text: Although the ozone found at the Earth's surface is the same chemical species as that found in the ozone layer, they have very different sources, atmospheric chemistry, and affect human health differently as well. The ozone layer protects people from the sun's most damaging ultraviolet rays. Because the ozone layer is located high in the atmosphere, people are not directly exposed to it.

text: Although the

entity_name: Ozone

text: ozone

text: found at the Earth's surface is the same chemical species as that found in the

entity_name: Ozone layer

text: ozone layer

text: , they have very different sources, atmospheric chemistry, and affect human health differently as well. The ozone layer protects people from the sun's most damaging ultraviolet rays. Because the ozone layer is located high in the atmosphere, people are not directly exposed to it.

method: UNH-tfidf-stem

method: UNH-tfidf-ptsim

method: UNH-tfidf-lem

method: dangnt-nlp

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: Earth's surface

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: chemistry

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: surface

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The ozone layer protects people from the sun's most damaging ultraviolet rays.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: sun's

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does not contain the ozone layer?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Which of the following is not true of the ozone layer?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not found in the ozone layer?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is not true of the exosphere?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ozone found at the Earth's surface

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: chemistry,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: surface

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: ozone found at the Earth's surface

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: ozone found at the Earth's surface is the same chemical species

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: sun's

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: sun's most damaging ultraviolet rays.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: people are not directly exposed to it.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: ozone found at the Earth's surface

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: ozone layer,

text: In atmospheric sciences, the free convective layer (FCL) is the layer of conditional or potential instability in the troposphere. It is a layer of positive buoyancy (PBE) and is the layer where deep, moist convection (DMC) can occur. On an atmospheric sounding, it is the layer between the level of free convection (LFC) and the equilibrium level (EL). The FCL is important to a variety of convective processes and to severe thunderstorm forecasting.

text: In

entity_name: Atmospheric sciences

text: atmospheric sciences

text: , the free convective layer (FCL) is the layer of conditional or

entity_name: Convective instability

text: potential instability

text: in the

entity_name: Troposphere

text: troposphere

text: . It is a layer of positive

entity_name: Buoyancy

text: buoyancy

text: (PBE) and is the layer where deep, moist convection (DMC) can occur. On an

entity_name: Atmospheric sounding

text: atmospheric sounding

text: , it is the layer between the

entity_name: Level of free convection

text: level of free convection

text: (LFC) and the

entity_name: Equilibrium level

text: equilibrium level

text: (EL). The FCL is important to a variety of convective processes and to severe thunderstorm forecasting.

method: UNH-ecn

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: free convective layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Free convective layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Free convective layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: positive buoyancy

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: LFC

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Ozone is a layer of positive buoyancy.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does not have convection currents?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What causes meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: It is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle: ions or troposphere?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere merges gradually with outer space.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Why are gas molecules in the exosphere extremely cold?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: free convective layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere.

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: free convective layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: free convective layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: free convective layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: equilibrium level

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: free convective layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: positive buoyancy

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: free convective layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: moist convection

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: the free convective layer

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: troposphere.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: troposphere.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: In atmospheric sciences, the free convective layer

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: the free convective layer

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: the free convective layer

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: the free convective layer

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: free convective layer

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: the free convective layer

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: free convective layer

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: free convective layer

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: troposphere.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: troposphere.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: the free convective layer

text: The AuroraMax project is an outreach and education initiative carried out by the combined effort of The Canadian Space Agency, Astronomy North, University of Calgary and The city of Yellowknife in Yellowknife Northwest Territories. The AuroraMax provides a place to explore and discover the wonder and science behind phenomena such as sunspots, Earth's magnetic field, space weather and the magnificent Northern lights of Canada. Auroras are natural exhibition of lights in the sky that can be seen by the naked eyes. Auroras happen when protons and electrons or charged particles and gases in the Earth's atmosphere crash into each other, creating tiny flares of light that decorate the sky with colorful light. Billions of these tiny flares occur in sequence causing the lights to seem like they are dancing or moving. The lights in the Northern hemisphere are called Aurora Borealis or simply The Northern Lights while the lights in the Southern hemisphere are called Aurora Australis or simply The Southern Lights.

text: The AuroraMax project is an outreach and education initiative carried out by the combined effort of The

entity_name: Canadian Space Agency

text: Canadian Space Agency

entity_name: Astronomy North

text: Astronomy North

entity_name: University of Calgary

text: University of Calgary

text: and The city of

entity_name: Yellowknife

text: Yellowknife

text: in Yellowknife Northwest Territories. The AuroraMax provides a place to explore and discover the wonder and science behind phenomena such as

entity_name: Sunspot

text: sunspots

text: , Earth's magnetic field, space weather and the magnificent Northern lights of

entity_name: Canada

text: Canada

text: . Auroras are natural exhibition of lights in the sky that can be seen by the naked eyes. Auroras happen when protons and electrons or charged particles and gases in the Earth's atmosphere crash into each other, creating tiny flares of light that decorate the sky with colorful light. Billions of these tiny flares occur in sequence causing the lights to seem like they are dancing or moving. The lights in the Northern hemisphere are called

entity_name: Aurora

text: Aurora Borealis

text: or simply The Northern Lights while the lights in the Southern hemisphere are called

text: Aurora Australis

text: or simply The Southern Lights.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: Earth's atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: Earth's

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Aurora Australis

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: Earth's atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Northern hemisphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: Earth's

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: Earth's atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: gases

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Aurora Australis

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The Northern Lights are natural exhibition of lights in the sky that can be seen by the naked eyes

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Northern hemisphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Northern hemisphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Northern hemisphere

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Which of the following is not a source of heat: sunspots, Earth's magnetic field, space weather and the magnificent Northern lights of Canada?

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: How many layers of the atmosphere does the AuroraMax project cover?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How high does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Why is the top of the mesosphere warmer?

