yachibozu

text: ||  || Yachibozu (tussocks), often seen in the Kushiro Marsh on the island of Hokkaido |-id=494|

text: 8494 Edpatvega

text: ||  || Ed (b. 1931) and Pat (b. 1944) Vega have been a dynamic astronomical team for many years. Drawing on his experience as a pathologist, Ed Vega has completed a study, called "Comet Disaster", of the long-term effects to humanity of a large comet's impact on the earth. |-id=496|

text: 8496 Jandlsmith

text: ||  || Named in honor of Jim and Laurie Smith in recognition of their generosity and wisdom in the support of forefront tools to explore the heavens to the benefit of all of humanity. Most especially, their support was crucial for Harvard University's participation in the Magellan Project. |-id=498|

text: 8498 Ufa

text: Ufa

text: , a large industrial and cultural center in the south Urals. |-id=500|

text: 8500 Hori

text: || 1990 TU || Gen-Ichiro Hori (b. 1930), professor emeritus at Tokyo University. |}

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: a sunspot is a hot spot on the sun's surface

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: Solar storms

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar system

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: celestial objects

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: The brightest object in the solar system, the Sun, has a relatively long history, dating back to the Big Bang.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) is an astronomical observatory at the National Center for Astrophysics and Astrophysics (NCAA) in Pasadena, California.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: iwaokusano

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: eclipse expeditions)

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: amateur astronomer.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: cratering

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: eclipse expeditions)

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Hiroakiohno

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: solar-tower telescope

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: terrestrial planets

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: cratering record on the terrestrial planets and their satellites

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Hiroakiohno

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: terrestrial planets

text: Kunz made significant contributions to construction of photoelectric cells improving on the methods introduced by Elster and Geitel. During the fall of 1911, he began a collaboration and friendship with the University of Illinois Observatory director Joel Stebbins that would revolutionize astronomical photometry. Kunz’s photoelectric cells were many times more sensitive that what was available commercially and therefore able to detect faint star light. Kunz’s cells would be used at half a dozen observatories all across the nation including Yerkes Observatory, Lick Observatory, and Washburn Observatory. Kunz also accompanied Stebbins and four solar eclipse expeditions beginning with  the Solar_eclipse_of_June_8,_1918 to measure the total light of the solar corona with the photoelectric photometer. The collaboration between Stebbins and Kunz continued until Kunz’s death in 1938.

text: Kunz made significant contributions to construction of photoelectric cells improving on the methods introduced by Elster and Geitel. During the fall of 1911, he began a collaboration and friendship with the

entity_name: Astronomical Observatory (University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign)

text: University of Illinois Observatory

text: director

text: Joel Stebbins

text: that would revolutionize astronomical photometry. Kunz’s photoelectric cells were many times more sensitive that what was available commercially and therefore able to detect faint star light. Kunz’s cells would be used at half a dozen observatories all across the nation including Yerkes Observatory, Lick Observatory, and Washburn Observatory. Kunz also accompanied Stebbins and four solar eclipse expeditions beginning with  the

text: to measure the total light of the solar corona with the photoelectric photometer. The collaboration between Stebbins and Kunz continued until Kunz’s death in 1938.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar corona

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: the solar corona

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: corona

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Kunz also accompanied Stebbins and four solar eclipse expeditions

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar corona

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: corona

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar corona

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar corona

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: faint star light.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar corona

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar corona

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: corona

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: solar corona

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar corona

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: star

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Kunz’s death in 1938.

text: When Reignfire made his presence known, it was noticed how remarkably similar he was to Sunspot, not only in appearance but in powers as well. Since, at this time, Sunspot was missing in action (MIA), that possibility was not ruled out by Cable. His suspicions were revealed when, in the middle of a battle, Reignfire removes his mask to show that he is indeed Roberto.

text: When Reignfire made his presence known, it was noticed how remarkably similar he was to Sunspot, not only in appearance but in powers as well. Since, at this time, Sunspot was

text: missing in action

text: (MIA), that possibility was not ruled out by

text: Cable

text: . His suspicions were revealed when, in the middle of a battle, Reignfire removes his mask to show that he is indeed Roberto.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: MIA

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: MIA

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: Sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: action

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Sunspot

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: powers

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: missing in action (MIA),

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: Sunspot,

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Sunspot,

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: battle,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: Sunspot,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Sunspot,

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Sunspot,

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: (MIA), that possibility was not ruled out by Cable.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: (MIA), that possibility was not ruled out by Cable.

text: Of all the planets in the Solar System, the seasons of Mars are the most Earth-like, due to the similar tilts of the two planets' rotational axes. The lengths of the Martian seasons are about twice those of Earth's because Mars's greater distance from the Sun leads to the Martian year being about two Earth years long. Martian surface temperatures vary from lows of about  at the winter polar caps to highs of up to  in equatorial summer. The wide range in temperatures is due to the thin atmosphere which cannot store much solar heat, the low atmospheric pressure, and the low thermal inertia of Martian soil. The planet is 1.52 times as far from the Sun as Earth, resulting in just 43% of the amount of sunlight.

text: Of all the planets in the Solar System, the seasons of Mars are the most Earth-like, due to the similar tilts of the two planets' rotational axes. The lengths of the Martian seasons are about twice those of Earth's because Mars's greater distance from the Sun leads to the Martian year being about two Earth years long. Martian surface temperatures vary from lows of about  at the winter polar caps to highs of up to  in equatorial summer. The wide range in temperatures is due to the thin atmosphere which cannot store much solar heat, the low atmospheric pressure, and the low

text: thermal inertia

text: of Martian soil. The planet is 1.52 times as far from the Sun as Earth, resulting in just 43% of the amount of sunlight.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: 43% of the amount of sunlight

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: nuclear explosions

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Solar System

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Mars

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar heat,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: 43% of the amount of sunlight.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar heat,

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: 43% of the amount of sunlight.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Mars

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: Earth-like,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: two Earth years long. Martian surface temperatures

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Mars

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: 43% of the amount of sunlight.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: 43% of the amount of sunlight.

text: Defining an exact surface for an object such as the Sun is made difficult by the diffuse nature of matter which constitutes the Sun at distances far from the stellar core. An often used definition for the surface of a star is based on the path that photons take. Inside a star, photons travel by random walk, constantly interacting with matter, and the surface of the star is defined as the point at which photons encounter little resistance from the matter in the stellar atmosphere, or in other words, when photons stream freely.

text: Defining an exact surface for an object such as the

text: Sun

text: is made difficult by the

text: diffuse

text: nature of

text: matter

text: which constitutes the Sun at distances far from the stellar core. An often used definition for the surface of a

text: star

text: is based on the path that photons take. Inside a star, photons travel by

text: random walk

text: , constantly interacting with matter, and the surface of the star is defined as the point at which photons encounter little resistance from the matter in the

text: stellar atmosphere

text: , or in other words, when photons stream freely.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: photons encounter little resistance

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: stellar eruptions

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: does not have a surface

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the stellar atmosphere

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: photons encounter little resistance from the matter in the stellar atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: constantly interacting with matter,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: Defining an exact surface

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Defining an exact surface for an object such as the Sun

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: distances far from the stellar core.

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: stellar core.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Defining an exact surface for an object such as the Sun

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Sun at distances far from the stellar core.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Defining an exact surface

text: The story is set sometimes in the twenty-first century.  An expanding shell of low energy from the sun's core, moving towards its surface for the last million years, breaks through its outer envelope. The shell is thin, and the slight decrease in the solar output is not expected to last long. Still, the event has tremendous potential of menace. Even this tiny solar hiccup has the capability to push the planet again towards a cold grave, from which it had painfully emerged just twelve thousand years ago.

text: The story is set sometimes in the twenty-first century.  An expanding shell of low energy from the sun's core, moving towards its surface for the last million years, breaks through its outer envelope. The shell is thin, and the slight decrease in the solar output is not expected to last long. Still, the event has tremendous potential of menace. Even this tiny solar hiccup has the capability to push the planet again towards a cold grave, from which it had painfully emerged just twelve thousand years ago.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: low energy

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: the slight decrease in the solar output is not expected to last long

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: nuclear explosions

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: the sun's core

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: An expanding shell of low energy

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: the slight decrease in the solar output is not expected to last long.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar hiccup

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: An expanding shell of low energy from the sun's core,

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: sun's core,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sun's core,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: long.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: sun's core,

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: sun's core, moving towards its surface

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: the event has tremendous potential of menace.

text: An albedo feature is a large area on the surface of a planet (or other solar system body) which shows a contrast in brightness or darkness (albedo) with adjacent areas.

text: An albedo feature is a large area on the surface of a

text: planet

text: (or other

text: solar system

text: body) which shows a contrast in brightness or darkness (

text: albedo

text: ) with adjacent areas.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: large areas on the surface

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: contrast in brightness or darkness

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: nuclear explosions

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: is a large area on the surface of a planet which shows a contrast in brightness or darkness with adjacent areas.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar system

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: large areas on the surface

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: albedo

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: a large area

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: contrast in brightness or darkness (albedo) with adjacent areas.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: albedo feature

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: albedo feature

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: a large area on the surface of a planet

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: albedo feature

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: albedo feature

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: albedo feature

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: planet

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: An albedo feature

text: Even if the discussion is limited to the solar system, the Sun is not at the geometric center of any planet's orbit, but rather approximately at one focus of the elliptical orbit. Furthermore, to the extent that a planet's mass cannot be neglected in comparison to the Sun's mass, the center of gravity of the solar system is displaced slightly away from the center of the Sun. (The masses of the planets, mostly Jupiter, amount to 0.14% of that of the Sun.)  Therefore, a hypothetical astronomer on an extrasolar planet would observe a small "wobble" in the Sun's motion.

text: Even if the discussion is limited to the

text: solar system

text: , the Sun is not at the geometric center of any planet's orbit, but rather approximately at one

text: focus

text: of the

text: elliptical

text: orbit. Furthermore, to the extent that a planet's mass cannot be neglected in comparison to the Sun's mass, the center of gravity of the solar system is displaced slightly away from the center of the Sun. (The masses of the planets, mostly

text: Jupiter

text: , amount to 0.14% of that of the Sun.)  Therefore, a hypothetical astronomer on an

text: extrasolar planet

text: would observe a small "wobble" in the Sun's motion.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: hot spots

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: the center of gravity of the solar system is displaced slightly away from the center of the Sun

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: nuclear explosions

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: a coronal mass ejection

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar system

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the solar system

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: elliptical orbit.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: a small "wobble" in the Sun's motion.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: elliptical orbit.

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: "wobble" in the Sun's motion.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar system,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: elliptical orbit.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Even if the discussion is limited to the solar system,

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar system,

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: extrasolar planet

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Even if the discussion is limited to the solar system,

text: The year 2012 ended up with 129 M-class and 7 X-class solar flares.

text: The year 2012 ended up with 129 M-class and 7 X-class solar flares.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: a solar flare is a type of solar flare

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: can cause a solar flare

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: flares

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: M-class and 7 X-class solar flares.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: 129 M-class and 7 X-class solar flares.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: M-class and 7 X-class solar flares.

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: 129 M-class and 7 X-class solar flares.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: M-class

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: M-class

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: 129 M-class and 7 X-class solar flares.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar flares.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: 129 M-class and 7 X-class solar flares.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: 129 M-class and 7 X-class solar flares.

text: Insolation is a measure of solar radiation energy received on a given surface area in a given time. It is commonly expressed as average irradiance in watts per square meter (W/m2). Direct insolation is the solar irradiance measured at a given location on Earth with a surface element perpendicular to the Sun's rays, excluding diffuse insolation (the solar radiation that is scattered or reflected by atmospheric components in the sky). Direct insolation is equal to the solar constant minus the atmospheric losses due to absorption and scattering. While the solar constant varies with the Earth-Sun distance and solar cycles, the losses depend on the time of day (length of light's path through the atmosphere depending on the Solar elevation angle), cloud cover, moisture content, and other impurities.

text: Insolation

text: is a measure of

text: solar radiation

text: energy received on a given surface area in a given time. It is commonly expressed as average

text: irradiance

text: in watts per square meter (W/m2).

text: Direct insolation

text: is the solar irradiance measured at a given location on Earth with a surface element perpendicular to the Sun's rays, excluding diffuse insolation (the solar radiation that is scattered or reflected by atmospheric components in the sky). Direct insolation is equal to the

text: solar constant

text: minus the atmospheric losses due to

text: absorption

text: and

text: scattering

text: . While the solar constant varies with the

text: Earth-Sun distance

text: and

text: solar cycle

text: s, the losses depend on the time of day (length of light's path through the atmosphere depending on the

text: Solar elevation angle

text: cloud cover

text: moisture

text: content, and other

text: impurities

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar irradiance

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: direct insolation

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: nuclear explosions

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: Sun's rays

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: direct insolation

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: Sun's rays,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: solar cycles,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: Insolation

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Insolation

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Sun's

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: Sun's rays,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Insolation

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Insolation

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Earth-Sun

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: solar radiation energy received on a given surface area in a given time.

text: The energy generation forecasting problem is closely linked to the problem of weather variables forecasting. Indeed, this problem is usually split into two parts, on one hand focusing on the forecasting of solar PV or any other meteorological variable and on the other hand estimating the amount of energy that a concrete power plant will produce with the estimated meteorological resource.In general, the way to deal with this difficult problem is usually related to the spatial and temporal scales we are interested in, which yields to different approaches that can be found in the literature. In this sense, it is useful to classify these techniques depending on the forecasting horizon, so it is possible to distinguish between now-casting (forecasting 3–4 hours ahead), short-term forecasting (up to 7 days ahead) and long-term forecasting (months, years…)Solar radiation is a most important power follower of the physical and biological development in our earth. Its spatial and sequential heterogeneity powerfully influence the forceful of the environmental and hydrological organism by manipulate air temperature, soil moisture and vapor transpiration, snow cover up and lots of photochemical procedure. Therefore, solar radiation drives place efficiency and plant life allotment, organism a key feature in undeveloped and forestry sciences that be obliged to be known precisely. The quantity of solar radiation obtainable at the earth’ surface is at the outset controlled at worldwide balance, organism above all precious by the Sun Earth geometry and the atmosphere. On the other hand, a complete explanation of its freedom time unpredictability require deliberation of limited procedure which frequently turn out to be also applicable, as is the casing in mountainous region. Predominantly, limited territory adjust the inward bound solar radiation by shadow casts, slope of elevation, surface gradient and compass reading, as a result, precise spatial model of inward bound solar radiation be supposed to regard as the pressure of the terrain surface. In the final time, more than a few events to consist of the confined terrain special effects in the solar radiation countryside have been projected, such as the use of Geographical Information Systems (GIS), artificial intelligence or post dispensation of satellite stand technique. Solar radiation can be also evaluate using numerical weather forecast (NWP) models. Nevertheless, the space and time balance determined with them and the incomplete computational ability frequently avoid the deliberation of terrain connected property.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: long-term forecasting

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: spatial and sequential heterogeneity powerfully influence the forceful of the environmental and hydrological organism

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: nuclear explosions

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Solar radiation can be also evaluate using numerical weather forecast (NWP) models

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar radiation countryside

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: inward bound solar radiation

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: long-term forecasting

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar radiation

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: The space question: Earth is too far away to be affected by solar flares

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: years...)Solar radiation

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: powerfully influence the forceful of the environmental and hydrological organism

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: radiation

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: a complete explanation of its freedom time unpredictability

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: mountainous region.

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: a most important power follower

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: snow cover up and lots of photochemical procedure.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: years...)Solar radiation

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: years...)Solar radiation

text: Once funding was secure, Langley devoted his time at the Observatory initially in researching the sun. He used his draftsman skills (from his first job right out of high school) to produce hundreds of drawings of solar phenomena, many of which were the first the world had seen. His 1873 remarkably detailed illustration of a sun spot, observed while using the observatory's 13-inch Fitz-Clark refractor became a classic. It is featured on page 21 of his book, The New Astronomy, but was also widely reprinted – in the Americas as well as throughout Europe.

text: Once funding was secure, Langley devoted his time at the Observatory initially in researching the sun. He used his draftsman skills (from his first job right out of high school) to produce hundreds of drawings of solar phenomena, many of which were the first the world had seen. His 1873 remarkably detailed illustration of a sun spot, observed while using the observatory's 13-inch Fitz-Clark refractor became a classic. It is featured on page 21 of his book, The New Astronomy, but was also widely reprinted – in the Americas as well as throughout Europe.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar phenomena

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: many of which were the first the world had seen

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sun spots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sun spot

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sun spots

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can a sun spot last

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar phenomena,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: remarkably detailed illustration of a sun spot,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sun spot,

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sun spot,

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: sun.

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sun spot,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: sun spot,

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the sun.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: sun.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: The New Astronomy,

text: Ellison became senior science master at Sherborne School in Dorset, 1933, then married Patricia Herron in 1934. The couple had two daughters and a son. He also completed his own spectrohelioscope during this period, to study the Sun following the sunspot minimum. With the start of the world war, he organized an Air Cadet Training Corps, then joined the Operational Research Group at the Admiralty.

text: Ellison became senior science master at Sherborne School in Dorset, 1933, then married Patricia Herron in 1934. The couple had two daughters and a son. He also completed his own

text: spectrohelioscope

text: during this period, to study the Sun following the sunspot minimum. With the start of the world war, he organized an Air Cadet Training Corps, then joined the Operational Research Group at the

text: Admiralty

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: minimum

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sunspot minimum

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: Sun following the sunspot minimum.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: minimum.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspot

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sunspot minimum.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspot minimum.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: sunspot minimum.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the Sun following the sunspot minimum.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: sunspot minimum.

text: The next day, Abby shows John that she has coloured in the sun on the Ezekiel's "Chariot vision" engraving and John has a sudden realisation that this could be how the world ends. He rushes them to the MIT observatory, where he discovers that a massive solar flare will soon reach Earth, making it uninhabitable. John and Diana argue over what is best to do to prepare for the incoming solar flare. After the argument, Diana leaves with both children. As Diana stops for gas, an emergency broadcast is transmitted to alert the world of the solar flare. While Diana is on the phone with John, the strangers take the children. Diana chases after them but her car is hit by a truck. John, rushing to catch up with them, arrives just as Diana dies at exactly midnight of October 19 and finds the smooth, black stone in Diana's hand. He goes back to Lucinda's mobile home, finding the children and the strangers waiting in a dry river bed covered with the similar black stones. A space ship descends from the sky. John is refused entry and the ship departs with the children. A distant shot shows many similar space ships leaving Earth.

text: The next day, Abby shows John that she has coloured in the sun on the Ezekiel's "Chariot vision" engraving and John has a sudden realisation that this could be how the world ends. He rushes them to the

text: MIT observatory

text: , where he discovers that a

text: massive solar flare

text: will soon reach

text: Earth

text: , making it

text: uninhabitable

text: . John and Diana argue over what is best to do to prepare for the incoming solar flare. After the argument, Diana leaves with both children. As Diana stops for gas, an emergency broadcast is transmitted to alert the world of the solar flare. While Diana is on the phone with John, the strangers take the children. Diana chases after them but her car is hit by a truck. John, rushing to catch up with them, arrives just as Diana dies at exactly midnight of October 19 and finds the smooth, black stone in Diana's hand. He goes back to Lucinda's mobile home, finding the children and the strangers waiting in a dry river bed covered with the similar black stones. A space ship descends from the sky. John is refused entry and the ship departs with the children. A distant shot shows many similar space ships leaving Earth.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: massive solar flare

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: make it uninhabitable

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flare

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: makes it uninhabitable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: flares

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can a solar flare last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar flare

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar flare

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: solar flare

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flare

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: a massive solar flare

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Earth,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: solar flare

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: solar flare

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar flare

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: space ships

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: solar flare

text: Sunspots result from the blockage of convective heat transport by intense magnetic fields. Sunspots are cooler than the rest of the photosphere, with effective temperatures of about 4000°C (about 7000°F). Sunspot occurrence follows an approximately 11-year period known as the solar cycle, discovered by Heinrich Schwabe in the 19th century.

text: Sunspots result from the blockage of convective heat transport by intense

text: magnetic field

text: s. Sunspots are cooler than the rest of the photosphere, with effective temperatures of about 4000°C (about 7000°F). Sunspot occurrence follows an approximately 11-year period known as the

text: solar cycle

text: , discovered by

text: Heinrich Schwabe

text: in the 19th century.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: cooler than the rest

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: blockage of convective heat transport by intense magnetic fields

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar cycle

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the solar cycle

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: cooler than the rest of the photosphere,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: Sunspots are cooler than the rest of the photosphere,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: Sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Sunspots

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar cycle,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: cooler than the rest of the photosphere,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Sunspots

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Sunspots

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Sunspots

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Sunspots

text: Knowing the approximate area covered by starspots from the size of the variations, and the field strength estimated from the chromospheric activity, allows an estimate of the total energy stored in the magnetic field; in all cases there was enough energy stored in the field to account for even the largest superflares. Both the photometric and the spectroscopic observations are consistent with the theory that superflares are different only in scale from solar flares, and can be accounted for by the release of magnetic energy in active regions very much larger than those on the Sun. Nevertheless, these regions can appear on stars with masses, temperatures, compositions, rotation speeds and ages similar to the Sun.

text: Knowing the approximate area covered by starspots from the size of the variations, and the field strength estimated from the chromospheric activity, allows an estimate of the total energy stored in the magnetic field; in all cases there was enough energy stored in the field to account for even the largest superflares. Both the photometric and the spectroscopic observations are consistent with the theory that superflares are different only in scale from solar flares, and can be accounted for by the release of magnetic energy in active regions very much larger than those on the Sun. Nevertheless, these regions can appear on stars with masses, temperatures, compositions, rotation speeds and ages similar to the Sun.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: active regions

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: the field strength estimated from the chromospheric activity

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: superflares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: superflares

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: active regions

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: active regions

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: starspots

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: variations,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: Knowing the approximate area covered

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares,

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar flares,

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: solar flares,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: starspots

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: starspots

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: superflares are different only in scale from solar flares,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: starspots

text: In 1988, Meiko launched the In-Sun Computing Surface, which repackaged the Computing Surface into VMEbus boards (designated the MK200 series) suitable for installation in larger Sun-3 or Sun-4 systems. The Sun acted as "front-end" host system for managing the transputers, running development tools and providing mass storage. A version of M²VCS running as a SunOS daemon called SVCS (Sun Virtual Computing Surfaces) provided access between the transputer network and the Sun host.

text: In 1988, Meiko launched the In-Sun Computing Surface, which repackaged the Computing Surface into

text: VMEbus

text: boards (designated the MK200 series) suitable for installation in larger

text: or

text: systems. The Sun acted as "front-end" host system for managing the transputers, running development tools and providing mass storage. A version of M²VCS running as a

text: SunOS

text: daemon

text: called SVCS (Sun Virtual Computing Surfaces) provided access between the transputer network and the Sun host.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: hot spots

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: nuclear

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar system

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can prominences last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar dynamics

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: Sun-3

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: In 1988, Meiko launched the In-Sun Computing Surface,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: Sun-3 or Sun-4 systems. The Sun

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: In 1988, Meiko launched the In-Sun Computing Surface,

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Sun-3 or Sun-4 systems.

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: In 1988, Meiko launched the In-Sun Computing Surface,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: In 1988, Meiko launched the In-Sun Computing Surface,

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Sun-3 or Sun-4 systems.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: The Sun

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: In 1988, Meiko launched the In-Sun Computing Surface,

text: The Sun's magnetic field leads to many effects that are collectively called solar activity. Solar flares and coronal-mass ejections tend to occur at sunspot groups. Slowly changing high-speed streams of solar wind are emitted from coronal holes at the photospheric surface. Both coronal-mass ejections and high-speed streams of solar wind carry plasma and interplanetary magnetic field outward into the Solar System. The effects of solar activity on Earth include auroras at moderate to high latitudes and the disruption of radio communications and electric power. Solar activity is thought to have played a large role in the formation and evolution of the Solar System.

text: The Sun's magnetic field leads to many effects that are collectively called

text: solar activity

text: Solar flares

text: and

text: coronal-mass ejections

text: tend to occur at sunspot groups. Slowly changing high-speed streams of

text: solar wind

text: are emitted from

text: coronal holes

text: at the photospheric surface. Both coronal-mass ejections and high-speed streams of solar wind carry plasma and

text: interplanetary magnetic field

text: outward into the Solar System. The effects of solar activity on Earth include

text: auroras

text: at moderate to high latitudes and the disruption of radio communications and

text: electric power

text: . Solar activity is thought to have played a large role in the

entity_name: Formation and evolution of the Solar System

text: formation and evolution of the Solar System

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: groups

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: coronal holes at the photospheric surface

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: coronal-mass ejections

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar system

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspot groups

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar activity

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: Solar flares and coronal-mass ejections

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: Solar flares and coronal-mass ejections

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: Solar flares and coronal-mass ejections

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Solar flares and coronal-mass ejections

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Sun's

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspot groups.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Solar flares

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar activity.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: solar activity. Solar flares

text: The Sun's major component of magnetic field reverses direction every 11 years (so the period is about 22 years), resulting in a diminished magnitude of magnetic field near reversal time. During this dormancy, the sunspots activity is at maximum (because of the lack of magnetic braking on plasma) and, as a result, massive ejection of high energy plasma into the solar corona and interplanetary space takes place. Collisions of neighboring sunspots with oppositely directed magnetic fields result in the generation of strong electric fields near rapidly disappearing magnetic field regions. This electric field accelerates electrons and protons to high energies (kiloelectronvolts) which results in jets of extremely hot plasma leaving the Sun's surface and heating coronal plasma to high temperatures (millions of kelvin).

text: The

text: Sun

text: 's major component of magnetic field reverses direction every 11 years (so the period is about 22 years), resulting in a diminished magnitude of magnetic field near reversal time. During this dormancy, the

text: sunspot

text: s activity is at maximum (because of the lack of

text: magnetic braking

text: on plasma) and, as a result, massive ejection of high energy plasma into the

text: solar corona

text: and interplanetary space takes place. Collisions of neighboring sunspots with oppositely directed magnetic fields result in the generation of strong electric fields near rapidly disappearing magnetic field regions. This electric field accelerates electrons and protons to high energies (kiloelectronvolts) which results in jets of extremely hot plasma leaving the Sun's surface and heating coronal plasma to high temperatures (millions of

text: kelvin

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: magnetic field regions

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: lack of magnetic braking on plasma

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: a diminished magnitude of magnetic field near reversal time

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar corona

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: The Sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: activity is at maximum (because of the lack of magnetic braking on plasma)

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: activity is at maximum

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: massive ejection of high energy plasma into the solar corona

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: During this dormancy,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: The Sun's major component of magnetic field reverses direction every 11 years

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: interplanetary space

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: massive ejection of high energy plasma

text: In the latter form, the mass is expressed in solar masses ( and the distances in Gigaparsec (Gpc). The Einstein radius is most prominent for a lens typically halfway between the source and the observer.

text: In the latter form, the mass is expressed in

text: solar mass

text: es ( and the distances in Giga

text: parsec

text: (Gpc). The Einstein radius is most prominent for a lens typically halfway between the source and the observer.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar masses

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: a lens typically halfway between the source and the observer

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar storms

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: can cause a solar flare

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar masses

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar masses

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar masses

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: the mass is expressed in solar masses

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar masses

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar masses

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar masses

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: The Einstein radius

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: solar masses

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar masses

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Gigaparsec

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: In the latter form, the mass is expressed in solar masses

text: The observatory is a cave modified to allow study of the movement of the sun. The cave was covered with stucco and painted black, yellow and red with a chimney that measured from the base to the surface 8.7 meters, and which is hexagonal in the top. The chimney has a slight slope allowing the sun's rays to be to projected on the floor of the cave.

text: The observatory is a cave modified to allow study of the movement of the sun. The cave was covered with stucco and painted black, yellow and red with a chimney that measured from the base to the surface 8.7 meters, and which is hexagonal in the top. The chimney has a slight slope allowing the sun's rays to be to projected on the floor of the cave.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: the sun's rays are projected on the floor

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: volcanoes

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: is a type of solar storm

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar system

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: rays

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can the sun's rays be projected on the cave floor?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the movement

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: movement

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: movement of the sun.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: chimney

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sun.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: sun.

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: rays

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: movement of the sun.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the movement of the sun.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: sun.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: sun's rays

text: Sunspot was in the X-Ternals with Jubilee, Strong Guy, and Gambit. Like Robin Hood, they take money of Apocalypse and give to the poor. Magneto assigns them to travel to the Shi'ar Galaxy to steal the powerful M'Kraan Crystal.

text: Sunspot was in the X-Ternals with

text: Jubilee

text: Strong Guy

text: , and

text: Gambit

text: . Like

text: Robin Hood

text: , they take money of

text: Apocalypse

text: and give to the poor.

text: Magneto

text: assigns them to travel to the

text: Shi'ar

text: Galaxy to steal the powerful

text: M'Kraan Crystal

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: X-Ternals

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: they take money of Apocalypse and give to the poor

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: Apocalypses

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: is a type of

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: x-ternals

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Sunspot

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: X-Ternals

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: take money of Apocalypse and give to the poor.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: Apocalypse

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Apocalypse

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: X-Ternals

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: Sunspot

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Sunspot

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Sunspot was in the X-Ternals

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Shi'ar Galaxy

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: M'Kraan Crystal.

text: HD 4628 (96 G. Piscium) is a main sequence star in the equatorial constellation of Pisces. It has a spectral classification of K2.5 V and an effective temperature of 5,829 K, giving it an orange-red hue with a slightly smaller mass and girth than our Sun. HD 4628 lies at a distance of approximately 24 light years from the Sun. The apparent magnitude is just sufficient for this star to be viewed with the unaided eye. The star appears to be slightly older than our Sun—approximately 5.4 billion years old. The surface activity is low and, based upon the detection of UV emission, it may have a relatively cool corona with a temperature of one million K.

text: HD 4628 (96 G. Piscium) is a

text: main sequence star

text: in the equatorial

text: constellation

text: of

text: Pisces

text: . It has a

text: spectral classification

text: of K2.5 V and an

text: effective temperature

text: of 5,829 K, giving it an orange-red hue with a slightly smaller mass and girth than our

text: Sun

text: . HD 4628 lies at a distance of approximately 24

text: light year

text: s from the Sun. The

text: apparent magnitude

text: is just sufficient for this star to be viewed with the unaided eye. The star appears to be slightly older than our Sun—approximately 5.4 billion years old. The

text: surface activity

text: is low and, based upon the detection of UV emission, it may have a relatively cool

text: corona

text: with a temperature of one million K.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: main sequence star

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: The surface activity is low

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: main sequence stars

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: It may have a relatively cool corona

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: corona

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: HD 4628

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: UV emission,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: The surface activity is low

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: UV emission,

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: UV emission,

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Pisces.

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: cool corona

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: HD 4628

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: HD 4628

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: 24 light years

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: UV emission,

text: BD+14°4559 is a K-type star that is approximately 86% the mass of and 95% the radius of the Sun. It has a surface temperature of 5008 K and is likely about 3 billion years old based on its characteristics. In comparison, the Sun is about 4.6 billion years old and has a surface temperature of 5778 K.

text: BD+14°4559 is a

text: K-type

text: star that is approximately 86% the mass of and 95% the radius of the

text: Sun

text: . It has a surface temperature of 5008

text: K

text: and is likely about 3 billion years old based on its characteristics. In comparison, the Sun is about 4.6 billion years old and has a surface temperature of 5778 K.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: hot spots

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: have a surface temperature of 5778 K

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: K-type star

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: BD+14°4559

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: K-type

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: K-type stars

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: K-type star

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: surface temperature

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: K-type star

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: BD+14°4559

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: K-type star

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: K-type star

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: BD+14°4559

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: BD+14°4559

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: BD+14°4559

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: BD+14°4559

text: Earth is the only planet known to support life, and its natural features are the subject of many fields of scientific research. Within the solar system, it is third closest to the sun; it is the largest terrestrial planet and the fifth largest overall. Its most prominent climatic features are its two large polar regions, two relatively narrow temperate zones, and a wide equatorial tropical to subtropical region. Precipitation varies widely with location, from several metres of water per year to less than a millimetre. 71 percent of the Earth's surface is covered by salt-water oceans. The remainder consists of continents and islands, with most of the inhabited land in the Northern Hemisphere.

text: Earth is the only

text: planet

text: known to support life, and its natural features are the subject of many fields of scientific research. Within the

text: solar system

text: , it is third closest to the sun; it is the largest

text: terrestrial planet

text: and the fifth largest overall. Its most prominent climatic features are its two large polar regions, two relatively narrow

text: temperate

text: zones, and a wide

text: equator

text: ial tropical to

text: subtropical

text: region.

text: Precipitation

text: varies widely with location, from several metres of water per year to less than a millimetre. 71 percent of the Earth's surface is covered by salt-water oceans. The remainder consists of continents and islands, with most of the inhabited land in the

text: Northern Hemisphere

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: large polar regions

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: most of the inhabited land in the Northern Hemisphere

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: nuclear explosions

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar system

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: sun;

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: third closest to the sun;

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar system,

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sun;

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: sun;

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sun;

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: sun;

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: third closest to the sun;

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: third closest to the sun;

text: A confrontation with Donald Pierce leaves Sebastian Shaw gravely injured, and Sunspot takes over as Lord Imperial, which was Tessa's plan all along.  Tessa left the Club, still under Sunspot's rule, and joined New Excalibur in the wake of M-Day. Shaw has since returned as the Black King, seemingly plotting to rebuild his power base.

text: A confrontation with Donald Pierce leaves Sebastian Shaw gravely injured, and Sunspot takes over as Lord Imperial, which was Tessa's plan all along.  Tessa left the Club, still under Sunspot's rule, and joined

text: New Excalibur

text: in the wake of

text: M-Day

text: . Shaw has since returned as the Black King, seemingly plotting to rebuild his power base.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: Lord Imperial

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: take over as Lord Imperial

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: M-Day

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: M-Day

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the atmosphere

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Sunspot

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: Lord Imperial,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: Sunspot takes over as Lord Imperial,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: M-Day.

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: M-Day.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: M-Day.

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: Sunspot

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Sunspot

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Sunspot

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: M-Day.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: M-Day.

text: :This article is about the company which manufactures solar hot-water systems, for the NASA observatory see Solar Dynamics Observatory.

text: :This article is about the company which manufactures

text: solar

text: hot-water systems, for the

text: NASA

text: observatory see

text: Solar Dynamics Observatory

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: a sunspot is a type of solar storm

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar storms

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Coronal mass ejection (CME) is a type of coronal mass ejection.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar system

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: ecliptic

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: The Sun is a source of energy for the Earth.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Solar Dynamics Observatory

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Radiation in space can be harmful to astronauts and spacecraft.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: Solar Dynamics Observatory.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: Solar Dynamics Observatory.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: Solar Dynamics Observatory.

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Solar Dynamics Observatory.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Solar Dynamics Observatory.

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: Solar Dynamics Observatory.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Solar Dynamics Observatory.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Solar Dynamics Observatory.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Solar Dynamics Observatory.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Solar Dynamics Observatory.

text: In 1932, Robert extended the functionality of the spectroheliograph so that it could record motion pictures of the sun. This machine is known as a spectroheliokinematograph; with it, he took astonishing moving pictures of solar storms, showing features on the sun's surface that lasted from seconds to days.

text: In 1932, Robert extended the functionality of the

text: spectroheliograph

text: so that it could record

text: motion picture

text: s of the sun. This machine is known as a spectroheliokinematograph; with it, he took astonishing moving pictures of

text: solar storms

text: , showing features on the sun's surface that lasted from seconds to days.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar storms

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: lasted from seconds to days

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar storms

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar storms

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: solar storms

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar storms

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar storms,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: features on the sun's surface that lasted from seconds to days.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar storms,

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar storms,

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: sun's surface

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: features on the sun's surface

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: seconds to days.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar storms,

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: sun.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: solar storms,

text: Dry prominence, on the other hand, ignores water, snow, and ice features and assumes that the surface of the earth is defined by the solid bottom of those features. The dry prominence of a summit is equal to the wet prominence of that summit unless the summit is the highest point of a landmass or island, or a summit surrounded by snow or ice. If a summit is completely surrounded by a water, snow, or ice feature, the dry prominence of that summit is equal to the wet prominence plus the depth of the highest col.

text: Dry prominence, on the other hand, ignores water, snow, and ice features and assumes that the surface of the earth is defined by the solid bottom of those features. The dry prominence of a summit is equal to the wet prominence of that summit unless the summit is the highest point of a landmass or island, or a summit surrounded by snow or ice. If a summit is completely surrounded by a water, snow, or ice feature, the dry prominence of that summit is equal to the wet prominence plus the depth of the highest col.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: dry prominence

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: Dry prominence, on the other hand, ignores water, snow, and ice features and assumes that the surface of the earth is defined by the solid bottom of those features

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: nuclear explosions

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: can cause a solar flare

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar system

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: dry

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: dry prominence

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: Dry prominence,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: Dry prominence,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: Dry prominence,

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Dry prominence,

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: water, snow, and ice features

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: Dry prominence,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Dry prominence,

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Dry prominence,

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: summit

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Dry prominence,

text: Researchers have taken about ten years to recreate a simplified replica of the surface of the butterfly's wing. They hope that such technology will result in bank notes and credit cards that are difficult to forge and also that it will lead to solar cells being more efficient at gathering energy from the sun.

text: Researchers have taken about ten years to recreate a simplified replica of the surface of the butterfly's wing. They hope that such technology will result in bank notes and credit cards that are difficult to forge and also that it will lead to solar cells being more efficient at gathering energy from the sun.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: gather energy from the sun

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: nuclear explosions

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: can not be used to gather energy from the sun

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: hot spots

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar cells

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar cells being more efficient at gathering energy from the sun.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: gathering energy

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar cells

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sun.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: sun.

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sun.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: sun.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar cells being more efficient at gathering energy from the sun.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: sun.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: butterfly's wing.

text: Mercury Holidays was founded in 1990 and is part of Sunspot Tours, a parent company. Sunspot Tours Ltd was established by Martin Bugeja, Nick Bugeja and Andy Holland in 1980, selling travel packages through travel agents. It began specialising in holidays to Malta and from 1983 included holidays to Cyprus. This later expanded to include holidays to Madeira, Australia, Sri Lanka and Mauritius.

text: Mercury Holidays was founded in 1990 and is part of Sunspot Tours, a parent company. Sunspot Tours Ltd was established by Martin Bugeja, Nick Bugeja and Andy Holland in 1980, selling travel packages through travel agents. It began specialising in holidays to

text: Malta

text: and from 1983 included holidays to

text: Cyprus

text: . This later expanded to include holidays to

text: Madeira

text: Australia

text: Sri Lanka

text: and

text: Mauritius

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: parent company

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: is part of Sunspot Tours, a parent company

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: volcanoes

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Mercury Holidays was founded in 1990

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Australia

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Solar Dynamics Observatory

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: a parent company.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: selling travel packages through travel agents.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: Sunspot Tours,

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Mercury Holidays

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Australia,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: Sunspot

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Mercury Holidays

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Mercury Holidays

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Mercury Holidays

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Mercury Holidays

text: The solar cycle or solar magnetic activity cycle is the nearly periodic 11-year change in the Sun's activity (including changes in the levels of solar radiation and ejection of solar material) and appearance (changes in the number and size of sunspots, flares, and other manifestations).

text: The solar cycle or solar magnetic activity cycle is the nearly periodic 11-year change in the

text: Sun

text: 's activity (including changes in the levels of

text: solar radiation

text: and ejection of solar material) and appearance (changes in the number and size of

text: sunspot

text: s,

text: flares

text: , and other manifestations).

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar magnetic activity cycle

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: changes in the number and size

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: ejection of solar material

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar magnetic activity cycle

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: The solar cycle

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: appearance

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: (changes in the number and size

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: flares,

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar material)

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar cycle

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspots,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: sunspots,

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: The solar cycle

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Sun's

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: solar radiation

text: This is a red giant star with an estimated mass of about 2.4 times that of the Sun and a surface temperature of approximately 3,480 K, just over half the surface temperature of the Sun. This low temperature accounts for the dull red color of an M-type star. The total luminosity is about 2,500 times that of the Sun, and it has estimated 180 times the Sun's radius.

text: This is a

text: red giant

text: star with an estimated mass of about 2.4 times that of the

text: Sun

text: and a surface temperature of approximately 3,480

text: K

text: , just over half the surface temperature of the Sun. This low temperature accounts for the dull red color of an M-type star. The total luminosity is about 2,500 times that of the Sun, and it has estimated 180 times the Sun's radius.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: hot spots

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: low temperature accounts for the dull red color

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: nuclear explosions

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: does not occur

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: red giant stars

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: red giant stars

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: red giant stars

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: M-type star.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: just over half the surface temperature of the Sun.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: M-type star.

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: 2.4 times that of the Sun

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: M-type star.

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: M-type star.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: 2.4 times that of the Sun

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: red giant star

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: star

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: M-type star.

text: The Owens Valley Solar Array (OVSA) is an astronomical radio telescope array with main interests in studying the physics of the Sun. The instruments of the observatory are designed and employed specifically for studying the activities and phenomena of our solar system's sun. Other solar dedicated instruments operated on the site include the Solar Radio Burst Locator (SRBL), the FASR Subsystem Testbed  (FST), and the Korean SRBL (KSRBL).  The OVSA is operated by the New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT), which also operates the Big Bear Solar Observatory.

text: The Owens Valley Solar Array (OVSA) is an

text: astronomical

text: radio telescope

text: array with main interests in studying the physics of the

text: Sun

text: . The instruments of the observatory are designed and employed specifically for studying the activities and phenomena of our solar system's sun. Other solar dedicated instruments operated on the site include the

text: Solar Radio Burst Locator

text: (SRBL), the FASR Subsystem Testbed  (FST), and the Korean SRBL (KSRBL).  The OVSA is operated by the

text: New Jersey Institute of Technology

text: (NJIT), which also operates the

text: Big Bear Solar Observatory

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: astronomical

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: astronomical radio telescope array with main interests in studying the physics of the sun

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: bursts

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: a coronal mass ejection

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar system

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: suns

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can prominences last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: sun.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: Solar Radio Burst Locator

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: Burst

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Sun.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: sun.

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sun.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Solar Radio Burst Locator

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: physics of the Sun.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: sun.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: The Owens Valley Solar Array

text: The Sun's photosphere is observed continuously for activity that can be the precursors to solar flares and CMEs. The Global Oscillation Network Group (GONG) project monitors both the surface and the interior of the Sun by using helioseismology, the study of sound waves propagating through the Sun and observed as ripples on the solar surface. GONG can detect sunspot groups on the far side of the Sun. This ability has recently been verified by visual observations from the STEREO spacecraft.

text: The Sun's photosphere is observed continuously for activity that can be the precursors to solar flares and CMEs. The Global Oscillation Network Group (GONG) project monitors both the surface and the interior of the Sun by using

text: helioseismology

text: , the study of sound waves propagating through the Sun and observed as ripples on the solar surface. GONG can detect sunspot groups on the far side of the Sun. This ability has recently been verified by visual observations from the

text: STEREO

text: spacecraft.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: groups of sunspots

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: GONG can detect sunspot groups

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: CMEs

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: CMEs

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun's photosphere

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can sunspots last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: The Sun's photosphere

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: GONG can detect sunspot groups on the far side of the Sun.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: CMEs.

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: CMEs.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: far side of the Sun.

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspot groups

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: sunspot groups

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar flares and CMEs.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: solar flares

text: When a prominence is viewed against the Sun instead of space, it appears darker than the background. This formation is called a solar filament. It is possible for a projection to be both a filament and a prominence. Some prominences are so powerful that they eject matter at speeds ranging from 600 km/s to more than 1000 km/s. Other prominences form huge loops or arching columns of glowing gases over sunspots that can reach heights of hundreds of thousands of kilometers. Prominences may last for days or months.

text: When a prominence is viewed against the Sun instead of space, it appears darker than the background. This formation is called a solar filament. It is possible for a projection to be both a filament and a prominence. Some prominences are so powerful that they eject matter at speeds ranging from 600 km/s to more than 1000 km/s. Other prominences form huge loops or arching columns of glowing gases over sunspots that can reach heights of hundreds of thousands of kilometers. Prominences may last for days or months.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: can reach heights of hundreds of thousands of kilometers

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: prominences

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: can reach heights of hundreds of thousands of kilometers

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: powerful

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar filament

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: hundreds of thousands of kilometers.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: prominences

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: 600 km/s to more than 1000 km/s.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: powerful

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Prominences may last for days or months.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar filament.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: solar filament.

text: His subject matter evolved from physics to astrophysics as he helped astronomy take on its modern shape. About 1956, Leighton became interested in the physics of the outer layers of the Sun. With characteristic imagination and insight, he devised Doppler shift and Zeeman effect solar cameras. They were applied with striking success to the investigation of magnetic and velocity fields on the sun. With the Zeeman camera, Leighton mapped complicated patterns of the sun's magnetic field with excellent resolution. Even more striking were his discoveries of a remarkable five-minute oscillation in local surface velocities and of a "super-granulation pattern" of horizontal convection currents in large cells of moving material. These solar oscillations have subsequently been recognized as internally trapped acoustic waves, opening up the whole new fields of helioseismology and solar magneto convection. Leighton himself soon realized that solar magneto-convection cells would lead to an effective diffusion of flux on the solar surface (now called Leighton diffusion), and he included it in a dynamo model of the solar cycle.

text: His subject matter evolved from physics to astrophysics as he helped astronomy take on its modern shape. About 1956, Leighton became interested in the physics of the outer layers of the

text: Sun

text: . With characteristic imagination and insight, he devised

text: Doppler shift

text: and

text: Zeeman effect

text: solar cameras. They were applied with striking success to the investigation of magnetic and velocity fields on the sun. With the Zeeman camera, Leighton mapped complicated patterns of the sun's magnetic field with excellent resolution. Even more striking were his discoveries of a remarkable five-minute oscillation in local surface velocities and of a "super-granulation pattern" of horizontal convection currents in large cells of moving material. These solar oscillations have subsequently been recognized as internally trapped acoustic waves, opening up the whole new fields of

text: helioseismology

text: and solar magneto convection. Leighton himself soon realized that solar magneto-convection cells would lead to an effective diffusion of flux on the solar surface (now called Leighton diffusion), and he included it in a

text: dynamo model of the solar cycle

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar oscillations

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: magnetic field with excellent resolution

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: dynamo

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: helioseismology

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar cycle

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: solar oscillations

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can a prominence last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar oscillations

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: horizontal convection currents in large cells of moving material.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: "super-granulation pattern" of horizontal convection currents

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: helioseismology

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: helioseismology and solar magneto convection.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: outer layers of the Sun.

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: horizontal convection currents in large cells of moving material.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: five-minute

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: magnetic and velocity fields on the sun.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: solar surface

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Doppler shift and Zeeman effect solar cameras.

text: Sunspots are relatively dark areas on the Sun's radiating 'surface' (photosphere) where intense magnetic activity inhibits convection and cools the Photosphere. Faculae are slightly brighter areas that form around sunspot groups as the flow of energy to the photosphere is re-established and both the normal flow and the sunspot-blocked energy elevate the radiating 'surface' temperature. Scientists began speculating on possible relationships between sunspots and solar luminosity in the 17th century. Luminosity decreases caused by sunspots (generally < - 0.3%) are correlated with increases (generally < + 0.05%) caused both by faculae that are associated with active regions as well as the magnetically active 'bright network'.

text: Sunspot

text: s are relatively dark areas on the Sun's radiating 'surface' (

text: photosphere

text: ) where intense magnetic activity inhibits convection and cools the

text: Photosphere

text: Faculae

text: are slightly brighter areas that form around sunspot groups as the flow of energy to the photosphere is re-established and both the normal flow and the sunspot-blocked energy elevate the radiating 'surface' temperature. Scientists began speculating on possible relationships between sunspots and solar luminosity in the 17th century. Luminosity decreases caused by sunspots (generally < - 0.3%) are correlated with increases (generally < + 0.05%) caused both by faculae that are associated with active regions as well as the magnetically active 'bright network'.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: relatively dark areas

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: intense magnetic activity inhibits convection

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: active regions

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answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: brighter areas that form around sunspot groups

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can sunspots last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: relatively dark areas

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: intense magnetic activity inhibits convection and cools the Photosphere.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: Sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Sunspots

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answers: the Sun's radiating'surface'

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answers: active regions

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Sunspots

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Sunspots

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answers: Sun's

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answers: Sunspots

text: Also in 1848, Joseph Henry projected an image of the Sun onto a screen and determined that sunspots were cooler than the surrounding surface.

text: Also in 1848,

text: Joseph Henry

text: projected an image of the Sun onto a screen and determined that sunspots were cooler than the surrounding surface.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: hot spots

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: cooler than the surrounding surface

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar storms

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: is a type of solar storm

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: cooler

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: cooler than the surrounding surface.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: cooler

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: sunspots were cooler than the surrounding surface.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: sunspots were cooler than the surrounding surface.

text: As the end of their mission drew closer, Gibson continued his watch of the solar surface.On January 21, 1974, an active region on the Sun's surface formed a bright spot which intensified and grew. Gibson quickly began filming the sequence as the bright spot erupted. This film was the first recording from space of the birth of a solar flare.

text: As the end of their mission drew closer, Gibson continued his watch of the solar surface.On January 21, 1974, an active region on the Sun's surface formed a bright spot which intensified and grew. Gibson quickly began filming the sequence as the bright spot erupted. This film was the first recording from space of the birth of a

text: solar flare

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: active regions

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: active regions on the Sun's surface

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: the birth of a solar flare

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: active regions

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: active regions

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: active region

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: bright spot which intensified and grew.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flare.

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar flare.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: active region on the Sun's surface

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: bright spot

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answers: solar flare.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar surface.On

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answers: space

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answers: solar flare.

text: Topography is the study and description of the surface features of land, which means it is the study of the surface of the earth such as that of relief features which is whatever is on the surface of anything

text: Topography

text: is the study and description of the surface features of land, which means it is the study of the surface of the earth such as that of relief features which is whatever is on the surface of anything

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: relief features

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: they are on the surface of the sun

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: nuclear explosions

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: can not be described as topography

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar system

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: surface features

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: topography

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: Topography

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: Topography

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: Topography

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Topography

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Topography

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: Topography

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Topography

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Topography

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answers: Topography

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Topography

text: Meanwhile, Carrington had adopted, and was cultivating with his usual felicity of treatment, a ‘second subject’ at that juncture of peculiar interest and importance. While his new observatory was in course of construction, he devoted some of his spare time to examining the drawings and records of sun-spots in possession of the Astronomical Society, and was much struck with the need and scarcity of systematic solar observations. Sabine's and Wolf's discovery of the coincidence between the magnetic and sunspot periods had just then been announced, and he believed he should be able to take advantage of the pre-occupation or inability of other observers to appropriate to himself, by ‘close and methodical research,’ the next ensuing eleven-year cycle. He accordingly resolved to devote his daylight energies to the sun, while reserving his nights for the stars. Solar physics as a whole, however, he prudently excluded from his field of view. He limited his task to fixing the true period of the sun's rotation (of which curiously discrepant values had been obtained), to tracing the laws of distribution of maculæ, and investigating the existence of permanent surface-currents. Adequately to compass these ends, new devices of observation, reduction, and comparison were required. Leaving photography to his successors as too undeveloped for immediate use, he chose a method founded on the idea of making the solar disc its own circular micrometer. An image of the sun was thrown upon a screen placed at such a distance from the eyepiece of the 4½-inch equatoreal as to give to the disc a diameter of 12 to 14 inches. In the focus of the telescope, which was firmly clamped, two bars of flattened gold wire were fastened at right angles to each other, and inclined about 45° on either side of the meridian. Then, as the inverted image traversed the screen, the instants of contact with the wires of the sun's limbs and of the spot-nucleus to be measured were severally noted, when an easy calculation gave its heliocentric position (ib. xiv. 153).

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: permanent surface-currents

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: the need and scarcity of systematic solar observations

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar disc

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can a sunspot last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: What can astronauts be harmed by

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: permanent surface-currents.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: coincidence between the magnetic and sunspot periods

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sun-spots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sun-spots

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sun-spots

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: sun-spots

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: investigating the existence of permanent surface-currents.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: sun

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: eyepiece

text: A typical prominence extends over many thousands of kilometers; the largest on record was estimated at over  long – roughly the solar radius.

text: A typical prominence extends over many thousands of kilometers; the largest on record was estimated at over  long – roughly the solar radius.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: the solar radius

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar storms

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: is a solar flare

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: prominences

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: prominence

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: prominence extends over many thousands of kilometers;

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: prominence

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar radius.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar radius.

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: extends over many thousands of kilometers;

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: A typical prominence extends over many thousands of kilometers;

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar radius.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: solar radius.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: prominence

text: When solar flares erupt from sunspots they emit ultraviolet radiation, which reach the earth in 8 minutes, and electrified fragments of atoms which take around 30 hours. These fragments of atoms are diverted by the earth's magnetic field, towards the North and South poles which causes the Aurora. Dr. C. W. Gartlein of Cornell University took some of the first motion pictures of the Aurora Borealis. These solar flares cause disruption in electricity and radio communications because of disturbances of the ionosphere. Because of this, the Sun is monitored from 22 stations around the world which send data to the Radio Storm Warning Service of the National Bureau of Standards to determine when a solar storm will reach the Earth.

text: When

text: solar flares

text: erupt from sunspots they emit

text: ultraviolet radiation

text: , which reach the earth in 8 minutes, and

text: electrified fragments of atoms

text: which take around 30 hours. These fragments of atoms are diverted by the

text: earth's magnetic field

text: , towards the North and South poles which causes the

text: Aurora

text: Dr. C. W. Gartlein

text: of Cornell University took some of the first motion pictures of the Aurora Borealis. These solar flares cause disruption in

text: electricity

text: and radio communications because of disturbances of the

text: ionosphere

text: . Because of this, the Sun is monitored from 22 stations around the world which send data to the

text: Radio Storm Warning Service

text: of the

entity_name: National Institute of Standards and Technology

text: National Bureau of Standards

text: to determine when a

text: solar storm

text: will reach the Earth.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: emit ultraviolet radiation

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: they emit ultraviolet radiation,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar flares erupt from sunspots

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar flares erupt from sunspots

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: 8 minutes,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: solar flares erupt from sunspots they emit ultraviolet radiation,

text: Craig Edward DeForest (born August 13, 1968) is an American solar physicist.  He leads the heliophysics research group at the Boulder, Colorado offices of the Southwest Research Institute and holds an adjunct faculty position at the University of Colorado, Boulder.  His wide-ranging contributions to the field of experimental astrophysics of the Sun include: early work on the MSSTA, a sounding rocket that prototyped modern normal-incidence EUV optics such as are used on the Solar Dynamics Observatory; his discovery of sound waves in the solar corona in 1998; standardization of computer vision techniques that are used to measure and track magnetic fields on the solar surface; co-invention with colleague Charles Kankelborg of the fluxon semi-Lagrangian approach to numerical MHD modeling; and pioneering work on quantitative remote sensing of the solar wind via Thomson scattered light.

text: Craig Edward DeForest (born August 13, 1968) is an American solar physicist.  He leads the heliophysics research group at the

text: Boulder, Colorado

text: offices of the

text: Southwest Research Institute

text: and holds an adjunct faculty position at the

text: University of Colorado, Boulder

text: .  His wide-ranging contributions to the field of experimental astrophysics of the Sun include: early work on the

text: MSSTA

text: , a sounding rocket that prototyped modern normal-incidence EUV optics such as are used on the

text: Solar Dynamics Observatory

text: ; his discovery of sound waves in the

text: solar corona

text: in 1998; standardization of

text: computer vision

text: techniques that are used to measure and track magnetic fields on the solar surface; co-invention with colleague Charles Kankelborg of the

text: fluxon

text: semi-Lagrangian approach to numerical MHD modeling; and pioneering work on quantitative remote sensing of the

text: solar wind

text: via

text: Thomson scattered

text: light.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: corona

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: sound waves

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: corona

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sound waves

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar corona

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: corona

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: radiation in space

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar wind

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: magnetic fields on the solar surface;

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: corona

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sound waves in the solar corona

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: corona

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: solar wind

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: solar corona

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: sound waves in the solar corona

text: After teaching for a year at the University of Michigan, he became an associate professor of physics at Oberlin College. He made professor in 1899 and became Dean of the College of Arts and Science in 1907. In May 1908 at the age of 51 he joined the staff at Mount Wilson Observatory. There he studied the Sun, observing sun spots, the structure of the solar atmosphere,examined the Sun's element composition using spectroscopy, and so forth. In his later work he spent much time working to confirm the theory of general relativity. He also made observations of the planet Venus, showing that there was insufficient oxygen in the atmosphere to support life (as we know it). Between 1909 and 1930 he published 80 papers. He also served as President of Commission 12 of the International Astronomical Union until 1932.

text: After teaching for a year at the University of Michigan, he became an associate professor of physics at

text: Oberlin College

text: . He made professor in 1899 and became Dean of the College of Arts and Science in 1907. In May 1908 at the age of 51 he joined the staff at

text: Mount Wilson Observatory

text: . There he studied the

text: Sun

text: , observing

text: sun spots

text: , the structure of the solar atmosphere,examined the Sun's

text: element

text: composition using

text: spectroscopy

text: , and so forth. In his later work he spent much time working to confirm the theory of

text: general relativity

text: . He also made observations of the planet

text: Venus

text: , showing that there was insufficient

text: oxygen

text: in the atmosphere to support life (as we know it). Between 1909 and 1930 he published 80 papers. He also served as President of Commission 12 of the

text: International Astronomical Union

text: until 1932.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: there was insufficient oxygen in the atmosphere to support life

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sun spots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: the structure of the solar atmosphere

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sun spots

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: sun spots, the structure of the solar atmosphere,examined

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sun spots,

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sun spots,

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sun spots,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: sun spots,

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the Sun,

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Venus,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: 1907.

text: A nanoflare is a very small solar flare which happens in the corona, the external atmosphere of the Sun.

text: A nanoflare is a very small

text: solar flare

text: which happens in the

text: corona

text: , the external

text: atmosphere

text: of the

text: Sun

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: they are in the solar corona

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: can cause a solar flare

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar atmosphere

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: the external atmosphere of the Sun.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: the external atmosphere of the Sun.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: nanoflare

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: nanoflare is a very small solar flare

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the external atmosphere of the Sun.

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: external atmosphere of the Sun.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: nanoflare

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: nanoflare is a very small solar flare

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: the Sun.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: A nanoflare is a very small solar flare

text: SADs are widely accepted to be byproducts of magnetic reconnection, the physical process that drives solar flares by releasing energy stored in the Sun’s magnetic field. Reconnection reconfigures the local magnetic field surrounding the flare site from a higher-energy (non-potential, stressed) state to a lower-energy (potential) state. This process is facilitated by the development of a current sheet, often preceded by or in tandem with a coronal mass ejection. As the field is being reconfigured, newly formed magnetic field lines are swept away from the reconnection site, producing outflows both toward and away from the solar surface, respectively referred to as downflows and upflows. SADs are believed to be related to reconnection downflows that perturb the hot, dense plasma that collects above flare arcades, but precisely how SADs form is uncertain and is an area of active research.

text: SADs are widely accepted to be byproducts of

text: magnetic reconnection

text: , the physical process that drives

text: solar flare

text: s by releasing energy stored in the

text: Sun’s magnetic field

text: Reconnection

text: reconfigures the local

text: magnetic field

text: surrounding the

text: flare

text: site from a higher-energy (non-potential,

text: stressed

text: ) state to a lower-energy (

text: potential

text: ) state. This process is facilitated by the development of a

text: current sheet

text: , often preceded by or in tandem with a

text: coronal mass ejection

text: . As the field is being reconfigured, newly formed

text: magnetic field lines

text: are swept away from the

text: reconnection

text: site, producing outflows both toward and away from the

text: solar surface

text: , respectively referred to as downflows and upflows. SADs are believed to be related to

text: reconnection

text: downflows that perturb the hot, dense

text: plasma

text: that collects above

text: flare

text: arcades, but precisely how SADs form is uncertain and is an area of active research.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: releasing energy stored in the Sun’s magnetic field

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: development of a current sheet, often preceded by or in tandem with

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: hot, dense plasma

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: hot, dense plasma that collects above flare arcades,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: current sheet,

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Sun’s

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: flare arcades,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: flare arcades,

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: how SADs form is uncertain and is an area of active research.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: solar surface,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: solar flares

text: Annie Scott Dill Maunder was a pioneer in astronomical photography, especially of sunspots. A mathematics graduate of Girton College, Cambridge, she was first hired (in 1890) to be an assistant to Edward Walter Maunder, discoverer of the Maunder Minimum, the head of the solar department at Greenwich Observatory. They worked together to observe sunspots and to refine the techniques of solar photography. They married in 1895. Annie's mathematical skills made it possible to analyse the years of sunspot data that Maunder had been collecting at Greenwich. She also designed a small, portable wide-angle camera with a  lens. In 1898, the Maunders traveled to India, where Annie took the first photographs of the sun's corona during a solar eclipse. By analysing the Cambridge records for both sunspots and geomagnetic storm, they were able to show that specific regions of the sun's surface were the source of geomagnetic storms and that the sun did not radiate its energy uniformly into space, as William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin had declared.

text: Annie Scott Dill Maunder

text: was a pioneer in astronomical photography, especially of

text: sunspot

text: s. A mathematics graduate of Girton College, Cambridge, she was first hired (in 1890) to be an assistant to

text: Edward Walter Maunder

text: , discoverer of the

text: Maunder Minimum

text: , the head of the solar department at

text: Greenwich Observatory

text: . They worked together to observe sunspots and to refine the techniques of solar photography. They married in 1895. Annie's mathematical skills made it possible to analyse the years of sunspot data that Maunder had been collecting at Greenwich. She also designed a small, portable wide-angle camera with a  lens. In 1898, the Maunders traveled to India, where Annie took the first photographs of the sun's corona during a solar eclipse. By analysing the Cambridge records for both sunspots and

text: geomagnetic storm

text: , they were able to show that specific regions of the sun's surface were the source of geomagnetic storms and that the sun did not radiate its energy uniformly into space, as

text: William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin

text: had declared.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: regions of the sun's surface

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: the sun did not radiate its energy uniformly into space

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: the Maunder Minimum

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can prominences last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: astronomical photography,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: They worked together to observe sunspots

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: geomagnetic storm,

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar eclipse.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: specific regions of the sun's surface

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspots.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: sunspots.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: sunspots.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: the sun did not radiate its energy uniformly into space,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: the sun did not radiate its energy

text: The most prominent time variation of the solar magnetic field is related to the quasi-periodic 11-year solar cycle, characterized by an increasing and decreasing number and size of sunspots. Sunspots are visible as dark patches on the Sun's photosphere and correspond to concentrations of magnetic field. At a typical solar minimum, few or no sunspots are visible. Those that do appear are at high solar latitudes. As the solar cycle progresses towards its maximum, sunspots tend to form closer to the solar equator, following Spörer's law.

text: The most prominent time variation of the solar magnetic field is related to the quasi-periodic 11-year

text: solar cycle

text: , characterized by an increasing and decreasing number and size of

text: sunspot

text: s. Sunspots are visible as dark patches on the Sun's

text: photosphere

text: and correspond to concentrations of magnetic field. At a typical

text: solar minimum

text: , few or no sunspots are visible. Those that do appear are at high solar latitudes. As the solar cycle progresses towards its

text: maximum

text: , sunspots tend to form closer to the solar equator, following

text: Spörer's law

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: concentrations of magnetic field

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: dark patches on the Sun's photosphere and correspond to concentrations of magnetic field

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar latitudes

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar magnetic field

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: dark patches on the Sun's photosphere

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: sunspots tend to form closer to the solar equator,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots.

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sunspots.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: closer to the solar equator,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: dark patches on the Sun's photosphere

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: sunspots.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar magnetic field

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: high solar latitudes.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: sunspots.

text: In the second half of the nineteenth century Richard Carrington and Spörer independently noted the migration of sunspot activity towards the solar equator as the cycle progresses. This pattern is best visualized in the form of the so-called butterfly diagram, first constructed by Walter and Annie Scott Dill Maunder in the early twentieth century (see graph). Images of the Sun are divided into latitudinal strips, and the monthly-averaged fractional surface of sunspots calculated. This is plotted vertically as a color-coded bar, and the process is repeated month after month to produce a time-series diagram.

text: In the second half of the nineteenth century

text: Richard Carrington

text: and Spörer independently noted the migration of sunspot activity towards the solar equator as the cycle progresses. This pattern is best visualized in the form of the so-called butterfly diagram, first constructed by Walter and

text: Annie Scott Dill Maunder

text: in the early twentieth century (see graph). Images of the Sun are divided into latitudinal strips, and the monthly-averaged fractional surface of sunspots calculated. This is plotted vertically as a color-coded bar, and the process is repeated month after month to produce a time-series diagram.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: migration of sunspot activity towards the solar equator

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sunspot

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar equator

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: monthly-averaged fractional surface

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: migration of sunspot activity towards the solar equator

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspot activity

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sunspot activity towards the solar equator

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar equator

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspot activity

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: sunspot activity

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: sunspot activity

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: solar equator

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: sunspot activity

text: Recently, Alfvénic motions have been found in the lower solar atmosphere  and also in the quiet Sun, in coronal holes and in active regions using observations with AIA on board the Solar Dynamics Observatory.These Alfvénic oscillations have significant power, and seem to be connected to the chromospheric Alfvénic oscillations previously reported with the Hinode spacecraft.

text: Recently, Alfvénic motions have been found in the lower solar atmosphere  and also in the quiet Sun, in coronal holes and in active regions using observations with AIA on board the

text: Solar Dynamics Observatory

text: .These Alfvénic oscillations have significant power, and seem to be connected to the chromospheric Alfvénic oscillations previously reported with the

text: Hinode

text: spacecraft.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: active regions

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: active regions

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: active regions

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: coronal holes

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: coronal holes

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the lower solar atmosphere

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: active regions

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: active regions

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: active regions

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: coronal holes

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: coronal holes and in active regions

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: coronal holes

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: coronal holes

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Alfvénic motions have been found in the lower solar atmosphere

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: chromospheric Alfvénic oscillations

text: Spartan 201-04 is a Solar Physics Spacecraft designed to perform remote sensing of the hot outer layers of the sun's atmosphere or corona. It is expected to be deployed on orbit 18 and retrieved on orbit 52. The objective of the observations are to investigate the mechanisms causing the heating of the solar corona and the acceleration of the solar wind which originates in the corona. Two primary experiments are the Ultraviolet Coronal Spectrometer from the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, and the White Light Coronograph (WLC) from the High Altitude Observatory. Spartan 201 has three secondary experiments. The Technology Experiment Augmenting Spartan (TEXAS) is a Radio Frequency (RF) communications experiment which provided flight experience for components baselined on future Spartan missions, and a real time communications and control link with the primary Spartan 201 experiments. This link was used to provide a fine pointing adjustment to the WLC based on solar images downlinked real time. The Video Guidance Sensor (VGS) Flight Experiment is a laser guidance system which tested a key component of the Automated Rendezvous and Capture (AR&C) system. The Spartan Auxiliary Mounting Plate (SPAM) is a small equipment mounting plate which provided a mounting location for small experiments or auxiliary equipment of the Spartan Flight Support Structure (SFSS) It is a honeycomb plate using an experimental Silicon Carbide Aluminum face sheet material with an aluminum core.

text: Spartan 201-04 is a Solar Physics Spacecraft designed to perform remote sensing of the hot outer layers of the sun's atmosphere or

text: corona

text: . It is expected to be deployed on orbit 18 and retrieved on orbit 52. The objective of the observations are to investigate the mechanisms causing the heating of the solar corona and the acceleration of the solar wind which originates in the corona. Two primary experiments are the Ultraviolet Coronal Spectrometer from the

text: Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory

text: , and the White Light Coronograph (WLC) from the

text: High Altitude Observatory

text: . Spartan 201 has three secondary experiments. The Technology Experiment Augmenting Spartan (TEXAS) is a Radio Frequency (RF) communications experiment which provided flight experience for components baselined on future Spartan missions, and a real time communications and control link with the primary Spartan 201 experiments. This link was used to provide a fine pointing adjustment to the WLC based on solar images downlinked real time. The Video Guidance Sensor (VGS) Flight Experiment is a laser guidance system which tested a key component of the Automated Rendezvous and Capture (AR&C) system. The Spartan Auxiliary Mounting Plate (SPAM) is a small equipment mounting plate which provided a mounting location for small experiments or auxiliary equipment of the Spartan Flight Support Structure (SFSS) It is a honeycomb plate using an experimental Silicon Carbide Aluminum face sheet material with an aluminum core.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: hot outer layers

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: solar wind which originates in the corona

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar wind

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar wind which originates in the corona

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar corona

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: hot outer layers

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can prominences last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the hot outer layers

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: hot outer layers

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: heating of the solar corona and the acceleration of the solar wind

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar wind

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar wind

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: hot outer layers

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: hot outer layers

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: solar wind

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the mechanisms causing the heating of the solar corona

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: sun's atmosphere or corona.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Ultraviolet Coronal Spectrometer

text: The Sun's convection zone extends from 0.7 solar radii (200,000 km) to near the surface. In this layer, the solar plasma is not dense enough or hot enough to transfer the heat energy of the interior outward via radiation. Instead, the density of the plasma is low enough to allow convective currents to develop and move the Sun's energy outward towards its surface. Material heated at the tachocline picks up heat and expands, thereby reducing its density and allowing it to rise. As a result, an orderly motion of the mass develops into thermal cells that carry the majority of the heat outward to the Sun's photosphere above. Once the material diffusively and radiatively cools just beneath the photospheric surface, its density increases, and it sinks to the base of the convection zone, where it again picks up heat from the top of the radiative zone and the convective cycle continues. At the photosphere, the temperature has dropped to 5,700 K and the density to only 0.2 g/m (about 1/6,000 the density of air at sea level).

text: The Sun's convection zone extends from 0.7 solar radii (200,000 km) to near the surface. In this layer, the solar plasma is not dense enough or hot enough to transfer the heat energy of the interior outward via radiation. Instead, the density of the plasma is low enough to allow convective currents to develop and move the Sun's energy outward towards its surface. Material heated at the tachocline picks up heat and expands, thereby reducing its density and allowing it to rise. As a result, an orderly motion of the mass develops into

text: thermal cells

text: that carry the majority of the heat outward to the Sun's photosphere above. Once the material diffusively and radiatively cools just beneath the photospheric surface, its density increases, and it sinks to the base of the convection zone, where it again picks up heat from the top of the radiative zone and the convective cycle continues. At the photosphere, the temperature has dropped to 5,700 K and the density to only 0.2 g/m (about 1/6,000 the density of air at sea level).

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: convective

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: convective currents to develop and move the Sun's energy outward towards its surface

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar storms

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: convective currents

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun's convection zone

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: photosphere

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: convection zone

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: convection zone

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: convective currents

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: tachocline

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Sun's photosphere

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: convection zone

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: tachocline

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: The Sun's convection zone

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: The Sun's convection zone

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: (200,000 km)

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: radiation.

text: Like all the American Orbiting Solar Observatory (OSO) series satellites, it had two major segments: one, the "Sail", was stabilized to face the Sun, and carried both solar panels and Sun-pointing experiments for solar physics.  The other, "Wheel" section, rotated to provide overall gyroscopic stability and also carried sky scanning instruments that swept the sky as the wheel turned, approximately every 2 sec.

text: Like all the American Orbiting Solar Observatory (OSO) series satellites, it had two major segments: one, the "Sail", was stabilized to face the Sun, and carried both solar panels and Sun-pointing experiments for solar physics.  The other, "Wheel" section, rotated to provide overall gyroscopic stability and also carried sky scanning instruments that swept the sky as the wheel turned, approximately every 2 sec.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar storms

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: solar panels and Sun-pointing experiments

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar storms

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: suns

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar physics.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: Sun-pointing experiments for solar physics.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar physics.

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar physics.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: Sun-pointing

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: solar physics.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar physics.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Sun,

text: The main feature of this tower at its opening was that it was the most environmentally friendly building in France. It is equipped with photovoltaic modules that provide about 70% of the electricity consumed by the building, it uses environmentally friendly insulation materials such as cellulose, and uses no air conditioning, but exterior panels that cover the glass surfaces exposed to the sun during the day (called the solar shield), without requiring the use of artificial lighting most of the time.

text: The main feature of this tower at its opening was that it was the most

text: environmentally friendly

text: building in France. It is equipped with

text: photovoltaic module

text: s that provide about 70% of the electricity consumed by the building, it uses

text: environmentally friendly

text: insulation materials such as cellulose, and uses no air conditioning, but exterior panels that cover the glass surfaces exposed to the sun during the day (called the

text: solar shield

text: ), without requiring the use of artificial lighting most of the time.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: nuclear

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar shield

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: sun

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: solar shield), without requiring the use of artificial lighting most of the time.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar shield),

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sun

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sun

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: photovoltaic modules

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: France.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: photovoltaic modules

text: Early in the 20th century, interest in astrophysics grew in America, and multiple observatories were built. Solar telescopes (and thus, solar observatories), were installed at Mount Wilson Observatory in California in 1904, and in the 1930s at McMath-Hulbert Observatory. Interest also grew in other parts of the world, with the establishment of the Kodaikanal Solar Observatory in India at the turn of the century, the Einsteinturm in Germany in 1924, and the Solar Tower Telescope at the National Observatory of Japan in 1930.

text: Early in the 20th century, interest in astrophysics grew in America, and multiple observatories were built. Solar telescopes (and thus, solar observatories), were installed at

text: Mount Wilson Observatory

text: in California in 1904, and in the 1930s at

text: McMath-Hulbert Observatory

text: . Interest also grew in other parts of the world, with the establishment of the

text: Kodaikanal Solar Observatory

text: in India at the turn of the century, the

text: Einsteinturm

text: in Germany in 1924, and the Solar Tower Telescope at the National Observatory of Japan in 1930.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar storms

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: the Einsteinturm in Germany in 1924

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar storms

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar telescopes

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar telescopes

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: Solar telescopes

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: Solar telescopes

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: Solar telescopes

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Solar telescopes

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Solar

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: Solar telescopes

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Solar telescopes

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Solar telescopes

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Solar telescopes

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Solar telescopes

text: Stellar models of the Sun's evolution predict the solar surface chemical abundance pretty well except for lithium (Li).The surface abundance of Li on the Sun is 140 times less than the protosolar value (i.e. the primordial abundance at the Sun's birth), yet the temperature at the base of the surface convective zone is not hot enough to burn – and hence deplete – Li. This is known as the solar lithium problem. A large range of Li abundances is observed in solar-type stars of the same age, mass, and metallicity as the Sun. Observations of an unbiased sample of stars of this type with or without observed planets (exoplanets) showed that the known planet-bearing stars have less than one per cent of the primordial Li abundance, and of the remainder half had ten times as much Li. It is hypothesised that the presence of planets may increase the amount of mixing and deepen the convective zone to such an extent that the Li can be burned. A possible mechanism for this is the idea that the planets affect the angular momentum evolution of the star, thus changing the rotation of the star relative to similar stars without planets; in the case of the Sun slowing its rotation. More research is needed to discover where and when the fault in the modelling lies. Given the precision of helioseismic probes of the interior of the modern-day Sun, it is likely that the modelling of the protostellar Sun needs to be adjusted.

text: Stellar model

text: s of the Sun's evolution predict the solar surface chemical abundance pretty well except for

text: lithium

text: (Li).The surface abundance of Li on the Sun is 140 times less than the

text: protosolar

text: value (i.e. the primordial abundance at the Sun's birth), yet the temperature at the base of the surface convective zone is not hot enough to burn – and hence deplete – Li. This is known as the solar lithium problem. A large range of Li abundances is observed in solar-type stars of the same age, mass, and metallicity as the Sun. Observations of an unbiased sample of stars of this type with or without observed planets (

text: exoplanets

text: ) showed that the known planet-bearing stars have less than one per cent of the primordial Li abundance, and of the remainder half had ten times as much Li. It is hypothesised that the presence of planets may increase the amount of mixing and deepen the convective zone to such an extent that the Li can be burned. A possible mechanism for this is the idea that the planets affect the angular momentum evolution of the star, thus changing the rotation of the star relative to similar stars without planets; in the case of the Sun slowing its rotation. More research is needed to discover where and when the fault in the modelling lies. Given the precision of

text: helioseismic

text: probes of the interior of the modern-day Sun, it is likely that the modelling of the protostellar Sun needs to be adjusted.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: convective zone

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: the presence of planets may increase the amount of mixing

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar-type stars

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: a coronal mass ejection

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar-type stars

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: lithium

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: the presence of planets may increase the amount of mixing

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: lithium

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar lithium problem.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar-type stars

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: lithium

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Stellar models

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Stellar models of the Sun's evolution

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: (exoplanets)

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: lithium

text: BL Boötis has been designated the prototype of a rare class of variable star known as an anomalous Cepheid or BL Boötis variable. These stars are somewhat similar to Cepheid variables, but they do not have the same relationship between their period and luminosity. Their periods are similar to the ab subtypes of RR Lyrae variables; however, they are far brighter than these stars. Anomalous Cepheids are metal poor and have masses not much larger than the Sun's, on average, 1.5 solar masses. The origin of these stars is uncertain, but thought to possibly be from the merger of two stars. Detailed examination of the spectrum of BL Boötis with the Keck-1 telescope at the W. M. Keck Observatory showed that its effective (surface) temperature is around 6450 K at minimum light. It also showed that the chemical composition was consistent with ageing metal-poor (Population II) stars and hence cast doubt on the origin as a result of a stellar merger. The radial velocity is slower than would be expected if it were from a stellar merger.

text: BL Boötis has been designated the prototype of a rare class of variable star known as an

text: anomalous Cepheid

text: or BL Boötis variable. These stars are somewhat similar to

text: Cepheid variable

text: s, but they do not have the same relationship between their period and luminosity. Their periods are similar to the ab subtypes of RR Lyrae variables; however, they are far brighter than these stars. Anomalous Cepheids are

text: metal poor

text: and have masses not much larger than the Sun's, on average, 1.5

text: solar mass

text: es. The origin of these stars is uncertain, but thought to possibly be from the merger of two stars. Detailed examination of the spectrum of BL Boötis with the Keck-1 telescope at the

text: W. M. Keck Observatory

text: showed that its

text: effective (surface) temperature

text: is around 6450 K at minimum light. It also showed that the chemical composition was consistent with ageing metal-poor (Population II) stars and hence cast doubt on the origin as a result of a stellar merger. The radial velocity is slower than would be expected if it were from a stellar merger.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: variable stars

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: on average, 1.5 solar masses

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: nuclear explosions

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar system

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: metal poor

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can prominences last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: BL Boötis

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: metal poor

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: radial velocity

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: anomalous Cepheid

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: stellar merger.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: ageing metal-poor (Population II) stars

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: metal poor

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: period and luminosity.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Keck-1 telescope at the W. M. Keck Observatory

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Sun's, on average, 1.5 solar masses.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: anomalous Cepheid

text: The planet orbits a (K-type) star named HD 85512. The star has a mass of 0.69  and a radius of around 0.53 . It has a surface temperature of 4715 K and is 5.61 billion years old. In comparison, the Sun is about 4.6 billion years old and has a surface temperature of 5778 K.

text: The planet orbits a (

text: K-type

text: star

text: named

text: HD 85512

text: . The star has a mass of 0.69  and a radius of around 0.53 . It has a surface temperature of 4715

text: K

text: and is 5.61 billion years old. In comparison, the Sun is about 4.6 billion years old and has a surface temperature of 5778 K.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: hot spots

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: the Sun is about 4.6 billion years old

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: nuclear explosions

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: a coronal mass ejection

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: hot

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: HD 85512

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: (K-type) star

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: 4.6 billion years old and has a surface temperature of 5778 K.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: (K-type)

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: (K-type) star named HD 85512.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: (K-type) star

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: (K-type)

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: (K-type) star named HD 85512.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: HD 85512.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: HD 85512.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: (K-type) star named HD 85512.

text: In total, the Sun produced four X flares and 31 M flares in September 2011, one of the most active months of Solar Cycle 24 so far.

text: In total, the Sun produced four X flares and 31 M flares in September 2011, one of the most active months of Solar Cycle 24 so far.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: active

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: active months of solar cycle 24 so far

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: can cause a flare

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar cycle 24

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Solar Cycle 24

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: X flares

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: four X flares and 31 M flares

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: M flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: 31 M flares

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Solar Cycle 24

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: X flares

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: M flares

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Solar Cycle 24

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Sun produced four X flares and 31 M flares in September 2011,

text: Flares are impulsive phenomena, of average duration of 15 minutes, and the most energetic events can last several hours. Flares produce a high and rapid increase of the density and temperature.

text: Flares are impulsive phenomena, of average duration of 15 minutes, and the most energetic events can last several hours. Flares produce a high and rapid increase of the density and temperature.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: impulsive

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: they are impulsive

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: can last several hours

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar system

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: impulsive phenomena

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: impulsive phenomena,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: Flares produce a high and rapid increase of the density and temperature.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: Flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Flares

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Flares

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: impulsive phenomena,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Flares

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Flares

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Flares

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Flares

text: The AIP is privately funded and member of the Leibniz Association. It is located in Babelsberg in the state of Brandenburg, just west of Berlin, though the Einstein Tower solar observatory and the great refractor telescope on Telegrafenberg in Potsdam belong to the AIP.

text: The AIP is privately funded and member of the

text: Leibniz Association

text: . It is located in

text: Babelsberg

text: in the state of

text: Brandenburg

text: , just west of

text: Berlin

text: , though the

text: Einstein Tower

text: solar observatory and the great

text: refractor telescope

text: on

text: Telegrafenberg

text: in

text: Potsdam

text: belong to the AIP.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: hot spots

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: the Einstein Tower solar observatory

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar storms

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Einstein Tower

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar observatory

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: The AIP is privately funded and member of the Leibniz Association.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar observatory and the great refractor telescope on Telegrafenberg

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Brandenburg,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: refractor telescope

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: The AIP is privately funded and member of the Leibniz Association.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Einstein Tower solar observatory

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Berlin,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: The AIP is privately funded and member of the Leibniz Association.

text: Possibly the site could mark a focal point for religious and/or social gatherings. Some archaeologists believe that the circles have been constructed in relation to the rising of the sun at the solstice, or to record the movements of the sun and moon acting as observatories for particular lunar, solar or stellar events. Three of the stone rows point to the sunrise at the time of the solstice and another is aligned towards moonrise at the same period. However, most of the remains at Beaghmore do not indicate very accurate alignments upon specific astronomical features.

text: Possibly the site could mark a focal point for religious and/or social gatherings. Some archaeologists believe that the circles have been constructed in relation to the rising of the sun at the

text: solstice

text: , or to record the movements of the sun and moon acting as observatories for particular lunar, solar or stellar events. Three of the stone rows point to the sunrise at the time of the solstice and another is aligned towards moonrise at the same period. However, most of the remains at Beaghmore do not indicate very accurate alignments upon specific astronomical features.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: not indicate very accurate alignments upon specific astronomical features

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: stellar events

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can stellar events last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar or stellar events

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: stellar

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: rising of the sun at the solstice,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: stellar events.