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles: protons, electrons, or gases?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is NOT true of the exosphere?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: sunspots, Earth's magnetic field,

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: Earth's magnetic field,

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Northern hemisphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: Earth's magnetic field,

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Northern hemisphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: gases

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: Earth's magnetic field,

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: charged particles and gases

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: gases

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: Aurora Borealis or simply The Northern Lights

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Yellowknife Northwest Territories.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Northern hemisphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Northern hemisphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Northern hemisphere

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: sunspots,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: protons and electrons or charged particles and gases

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: sunspots,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Auroras

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Aurora Borealis

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Aurora Borealis or simply The Northern Lights

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: protons and electrons

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: protons and electrons

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Earth's magnetic field,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Auroras

text: Although there is no well-defined solid surface within Uranus's interior, the outermost part of Uranus's gaseous envelope that is accessible to remote sensing is called its atmosphere. Remote-sensing capability extends down to roughly 300 km below the 1 bar (100 kPa) level, with a corresponding pressure around 100 bar (10 MPa) and temperature of 320 K. The tenuous thermosphere extends over two planetary radii from the nominal surface, which is defined to lie at a pressure of 1 bar. The Uranian atmosphere can be divided into three layers: the troposphere, between altitudes of −300 and 50 km and pressures from 100 to 0.1 bar (10 MPa to 10 kPa); the stratosphere, spanning altitudes between 50 and 4000 km and pressures of between  (10 kPa to 10 µPa); and the thermosphere extending from 4,000 km to as high as 50,000 km from the surface. There is no mesosphere.

text: Although there is no well-defined solid surface within Uranus's interior, the outermost part of Uranus's gaseous envelope that is accessible to remote sensing is called its

entity_name: Atmosphere

text: atmosphere

text: . Remote-sensing capability extends down to roughly 300 km below the 1 bar (100 kPa) level, with a corresponding pressure around 100 bar (10 MPa) and temperature of 320

entity_name: Kelvin

text: K

text: . The tenuous

entity_name: Thermosphere

text: thermosphere

text: extends over two planetary radii from the nominal surface, which is defined to lie at a pressure of 1 bar. The Uranian atmosphere can be divided into three layers: the

text: troposphere

text: , between altitudes of −300 and 50 km and pressures from 100 to 0.1 bar (10 MPa to 10 kPa); the

entity_name: Stratosphere

text: stratosphere

text: , spanning altitudes between 50 and 4000 km and pressures of between  (10 kPa to 10

entity_name: Pascal (unit)

text: µPa

text: ); and the thermosphere extending from 4,000 km to as high as 50,000 km from the surface. There is no

entity_name: Mesosphere

text: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: the stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: altitudes of  300 and 50 km

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: There is no mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: altitude

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: cool air in the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: There is no mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: asteroid belt

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the Uranian atmosphere can be divided into three layers?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: no mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface is the troposphere?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles: ions, troposphere, or stratosphere?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: 320 K

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: altitudes between 50 and 4000 km

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: There is no mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: pressure

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: There is no mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: planetary radii

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: 320 K.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: three

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: There is no mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: <unk>300 and 50 km

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: There is no mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Uranus's

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: 320 K.

text: An alternative is the use of a laser beam to generate a reference light source (a laser guide star, LGS) in the atmosphere. LGSs come in two flavors: Rayleigh guide stars and sodium guide stars. Rayleigh guide stars work by propagating a laser, usually at near ultraviolet wavelengths, and detecting the backscatter from air at altitudes between 15–25 km. Sodium guide stars use laser light at 589 nm to excite sodium atoms higher in the mesosphere and thermosphere, which then appear to "glow". The LGS can then be used as a wavefront reference in the same way as a natural guide star – except that (much fainter) natural reference stars are still required for image position (tip/tilt) information. The lasers are often pulsed, with measurement of the atmosphere being limited to a window occurring a few microseconds after the pulse has been launched. This allows the system to ignore most scattered light at ground level; only light which has travelled for several microseconds high up into the atmosphere and back is actually detected.

text: An alternative is the use of a

entity_name: Laser

text: laser beam

text: to generate a reference light source (a

entity_name: Laser guide star

text: laser guide star

text: , LGS) in the atmosphere. LGSs come in two flavors:

text: Rayleigh guide star

text: s and

entity_name: Sodium

text: sodium

text: guide stars. Rayleigh guide stars work by propagating a

text: laser

text: , usually at near

entity_name: Ultraviolet

text: ultraviolet

text: wavelengths, and detecting the backscatter from air at altitudes between 15–25 km. Sodium guide stars use laser light at 589

entity_name: Nanometre

text: nm

text: to excite sodium atoms higher in the

text: mesosphere

text: and

text: thermosphere

text: , which then appear to "glow". The LGS can then be used as a wavefront

entity_name: Reference

text: reference

text: in the same way as a natural guide star – except that (much fainter) natural reference stars are still required for image position (tip/tilt) information. The

text: lasers

text: are often pulsed, with measurement of the

text: atmosphere

text: being limited to a window occurring a few

entity_name: Microsecond

text: microsecond

text: s after the pulse has been launched. This allows the system to ignore most scattered light at ground level; only light which has travelled for several microseconds high up into the atmosphere and back is actually detected.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: altitude

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air in the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Rayleigh guide stars work by propagating a laser, usually at near ultraviolet wavelengths

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: How many layers of the atmosphere does the atmosphere consist of?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: altitudes between 15–25 km

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of atom: sodium, mesosphere, or thermosphere?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: thermosphere,

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: 15–25 km.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: thermosphere,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ground level;

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: mesosphere and thermosphere,

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: mesosphere and thermosphere,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ground level;

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: sodium atoms

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: mesosphere and thermosphere,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: mesosphere and thermosphere,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: 15–25 km.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Sodium guide stars

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: mesosphere and thermosphere,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Sodium guide stars

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: laser beam to generate a reference light source (a laser guide star,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 15–25 km.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Sodium guide stars

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Sodium guide stars

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: sodium atoms

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: mesosphere and thermosphere,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: sodium atoms

text: Rock can form layers in a variety of ways.  Volcanoes, wind, or water can produce layers.  Layers can be hardened by the action of groundwater.  Martian ground water probably moved hundreds of kilometers, and in the process it dissolved many minerals from the rock it passed through.  When ground water surfaces in low areas containing sediments, water evaporates in the thin atmosphere and leaves behind minerals as deposits and/or cementing agents. Consequently, layers of dust could not later easily erode away since they were cemented together. On Earth, mineral-rich waters often evaporate forming large deposits of various types of salts and other minerals. Sometimes water flows through Earth's aquifers, and then evaporates at the surface just as is hypothesed for Mars.  One location this occurs on Earth is the Great Artesian Basin of Australia.  On Earth the hardness of many sedimentary rocks, like sandstone, is largely due to the cement that was put in place as water passed through.

text: Rock can form layers in a variety of ways.  Volcanoes, wind, or water can produce layers.  Layers can be hardened by the action of groundwater.  Martian ground water probably moved hundreds of kilometers, and in the process it dissolved many minerals from the rock it passed through.  When ground water surfaces in low areas containing sediments, water evaporates in the thin atmosphere and leaves behind minerals as deposits and/or cementing agents. Consequently, layers of dust could not later easily erode away since they were cemented together. On Earth, mineral-rich waters often evaporate forming large deposits of various types of

entity_name: Salt (chemistry)

text: salts

text: and other

entity_name: Mineral

text: mineral

text: s. Sometimes water flows through Earth's aquifers, and then evaporates at the surface just as is hypothesed for Mars.  One location this occurs on Earth is the

entity_name: Great Artesian Basin

text: Great Artesian Basin

text: of

entity_name: Australia

text: Australia

text: .  On Earth the hardness of many

entity_name: Sedimentary rock

text: sedimentary rock

text: s, like

entity_name: Sandstone

text: sandstone

text: , is largely due to the cement that was put in place as water passed through.

method: Bert-ConvKNRM

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: thin

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ground water

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Martian ground water probably moved hundreds of kilometers

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Earth.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does not have convection currents?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Where does most of the heat that enters the mesosphere come from

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What causes meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Which of the following is not true?