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sun

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: sun and moon

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: stellar

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: rising of the sun at the solstice,

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: lunar, solar or stellar events.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: sun

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: sun at the solstice,

text: NASA’s Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) mission was launched in 2010 and is currently studying solar activity and how it causes space weather. Space weather affects not only our lives on Earth, but Earth itself, and everything outside its atmosphere (astronauts and satellites out in space and even the other planets). SDO is helping us understand where the sun's energy comes from, how the inside of the sun works, and how energy is stored and released in the sun's atmosphere. By better understanding the sun and how it works, we will be able to better predict and better forecast space weather events.

text: NASA’s

text: Solar Dynamics Observatory

text: (SDO) mission was launched in 2010 and is currently studying solar activity and how it causes

text: space weather

text: . Space weather affects not only our lives on Earth, but Earth itself, and everything outside its atmosphere (

text: astronaut

text: s and

text: satellite

text: s out in space and even the other

text: planet

text: s). SDO is helping us understand where the sun's energy comes from, how the inside of the sun works, and how energy is stored and released in the sun's atmosphere. By better understanding the sun and how it works, we will be able to better predict and better forecast space weather events.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar activity

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: the inside of the sun works

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar activity

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: causes space weather

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: sun's atmosphere

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can prominences last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar activity

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar activity

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: energy is stored and released in the sun's atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: space weather.

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar activity

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar activity

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: solar activity

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: solar activity

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar activity and how it causes space weather.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: (astronauts and satellites out in space

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Space weather

text: Abbot began his astrophysics research focusing on solar radiation before proceeding to chart cyclic patterns found in solar variations. With this research he hoped to track solar constant in order to make weather pattern predictions. He believed that the sun was a variable star which effected the weather on Earth, which was criticized by many contemporaries. In 1953, he discovered a connection between solar variations and planetary climate. This discovery allowed general climate patterns to be predicted 50 years in advance. He did field work at the Smithsonian Institution Shelter, which was built during his tenure as director at SAO, Lick Observatory, and Mount Wilson Observatory. At Lick, he worked with W.W. Campbell. To fight critics, Abbot would utilize balloons with pyrheliometers installed on them for measurements. He was the first scientist in America to do so, with the balloons reaching upwards of 25 kilometers. One balloon returned data that allowed Abbot to determine the solar constant at the highest point of the Earth's atmosphere. Later in his research career, he turned his focus on solar energy use.

text: Abbot began his

text: astrophysics

text: research focusing on solar radiation before proceeding to chart cyclic patterns found in

text: solar variation

text: s. With this research he hoped to track

text: solar constant

text: in order to make weather pattern predictions. He believed that the sun was a

text: variable star

text: which effected the weather on Earth, which was criticized by many contemporaries. In 1953, he discovered a connection between solar variations and planetary climate. This discovery allowed general climate patterns to be predicted 50 years in advance. He did field work at the

text: Smithsonian Institution Shelter

text: , which was built during his tenure as director at SAO,

text: Lick Observatory

text: , and

text: Mount Wilson Observatory

text: . At Lick, he worked with

text: W.W. Campbell

text: . To fight critics, Abbot would utilize

text: balloons

text: with

text: pyrheliometer

text: s installed on them for measurements. He was the first scientist in America to do so, with the balloons reaching upwards of 25 kilometers. One balloon returned data that allowed Abbot to determine the solar constant at the highest point of the

text: Earth's atmosphere

text: . Later in his research career, he turned his focus on

text: solar energy

text: use.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: variable stars

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: cyclic patterns found in solar variations

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: pyrheliometers

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: the sun was a variable star

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can prominences last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar radiation

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: variable star

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: cyclic patterns

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar radiation

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar radiation

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: sun was a variable star

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: variable star

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: solar radiation

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar energy use.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: solar radiation

text: Thus, a much greater understanding of the Corona and improvement in the knowledge of the Sun's subtle influence on the Earth's upper atmosphere can be expected henceforth. The Atmospheric Imaging Assembly on NASA's recently launched Solar Dynamics Observatory and NASA's Focal Plane Package for the Solar Optical Telescope on the Japanese Hinode satellite which was used to test this hypothesis. The high spatial and temporal resolutions of the newer instruments reveal this coronal mass supply.

text: Thus, a much greater understanding of the Corona and improvement in the knowledge of the Sun's subtle influence on the Earth's upper atmosphere can be expected henceforth. The Atmospheric Imaging Assembly on NASA's recently launched Solar Dynamics Observatory and NASA's Focal Plane Package for the Solar Optical Telescope on the Japanese Hinode satellite which was used to test this hypothesis. The high spatial and temporal resolutions of the newer instruments reveal this coronal mass supply.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: coronal

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: influence on the Earth's upper atmosphere

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: corona

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: the Sun's subtle influence on the Earth's upper atmosphere

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: coronal

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the Earth's upper atmosphere

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: coronal

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: influence on the Earth's upper atmosphere

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: coronal

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: coronal mass supply.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Sun's

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: Corona

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Corona

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: The Atmospheric Imaging Assembly

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Sun's

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: The Atmospheric Imaging Assembly

text: Mirages are distinguished from other refraction phenomena. One of the most prominent features of mirages is that a mirage might only produce images vertically, not sideways, while a simple refraction might distort and bend the images in any way.  The distortion in both images displayed in this section was caused by refraction, but while the image on the left, which is a mirage, demonstrates only vertical distortion, the image on the right demonstrates distortion in all the ways possible. It is easier to see the vertical direction of the  mirage not even at the mirage of the Sun itself, but rather at the mirage of a sunspot. As a matter of fact it is at least a three-image mirage  of a sunspot, and all these images show a clear vertical direction.[[Image:Sunspot Mirage.JPG|Superior mirage (3-image mirage) of sunspot #930|thumb|200px|left]]

text: Mirages are distinguished from other

text: refraction

text: phenomena. One of the most prominent features of mirages is that a mirage might only produce images

text: vertically

text: , not sideways, while a simple refraction might distort and bend the images in any way.  The distortion in both images displayed in this section was caused by

text: refraction

text: , but while the image on the left, which is a mirage, demonstrates only vertical distortion, the image on the right demonstrates distortion in all the ways possible. It is easier to see the vertical direction of the  mirage not even at the mirage of the

text: Sun

text: itself, but rather at the mirage of a

text: sunspot

text: . As a matter of fact it is at least a three-image mirage  of a

text: sunspot

text: , and all these images show a clear vertical direction.[[Image:Sunspot Mirage.JPG|Superior mirage (3-image mirage) of

text: sunspot

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: mirages

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: all these images show a clear vertical direction

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: mirage of a sunspot

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: mirages

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: [[Image:Sunspot Mirage.JPG|Superior mirage (3-image mirage of a sunspot #930|thumb|200px|left]]

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: mirages

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: [[Image:Sunspot Mirage.JPG|Superior mirage (3-image mirage) of sunspot #930|thumb|200px|left]]

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: all these images show a clear vertical direction.[[Image:Sunspot

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspot.

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sunspot.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspot.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: sunspot.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Mirages

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Mirages

text: Starspots are stellar phenomena. On the Sun, they are called sunspots. Spots the size of sunspots are very hard to detect on other stars because they are too small to cause detectable fluctuations in brightness. Observed starspots are in general much larger than those on the Sun: up to about 30% of the stellar surface may be covered, corresponding to starspots 100 times larger than those on the Sun.

text: Starspots are stellar

text: phenomena

text: . On the Sun, they are called

text: sunspot

text: s. Spots the size of sunspots are very hard to detect on other stars because they are too small to cause detectable fluctuations in brightness. Observed starspots are in general much larger than those on the

text: Sun

text: : up to about 30% of the stellar surface may be covered, corresponding to starspots 100 times larger than those on the Sun.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: stellar phenomena

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: up to about 30% of the stellar surface may be covered

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: stellar

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: stellar phenomena

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: starspots

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: stellar phenomena.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: Spots the size of sunspots are very hard to detect

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: Starspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Starspots

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: stellar phenomena. On the Sun,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: stellar phenomena.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Starspots

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Starspots

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Starspots

text: The sunspot activity was then concentrated in the southern hemisphere of the Sun, except for the last cycle when the sunspots appeared in the northern hemisphere, too.

text: The sunspot activity was then concentrated in the southern hemisphere of the Sun, except for the last cycle when the sunspots appeared in the northern hemisphere, too.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: they appear in the southern hemisphere

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: can cause a sunspot

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the southern hemisphere

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: southern hemisphere of the Sun,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: The sunspot activity was then concentrated in the southern hemisphere

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspot

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: The sunspot activity

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: southern hemisphere

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspot activity

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: sunspot activity

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: The sunspot activity

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: The sunspot activity

text: Rheasilvia  is the most prominent surface feature on the asteroid Vesta and is thought to be an impact crater. It is  in diameter, which is 90% the diameter of Vesta itself, and is 95% the mean diameter of Vesta, . However, the mean is affected by the crater itself. It is 89% the mean equatorial diameter of , making it one of the largest craters in the Solar System, and at 75°S latitude, covers most of the southern hemisphere. The peak in the center of the crater rises  from its base, the tallest mountain known in the Solar System.

text: Rheasilvia  is the most prominent surface feature on the asteroid

text: Vesta

text: and is thought to be an

text: impact crater

text: . It is  in diameter, which is 90% the diameter of Vesta itself, and is 95% the mean diameter of Vesta, . However, the mean is affected by the crater itself. It is 89% the mean equatorial diameter of , making it one of the

entity_name: List of largest craters in the Solar System

text: largest craters in the Solar System

text: , and at 75°S latitude, covers most of the southern hemisphere. The peak in the center of the crater rises  from its base, the

entity_name: List of tallest mountains in the Solar System

text: tallest mountain known in the Solar System

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: surface features

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: equatorial diameter

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: nuclear explosions

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Solar System

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: mountains

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Vesta

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: impact crater.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: the mean is affected by the crater itself.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: impact crater.

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Rheasilvia

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: southern hemisphere.

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: tallest mountain

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Rheasilvia

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Rheasilvia

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: asteroid Vesta

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Rheasilvia

text: Within the solar system, space weather is influenced by the solar wind and the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) carried by the solar wind plasma. A variety of physical phenomena are associated with space weather, including geomagnetic storms and substorms, energization of the Van Allen radiation belts, ionospheric disturbances and scintillation of satellite-to-ground radio signals and long-range radar signals, aurora and geomagnetically induced currents at Earth's surface. Coronal mass ejections and their associated shock waves are also important drivers of space weather as they can compress the magnetosphere and trigger geomagnetic storms. Solar energetic particles (SEP), accelerated by coronal mass ejections or solar flares, are also an important driver of space weather as they can damage electronics onboard spacecraft (e.g. Galaxy 15 failure), and threaten the lives of astronauts.

text: Within the

text: solar system

text: , space weather is influenced by the

text: solar wind

text: and the

text: interplanetary magnetic field

text: (IMF) carried by the solar wind

text: plasma

text: . A variety of physical phenomena are associated with space weather, including

text: geomagnetic storm

text: s and substorms, energization of the

text: Van Allen radiation belt

text: s, ionospheric disturbances and

text: scintillation

text: of satellite-to-ground radio signals and long-range radar signals,

text: aurora

text: and

text: geomagnetically induced current

text: s at Earth's surface.

text: Coronal mass ejection

text: s and their associated

text: shock wave

text: s are also important drivers of space weather as they can compress the

text: magnetosphere

text: and trigger

text: geomagnetic storm

text: s.

text: Solar energetic particles

text: (SEP), accelerated by coronal mass ejections or

text: solar flare

text: s, are also an important driver of space weather as they can damage electronics onboard spacecraft (e.g.

text: Galaxy 15

text: failure), and threaten the lives of

text: astronaut

text: s.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar energetic particles

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: Coronal mass ejections and their associated shock waves

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: compress the magnetosphere and trigger geomagnetic storms

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar system

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: space weather

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar flares,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: they can compress the magnetosphere and trigger geomagnetic storms.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: Coronal mass ejections

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Solar energetic particles

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar system,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: space weather is influenced by the solar wind

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: aurora

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: space weather

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Earth's surface.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Solar energetic particles

text: STEREO (Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory) is a solar observation mission. Two nearly identical spacecraft were launched in 2006 into orbits around the Sun that cause them to respectively pull farther ahead of and fall gradually behind the Earth. This enables stereoscopic imaging of the Sun and solar phenomena, such as coronal mass ejections.

text: STEREO (Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory) is a

text: solar

text: observation mission. Two nearly identical spacecraft were launched in 2006 into orbits around the Sun that cause them to respectively pull farther ahead of and fall gradually behind the Earth. This enables

text: stereoscopic

text: imaging of the

text: Sun

text: and solar phenomena, such as

text: coronal mass ejection

text: s.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: coronal mass ejection

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: coronal mass ejections

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: coronal mass ejections

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar phenomena

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: coronal

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can coronal mass ejections last

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar phenomena,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: coronal mass ejections.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: coronal mass ejections.

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar phenomena,

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: coronal mass ejections.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: coronal mass ejections.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: coronal mass ejections.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: coronal mass ejections.

text: Solar activity has a cycle of approximately 11 years. During this period, sunspot activity rises to a peak and gradually falls again to a low level. When sunspot activity increases, the reflecting capabilities of the F1 layer surrounding earth enable high frequency short-wave communications. The highest-reflecting layer, the F2 layer, which is approximately 200 miles (320 km) above earth, receives ultraviolet radiation from the sun, causing ionisation of the gases within this layer. During the daytime when sunspot activity is at a maximum, the F2 layer can become intensely ionized due to radiation from the sun. When solar activity is sufficiently high, the MUF (Maximum Usable Frequency) rises, hence the ionisation density is sufficient to reflect signals well into the 30 – 50 MHz VHF spectrum. Since the MUF progressively increases, F2 reception on lower frequencies can indicate potential low band 45-55 MHz VHF TV as well as VHF amateur radio paths. A rising MUF will initially affect the 27 MHz CB band, and the amateur 28 MHz 10 meters band before reaching 45-55 MHz TV and the 6 Meter amateur band. The F2 MUF generally increases at a slower rate compared to the Es MUF.

text: Solar activity has a

text: cycle

text: of approximately 11 years. During this period, sunspot activity rises to a peak and gradually falls again to a low level. When

text: sunspot

text: activity increases, the reflecting capabilities of the F1 layer surrounding earth enable high frequency short-wave communications. The highest-reflecting layer, the F2 layer, which is approximately 200 miles (320 km) above earth, receives

text: ultraviolet

text: radiation from the

text: sun

text: , causing

text: ionisation

text: of the gases within this layer. During the daytime when sunspot activity is at a maximum, the F2 layer can become intensely ionized due to radiation from the

text: sun

text: . When solar activity is sufficiently high, the MUF (Maximum Usable Frequency) rises, hence the ionisation density is sufficient to reflect signals well into the 30 – 50 MHz VHF spectrum. Since the MUF progressively increases, F2 reception on lower frequencies can indicate potential low band 45-55 MHz VHF TV as well as VHF amateur radio paths. A rising MUF will initially affect the 27 MHz

text: CB

text: band, and the amateur 28 MHz

text: 10 meters

text: band before reaching 45-55 MHz TV and the

text: 6 Meter

text: amateur band. The F2 MUF generally increases at a slower rate compared to the Es MUF.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar activity

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: During this period, sunspot activity rises to a peak and gradually falls again to a low level

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: a coronal mass ejection

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar activity

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can sunspots last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar activity

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: Solar activity

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: rises to a peak and gradually falls again to a low level.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspot

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sunspot activity

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Solar activity

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspot

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: sunspot activity

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Solar activity

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: 200 miles

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: ultraviolet radiation from the sun,

text: The Sun unleashed eight M-class flares this month, being the strongest the M3.9 event, followed by an Earth-directed CME, produced by sunspot 1305 on October 2. Just in the eve, sunspots 1302 and 1305 had emitted flares almost at the same time; the first event was a C-class and the second one reached a M1.2 category. This double eruption, which hurled a double CME as well, were particularly interesting as coincided with the arrival of a comet, discovered by amateur astronomers the previous day, that disintegrated in spectacular fashion when it plunged into the Sun. A very similar scenario happened on May 10–11, 2011.

text: The Sun unleashed eight M-class flares this month, being the strongest the M3.9 event, followed by an Earth-directed CME, produced by sunspot 1305 on October 2. Just in the eve, sunspots 1302 and 1305 had emitted flares almost at the same time; the first event was a C-class and the second one reached a M1.2 category. This double eruption, which hurled a double CME as well, were particularly interesting as coincided with the arrival of a comet, discovered by amateur astronomers the previous day, that disintegrated in spectacular fashion when it plunged into the Sun. A very similar scenario happened on May 10–11, 2011.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: flares

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: emitted flares almost at the same time

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Earth-directed CME

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can a CME last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: The Sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: M-class

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: emitted flares almost at the same time;

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: M-class flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Earth-directed CME,

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: The Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: M-class flares

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: sunspot 1305

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: The Sun unleashed eight M-class flares

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Earth-directed CME,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: The Sun unleashed eight M-class flares

text: Sunspots is a Canadian travel television series which aired on CBC Television in 1974 and 1975.

text: Sunspots is a

text: Canadian

text: travel television series which aired on

text: CBC Television

text: in 1974 and 1975.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: canadian

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: it aired on CBC Television

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: can cause a solar flare

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Canada

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Solar Dynamics Observatory

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: Canadian travel television series

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: Canadian travel television series

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: Sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Sunspots

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Canadian

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: Sunspots

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Sunspots

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Sunspots

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Sunspots

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: 1975.

text: Sparkplug is featured in the Find Your Fate Transformers book 'Attack of the Insecticons' by Lynn Beach. His invention of the Sun-Pak, a way to power Autobots by solar energy, drives the plot.

text: Sparkplug is featured in the Find Your Fate Transformers book 'Attack of the Insecticons' by Lynn Beach. His invention of the Sun-Pak, a way to power Autobots by solar energy, drives the plot.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: hot spots on the sun

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: solar energy is a renewable resource

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: can cause a solar flare

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar energy

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: hot spots

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar energy

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar energy,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: solar energy,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: Insecticons'

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Sun-Pak,

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar energy,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: energy,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Sun-Pak,

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar energy,

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Sun-Pak,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Sparkplug

text: Half a century later, the father-and-son team of Harold and Horace Babcock showed that the solar surface is magnetized even outside of sunspots; that this weaker magnetic field is to first order a dipole; and that this dipole undergoes polarity reversals with the same period as the sunspot cycle (see graph below). These observations established that the solar cycle is a spatiotemporal magnetic process unfolding over the Sun as a whole.

text: Half a century later, the father-and-son team of

text: Harold

text: and

text: Horace Babcock

text: showed that the solar surface is magnetized even outside of sunspots; that this weaker magnetic field is to first order a

text: dipole

text: ; and that this dipole undergoes polarity reversals with the same period as the sunspot cycle (see graph below). These observations established that the solar cycle is a spatiotemporal magnetic process unfolding over the Sun as a whole.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar surface

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: the solar surface is magnetized even outside of sunspots

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar surface

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: solar surface

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the solar cycle

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar surface

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: the solar surface is magnetized even outside of sunspots;

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots;

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sunspots;

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar surface

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspots;

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: sunspots;

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar surface is magnetized even outside of sunspots;

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: the solar surface is magnetized even outside of sunspots;

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: sunspots;

text: The host star, Kepler-452, is a G-type star that is about the same mass of the Sun, only 3.7% more massive and 11% larger. It has a surface temperature of 5757 K, nearly the same as the Sun, which has a surface temperature of 5778 K. The star's age is estimated to be about 6 billion years old, about 1.6 billion years older than the Sun, which is 4.6 billion years old.  From the surface of Kepler-452b, its star would look almost identical to the Sun as viewed from the Earth.

text: The host star,

text: , is a

text: G-type

text: star that is about the same mass of the

text: Sun

text: , only 3.7% more massive and 11% larger. It has a surface temperature of 5757

text: K

text: , nearly the same as the Sun, which has a surface temperature of 5778 K. The star's age is estimated to be about 6 billion years old, about 1.6 billion years older than the Sun, which is 4.6 billion years old.  From the surface of Kepler-452b, its star would look almost identical to the

text: Sun

text: as viewed from the Earth.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: hot spots

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: surface temperature of 5778 K

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: nuclear explosions

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Kepler-452b

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: G-type star

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: G-type

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: G-type star

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: 5757 K,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: G-type star

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Kepler-452,

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: G-type star

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: G-type star

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: The host star, Kepler-452,

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Kepler-452,

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: the Earth.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: The host star, Kepler-452,

text: As each cycle begins, sunspots appear at mid-latitudes, and then closer and closer to the equator until solar minimum is reached. This pattern is best visualized in the form of the so-called butterfly diagram. Images of the Sun are divided into latitudinal strips, and the monthly-averaged fractional surface of sunspots calculated. This is plotted vertically as a color-coded bar, and the process is repeated month after month to produce this time-series diagram.

text: As each cycle begins, sunspots appear at mid-latitudes, and then closer and closer to the equator until solar minimum is reached. This pattern is best visualized in the form of the so-called butterfly diagram. Images of the Sun are divided into latitudinal strips, and the monthly-averaged fractional surface of sunspots calculated. This is plotted vertically as a color-coded bar, and the process is repeated month after month to produce this time-series diagram.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar minimum

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: appear at mid-latitudes

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: What is a coronal mass ejection?

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: mid-latitudes

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: appear at mid-latitudes,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: appear at mid-latitudes,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: mid-latitudes,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: sunspots

text: Marking Smith's entrance onto the Chicago art scene was her work in creating the Solar Flare Arkestral Marching Band Project, the yield from her residency with Threewalls.  Composed of members of the Rich South High School (Richton Park, Illinois) marching band and occasionally the South Shore Drill Team as well, the Solar Flare Arkestral Marching Band descended like a flash mob on various parts of Chicago that had been hit with waves of youth violence, including Chinatown and the meatpacking district, a few times throughout the fall of 2010, playing and dancing to an orchestration of Sun Ra’s “Space is the Place” led by music director Y.L. Douglas.  Smith coupled the militant undertones of marching bands with the Sun Ra-style of free jazz in an attempt to combat youth violence with music.

text: Marking Smith's entrance onto the Chicago art scene was her work in creating the Solar Flare Arkestral Marching Band Project, the yield from her residency with Threewalls.  Composed of members of the Rich South High School (Richton Park, Illinois) marching band and occasionally the South Shore Drill Team as well, the Solar Flare Arkestral Marching Band descended like a flash mob on various parts of Chicago that had been hit with waves of youth violence, including Chinatown and the meatpacking district, a few times throughout the fall of 2010, playing and dancing to an orchestration of Sun Ra’s “Space is the Place” led by music director Y.L. Douglas.  Smith coupled the militant undertones of marching bands with the Sun Ra-style of free jazz in an attempt to combat youth violence with music.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: hot spots

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: Solar Flare

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar system

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: arkestral

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can prominences last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: Solar Flare

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: Solar Flare

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: Solar Flare

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Solar Flare

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Solar Flare

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: Solar Flare

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Solar Flare

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Solar Flare

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: “Space

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: “Space

text: Although the details of sunspot generation are still a matter of research, it appears that sunspots are the visible counterparts of magnetic flux tubes in the Sun's convective zone that get "wound up" by differential rotation. If the stress on the tubes reaches a certain limit, they curl up and puncture the Sun's surface. Convection is inhibited at the puncture points; the energy flux from the Sun's interior decreases; and with it surface temperature.

text: Although the details of sunspot generation are still a matter of research, it appears that sunspots are the visible counterparts of

text: magnetic flux tube

text: s in the Sun's

text: convective zone

text: that get "wound up" by

text: differential rotation

text: . If the stress on the tubes reaches a certain limit, they curl up and puncture the Sun's surface. Convection is inhibited at the puncture points; the energy flux from the Sun's interior decreases; and with it surface temperature.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: magnetic flux tubes

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: If the stress on the tubes reaches a certain limit, they curl up and puncture the Sun's surface

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: visible counterparts

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: the visible counterparts of magnetic flux tubes

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: they curl up and puncture the Sun's surface.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspot

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sunspots are the visible counterparts of magnetic flux tubes

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun's convective zone

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: visible counterparts of magnetic flux tubes

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: sunspot generation

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Sun's convective zone

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: sunspots

text: They are used for observation, photography, and for viewing the sun as a yellow-orange disk. With a telescope, these filters can view the details of the sun directly and safely, especially the sunspots and granulation of the surface. The Herschel Wedge is a prism based device used in conjunction with a neutral density filter that directs most of the heat and ultra violet light out of the telescope, generally giving better results than most filters. Another filter used for solar observing is the hydrogen-alpha filter, which transmits the H-alpha spectral line. These filters can view the solar flares and prominences that are not visible in the normal solar filters.

text: They are used for observation, photography, and for viewing the

text: sun

text: as a yellow-orange disk. With a telescope, these filters can view the details of the sun directly and safely, especially the

text: sunspots

text: and

text: granulation of the surface

text: . The

text: Herschel Wedge

text: is a prism based device used in conjunction with a neutral density filter that directs most of the heat and ultra violet light out of the telescope, generally giving better results than most filters. Another filter used for solar observing is the hydrogen-alpha filter, which transmits the

text: H-alpha

text: spectral line

text: . These filters can view the

text: solar flares

text: and

text: prominences

text: that are not visible in the normal solar filters.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: the details of the sun

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: can view the details of the sun directly and safely

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: can view the solar flares

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: visible in the normal solar filters

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: details of the sun

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: directly and safely,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: not visible

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: hydrogen-alpha filter,

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: sunspots and granulation of the surface.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: hydrogen-alpha filter,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: ultra violet light

text: A prominence eruption producing a CME shot off the east limb (left side) of the Sun on April 16, 2012.  Such eruptions are often associated with solar flares, and in this case an M1.7 class (medium-sized) flare occurred at the same time, peaking at 1:45 PM EDT and 17.45 UTC. The CME was not aimed toward Earth. Nevertheless, this month was very quiet in comparison to the previous one, as only two M-class flares were recorded.

text: A prominence eruption producing a CME shot off the east limb (left side) of the Sun on April 16, 2012.  Such eruptions are often associated with solar flares, and in this case an M1.7 class (medium-sized) flare occurred at the same time, peaking at 1:45 PM EDT and 17.45 UTC. The CME was not aimed toward Earth. Nevertheless, this month was very quiet in comparison to the previous one, as only two M-class flares were recorded.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: are often associated with solar flares

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: was not aimed toward Earth

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: prominence eruption

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: eruptions are often associated with solar flares,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: prominence eruption

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: A prominence eruption

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: solar flares,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: prominence eruption

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar flares,

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: The CME was not aimed toward Earth.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: solar flares,

text: Coronal loops form the basic structure of the lower corona and transition region of the Sun. These highly structured loops are a direct consequence of the twisted solar magnetic flux within the solar body. The population of coronal loops can be directly linked with the solar cycle; it is for this reason coronal loops are often found with sunspots at their footpoints. The upwelling magnetic flux pushes through the photosphere, exposing the cooler plasma below. The contrast between the photosphere and the solar interior gives the impression of dark spots, or sunspots.

text: Coronal loops form the basic structure of the lower

text: corona

text: and

text: transition region

text: of the

text: Sun

text: . These highly structured loops are a direct consequence of the twisted solar

text: magnetic

text: flux within the solar body. The population of coronal loops can be directly linked with the

text: solar cycle

text: ; it is for this reason coronal loops are often found with

text: sunspots

text: at their footpoints. The upwelling magnetic flux pushes through the

text: photosphere

text: , exposing the cooler plasma below. The contrast between the photosphere and the solar interior gives the impression of dark spots, or sunspots.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: dark spots

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: The contrast between the photosphere and the solar interior gives the impression of dark spots

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: can be directly linked with the solar cycle

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar body

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: coronal loops

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: coronal loops

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: dark spots,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: The contrast between the photosphere and the solar interior

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: twisted solar magnetic flux

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: at their footpoints.

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: twisted solar magnetic flux

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Coronal loops

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Sun.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Coronal loops

text: Pioneer 6 and Pioneer 9 are in solar orbits with 0.8 AU distance to the Sun. Their orbital periods are therefore slightly shorter than Earth's. Pioneer 7 and Pioneer 8 are in solar orbits with 1.1 AU distance to the Sun. Their orbital periods are therefore slightly longer than Earth's. Since the probes' orbital periods differ from that of the Earth, from time to time, they face a side of the Sun that cannot be seen from Earth. The probes can sense parts of the Sun several days before the Sun's rotation reveals it to ground-based Earth orbiting observatories. If a powerful solar magnetic storm is formed, they can warn Earth in advance.

text: Pioneer 6 and Pioneer 9 are in solar orbits with 0.8

text: AU

text: distance to the Sun. Their orbital periods are therefore slightly shorter than Earth's. Pioneer 7 and Pioneer 8 are in solar orbits with 1.1 AU distance to the Sun. Their orbital periods are therefore slightly longer than Earth's. Since the probes' orbital periods differ from that of the Earth, from time to time, they face a side of the Sun that cannot be seen from Earth. The probes can sense parts of the Sun several days before the Sun's rotation reveals it to ground-based Earth orbiting observatories. If a powerful

text: solar magnetic storm

text: is formed, they can warn Earth in advance.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: powerful solar magnetic storm

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: powerful solar magnetic storm is formed

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar magnetic storms

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: powerful solar magnetic storm

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: magnetic storms

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar magnetic storm

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: powerful solar magnetic storm is formed, they can warn Earth in advance.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar magnetic storm

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar magnetic storm

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar magnetic storm

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: magnetic storm

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: solar magnetic storm

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar magnetic storm

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: they face a side of the Sun that cannot be seen from Earth.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: solar magnetic storm

text: Cooler than the sun, surface temperature is estimated at 4557°K  and some flare activity has been observed.

text: Cooler than the

text: sun

text: surface temperature

text: is estimated at 4557°

text: K

text: and some

text: flare

text: activity has been observed.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: d).

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: they can cause flares

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: can cause a solar flare

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: flare activity

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: some flare activity

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: flare

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: flare activity

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Cooler than the sun,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: Cooler than the sun,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: flare activity

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Cooler than the sun,

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Cooler than the sun,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: flare activity

text: In 2002, Lean et al. stated that while "There is ... growing empirical evidence for the Sun's role in climate change on multiple time scales including the 11-year cycle", "changes in terrestrial proxies of solar activity (such as the 14C and 10Be cosmogenic isotopes and the aa geomagnetic index) can occur in the absence of long-term (i.e., secular) solar irradiance changes ... because the stochastic response increases with the cycle amplitude, not because there is an actual secular irradiance change." They conclude that because of this, "long-term climate change may appear to track the amplitude of the solar activity cycles," but that "Solar radiative forcing of climate is reduced by a factor of 5 when the background component is omitted from historical reconstructions of total solar irradiance ...This suggests that general circulation model (GCM) simulations of twentieth century warming may overestimate the role of solar irradiance variability." A 2006 review suggested that solar brightness had relatively little effect on global climate, with little likelihood of significant shifts in solar output over long periods of time. Lockwood and Fröhlich, 2007, found "considerable evidence for solar influence on the Earth's pre-industrial climate and the Sun may well have been a factor in post-industrial climate change in the first half of the last century", but that "over the past 20 years, all the trends in the Sun that could have had an influence on the Earth's climate have been in the opposite direction to that required to explain the observed rise in global mean temperatures." In a study that considered geomagnetic activity as a measure of known solar-terrestrial interaction, Love et al. found a statistically significant correlation between sunspots and geomagnetic activity, but not between global surface temperature and either sunspot number or geomagnetic activity.

text: In 2002, Lean et al. stated that while "There is ... growing empirical evidence for the Sun's role in

text: climate change

text: on multiple time scales including the 11-year cycle", "changes in terrestrial proxies of solar activity (such as the 14C and 10Be cosmogenic isotopes and the aa geomagnetic index) can occur in the absence of long-term (i.e., secular) solar irradiance changes ... because the stochastic response increases with the cycle amplitude, not because there is an actual secular irradiance change." They conclude that because of this, "long-term climate change may appear to track the amplitude of the solar activity cycles," but that "Solar radiative forcing of climate is reduced by a factor of 5 when the background component is omitted from historical reconstructions of total solar irradiance ...This suggests that

text: general circulation model (GCM)

text: simulations of twentieth century warming may overestimate the role of solar irradiance variability." A 2006 review suggested that solar brightness had relatively little effect on global climate, with little likelihood of significant shifts in solar output over long periods of time. Lockwood and Fröhlich, 2007, found "considerable evidence for solar influence on the Earth's pre-industrial climate and the Sun may well have been a factor in post-industrial climate change in the first half of the last century", but that "over the past 20 years, all the trends in the Sun that could have had an influence on the Earth's climate have been in the opposite direction to that required to explain the observed rise in global mean temperatures." In a study that considered geomagnetic activity as a measure of known solar-terrestrial interaction, Love et al. found a statistically significant correlation between sunspots and geomagnetic activity, but not between global surface temperature and either sunspot number or geomagnetic activity.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar-terrestrial interaction

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: statistically significant correlation between sunspots and geomagnetic activity

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar irradiance

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar-terrestrial interaction,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: statistically significant correlation between sunspots and geomagnetic activity,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar-terrestrial interaction,

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: brightness had relatively little effect on global climate,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Lockwood and Fröhlich,

text: After retiring as director at the Mount Wilson Observatory, George Ellery Hale built the Hale Solar Laboratory as his office and workshop, pursuing his interest in the sun.

text: After retiring as director at the

text: Mount Wilson Observatory

text: , George Ellery Hale built the Hale Solar Laboratory as his office and workshop, pursuing his interest in the

text: sun

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: a sunspot is a feature on the surface of the sun

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar storms

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: is a type of solar storm

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: sun.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: sun.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: Solar Laboratory

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sun.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: sun.

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sun.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: sun.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the sun.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: sun.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: sun.

text: • Research work regarding the role of meridional flows in the Sun's interior in setting the period of the sunspot cycle.

text: • Research work regarding the role of meridional flows in the Sun's interior in setting the period of the sunspot cycle.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: meridional flows in the sun's interior

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: can cause a solar flare

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: meridional flows

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: sunspot cycle.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: setting the period of the sunspot cycle.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspot

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sunspot cycle.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Sun's interior

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspot cycle.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: sunspot cycle.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: sunspot cycle.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Sun's interior in setting the period of the sunspot cycle.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: sunspot cycle.

text: The observatory was built in 1979 by the Institute for Astronomy at ETH Zurich under the guidance of Prof. Dr. Arnold O. Benz. Since that time it consists of two parabolic antennae of 7 m and 5 m diameter separated by 100 m and a lab building containing the spectrometers and other electronics. For the first time, a fully digitized and remotly controlled receiver was used. Frequency-agile spectrometers were applied initially. Now digital filter banks and FFT (Fast Fourier transform) spectrometers are in operation. The initital frequency range of 100 - 1000 MHz was enlarged to 10 MHz - 5 GHz. This range is the largest for solar radio observations since 2005. Starting in 2014, the observatory is being converted to observe preferentially non-solar radiation of extragalactic and cosmological origin.

text: The observatory was built in 1979 by the Institute for Astronomy at

text: ETH Zurich

text: under the guidance of Prof. Dr.

text: Arnold O. Benz

text: . Since that time it consists of two

text: parabolic antenna

text: e of 7 m and 5 m diameter separated by 100 m and a lab building containing the

text: spectrometer

text: s and other electronics. For the first time, a fully digitized and remotly controlled receiver was used. Frequency-agile spectrometers were applied initially. Now digital

text: filter bank

text: s and FFT (

text: Fast Fourier transform

text: ) spectrometers are in operation. The initital frequency range of 100 - 1000 MHz was enlarged to 10 MHz - 5 GHz. This range is the largest for solar radio observations since 2005. Starting in 2014, the observatory is being converted to observe preferentially non-solar radiation of extragalactic and cosmological origin.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar radiation

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: this range is the largest for solar radio observations since 2005

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar radiation

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: radiated

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can solar prominences last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar radiation

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: solar radio observations since 2005.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar radio

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: non-solar radiation of extragalactic and cosmological origin.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: solar radio observations since 2005.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: non-solar radiation of extragalactic and cosmological origin.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: extragalactic

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: cosmological origin.

text: Until the advent of helioseismology, the study of wave oscillations in the Sun, very little was known about the internal rotation of the Sun. The differential profile of the surface was thought to extend into the solar interior as rotating cylinders of constant angular momentum. Through helioseismology this is now known not to be the case and the rotation profile of the Sun has been found. On the surface the Sun rotates slowly at the poles and quickly at the equator. This profile extends on roughly radial lines through the solar convection zone to the interior. At the tachocline the rotation abruptly changes to solid-body rotation in the solar radiation zone.

text: Until the advent of

text: helioseismology

text: , the study of wave oscillations in the Sun, very little was known about the internal rotation of the Sun. The differential profile of the surface was thought to extend into the solar interior as rotating cylinders of constant angular momentum. Through helioseismology this is now known not to be the case and the rotation profile of the Sun has been found. On the surface the Sun rotates slowly at the poles and quickly at the equator. This profile extends on roughly radial lines through the

text: solar convection zone

text: to the interior. At the

text: tachocline

text: the rotation abruptly changes to solid-body rotation in the

text: solar radiation zone

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar convection zone

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: rotates slowly at the poles

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: helioblasts

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar radiation zone

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: solid-body rotation

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: wave oscillations

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: slowly at the poles and quickly at the equator.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: helioseismology,

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: helioseismology,

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: poles

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: rotating cylinders of constant angular momentum.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: helioseismology,

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: wave oscillations in the Sun,

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: solar radiation zone.

text: When a prominence is viewed from a different perspective so that it is against the sun instead of against space, it appears darker than the surrounding background. This formation is instead called a solar filament. It is possible for a projection to be both a filament and a prominence. Some prominences are so powerful that they throw out matter from the Sun into space at speeds ranging from 600 km/s to more than 1000 km/s. Other prominences form huge loops or arching columns of glowing gases over sunspots that can reach heights of hundreds of thousands of kilometers. Prominences may last for a few days or even for a few months.

text: When a prominence is viewed from a different perspective so that it is against the sun instead of against space, it appears darker than the surrounding background. This formation is instead called a solar filament. It is possible for a projection to be both a filament and a prominence. Some prominences are so powerful that they throw out matter from the Sun into space at speeds ranging from 600 km/s to more than 1000 km/s. Other prominences form huge loops or arching columns of glowing gases over sunspots that can reach heights of hundreds of thousands of kilometers. Prominences may last for a few days or even for a few months.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: can reach heights of hundreds of thousands of kilometers

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: prominences

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: throw out matter from the sun into space

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: powerful

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: prominences

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: sun

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: hundreds of thousands of kilometers.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: prominences

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: they throw out matter from the Sun into space

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: powerful

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: a few days or even for a few months.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar filament.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: space

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Some prominences

text: Sunspots expand and contract as they move about and can travel at a few hundred meters per second when they first appear.

text: Sunspots expand and contract as they move about and can travel at a few hundred meters per second when they first appear.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: they can travel at a few hundred meters per second

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: can be caused by a sunspot

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar system

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: expand and contract as they move about

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: expand and contract as they move about

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: Sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Sunspots

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: move about

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: Sunspots

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Sunspots

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Sunspots

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Sunspots

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Sunspots

text: Most ejections originate from active regions on the Sun's surface, such  as groupings of sunspots associated with frequent flares. These regions have closed magnetic field lines, in which the magnetic field strength is large enough to contain the plasma. These field lines must be broken or weakened for the ejection to escape from the Sun. However, CMEs may also be initiated in quiet surface regions, although in many cases the quiet region was recently active. During solar minimum, CMEs form primarily in the coronal streamer belt near the solar magnetic equator. During solar maximum, they originate from active regions whose latitudinal distribution is more homogeneous.

text: Most ejections originate from active regions on the Sun's surface, such  as groupings of

text: sunspot

text: s associated with frequent flares. These regions have closed magnetic field lines, in which the magnetic field strength is large enough to contain the plasma. These field lines must be broken or weakened for the ejection to escape from the Sun. However, CMEs may also be initiated in quiet surface regions, although in many cases the quiet region was recently active. During

text: solar minimum

text: , CMEs form primarily in the coronal streamer belt near the solar magnetic equator. During

text: solar maximum

text: , they originate from active regions whose latitudinal distribution is more homogeneous.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: active regions

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: active regions on the Sun's surface

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: ejections

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: ejection to escape from the Sun

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: active regions

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: active regions

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: CMEs

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: active regions

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: These regions have closed magnetic field lines,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: ejections

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: CMEs form primarily in the coronal streamer belt

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: active regions on the Sun's surface,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: CMEs

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: active regions on the Sun's surface,

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: solar magnetic equator.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: sunspots associated with frequent flares.

text: Solar activity increased rapidly in mid-May 2013 with four consecutive strong flares in two days. These powerful bursts all surged from the just-numbered sunspot AR1748, located in the eastern limb of Sun and barely rotating around the front of the solar disk. AR1748 emitted the first flare, an X1.7-class, on May 13, peaking at 02:17 UTC. This event was quickly followed the same day at 16:09 UTC by a X2.8-class flare. On May 14 at 01:17 UTC the same sunspot emitted a X3.2-class flare, the third strongest of current solar cycle so far. This was followed by an X1.2-class flare at 01:52 UTC on May 15. The four X-ray bursts generated a R3 (strong) radio blackout in upper atmosphere.

text: Solar activity increased rapidly in mid-May 2013 with four consecutive strong flares in two days. These powerful bursts all surged from the just-numbered sunspot AR1748, located in the eastern limb of Sun and barely rotating around the front of the solar disk. AR1748 emitted the first flare, an X1.7-class, on May 13, peaking at 02:17 UTC. This event was quickly followed the same day at 16:09 UTC by a X2.8-class flare. On May 14 at 01:17 UTC the same sunspot emitted a X3.2-class flare, the third strongest of current solar cycle so far. This was followed by an X1.2-class flare at 01:52 UTC on May 15. The four X-ray bursts generated a R3 (strong) radio blackout in upper atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: barely rotating around the front of the solar disk

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sunspot AR1748

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar disk

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can a sunspot last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: AR1748

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: eastern limb of Sun and barely rotating around the front of the solar disk.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: barely rotating around the front of the solar disk.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: flares in two days. These powerful bursts

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sunspot AR1748,

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: eastern limb of Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspot

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: sunspot AR1748,

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Solar activity

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: upper atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: X-ray

text: Helmet streamers are bright loop-like structures which develop over active regions on the sun. They are closed magnetic loops which connect regions of opposite magnetic polarity. Electrons are captured in these loops, and cause them to glow very brightly. The solar wind elongates these loops to pointy tips. They far extend above most prominences into the corona, and can be readily observed during a solar eclipse. Helmet streamers are usually confined to the "streamer belt" in the mid latitudes, and their distribution follows the movement of active regions during the solar cycle. Small blobs of plasma, or "plasmoids" are sometimes released from the tips of helmet streamers, and this is one source of the slow component of the solar wind. In contrast, formations with open magnetic field lines are called coronal holes, and these are darker and are a source of the fast solar wind. Helmet streamers can also create coronal mass ejections if a large volume of plasma becomes disconnected near the tip of the streamer.

text: Helmet streamers are bright loop-like structures which develop over active regions on the

text: sun

text: . They are closed magnetic loops which connect regions of opposite magnetic polarity. Electrons are captured in these loops, and cause them to glow very brightly. The solar wind elongates these loops to pointy tips. They far extend above most prominences into the

text: corona

text: , and can be readily observed during a solar eclipse. Helmet streamers are usually confined to the "streamer belt" in the mid latitudes, and their distribution follows the movement of active regions during the

text: solar cycle

text: . Small blobs of plasma, or "plasmoids" are sometimes released from the tips of helmet streamers, and this is one source of the slow component of the

text: solar wind

text: . In contrast, formations with open magnetic field lines are called

text: coronal holes

text: , and these are darker and are a source of the fast solar wind. Helmet streamers can also create

text: coronal mass ejections

text: if a large volume of plasma becomes disconnected near the tip of the streamer.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: active regions

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: active regions on the sun

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: coronal mass ejections

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: a large volume of plasma

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar cycle

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: active regions on the sun

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: helmet streamers

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: active regions

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: active regions

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: coronal mass ejections

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Helmet streamers can also create coronal mass ejections

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: active regions

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: active regions

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: prominences

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Helmet streamers

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: sun.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: The solar wind

text: Solar energy from the Sun creates temperature differentials that result in wind. The interaction between wind and the surface of water creates waves, which are larger when there is a greater distance for them to build up. Wave energy potential is greatest between 30° and 60° latitude in both hemispheres on the west coast because of the global direction of wind. When evaluating wave energy as a technology type, it is important to distinguish between the four most common approaches: point absorber buoys, surface attenuators, oscillating water columns, and overtopping devices.

text: Solar energy from the Sun creates temperature differentials that result in wind. The interaction between wind and the surface of water creates waves, which are larger when there is a greater distance for them to build up. Wave energy potential is greatest between 30° and 60° latitude in both hemispheres on the west coast because of the global direction of wind. When evaluating wave energy as a technology type, it is important to distinguish between the four most common approaches:

text: point absorber buoy

text: s,

text: surface attenuator

text: s,

text: oscillating water column

text: s, and

text: overtopping devices

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: temperature differentials

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: temperature differentials

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: nuclear explosions

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar system

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: wind

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: temperature differentials

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: temperature differentials

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: Solar energy

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Solar energy from the Sun

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Solar energy from the Sun

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Solar energy from the Sun creates temperature differentials that result in wind.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Solar energy from the Sun

text: Proxima Centauri has a relatively weak stellar wind, no more than 20% of mass loss rate of the solar wind. Because the star is much smaller than the Sun, however, the mass loss per unit surface area from Proxima Centauri may be eight times that from the solar surface.

text: Proxima Centauri has a relatively weak

text: stellar wind

text: , no more than 20% of mass loss rate of the

text: solar wind

text: . Because the star is much smaller than the Sun, however, the mass loss per unit surface area from Proxima Centauri may be eight times that from the solar surface.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar wind

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: mass loss per unit surface area

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar wind

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar wind

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar surface

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: d).

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar wind

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar wind.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: eight times that from the solar surface.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: stellar wind,

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar wind.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Proxima Centauri

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: star

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Proxima Centauri has a relatively weak stellar wind,

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Proxima Centauri

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Proxima Centauri

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Proxima Centauri has a relatively weak stellar wind,

text: The technology in EIT is based on prototype instruments that were flown on the sounding rocket payloads MSSTA and NIXT.  The first multilayer telescope to image the full disk of the Sun in EUV was flown by A.B.C. Walker and team in 1987 .  The TRACE, STEREO, and Proba-2 spacecraft (launched in 1998, 2006, and 2009, respectively) carry similar multilayer imagers, as does the Solar Dynamics Observatory mission.

text: The technology in EIT is based on prototype instruments that were flown on the

text: sounding rocket

text: payloads

text: MSSTA

text: and

text: NIXT

text: .  The first multilayer telescope to image the full disk of the Sun in EUV was flown by

text: A.B.C. Walker

text: and team in 1987 .  The

text: TRACE

text: STEREO

text: , and

text: spacecraft (launched in 1998, 2006, and 2009, respectively) carry similar multilayer imagers, as does the

text: Solar Dynamics Observatory

text: mission.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar storms

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: a.B.C. Walker and team in 1987

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar storms

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: the Solar Dynamics Observatory mission

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: solar storms

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: full disk of the Sun in EUV

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sounding rocket

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: MSSTA and NIXT.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: The TRACE, STEREO, and Proba-2 spacecraft

text: Solar maximum or solar max is a normal period of greatest solar activity in the 11 year solar cycle of the Sun. During solar maximum, large numbers of sunspots appear and the sun's irradiance output grows by about 0.07%. The increased energy output of solar maxima can impact Earth's global climate and recent studies have shown some correlation with regional weather patterns.

text: Solar maximum or solar max is a normal period of greatest solar activity in the 11 year

text: solar cycle

text: of the

text: Sun

text: . During solar maximum, large numbers of

text: sunspot

text: s appear and the sun's irradiance output grows by about 0.07%. The increased energy output of solar maxima can impact Earth's global climate and recent studies have shown some correlation with regional weather patterns.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar maxima

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: the sun's irradiance output grows by about 0.07%

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar maximum

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar maximum

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar maximum

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar activity

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: large numbers of sunspots appear

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Solar maximum

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar maximum,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Solar maximum

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Sun.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: irradiance output grows by about 0.07%.

text: Later the observatory was headed by Jan Sniadecki (1807–1825) and Piotr Slawinski (1825–1843). They observed planets, their satellites, asteroids and comets, eclipses of the Sun and Moon. In 1861, G. Sabler, the director of the observatory, proposed to acquire for that purpose new instruments, among which there were a solar photoheliograph, a photometer and a spectroscope. Spectroscopic observations of the Sun and photometric observations of stars were initiated.

text: Later the observatory was headed by

text: Jan Sniadecki

text: (1807–1825) and

text: Piotr Slawinski

text: (1825–1843). They observed planets, their satellites,

text: asteroid

text: s and

text: comet

text: s, eclipses of the Sun and Moon. In 1861, G. Sabler, the director of the observatory, proposed to acquire for that purpose new instruments, among which there were a solar photoheliograph, a

text: photometer

text: and a

text: spectroscope

text: . Spectroscopic observations of the Sun and photometric observations of stars were initiated.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: Spectroscopic observations

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: comets

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can comets last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: planets

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: planets,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: Spectroscopic observations of the Sun

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: eclipses

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: eclipses

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: planets,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: planets, their satellites, asteroids and comets,

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: eclipses of the Sun and Moon.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: eclipses of the Sun and Moon. In 1861,

text: One of the unusual features of the facade of the Design Hub is that it has the capability of collecting solar energy throughout most of the day as the surface is covered in operable disks. Although, as of 2013, there are no solar panels installed, it has the capability to accommodate this technology in the near future with its facade system. To achieve harvesting energy at an optimum level, ganged disks are fitted with an actuator which will allows the disks to be exposed to the sun as much as possible. With the current material of sandblasted glass, the disks operate as a 'second skin' controlling solar gain and access. An internal computer controls this facade by adjusting each cell with rotational motors, according to Melbourne’s daily weather. Additional self-sustaining features include the underground water tank, which stores grey water for re-use including flushing toilets, mechanical cooling requirements, and irrigation.

text: One of the unusual features of the facade of the Design Hub is that it has the capability of collecting solar energy throughout most of the day as the surface is covered in operable disks. Although, as of 2013, there are no solar panels installed, it has the capability to accommodate this technology in the near future with its facade system. To achieve harvesting energy at an optimum level, ganged disks are fitted with an actuator which will allows the disks to be exposed to the sun as much as possible. With the current material of sandblasted glass, the disks operate as a 'second skin' controlling solar gain and access. An internal computer controls this facade by adjusting each cell with rotational motors, according to Melbourne’s daily weather. Additional self-sustaining features include the underground water tank, which stores grey water for re-use including flushing toilets, mechanical cooling requirements, and irrigation.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: hot spots

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: nuclear explosions

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar system

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar energy

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar energy

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: exposed to the sun as much as possible.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar energy

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar energy

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: ganged disks

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: solar energy

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar energy

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: sun

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: solar energy

text: Much of the research done in the WestRock Observatory has focused on solar imaging. Using the narrowband filters Hydrogen-alpha and Calcium-K, the students are able to create multi-band images and videos of the Sun. Students doing solar observations typically work closely with the RISO program. The WRO also involves students in webcasts of transits and eclipses with these telescopes, which have been featured in NASA's Astronomy Picture of the Day.

text: Much of the research done in the WestRock Observatory has focused on solar imaging. Using the narrowband filters Hydrogen-alpha and Calcium-K, the students are able to create multi-band images and videos of the

text: Sun

text: . Students doing solar observations typically work closely with the RISO program. The WRO also involves students in webcasts of transits and eclipses with these telescopes, which have been featured in NASA's Astronomy Picture of the Day.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: have been featured in NASA's Astronomy Picture of the Day

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: transits

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: is a type of solar storm

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can prominences last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar imaging

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: Sun.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: solar imaging.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: transits and eclipses

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Sun.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Sun.

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: Sun.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: solar imaging.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar imaging.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Sun.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Using the narrowband filters Hydrogen-alpha and Calcium-K,

text: A solar cell performs the best when its surface is perpendicular to the sun's rays, which change continuously over the course of the day and season. It is a common practice to tilt a fixed PV module (without solar tracker) at the same angle as the latitude of array's location to maximize the annual energy yield of module. For example, rooftop PV module at the tropics provides highest annual energy yield when inclination of panel surface is close to horizontal direction. A study in the tropics showed that the orientation of low-slope rooftop PV has negligible impact on annual energy yield, but in the case of PV external sunshade applications, east façade and panel slope of 30–40° are the most suitable location and inclination.

text: A solar cell performs the best when its surface is perpendicular to the sun's rays, which change continuously over the course of the day and season. It is a common practice to tilt a fixed PV module (without

text: solar tracker

text: ) at the same angle as the latitude of array's location to maximize the annual energy yield of module. For example, rooftop PV module at the tropics provides highest annual energy yield when inclination of panel surface is close to horizontal direction. A study in the tropics showed that the orientation of low-slope rooftop PV has negligible impact on annual energy yield, but in the case of PV external sunshade applications, east façade and panel slope of 30–40° are the most suitable location and inclination.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: rays

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: it is a common practice to tilt a fixed PV module (without solar tracker) at the same angle as the latitude of array's location

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: nuclear

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: tropics

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar cell

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: sun's rays,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: change continuously over the course of the day and season.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sun's rays,

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sun's rays,

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: season.

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: rays,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: sun's rays,

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: sun's rays,

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: sun's rays,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: sun's rays,

text: A prominence is a large, bright, gaseous feature extending outward from the Sun's surface, often in the shape of a loop. Prominences are anchored to the Sun's surface in the photosphere and extend outwards into the corona. While the corona consists of high temperature plasma, which do not emit much visible light, prominences contain much cooler plasma, similar in composition to that of the chromosphere.

text: A prominence is a large, bright, gaseous feature extending outward from the

text: Sun

text: 's surface, often in the shape of a

text: loop

text: . Prominences are anchored to the Sun's surface in the photosphere and extend outwards into the corona. While the corona consists of high temperature

text: plasma

text: , which do not emit much

text: visible light

text: , prominences contain much cooler plasma, similar in composition to that of the

text: chromosphere

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: large, bright, gaseous feature extending outward from the Sun's surface

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: a large, bright, gaseous feature extending outward from the Sun's surface

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: corona

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the photosphere

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: anchored to the Sun's surface in the photosphere

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: prominences

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: gaseous feature extending outward from the Sun's surface,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: prominences contain much cooler plasma,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: prominence

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: high temperature plasma, which do not emit much visible light,

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: photosphere

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: a large, bright, gaseous feature

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Prominences

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: prominence

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Sun's surface,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: high temperature plasma,

text: On September 2, 1948, the Thunderbird Hotel was the fourth resort to open on the Las Vegas Strip. The resort was built by developer Marion Hicks and owned by Lieutenant Governor of Nevada Clifford A. Jones. The resort had a Native American theme and featured portraits, a Navajo-based restaurant, the only bowling alley ever on the Strip, and a showroom. In 1955, articles surfaced in the Las Vegas Sun saying that Meyer Lansky and other underworld figures held hidden shares in the hotel.

text: On September 2, 1948, the Thunderbird Hotel was the fourth resort to open on the Las Vegas Strip. The resort was built by developer Marion Hicks and owned by

text: Lieutenant Governor of Nevada

text: Clifford A. Jones

text: . The resort had a

text: Native American

text: theme and featured portraits, a

text: Navajo

text: -based restaurant, the only bowling alley ever on the Strip, and a showroom. In 1955, articles surfaced in the

text: Las Vegas Sun

text: saying that

text: Meyer Lansky

text: and other underworld figures held hidden shares in the hotel.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: hot spots

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: nuclear explosions

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar system

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: astronomy

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: Las Vegas Strip.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: On September 2, 1948,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: underworld

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Las Vegas Strip.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Las Vegas Strip.

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: Las Vegas Strip.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Las Vegas Strip.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Las Vegas Strip.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Las Vegas Strip.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: the Thunderbird Hotel was the fourth resort to open on the Las Vegas Strip.

text: The goal is to understand, predict, and communicate the impact of natural and anthropogenic influences on lake and reservoir ecosystems.  The researchers include limnologists, ecologists, information technology experts, and engineers who have a common objective of building and growing a scalable, persistent network of lake ecology observatories; developing new theoretical models based on the more extensive spatial and temporal scales of data; integrating new technologies to utilize the data; educating a new generation of researchers; and engaging the public. Each lake or reservoir  observatory consists of one or more instrumented platforms capable of sensing key limnological variables and moving the data in near-real time to web-accessible databases. A common web portal will allow easy access to researchers and the public. A series of web services supported by this portal will allow computation of metrics based on the high frequency data. The types of sensors employed at these observatories include: temperature, dissolved oxygen, dissolved carbon dioxide, phytoplankton pigments such as chlorophyll and phycocyanin, as well as devices that detect water movements such as acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCP.) Many of the observatories also track meteorological parameters on the lake such as solar radiation, wind speed, and relative humidity.  Data from the network of observatories will allow a better understanding of key processes such as the effects of climate and land use change on lake or reservoir function, the role of episodic events such as typhoons in resetting aquatic dynamics, and carbon cycling within lakes and reservoirs. For more information, visit the GLEON website at gleon.org.

text: The goal is to understand, predict, and communicate the impact of natural and anthropogenic influences on lake and reservoir

text: ecosystems

text: .  The researchers include

text: limnologists

text: ecologists

text: information technology

text: experts, and

text: engineers

text: who have a common objective of building and growing a scalable, persistent network of lake

text: ecology

text: observatories; developing new theoretical models based on the more extensive spatial and temporal scales of data; integrating new technologies to utilize the data; educating a new generation of researchers; and engaging the public. Each lake or reservoir  observatory consists of one or more instrumented platforms capable of sensing key

text: limnological

text: variables and moving the data in near-real time to web-accessible databases. A common web portal will allow easy access to researchers and the public. A series of

text: web services

text: supported by this portal will allow computation of metrics based on the high frequency data. The types of

text: sensors

text: employed at these observatories include: temperature, dissolved

text: oxygen

text: , dissolved

text: carbon dioxide

text: phytoplankton

text: pigments

text: such as

text: chlorophyll

text: and

text: phycocyanin

text: , as well as devices that detect water movements such as acoustic

text: Doppler

text: current profilers (

text: ADCP

text: .) Many of the observatories also track

text: meteorological

text: parameters on the lake such as

text: solar radiation

text: , wind speed, and relative humidity.  Data from the network of observatories will allow a better understanding of key processes such as the effects of climate and land use change on lake or reservoir function, the role of episodic events such as

text: typhoons

text: in resetting aquatic dynamics, and

text: carbon

text: cycling within lakes and reservoirs. For more information, visit the GLEON website at gleon.org.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar radiation

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: solar radiation

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: nuclear explosions

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Typhoon

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar radiation

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: meteorological parameters

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can prominences last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar radiation

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: typhoons

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: solar radiation,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: typhoons

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: typhoons

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: typhoons

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: solar radiation,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: typhoons

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar radiation,

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: solar radiation,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: solar radiation,

text: More recently, the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI), on the Solar Dynamics Observatory, employs two Michelson Interferometers with a polarizer and other tunable elements, to study solar variability and to characterize the Sun's interior along with the various components of magnetic activity. HMI takes high-resolution measurements of the longitudinal and vector magnetic field over the entire visible disk thus extending the capabilities of its predecessor, the SOHO's MDI instrument (See Fig. 9). HMI produces data to determine the interior sources and mechanisms of solar variability and how the physical processes inside the Sun are related to surface magnetic field and activity. It also produces data to enable estimates of the coronal magnetic field for studies of variability in the extended solar atmosphere. HMI observations will help establish the relationships between the internal dynamics and magnetic activity in order to understand solar variability and its effects.

text: More recently, the

text: Helioseismic

text: and Magnetic Imager (HMI), on the Solar Dynamics Observatory, employs two Michelson Interferometers with a polarizer and other tunable elements, to study solar variability and to characterize the Sun's interior along with the various components of magnetic activity. HMI takes high-resolution measurements of the longitudinal and vector magnetic field over the entire visible disk thus extending the capabilities of its predecessor, the

text: SOHO

text: 's MDI instrument (See Fig. 9). HMI produces data to determine the interior sources and mechanisms of solar variability and how the physical processes inside the Sun are related to surface magnetic field and activity. It also produces data to enable estimates of the coronal magnetic field for studies of variability in the extended solar atmosphere. HMI observations will help establish the relationships between the internal dynamics and magnetic activity in order to understand solar variability and its effects.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar variability

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: HMI takes high-resolution measurements

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: magnetic activity

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: HMI produces data to determine the interior sources and mechanisms of solar variability

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar atmosphere

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: coronal

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can prominences last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar variability

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar variability

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: how the physical processes inside the Sun are related to surface magnetic field and activity.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: magnetic activity.

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: coronal magnetic field for studies of variability in the extended solar atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Sun's interior

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: coronal

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: solar variability

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar variability

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Sun's

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: solar variability

text: The Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory, or STEREO, mission employs two nearly identical space-based observatories to provide the stereoscopic measurements to study the sun. With a pair of viewpoints, scientists are able to see the structure and evolution of solar storms as they blast from the sun and travel out through space. STEREO's instruments provide a unique combination of observations to help understand the causes and mechanisms of coronal mass ejections and to characterize how they propagate through the Solar System. STEREO also helps determine what powers the acceleration of energetic particles from the sun and provides information on the structure of the solar wind.

text: The Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory, or

text: STEREO

text: , mission employs two nearly identical space-based observatories to provide the stereoscopic measurements to study the sun. With a pair of viewpoints, scientists are able to see the structure and evolution of solar storms as they blast from the sun and travel out through space. STEREO's instruments provide a unique combination of observations to help understand the causes and mechanisms of coronal mass ejections and to characterize how they propagate through the Solar System. STEREO also helps determine what powers the acceleration of energetic particles from the sun and provides information on the structure of the solar wind.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar storms

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: they blast from the sun and travel out through space

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar storms

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar storms

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar system

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: solar storms

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can solar storms last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar storms

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: the structure and evolution of solar storms

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar storms

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: the causes and mechanisms of coronal mass ejections

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: coronal

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: solar storms

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the sun.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: space.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: solar storms

text: In 2011, Hill's research, which had used helioseismography to monitor streams below the surface of the sun, attracted considerable media attention. Although such streams tend to be the "spawning ground" for sunspots, and they had been expected to begin forming in 2008, the study found that these new streams had yet to form. The study in question therefore suggested that the sunspot cycle was going to take longer than expected to reach its next peak, or, according to Hill, might not happen at all. Although Hill and his colleagues refused to discuss the possible effects this weaker solar cycle would have on climate, this was reported on by some media, including the Global Warming Policy Foundation, as evidence that a "mini ice age" was imminent. Hill responded to these reports by telling Reuters that "We have not predicted a Little Ice Age," but rather that "We have predicted something going on with the Sun." In an NSO press release, Hill added that "In my opinion, it is a huge leap from that to an abrupt global cooling, since the connections between solar activity and climate are still very poorly understood. My understanding is that current calculations suggest only a 0.3 degree C decrease from a Maunder-like minimum, too small for an ice age."

text: In 2011, Hill's research, which had used

text: helioseismography

text: to monitor streams below the surface of the sun, attracted considerable media attention. Although such streams tend to be the "spawning ground" for sunspots, and they had been expected to begin forming in 2008, the study found that these new streams had yet to form. The study in question therefore suggested that the

text: sunspot cycle

text: was going to take longer than expected to reach its next peak, or, according to Hill, might not happen at all. Although Hill and his colleagues refused to discuss the possible effects this weaker solar cycle would have on climate, this was reported on by some media, including the

text: Global Warming Policy Foundation

text: , as evidence that a "mini ice age" was imminent. Hill responded to these reports by telling

text: Reuters

text: that "We have not predicted a Little Ice Age," but rather that "We have predicted something going on with the Sun." In an NSO press release, Hill added that "In my opinion, it is a huge leap from that to an abrupt global cooling, since the connections between solar activity and climate are still very poorly understood. My understanding is that current calculations suggest only a 0.3 degree C decrease from a Maunder-like minimum, too small for an

text: ice age

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: spawning ground

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: such streams tend to be the "spawning ground" for sunspots

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: "spawning ground"

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: such streams tend to be the "spawning ground"

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots,

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sunspots,

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: streams below the surface of the sun,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspots,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: sunspots,

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: streams below the surface of the sun,

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: sun,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: sunspots,

text: Impact velocities in the outer Solar System are typically ≈ 1 km/s (compared with the escape velocity at the surface of Chariklo of ≈ 0.1 km/s), and were even lower before the Kuiper belt was dynamically excited, supporting the possibility that the rings formed in the Kuiper belt before Chariklo was transferred to its current orbit less than 10 Myr ago. Impact velocities in the asteroid belt are much higher (≈ 5 km/s), which could explain the absence of such ring features in minor bodies within the asteroid belt. Collisions between ring particles would cause the ring to widen substantially, and Poynting–Robertson drag would cause the ring particles to fall onto the central body within a few million years, requiring either an active source of ring particles or dynamical confinement by small (kilometre-sized) embedded or shepherd moons yet to be discovered. Such moons would be very challenging to detect via direct imaging from Earth due to the small radial separation of the ring system and Chariklo.

text: Impact velocities in the outer Solar System are typically ≈ 1 km/s (compared with the escape velocity at the surface of Chariklo of ≈ 0.1 km/s), and were even lower before the

text: Kuiper belt

text: was dynamically excited, supporting the possibility that the rings formed in the Kuiper belt before Chariklo was transferred to its current orbit less than 10 Myr ago. Impact velocities in the

text: asteroid belt

text: are much higher (≈ 5 km/s), which could explain the absence of such ring features in minor bodies within the asteroid belt. Collisions between ring particles would cause the ring to widen substantially, and

text: Poynting–Robertson drag

text: would cause the ring particles to fall onto the central body within a few million years, requiring either an active source of ring particles or dynamical confinement by small (kilometre-sized) embedded or

text: shepherd

text: moons yet to be discovered. Such moons would be very challenging to detect via direct imaging from Earth due to the small radial separation of the ring system and Chariklo.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: rings

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: impact velocities in the outer Solar System are typically

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: Kuiper belt

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Kuiper belt was dynamically excited

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Solar System

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: kilometre-sized

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Chariklo

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: Impact velocities in the outer Solar System

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: Impact velocities

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: Impact

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Impact velocities in the outer Solar System

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: outer Solar System

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: Impact velocities in the outer Solar System

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Impact velocities in the outer Solar System

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Impact velocities in the outer Solar System

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Impact velocities in the outer Solar System

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Impact velocities in the outer Solar System

text: Atmospheric physicists typically divide radiation into solar radiation (emitted by the sun) and terrestrial radiation (emitted by Earth's surface and atmosphere).

text: Atmospheric physicists typically divide radiation into solar radiation (emitted by the sun) and terrestrial radiation (emitted by Earth's surface and atmosphere).

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar radiation

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: solar radiation

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar radiation

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: is a type of solar radiation

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: terrestrial radiation

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar radiation

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: solar radiation

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: (emitted by the sun)

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: (emitted by the sun)

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar radiation

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: the sun)

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the sun)

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: (emitted by the sun)

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: solar radiation

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar radiation

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: the sun)

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: solar radiation

text: The purpose of Crohamhurst Observatory was to take daily observations of the sun and of all weather conditions. These were used to test the possibility of the immediate solar control of the weather; to test the application of these possibilities to the weather of Australia; to issue forecasts to those newspapers and publications that supported the observatory; and to test the hypothesis of seasonal repetitions through cycles.

text: The purpose of Crohamhurst Observatory was to take daily observations of the sun and of all weather conditions. These were used to test the possibility of the immediate solar control of the weather; to test the application of these possibilities to the weather of Australia; to issue forecasts to those newspapers and publications that supported the observatory; and to test the hypothesis of seasonal repetitions through cycles.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: immediate solar control of the weather

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar storms

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: can affect the weather

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: suns

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: immediate solar control of the weather;

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar control of the weather;

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sun

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: sun

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar control of the weather;

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: sun

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: solar control of the weather;

text: The high accuracy, the large number of stars observed and the long period of observation make Kepler ideal for detecting superflares. Studies published in 2012 and 2013 involved 83,000 stars over a period of 500 days (much of the data analysis was carried out with the help of five first-year undergraduates). The stars were selected from the Kepler Input Catalog to have T, the effective temperature, between 5100 and 6000K (the solar value is 5750K) to find stars of similar spectral class to the Sun, and the surface gravity log g > 4.0 to eliminate sub-giants and giants. The spectral classes range from F8 to G8.  The integration time was 30 min in the original study.  1547 superflares were found on 279 solar-type stars.The most intense events increased the brightness of the stars  by 30% and had an energy of 10 ergs. White-light flares on the Sun change the brightness by about 0.01%, and the strongest flares have a visible-light energy of about 10  ergs. (All energies quoted are in the optical  bandpass and so are lower limits since some energy is emitted at other wavelengths.) Most events were much less energetic than this: flare amplitudes below 0.1% of the stellar value and energies of 2 × 10 ergs were detectable with the 30 minute integration. The flares had a rapid rise followed by an exponential decay on a time scale of 1–3 hours. The most powerful events corresponded to energies ten thousand greater than the largest flares observed on the Sun. Some stars flared very frequently: one star showed 57 events in 500 days, a rate of one every nine days. For the statistics of flares, the number of flares decreased with energy E roughly as E, a similar behaviour to solar flares. The duration of the flare increased with its energy, again in accordance with the solar behaviour.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: superflares

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: the strongest flares have a visible-light energy of about 10 ergs

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: superflares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: superflares

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: superflares

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long do superflares last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: superflares

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: White-light flares

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: The duration of the flare increased with its energy,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: superflares.

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: flare amplitudes below 0.1% of the stellar value

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar-type stars.The

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: White-light flares

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: The duration of the flare increased with its energy,

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: superflares.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: 2 <unk> 10 ergs

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: 2 <unk> 10 ergs

text: Kepler-11 is a G-type star that is approximately  96% the mass of and 107% the radius of the Sun. It has a surface temperature of about 5663 K and is estimated to have an age of around 8.5 billion years. In comparison, the Sun is about 4.6 billion years old and has a surface temperature of 5778 K.

text: Kepler-11 is a

text: G-type

text: star that is approximately  96% the mass of and 107% the radius of the

text: Sun

text: . It has a surface temperature of about 5663

text: K

text: and is estimated to have an age of around 8.5 billion years. In comparison, the Sun is about 4.6 billion years old and has a surface temperature of 5778 K.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: hot spots

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: the Sun is about 4.6 billion years old

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: G-type stars

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Kepler-11

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: G-type

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Kepler-11

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: G-type star

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: surface temperature

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: G-type star

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Kepler-11

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: G-type star

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: G-type star

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Kepler-11

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Kepler-11

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Kepler-11

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Kepler-11

text: Notable existing vector magnetographs include the  IVM at the Mees Observatory in Hawaii, SVM at Udaipur Solar Observatory, India, the SOLIS instrument at the National Solar Observatory (strictly speaking, SOLIS is a scanned spectropolarimeter), and the narrowband filtergraph instrument on the Hinode spacecraft.  Planned instruments include a vector polarimeter at the Advanced Technology Solar Telescope slated to be built in the 20-teens, and the HMI instrument aboard the Solar Dynamics Observatory, launched in February 2010.

text: Notable existing vector magnetographs include the

text: IVM

text: at the

text: Mees Observatory

text: in Hawaii,

text: SVM

text: at Udaipur Solar Observatory, India, the

text: SOLIS

text: instrument at the

text: National Solar Observatory

text: (strictly speaking, SOLIS is a scanned

text: spectropolarimeter

text: ), and the narrowband filtergraph instrument on the

text: Hinode

text: spacecraft.  Planned instruments include a vector polarimeter at the

text: Advanced Technology Solar Telescope

text: slated to be built in the 20-teens, and the

text: HMI

text: instrument aboard the

text: Solar Dynamics Observatory

text: , launched in February 2010.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: a vector polarimeter at the Advanced Technology Solar Telescope

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar storms

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar storm

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar system

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: Solar Observatory

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: scanned spectropolarimeter),

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: Solar Observatory

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Solar Observatory

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Solar

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: vector magnetographs

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Solar Observatory

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: HMI

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: spacecraft.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Hinode spacecraft.

text: A 'Stonyhurst disk' is used to determine the longitude and latitude of sunspots. The Earth doesn't orbit precisely around the Sun's equator, so through the year the center of solar pictures moves up and down a little more than 7 degrees. This angle varies sinusoidally through the year and is called B0. Earth crosses the Sun's equator about December 7 and June 7 each year. This means that the lines of latitude on the sun do not appear as lines from the earth, but as elliptical arcs. Sunspots and other features will rotate across the face of the sun along lines of latitude. Stonyhurst disks are transparent overlays that match the size of whole-disk images of the sun. These disks provide a graphic means of locating sunspots on the solar disk in reference to lines of latitude and longitude. Different disk overlays are produced for different dates.

text: A 'Stonyhurst disk' is used to determine the longitude and latitude of sunspots. The Earth doesn't orbit precisely around the Sun's equator, so through the year the center of solar pictures moves up and down a little more than 7 degrees. This angle varies

text: sinusoidal

text: ly through the year and is called B0. Earth crosses the Sun's equator about December 7 and June 7 each year. This means that the lines of latitude on the sun do not appear as lines from the earth, but as elliptical arcs. Sunspots and other features will rotate across the face of the sun along lines of latitude. Stonyhurst disks are transparent overlays that match the size of whole-disk images of the sun. These disks provide a graphic means of locating sunspots on the solar disk in reference to lines of latitude and longitude. Different disk overlays are produced for different dates.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: rotate across the face of the sun

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: rotate across the face of the sun along lines of latitude

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar disk

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can sunspots last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: rotate across the face of the sun along lines of latitude.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: rotate across the face of the sun along lines of latitude.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots.

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sunspots.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: across the face of the sun along lines of latitude.

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspots.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Sunspots

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: sunspots.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Earth doesn't orbit precisely around the Sun's equator,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: sunspots.

text: As a part of the Comenius University, the observatory provides research opportunity for students, and the staff offers guidance for the Master and PhD theses. The research is mainly aimed at the interplanetary matter. Until January 2014, 175 numbered and 34 unnumbered asteroids were discovered at the observatory including two Near Earth Objects 2005 GB34 and 2008 UW5. The observing time is mostly assigned for the photometry of asteroids and comets and astrometry. The first observation of a transiting extrasolar planet in Slovakia was performed at the observatory. The solar physics researchers perform solar prominence and chromosphere features observations in the H-alpha line.

text: As a part of the

text: Comenius University

text: , the observatory provides research opportunity for students, and the staff offers guidance for the Master and PhD theses. The research is mainly aimed at the interplanetary matter. Until January 2014, 175 numbered and 34 unnumbered asteroids were discovered at the observatory including two Near Earth Objects

text: 2005 GB34

text: and

text: 2008 UW5

text: . The observing time is mostly assigned for the photometry of asteroids and comets and astrometry. The first observation of a transiting

text: extrasolar planet

text: in

text: Slovakia

text: was performed at the observatory. The solar physics researchers perform solar prominence and chromosphere features observations in the H-alpha line.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: chromosphere

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: chromosphere features

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: comets

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar prominence

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar atmosphere

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: H-alpha

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can solar prominences last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: interplanetary matter

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar prominence and chromosphere

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: solar prominence

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar prominence

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar prominence

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar prominence and chromosphere

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: solar physics

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: solar prominence

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: interplanetary matter.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Near Earth Objects

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Near Earth Objects 2005 GB34 and 2008 UW5.

text: Sunspot made his cinematic debut in the 2014 feature film X-Men: Days of Future Past, played by Adan Canto.

text: Sunspot made his cinematic debut in the 2014 feature film

text: X-Men: Days of Future Past

text: , played by

text: Adan Canto

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: mutants

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: he is a mutant

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: is a type of solar storm

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar system

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Sunspot

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: X-Men: Days of Future Past,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: Sunspot made his cinematic debut

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: Sunspot

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Sunspot

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: X-Men: Days of Future Past,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: Sunspot

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Sunspot

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Sunspot

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: X-Men: Days of Future Past,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: X-Men: Days of Future Past,

text: Weather is not limited to planetary bodies.  Like all stars, the sun's corona is constantly being lost to space, creating what is essentially a very thin atmosphere throughout the Solar System.  The movement of mass ejected from the Sun is known as the solar wind.  Inconsistencies in this wind and larger events on the surface of the star, such as coronal mass ejections, form a system that has features analogous to conventional weather systems (such as pressure and wind) and is generally known as space weather.  Coronal mass ejections have been tracked as far out in the solar system as Saturn.  The activity of this system can affect planetary atmospheres and occasionally surfaces.  The interaction of the solar wind with the terrestrial atmosphere can produce spectacular aurorae, and can play havoc with electrically sensitive systems such as electricity grids and radio signals.

text: Weather is not limited to planetary bodies.  Like all stars, the sun's

text: corona

text: is constantly being lost to space, creating what is essentially a very thin

text: atmosphere

text: throughout the

text: Solar System

text: .  The movement of mass ejected from the Sun is known as the

text: solar wind

text: .  Inconsistencies in this wind and larger events on the surface of the star, such as

text: coronal mass ejection

text: s, form a system that has features analogous to conventional weather systems (such as pressure and wind) and is generally known as

text: space weather

text: .  Coronal mass ejections have been tracked as far out in the

text: solar system

text: as

text: Saturn

text: .  The activity of this system can affect planetary

text: atmospheres

text: and occasionally surfaces.  The interaction of the

text: solar wind

text: with the terrestrial atmosphere can produce spectacular

text: aurorae

text: , and can play havoc with electrically sensitive systems such as

text: electricity grids

text: and radio signals.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: coronal mass ejections

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: larger events on the surface of the star

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: coronal mass ejections

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: larger events on the surface of the star

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar system

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar wind

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: larger events on the surface of the star,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: The activity of this system can affect planetary atmospheres and occasionally surfaces.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: coronal mass ejections,

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: larger events on the surface of the star,

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: surface of the star,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: stars,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: aurorae,

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar wind.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Saturn.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: aurorae, and can play havoc with electrically sensitive systems

text: T.J.J. See was an American astronomer and Navy Captain who at one time worked under Ellery Hale at the Lowell Observatory. He had a cult following largely because of his many (some 60) articles in Popular Astronomy but also in Astronomische Nachrichte (Astronomical News) (mostly in English). While at the USNO's Mare Island, Cal. station, he developed a model which he called capture theory, published in 1910, in his  "Researches on the Evolution of the Stellar Systems: v. 2. The capture theory of cosmical evolution, founded on dynamical principles and illustrated by phenomena observed in the spiral nebulae, the planetary system, the double and multiple stars and clusters and the star-clouds of the Milky Way",  which proposed that the planets formed in the outer Solar System and were captured by the Sun; the moons were formed in thus manner and were captured by the planets. This caused a feud with Forest Moulton, who co-developed the planetesimal hypothesis. A preview was presented in 1909 at a meeting of the ASP (Astronomical Society of the Pacific) at the Chabot Observatory in Oakland, Cal., and newspaper headlines blared "Prof. See's Paper Causes Sensation" (San Francisco Call) and "Scientists in Furore Over Nebulae" (San Francisco Examiner). Our current knowledge of dynamics makes capture most unlikely as it requires special conditions.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: hot spots

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: Our current knowledge of dynamics makes capture most unlikely as it requires special conditions

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: nuclear explosions

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: The capture theory of cosmical evolution

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Solar System

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can prominences last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: cosmical evolution

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: the planets formed in the outer Solar System and were captured by the Sun;

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: planetesimal hypothesis.

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Our current knowledge of dynamics makes capture most unlikely as it requires special conditions.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: outer Solar System

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: double and multiple stars

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: spiral nebulae,

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Evolution of the Stellar Systems:

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Our current knowledge of dynamics makes capture most unlikely as it requires special conditions.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: capture theory,

text: A solar flare is a sudden flash of brightness observed near the Sun's surface.It involves a very broad spectrum of emissions, an energy release of typically 1 × 10 joules of energy for a well-observed event.A major event can emit up to 1 × 10 joules (the latter is roughly the equivalent of 1 billion megatons of TNT, or over 400 times more energy than released from the impact of Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 with Jupiter).Flares are often, but not always, accompanied by a coronal mass ejection. The flare ejects clouds of electrons, ions, and atoms through the corona of the sun into space. These clouds typically reach Earth a day or two after the event. The term is also used to refer to similar phenomena in other stars, where the term stellar flare applies.

text: A solar flare is a sudden flash of brightness observed near the

text: Sun

text: 's surface.It involves a very broad spectrum of emissions, an energy release of typically 1 × 10

text: joule

text: s of

text: energy

text: for a well-observed event.A major event can emit up to 1 × 10 joules (the latter is roughly the equivalent of 1 billion

text: megatons of TNT

text: , or over 400 times more energy than released from the impact of

text: Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9

text: with Jupiter).Flares are often, but not always, accompanied by a

text: coronal mass ejection

text: . The flare ejects clouds of electrons, ions, and atoms through the corona of the sun into space. These clouds typically reach

text: Earth

text: a day or two after the event. The term is also used to refer to similar phenomena in other stars, where the term

text: stellar flare

text: applies.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: near the Sun's surface

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: These clouds typically reach Earth a day or two after the event

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: major event

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: not always, accompanied by a coronal mass ejection

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: the Sun's surface

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: near the Sun's surface.It

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: accompanied by a coronal mass ejection.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: major event

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Jupiter).Flares are often, but not always,

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: near the Sun's surface.It

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: near the Sun's surface.It

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: coronal mass ejection.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar flare

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: These clouds typically reach Earth a day or two after the event.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: solar flare

text: "Is there life elsewhere in the universe?" is one of humankind's most profound unanswered questions. A step in the attempt to answer this question is the search for planets outside the Solar System. ESO's observatories are equipped with an arsenal of instruments for finding, studying, and monitoring extrasolar planets. In 2004, the Very Large Telescope detected a faint glow from an apparent planet orbiting a star about 200 light-years from earth. A year later, this detection was confirmed as the first picture of an exoplanet ever recorded. Although the planet is large (five times more massive than Jupiter), this observation is a first step toward identifying the physical structure and chemical composition of exoplanets.

text: "Is there life elsewhere in the universe?" is one of humankind's most profound unanswered questions. A step in the attempt to answer this question is the search for planets outside the Solar System. ESO's observatories are equipped with an arsenal of instruments for finding, studying, and monitoring

text: extrasolar planet

text: s. In 2004, the Very Large Telescope detected a faint glow from an apparent planet orbiting a star about 200 light-years from earth. A year later, this detection was confirmed as the first picture of an exoplanet ever recorded. Although the planet is large (five times more massive than

text: Jupiter

text: ), this observation is a first step toward identifying the physical structure and chemical composition of exoplanets.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: hot spots

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: nuclear explosions

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Solar System

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: exoplanets

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: planets outside the Solar System.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: physical structure and chemical composition

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: planets outside the Solar System.

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: star

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: star

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: apparent planet orbiting a star

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: planets outside the Solar System.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: extrasolar planets.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: 200 light-years

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: planets outside the Solar System.

text: The Sagamore Hill Solar Radio Observatory is a solar radio observatory located in Hamilton, Massachusetts, that operates on a daily basis to obtain scientific observations of the Sun. It is a functional component of the Radio Solar Telescope Network (RSTN).

text: The Sagamore Hill Solar Radio Observatory is a

text: solar

text: radio

text: observatory

text: located in

text: Hamilton, Massachusetts

text: , that operates on a daily basis to obtain scientific observations of the

text: Sun

text: . It is a functional component of the

text: Radio Solar Telescope Network

text: (RSTN).

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: hot spots

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: a solar radio observatory located in Hamilton

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar storms

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: What is a coronal mass ejection?

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: suns

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: Sun.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: daily basis to obtain scientific observations of the Sun.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: Radio Solar Telescope

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Sun.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Sun.

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: Sun.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Sun.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Sun.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Sun.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Sun.

text: Polarizing filters adjust the  brightness of images to a better level for observing, but much less so than solar filters. With these types of filter, the range of transmission varies from 3% to 40%. They are usually used for the observation of the Moon, but may also be used for planetary observation. They consist of two polarizing layers in a rotating aluminum cell, which changes the amount of transmission of the filter by rotating them. This reduction in brightness and improvement in contrast can reveal the lunar surface features and details, especially when it is near full. Polarizing filters should not be used in place of solar filters designed specially for observing the sun.

text: Polarizing filters adjust the  brightness of images to a better level for observing, but much less so than solar filters. With these types of filter, the range of transmission varies from 3% to 40%. They are usually used for the observation of the Moon, but may also be used for planetary observation. They consist of two polarizing layers in a rotating

text: aluminum

text: cell, which changes the amount of transmission of the filter by rotating them. This reduction in brightness and improvement in contrast can reveal the lunar surface features and details, especially when it is near full. Polarizing filters should not be used in place of solar filters designed specially for observing the sun.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar filters

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: Polarizing filters should not be used in place of solar filters

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar eruptions

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: polarizing

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: sun.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: Polarizing filters should not be used in place of solar filters

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: Polarizing filters

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sun.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: sun.

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sun.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Polarizing filters

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the sun.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: the sun.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Polarizing filters

text: The solar constant is the amount of power that the Sun deposits per unit area that is directly exposed to sunlight. The solar constant is equal to approximately  (watts per square meter) at a distance of one astronomical unit (AU) from the Sun (that is, on or near Earth). Sunlight on the surface of Earth is attenuated by Earth's atmosphere, so that less power arrives at the surface (closer to ) in clear conditions when the Sun is near the zenith. Sunlight at the top of Earth's atmosphere is composed (by total energy) of about 50% infrared light, 40% visible light, and 10% ultraviolet light. The atmosphere in particular filters out over 70% of solar ultraviolet, especially at the shorter wavelengths. Solar ultraviolet radiation ionizes Earth's dayside upper atmosphere, creating the electrically conducting ionosphere.

text: The

text: solar constant

text: is the amount of power that the Sun deposits per unit area that is directly exposed to sunlight. The solar constant is equal to approximately  (watts per square meter) at a distance of one

text: astronomical unit

text: (AU) from the Sun (that is, on or near Earth). Sunlight on the surface of Earth is

text: attenuated

text: by Earth's atmosphere, so that less power arrives at the surface (closer to ) in clear conditions when the Sun is near the

text: zenith

text: . Sunlight at the top of Earth's atmosphere is composed (by total energy) of about 50% infrared light, 40% visible light, and 10% ultraviolet light. The atmosphere in particular filters out over 70% of solar ultraviolet, especially at the shorter wavelengths. Solar

text: ultraviolet radiation

text: ionizes Earth's dayside upper atmosphere, creating the electrically conducting

text: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: Sunlight on the surface of Earth is attenuated by Earth's atmosphere

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: nuclear explosions

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar constant

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: Solar ultraviolet radiation

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: The atmosphere in particular filters out over 70% of solar ultraviolet,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: The solar constant

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: The solar constant

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun is near the zenith.

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: zenith.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: The solar constant

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: The solar constant

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: on or near Earth).

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Solar ultraviolet radiation

text: The detector, named KamiokaNDE for Kamioka Nucleon Decay Experiment, was a tank  in height and  in width, containing 3,048 metric tons (3,000 tons) of pure water and about 1,000 photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) attached to its inner surface. The detector was upgraded, starting in 1985, to allow it to observe solar neutrinos. As a result, the detector (KamiokaNDE-II) had become sensitive enough to detect neutrinos from SN 1987A, a supernova which was observed in the Large Magellanic Cloud in February 1987, and to observe solar neutrinos in 1988. The ability of the Kamiokande experiment to observe the direction of electrons produced in solar neutrino interactions allowed experimenters to directly demonstrate for the first time that the sun was a source of neutrinos.

text: The detector, named KamiokaNDE for Kamioka Nucleon Decay Experiment, was a

text: tank

text: in height and  in width, containing 3,048 metric tons (3,000 tons) of pure water and about 1,000 photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) attached to its inner surface. The detector was upgraded, starting in 1985, to allow it to observe solar neutrinos. As a result, the detector (KamiokaNDE-II) had become sensitive enough to detect neutrinos from

text: SN 1987A

text: , a

text: supernova

text: which was observed in the

text: Large Magellanic Cloud

text: in February 1987, and to observe solar neutrinos in 1988. The ability of the Kamiokande experiment to observe the direction of electrons produced in solar neutrino

text: interactions

text: allowed experimenters to directly demonstrate for the first time that the sun was a source of neutrinos.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar neutrinos

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: the sun was a source of neutrinos

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: supernova

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: supernova

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can prominences last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar neutrinos

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar neutrino interactions

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: the sun was a source of neutrinos.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: supernova

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: SN 1987A, a supernova

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sun

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: solar neutrinos.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar neutrinos.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Large Magellanic Cloud

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: solar neutrinos.

text: In 2012 the forum said it would be "down for maintenance" until "mid-June". A new forum was started on the Oracle Technology Network on May 7, 2013. David G. Simmons, one of the SunSPOT developers for Sun Microsystems, maintained a blog through the end of 2010.He opened an alternative developers forum in July 2013 not connected to Oracle.

text: In 2012 the forum said it would be "down for maintenance" until "mid-June". A new forum was started on the Oracle Technology Network on May 7, 2013. David G. Simmons, one of the SunSPOT developers for Sun Microsystems, maintained a blog through the end of 2010.He opened an alternative developers forum in July 2013 not connected to Oracle.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: Sun SPOT developers for Sun Microsystems

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: nuclear explosions

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar system

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Solar Dynamics Observatory

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: Sun Microsystems,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: one of the SunSPOT developers for Sun Microsystems,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: SunSPOT

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: 2013.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: "mid-June".

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: SunSPOT

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: May 7, 2013.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: SunSPOT

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: 2013.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: 2013.

text: Active regions involve all the phenomena directly linked to the magnetic field, which occur at different heights above the Sun's surface: sunspots and faculae, occur in the photosphere, spicules, Hα filaments and plages in the chromosphere, prominences in the chromosphere and transition region, and flares and coronal mass ejections happen in the corona and chromosphere. If flares are very violent, they can also perturb the photosphere and generate a Moreton wave. On the contrary, quiescent prominences are large, cool dense structures which are observed as dark, "snake-like" Hα ribbons (appearing like filaments) on the solar disc. Their temperature is about 5000–8000 K, and so they are usually considered as chromospheric features.

text: Active regions involve all the phenomena directly linked to the magnetic field, which occur at different heights above the Sun's surface:

text: sunspot

text: s and

text: facula

text: e, occur in the photosphere,

text: spicules

text: Hα

text: filaments

text: and

text: plages

text: in the chromosphere,

text: prominences

text: in the chromosphere and transition region, and

text: flares

text: and

text: coronal mass ejection

text: s happen in the corona and chromosphere. If flares are very violent, they can also perturb the photosphere and generate a

text: Moreton wave

text: . On the contrary, quiescent prominences are large, cool dense structures which are observed as dark, "snake-like" Hα ribbons (appearing like filaments) on the solar disc. Their temperature is about 5000–8000 K, and so they are usually considered as chromospheric features.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: active regions

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: occur in the photosphere

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: coronal mass ejections

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the photosphere

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: large, cool dense structures

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: active regions

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: Active regions

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: occur at different heights above the Sun's surface:

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: happen in the corona and chromosphere.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the photosphere,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: large, cool dense structures

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: quiescent prominences

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Active regions

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Sun's surface:

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: flares and coronal mass ejections

text: John Allen "Jack" Eddy (March 25, 1931 – June 10, 2009) was an American astronomer who published professionally under the name John A. Eddy but much of the content referencing him can be found under his nickname Jack which he preferred to use. In 1976 Dr. Eddy published a landmark paper in Science titled "The Maunder Minimum" where, using the Nineteenth Century works of Edward W. Maunder and Gustav Spörer, he identified a 70-year period from 1645 to 1715 as a time when solar activity all but stopped. In making the case for the anomaly, he gathered and interpreted data from a wide variety of sources, including first-hand accounts from extant historical observations of the Sun going back to the telescopic observations of Galileo and other contemporary scientists of the 17th and early 18th centuries; from historical reports of the aurora borealis observed in past centuries in Europe and the New World; from visual observations of sunspots seen with the unaided eye at sunrise and sunset in dynastic records from the Orient; from existing descriptions of the eclipsed Sun; and from measurements of carbon-14 in dated tree-rings. In the last of these, which can be used as a proxy indicator of solar activity, he found evidence of other similar periods of solar quiescence in the distant past, the most recent an even longer 90-year span, from about 1460 until 1550, which he named the Spörer Minimum. Both the Maunder and Spörer minima fell during the coldest parts of the Little Ice Age, which suggested a meaningful connection between the longer term behavior of the Sun and of the Earth’s mean surface temperature. In advancing the theory that the Sun is a variable star Eddy observed: "It has long been thought that the Sun is a constant star of regular and repeatable behavior. Measurements of the radiative output, or solar constant, seem to justify the first assumption, and the record of periodicity in sunspot numbers is taken as evidence of the second. Both records, however, sample only the most recent history of the Sun."

text: John Allen "Jack" Eddy (March 25, 1931 – June 10, 2009) was an American

text: astronomer

text: who published professionally under the name John A. Eddy but much of the content referencing him can be found under his nickname Jack which he preferred to use. In 1976 Dr. Eddy published a landmark paper in

text: Science

text: titled "

text: The Maunder Minimum

text: " where, using the Nineteenth Century works of

text: Edward W. Maunder

text: and

text: Gustav Spörer

text: , he identified a 70-year period from 1645 to 1715 as a time when solar activity all but stopped. In making the case for the anomaly, he gathered and interpreted data from a wide variety of sources, including first-hand accounts from extant historical observations of the Sun going back to the telescopic observations of

text: Galileo

text: and other contemporary scientists of the 17th and early 18th centuries; from historical reports of the

text: aurora borealis

text: observed in past centuries in

text: Europe

text: and the

text: New World

text: ; from visual observations of

text: sunspots

text: seen with the unaided eye at

text: sunrise

text: and

text: sunset

text: in dynastic records from the

text: Orient

text: ; from existing descriptions of the eclipsed Sun; and from measurements of

text: in dated

text: tree-rings

text: . In the last of these, which can be used as a proxy indicator of solar activity, he found evidence of other similar periods of solar quiescence in the distant past, the most recent an even longer 90-year span, from about 1460 until 1550, which he named the

text: Spörer Minimum

text: . Both the Maunder and Spörer minima fell during the coldest parts of the

text: Little Ice Age

text: , which suggested a meaningful connection between the longer term behavior of the Sun and of the Earth’s mean surface temperature. In advancing the theory that the Sun is a variable star Eddy observed: "It has long been thought that the Sun is a constant star of regular and repeatable behavior. Measurements of the radiative output, or

text: solar constant

text: , seem to justify the first assumption, and the record of periodicity in

text: sunspot number

text: s is taken as evidence of the second. Both records, however, sample only the most recent history of the Sun."

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: variable star

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: record of periodicity in sunspot numbers

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: variable star

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can sunspots last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: radiation in space

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: variable star

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: periodicity

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspot

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Little Ice Age,

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: sunrise and sunset in dynastic records from the Orient;

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar activity,

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: carbon-14 in dated tree-rings.

text: The temperature of the asteroid belt varies with the distance from the Sun. For dust particles within the belt, typical temperatures range from 200 K (−73 °C) at 2.2 AU down to 165 K (−108 °C) at 3.2 AU However, due to rotation, the surface temperature of an asteroid can vary considerably as the sides are alternately exposed to solar radiation and then to the stellar background.

text: The temperature of the asteroid belt varies with the distance from the Sun. For dust particles within the belt, typical temperatures range from 200 K (−73 °C) at 2.2 AU down to 165 K (−108 °C) at 3.2 AU However, due to rotation, the surface temperature of an asteroid can vary considerably as the sides are alternately exposed to solar radiation and then to the stellar background.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: asteroid belt

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: asteroid belt

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: stellar background

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: asteroid belt

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar radiation

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: the sides are alternately exposed to solar radiation

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar radiation

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: asteroid belt varies with the distance from the Sun.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: asteroid belt varies with the distance from the Sun.

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: solar radiation

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: The temperature of the asteroid

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: asteroid

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: asteroid belt varies with the distance from the Sun.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: solar radiation

text: There are also forces external to Earth itself that affect Earth’s climate. Two examples of these external forces are meteors/asteroids becoming meteorites and striking the surface of the earth, and geomagnetic storms from the sun affecting the earth. Asteroids only about two kilometers in diameter, according to Young’s paper referencing original author Michael Paine, can cause craters in Earth’s surface about 40 kilometers in diameter. Such an impact could throw enormous quantities of dust into the sky, blocking out the sun and causing significant climate changes, somewhat similar in effect to a gigantic volcanic eruption. Among other things, meteorites striking Earth also “affect sea level, rainfall, temperature, ocean currents, and atmospheric circulation”. Asteroids and meteors are not, however, the only external forces to affect Earth climate change. Variations in solar output can also bring about climate change on the Earth. More specifically, varying amounts of sun activity, including sunspots, solar flares, solar wind, and massive solar radiation, can all be grouped together as geomagnetic storms, which together, act to affect Earth’s climate. Our sun has a solar activity cycle of about 11 years. During which time, the sun gets sunspots, shoots off solar flares, and blasts earth with solar wind and geomagnetic activity. Despite the appearance that these events seem random, they do overall follow a fairly steady cycle of approximately 11 years. The difference in average solar irradiation received by the earth due to these ‘random’ events, though, is only about 0.1 percent. Overall, the total irradiation generated by the sun, and received by the earth is a major factor affecting Earth climate. The total solar irradiation received by Earth’s surface can be calculated mathematically. This can be done through the following equation:

text: There are also forces external to Earth itself that affect Earth’s climate. Two examples of these external forces are meteors/asteroids becoming

text: meteorites

text: and striking the surface of the earth, and geomagnetic storms from the sun affecting the earth. Asteroids only about two kilometers in diameter, according to Young’s paper referencing original author Michael Paine, can cause craters in Earth’s surface about 40 kilometers in diameter. Such an impact could throw enormous quantities of dust into the sky, blocking out the sun and causing significant climate changes, somewhat similar in effect to a gigantic volcanic eruption. Among other things, meteorites striking Earth also “affect sea level, rainfall, temperature, ocean currents, and atmospheric circulation”. Asteroids and meteors are not, however, the only external forces to affect Earth climate change. Variations in solar output can also bring about climate change on the Earth. More specifically, varying amounts of

text: sun activity

text: , including

text: sunspots

text: solar flares

text: solar wind

text: , and massive

text: solar radiation

text: , can all be grouped together as geomagnetic storms, which together, act to affect Earth’s climate. Our sun has a solar activity cycle of about 11 years. During which time, the sun gets sunspots, shoots off solar flares, and blasts earth with solar wind and

text: geomagnetic activity

text: . Despite the appearance that these events seem random, they do overall follow a fairly steady cycle of approximately 11 years. The difference in average solar irradiation received by the earth due to these ‘random’ events, though, is only about 0.1 percent. Overall, the total irradiation generated by the sun, and received by the earth is a major factor affecting Earth climate. The total solar irradiation received by Earth’s surface can be calculated mathematically. This can be done through the following equation:

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: sun activity

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: Our sun has a solar activity cycle of about 11 years

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: can affect Earth’s climate

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can prominences last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Earth’s climate

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: varying amounts of sun activity,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: they do overall follow a fairly steady cycle of approximately 11 years.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: geomagnetic storms,

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: the total irradiation

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar activity cycle of about 11 years.

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspots,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: sunspots,

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the total irradiation generated by the sun,

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: 0.1 percent.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: total irradiation generated by the sun,

text: In one example of the use of the MDI, Stanford scientists reported the detection of several sunspot regions in the deep interior of the Sun, 1–2 days before they appeared on the solar disc. The detection of sunspots in the solar interior may thus provide valuable warnings about upcoming surface magnetic activity which could be used to improve and extend the predictions of space weather forecasts.

text: In one example of the use of the MDI, Stanford scientists reported the detection of several sunspot regions in the deep interior of the Sun, 1–2 days before they appeared on the solar disc. The detection of sunspots in the solar interior may thus provide valuable warnings about upcoming surface magnetic activity which could be used to improve and extend the predictions of space weather forecasts.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: regions

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: provide valuable warnings about upcoming surface magnetic activity

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar storms

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: space weather

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar interior

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: solar discs

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: upcoming surface magnetic activity

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: provide valuable warnings about upcoming surface magnetic activity

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspot regions

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar disc.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the deep interior of the Sun,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspot regions

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: sunspot regions

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: sunspot regions in the deep interior of the Sun,

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: the Sun,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: sunspot regions

text: The observatory played a major role in solar radio mapping, studies of environmental disturbances, and development of a solar optical videometer for microwave research.

text: The observatory played a major role in solar

text: radio mapping

text: , studies of environmental disturbances, and development of a solar optical videometer for

text: microwave

text: research.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: a solar optical videometer

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: can cause a solar flare

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar radio mapping

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar radio mapping,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: solar radio mapping,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: environmental disturbances,

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar radio mapping,

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: solar optical

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: solar optical videometer for microwave research.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar radio mapping, studies of environmental disturbances,

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: solar optical videometer for microwave research.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: microwave research.

text: Sunspots are observed with land-based and Earth-orbiting solar telescopes. These telescopes use filtration and projection techniques for direct observation, in addition to various types of filtered cameras. Specialized tools such as spectroscopes and spectrohelioscopes are used to examine sunspots and sunspot areas. Artificial eclipses allow viewing of the circumference of the Sun as sunspots rotate through the horizon.

text: Sunspots are observed with land-based and Earth-orbiting

text: solar telescope

text: s. These telescopes use filtration and projection techniques for direct observation, in addition to various types of filtered cameras. Specialized tools such as

text: spectroscope

text: s and

text: spectrohelioscope

text: s are used to examine sunspots and sunspot areas. Artificial eclipses allow viewing of the circumference of the Sun as sunspots rotate through the horizon.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: observed with land-based

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: are observed with land-based and Earth-orbiting solar telescopes

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspot

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: observed with land-based and Earth-orbiting solar telescopes.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: observed with land-based and Earth-orbiting solar telescopes.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: Sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Artificial eclipses

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: Sunspots

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Sunspots

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Sunspots

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Earth-orbiting

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Sunspots

text: The planet orbits a (M-type) red dwarf star named Kepler-438. The star has a mass of 0.54  and a radius of 0.52 , both lower than those of the Sun by almost half. It has a surface temperature of 3748 K and is estimated to be about 4.4 billion years old, only 200 million years younger than the Sun. and the Sun has a surface temperature of 5778 K.

text: The planet orbits a (

text: M-type

text: red dwarf

text: star named

text: . The star has a mass of 0.54  and a radius of 0.52 , both lower than those of the

text: Sun

text: by almost half. It has a surface temperature of 3748

text: K

text: and is estimated to be about 4.4 billion years old, only 200 million years younger than the Sun. and the Sun has a surface temperature of 5778 K.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: hot spots

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: surface temperature of 3748 K

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: nuclear explosions

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Kepler-438

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: red dwarf stars

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Kepler

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: red dwarf star

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: 5778 K.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: red dwarf star

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Kepler-438.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: red dwarf star

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: red dwarf star

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: red dwarf star named Kepler-438.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Kepler-438.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Kepler-438.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: (M-type) red dwarf star named Kepler-438.

text: In astronomy, the renaissance period started with the work of Nicolaus Copernicus. He proposed that planets revolve around the Sun and not around the Earth, as it was believed at the time. This model is known as the heliocentric model. His work was later expanded by Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei. Particularly, Galilei used his new telescope to look at the Sun. In 1610, he discovered sunspots on its surface. In the autumn of 1611, Johannes Fabricius wrote the first book on sunspots, "De Maculis in Sole Observatis" (On the spots observed in the Sun).

text: In astronomy, the renaissance period started with the work of

text: Nicolaus Copernicus

text: . He proposed that planets revolve around the Sun and not around the Earth, as it was believed at the time. This model is known as the heliocentric model. His work was later expanded by

text: Johannes Kepler

text: and

text: Galileo Galilei

text: . Particularly, Galilei used his new telescope to look at the Sun. In 1610, he discovered sunspots on its surface. In the autumn of 1611,

text: Johannes Fabricius

text: wrote the first book on sunspots, "De Maculis in Sole Observatis" (On the spots observed in the Sun).

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: spots observed in the Sun

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: Galileo Galilei discovered sunspots

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar storms

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: on its surface.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: he discovered sunspots on its surface.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: on its surface.

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: sunspots

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answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Sun and not around the Earth,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: sunspots

text: Raw data frequently contain hidden frequencies. Combinations of a few fixed frequency waves can complicate the recognition of the mixture of signals, but still remain predictable over time. Publications  show that atmospheric pressure contains hidden periodicities resulting from the gravitational force of the moon and the daily period of the sun. The reconstruction of these periodic signals of atmospheric tidal waves allows for an explanation and prediction of many anomalies present in extreme weather. Similar tidal waves must exist on the sun resulting from the gravitational force of planets. The rotation of the sun around its axes will cause a current, similar to the equatorial current on the earth. Perturbations or eddies around the current will cause anomalies on the surface of the sun. Horizontal rotational eddies in highly magnetic plasma will create a vertical explosion which will transport deeper, hotter plasma to above the surface of the sun. Each planet creates a tidal wave with a specific frequency on the sun. At times any two of the waves will occur in phase and other times will be out of phase. The resulting amplitude will oscillate with a difference frequency. The estimation of the spectra of sunspot data using the DZ algorithm provides two sharp frequency lines with periodicities close to 9.9 and 11.7 years. These frequency lines can be considered as difference frequencies caused by Jupiter and Saturn (9.9) and Venus and Earth (11.7). The difference frequency between 9.9 and 11.7 yields a frequency with a 64-year period. All of these periods are identifiable in sunspot data. The 64-year period component is currently in a declining mode. This decline may cause a cooling effect on the earth in the near future. An examination of the joint effect of multiple planets may reveal some long periods in sun activity and help explain climate fluctuations on earth.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: long periods in sun activity

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: tidal waves must exist on the sun resulting from the gravitational force of planets

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Horizontal rotational eddies

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long do sunspots last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: sunspot data

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: sun activity

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: All of these periods are identifiable in sunspot data.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspot

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: amplitude will oscillate with a difference frequency.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: sun activity

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspot

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: out of phase.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: sunspot data

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: out of phase.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: out of phase.

text: For a total solar eclipse to happen, the ratio of the apparent diameters of the Moon and of the Sun must be 1.0 or bigger and the three celestial bodies (Sun, Earth and Moon) must be aligned centrally enough. When that is the case, the Moon's disk covers the Sun's disk in the sky completely. The path of totality (i.e. of the travelling shadow of the Moon cutting off all direct sunlight from reaching the Earth's surface) is a relatively narrow strip, at most a few hundreds of kilometers across.

text: For a total solar eclipse to happen, the ratio of the apparent diameters of the Moon and of the Sun must be 1.0 or bigger and the three celestial bodies (Sun, Earth and Moon) must be aligned centrally enough. When that is the case, the Moon's disk covers the Sun's disk in the sky completely. The path of totality (i.e. of the travelling shadow of the Moon cutting off all direct sunlight from reaching the Earth's surface) is a relatively narrow strip, at most a few hundreds of kilometers across.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: direct sunlight from reaching the Earth's surface

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: nuclear explosions

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar system

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: sunlight

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: the Moon's disk covers the Sun's disk in the sky completely.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: total solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: 1.0 or bigger

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Sun must be 1.0 or bigger and the three celestial bodies

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunlight

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: For a total solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: sunlight from reaching the Earth's surface)

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: For a total solar eclipse

text: The host star, Kepler-22, is a G-type star that is 3% less massive than the Sun and 2% smaller in volume. It has a surface temperature of  compared with the Sun, which has a surface temperature of . The star is about 4 billion years old. In comparison, the Sun is 4.6 billion years old.

text: The host star,

text: , is a

text: G-type

text: star that is 3% less massive than the

text: Sun

text: and 2% smaller in volume. It has a

text: surface temperature

text: of  compared with the Sun, which has a surface temperature of . The star is about 4 billion years old. In comparison, the Sun is 4.6 billion years old.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: the Sun has a surface temperature of

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: nuclear explosions

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Kepler-22

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: star

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: G-type

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: G-type star

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: surface temperature

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: G-type star

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: 3% less massive than the Sun

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: G-type star

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: G-type star

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: The host star, Kepler-22,

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Kepler-22,

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Kepler-22,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: The host star, Kepler-22,

text: The MLSO is tasked with monitoring the solar atmosphere and recording data on plasmic and energetic emissions from the chromosphere and corona.  Studies of coronal mass ejections (CMEs) are also conducted at MLSO.  A number of non-solar astronomical observatories are located at the site.  The MLSO instruments record images of the solar disk and limb every 3 minutes for 3–10 hours daily starting at 17:00 UT, weather permitting.

text: The MLSO is tasked with monitoring the

text: solar

text: atmosphere

text: and recording data on

text: plasmic

text: and

text: energetic

text: emissions from the

text: chromosphere

text: and

text: corona

text: .  Studies of

text: coronal mass ejection

text: s (CMEs) are also conducted at MLSO.  A number of non-solar

text: astronomical observatories

text: are located at the site.  The MLSO instruments record images of the solar disk and

text: limb

text: every 3 minutes for 3–10 hours daily starting at 17:00 UT, weather permitting.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: coronal

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: coronal mass ejections

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answers: coronal mass ejections

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: CMEs

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: corona

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: corona

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can coronal mass ejections last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the solar atmosphere

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: coronal mass ejections

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: plasmic and energetic emissions

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: coronal mass ejections

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: (CMEs)

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: chromosphere and corona.

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: coronal

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: coronal mass ejections

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: monitoring the solar atmosphere

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: chromosphere

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: plasmic and energetic emissions

text: The Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI), led from Stanford University in Stanford, California, studies solar variability and characterizes the Sun's interior and the various components of magnetic activity. HMI produces data to determine the interior sources and mechanisms of solar variability and how the physical processes inside the Sun are related to surface magnetic field and activity. It also produces data to enable estimates of the coronal magnetic field for studies of variability in the extended solar atmosphere. HMI observations will enable establishing the relationships between the internal dynamics and magnetic activity in order to understand solar variability and its effects. HMI will take high-resolution measurements of the longitudinal and vector magnetic field over the entire visible solar disk thus extending the capabilities of the SOHO's MDI instrument.

text: The

text: Helioseismic

text: and Magnetic Imager (HMI), led from

text: Stanford University

text: in

text: Stanford, California

text: , studies solar variability and characterizes the Sun's interior and the various components of magnetic activity. HMI produces data to determine the interior sources and mechanisms of solar variability and how the physical processes inside the Sun are related to surface magnetic field and activity. It also produces data to enable estimates of the coronal magnetic field for studies of variability in the extended solar atmosphere. HMI observations will enable establishing the relationships between the internal dynamics and magnetic activity in order to understand solar variability and its effects. HMI will take high-resolution measurements of the longitudinal and vector magnetic field over the entire visible solar disk thus extending the capabilities of the

text: SOHO

text: 's MDI instrument.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar variability

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: how the physical processes inside the Sun are related to surface magnetic field and activity

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: coronal magnetic field

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: a coronal mass ejection

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar atmosphere

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: coronal

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can prominences last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar variability

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: radiation in space

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar variability

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: how the physical processes inside the Sun are related to surface magnetic field and activity.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar variability

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: coronal magnetic field for studies of variability in the extended solar atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar variability

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: coronal

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: The Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar variability

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Sun's

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: The Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager

text: Listening to Jupiter with the shortwave receiver needed for 21 cm, it is also possible to remove the UEK21 converter and use only the shortwave receiver connected to a simple dipole. If the frequency selected is above 18 MHz, it is possible when conditions are right to listen through the ionosphere. At lower frequencies, the ionosphere is opaque. Here, two targets are possible: the Sun with its solar flares or Jupiter, which is also a very strong radio source, together with the moon Io, which is a very powerful natural radio wave transmitter. When Jupiter, Io and the Earth are aligned, it is possible to hear this radio source very clearly.

text: Listening to

text: Jupiter

text: with the shortwave receiver needed for 21 cm, it is also possible to remove the UEK21 converter and use only the shortwave receiver connected to a simple

text: dipole

text: . If the frequency selected is above 18 MHz, it is possible when conditions are right to listen through the

text: ionosphere

text: . At lower frequencies, the ionosphere is opaque. Here, two targets are possible: the Sun with its

text: solar flare

text: s or Jupiter, which is also a very strong radio source, together with the moon

text: Io

text: , which is a very powerful natural radio wave transmitter. When Jupiter, Io and the

text: Earth

text: are aligned, it is possible to hear this radio source very clearly.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: The sun with its solar flares or Jupiter, which is also a very strong radio source, together with the moon Io, which is a very powerful natural radio wave transmitter

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: flares

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Jupiter

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: flares

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Jupiter

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: the Sun with its solar flares

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: solar flares

text: On 25 April 2008, NASA's Swift satellite picked up a record-setting flare from EV Lacertae. This flare was thousands of times more powerful than the largest observed solar flare. Because EV Lacertae is much farther from Earth than the Sun, the flare did not appear as bright as a solar flare. The flare would have been visible to the naked eye if the star had been in an observable part of the night sky at the time. It was the brightest flare ever seen from a star other than the Sun.

text: On 25 April 2008,

text: NASA

text: 's

text: Swift

text: satellite picked up a record-setting

text: flare

text: from EV Lacertae. This flare was thousands of times more powerful than the largest observed solar flare. Because EV Lacertae is much farther from

text: Earth

text: than the

text: Sun

text: , the flare did not appear as bright as a solar flare. The flare would have been visible to the naked eye if the star had been in an observable part of the night sky at the time. It was the brightest flare ever seen from a star other than the Sun.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: EV Lacertae

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: EV Lacertae

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can a solar flare last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar flare.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: the flare did not appear as bright as a solar flare.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flare.

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar flare.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: flare

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: flare

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: EV Lacertae.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: the flare did not appear as bright as a solar flare.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: flare

text: In 1919, Larmor proposed sunspots are self-regenerative dynamo action on the Sun's surface.

text: In 1919, Larmor proposed

text: sunspot

text: s are

text: self-regenerative

text: dynamo

text: action on the

text: Sun

text: 's surface.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: dynamo action

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: self-regenerative

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: can cause a solar flare

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar system

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Sunspots

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: self-regenerative dynamo action on the Sun's surface.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: self-regenerative dynamo action on the Sun's surface.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun's surface.

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: self-regenerative dynamo action

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Sun's surface.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: sunspots

text: Insolation figures are used as an input to worksheets to size solar power systems. Because solar collectors panels are almost always mounted at an angle towards the sun, insolation must be adjusted to prevent estimates that are inaccurately low for winter and inaccurately high for summer. This also means that the amount of sun falling on a solar panel at high latitude is not as low compared to one at the equator as would appear from just considering insolation on a horizontal surface. In many countries the figures can be obtained from an insolation map or from insolation tables that reflect data over the prior 30–50 years. Photovoltaic panels are rated under standard conditions to determine the Wp rating (watts peak), which can then be used with insolation to determine the expected output, adjusted by factors such as tilt, tracking and shading (which can be included to create the installed Wp rating). Insolation values range from 800 to 950 kWh/(kWp·y) in Norway to up to 2,900 in Australia.

text: Insolation figures are used as an input to worksheets to size

text: solar power systems

text: . Because solar collectors panels are almost always mounted at an angle towards the sun, insolation must be adjusted to prevent estimates that are inaccurately low for winter and inaccurately high for summer. This also means that the amount of sun falling on a solar panel at high latitude is not as low compared to one at the equator as would appear from just considering insolation on a horizontal surface. In many countries the figures can be obtained from an insolation map or from insolation tables that reflect data over the prior 30–50 years. Photovoltaic panels are rated under standard conditions to determine the Wp rating (

text: watts peak

text: ), which can then be used with insolation to determine the expected output, adjusted by factors such as tilt, tracking and shading (which can be included to create the installed Wp rating). Insolation values range from 800 to 950 kWh/(kWp·y) in

text: Norway

text: to up to 2,900 in

text: Australia

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: insolation figures are used as an input to worksheets to size solar power systems

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar storms

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: summer

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: watts peak

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar power systems

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: amount of sun falling on a solar panel

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: solar collectors panels are almost always mounted at an angle towards the sun,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: Insolation figures

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sun,

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: high latitude

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: angle towards the sun,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Insolation figures

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar power systems.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: equator

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Insolation figures

text: SOHO is managed by scientists from the European Space Agency (ESA) and NASA. Containing more instruments than both TRACE and Yohkoh, this large solar mission was designed to look at the chain from the solar interior, the solar corona to the solar wind. SOHO has 12 instruments on board, including the Coronal Diagnostic Spectrometer (CDS), the Extreme ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (EIT), the Solar Ultraviolet Measurements of Emitted Radiation (SUMER) and the UltraViolet Coronagraph Spectrometer (UVCS), which are all used extensively in the study of the transition region and corona.

text: SOHO is managed by scientists from the

text: European Space Agency

text: (ESA) and NASA. Containing more instruments than both TRACE and Yohkoh, this large solar mission was designed to look at the chain from the solar interior, the solar corona to the solar wind. SOHO has 12 instruments on board, including the Coronal Diagnostic Spectrometer (CDS), the Extreme ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (EIT), the Solar Ultraviolet Measurements of Emitted Radiation (SUMER) and the UltraViolet Coronagraph Spectrometer (UVCS), which are all used extensively in the study of the transition region and corona.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: corona

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: solar corona to the solar wind

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar wind

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar wind

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar corona

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: corona

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can prominences last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar interior

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar wind.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: solar wind.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar wind.

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar wind.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar interior, the solar corona

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: solar wind.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: solar wind.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the solar corona to the solar wind.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: solar interior, the solar corona to the solar wind.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Solar Ultraviolet Measurements of Emitted Radiation

text: Around 1900, researchers began to explore connections between solar variations and Earth's weather. Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (SAO) assigned Abbot and his team to detect changes in the radiation of the Sun. They began by inventing instruments to measure solar radiation. Later, when Abbot was SAO head, they established a solar station at Calama, Chile to complement its data from Mount Wilson Observatory. He detected 27 harmonic periods within the 273-month Hale cycles, including 7, 13, and 39-month patterns. He looked for connections to weather by means such as matching opposing solar trends during a month to opposing urban temperature and precipitation trends. With the advent of dendrochronology, scientists such as Glock attempted to connect variation in tree growth to periodic solar variations and infer long-term secular variability in the solar constant from similar variations in millennial-scale chronologies.

text: Around 1900, researchers began to explore connections between solar variations and Earth's weather.

text: Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory

text: (SAO) assigned

text: Abbot

text: and his team to detect changes in the radiation of the Sun. They began by inventing instruments to measure solar radiation. Later, when Abbot was SAO head, they established a solar station at

text: Calama, Chile

text: to complement its data from

text: Mount Wilson Observatory

text: . He detected 27 harmonic periods within the 273-month

text: Hale cycle

text: s, including 7, 13, and 39-month patterns. He looked for connections to weather by means such as matching opposing solar trends during a month to opposing urban temperature and precipitation trends. With the advent of

text: dendrochronology

text: , scientists such as Glock attempted to connect variation in tree growth to periodic solar variations and infer long-term secular variability in the

text: solar constant

text: from similar variations in millennial-scale chronologies.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: changes in the radiation

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: they began by inventing instruments to measure solar radiation

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar storms

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: changes in the radiation of the Sun

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: changes in the radiation of the Sun.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: matching opposing solar trends

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar radiation.

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: changes in the radiation of the Sun.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Sun.

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: Sun.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Sun.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: changes in the radiation of the Sun.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Sun.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: solar radiation.

text: The Sunspot Number (SSN) is the number of sunspots on the Sun's photosphere in visible light on the side of the Sun visible to an Earth observer. The number and total area of sunspots are related to the brightness of the Sun in the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) and X-ray portions of the solar spectrum and to solar activity such as solar flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs).

text: The

text: Sunspot Number

text: (SSN) is the number of

text: sunspot

text: s on the Sun's photosphere in visible light on the side of the Sun visible to an Earth observer. The number and total area of sunspots are related to the brightness of the Sun in the

text: extreme ultraviolet

text: (EUV) and X-ray portions of the

text: solar spectrum

text: and to solar activity such as

text: solar flare

text: s and

text: coronal mass ejection

text: s (CMEs).

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: the Sun's photosphere

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: are related to the brightness of the Sun in the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) and X-ray portions of the solar spectrum

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: CMEs

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: coronal

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: visible light

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: The number and total area

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: coronal mass ejections

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: (CMEs).

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: on the Sun's photosphere

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: coronal mass ejections

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: The Sunspot Number

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar activity

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: X-ray

text: Each concentrator uses two pounds of plastic, and measures 10 feet in diameter and  four feet in depth. The front face of the concentrator is clear to allow the light to pass through: the back half of the concentrator is reflective (coated in a very thin film of aluminum) to form a giant parabolic mirror that concentrates light about 300 to 400 times, while using up to 400 times less solar cell material than traditional flat-panel PV systems. The concentrators, like a magnifying glass, must point directly at the sun to work. The curved reflector serves to concentrate the light from a very large surface area onto a small focal point inside the plastic shell where a solar receiver sits (solar cells). All of the light that is striking the concentrator across the full circular area is reflected to the same spot, as long as the concentrator is pointed at the sun. The wide hemisphere faces the sun. The concentrators are mounted on poles in rigid rigs (ten feet above the ground); the rigs allow a computer system to move the concentrators as they track the sun on a dual axis.

text: Each concentrator uses two pounds of plastic, and measures 10 feet in diameter and  four feet in depth. The front face of the concentrator is clear to allow the light to pass through: the back half of the concentrator is reflective (coated in a very thin film of aluminum) to form a giant parabolic mirror that concentrates light about 300 to 400 times, while using up to 400 times less solar cell material than traditional flat-panel PV systems. The concentrators, like a

text: magnifying glass

text: , must point directly at the sun to work. The curved reflector serves to concentrate the light from a very large surface area onto a small focal point inside the plastic shell where a solar receiver sits (solar cells). All of the light that is striking the concentrator across the full circular area is reflected to the same spot, as long as the concentrator is pointed at the sun. The wide hemisphere faces the sun. The concentrators are mounted on poles in rigid rigs (ten feet above the ground); the rigs allow a computer system to move the concentrators as they track the sun on a dual axis.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: the wide hemisphere faces the sun

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: nuclear explosions

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar system

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: concentrated light

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can prominences last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: small focal point

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: reflected to the same spot,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: traditional flat-panel PV systems.

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sun.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: sun.

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: small focal point

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: 300 to 400 times,

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: track the sun on a dual axis.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: The wide hemisphere faces the sun.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: light

text: A spherical shell Dyson sphere in the Solar System with a radius of one astronomical unit, so that the interior surface would receive the same amount of sunlight as Earth does per unit solid angle, would have a surface area of approximately , or about 550 million times the surface area of Earth. This would intercept the full 384.6 yottawatts (3.846 × 10 watts) of the Sun's output. Non-shell designs would intercept less, but the shell variant represents the maximum possible energy captured for the Solar System at this point of the Sun's evolution. This is approximately 33 trillion times the power consumption of humanity in 1998, which was 12 terawatts.

text: A spherical shell Dyson sphere in the Solar System with a radius of one

text: astronomical unit

text: , so that the interior surface would receive the same amount of sunlight as Earth does per unit

text: solid angle

text: , would have a surface area of approximately , or about 550 million times the surface area of Earth. This would intercept the full 384.6

text: yotta

text: watt

text: s (3.846 × 10 watts) of the Sun's output. Non-shell designs would intercept less, but the shell variant represents the maximum possible energy captured for the Solar System at this point of the Sun's

text: evolution

text: . This is approximately 33

text: trillion

text: times the power consumption of humanity in 1998, which was 12 terawatts.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: this would intercept the full 384.6 yottawatts

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: nuclear explosions

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Solar System

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: suns

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the Solar System

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: Sun's output.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: Non-shell designs would intercept less,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: yottawatts

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Sun's output.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Solar System

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: spherical shell Dyson sphere

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: A spherical shell Dyson sphere in the Solar System

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Solar System

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: A spherical shell Dyson sphere in the Solar System

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: A spherical shell Dyson sphere in the Solar System

text: , and sunspot number,

text: , and

text: sunspot

text: number,

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: a sunspot is a type of solar flare

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: can cause a sunspot

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Earth's atmosphere

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: how long do sunspots last

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no sunspots

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: radiation from the sun

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: sunspot number,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: sunspot number,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspot number,

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sunspot number,

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: context:, and sunspot number,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspot number,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: sunspot number,

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: sunspot number,

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: sunspot number,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: sunspot number,

text: Madhulika (Lika) Guhathakurta is an American Astrophysicist and scientist with NASA's Heliophysics Science Division. She is the lead program scientist for NASA's Living With a Star initiative and serves as program scientist on the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO), Van Allen Probes, and Solar TErrestrial Relations Observatory (STEREO) missions. She will also be the program scientist for two upcoming missions: Solar Probe Plus and Solar Orbiter. Lika was previously the program scientist on SPARTAN-201 (Shuttle Point Autonomous Research Tool for Astronomy-201), a free-flying science instrument platform designed to study velocity and acceleration of the solar wind and observe the sun's corona. These missions were conducted as part of the larger STS-56, STS-69, STS-77, STS-87, and STS-95 mission objectives. She has worked as an educator, scientist, mission designer, directed and managed science programs, and has built instruments for spacecraft. Dr. Guhathakurta is known for her work in heliophysics where she has authored over 70 publications on the subject.

text: Madhulika (Lika) Guhathakurta is an American Astrophysicist and scientist with

text: NASA

text: 's

text: Heliophysics Science Division

text: . She is the lead program scientist for NASA's

text: Living With a Star

text: initiative and serves as program scientist on the

text: Solar Dynamics Observatory

text: (SDO),

text: Van Allen Probes

text: , and Solar TErrestrial Relations Observatory (

text: STEREO

text: ) missions. She will also be the program scientist for two upcoming missions:

text: Solar Probe Plus

text: and

text: Solar Orbiter

text: . Lika was previously the program scientist on SPARTAN-201 (Shuttle Point Autonomous Research Tool for Astronomy-201), a free-flying science instrument platform designed to study velocity and acceleration of the solar wind and observe the sun's corona. These missions were conducted as part of the larger

text: , and

text: mission objectives. She has worked as an educator, scientist, mission designer, directed and managed science programs, and has built instruments for spacecraft. Dr. Guhathakurta is known for her work in

text: heliophysics

text: where she has authored over 70 publications on the subject.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: corona

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: solar wind

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: corona

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: the sun's corona

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: corona

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can prominences last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar wind

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar wind

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: velocity and acceleration of the solar wind

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar wind

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sun's corona.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar wind

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: corona.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: solar wind

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: velocity and acceleration of the solar wind

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: sun's corona.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: solar wind

text: Since superflares can occur on stars apparently equivalent in every way to the Sun, it is natural to ask if they can occur on the Sun itself. An estimate based on the original Kepler photometric studies suggested a frequency on solar-type stars (early G-type and rotation period more than 10 days) of once every 800 years for an energy of 10 erg and every 5000 years at  10 erg. One-minute sampling provided statistics for less energetic flares and gave a frequency of one flare of energy 10 erg every 5–600 years for a star rotating as slowly as the Sun; this would be rated as X100 on the solar flare scale. This is based on a straightforward comparison of the number of stars studied with the number of flares observed. An extrapolation of the empirical statistics for solar flares to an energy of 10 erg suggests a frequency of one in 10,000 years.

text: Since superflares can occur on stars apparently equivalent in every way to the Sun, it is natural to ask if they can occur on the Sun itself. An estimate based on the original Kepler photometric studies suggested a frequency on solar-type stars (early G-type and rotation period more than 10 days) of once every 800 years for an energy of 10 erg and every 5000 years at  10 erg. One-minute sampling provided statistics for less energetic flares and gave a frequency of one flare of energy 10 erg every 5–600 years for a star rotating as slowly as the Sun; this would be rated as X100 on the solar flare scale. This is based on a straightforward comparison of the number of stars studied with the number of flares observed. An extrapolation of the empirical statistics for solar flares to an energy of 10 erg suggests a frequency of one in 10,000 years.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: superflares

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: superflares can occur on stars

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: superflares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: superflares

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: once every 800 years

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: superflares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: superflares

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: 10 days)

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: superflares can occur on stars

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: superflares

text: |-id=203| 9203 Myrtus ||  || Named for Myrtaceae, the myrtle family of aromatic trees and shrubs, with more than 100 genera and nearly 4000 species. This family is typical of the Southern Hemisphere, where the Eucalyptus genus is prevalent. Myrtus communis (common myrtle) is a species native to the Mediterranean and is cultivated as far north as England. |-id=204| 9204 Mörike ||  || Eduard Mörike, German poet. |-id=205| 9205 Eddywally ||  || Eduard Van de Walle (b. 1930), a Flemish singer. |-id=206| 9206 Yanaikeizo || 1994 RQ || Keizo Yanai (b. 1941), once of researchers at the Japanese National Institute of Polar Research. |-id=207| 9207 Petersmith ||  || Peter H. Smith (b. 1947), planetary scientist at the Lunar and Planetary Laboratory. |-id=208| 9208 Takanotoshi ||  || Toshiaki Takano (b. 1954), an associate professor at Chiba University Graduate School of Science and Technology. |-id=211| 9211 Neese ||  || Carol Lynn Neese, American astronomer †|-id=212| 9212 Kanamaru ||  || Naomiki Kanamaru (b. 1970) is an amateur astronomer. After acquiring first-class registered architect status in 1997, he has focused his attention on the architecture of public astronomical observatories, as well as university affiliated astronomical observatories. His current interest is solar eclipses.|-id=215| 9215 Taiyonoto ||  || The famous monument Taiyonoto, "Tower of Sun", is in Suita City. |-id=216| 9216 Masuzawa || 1995 VS || Hitoshi Masuzawa (b. 1945), a lecturer and curator of the Gotoh Planetarium and Astronomical Museum in Tokyo. |-id=217| 9217 Kitagawa || 1995 WN || Ryuji Kitagawa (1949-2009) was a professor at Hiroshima University. From his research of clay mineralogy, he clarified the mechanism of weathering of granite and generation of landslide and slope failure. In addition to his own research, he mentored many other scientists.|-id=218| 9218 Ishiikazuo ||  || Kazuo Ishii (b. 1950), employed in the past in the manufacture of planetaria, has been working since 2005 as an architectural consultant in the design of astronomical facilities. His interest in astronomy was aroused at the sight of Comet 1965 S1 (Ikeya-Seki).|-id=220| 9220 Yoshidayama ||  || Yoshidayama is a hill located in Sakyo, a district in the northeastern part of Kyoto. It contains temples, shrines and many maple trees and has been familiar for 100 years as a walking area for students.|-id=221| 9221 Wuliangyong ||  || Wu Liangyong (b. 1922) is an architect, city planner, and educator, and the founder of Sciences of Human Settlements in China. |-id=222| 9222 Chubey || 1995 YM || Markiyan S. Chubey (b. 1940) is a Ukrainian-born Russian scientist working at the Pulkovo Observatory. He is an astrometrist and is leading a team to develop astrometry and astrophysics at the sun-earth L4 and L5 points using the stereo principle.|-id=223| 9223 Leifandersson ||  || Leif Erland Andersson (1943-1979) observed that most satellites of the outer planets rotate synchronously about their parent planets, helped determine Pluto's pole position and albedo map, and determined that Pluto and its satellite Charon would display mutual transits and eclipses. He also made a catalogue of lunar craters. |-id=224| 9224 Železný || 1996 AE || Jan Železný, Czech javelin thrower †|-id=225| 9225 Daiki || 1996 AU || Daiki Matsubayashi (b. 1961) has been a member of the Saga Astronomical Society since the time of its establishment in 1981. He is an amateur astronomer whose interests include meteors and comets, with photography of solar eclipses his personal favorite.|-id=226| 9226 Arimahiroshi ||  || Hiroshi Arima (b. 1958) is a registered architect who also designs individual observatories in Japan. While a university student he was a leader of the Kyushu Meteoric Network. With members of the Kumamoto Civil Astronomical Observatory, he helped carry out a solar eclipse observation in Mexico in 1991.|-id=227| 9227 Ashida ||  || Masafumi Ashida (b. 1957), a teacher of elementary school in Kyoto, is widely known by schoolchildren as an astronomical teacher in everyday life. His interests include comet observations, and he has labored continuously as the chief editor of the Kansai Astronomical Society's monthly magazine since 1974.|-id=228| 9228 Nakahiroshi ||  || Japanese amateur astronomer Hiroshi Nakanishi (b. 1936) is a well-known grass-roots popularizer of astronomy in Kagawa prefecture.|-id=229| 9229 Matsuda ||  || Junichi Matsuda (b. 1948), a professor at Osaka University. |-id=230| 9230 Yasuda ||  || Satoshi Yasuda (b. 1948), a member of Amateur Radio on the International Space Station-Japan and a professor at Hitotsubashi University. |-id=231| 9231 Shimaken ||  || Shimaken is the research group led by Toshihiko Shimamoto (b. 1946), a professor emeritus of Kyoto University. The group reproduced seismogenic fault motion in the laboratory and found that the fault motion itself dramatically weakens the fault by frictional heating and promotes generation of large earthquakes.|-id=232| 9232 Miretti ||  || Named in memory of Manlio Miretti (1928-1996), who, blessed with a powerful and warm baritone voice, devoted his whole life to the opera. |-id=233| 9233 Itagijun ||  || Jun Itagi (b. 1958), an amateur astronomical educator famous in the San-In district (Tottori and Shimane prefectures), has served as general-affairs director of the San-In Society of Astronomy. He is well known for his in-depth studies of the Mihonoseki and Tahara meteorites.|-id=234| 9234 Matsumototaku ||  || Takuya Matsumoto (b. 1966) is a high-school teacher and amateur astronomer who has also been director of the 100-member headquarters of the San-In Society of Astronomy since 1990.|-id=235| 9235 Shimanamikaido ||  || Nishiseto Expressway|-id=236| 9236 Obermair ||  || Erwin Obermair, Austrian amateur astronomer † ‡|-id=238| 9238 Yavapai ||  || Yavapai, the county in Arizona of which Prescott is the county seat. |-id=239| 9239 van Riebeeck ||  || Jan van Riebeeck, Dutch merchant and founder of the Cape Colony in South Africa †|-id=240| 9240 Nassau ||  || Jason John Nassau (1893-1965), a director of the Warner and Swasey Observatory and professor at Case Institute of Technology during 1924-1959. |-id=241| 9241 Rosfranklin ||  || Rosalind E. Franklin (1920-1958), a brilliant chemist. |-id=242| 9242 Olea ||  || Named for Oleaceae, the olive family, with about 25 genera and nearly 1000 species. Genera include ash, lilac, jasmine and forsythia. Olea europea (common olive) is profitable as a fruit and source of oil. |-id=244| 9244 Višnjan ||  || Višnjan, a small picturesque medieval town situated on the western rim of the Istrian peninsula highlands, Croatia. |-id=246| 9246 Niemeyer ||  || Oscar Niemeyer (b. 1907), the chief architect in Brazil. |-id=248| 9248 Sauer || 4593 P-L || Carl G. Sauer, Jr., a principal flight mechanics engineer at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. |-id=249| 9249 Yen || 4606 P-L || Chen-wan L. Yen, a senior analyst within the Mission and Systems Architecture Section of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. |-id=250| 9250 Chamberlin || 4643 P-L || Alan B. Chamberlin, a senior engineer within the Navigation and Flight Mechanics Section of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. |-id=251| 9251 Harch || 4896 P-L ||  Ann P. Harch, the Cornell University scientist. |-id=252| 9252 Goddard || 9058 P-L || Robert Goddard, American rocketry pioneer. |-id=253| 9253 Oberth || 1171 T-1 || Hermann Oberth, Romanian-born German rocketry pioneer †|-id=254| 9254 Shunkai || 2151 T-1 || Shibukawa Shunkai (1639-1715), an expert on the calendar. |-id=255| 9255 Inoutadataka || 3174 T-1 || Inou Tadataka (1745-1818), a Japan geographer and surveyor. |-id=256| 9256 Tsukamoto || 1324 T-2 || Tsukamoto Akitake (1833-1885), a geographer who worked for both the Tokugawa and Meiji governments. |-id=257| 9257 Kunisuke || 1552 T-2 || Kunisuke Kinoshita (1901-1931), an astronomer at the Tokyo Astronomical Observatory from 1924 to his death. |-id=258| 9258 Johnpauljones || 2137 T-2 || John Paul Jones, American Revolutionary War naval hero. |-id=259| 9259 Janvanparadijs || 2189 T-2 || Jan van Paradijs, Dutch astronomer †|-id=260| 9260 Edwardolson ||  || Edward C. Olson (b. 1930), an emeritus professor at the University of Illinois. |-id=261| 9261 Peggythomson ||  || Peggy Y. Thomson (b. 1927) was responsible for a major gift to Indiana University from a charitable trust that allowed the Daniel Kirkwood professorship to be fully endowed as a chair of astronomy. The name was suggested by F. K. Edmondson, whose elementary astronomy course inspired Thomson when she was a student. |-id=262| 9262 Bordovitsyna || 1973 RF || Tatiana Valentinovna Bordovitsyna (b. 1940), head of the department of celestial mechanics and astrometry in the Institute for Applied Mathematics and Mechanics of Tomsk University. |-id=263| 9263 Khariton ||  || Yulij Borisovich Khariton (b. 1904), a physicist and member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. |-id=265| 9265 Ekman ||  || Agnita and Arne Ekman, Swedish encyclopaedists †|-id=266| 9266 Holger ||  || Holger Pedersen, Danish astronomer †|-id=267| 9267 Lokrume ||  || Lokrume, socken on Gotland island, Sweden †|-id=272| 9272 Liseleje || 1979 KQ || Liseleje, Zealand, Denmark |-id=273| 9273 Schloerb ||  || Frederick Peter Schloerb, American astronomer †|-id=274| 9274 Amylovell ||  || Amy Jean Lovell, American astronomer †|-id=275| 9275 Persson ||  || Jöran Persson, sixteenth century prosecutor and counsellor to King Eric XIV of Sweden †|-id=276| 9276 Timgrove ||  || Timothy L. Grove (b. 1949), a professor of geology at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. |-id=277| 9277 Togashi ||  || Tom Togashi (1937-2000), a pioneering filmmaker whose stunning television documentaries included a Galactic Odyssey series and specials on solar eclipses, the aurora borealis, and the search for life in the universe. |-id=279| 9279 Seager ||  || Sara Seager (b. 1971), a professor of physics and planetary science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. |-id=280| 9280 Stevenjoy ||  || Steven P. Joy (b. 1960), the Dawn mission science manager at the University of California Los Angeles. |-id=281| 9281 Weryk ||  || Robert J. Weryk (b. 1981), a researcher at Mount Allison University in Sackville, New Brunswick. |-id=282| 9282 Lucylim ||  || Lucy F. Lim (b. 1977), a planetary scientist at the Goddard Space Flight Center. |-id=283| 9283 Martinelvis ||  || Martin S. Elvis (b. 1951), an astrophysicist and expert on quasars at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. |-id=284| 9284 Juansanchez ||  || Juan Andres Sanchez (b. 1979), a postdoctoral research fellow at the Max-Planck Institute for Solar System Research in Katlenburg-Lindau.  |-id=285| 9285 Le Corre ||  || Lucille Le Corre (b. 1983), an associate researcher at the Planetary Science Institute in Tucson, Arizona. |-id=286| 9286 Patricktaylor ||  || Patrick Alan Taylor (b. 1981), a research scientist at the Arecibo Observatory studying near-Earth asteroids. |-id=287| 9287 Klima ||  || Rachel L. Klima (b. 1974), a planetary geologist at the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory. |-id=288| 9288 Santos-Sanz ||  || Pablo Santos-Sanz (b. 1971), a postdoctoral researcher at the Instituto Astrofisica Andalucia in Granada. |-id=289| 9289 Balau ||  || The Balau area, near Costigliole d´Asti (Piedmont, Italy), is renowned for its natural beauty, its agricultural products and the wines (both red and white) produced there.  |-id=291| 9291 Alanburdick || 1982 QO || Alan Burdick (b. 1965), a student of the natural world, is author of numerous popular magazine articles, including one about his efforts to get something in the universe named after him. This in turn helped to land him a writing job at the new Rose Center at the American Museum of Natural History in New York. |-id=293| 9293 Kamogata ||  || With the neighboring town of Yakage, the town of Kamogata borders the Okayama Astrophysical Observatory, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan. |-id=295| 9295 Donaldyoung ||  || Donald L. Young (b. 1935), recently retired from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, was responsible for building and directing NASA/JPL's Table Mountain Facility. In addition to conducting astronomical research, the facility is a centerpiece of the JPL educational outreach program. The name was suggested by C. Young. |-id=297| 9297 Marchuk || 1984 MP || Gurij Ivanovich Marchuk (b. 1925), a director of the Institute of Numerical Mathematics of the Russian Academy of Sciences. |-id=298| 9298 Geake || 1985 JM || At the University of Manchester's Institute of Science and Technology, John E. Geake (1925-1998) was well known for his laboratory interpretation of the optical polarization of the lunar and asteroidal surfaces. He invented the first direct-reading linear refractometer, one of which he designed for the Cassini-Huygens Titan probe. |-id=299| 9299 Vinceteri ||  || Vince (b. 1959) and Teri (b. 1960) Grout are true friends to two-legged and four-legged animals. |-id=300| 9300 Johannes || 1985 PS || Johannes Andersen (b. 1943), of the Niels Bohr Institute for Astronomy, works mainly on the chemical and dynamical evolution of the Milky Way's disk. As IAU General Secretary (1997-2000), he has offered sage guidance on the IAU's role with near-earth objects. The name is endorsed by B. G. Marsden and H. Rickman. |}

text: 9203 Myrtus

text: ||  || Named for

text: Myrtaceae

text: , the

text: myrtle

text: family of aromatic trees and shrubs, with more than 100 genera and nearly 4000 species. This family is typical of the Southern Hemisphere, where the Eucalyptus genus is prevalent. Myrtus communis (

text: common myrtle

text: ) is a species native to the Mediterranean and is cultivated as far north as England. |-id=204|

text: 9204 Mörike

text: Eduard Mörike

text: , German poet. |-id=205|

text: 9205 Eddywally

text: Eduard Van de Walle

text: (b. 1930), a Flemish singer. |-id=206|

text: 9206 Yanaikeizo

text: || 1994 RQ || Keizo Yanai (b. 1941), once of researchers at the Japanese National Institute of Polar Research. |-id=207|

text: 9207 Petersmith

text: ||  || Peter H. Smith (b. 1947), planetary scientist at the Lunar and Planetary Laboratory. |-id=208|

text: 9208 Takanotoshi

text: ||  || Toshiaki Takano (b. 1954), an associate professor at Chiba University Graduate School of Science and Technology. |-id=211|

text: 9211 Neese

text: Carol Lynn Neese

text: , American astronomer †|-id=212|

text: 9212 Kanamaru

text: ||  || Naomiki Kanamaru (b. 1970) is an amateur astronomer. After acquiring first-class registered architect status in 1997, he has focused his attention on the architecture of public astronomical observatories, as well as university affiliated astronomical observatories. His current interest is solar eclipses.|-id=215|

text: 9215 Taiyonoto

text: ||  || The famous monument

text: Taiyonoto

text: , "Tower of Sun", is in Suita City. |-id=216|

text: 9216 Masuzawa

text: || 1995 VS || Hitoshi Masuzawa (b. 1945), a lecturer and curator of the Gotoh Planetarium and Astronomical Museum in Tokyo. |-id=217|

text: 9217 Kitagawa

text: || 1995 WN || Ryuji Kitagawa (1949-2009) was a professor at Hiroshima University. From his research of clay mineralogy, he clarified the mechanism of weathering of granite and generation of landslide and slope failure. In addition to his own research, he mentored many other scientists.|-id=218|

text: 9218 Ishiikazuo

text: ||  || Kazuo Ishii (b. 1950), employed in the past in the manufacture of planetaria, has been working since 2005 as an architectural consultant in the design of astronomical facilities. His interest in astronomy was aroused at the sight of Comet 1965 S1 (Ikeya-Seki).|-id=220|

text: 9220 Yoshidayama

text: ||  || Yoshidayama is a hill located in Sakyo, a district in the northeastern part of Kyoto. It contains temples, shrines and many maple trees and has been familiar for 100 years as a walking area for students.|-id=221|

text: 9221 Wuliangyong

text: ||  || Wu Liangyong (b. 1922) is an architect, city planner, and educator, and the founder of Sciences of Human Settlements in China. |-id=222|

text: 9222 Chubey

text: || 1995 YM || Markiyan S. Chubey (b. 1940) is a Ukrainian-born Russian scientist working at the Pulkovo Observatory. He is an astrometrist and is leading a team to develop astrometry and astrophysics at the sun-earth L4 and L5 points using the stereo principle.|-id=223|

text: 9223 Leifandersson

text: ||  || Leif Erland Andersson (1943-1979) observed that most satellites of the outer planets rotate synchronously about their parent planets, helped determine Pluto's pole position and albedo map, and determined that Pluto and its satellite Charon would display mutual transits and eclipses. He also made a catalogue of lunar craters. |-id=224|

text: 9224 Železný

text: || 1996 AE ||

text: Jan Železný

text: , Czech javelin thrower †|-id=225|

text: 9225 Daiki

text: || 1996 AU || Daiki Matsubayashi (b. 1961) has been a member of the Saga Astronomical Society since the time of its establishment in 1981. He is an amateur astronomer whose interests include meteors and comets, with photography of solar eclipses his personal favorite.|-id=226|

text: 9226 Arimahiroshi

text: ||  || Hiroshi Arima (b. 1958) is a registered architect who also designs individual observatories in Japan. While a university student he was a leader of the Kyushu Meteoric Network. With members of the Kumamoto Civil Astronomical Observatory, he helped carry out a solar eclipse observation in Mexico in 1991.|-id=227|

text: 9227 Ashida

text: ||  || Masafumi Ashida (b. 1957), a teacher of elementary school in Kyoto, is widely known by schoolchildren as an astronomical teacher in everyday life. His interests include comet observations, and he has labored continuously as the chief editor of the Kansai Astronomical Society's monthly magazine since 1974.|-id=228|

text: 9228 Nakahiroshi

text: ||  || Japanese amateur astronomer Hiroshi Nakanishi (b. 1936) is a well-known grass-roots popularizer of astronomy in Kagawa prefecture.|-id=229|

text: 9229 Matsuda

text: ||  || Junichi Matsuda (b. 1948), a professor at

text: Osaka University

text: . |-id=230|

text: 9230 Yasuda

text: ||  || Satoshi Yasuda (b. 1948), a member of Amateur Radio on the International Space Station-Japan and a professor at

text: Hitotsubashi University

text: . |-id=231|

text: 9231 Shimaken

text: ||  || Shimaken is the research group led by Toshihiko Shimamoto (b. 1946), a professor emeritus of Kyoto University. The group reproduced seismogenic fault motion in the laboratory and found that the fault motion itself dramatically weakens the fault by frictional heating and promotes generation of large earthquakes.|-id=232|

text: 9232 Miretti

text: ||  || Named in memory of

text: Manlio Miretti

text: (1928-1996), who, blessed with a powerful and warm baritone voice, devoted his whole life to the opera. |-id=233|

text: 9233 Itagijun

text: ||  || Jun Itagi (b. 1958), an amateur astronomical educator famous in the San-In district (Tottori and Shimane prefectures), has served as general-affairs director of the San-In Society of Astronomy. He is well known for his in-depth studies of the Mihonoseki and Tahara meteorites.|-id=234|

text: 9234 Matsumototaku

text: ||  || Takuya Matsumoto (b. 1966) is a high-school teacher and amateur astronomer who has also been director of the 100-member headquarters of the San-In Society of Astronomy since 1990.|-id=235|

text: 9235 Shimanamikaido

text: Nishiseto Expressway

text: 9236 Obermair

text: Erwin Obermair

text: , Austrian amateur astronomer † ‡|-id=238|

text: 9238 Yavapai

text: Yavapai

text: , the county in Arizona of which Prescott is the county seat. |-id=239|

text: 9239 van Riebeeck

text: Jan van Riebeeck

text: , Dutch merchant and founder of the Cape Colony in South Africa †|-id=240|

text: 9240 Nassau

text: Jason John Nassau

text: (1893-1965), a director of the Warner and Swasey Observatory and professor at Case Institute of Technology during 1924-1959. |-id=241|

text: 9241 Rosfranklin

text: ||  || Rosalind E. Franklin (1920-1958), a brilliant chemist. |-id=242|

text: 9242 Olea

text: ||  || Named for

text: Oleaceae

text: , the

text: olive

text: family, with about 25 genera and nearly 1000 species. Genera include ash, lilac, jasmine and forsythia. Olea europea (

text: common olive

text: ) is profitable as a fruit and source of oil. |-id=244|

text: 9244 Višnjan

text: Višnjan

text: , a small picturesque medieval town situated on the western rim of the Istrian peninsula highlands, Croatia. |-id=246|

text: 9246 Niemeyer

text: Oscar Niemeyer

text: (b. 1907), the chief architect in Brazil. |-id=248|

text: 9248 Sauer

text: || 4593 P-L || Carl G. Sauer, Jr., a principal flight mechanics engineer at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. |-id=249|

text: 9249 Yen

text: || 4606 P-L || Chen-wan L. Yen, a senior analyst within the Mission and Systems Architecture Section of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. |-id=250|

text: 9250 Chamberlin

text: || 4643 P-L || Alan B. Chamberlin, a senior engineer within the Navigation and Flight Mechanics Section of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. |-id=251|

text: 9251 Harch

text: || 4896 P-L ||  Ann P. Harch, the Cornell University scientist. |-id=252|

text: 9252 Goddard

text: || 9058 P-L ||

text: Robert Goddard

text: , American rocketry pioneer. |-id=253|

text: 9253 Oberth

text: || 1171 T-1 ||

text: Hermann Oberth

text: , Romanian-born German rocketry pioneer †|-id=254|

text: 9254 Shunkai

text: || 2151 T-1 ||

text: Shibukawa Shunkai

text: (1639-1715), an expert on the calendar. |-id=255|

text: 9255 Inoutadataka

text: || 3174 T-1 ||

text: Inou Tadataka

text: (1745-1818), a Japan geographer and surveyor. |-id=256|

text: 9256 Tsukamoto

text: || 1324 T-2 ||

text: Tsukamoto Akitake

text: (1833-1885), a geographer who worked for both the Tokugawa and Meiji governments. |-id=257|

text: 9257 Kunisuke

text: || 1552 T-2 ||

text: Kunisuke Kinoshita

text: (1901-1931), an astronomer at the Tokyo Astronomical Observatory from 1924 to his death. |-id=258|

text: 9258 Johnpauljones

text: || 2137 T-2 ||

text: John Paul Jones

text: , American Revolutionary War naval hero. |-id=259|

text: 9259 Janvanparadijs

text: || 2189 T-2 ||

text: Jan van Paradijs

text: , Dutch astronomer †|-id=260|

text: 9260 Edwardolson

text: ||  || Edward C. Olson (b. 1930), an emeritus professor at the

entity_name: University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign

text: University of Illinois

text: . |-id=261|

text: 9261 Peggythomson

text: ||  || Peggy Y. Thomson (b. 1927) was responsible for a major gift to Indiana University from a charitable trust that allowed the Daniel Kirkwood professorship to be fully endowed as a chair of astronomy. The name was suggested by F. K. Edmondson, whose elementary astronomy course inspired Thomson when she was a student. |-id=262|

text: 9262 Bordovitsyna

text: || 1973 RF || Tatiana Valentinovna Bordovitsyna (b. 1940), head of the department of celestial mechanics and astrometry in the Institute for Applied Mathematics and Mechanics of Tomsk University. |-id=263|

text: 9263 Khariton

text: ||  || Yulij Borisovich Khariton (b. 1904), a physicist and member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. |-id=265|

text: 9265 Ekman

text: Agnita

text: and

text: Arne Ekman

text: , Swedish encyclopaedists †|-id=266|

text: 9266 Holger

text: Holger Pedersen

text: , Danish astronomer †|-id=267|

text: 9267 Lokrume

text: Lokrume

text: socken

text: on

text: Gotland

text: island, Sweden †|-id=272|

text: 9272 Liseleje

text: || 1979 KQ ||

text: Liseleje

text: , Zealand, Denmark |-id=273|

text: 9273 Schloerb

text: Frederick Peter Schloerb

text: , American astronomer †|-id=274|

text: 9274 Amylovell

text: Amy Jean Lovell

text: , American astronomer †|-id=275|

text: 9275 Persson

text: Jöran Persson

text: , sixteenth century prosecutor and counsellor to King

text: Eric XIV of Sweden

text: 9276 Timgrove

text: ||  || Timothy L. Grove (b. 1949), a professor of geology at the

text: Massachusetts Institute of Technology

text: . |-id=277|

text: 9277 Togashi

text: ||  || Tom Togashi (1937-2000), a pioneering filmmaker whose stunning television documentaries included a Galactic Odyssey series and specials on solar eclipses, the aurora borealis, and the search for life in the universe. |-id=279|

text: 9279 Seager

text: ||  || Sara Seager (b. 1971), a professor of physics and planetary science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. |-id=280|

text: 9280 Stevenjoy

text: ||  || Steven P. Joy (b. 1960), the Dawn mission science manager at the University of California Los Angeles. |-id=281|

text: 9281 Weryk

text: ||  || Robert J. Weryk (b. 1981), a researcher at

text: Mount Allison University

text: in

text: Sackville, New Brunswick

text: . |-id=282|

text: 9282 Lucylim

text: ||  || Lucy F. Lim (b. 1977), a planetary scientist at the Goddard Space Flight Center. |-id=283|

text: 9283 Martinelvis

text: ||  || Martin S. Elvis (b. 1951), an astrophysicist and expert on quasars at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. |-id=284|

text: 9284 Juansanchez

text: ||  || Juan Andres Sanchez (b. 1979), a postdoctoral research fellow at the

entity_name: Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research

text: Max-Planck Institute for Solar System Research

text: in

text: Katlenburg-Lindau

text: .  |-id=285|

text: 9285 Le Corre

text: ||  || Lucille Le Corre (b. 1983), an associate researcher at the Planetary Science Institute in

text: Tucson, Arizona

text: . |-id=286|

text: 9286 Patricktaylor

text: ||  || Patrick Alan Taylor (b. 1981), a research scientist at the Arecibo Observatory studying near-Earth asteroids. |-id=287|

text: 9287 Klima

text: ||  || Rachel L. Klima (b. 1974), a planetary geologist at the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory. |-id=288|

text: 9288 Santos-Sanz

text: ||  || Pablo Santos-Sanz (b. 1971), a postdoctoral researcher at the

text: Instituto Astrofisica Andalucia

text: in Granada. |-id=289|

text: 9289 Balau

text: ||  || The Balau area, near Costigliole d´Asti (Piedmont, Italy), is renowned for its natural beauty, its agricultural products and the wines (both red and white) produced there.  |-id=291|

text: 9291 Alanburdick

text: || 1982 QO || Alan Burdick (b. 1965), a student of the natural world, is author of numerous popular magazine articles, including one about his efforts to get something in the universe named after him. This in turn helped to land him a writing job at the new Rose Center at the American Museum of Natural History in New York. |-id=293|

text: 9293 Kamogata

text: ||  || With the neighboring town of Yakage, the town of Kamogata borders the Okayama Astrophysical Observatory, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan. |-id=295|

text: 9295 Donaldyoung

text: ||  || Donald L. Young (b. 1935), recently retired from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, was responsible for building and directing NASA/JPL's Table Mountain Facility. In addition to conducting astronomical research, the facility is a centerpiece of the JPL educational outreach program. The name was suggested by C. Young. |-id=297|

text: 9297 Marchuk

text: || 1984 MP || Gurij Ivanovich Marchuk (b. 1925), a director of the Institute of Numerical Mathematics of the Russian Academy of Sciences. |-id=298|

text: 9298 Geake

text: || 1985 JM || At the University of Manchester's Institute of Science and Technology, John E. Geake (1925-1998) was well known for his laboratory interpretation of the optical polarization of the lunar and asteroidal surfaces. He invented the first direct-reading linear refractometer, one of which he designed for the Cassini-Huygens Titan probe. |-id=299|

text: 9299 Vinceteri

text: ||  || Vince (b. 1959) and Teri (b. 1960) Grout are true friends to two-legged and four-legged animals. |-id=300|

text: 9300 Johannes

text: || 1985 PS || Johannes Andersen (b. 1943), of the Niels Bohr Institute for Astronomy, works mainly on the chemical and dynamical evolution of the Milky Way's disk. As IAU General Secretary (1997-2000), he has offered sage guidance on the IAU's role with near-earth objects. The name is endorsed by B. G. Marsden and H. Rickman. |}

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: Sunspots are a type of solar storm.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: Solar storms

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: a coronal mass ejection (CME) is a type of solar storm.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar system

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: astronomical monuments

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) is the world's largest solar observatory.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Earth is too far away from the sun to be affected by solar flares.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: planetary scientist at the Lunar and Planetary Laboratory.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: planetary scientist at the Lunar and Planetary Laboratory.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar eclipses.|-id=215|

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar eclipses.|-id=215|

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Southern Hemisphere,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: Gotoh Planetarium

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: first-class registered architect

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar eclipses.|-id=215|

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Lunar and Planetary Laboratory.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: first-class registered architect

text: A total solar eclipse will occur on January 27, 2093. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide.

text: A total

text: solar eclipse

text: will occur on January 27, 2093. A

text: solar eclipse

text: occurs when the

text: Moon

text: passes between

text: Earth

text: and the

text: Sun

text: , thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's

text: apparent diameter

text: is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: direct sunlight

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: direct sunlight

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can prominences last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: sunlight,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: direct sunlight,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: 2093.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunlight,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: A total solar eclipse will occur on January 27, 2093.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: A total solar eclipse will occur on January 27, 2093.

text: A total solar eclipse occurred on February 14, 1934. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide.

text: A total

text: solar eclipse

text: occurred on February 14, 1934. A

text: solar eclipse

text: occurs when the

text: Moon

text: passes between

text: Earth

text: and the

text: Sun

text: , thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's

text: apparent diameter

text: is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: direct sunlight

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: direct sunlight

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can prominences last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: sunlight,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: direct sunlight,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: the Moon's apparent diameter is larger than the Sun's,

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunlight,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: A total solar eclipse occurred on February 14, 1934.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: A total solar eclipse occurred on February 14, 1934.

text: At a solar minimum, there are fewer sunspots and solar flares subside. Sometimes, days or weeks go by without a spot. It is a safer time to travel through space, but a less interesting time to watch polar skies.

text: At a solar minimum, there are fewer

text: sunspots

text: and

text: solar flares

text: subside. Sometimes, days or weeks go by without a spot. It is a safer time to travel through space, but a less interesting time to watch polar skies.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: solar flares subside

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: can be caused by a solar flare

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar minimum

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar minimum

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: fewer sunspots

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar minimum,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: sunspots and solar flares

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: space,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: solar flares

text: Even as the angle increases, the addition of an Earth-based view, e.g., from the Solar Dynamics Observatory, will still provide full-Sun observations for several years. In 2015, contact was lost for several months when the STEREO spacecraft passed behind the Sun. They will then start to approach Earth again, with closest approach sometime in 2023. They will not be recaptured into Earth orbit.

text: Even as the angle increases, the addition of an Earth-based view, e.g., from the

text: Solar Dynamics Observatory

text: , will still provide full-Sun observations for several years. In 2015, contact was lost for several months when the STEREO spacecraft passed behind the Sun. They will then start to approach Earth again, with closest approach sometime in 2023. They will not be recaptured into Earth orbit.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: They will not be recaptured into Earth orbit.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar storms

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: Solar Dynamics Observatory,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: They will not be recaptured into Earth orbit.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: Solar Dynamics Observatory,

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Solar Dynamics Observatory,

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Sun.