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of ion?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Which of the following is true of the exosphere?

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is not a type of gas?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: thin atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: thin atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: thin atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: thin atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: thin atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: thin atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Martian ground water

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Mars.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Mars.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Earth,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: thin atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Volcanoes,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Volcanoes,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Earth,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Earth,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Volcanoes,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Mars.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Mars.

text: The atmospheric mixed layer results from convective air motions, typically seen towards the middle of the day when air at the surface is warmed and rises. It is thus mixed by Rayleigh–Taylor instability. The standard procedure for determining the mixed layer depth is to examine the profile of potential temperature, the temperature which the air would have if it were brought to the pressure found at the surface without gaining or losing heat. As such an increase of pressure involves compressing the air, the potential temperature is higher than the in-situ temperature, with the difference increasing as one goes higher in the atmosphere. The atmospheric mixed layer is defined as a layer of (approximately) constant potential temperature, or a layer in which the temperature falls at a rate of approximately 10 °C/km, provided it is free of clouds. Such a layer may have gradients in the humidity, though. As is the case with the ocean mixed layer, velocities will not be constant throughout the atmospheric mixed layer.

text: The atmospheric mixed layer results from

text: convective

text: air motions, typically seen towards the middle of the day when air at the surface is warmed and rises. It is thus mixed by

text: Rayleigh–Taylor instability

text: . The standard procedure for determining the mixed layer depth is to examine the profile of

text: potential temperature

text: , the temperature which the air would have if it were brought to the pressure found at the surface without gaining or losing heat. As such an increase of pressure involves compressing the air, the potential temperature is higher than the in-situ temperature, with the difference increasing as one goes higher in the atmosphere. The atmospheric mixed layer is defined as a layer of (approximately) constant potential temperature, or a layer in which the temperature falls at a rate of approximately 10 °C/km, provided it is free of clouds. Such a layer may have gradients in the humidity, though. As is the case with the ocean mixed layer, velocities will not be constant throughout the atmospheric mixed layer.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: The atmospheric mixed layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: The atmospheric mixed layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: The atmospheric mixed layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: The atmospheric mixed layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: The stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: The atmospheric mixed layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: The atmospheric mixed layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: potential temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: atmospheric mixed layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: velocities will not be constant throughout the atmospheric mixed layer.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: atmospheric mixed layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: It is thus mixed by Rayleigh–Taylor instability

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: as one goes higher in the atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: What is the difference increasing as one goes higher in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: 10 °C/km

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: atmospheric mixed layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: atmospheric mixed layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: The atmospheric mixed layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: atmospheric mixed layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: The atmospheric mixed layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: atmospheric mixed layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: atmospheric mixed layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: convective air motions,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: atmospheric mixed layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: The atmospheric mixed layer

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The atmospheric mixed layer

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: 10 °C/km,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: The atmospheric mixed layer

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: The atmospheric mixed layer results from convective air motions,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: The atmospheric mixed layer

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: The atmospheric mixed layer results from convective air motions,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: The atmospheric mixed layer

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: The atmospheric mixed layer

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: the potential temperature is higher than the in-situ temperature,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: convective air motions,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: The atmospheric mixed layer

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The atmospheric mixed layer

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: 10 °C/km,

text: On April 7, 2010, instruments on board the unmanned Cassini probe, which flew by Dione, detected a thin layer of molecular oxygen ions () around Dione, so thin that scientists prefer to call it an exosphere rather than a tenuous atmosphere. The density of molecular oxygen ions determined from the Cassini plasma spectrometer data ranges from 0.01 to 0.09 per cm.

text: On April 7, 2010, instruments on board the unmanned

text: Cassini probe

text: , which flew by Dione, detected a thin layer of molecular oxygen ions () around Dione, so thin that scientists prefer to call it an

text: exosphere

text: rather than a tenuous atmosphere. The density of molecular oxygen ions determined from the Cassini plasma spectrometer data ranges from 0.01 to 0.09 per cm.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: density

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: an exosphere rather than a tenuous atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers does the troposphere rise to?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of ions: molecular oxygen ions, exosphere or atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: molecular oxygen ions

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: a tenuous atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: 2010,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: thin layer of molecular oxygen ions

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: exosphere rather than a tenuous atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: exosphere rather than a tenuous atmosphere.

text: Original Version – In the mid-1990s, the ozone layer had begun to rapidly disappear, and an ozone hole covered most of planet Earth. After the death of his wife Brenda Wyatt in 1995, the now-mortal Connor became the supervisor of a team attempting to create an artificial shield, which would cover the planet and protect it from the sun's radiation. In 1999, the team succeeded in its goal, and Earth gained its artificial shield, filtering sunlight in place of the ozone layer. MacLeod was proud in having apparently saved humanity. However, the shield had the side-effect of condemning the planet to a state of constant night, and humanity could no longer see the sun, the moon, or the stars. Humanity began to lose hope, and fell into a sharp decline. The Shield fell under the control of the Shield Corporation, taxing for its services for the purposes of profit. Meanwhile, Connor, as years passed, had physically aged into a frail old man, and expected to eventually die of natural causes. He had also been able to learn the source of his immortality. Connor was a reincarnation of an alien humanoid from the planet Zeist. In fact, all Immortals had been reincarnations from exiled criminals from Zeist (though the "reincarnation" aspect never made it into the film).

text: Original Version – In the mid-1990s, the

text: ozone layer

text: had begun to rapidly disappear, and an

text: ozone hole

text: covered most of planet Earth. After the death of his wife Brenda Wyatt in 1995, the now-mortal Connor became the supervisor of a team attempting to create an artificial shield, which would cover the planet and protect it from the sun's radiation. In 1999, the team succeeded in its goal, and Earth gained its artificial shield, filtering sunlight in place of the ozone layer. MacLeod was proud in having apparently saved humanity. However, the shield had the side-effect of condemning the planet to a state of constant night, and humanity could no longer see the sun, the moon, or the stars. Humanity began to lose hope, and fell into a sharp decline. The Shield fell under the control of the Shield Corporation, taxing for its services for the purposes of profit. Meanwhile, Connor, as years passed, had physically aged into a frail old man, and expected to eventually die of natural causes. He had also been able to learn the source of his immortality. Connor was a reincarnation of an alien humanoid from the planet Zeist. In fact, all Immortals had been reincarnations from exiled criminals from Zeist (though the "reincarnation" aspect never made it into the film).