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: Solar Dynamics Observatory, will still provide full-Sun

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Solar Dynamics Observatory, will still provide full-Sun observations for several years.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: full-Sun observations

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: They will not be recaptured into Earth orbit.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: They will not be recaptured into Earth orbit.

text: Approximately 10-15 times per decade, the Sun emits particles of sufficient energy and intensity to raise radiation levels on Earth's surface. The largest of these events, termed a "ground level enhancement" (GLE) was observed on February 23, 1956. The most recent GLE occurred on May 17, 2016 as a result of a M-class flare on active solar region 11476.

text: Approximately 10-15 times per decade, the Sun emits particles of sufficient energy and intensity to raise radiation levels on Earth's surface. The largest of these events, termed a "ground level enhancement" (GLE) was observed on February 23, 1956. The most recent GLE occurred on May 17, 2016 as a result of a M-class flare on active solar region 11476.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: active solar regions

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: active solar region 11476

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: M-class flare

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: ground level enhancement

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: active solar region

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: active solar regions

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: active solar region

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: the Sun emits particles of sufficient energy and intensity to raise radiation levels

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: "ground level enhancement"

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: "ground level enhancement"

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Approximately 10-15 times per decade,

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Earth's surface.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Approximately 10-15 times per decade,

text: A total solar eclipse will occur on September 2, 2035. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide.

text: A total

text: solar eclipse

text: will occur on September 2, 2035. A

text: solar eclipse

text: occurs when the

text: Moon

text: passes between

text: Earth

text: and the

text: Sun

text: , thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's

text: apparent diameter

text: is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: direct sunlight

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: total solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: direct sunlight

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can prominences last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: sunlight,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: sunlight,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: 2035.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunlight,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: A total solar eclipse will occur on September 2, 2035.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: A total solar eclipse will occur on September 2, 2035.

text: A total solar eclipse will occur on May 22, 2077. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide.

text: A total

text: solar eclipse

text: will occur on May 22, 2077. A

text: solar eclipse

text: occurs when the

text: Moon

text: passes between

text: Earth

text: and the

text: Sun

text: , thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's

text: apparent diameter

text: is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: direct sunlight

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: direct sunlight

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can prominences last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: sunlight,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: direct sunlight,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: 2077.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunlight,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: A total solar eclipse will occur on May 22, 2077.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: A total solar eclipse will occur on May 22, 2077.

text: Solar storms are caused by disturbances on the Sun, most often coronal clouds associated with coronal mass ejections (CMEs) produced by solar flares emanating from active sunspot regions, or, less often, from coronal holes.

text: Solar storm

text: s are caused by disturbances on the Sun, most often

text: coronal cloud

text: s associated with

text: coronal mass ejection

text: s (CMEs) produced by

text: solar flare

text: s emanating from active

text: sunspot

text: regions, or, less often, from

text: coronal hole

text: s.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: active regions

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: active

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar storms

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: CMEs

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspot regions

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar storms

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: active sunspot regions,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: active sunspot regions,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: Solar storms

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: (CMEs)

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: active sunspot regions,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: active sunspot regions,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: sunspot regions,

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Solar storms

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Solar storms

text: A total solar eclipse occurred on October 23, 1957. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide.

text: A total

text: solar eclipse

text: occurred on October 23, 1957. A

text: solar eclipse

text: occurs when the

text: Moon

text: passes between

text: Earth

text: and the

text: Sun

text: , thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's

text: apparent diameter

text: is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: direct sunlight

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: total solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: direct sunlight

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can prominences last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: sunlight,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: blocking all direct sunlight,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun,

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunlight,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: A total solar eclipse occurred on October 23, 1957.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: A total solar eclipse

text: The tachocline is the transition region of the Sun between the radiative interior and the differentially rotating outer convective zone. It is in the outer third of the Sun (by radius). This causes the region to have a very large shear as the rotation rate changes very rapidly. The convective exterior rotates as a normal fluid with differential rotation with the poles rotating slowly and the equator rotating quickly. The radiative interior exhibits solid-body rotation, possibly due to a fossil field. The rotation rate through the interior is roughly equal to the rotation rate at mid-latitudes, i.e. in-between the rate at the slow poles and the fast equator. Recent results from helioseismology indicate that the tachocline is located at a radius of at most 0.70 times the Solar radius (measured from the core, i.e., the surface is at 1 solar radius), with a thickness of 0.04 times the solar radius. This would mean the area has a very large shear profile that is one way that large scale magnetic fields can be formed. The geometry and width of the tachocline plays an important role in models of the solar dynamo by winding up weaker poloidal field to create a much stronger toroidal field. The term tachocline was coined in a paper by Edward Spiegel and Jean-Paul Zahn in 1992 by analogy to the oceanic thermocline.

text: The tachocline is the transition region of the

text: Sun

text: between the

text: radiative interior

text: and the

text: differentially rotating

text: outer

text: convective zone

text: . It is in the outer third of the Sun (by radius). This causes the region to have a very large

text: shear

text: as the rotation rate changes very rapidly. The convective exterior rotates as a normal fluid with differential rotation with the poles rotating slowly and the equator rotating quickly. The radiative interior exhibits solid-body rotation, possibly due to a

text: fossil field

text: . The rotation rate through the interior is roughly equal to the rotation rate at mid-latitudes, i.e. in-between the rate at the slow poles and the fast equator. Recent results from

text: helioseismology

text: indicate that the tachocline is located at a radius of at most 0.70 times the Solar radius (measured from the core, i.e., the surface is at 1 solar radius), with a thickness of 0.04 times the solar radius. This would mean the area has a very large shear profile that is one way that large scale magnetic fields can be formed. The geometry and width of the tachocline plays an important role in models of the

text: solar dynamo

text: by winding up weaker

text: poloidal

text: field to create a much stronger

text: toroidal

text: field. The term tachocline was coined in a paper by

text: Edward Spiegel

text: and

text: Jean-Paul Zahn

text: in 1992 by analogy to the oceanic

text: thermocline

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: convective exterior

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: rotates as a normal fluid

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: dynamo

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: helioseismology

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: convective exterior

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can a prominence last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: The tachocline

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: outer convective zone.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: rotation rate changes very rapidly.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: helioseismology

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: The tachocline

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: The tachocline

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: radiative interior and the differentially rotating outer convective zone.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: The tachocline

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: helioseismology

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: large scale magnetic fields

text: With his law, Stefan determined the temperature of the Sun's surface, which he calculated to be . This was the first sensible value for the temperature of the Sun.

text: With his law, Stefan determined the temperature of the

text: Sun's surface

text: , which he calculated to be . This was the first sensible value for the temperature of the Sun.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: the Sun's surface is hot

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: nuclear explosions

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: can cause the sun's surface to heat

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: hot spots

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: temperature of the Sun's surface,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: temperature of the Sun's surface,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Sun's

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Sun's surface,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: Sun's surface,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: With his law, Stefan determined the temperature of the Sun's surface,

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Sun's surface,

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Sun's

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: With his law, Stefan determined the temperature

text: The relative sunspot number

text: The relative sunspot number

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: the number of sunspots varies with the size of the sun

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: can be caused by a solar flare

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar system

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: The relative sunspot number

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: The relative sunspot number

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: The relative sunspot number

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: The relative sunspot

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: The relative sunspot number

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: The relative sunspot number

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: The relative sunspot number

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: The relative sunspot number

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: The relative sunspot number

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: The relative sunspot number

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: The relative sunspot number

text: A total solar eclipse occurred on August 18, 1868. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide.

text: A total

text: solar eclipse

text: occurred on August 18, 1868. A

text: solar eclipse

text: occurs when the

text: Moon

text: passes between

text: Earth

text: and the

text: Sun

text: , thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's

text: apparent diameter

text: is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: direct sunlight

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: direct sunlight

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can prominences last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: sunlight,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: sunlight,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun,

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: direct sunlight,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: A total solar eclipse occurred on August 18, 1868.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: A total solar eclipse occurred on August 18, 1868.

text: A total solar eclipse occurred on August 21, 1560. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide.

text: A total

text: solar eclipse

text: occurred on August 21, 1560. A

text: solar eclipse

text: occurs when the

text: Moon

text: passes between

text: Earth

text: and the

text: Sun

text: , thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's

text: apparent diameter

text: is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: direct sunlight

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: direct sunlight

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can prominences last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: sunlight,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: sunlight,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: the Moon's apparent diameter is larger than the Sun's,

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunlight,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: A total solar eclipse occurred on August 21, 1560.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: A total solar eclipse

text: A prominence is a large, bright, gaseous feature extending outward from the Sun's surface, often in a loop shape. Prominences are anchored to the Sun's surface in the photosphere, and extend outwards into the Sun's corona.  While the corona consists of extremely hot ionized gases, known as plasma, which do not emit much visible light, prominences contain much cooler plasma, similar in composition to that of the chromosphere. The prominence plasma is typically a hundred times cooler and denser than the coronal plasma.A prominence forms over timescales of about a day and may persist in the corona for several weeks or months, looping hundreds of thousands of miles into space. Some prominences break apart and may then give rise to coronal mass ejections. Scientists are currently researching how and why prominences are formed.

text: A prominence is a large, bright, gaseous feature extending outward from the

text: Sun

text: 's surface, often in a

text: loop

text: shape. Prominences are anchored to the Sun's surface in the

text: photosphere

text: , and extend outwards into the Sun's

text: corona

text: .  While the corona consists of extremely hot

text: ionized

text: gas

text: es, known as

text: plasma

text: , which do not emit much

text: visible light

text: , prominences contain much cooler plasma, similar in composition to that of the

text: chromosphere

text: . The prominence plasma is typically a hundred times cooler and denser than the coronal plasma.A prominence forms over timescales of about a day and may persist in the corona for several weeks or months, looping hundreds of thousands of miles into space. Some prominences break apart and may then give rise to

text: coronal mass ejection

text: s. Scientists are currently researching how and why prominences are formed.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: large, bright, gaseous feature

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: may persist in the corona for several weeks or months

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: coronal mass ejections

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: some prominences break apart and may then give rise

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar corona

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: anchored to the Sun's surface in the photosphere

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: prominences

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: gaseous feature extending outward from the Sun's surface,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: prominences contain much cooler plasma,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: coronal mass ejections.

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Some prominences break apart

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Sun's corona.

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: a large, bright, gaseous feature

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: several weeks or months,

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: how and why prominences are formed.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: hundreds of thousands of miles into space.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: coronal mass ejections.

text: Hale was a driven individual, who worked to found a number of significant astronomical observatories, including Yerkes Observatory, Mount Wilson Observatory, Palomar Observatory, and the Hale Solar Laboratory.  At Mount Wilson, he hired and encouraged Harlow Shapley and Edwin Hubble toward some of the most significant discoveries of the time.  He was a prolific organizer who helped create a number of astronomical institutions, societies and journals.  Hale also played a central role in developing the California Institute of Technology into a leading research university. After retiring as director at Mount Wilson, he built the Hale Solar Laboratory in Pasadena, California, as his office and workshop, pursuing his interest in the sun.

text: Hale was a driven individual, who worked to found a number of significant astronomical observatories, including

text: Yerkes Observatory

text: Mount Wilson Observatory

text: Palomar Observatory

text: , and the

text: Hale Solar Laboratory

text: .  At Mount Wilson, he hired and encouraged

text: Harlow Shapley

text: and

text: Edwin Hubble

text: toward some of the most significant discoveries of the time.  He was a prolific organizer who helped create a number of astronomical institutions, societies and journals.  Hale also played a central role in developing the

text: California Institute of Technology

text: into a leading research university. After retiring as director at Mount Wilson, he built the Hale Solar Laboratory in

text: Pasadena, California

text: , as his office and workshop, pursuing his interest in the

text: sun

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: hot spots

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: sunspots are formed by the heat of the sun

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar storms

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: hot spots

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: sun.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: Solar Laboratory.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: Solar Laboratory.

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sun.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: sun.

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sun.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: sun.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: sun.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: sun.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Hale

text: Schwabe was born at Dessau. At first an apothecary, he turned his attention to astronomy, and in 1826 commenced his observations on sunspots. Schwabe was trying to discover a new planet inside the orbit of Mercury which was tentatively called Vulcan. Because of the proximity to the Sun, it would have been very difficult to observe Vulcan, and Schwabe believed one possibility to detect the planet might be to see it as a dark spot when passing in front of the Sun. For 17 years, from 1826 to 1843, on every clear day, Schwabe would scan the sun and record its spots trying to detect Vulcan among them. He did not find the planet but noticed the regular variation in the number of sunspots and published his findings in a short article entitled "Solar Observations during 1843". In it he made the suggestion of a probable ten-year period (i.e. that at every tenth year the number of spots reached a maximum). This paper at first attracted little attention, but Rudolf Wolf who was at that time the director of Bern observatory, was impressed so he began regular observations of sunspots. Schwabe's observations were afterwards utilized in 1851 by Alexander von Humboldt in the third volume of his Kosmos. The periodicity of sunspots is now fully recognized; and to Schwabe is thus due the credit of one of the most important discoveries in astronomy.

text: Schwabe was born at

text: Dessau

text: . At first an

text: apothecary

text: , he turned his attention to

text: astronomy

text: , and in 1826 commenced his observations on

text: sunspot

text: s. Schwabe was trying to discover a new

text: planet

text: inside the

text: orbit

text: of

text: Mercury

text: which was tentatively called

text: Vulcan

text: . Because of the proximity to the

text: Sun

text: , it would have been very difficult to observe Vulcan, and Schwabe believed one possibility to detect the planet might be to see it as a dark spot when passing in front of the Sun. For 17 years, from 1826 to 1843, on every clear day, Schwabe would scan the sun and record its spots trying to detect Vulcan among them. He did not find the planet but noticed the

text: regular variation in the number of sunspots

text: and published his findings in a short article entitled "Solar Observations during 1843". In it he made the suggestion of a probable ten-year

text: period

text: (i.e. that at every tenth year the number of spots reached a maximum). This paper at first attracted little attention, but

text: Rudolf Wolf

text: who was at that time the director of

text: Bern

text: observatory, was impressed so he began regular observations of sunspots. Schwabe's observations were afterwards utilized in 1851 by

text: Alexander von Humboldt

text: in the third volume of his

text: Kosmos

text: . The periodicity of sunspots is now fully recognized; and to Schwabe is thus due the credit of one of the most important discoveries in astronomy.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: periodicity

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar storms

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: hot spots

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can sunspots last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: periodicity

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: The periodicity

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots.

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sunspots.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspots.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: sunspots.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: sunspots.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Mercury

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: sunspots.

text: The main star, 4th magnitude GJ 822.1 A, is a yellowish white subgiant star of the spectral type F2IV. It therefore has a surface temperature of 6,000 to 7,500 kelvins and is larger, hotter, and several times as bright as the Sun. Its companion, 6th magnitude GJ 822.1 B, is a yellow main sequence star of the spectral type G0V. It is similar to the Sun in size, surface temperature, and luminosity.

text: The main star, 4th magnitude GJ 822.1 A, is a yellowish white

text: subgiant

text: star of the

text: spectral type

text: F2IV. It therefore has a surface temperature of 6,000 to 7,500

text: kelvin

text: s and is larger, hotter, and several times as bright as the

text: Sun

text: . Its companion, 6th magnitude GJ 822.1 B, is a yellow

text: main sequence

text: star of the spectral type G0V. It is similar to the Sun in size, surface temperature, and luminosity.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: yellowish white subgiant

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: surface temperature

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: subgiant star

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: GJ 822.1 A

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: main sequence star

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: brighter

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: yellowish white subgiant star

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: larger, hotter, and several times as bright

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: subgiant

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: 6,000 to 7,500 kelvins

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: subgiant star

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: yellowish white subgiant star

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: 6,000 to 7,500 kelvins

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: GJ 822.1 A,

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: The main star,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: 6,000 to 7,500 kelvins

text: The game features some graphical special effects like sun lens flares, earth trails when driving on grass and metallic glare effects on the bikes in replay mode.

text: The game features some graphical special effects like sun lens flares, earth trails when driving on grass and metallic glare effects on the bikes in replay mode.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: no answe

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: nuclear explosions

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: can be caused by a solar flare

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar system

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: rays

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: sun lens flares,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: sun lens flares,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sun lens flares,

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sun lens flares,

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: sun lens flares,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sun lens flares,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: sun lens flares,

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: sun lens flares,

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: sun lens flares,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: The game features some graphical special effects like sun lens flares,

text: Return of Django is an album by The Upsetters, released in 1969. The title is a reference to the spaghetti western Django, released in 1966. The title song featured in the video game, Grand Theft Auto: London 1969, which is set in 1969, and as a cover, in the film The Beach. The album was re-released on the 20 February 2012 on 180g vinyl through Sunspot Records.

text: Return of Django is an album by

text: The Upsetters

text: , released in 1969. The title is a reference to the

text: spaghetti western

text: Django

text: , released in 1966. The title song featured in the video game,

text: Grand Theft Auto: London 1969

text: , which is set in 1969, and as a cover, in the film

text: The Beach

text: . The album was re-released on the 20 February 2012 on 180g vinyl through Sunspot Records.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: records

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: records

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: nuclear explosions

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar system

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can prominences last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Django

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: Sunspot Records.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: Sunspot Records.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: Return of Django

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Return of Django

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: 1969.

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: Sunspot Records.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Return of Django

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Return of Django

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: 1969.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Return of Django

text: 'Sunspots' have been included in economic models as a way of capturing these 'extrinsic' fluctuations, in fields like asset pricing, financial crises, business cycles, economic growth, and monetary policy. Experimental economics researchers have demonstrated how sunspots could affect economic activity.

text: 'Sunspots' have been included in

text: economic models

text: as a way of capturing these 'extrinsic' fluctuations, in fields like

text: asset pricing

text: financial crises

text: business cycle

text: s,

text: economic growth

text: , and

text: monetary policy

text: Experimental economics

text: researchers have demonstrated how sunspots could affect economic activity.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: extrinsic

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: could affect economic activity

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: Sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Sunspots

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar system

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: 'extrinsic' fluctuations,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: Experimental economics researchers have demonstrated how sunspots could affect economic activity.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: 'Sunspots'

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: 'Sunspots'

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: asset pricing, financial crises, business cycles,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: 'extrinsic' fluctuations,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: 'Sunspots'

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: sunspots could affect economic activity.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: 'Sunspots'

text: The club continued expanding and in 1979 a 12.5" Cave Astrola Newtonian reflecting telescope was installed in the Culver roll-off observatory.  In the 1990s, a 17" classical Cassegrain reflector replaced the second telescope, a 16" Newtonian, that had been housed in the French Dome observatory.  A second roll-off observatory was constructed in 2005.  The King roll-off observatory features 14" Schmidt-Cassegrain catadioptric telescopes manufactured by Celestron and Meade.  A third roll-off observatory, which houses another 14" Meade Schmidt-Cassegrain catadioptric intended for CCD imaging, was constructed in late 2013.  ASH also owns a number of smaller telescopes, including a 40mm Coronado PST hydrogen-alpha solar telescope, 6 and 8" Dobsonian reflectors, a 10" Cave Astrola Newtonian, and a 10" Meade Schmidt-Cassegrain catadioptric.

text: The club continued expanding and in 1979 a 12.5" Cave Astrola Newtonian reflecting telescope was installed in the Culver roll-off observatory.  In the 1990s, a 17" classical Cassegrain reflector replaced the second telescope, a 16" Newtonian, that had been housed in the French Dome observatory.  A second roll-off observatory was constructed in 2005.  The King roll-off observatory features 14" Schmidt-Cassegrain catadioptric telescopes manufactured by Celestron and Meade.  A third roll-off observatory, which houses another 14" Meade Schmidt-Cassegrain catadioptric intended for CCD imaging, was constructed in late 2013.  ASH also owns a number of smaller telescopes, including a 40mm Coronado PST hydrogen-alpha solar telescope, 6 and 8" Dobsonian reflectors, a 10" Cave Astrola Newtonian, and a 10" Meade Schmidt-Cassegrain catadioptric.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: solar telescope

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar storms

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can prominences last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: 40mm Coronado PST hydrogen-alpha solar telescope,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: 40mm Coronado PST hydrogen-alpha solar telescope,

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: hydrogen-alpha

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: 40mm Coronado PST hydrogen-alpha solar telescope,

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar telescope,

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: 40mm Coronado PST hydrogen-alpha solar telescope,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Meade Schmidt-Cassegrain catadioptric.

text: In late 1611, the Jesuit Christoph Scheiner, a mathematics teacher at Ingolstadt, using the pseudonym Apelles latens post tabulam (Apelles hiding behind the painting), wrote three letters to Welser, claiming the discovery of sunspots.  These, Scheiner held, could not be an alteration of the Sun, which according to Aristotelian doctrine was an incorruptible celestial body, but instead were stars interposed between Earth and the Sun, which by an optical illusion appeared to be on the solar surface.  Welser, a patron of academics and strongly connected with the Jesuits, caused Scheiner's observations to be published, and asked Galileo for an opinion.  Galileo responded to Welser, criticizing  him for diffusing an erroneous theory, which Galileo identified as having Jesuit origin, of three satellites orbiting the Sun.  Scheiner responded, this time openly sustaining his theory with the book De maculis solaribus [...] accuratior disquisitio.  Galileo replied in December 1612 with a third letter to Welser in which he claimed that he, prior to Scheiner, had discovered sunspots. In 1613, under the auspices of the Accademia dei Lincei, Galileo published Istoria e dimostrazioni intorno alle macchie solari e loro accidenti ("History and demonstration regarding sunspots and their behavior"),  confirming that sunspots were present, disappearing and reforming, on the corruptible surface of the Sun, which with reasonable probability drew them along with its rotation.

text: In late 1611, the Jesuit

text: Christoph Scheiner

text: , a mathematics teacher at

text: Ingolstadt

text: , using the pseudonym Apelles latens post tabulam (

text: Apelles

text: hiding behind the painting), wrote three letters to Welser, claiming the discovery of

text: sunspot

text: s.  These, Scheiner held, could not be an alteration of the Sun, which according to

text: Aristotelian

text: doctrine was an incorruptible celestial body, but instead were stars interposed between Earth and the Sun, which by an

text: optical illusion

text: appeared to be on the solar surface.  Welser, a patron of academics and strongly connected with the Jesuits, caused Scheiner's observations to be published, and asked

text: Galileo

text: for an opinion.  Galileo responded to Welser, criticizing  him for diffusing an erroneous theory, which Galileo identified as having Jesuit origin, of three satellites orbiting the Sun.  Scheiner responded, this time openly sustaining his theory with the book De maculis solaribus [...] accuratior disquisitio.  Galileo replied in December 1612 with a third letter to Welser in which he claimed that he, prior to Scheiner, had discovered sunspots. In 1613, under the auspices of the Accademia dei Lincei, Galileo published Istoria e dimostrazioni intorno alle macchie solari e loro accidenti ("History and demonstration regarding sunspots and their behavior"),  confirming that sunspots were present, disappearing and reforming, on the corruptible surface of the Sun, which with reasonable probability drew them along with its rotation.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: present, disappearing and reforming

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: present, disappearing and reforming, on the corruptible surface of the Sun

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: confirming that sunspots were present, disappearing and reforming, on the corruptible surface of the sun, which with reasonable probability drew them along with its rotation.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar surface

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: stars interposed between Earth and the Sun,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: sunspots were present, disappearing and reforming,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots.

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sunspots.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: on the corruptible surface of the Sun,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: stars interposed between Earth and the Sun,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: sunspots.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: sunspots.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: sunspots.

text: The sun-controlling feature of the building allows the sun to warm the interior in winter and reduces solar energy in summer. The northern side of the building has clerestory windows that allow indirect sunlight into the building. The southern side of the building has shelves that bounce light into the interior. The building uses photocells and motion sensors for general lighting. Approximately 20% of the building electricity is produced by 10.5 kW photovoltaic arrays consisting of new and recycled solar panels. The building’s long side faces south allowing the solar panels to receive maximum sunlight. The building’s annual energy savings are 57,969 kilowatt hours which avoid 27 tons of carbon emissions per year.

text: The sun-controlling feature of the building allows the sun to warm the interior in winter and reduces solar energy in summer. The northern side of the building has clerestory windows that allow indirect sunlight into the building. The southern side of the building has shelves that bounce light into the interior. The building uses photocells and motion sensors for general lighting. Approximately 20% of the building electricity is produced by 10.5 kW photovoltaic arrays consisting of new and recycled solar panels. The building’s long side faces south allowing the solar panels to receive maximum sunlight. The building’s annual energy savings are 57,969 kilowatt hours which avoid 27 tons of carbon emissions per year.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: solar panels receive maximum sunlight

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: nuclear explosions

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: is a type of

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: summer

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar energy

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar energy

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: reduces solar energy in summer.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: carbon emissions

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sun

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: summer.

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sun to warm the interior in winter and reduces solar energy in summer.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: sun to warm the interior in winter and reduces solar energy in summer.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar energy

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: sun

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: 10.5 kW photovoltaic arrays

text: At a distance of about eight light-minutes, the most frequently studied star is the Sun, a typical main-sequence dwarf star of stellar class G2 V, and about 4.6 billion years (Gyr) old. The Sun is not considered a variable star, but it does undergo periodic changes in activity known as the sunspot cycle. This is an 11-year oscillation in sunspot number. Sunspots are regions of lower-than- average temperatures that are associated with intense magnetic activity.

text: At a distance of about eight light-minutes, the most frequently studied star is the

text: Sun

text: , a typical main-sequence

text: dwarf star

text: of

text: stellar class

text: G2 V, and about 4.6 billion years (Gyr) old. The Sun is not considered a

text: variable star

text: , but it does undergo periodic changes in activity known as the

text: sunspot cycle

text: . This is an 11-year oscillation in

text: sunspot number

text: . Sunspots are regions of lower-than- average temperatures that are associated with intense magnetic activity.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: regions of lower-than-average temperatures

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: regions of lower-than-average temperatures

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Sunspots

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: regions of lower-than

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can a sunspot last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: regions of lower-than- average temperatures that are associated with intense magnetic activity.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: regions of lower-than- average temperatures that are associated with intense magnetic activity.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: Sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sunspot cycle.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: regions of lower-than- average temperatures

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: regions of lower-than- average temperatures that are associated with intense magnetic activity.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Sunspots

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the Sun,

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: eight light-minutes,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: sunspot cycle.

text: Giordano Bruno and Johannes Kepler suggested the idea that the sun rotated on its axis. Sunspots were first observed telescopically in late 1610 by English astronomer Thomas Harriot and Frisian astronomers Johannes and David Fabricius, who published a description in June 1611. The Fabricius' used camera obscura telescopy to get a better view of the solar disk. Galileo had been showing sunspots to astronomers in Rome while Christoph Scheiner had probably been observing the spots using an improved helioscope of his own design. Galileo and Scheiner, neither of whom knew of the Fabricius' work, futilely vied for the credit that eventually accrued to the father and son. In 1613 Galileo refuted Scheiner's 1612 claim that sunspots were planets inside Mercury's orbit, showing that sunspots were surface features.

text: Giordano Bruno

text: and

text: Johannes Kepler

text: suggested the idea that the sun rotated on its axis. Sunspots were first observed telescopically in late 1610 by English astronomer

text: Thomas Harriot

text: and

text: Frisian

text: astronomers

text: Johannes

text: and

text: David Fabricius

text: , who published a description in June 1611. The Fabricius' used

text: camera obscura

text: telescopy to get a better view of the solar disk.

text: Galileo

text: had been showing sunspots to astronomers in Rome while

text: Christoph Scheiner

text: had probably been observing the spots using an improved

text: helioscope

text: of his own design. Galileo and Scheiner, neither of whom knew of the Fabricius' work, futilely vied for the credit that eventually accrued to the father and son. In 1613 Galileo refuted Scheiner's 1612 claim that sunspots were planets inside Mercury's orbit, showing that sunspots were surface features.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: surface features

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: surface features

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar storms

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: surface features

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: surface features.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: surface features.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: Sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Sunspots

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: surface features.

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: surface features.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Sunspots

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Sunspots

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Mercury's orbit,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Sunspots

text: Magnetic reconnection is hypothesized to be the mechanism behind solar flares, the largest explosions in our solar system. Furthermore, the surface of the Sun is covered with millions of small magnetized regions 50–1,000 km across. These small magnetic poles are buffeted and churned by the constant granulation. The magnetic field in the solar corona must undergo nearly constant reconnection to match the motion of this "magnetic carpet", so the energy released by the reconnection is a natural candidate for the coronal heat, perhaps as a series of "microflares" that individually provide very little energy but together account for the required energy.

text: Magnetic reconnection

text: is hypothesized to be the mechanism behind solar flares, the largest explosions in our solar system. Furthermore, the surface of the Sun is covered with millions of small magnetized regions 50–1,000 km across. These small magnetic poles are buffeted and churned by the constant granulation. The magnetic field in the solar corona must undergo nearly constant reconnection to match the motion of this "magnetic carpet", so the energy released by the reconnection is a natural candidate for the coronal heat, perhaps as a series of "microflares" that individually provide very little energy but together account for the required energy.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: magnetized regions

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: magnetized regions 50–1,000 km across

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: is a natural candidate for the coronal heat

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: corona

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: magnetic poles

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: small magnetized regions

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: These small magnetic poles

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares,

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: coronal heat,

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar corona

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: largest explosions in our solar system.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: solar flares,

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar flares,

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Sun is covered with millions of small magnetized regions 50–1,000 km across.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: solar flares,

text: Georgescu points out that Earth is a closed system in the thermodynamic sense of the term: Earth exchanges energy, but not matter (practically) with the rest of the universe. Hence, mainly two sources of 'low entropy' are available to man, namely the stock of mineral resources in the crust of the Earth; and the flow of radiation, received from the Sun. Since the Sun will continue to shine for billions of years to come, the Earth's mineral stock is the scarcer one of these two main sources of low entropy. Whereas the stock of minerals may be extracted from the crust of the Earth at a rate of our own choosing (practically), the flow of solar radiation arrives at the surface of the Earth at a constant and fixed rate, beyond human control. This natural 'asymmetry' between man's access to the stock of minerals and the flow of solar energy accounts for the historical contrast between urban and rural life: The busy urban life, on the one hand, is associated with industry and the impatient extraction of minerals; the tranquil rural life, on the other hand, is associated with agriculture and the patient reception of the fixed flow of solar energy. Georgescu points out that this 'asymmetry' helps explaining the historical subjection of the countryside by the town since the dawn of civilisation, and he criticises Karl Marx for not taking this subjection properly into account in his theory of historical materialism.

text: Georgescu points out that Earth is a

text: closed system

text: in the thermodynamic sense of the term: Earth exchanges energy, but not matter (practically) with the rest of the universe. Hence, mainly two sources of 'low entropy' are available to man, namely the stock of mineral resources in the crust of the Earth; and the flow of radiation, received from the

text: Sun

text: . Since the Sun will continue to shine for billions of years to come, the Earth's mineral stock is the scarcer one of these two main sources of low entropy. Whereas the stock of minerals may be extracted from the

text: crust of the Earth

text: at a rate of our own choosing (practically), the flow of solar radiation arrives at the surface of the Earth at a constant and fixed rate, beyond human control. This natural 'asymmetry' between man's access to the stock of minerals and the flow of solar energy accounts for the historical contrast between urban and rural life: The busy urban life, on the one hand, is associated with industry and the impatient extraction of minerals; the tranquil rural life, on the other hand, is associated with agriculture and the patient reception of the fixed flow of solar energy. Georgescu points out that this 'asymmetry' helps explaining the historical subjection of the countryside by the town since the dawn of civilisation, and he criticises

text: Karl Marx

text: for not taking this subjection properly into account in his theory of

text: historical materialism

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: Earth exchanges energy, but not matter (practically) with the rest of the universe

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: nuclear explosions

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar radiation

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: Since the Sun will continue to shine for billions of years to come,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar radiation

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Sun.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Sun.

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: Sun.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: solar radiation

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Sun.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: beyond human control.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: solar radiation

text: Large solar flares often occur during a maximum. For example, the solar storm of 1859 struck the Earth with such intensity that the northern lights were visible as far from the poles as Cuba and Hawaii.

text: Large

text: solar flare

text: s often occur during a maximum. For example, the

text: solar storm of 1859

text: struck the Earth with such intensity that the

text: northern lights

text: were visible as far from the poles as

text: Cuba

text: and

text: Hawaii

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: large solar flares

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: large solar flares occur during a maximum

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar storms

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: is a type of solar storm

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: a maximum

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: d).

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: Large solar flares often occur during a maximum.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: a maximum.

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: flares

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Large solar flares

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Cuba and Hawaii.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: solar flares

text: Both Theta¹ Serpentis and Theta² Serpentis are white A-type main sequence dwarfs.  θ¹ has an apparent magnitude of +4.62 while the slightly dimmer θ² has a magnitude of +4.98.  These two stars are 22 arcseconds apart on the sky, putting them at least 900 astronomical units apart with an orbital period of at least 14,000 years. Both stars are similar to each other in all respects, having luminosities of 18 and 13 times solar respectively, radii of about twice solar and also masses of roughly 2 times that of the Sun. Both star have a surface temperature of 8,000 kelvins.

text: Both Theta¹ Serpentis and Theta² Serpentis are white

text: A-type

text: main sequence dwarf

text: s.  θ¹ has an

text: apparent magnitude

text: of +4.62 while the slightly dimmer θ² has a

text: magnitude

text: of +4.98.  These two stars are 22

text: arcsecond

text: s apart on the sky, putting them at least 900

text: astronomical unit

text: s apart with an orbital period of at least 14,000 years. Both stars are similar to each other in all respects, having

text: luminosities

text: of 18 and 13 times solar respectively, radii of about twice solar and also

text: masses

text: of roughly 2 times that of the Sun. Both star have a surface temperature of 8,000

text: kelvin

text: s.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: surface temperature of 8,000 kelvins

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: nuclear explosions

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Theta1 Serpentis

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: main sequence

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: luminosities

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: white A-type main sequence dwarfs.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: 2 times that of the Sun.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: white A-type main sequence dwarfs.

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: 2 times that of the Sun.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: white A-type main sequence dwarfs.

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: 18 and 13 times

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: 14,000 years.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: white A-type main sequence dwarfs.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: 14,000 years.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: 14,000 years.

text: There are two varieties of topographic prominence: wet prominence and dry prominence.   Wet prominence is the topographic prominence discussed in this article. Wet prominence assumes that the surface of the earth includes all permanent water, snow, and ice features. Thus, the wet prominence of the highest summit of an ocean island or landmass is always equal to the summit's elevation.

text: There are two varieties of topographic prominence: wet prominence and dry prominence.   Wet prominence is the topographic prominence discussed in this article. Wet prominence assumes that the surface of the earth includes all permanent water, snow, and ice features. Thus, the wet prominence of the highest summit of an ocean island or landmass is always equal to the summit's elevation.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: dry prominence

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: nuclear explosions

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: dry prominence

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: dry prominence

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: topographic prominence

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: topographic prominence:

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: equal to the summit's elevation.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: dry prominence.

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: ice features.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: wet prominence and dry prominence.

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: dry prominence.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: wet prominence and dry prominence. Wet prominence

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: topographic prominence:

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: earth includes all permanent water, snow, and ice features.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: There are two varieties of topographic prominence:

text: Over the Sun's lifetime, the interaction of its surface layers with the escaping solar wind has significantly decreased its surface rotation rate. The wind is considered responsible for comets' tails, along with the Sun's radiation. The solar wind contributes to fluctuations in celestial radio waves observed on the Earth, through an effect called interplanetary scintillation.

text: Over the Sun's lifetime, the interaction of its surface layers with the escaping solar wind has significantly decreased its surface rotation rate. The wind is considered responsible for comets' tails, along with the Sun's radiation. The solar wind contributes to fluctuations in

text: celestial

text: radio wave

text: s observed on the Earth, through an effect called

text: interplanetary scintillation

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: comets

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: significantly decreased its surface rotation rate

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: comets

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: escaping solar wind

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: comets

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: escaping solar wind

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: escaping solar wind has significantly decreased its surface rotation rate.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar wind

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar wind

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar wind

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: Sun's radiation.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: comets' tails,

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar wind

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: interplanetary scintillation.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Sun's radiation.

text: Some differences between the Moon and that part of Mercury observed in this quadrangle may be more apparent than real. Apparent differences may be the result of resolution of the imaging system, and small viewing and illumination angles that do not allow inspection of the surface under varied conditions. Real differences may be the result of Mercury’s size, gravitational field, proximity to the Sun, internal composition and structure, or timing of major volcanic episodes relative to the decrease in impact craters. Surface differences include the preservation of secondary craters around older craters and basins, and the absence of recognizable textured and lineated ejecta blankets such as those surrounding the Imbrium and Orientale Basins on the Moon. Possible differences in volcanic features include the absence of widespread dark mare-type deposits, volcanic domes and cones, and sinuous rilles. Whereas plains and terra divisions may be distinguished on Mercury, the distinct lunar dichotomy of mare and highlands is not present on that half of Mercury observed by Mariner 10.

text: Some differences between the Moon and that part of Mercury observed in this quadrangle may be more apparent than real. Apparent differences may be the result of resolution of the imaging system, and small viewing and illumination angles that do not allow inspection of the surface under varied conditions. Real differences may be the result of Mercury’s size, gravitational field, proximity to the Sun, internal composition and structure, or timing of major volcanic episodes relative to the decrease in impact craters. Surface differences include the preservation of secondary craters around older craters and basins, and the absence of recognizable textured and lineated ejecta blankets such as those surrounding the

text: Imbrium

text: and

text: Orientale Basin

text: s on the Moon. Possible differences in volcanic features include the absence of widespread dark mare-type deposits, volcanic domes and cones, and

text: sinuous rille

text: s. Whereas plains and terra divisions may be distinguished on Mercury, the distinct lunar dichotomy of mare and highlands is not present on that half of Mercury observed by Mariner 10.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: volcanoes

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: major volcanic episodes

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Mercury’s size, gravitational field

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: volcanoes

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Mercury

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: volcanic episodes

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: timing of major volcanic episodes

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: volcanic episodes

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: volcanic episodes

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Mercury’s size, gravitational field, proximity to the Sun,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: volcanic domes and cones,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: volcanic episodes

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Mercury

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Mercury’s size, gravitational field, proximity to the Sun,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Sun,

text: The transition region is visible in far-ultraviolet (FUV) images from the TRACE spacecraft, as a faint nimbus above the dark (in FUV) surface of the Sun and the corona.  The nimbus also surrounds FUV-dark features such as solar prominences, which consist of condensed material that is suspended at coronal altitudes by the magnetic field.

text: The transition region is visible in far-ultraviolet (FUV) images from the

text: TRACE

text: spacecraft, as a faint nimbus above the dark (in FUV) surface of the Sun and the corona.  The nimbus also surrounds FUV-dark features such as

text: solar prominence

text: s, which consist of condensed material that is suspended at coronal altitudes by the magnetic field.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar prominences

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: are suspended at coronal altitudes by the magnetic field

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar prominences

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: corona

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: condensed material

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: TRACE

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: condensed material

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: suspended at coronal altitudes by the magnetic field.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar prominences,

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar prominences,

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: far-ultraviolet

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: condensed material that is suspended at coronal altitudes

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: solar prominences,

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: TRACE spacecraft,

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: far-ultraviolet

text: In 1928, exceptional observation conditions enabled him to photograph a higher prominence on the sun's surface than ever seen before. He also photographed the brightest and largest solar hydrogen eruption up to that date.

text: In 1928, exceptional observation conditions enabled him to photograph a higher prominence on the sun's surface than ever seen before. He also photographed the brightest and largest solar hydrogen eruption up to that date.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: solar hydrogen eruption

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar hydrogen eruption

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar hydrogen eruption

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: sun's surface

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: higher prominence

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar hydrogen eruption

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar hydrogen eruption

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: sun's surface

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sun's surface

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: prominence

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: sun's surface

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: sun's surface

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: solar hydrogen eruption

text: Around the year 1610, Galileo Galilei observed sunspots and calculated the rotation of the Sun. In 1630, Christoph Scheiner reported that the Sun had different rotational periods at the poles and at the equator, in good agreement with modern values.

text: Around the year 1610,

text: Galileo Galilei

text: observed

text: sunspots

text: and calculated the

text: rotation of the Sun

text: . In 1630,

text: Christoph Scheiner

text: reported that the Sun had different rotational periods at the poles and at the equator, in good agreement with modern values.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: Galileo Galilei observed sunspots

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the poles

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: the Sun.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: Galileo Galilei observed sunspots

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: poles

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: sunspots and calculated the rotation of the Sun.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: the Sun.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: sunspots

text: Since the solar wind is a plasma, it has the characteristics of a plasma, rather than a simple gas.  For example, it is highly electrically conductive so that magnetic field lines from the Sun are carried along with the wind. The dynamic pressure of the wind dominates over the magnetic pressure through most of the Solar System (or heliosphere), so that the magnetic field is pulled into an Archimedean spiral pattern (the Parker spiral) by the combination of the outward motion and the Sun's rotation.  Depending on the hemisphere and phase of the solar cycle, the magnetic field spirals inward or outward; the magnetic field follows the same shape of spiral in the northern and southern parts of the heliosphere, but with opposite field direction.  These two magnetic domains are separated by a two current sheet (an electric current that is confined to a curved plane).  This heliospheric current sheet has a shape similar to a twirled ballerina skirt, and changes in shape through the solar cycle as the Sun's magnetic field reverses about every 11 years.

text: Since the solar wind is a

text: plasma

text: , it has the

text: characteristics of a plasma

text: , rather than a simple

text: gas

text: .  For example, it is highly

text: electrically conductive

text: so that

text: magnetic field line

text: s from the Sun are carried along with the wind. The dynamic

text: pressure

text: of the wind dominates over the

text: magnetic pressure

text: through most of the Solar System (or

text: heliosphere

text: ), so that the magnetic field is pulled into an

text: Archimedean spiral

text: pattern (the

text: Parker spiral

text: ) by the combination of the outward motion and the

text: Sun's rotation

text: .  Depending on the

text: hemisphere

text: and phase of the

text: solar cycle

text: , the magnetic field spirals inward or outward; the magnetic field follows the same shape of spiral in the northern and southern parts of the heliosphere, but with opposite field direction.  These two magnetic domains are separated by a two

text: current sheet

text: (an

text: electric current

text: that is confined to a curved plane).  This

text: heliospheric current sheet

text: has a shape similar to a twirled

text: ballerina

text: skirt, and changes in shape through the solar cycle as the Sun's magnetic field reverses about every 11 years.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: magnetic domains

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: magnetic field lines from the Sun are carried along with the wind

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar storms

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar wind

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar cycle

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar wind

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar wind

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: the magnetic field spirals inward or outward;

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar wind

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar wind

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar wind

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: solar wind

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: solar wind

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar wind

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: heliosphere),

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: solar wind

text: Engaging in solar and heliospheric science, the Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS) mission is intended to study of the solar atmosphere,  and in particular, of the interface between the photosphere and corona.  The IRIS mission will accomplish this by tracing the flow of energy and plasma through the chromosphere and transition region into the corona using spectrometry and imaging. IRIS is designed to provide significant new information to increase the understanding of energy transport into the corona and solar wind and provide an archetype for all stellar atmospheres. The unique instrument capabilities, coupled with state of the art 3-D modeling, will fill a large gap in our knowledge of this dynamic region of the solar atmosphere. The mission will extend the scientific output of existing heliophysics spacecraft that follow the effects of energy release processes from the sun to Earth. The IRIS mission launched June 27, 2013.

text: Engaging in solar and heliospheric science, the

text: Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph

text: (IRIS) mission is intended to study of the

text: solar atmosphere

text: ,  and in particular, of the interface between the

text: photosphere

text: and

text: corona

text: .  The IRIS mission will accomplish this by tracing the flow of energy and

text: plasma

text: through the

text: chromosphere

text: and

text: transition region

text: into the

text: corona

text: using

text: spectrometry

text: and imaging. IRIS is designed to provide significant new information to increase the understanding of

text: energy transport

text: into the corona and

text: solar wind

text: and provide an archetype for all stellar

text: atmosphere

text: s. The unique instrument capabilities, coupled with state of the art 3-D modeling, will fill a large gap in our knowledge of this dynamic region of the solar atmosphere. The mission will extend the scientific output of existing heliophysics spacecraft that follow the effects of energy release processes from the sun to Earth. The IRIS mission launched June 27, 2013.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: chromosphere

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: energy release processes

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar wind

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar wind

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar atmosphere

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: corona

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can prominences last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: interface between the photosphere and corona

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar wind

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: solar wind

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar wind

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar wind

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: solar wind

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: 2013.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: the sun to Earth.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: energy release processes from the sun to Earth.

text: The Sunrise balloon-borne solar observatory consists of a 1m aperture Gregory telescope, a UV filter imager, an imaging vector polarimeter, an image stabilizationsystem and further infrastructure. The first science flight of Sunrise yielded high-quality data that reveal the structure, dynamics and evolution of solar convection, oscillations and magnetic fields at a resolution of around 100 km in the quiet Sun.

text: The Sunrise balloon-borne solar observatory consists of a 1m aperture Gregory telescope, a UV filter imager, an imaging vector polarimeter, an image stabilizationsystem and further infrastructure. The first science flight of Sunrise yielded high-quality data that reveal the structure, dynamics and evolution of solar convection, oscillations and magnetic fields at a resolution of around 100 km in the quiet Sun.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: convection

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: solar convection

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar convection

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar convection

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the quiet Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: convection

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can solar prominences last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar convection,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: solar convection,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar convection, oscillations and magnetic fields

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar convection,

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar convection,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: solar convection,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: solar convection,

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar convection,

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Sun.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: UV

text: A total solar eclipse will occur on April 20, 2023.  A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide.

text: A total

text: solar eclipse

text: will occur on April 20, 2023.  A

text: solar eclipse

text: occurs when the

text: Moon

text: passes between

text: Earth

text: and the

text: Sun

text: , thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's

text: apparent diameter

text: is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: direct sunlight

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: direct sunlight

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can prominences last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: sunlight,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: sunlight,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: the Moon's apparent diameter is larger than the Sun's,

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunlight,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: A total solar eclipse will occur on April 20, 2023.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: A total solar eclipse will occur on April 20, 2023.

text: Its most famous director was William Rowan Hamilton, who, amongst other things, discovered quaternions, the first non-commutative algebra, while walking from the observatory to the city with his wife. He is also renowned for his Hamiltonian formulation of dynamics. In the late 20th century, the city encroached ever more on the observatory, which compromised the seeing. The telescope, then no longer state of the art, was used mainly for public 'open nights'.

text: Its most famous director was

text: William Rowan Hamilton

text: , who, amongst other things, discovered

text: quaternions

text: , the first

text: non-commutative

text: algebra

text: , while walking from the observatory to the city with his wife. He is also renowned for his

text: Hamiltonian formulation of dynamics

text: . In the late 20th century, the city encroached ever more on the observatory, which compromised the

text: seeing

text: . The

text: telescope

text: , then no longer state of the art, was used mainly for public 'open nights'.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: quaternions

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: non-commutative algebra

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: nuclear explosions

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar system

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: astronomy

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: non-commutative algebra,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: non-commutative algebra,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: quaternions, the first non-commutative algebra,

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: quaternions, the first non-commutative algebra,

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: observatory

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: non-commutative algebra,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Its most famous director was William Rowan Hamilton,

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Hamiltonian formulation of dynamics.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Its most famous director was William Rowan Hamilton,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Its most famous director was William Rowan Hamilton,

text: The Earth is constantly immersed in the solar wind, a rarefied flow of hot plasma (a gas of free electrons and positive ions) emitted by the Sun in all directions, a result of the two-million-degree temperature of the Sun's outermost layer, the corona. The solar wind reaches Earth with a velocity typically around 400 km/s, a density of around 5 ions/cm and a magnetic field intensity of around 2–5 nT (for comparison, Earth's surface field is typically 30,000–50,000 nT). During magnetic storms, in particular, flows can be several times faster; the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) may also be much stronger. Joan Feynman deduced in the 1970s that the long-term averages of solar wind speed correlated with geomagnetic activity.  Her work resulted from data collected by the Explorer 33 spacecraft.The solar wind and magnetosphere consist of plasma (ionized gas), which conducts electricity. It is well known (since Michael Faraday's work around 1830) that when an electrical conductor is placed within a magnetic field while relative motion occurs in a direction that the conductor cuts across (or is cut by), rather than along, the lines of the magnetic field, an electric current is induced within the conductor. The strength of the current depends on a) the rate of relative motion, b) the strength of the magnetic field, c) the number of conductors ganged together and d) the distance between the conductor and the magnetic field, while the direction of flow is dependent upon the direction of relative motion. Dynamos make use of this basic process ("the dynamo effect"), any and all conductors, solid or otherwise are so affected, including plasmas and other fluids.The IMF originates on the Sun, linked to the sunspots, and its field lines (lines of force) are dragged out by the solar wind. That alone would tend to line them up in the Sun-Earth direction, but the rotation of the Sun angles them at Earth by about 45 degrees forming a spiral in the ecliptic plane), known as the Parker spiral. The field lines passing Earth are therefore usually linked to those near the western edge ("limb") of the visible Sun at any time.The solar wind and the magnetosphere, being two electrically conducting fluids in relative motion, should be able in principle to generate electric currents by dynamo action and impart energy from the flow of the solar wind. However, this process is hampered by the fact that plasmas conduct readily along magnetic field lines, but less readily perpendicular to them. Energy is more effectively transferred by temporary magnetic connection between the field lines of the solar wind and those of the magnetosphere. Unsurprisingly this process is known as magnetic reconnection. As already mentioned, it happens most readily when the interplanetary field is directed southward, in a similar direction to the geomagnetic field in the inner regions of both the north magnetic pole and south magnetic pole.

text: The Earth is constantly immersed in the

text: solar wind

text: , a rarefied flow of hot plasma (a gas of free electrons and positive ions) emitted by the Sun in all directions, a result of the two-million-degree temperature of the Sun's outermost layer, the

text: corona

text: . The solar wind reaches Earth with a velocity typically around 400 km/s, a density of around 5 ions/cm and a magnetic field intensity of around 2–5 nT (for comparison, Earth's surface field is typically 30,000–50,000 nT). During

text: magnetic storms

text: , in particular, flows can be several times faster; the

text: interplanetary magnetic field

text: (IMF) may also be much stronger. Joan Feynman deduced in the 1970s that the long-term averages of solar wind speed correlated with geomagnetic activity.  Her work resulted from data collected by the

text: Explorer 33

text: spacecraft.The solar wind and magnetosphere consist of

text: plasma

text: (ionized gas), which conducts electricity. It is well known (since

text: Michael Faraday

text: 's work around 1830) that when an electrical conductor is placed within a magnetic field while relative motion occurs in a direction that the conductor cuts across (or is cut by), rather than along, the lines of the magnetic field, an electric current is induced within the conductor. The strength of the current depends on a) the rate of relative motion, b) the strength of the magnetic field, c) the number of conductors ganged together and d) the distance between the conductor and the magnetic field, while the direction of flow is dependent upon the direction of relative motion.

text: Dynamo

text: s make use of this basic process ("the

text: dynamo effect

text: "), any and all conductors, solid or otherwise are so affected, including plasmas and other fluids.The IMF originates on the Sun, linked to the

text: sunspot

text: s, and its

text: field lines (lines of force)

text: are dragged out by the solar wind. That alone would tend to line them up in the Sun-Earth direction, but the rotation of the Sun angles them at Earth by about 45 degrees forming a spiral in the ecliptic plane), known as the

text: Parker spiral

text: . The field lines passing Earth are therefore usually linked to those near the western edge ("limb") of the visible Sun at any time.The solar wind and the magnetosphere, being two electrically conducting fluids in relative motion, should be able in principle to generate electric currents by dynamo action and impart energy from the flow of the solar wind. However, this process is hampered by the fact that plasmas conduct readily along magnetic field lines, but less readily perpendicular to them. Energy is more effectively transferred by temporary magnetic connection between the field lines of the solar wind and those of the magnetosphere. Unsurprisingly this process is known as

text: magnetic reconnection

text: . As already mentioned, it happens most readily when the interplanetary field is directed southward, in a similar direction to the geomagnetic field in the inner regions of both the

text: north magnetic pole

text: and

text: south magnetic pole

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: the Sun's outermost layer

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: IMF originates on the Sun, linked to the sunspots

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: magnetic storms

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar wind

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: IMF originates on the Sun, linked to the sunspots,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: magnetic storms,

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: fluids.The IMF

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspots,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: sunspots,

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar wind,

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Sun-Earth

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Faraday's work around 1830)

text: A Moreton wave is the chromospheric signature of a large-scale solar coronal shock wave. Described as a kind of solar "tsunami", they are generated by solar flares. They are named for American astronomer Gail Moreton, an observer at the Lockheed Solar Observatory in Burbank who spotted them in 1959. He discovered them in time-lapse photography of the chromosphere in the light of the Balmer alpha transition.

text: A Moreton wave is the

text: chromospheric

text: signature of a large-scale solar

text: corona

text: l

text: shock wave

text: . Described as a kind of

text: solar

text: tsunami

text: ", they are generated by

text: solar flares

text: . They are named for

text: American

text: astronomer

text: Gail Moreton

text: , an observer at the

entity_name: Lockheed Martin Solar and Astrophysics Laboratory

text: Lockheed Solar Observatory

text: in

text: Burbank

text: who spotted them in 1959. He discovered them in

text: time-lapse photography

text: of the chromosphere in the light of the

text: Balmer alpha transition

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: generated by solar flares

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: they are generated by solar flares

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: coronal shock wave

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: large-scale solar coronal shock wave

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar coronal shock wave

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: coronal shock waves

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Moreton waves

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar flares.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: solar flares.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: "tsunami",

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: large-scale solar coronal shock wave.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar flares.

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: solar flares.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: A Moreton wave

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar coronal shock wave.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: chromosphere

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: solar "tsunami", they are generated by solar flares.

text: In 1994, Droge released Necktie Second, his debut album which featured the tongue-in-cheek "If You Don't Love Me (I'll Kill Myself)" (which also appeared on the soundtrack to the film, Dumb and Dumber), as well as "Sunspot Stopwatch" and "So I am Over You".

text: In 1994, Droge released

text: Necktie Second

text: , his debut album which featured the tongue-in-cheek "If You Don't Love Me (I'll Kill Myself)" (which also appeared on the soundtrack to the film,

text: Dumb and Dumber

text: ), as well as "Sunspot Stopwatch" and "So I am Over You".

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: hot spots

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: they are formed by the sun's heat

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: Sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: can be caused by a comet

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: astronomy

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: Stopwatch"

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: "Sunspot Stopwatch"

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: "Sunspot

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Dumb and Dumber),

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Dumb and Dumber),

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: "Sunspot

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: In 1994, Droge released Necktie Second,

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: "Sunspot Stopwatch"

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: "Sunspot Stopwatch"

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: (I'll Kill Myself)"

text: Kepler-419 is an F-type star that is approximately 139% the mass of and 175% the radius of the Sun. It has a surface temperature of 6430 K and is 2.8 billion years old. In comparison, the Sun is about 4.6 billion years old and has a surface temperature of 5778 K.

text: Kepler-419 is an

text: F-type

text: star that is approximately 139% the mass of and 175% the radius of the

text: Sun

text: . It has a surface temperature of 6430

text: K

text: and is 2.8 billion years old. In comparison, the Sun is about 4.6 billion years old and has a surface temperature of 5778 K.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: hot spots

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: surface temperature of 5778 K

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: F-type stars

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Kepler-419

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: F-type stars

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: F-type star

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: surface temperature

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: F-type star

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Kepler-419

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: F-type star

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: F-type star

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Kepler-419

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Kepler-419

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Kepler-419

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Kepler-419

text: Hansky graduated from the Gymnasium and the University of Odessa. He did research on astrophysics and astrophotography in multi-year stays at the Observatory of Meudon and at the Astrophysical Observatory Potsdam, where his main interest was the structure and activity of the solar surface. In particular he worked on the solar constant, granulation and sun spots.

text: Hansky graduated from the

text: Gymnasium

text: and the

text: University of Odessa

text: . He did research on

text: astrophysics

text: and

text: astrophotography

text: in multi-year stays at the

text: Observatory of Meudon

text: and at the

entity_name: Leibniz Institute for Astrophysics Potsdam

text: Astrophysical Observatory Potsdam

text: , where his main interest was the structure and activity of the solar surface. In particular he worked on the

text: solar constant

text: granulation

text: and

text: sun spot

text: s.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: active regions on the solar surface

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: structure and activity of the solar surface

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sun spots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sun spots

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar surface

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sun spots

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can sun spots last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: granulation

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar surface.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: he worked on the solar constant,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sun spots.

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sun spots.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar surface.

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sun spots.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: sun spots.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: structure and activity of the solar surface.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: sun spots.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Hansky graduated from the Gymnasium and the University of Odessa.

text: Gradually, the hydrogen burning in the shell around the solar core will increase the mass of the core until it reaches about 45% of the present solar mass. At this point the density and temperature will become so high that the fusion of helium into carbon will begin, leading to a helium flash; the Sun will shrink from around 250 to 11 times its present (main-sequence) radius. Consequently, its luminosity will decrease from around 3,000 to 54 times its current level, and its surface temperature will increase to about 4770 K. The Sun will become a horizontal giant, burning helium in its core in a stable fashion much like it burns hydrogen today. The helium-fusing stage will last only 100 million years. Eventually, it will have to again resort to the reserves of hydrogen and helium in its outer layers and will expand a second time, turning into what is known as an asymptotic giant. Here the luminosity of the Sun will increase again, reaching about 2,090 present luminosities, and it will cool to about 3500 K. This phase lasts about 30 million years, after which, over the course of a further 100,000 years, the Sun's remaining outer layers will fall away, ejecting a vast stream of matter into space and forming a halo known (misleadingly) as a planetary nebula. The ejected material will contain the helium and carbon produced by the Sun's nuclear reactions, continuing the enrichment of the interstellar medium with heavy elements for future generations of stars.

text: Gradually, the hydrogen burning in the shell around the solar core will increase the mass of the core until it reaches about 45% of the present solar mass. At this point the density and temperature will become so high that the fusion of helium into

text: carbon

text: will begin, leading to a

text: helium flash

text: ; the Sun will shrink from around 250 to 11 times its present (main-sequence) radius. Consequently, its luminosity will decrease from around 3,000 to 54 times its current level, and its surface temperature will increase to about 4770 K. The Sun will become a

text: horizontal giant

text: , burning helium in its core in a stable fashion much like it burns hydrogen today. The helium-fusing stage will last only 100 million years. Eventually, it will have to again resort to the reserves of hydrogen and helium in its outer layers and will expand a second time, turning into what is known as an

text: asymptotic giant

text: . Here the luminosity of the Sun will increase again, reaching about 2,090 present luminosities, and it will cool to about 3500 K. This phase lasts about 30 million years, after which, over the course of a further 100,000 years, the Sun's remaining outer layers will fall away, ejecting a vast stream of matter into space and forming a halo known (misleadingly) as a

text: planetary nebula

text: . The ejected material will contain the helium and carbon produced by the Sun's nuclear reactions, continuing the enrichment of the interstellar medium with heavy elements for future generations of stars.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: hot spots

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: the Sun will shrink from around 250 to 11 times its present (main-sequence) radius

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: helium flash

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: a vast stream of matter into space

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar core

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: helium flash;

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: 45% of the present solar mass.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: helium flash;

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: ejecting a vast stream of matter into space

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: outer layers

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: stars.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: helium flash;

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: 45% of the present solar mass.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: 45% of the present solar mass.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: 45% of the present solar mass.

text: Coronal mass ejections are often associated with other forms of solar activity, but a broadly accepted theoretical understanding of these relationships has not been established. CMEs most often originate from active regions on the Sun's surface, such as groupings of sunspots associated with frequent flares. Near solar maxima, the Sun produces about three CMEs every day, whereas near solar minima, there is about one CME every five days.

text: Coronal mass ejections are often associated with other forms of solar activity, but a broadly accepted theoretical understanding of these relationships has not been established. CMEs most often originate from active regions on the Sun's surface, such as groupings of

text: sunspot

text: s associated with frequent flares. Near

text: solar maxima

text: , the Sun produces about three CMEs every day, whereas near

text: solar minima

text: , there is about one CME every five days.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: active regions

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: active regions

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: CMEs

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: is often associated with other forms of solar activity

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: active regions

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: active regions on the Sun's surface

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Coronal mass ejections

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: active regions on the Sun's surface,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: frequent flares.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: Coronal mass ejections

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: CMEs most often originate from active regions on the Sun's surface,

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: active regions on the Sun's surface,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: CMEs

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Coronal mass ejections

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Sun's surface,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Coronal mass ejections

text: Helioseismology is the study of the propagation of wave oscillations, particularly acoustic pressure waves, in the Sun. Unlike seismic waves on Earth, solar waves have practically no shear component (s-waves). Solar pressure waves are believed to be generated by the turbulence in the convection zone near the surface of the sun. Certain frequencies are amplified by constructive interference. In other words, the turbulence "rings" the sun like a bell. The acoustic waves are transmitted to the outer photosphere of the sun, which is where the light generated through absorption of radiant energy from nuclear fusion at the centre of the sun, leaves the surface. These oscillations are detectable on almost any time series of solar images, but are best observed by measuring the Doppler shift of photospheric absorption lines. Changes in the propagation of oscillation waves through the Sun reveal inner structures and allow astrophysicists to develop extremely detailed profiles of the interior conditions of the Sun.

text: Helioseismology is the study of the propagation of wave oscillations, particularly

text: acoustic

text: pressure wave

text: s, in the

text: Sun

text: . Unlike

text: seismic waves on Earth

text: , solar waves have practically no shear component (

text: s-waves

text: ). Solar pressure waves are believed to be generated by the turbulence in the

text: convection zone

text: near the surface of the sun. Certain frequencies are amplified by constructive interference. In other words, the turbulence "rings" the sun like a bell. The acoustic waves are transmitted to the outer photosphere of the sun, which is where the light generated through absorption of radiant energy from nuclear fusion at the centre of the sun, leaves the surface. These oscillations are detectable on almost any time series of solar images, but are best observed by measuring the

text: Doppler shift

text: of photospheric absorption lines. Changes in the propagation of oscillation waves through the Sun reveal inner structures and allow

text: astrophysicist

text: s to develop extremely detailed profiles of the interior conditions of the Sun.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: convection zone near the surface

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: the turbulence "rings" the sun like a bell

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: nuclear fusion

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: nuclear fusion

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: convection zone

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: convection zone

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Helioseismology

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: turbulence in the convection zone

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: turbulence in the convection zone

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: Helioseismology

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: nuclear fusion

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: convection zone

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: turbulence in the convection zone

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Helioseismology

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Helioseismology

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: solar waves have practically no shear component (s-waves).

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: nuclear fusion

text: The Surface 3 share a similar design to the Surface Pro 3 with a body made of magnesium alloy giving a matte gray finish to the back of the device. It features a kickstand that can be set to three different angles: 22, 44, and 60 degrees. The Surface 3 does not have a fan, therefore lacking the ventilation holes seen on Surface Pro line. The Surface 3 weighs 620 grams features a  diagonal multi-touch display with a 3:2 aspect ratio. For a charger Surface 3 uses a standard Micro-USB, giving users a wider variety of charging options, including charging the device with a mobile phone charger.

text: The Surface 3 share a similar design to the

text: Surface Pro 3

text: with a body made of

text: magnesium

text: alloy giving a matte gray finish to the back of the device. It features a kickstand that can be set to three different angles: 22, 44, and 60 degrees. The Surface 3 does not have a fan, therefore lacking the ventilation holes seen on Surface Pro line. The Surface 3 weighs 620 grams features a  diagonal

text: multi-touch

text: display with a 3:2

text: aspect ratio

text: . For a charger Surface 3 uses a standard

text: Micro-USB

text: , giving users a wider variety of charging options, including charging the device with a mobile phone charger.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: hot spots

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: nuclear explosions

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar system

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: astronomy

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: 22, 44, and 60 degrees.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: 22, 44, and 60 degrees.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: Surface 3 share a similar design to the Surface Pro 3

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: The Surface 3 share a similar design to the Surface Pro 3

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: 22, 44, and 60 degrees.

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: 3:2 aspect ratio.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Surface 3 share a similar design to the Surface Pro 3

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: a 3:2 aspect ratio.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Surface 3 share a similar design to the Surface Pro 3

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: The Surface 3 share a similar design to the Surface Pro 3

text: Mahmood is reported to be fascinated "with the role sunspots played in triggering the French and Russian Revolutions, World War II and assorted anti-colonial uprisings." According to his book "Cosmology and Human Destiny", Mahmood argued that sunspots have influenced major human events, including the French Revolution, the Russian Revolution, and World War II. He concluded that governments across the world "are already being subjected to great emotional aggression under the catalytic effect of the abnormally high sunspot activity under which they are most likely to adapt aggression as the natural solution for their problems". In this book which was first published in 1998, he predicts that the period from 2007 to 2014 would be of great turmoil and destruction in the world. Other books written by him include a biography of the Islamic prophet Muhammad titled "First and the Last", while his other books are focused more on the relation between Islam and science like Miraculous Quran, Life After Death and Doomsday, and Kitab-e-Zindagi (in Urdu).

text: Mahmood is reported to be fascinated "with the role

text: sunspot

text: s played in triggering the

text: French

text: and

text: Russian Revolution

text: s,

text: World War II

text: and assorted anti-colonial uprisings." According to his book "Cosmology and Human Destiny", Mahmood argued that sunspots have influenced major human events, including the French Revolution, the Russian Revolution, and World War II. He concluded that governments across the world "are already being subjected to great emotional aggression under the catalytic effect of the abnormally high sunspot activity under which they are most likely to adapt aggression as the natural solution for their problems". In this book which was first published in 1998, he predicts that the period from 2007 to 2014 would be of great turmoil and destruction in the world. Other books written by him include a biography of the

text: Islamic prophet

text: Muhammad

text: titled "First and the Last", while his other books are focused more on the relation between Islam and science like Miraculous Quran, Life After Death and Doomsday, and Kitab-e-Zindagi (in

text: Urdu

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: abnormally high

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: Mahmood argued that sunspots have influenced major human events

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar system

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: solar storms

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: abnormally high sunspot activity

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: have influenced major human events,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: world

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: sunspots

text: A Campbell Scientific research-grade weather station is installed outside the observatory. The solar-powered instrument collects weather data and sends it to the Desert Research Institute in Reno, Nevada for analysis and on-line publication. The Planetary Walkway connects the main campus with the observatory. Lining the walkway are massive sandstone monuments created by artistic inmates from the Nevada State Prison at the prison's old quarry. The stones feature carved images of the planets, along with information about the planet and a dedication to the donors.

text: A Campbell Scientific research-grade

text: weather station

text: is installed outside the observatory. The solar-powered instrument collects weather data and sends it to the

text: Desert Research Institute

text: in

text: Reno, Nevada

text: for analysis and on-line publication. The Planetary Walkway connects the main campus with the observatory. Lining the walkway are massive sandstone monuments created by artistic inmates from the

text: Nevada State Prison

text: at the prison's old quarry. The stones feature carved images of the planets, along with information about the planet and a dedication to the donors.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: hot spots

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: they are formed when the Sun's magnetic field changes

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: nuclear explosions

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: is a type of solar storm

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar system

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can prominences last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: planets

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: weather

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: The solar-powered instrument collects weather data

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: The solar-powered

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Nevada for analysis and on-line publication.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Nevada

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: planets,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: A Campbell Scientific research-grade weather station is installed outside the observatory.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: weather data

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Nevada

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: A Campbell Scientific research-grade weather station is installed outside the observatory.

text: Insolation onto a surface is largest when the surface directly faces (is normal to) the sun. As the angle between the surface and the Sun moves from normal, the insolation is reduced in proportion to the angle's Cosine; see Effect of sun angle on climate.

text: Insolation onto a surface is largest when the surface directly faces (is normal to) the sun. As the angle between the surface and the Sun moves from normal, the insolation is reduced in proportion to the angle's

text: Cosine

text: ; see

text: Effect of sun angle on climate

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: as the angle between the surface and the Sun moves from normal, the insolation is reduced in proportion to the angle's Cosine

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: nuclear explosions

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: is a type of solar storm

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar system

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: insolation

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: Insolation onto a surface

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: As the angle between the surface and the Sun moves from normal,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: Insolation

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sun.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: sun.

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: Insolation

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Insolation

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: sun.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: sun.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Insolation

text: Other lemurs that do not exhibit dormancy conserve energy by selecting thermoregulated microhabitats (such as tree holes), sharing nests, and reducing exposed body surfaces, such as by hunched sitting and group huddling. Also, the ring-tailed lemur, ruffed lemurs, and sifakas are commonly seen sunning, thus using solar radiation to warm their bodies instead of metabolic heat.

text: Other lemurs that do not exhibit dormancy conserve energy by selecting thermoregulated microhabitats (such as tree holes), sharing nests, and reducing exposed body surfaces, such as by hunched sitting and group huddling. Also, the ring-tailed lemur, ruffed lemurs, and sifakas are commonly seen sunning, thus using solar radiation to warm their bodies instead of

text: metabolic heat

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar radiation

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: solar radiation to warm their bodies

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: nuclear explosions

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar radiation

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: solar radiation

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: lemurs

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar radiation

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: solar radiation to warm their bodies instead of metabolic heat.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar radiation

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar radiation to warm their bodies instead of metabolic heat.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: thermoregulated microhabitats

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: radiation

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Other lemurs that do not exhibit dormancy

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar radiation to warm their bodies instead of metabolic heat.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: solar radiation

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: solar radiation

text: Sundial construction is based on understanding the geometry of the solar system, and particularly how the sun will cast a shadow onto a flat surface, in this case a horizontal surface. Each day over a yearly cycle the shadow will be different from the day before, and the shadow is specific to the location of the dial, particularly its latitude. The dial is designed to tell local apparent time so the longitude is not significant. By this we mean that noon will be at the point when the sun is highest in sky and due south, standard time would be when the sun was due south at another point such as the Royal Observatory at Greenwich. Derby is at 1° 28′ 46.2″ West of Greenwich, so the sun is approximately 5 mins and 52.05 s later in reaching noon. The other point to consider when telling the time is that as the earth moves around the sun in a slight ellipse, day length varies slightly giving a cumulative difference from the average, of up to 16 minutes in November and February, this, with another correction, is known as the equation of time and was really irrelevant until people started comparing sundials with mechanical clocks, which must either ignore the consequences or be re balanced each day to make them correspond with the natural cycle. They measure average time or local mean time. Railways timetabling demanded a fixed noon and fixed day leading to the adoption of Greenwich Mean Time. The local Midland Railway had adopted Greenwich Mean Time by January 1848.

text: Sundial construction is based on understanding the

text: geometry

text: of the

text: solar system

text: , and particularly how the

text: sun

text: will cast a

text: shadow

text: onto a flat surface, in this case a horizontal surface. Each day over a yearly cycle the shadow will be different from the day before, and the shadow is specific to the location of the dial, particularly its

text: latitude

text: . The dial is designed to tell

text: local apparent time

text: so the

text: longitude

text: is not significant. By this we mean that noon will be at the point when the sun is highest in sky and due south, standard time would be when the sun was due south at another point such as the

text: Royal Observatory at Greenwich

text: . Derby is at 1° 28′ 46.2″ West of Greenwich, so the sun is approximately 5 mins and 52.05 s later in reaching noon. The other point to consider when telling the time is that as the earth moves around the sun in a slight ellipse, day length varies slightly giving a cumulative difference from the average, of up to 16 minutes in November and February, this, with another correction, is known as the

text: equation of time

text: and was really irrelevant until people started comparing sundials with mechanical clocks, which must either ignore the consequences or be re balanced each day to make them correspond with the natural cycle. They measure average time or

text: local mean time

text: . Railways timetabling demanded a fixed noon and fixed day leading to the adoption of

text: Greenwich Mean Time

text: . The local

text: Midland Railway

text: had adopted Greenwich Mean Time by January 1848.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: hot spots

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: up to 16 minutes in November and February

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: nuclear explosions

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar system

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: highest in sky

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the solar system

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: sun is highest in sky

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: the shadow will be different from the day before,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: Sundial construction is based on understanding the geometry of the solar system,

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Greenwich Mean Time by January 1848.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: November and February,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: highest in sky

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: day length varies slightly giving a cumulative difference from the average,

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: geometry of the solar system,

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: the longitude is not significant.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Sundial construction is based on understanding the geometry of the solar system,

text: A total solar eclipse will occur on January 6, 2076. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide.

text: A total

text: solar eclipse

text: will occur on January 6, 2076. A

text: solar eclipse

text: occurs when the

text: Moon

text: passes between

text: Earth

text: and the

text: Sun

text: , thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's

text: apparent diameter

text: is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: direct sunlight

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: direct sunlight

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can prominences last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: sunlight,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: sunlight,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: the Moon's apparent diameter is larger than the Sun's,

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunlight,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: A total solar eclipse will occur on January 6, 2076.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: A total solar eclipse will occur on January 6, 2076.

text: The MPS is hosting the German Data Centre for the NASA’s Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO), which has provided improved data on small scales of space and time to study the connections between the solar interior and magnetic activity in the solar atmosphere.A particularly exciting research activity at the MPS is the study of seismic waves in the vicinity of sunspots. The goal is to probe the subsurface structure of sunspots in three dimensions. Sunspot helioseismology is a challenging science as it requires modelling of the propagation of waves through magnetic structures; this can only be achieved by numerical simulations.

text: The MPS is hosting the German Data Centre for the NASA’s

text: Solar Dynamics Observatory

text: (SDO), which has provided improved data on small scales of space and time to study the connections between the solar interior and magnetic activity in the solar atmosphere.A particularly exciting research activity at the MPS is the study of seismic waves in the vicinity of sunspots. The goal is to probe the subsurface structure of sunspots in three dimensions.

text: Sunspot

text: helioseismology

text: is a challenging science as it requires modelling of the propagation of waves through magnetic structures; this can only be achieved by numerical simulations.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: magnetic structures

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: probe the subsurface structure of sunspots in three dimensions

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar atmosphere

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: magnetic structures

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can sunspots last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: connections between the solar interior and magnetic activity

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar atmosphere.A

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: probe the subsurface structure of sunspots in three dimensions.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots.

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sunspots.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar atmosphere.A

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspots.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: sunspots.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the connections between the solar interior and magnetic activity in the solar atmosphere.A

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: sunspots.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: sunspots.

text: Covington became convinced that the effect was due to sunspots, as the flux appeared to vary with the number of visible spots. The resolution of the device, about seven degrees, made it impossible to "pick out" a spot on the sun's surface for study, making a demonstration of the claim difficult. An opportunity to directly measure this possibility presented itself on November 23, 1946 when a partial solar eclipse passed over the Ottawa area, and Covington was able to conclusively demonstrate that the microwave emissions dropped off precipitously when the Moon covered a particularly large sunspot. This also demonstrated that magnetic fields were instrumental in sunspot activity.

text: Covington became convinced that the effect was due to sunspots, as the flux appeared to vary with the number of visible spots. The resolution of the device, about seven degrees, made it impossible to "pick out" a spot on the sun's surface for study, making a demonstration of the claim difficult. An opportunity to directly measure this possibility presented itself on November 23, 1946 when a partial

text: solar eclipse

text: passed over the Ottawa area, and Covington was able to conclusively demonstrate that the microwave emissions dropped off precipitously when the Moon covered a particularly large sunspot. This also demonstrated that magnetic fields were instrumental in sunspot activity.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: visible spots

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: magnetic fields were instrumental in sunspot activity

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar activity

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: visible spots.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: the flux appeared to vary with the number of visible spots.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots,

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sunspots,

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: sun's surface

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: visible spots.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: sunspots,

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: sunspots,

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: sun's surface

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: sunspots,

text: "Standing On the Surface of the Sun":

text: "Standing On the Surface of the Sun":

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: craters

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: they are caused by the heat of the sun

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: nuclear explosions

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: is when a coronal mass ejection occurs

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar system

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long do prominences last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: Surface of the Sun":

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: Surface of the Sun":

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: "Standing On the Surface of the Sun":

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: "Standing On the Surface of the Sun":

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Surface of the Sun":

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: Surface of the Sun":

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: "Standing On the Surface of the Sun":

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: "Standing On the Surface of the Sun":

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: "Standing On the Surface of the Sun":

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: "Standing On the Surface of the Sun":

text: The tidal accelerations at the surfaces of planets in the Solar System are generally very small. For example, the lunar tidal acceleration at the Earth's surface along the Moon-Earth axis is about 1.1 × 10 g, while the solar tidal acceleration at the Earth's surface along the Sun-Earth axis is about 0.52 × 10 g, where g is the gravitational acceleration at the Earth's surface. Hence the tide-raising force (acceleration) due to the Sun is about 45% of that due to the Moon. The solar tidal acceleration at the Earth's surface was first given by Newton in the Principia.

text: The tidal accelerations at the surfaces of planets in the Solar System are generally very small. For example, the lunar tidal acceleration at the Earth's surface along the Moon-Earth axis is about 1.1 × 10 g, while the solar tidal acceleration at the Earth's surface along the Sun-Earth axis is about 0.52 × 10 g, where g is the

text: gravitational acceleration

text: at the Earth's surface. Hence the tide-raising force (acceleration) due to the Sun is about 45% of that due to the Moon. The solar tidal acceleration at the Earth's surface was first given by Newton in the

entity_name: Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica

text: Principia

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: about 0.52  10 g

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: nuclear explosions

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: tidal acceleration

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Solar System

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the Solar System

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: generally very small.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: tide-raising force

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: tide-raising force

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: planets in the Solar System

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: small.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: The tidal accelerations

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Solar System

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Sun-Earth axis

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: The tidal accelerations

text: A half dynamo cycle corresponds to a single sunspot solar cycle. At solar maximum, the external poloidal dipolar magnetic field is near its dynamo-cycle minimum strength, but an internal toroidal quadrupolar field, generated through differential rotation, is near its maximum strength. At this point in the dynamo cycle, buoyant upwelling within the convective zone forces emergence of a toroidal magnetic field through the photosphere, giving rise to patches of concentrated magnetic field corresponding to sunspots.

text: A half dynamo cycle corresponds to a single sunspot

text: solar cycle

text: . At

text: solar maximum

text: , the external

text: poloidal

text: dipolar magnetic field is near its dynamo-cycle minimum strength, but an internal

text: toroidal

text: quadrupolar field, generated through differential rotation, is near its maximum strength. At this point in the dynamo cycle, buoyant upwelling within the

text: convective zone

text: forces emergence of a toroidal magnetic field through the

text: photosphere

text: , giving rise to patches of concentrated magnetic field corresponding to

text: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: patches of concentrated magnetic field

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: buoyant upwelling within the convective zone forces emergence

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar maximum

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar maximum

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: patches of concentrated magnetic field

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: patches of concentrated magnetic field

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspot

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sunspots.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar maximum,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: patches of concentrated magnetic field corresponding to sunspots.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: sunspots.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: sunspot solar cycle.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: sunspots.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: sunspots.

text: 16 Lyrae (16 Lyr) is a 5th magnitude star in the constellation Lyra, approximately 128 light years away from Earth. It is a white star of the spectral type A7V, meaning it has a surface temperature of 7,500 to 11,000 kelvins. It is a dwarf star, like the Sun, but much hotter and brighter.

text: 16 Lyrae (16 Lyr) is a 5th

text: magnitude

text: star in the constellation

text: Lyra

text: , approximately 128

text: light year

text: s away from

text: Earth

text: . It is a white star of the

text: spectral type

text: A7V, meaning it has a surface temperature of 7,500 to 11,000

text: kelvins

text: . It is a

text: dwarf star

text: , like the

text: Sun

text: , but much hotter and brighter.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: hot spots

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: much hotter and brighter

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: dwarf stars

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: 16 Lyrae is a dwarf star, like the Sun, but much hotter and brighter.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: hotter and brighter

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: 16 Lyr

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: hotter and brighter.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: much hotter and brighter.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: dwarf star,

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: 16 Lyrae

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: dwarf star,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: much hotter and brighter.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: 16 Lyrae

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: 16 Lyrae

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: 128 light years

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: 16 Lyrae

text: On February 24, 2014 the sun erupted with a X4.9-class solar flare, the strongest of that year.

text: On February 24, 2014 the sun erupted with a X4.9-class solar flare, the strongest of that year.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: a sunspot is a type of solar storm

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: is a type of solar flare

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar system

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar flare,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: X4.9-class solar flare,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flare,

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: X4.9-class solar flare,

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: X4.9-class solar flare,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: X4.9-class solar flare,

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar flare,

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: X4.9-class solar flare,

text: The Sun's visible atmosphere has other layers above the photosphere: the 2,000 kilometer-deep chromosphere (typically observed by filtered light, for example H-alpha) lies just between the photosphere and the much hotter but more tenuous corona. Other "surface features" on the photosphere are solar flares and sunspots.

text: The Sun's visible atmosphere has other layers above the photosphere: the 2,000 kilometer-deep

text: chromosphere

text: (typically observed by filtered light, for example

text: H-alpha

text: ) lies just between the photosphere and the much hotter but more tenuous

text: corona

text: . Other "surface features" on the photosphere are

text: solar flare

text: s and

text: sunspot

text: s.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: surface features

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: surface features

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: surface features

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: "surface features"

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: "surface features"

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots.

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar flares and sunspots.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: "surface features" on the photosphere

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: "surface features"

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: solar flares and sunspots.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: The Sun's

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: solar flares and sunspots.

text: K2-72 is a M-type star that is approximately 21% the mass of and 23% the radius of the Sun. It has a surface temperature of 3497 K and its age is unknown. In comparison, the Sun is about 4.6 billion years old and has a surface temperature of 5778 K.

text: K2-72 is a

text: M-type

text: star that is approximately 21% the mass of and 23% the radius of the

text: Sun

text: . It has a surface temperature of 3497

text: K

text: and its age is unknown. In comparison, the Sun is about 4.6 billion years old and has a surface temperature of 5778 K.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: hot spots

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: the Sun is about 4.6 billion years old

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: M-type stars

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: K2-72

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: K2-72

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: K2-72

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: M-type star

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: age is unknown.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: M-type star

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: K2-72

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: M-type star

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: M-type star

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: K2-72

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: K2-72

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: K2-72

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: K2-72

text: A joint ESA/NASA mission, the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory, or SOHO, studies the sun, from deep inside its core to the outer corona and solar wind. SOHO has been capturing images of the dynamic flares and coronal mass ejections on the sun since 1996. The mission has provided an unprecedented breadth and depth of information about the sun, with a unique combination of instruments that study its interior through the hot and dynamic atmosphere to the solar wind and its interaction with the interstellar medium. Its coronagraphs – images that observe the sun's atmosphere by blocking out the bright sun in the middle – remain a key component for forecasting the speed, direction and strength of coronal mass ejections as they erupt from the sun. In addition to watching the sun, SOHO has become the most prolific discoverer of comets in astronomical history: as of 2012, over 2000 comets have been found by SOHO.

text: A joint ESA/NASA mission, the

text: Solar and Heliospheric Observatory

text: , or SOHO, studies the sun, from deep inside its core to the outer corona and solar wind. SOHO has been capturing images of the dynamic flares and coronal mass ejections on the sun since 1996. The mission has provided an unprecedented breadth and depth of information about the sun, with a unique combination of instruments that study its interior through the hot and dynamic atmosphere to the solar wind and its interaction with the interstellar medium. Its coronagraphs – images that observe the sun's atmosphere by blocking out the bright sun in the middle – remain a key component for forecasting the speed, direction and strength of coronal mass ejections as they erupt from the sun. In addition to watching the sun, SOHO has become the most prolific discoverer of comets in astronomical history: as of 2012, over 2000 comets have been found by SOHO.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: coronal mass ejections

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: coronal mass ejections as they erupt from the sun

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: mass ejections

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: as they erupt from the sun

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: coronagraphs

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can coronal mass ejections last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: coronal mass ejections

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: speed, direction and strength

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: coronal mass ejections

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: coronal mass ejections as they erupt from the sun.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the sun.

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: coronal mass ejections

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: flares

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the sun,

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: sun

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: interstellar medium.

text: The observatory was founded in 1943 by the German Luftwaffe of the Third Reich to make the most accurate prediction of the ideal frequency for military radio communication by observing the solar activities. It was managed by Karl-Otto Kiepenheuer from 1943 until 1975.

text: The observatory was founded in 1943 by the German

text: Luftwaffe

text: of the

text: Third Reich

text: to make the most accurate prediction of the ideal frequency for military radio communication by observing the solar activities. It was managed by

text: Karl-Otto Kiepenheuer

text: from 1943 until 1975.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar activities

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: Observing the solar activities

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar storms

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar activities

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar activities

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar activities.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: solar activities.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: Luftwaffe

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar activities.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: solar activities.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: solar activities.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar activities.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: solar activities.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: 1975.

text: Canis Major is also home to many variable stars. EZ Canis Majoris is a Wolf–Rayet star of spectral type WN4 that varies between magnitudes 6.71 and 6.95 over a period of 3.766 days; the cause of its variability is unknown but thought to be related to its stellar wind and rotation. VY Canis Majoris is one of the largest stars known, a remote red supergiant located around 3800 light-years away from Earth. Estimates of its size, mass and luminosity have varied, with figures of 600 to 3000 times the radius, and 60,000 to 500,000 times the luminosity of the Sun. It was observed in 2011 using interferometry with the Very Large Telescope, yielding a radius of 1420 ± 120 solar radii, surface temperature of around 3490 K (and hence spectral type M4Ia) and a luminosity 270,000 times that of the Sun. Its current mass has been revised at 9–25 solar masses, having shed material from an initial 15–35 solar masses. W Canis Majoris is a type of red giant known as a carbon star—a semiregular variable, it ranges between magnitudes 6.27 and 7.09 over a period of 160 days. A cool star, it has a surface temperature of around 2900 K and a radius 234 times that of the Sun, its distance estimated at 1444–1450 light-years from Earth. At the other extreme in size is RX J0720.4-3125, a neutron star with a radius of around 5 km. Exceedingly faint, it has an apparent magnitude of 26.6. Its spectrum and temperature appear to be mysteriously changing over several years. The nature of the changes are unclear, but it is possible they were caused by an event such as the star's absorption of an accretion disc.

text: Canis Major is also home to many variable stars.

text: EZ Canis Majoris

text: is a

text: Wolf–Rayet star

text: of spectral type WN4 that varies between magnitudes 6.71 and 6.95 over a period of 3.766 days; the cause of its variability is unknown but thought to be related to its stellar wind and rotation.

text: VY Canis Majoris

text: is one of the largest stars known, a remote red supergiant located around 3800 light-years away from Earth. Estimates of its size, mass and luminosity have varied, with figures of 600 to 3000 times the radius, and 60,000 to 500,000 times the luminosity of the Sun. It was observed in 2011 using

text: interferometry

text: with the

text: Very Large Telescope

text: , yielding a radius of 1420 ± 120 solar radii, surface temperature of around 3490 K (and hence spectral type M4Ia) and a luminosity 270,000 times that of the Sun. Its current mass has been revised at 9–25 solar masses, having shed material from an initial 15–35 solar masses.

text: W Canis Majoris

text: is a type of red giant known as a

text: carbon star

text: —a semiregular variable, it ranges between magnitudes 6.27 and 7.09 over a period of 160 days. A cool star, it has a surface temperature of around 2900 K and a radius 234 times that of the Sun, its distance estimated at 1444–1450 light-years from Earth. At the other extreme in size is

text: RX J0720.4-3125

text: , a

text: neutron star

text: with a radius of around 5 km. Exceedingly faint, it has an apparent magnitude of 26.6. Its spectrum and temperature appear to be mysteriously changing over several years. The nature of the changes are unclear, but it is possible they were caused by an event such as the star's absorption of an

text: accretion disc

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: variable stars

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: the cause of its variability is unknown

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: supergiants

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: the star's absorption of an accretion disc

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: variable stars

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: red giants

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How many days does EZ Canis Majoris have?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Canis Majoris

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: stellar wind

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: stellar wind and rotation.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: supergiant

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: accretion disc.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Canis Major

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: carbon star—a

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: 160 days.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Canis Major is also home to many variable stars.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: 1444–1450 light-years

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: 15–35 solar masses.

text: The Mars Habitat Unit is a 2- or 3-deck vehicle providing a comprehensive living and working environment for a Mars crew. In addition to individual sleeping quarters which provide a degree of privacy for each of the crew and a place for personal effects, the Mars Habitat Unit includes a communal living area, a small galley, exercise area, and hygiene facilities with closed-cycle water purification. The lower deck of the Mars Habitat Unit provides the primary working space for the crew: small laboratory areas for carrying out geology and life science research; storage space for samples, airlocks for reaching the surface of Mars, and a suiting-up area where crew members prepare for surface operations. Protection from harmful radiation while in space and on the surface of Mars (e.g. from solar flares) would be provided by a dedicated "storm shelter" in the core of the vehicle.

text: The Mars Habitat Unit is a 2- or 3-deck vehicle providing a comprehensive living and working environment for a Mars crew. In addition to individual sleeping quarters which provide a degree of privacy for each of the crew and a place for personal effects, the Mars Habitat Unit includes a communal living area, a small galley, exercise area, and hygiene facilities with closed-cycle water purification. The lower deck of the Mars Habitat Unit provides the primary working space for the crew: small laboratory areas for carrying out geology and life science research; storage space for samples, airlocks for reaching the surface of Mars, and a suiting-up area where crew members prepare for surface operations. Protection from harmful radiation while in space and on the surface of Mars (e.g. from

text: solar flares

text: ) would be provided by a dedicated "storm shelter" in the core of the vehicle.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: harmful radiation

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: protection from harmful radiation while in space

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Mars

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: flares

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can solar flares last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Mars

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar flares)

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: harmful radiation

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares)

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar flares)

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: solar flares)

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: solar flares)

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar flares)

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Mars

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: solar flares)

text: In solar physics, a spicule is a dynamic jet of about 500 km diameter in the chromosphere of the Sun.  It moves upwards at about 20 km/s from the  photosphere. They were discovered in 1877 by Father Angelo Secchi of the Vatican Observatory in Rome.

text: In

text: solar physics

text: , a spicule is a dynamic jet of about 500 km diameter in the

text: chromosphere

text: of the

text: Sun

text: .  It moves upwards at about 20 km/s from the

text: photosphere

text: . They were discovered in 1877 by Father

text: Angelo Secchi

text: of the

text: Vatican Observatory

text: in Rome.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: spicules

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: about 500 km diameter in the chromosphere

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: spicules

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar physics

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: photosphere

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar physics

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: a dynamic jet of about 500 km diameter in the chromosphere

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: It moves upwards at about 20 km/s from the photosphere.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: spicule

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: a spicule

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: chromosphere of the Sun.

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: a dynamic jet

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: spicule

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar physics,

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Sun.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: chromosphere of the Sun.

text: According to the Solar Dynamics Observatory, these CMEs were probably connected to a C3.2-class solar flare that peaked on August 1 at 08:26 UT. The origin of this blast was sunspot 1092. Connection between both events was established despite the ~400,000 km distance between them.

text: According to the Solar Dynamics Observatory, these CMEs were probably connected to a C3.2-class solar flare that peaked on August 1 at 08:26 UT. The origin of this blast was sunspot 1092. Connection between both events was established despite the ~400,000 km distance between them.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: C3.2-class solar flare

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: CMEs

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar system

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: CMEs

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: CMEs

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar flare

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: <unk>400,000 km distance between them.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: CMEs

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: CMEs

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: CMEs

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: CMEs

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar flare

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: 400,000 km

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: solar flare

text: At the equator the solar rotation period is 24.47 days. This is called the sidereal rotation period, and should not be confused with the synodic rotation period of 26.24 days, which is the time for a fixed feature on the Sun to rotate to the same apparent position as viewed from Earth. The synodic period is longer because the Sun must rotate for a sidereal period plus an extra amount due to the orbital motion of the Earth around the Sun. Note that astrophysical literature does not typically use the equatorial rotation period, but instead often uses the definition of a Carrington rotation: a synodic rotation period of 27.2753 days (or a sidereal period of 25.38 days). This chosen period roughly corresponds to rotation at a latitude of 16 deg, which is consistent with the typical latitude of sunspots and corresponding periodic solar activity. When the Sun is viewed from the "north" (above the Earth's northern pole) solar rotation is counterclockwise. For a person standing on the North Pole, sunspots would appear to move from left to right across the face of the Sun.

text: At the equator the solar rotation period is 24.47 days. This is called the

text: sidereal

text: rotation period, and should not be confused with the

text: synodic

text: rotation period of 26.24 days, which is the time for a fixed feature on the Sun to rotate to the same apparent position as viewed from

text: Earth

text: . The synodic period is longer because the Sun must rotate for a sidereal period plus an extra amount due to the orbital motion of the Earth around the Sun. Note that astrophysical literature does not typically use the equatorial rotation period, but instead often uses the definition of a

text: Carrington rotation

text: : a synodic rotation period of 27.2753 days (or a sidereal period of 25.38 days). This chosen period roughly corresponds to rotation at a latitude of 16 deg, which is consistent with the typical latitude of sunspots and corresponding periodic solar activity. When the Sun is viewed from the "north" (above the Earth's northern pole) solar rotation is counterclockwise. For a person standing on the

text: North Pole

text: , sunspots would appear to move from left to right across the face of the Sun.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: fixed feature on the Sun

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: rotation at a latitude of 16 deg

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: latitude

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: fixed feature on the Sun

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can a sunspot last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: periodic solar activity.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: typical latitude

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: latitude

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar activity.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: orbital motion of the Earth around the Sun.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: At the equator

text: Astronomical knowledge flourished in the Islamic world during medieval times. Many observatories were built in cities from Damascus to Baghdad, where detailed astronomical observations were taken. Particularly, a few solar parameters were measured and detailed observations of the Sun were taken. Solar observations were taken with the purpose of navigation, but mostly for timekeeping. Islam requires its followers to pray five times a day, at specific position of the Sun in the sky. As such, accurate observations of the Sun and its trajectory on the sky were needed. In the late 10th century, Iranian astronomer Abu-Mahmud Khojandi built a massive observatory near Tehran. There, he took accurate measurements of a series of meridian transits of the Sun, which he later used to calculate the obliquity of the ecliptic.Following the fall of the Western Roman Empire, Western Europe was cut from all sources of ancient scientific knowledge, especially those written in Greek. This, plus de-urbanisation and diseases such as the Black Death led to a decline in scientific knowledge in Medieval Europe, especially in the early Middle Ages. During this period, observations of the Sun were taken either in relation to the zodiac, or to assist in building places of worship such as churches and cathedrals.

text: Astronomical knowledge flourished in the Islamic world during medieval times. Many observatories were built in cities from Damascus to Baghdad, where detailed astronomical observations were taken. Particularly, a few solar parameters were measured and detailed observations of the Sun were taken. Solar observations were taken with the purpose of navigation, but mostly for timekeeping. Islam requires its followers to pray five times a day, at specific position of the Sun in the sky. As such, accurate observations of the Sun and its trajectory on the sky were needed. In the late 10th century, Iranian astronomer

text: Abu-Mahmud Khojandi

text: built a massive observatory near Tehran. There, he took accurate measurements of a series of meridian transits of the Sun, which he later used to calculate the obliquity of the ecliptic.Following the fall of the Western Roman Empire, Western Europe was cut from all sources of ancient scientific knowledge, especially those written in Greek. This, plus de-urbanisation and diseases such as the Black Death led to a decline in scientific knowledge in Medieval Europe, especially in the early Middle Ages. During this period, observations of the Sun were taken either in relation to the zodiac, or to assist in building places of worship such as churches and cathedrals.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: hot spots

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: meridian transits

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar storms

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar system

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar parameters

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: meridian transits

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: mostly for timekeeping.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: meridian transits

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: meridian transits of the Sun,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: meridian transits of the Sun,

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: meridian transits of the Sun,

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Sun in the sky.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Black Death

text: Among the largest known explosions in the universe are supernovae, which result when a star explodes from the sudden starting or stopping of nuclear fusion, and gamma ray bursts, whose nature is still in some dispute. Solar flares are an example of explosion common on the Sun, and presumably on most other stars as well. The energy source for solar flare activity comes from the tangling of magnetic field lines resulting from the rotation of the Sun's conductive plasma. Another type of large astronomical explosion occurs when a very large meteoroid or an asteroid impacts the surface of another object, such as a planet.

text: Among the largest known explosions in the

text: universe

text: are

text: supernova

text: e, which result when a

text: star

text: explodes from the sudden starting or stopping of

text: nuclear fusion

text: , and

text: gamma ray burst

text: s, whose nature is still in some dispute.

text: Solar flare

text: s are an example of explosion common on the

text: Sun

text: , and presumably on most other stars as well. The energy source for solar flare activity comes from the tangling of

text: magnetic field

text: lines resulting from the rotation of the Sun's conductive

text: plasma

text: . Another type of large astronomical explosion occurs when a very large meteoroid or an

text: asteroid

text: impacts the surface of another object, such as a

text: planet

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: The energy source for solar flare activity comes from the tangling of magnetic field lines

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: supernovae

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: supernovae

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: Solar flares

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: rotation of the Sun's conductive plasma.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: supernovae,

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: supernovae,

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: Solar flares

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Solar flares

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Solar flares

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Solar flares are an example of explosion common on the Sun,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: gamma ray bursts,

text: Sunspot populations rise quickly and fall more slowly on an irregular cycle of 11 years.  Their numbers also change on over long periods. For example, from 1900 to the 1960s, the solar maxima trend of sunspot count was upwards; for the following decades it diminished. However, the Sun was last as active as this period over 8,000 years ago.

text: Sunspot populations rise quickly and fall more slowly on an irregular

text: cycle of 11 years

text: .  Their numbers also change on over long periods. For example, from 1900 to the 1960s, the

text: solar maxima

text: trend of sunspot count was upwards; for the following decades it diminished. However, the Sun was last as active as this period over 8,000 years ago.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: active

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: their numbers also change on over long periods

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: rise quickly and fall more slowly on an irregular cycle of 11 years.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: Sunspot

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Sunspot populations

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: irregular cycle of 11 years.

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: Sunspot

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Sunspot populations

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Sunspot populations

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Sunspot populations

text: Mauna Loa's most recent eruption occurred from March 24 to April 15, 1984. No recent eruptions of the volcano have caused fatalities, but eruptions in 1926 and 1950 destroyed villages, and the city of Hilo is partly built on lava flows from the late 19th century. Because of the potential hazards it poses to population centers, Mauna Loa is part of the Decade Volcanoes program, which encourages studies of the world's most dangerous volcanoes. Mauna Loa has been monitored intensively by the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory since 1912. Observations of the atmosphere are undertaken at the Mauna Loa Observatory, and of the Sun at the Mauna Loa Solar Observatory, both located near the mountain's summit. Hawaii Volcanoes National Park covers the summit and the southeastern flank of the volcano, and also incorporates Kīlauea, a separate volcano.

text: Mauna Loa's most recent eruption occurred from March 24 to April 15, 1984. No recent eruptions of the volcano have caused fatalities, but eruptions in 1926 and 1950 destroyed villages, and the city of

text: Hilo

text: is partly built on lava flows from the late 19th century. Because of the potential hazards it poses to population centers, Mauna Loa is part of the

text: Decade Volcanoes

text: program, which encourages studies of the world's most dangerous volcanoes. Mauna Loa has been monitored intensively by the

text: Hawaiian Volcano Observatory

text: since 1912. Observations of the

text: atmosphere

text: are undertaken at the

text: Mauna Loa Observatory

text: , and of the

text: Sun

text: at the

text: Mauna Loa Solar Observatory

text: , both located near the mountain's summit.

text: Hawaii Volcanoes National Park

text: covers the summit and the southeastern flank of the volcano, and also incorporates

text: Kīlauea

text: , a separate volcano.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: hot spots on the Sun

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: volcanoes

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Mauna Loa Solar Observatory

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: suns

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can eruptions last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: Sun at the Mauna Loa Solar Observatory,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: eruption

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Sun at the Mauna Loa Solar Observatory,

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: March 24 to April 15, 1984.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Mauna Loa Solar Observatory,

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Mauna Loa Solar Observatory,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Mauna Loa Solar Observatory,

text: Starspots are regions of intense magnetic activity on the surface of a star. (On the Sun they are termed sunspots.) These form a visible component of magnetic flux tubes that are formed within a star's convection zone. Due to the differential rotation of the star, the tube becomes curled up and stretched, inhibiting convection and producing zones of lower than normal temperature. Coronal loops often form above starspots, forming from magnetic field lines that stretch out into the corona. These in turn serve to heat the corona to temperatures over a million kelvins.

text: Starspot

text: s are regions of intense magnetic activity on the surface of a star. (On the

text: Sun

text: they are termed

text: sunspot

text: s.) These form a visible component of magnetic

text: flux tube

text: s that are formed within a star's

text: convection zone

text: . Due to the differential rotation of the star, the tube becomes curled up and stretched, inhibiting convection and producing zones of lower than normal temperature.

text: Coronal loop

text: s often form above starspots, forming from magnetic field lines that stretch out into the

text: corona

text: . These in turn serve to heat the corona to temperatures over a million

text: kelvin

text: s.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: regions of intense magnetic activity

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: regions of intense magnetic activity

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: heat the corona

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: a star

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: regions of intense magnetic activity

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: starspots

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: regions of intense magnetic activity on the surface of a star.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: regions of intense magnetic activity on the surface of a star.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: Starspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Coronal loops

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: a star.

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: regions of intense magnetic activity

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Starspots

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Starspots

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Starspots

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Starspots

text: A vector magnetograph works in a very narrow waveband around a single spectral line, for example the 525.02 nm 'Fe I' line from neutral (non-ionized) iron.  The measured shifts in wavelength are fractions of a picometre.  Measuring the full spectral profile of the line with this precision requires a high-dispersion spectrograph and a long time to collect sufficient photons to make the measurement with precision.  For example, SOLIS requires about an hour to gather polarized spectral profiles over the whole Sun, and Hinode, the recently launched spacecraft with a 0.5-meter solar telescope on board, takes about an hour to cover a 164-arcsecond-square field (1% of the Sun) at very high spatial resolution.  Other types of magnetograph use narrowband filter imaging to produce a measurement of the first few moments of the spectral line, and operate much more quickly: the HMI instrument on board the Solar Dynamics Observatory will produce a vector magnetogram every few minutes.

text: A vector magnetograph works in a very narrow waveband around a single

text: spectral line

text: , for example the 525.02

text: nm

text: 'Fe I' line from neutral (non-ionized)

text: iron

text: .  The measured shifts in wavelength are fractions of a

text: picometre

text: .  Measuring the full spectral profile of the line with this precision requires a high-dispersion spectrograph and a long time to collect sufficient

text: photon

text: s to make the measurement with precision.  For example,

text: SOLIS

text: requires about an hour to gather polarized spectral profiles over the whole Sun, and

text: Hinode

text: , the recently launched spacecraft with a 0.5-

text: meter

text: solar telescope on board, takes about an hour to cover a 164-arcsecond-square field (1% of the Sun) at very high spatial resolution.  Other types of magnetograph use narrowband filter imaging to produce a measurement of the first few

text: moment

text: s of the spectral line, and operate much more quickly: the

text: HMI

text: instrument on board the

text: Solar Dynamics Observatory

text: will produce a vector magnetogram every few minutes.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: 1% of the Sun at very high spatial resolution

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar storms

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: solar storms

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can prominences last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: spectral line,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: a long time to collect sufficient photons

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: A vector magnetograph

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: minutes.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: photons

text: A total solar eclipse will occur on September 3, 2081. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide.

text: A total

text: solar eclipse

text: will occur on September 3, 2081. A

text: solar eclipse

text: occurs when the

text: Moon

text: passes between

text: Earth

text: and the

text: Sun

text: , thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's

text: apparent diameter

text: is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: direct sunlight

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: direct sunlight

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can prominences last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: sunlight,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: direct sunlight,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: the Moon's apparent diameter is larger than the Sun's,

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunlight,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: A total solar eclipse will occur on September 3, 2081.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: A total solar eclipse will occur on September 3, 2081.

text: Many of the artist's more recent works have featured renewable energy sources intended to power the works and interact with the gallery space. 1994's Perpetual Motion featured a video monitor powered by a wind turbine, with the wind being supplied by a fan plugged into the gallery's power. Mothlight (1998) and Mothlight II (2001) featured solar-powered video screens powered by halogen lights. His 2002 installation 2002, For William Henry Fox Talbot (The Pencil of Nature) consisted of a solar-powered video camera at Lacock Abbey, reproducing a live image of William Henry Fox Talbot's 1835 photograph of a latticed window at the abbey (the world's oldest surviving photograph), then transmitted to the Victoria and Albert Museum in London. 2004's Interwoven Motion was an outdoor video installation in Grizedale Forest, Cumbria, made up of a wind- and solar-powered camera and screen, it produced video images displayed on a weatherproof LCD display. 2005's Resurrection featured a series of solar panels mounted on a dead tree, powering a video display of the tree in its living form. And his 2011 installation Sunbeam used solar panels to power the projection of images of the sun from NASA’ s Solar Dynamics Observatory.

text: Many of the artist's more recent works have featured renewable energy sources intended to power the works and interact with the gallery space. 1994's Perpetual Motion featured a video monitor powered by a wind turbine, with the wind being supplied by a fan plugged into the gallery's power. Mothlight (1998) and Mothlight II (2001) featured solar-powered video screens powered by halogen lights. His 2002 installation 2002, For William Henry Fox Talbot (The Pencil of Nature) consisted of a solar-powered video camera at

text: Lacock Abbey

text: , reproducing a live image of

text: William Henry Fox Talbot's

text: 1835 photograph of a latticed window at the abbey (the world's oldest surviving photograph), then transmitted to the

text: Victoria and Albert Museum

text: in London. 2004's Interwoven Motion was an outdoor video installation in

text: Grizedale Forest

text: Cumbria

text: , made up of a wind- and solar-powered camera and screen, it produced video images displayed on a weatherproof LCD display. 2005's Resurrection featured a series of solar panels mounted on a dead tree, powering a video display of the tree in its living form. And his 2011 installation Sunbeam used solar panels to power the projection of images of the sun from NASA’ s Solar Dynamics Observatory.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar storms

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sun

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can prominences last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: sun

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: Solar Dynamics Observatory.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: Solar Dynamics Observatory.

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Solar Dynamics Observatory.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sun

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Solar Dynamics Observatory.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: sun

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Solar Dynamics Observatory.

text: The Sun does not have a definite boundary, and in its outer parts its density decreases exponentially with increasing distance from its center. For the purpose of measurement, however, the Sun's radius is considered to be the distance from its center to the edge of the photosphere, the apparent visible surface of the Sun. By this measure, the Sun is a near-perfect sphere with an oblateness estimated at about 9 millionths, which means that its polar diameter differs from its equatorial diameter by only .The tidal effect of the planets is weak and does not significantly affect the shape of the Sun. The Sun rotates faster at its equator than at its poles. This differential rotation is caused by convective motion due to heat transport and the Coriolis force due to the Sun's rotation. In a frame of reference defined by the stars, the rotational period is approximately 25.6 days at the equator and 33.5 days at the poles. Viewed from Earth as it orbits the Sun, the apparent rotational period of the Sun at its equator is about 28 days.

text: The Sun does not have a definite boundary, and in its outer parts its density decreases exponentially with increasing distance from its center. For the purpose of measurement, however, the Sun's radius is considered to be the distance from its center to the edge of the

text: photosphere

text: , the apparent visible surface of the Sun. By this measure, the Sun is a near-perfect sphere with an

text: oblateness

text: estimated at about 9 millionths, which means that its polar diameter differs from its equatorial diameter by only .The tidal effect of the planets is weak and does not significantly affect the shape of the Sun. The Sun rotates faster at its

text: equator

text: than at its

text: poles

text: . This

text: differential rotation

text: is caused by

text: convective motion

text: due to heat transport and the

text: Coriolis force

text: due to the Sun's rotation. In a frame of reference defined by the stars, the rotational period is approximately 25.6 days at the equator and 33.5 days at the poles. Viewed from Earth as it orbits the Sun, the apparent rotational period of the Sun at its equator is about 28 days.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: hot spots

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: the Sun rotates faster at its equator than at its poles

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: nuclear explosions

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: causes a coronal mass ejection

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the photosphere

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: visible surface

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: The Sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: heat transport

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: The Sun does not have a definite boundary,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: Coriolis force

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Coriolis force

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: poles.

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: stars,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: 28 days.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: The Sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: only.The tidal effect of the planets is weak

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: The Sun does not have a definite boundary,

text: The thermal columns of the convection zone form an imprint on the surface of the Sun giving it a granular appearance  called the solar granulation at the smallest scale and supergranulation at larger scales. Turbulent convection in this outer part of the solar interior sustains "small-scale" dynamo action over the near-surface volume of the Sun. The Sun's thermal columns are Bénard cells and take the shape of hexagonal prisms.

text: The thermal columns of the convection zone form an imprint on the surface of the Sun giving it a granular appearance  called the

text: solar granulation

text: at the smallest scale and

text: supergranulation

text: at larger scales. Turbulent convection in this outer part of the solar interior sustains "small-scale" dynamo action over the near-surface volume of the Sun. The Sun's thermal columns are

text: Bénard cells

text: and take the shape of hexagonal prisms.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: convection zone

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: thermal columns of the convection zone form an imprint

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: dynamo

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar interior

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: Bénard cells

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can prominences last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: Bénard cells

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: The thermal columns of the convection zone form an imprint

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: dynamo

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar granulation

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: convection zone

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: Bénard cells

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: The thermal columns of the convection zone

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: The thermal columns of the convection zone

text: By the 50th anniversary of the Observatory, they had built an astrophysical laboratory with a mechanical workshop and installed the Europe’s largest refractor, (30 inch). Astrophysical research really gained momentum with the appointment of Feodor Bredikhin as a director of the Observatory in 1890 and transfer of Aristarkh Belopolsky from the Moscow Observatory, an expert in stellar spectroscopy and solar research. In 1923, they installed a big Littrow spectrograph, and in 1940 – a horizontal solar telescope, manufactured at a Leningrad factory. After having received an astrograph in 1894, the observatory began its work on astrophotography. In 1927, the Observatory received a zone astrograph and with its help the Russian astronomers catalogued the stars of the near-polar areas of the sky. Regular observation of movements of celestial poles began with the construction of the zenith telescope in 1904. In 1920, the Observatory started transmitting the exact time by radio signals. The observatory participated in the basic geodesic work, namely in measuring degrees of the arc of the meridian from the Danube to the Arctic Ocean (until 1851), and in triangulation of Spitsbergen in 1899–1901. Military geodesists and hydrographers used to work at the Observatory as interns. The Pulkovo Meridian, which passes through the center of the main building of the Observatory and is located at 30°19,6‘ east of Greenwich, was the point of departure for all former geographical maps of Russia.

text: By the 50th anniversary of the Observatory, they had built an

text: astrophysical

text: laboratory

text: with a mechanical workshop and installed the Europe’s largest refractor, (30 inch). Astrophysical research really gained momentum with the appointment of

text: Feodor Bredikhin

text: as a director of the Observatory in 1890 and transfer of

text: Aristarkh Belopolsky

text: from the Moscow Observatory, an expert in

text: stellar spectroscopy

text: and

text: solar

text: research. In 1923, they installed a big

text: Littrow

text: spectrograph

text: , and in 1940 – a horizontal solar

text: telescope

text: , manufactured at a

text: Leningrad

text: factory. After having received an

text: astrograph

text: in 1894, the observatory began its work on

text: astrophotography

text: . In 1927, the Observatory received a zone astrograph and with its help the Russian

text: astronomer

text: s catalogued the stars of the near-

text: polar

text: areas of the sky. Regular observation of movements of

text: celestial pole

text: s began with the construction of the

text: zenith telescope

text: in 1904. In 1920, the Observatory started transmitting the exact time by radio signals. The observatory participated in the basic

text: geodesic

text: work, namely in measuring

text: degree

text: s of the

text: arc of the meridian

text: from the

text: Danube

text: to the

text: Arctic Ocean

text: (until 1851), and in

text: triangulation

text: of

text: Spitsbergen

text: in 1899–1901. Military

text: geodesist

text: s and

text: hydrographer

text: s used to work at the Observatory as interns. The Pulkovo Meridian, which passes through the center of the main building of the Observatory and is located at 30°19,6‘ east of

text: Greenwich

text: , was the point of departure for all former geographical maps of Russia.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: in 1940 – a horizontal solar telescope

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar storms

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: a horizontal solar telescope

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can prominences last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar research

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: stellar spectroscopy and solar research.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: Regular observation of movements of celestial poles

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: stellar

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar research.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: stellar spectroscopy and solar research.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar research.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: sky. Regular observation of movements of celestial poles

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Europe’s largest refractor,

text: For the surface of the Sun, these parameters are measured to have the following values:

text: For the surface of the

text: Sun

text: , these parameters are measured to have the following values:

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: ionization

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: volcanoes

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: can cause a solar flare

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar atmosphere

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: ionizing radiation

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: surface of the Sun,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: For the surface of the Sun,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: For the surface of the Sun,

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: For the surface of the Sun,

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: surface of the Sun,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: surface of the Sun,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: For the surface of the Sun,

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the Sun,

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: For the surface of the Sun,

text: The high temperature of the Sun's corona gives it unusual spectral features, which led some in the 19th century to suggest that it contained a previously unknown element, "coronium". Instead, these spectral features have since been explained by highly ionized iron (Fe-XIV).  Bengt Edlén, following the work of Grotrian (1939), first identified the coronal spectral lines in 1940 (observed since 1869) as transitions from low-lying metastable levels of the ground configuration of highly ionised metals (the green Fe-XIV line at 5303 Å, but also the red line Fe-X at 6374 Å).  These high stages of ionisation indicate a plasma temperature in excess of 1,000,000 kelvin, much hotter than the surface of the sun.

text: The high temperature of the Sun's corona gives it unusual

text: spectral

text: features, which led some in the 19th century to suggest that it contained a previously unknown element, "

text: coronium

text: ". Instead, these spectral features have since been explained by

text: highly ionized

text: iron

text: (Fe-XIV).

text: Bengt Edlén

text: , following the work of Grotrian (1939), first identified the coronal spectral lines in 1940 (observed since 1869) as transitions from low-lying metastable levels of the ground configuration of highly ionised metals (the green Fe-XIV line at 5303 Å, but also the red line Fe-X at 6374 Å).  These high stages of

text: ionisation

text: indicate a plasma temperature in excess of 1,000,000

text: kelvin

text: , much hotter than the surface of the sun.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: coronal spectral lines

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: plasma temperature in excess of 1,000,000 kelvin

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: corona

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: The high temperature of the Sun's corona

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: plasma

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: corona

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: corona

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: spectral features,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: much hotter than the surface of the sun.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: corona

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: coronal spectral lines

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: corona

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: corona

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: The high temperature of the Sun's corona

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Sun's corona

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: sun.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: The high temperature

text: A total solar eclipse occurred on October 2, 1959. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide.

text: A total

text: solar eclipse

text: occurred on October 2, 1959. A

text: solar eclipse

text: occurs when the

text: Moon

text: passes between

text: Earth

text: and the

text: Sun

text: , thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's

text: apparent diameter

text: is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: direct sunlight

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: total solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: direct sunlight

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can prominences last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: sunlight,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: sunlight,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun,

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunlight,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: A total solar eclipse occurred on October 2, 1959.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: A total solar eclipse

text: A total solar eclipse occurred on November 30, 1853. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide.

text: A total

text: solar eclipse

text: occurred on November 30, 1853. A

text: solar eclipse

text: occurs when the

text: Moon

text: passes between

text: Earth

text: and the

text: Sun

text: , thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's

text: apparent diameter

text: is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: direct sunlight

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: total solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: direct sunlight

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can prominences last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: sunlight,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: sunlight,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: total solar eclipse occurred on November 30, 1853.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunlight,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: A total solar eclipse occurred on November 30, 1853.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: A total solar eclipse occurred on November 30, 1853.

text: Originally a solar observatory in the International Sun-Earth Explorer series, it was sent into solar orbit to make the first close observations of a comet, Comet Giacobini-Zinner, in 1985 as a prelude to studies of Halley's Comet.

text: Originally a solar observatory in the International Sun-Earth Explorer series, it was sent into solar orbit to make the first close observations of a comet,

text: Comet Giacobini-Zinner

text: , in 1985 as a prelude to studies of Halley's Comet.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: hot spots on the sun

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: a solar observatory in the International Sun-Earth Explorer series

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: comets

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Halley's Comet

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: suns

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Halley's Comet

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar orbit

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: solar orbit to make the first close observations of a comet,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Comet Giacobini-Zinner,

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar orbit

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: Sun-Earth Explorer series, it was sent into solar orbit

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Comet Giacobini-Zinner,

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Halley's Comet.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: solar orbit

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Comet Giacobini-Zinner,

text: In 1961 the father-and-son team of Harold and Horace Babcock established that the solar cycle is a spatiotemporal magnetic process unfolding over the Sun as a whole. They observed that the solar surface is magnetized outside of sunspots; that this (weaker) magnetic field is to first order a dipole; and that this dipole undergoes polarity reversals with the same period as the sunspot cycle. Horace's Babcock model described the Sun's oscillatory magnetic field, with a quasi-steady periodicity of 22 years. It covered the oscillatory exchange of energy between poloidal and toroidal solar magnetic field ingredients. The two halves of the 22-year cycle are not identical, typically alternating cycles show higher (lower) sunspot counts (the "Gnevyshev–Ohl Rule.")

text: In 1961 the father-and-son team of

text: Harold

text: and

text: Horace Babcock

text: established that the solar cycle is a spatiotemporal magnetic process unfolding over the Sun as a whole. They observed that the solar surface is magnetized outside of sunspots; that this (weaker) magnetic field is to first order a

text: dipole

text: ; and that this dipole undergoes polarity reversals with the same period as the sunspot cycle. Horace's

text: Babcock model

text: described the Sun's oscillatory magnetic field, with a quasi-steady periodicity of 22 years. It covered the oscillatory exchange of energy between poloidal and toroidal solar magnetic field ingredients. The two halves of the 22-year cycle are not identical, typically alternating cycles show higher (lower) sunspot counts (the "Gnevyshev–Ohl Rule.")

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: magnetic process unfolding over the Sun as a whole

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: solar surface is magnetized outside of sunspots

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar cycle

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the solar cycle

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: the solar surface is magnetized outside of sunspots;

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: the solar surface is magnetized outside of sunspots;

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots;

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sunspots;

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Sun as a whole. They observed that the solar surface

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspots;

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: sunspots;

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the solar cycle

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: sunspots;

text: Schumann resonance -sector boundary -selective fading -Shadow loss -shortwave relay station -side lobe -Signal-to-Interference Ratio -single event upset (SEU) -Single Vegetative Obstruction Model -SINPO code-skip (radio) -skip zone -sky wave -skywave -Solar Maximum Mission (SMM) -Synchronous Meteorological Satellite (SMS) -Software-defined radio -solar activity -solar constant -solar cycle -solar flare -solar flux -solar flux unit -solar maximum -solar minimum -solar radiation storm level -solar rotation rate -solar transition region -solar wind -solstice -Solar Observing Optical Network (SOON) -South Atlantic anomaly -Southern Hemisphere Auroral Radar Experiment -Space weather -spicule (solar physics) -SPLAT!-Sporadic E propagation -spray (solar physics) -Spread spectrum -stratosphere -substorm -sudden ionospheric disturbance (SID) -sunspot -sunspot cycle -sunspot number -super high frequency (SHF) -supergranulation -Surface wave -Solar X-ray Imager (SXI) -synodic -synoptic chart -

text: Schumann resonance

text: sector boundary

text: selective fading

text: Shadow loss

text: shortwave relay station

text: side lobe

text: Signal-to-Interference Ratio

text: single event upset

text: (SEU) -

text: Single Vegetative Obstruction Model

text: SINPO code

text: skip (radio)

text: skip zone

text: sky wave

text: skywave

text: Solar Maximum Mission

text: (SMM) -

text: Synchronous Meteorological Satellite

text: (SMS) -

text: Software-defined radio

text: solar activity

text: solar constant

text: solar cycle

text: solar flare

text: solar flux

text: solar flux unit

text: solar maximum

text: solar minimum

text: solar radiation storm level

text: solar rotation rate

text: solar transition region

text: solar wind

text: solstice

text: Solar Observing Optical Network

text: (SOON) -

text: South Atlantic anomaly

entity_name: Southern Hemisphere Auroral Radar Experiment

text: Southern Hemisphere Auroral Radar Experiment

text: Space weather

text: spicule (solar physics)

text: SPLAT!

text: Sporadic E propagation

text: spray (solar physics)

text: Spread spectrum

text: stratosphere

text: substorm

text: sudden ionospheric disturbance

text: (SID) -

text: sunspot

text: sunspot cycle

text: sunspot number

text: super high frequency

text: (SHF) -

text: supergranulation

text: Surface wave

text: Solar X-ray Imager

text: (SXI) -

text: synodic

text: synoptic chart

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: sunspot cycle

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: solar cycle

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flare

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar flare

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar cycle

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: solar flare

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: solar cycle

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar activity

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Space radiation

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: -sunspot cycle -sunspot number

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: -sunspot number

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: -solar flare

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: -substorm

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: -Space weather

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: -sunspot

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: -sunspot

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: -Space weather

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: -stratosphere

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: -Space weather

text: Francis Baily observed the total solar eclipse from Italy, focusing his attention on the solar corona and prominences and identified them as part of the Sun's atmosphere. The solar eclipse effect now called Baily's beads named in honor of him after his correct explanation of the phenomenon in 1836.

text: Francis Baily

text: observed the total solar eclipse from

text: Italy

text: , focusing his attention on the

text: solar corona

text: and

text: prominences

text: and identified them as part of the Sun's atmosphere. The solar eclipse effect now called

text: Baily's beads

text: named in honor of him after his correct explanation of the phenomenon in 1836.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar corona

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: they are part of the Sun's atmosphere

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: corona

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: can cause a solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun's atmosphere

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: the Sun's atmosphere

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: part of the Sun's atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: part of the Sun's atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: prominences

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar corona

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Sun's atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: part of the Sun's atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: prominences

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar corona and prominences

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Sun's atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Sun's atmosphere.

text: The film features unemployed workers in Northern California receiving Green-collar job training from Solar Richmond to work in the emergent field of solar installation. Van Jones features prominently in the documentary, which depicts his early work in Green for All, his family's relocation from Oakland to Washington, DC to take advantage of a White House job offer, and Jones's subsequent resignation in the face sustained attacks from conservative media.

text: The film features unemployed workers in Northern California receiving

text: Green-collar job

text: training from

text: Solar Richmond

text: to work in the emergent field of solar installation.

text: Van Jones

text: features prominently in the documentary, which depicts his early work in

text: Green for All

text: , his family's relocation from Oakland to Washington, DC to take advantage of a White House job offer, and Jones's subsequent resignation in the face sustained attacks from conservative media.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: hot spots

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: nuclear explosions

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Northern California

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar installation.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: solar installation.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar installation.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Northern California

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: solar installation.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Van Jones features prominently

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar installation.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Solar Richmond

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Jones's subsequent resignation in the face sustained attacks from conservative media.

text: Not all deformations originate within the Earth. The gravity of the Moon and Sun cause the Earth's surface at a given point to undulate by tenths of meters over a nearly 12-hour period (see Earth tide).

text: Not all deformations originate within the Earth. The gravity of the Moon and Sun cause the Earth's surface at a given point to undulate by tenths of meters over a nearly 12-hour period (see

text: Earth tide

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: gravity of the sun causes the Earth's surface at a given point to undulate by tenths of meters over a nearly 12-hour period

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: nuclear explosions

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: deformations originate within the Earth.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: Not all deformations originate within the Earth.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: deformations

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: 12-hour period

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Sun

text: Active stars produce disturbances in space weather with the field of heliophysics the science that studies such phenomena; itself primarily an interdisciplinary combination of stellar astronomy and planetary science. In the Solar System, the Sun can produce intense geomagnetic and proton storms capable of causing severe damage to technology including but not limited to large scale power outages, disruption or blackouts of radio communications (including GPS), and temporary to permanent disabling of satellites and other spaceborne technology. Intense solar storms may also be hazardous to high-latitude, high-altitude aviation and to human spaceflight. Geomagnetic storms are the cause of auroras. The most significant known solar storm occurred in September 1859 and is known as the "Carrington event". The damage from the most potent solar storms is capable of existentially threatening the stability of modern human civilization, although proper preparedness and mitigation can substantially reduce the hazards. Proxy data from Earth, as well as analysis of stars similar to the Sun suggest that it may be capable of producing so called superflares, those which are much larger than any flares in the historical record (as much as 1000x stronger every 5000 years).

text: Active stars produce disturbances in

text: space weather

text: with the field of

text: heliophysics

text: the science that studies such phenomena; itself primarily an interdisciplinary combination of

text: stellar astronomy

text: and

text: planetary science

text: . In the

text: Solar System

text: , the

text: Sun

text: can produce intense

text: geomagnetic

text: and

text: proton

text: storms capable of causing severe damage to technology including but not limited to large scale

text: power outage

text: s, disruption or

text: blackouts

text: of radio communications (including

text: GPS

text: ), and temporary to permanent disabling of satellites and other spaceborne technology. Intense solar storms may also be hazardous to high-latitude, high-altitude aviation and to

text: human spaceflight

text: . Geomagnetic storms are the cause of

text: aurora

text: s. The most significant known solar storm occurred in September 1859 and is known as the "Carrington event". The damage from the most potent solar storms is capable of existentially threatening the stability of modern human civilization, although proper preparedness and mitigation can substantially reduce the hazards. Proxy data from Earth, as well as analysis of stars similar to the Sun suggest that it may be capable of producing so called

text: superflare

text: s, those which are much larger than any flares in the historical record (as much as 1000x stronger every 5000 years).

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: active stars

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: Intense solar storms may also be hazardous to high-latitude, high-altitude aviation

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: proton storms

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Intense solar storms

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Solar System

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: active stars

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: heliophysics

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: Active stars

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: intense geomagnetic and proton storms

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: geomagnetic and proton storms

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: superflares,

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Active stars

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: Active stars

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: superflares,

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Active stars produce disturbances in space weather

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Earth,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Intense solar storms

text: A total solar eclipse will occur on November 25, 2030. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide.

text: A total

text: solar eclipse

text: will occur on November 25, 2030. A

text: solar eclipse

text: occurs when the

text: Moon

text: passes between

text: Earth

text: and the

text: Sun

text: , thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's

text: apparent diameter

text: is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: direct sunlight

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: direct sunlight

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can prominences last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: sunlight,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: sunlight,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: 2030.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunlight,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: 2030.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: A total solar eclipse will occur on November 25, 2030.

text: A total solar eclipse will occur on July 13, 2037. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide.

text: A total

text: solar eclipse

text: will occur on July 13, 2037. A

text: solar eclipse

text: occurs when the

text: Moon

text: passes between

text: Earth

text: and the

text: Sun

text: , thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's

text: apparent diameter

text: is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: direct sunlight

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: direct sunlight

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can prominences last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: sunlight,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: sunlight,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: 2037.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunlight,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: A total solar eclipse will occur on July 13, 2037.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: A total solar eclipse will occur on July 13, 2037.

text: The specimen comprises 108 bones, making it the most complete early human skeleton discovered. The skeleton is about  tall. In adulthood, Turkana Boy might have reached  tall and massed . The pelvis is narrower than in Homo sapiens, which is most likely for more efficient upright walking. This further indicates a fully terrestrial bipedalism, which is unlike older hominin species that show a combined feature of bipedalism and tree climbing. The Boy was relatively tall, which increased his body surface area that would enhance heat dissipation and prevent heat stress under the hot sun.

text: The specimen comprises 108 bones, making it the most complete early human skeleton discovered. The skeleton is about  tall. In adulthood, Turkana Boy might have reached  tall and massed . The

text: pelvis

text: is narrower than in

text: Homo sapiens

text: , which is most likely for more efficient upright walking. This further indicates a fully terrestrial bipedalism, which is unlike older hominin species that show a combined feature of bipedalism and tree climbing. The Boy was relatively tall, which increased his body surface area that would enhance heat dissipation and prevent heat stress under the hot sun.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: hot

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: volcanoes

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: hot sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: hot

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Turkana Boy

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: heat dissipation and prevent heat stress under the hot sun.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: heat dissipation and prevent heat stress

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: heat dissipation and prevent heat stress

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: heat dissipation and prevent heat stress under the hot sun.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: hot sun.

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: hot sun.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: tree climbing.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: hot sun.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: terrestrial

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: heat dissipation and prevent heat stress under the hot sun.

text: Kepler-69 is a G-type star that is approximately 81% the mass of and 93% the radius of the Sun. It has a surface temperature of 5638 ± 168 K. In comparison, the Sun has a surface temperature of 5778 K.

text: Kepler-69 is a

text: G-type

text: star that is approximately 81% the mass of and 93% the radius of the

text: Sun

text: . It has a surface temperature of 5638 ± 168

text: K

text: . In comparison, the Sun has a surface temperature of 5778 K.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: 5778 K

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: G-type stars

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Kepler-69

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: G-type stars

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: G-type stars

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: G-type star

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: surface temperature

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: G-type star

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Kepler-69

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: G-type star

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: G-type star

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Kepler-69

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Kepler-69

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Kepler-69

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Kepler-69

text: Solar flares strongly influence space weather near the Earth. They can produce streams of highly energetic particles in the solar wind, known as a solar proton event. These particles can impact the Earth's magnetosphere in the form of a geomagnetic storm and present radiation hazards to spacecraft and astronauts.

text: Solar flares strongly influence space weather near the Earth. They can produce streams of highly energetic particles in the solar wind, known as a

text: solar proton event

text: . These particles can impact the Earth's magnetosphere in the form of a

text: geomagnetic storm

text: and present

text: radiation

text: hazards to spacecraft and astronauts.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: present radiation hazards to spacecraft and astronauts

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar proton event

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar wind

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: Solar flares

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: They can produce streams of highly energetic particles in the solar wind,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: Solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar proton event.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar wind,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: Solar flares

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Solar flares

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Solar flares

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: near the Earth.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Solar flares

text: The term heliophysics  means "physics of the Sun"  (the prefix "helio" (Attic Greek: helios) means Sun), and appears to have been used only in that sense until quite recently. For example, the Debrecen Heliophysical Observatory is an astronomical observatory owned and operated by Konkoly Thege Miklós Astronomical Institute of Hungarian Academy of Sciences, and provides solar data and images of the solar surface obtained in Hungary since the middle of the nineteenth century. In the early times, heliophysics was concerned principally with the superficial layers of the star, and was synonymous with what is now more commonly called "solar physics".  Usage was extended explicitly 1981 to its literal meaning, denoting the physics of the entire Sun: from center to corona. As such it was a direct translation from the French héliophysique, which had been introduced to provide a distinction from physique solaire (solar physics).  It thus became a subdiscipline of heliology. Early in the 21st century the meaning of the term was extended by Dr George Siscoe of Boston University to include the physics of the heliosphere (the space around the Sun beyond the corona, in principle out to the shock where the solar wind encounters the interstellar medium, but excluding the planets and other condensed bodies), although Siscoe's view of the discipline appears not to contain most of the true realm of endeavour.  The term was adopted in Siscoe's restricted sense by the NASA Science Mission Directorate to denote the study of the heliosphere and the objects that interact with it—most notably planetary atmospheres and magnetospheres, the solar corona, and the interstellar medium.  Heliophysics combines several other disciplines, including  solar physics, and stellar physics in general, and also several branches of nuclear physics,  plasma physics and space physics.  The recent extension of heliophysics is closely tied to the study of space weather and the phenomena that affect it, and consequently to climatology.  To quote Siscoe from a recent conference presentation:

text: The term heliophysics  means "physics of the Sun"  (the prefix "helio" (Attic Greek: helios) means Sun), and appears to have been used only in that sense until quite recently. For example, the

text: Debrecen Heliophysical Observatory

text: is an astronomical observatory owned and operated by Konkoly Thege Miklós Astronomical Institute of Hungarian Academy of Sciences, and provides solar data and images of the solar surface obtained in Hungary since the middle of the nineteenth century. In the early times, heliophysics was concerned principally with the superficial layers of the star, and was synonymous with what is now more commonly called "solar physics".  Usage was extended explicitly 1981 to its literal meaning, denoting the physics of the entire

text: Sun

text: : from center to

text: corona

text: . As such it was a direct translation from the French héliophysique, which had been introduced to provide a distinction from physique solaire (

text: solar physics

text: ).  It thus became a subdiscipline of

text: heliology

text: . Early in the 21st century the meaning of the term was extended by Dr George Siscoe of Boston University to include the physics of the

text: heliosphere

text: (the space around the Sun beyond the corona, in principle out to the shock where the solar wind encounters the interstellar medium, but excluding the planets and other condensed bodies), although Siscoe's view of the discipline appears not to contain most of the true realm of endeavour.  The term was adopted in Siscoe's restricted sense by the

text: NASA

text: Science Mission Directorate to denote the study of the heliosphere and the objects that interact with it—most notably planetary

text: atmosphere

text: s and

text: magnetosphere

text: s, the

text: solar corona

text: , and the

text: interstellar medium

text: .  Heliophysics combines several other disciplines, including

text: solar physics

text: , and

text: stellar physics

text: in general, and also several branches of

text: nuclear physics

text: plasma physics

text: and

text: space physics

text: .  The recent extension of heliophysics is closely tied to the study of

text: space weather

text: and the phenomena that affect it, and consequently to

text: climatology

text: .  To quote Siscoe from a recent conference presentation:

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar corona

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: in principle out to the shock where the solar wind encounters the interstellar medium

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: space weather

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: corona

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar corona

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: superficial layers of the star

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: heliosphere

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar wind

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: solar wind encounters the interstellar medium,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: space weather

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar wind encounters the interstellar medium,

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar wind

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: superficial layers of the star,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: heliosphere

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: heliosphere

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: excluding the planets and other condensed bodies),

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: heliosphere

text: The radiation risks posed by solar flares are a major concern in discussions of a manned mission to Mars, the Moon, or other planets. Energetic protons can pass through the human body, causing biochemical damage, presenting a hazard to astronauts during interplanetary travel. Some kind of physical or magnetic shielding would be required to protect the astronauts. Most proton storms take at least two hours from the time of visual detection to reach Earth's orbit. A solar flare on January 20, 2005 released the highest concentration of protons ever directly measured, giving astronauts as little as 15 minutes to reach shelter.

text: The radiation risks posed by solar flares are a major concern in discussions of a

text: manned mission to Mars

text: , the Moon, or other planets. Energetic protons can pass through the human body, causing

text: biochemical damage

text: , presenting a hazard to astronauts during interplanetary travel. Some kind of physical or magnetic shielding would be required to protect the astronauts. Most proton storms take at least two hours from the time of visual detection to reach Earth's orbit. A solar flare on January 20, 2005 released the highest concentration of protons ever directly measured, giving astronauts as little as 15 minutes to reach shelter.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: proton storms

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: Some kind of physical or magnetic shielding would be required to protect the astronauts

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar system

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: Energetic protons can pass through the human body,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: radiation risks posed by solar flares

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Earth's orbit.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Energetic protons can pass through the human body,

text: Other historical sunspot minima have been detected either directly or by the analysis of the cosmogenic isotopes; these include the Spörer Minimum (1450–1540), and less markedly the Dalton Minimum (1790–1820).  In a 2012 study, sunspot minima have been detected by analysis of carbon-14 in lake sediments.  In total there seem to have been 18 periods of sunspot minima in the last 8,000 years, and studies indicate that the sun currently spends up to a quarter of its time in these minima.

text: Other historical sunspot minima have been detected either directly or by the analysis of the cosmogenic isotopes; these include the

text: Spörer Minimum

text: (1450–1540), and less markedly the

text: Dalton Minimum

text: (1790–1820).  In a 2012 study, sunspot minima have been detected by analysis of carbon-14 in lake sediments.  In total there seem to have been 18 periods of sunspot minima in the last 8,000 years, and studies indicate that the sun currently spends up to a quarter of its time in these minima.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: the sun currently spends up to a quarter of its time in these minima

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspot

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: sunspot minima

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: sun

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: the sun currently spends up to a quarter of its time

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspot minima

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sunspot minima

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspot

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: sunspot minima

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: sunspot minima

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: sun

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: cosmogenic isotopes;

text: The theory was based on the idea that a star passed close enough to the sun early in its life to cause tidal bulges to form on its surface, which along with the internal process that leads to solar prominences, caused material to be ejected repeatedly from the sun. Due to the gravitational effects of the passing star, two spiral-like arms would have extended from the sun, and while most of the material would have fallen back, part of it would remain in orbit. This orbiting material would cool and condense into numerous small bodies that they termed planetesimals and a few larger protoplanets. Their theory proposed that as these objects collided over time, the planets and their moons were built up, with comets and asteroids being the leftover debris. The "spiral nebulae" photographed at Lick Observatory were thought to possibly be views of other suns undergoing this process. These nebulae are now known to be galaxies rather than developing solar systems.

text: The theory was based on the idea that a star passed close enough to the sun early in its life to cause tidal bulges to form on its surface, which along with the internal process that leads to

text: solar prominence

text: s, caused material to be ejected repeatedly from the sun. Due to the gravitational effects of the passing star, two spiral-like arms would have extended from the sun, and while most of the material would have fallen back, part of it would remain in orbit. This orbiting material would cool and condense into numerous small bodies that they termed

text: planetesimal

text: s and a few larger

text: protoplanet

text: s. Their theory proposed that as these objects collided over time, the planets and their moons were built up, with

text: comet

text: s and

text: asteroid

text: s being the leftover debris. The "spiral nebulae" photographed at

text: Lick Observatory

text: were thought to possibly be views of other suns undergoing this process. These nebulae are now known to be

text: galaxies

text: rather than developing solar systems.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: tidal bulges

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: two spiral-like arms would have extended from the sun

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar prominences

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: material to be ejected repeatedly from the sun

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar systems

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: tidal bulges

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: galaxies

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: two spiral-like arms

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: two spiral-like arms would have extended from the sun,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: tidal bulges

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: caused material to be ejected repeatedly from the sun.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: a star passed close enough to the sun early in its life

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: internal process

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: solar prominences,

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Lick Observatory

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: tidal bulges

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: tidal bulges

text: In the context of the magnetic field of the Sun, the term magnetogram refers to a pictorial representation of the spatial variations in strength of the solar magnetic field.  Magnetograms are often produced by exploiting the Zeeman effect (or, in some cases, the Hanle effect), which George Ellery Hale employed in the first demonstration that sunspots were magnetic in origin, in 1908.  Solar  magnetograms are produced by suitably instrumented telescopes referred to as magnetographs.  Some magnetographs can only measure the component of the magnetic field along the line of sight from the observer to the source (the field's "longitudinal" component).  One example of such a "line-of-sight" or "longitudinal" magnetograph is the Michelson Doppler Imager (MDI), a scientific instrument that takes magnetograms of the Sun in order to measure velocity and magnetic fields in the Sun's photosphere to learn about the convection zone and about the magnetic fields which control the structure of the solar corona.  A vector magnetograph also measures the component of the magnetic field perpendicular to the line of sight (the field's "transverse" component), from which all three components of the magnetic field vector can be deduced. Two examples include the National Solar Observatory's SOLIS instrument and the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager aboard NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory satellite.

text: In the context of the

text: magnetic field

text: of the

text: Sun

text: , the term magnetogram refers to a pictorial representation of the spatial variations in strength of the solar magnetic field.  Magnetograms are often produced by exploiting the

text: Zeeman effect

text: (or, in some cases, the

text: Hanle effect

text: ), which

text: George Ellery Hale

text: employed in the first demonstration that

text: sunspot

text: s were magnetic in origin, in 1908.  Solar  magnetograms are produced by suitably instrumented

text: telescope

text: s referred to as

text: magnetograph

text: s.  Some magnetographs can only measure the component of the

text: magnetic field

text: along the line of sight from the observer to the source (the field's "longitudinal" component).  One example of such a "line-of-sight" or "longitudinal" magnetograph is the

text: Michelson Doppler Imager

text: (MDI), a scientific instrument that takes magnetograms of the

text: Sun

text: in order to measure velocity and magnetic fields in the Sun's

text: photosphere

text: to learn about the

text: convection zone

text: and about the

text: magnetic fields

text: which control the structure of the solar

text: corona

text: .  A

text: vector magnetograph

text: also measures the component of the magnetic field perpendicular to the line of sight (the field's "transverse" component), from which all three components of the

text: magnetic field

text: vector can be deduced. Two examples include the

text: National Solar Observatory's

text: SOLIS instrument and the

text: Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager

text: aboard NASA's

text: Solar Dynamics Observatory

text: satellite.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: magnetic in origin

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: magnetic in origin

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar corona

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: magnetic in origin

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can sunspots last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the magnetic field of the Sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: magnetic in origin,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: magnetic in origin,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: magnetic field of the Sun,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: magnetic in origin,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: sunspots were magnetic in origin, in 1908.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: sunspots were magnetic in origin, in 1908.

text: In 1769, during solar cycle 2, a Scottish astronomer named Alexander Wilson, working at the Macfarlane Observatory, noticed that the shape of sunspots noticeably flattened as they approached the Sun's limb due to the solar rotation. These observations showed that sunspots were features on the solar surface, as opposed to minor planets or objects above it. Moreover, he observed what is now termed the Wilson effect: the penumbra and umbra vary in the manner expected by perspective effects if the umbrae of the spots are in fact slight depressions in the surface of the photosphere. The magnitude of the depression is difficult to determine but may be as large as 1,000 km.

text: In 1769, during

text: solar cycle 2

text: , a Scottish astronomer named

text: Alexander Wilson

text: , working at the

text: Macfarlane Observatory

text: , noticed that the shape of

text: sunspot

text: s noticeably flattened as they approached the

text: Sun

text: 's

text: limb

text: due to the

text: solar rotation

text: . These observations showed that sunspots were features on the solar surface, as opposed to minor planets or objects above it. Moreover, he observed what is now termed the Wilson effect: the

text: penumbra

text: and

text: umbra

text: vary in the manner expected by perspective effects if the umbrae of the spots are in fact slight depressions in the surface of the

text: photosphere

text: . The magnitude of the depression is difficult to determine but may be as large as 1,000 km.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: features on the solar surface

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: they approached the Sun's limb due to the solar rotation

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar surface

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: minor planets

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar cycle 2

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: features on the solar surface,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: features on the solar surface,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar cycle 2,

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: features on the solar surface,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: features on the solar surface,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: minor planets

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: 1,000 km.

text: Several other solar spacecraft will help with this mission, such as STEREO, Japan's Hinode, the Solar Dynamics Observatory, and ESA's Solar Orbiter. Ground-based telescopes will also assist the mission. It will be part of a group of four missions, including the Solar Dynamics Observatory and the Geospace missions (Radiation Belt Storm Probes and Ionosphere-Thermosphere Storm Probes), from the Living With a Star program.

text: Several other solar spacecraft will help with this mission, such as

text: STEREO

text: Japan

text: 's

text: Hinode

text: , the

text: Solar Dynamics Observatory

text: , and

text: ESA

text: 's

text: Solar Orbiter

text: . Ground-based

text: telescopes

text: will also assist the mission. It will be part of a group of four missions, including the

text: Solar Dynamics Observatory

text: and the Geospace missions (

text: Radiation Belt Storm Probes

text: and

text: Ionosphere-Thermosphere Storm Probes

text: ), from the

text: Living With a Star

text: program.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar storms

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: Radiation Belt Storm Probes

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar storms

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: a coronal mass ejection

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar system

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can prominences last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: Several other solar spacecraft will help with this mission,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: Storm

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Solar Orbiter.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: Star

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Solar Orbiter.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Solar Orbiter.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Ground-based telescopes

text: Sunspots usually appear as pairs with opposite magnetic polarity. Detailed observations reveal patterns, in yearly minima and maxima and in relative location. As each cycle proceeds, the latitude of spots declines, from 30-45° to around 7° after the solar maximum. This latitudinal change follows Spörer's law.

text: Sunspots usually appear as pairs with opposite magnetic polarity. Detailed observations reveal patterns, in yearly minima and maxima and in relative location. As each cycle proceeds, the latitude of spots declines, from 30-45° to around 7° after the

text: solar maximum

text: . This latitudinal change follows

text: Spörer's law

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: opposite magnetic polarity

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: pairs with opposite magnetic polarity

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar maximum

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar cycle

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: sunspot

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: pairs with opposite magnetic polarity.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: usually appear as pairs with opposite magnetic polarity.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: Sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Sunspots

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: pairs with opposite magnetic polarity.

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: pairs with opposite magnetic polarity.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Sunspots

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Sunspots

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Sunspots

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Sunspots

text: Ketura Sun features the world's first fully automated solar panel cleaning system.

text: Ketura Sun features the world's first fully automated solar panel cleaning system.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: hot spots

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: iii.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: can cause a solar flare

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar system

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Ketura Sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar panel

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: solar panel cleaning system.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Ketura Sun features the world's first fully automated solar panel cleaning system.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar panel

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: solar panel

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Ketura Sun

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar panel cleaning system.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Ketura Sun

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Ketura Sun features the world's first fully automated solar panel cleaning system.

text: Aldebaran is a K-type star that is approximately 1.5 times the mass and 44 times the radius of the Sun. It has a surface temperature of 3,910 K. In comparison, the Sun has a surface temperature of 5778 K.

text: Aldebaran is a

text: K-type

text: star that is approximately 1.5 times the mass and 44 times the radius of the

text: Sun

text: . It has a surface temperature of 3,910

text: K

text: . In comparison, the Sun has a surface temperature of 5778 K.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: 5778 K

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: K-type stars

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: aldebaran

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: white dwarfs

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Aldebaran

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: K-type star

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: surface temperature

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: K-type star

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Aldebaran

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: K-type star

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: K-type star

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Aldebaran

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Aldebaran

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Aldebaran

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Aldebaran

text: On October 8 and 9, the arrival of a CME unrelated to solar flares and emitted on October 5 caused disturbances in the horizontal component of the Earth's magnetic field. The planetary Kp-index reached level 6, so a G2 (moderate) geomagnetic storm was reported. The Sun released a M9.0 flare on October 20. This was followed three days after on October 23, by a very impulsive flare, peaking as an X1.8 class event at 3:17 a.m. UTC. Both flares came from active region 1598 located on the left side (east) of the sun, which had previously been the source of a number of weaker flares. The M9.0 burst occurred when the sunspot was not yet rotated onto the Earth-facing side of the solar disk. The NOAA categorized the radio blackout associated with the X1.8 event as an R3, on a scale from R1 to R5. This was the 7th and last X-class flare in 2012. There was no associated Earth-directed coronal mass ejection (CME).

text: On October 8 and 9, the arrival of a CME unrelated to solar flares and emitted on October 5 caused disturbances in the horizontal component of the

text: Earth's magnetic field

text: . The planetary

text: Kp-index

text: reached level 6, so a G2 (moderate) geomagnetic storm was reported. The Sun released a M9.0 flare on October 20. This was followed three days after on October 23, by a very impulsive flare, peaking as an X1.8 class event at 3:17 a.m. UTC. Both flares came from active region 1598 located on the left side (east) of the sun, which had previously been the source of a number of weaker flares. The M9.0 burst occurred when the sunspot was not yet rotated onto the Earth-facing side of the solar disk. The

text: NOAA

text: categorized the radio blackout associated with the X1.8 event as an R3, on a scale from R1 to R5. This was the 7th and last X-class flare in 2012. There was no associated Earth-directed coronal mass ejection (CME).

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: active regions

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: active region 1598 located on the left side

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: impulsive

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: There was no associated Earth-directed coronal mass ejection

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar disk

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: active regions

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can a prominence last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: active region 1598

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: active region 1598

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: not yet rotated onto the Earth-facing side of the solar disk.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: coronal mass ejection

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: no associated Earth-directed coronal mass ejection (CME).

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: active region 1598 located on the left side (east) of the sun,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspot

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Earth-directed coronal mass ejection (CME).

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: solar flares

text: The vast majority of the Solar System consists of a near-vacuum known as the interplanetary medium. Along with light, the Sun radiates a continuous stream of charged particles (a plasma) known as the solar wind. This stream of particles spreads outwards at roughly 1.5 million kilometres per hour, creating a tenuous atmosphere that permeates the interplanetary medium out to at least 100 AU (see ). Activity on the Sun's surface, such as solar flares and coronal mass ejections, disturb the heliosphere, creating space weather and causing geomagnetic storms. The largest structure within the heliosphere is the heliospheric current sheet, a spiral form created by the actions of the Sun's rotating magnetic field on the interplanetary medium.

text: The vast majority of the Solar System consists of a near-

text: vacuum

text: known as the

text: interplanetary medium

text: . Along with

text: light

text: , the Sun radiates a continuous stream of charged particles (a

text: plasma

text: ) known as the

text: solar wind

text: . This stream of particles spreads outwards at roughly 1.5 million kilometres per hour, creating a tenuous atmosphere that permeates the interplanetary medium out to at least 100 AU (see ). Activity on the Sun's surface, such as

text: solar flare

text: s and

text: coronal mass ejection

text: s, disturb the heliosphere, creating

text: space weather

text: and causing

text: geomagnetic storm

text: s. The largest structure within the heliosphere is the

text: heliospheric current sheet

text: , a spiral form created by the actions of the Sun's rotating magnetic field on the interplanetary medium.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: coronal mass ejections

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: create space weather and causing geomagnetic storms

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: coronal mass ejections

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: activity on the sun's surface

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: heliosphere

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can solar flares last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar wind

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: Activity on the Sun's surface,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: Activity on the Sun's surface, such as solar flares

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: coronal mass ejections,

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar flares and coronal mass ejections,

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun's surface,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: coronal mass ejections,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Solar System

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Sun's surface,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: geomagnetic storms.

text: Solar activity increased again in late-December, with the Sun unleashing eight M-flares. The most intense flare, produced by sunspot 1385, was an M4.0 event on December 25. The year 2011 ended up with 111 M-class and 8 X-class solar flares.

text: Solar activity increased again in late-December, with the Sun unleashing eight M-flares. The most intense flare, produced by sunspot 1385, was an M4.0 event on December 25. The year 2011 ended up with 111 M-class and 8 X-class solar flares.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: the Sun unleashing eight M-flares

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sunspot 1385

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: Suns

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar activity

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: Solar activity

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: The most intense flare,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: M-flares.

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sunspot 1385,

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Solar activity increased again in late-December, with the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: M-flares.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: M-flares.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Solar activity

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Solar

text: A total solar eclipse will occur on December 5, 2048. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide.

text: A total

text: solar eclipse

text: will occur on December 5, 2048. A

text: solar eclipse

text: occurs when the

text: Moon

text: passes between

text: Earth

text: and the

text: Sun

text: , thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's

text: apparent diameter

text: is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: direct sunlight

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: total solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: direct sunlight

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can prominences last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: sunlight,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: sunlight,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: 2048.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunlight,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: A total solar eclipse will occur on December 5, 2048.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: A total solar eclipse will occur on December 5, 2048.

text: Launched in 1991, Japan's Yohkoh (Sunbeam) satellite observed solar flares at X-ray wavelengths. Mission data allowed scientists to identify several different types of flares, and demonstrated that the corona away from regions of peak activity was much more dynamic and active than had previously been supposed. Yohkoh observed an entire solar cycle but went into standby mode when an annular eclipse in 2001 caused it to lose its lock on the Sun. It was destroyed by atmospheric re-entry in 2005.

text: Launched in 1991, Japan's

text: Yohkoh

text: (Sunbeam) satellite observed solar flares at X-ray wavelengths. Mission data allowed scientists to identify several different types of flares, and demonstrated that the corona away from regions of peak activity was much more dynamic and active than had previously been supposed. Yohkoh observed an entire solar cycle but went into standby mode when an

text: annular eclipse

text: in 2001 caused it to lose its lock on the Sun. It was destroyed by atmospheric re-entry in 2005.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: regions of peak activity

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: regions of peak activity were much more dynamic and active than had previously been supposed

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar cycle

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: corona

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: regions of peak activity

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: regions of peak activity

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: regions of peak activity

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: corona

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar flares at X-ray wavelengths.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: the corona away from regions of peak activity

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: solar flares at X-ray wavelengths.

text: In 1992 Toy Biz began releasing X-Force action figures. The toy line featured a variety of X-Force and X-Men characters, including heroes G. W. Bridge, Cable, Caliban, Cannonball, Domino, Grizzly, Kane, Quark, Rictor, Shatterstar, Sunspot, Warpath, and X-Treme and opponents Avalanche, Blob, Black Tom Cassidy, Commando, Commcast, Deadpool, Exodus, Forearm, Genesis, Gideon, Killspree, Krule, Mojo, Nimrod, Pyro, Slayback, and Stryfe.

text: In 1992 Toy Biz began releasing X-Force action figures. The toy line featured a variety of X-Force and X-Men characters, including heroes

text: G. W. Bridge

text: Cable

text: Caliban

text: Cannonball

text: Domino

text: Grizzly

text: Kane

text: , Quark,

text: Rictor

text: Shatterstar

text: Sunspot

text: Warpath

text: , and

text: X-Treme

text: and opponents

text: Avalanche

text: Blob

text: Black Tom Cassidy

text: Commando

text: Commcast

text: Deadpool

text: Exodus

text: Forearm

text: Genesis

text: Gideon

text: , Killspree,

text: Krule

text: Mojo

text: Nimrod

text: Pyro

text: Slayback

text: , and

text: Stryfe

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: heroes

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: X-Force

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: Sunspot

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Sunspot

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: X-Force

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can prominences last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: X-Force

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: heroes

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: X-Treme

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: Sunspot,

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Shatterstar,

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: X-Men

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: Sunspot,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: X-Treme

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Sunspot,

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: X-Treme

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Pyro, Slayback, and Stryfe.

text: The Babcock Model describes a mechanism which can explain magnetic and sunspot patterns observed on the Sun.

text: The Babcock Model describes a mechanism which can explain magnetic and

text: sunspot

text: patterns observed on the

text: Sun

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: patterns observed on the Sun

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: the Sun has magnetic fields

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: can cause a sunspot

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: solar storms

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: patterns

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: magnetic and sunspot patterns observed on the Sun.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspot

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sunspot patterns observed on the Sun.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun.

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspot patterns

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: sunspot patterns

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: sunspot patterns observed on the Sun.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Sun.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: The Babcock Model

text: The Wilson effect implies that sunspots are depressions on the Sun's surface. Observations using the Zeeman effect show that prototypical sunspots come in pairs with opposite magnetic polarity. From cycle to cycle, the polarities of leading and trailing (with respect to the solar rotation) sunspots change from north/south to south/north and back. Sunspots usually appear in groups.

text: The

text: Wilson effect

text: implies that sunspots are depressions on the Sun's surface. Observations using the

text: Zeeman effect

text: show that prototypical sunspots come in pairs with opposite magnetic polarity. From cycle to cycle, the polarities of leading and trailing (with respect to the solar rotation) sunspots change from north/south to south/north and back. Sunspots usually appear in groups.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: depressions on the Sun's surface

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: depressions on the Sun's surface

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: cycles

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: depressions on the Sun's surface.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: Sunspots usually appear in groups.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: groups.

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: depressions

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: sunspots are depressions on the Sun's surface.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Sun's surface.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: sunspots

text: A vector magnetograph is a type of imaging telescope that can estimate the 3-D vector of the magnetic field on a distant body with a resolved line spectrum.   Magnetographs are useful for studying the Sun because the surface magnetic field is important to the creation and maintenance of the solar corona, and gives rise to the phenomena of solar flares and space weather.

text: A vector magnetograph is a type of imaging

text: telescope

text: that can estimate the

text: vector

text: of the

text: magnetic field

text: on a distant body with a resolved

text: line spectrum

text: .   Magnetographs are useful for studying the

text: Sun

text: because the surface magnetic field is important to the creation and maintenance of the

text: solar corona

text: , and gives rise to the phenomena of

text: solar flare

text: s and

text: space weather

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: surface magnetic field is important to the creation and maintenance

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar corona

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: corona

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar corona,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: solar corona,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: solar flares and space weather.

text: Coronal mass ejections often appear with other forms of solar activity, most notably solar flares, but no causal relationship has been established. Most weak flares do not have CMEs; most powerful ones do. Most ejections originate from active regions on the Sun's surface, such as sunspot groupings associated with frequent flares. Other forms of solar activity frequently associcated with coronal mass ejections are eruptive prominences, coronal dimming, coronal waves and Moreton waves, also called solar tsunami.

text: Coronal mass ejections often appear with other forms of solar activity, most notably

text: solar flare

text: s, but no causal relationship has been established. Most weak flares do not have CMEs; most powerful ones do. Most ejections originate from active regions on the Sun's surface, such as sunspot groupings associated with frequent flares. Other forms of solar activity frequently associcated with coronal mass ejections are eruptive prominences, coronal dimming, coronal waves and

text: Moreton waves

text: , also called solar tsunami.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: active regions on the Sun's surface

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: active regions

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: CMEs

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: CMEs

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Sun's surface

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: eruptive

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar activity

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: active regions on the Sun's surface,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: Most ejections originate from active regions on the Sun's surface,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: Coronal mass ejections

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Coronal mass ejections often appear with other forms of solar activity,

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: active regions on the Sun's surface,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: eruptive

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: eruptive prominences,

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Coronal mass ejections often appear with other forms of solar activity,

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Sun's surface,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Coronal mass ejections often appear with other forms of solar activity,

text: A solar observatory is an observatory that specializes in monitoring the Sun. As such, they usually have one or more solar telescopes.

text: A solar observatory is an

text: observatory

text: that specializes in monitoring the

text: Sun

text: . As such, they usually have one or more

text: solar telescope

text: s.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: solar observatories usually have one or more solar telescopes

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar storms

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: can cause a solar flare

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar system

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: Sun.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: solar telescopes.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar observatory

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Sun.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Sun.

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: Sun.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Sun.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the Sun.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Sun.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Sun.

text: When applied to the Sun, this science is called helioseismology and has been ongoing for a few decades by now. The solar surface helium abundance was derived very accurately for the first time, which has definitely shown the importance of microscopic diffusion in the solar structure. Helioseismology analyses have also unveiled the solar internal rotational profile, the precise extent of the convective envelope and the location of the helium ionization zone. Despite enormous technical challenges, it was thus tempting to apply similar analyses to stars. From the ground this was only possible for stars close to the Sun such as α Centauri, Procyon, β Virginis... The goal is to detect extremely small light variations (down to 1 ppm) and to extract the frequencies responsible for these brightness fluctuations. This produces a frequency spectrum typical of the star under scrutiny. Oscillation periods vary from a few minutes to several hours depending of the type of star and its evolutionary state. To reach such performances, long observing times devoid of day/night alternations are required. Space is thus the ideal asteroseismic laboratory. By revealing their microvariability, measuring their oscillations at the ppm level, CoRoT has provided a new vision of stars, never reached before by any ground-based observation.

text: When applied to the Sun, this science is called

text: helioseismology

text: and has been ongoing for a few decades by now. The solar surface helium abundance was derived very accurately for the first time, which has definitely shown the importance of microscopic diffusion in the solar structure. Helioseismology analyses have also unveiled the solar internal rotational profile, the precise extent of the convective envelope and the location of the helium ionization zone. Despite enormous technical challenges, it was thus tempting to apply similar analyses to stars. From the ground this was only possible for stars close to the Sun such as α Centauri, Procyon, β Virginis... The goal is to detect extremely small light variations (down to 1 ppm) and to extract the frequencies responsible for these brightness fluctuations. This produces a

text: frequency spectrum

text: typical of the star under scrutiny. Oscillation periods vary from a few minutes to several hours depending of the type of star and its evolutionary state. To reach such performances, long observing times devoid of day/night alternations are required. Space is thus the ideal asteroseismic laboratory. By revealing their microvariability, measuring their oscillations at the

text: ppm

text: level, CoRoT has provided a new vision of stars, never reached before by any ground-based observation.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: convective

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: long observing times devoid of day/night alternations are required

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: earthquakes

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: CoRoT has provided a new vision of stars

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Oscillation periods

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: brightness fluctuations.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: microvariability,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: helioseismology

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: CoRoT

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Space

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: helioseismology

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Oscillation periods vary from a few minutes to several hours

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: stars.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: From the ground this was only possible for stars close to the Sun

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: helioseismology

text: The Enterprise arrives at Minara II to recover research personnel as its star is about to go supernova. Captain Kirk, Dr. McCoy, and Science Officer Spock beam to the surface but find the research station empty and begin a search, while Chief Engineer Scott moves the Enterprise to a safe distance to protect it from being bombarded by a solar flare.

text: The

text: Enterprise

text: arrives at Minara II to recover research personnel as its star is about to go

text: supernova

text: Captain Kirk

text: Dr. McCoy

text: , and Science Officer

text: Spock

text: beam to the surface but find the research station empty and begin a search, while Chief Engineer

text: Scott

text: moves the Enterprise to a safe distance to protect it from being bombarded by a

text: solar flare

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: flares

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: a solar flare

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: supernova

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: supernova

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: supernova

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar flare.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: solar flare.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flare.