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Earth gained its artificial shield

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: sun's radiation

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: Earth's heat.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: In 1999, the team succeeded in its goal, and Earth gained its artificial shield

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: sun

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Earth gained its artificial shield

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: The Shield fell under the control of the Shield Corporation

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: the stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: The Shield Corporation

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: The troposphere rises to about 50 kilometers above Earths

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Earth gained its artificial shield

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: The thermosphere contains charged particles called ions

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere merges gradually with outer space.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: The Shield Corporation, taxing for its services for the purposes of profit.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: sunlight

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: the ozone layer had begun to rapidly disappear,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Earth.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: night,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: stars.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: the sun's radiation.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Earth.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Zeist.

text: Phase 1 (layers 10–7):Layer 10a, on the floor of the chamber, included a pyramid of bones (six skulls mixed with short and long bones, including the near-complete skeleton of a child), as well as a pair of legs lying parallel to the chamber.Layer 10 had two articulated skeletons, lying on their back with their arms crossed on the chest, at right angles to the chamber.Layer 9 consisted of several caches of longbones, mostly parallel to the chamber, and the bottom halves of three articulated skeletons at right angles to the chamber.Layer 8 contained three badly preserved, but articulate, skeletons, this time parallel to the chamber, again with the arms crossed over the body.Layer 7 had inarticulate bone remains mixed with many stones; it was separated from layer 6 above it by a deposit of earth. It included a skull accompanied by a flint knife.

text: Phase 1 (layers 10–7):Layer 10a, on the floor of the chamber, included a pyramid of bones (six skulls mixed with short and long bones, including the near-complete skeleton of a child), as well as a pair of legs lying parallel to the chamber.Layer 10 had two articulated skeletons, lying on their back with their arms crossed on the chest, at right angles to the chamber.Layer 9 consisted of several caches of longbones, mostly parallel to the chamber, and the bottom halves of three articulated skeletons at right angles to the chamber.Layer 8 contained three badly preserved, but articulate, skeletons, this time parallel to the chamber, again with the arms crossed over the body.Layer 7 had inarticulate bone remains mixed with many stones; it was separated from layer 6 above it by a deposit of earth. It included a skull accompanied by a flint knife.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: layer 6

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: layer 6

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: layer 6

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: layer 6

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: The stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: layer 6

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: layer 6

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: layer 6

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: it was separated from layer 6 above it by a deposit of earth

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Layer 8

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: layer 8

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: U.S.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Which of the following is true of the troposphere?

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: How many layers of the atmosphere are mentioned?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Which of the following is not a stratosphere?

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What causes meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Where is the troposphere located?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: It is colder

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles: ions, skeletons, or longbones?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Where is the exosphere located?

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Why are gas molecules in the exosphere extremely cold?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: layer 6

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: layer 6

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: a deposit of earth.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: layer 6

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: a deposit of earth.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: layer 6

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: layer 6

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: Phase 1 (layers 10–7):Layer

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: layer 6

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: earth.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: child),

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: chamber.Layer 9

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: chamber.Layer 9

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: 9

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: chamber.Layer 8

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: (layers 10–7):Layer

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: 8

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: 8

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 8

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: 8

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: 8

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: chamber.Layer 9

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: earth.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: earth.

text: Throughout the daytime, particularly when the skies are free of clouds, urban surfaces are warmed by the absorption of solar radiation. Surfaces in the urban areas tend to warm faster than those of the surrounding rural areas. By virtue of their high heat capacities, urban surfaces act as a giant reservoir of heat energy. For example, concrete can hold roughly 2,000 times as much heat as an equivalent volume of air. As a result, the large daytime surface temperature within the UHI is easily seen via thermal remote sensing.  As is often the case with daytime heating, this warming also has the effect of generating convective winds within the urban boundary layer. It is theorized that, due to the atmospheric mixing that results, the air temperature perturbation within the UHI is generally minimal or nonexistent during the day, though the surface temperatures can reach extremely high levels.

text: Throughout the daytime, particularly when the skies are free of clouds, urban surfaces are warmed by the absorption of

text: solar radiation

text: . Surfaces in the urban areas tend to warm faster than those of the surrounding rural areas. By virtue of their high

text: heat capacities

text: , urban surfaces act as a giant reservoir of heat energy. For example, concrete can hold roughly 2,000 times as much heat as an equivalent volume of air. As a result, the large daytime surface temperature within the UHI is easily seen via thermal remote sensing.  As is often the case with daytime heating, this warming also has the effect of generating

text: convective

text: winds within the urban

text: boundary layer

text: . It is theorized that, due to the atmospheric mixing that results, the air temperature perturbation within the UHI is generally minimal or nonexistent during the day, though the surface temperatures can reach extremely high levels.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: urban boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: urban boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: urban boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: cold air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: urban surfaces act as a giant reservoir of heat energy

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: rural areas

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: rural areas

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: solar radiation

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: urban boundary layer.

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: urban boundary layer.

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: urban boundary layer.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: urban boundary layer.

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: urban boundary layer.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: urban boundary layer.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: urban boundary layer.

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: solar radiation.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: urban boundary layer.

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: urban surfaces are warmed by the absorption of solar radiation.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Throughout the daytime, particularly when the skies are free of clouds,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: UHI

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: rural areas.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: 2,000 times as much heat as an equivalent volume of air.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: urban surfaces are warmed by the absorption of solar radiation.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: convective winds within the urban boundary layer.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: solar radiation.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: solar radiation.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Throughout the daytime, particularly when the skies are free of clouds,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: urban surfaces are warmed by the absorption of solar radiation.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: convective winds

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: solar radiation.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Throughout the daytime, particularly when the skies are free of clouds,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: solar radiation.

text: Given the right conditions, the normal vertical temperature gradient is inverted such that the air is colder near the surface of the Earth. This can occur when, for example, a warmer, less-dense air mass moves over a cooler, denser air mass. This type of inversion occurs in the vicinity of warm fronts, and also in areas of oceanic upwelling such as along the California coast in the United States. With sufficient humidity in the cooler layer, fog is typically present below the inversion cap.  An inversion is also produced whenever radiation from the surface of the earth exceeds the amount of radiation received from the sun, which commonly occurs at night, or during the winter when the angle of the sun is very low in the sky. This effect is virtually confined to land regions as the ocean retains heat far longer. In the polar regions during winter, inversions are nearly always present over land.

text: Given the right conditions, the normal vertical temperature gradient is inverted such that the air is colder near the surface of the Earth. This can occur when, for example, a warmer, less-dense air mass moves over a cooler, denser air mass. This type of inversion occurs in the vicinity of

text: warm front

text: s, and also in areas of oceanic

text: upwelling

text: such as along the

text: California coast

text: in the United States. With sufficient humidity in the cooler layer,

text: fog

text: is typically present below the inversion cap.  An inversion is also produced whenever radiation from the surface of the earth exceeds the amount of radiation received from the sun, which commonly occurs at night, or during the winter when the angle of the sun is very low in the sky. This effect is virtually confined to land regions as the ocean retains heat far longer. In the polar regions during winter, inversions are nearly always present over land.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: inversion cap

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: inversion cap

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: inversion cap

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: inversion cap

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: inversion cap

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: fog

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: inversion cap

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature gradient

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: surface of the Earth

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air in the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: the normal vertical temperature gradient is inverted

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: inversion

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: polar regions

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does convection occur in?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface is the troposphere?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of ion?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: inversion cap.

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: inversion cap.

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: inversion cap.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: inversion cap.

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: inversion cap.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: fog is typically present below the inversion cap.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: inversion cap.

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature gradient

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: fog is typically present below the inversion cap.

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warmer,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: fog is typically present below the inversion cap.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: the air is colder near the surface of the Earth.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: near the surface of the Earth.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: sun,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: fog is typically present below the inversion cap.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: warmer,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: warmer, less-dense air mass

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Given the right conditions, the normal vertical temperature gradient is inverted

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: warmer, less-dense air mass

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: warm fronts,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: fog is typically present below the inversion cap.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: the normal vertical temperature gradient is inverted

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: fog is typically present below the inversion cap.

text: Because of variations in the intensity of UV radiation passing through the atmosphere, the risk of sunburn increases with proximity to the tropic latitudes, located between 23.5° north and south latitude. All else being equal (e.g., cloud cover, ozone layer, terrain, etc.), over the course of a full year, each location within the tropic or polar regions receives approximately the same amount of UV radiation. In the temperate zones between 23.5° and 66.5°, UV radiation varies substantially by latitude and season. The higher the latitude, the lower the intensity of the UV rays.  Intensity in the northern hemisphere is greatest during the months of May, June and July — and in the southern hemisphere, November, December and January. On a minute-by-minute basis, the amount of UV radiation is dependent on the angle of the sun. This is easily determined by the height ratio of any object to the size of its shadow. The greatest risk is at solar noon, when shadows are at their minimum and the sun's radiation passes most directly through the atmosphere. Regardless of one's latitude (assuming no other variables), equal shadow lengths mean equal amounts of UV radiation.

text: Because of variations in the intensity of UV radiation passing through the atmosphere, the risk of sunburn increases with proximity to the

text: tropic latitudes

text: , located between 23.5° north and south latitude. All else being equal (e.g.,

text: cloud

text: cover,

text: ozone layer

text: terrain

text: , etc.), over the course of a full year, each location within the tropic or

text: polar region

text: s receives approximately the same amount of UV radiation. In the

text: temperate zones

text: between 23.5° and 66.5°, UV radiation varies substantially by latitude and season. The higher the latitude, the lower the intensity of the UV rays.  Intensity in the northern hemisphere is greatest during the months of May, June and July — and in the southern hemisphere, November, December and January. On a minute-by-minute basis, the amount of UV radiation is dependent on the angle of the sun. This is easily determined by the height

text: ratio

text: of any object to the size of its

text: shadow

text: . The greatest risk is at

text: solar noon

text: , when shadows are at their minimum and the sun's radiation passes most directly through the atmosphere. Regardless of one's latitude (assuming no other variables), equal shadow lengths mean equal amounts of UV radiation.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: 23.5°

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: latitude

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air in the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: northern hemisphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: polar regions

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles called ions?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: 23.5° north and south latitude.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: tropic latitudes, located between 23.5° north and south latitude.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: cloud cover, ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: 23.5° and 66.5°,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: the lower the intensity of the UV rays.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: The higher the latitude,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: 66.5°,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: solar noon,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: equal shadow lengths mean equal amounts of UV radiation.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: tropic latitudes,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 23.5° north and south latitude.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: higher the latitude, the lower the intensity of the UV rays.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: 23.5° north and south latitude.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: 23.5° north and south latitude.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: polar

text: Phyllis is an atmospheric portrait of a 'psychic' vampire, a woman obsessed with synthetic Nollywood dramas, that lives alone in Lagos, Nigeria. The central Nollywood-inspired device in this short experimental film is the practice and significance of wig-wearing in Nollywood film; a practice Saro-Wiwa invested with deeper psychological as well as science-fiction layers. Underpinning this central idea however is a critique of the unforgiving treatment of single women in Nollywood and Nigeria.

text: Phyllis is an atmospheric portrait of a 'psychic' vampire, a woman obsessed with synthetic Nollywood dramas, that lives alone in Lagos, Nigeria. The central Nollywood-inspired device in this short experimental film is the practice and significance of wig-wearing in Nollywood film; a practice Saro-Wiwa invested with deeper psychological as well as science-fiction layers. Underpinning this central idea however is a critique of the unforgiving treatment of single women in Nollywood and Nigeria.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: the lowest layer of the atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: shortest layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The central Nollywood-inspired device in this short experimental film

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Alps

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: polar regions

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Which of the following is not true of the troposphere?

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does Phyllis live in?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Where does the heat enter the mesosphere?

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not a type of gas?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earth's surface is the troposphere?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Why is the top of the mesosphere warmer?

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of ion?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere merges gradually with outer space

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: How would you describe Phyllis?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: atmospheric portrait of a 'psychic' vampire,

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: atmospheric portrait of a 'psychic' vampire,

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Phyllis is an atmospheric portrait

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: atmospheric portrait of a 'psychic' vampire,

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Phyllis

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: 'psychic' vampire,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: atmospheric portrait of a 'psychic' vampire,

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: psychological as well as science-fiction

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: wig-wearing

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: wig-wearing in Nollywood

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: 'psychic' vampire,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Nigeria.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Lagos, Nigeria.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: science-fiction layers.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: wig-wearing

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: atmospheric portrait of a 'psychic' vampire,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: 'psychic' vampire,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: wig-wearing in Nollywood

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Phyllis

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Phyllis

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: wig-wearing in Nollywood

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: 'psychic' vampire,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: vampire,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: vampire,

text: Distribution in the mesosphere is similar to the stratosphere except at much higher altitudes. Because of the need for maximum cooling of the water vapor to produce noctilucent clouds, their distribution tends to be restricted to polar regions of Earth. A major seasonal difference is that convective lift from below the mesosphere pushes very scarce water vapor to higher colder altitudes required for cloud formation during the respective summer seasons in the northern and southern hemispheres. Sightings are rare more than 45 degrees south of the north pole or north of the south pole.

text: Distribution in the mesosphere is similar to the stratosphere except at much higher altitudes. Because of the need for maximum cooling of the water vapor to produce noctilucent clouds, their distribution tends to be restricted to polar regions of Earth. A major seasonal difference is that convective lift from below the mesosphere pushes very scarce water vapor to higher colder altitudes required for cloud formation during the respective summer seasons in the northern and southern hemispheres. Sightings are rare more than 45 degrees south of the north pole or north of the south pole.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: much higher altitudes