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar flare.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: star

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: star

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: solar flare.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar flare.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: solar flare.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: solar flare.

text: The mission of the solar observatories of the RSTN is to monitor solar flares, noise storms and other releases of energy from the sun, and when necessary, notify military and civilian personnel concerned with space, weather, power and communications in countries throughout the world.

text: The mission of the solar observatories of the RSTN is to monitor

text: solar flare

text: s,

text: noise storm

text: s and other releases of energy from the sun, and when necessary, notify military and civilian personnel concerned with space, weather, power and communications in countries throughout the world.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: releases of energy

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: releases of energy from the sun

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: is a type of solar flare

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: suns

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: releases of energy from the sun,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: releases of energy

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares, noise storms

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar flares,

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the sun,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: the sun,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: solar flares,

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar flares, noise storms and other releases of energy from the sun,

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: the sun,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: solar flares,

text: The equatorial region has a faster rotation speed than the polar zones. The result of the Sun's differential rotation is that the active regions always arise in two bands parallel to the equator and their extension increases during the periods of maximum of the solar cycle, while they almost disappear during each minimum. Therefore, the quiet Sun always coincides with the equatorial zone and its surface is less active during the maximum of the solar cycle. Approaching the minimum of the solar cycle (also named butterfly cycle), the extension of the quiet Sun increases until it covers the whole disk surface excluding some bright points on the hemisphere and the poles, where there are the coronal holes.

text: The equatorial region has a faster rotation speed than the polar zones. The result of the Sun's differential rotation is that the active regions always arise in two bands parallel to the equator and their extension increases during the periods of maximum of the

text: solar cycle

text: , while they almost disappear during each minimum. Therefore, the quiet Sun always coincides with the equatorial zone and its surface is less active during the maximum of the solar cycle. Approaching the minimum of the solar cycle (also named butterfly cycle), the extension of the quiet Sun increases until it covers the whole disk surface excluding some bright points on the hemisphere and the poles, where there are the coronal holes.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: active regions

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: their extension increases during the periods of maximum of the solar cycle

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: active regions

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: coronal holes

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the equatorial region

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: active regions

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: active regions

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: the active regions always arise in two bands parallel to the equator

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: coronal holes.

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: coronal holes.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: two bands parallel to the equator

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: coronal holes.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: maximum of the solar cycle,

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Sun's differential rotation

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: equator

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: coronal holes.

text: Comet ISON came to perihelion (closest approach to the Sun) on 28 November 2013 at a distance of  from the center point of the Sun. Accounting for the solar radius of , Comet ISON passed approximately  above the Sun's surface. Its trajectory appeared to be hyperbolic, which suggested that it was a dynamically new comet coming freshly from the Oort cloud. Near perihelion, a generic heliocentric two-body solution to the orbit suggests that the orbital period was around 400,000 years. But for objects at such high eccentricity, the Sun's barycentric coordinates are more stable than heliocentric coordinates. The orbit of a long-period comet is properly obtained when the osculating orbit is computed at an epoch after leaving the planetary region and is calculated with respect to the center of mass of the Solar System. Using JPL Horizons, the barycentric orbital elements for epoch 1 January 2050 generate a hyperbolic solution. On its closest approach, Comet ISON passed about  from Mars on 1 October 2013, and the remnants of Comet ISON passed about  from Earth on 26 December 2013.

text: Comet ISON came to

text: perihelion

text: (closest approach to the Sun) on 28 November 2013 at a distance of  from the center point of the Sun. Accounting for the

text: solar radius

text: of , Comet ISON passed approximately  above the Sun's surface. Its trajectory appeared to be

text: hyperbolic

text: , which suggested that it was a dynamically new comet coming freshly from the

text: Oort cloud

text: . Near perihelion, a generic heliocentric

text: two-body solution

text: to the orbit suggests that the orbital period was around 400,000 years. But for objects at such high eccentricity, the Sun's

text: barycentric coordinates

text: are more stable than heliocentric coordinates. The orbit of a long-period comet is properly obtained when the

text: osculating orbit

text: is computed at an

text: epoch

text: after leaving the planetary region and is calculated with respect to the

text: center of mass of the Solar System

text: . Using

text: JPL Horizons

text: , the barycentric orbital elements for epoch 1 January 2050 generate a hyperbolic solution. On its closest approach, Comet ISON passed about  from Mars on 1 October 2013, and the remnants of Comet ISON passed about  from Earth on 26 December 2013.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: comet ISON passed approximately above the Sun's surface

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: comets

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: the remnants of Comet ISON passed about from Earth on 26 December 2013

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar system

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can comets have prominences?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Comet ISON

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: Oort cloud.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: barycentric coordinates are more stable than heliocentric coordinates.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: Oort cloud.

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Comet ISON

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Oort cloud.

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: barycentric coordinates are more stable than heliocentric coordinates.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: 400,000 years.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Comet ISON

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Earth on 26 December 2013.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Comet ISON came to perihelion

text: A total solar eclipse occurred on September 10, 1923. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide.

text: A total

text: solar eclipse

text: occurred on September 10, 1923. A

text: solar eclipse

text: occurs when the

text: Moon

text: passes between

text: Earth

text: and the

text: Sun

text: , thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's

text: apparent diameter

text: is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: direct sunlight

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: total solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: direct sunlight

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can prominences last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: sunlight,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: sunlight,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: total solar eclipse occurred on September 10, 1923.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Moon passes between Earth and the Sun,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunlight,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: A total solar eclipse occurred on September 10, 1923.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: A total solar eclipse occurred on September 10, 1923.

text: Woven fiberglass coated with PTFE (Teflon or silicone) is also a widely used base material. Glass fibers are drawn into continuous filaments, which are then bundled into yarns. The yarns are woven to form a substrate. The fiberglass carries a high ultimate tensile strength, behaves elastically, and does not suffer from significant stress relaxation or creep. The PTFE coating is chemically inert, can withstand temperatures from 100 °F upwards to 450 °F+. It is also immune to radiation and can be cleaned with water. PTFE fiberglass is additionally Energy Star and Cool Roof Rating Council certified. During scientific tests of its solar properties, it was discovered that PTFE fiberglass membranes reflect as much as 73 percent of the sun’s energy while holding just seven percent on its exterior surface. Certain grades of PTFE fiberglass can absorb 14 percent of the sun’s energy while allowing 13 percent of natural daylight and seven percent of re-radiated energy (solar heat) to transmit through.

text: Woven fiberglass coated with PTFE (

text: Teflon

text: or

text: silicone

text: ) is also a widely used base material. Glass fibers are drawn into continuous filaments, which are then bundled into yarns. The yarns are woven to form a substrate. The fiberglass carries a high ultimate tensile strength, behaves elastically, and does not suffer from significant

text: stress relaxation

text: or creep. The PTFE coating is

text: chemically inert

text: , can withstand temperatures from 100 °F upwards to 450 °F+. It is also immune to radiation and can be cleaned with water. PTFE fiberglass is additionally

text: Energy Star

text: and Cool Roof Rating Council certified. During scientific tests of its solar properties, it was discovered that PTFE fiberglass membranes reflect as much as 73 percent of the sun’s energy while holding just seven percent on its exterior surface. Certain grades of PTFE fiberglass can absorb 14 percent of the sun’s energy while allowing 13 percent of natural daylight and seven percent of re-radiated energy (solar heat) to transmit through.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: nuclear

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar system

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: hot gases

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar properties

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: 73 percent of the sun’s energy

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: 73 percent of the sun’s energy while holding just seven percent

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: 450 °F+.

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: 73 percent of the sun’s energy

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Woven fiberglass

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: reflect as much as 73 percent of the sun’s energy

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Woven fiberglass coated with PTFE

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar properties,

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: 73 percent of the sun’s energy

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: It is also immune to radiation

text: It was to develop a solar power satellite (SPS) concept for a future gigawatt space power systems to provide electrical power by converting the Sun’s energy and beaming it to the Earth's surface. It was also to provide a developmental path to solutions for current space power architectures. Subject to studies it proposed an inflatable photovoltaic gossamer structure with concentrator lenses or solar dynamic engines to convert solar flux into electricity. The initial program looked at systems in sun-synchronous orbit, but by the end of the program, most of the analysis looked at geosynchronous orbit.

text: It was to develop a

text: solar power satellite

text: (SPS) concept for a future gigawatt space power systems to provide electrical power by converting the Sun’s energy and beaming it to the Earth's surface. It was also to provide a developmental path to solutions for current space power architectures. Subject to studies it proposed an inflatable

text: photovoltaic

text: gossamer

text: structure with concentrator lenses or solar dynamic engines to convert solar

text: flux

text: into electricity. The initial program looked at systems in

text: sun-synchronous orbit

text: , but by the end of the program, most of the analysis looked at

text: geosynchronous orbit

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar storms

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: converting solar flux into electricity

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar dynamic engines

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: suns

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can prominences last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar flux

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: It is impossible to say

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: Sun’s

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: sun-synchronous orbit,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: photovoltaic gossamer

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Sun’s

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Sun’s

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: Sun’s

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Sun’s

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: geosynchronous orbit.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: sun-synchronous orbit,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Sun’s energy and beaming it to the Earth's surface.

text: The ceremonial center consists of a main platform and a lower plaza. Stone lined channels carried ceremonial water, or chicha to shrines and baths throughout the site. The main platform, unique in its size and prominence, limited ceremonial activity to royalty and the ministerial class. This seems as such due to evidence showing that the only entrance to the platform was through a double-jam doorway, which functioned to control access to the sacred space. Other features of the ceremonial center include structures that mark the direction of certain solar events, such as when the June and December solstice sun rises and sets.

text: The ceremonial center consists of a main platform and a lower plaza. Stone lined channels carried ceremonial water, or chicha to shrines and baths throughout the site. The main platform, unique in its size and prominence, limited ceremonial activity to royalty and the ministerial class. This seems as such due to evidence showing that the only entrance to the platform was through a double-jam doorway, which functioned to control access to the sacred space. Other features of the ceremonial center include structures that mark the direction of certain solar events, such as when the June and December solstice sun rises and sets.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar events

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: structures that mark the direction of certain solar events

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar events

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar events

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: June and December

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: solar events

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar events

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: direction of certain solar events,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: direction of certain solar events,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: chicha

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar events,

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: June and December solstice

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: structures that mark the direction of certain solar events,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: prominence,

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar events,

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: sun

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: double-jam doorway,

text: While magnetic field changes are concentrated at sunspots, the entire sun undergoes analogous changes, albeit of smaller magnitude.

text: While magnetic field changes are concentrated at sunspots, the entire sun undergoes analogous changes, albeit of smaller magnitude.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: magnetic fields

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: magnetic field changes are concentrated

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar storms

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: is when the sun's magnetic field changes

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: magnetic field changes are concentrated

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: magnetic field changes are concentrated

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots,

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: the entire sun

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: magnetic field changes

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspots,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: sunspots,

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: sunspots,

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: the entire sun

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: magnetic field changes are concentrated at sunspots,

text: Solar minima and maxima are the two extremes of the sun's 11-year activity cycle. At a maximum, the sun is peppered with sunspots, solar flares erupt, and the sun hurls billion-ton clouds of electrified gas into space. It's a good time for sky watchers who enjoy auroras, but not so good for astronauts who have to be wary of radiation storms. Power outages, satellite malfunction and communication disruptions, and GPS receiver malfunctions are just a few of the things that can happen during a solar maximum.

text: Solar minima and maxima are the two extremes of the sun's 11-year activity cycle. At a maximum, the sun is peppered with

text: sunspots

text: solar flares

text: erupt, and the sun hurls billion-ton clouds of electrified gas into space. It's a good time for sky watchers who enjoy auroras, but not so good for astronauts who have to be wary of radiation storms. Power outages, satellite malfunction and communication disruptions, and GPS receiver malfunctions are just a few of the things that can happen during a solar maximum.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar flares erupt

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: At a maximum, the sun is peppered with sunspots

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: billion-ton clouds of electrified gas

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar maxima

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar minima

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: At a maximum,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: the sun is peppered with sunspots,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: hurls billion-ton clouds of electrified gas into space.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: a maximum,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspots,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: sunspots,

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: sun's 11-year activity cycle.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: astronauts

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: radiation storms.

text: There will be a total solar eclipse on June 3, 2114. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide.

text: There will be a total

text: solar eclipse

text: on June 3, 2114. A

text: solar eclipse

text: occurs when the

text: Moon

text: passes between

text: Earth

text: and the

text: Sun

text: , thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's

text: apparent diameter

text: is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: direct sunlight

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: direct sunlight

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: sunlight,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: sunlight,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: total solar eclipse on June 3, 2114.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunlight,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: 2114.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: There will be a total solar eclipse on June 3, 2114.

text: The spectrum of the Sun's solar radiation is close to that of a black body with a temperature of about 5,800 K. The Sun emits EM radiation across most of the electromagnetic spectrum. Although the Sun produces gamma rays as a result of the nuclear-fusion process, internal absorption and thermalization convert these super-high-energy photons to lower-energy photons before they reach the Sun's surface and are emitted out into space. As a result, the Sun does not emit gamma rays from this process, but it does emit gamma rays from solar flares. The Sun also emits X-rays, ultraviolet, visible light, infrared, and even radio waves; the only direct signature of the nuclear process is the emission of neutrinos.

text: The

text: spectrum

text: of the Sun's solar radiation is close to

text: that of a black body

text: with a temperature of about 5,800

text: K

text: . The Sun emits EM radiation across most of the

text: electromagnetic spectrum

text: . Although the Sun produces

text: gamma ray

text: s as a result of the

text: nuclear-fusion

text: process, internal absorption and thermalization convert these super-high-energy

text: photon

text: s to lower-energy photons before they reach the Sun's surface and are emitted out into space. As a result, the Sun does not emit gamma rays from this process, but it does emit gamma rays from solar flares. The Sun also emits

text: X-rays

text: ultraviolet

text: visible light

text: infrared

text: , and even

text: radio wave

text: s; the only direct signature of the nuclear process is the emission of

text: neutrino

text: s.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: internal absorption and thermalization convert these super-high-energy photons to lower-energy photons

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: gamma rays

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: the Sun's surface

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the Sun's solar radiation

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar flares.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: solar flares.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares.

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar flares.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: surface

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: solar flares.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: solar flares.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Sun's solar radiation

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: EM radiation

text: Bishop reveals that the inhabitants of Centauri III were being "changed" by the solar flares of their sun. They were developing psychic and telekinetic powers; "the next step in human evolution." This is why they were killed, not because of their political beliefs. Asta leaves him alive, telling him of her plans to expose the truth with the videos they downloaded from the compound’s computers.

text: Bishop reveals that the inhabitants of Centauri III were being "changed" by the solar flares of their sun. They were developing psychic and telekinetic powers; "the next step in human evolution." This is why they were killed, not because of their political beliefs. Asta leaves him alive, telling him of her plans to expose the truth with the videos they downloaded from the compound’s computers.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: flares

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: They were developing psychic and telekinetic powers

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: is a solar flare

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: flares

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: centauri

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: sun.

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: flares

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Centauri

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: solar flares

text: The planet orbits an (A-type) star named Beta Pictoris. The star has a mass of 1.75  and a radius of 1.8 . It has a surface temperature of 8056 K and is 12 million years old. In comparison, the Sun is about 4.6 billion years old and has a surface temperature of 5778 K. It is slightly metal-rich, with a metallicity ([Fe/H]) of 0.06, or 112% of that found in the Sun. It's luminosity () is 8.7 times that of the Sun.

text: The planet orbits an (

text: A-type

text: star

text: named

text: Beta Pictoris

text: . The star has a mass of 1.75  and a radius of 1.8 . It has a surface temperature of 8056

text: K

text: and is 12 million years old. In comparison, the Sun is about 4.6 billion years old and has a surface temperature of 5778 K. It is slightly metal-rich, with a

text: metallicity

text: ([Fe/H]) of 0.06, or 112% of that found in the Sun. It's luminosity () is 8.7 times that of the Sun.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: hot spots

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: the Sun is slightly metal-rich

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: nuclear explosions

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Beta Pictoris

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: luminosity

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: (A-type) star

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: 5778 K. It is slightly metal-rich,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: (A-type)

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Beta Pictoris.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: (A-type) star

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: (A-type) star

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: star named Beta Pictoris.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Beta Pictoris.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Beta Pictoris.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: (A-type) star named Beta Pictoris.

text: The eclipse is mentioned in the 14th-century Laurentian Chronicle with the first detailed description of solar prominences. They were described as flame-like tongues of live embers:

text: The eclipse is mentioned in the 14th-century

text: Laurentian Chronicle

text: with the first detailed description of

text: solar prominence

text: s. They were described as flame-like tongues of live embers:

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: live embers

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: can cause a solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: live embers

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Solar Dynamics

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: flame-like tongues of live embers:

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: flame-like tongues of live embers:

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar prominences.

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar prominences.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: flame-like tongues of live embers:

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: solar prominences.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar prominences.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: solar prominences.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: solar prominences.

text: Since that time several new tracks have surfaced on various compilations and through County's official website. Many of these tracks, both live and studio recordings, were collected on the Ratcage Records release So New York, including collaborations with Lisa Jackson and former Electric Chairs guitarist Eliot Michaels. A live show, recorded on County's birthday, was released on the 2002 CD Wash Me in the Blood (of Rock & Roll)- Live at Squeeze Box by Fang Records. The CD features a duet on "California Sun" by County and former nemesis "Handsome" Dick Manitoba of The Dictators.

text: Since that time several new tracks have surfaced on various compilations and through County's official website. Many of these tracks, both live and studio recordings, were collected on the Ratcage Records release So New York, including collaborations with Lisa Jackson and former Electric Chairs guitarist Eliot Michaels. A live show, recorded on County's birthday, was released on the 2002 CD Wash Me in the Blood (of Rock & Roll)- Live at Squeeze Box by Fang Records. The CD features a duet on "California Sun" by County and former nemesis

text: "Handsome" Dick Manitoba

text: of

text: The Dictators

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: hot spots

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: electric chairs

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: California Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can prominences last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: California Sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: Sun"

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: "California Sun"

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: Dictators.

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Ratcage Records release So New York,

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: "California Sun"

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: Sun"

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Since that time several new tracks have surfaced

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: "California Sun"

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: "California Sun"

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: So New York,

text: In space, solarnauts Harris, Asher and Camp fire a smaller probe through a prominence and succeed in capturing fragments of matter. However, by the time that the probe docks with the main module, the ever-intensifying solar radiation has caused Sun Probe

text: In space, solarnauts Harris, Asher and Camp fire a smaller probe through a

text: prominence

text: and succeed in capturing fragments of matter. However, by the time that the probe docks with the main module, the ever-intensifying solar radiation has caused Sun Probe

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: a prominence is a feature

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: prominences

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: a prominence

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: space

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: matter

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: prominence

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: prominence

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: prominence

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: prominence

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar radiation

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: matter.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: prominence

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar radiation

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: space,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: solar radiation

text: Kepler-1520 is a K-type star that is approximately 76% the mass of and 71% the radius of the Sun. It has a surface temperature of 4677 K and is about 4.47 billion years old. In comparison, the Sun is about 4.6 billion years old and has a surface temperature of 5778 K.

text: Kepler-1520 is a

text: K-type

text: star that is approximately 76% the mass of and 71% the radius of the

text: Sun

text: . It has a surface temperature of 4677

text: K

text: and is about 4.47 billion years old. In comparison, the Sun is about 4.6 billion years old and has a surface temperature of 5778 K.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: hot spots

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: the Sun is about 4.6 billion years old

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: K-type stars

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Kepler-1520

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: K-type

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: K-type stars

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: K-type star

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: surface temperature

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: K-type star

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Kepler-1520

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: K-type star

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: K-type star

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Kepler-1520

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Kepler-1520

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Kepler-1520

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Kepler-1520

text: Thus far, we have focused rather exclusively on the dynamical breakdown of laminar flow into turbulence triggered by a weak magnetic field, but it is also the case that the resulting highly agitated flow can act back on this same magnetic field. Embedded magnetic field lines are stretched by the turbulent flow, and it is possible that systematic field amplification could result. The process by which fluid motions are converted to magnetic field energy is known as a dynamo (Moffatt, 1978); the two best studied examples are the Earth's liquid outer core and the layers close to the surface of the Sun. Dynamo activity in these regions is thought to be responsible for maintaining the terrestrial and solar magnetic fields. In both of these cases thermal convection is likely to be the primary energy source, though in the case of the Sun differential rotation may also play an important role. Whether the MRI is an efficient dynamo process in accretion disks is currently an area of active research (Fromang and Papaloizou, 2007).

text: Thus far, we have focused rather exclusively on the dynamical breakdown of laminar flow into turbulence triggered by a weak magnetic field, but it is also the case that the resulting highly agitated flow can act back on this same magnetic field. Embedded magnetic field lines are stretched by the turbulent flow, and it is possible that systematic field amplification could result. The process by which fluid motions are converted to magnetic field energy is known as a

text: dynamo

text: (Moffatt, 1978); the two best studied examples are the Earth's liquid outer core and the layers close to the surface of the Sun. Dynamo activity in these regions is thought to be responsible for maintaining the terrestrial and solar magnetic fields. In both of these cases thermal

text: convection

text: is likely to be the primary energy source, though in the case of the Sun differential rotation may also play an important role. Whether the MRI is an efficient dynamo process in accretion disks is currently an area of active research (Fromang and Papaloizou, 2007).

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: regions

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: thermal convection is likely to be the primary energy source

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar magnetic fields

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: a coronal mass ejection

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: magnetic fields

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: a dynamo

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar magnetic fields.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: thermal convection is likely to be the primary energy source,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: dynamo

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Sun.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Sun.

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: accretion disks

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: accretion disks

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: dynamical breakdown of laminar flow into turbulence

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Sun.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: resulting highly agitated flow can act back on this same magnetic field.

text: Six solar observatories are involved, with the intention of achieving almost unbroken observation of the Sun. The six observatories are the Teide Observatory (Canary Islands), the Learmonth Solar Observatory (Western Australia), the Big Bear Solar Observatory (California), the Mauna Loa Solar Observatory (Hawaii), the Udaipur Solar Observatory (India) and the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory (Chile).  In 2001, the original GONG detectors were upgraded to 1000 x 1000 pixels and continuous magnetograms were implemented, and the new system is known as GONG++.  More recently (c. 2010), improvements to GONG observatory instrumentation have been made to enable imaging of the Hα ("H-alpha") spectral line of hydrogen in the solar atmosphere.

text: Six solar observatories are involved, with the intention of achieving almost unbroken observation of the Sun. The six observatories are the

text: Teide Observatory

text: Canary Islands

text: ), the

text: Learmonth Solar Observatory

text: Western Australia

text: ), the

text: Big Bear Solar Observatory

text: California

text: ), the

text: Mauna Loa Solar Observatory

text: Hawaii

text: ), the

text: Udaipur Solar Observatory

text: India

text: ) and the

text: Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory

text: Chile

text: ).  In 2001, the original GONG detectors were upgraded to 1000 x 1000 pixels and continuous

text: magnetogram

text: s were implemented, and the new system is known as GONG++.  More recently (c. 2010), improvements to GONG observatory instrumentation have been made to enable imaging of the

text: Hα

text: ("H-alpha") spectral line of

text: hydrogen

text: in the solar atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar atmosphere

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: unbroken observation of the Sun

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar storms

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar atmosphere

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can prominences last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: Sun.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: almost unbroken observation of the Sun.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Sun.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Sun.

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: Sun.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Sun.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the Sun.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: the Sun.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Sun.

text: Nuclear particle tracks subsequently found many uses in extraterrestrial materials, thanks both to the exposure of those materials to radiation in space, and to their sometimes ancient origins.  These applications included (i) determining the exposure of mineral surfaces to solar flare particles from the Sun, (ii) determining the spectrum of solar flare particle energies from the early Sun, and (iii) the discovery of fission tracks from extinct isotopes of Plutonium 244 in primitive meteorites.

text: Nuclear particle tracks subsequently found many uses in extraterrestrial materials, thanks both to the exposure of those materials to radiation in space, and to their sometimes ancient origins.  These applications included (i) determining the exposure of mineral surfaces to

text: solar flare

text: particles from the Sun, (ii) determining the spectrum of solar flare particle energies from the early Sun, and (iii) the discovery of fission tracks from extinct isotopes of

text: Plutonium 244

text: in primitive meteorites.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar flare particles

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: (iii)

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar flare

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: solar flare particles

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar flare particles

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar flare particles

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: determining the spectrum of solar flare particle energies from the early Sun,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flare

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar flare particles from the Sun,

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: flare particles

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: solar flare particles

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar flare particles from the Sun,

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: the Sun,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Nuclear particle tracks

text: Nuclear gamma rays were observed from the solar flares of August 4 and 7, 1972, and November 22, 1977.A solar flare is an explosion in a solar atmosphere and was originally detected visually in our own sun. Solar flares create massive amounts of radiation across the full electromagnetic spectrum from the longest wavelength, radio waves, to high energy gamma rays. The correlations of the high energy electrons energized during the flare and the gamma rays are mostly caused by nuclear combinations of high energy protons and other heavier ions. These gamma rays can be observed and allow scientists to determine the major results of the energy released, which is not provided by the emissions from other wavelengths.

text: Nuclear

text: gamma ray

text: s were observed from the

text: solar flare

text: s of August 4 and 7, 1972, and November 22, 1977.A

text: solar flare

text: is an explosion in a solar atmosphere and was originally detected visually in our own sun. Solar flares create massive amounts of radiation across the full electromagnetic spectrum from the longest wavelength,

text: radio waves

text: , to high energy gamma rays. The correlations of the high energy electrons energized during the flare and the gamma rays are mostly caused by nuclear combinations of high energy protons and other heavier ions. These gamma rays can be observed and allow scientists to determine the major results of the energy released, which is not provided by the emissions from other wavelengths.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: a solar atmosphere

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: an explosion in a solar atmosphere

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: a solar flare

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar atmosphere

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: explosion in a solar atmosphere

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: Solar flares create massive amounts of radiation

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flare

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: 1977.A solar flare is an explosion in a solar atmosphere

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar atmosphere

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: explosion in a solar atmosphere

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Solar flares

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Nuclear gamma rays were observed from the solar flares

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: sun.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Solar flares

text: |-| 3101 Goldberger || 1978 GB || Marvin L. Goldberger, American physicist, teacher and humanitarian, president of the California Institute of Technology, to commemorate his birthday, October 22 [MPC 9217]|-id=102| 3102 Krok || 1981 QA || Krok, mythical Slavonic prince †|-id=103| 3103 Eger || 1982 BB || Eger a small town NE of Budapest, at one time the sixth largest town in Hungary, known for its medieval streets, castle, and red wine (Bull's Blood) †|-id=104| 3104 Dürer ||  || Albrecht Dürer, 15th-16th-century German master painter, woodcutter, engraver, and scholar [MPC 9217]|-id=105| 3105 Stumpff || A907 PB || Karl Stumpff, 20th-century German celestial mechanician and professor of astronomy, pioneer of Fast Fourier Analysis, author of the three-volume Himmelsmechanik [MPC 22497]|-id=106| 3106 Morabito || 1981 EE || Linda Morabito (afterwards Linda Kelly), Education Programs Manager at the Planetary Society †|-id=107| 3107 Weaver ||  || Kenneth F. Weaver, American senior assistant editor for science of the National Geographic magazine [MPC 10311]|-id=108| 3108 Lyubov || 1972 QM || Lyubov Petrovna Orlova, 20th-century Soviet actress †|-id=109| 3109 Machin || 1974 DC || Arnold Machin, 20th-century British sculptor [MPC 34618]|-id=110| 3110 Wagman || 1975 SC || Nicholas E. Wagman, 20th-century American astronomer and astrometrist †|-id=111| 3111 Misuzu ||  || Nickname of Shinano Province, now Nagano Prefecture, Japan, the discovery site [MPC 11441]|-id=112| 3112 Velimir ||  || Velimir (Viktor Vladimirovitch) Khlebnikov, 19th-20th-century Russian poet †|-id=113| 3113 Chizhevskij || 1978 RO || Aleksandr Leonidovich Chizhevskij, 20th-century Soviet biologist, one of the founders of heliobiology †|-id=114| 3114 Ercilla ||  || Don Alonso de Ercilla y Zúñiga, 16th-century Spanish poet and soldier, who distinguished himself in the campaign in Chile against the Araucanians, inspiration for the epic poem La Araucana [MPC 11160]|-id=115| 3115 Baily || 1981 PL || Francis Baily, 18th-19th-century English astronomer, one of the founders of the Royal Astronomical Society, and namesake of Baily's beads [MPC 11160]|-id=116| 3116 Goodricke || 1983 CF || John Goodricke, 18th-century Dutch-English deaf-mute astronomer, who identified Algol as an eclipsing variable and discovered δ Cephei [MPC 10847] †|-id=117| 3117 Niepce ||  || Joseph Nicéphore Niépce, 18th-19th-century French photography pioneer [MPC 10548]|-id=118| 3118 Claytonsmith || 1974 OD || Clayton Albert Smith, 20th-century American astrometrist, director of the Yale-Columbia Southern Observatory and later the United States Naval Observatory's astrometry department † |-id=119| 3119 Dobronravin || 1972 YX || Petr Pavlovich Dobronravin, 20th-century Russian astrophysicist and spectroscopist, deputy director of the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory 1952–1969 † ‡|-id=120| 3120 Dangrania || 1979 RZ || Daniil Aleksandrovich Granin, 20th-century Russian writer † ‡|-id=121| 3121 Tamines || 1981 EV || Tamines, Belgium, now called (Sambreville) [MPC 19333]|-id=122| 3122 Florence ||  || Florence Nightingale, English nurse and hospital reformer [MPC 21955]|-id=123| 3123 Dunham ||  || David Waring Dunham, American astronomer, organizer of the International Occultation Timing Association [MPC 10847]|-id=124| 3124 Kansas || 1981 VB || Kansas, United States, the discoverer's home state, and also the University of Kansas, the discoverer's alma mater, to commemorate the centennial of observational astronomy there, which began with the purchase of an Alvan Clark 6-inch refractor in 1885 [MPC 10045]|-id=125| 3125 Hay ||  || William Thompson Hay, 19th–20th-century British music-hall comedian, film star of the 1930s and early 1940s, and amateur astronomer, (re)discoverer of Saturn's Great White Spot in 1933 [MPC 10847]|-id=126| 3126 Davydov ||  || Denis Vasil'evich Davydov, 18th–19th-century Russian officer, writer and poet, hero of the Patriotic War of 1812 [MPC 11160]|-id=127| 3127 Bagration ||  || Petr Ivanovich Bagration, 18th–19th-century Russian (of Georgian descent) general, hero of the Patriotic War of 1812 who died at the Battle of Borodino [MPC 11160]|-id=128| 3128 Obruchev ||  || Vladimir Afanasjevich Obruchev, 19th–20th-century Russian geologist, geographer, and author of popular books on science and science-fiction novels [MPC 12013]|-id=129| 3129 Bonestell ||  || Chesley Bonestell, American space artist. Named following a competition organized by the Planetary Society †|-id=130| 3130 Hillary || 1981 YO || Sir Edmund Hillary, British mountaineer †|-id=131| 3131 Mason-Dixon ||  || Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon, 18th-century British astronomers who observed the 1761 transit of Venus from the Cape of Good Hope, and later (1763–1767) surveyed the boundary between Pennsylvania and Maryland, the Mason–Dixon line [MPC 10847]|-id=132| 3132 Landgraf || 1940 WL || Werner Landgraf, German astronomer, who established the orbit (and whose initials appear in the provisional designation) †|-id=133| 3133 Sendai || A907 TC || Sendai, Japan, the "Heidelberg of the East" (this object was discovered from Heidelberg) and the Sendai Municipal Astronomical Observatory [MPC 10045]|-id=134| 3134 Kostinsky || A921 VA || Sergej Konstantinovich Kostinskij, 19th-20th-century Russian astronomer, after whom the Kostinsky effect is named [MPC 10548] †|-id=135| 3135 Lauer ||  || Tod R. Lauer, American astronomer, who participated in the Palomar Planet-Crossing Asteroid Survey while an undergraduate student at Caltech [MPC 13174]|-id=136| 3136 Anshan ||  || Anshan, China [MPC 21607]|-id=137| 3137 Horky ||  || Czech hill, site of Antonín Mrkos' first telescope †|-id=138| 3138 Ciney || 1980 KL || Ciney, Belgium, chief town of the Condroz, where the discoverer maintains a residence [MPC 15573]|-id=139| 3139 Shantou ||  || Shantou, China [MPC 16244]|-id=140| 3140 Stellafane || 1983 AO || Stellafane, the annual Vermont star party organized by the Springfield Telescope Makers [MPC 13174]|-id=141| 3141 Buchar || 1984 RH || Emil Buchar, Czech astronomer †|-id=142| 3142 Kilopi || 1937 AC || kilo pi (1000*π, rounds off to 3142) [MPC 9771]|-id=143| 3143 Genecampbell || 1980 UA || I. Gene Campbell, American systems programmer in the central computing facility at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics [MPC 16244]|-id=144| 3144 Brosche ||  || Peter Brosche, 20th-century German astronomer [MPC 22497]|-id=145| 3145 Walter Adams || 1955 RY || Walter Sydney Adams, 19th-20th-century American astronomer, director of the Mount Wilson Observatory (1923–1946), whose spectroscopic studies led to the discovery, with Ernst Arnold Kohlschütter, of the spectroscopic method for determining parallax, and who identified Sirius B as the first white-dwarf star known [MPC 15089]|-id=146| 3146 Dato || 1972 KG || Dato Kratsashvili (1963–1980), a young Georgian painter [MPC 13174] †|-id=147| 3147 Samantha ||  || Samantha Reed Smith, 20th-century American schoolgirl who became "America's Youngest Ambassador" [MPC 11160] †|-id=148| 3148 Grechko ||  || Georgii Mikhailovich Grechko, Soviet cosmonaut and scientist [MPC 12971] †|-id=149| 3149 Okudzhava || 1981 SH || Bulat Okudzhava, Russian (of Georgian descent) writer, poet and songwriter [MPC 12209] † ‡|-id=150| 3150 Tosa || 1983 CB || Tosa Province (Ancient name of Kōchi Prefecture), Japan, the discoverer's place of residence [MPC 10847]|-id=151| 3151 Talbot || 1983 HF || William Henry Fox Talbot, British pioneer of photography*|-id=152| 3152 Jones || 1983 LF || Albert F. A. L. Jones, New Zealand astronomer [Schmadel]|-id=153| 3153 Lincoln ||  || Abraham Lincoln, American president*|-id=154| 3154 Grant ||  || Ulysses S. Grant, American president*|-id=155| 3155 Lee ||  || Robert E. Lee, American general*|-id=156| 3156 Ellington || 1953 EE || Duke Ellington, American musician*|-id=157| 3157 Novikov ||  || Alexei Ivanovich Novikov, Soviet aviator and poet †|-id=158| 3158 Anga ||  || Siberian village, birthplace of Russian etnographers Ivan Evseevich Venyaminov and Afanasij Prokopevich Shchapov  †|-id=159| 3159 Prokof'ev ||  || Vladimir Konstantinovich Prokof'ev, Russian spectroscopist †|-id=160| 3160 Angerhofer || 1980 LE || Phillip Edward Angerhofer, American astronomer and astrophysicist*|-id=161| 3161 Beadell ||  || Len Beadell, Australian surveyor [Schmadel]|-id=162| 3162 Nostalgia || 1980 YH || named in remembrance of good things that are no more †|-id=163| 3163 Randi || 1981 QM || James Randi, magician †|-id=164| 3164 Prast || 6562 P-L || Martin Prast, American citizen and war veteran [Schmadel] †|-id=165| 3165 Mikawa || 1984 QE || Mikawa Province (Ancient name of eastern half of Aichi Prefecture), Japan|-id=166| 3166 Klondike || 1940 FG || The brothers Karl F. Joutsen and Anton F. Johnson, who made a fortune in the Klondike Gold Rush †|-id=167| 3167 Babcock || 1955 RS || Horace W. Babcock and his father Harold D. Babcock, American astronomers [Schmadel]|-id=168| 3168 Lomnický Štít || 1980 XM || Lomnický Štít, Czech meteorological and solar observatory †|-id=169| 3169 Ostro || 1981 LA || Steven Jeffrey Ostro, American astronomer|-id=170| 3170 Dzhanibekov ||  || Vladimir Dzhanibekov, Soviet cosmonaut †|-id=171| 3171 Wangshouguan || 1979 WO || Shou-Guan Wang, Chinese astronomer*|-id=172| 3172 Hirst || 1981 WW || William Parkinson Hirst, South African astronomer|-id=173| 3173 McNaught || 1981 WY || Robert McNaught, British astronomer*|-id=174| 3174 Alcock || 1984 UV || George Alcock, British comet and nova hunter|-id=175| 3175 Netto || 1979 YP || Edgar Rangel Netto, Brazilian astronomer*|-id=176| 3176 Paolicchi ||  || Paolo Paolicchi, Italian astrophysicist|-id=177| 3177 Chillicothe || 1934 AK || Chillicothe, Ohio [Schmadel]. (There are places of the same name in Missouri and Illinois)*|-id=178| 3178 Yoshitsune || 1984 WA || Minamoto no Yoshitsune, early samurai|-id=179| 3179 Beruti || 1962 FA || Colonel Antonio Luis Beruti, Argentinian military officer and patriotic leader in the struggles for independence from Spanish rule|-id=180| 3180 Morgan || 1962 RO || William Wilson Morgan, American astronomer [MPC 15089] |-id=181| 3181 Ahnert || 1964 EC || Paul Oswald Ahnert, German astronomer, author of the annual Kalender fur Sternfreunde [MPC 9771] |-id=182| 3182 Shimanto || 1984 WC || Shimanto River, longest river of the discoverer's home prefecture of Kochi, Japan [MPC 10848] |-id=183| 3183 Franzkaiser || 1949 PP || Franz Kaiser German astronomer †|-id=184| 3184 Raab || 1949 QC || Herbert Raab, Austrian software engineer and amateur astronomer, author of Astrometrica software † ‡|-id=185| 3185 Clintford ||  || Clinton B. Ford, American amateur astronomer, at one time secretary of the American Association of Variable Star Observers, co-founder of what is now called the Ford Observatory in southern California, and 1987 recipient of the Amateur Achievement Award of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific [MPC 15260] |-id=186| 3186 Manuilova ||  || Olga Maksimilianovna Manuilova, Soviet sculptor †|-id=187| 3187 Dalian ||  || Dalian, China [MPC 22497] |-id=188| 3188 Jekabsons || 1978 OM || Peter Jekabsons, 20th-century Australian observer and astronomical painter, whose paintings adorn the walls of the Perth Observatory, the discovery site [MPC 18644] |-id=189| 3189 Penza ||  || Penza, Russia †|-id=190| 3190 Aposhanskij ||  || Vladimir Mikhailovich Aposhanskij, 20th-century Soviet poet and journalist [MPC 11160] |-id=191| 3191 Svanetia ||  || Svanetia, a mountainous district in Georgia [MPC 12971] |-id=192| 3192 A'Hearn ||  || Michael Francis A'Hearn, American astronomer † ‡|-id=193| 3193 Elliot || 1982 DJ || James L. Elliot, American professor of physics and astronomy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and co-discoverer of the Uranian rings [MPC 10848] |-id=194| 3194 Dorsey ||  || Dorsey Taylor Shoemaker, Jr., American businessman and uncle of the second discoverer [MPC 10311] |-id=195| 3195 Fedchenko ||  || The 19th-20th-century Fedchenko Russian family: Alexei Pavlovich Fedchenko, naturalist, geographer, and explorer, his wife Ol'ga Aleksandrovna Fedchenko, botanist and plant collector, and their son Boris Alekseevich Fedchenko, botanist, geographer, writer, co-initiator and contributor to the multi-volume "Flora of the U.S.S.R." [MPC 12971] |-id=196| 3196 Maklaj || 1978 RY || Nicholai Miklukho-Maklai, Russian ethnologist †|-id=197| 3197 Weissman || 1981 AD || Paul Robert Weissman, American cometary physicist [MPC 11160] |-id=198| 3198 Wallonia ||  || Wallonia (Walloon Region), one of the three federal regions of Belgium, the discoverer's birthplace and location of the Institut d'astrophysique (the discovery site operator) [MPC 10848] |-id=199| 3199 Nefertiti || 1982 RA || Nefertiti, Egyptian queen [MPC 10311] |-id=200| 3200 Phaethon || 1983 TB || Phaëton, mythological son of Helios, who operated the solar chariot for a day, lost control of it and almost set fire to the Earth (the object, associated with the Geminid meteor stream, had then the smallest known perihelion distance) [MPC 9771] |}

text: 3101 Goldberger

text: || 1978 GB ||

text: Marvin L. Goldberger

text: , American physicist, teacher and humanitarian, president of the

text: California Institute of Technology

text: , to commemorate his birthday, October 22 [MPC 9217]|-id=102|

text: 3102 Krok

text: || 1981 QA ||

text: Krok

text: , mythical Slavonic prince †|-id=103|

text: 3103 Eger

text: || 1982 BB ||

text: Eger

text: a small town NE of Budapest, at one time the sixth largest town in Hungary, known for its medieval streets, castle, and red wine (

text: Bull's Blood

text: ) †|-id=104|

text: 3104 Dürer

text: Albrecht Dürer

text: , 15th-16th-century German master painter, woodcutter, engraver, and scholar [MPC 9217]|-id=105|

text: 3105 Stumpff

text: || A907 PB ||

text: Karl Stumpff

text: , 20th-century German celestial mechanician and professor of astronomy, pioneer of Fast Fourier Analysis, author of the three-volume Himmelsmechanik [MPC 22497]|-id=106|

text: 3106 Morabito

text: || 1981 EE ||

text: Linda Morabito

text: (afterwards Linda Kelly), Education Programs Manager at the

text: Planetary Society

text: 3107 Weaver

text: Kenneth F. Weaver

text: , American senior assistant editor for science of the

text: National Geographic

text: magazine [MPC 10311]|-id=108|

text: 3108 Lyubov

text: || 1972 QM ||

text: Lyubov Petrovna Orlova

text: , 20th-century Soviet actress †|-id=109|

text: 3109 Machin

text: || 1974 DC ||

text: Arnold Machin

text: , 20th-century British sculptor [MPC 34618]|-id=110|

text: 3110 Wagman

text: || 1975 SC ||

text: Nicholas E. Wagman

text: , 20th-century American astronomer and astrometrist †|-id=111|

text: 3111 Misuzu

text: ||  || Nickname of

text: Shinano Province

text: , now

text: Nagano Prefecture

text: , Japan, the discovery site [MPC 11441]|-id=112|

text: 3112 Velimir

text: Velimir (Viktor Vladimirovitch) Khlebnikov

text: , 19th-20th-century Russian poet †|-id=113|

text: 3113 Chizhevskij

text: || 1978 RO ||

text: Aleksandr Leonidovich Chizhevskij

text: , 20th-century Soviet biologist, one of the founders of

text: heliobiology

text: 3114 Ercilla

text: ||  || Don

text: Alonso de Ercilla y Zúñiga

text: , 16th-century Spanish poet and soldier, who distinguished himself in the campaign in Chile against the Araucanians, inspiration for the epic poem

text: La Araucana

text: [MPC 11160]|-id=115|

text: 3115 Baily

text: || 1981 PL ||

text: Francis Baily

text: , 18th-19th-century English astronomer, one of the founders of the

text: Royal Astronomical Society

text: , and namesake of

text: Baily's beads

text: [MPC 11160]|-id=116|

text: 3116 Goodricke

text: || 1983 CF ||

text: John Goodricke

text: , 18th-century Dutch-English deaf-mute astronomer, who identified

text: Algol

text: as an

text: eclipsing variable

text: and discovered

text: δ Cephei

text: [MPC 10847] †|-id=117|

text: 3117 Niepce

text: Joseph Nicéphore Niépce

text: , 18th-19th-century French photography pioneer [MPC 10548]|-id=118|

text: 3118 Claytonsmith

text: || 1974 OD ||

text: Clayton Albert Smith

text: , 20th-century American astrometrist, director of the

text: Yale-Columbia Southern Observatory

text: and later the

text: United States Naval Observatory

text: 's astrometry department † |-id=119|

text: 3119 Dobronravin

text: || 1972 YX ||

text: Petr Pavlovich Dobronravin

text: , 20th-century Russian astrophysicist and spectroscopist, deputy director of the

text: Crimean Astrophysical Observatory

text: 1952–1969 † ‡|-id=120|

text: 3120 Dangrania

text: || 1979 RZ ||

text: Daniil Aleksandrovich Granin

text: , 20th-century Russian writer † ‡|-id=121|

text: 3121 Tamines

text: || 1981 EV || Tamines, Belgium, now called (

text: Sambreville

text: ) [MPC 19333]|-id=122|

text: 3122 Florence

text: Florence Nightingale

text: , English nurse and hospital reformer [MPC 21955]|-id=123|

text: 3123 Dunham

text: David Waring Dunham

text: , American astronomer, organizer of the

text: International Occultation Timing Association

text: [MPC 10847]|-id=124|

text: 3124 Kansas

text: || 1981 VB ||

text: Kansas

text: , United States, the discoverer's home state, and also the

text: University of Kansas

text: , the discoverer's alma mater, to commemorate the centennial of observational astronomy there, which began with the purchase of an Alvan Clark 6-inch refractor in 1885 [MPC 10045]|-id=125|

text: 3125 Hay

text: William Thompson Hay

text: , 19th–20th-century British music-hall comedian, film star of the 1930s and early 1940s, and amateur astronomer, (re)discoverer of Saturn's

text: Great White Spot

text: in 1933 [MPC 10847]|-id=126|

text: 3126 Davydov

text: Denis Vasil'evich Davydov

text: , 18th–19th-century Russian officer, writer and poet, hero of the

text: Patriotic War of 1812

text: [MPC 11160]|-id=127|

text: 3127 Bagration

text: Petr Ivanovich Bagration

text: , 18th–19th-century Russian (of Georgian descent) general, hero of the Patriotic War of 1812 who died at the

text: Battle of Borodino

text: [MPC 11160]|-id=128|

text: 3128 Obruchev

text: Vladimir Afanasjevich Obruchev

text: , 19th–20th-century Russian geologist, geographer, and author of popular books on science and science-fiction novels [MPC 12013]|-id=129|

text: 3129 Bonestell

text: Chesley Bonestell

text: , American space artist. Named following a competition organized by the

text: Planetary Society

text: 3130 Hillary

text: || 1981 YO || Sir

text: Edmund Hillary

text: , British mountaineer †|-id=131|

text: 3131 Mason-Dixon

text: Charles Mason

text: and

text: Jeremiah Dixon

text: , 18th-century British astronomers who observed the 1761

text: transit of Venus

text: from the

text: Cape of Good Hope

text: , and later (1763–1767) surveyed the boundary between Pennsylvania and Maryland, the

text: Mason–Dixon line

text: [MPC 10847]|-id=132|

text: 3132 Landgraf

text: || 1940 WL ||

text: Werner Landgraf

text: , German astronomer, who established the orbit (and whose initials appear in the provisional designation) †|-id=133|

text: 3133 Sendai

text: || A907 TC ||

text: Sendai

text: , Japan, the "Heidelberg of the East" (this object was discovered from Heidelberg) and the

entity_name: List of asteroid-discovering observatories

text: Sendai Municipal Astronomical Observatory

text: [MPC 10045]|-id=134|

text: 3134 Kostinsky

text: || A921 VA ||

text: Sergej Konstantinovich Kostinskij

text: , 19th-20th-century Russian astronomer, after whom the

text: Kostinsky effect

text: is named [MPC 10548] †|-id=135|

text: 3135 Lauer

text: Tod R. Lauer

text: , American astronomer, who participated in the

text: Palomar Planet-Crossing Asteroid Survey

text: while an undergraduate student at

text: Caltech

text: [MPC 13174]|-id=136|

text: 3136 Anshan

text: Anshan

text: , China [MPC 21607]|-id=137|

text: 3137 Horky

text: ||  || Czech hill, site of

text: Antonín Mrkos

text: ' first telescope †|-id=138|

text: 3138 Ciney

text: || 1980 KL ||

text: Ciney

text: , Belgium, chief town of the Condroz, where the discoverer maintains a residence [MPC 15573]|-id=139|

text: 3139 Shantou

text: Shantou

text: , China [MPC 16244]|-id=140|

text: 3140 Stellafane

text: || 1983 AO ||

text: Stellafane

text: , the annual Vermont star party organized by the

text: Springfield Telescope Makers

text: [MPC 13174]|-id=141|

text: 3141 Buchar

text: || 1984 RH ||

text: Emil Buchar

text: , Czech astronomer †|-id=142|

text: 3142 Kilopi

text: || 1937 AC ||

text: kilo

text: pi

text: (1000*π, rounds off to 3142) [MPC 9771]|-id=143|

text: 3143 Genecampbell

text: || 1980 UA || I. Gene Campbell, American systems programmer in the central computing facility at the

entity_name: Harvard–Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

text: Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

text: [MPC 16244]|-id=144|

text: 3144 Brosche

text: Peter Brosche

text: , 20th-century German astronomer [MPC 22497]|-id=145|

text: 3145 Walter Adams

text: || 1955 RY ||

text: Walter Sydney Adams

text: , 19th-20th-century American astronomer, director of the

text: Mount Wilson Observatory

text: (1923–1946), whose spectroscopic studies led to the discovery, with

text: Ernst Arnold Kohlschütter

text: , of the

text: spectroscopic method for determining parallax

text: , and who identified Sirius B as the first white-dwarf star known [MPC 15089]|-id=146|

text: 3146 Dato

text: || 1972 KG ||

text: Dato Kratsashvili

text: (1963–1980), a young Georgian painter [MPC 13174] †|-id=147|

text: 3147 Samantha

text: Samantha Reed Smith

text: , 20th-century American schoolgirl who became "America's Youngest Ambassador" [MPC 11160] †|-id=148|

text: 3148 Grechko

text: Georgii Mikhailovich Grechko

text: , Soviet cosmonaut and scientist [MPC 12971] †|-id=149|

text: 3149 Okudzhava

text: || 1981 SH ||

text: Bulat Okudzhava

text: , Russian (of

text: Georgian

text: descent) writer, poet and songwriter [MPC 12209] † ‡|-id=150|

text: 3150 Tosa

text: || 1983 CB ||

text: Tosa Province

text: (Ancient name of

text: Kōchi Prefecture

text: ), Japan, the discoverer's place of residence [MPC 10847]|-id=151|

text: 3151 Talbot

text: || 1983 HF ||

text: William Henry Fox Talbot

text: , British pioneer of photography*|-id=152|

text: 3152 Jones

text: || 1983 LF ||

text: Albert F. A. L. Jones

text: , New Zealand astronomer [Schmadel]|-id=153|

text: 3153 Lincoln

text: Abraham Lincoln

text: , American president*|-id=154|

text: 3154 Grant

text: Ulysses S. Grant

text: , American president*|-id=155|

text: 3155 Lee

text: Robert E. Lee

text: , American general*|-id=156|

text: 3156 Ellington

text: || 1953 EE ||

text: Duke Ellington

text: , American musician*|-id=157|

text: 3157 Novikov

text: Alexei Ivanovich Novikov

text: , Soviet aviator and poet †|-id=158|

text: 3158 Anga

text: Siberia

text: n village, birthplace of Russian etnographers Ivan Evseevich Venyaminov and

text: Afanasij Prokopevich Shchapov

text: 3159 Prokof'ev

text: Vladimir Konstantinovich Prokof'ev

text: , Russian spectroscopist †|-id=160|

text: 3160 Angerhofer

text: || 1980 LE ||

text: Phillip Edward Angerhofer

text: , American astronomer and astrophysicist*|-id=161|

text: 3161 Beadell

text: Len Beadell

text: , Australian surveyor [Schmadel]|-id=162|

text: 3162 Nostalgia

text: || 1980 YH || named in remembrance of good things that are no more †|-id=163|

text: 3163 Randi

text: || 1981 QM ||

text: James Randi

text: , magician †|-id=164|

text: 3164 Prast

text: || 6562 P-L || Martin Prast, American citizen and war veteran [Schmadel] †|-id=165|

text: 3165 Mikawa

text: || 1984 QE ||

text: Mikawa Province

text: (Ancient name of eastern half of

text: Aichi Prefecture

text: ), Japan|-id=166|

text: 3166 Klondike

text: || 1940 FG || The brothers Karl F. Joutsen and Anton F. Johnson, who made a fortune in the

text: Klondike Gold Rush

text: 3167 Babcock

text: || 1955 RS ||

text: Horace W. Babcock

text: and his father

text: Harold D. Babcock

text: , American astronomers [Schmadel]|-id=168|

text: 3168 Lomnický Štít

text: || 1980 XM ||

text: Lomnický Štít

text: , Czech meteorological and solar observatory †|-id=169|

text: 3169 Ostro

text: || 1981 LA ||

text: Steven Jeffrey Ostro

text: , American astronomer|-id=170|

text: 3170 Dzhanibekov

text: Vladimir Dzhanibekov

text: , Soviet cosmonaut †|-id=171|

text: 3171 Wangshouguan

text: || 1979 WO ||

text: Shou-Guan Wang

text: , Chinese astronomer*|-id=172|

text: 3172 Hirst

text: || 1981 WW ||

text: William Parkinson Hirst

text: , South African astronomer|-id=173|

text: 3173 McNaught

text: || 1981 WY ||

text: Robert McNaught

text: , British astronomer*|-id=174|

text: 3174 Alcock

text: || 1984 UV ||

text: George Alcock

text: , British comet and nova hunter|-id=175|

text: 3175 Netto

text: || 1979 YP ||

text: Edgar Rangel Netto

text: , Brazilian astronomer*|-id=176|

text: 3176 Paolicchi

text: Paolo Paolicchi

text: , Italian astrophysicist|-id=177|

text: 3177 Chillicothe

text: || 1934 AK || Chillicothe, Ohio [Schmadel]. (There are places of the same name in Missouri and Illinois)*|-id=178|

text: 3178 Yoshitsune

text: || 1984 WA ||

text: Minamoto no Yoshitsune

text: , early samurai|-id=179|

text: 3179 Beruti

text: || 1962 FA || Colonel

text: Antonio Luis Beruti

text: , Argentinian military officer and patriotic leader in the struggles for independence from Spanish rule|-id=180|

text: 3180 Morgan

text: || 1962 RO ||

text: William Wilson Morgan

text: , American astronomer [MPC 15089] |-id=181|

text: 3181 Ahnert

text: || 1964 EC ||

text: Paul Oswald Ahnert

text: , German astronomer, author of the annual Kalender fur Sternfreunde [MPC 9771] |-id=182|

text: 3182 Shimanto

text: || 1984 WC ||

text: Shimanto River

text: , longest river of the discoverer's home

text: prefecture of Kochi

text: , Japan [MPC 10848] |-id=183|

text: 3183 Franzkaiser

text: || 1949 PP ||

text: Franz Kaiser

text: German astronomer †|-id=184|

text: 3184 Raab

text: || 1949 QC ||

text: Herbert Raab

text: , Austrian software engineer and amateur astronomer, author of

text: Astrometrica

text: software † ‡|-id=185|

text: 3185 Clintford

text: Clinton B. Ford

text: , American amateur astronomer, at one time secretary of the

entity_name: American Association of Variable Star Observers

text: American Association of Variable Star Observers

text: , co-founder of what is now called the

text: Ford Observatory

text: in southern California, and 1987 recipient of the Amateur Achievement Award of the

text: Astronomical Society of the Pacific

text: [MPC 15260] |-id=186|

text: 3186 Manuilova

text: Olga Maksimilianovna Manuilova

text: , Soviet sculptor †|-id=187|

text: 3187 Dalian

text: Dalian

text: , China [MPC 22497] |-id=188|

text: 3188 Jekabsons

text: || 1978 OM ||

text: Peter Jekabsons

text: , 20th-century Australian observer and astronomical painter, whose paintings adorn the walls of the

text: Perth Observatory

text: , the discovery site [MPC 18644] |-id=189|

text: 3189 Penza

text: Penza

text: , Russia †|-id=190|

text: 3190 Aposhanskij

text: Vladimir Mikhailovich Aposhanskij

text: , 20th-century Soviet poet and journalist [MPC 11160] |-id=191|

text: 3191 Svanetia

text: Svaneti

text: a, a mountainous district in

text: Georgia

text: [MPC 12971] |-id=192|

text: 3192 A'Hearn

text: Michael Francis A'Hearn

text: , American astronomer † ‡|-id=193|

text: 3193 Elliot

text: || 1982 DJ ||

text: James L. Elliot

text: , American professor of physics and astronomy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and co-discoverer of the

text: Uranian rings

text: [MPC 10848] |-id=194|

text: 3194 Dorsey

text: ||  || Dorsey Taylor Shoemaker, Jr., American businessman and uncle of the second discoverer [MPC 10311] |-id=195|

text: 3195 Fedchenko

text: ||  || The 19th-20th-century Fedchenko Russian family:

text: Alexei Pavlovich Fedchenko

text: , naturalist, geographer, and explorer, his wife

text: Ol'ga Aleksandrovna Fedchenko

text: , botanist and plant collector, and their son

text: Boris Alekseevich Fedchenko

text: , botanist, geographer, writer, co-initiator and contributor to the multi-volume "Flora of the U.S.S.R." [MPC 12971] |-id=196|

text: 3196 Maklaj

text: || 1978 RY ||

text: Nicholai Miklukho-Maklai

text: , Russian ethnologist †|-id=197|

text: 3197 Weissman

text: || 1981 AD ||

text: Paul Robert Weissman

text: , American cometary physicist [MPC 11160] |-id=198|

text: 3198 Wallonia

text: Wallonia

text: (Walloon Region), one of the three federal regions of Belgium, the discoverer's birthplace and location of the Institut d'astrophysique (the discovery site operator) [MPC 10848] |-id=199|

text: 3199 Nefertiti

text: || 1982 RA ||

text: Nefertiti

text: , Egyptian queen [MPC 10311] |-id=200|

text: 3200 Phaethon

text: || 1983 TB ||

text: Phaëton

text: , mythological son of

text: Helios

text: , who operated the solar chariot for a day, lost control of it and almost set fire to the Earth (the object, associated with the

text: Geminid meteor stream

text: , had then the smallest known perihelion distance) [MPC 9771] |}

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: a sunspot is a spot on the surface of the sun

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: volcanoes

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: A coronal mass ejection (CME) is a type of solar storm that occurs when the Sun's magnetic field pulls away from the Sun's core.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar system

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: celestial objects

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) is the world's largest solar observatory.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: celestial

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: Morabito

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: Misuzu

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Misuzu

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Misuzu

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: celestial

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Misuzu

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: astronomy,

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Misuzu

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Misuzu

text: In 1868 Janssen discovered how to observe solar prominences without an eclipse. While observing the solar eclipse of August 18, 1868, at Guntur, Madras State (now in Andhra Pradesh), British India, he noticed bright lines in the spectrum of the chromosphere, showing that the chromosphere is gaseous.  Present in the spectrum of the Sun, though not immediately noticed or commented upon, was a bright yellow line later measured to have a wavelength of 587.49 nm. This was the first observation of this particular spectral line, and one possible source for it was an element not yet discovered on the earth.  From the brightness of the spectral lines, Janssen realized that the chromospheric spectrum could be observed even without an eclipse, and he proceeded to do so.

text: In 1868 Janssen discovered how to observe

text: solar prominence

text: s without an

text: eclipse

text: . While observing the

text: solar eclipse of August 18, 1868

text: , at

text: Guntur

text: Madras State

text: (now in

text: Andhra Pradesh

text: ), British India, he noticed bright lines in the spectrum of the chromosphere, showing that the chromosphere is gaseous.  Present in the

text: spectrum

text: of the Sun, though not immediately noticed or commented upon, was a bright yellow line later measured to have a

text: wavelength

text: of 587.49 nm. This was the first observation of this particular spectral line, and one possible source for it was an element not yet discovered on the earth.  From the brightness of the spectral lines, Janssen realized that the chromospheric spectrum could be observed even without an eclipse, and he proceeded to do so.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar prominences

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: the chromosphere is gaseous

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: prominences

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar prominences without an eclipse

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: prominences

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: solar prominences without an eclipse.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: prominences

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: solar prominences

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar prominences

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: solar prominences without an eclipse. While observing the solar eclipse

text: The stellar classification of this star is K3 IIIa, where the luminosity class of III indicates that this is an evolved giant star. It is around 37 times the radius of the Sun. and shines with a luminosity approximately 1279 times that of the Sun and has a surface temperature of 4320 K.

text: The

text: stellar classification

text: of this star is K3 IIIa, where the

text: luminosity class

text: of III indicates that this is an

text: evolved

text: giant star

text: . It is around 37 times the radius of the Sun. and shines with a

text: luminosity

text: approximately 1279 times that of the Sun and has a surface temperature of 4320 K.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: surface temperature of 4320 K

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: giant stars

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: does not occur

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: luminosities

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: evolved giant star.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: evolved giant star.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: giant star.

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: K3 IIIa,

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: evolved giant star.

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: evolved giant star.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: K3 IIIa,

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: K3 IIIa,

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: 37 times the radius of the Sun.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: evolved giant star.

text: Solar flares are classified as A, B, C, M or X according to the peak flux (in watts per square metre, W/m) of 100 to 800 picometre X-rays near Earth, as measured on the GOES spacecraft.

text: Solar flares are classified as A, B, C, M or X according to the peak flux (in watts per square metre, W/m) of 100 to 800

text: picometre

text: X-ray

text: s near Earth, as measured on the

entity_name: Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite

text: GOES

text: spacecraft.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: classified as A, B, C, M or X

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: can cause a solar flare

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: Solar flares

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: A, B, C, M or X

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: Solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Solar flares

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Earth,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: A, B, C, M or X

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Solar flares

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Solar flares

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: 100 to 800 picometre X-rays near Earth,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Solar flares

text: The sun was photographed for the first time, on 2 April 1845, by French physicists Louis Fizeau and Léon Foucault. Sunspots, as well as the limb darkening effect, are visible in their daguerrotypes. Photography assisted in the study of solar prominences, granulation and spectroscopy. Charles A. Young first captured a prominence in 1870. Solar eclipses were also photographed, with the most useful early images taken in1851 by Berkowski in 1860 by De la Rue's team in Spain.

text: The sun was photographed for the first time, on 2 April 1845, by French physicists

text: Louis Fizeau

text: and

text: Léon Foucault

text: . Sunspots, as well as the

text: limb darkening

text: effect, are visible in their

text: daguerrotypes

text: . Photography assisted in the study of solar prominences,

text: granulation

text: and spectroscopy. Charles A. Young first captured a prominence in 1870. Solar eclipses were also photographed, with the most useful early images taken in1851 by Berkowski in 1860 by De la Rue's team in Spain.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: visible

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: visible in their daguerrotypes

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: Sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Sunspots

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: granulation

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: The sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: visible in their daguerrotypes.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: are visible in their daguerrotypes.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: Sunspots,

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Solar eclipses

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: daguerrotypes.

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: Photography assisted in the study

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: solar prominences,

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar prominences,

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: sun

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Sunspots,

text: The total sum of all solar fluctuations is referred to as solar variation. The collective effect of all solar variations within the Sun's gravitational field is referred to as space weather. A major weather component is the solar wind, a stream of plasma released from the Sun's upper atmosphere. It is responsible for the aurora, natural light displays in the sky in the Arctic and Antarctic. Space weather disturbances can cause solar storms on Earth, disrupting communications, as well as geomagnetic storms in Earth's magnetosphere and sudden ionospheric disturbances in the ionosphere. Variations in solar intensity also affect Earth's climate. These variations can explain events such as ice ages and the Great Oxygenation Event, while the Sun's future expansion into a red giant will likely end life on Earth.

text: The total sum of all solar fluctuations is referred to as solar variation. The collective effect of all solar variations within the Sun's gravitational field is referred to as

text: space weather

text: . A major weather component is the

text: solar wind

text: , a stream of

text: plasma

text: released from the Sun's upper atmosphere. It is responsible for the

text: aurora

text: , natural light displays in the sky in the

text: Arctic

text: and

text: Antarctic

text: . Space weather disturbances can cause

text: solar storms

text: on Earth, disrupting communications, as well as

text: geomagnetic storm

text: s in Earth's

text: magnetosphere

text: and

text: sudden ionospheric disturbance

text: s in the

text: ionosphere

text: . Variations in solar intensity also affect Earth's climate. These variations can explain events such as ice ages and the

text: Great Oxygenation Event

text: , while the Sun's future expansion into a

text: red giant

text: will likely end life on Earth.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar storms

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: disrupting communications

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar storms

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar storms on Earth

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: red giants

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: What can cause solar storms on Earth?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar variation

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar fluctuations

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: Space weather disturbances can cause solar storms

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar storms

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar wind,

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar fluctuations

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: solar variation.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: solar variation.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar fluctuations

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Space weather disturbances can cause solar storms on Earth,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Space weather disturbances can cause solar storms

text: White Rook Emmanuel da Costa was also killed around this period, though his death was unrelated to the agenda of the Upstarts. A group of immortal mutants known as the Externals, became aware of a prophecy that one of the New Mutants was destined to play a major role in the salvation of the planet. The prophecy referenced two New Mutants in particular, de Costa's son Sunspot and the New Mutant Cannonball, one of which potentially possessed the secondary mutation of immortality and the destiny of savior of mutantkind. As Cable infiltrated the New Mutants under the notion that Cannonball was to be the immortal messiah, the External's leader Gideon sought to corrupt Sunspot, who was the messiah promised in the prophecy. Already a family friend, Gideon had de Costa's secretary poison the White Rook in order to force his super-hero son to leave the New Mutants and take leadership of his family's company. When Cannonball survived a near fatal impaling (which Cable mistook as being the result of his being immortal, Gideon turned on Sunspot who was ultimately rescued by X-Force.

text: White Rook Emmanuel da Costa was also killed around this period, though his death was unrelated to the agenda of the Upstarts. A group of immortal mutants known as the Externals, became aware of a prophecy that one of the New Mutants was destined to play a major role in the salvation of the planet. The prophecy referenced two New Mutants in particular, de Costa's son Sunspot and the New Mutant Cannonball, one of which potentially possessed the secondary mutation of immortality and the destiny of savior of mutantkind. As Cable infiltrated the New Mutants under the notion that Cannonball was to be the immortal messiah, the External's leader Gideon sought to corrupt Sunspot, who was the messiah promised in the prophecy. Already a family friend, Gideon had de Costa's secretary poison the White Rook in order to force his super-hero son to leave the New Mutants and take leadership of his family's company. When Cannonball survived a near fatal impaling (which Cable mistook as being the result of his being immortal, Gideon turned on Sunspot who was ultimately rescued by X-Force.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: New Mutants

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: possessed the secondary mutation

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: nuclear explosions

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: planets

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can prominences last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: New Mutants

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: New Mutants

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: immortality

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: X-Force.

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Cannonball survived a near fatal impaling

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: immortality

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: immortal mutants

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: immortal mutants

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: mutants

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: planet.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: White Rook Emmanuel da Costa was also killed

text: Wave Rock is a spectacular example of what geomorphologists call a "flared slope". A flared slope is a concave-upward or -inward bedrock surface that is typically found around the base of inselbergs, bornhardts, and granitic boulders and also on their higher slopes. Flared slopes like Wave Rock are particularly well developed in granitic landforms of south-western and southern Australia. The flared slopes are argued to have formed by the concentrated chemical weathering around the base of an inselberg by groundwater. The chemical weathering of the bedrock by groundwater produces a concave-upward or –inward pocket of deeply weathered, relatively loose, and disaggregated bedrock within the formerly solid bedrock base of an inselberg. When the land surface, which is underlain by deeply weathered bedrock, around an inselberg is lowered by erosion, the pocket of deeply weathered disaggregated bedrock is also removed to produce a flared slope such as Wave Rock. It has also been argued that flared slopes can form during erosion of slopes of inselbergs.

text: Wave Rock is a spectacular example of what geomorphologists call a "

text: flared slope

text: ". A flared slope is a concave-upward or -inward bedrock surface that is typically found around the base of inselbergs,

text: bornhardt

text: s, and granitic boulders and also on their higher slopes. Flared slopes like Wave Rock are particularly well developed in granitic landforms of south-western and southern Australia. The flared slopes are argued to have formed by the concentrated chemical weathering around the base of an inselberg by groundwater. The chemical weathering of the bedrock by groundwater produces a concave-upward or –inward pocket of deeply weathered, relatively loose, and disaggregated bedrock within the formerly solid bedrock base of an inselberg. When the land surface, which is underlain by deeply weathered bedrock, around an inselberg is lowered by erosion, the pocket of deeply weathered disaggregated bedrock is also removed to produce a flared slope such as Wave Rock. It has also been argued that flared slopes can form during erosion of slopes of inselbergs.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: nuclear explosions

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: does not describe

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: inselbergs

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: inselbergs

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Wave Rock

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: chemical weathering around the base of an inselberg by groundwater.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: chemical weathering around the base of an inselberg by groundwater.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: "flared slope".

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Wave Rock

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: granitic landforms of south-western and southern Australia.

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: chemical weathering around the base of an inselberg by groundwater.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Wave Rock

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: granitic landforms of south-western and southern Australia.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Wave Rock

text: Earth receives energy from the Sun in the form of ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared radiation. Of the total amount of solar energy available at the top of the atmosphere, about 26% is reflected to space by the atmosphere and clouds and 19% is absorbed by the atmosphere and clouds. Most of the remaining energy is absorbed at the surface of Earth. Because the Earth's surface is colder than the photosphere of the Sun, it radiates at wavelengths that are much longer than the wavelengths that were absorbed. Most of this thermal radiation is absorbed by the atmosphere, thereby warming it. In addition to the absorption of solar and thermal radiation, the atmosphere further gains heat by sensible and latent heat fluxes from the surface. The atmosphere radiates energy both upwards and downwards; the part radiated downwards is absorbed by the surface of Earth. This leads to a higher equilibrium temperature than if the atmosphere were absent.

text: Earth receives energy from the Sun in the form of

text: ultraviolet

text: visible

text: , and

text: near-infrared

text: radiation. Of the total amount of solar energy available at the top of the atmosphere, about 26% is reflected to space by the atmosphere and clouds and 19% is absorbed by the atmosphere and clouds. Most of the remaining energy is absorbed at the surface of Earth. Because the Earth's surface is colder than the photosphere of the Sun, it radiates at

text: wavelengths that are much longer

text: than the wavelengths that were absorbed. Most of this thermal radiation is absorbed by the atmosphere, thereby warming it. In addition to the absorption of solar and thermal radiation, the atmosphere further gains heat by sensible and latent heat fluxes from the surface. The atmosphere radiates energy both upwards and downwards; the part radiated downwards is absorbed by the surface of Earth. This leads to a higher equilibrium temperature than if the atmosphere were absent.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: absorption of solar and thermal radiation

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: nuclear explosions

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar system

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: photosphere

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar energy

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared radiation.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: 19% is absorbed by the atmosphere and clouds.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared radiation.

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Earth receives energy from the Sun

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared radiation.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Earth receives energy from the Sun

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Earth receives energy from the Sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: space

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared radiation.

text: NASA's Solar and Heliospheric Observatory could not see the transit as it was not in between the Earth and the Sun at the time of the event, but high-definition images of the event were obtained by Solar Dynamics Observatory, from  above the Earth. Agency astrophysicist Dr. Lika Guhathakurta said, "We get to see Venus in exquisite detail because of SDO's spatial resolution, SDO is a very special observatory. It takes images that are about 10 times better than a high-definition TV and those images are acquired at a temporal cadence of one every 10 seconds. This is something we've never had before".

text: NASA's

text: Solar and Heliospheric Observatory

text: could not see the transit as it was not in between the Earth and the Sun at the time of the event, but high-definition images of the event were obtained by

text: Solar Dynamics Observatory

text: , from  above the Earth. Agency astrophysicist Dr. Lika Guhathakurta said, "We get to see Venus in exquisite detail because of SDO's spatial resolution, SDO is a very special observatory. It takes images that are about 10 times better than a high-definition TV and those images are acquired at a

text: temporal cadence

text: of one every 10 seconds. This is something we've never had before".

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: hot spots

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: ionizing radiation

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar storms

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar and heliospheric observatory

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: suns

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can prominences last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Venus

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: one every 10 seconds.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: transit

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: transit as it was not in between the Earth and the Sun

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: high-definition images of the event were obtained by Solar Dynamics Observatory,

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Venus

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: not in between the Earth and the Sun

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Sun

text: Light reflects from smooth surfaces by specular reflection. A rippled but locally smooth surface such as water with waves will reflect the sun at different angles at each point on the surface of the waves. As a result, a viewer in the right position will see many small images of the sun, formed by portions of waves that are oriented correctly to reflect the sun's light to the viewer's eyes. The exact pattern seen depends on the viewer's precise location. The color and the length of the glitter depend on the altitude of the Sun. The lower the sun, the longer and more reddish the glitter is. When the sun is really low above the horizon, the glitter breaks because of the waves, which could sometimes obstruct the sun and cast a shadow on the glitter.

text: Light reflects from smooth surfaces by

text: specular reflection

text: . A rippled but locally smooth surface such as water with waves will reflect the

text: sun

text: at different angles at each point on the surface of the waves. As a result, a viewer in the right position will see many small images of the sun, formed by portions of waves that are oriented correctly to reflect the sun's light to the viewer's eyes. The exact pattern seen depends on the viewer's precise location. The color and the length of the glitter depend on the altitude of the Sun. The lower the sun, the longer and more reddish the glitter is. When the sun is really low above the horizon, the glitter breaks because of the waves, which could sometimes obstruct the sun and cast a shadow on the glitter.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: small images

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: The color and the length of the glitter depend on the altitude of the Sun

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: nuclear explosions

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: can cause a cloud of dust to form

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: altitude

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can prominences last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: small images of the sun,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: The color and the length of the glitter depend on the altitude

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: Light reflects from smooth surfaces by specular reflection.

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sun,

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: A rippled but locally smooth surface such as water

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: glitter

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: glitter depend on the altitude of the Sun.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Light reflects from smooth surfaces by specular reflection.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: sun,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Light reflects from smooth surfaces by specular reflection.

text: The foundations of Meton's observatory in Athens are still visible just behind the podium of the Pnyx, the ancient parliament. Meton found the dates of equinoxes and solstices by observing sunrise from his observatory. From that point of observation, during the summer solstice sun rose in line with the local hill of Mount Lycabetus, while six months later, during the winter solstice, sunrise occurs over the high brow of Mount Hymettos in the southeast. So from Meton's observatory the sun appears to move along a 60° arc between these two points on the horizon every six months. The bisectrice of the observatory's solstitial arc lies in line with the Acropolis. These topological features are important because the summer solstice was the point in time from which the Athenians measured the start of their calendar years. The first month of the new year, Hekatombaion, began with the first new moon after the summer solstice.

text: The foundations of Meton's observatory in Athens are still visible just behind the podium of the

text: Pnyx

text: , the ancient parliament. Meton found the dates of equinoxes and solstices by observing sunrise from his observatory. From that point of observation, during the summer solstice sun rose in line with the local hill of Mount Lycabetus, while six months later, during the winter solstice, sunrise occurs over the high brow of Mount Hymettos in the southeast. So from Meton's observatory the sun appears to move along a 60° arc between these two points on the horizon every six months. The bisectrice of the observatory's solstitial arc lies in line with the Acropolis. These topological features are important because the summer solstice was the point in time from which the Athenians measured the start of their calendar years. The first month of the new year, Hekatombaion, began with the first new moon after the summer solstice.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: hot spots

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: move along a 60° arc between these two points

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: nuclear explosions

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: summer

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: high

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solstices

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: 60° arc between these two points on the horizon

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: the sun appears to move along a 60° arc

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: Hekatombaion,

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Mount Lycabetus,

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Mount Lycabetus,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: horizon

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: six months

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: equinoxes and solstices

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Mount Lycabetus,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Mount Lycabetus,

text: Sunspots are temporary phenomena on the photosphere of the Sun that appear as dark spots compared to surrounding regions. They are areas of reduced surface temperature caused by concentrations of magnetic field flux that inhibit convection. Sunspots usually appear in pairs of opposite magnetic polarity. Their number varies according to the approximately 11-year solar cycle.

text: Sunspots are temporary

text: phenomena

text: on the

text: photosphere

text: of the

text: Sun

text: that appear as dark spots compared to surrounding regions. They are areas of reduced surface temperature caused by concentrations of

text: magnetic field flux

text: that inhibit

text: convection

text: . Sunspots usually appear in pairs of opposite magnetic

text: polarity

text: . Their number varies according to the approximately 11-year

text: solar cycle

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: temporary phenomena on the photosphere of the Sun

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: concentrations of magnetic field flux that inhibit convection

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar cycle

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: temporary phenomena

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: Sunspots usually appear in pairs of opposite magnetic polarity.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: Sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Sunspots

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: pairs of opposite magnetic polarity.

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: areas of reduced surface temperature

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Sunspots

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Sunspots

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Sunspots

text: The Wolf number (also known as the International sunspot number, relative sunspot number, or Zürich number) is a quantity that measures the number of sunspots and groups of sunspots present on the surface of the sun.

text: The Wolf number (also known as the International sunspot number, relative sunspot number, or Zürich number) is a quantity that measures the number of

text: sunspots

text: and groups of sunspots present on the surface of the sun.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: on the surface of the sun

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: present on the surface of the sun

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: can cause a coronal mass ejection

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: present on the surface of the sun.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: present on the surface of the sun.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: The Wolf number

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: The Wolf number

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: on the surface of the sun.

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: The Wolf number (also known as the International sunspot number,

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the sun.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: the sun.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: The Wolf number

text: Some flowers exhibit heliotropism, changing orientation to follow the sun. Others grow toward the position of the sun at noon. As the flower faces the sun it provides a resting spot for a variety of insects, being slightly warmer than surrounding surfaces.

text: Some flowers exhibit

text: heliotropism

text: , changing orientation to follow the sun. Others grow toward the position of the sun at noon. As the flower faces the sun it provides a resting spot for a variety of insects, being slightly warmer than surrounding surfaces.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: heliotropism

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: nuclear explosions

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: is a type of solar storm

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Earth's atmosphere

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: hot

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: flowers

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: slightly warmer

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: slightly warmer than surrounding surfaces.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: heliotropism,

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sun.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: flowers

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: heliotropism, changing orientation to follow the sun.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: heliotropism,

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: heliotropism, changing orientation to follow the sun.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: sun.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Some flowers exhibit heliotropism,

text: The corona is not always evenly distributed across the surface of the sun. During periods of quiet, the corona is more or less confined to the equatorial regions, with coronal holes covering the polar regions. However, during the Sun's active periods, the corona is evenly distributed over the equatorial and polar regions, though it is most prominent in areas with sunspot activity. The solar cycle spans approximately 11 years, from solar minimum to the following minimum. Since the solar magnetic field is continually wound up due to the faster rotation of mass at the sun's equator (differential rotation), sunspot activity will be more pronounced at solar maximum where the magnetic field is more twisted. Associated with sunspots are coronal loops, loops of magnetic flux, upwelling from the solar interior. The magnetic flux pushes the hotter photosphere aside, exposing the cooler plasma below, thus creating the relatively dark sun spots.

text: The corona is not always evenly distributed across the surface of the sun. During periods of quiet, the corona is more or less confined to the

text: equator

text: ial regions, with

text: coronal hole

text: s covering the

text: polar

text: regions. However, during the Sun's active periods, the corona is evenly distributed over the equatorial and polar regions, though it is most prominent in areas with

text: sunspot

text: activity. The

text: solar cycle

text: spans approximately 11 years, from

text: solar minimum

text: to the following minimum. Since the solar magnetic field is continually wound up due to the faster rotation of mass at the sun's equator (

text: differential rotation

text: ), sunspot activity will be more pronounced at

text: solar maximum

text: where the

text: magnetic field

text: is more twisted. Associated with sunspots are

text: coronal loop

text: s, loops of

text: magnetic flux

text: , upwelling from the solar interior. The magnetic flux pushes the hotter

text: photosphere

text: aside, exposing the cooler plasma below, thus creating the relatively dark sun spots.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: coronal loops

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: magnetic flux pushes the hotter photosphere aside, exposing the cooler plasma below

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: active periods

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: coronal holes

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: sunspot activity

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: relatively dark

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: relatively dark

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspot

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: coronal loops, loops of magnetic flux,

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar maximum

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspot activity.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: sunspot activity.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: The corona is not always evenly distributed across the surface of the sun.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: sun's equator

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: The corona is not always evenly distributed across the surface of the sun.

text: The heliographic longitude of a solar feature conventionally refers to its angular distance relative to the central meridian, i.e. that which the Sun-Earth line defines.The "Carrington longitude" of the same feature refers it to an arbitrary fixed reference point of an imagined rigid rotation, as defined originally by Carrington.

text: The heliographic longitude of a solar feature conventionally refers to its angular distance relative to the central meridian, i.e. that which the Sun-Earth line defines.The "Carrington longitude" of the same feature refers it to an arbitrary fixed reference point of an imagined rigid rotation, as defined originally by

text: Carrington

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar features

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: angular distance relative to the central meridian

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: can cause a solar flare

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar system

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: angular

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar features

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar feature

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: angular distance relative to the central meridian,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: heliographic longitude

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: heliographic longitude of a solar feature

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar feature

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: angular distance relative to the central meridian,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: The heliographic longitude of a solar feature

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar feature

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Sun-Earth

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: The heliographic longitude

text: D.M. Rust and A. Kumar were particularly active in using magnetic helicity and relaxation to study solar prominences. Similar work was carried out at Caltech by Bellan and Hansen at Caltech, and the Swarthmore Spheromak Experiment (SSX) project at Swarthmore College.

text: D.M. Rust and A. Kumar were particularly active in using magnetic helicity and relaxation to study solar prominences. Similar work was carried out at Caltech by Bellan and Hansen at

text: Caltech

text: , and the Swarthmore Spheromak Experiment (SSX) project at

text: Swarthmore College

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: prominences

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: magnetic helicity

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar prominences

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar prominences

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: astronomical objects

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar prominences

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar prominences.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: magnetic helicity and relaxation to study solar prominences.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar prominences.

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar prominences.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar prominences.

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: magnetic helicity and relaxation

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: solar prominences.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar prominences.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: solar prominences.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: solar prominences.

text: Solar flares usually follow the solar cycle. CORONAS-F was launched on July 31, 2001 to coincide with the 23rd solar cycle maximum.The solar flare of October 29, 2003 apparently showed a significant degree of linear polarization (> 70% in channels E2 = 40-60 keV and E3 = 60-100 keV, but only about 50% in E1 = 20-40 keV) in hard X-rays, but other observations have generally only set upper limits.

text: Solar flares usually follow the solar cycle.

text: CORONAS-F

text: was launched on July 31, 2001 to coincide with the 23rd solar cycle maximum.The solar flare of October 29, 2003 apparently showed a significant degree of linear polarization (> 70% in channels E2 = 40-60 keV and E3 = 60-100 keV, but only about 50% in E1 = 20-40 keV) in hard X-rays, but other observations have generally only set upper limits.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: usually follow the solar cycle

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar flare

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar cycle

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: Solar flares

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: Solar flares usually follow the solar cycle.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: Solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Solar flares

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar cycle.

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: flares usually follow the solar cycle.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Solar flares

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Solar flares

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Solar flares usually follow the solar cycle.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Solar flares

text: The EIT wavelengths are of great interest to solar physicists because they are emitted by the very hot solar corona but not by the relatively cooler photosphere of the Sun; this reveals structures in the corona that would otherwise be obscured by the brightness of the Sun itself.  EIT was originally conceived as a viewfinder instrument to help select observing targets for the other instruments on board SOHO, but EIT is credited with a good fraction of the original science to come from SOHO, including the first observations of traveling wave phenomena in the corona, characterization of coronal mass ejection onset, and determination of the structure of coronal holes. Before mid-2010, EIT obtained an Fe XII (19.5 nm wavelength) image of the Sun about four times an hour, around the clock; these were immediately uplinked as time-lapse movies to the SOHO web site for immediate viewing by anyone who is interested.  (Since the summer of 2010, when Thorpe commissioning of the Solar Dynamics Observatory was completed, its Atmospheric Imaging Assembly has been able to take much higher resolution solar images much more frequently. The white-light coronagraphs on SOHO are thus able to take images more frequently: they share a CPU and telemetry bandwidth with EIT. The images are used for long-duration studies of the Sun, for detailed structural analyses of solar features, and for real-time space weather prediction by the NOAA Space Weather Prediction Center.

text: The EIT wavelengths are of great interest to solar physicists because they are emitted by the very hot

text: solar corona

text: but not by the relatively cooler

text: photosphere

text: of the Sun; this reveals structures in the corona that would otherwise be obscured by the brightness of the Sun itself.  EIT was originally conceived as a

text: viewfinder

text: instrument to help select observing targets for the other instruments on board SOHO, but EIT is credited with a good fraction of the original science to come from SOHO, including the first observations of traveling wave phenomena in the corona, characterization of

text: coronal mass ejection

text: onset, and determination of the structure of

text: coronal hole

text: s. Before mid-2010, EIT obtained an Fe XII (19.5 nm wavelength) image of the Sun about four times an hour, around the clock; these were immediately uplinked as time-lapse movies to the SOHO web site for immediate viewing by anyone who is interested.  (Since the summer of 2010, when Thorpe commissioning of the

text: Solar Dynamics Observatory

text: was completed, its

text: Atmospheric Imaging Assembly

text: has been able to take much higher resolution solar images much more frequently. The white-light coronagraphs on

text: SOHO

text: are thus able to take images more frequently: they share a CPU and telemetry bandwidth with EIT. The images are used for long-duration studies of the Sun, for detailed structural analyses of solar features, and for real-time

text: space weather

text: prediction by the

text: NOAA

text: Space Weather Prediction Center

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: coronal holes

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: very hot solar corona

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: mass ejection

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: onset

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar corona

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: very hot

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: long-duration studies of the Sun

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: very hot solar corona

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: very hot solar corona

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: coronal mass ejection

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: characterization of coronal mass ejection onset,

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: very hot solar corona

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: very hot solar corona

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: long-duration

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the Sun,

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Sun;

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: hot solar corona

text: In 1931, Sydney Chapman and Vincenzo C. A. Ferraro wrote an article, A New Theory of Magnetic Storms, that sought to explain the phenomenon. They argued that whenever the Sun emits a solar flare it also emits a plasma cloud, now known as a coronal mass ejection. This plasma will travel at a velocity such that it reaches Earth within 113 days, though we now know this journey takes 1 to 5 days. The cloud then compresses the Earth's magnetic field and thus increases this field at the Earth's surface.

text: In 1931,

text: Sydney Chapman

text: and Vincenzo C. A. Ferraro wrote an article, A New Theory of Magnetic Storms, that sought to explain the phenomenon. They argued that whenever the

text: Sun

text: emits a

text: solar flare

text: it also emits a plasma cloud, now known as a

text: coronal mass ejection

text: . This

text: plasma

text: will travel at a velocity such that it reaches Earth within 113 days, though we now know this journey takes 1 to 5 days. The cloud then compresses the

text: Earth's magnetic field

text: and thus increases this field at the Earth's surface.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: magnetic storms

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: plasma cloud, now known as a coronal mass ejection

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: plasma cloud

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar flare

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: The cloud then compresses the Earth's magnetic field

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flare

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: plasma cloud,

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun emits a solar flare

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: solar flare

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: 113 days,

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Magnetic Storms,

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: 113 days,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: solar flare

text: Besides rotation, another factor that can widen the absorption features in the spectrum of a star is pressure broadening. The presence of nearby particles will affect the radiation emitted by an individual particle. So the line width is dependent on the surface pressure of the star, which in turn is determined by the temperature and surface gravity. This technique was used to determine the surface gravity of Tau Ceti. The , or logarithm of the star's surface gravity, is about 4.4—very close to the  4.44}} for the Sun.

text: Besides rotation, another factor that can widen the absorption features in the spectrum of a star is

text: pressure broadening

text: . The presence of nearby particles will affect the radiation emitted by an individual particle. So the line width is dependent on the surface pressure of the star, which in turn is determined by the temperature and surface gravity. This technique was used to determine the surface gravity of Tau Ceti. The , or

text: logarithm

text: of the star's surface gravity, is about 4.4—very close to the  4.44}} for the Sun.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: the line width is dependent on the surface pressure of the star

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: nuclear explosions

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Tau Ceti

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: nearby particles

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: pressure broadening.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: pressure broadening.

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: star

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: nearby particles

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: rotation,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Besides rotation,

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Tau Ceti.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: nearby particles

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: radiation emitted by an individual particle.

text: From August 28 to September 2, 1859, many sunspots appeared on the Sun. On August 29, southern auroras were observed as far north as Queensland, Australia. Just before noon on September 1, the English amateur astronomers Richard Carrington and Richard Hodgson independently made the first observations of a solar flare. The flare was associated with a major coronal mass ejection (CME) that travelled directly toward Earth, taking 17.6 hours to make the 150 million kilometre (93 million mile) journey. It is believed that the relatively high speed of this CME (typical CMEs take several days to arrive at Earth) was made possible by a prior CME, perhaps the cause of the large aurora event on August 29, that "cleared the way" of ambient solar wind plasma for the Carrington event.

text: From August 28 to September 2, 1859, many

text: sunspots

text: appeared on the

text: Sun

text: . On August 29, southern

text: auroras

text: were observed as far north as

text: Queensland

text: , Australia. Just before noon on September 1, the English amateur astronomers

text: Richard Carrington

text: and

text: Richard Hodgson

text: independently made the first observations of a

text: solar flare

text: . The flare was associated with a major

text: coronal mass ejection

text: (CME) that travelled directly toward Earth, taking 17.6 hours to make the 150 million kilometre (93 million mile) journey. It is believed that the relatively high speed of this CME (typical CMEs take several days to arrive at Earth) was made possible by a prior CME, perhaps the cause of the large aurora event on August 29, that "cleared the way" of ambient

text: solar wind

text: plasma

text: for the Carrington event.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: coronal mass ejection

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: mass ejection

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: (CME)

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can sunspots last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: the Sun.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: many sunspots appeared on the Sun.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: coronal mass ejection

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: (CME)

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun.

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar flare.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: directly toward Earth,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: solar flare.

text: The horizontal Snow solar observatory was built on Mount Wilson in 1904.  It was soon found that heat radiation was disrupting observations.  Almost as soon as the Snow Observatory opened, plans were started for a  tower that opened in 1908 followed by a  tower in 1912.  The  tower is currently used to study helioseismology, while the  tower is active in UCLA's Solar Cycle Program.

text: The horizontal Snow solar observatory was built on

text: Mount Wilson

text: in 1904.  It was soon found that heat radiation was disrupting observations.  Almost as soon as the Snow Observatory opened, plans were started for a  tower that opened in 1908 followed by a  tower in 1912.  The  tower is currently used to study

text: helioseismology

text: , while the  tower is active in

text: UCLA's

text: Solar Cycle Program.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: hot spots

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: heat radiation is disrupting observations

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar storms

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: can cause heat radiation

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar cycle

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: heliocentric

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar cycle

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: heat radiation

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: heat radiation was disrupting observations.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: helioseismology,

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: helioseismology,

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Mount Wilson

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: heat radiation

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Mount Wilson in 1904.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: helioseismology,

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Mount Wilson in 1904.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: heat radiation

text: An X1.1-class flare erupted from sunspot 1515 on July 6, generating a R3 (strong) radio blackout and a S1 (minor) solar storm; its related CME caused a G1 (minor) geomagnetic storm. Six days after, sunspot 1520, the largest active region of Solar Cycle 24 to the moment, unleashed an X1.4-class flare, peaking at 12:52 PM EDT. This huge group of sunspots, which rotated into view on July 6, was located in the center of the Sun at the time of this event. The related CME caused a G2 (moderate) geomagnetic storm, following a R3 radio blackout and a S1 solar storm. The Sun emitted a moderate solar flare on July 19, 2012, beginning at 1:13 AM EDT and peaking at 1:58 AM. The flare was classified as an M7.7 flare. It was emitted from sunspot 1520 too. Other M-class flares registered this month was a M6.9 (July 8, sunspot 1515), a M6.1 (July 5, sunspot 1515), a M6.1 (July 28, sunspot 1532), M5.6 (July 2, sunspot 1515) and a M5.3 (July 4, sunspot 1515). The month ended up with 45 M-class flare and 2 X-class flare, which is the highest record of this kind of events within the current solar cycle to the moment. Nevertheless, July 2012 was not the most active month in solar radio flux (the radio emission from the Sun at a wavelength of 10.7 cm) and number of sunspots.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: active regions

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: located in the center of the Sun at the time of this event

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: caused a G1 (minor) geomagnetic storm

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Solar Cycle 24

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can a solar flare last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar cycle 24

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: in the center of the Sun

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: located in the center of the Sun

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: M-class flare

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: G1 (minor) geomagnetic storm.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the center of the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspots,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: sunspots.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Solar Cycle 24

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: 45 M-class flare and 2 X-class flare,

text: Indicating intense magnetic activity, sunspots accompany secondary phenomena such as coronal loops (prominences) and reconnection events. Most solar flares and coronal mass ejections originate in magnetically active regions around visible sunspot groupings. Similar phenomena indirectly observed on stars other than the sun are commonly called starspots and both light and dark spots have been measured.

text: Indicating intense magnetic activity, sunspots accompany secondary phenomena such as

text: coronal loop

text: s (prominences) and

text: reconnection

text: events. Most

text: solar flares

text: and

text: coronal mass ejections

text: originate in magnetically active regions around visible sunspot groupings. Similar phenomena indirectly observed on

text: star

text: s other than the sun are commonly called

text: starspot

text: s and both light and dark spots have been measured.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: Indicating intense magnetic activity

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: Indicating intense magnetic activity

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: most solar flares

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: secondary phenomena

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: intense magnetic activity,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: Indicating intense magnetic activity,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: coronal mass ejections

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Most solar flares

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: intense magnetic activity,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: coronal loops

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: coronal loops

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: solar flares

text: ADAHELI, ADvanced Astronomy for HELIophysics, is an Italian solar satellite project for the investigation of solar activity and dynamics. It is designed to investigate the fast dynamics of the solar photosphere and chromosphere performing visible and NIR broad-band and monochromatic observations.

text: ADAHELI, ADvanced Astronomy for HELIophysics, is an

text: Italian

text: solar

text: satellite

text: project for the investigation of solar activity and dynamics. It is designed to investigate the fast dynamics of the solar

text: photosphere

text: and

text: chromosphere

text: performing visible and NIR broad-band and monochromatic observations.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: active regions

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: visible and NIR broad-band and monochromatic

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar activity

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar photosphere

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar photosphere

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: photosphere

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar activity

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar activity

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: visible and NIR broad-band and monochromatic observations.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: activity

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar photosphere and chromosphere

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar photosphere

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: photosphere

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: ADAHELI,

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the fast dynamics of the solar photosphere and chromosphere

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: solar activity

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: NIR

text: A solar tower, in the context of astronomy, is a structure used to support equipment for studying the sun, and is typically part of solar telescope designs. Generically, the term solar tower has many more uses especially for a type of power production using Earth's Sun. Solar tower observatories are also called vacuum tower telescopes.

text: A solar tower, in the context of astronomy, is a structure used to support equipment for studying the sun, and is typically part of

text: solar telescope

text: designs. Generically, the term solar tower has many more uses especially for a type of power production using Earth's Sun. Solar tower observatories are also called vacuum tower telescopes.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar storms

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: What is a coronal mass ejection?

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar system

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: suns

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: sun,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: sun,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar tower,

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sun,

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: sun,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sun,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: sun,

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the sun,

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: sun,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Earth's Sun.

text: On August 19, 1957, an unmanned Skyhook balloon lifted the first Project Stratoscope telescope. Project Stratoscope I was a program developed to research the Sun. Instruments included a 12-inch (30-centimeter) telescope with a special light-sensitive pointing system and a closed circuit television camera that was guided by the scientists on the ground. This was the first balloon-borne telescope. The telescope took more than 400 photographs of sunspots. These were the sharpest photographs taken of the Sun up to that time. The photographs increased scientists' understanding of the motions observed in the strong magnetic fields of the sunspots.

text: On August 19, 1957, an unmanned Skyhook balloon lifted the first

text: Project Stratoscope

text: telescope. Project Stratoscope I was a program developed to research the

text: Sun

text: . Instruments included a 12-inch (30-centimeter)

text: telescope

text: with a special light-sensitive pointing system and a

text: closed circuit television

text: camera that was guided by the scientists on the ground. This was the first balloon-borne telescope. The telescope took more than 400 photographs of

text: sunspots

text: . These were the sharpest photographs taken of the Sun up to that time. The photographs increased scientists' understanding of the motions observed in the strong magnetic fields of the sunspots.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: strong magnetic fields

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: strong magnetic fields

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can sunspots last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: strong magnetic fields

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: strong magnetic fields

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots.

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sunspots.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: strong magnetic fields

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspots.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: sunspots.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the Sun.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Sun.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: light-sensitive pointing system

text: As of June 29 there had been 10 days during 2016 on which there were no sunspots.

text: As of June 29 there had been 10 days during 2016 on which there were no sunspots.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: no sunspots have been observed during 2016

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: can cause a solar flare

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar system

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: no sunspots.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: no sunspots.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots.

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sunspots.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: June 29 there had been 10 days

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspots.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: sunspots.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: sunspots.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: 10 days during 2016 on which there were no sunspots.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: sunspots.

text: As of August 31 there had been 20 days during 2016 on which there were no sunspots.

text: As of August 31 there had been 20 days during 2016 on which there were no sunspots.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: no sunspots have been observed during 2016

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: can cause a solar flare

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar system

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: no sunspots.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: no sunspots.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots.

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sunspots.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: August 31 there had been 20 days

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspots.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: sunspots.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: sunspots.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: 20 days during 2016 on which there were no sunspots.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: sunspots.

text: Solar phenomena are the natural phenomena occurring within the magnetically heated outer atmospheres in the Sun. These phenomena take many forms, including solar wind, radio wave flux, energy bursts such as solar flares, coronal mass ejection or solar eruptions, coronal heating and sunspots.

text: Solar phenomena are the

text: natural phenomena

text: occurring within the magnetically heated outer atmospheres in the

text: Sun

text: . These phenomena take many forms, including

text: solar wind

text: , radio wave flux, energy bursts such as

text: solar flare

text: s,

text: coronal mass ejection

text: or

text: solar eruption

text: s, coronal heating and

text: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: natural phenomena

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: magnetically heated outer atmospheres in the Sun

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar eruptions

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar eruptions

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: coronal mass ejection

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar phenomena

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: Solar phenomena

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: Solar phenomena

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar eruptions,

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar eruptions,

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun.

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspots.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: sunspots.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Solar phenomena

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Sun.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: solar flares,

text: Solar Equation was a large-scale public art installation that consists of a faithful simulation of the Sun, scaled 100 million times smaller than the real thing. Commissioned by the Light in Winter Festival in Melbourne, Australia, the piece featured the world’s largest spherical balloon, custom-manufactured for the project, which was tethered over Federation Square and animated using five projectors. The solar animation on the balloon was generated by live mathematical equations that simulated the turbulence, flares and sunspots that can be seen on the surface of the Sun. This produced a constantly changing display that never repeated itself, giving viewers a glimpse of the majestic phenomena that are observable at the solar surface and that only relatively recent advances in astronomy have discovered.

text: Solar Equation was a large-scale public art installation that consists of a faithful simulation of the Sun, scaled 100 million times smaller than the real thing. Commissioned by the Light in Winter Festival in

text: Melbourne, Australia

text: , the piece featured the world’s largest spherical balloon, custom-manufactured for the project, which was tethered over Federation Square and animated using five projectors. The solar animation on the balloon was generated by live mathematical equations that simulated the turbulence,

text: flares

text: and

text: sunspot

text: s that can be seen on the surface of the Sun. This produced a constantly changing display that never repeated itself, giving viewers a glimpse of the majestic phenomena that are observable at the solar surface and that only relatively recent advances in astronomy have discovered.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: the majestic phenomena

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: can be seen on the surface of the Sun

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar surface

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can sunspots last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: surface of the Sun.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: observable at the solar surface

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: flares and sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the surface of the Sun.

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: astronomy

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Sun.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: sunspots

text: Hawkeye became a member of the New Avengers led by Sunspot at the request of S.H.I.E.L.D., who are suspicious of Sunspot's activities and want Clint to spy on them. However, during a conflict, Hawkeye is fired from S.H.I.E.L.D. due to deciding to side with the New Avengers against them and following Songbird's betrayal of the team as a S.H.I.E.L.D. double agent.

text: Hawkeye became a member of the New Avengers led by Sunspot at the request of S.H.I.E.L.D., who are suspicious of Sunspot's activities and want Clint to spy on them. However, during a conflict, Hawkeye is fired from S.H.I.E.L.D. due to deciding to side with the New Avengers against them and following Songbird's betrayal of the team as a S.H.I.E.L.D. double agent.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: the New Avengers

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: activities

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: Sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: does not occur

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar system

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Sunspot

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: New Avengers

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: suspicious of Sunspot's activities

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: Sunspot

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Hawkeye became a member of the New Avengers led by Sunspot

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: activities

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: Sunspot

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Hawkeye became a member of the New Avengers led by Sunspot

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Sunspot

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Hawkeye became a member of the New Avengers led by Sunspot

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Hawkeye

text: The novel's final sequence depicts the final two crew members reincarnated on Titan several billion years in the future. The sun has entered its red giant phase, warming the Saturnian system and aiding the evolution of life, in the form of strange, intelligent beetle-like creatures, on Titan. The astronauts watch as the creatures build a fleet of starships to seed new solar systems before the expanding sun boils off the surface of the moon.

text: The novel's final sequence depicts the final two crew members reincarnated on Titan several billion years in the future. The sun has entered its

text: red giant

text: phase, warming the Saturnian system and aiding the evolution of life, in the form of strange, intelligent beetle-like creatures, on Titan. The astronauts watch as the creatures build a fleet of starships to

text: seed

text: new solar systems before the expanding sun boils off the surface of the moon.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: red giant

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: the sun has entered its red giant phase

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: red giant

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: The sun has entered its red giant phase

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: red giant phase

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: red giants

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can a prominence last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: red giant phase

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: red giant

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: expanding sun boils off the surface of the moon.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: red giant

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sun boils off the surface of the moon.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: red giant phase,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: red giant

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: The sun has entered its red giant phase,

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: The sun has entered its red giant phase,

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Titan

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: sun

text: Due to the magnitude of Jupiter's mass, the center of gravity between it and the Sun lies just above the Sun's surface. Jupiter is the only body in the Solar System for which this is true.

text: Due to the magnitude of Jupiter's mass, the center of gravity between it and the Sun lies just above the Sun's surface. Jupiter is the only body in the Solar System for which this is true.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: the center of gravity between it and the Sun lies just above the Sun's surface

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: nuclear explosions

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: can be caused by a solar flare

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar system

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Jupiter

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: Sun lies just above the Sun's surface.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: just above the Sun's surface.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: Jupiter's

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Sun lies just above the Sun's surface.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Jupiter

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: above the Sun's surface.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Sun lies just above the Sun's surface.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Jupiter is the only body in the Solar System

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Jupiter is the only body in the Solar System

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Sun lies just above the Sun's surface.

text: SADs are typically observed using soft X-ray and Extreme Ultraviolet (EUV) telescopes that cover a wavelength range of roughly 10 to 1500 Angstroms (Å) and are sensitive to the high-temperature (100,000 to 10,000,000 K) coronal plasma through which the downflows move. These emissions are blocked by Earth’s atmosphere, so observations are made using space observatories. The first detection was made by the Soft X-ray Telescope (SXT) onboard Yohkoh (1991—2001). Observations soon followed from the Transition Region and Coronal Explorer (TRACE, 1998–2010), an EUV imaging satellite, and the spectroscopic SUMER instrument on board the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO, 1995—2016). More recently, studies on SADs have used data from the X-Ray Telescope (XRT) onboard Hinode (2006—present) and the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) on board the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO, 2010—present). In addition to EUV and X-ray instruments, SADs may also be seen by white light coronagraphs such as the Large Angle and Spectrometric Coronagraph (LASCO) onboard SOHO, though these observations are less common.

text: SADs are typically observed using soft

text: X-ray

text: and

text: Extreme Ultraviolet

text: (EUV)

text: telescope

text: s that cover a

text: wavelength

text: range of roughly 10 to 1500

text: Angstroms (

text: Å) and are sensitive to the high-temperature (100,000 to 10,000,000

text: K

text: corona

text: l

text: plasma

text: through which the downflows move. These emissions are blocked by

text: Earth’s atmosphere

text: , so observations are made using

text: space observatories

text: . The first detection was made by the Soft X-ray Telescope (SXT) onboard

text: Yohkoh

text: (1991—2001). Observations soon followed from the

text: Transition Region and Coronal Explorer

text: (TRACE, 1998–2010), an

text: EUV

text: imaging satellite, and the

text: spectroscopic

text: SUMER instrument on board the

text: Solar and Heliospheric Observatory

text: (SOHO, 1995—2016). More recently, studies on SADs have used data from the X-Ray Telescope (XRT) onboard

text: Hinode

text: (2006—present) and the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) on board the

text: Solar Dynamics Observatory

text: (SDO, 2010—present). In addition to EUV and X-ray instruments, SADs may also be seen by

text: white light

text: coronagraph

text: s such as the

entity_name: Large Angle and Spectrometric Coronagraph

text: Large Angle and Spectrometric Coronagraph

text: (LASCO) onboard

text: SOHO

text: , though these observations are less common.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: coronal plasma

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: These emissions are blocked by Earth’s atmosphere, so observations are made using space observatories

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: SADs

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: SADs

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Earth’s atmosphere

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: coronal plasma

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can prominences last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: SADs

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: downflows

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: These emissions are blocked by Earth’s atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: SADs

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: SADs

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: coronal plasma

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: coronal plasma

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: SADs

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: SADs

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: These emissions are blocked by Earth’s atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: SADs are typically observed using soft X-ray

text: The rotation constants have been measured by measuring the motion of various features ("tracers") on the solar surface. The first and most widely used tracers are sunspots. Though sunspots had been observed since ancient times, it was only when the telescope came into use that they were observed to turn with the Sun, and thus the period of the solar rotation could be defined. The English scholar Thomas Harriot was probably the first to observe sunspots telescopically as evidenced by a drawing in his notebook dated December 8, 1610, and the first published observations (June 1611) entitled “De Maculis in Sole Observatis, et Apparente earum cum Sole Conversione Narratio” ("Narration on Spots Observed on the Sun and their Apparent Rotation with the Sun") were by Johannes Fabricius who had been systematically observing the spots for a few months and had noted also their movement across the solar disc. This can be considered the first observational evidence of the solar rotation. Christopher Scheiner (“Rosa Ursine sive solis”, book 4, part 2, 1630) was the first to measure the equatorial rotation rate of the Sun and noticed that the rotation at higher latitudes is slower, so he can be considered the discoverer of solar differential rotation.

text: The rotation constants have been measured by measuring the motion of various features ("tracers") on the solar surface. The first and most widely used tracers are

text: sunspot

text: s. Though sunspots had been observed since ancient times, it was only when the telescope came into use that they were observed to turn with the Sun, and thus the period of the solar rotation could be defined. The English scholar

text: Thomas Harriot

text: was probably the first to observe sunspots telescopically as evidenced by a drawing in his notebook dated December 8, 1610, and the first published observations (June 1611) entitled “De Maculis in Sole Observatis, et Apparente earum cum Sole Conversione Narratio” ("Narration on Spots Observed on the Sun and their Apparent Rotation with the Sun") were by

text: Johannes Fabricius

text: who had been systematically observing the spots for a few months and had noted also their movement across the solar disc. This can be considered the first observational evidence of the solar rotation.

text: Christopher Scheiner

text: (“Rosa Ursine sive solis”, book 4, part 2, 1630) was the first to measure the equatorial rotation rate of the Sun and noticed that the rotation at higher latitudes is slower, so he can be considered the discoverer of solar differential rotation.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: tracers

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: The first and most widely used tracers are sunspots

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar disc

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can sunspots last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar rotation

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: The first and most widely used tracers

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: to turn with the Sun,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots.

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sunspots.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar surface.

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: tracers

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: sunspots.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar surface.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: sunspots.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: sunspots.

text: A total solar eclipse will occur on April 11, 2070. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide.

text: A total

text: solar eclipse

text: will occur on April 11, 2070. A

text: solar eclipse

text: occurs when the

text: Moon

text: passes between

text: Earth

text: and the

text: Sun

text: , thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's

text: apparent diameter

text: is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: direct sunlight

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: direct sunlight

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can prominences last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: sunlight,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: sunlight,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: 2070.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunlight,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: A total solar eclipse will occur on April 11, 2070.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: A total solar eclipse will occur on April 11, 2070.

text: A total solar eclipse will occur on December 26, 2038. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide.

text: A total

text: solar eclipse

text: will occur on December 26, 2038. A

text: solar eclipse

text: occurs when the

text: Moon

text: passes between

text: Earth

text: and the

text: Sun

text: , thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's

text: apparent diameter

text: is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: direct sunlight

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: total solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: direct sunlight

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can prominences last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: sunlight,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: sunlight,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: 2038.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunlight,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: A total solar eclipse will occur on December 26, 2038.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: A total solar eclipse will occur on December 26, 2038.

text: In order for a solar map to be made, two main types of data must be collected. Those two types of data include Meteorological Data and Topographical Data. The Meteorological data is used in calculations pertaining to Solar Energy. Such measurements of this type of data include the measurements of the position of the sun, overall atmospheric conditions, latitude, and shading. Topographical data on the other hand, is used in illustrating the amount of area exposed to a certain degree of radiation from the sun or in calculations that present how much area of a physical object is experiencing direct contact with the sun's rays. In some cases, Financial Data may also be collected to be presented on a solar map. When this happens, that means that the solar map would appear online for a certain city. The reasons why financial data is collected and presented on these solar maps is to encourage a certain productive behavior among citizens.

text: In order for a solar map to be made, two main types of data must be collected. Those two types of data include Meteorological Data and Topographical Data. The Meteorological data is used in calculations pertaining to Solar Energy. Such measurements of this type of data include the measurements of the position of the sun, overall atmospheric conditions, latitude, and shading. Topographical data on the other hand, is used in illustrating the amount of area exposed to a certain degree of radiation from the sun or in calculations that present how much area of a physical object is experiencing direct contact with the sun's rays. In some cases, Financial Data may also be collected to be presented on a solar map. When this happens, that means that the solar map would appear online for a certain city. The reasons why financial data is collected and presented on these solar maps is to encourage a certain productive behavior among citizens.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: nuclear explosions

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: is a type of solar storm

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar system

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: suns

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can prominences last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Solar Energy

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: a certain degree of radiation from the sun

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: direct contact with the sun's rays.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: Solar Energy.

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sun,

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: sun,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sun's rays.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Financial Data

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Solar Energy.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: sun,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Topographical data

text: The Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) is a NASA mission which has been observing the Sun since 2010.  Launched on February 11, 2010, the observatory is part of the Living With a Star (LWS) program. The goal of the LWS program is to develop the scientific understanding necessary to effectively address those aspects of the connected Sun–Earth system directly affecting life and society. The goal of the SDO is to understand the influence of the Sun on the Earth and near-Earth space by studying the solar atmosphere on small scales of space and time and in many wavelengths simultaneously. SDO has been investigating how the Sun's magnetic field is generated and structured, how this stored magnetic energy is converted and released into the heliosphere and geospace in the form of solar wind, energetic particles, and variations in the solar irradiance.

text: The Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) is a

text: NASA

text: mission which has been observing the

text: Sun

text: since 2010.  Launched on February 11, 2010, the observatory is part of the

text: Living With a Star

text: (LWS) program. The goal of the LWS program is to develop the scientific understanding necessary to effectively address those aspects of the connected

text: Sun

text: Earth

text: system directly affecting life and society. The goal of the SDO is to understand the influence of the Sun on the Earth and near-Earth space by studying the solar atmosphere on small scales of space and time and in many wavelengths simultaneously. SDO has been investigating how the

text: Sun's magnetic field

text: is generated and structured, how this stored magnetic energy is converted and released into the

text: heliosphere

text: and

text: geospace

text: in the form of

text: solar wind

text: , energetic particles, and variations in the

text: solar irradiance

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: irradiance

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: stored magnetic energy is converted and released into the heliosphere

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: irradiance

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar wind

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar atmosphere

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: magnetic fields

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can prominences last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar atmosphere

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: solar wind,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar wind,

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar wind,

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: heliosphere

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: solar wind,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: solar wind,

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: near-Earth

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: solar irradiance.

text: Observations over the decades have shown that its colour slightly changes and it exhibits variation in light that indicate the star is actually an ellipsoidal binary with a period of seven days. The system is more luminous than expected, given the spectrum and distance of the primary star, indicating that the companion star must be contributing a good proportion of its light. Stellar evolution modelling has concluded that the system likely begun as a binary system, with one star about double the Sun's mass and the other roughly equivalent to that of the sun. The larger star eventually aged and expanded as it used up its core hydrogen, and begun having its mass siphoned off by the smaller star; the system is likely to have been an Algol-type eclipsing binary at this stage. This star appears now to be an aged star composed mostly of helium with very little hydrogen and with a mass of 0.2 solar masses and around 37 times the luminosity of the Sun and surface temperature of 7000 K, while the once-smaller star is the Delta Scuti variable that is now around two solar masses. Around 0.8 solar masses has been lost from the system over time.

text: Observations over the decades have shown that its colour slightly changes and it exhibits variation in light that indicate the star is actually an ellipsoidal binary with a period of seven days. The system is more luminous than expected, given the spectrum and distance of the primary star, indicating that the companion star must be contributing a good proportion of its light. Stellar evolution modelling has concluded that the system likely begun as a

text: binary system

text: , with one star about double the

text: Sun's mass

text: and the other roughly equivalent to that of the sun. The larger star eventually aged and expanded as it used up its core hydrogen, and begun having its mass siphoned off by the smaller star; the system is likely to have been an

text: Algol-type eclipsing binary

text: at this stage. This star appears now to be an aged star composed mostly of helium with very little hydrogen and with a mass of 0.2

text: solar mass

text: es and around 37 times the luminosity of the

text: Sun

text: and surface temperature of 7000 K, while the once-smaller star is the Delta Scuti variable that is now around two solar masses. Around 0.8 solar masses has been lost from the system over time.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: around 0.8 solar masses has been lost from the system over time

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: nuclear explosions

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: a coronal mass ejection

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: luminosity

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Stellar evolution modelling

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: ellipsoidal binary

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: ellipsoidal binary with a period of seven days.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: eclipsing

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: ellipsoidal binary

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: ellipsoidal binary

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: ellipsoidal binary

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: seven days.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: ellipsoidal binary

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: primary star,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: ellipsoidal binary

text: Sunspots have two parts: the central umbra, which is the darkest part, where the magnetic field is approximately vertical (normal to the Sun's surface) and the surrounding penumbra, which is lighter, where the magnetic field is more inclined.

text: Sunspots have two parts: the central

text: umbra

text: , which is the darkest part, where the magnetic field is approximately vertical (

text: normal

text: to the Sun's surface) and the surrounding

text: penumbra

text: , which is lighter, where the magnetic field is more inclined.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: the magnetic field is approximately vertical

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: can cause a sunspot

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar storms

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: two parts:

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: two parts:

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: Sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Sunspots

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Sun's surface)

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: Sunspots have two parts: the central umbra,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Sunspots

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Sunspots

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Sun's surface)

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Sunspots

text: A total solar eclipse will occur on October 4, 2089. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide.

text: A total

text: solar eclipse

text: will occur on October 4, 2089. A

text: solar eclipse

text: occurs when the

text: Moon

text: passes between

text: Earth

text: and the

text: Sun

text: , thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's

text: apparent diameter

text: is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: direct sunlight

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: direct sunlight

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can prominences last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: sunlight,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: sunlight,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: 2089.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunlight,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: A total solar eclipse will occur on October 4, 2089.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: A total solar eclipse will occur on October 4, 2089.

text: Sunspot and infrared spectral line measurements made in the latter part of the first decade of the 2000s suggested that sunspot activity may again be disappearing, possibly leading to a new minimum. From 2007 to 2009, sunspot levels were far below average. In 2008, the Sun was spot-free 73 percent of the time, extreme even for a solar minimum. Only 1913 was more pronounced, with no sunspots for 85 percent of that year. The Sun continued to languish through mid-December 2009, when the largest group of sunspots to emerge for several years appeared. Even then, sunspot levels remained well below those of recent cycles.

text: Sunspot and infrared spectral line measurements made in the latter part of the first decade of the 2000s suggested that sunspot activity may again be disappearing, possibly leading to a new minimum. From 2007 to 2009, sunspot levels were far below average. In 2008, the Sun was spot-free 73 percent of the time, extreme even for a solar minimum. Only 1913 was more pronounced, with no sunspots for 85 percent of that year. The Sun continued to languish through mid-December 2009, when the largest group of sunspots to emerge for several years appeared. Even then, sunspot levels remained well below those of recent cycles.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar minimum

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: from 2007 to 2009, sunspot levels were far below average

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspot

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: In 2008, the Sun was spot-free

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar cycles

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspot

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: sunspot

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar minimum.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: sunspot levels remained well below those of recent cycles.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: 1913

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar minimum.

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Sunspot

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Sunspot and infrared spectral line measurements

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Sunspot and infrared spectral line measurements

text: The core of the Sun extends from the center to about 20–25% of the solar radius. It has a density of up to  (about 150 times the density of water) and a temperature of close to 15.7 million kelvins (K). By contrast, the Sun's surface temperature is approximately 5,800 K. Recent analysis of SOHO mission data favors a faster rotation rate in the core than in the radiative zone above. Through most of the Sun's life, energy is produced by nuclear fusion in the core region through a series of steps called the p–p (proton–proton) chain; this process converts hydrogen into helium. Only 0.8% of the energy generated in the Sun comes from the CNO cycle, though this proportion is expected to increase as the Sun becomes older.

text: The

text: core

text: of the Sun extends from the center to about 20–25% of the solar radius. It has a density of up to  (about 150 times the density of water) and a temperature of close to 15.7 million

text: kelvin

text: s (K). By contrast, the Sun's surface temperature is approximately 5,800 K. Recent analysis of

text: SOHO

text: mission data favors a faster rotation rate in the core than in the radiative zone above. Through most of the Sun's life, energy is produced by

text: nuclear fusion

text: in the core region through a series of steps called the

text: p–p (proton–proton) chain

text: ; this process converts

text: hydrogen

text: into

text: helium

text: . Only 0.8% of the energy generated in the Sun comes from the

text: CNO cycle

text: , though this proportion is expected to increase as the Sun becomes older.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: a faster rotation rate

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: the Sun's surface temperature is approximately 5,800 K

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: nuclear fusion

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: a coronal mass ejection

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the radiative zone above

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: radiative zone above

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: The core of the Sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: radiative zone

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: faster rotation rate in the core than in the radiative zone

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: CNO cycle,

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: p–p (proton–proton) chain;

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: radiative zone

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: radiative zone

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: The core of the Sun

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: The core of the Sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: 20–25% of the solar radius.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: p–p (proton–proton) chain;

text: A solar flyer has also been proposed by Geoffrey A. Landis in place of a balloon, and the idea has been featured from time to time since the early 2000s. Venus has a high albedo, and reflects most of the sunlight that shines on it making the surface quite dark, the upper atmosphere at 60 km has an upward solar intensity of 90%, meaning that solar panels on both the top and the bottom of a craft could be used with nearly equal efficiency. In addition to this, the slightly lower gravity, high air pressure and slow rotation allowing for perpetual solar power make this part of the planet ideal for exploration. The proposed flyer would operate best at an altitude where sunlight, air pressure, and wind speed would enable it to remain in the air perpetually, with slight dips down to lower altitudes for a few hours at a time before returning to higher altitudes. As sulfuric acid in the clouds at this height is not a threat for a properly shielded craft, this so-called "solar flyer" would be able to measure the area in between 45 km and 60 km indefinitely, for however long it takes for mechanical error or unforeseen problems to cause it to fail. Landis also proposed that rovers similar to Spirit and Opportunity could possibly explore the surface, with the difference being that Venus surface rovers would be "dumb" rovers controlled by radio signals from computers located in the flyer above, only requiring parts such as motors and transistors to withstand the surface conditions, but not weaker parts involved in microelectronics that could not be made resistant to the heat, pressure and acidic conditions.

text: A solar flyer has also been proposed by

text: Geoffrey A. Landis

text: in place of a balloon, and the idea has been featured from time to time since the early 2000s. Venus has a high

text: albedo

text: , and reflects most of the sunlight that shines on it making the surface quite dark, the upper atmosphere at 60 km has an upward solar intensity of 90%, meaning that

text: solar panel

text: s on both the top and the bottom of a craft could be used with nearly equal efficiency. In addition to this, the slightly lower gravity, high air pressure and slow rotation allowing for perpetual solar power make this part of the planet ideal for exploration. The proposed flyer would operate best at an altitude where sunlight, air pressure, and wind speed would enable it to remain in the air perpetually, with slight dips down to lower altitudes for a few hours at a time before returning to higher altitudes. As sulfuric acid in the clouds at this height is not a threat for a properly shielded craft, this so-called "solar flyer" would be able to measure the area in between 45 km and 60 km indefinitely, for however long it takes for mechanical error or unforeseen problems to cause it to fail. Landis also proposed that rovers similar to

text: Spirit

text: and

text: Opportunity

text: could possibly explore the surface, with the difference being that Venus surface rovers would be "dumb" rovers controlled by radio signals from computers located in the flyer above, only requiring parts such as motors and transistors to withstand the surface conditions, but not weaker parts involved in

text: microelectronics

text: that could not be made resistant to the heat, pressure and acidic conditions.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: hot spots

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: Venus has a high albedo

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: nuclear explosions

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the upper atmosphere

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Venus

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: Venus

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: reflects most of the sunlight that shines on it making the surface quite dark,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: Venus

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Venus

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Venus

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: Venus has a high albedo,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: a few hours

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Venus

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Venus

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: sulfuric acid

text: Ionization depends primarily on the Sun and its activity. The amount of ionization in the ionosphere varies greatly with the amount of radiation received from the Sun. Thus there is a diurnal (time of day) effect and a seasonal effect. The local winter hemisphere is tipped away from the Sun, thus there is less received solar radiation. The activity of the Sun is associated with the sunspot cycle, with more radiation occurring with more sunspots. Radiation received also varies with geographical location (polar, auroral zones, mid-latitudes, and equatorial regions). There are also mechanisms that disturb the ionosphere and decrease the ionization. There are disturbances such as solar flares and the associated release of charged particles into the solar wind which reaches the Earth and interacts with its geomagnetic field.

text: Ionization depends primarily on the

text: Sun

text: and its

text: activity

text: . The amount of ionization in the ionosphere varies greatly with the amount of radiation received from the Sun. Thus there is a

text: diurnal

text: (time of day) effect and a seasonal effect. The local winter

text: hemisphere

text: is tipped away from the Sun, thus there is less received solar radiation. The activity of the Sun is associated with the

text: sunspot cycle

text: , with more radiation occurring with more sunspots. Radiation received also varies with geographical location (polar,

text: auroral

text: zones,

text: mid-latitudes

text: , and equatorial regions). There are also mechanisms that disturb the ionosphere and decrease the ionization. There are disturbances such as

text: solar flare

text: s and the associated release of charged particles into the

text: solar wind

text: which reaches the Earth and interacts with its

text: geomagnetic

text: field.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: activity of the Sun

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: more radiation occurring with more sunspots

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: disturbances such as solar flares

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can prominences last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Ionization

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: more radiation

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: more radiation occurring with more sunspots.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspot cycle,

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar flares and the associated release of charged particles into the solar wind

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspot cycle,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: sunspot cycle,

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Ionization

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: the Earth

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: solar radiation.

text: Wilson noted that sunspots viewed near the edge of the Sun's visible disk appear depressed below the solar surface, a phenomenon referred to as the Wilson effect. When the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters announced a prize to be awarded for the best essay on the nature of solar spots, Wilson submitted an entry. On 18 February 1772 the Academy presented Wilson with a gold medal for his work on sunspots.

text: Wilson noted that

text: sunspot

text: s viewed near the edge of the Sun's visible disk appear depressed below the solar surface, a phenomenon referred to as the

text: Wilson effect

text: . When the

entity_name: Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters

text: Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters

text: announced a prize to be awarded for the best essay on the nature of solar spots, Wilson submitted an entry. On 18 February 1772 the Academy presented Wilson with a gold medal for his work on sunspots.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar spots

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: Wilson effect

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the Wilson effect

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: depressed below the solar surface,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: appear depressed below the solar surface,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Wilson effect.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: near the edge of the Sun's visible disk

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: sunspots viewed near the edge of the Sun's

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Wilson effect.

text: A total solar eclipse will occur on September 26, 2117. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide.

text: A total

text: solar eclipse

text: will occur on September 26, 2117. A

text: solar eclipse

text: occurs when the

text: Moon

text: passes between

text: Earth

text: and the

text: Sun

text: , thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's

text: apparent diameter

text: is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: direct sunlight

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: direct sunlight

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can prominences last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: sunlight,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: sunlight,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: 2117.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunlight,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: A total solar eclipse will occur on September 26, 2117.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: A total solar eclipse will occur on September 26, 2117.

text: At the start of a sunspot cycle, sunspots tend to appear around 30° to 45° latitude on the Sun's surface. As the cycle progresses, sunspots appear at lower and lower latitudes, until they average 15° at solar maximum. The average latitude of sunspots then continues to drift lower, down to about 7° and then while the old sunspot cycle fades, sunspots of the new cycle start appearing at high latitudes.

text: At the start of a sunspot cycle, sunspots tend to appear around 30° to 45° latitude on the

text: Sun

text: 's surface. As the cycle progresses, sunspots appear at lower and lower latitudes, until they average 15° at

text: solar maximum

text: . The average latitude of sunspots then continues to drift lower, down to about 7° and then while the old sunspot cycle fades, sunspots of the new cycle start appearing at high latitudes.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: d).

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: they average 15° at solar maximum

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: 30° to 45° latitude on the Sun's surface.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: The average latitude of sunspots then continues to drift lower,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspot cycle, sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sunspot cycle,

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: 30° to 45° latitude on the Sun's surface.

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspot cycle,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: sunspot cycle,

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Sun's

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: sunspot cycle,

text: Chizhevsky was born in the town of Tsekhanovets (Ciechanowiec in Polish) in Grodno Governorate of the Russian Empire (now Poland).  His father Leonid Vasilievich Chizhevsky was a Russian military general. He spent his early years, and later his teenage years, in Kaluga. As a youth he met Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, a noted space scientist, who also lived in Kaluga. Chizhevsky was educated at the private modern school of F. Shakhmagonov. In 1915 he spent his summer observing the sun and first hypothesized the effect of periodic changes in solar activity on the organic world. In 1916 he entered World War I as a Russian, fighting on the Galician front and earning a Cross of Saint George. There he observed directly that battles tended to wax and wane with the strength of solar flares and geomagnetic storms during the concurrent height of solar cycle 15.

text: Chizhevsky was born in the town of Tsekhanovets (

text: Ciechanowiec

text: in Polish) in

text: Grodno Governorate

text: of the

text: Russian Empire

text: (now

text: Poland

text: ).  His father Leonid Vasilievich Chizhevsky was a Russian military general. He spent his early years, and later his teenage years, in

text: Kaluga

text: . As a youth he met

text: Konstantin Tsiolkovsky

text: , a noted

text: space scientist

text: , who also lived in Kaluga. Chizhevsky was educated at the private modern school of F. Shakhmagonov. In 1915 he spent his summer observing the sun and first hypothesized the effect of periodic changes in solar activity on the organic world. In 1916 he entered

text: World War I

text: as a Russian, fighting on the

text: Galician

text: front and earning a

text: Cross of Saint George

text: . There he observed directly that battles tended to wax and wane with the strength of

text: solar flares

text: and

text: geomagnetic storms

text: during the concurrent height of

text: solar cycle 15

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: changes in solar activity

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: battles tended to wax and wane

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar cycle 15

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: flares

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar activity

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: periodic changes in solar activity

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar cycle 15.

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: flares

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the sun and first hypothesized the effect of periodic changes in solar activity

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: sun

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: solar flares and geomagnetic storms

text: Accompanying solar flares or large solar prominences, "coronal transients" (also called coronal mass ejections) are sometimes released. These are enormous loops of coronal material that travel outward from the Sun at over a million kilometers per hour, containing roughly 10 times the energy of the solar flare or prominence that accompanies them. Some larger ejections can propel hundreds of millions of tons of material into space at roughly 1.5 million kilometers an hour.

text: Accompanying

text: solar flare

text: s or large

text: solar prominence

text: s, "coronal transients" (also called

text: coronal mass ejection

text: s) are sometimes released. These are enormous loops of coronal material that travel outward from the Sun at over a million kilometers per hour, containing roughly 10 times the energy of the solar flare or prominence that accompanies them. Some larger ejections can propel hundreds of millions of tons of material into

text: space

text: at roughly 1.5 million kilometers an hour.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: large solar prominences

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: enormous loops of coronal material that travel outward from the Sun

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: enormous loops of coronal material that travel outward from the Sun

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: large

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: enormous loops of coronal material

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: 10 times the energy

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: "coronal transients"

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: enormous loops of coronal material

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: large

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: prominences,

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar flares or large solar prominences, "coronal transients"

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: "coronal transients"

text: Observations of sunspots were recorded during the Han Dynasty (206 BC–AD 220) by Chinese astronomers, who maintained records of these observations for centuries. Averroes also provided a description of sunspots in the 12th century. The invention of the telescope in the early 17th century permitted detailed observations of sunspots by Thomas Harriot, Galileo Galilei and other astronomers. Galileo posited that sunspots were on the surface of the Sun rather than small objects passing between Earth and the Sun.

text: Observations of sunspots were recorded during the

text: Han Dynasty

text: (206 BC–AD 220) by

text: Chinese astronomers

text: , who maintained records of these observations for centuries.

text: Averroes

text: also provided a description of sunspots in the 12th century. The invention of the

text: telescope

text: in the early 17th century permitted detailed observations of

text: sunspot

text: s by

text: Thomas Harriot

text: Galileo Galilei

text: and other astronomers. Galileo posited that sunspots were on the surface of the Sun rather than small objects passing between Earth and the Sun.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: on the surface of the Sun

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: on the surface of the Sun rather than small objects passing between Earth and the Sun

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: on the surface of the Sun

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: on the surface of the Sun

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: sunspots were on the surface of the Sun

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: on the surface of the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: small objects passing between Earth and the Sun.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: small objects passing between Earth and the Sun.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: sunspots

text: The spacecraft will make a close approach to the Sun every five months. Around closest approach Solar Orbiter will be positioned for several days over roughly the same region of the solar atmosphere like geostationary satellites are stationed over particular spots on the Earth's surface, so the spacecraft will seem to 'hover' for a while over the Sun. Solar Orbiter will therefore be able to watch magnetic activity building up in the atmosphere that can lead to powerful solar flare or eruptions.

text: The spacecraft will make a close approach to the

text: Sun

text: every five months. Around closest approach Solar Orbiter will be positioned for several days over roughly the same region of the solar atmosphere like geostationary satellites are stationed over particular spots on the Earth's surface, so the spacecraft will seem to 'hover' for a while over the Sun. Solar Orbiter will therefore be able to watch magnetic activity building up in the atmosphere that can lead to powerful

text: solar flare

text: or eruptions.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: magnetic activity

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: powerful solar flare or eruptions

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: eruptions

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar flare or eruptions

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar atmosphere

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: magnetic activity

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: magnetic activity

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: eruptions.

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: eruptions.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar atmosphere

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: flare or eruptions.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: eruptions.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar flare or eruptions.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: solar flare or eruptions.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: solar flare or eruptions.

text: The Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) was launched by NASA in February 2010 from Cape Canaveral. The main goals of the mission are understanding how solar activity arises and how it affects life on Earth by determining how the Sun's magnetic field is generated and structured and how the stored magnetic energy is converted and released into space.

text: The Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) was launched by NASA in February 2010 from Cape Canaveral. The main goals of the mission are understanding how solar activity arises and how it affects life on Earth by determining how the Sun's magnetic field is generated and structured and how the stored magnetic energy is converted and released into space.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar activity

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: stored magnetic energy is converted and released into space

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar activity

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: What is a coronal mass ejection?

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: magnetic fields

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar activity

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar activity

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: how it affects life on Earth

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar activity

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: the Sun's magnetic field

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar activity arises and how it affects life on Earth

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: the Sun's magnetic field

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: The Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) was launched by NASA in February 2010

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: how solar activity arises and how it affects life on Earth

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: space.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: solar activity arises and how it affects life on Earth

text: Some spectral images contain only a few image planes of a spectral data cube, while others are better thought of as full spectra at every location in the image.  For example, solar physicists use the spectroheliograph to make images of the Sun built up by scanning the slit of a spectrograph, to study the behavior of surface features on the Sun; such a spectroheliogram may have a spectral resolution of over 100,000 (

text: Some spectral images contain only a few

text: image plane

text: s of a spectral

text: data cube

text: , while others are better thought of as full spectra at every location in the image.  For example,

text: solar physicist

text: s use the

text: spectroheliograph

text: to make images of the

text: Sun

text: built up by scanning the slit of a spectrograph, to study the behavior of surface features on the Sun; such a spectroheliogram may have a spectral resolution of over 100,000 (

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: surface features

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: surface features on the Sun

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar storms

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: can cause a solar flare

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: surface features

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: surface features

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: surface features

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar physicists use the spectroheliograph

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: surface features on the Sun;

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: surface features

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Some spectral images

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the behavior of surface features on the Sun;

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Some spectral images

text: Individual sunspots may endure anywhere from a few days to a few months, but eventually decay. Sunspots expand and contract as they move across the surface of the Sun with sizes ranging from  to  in diameter. The larger variety are visible from Earth without the aid of a telescope. They may travel at relative speeds, or proper motions of a few hundred meters per second when they first emerge.

text: Individual sunspots may endure anywhere from a few days to a few months, but eventually decay. Sunspots expand and contract as they move across the surface of the Sun with sizes ranging from  to  in diameter. The larger variety are visible from Earth without the aid of a

text: telescope

text: . They may travel at

text: relative speed

text: s, or

text: proper motions

text: of a few hundred meters per second when they first emerge.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: may endure anywhere from a few days to a few months, but eventually decay

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: expand and contract as they move across the surface of the Sun

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: eventually decay.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the surface of the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: visible from Earth

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: sunspots

text: (Super Quasar voiced by Keone Young, Aurora Six voiced by Meredith Salenger, Johnny Sunspot voiced by Tom Kenny)A fictional superhero team with three members: Super Quasar, the leader of the Sun Riders who performs Solar Helmet Hot Shot, an attack which he shoots a consecrated beam of solar energy from his helmet's visors. Aurora Six is the ravishing female of the group that uses the Sun Gun, a weapon that shoots sun beams that stuns her enemies in a main attack called Sun Gun Dazzle Stun. And Johnny Sunspot is the kid sidekick genius (who builds all of the team's weapons) that wields special gloves that create dark energy orbs in an attack called Black Hole Blackout (later Black Hole Barrage in his second appearance). When they join hands, the Sun Riders perform Super Solar Strike, a destructive team attack that's similar to a solar flare. The Sun Riders are known to ride on their Sun Cycles, and their own robot is called the Nebutron, an orblike Super Robot that is heavily armed. They have their television series, of which Chiro is an avid fan. However, they wanted to stop pretending, and in exchange for real power, joined the Skeleton King in the promise of destroying Chiro and the Monkey Team. They later return in Season 2, in the episode "The Sun Riders Return", apparently reformed and with a more powerful Nebutron ship - which they later sacrifice for the good of others. Aurora Six appeared as an aspect of the Dreamlands in a later episode, "In the Grip of Evil", and in the last scene of "Soul of Evil." The Sun Riders ware last seen on screen as three the allies that will aid the Hyperforce in the last battle against the resurrected Skeleton King and his army of the undead.

text: (Super Quasar voiced by

text: Keone Young

text: , Aurora Six voiced by

text: Meredith Salenger

text: , Johnny Sunspot voiced by

text: Tom Kenny

text: )A fictional superhero team with three members: Super Quasar, the leader of the Sun Riders who performs Solar Helmet Hot Shot, an attack which he shoots a consecrated beam of

text: solar energy

text: from his helmet's visors. Aurora Six is the ravishing female of the group that uses the Sun Gun, a weapon that shoots sun beams that stuns her enemies in a main attack called Sun Gun Dazzle Stun. And Johnny Sunspot is the kid sidekick genius (who builds all of the team's weapons) that wields special gloves that create

text: dark energy

text: orbs

text: in an attack called Black Hole Blackout (later Black Hole Barrage in his second appearance). When they join hands, the Sun Riders perform Super Solar Strike, a destructive team attack that's similar to a

text: solar flare

text: . The Sun Riders are known to ride on their Sun Cycles, and their own robot is called the Nebutron, an orblike Super Robot that is heavily armed. They have their television series, of which Chiro is an avid fan. However, they wanted to stop pretending, and in exchange for real power, joined the Skeleton King in the promise of destroying Chiro and the Monkey Team. They later return in Season 2, in the episode "The Sun Riders Return", apparently reformed and with a more powerful Nebutron ship - which they later sacrifice for the good of others. Aurora Six appeared as an aspect of the

text: Dreamlands

text: in a later episode, "In the Grip of Evil", and in the last scene of "Soul of Evil." The Sun Riders ware last seen on screen as three the allies that will aid the Hyperforce in the last battle against the resurrected Skeleton King and his army of the

text: undead

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: dark energy orbs

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: build all of the team's weapons

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flare

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Super Solar Strike

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar cycles

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can solar flares last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar energy

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: kid sidekick genius

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: Johnny Sunspot is the kid sidekick genius

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flare.

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar flare.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Dreamlands

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: solar flare.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Sun Gun,

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar energy

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Sun Gun,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Sun Gun,

text: On 2 April 1845, Fizeau and Foucault first photographed the Sun. Photography assisted in the study of solar prominences, granulation, spectroscopy and solar eclipses.

text: On 2 April 1845,

text: Fizeau

text: and

text: Foucault

text: first photographed the Sun. Photography assisted in the study of solar prominences,

text: granulation

text: , spectroscopy and solar eclipses.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: granulation

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: granulation

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar prominences

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: can be studied

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar prominences,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: solar prominences,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar eclipses.

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar eclipses.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Sun.

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: the Sun.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: solar prominences,

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar eclipses.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: the Sun.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: solar eclipses.

text: The standard box is filled with 10 pouches of juice, and each pouch is 200 ml. In the U.S., Capri-Sun pouches are now 6 fluid ounces ; previously they were 8 fl. oz. (240 ml).  The pouch is trapezoidal in profile when filled and rectangular when flat, with a flared bottom that makes the pouch able to stand upright when placed on a horizontal surface.  A straw is supplied with each individual pouch. Other sizes, such as the 330ml pouch with a re-sealable cap, are available in some countries.

text: The standard box is filled with 10 pouches of juice, and each pouch is 200 ml. In the U.S., Capri-Sun pouches are now 6 fluid ounces ; previously they were 8 fl. oz. (240 ml).  The pouch is trapezoidal in profile when filled and rectangular when flat, with a flared bottom that makes the pouch able to stand upright when placed on a horizontal surface.  A straw is supplied with each individual pouch. Other sizes, such as the 330ml pouch with a re-sealable cap, are available in some countries.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: nuclear explosions

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar system

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar dynamics observatory

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: trapezoidal

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: able to stand upright when placed on a horizontal surface.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: Capri-Sun

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: 10 pouches of juice, and each pouch is 200 ml.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: countries.

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: trapezoidal

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: 10 pouches

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Capri-Sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: 10 pouches of juice, and each pouch is 200 ml.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: 10 pouches of juice, and each pouch is 200 ml.

text: The following contains a list of coronal mass ejections. A coronal mass ejection (CME) is a massive burst of solar wind and magnetic fields rising above the solar corona or being released into space. Most ejections originate from active regions on the Sun's surface, such as groupings of sunspots associated with frequent flares.

text: The following contains a list of coronal mass ejections. A

text: coronal mass ejection

text: (CME) is a massive burst of

text: solar wind

text: and magnetic fields rising above the solar corona or being released into space. Most ejections originate from active regions on the Sun's surface, such as groupings of sunspots associated with frequent flares.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: active regions

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: active regions on the Sun's surface

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: mass ejections

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: is a massive burst

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun's surface

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: active regions

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: CME

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: active regions

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: active regions

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: coronal mass ejections.

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: a massive burst of solar wind and magnetic fields

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: active regions on the Sun's surface,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: coronal mass ejections.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: space.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: solar wind

text: The objective of this experiment was to measure the X-ray emission from the sun and its effects on the Earth's atmosphere. The detectors were two identical ionization chambers sensitive to X-ray wavelengths produced in solar flares (2 to 8 Å, or 200 to 800 pm). The ionization chambers were located 120 deg apart in the equatorial plane of the satellite and received a maximum signal when an ion chamber tube "looked" toward the sun. The instrumentation measured the 2 to 8 Å (200 to 800 pm) X-ray flux, and recorded the peak solar flare intensity by means of a peak-reading memory device, during the daylight portion of each orbit.

text: The objective of this experiment was to measure the X-ray emission from the sun and its effects on the Earth's atmosphere. The detectors were two identical ionization chambers sensitive to X-ray wavelengths produced in solar flares (2 to 8 Å, or 200 to 800 pm). The ionization chambers were located 120 deg apart in the equatorial plane of the satellite and received a maximum signal when an ion chamber tube "looked" toward the sun. The instrumentation measured the 2 to 8 Å (200 to 800 pm) X-ray flux, and recorded the peak solar flare intensity by means of a peak-reading memory device, during the daylight portion of each orbit.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: X-ray emission from the sun

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Earth's atmosphere

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: X-ray wavelengths produced in solar flares

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: X-ray emission from the sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: sun

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: X-ray wavelengths produced in solar flares

text: Flares are more common in stars with short periods. However, the energy of the largest flares is not related to the period of rotation. Stars with larger variations also have much more frequent flares; there is as well a tendency for them to have more energetic flares. Large variations can be found on even the most slowly rotating stars: one star had a rotation period of 22.7 days and variations implying spot coverage of 2.5% of the surface, over ten times greater than the maximum solar value. By estimating the size of the starspots from the amplitude variation, and assuming solar values for the magnetic fields in the spots (1000 G),  it is possible to estimate the energy available: in all cases there is enough energy in the field to power even the largest flares observed. This suggests that superflares and solar flares have essentially the same mechanism.

text: Flares are more common in stars with short periods. However, the energy of the largest flares is not related to the period of rotation. Stars with larger variations also have much more frequent flares; there is as well a tendency for them to have more energetic flares. Large variations can be found on even the most slowly rotating stars: one star had a rotation period of 22.7 days and variations implying spot coverage of 2.5% of the surface, over ten times greater than the maximum solar value. By estimating the size of the starspots from the amplitude variation, and assuming solar values for the magnetic fields in the spots (1000 G),  it is possible to estimate the energy available: in all cases there is enough energy in the field to power even the largest flares observed. This suggests that superflares and solar flares have essentially the same mechanism.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: magnetic fields

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: the energy of the largest flares is not related to the period of rotation

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: superflares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: superflares and solar flares

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: stars with short periods

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: starspots

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: amplitude variation,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: estimating the size of the starspots from the amplitude variation,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: superflares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: superflares and solar flares

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: stars with short periods.

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: starspots

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Flares are more common in stars with short periods.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Flares are more common in stars

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: superflares

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Flares

text: The POlarization Emission of Millimeter Activity at the Sun (POEMAS) is a solar patrol system composed of two radio telescopes with superheterodyne circular polarization receivers at 45 and 90 GHz. Since their half power beam width is around 1.4°, they observe the full sun. The acquisition system allows to gather 100 values per second at both frequencies and polarizations, with a sensitivity of around 20 solar flux units (SFU) (1 SFU ≡ 10 Jy). The telescope saw first light in November 2011, and showed excellent performance during two years, when it observed many flares. Since November 2013 is stopped for repairing. The main interest of POEMAS is the observation of solar flares in a frequency range where there are very few detectors and fill the gap between microwaves observed with the Radio Solar Telescope Network (1 to 15.4 GHz) and submillimeter observations of the Solar Submillimeter Telescope (212 and 405 GHz). Moreover, POEMAS is the only current telescope capable of carrying on circular polarization solar flare observations at 90 GHz. (Although, in principle, ALMA band 3 may also observe at 90 GHz with circular polarization).

text: The POlarization Emission of Millimeter Activity at the Sun (POEMAS) is a solar patrol system composed of two radio telescopes with

text: superheterodyne

text: circular polarization

text: receivers at 45 and 90 GHz. Since their

text: half power beam width

text: is around 1.4°, they observe the full sun. The acquisition system allows to gather 100 values per second at both frequencies and polarizations, with a sensitivity of around 20

text: solar flux units (SFU)

text: (1 SFU ≡ 10

text: Jy

text: ). The telescope saw

text: first light

text: in November 2011, and showed excellent performance during two years, when it observed many

text: flares

text: . Since November 2013 is stopped for repairing. The main interest of POEMAS is the observation of

text: solar flare

text: s in a frequency range where there are very few detectors and fill the gap between

text: microwave

text: s observed with the

text: Radio Solar Telescope Network

text: (1 to 15.4 GHz) and submillimeter observations of the

text: Solar Submillimeter Telescope

text: (212 and 405 GHz). Moreover, POEMAS is the only current telescope capable of carrying on circular polarization

text: solar flare

text: observations at 90 GHz. (Although, in principle,

text: ALMA

text: band 3 may also observe at 90 GHz with circular polarization).

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: POlarization Emission of Millimeter Activity at the Sun

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: flares

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can solar flares last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: flares.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: flares.

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: frequency range where there are very few detectors

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: flares

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: microwaves

text: O'Connor's most recent series of 26 interconnected drawings are large, pictogram-like works that depict, through text and graphic images, the lifespan of a working class male as he encountered myriad obstacles, both real and imagined. These works reference Hollywood filmmaking, consumer drug effects, video game spaces, social class, popular music, dream imagery, theories of time perception, literary fiction, advertisement logos, etc. In a recent series of photographic collages, O'Connor fused close up NASA images of sunspots onto the surface of his face, creating, disturbing composite portraits that investigated the relationship between celestial patterns and those of the human being on Earth. Overall, many of O'Connor's recent works explore the moment when an individual's internal intentions and desires, are affected or opposed by a powerful external force.

text: O'Connor's most recent series of 26 interconnected drawings are large, pictogram-like works that depict, through text and graphic images, the lifespan of a working class male as he encountered myriad obstacles, both real and imagined. These works reference Hollywood filmmaking, consumer drug effects, video game spaces, social class, popular music, dream imagery, theories of time perception, literary fiction, advertisement logos, etc. In a recent series of photographic collages, O'Connor fused close up NASA images of sunspots onto the surface of his face, creating, disturbing composite portraits that investigated the relationship between celestial patterns and those of the human being on Earth. Overall, many of O'Connor's recent works explore the moment when an individual's internal intentions and desires, are affected or opposed by a powerful external force.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: celestial patterns

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: celestial patterns and those of the human being on Earth

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: What are sunspots?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: celestial patterns

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: the relationship between celestial patterns and those of the human being on Earth.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: celestial

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: celestial patterns and those of the human being on Earth.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: sunspots

text: A total solar eclipse occurred on January 14, 1926. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide.

text: A total

text: solar eclipse

text: occurred on January 14, 1926. A

text: solar eclipse

text: occurs when the

text: Moon

text: passes between

text: Earth

text: and the

text: Sun

text: , thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's

text: apparent diameter

text: is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: direct sunlight

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: direct sunlight

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can prominences last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: sunlight,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: direct sunlight,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: total solar eclipse occurred on January 14, 1926.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunlight,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: A total solar eclipse occurred on January 14, 1926.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: A total solar eclipse occurred on January 14, 1926.

text: Sunspot Records was a small independent record label from the Washington D.C. area that existed in the early nineties. The Sunspot roster featured bands primarily from the east coast of the U.S.. Several of these bands such as Avail, Shades Apart, 1.6 Band, and Fly (pre Trans-Am) went on to have successful music careers. The label was founded, owned, and operated by Bryan Wassom until it closed shop in 1994.

text: Sunspot Records was a small independent record label from the Washington D.C. area that existed in the early nineties. The Sunspot roster featured bands primarily from the east coast of the U.S.. Several of these bands such as

text: Avail

text: Shades Apart

text: 1.6 Band

text: , and Fly (pre

text: Trans-Am

text: ) went on to have successful music careers. The label was founded, owned, and operated by Bryan Wassom until it closed shop in 1994.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: independent record label

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: was founded, owned, and operated by Bryan Wassom until it closed shop in 1994

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: nuclear explosions

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: What is a coronal mass ejection?

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar system

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Solar Dynamics Observatory

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: independent record label

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: bands primarily from the east coast of the U.S..

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: Trans-Am)

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Sunspot Records

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: east coast

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: Sunspot Records

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: music careers.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Sunspot Records

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Washington D.C.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: early nineties.

text: Solar radiation pressure is calculated from the solar constant.  It varies inversely by the square of the distance from the sun.  The pressure experienced by a perfectly absorbing planar surface that may be at an angle to the source is:

text: Solar radiation pressure is calculated from the solar constant.  It varies inversely by the square of the distance from the sun.  The pressure experienced by a perfectly absorbing planar surface that may be at an angle to the source is:

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: pressure varies inversely

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: nuclear explosions

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: can cause a solar flare

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: suns

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar radiation

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: Solar radiation pressure

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: It varies inversely by the square of the distance from the sun.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: Solar radiation pressure

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Solar radiation pressure is calculated from the solar constant.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: sun.

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: Solar radiation pressure is calculated from the solar constant.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Solar radiation pressure

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Solar radiation pressure

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Solar radiation pressure

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Solar radiation pressure

text: A total solar eclipse will occur on August 3, 2073. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide.

text: A total

text: solar eclipse

text: will occur on August 3, 2073. A

text: solar eclipse

text: occurs when the

text: Moon

text: passes between

text: Earth

text: and the

text: Sun

text: , thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's

text: apparent diameter

text: is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: direct sunlight

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: direct sunlight

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can prominences last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: sunlight,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: sunlight,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: 2073.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunlight,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: A total solar eclipse will occur on August 3, 2073.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: A total solar eclipse will occur on August 3, 2073.

text: Hamal is radiating about 91 times the Sun's luminosity from its outer envelope at an effective temperature of 4,480 K. This is cooler than the surface of the Sun, giving it the orange-hued glow of a K-type star. It is suspected to be slightly variable, with an amplitude of 0.06 magnitude. The abundance of elements other than hydrogen and helium, what astronomers term the star's metallicity, is only around half that in the Sun.

text: Hamal is radiating about 91 times the Sun's luminosity from its

text: outer envelope

text: at an

text: effective temperature

text: of 4,480 K. This is cooler than the surface of the Sun, giving it the orange-hued glow of a

text: K-type star

text: . It is suspected to be slightly

text: variable

text: , with an amplitude of 0.06 magnitude. The abundance of elements other than hydrogen and helium, what astronomers term the star's

text: metallicity

text: , is only around half that in the Sun.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: hot spots

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: astronomers term the star's metallicity, is only around half that in the Sun

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: K-type star

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: astronomers term the star's metallicity

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: K-type stars

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Hamal

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: K-type star.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: cooler than the surface of the Sun,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: K-type star.

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Hamal

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: outer envelope

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: K-type star.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Hamal

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Hamal

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Hamal

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: 91 times the Sun's luminosity

text: The JWSO is capable of world-class astronomical telescopic observation and astrophotography, has a dedicated telescope for solar viewing, and is one of very few observatories in the country that is designed specifically to be completely accessible to people of all disabilities.

text: The JWSO is capable of world-class astronomical telescopic observation and astrophotography, has a dedicated telescope for solar viewing, and is one of very few observatories in the country that is designed specifically to be completely accessible to people of all disabilities.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: hot spots

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: have a dedicated telescope for solar viewing

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar storms

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: can cause a solar flare

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar system

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar viewing,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: solar viewing,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar viewing,

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: astronomical telescopic observation and astrophotography,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: solar viewing,

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar viewing,

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: The JWSO

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: telescopic observation and astrophotography,

text: The researchers at the MPS are studying the complete range of dynamic and often spectacular processes occurring on the Sun – from the interior to the outer heliosphere. At the heart of this research is the magnetic field, which plays a decisive role in these processes. It is generated by gas currents in the interior of the Sun and causes, among other things, dark spots on the surface. Answers to the following questions are being sought: Why does the magnetic field change with an eleven-year cycle? How does the magnetic field produce the various structures on the Sun? How is the corona heated to many millions of degrees?Instruments developed by MPS aboard the space- craft SOHO and Ulysses have provided fundamentally new insights: Measurements of the ultraviolet spectrometer SUMER on board SOHO played a decisive role in recognising the significance of the magnetic field for dynamic processes and Ulysses measured the three-dimensional structure of the solar wind for the first time.Another important research topic at the "The Sun and Heliosphere" department is the influence on the Earth due to the Sun’s variable activity. Scientists are working intensively on the project STEREO, in which two identical spacecraft trace disturbances from the Sun to the Earth from different observational points, permitting predictions of potentially dangerous events.The physical processes involved in the origin and development of magnetic fields on the Sun take place on very small scales and therefore require measurements with very high spatial resolution. The balloon-borne telescope Sunrise, built under Institute leadership and flown in June 2009, was able to make out structures on the Sun’s surface as small as 100 kilometers.Future projects will stress research into the physical causes of the Sun’s variations. The ambitious Solar Orbiter Mission, based on a suggestion from the Institute, will see a probe approach our star to within a fifth of the Earth-Sun distance in order to investigate the magnetic field and its effects in the various layers of the solar atmosphere.

text: The researchers at the MPS are studying the complete range of dynamic and often spectacular processes occurring on the Sun – from the interior to the outer heliosphere. At the heart of this research is the

text: magnetic field

text: , which plays a decisive role in these processes. It is generated by gas currents in the interior of the

text: Sun

text: and causes, among other things, dark spots on the surface. Answers to the following questions are being sought: Why does the magnetic field change with an eleven-year cycle? How does the magnetic field produce the various structures on the Sun? How is the corona heated to many millions of degrees?Instruments developed by MPS aboard the space- craft

text: SOHO

text: and

text: Ulysses

text: have provided fundamentally new insights: Measurements of the ultraviolet spectrometer

text: SUMER

text: on board

text: SOHO

text: played a decisive role in recognising the significance of the magnetic field for dynamic processes and

text: Ulysses

text: measured the three-dimensional structure of the solar wind for the first time.Another important research topic at the "The Sun and Heliosphere" department is the influence on the Earth due to the Sun’s variable activity. Scientists are working intensively on the project

text: STEREO

text: , in which two identical spacecraft trace disturbances from the Sun to the Earth from different observational points, permitting predictions of potentially dangerous events.The physical processes involved in the origin and development of magnetic fields on the Sun take place on very small scales and therefore require measurements with very high spatial resolution. The balloon-borne telescope

text: Sunrise

text: , built under Institute leadership and flown in June 2009, was able to make out structures on the Sun’s surface as small as 100 kilometers.Future projects will stress research into the physical causes of the Sun’s variations. The ambitious

text: Solar Orbiter

text: Mission, based on a suggestion from the Institute, will see a probe approach our star to within a fifth of the Earth-Sun distance in order to investigate the magnetic field and its effects in the various layers of the solar atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: dark spots on the surface

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: dark spots on the surface

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar wind

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: a coronal mass ejection

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the interior of the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: dark spots on the surface

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can prominences last on the Sun?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the solar wind

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: STEREO

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: dark spots on the surface.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: It is generated by gas currents

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: disturbances

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: gas currents in the interior of the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: dark spots

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: gas currents

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the complete range of dynamic and often spectacular processes occurring on the Sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Earth-Sun

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: predictions of potentially dangerous events.The

text: The Bird-of-Prey's travel through time was one of the most difficult effects sequences of the film. While ILM was experienced in creating the streaking warp effect they used for previous films, the sequence required the camera to trail a sustained warp effect as the Bird-of-Prey rounded the sun. Matching the effect to the model was accomplished through trial-and-error guesswork. The team did not have the time to wait for the animation department to create the sun for this shot. Assistant cameraman Pete Kozachic devised a way of creating the sun on-stage. He placed two sheets of textured plexiglass next to each other and backlit them with a powerful yellow light. The rig was rotated on a circular track and the sheet in front created a moire pattern as its position shifted. Animator John Knoll added solar flare effects to complete the look; Dow recalled that the effect came close to matching footage of the sun taken by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory.

text: The Bird-of-Prey's travel through time was one of the most difficult effects sequences of the film. While ILM was experienced in creating the streaking warp effect they used for previous films, the sequence required the camera to trail a sustained warp effect as the Bird-of-Prey rounded the sun. Matching the effect to the model was accomplished through trial-and-error guesswork. The team did not have the time to wait for the animation department to create the sun for this shot. Assistant cameraman Pete Kozachic devised a way of creating the sun on-stage. He placed two sheets of textured plexiglass next to each other and backlit them with a powerful yellow light. The rig was rotated on a circular track and the sheet in front created a

text: moire pattern

text: as its position shifted. Animator

text: John Knoll

text: added solar flare effects to complete the look; Dow recalled that the effect came close to matching footage of the sun taken by the

text: Jet Propulsion Laboratory

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: solar flare effects to complete the look

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar system

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: flares

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can prominences last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar flare

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: rounded the sun.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flare

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sun.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: sun.