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: altitude

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: distribution tends to be restricted to polar regions of Earth

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: heliocentric orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer does not have convection currents?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not true of the mesosphere?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: None of the above choices are true

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: higher altitudes.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: altitudes.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: water vapor

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: much higher altitudes.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: 45 degrees

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Distribution in the mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: convective lift from below the mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: higher altitudes.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: noctilucent clouds,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Distribution in the mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: higher altitudes.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: noctilucent clouds,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Distribution in the mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: water vapor

text: (3) The Entrainment zone (or Capping inversion) can be quite thick, averaging about 40% of the depth of the CBL. It is the region of statically stable air at the top of the mixed layer, where there is entrainment of free atmosphere air downward and overshooting thermals upward. Potential temperature, wind speed has a sharp increase across the capping inversion, while moisture has a sharp decrease.

text: (3) The Entrainment zone (or Capping inversion) can be quite thick, averaging about 40% of the depth of the CBL. It is the region of statically stable air at the top of the mixed layer, where there is entrainment of free atmosphere air downward and overshooting thermals upward.

text: Potential temperature

text: , wind speed has a sharp increase across the capping inversion, while moisture has a sharp decrease.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: CBL

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: CBL

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: CBL

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: CBL

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: CBL

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: CBL

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: CBL

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: CBL

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: Free atmosphere air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Moisture has a sharp decrease.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Capping inversion

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Entrainment zone

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not a reason meteors burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earth's surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle: charged particles or ions?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Why are gas molecules in the exosphere extremely cold?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: mixed layer,

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: mixed layer,

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: The Entrainment zone

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: mixed layer,

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: The Entrainment zone

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: CBL.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: CBL.

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: CBL.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: CBL.

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: thermals

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: thick,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: moisture

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Entrainment zone (or Capping inversion)

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: 40% of the depth of the CBL.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: 40% of the depth of the CBL.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: 40% of the depth of the CBL.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: free atmosphere air downward and overshooting thermals

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: moisture has a sharp decrease.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 40% of the depth of the CBL.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Potential temperature,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: 40% of the depth of the CBL.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: 40% of the depth of the CBL.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: 40% of the depth of the CBL.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: moisture has a sharp decrease.

text: The transfer of energy between the wind blowing over the surface of an ocean and the ocean's upper layer is an important element in wave dynamics.  The spectral wave transport equation is used to describe the change in wave spectrum over changing topography.  It simulates wave generation, wave movement (propagation within a fluid), wave shoaling, refraction, energy transfer between waves, and wave dissipation.  Since surface winds are the primary forcing mechanism in the spectral wave transport equation, ocean wave models use information produced by numerical weather prediction models as inputs to determine how much energy is transferred from the atmosphere into the layer at the surface of the ocean. Along with dissipation of energy through whitecaps and resonance between waves, surface winds from numerical weather models allow for more accurate predictions of the state of the sea surface.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Bender|first=Leslie C.|title=Modification of the Physics and Numerics in a Third-Generation Ocean Wave Model|journal=Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology|date=January 1996|volume=13|issue=3|pages=726 |doi=10.1175/1520-0426(1996)013

text: The transfer of energy between the wind blowing over the surface of an ocean and the ocean's upper layer is an important element in wave dynamics.  The

text: spectral wave transport equation

text: is used to describe the change in wave spectrum over changing topography.  It simulates wave generation, wave movement (propagation within a fluid),

text: wave shoaling

text: refraction

text: , energy transfer between waves, and wave dissipation.  Since surface winds are the primary forcing mechanism in the spectral wave transport equation, ocean wave models use information produced by numerical weather prediction models as inputs to determine how much energy is transferred from the atmosphere into the layer at the surface of the ocean. Along with dissipation of energy through

text: whitecaps

text: and

text: resonance

text: between waves, surface winds from numerical weather models allow for more accurate predictions of the state of the sea surface.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Bender|first=Leslie C.|title=Modification of the Physics and Numerics in a Third-Generation Ocean Wave Model|journal=

entity_name: Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology

text: Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology

text: |date=January 1996|volume=13|issue=3|pages=726 |doi=10.1175/1520-0426(1996)013

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ocean's upper layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ocean's upper layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: The boundary between the troposphere and stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ocean's upper layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: layer at the surface

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ocean's upper layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: topography

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: upper layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: cold air in the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Whitecaps and resonance between waves, surface winds from numerical weather models allow for more accurate predictions

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Arctic.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: upper atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: The troposphere is the upper layer of the atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Convection currents occur in all five layers of the atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: the stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: refraction with gas molecules causes meteors to burn up in the atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: The troposphere rises to about 50 kilometers above Earths surface.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: The top of the mesosphere is warmer than the bottom.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: The thermosphere contains charged particles called ions.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere is the outermost layer of the solar system.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: The exosphere is the outermost layer of the atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ocean's upper layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ocean's upper layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: ocean's upper layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ocean's upper layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: ocean's upper layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ocean's upper layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: surface winds

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: topography.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: upper layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: ocean and the ocean's upper layer

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The transfer of energy between the wind blowing over the surface of an ocean

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: ocean

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: surface winds

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Technology|date=January 1996|volume=13|issue=3|pages=726

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: surface winds

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: surface winds

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: surface winds

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: refraction,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Third-Generation Ocean Wave Model|journal=Journal

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: ocean and the ocean's upper layer

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: winds

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Model|journal=Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology|date=January

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The transfer of energy between the wind blowing over the surface of an ocean

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Third-Generation Ocean Wave Model|journal=Journal

text: Helium is the least water-soluble monatomic gas, and one of the least water-soluble of any gas (CF, SF, and CF have lower mole fraction solubilities: 0.3802, 0.4394, and 0.2372 x/10, respectively, versus helium's 0.70797 x/10), and helium's index of refraction is closer to unity than that of any other gas. Helium has a negative Joule-Thomson coefficient at normal ambient temperatures, meaning it heats up when allowed to freely expand. Only below its Joule-Thomson inversion temperature (of about 32 to 50 K at 1 atmosphere) does it cool upon free expansion. Once precooled below this temperature, helium can be liquefied through expansion cooling.

text: Helium is the least water-

text: soluble

text: monatomic gas, and one of the least water-soluble of any gas (CF, SF, and CF have lower mole fraction solubilities: 0.3802, 0.4394, and 0.2372 x/10, respectively, versus helium's 0.70797 x/10), and helium's

text: index of refraction

text: is closer to unity than that of any other gas. Helium has a negative

text: Joule-Thomson coefficient

text: at normal ambient temperatures, meaning it heats up when allowed to freely expand. Only below its

text: Joule-Thomson inversion temperature

text: (of about 32 to 50 K at 1 atmosphere) does it cool upon free expansion. Once precooled below this temperature, helium can be liquefied through expansion cooling.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: inversion temperature