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: flare

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: sun.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: sun taken by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: sun.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: solar flare effects

text: Hank Henshaw was an astronaut at NASA until a solar flare hit his space shuttle during an experiment in space, damaging the ship and the crew. Henshaw and the crew found that their bodies had begun to mutate and, after returning to Earth, Henshaw's entire crew (including his wife) eventually committed suicide. After learning that Superman had thrown the Eradicator into the sun in a battle during the space shuttle experiment, Henshaw blamed Superman for the solar flare and the accident. Before his body completely disintegrated due to the radiation exposure, Henshaw was able to save his consciousness. Using NASA communications equipment, Henshaw beams his mind into the birthing matrix which had carried Superman from Krypton to Earth as an infant. He creates a small exploration craft from the birthing matrix and departs into outer space alone. Becoming increasingly mentally unstable, Henshaw used Superman's birthing matrix to create a body identical to Superman's, albeit with cybernetic parts. He returned to Earth to kill Superman, only to discover that Superman had already died during Henshaw's absence. Following Superman's eventual resurrection, Henshaw would not only become a recurring adversary of Superman but of Green Lantern as well. Hank Henshaw became a member of the Sinestro Corps during the Blackest Night.

text: Hank Henshaw was an astronaut at

text: NASA

text: until a solar flare hit his space shuttle during an experiment in space, damaging the ship and the crew. Henshaw and the crew found that their bodies had begun to mutate and, after returning to Earth, Henshaw's entire crew (including his wife) eventually committed suicide. After learning that

text: Superman

text: had thrown

text: the Eradicator

text: into the sun in a battle during the space shuttle experiment, Henshaw blamed Superman for the solar flare and the accident. Before his body completely disintegrated due to the radiation exposure, Henshaw was able to save his consciousness. Using NASA communications equipment, Henshaw beams his mind into the birthing matrix which had carried Superman from

text: Krypton

text: to Earth as an infant. He creates a small exploration craft from the birthing matrix and departs into outer space alone. Becoming increasingly mentally unstable, Henshaw used Superman's birthing matrix to create a body identical to Superman's, albeit with cybernetic parts. He returned to Earth to kill Superman, only to discover that

text: Superman had already died

text: during Henshaw's absence. Following Superman's eventual resurrection, Henshaw would not only become a recurring adversary of Superman but of

text: Green Lantern

text: as well. Hank Henshaw became a member of the

text: Sinestro Corps

text: during the

text: Blackest Night

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: flares

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: radiation exposure

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flare

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: flares

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can prominences last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar flare

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: solar flare

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flare

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar flare

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: flare

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: solar flare

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar flare

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: space,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: solar flare

text: How effectively objects absorb and shed radiant heat depends on a number of factors; how dark they are in colour, how directly the surface of the object is opposed to the angle of the radiation striking it, how matte or reflective its surface is, the heat capacity of the object, and the surface conductivity of the object.For Trombe walls to work effectively they are made from high heat capacity materials such as concrete or water, whose surface is dark and matte in colour and placed in direct opposition to the sun striking them.

text: How effectively objects absorb and shed radiant heat depends on a number of factors; how dark they are in colour, how directly the surface of the object is opposed to the angle of the radiation striking it, how matte or reflective its surface is, the heat capacity of the object, and the surface conductivity of the object.For Trombe walls to work effectively they are made from high heat capacity materials such as concrete or water, whose surface is dark and matte in colour and placed in direct opposition to the sun striking them.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: volcanoes

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: can cause a solar flare

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar system

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: radiant heat

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: how directly the surface of the object is opposed to the angle of the radiation

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: radiant heat

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sun

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sun

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How effectively objects absorb and shed radiant heat

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: How effectively objects absorb and shed radiant heat

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: sun

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: How effectively objects absorb and shed radiant heat

text: A total solar eclipse will occur on September 12, 2072. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide.

text: A total

text: solar eclipse

text: will occur on September 12, 2072. A

text: solar eclipse

text: occurs when the

text: Moon

text: passes between

text: Earth

text: and the

text: Sun

text: , thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's

text: apparent diameter

text: is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: direct sunlight

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: direct sunlight

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can prominences last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: sunlight,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: sunlight,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: 2072.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunlight,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: A total solar eclipse will occur on September 12, 2072.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: A total solar eclipse will occur on September 12, 2072.

text: PZ Telescopii has an effective surface temperature of around 5338 K (the Sun has an approximate surface temperature of 5778 K), a mass around 1.13 times, and diameter 1.23 times that of the Sun. It has a debris disk calculated to span from a radius of 35 to 165 astronomical units (AU), as well as a substellar companion with 36 times the mass of Jupiter orbiting at a distance of 16 AU, discovered in 2008. The companion, currently known as PZ Tel B, is thought to be a brown dwarf; however it is possible (though very unlikely) that it is an extremely large Jupiter-like planet, in which case it would be PZ Tel b, and the first such planet to be directly imaged.

text: PZ Telescopii has an effective surface temperature of around 5338 K (the

text: Sun

text: has an approximate surface temperature of 5778 K), a mass around 1.13 times, and diameter 1.23 times that of the Sun. It has a

text: debris disk

text: calculated to span from a radius of 35 to 165

text: astronomical unit

text: s (AU), as well as a substellar companion with 36 times the mass of

text: Jupiter

text: orbiting at a distance of 16 AU, discovered in 2008. The companion, currently known as PZ Tel B, is thought to be a

text: brown dwarf

text: ; however it is possible (though very unlikely) that it is an extremely large Jupiter-like planet, in which case it would be PZ Tel b, and the first such planet to be directly imaged.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: hot spots

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: 5778 K

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: nuclear explosions

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: PZ Telescopii has an effective surface temperature

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: 5778 K),

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: substellar

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: PZ Telescopii

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: PZ Telescopii has an effective surface temperature

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: substellar

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: PZ Telescopii

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: PZ Telescopii

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: 16 AU,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: PZ Telescopii has an effective surface temperature

text: In the late 1930s, the presence of a very hot, tenuous gas surrounding the Sun was inferred indirectly from optical coronal lines of highly ionized species. In the mid-1940s radio observations revealed a radio corona around the Sun. After detecting X-ray photons from the Sun in the course of a rocket flight, T. Burnight wrote, "The sun is assumed to be the source of this radiation although radiation of wavelength shorter than 4 Å would not be expected from theoretical estimates of black body radiation from the solar corona." And, of course, people have seen the solar corona in scattered visible light during solar eclipses.

text: In the late 1930s, the presence of a very hot, tenuous gas surrounding the Sun was inferred indirectly from optical coronal lines of highly ionized species. In the mid-1940s radio observations revealed a radio corona around the Sun. After detecting X-ray photons from the Sun in the course of a rocket flight, T. Burnight wrote, "The sun is assumed to be the source of this radiation although radiation of wavelength shorter than 4 Å would not be expected from theoretical estimates of black body radiation from the solar corona." And, of course, people have seen the solar corona in scattered visible light during solar eclipses.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: coronal lines

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: radio corona around the Sun

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: black body radiation

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: radio corona around the Sun

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar corona

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: coronal lines

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: coronal lines

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: the presence of a very hot, tenuous gas

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: black body radiation

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar eclipses.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: coronal lines

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: coronal lines

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar corona."

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: "The sun

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: X-ray photons

text: HD 19275 is a 5th magnitude star in the constellation Cassiopeia, approximately 162 light years away from Earth. It is a dwarf star, like the Sun, of the spectral type A2Vnn. It therefore has a surface temperature of 7,500 to 11,000 kelvins and is many times more luminous than the Sun. The "nn" in its spectral type signifies that it has very broad spectral lines, because it rotates very fast.

text: HD 19275 is a 5th magnitude star in the constellation

text: Cassiopeia

text: , approximately 162

text: light year

text: s away from

text: Earth

text: . It is a

text: dwarf star

text: , like the

text: Sun

text: , of the

text: spectral type

text: A2Vnn. It therefore has a surface temperature of 7,500 to 11,000

text: kelvin

text: s and is many times more luminous than the Sun. The "nn" in its spectral type signifies that it has very broad spectral lines, because it rotates very fast.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: nn

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: many times more luminous than the Sun

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: nuclear explosions

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: dwarf stars

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can the star's prominences last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: HD 19275

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: broad spectral lines,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: broad spectral lines, because it rotates very fast.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: dwarf star,

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: HD 19275

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: dwarf star,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: dwarf star,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: HD 19275

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: HD 19275

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: 162 light years

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: HD 19275

text: Because it would have taken at least a billion years for the group to have diffused as far as it has, the collision that created the Haumea family is thought to have occurred very early in the Solar System's history. This conflicts with the findings of Rabinowitz and colleagues who found in their studies of the group that their surfaces were remarkably bright; their colour suggests that they have recently (i.e. within the last 100 million years) been resurfaced by fresh ice. Over a timescale as long as a billion years, energy from the Sun would have reddened and darkened their surfaces, and no plausible explanation has been found to account for their apparent youth.

text: Because it would have taken at least a billion years for the group to have diffused as far as it has, the collision that created the Haumea family is thought to have occurred very early in the Solar System's history. This conflicts with the findings of Rabinowitz and colleagues who found in their studies of the group that their surfaces were remarkably bright; their colour suggests that they have recently (i.e. within the last 100 million years) been resurfaced by fresh ice. Over a timescale as long as a billion years, energy from the Sun would have reddened and darkened their surfaces, and no plausible explanation has been found to account for their apparent youth.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: energy from the Sun

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: energy from the Sun would have reddened and darkened their surfaces

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: collision

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: energy from the Sun

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Solar System

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: bright

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Haumea

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: energy from the Sun

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: energy from the Sun would have reddened and darkened their surfaces,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: the collision

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: bright;

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: bright;

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Haumea family

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: energy from the Sun

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: energy from the Sun

text: Although the physical aspects of sunspots were not identified until the 20th century, observations continued. Study was hampered during the 17th century due to the low number of sunspots during what is now recognized as an extended period of low solar activity, known as the Maunder Minimum. By the 19th century, then-sufficient sunspot records allowed researchers to infer periodic cycles in sunspot activity. In 1845, Henry and Alexander observed the Sun with a thermopile and determined that sunspots emitted less radiation than surrounding areas. The emission of higher than average amounts of radiation later were observed from the solar faculae.Sunspots had some importance in the debate over the nature of the Solar System. They showed that the Sun rotated, and their comings and goings showed that the Sun changed, contrary to Aristotle, who had taught that all celestial bodies were perfect, unchanging spheres.

text: Although the physical aspects of sunspots were not identified until the 20th century, observations continued. Study was hampered during the 17th century due to the low number of sunspots during what is now recognized as an extended period of low solar activity, known as the

text: Maunder Minimum

text: . By the 19th century, then-sufficient sunspot records allowed researchers to infer periodic cycles in sunspot activity. In 1845,

text: Henry

text: and

text: Alexander

text: observed the Sun with a

text: thermopile

text: and determined that sunspots emitted less radiation than surrounding areas. The emission of higher than average amounts of radiation later were observed from the solar

text: facula

text: e.Sunspots had some importance in the debate over the nature of the

text: Solar System

text: . They showed that the Sun rotated, and their comings and goings showed that the Sun changed, contrary to Aristotle, who had taught that all celestial bodies were perfect, unchanging spheres.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: celestial bodies

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: they showed that the Sun rotated

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: a coronal mass ejection

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Solar System

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: the Sun rotated,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: They showed that the Sun rotated,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar faculae.Sunspots

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar activity,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: solar faculae.Sunspots

text: But the seasonal and latitudinal distribution and intensity of solar radiation received at Earth's surface does vary. The effect of sun angle on climate results in the change in solar energy in summer and winter.  For example, at latitudes of 65 degrees, this can vary by more than 25% as a result of Earth's orbital variation. Because changes in winter and summer tend to offset, the change in the annual average insolation at any given location is near zero, but the redistribution of energy between summer and winter does strongly affect the intensity of seasonal cycles. Such changes associated with the redistribution of solar energy are considered a likely cause for the coming and going of recent ice ages (see: Milankovitch cycles).

text: But the

text: seasonal

text: and latitudinal distribution and intensity of solar radiation received at Earth's surface does vary. The

text: effect of sun angle on climate

text: results in the change in solar energy in summer and winter.  For example, at

text: latitude

text: s of 65 degrees, this can vary by more than 25% as a result of Earth's orbital variation. Because changes in winter and summer tend to offset, the change in the annual average insolation at any given location is near zero, but the redistribution of energy between summer and winter does strongly affect the intensity of seasonal cycles. Such changes associated with the redistribution of solar energy are considered a likely cause for the coming and going of recent

text: ice age

text: s (see:

text: Milankovitch cycles

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: ice ages

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: seasonal and latitudinal distribution

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: nuclear explosions

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: summer

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: suns

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Earth's surface

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar radiation

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: The effect of sun angle on climate results in the change in solar energy

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar radiation

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar radiation

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: sun angle on climate results in the change in solar energy in summer and winter.

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sun angle

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: solar radiation

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar radiation

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: orbital variation.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: solar radiation

text: One unusual feature of the planet’s surface is the numerous compression folds which crisscross the plains. It is thought that as the planet’s interior cooled, it contracted and its surface began to deform. The folds can be seen on top of other features, such as craters and smoother plains, indicating that they are more recent. Mercury’s surface is also flexed by significant tidal bulges raised by the Sun—the Sun’s tides on Mercury are about 17% stronger than the Moon’s on Earth.

text: One unusual feature of the planet’s surface is the numerous compression folds which crisscross the plains. It is thought that as the planet’s interior cooled, it contracted and its surface began to deform. The folds can be seen on top of other features, such as craters and smoother plains, indicating that they are more recent. Mercury’s surface is also flexed by significant

text: tidal bulge

text: s raised by the

text: Sun

text: —the Sun’s tides on Mercury are about 17% stronger than the Moon’s on Earth.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: raised by the Sun

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: tidal bulges

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: nuclear explosions

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: raised by the Sun

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Mercury

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: tidal bulges raised by the Sun—the

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: tidal bulges

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: tidal bulges

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Sun—the

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Sun—the

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: tidal bulges raised by the Sun—the

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: tidal bulges raised by the Sun—the

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Mercury’s

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Sun—the Sun’s tides on Mercury

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Sun—the

text: All the geysers observed were located between 50° and 57°S, the part of Triton's surface close to the subsolar point. This indicates that solar heating, although very weak at Triton's great distance from the Sun, plays a crucial role. It is thought that the surface of Triton probably consists of a translucent layer of frozen nitrogen overlying a darker substrate, which creates a kind of "solid greenhouse effect". Solar radiation passes through the thin surface ice sheet, slowly heating and vaporizing subsurface nitrogen until enough gas pressure accumulates for it to erupt through the crust. A temperature increase of just 4 K above the ambient surface temperature of 37 K could drive eruptions to the heights observed. Although commonly termed "cryovolcanic", this nitrogen plume activity is distinct from Triton's larger scale cryovolcanic eruptions, as well as volcanic processes on other worlds, which are powered by the internal heat of the body in question. Analogous CO geysers on Mars are thought to erupt from its south polar cap each spring.

text: All the geysers observed were located between 50° and 57°S, the part of Triton's surface close to the

text: subsolar point

text: . This indicates that solar heating, although very weak at Triton's great distance from the Sun, plays a crucial role. It is thought that the surface of Triton probably consists of a

text: translucent

text: layer of frozen nitrogen overlying a darker substrate, which creates a kind of "solid

text: greenhouse effect

text: ". Solar radiation passes through the thin surface ice sheet, slowly heating and vaporizing subsurface nitrogen until enough gas pressure accumulates for it to erupt through the crust. A temperature increase of just 4

text: K

text: above the ambient surface temperature of 37 K could drive eruptions to the heights observed. Although commonly termed "cryovolcanic", this nitrogen plume activity is distinct from Triton's larger scale cryovolcanic eruptions, as well as volcanic processes on other worlds, which are powered by the internal heat of the body in question. Analogous

text: CO

text: geysers on Mars

text: are thought to erupt from its

text: south polar cap

text: each spring.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: hot spots on the sun

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: solar radiation passes through the thin surface ice sheet

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: volcanoes

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Triton's great distance from the Sun, plays a crucial role

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: triton

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: subsolar

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Triton

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: Solar radiation

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: solar heating,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: "cryovolcanic",

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: "cryovolcanic",

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: geysers

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Triton's

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Triton's great distance from the Sun,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Solar radiation

text: Solar activity and related events have been recorded since the 8th century BCE. Babylonians inscribed and possibly predicted solar eclipses, while the earliest extant report of sunspots dates back to the Chinese Book of Changes, . The first extant description of the solar corona was in 968, while the earliest sunspot drawing was in 1128 and a solar prominence was described in 1185 in the Russian Chronicle of Novgorod. The invention of the telescope allowed major advances in understanding, allowing the first detailed observations in the 1600s. Solar spectroscopy began in the 1800s, from which properties of the solar atmosphere could be determined, while the creation of daguerreotypy led to the first solar photographs on 2 April 1845. Photography assisted in the study of solar prominences, granulation and spectroscopy. Early in the 20th century, interest in astrophysics surged in America. A number of new observatories were built with solar telescopes around the world. The 1931 invention of the coronagraph allowed the corona to be studied in full daylight.

text: Solar activity and related events have been recorded since the 8th century BCE.

text: Babylonians

text: inscribed and possibly predicted

text: solar eclipses

text: , while the earliest extant report of sunspots dates back to the Chinese

text: Book of Changes

text: , . The first extant description of the solar corona was in 968, while the earliest sunspot drawing was in 1128 and a solar prominence was described in 1185 in the

text: Russian Chronicle of Novgorod

text: . The invention of the

text: telescope

text: allowed major advances in understanding, allowing the first detailed observations in the 1600s. Solar

text: spectroscopy

text: began in the 1800s, from which properties of the solar atmosphere could be determined, while the creation of

text: daguerreotypy

text: led to the first solar photographs on 2 April 1845. Photography assisted in the study of solar prominences, granulation and spectroscopy. Early in the 20th century, interest in

text: astrophysics

text: surged in America. A number of new observatories were built with solar telescopes around the world. The 1931 invention of the

text: coronagraph

text: allowed the corona to be studied in full daylight.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar prominences

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: the earliest extant report of sunspots dates back to the Chinese Book of Changes

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar corona

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar atmosphere

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: granulation

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar activity

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar atmosphere

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: earliest extant report

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar corona

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Solar activity

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: Russian Chronicle of Novgorod.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Photography assisted in the study of solar prominences,

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar telescopes

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: solar

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: solar eclipses,

text: The NIXT, or Normal Incidence X-ray Telescope, was a sounding rocket payload flown in the 1990s by Professor Leon Golub of the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, to prototype normal-incidence (conventional) optical designs in extreme ultraviolet (EUV) solar imaging.  In the EUV, the surface of the Sun appears dark, and hot structures in the solar corona appear bright; this allows study of the structure and dynamics of the solar corona near the surface of the Sun, which is not possible using visible light.

text: The NIXT, or Normal Incidence X-ray Telescope, was a

text: sounding rocket

text: payload flown in the 1990s by Professor

text: Leon Golub

text: of the

text: Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory

text: , to prototype normal-incidence (conventional) optical designs in

text: extreme ultraviolet

text: (EUV) solar imaging.  In the EUV, the surface of the

text: Sun

text: appears dark, and hot structures in the solar

text: corona

text: appear bright; this allows study of the structure and dynamics of the solar corona near the surface of the Sun, which is not possible using

text: visible light

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: hot structures

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: hot structures in the solar corona appear bright

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: corona

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: What allows study of the structure and dynamics of the solar corona

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar corona

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: hot structures

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can prominences last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the structure and dynamics of the solar corona

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: hot structures

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: hot structures

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: extreme ultraviolet

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: hot structures in the solar corona

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: extreme ultraviolet

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: hot structures

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: hot structures

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar corona near the surface of the Sun,

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: visible light.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: extreme ultraviolet

text: In 2050, a huge solar flare is predicted to irradiate the Earth. Astronauts aboard the spaceship Helios must go to the Sun to drop a bomb equipped with an Artificial Intelligence (Freddy) and a Japanese pilot (as a backup if the Artificial Intelligence fails) at the right time so the flare will point somewhere else. Giant IXL Corp CEO Teague thinks the flare will not happen and wants the mission to fail so he can buy the planet cheaply while the scare lasts. Employee Haas prepares a surprise for the astronauts. While Steve Kelso commands the space ship where temperature rises, Steve's father Admiral 'Skeet' Kelso is searching the desert for Steve's son Mike who has gone AWOL to say goodbye to his dad but who inadvertently crossed the path of the guys from IXL after meeting desert-dweller Travis.

text: In 2050, a huge

text: solar flare

text: is predicted to irradiate the Earth. Astronauts aboard the spaceship Helios must go to the Sun to drop a bomb equipped with an

text: Artificial Intelligence

text: (Freddy) and a Japanese pilot (as a backup if the Artificial Intelligence fails) at the right time so the flare will point somewhere else. Giant IXL Corp CEO Teague thinks the flare will not happen and wants the mission to fail so he can buy the planet cheaply while the scare lasts. Employee Haas prepares a surprise for the astronauts. While Steve Kelso commands the space ship where temperature rises, Steve's father Admiral 'Skeet' Kelso is searching the desert for Steve's son Mike who has gone

text: AWOL

text: to say goodbye to his dad but who inadvertently crossed the path of the guys from IXL after meeting desert-dweller Travis.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: irradiate the Earth

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: irradiate the Earth

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can prominences last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar flare

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: solar flare

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flare

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: a huge solar flare

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: solar flare

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: solar flare

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar flare

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: temperature rises,

text: Sunspot Jonz released Don't Let 'Em Stop You in 2003. It features contributions from Dirt Nasty, Moka Only and The Grouch.

text: Sunspot Jonz released Don't Let 'Em Stop You in 2003. It features contributions from

text: Dirt Nasty

text: Moka Only

text: and

text: The Grouch

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: musicians

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: Sunspot Jonz is a rapper

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: can be caused by a comet

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar system

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar dynamics observatory

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: Sunspot Jonz

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: Sunspot Jonz

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: Sunspot Jonz

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Sunspot Jonz

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: 2003.

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: Sunspot Jonz

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: 2003.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Sunspot Jonz

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Don't Let 'Em Stop You in 2003.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: 2003.

text: TMO is part of JPL's Table Mountain Facility (TMF). The larger site hosts a number of non-astronomical projects. The site was first used by the Smithsonian Institution in 1924, which conducted atmospheric, solar, and astronomical observations for many years. JPL took over the lease in 1962. The observatory conducts high-precision astrometric observations to support NASA and international spacecraft mission navigation, confirmation and recovery of near-Earth objects such as comets and asteroids that may potentially impact the Earth, and technology development.

text: TMO is part of JPL's Table Mountain Facility (TMF). The larger site hosts a number of non-astronomical projects. The site was first used by the

text: Smithsonian Institution

text: in 1924, which conducted atmospheric, solar, and astronomical observations for many years. JPL took over the lease in 1962. The observatory conducts high-precision

text: astrometric

text: observations to support NASA and international

text: spacecraft

text: mission navigation, confirmation and recovery of

text: near-Earth object

text: s such as

text: comet

text: s and

text: asteroid

text: s that may potentially impact the Earth, and technology development.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: may potentially impact the Earth

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: comets

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: comets

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: comets

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can comets and asteroids last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: confirmation and recovery of near-Earth

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar,

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: comets and asteroids that may potentially impact the Earth,

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: near-Earth objects

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: comets and asteroids

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: confirmation and recovery of near-Earth objects

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: near-Earth

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: comets and asteroids that may potentially impact the Earth,

text: During a total eclipse the high-temperature corona can be more readily observed from Earth solar observatories. During the Apollo program the Solar wind was measured on the Moon via the Solar Wind Composition Experiment. Some examples of Earth surface based Solar observatories include the  McMath–Pierce solar telescope or the newer GREGOR Solar Telescope, and the refurbished Big Bear Solar Observatory.

text: During a total eclipse the high-temperature corona can be more readily observed from Earth solar observatories. During the Apollo program the Solar wind was measured on the Moon via the

text: Solar Wind Composition Experiment

text: . Some examples of Earth surface based Solar observatories include the

text: McMath–Pierce solar telescope

text: or the newer

text: GREGOR Solar Telescope

text: , and the refurbished

text: Big Bear Solar Observatory

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: corona

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: can be more readily observed from Earth solar observatories

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: corona

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: high-temperature corona

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: corona

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can prominences last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar wind

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: high-temperature corona

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: high-temperature corona

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: corona

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: high-temperature corona

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: high-temperature corona

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: high-temperature corona

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: During a total eclipse

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Solar Wind Composition Experiment.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Moon

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: high-temperature corona

text: Bart De Pontieu (Lockheed Martin Solar and Astrophysics Laboratory, Palo Alto, California, United States), Robert Erdélyi and Stewart James (both from the University of Sheffield, United Kingdom) hypothesised in 2004 that spicules formed as a result of P-mode oscillations in the Sun's surface, sound waves with a period of about five minutes that causes the Sun's surface to rise and fall at several hundred meters per second (see helioseismology). Magnetic flux tubes that tilted away from the vertical can focus and guide the rising material up into the solar atmosphere to form a spicule. There is still however some controversy about the issue in the solar physics community.

text: Bart De Pontieu

text: Lockheed Martin Solar and Astrophysics Laboratory

text: Palo Alto, California

text: , United States),

text: Robert Erdélyi

text: and

text: Stewart James

text: (both from the

text: University of Sheffield

text: , United Kingdom) hypothesised in 2004 that spicules formed as a result of

text: P-mode oscillations

text: in the Sun's surface, sound waves with a period of about five minutes that causes the Sun's surface to rise and fall at several hundred meters per second (see

text: helioseismology

text: ). Magnetic flux tubes that tilted away from the vertical can focus and guide the rising material up into the solar atmosphere to form a spicule. There is still however some controversy about the issue in the solar physics community.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: spicules

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: the Sun's surface to rise and fall at several hundred meters per second

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: spicules

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: spicules

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar atmosphere

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: spicules

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: spicules

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: spicules

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: Magnetic flux tubes that tilted away from the vertical

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: helioseismology).

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: helioseismology).

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar atmosphere

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: spicules

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: spicules

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: spicules

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Sun's

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: There is still however some controversy about the issue in the solar physics community.

text: Interest in predicting long-range weather trends dated from the middle of the 19th century, at the same time that meteorological observation was establishing itself as a scientific pursuit to enable daily weather forecasting. The appearance of spots on the surface of the sun had been the source of conjecture for a long time. Around the middle of the 19th century it was recognised that the number of sunspots increased and decreased on a regular cycle of around 11 years. The hypothesis was that as the sun dominates our experience of weather, then the sunspot cycle might set in motion regular changes in the Earth's climate. Consequently, during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, many scientists and enthusiastic amateurs embarked on the hunt for climatic cycles, believing that if such patterns could be found, then it might be possible to forecast the weather months, perhaps years ahead.

text: Interest in predicting long-range weather trends dated from the middle of the 19th century, at the same time that meteorological observation was establishing itself as a scientific pursuit to enable daily weather forecasting. The appearance of

text: spots on the surface of the sun

text: had been the source of conjecture for a long time. Around the middle of the 19th century it was recognised that the number of sunspots increased and decreased on a regular cycle of around 11 years. The hypothesis was that as the sun dominates our experience of weather, then the sunspot cycle might set in motion regular changes in the Earth's climate. Consequently, during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, many scientists and enthusiastic amateurs embarked on the hunt for climatic cycles, believing that if such patterns could be found, then it might be possible to forecast the weather months, perhaps years ahead.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: spots on the surface of the sun

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: a regular cycle of around 11 years

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspot

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: spots on the surface of the sun

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: increased and decreased on a regular cycle of around 11 years.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: sun

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: sunspots

text: X-ray flares from II Pegasi A were observed with the Ariel 5 satellite in the 1970s and with later x-ray observatories. In December 2005 a superflare was detected by the Swift Gamma-Ray Burst Mission. It was the largest stellar flare ever seen and was a hundred million times more energetic than The Sun's typical solar flare.

text: X-ray

text: flares from II Pegasi A were observed with the

text: Ariel 5

text: satellite in the 1970s and with later

text: x-ray observatories

text: . In December 2005 a superflare was detected by the

text: Swift Gamma-Ray Burst Mission

text: . It was the largest stellar flare ever seen and was a hundred million times more energetic than The Sun's typical

text: solar flare

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: The Sun's typical solar flare.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: superflare

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: superflare

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar system

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar flare.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: solar flare.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: superflare

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar flare.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: The Sun's

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: stellar flare

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: X-ray flares from II Pegasi A

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: X-ray flares

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: The Sun's

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: X-ray flares

text: The Sun's apparent surface, the photosphere, radiates more actively when there are more sunspots. Satellite monitoring of solar luminosity revealed a direct relationship between the Schwabe cycle and luminosity with a peak-to-peak amplitude of about 0.1%. Luminosity decreases by as much as 0.3% on a 10-day timescale when large groups of sunspots rotate across the Earth's view and increase by as much as 0.05% for up to 6 months due to faculae associated with large sunspot groups.

text: The Sun's apparent surface, the photosphere, radiates more actively when there are more sunspots. Satellite monitoring of

text: solar luminosity

text: revealed a direct relationship between the Schwabe cycle and luminosity with a peak-to-peak amplitude of about 0.1%. Luminosity decreases by as much as 0.3% on a 10-day timescale when large groups of sunspots rotate across the Earth's view and increase by as much as 0.05% for up to 6 months due to

text: faculae

text: associated with large sunspot groups.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar luminosity

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: radiates more actively when there are more sunspots

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Sunspots

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar luminosity

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: Sun's

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: radiates more actively

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots.

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sunspots.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Sun's

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspots.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: sunspots.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar luminosity

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Earth's view

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: radiates more actively when there are more sunspots.

text: With an albedo of 0.09, Ceres's surface is quite dark compared to the moons in the outer Solar System. This might be a result of the relatively high temperature of Ceres's surface, the maximum temperature with the Sun overhead was estimated from measurements to be 235 K (approximately −38 °C, −36 °F) on 5 May 1991. In a vacuum, ice is unstable at this temperature. Material left behind by the sublimation of surface ice could explain the dark surface of Ceres compared to the icy moons of the outer Solar System.

text: With an

text: albedo

text: of 0.09, Ceres's surface is quite dark compared to the

text: moons

text: in the outer

text: Solar System

text: . This might be a result of the relatively high temperature of Ceres's surface, the maximum temperature with the Sun overhead was estimated from measurements to be 235 K (approximately −38 °C, −36 °F) on 5 May 1991. In a vacuum, ice is unstable at this temperature. Material left behind by the sublimation of surface ice could explain the dark surface of Ceres compared to the icy moons of the outer Solar System.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: hot spots

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sublimation

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: overhead

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Ceres

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: high temperature

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: ice is unstable at this temperature.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: 235 K

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: 235 K

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: Sun overhead

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: 1991.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Ceres's

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: moons in the outer Solar System.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: ice

text: Alpha Aurigae (Capella), the brightest star in Auriga, is a G8III class star (G-type giant) 43 light-years away and the sixth-brightest star in the night sky at magnitude 0.08. Its traditional name is a reference to its mythological position as Amalthea; it is sometimes called the "Goat Star". Capella's names all point to this mythology. In Arabic, Capella was called al-'Ayyuq, meaning "the goat", and in Sumerian, it was called mul.ÁŠ.KAR, "the goat star". On Ontong Java, Capella was called ngahalapolu. Capella is a spectroscopic binary with a period of 104 days; the components are both yellow giants, more specifically, the primary is a G-type star and the secondary is between a G-type and F-type star in its evolution. The secondary is formally classified as a G0III class star (G-type giant). The primary has a radius of 11.87 solar radii () and a mass of 2.47 solar masses (); the secondary has a radius of  and a mass of . The two components are separated by 110 million kilometers, almost 75% of the distance between the Earth and the Sun. The star's status as a binary was discovered in 1899 at the Lick Observatory; its period was determined in 1919 by J.A. Anderson at the 100-inch Mt. Wilson Observatory telescope. It appears with a golden-yellow hue, though Ptolemy and Giovanni Battista Riccioli both described its color as red, a phenomenon attributed not to a change in Capella's color but to the idiosyncrasies of their color sensitivities. Capella has an absolute magnitude of 0.3 and a luminosity of 160 times the luminosity of the Sun, or  (the primary is  and the secondary is ). It may be loosely associated with the Hyades, an open cluster in Taurus, because of their similar proper motion. Capella has one more companion, Capella H, which is a pair of red dwarf stars located 11,000 astronomical units (0.17 light-years) from the main pair.

text: Alpha Aurigae

text: (Capella), the brightest star in Auriga, is a

text: G8III class star

text: (G-type

text: giant

text: ) 43

text: light-year

text: s away and the sixth-brightest star in the night sky at magnitude 0.08. Its traditional name is a reference to its mythological position as Amalthea; it is sometimes called the "Goat Star". Capella's names all point to this mythology. In Arabic, Capella was called al-'Ayyuq, meaning "the goat", and in Sumerian, it was called mul.ÁŠ.KAR, "the goat star". On

text: Ontong Java

text: , Capella was called ngahalapolu. Capella is a

text: spectroscopic binary

text: with a period of 104 days; the components are both

text: yellow giant

text: s, more specifically, the primary is a G-type star and the secondary is between a G-type and F-type star in its evolution. The secondary is formally classified as a G0III class star (G-type giant). The primary has a radius of 11.87

text: solar radii

text: () and a mass of 2.47

text: solar mass

text: es (); the secondary has a radius of  and a mass of . The two components are separated by 110 million kilometers, almost 75% of the distance between the Earth and the Sun. The star's status as a binary was discovered in 1899 at the

text: Lick Observatory

text: ; its period was determined in 1919 by

text: J.A. Anderson

text: at the 100-inch

text: Mt. Wilson Observatory

text: telescope. It appears with a golden-yellow hue, though Ptolemy and

text: Giovanni Battista Riccioli

text: both described its color as red, a phenomenon attributed not to a change in Capella's color but to the idiosyncrasies of their color sensitivities. Capella has an

text: absolute magnitude

text: of 0.3 and a

text: luminosity

text: of 160 times the

text: luminosity of the Sun

text: , or  (the primary is  and the secondary is ). It may be loosely associated with the

text: Hyades

text: , an

text: open cluster

text: in

text: Taurus

text: , because of their similar

text: proper motion

text: . Capella has one more companion, Capella H, which is a pair of

text: red dwarf

text: stars located 11,000

text: astronomical unit

text: s (0.17

text: light-year

text: s) from the main pair.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: nuclear explosions

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar system

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: yellow giants

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Capella

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: radiation in space

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: yellow giants,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: 11.87 solar radii

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: binary

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: golden-yellow hue,

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Taurus,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: yellow giants,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: 104 days;

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Capella

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: almost 75% of the distance between the Earth and the Sun.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: binary

text: Solar irradiance is the power per unit area received from the Sun in the form of electromagnetic radiation in the wavelength range of the measuring instrument. Irradiance may be measured in space or at the Earth's surface after atmospheric absorption and scattering. It is measured perpendicular to the incoming sunlight. Total solar irradiance (TSI), is a measure of the solar power over all wavelengths per unit area incident on the Earth's upper atmosphere. The solar constant is a conventional measure of mean TSI at a distance of one astronomical Unit (AU). Irradiance is a function of distance from the Sun, the solar cycle, and cross-cycle changes. Irradiance on Earth is also measured perpendicular to the incoming sunlight. Insolation is the power received on Earth per unit area on a horizontal surface. It depends on the height of the Sun above the horizon.

text: Solar irradiance is the

text: power

text: per unit area received from the Sun in the form of electromagnetic radiation in the wavelength range of the measuring instrument. Irradiance may be measured in space or at the Earth's surface after atmospheric absorption and scattering. It is measured perpendicular to the incoming sunlight. Total solar irradiance (TSI), is a measure of the solar power over all wavelengths per unit area incident on the Earth's upper atmosphere. The

text: solar constant

text: is a conventional measure of mean TSI at a distance of one

text: astronomical Unit

text: (AU). Irradiance is a function of distance from the Sun, the solar cycle, and cross-cycle changes. Irradiance on Earth is also measured perpendicular to the incoming sunlight. Insolation is the power received on Earth per unit area on a horizontal surface. It depends on the height of the Sun above the horizon.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar irradiance

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: it depends on the height of the Sun above the horizon

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar storms

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: can cause solar irradiance

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar cycle

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: suns

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar irradiance

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: electromagnetic radiation

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: Solar irradiance

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: Solar irradiance

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Solar irradiance

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: height of the Sun above the horizon.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Solar irradiance

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Solar irradiance

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Irradiance is a function of distance from the Sun,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Solar irradiance

text: The frequency of occurrence of solar flares varies, from several per day when the Sun is particularly "active" to less than one every week when the Sun is "quiet", following the 11-year cycle (the solar cycle). Large flares are less frequent than smaller ones.

text: The frequency of occurrence of solar flares varies, from several per day when the Sun is particularly "active" to less than one every week when the Sun is "quiet", following the 11-year cycle (the

text: solar cycle

text: ). Large flares are less frequent than smaller ones.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: active

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: large flares are less frequent than smaller ones

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: is a solar flare

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar cycle

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: active

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: "active"

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: Large flares are less frequent than smaller ones.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun is particularly "active"

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: Large flares are less frequent than smaller ones.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: The frequency of occurrence of solar flares

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: solar flares

text: Solar flares were first observed on the Sun by Richard Christopher Carrington and independently by Richard Hodgson in 1859 as localized visible brightenings of small areas within a sunspot group. Stellar flares can be inferred by looking at the lightcurves produced from the telescope or satellite data of variety of other stars.

text: Solar flares were first observed on the Sun by

text: Richard Christopher Carrington

text: and independently by Richard Hodgson in 1859 as localized visible brightenings of small areas within a sunspot group. Stellar flares can be inferred by looking at the lightcurves produced from the telescope or satellite data of variety of other stars.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: small areas within a sunspot group

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sunspot group

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: small areas

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: localized visible brightenings

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: Solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sunspot group.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspot group.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Solar flares

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Solar flares

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Solar flares

text: "Sunspots" is a song by the English singer-songwriter Julian Cope. It is the only single released in support of his second album Fried.

text: "Sunspots" is a song by the English singer-songwriter

text: Julian Cope

text: . It is the only

text: single

text: released in support of his second album

text: Fried

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: a song

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: it was released in support of his second album

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: Sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: can cause a sunspot

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar system

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Solar Dynamics Observatory

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: song

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: It is the only single released in support of his second album Fried.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: "Sunspots"

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: "Sunspots"

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: English

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: "Sunspots"

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: "Sunspots"

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: "Sunspots"

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: "Sunspots"

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: "Sunspots"

text: Sunspot is part of a murderous team of 'Marauders', which consists of Jubilee, Wolfsbane, Cannonball, and Husk.

text: Sunspot is part of a murderous team of '

text: Marauders

text: ', which consists of

text: Jubilee

text: Wolfsbane

text: Cannonball

text: , and

text: Husk

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: murderous

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: they are murderous

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: can be caused by a comet

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar system

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Sunspot

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: murderous

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: part of a murderous team

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: 'Marauders',

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Sunspot

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: 'Marauders',

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: Sunspot

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Sunspot

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Sunspot

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Sunspot

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Sunspot

text: On the Sun, magnetic reconnection may happen on solar arcades—a series of closely occurring loops of magnetic lines of force. These lines of force quickly reconnect into a low arcade of loops, leaving a helix of magnetic field unconnected to the rest of the arcade. The sudden release of energy during this process causes the solar flare and ejects the CME. The helical magnetic field and the material that it contains may violently expand outwards forming a CME. This also explains why CMEs and solar flares typically erupt from what are known as the active regions on the Sun where magnetic fields are much stronger on average.

text: On the Sun, magnetic reconnection may happen on solar arcades—a series of closely occurring loops of magnetic lines of force. These lines of force quickly reconnect into a low arcade of loops, leaving a helix of magnetic field unconnected to the rest of the arcade. The sudden release of energy during this process causes the solar flare and ejects the CME. The helical magnetic field and the material that it contains may violently expand outwards forming a CME. This also explains why CMEs and solar flares typically erupt from what are known as the active regions on the Sun where magnetic fields are much stronger on average.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: active regions

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: magnetic fields are much stronger on average

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flare

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: The sudden release of energy during this process causes the solar flare

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: active regions

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: active regions

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar arcades

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: active regions

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: active regions on the Sun where magnetic fields are much stronger on average.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flare

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: The helical magnetic field

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: active regions

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: arcades—a series of closely occurring loops of magnetic lines of force.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: solar flare and ejects the CME.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: the Sun, magnetic reconnection may happen on solar arcades—a

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: solar flare

text: A total solar eclipse will occur on August 23, 2044. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide.

text: A total

text: solar eclipse

text: will occur on August 23, 2044. A

text: solar eclipse

text: occurs when the

text: Moon

text: passes between

text: Earth

text: and the

text: Sun

text: , thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's

text: apparent diameter

text: is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: direct sunlight

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: total solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: direct sunlight

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can prominences last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: sunlight,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: sunlight,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: 2044.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunlight,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: A total solar eclipse will occur on August 23, 2044.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: A total solar eclipse will occur on August 23, 2044.

text: Somewhat frequent events are noctilucent clouds near the pinnacle of summer, which can only be seen outside of the city. These are ice clouds which are situated much above normal cloud layers at 80 km or so. They have a neon-blue like, beautiful appearance. Another astronomical phenomenon is the Aurora Borealis (Northern Lights). These in fact occur every year on a few days, but rarely are spectacular. Once in every 10–12 years, the auroral oval can be pushed even south of the city and a corona can be seen. The cloudy climate prevents sightings on many occasions, so spectacular displays as said are pretty year and tend to focus near sunspot maxima on the sun.

text: Somewhat frequent events are noctilucent clouds near the pinnacle of summer, which can only be seen outside of the city. These are ice clouds which are situated much above normal cloud layers at 80 km or so. They have a neon-blue like, beautiful appearance. Another astronomical phenomenon is the Aurora Borealis (Northern Lights). These in fact occur every year on a few days, but rarely are spectacular. Once in every 10–12 years, the auroral oval can be pushed even south of the city and a corona can be seen. The cloudy climate prevents sightings on many occasions, so spectacular displays as said are pretty year and tend to focus near sunspot maxima on the sun.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: spectacular displays as said are pretty year

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can sunspot maxima last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Aurora Borealis

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: sun.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: tend to focus near sunspot maxima

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspot maxima

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: a corona

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the sun.

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspot maxima

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Aurora Borealis

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: astronomical phenomenon is the Aurora Borealis

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: sun.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Aurora Borealis

text: According to a report in New Scientist many researchers are in consensus that Rossby waves are acting against the jet stream’s usual pattern and holding it in place. Upper atmospheric studies using National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) data indicates that during July 2010 these upper air stream patterns were most frequently observed in the Northern Hemisphere. Examination of the climatology data over the same period of time indicates that these wild planetary wave meanderings are not a normal aspect of our regional climate patterns. Meanwhile, ongoing research studies at the University of Reading show that unusual patterns in the polar jet stream are more common during a period of low activity in the solar cycle when the observed sun spot activity and their associated solar flares are at their minimum. The link between low solar activity and enhanced blocking patterns is associated with an increase in the prevalence of cold weather patterns during the European Winter. Another possible explanation for the observed increase in blocking patterns is natural variability, through the chaotic character of the large-scale Ocean currents that flow across the surface of the tropical Pacific.

text: According to a report in New Scientist many researchers are in consensus that

text: Rossby waves

text: are acting against the jet stream’s usual pattern and holding it in place. Upper atmospheric studies using National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (

text: NOAA

text: ) data indicates that during July 2010 these upper air stream patterns were most frequently observed in the Northern Hemisphere. Examination of the climatology data over the same period of time indicates that these wild

text: planetary wave

text: meanderings are not a normal aspect of our regional climate patterns. Meanwhile, ongoing research studies at the University of Reading show that unusual patterns in the polar jet stream are more common during a period of low activity in the

text: solar cycle

text: when the observed

text: sun spot

text: activity and their associated

text: solar flares

text: are at their minimum. The link between low solar activity and enhanced blocking patterns is associated with an increase in the prevalence of cold weather patterns during the European Winter. Another possible explanation for the observed increase in blocking patterns is natural variability, through the chaotic character of the large-scale Ocean currents that flow across the surface of the tropical Pacific.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: low solar activity

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar cycle

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: polar jet stream

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: sun spot activity and their associated solar flares are at their minimum.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar cycle

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sun spot activity and their associated solar flares

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: sun spot activity and their associated solar flares

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: sun spot activity

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: solar flares

text: The NBA has played three pre-season exhibition games at Indian Wells, with all these events involving the Phoenix Suns. The first game featured the Suns against the Denver Nuggets on October 11, 2008; the NBA's first outdoor game since September 1972. On October 10, 2009 the Suns played the Golden State Warriors and on October 9, 2010 the game featured the Suns and the Dallas Mavericks.

text: The

text: NBA

text: has played three pre-season exhibition games at Indian Wells, with all these events involving the

text: Phoenix Suns

text: . The first game featured the Suns against the

text: Denver Nuggets

text: on October 11, 2008; the NBA's first outdoor game since September 1972. On October 10, 2009 the Suns played the

text: Golden State Warriors

text: and on October 9, 2010 the game featured the Suns and the

text: Dallas Mavericks

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: hot spots

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: nuclear explosions

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar system

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: astronomy

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: outdoor game since September 1972.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: the NBA's first outdoor game since September 1972.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: 1972.

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: 1972.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Indian Wells,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: 1972.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: 2008; the NBA's first outdoor game since September 1972.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: The NBA has played three pre-season exhibition games at Indian Wells,

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: 1972.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: 2008; the NBA's first outdoor game since September 1972.

text: Some Kepler data is taken at one minute sampling, though inevitably with lower accuracy. Using this data, on a smaller sample of stars, reveals flares that are too brief for reliable detection with 30-min integrations, allowing detection of events as low as 10 ergs, comparable with the brightest flares on the Sun. The occurrence frequency as a function of energy remains a power law E when extended to lower energies, with n around 1.5. At this time resolution some superflares show multiple peaks with separations of 100 to 1000 seconds, again comparable to the pulsations in solar flares. The star KIC 9655129  showed two periods, of 78 and 32 minutes, suggesting magnetohydrodynamic oscillations in the flaring region. These observations suggest that superflares are different only in scale and not in type to solar flares.

text: Some Kepler data is taken at one minute sampling, though inevitably with lower accuracy. Using this data, on a smaller sample of stars, reveals flares that are too brief for reliable detection with 30-min integrations, allowing detection of events as low as 10 ergs, comparable with the brightest flares on the Sun. The occurrence frequency as a function of energy remains a power law E when extended to lower energies, with n around 1.5. At this time resolution some superflares show multiple peaks with separations of 100 to 1000 seconds, again comparable to the pulsations in solar flares. The star KIC 9655129  showed two periods, of 78 and 32 minutes, suggesting

text: magnetohydrodynamic

text: oscillations in the flaring region. These observations suggest that superflares are different only in scale and not in type to solar flares.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: comparable with the brightest flares on the Sun

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: superflares

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: pulsations

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: different only in scale and not in type to solar flares.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: comparable to the pulsations in solar flares.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: flares.

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar flares.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: stars,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: different only in scale and not in type to solar flares.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: superflares

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: stars,

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: superflares

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: superflares

text: A total solar eclipse occurred on December 12, 1871. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide.

text: A total

text: solar eclipse

text: occurred on December 12, 1871. A

text: solar eclipse

text: occurs when the

text: Moon

text: passes between

text: Earth

text: and the

text: Sun

text: , thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's

text: apparent diameter

text: is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: direct sunlight

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: direct sunlight

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can prominences last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: sunlight,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: direct sunlight,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun,

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunlight,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: A total solar eclipse occurred on December 12, 1871.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: A total solar eclipse occurred on December 12, 1871.

text: The first detailed description of a solar prominence was in 14th-century Laurentian Codex, describing the Solar eclipse of 1 May 1185. They were described as "flame-like tongues of live embers."

text: The first detailed description of a solar prominence was in 14th-century

text: Laurentian Codex

text: , describing the

text: Solar eclipse of 1 May 1185

text: . They were described as "flame-like tongues of live embers."

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: prominences

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: they are described as flame-like tongues of live embers

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar prominences

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: can cause a solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: live embers

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar prominences

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: "flame-like tongues of live embers."

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: "flame-like tongues of live embers."

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar prominence

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar prominence

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar prominence

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: "flame-like tongues of live embers."

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: solar prominence

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar prominence

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: solar prominence

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: solar prominence

text: H-alpha (Hα) is a specific deep-red visible spectral line in the Balmer series  with a wavelength of 656.28 nm; it occurs when a hydrogen electron falls from its third to second lowest energy level. H-alpha light is important to astronomers as it is emitted by many emission nebulae and can be used to observe features in the sun's atmosphere including solar prominences.

text: H-alpha (Hα) is a specific deep-red visible

text: spectral line

text: in the

text: Balmer series

text: with a wavelength of 656.28

text: nm

text: ; it occurs when a

text: hydrogen

text: electron falls from its third to second lowest energy level. H-alpha light is important to

text: astronomers

text: as it is emitted by many

text: emission nebula

text: e and can be used to observe features in the sun's atmosphere including

text: solar prominence

text: s.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar prominences

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: can be used to observe features in the sun's atmosphere

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar prominences

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: sun's atmosphere

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: H-alpha

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: H-alpha

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar prominences.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: solar prominences.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar prominences.

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar prominences.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: sun's atmosphere

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: features in the sun's atmosphere

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: solar prominences.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar prominences.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: sun's atmosphere

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: H-alpha

text: The spectrum of this star matches a stellar classification of A2 III, with the luminosity class of 'III' indicating this is a giant star that has exhausted the hydrogen at its core and evolved away from the main sequence of stars like the Sun. Since 1943, the spectrum of this star has served as one of the stable anchor points by which other stars are classified. It is 19% more massive than the Sun, but the outer envelope has expanded to around 11 times the Sun's radius. With its enlarged size, it is radiating 46 times the luminosity of the Sun from its outer atmosphere at an effective temperature of 4,529 K. This is cooler than the Sun's surface and gives Kappa Ophiuchi the orange-hued glow of a K-type star.

text: The

text: spectrum

text: of this star matches a

text: stellar classification

text: of A2 III, with the

text: luminosity class

text: of 'III' indicating this is a

text: giant star

text: that has exhausted the hydrogen at its core and

text: evolved away

text: from the

text: main sequence

text: of stars like the Sun. Since 1943, the

text: spectrum

text: of this star has served as one of the stable anchor points by which other stars are classified. It is 19% more massive than the Sun, but the outer envelope has expanded to around 11 times the Sun's radius. With its enlarged size, it is radiating 46 times the luminosity of the Sun from its outer atmosphere at an

text: effective temperature

text: of 4,529 K. This is cooler than the Sun's surface and gives Kappa Ophiuchi the orange-hued glow of a

text: K-type star

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: hot spots

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: cooler than the Sun's surface

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: giant stars

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: a coronal mass ejection

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can a star's prominences last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: giant star that has exhausted the hydrogen at its core

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: evolved away from the main sequence of stars

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: K-type star.

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Kappa Ophiuchi

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: giant star

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: K-type star.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Kappa Ophiuchi

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Kappa Ophiuchi

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Kappa Ophiuchi

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Kappa Ophiuchi

text: Sunspots are visible as dark patches on the Sun's photosphere, and correspond to concentrations of magnetic field where the convective transport of heat is inhibited from the solar interior to the surface. As a result, sunspots are slightly cooler than the surrounding photosphere, and, so, they appear dark. At a typical solar minimum, few sunspots are visible, and occasionally none can be seen at all. Those that do appear are at high solar latitudes. As the solar cycle progresses towards its maximum, sunspots tend form closer to the solar equator, a phenomenon known as Spörer's law. The largest sunspots can be tens of thousands of kilometers across.

text: Sunspots are visible as dark patches on the Sun's

text: photosphere

text: , and correspond to concentrations of magnetic field where the

text: convective transport

text: of heat is inhibited from the solar interior to the surface. As a result, sunspots are slightly cooler than the surrounding photosphere, and, so, they appear dark. At a typical

text: solar minimum

text: , few sunspots are visible, and occasionally none can be seen at all. Those that do appear are at high solar latitudes. As the solar cycle progresses towards its

text: maximum

text: , sunspots tend form closer to the solar equator, a phenomenon known as

text: Spörer's law

text: . The largest sunspots can be tens of thousands of kilometers across.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: dark patches on the Sun's photosphere

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: The largest sunspots can be tens of thousands of kilometers across.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: dark patches on the Sun's photosphere,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: sunspots are slightly cooler than the surrounding photosphere,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: Sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Sunspots

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: closer to the solar equator,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: dark patches on the Sun's photosphere,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Sunspots

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Sunspots

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: solar equator,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Sunspots

text: Another early observation was of solar prominences, described in 1185 in the Russian Chronicle of Novgorod.

text: Another early observation was of solar prominences, described in 1185 in the

text: Russian Chronicle of Novgorod

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: solar prominences were discovered in 1185

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar prominences

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: can cause a solar flare

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar atmosphere

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar prominences

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar prominences,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: solar prominences,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar prominences,

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar prominences,

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar prominences,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: early observation

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: solar prominences,

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar prominences,

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: solar prominences,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: solar prominences,

text: A total solar eclipse will occur on August 15, 2091. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide.

text: A total

text: solar eclipse

text: will occur on August 15, 2091. A

text: solar eclipse

text: occurs when the

text: Moon

text: passes between

text: Earth

text: and the

text: Sun

text: , thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's

text: apparent diameter

text: is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: direct sunlight

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: direct sunlight

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can prominences last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: sunlight,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: direct sunlight,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: 2091.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunlight,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: A total solar eclipse will occur on August 15, 2091.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: A total solar eclipse will occur on August 15, 2091.

text: The observatory building was sited on a dome-shaped hill adjoining the road. Jones explained in 1937 that the building was designed to enable maximum comfort under the climatic conditions. The observatory was built of fibro-cement for roof and walls, open to the north and east for light and air passage, and closed to the south and west, where double walls kept out the cold and hot winds. There were verandahs along the east and north elevations. The building consisted of a large computing room and a laboratory and provision was made for additions when required at the south-east corner. Sited near the observatory were Jones' deep earth temperature pits, consisting of drilled holes lined with clay pipes, from which he took temperature readings at varying depths up to 10.67 metres (35 feet) below the earth's surface. These observations were designed to ascertain the "solar constant of radiation". Temperature readings were also taken from the nearby Crohamhurst Creek. A Stevenson screen (a vented box) housed instruments such as a thermometer for measuring temperature, barometer for measuring barometric pressure and hygrometer for measuring humidity. Three telescopes were used for solar observation.

text: The observatory building was sited on a dome-shaped hill adjoining the road. Jones explained in 1937 that the building was designed to enable maximum comfort under the climatic conditions. The observatory was built of fibro-cement for roof and walls, open to the north and east for light and air passage, and closed to the south and west, where double walls kept out the cold and hot winds. There were verandahs along the east and north elevations. The building consisted of a large computing room and a laboratory and provision was made for additions when required at the south-east corner. Sited near the observatory were Jones' deep earth temperature pits, consisting of drilled holes lined with clay pipes, from which he took temperature readings at varying depths up to 10.67 metres (35 feet) below the earth's surface. These observations were designed to ascertain the "solar constant of radiation". Temperature readings were also taken from the nearby Crohamhurst Creek. A

text: Stevenson screen

text: (a vented box) housed instruments such as a thermometer for measuring temperature, barometer for measuring barometric pressure and hygrometer for measuring humidity. Three telescopes were used for solar observation.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: hot spots

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: three telescopes were used for solar observation

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: nuclear explosions

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar system

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can prominences last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar observation.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: Three telescopes were used for solar observation.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: radiation".

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar observation.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: radiation".

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Three telescopes were used for solar observation.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar observation.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Three telescopes were used for solar observation.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: radiation".

text: Solar-like oscillations are oscillations in distant stars that are excited in the same way as those in the Sun, namely by turbulent convection in its outer layers. Stars that show solar-like oscillations are called solar-like oscillators. The oscillations are standing pressure and mixed pressure-gravity modes that are excited over a range in frequency, with the amplitudes roughly following a bell-shaped distribution.  Unlike opacity-driven oscillators, all the modes in the frequency range are excited, making the oscillations relatively easy to identify.  The surface convection also damps the modes, and each is well-approximated in frequency space by a Lorentzian curve, the width of which corresponds to the lifetime of the mode: the faster it decays, the broader is the Lorentzian.  All stars with surface convection zones are expected to show solar-like oscillations, including cool main-sequence stars (up to surface temperatures of about 7000K), subgiants and red giants. Because of the small amplitudes of the oscillations, their study has advanced tremendously thanks to space-based missions (mainly COROT and Kepler).

text: Solar-like oscillations are

text: oscillation

text: s in distant

text: star

text: s that are excited in the same way as those in the

text: Sun

text: , namely by turbulent

text: convection

text: in its outer layers. Stars that show solar-like oscillations are called solar-like oscillators. The oscillations are standing pressure and mixed pressure-gravity modes that are excited over a range in frequency, with the amplitudes roughly following a bell-shaped distribution.  Unlike opacity-driven oscillators, all the modes in the frequency range are excited, making the oscillations relatively easy to identify.  The surface convection also damps the modes, and each is well-approximated in frequency space by a Lorentzian curve, the width of which corresponds to the lifetime of the mode: the faster it decays, the broader is the Lorentzian.  All stars with surface convection zones are expected to show solar-like oscillations, including cool main-sequence stars (up to surface temperatures of about 7000K), subgiants and red giants. Because of the small amplitudes of the oscillations, their study has advanced tremendously thanks to space-based missions (mainly

text: COROT

text: and

text: Kepler

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: stars with surface convection zones

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: surface convection also damps the modes

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: subgiants

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: COROT and Kepler

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: distant stars

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: red giants

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: COROT and Kepler

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: turbulent convection in its outer layers.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: The surface convection also damps the modes,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: opacity-driven oscillators,

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: COROT and Kepler).

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: distant stars

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: red giants.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: lifetime of the mode:

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: COROT and Kepler).

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Solar-like oscillations are oscillations in distant stars

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: space-based missions

text: A total solar eclipse occurred on July 20, 1963. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide.

text: A total

text: solar eclipse

text: occurred on July 20, 1963. A

text: solar eclipse

text: occurs when the

text: Moon

text: passes between

text: Earth

text: and the

text: Sun

text: , thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's

text: apparent diameter

text: is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: direct sunlight

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: total solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: direct sunlight

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can prominences last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: sunlight,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: direct sunlight,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun,

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunlight,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: A total solar eclipse occurred on July 20, 1963.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: A total solar eclipse occurred on July 20, 1963.

text: A total solar eclipse will occur on April 30, 2041. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide.

text: A total

text: solar eclipse

text: will occur on April 30, 2041. A

text: solar eclipse

text: occurs when the

text: Moon

text: passes between

text: Earth

text: and the

text: Sun

text: , thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's

text: apparent diameter

text: is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: direct sunlight

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: direct sunlight

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can prominences last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: sunlight,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: direct sunlight,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: 2041.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunlight,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: A total solar eclipse will occur on April 30, 2041.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: A total solar eclipse will occur on April 30, 2041.

text: In economics, the term sunspots (or sometimes "a sunspot") usually refers to an extrinsic random variable, that is, a random variable that does not affect economic fundamentals (such as endowments, preferences, or technology). Sunspots can also refer to the related concept of extrinsic uncertainty, that is, economic uncertainty that does not come from variation in economic   fundamentals. David Cass and Karl Shell coined the term sunspots as a suggestive and less technical way of saying "extrinsic random variable".

text: In

text: economics

text: , the term sunspots (or sometimes "a sunspot") usually refers to an extrinsic

text: random variable

text: , that is, a random variable that does not affect economic fundamentals (such as

text: endowments

text: preferences

text: , or

text: technology

text: ). Sunspots can also refer to the related concept of extrinsic

text: uncertainty

text: , that is, economic uncertainty that does not come from variation in economic   fundamentals.

text: David Cass

text: and

text: Karl Shell

text: coined the term sunspots as a suggestive and less technical way of saying "extrinsic random variable".

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: an extrinsic random variable

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: a random variable that does not affect economic fundamentals

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: extrinsic

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can sunspots last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: extrinsic random variable,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: a random variable that does not affect economic fundamentals

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: a random variable that does not affect economic fundamentals

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: extrinsic random variable,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: a random variable that does not affect economic fundamentals

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: sunspots

text: The common features of passive solar architecture are orientation relative to the Sun, compact proportion (a low surface area to volume ratio), selective shading (overhangs) and thermal mass. When these features are tailored to the local climate and environment they can produce well-lit spaces that stay in a comfortable temperature range. Socrates' Megaron House is a classic example of passive solar design. The most recent approaches to solar design use computer modeling tying together solar lighting, heating and ventilation systems in an integrated solar design package. Active solar equipment such as pumps, fans and switchable windows can complement passive design and improve system performance.

text: The common features of

text: passive solar

text: architecture are orientation relative to the Sun, compact proportion (a low surface area to volume ratio), selective shading (overhangs) and

text: thermal mass

text: . When these features are tailored to the local climate and environment they can produce well-lit spaces that stay in a comfortable temperature range.

text: Socrates

text: ' Megaron House is a classic example of passive solar design. The most recent approaches to solar design use computer modeling tying together

text: solar lighting

text: heating

text: and

text: ventilation

text: systems in an integrated

text: solar design

text: package.

text: Active solar

text: equipment such as pumps, fans and switchable windows can complement passive design and improve system performance.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: active solar storms

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: active solar equipment

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: active solar equipment

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar system

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: suns

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar design

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: orientation relative to the Sun,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: orientation relative to the Sun,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: passive solar architecture

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: orientation relative to the Sun,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: The common features of passive solar architecture are orientation relative to the Sun,

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: passive solar architecture

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: the Sun,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: The common features of passive solar architecture are orientation relative to the Sun,

text: The difficulty in achieving high resolutions with single radio telescopes led to radio interferometry, developed by British radio astronomer  Martin Ryle and Australian engineer, radiophysicist, and radio astronomer Joseph Lade Pawsey and Ruby Payne-Scott in 1946. Surprisingly the first use of a radio interferometer for an astronomical observation was carried out by Payne-Scott, Pawsey and Lindsay McCready on 26 January 1946 using a SINGLE converted radar antenna (broadside array) at 200 MHz near Sydney, Australia. This group used the principle of a sea-cliff interferometer in which the antenna (formerly a World War II radar) observed the sun at sunrise with interference arising from the direct radiation from the sun and the reflected radiation from the sea. With this baseline of almost 200 meters, the authors determined that the solar radiation during the burst phase was much smaller than the solar disk and arose from a region associated with a large sunspot group. The Australia group laid out the principles of aperture synthesis in a ground-breaking paper published in 1947. The use of a sea-cliff interferometer had been demonstrated by numerous groups in Australia, Iran and the UK during World War II, who had observed interference fringes (the direct radar return radiation and the reflected signal from the sea) from incoming aircraft.

text: The difficulty in achieving high resolutions with single radio telescopes led to radio

text: interferometry

text: , developed by British radio astronomer

text: Martin Ryle

text: and Australian engineer, radiophysicist, and radio astronomer

text: Joseph Lade Pawsey

text: and

text: Ruby Payne-Scott

text: in 1946. Surprisingly the first use of a radio interferometer for an astronomical observation was carried out by Payne-Scott, Pawsey and

text: Lindsay McCready

text: on 26 January 1946 using a SINGLE converted radar antenna (broadside array) at

text: 200 MHz

text: near

text: Sydney, Australia

text: . This group used the principle of a sea-cliff interferometer in which the antenna (formerly a World War II radar) observed the sun at sunrise with interference arising from the direct radiation from the sun and the reflected radiation from the sea. With this baseline of almost 200 meters, the authors determined that the solar radiation during the burst phase was much smaller than the solar disk and arose from a region associated with a large

text: sunspot

text: group. The Australia group laid out the principles of

text: aperture synthesis

text: in a ground-breaking paper published in 1947. The use of a sea-cliff

text: interferometer

text: had been demonstrated by numerous groups in Australia, Iran and the UK during World War II, who had observed interference fringes (the direct radar return radiation and the reflected signal from the sea) from incoming aircraft.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: large sunspot groups

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: a region associated with a large sunspot group

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: a large sunspot group

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can sunspots last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar radiation during the burst phase was much smaller than the solar disk

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: arose from a region associated with a large sunspot group.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: sunspot

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: sunspot group.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar radiation during the burst phase was much smaller than the solar disk

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspot group.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: sunspot group.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: sunspot group.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: sun and the reflected radiation from the sea.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: direct radiation from the sun

text: Solar observatories study phenomena associated with the Sun. The Sun, being the closest star to earth, allows a unique chance to study stellar physics with high-resolution. It was, until the 1990s, the only star whose surface had been resolved. General topics that interest a solar astronomer are its 11-year periodicity (i.e., the Solar Cycle), sunspots, magnetic field activity (see solar dynamo), solar flares, coronal mass ejections, differential rotation, and plasma physics.

text: Solar observatories study phenomena associated with the Sun. The Sun, being the closest star to earth, allows a unique chance to study stellar physics with high-resolution. It was, until the 1990s, the only star whose surface had been resolved. General topics that interest a solar astronomer are its 11-year periodicity (i.e., the

text: Solar Cycle

text: sunspot

text: s,

text: magnetic field

text: activity (see

text: solar dynamo

text: solar flare

text: s,

text: coronal mass ejection

text: s,

text: differential rotation

text: , and

text: plasma physics

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: 11-year periodicity

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Solar Cycle

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can prominences last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: General topics that interest a solar astronomer

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: General topics that interest a solar astronomer

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: coronal mass ejections,

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: coronal mass ejections,

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Sun.

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunspots,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: sunspots,

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: phenomena associated with the Sun.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: solar flares,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: solar flares,

text: A total solar eclipse occurred on February 9, 1766. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide.

text: A total

text: solar eclipse

text: occurred on February 9, 1766. A

text: solar eclipse

text: occurs when the

text: Moon

text: passes between

text: Earth

text: and the

text: Sun

text: , thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's

text: apparent diameter

text: is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: direct sunlight

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: total solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: direct sunlight

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can prominences last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: sunlight,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: sunlight,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: the Moon's apparent diameter is larger than the Sun's,

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunlight,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: A total solar eclipse occurred on February 9, 1766.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: A total solar eclipse occurred on February 9, 1766.

text: Wild's team then built and from 1967 operated a three-kilometre diameter radio-heliograph at Culgoora, near Narrabri in northern New South Wales.  It was to become a ground-breaking instrument producing real-time images of solar activity across a range of altitudes from the Sun's surface. In the late 1960s and early 1970s the team led the world in solar research, attracting prominent solar physicists from around the world.

text: Wild's team then built and from 1967 operated a three-kilometre diameter radio-heliograph at Culgoora, near

text: Narrabri

text: in northern New South Wales.  It was to become a ground-breaking instrument producing real-time images of solar activity across a range of altitudes from the Sun's surface. In the late 1960s and early 1970s the team led the world in solar research, attracting prominent solar physicists from around the world.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar activity

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: real-time images

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar activity

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar activity

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: sun's surface

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sun's surface

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can solar activity last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar activity

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar activity

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: real-time images of solar activity

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar activity

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar activity

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Sun's surface.

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: altitudes from the Sun's surface.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: solar activity

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar activity

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Sun's surface.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Sun's surface.

text: In several episodes of the series, the Stargate Network was used for a purpose other than interplanetary travel. In the plots in which these extra functions feature, they are almost always discovered by a fluke, and were not intended in the design of the Stargates. Two such occurrences regard the Stargate's interaction with time, such as "1969", in which the SG-1 team accidentally travels backward in time to the year 1969, as a result of the matter transmission stream passing through a solar flare. The character Samantha Carter intentionally uses this phenomenon in the episode "2010", where she uses advanced technology to predict a flare and send a message back in time. Time is also a factor in the episode "Window of Opportunity", when a scientist uses a failed time machine built by the Ancients to isolate a region defined by 14 stargates from the rest of the space-time continuum, causing a time loop.

text: In several episodes of the series, the Stargate Network was used for a purpose other than interplanetary travel. In the plots in which these extra functions feature, they are almost always discovered by a fluke, and were not intended in the design of the Stargates. Two such occurrences regard the Stargate's interaction with time, such as "

text: ", in which the

text: team accidentally travels backward in time to the year 1969, as a result of the matter transmission stream passing through a

text: solar flare

text: . The character

text: Samantha Carter

text: intentionally uses this phenomenon in the episode "

text: ", where she uses advanced technology to predict a flare and send a message back in time. Time is also a factor in the episode "

text: Window of Opportunity

text: ", when a scientist uses a failed time machine built by the Ancients to isolate a region defined by 14 stargates from the rest of the

text: space-time continuum

text: , causing a

text: time loop

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: are almost always discovered by a fluke

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flare

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar flare

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar flare

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: matter transmission streams

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can solar flares last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar flare

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar flare.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: almost always discovered by a fluke,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flare.

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar flare.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: flare.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: solar flare.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar flare.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: matter transmission stream passing through a solar flare.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: solar flare.

text: The observatory was founded in December 1939 by Karl-Otto Kiepenheuer as a solar observatory for the Luftwaffe. The recording of solar activity was supposed to enable the most accurate forecast possible of the optimal frequencies used for military communications. After the Second World War the observatory was funded by the US forces for the same purpose. Since 1949 the facility has belonged to the University of Munich. In the 1960s the observatory was enhanced with a coronagraph; a device that enabled research to be carried out on the atmosphere of the sun. Due to increasing air pollution and research priorities switching back to night-time astronomy, scientific observations of the sun were ceased in the 1980s. Since 1988 the facility has become purely an observatory; the dome of the coronograph is only used today for viewing purposes. Today searches are conducted from the Wendelstein for extrasolar planets by evaluating occultations and research is carried out on variable stars in dwarf galaxies using an 80-cm telescope and CCD cameras. In 2011 the 80-cm telescope will be replaced by an instrument with a two metre aperture.

text: The observatory was founded in December 1939 by

text: Karl-Otto Kiepenheuer

text: as a solar observatory for the

text: Luftwaffe

text: . The recording of

text: solar activity

text: was supposed to enable the most accurate forecast possible of the optimal frequencies used for military

text: communications

text: . After the

text: Second World War

text: the observatory was funded by the US forces for the same purpose. Since 1949 the facility has belonged to the University of Munich. In the 1960s the observatory was enhanced with a

text: coronagraph

text: ; a device that enabled research to be carried out on the atmosphere of the sun. Due to increasing air pollution and research priorities switching back to night-time astronomy, scientific observations of the sun were ceased in the 1980s. Since 1988 the facility has become purely an observatory; the dome of the

text: coronograph

text: is only used today for viewing purposes. Today searches are conducted from the Wendelstein for

text: extrasolar planet

text: s by evaluating

text: occultation

text: s and research is carried out on

text: variable star

text: s in

text: dwarf galaxies

text: using an 80-cm

text: telescope

text: and

text: CCD camera

text: s. In 2011 the 80-cm telescope will be replaced by an instrument with a two metre aperture.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: variable stars

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: scientific observations of the sun were ceased in the 1980s

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar activity

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: a coronal mass ejection

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the atmosphere

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: atmosphere of the sun

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can prominences last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar activity

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: atmosphere

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: solar activity

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar activity

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: coronagraph;

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: atmosphere of the sun.

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: variable stars

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: solar activity

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: variable stars in dwarf galaxies

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: extrasolar planets

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: air pollution

text: Bounty hunters may run into serious legal problems if they try to apprehend fugitives outside the United States, where laws treat the re-arrest of any fugitive by private persons as kidnapping, or the bail agent may incur the punishments of some other serious crime if local and international laws are broken by them. While the United States government generally allows the activities of bounty hunters within the United States, the governments in other sovereign nations consider them a felony.

text: Bounty hunters may run into serious legal problems if they try to apprehend fugitives outside the United States, where laws treat the re-arrest of any fugitive by private persons as

text: kidnapping

text: , or the bail agent may incur the punishments of some other serious crime if local and international laws are broken by them. While the United States government generally allows the activities of bounty hunters within the United States, the governments in other

text: sovereign

text: nations consider them a felony.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: fugitives

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: nuclear

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar system

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar dynamics

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: Bounty hunters may run into serious legal problems

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: the governments in other sovereign nations consider them a felony.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: kidnapping,

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Bounty hunters may run into serious legal problems

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: States,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: kidnapping,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Bounty hunters

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Bounty hunters may run into serious legal problems

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Bounty hunters may run into serious legal problems

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Bounty hunters may run into serious legal problems

text: Ogończyk is a Polish coat of arms. It was used by several szlachta families in the times of the Kingdom of Poland and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

text: Ogończyk is a

text: Polish coat of arms

text: . It was used by several

text: szlachta

text: families in the times of the

text: Kingdom of Poland

text: and the

text: Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: hot spots on the sun

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: nuclear explosions

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: is a type of solar storm

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar system

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Solar Dynamics Observatory

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: Ogo<unk>czyk

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: Ogo<unk>czyk

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: Ogo<unk>czyk

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Ogo<unk>czyk

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Ogo<unk>czyk

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: Ogo<unk>czyk

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Ogo<unk>czyk

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Ogo<unk>czyk

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Ogo<unk>czyk

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Ogo<unk>czyk

text: From there, they were signed by Capitol Records. With Capitol, the band released Americana Deluxe, This Beautiful Life, and Save My Soul. The band has continued their tours, performances and album releases. The band had appeared at the 1999 Super Bowl half-time show and the 2006 Capital One Bowl, and also served as the house band for ESPN's ESPY Awards for a few years. The band created a version of the opening theme for the sitcom 3rd Rock from the Sun, which was used for the 1999–2000 season.

text: From there, they were signed by

text: Capitol Records

text: . With Capitol, the band released Americana Deluxe, This Beautiful Life, and

text: Save My Soul

text: . The band has continued their tours, performances and album releases. The band had appeared at the 1999

text: Super Bowl

text: half-time show and the 2006

text: Capital One Bowl

text: , and also served as the house band for ESPN's

text: ESPY Awards

text: for a few years. The band created a version of the opening theme for the sitcom

text: 3rd Rock from the Sun

text: , which was used for the 1999–2000 season.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: hot spots

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: volcanoes

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can prominences last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: rock from the sun

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: 3rd Rock from the Sun,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: Rock

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: 3rd Rock from the Sun,

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: a few years.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: 3rd Rock from the Sun,

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: 3rd Rock from the Sun,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Americana Deluxe, This Beautiful Life, and Save My Soul.

text: In ancient China 24 points of the compass were used, measuring fifteen degrees between points.

text: In ancient China 24 points of the compass were used, measuring fifteen degrees between points.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: hot spots on the sun

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: a sunspot is a point on the sun

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: volcanoes

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: can cause a solar flare

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar system

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: astronomy

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: fifteen degrees

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: fifteen degrees

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: In ancient China

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: fifteen degrees

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: fifteen degrees

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: degrees

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: In ancient China 24 points of the compass

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: fifteen degrees

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: China

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: fifteen degrees

text: Beginning in 2001, a series of shorts featuring Bitchy Bitch called Bitchy Bits was shown on the  Oxygen Network  animated series X-Chromosome.

text: Beginning in 2001, a series of shorts featuring Bitchy Bitch called Bitchy Bits was shown on the

text: Oxygen Network

text: animated series X-Chromosome.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: hot spots

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: a solar flare is a type of solar storm

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: nuclear explosions

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: can be caused by a solar flare

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Earth's atmosphere

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: astronomy

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: X-Chromosome.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: X-Chromosome.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: Bitchy Bitch

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: X-Chromosome.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: X-Chromosome.

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: X-Chromosome.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Beginning in 2001,

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: X-Chromosome.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: X-Chromosome.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: X-Chromosome.

text: Autopsy (original Italian title Macchie solari, also known as The Victim and Corpse) is a 1975 Italian giallo-horror film directed by Armando Crispino. It achieved a cult status for its truculent morgue scenes.  The Italian title translates as Sunspots.

text: Autopsy (original Italian title Macchie solari, also known as The Victim and Corpse) is a

text: Italian

text: giallo

text: horror film

text: directed by

text: Armando Crispino

text: . It achieved a

text: cult

text: status for its truculent morgue scenes.  The Italian title translates as Sunspots.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: giallo-horror

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: Italian title translates as Sunspots

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: Sunspots

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Sunspots

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can Sunspots last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Sunspots

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: Autopsy

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: The Italian title translates as Sunspots.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: Sunspots.

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: Sunspots.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Italian

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: Sunspots.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: Sunspots.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: Sunspots.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Sunspots.

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Autopsy

text: It is safe to observe the total phase of a solar eclipse directly only when the Sun's photosphere is completely covered by the Moon, and not before or after totality. During this period, the Sun is too dim to be seen through filters. The Sun's faint corona will be visible, and the chromosphere, solar prominences, and possibly even a solar flare may be seen. At the end of totality, the same effects will occur in reverse order, and on the opposite side of the Moon.

text: It is safe to observe the total phase of a solar eclipse directly only when the Sun's photosphere is completely covered by the Moon, and not before or after totality. During this period, the Sun is too dim to be seen through filters. The Sun's faint

text: corona

text: will be visible, and the

text: chromosphere

text: solar prominence

text: s, and possibly even a

text: solar flare

text: may be seen. At the end of totality, the same effects will occur in reverse order, and on the opposite side of the Moon.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar prominences

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: the Sun's faint corona will be visible

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: visible

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar prominences,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: solar prominences,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flare

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar flare

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: chromosphere,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: The Sun's faint corona will be visible,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: solar prominences,

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Sun's photosphere is completely covered by the Moon,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: It is safe to observe the total phase of a solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: craters

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: the sun is hotter than the earth

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: volcanoes

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: can cause a solar flare

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar system

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: spherical

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: |128

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar storms

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: the sun is too far away

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: radiation

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: |128

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: |128

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: |128

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: |128

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: |128

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: |128

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: |128

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: |128

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: |128

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: |128

text: A total solar eclipse occurred on October 10, 1912. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide.

text: A total

text: solar eclipse

text: occurred on October 10, 1912. A

text: solar eclipse

text: occurs when the

text: Moon

text: passes between

text: Earth

text: and the

text: Sun

text: , thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's

text: apparent diameter

text: is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: direct sunlight

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: direct sunlight

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: sunlight,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: sunlight,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: total solar eclipse occurred on October 10, 1912.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunlight,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: A total solar eclipse occurred on October 10, 1912.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: A total solar eclipse occurred on October 10, 1912.

text: A total solar eclipse occurred on August 30, 1905. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide.

text: A total

text: solar eclipse

text: occurred on August 30, 1905. A

text: solar eclipse

text: occurs when the

text: Moon

text: passes between

text: Earth

text: and the

text: Sun

text: , thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's

text: apparent diameter

text: is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: direct sunlight

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: direct sunlight

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can prominences last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: sunlight,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: blocking all direct sunlight,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun,

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunlight,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: A total solar eclipse occurred on August 30, 1905.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: A total solar eclipse occurred on August 30, 1905.

text: A total solar eclipse will occur on January 5, 2057. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide.

text: A total

text: solar eclipse

text: will occur on January 5, 2057. A

text: solar eclipse

text: occurs when the

text: Moon

text: passes between

text: Earth

text: and the

text: Sun

text: , thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's

text: apparent diameter

text: is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: direct sunlight

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: direct sunlight

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can prominences last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: sunlight,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: sunlight,

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: the Moon's apparent diameter is larger than the Sun's,

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sunlight,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: A total solar eclipse will occur on January 5, 2057.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar eclipse

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun,

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: A total solar eclipse will occur on January 5, 2057.

text: At all NZDF facilities, civilian staff are used to augment physical security manpower, particularly for relatively simple tasks like ID checking and security patrols.

text: At all NZDF facilities, civilian staff are used to augment physical security manpower, particularly for relatively simple tasks like ID checking and security patrols.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: hot spots on the sun

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: nuclear explosions

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: is a type of solar storm that occurs in the solar system

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar system

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar systems

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: relatively simple tasks like ID checking and security patrols.

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: relatively simple tasks like ID checking and security patrols.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: At all NZDF

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: ID checking and security patrols.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: At all NZDF

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: ID checking and security patrols.

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: At all NZDF

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: ID checking and security patrols.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: At all NZDF

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: At all NZDF

text: A solar flare is a phenomenon where the sun suddenly releases a great amount of solar radiation, much more than normal. Solar flares are unlikely to cause any direct injury, but can destroy electrical equipment. The potential of solar storms to cause disaster was seen during the 1859 Carrington event, which disrupted the telegraph network, and the March 1989 geomagnetic storm which blacked out Quebec. Some major known solar flares include the X20 event on August 16, 1989, and a similar flare on April 2, 2001. The most powerful flare ever recorded occurred on November 4, 2003 (estimated at between X40 and X45).

text: A solar flare is a phenomenon where the sun suddenly releases a great amount of

text: solar radiation

text: , much more than normal. Solar flares are unlikely to cause any direct injury, but can destroy electrical equipment. The potential of solar storms to cause disaster was seen during the 1859

text: Carrington event

text: , which disrupted the telegraph network, and the

text: March 1989 geomagnetic storm

text: which

text: blacked out

text: Quebec. Some major known solar flares include the X20 event on August 16, 1989, and a similar flare on April 2, 2001. The most powerful flare ever recorded occurred on November 4, 2003 (estimated at between X40 and X45).

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: solar storms

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: solar storms to cause disaster

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar storms

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: the sun suddenly releases a great amount of solar radiation

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: the sun suddenly releases a great amount of solar radiation,

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: can destroy electrical equipment.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: solar flare

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: solar flare

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: sun

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: sun suddenly releases a great amount of solar radiation,

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: solar flare

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: solar flare

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: sun

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: Solar flares

text: Simone Zaggia is an Italian astronomer.  He was born in 1965 and did undergraduate work at the University of Padua, where he also received his Ph.D. in 1996.  He has done post-doctoral work at theEuropean Southern Observatory and the Capodimonte Observatory, he worked at Trieste Observatory and currently (2007) works at Padua Observatory.Zaggia's research interest include the dynamics of dwarf galaxies and globular clusters.

text: Simone Zaggia is an

text: Italian

text: astronomer

text: .  He was born in 1965 and did undergraduate work at the

text: University of Padua

text: , where he also received his Ph.D. in 1996.  He has done post-doctoral work at the

text: European Southern Observatory

text: and the

text: Capodimonte Observatory

text: , he worked at

text: Trieste Observatory

text: and currently (2007) works at Padua Observatory.Zaggia's research interest include the

text: dynamics

text: of

text: dwarf galaxies

text: and

text: globular cluster

text: s.

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: globular clusters

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: globular clusters

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: nuclear explosions

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: What is a coronal mass ejection?

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: the solar system

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: stars

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: How long can prominences last?

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: globular clusters

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006080

answers: dwarf galaxies

answers: NDQ_006081

answers: dynamics of dwarf galaxies and globular clusters.

answers: NDQ_006082

answers: dwarf galaxies

answers: NDQ_006083

answers: globular clusters.

answers: NDQ_006084

answers: dwarf galaxies

answers: NDQ_006085

answers: dwarf galaxies

answers: NDQ_006086

answers: globular clusters.

answers: NDQ_006087

answers: dwarf galaxies and globular clusters.

answers: NDQ_006088

answers: dwarf galaxies

answers: NDQ_006089

answers: 1996.