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: inversion temperature

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: inversion temperature

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: inversion temperature

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: SF

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Helium has a negative Joule-Thomson coefficient at normal ambient temperatures

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: inversion temperature

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: inversion temperature

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: helium

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: inversion temperature

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: Helium is the least water-soluble monatomic gas,

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: Helium is the least water-soluble monatomic gas,

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Joule-Thomson inversion temperature

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: Joule-Thomson inversion temperature

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Joule-Thomson inversion temperature

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: Joule-Thomson inversion temperature

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: atmosphere)

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperatures,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Helium

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: Helium

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Helium is the least water-soluble

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Joule-Thomson inversion temperature

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Joule-Thomson inversion temperature

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Joule-Thomson inversion temperature

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Helium is the least water-soluble monatomic gas,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Joule-Thomson inversion temperature

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Helium is the least water-soluble monatomic gas,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Helium has a negative Joule-Thomson coefficient

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 32 to 50 K at 1 atmosphere)

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: negative Joule-Thomson coefficient

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Helium is the least water-soluble monatomic gas,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Helium is the least water-soluble monatomic gas,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: 32 to 50 K at 1 atmosphere)

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Joule-Thomson inversion temperature

text: Dreamwebs musical score, composed by Matthew Seldon, is highly regarded, contributing to the atmosphere which made the game admired by many at the time; the DOS-only CD version had an extra audio track. The dark story also received praise. The original game included a booklet entitled Diary of a (Mad?) man, written by Stephen Marley, which has a far more layered and atmospheric 'prequel' story than the one in the game itself. The diary also supplies more background info on main character Ryan (and served as a copy-protection method).

text: Dreamwebs musical score, composed by Matthew Seldon, is highly regarded, contributing to the atmosphere which made the game admired by many at the time; the DOS-only CD version had an extra audio track. The dark story also received praise. The original game included a booklet entitled Diary of a (Mad?) man, written by

text: Stephen Marley

text: , which has a far more layered and atmospheric 'prequel' story than the one in the game itself. The diary also supplies more background info on main character Ryan (and served as a copy-protection method).

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: 'prequel' story

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: atmospheric conditions

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: diary

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The diary also supplies more background info to main character Ryan (and served as a copy-protection method).

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Dreamwebs

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: DOS

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: orbital period

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does Dreamwebs musical score occur in?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earth's surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: the exosphere merges gradually with outer space

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: layered

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: layered

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Dreamwebs musical score, composed by Matthew Seldon,

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: Dreamwebs musical score, composed by Matthew Seldon,

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Dreamwebs musical score, composed by Matthew Seldon,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: the DOS-only CD version had an extra audio track.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: the DOS-only CD version had an extra audio track.

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: layered

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: extra audio track.

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: Dreamwebs musical score, composed by Matthew Seldon,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Dreamwebs musical score, composed by Matthew Seldon,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Dreamwebs musical score, composed by Matthew Seldon,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Dreamwebs musical score, composed by Matthew Seldon,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Dreamwebs musical score, composed by Matthew Seldon,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Dreamwebs musical score, composed by Matthew Seldon,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: layered

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Dreamwebs musical score, composed by Matthew Seldon,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Dreamwebs musical score, composed by Matthew Seldon,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Dreamwebs musical score, composed by Matthew Seldon,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Dreamwebs musical score, composed by Matthew Seldon,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Dreamwebs musical score, composed by Matthew Seldon,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Dreamwebs musical score, composed by Matthew Seldon,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Dreamwebs musical score, composed by Matthew Seldon,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Dreamwebs musical score, composed by Matthew Seldon,

text: Plateau, a colony in the Tau Ceti system, was settled by humans some 300 years before the plot begins. The colony world itself is a Venusian type planet with a dense, hot, poisonous atmosphere. It would be otherwise uninhabitable, except for a tall monolithic mesa that rises 40 miles up into a breathable layer in the upper atmosphere. This gives the planet a habitable area about half the size of California. The Captain of the first colony vessel named the feature Mount Lookitthat (from his interjection at first sight of it), and the colony became known as Plateau.

text: Plateau

text: , a colony in the

text: Tau Ceti

text: system, was settled by humans some 300 years before the plot begins. The colony world itself is a

text: Venus

text: ian type planet with a dense, hot, poisonous atmosphere. It would be otherwise uninhabitable, except for a tall

text: monolith

text: ic

text: mesa

text: that rises 40 miles up into a breathable layer in the upper atmosphere. This gives the planet a habitable area about half the size of California. The Captain of the first colony vessel named the feature Mount Lookitthat (from his

text: interjection

text: at first sight of it), and the colony became known as Plateau.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: upper atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: upper atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: breathable layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: upper atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: breathable layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: upper atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: upper atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: hot air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: It would be otherwise uninhabitable

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: planet

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: upper atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Tau Ceti system

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Where does most of the heat in the troposphere come from?

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: How many layers of the atmosphere does Plateau have?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Where does most of the heat enter the mesosphere?

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What causes meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many miles is the monolithic mesa?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: What is the climate like?

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of atmosphere: dense, hot, poisonous, or breathable?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: How does the exosphere merge with outer space?

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is not a gas: hot, poisonous, or dense?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: breathable

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: breathable

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: breathable layer in the upper atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: breathable

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: breathable layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: breathable layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: breathable

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: breathable layer in the upper atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: breathable

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: hot,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: breathable layer

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Venusian type planet with a dense, hot, poisonous atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: upper atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Tau Ceti system,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Venusian type planet with a dense, hot, poisonous atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: upper atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: hot, poisonous atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: breathable layer

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 40 miles

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: breathable layer

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: breathable layer in the upper atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: breathable layer in the upper atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: breathable layer in the upper atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: breathable layer

text: As the temperature of air increases, the index of refraction of air decreases, a side effect of hotter air being less dense. Normally this results in distant objects being shortened vertically, an effect that is easy to see at sunset where the sun is visible as an oval. In an inversion, the normal pattern is reversed, and distant objects are instead stretched out or appear to be above the horizon, leading to the phenomenon known as a Fata Morgana or mirage.

text: As the temperature of air increases, the

text: index of refraction

text: of air decreases, a side effect of hotter air being less dense. Normally this results in distant objects being shortened vertically, an effect that is easy to see at sunset where the sun is visible as an oval. In an inversion, the normal pattern is reversed, and distant objects are instead stretched out or appear to be above the horizon, leading to the

text: phenomenon

text: known as a

text: Fata Morgana

text: or

text: mirage

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: inversion

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: dense

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: hotter air

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: hot air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: hotter air being less dense

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: inversion

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface is the troposphere?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: horizon,

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: horizon,

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: hotter air being less dense.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: horizon,

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: As the temperature of air increases,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: dense.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: horizon,

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: hotter air

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: hotter air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: hotter air being less dense.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: the index of refraction of air decreases,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: inversion,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: the sun is visible as an oval. In an inversion,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: hotter air being less dense.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: As the temperature of air

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: hotter air being less dense.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: hotter air being less dense.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: As the temperature of air increases,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: hotter air being less dense.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Fata Morgana

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: hotter air being less dense.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: As the temperature of air increases,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: As the temperature of air increases,

text: is a deviation from the normal change of an atmospheric property with altitude. It almost always refers to a "temperature inversion", i.e. an increase in temperature with height, or to the layer ("inversion layer") within which such an increase occurs.

text: is a deviation from the normal change of an

text: atmospheric

text: property with altitude. It almost always refers to a "temperature inversion", i.e. an increase in temperature with height, or to the layer ("inversion layer") within which such an increase occurs.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: can not be determined

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: isosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: altitude

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The ozone layer protects the Earth from the sun.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: how high does the troposphere rise

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: It has a temperature inversion

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: temperature inversion

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ("inversion layer")

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ("inversion layer")

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: "temperature inversion",

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ("inversion layer")

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: "temperature inversion",

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ("inversion layer")

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ("inversion layer")

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: altitude.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ("inversion layer")

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: "temperature inversion",

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: "temperature inversion",

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: "temperature inversion",

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: altitude.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: altitude.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: "temperature inversion",

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: "temperature inversion",

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: "temperature inversion",

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: "temperature inversion",

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: "temperature inversion",

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: "temperature inversion",

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: "temperature inversion",

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: "temperature inversion",

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: "temperature inversion",

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: "temperature inversion",

text: In summary, the layers of the Earth's atmosphere from the surface of the ground upwards are: the ABL made up of the mixing layer capped by the inversion layer; the free troposphere; the stratosphere; the mesosphere and others. Many atmospheric dispersion models are referred to as boundary layer models because they mainly model air pollutant dispersion within the ABL. To avoid confusion, models referred to as mesoscale models have dispersion modeling capabilities that extend horizontally up to a few hundred kilometres. It does not mean that they model dispersion in the mesosphere.

text: In summary, the layers of the Earth's atmosphere from the surface of the ground upwards are: the ABL made up of the mixing layer capped by the inversion layer; the free troposphere; the stratosphere; the mesosphere and others. Many atmospheric dispersion models are referred to as boundary layer models because they mainly model air pollutant dispersion within the ABL. To avoid confusion, models referred to as mesoscale models have dispersion modeling capabilities that extend horizontally up to a few hundred kilometres. It does not mean that they model dispersion in the mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: the stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: surface of the ground

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: free troposphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air in the stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: the stratosphere; the mesosphere and others

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: ABL

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer is not made up of the mixing layer capped by the inversion layer?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What does friction with gas molecules cause meteors to do?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How high does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: It does not say

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: The stratosphere contains charged particles called ions.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: the stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: The stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere;

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ABL

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: the free troposphere;

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: free troposphere; the stratosphere;

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: ABL.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: free troposphere;

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: free troposphere;

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: surface of the ground upwards

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: free troposphere;

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: inversion layer;

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratosphere;

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere;

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: a few hundred kilometres.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: free troposphere;

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: free troposphere; the stratosphere; the mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: stratosphere;

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: boundary layer models

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: the free troposphere;

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: mesoscale models

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: inversion layer;

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: troposphere;

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: inversion layer;

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: inversion layer;

text: PermPave or Permeable PavementsContinuous Permeable Pavement systems are excavated areas filled with gravel and paved over with a porous concrete or asphalt mix.  Continuous Permeable Pavement systems are excavated areas filled with gravel and paved over with a porous concrete or asphalt mix. Modular Block systems are similar except that permeable block pavers are used instead. Normally all rainfall will immediately pass through the pavement into the gravel storage layer below it where it can infiltrate at natural rates into the site's native soil. Pavement layers are usually 4 to 6 inches in height while the gravel storage layer is typically 6 to 18 inches high. The Capture Ratio is the percent of the treated area (street or parking lot) that is replaced with permeable pavement.

text: PermPave

text: or Permeable PavementsContinuous Permeable Pavement systems are excavated areas filled with gravel and paved over with a

text: porous concrete

text: or asphalt mix.  Continuous Permeable Pavement systems are excavated areas filled with gravel and paved over with a porous concrete or asphalt mix. Modular Block systems are similar except that permeable block pavers are used instead. Normally all rainfall will immediately pass through the pavement into the gravel storage layer below it where it can infiltrate at natural rates into the site's native soil. Pavement layers are usually 4 to 6 inches in height while the gravel storage layer is typically 6 to 18 inches high. The Capture Ratio is the percent of the treated area (street or parking lot) that is replaced with permeable pavement.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: the stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: gravel storage layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: The troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: gravel

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air in the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The Capture Ratio is the percent of the treated area (street or parking lot) that is replaced with permeable pavement

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Modular Block system

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: precipitation

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Most of the heat in the troposphere comes directly from the sun

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: In all five layers of the atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Most of the heat that enters the mesosphere comes from the stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Friction with gas molecules causes meteors to burn up

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: The troposphere rises to about 50 kilometers above Earths surface.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: The top of the mesosphere is warmer than the bottom.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: The aurora borealis occurs because of storms on Earths surface

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: The thermosphere contains charged particles called ions.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere merges gradually with outer space.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Gas molecules in the exosphere are extremely cold.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: gravel storage layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: rainfall will immediately pass through the pavement into the gravel storage layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Normally all rainfall will immediately pass through the pavement into the gravel storage layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: gravel storage layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Normally all rainfall will immediately pass through the pavement into the gravel storage layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: gravel storage layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: rainfall will immediately pass through the pavement into the gravel storage layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: rainfall will immediately pass through the pavement into the gravel storage layer

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: rainfall will immediately pass through the pavement into the gravel storage layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: rainfall

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: infiltrate at natural rates into the site's native soil.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: 6 to 18 inches high.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: rainfall

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: 6 to 18 inches

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Normally all rainfall will immediately pass through the pavement into the gravel storage layer

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Normally all rainfall will immediately pass through the pavement into the gravel storage layer

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Normally all rainfall will immediately pass through the pavement into the gravel storage layer

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: a porous concrete or asphalt mix.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Normally all rainfall will immediately pass through the pavement into the gravel storage layer

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: 6 to 18 inches high.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: rainfall will immediately pass through the pavement into the gravel storage layer

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: 6 to 18 inches high. The Capture Ratio

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Normally all rainfall will immediately pass through the pavement into the gravel storage layer

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: 6 to 18 inches high.

text: The Kelvin–Helmholtz instability can be seen in the bands in planetary atmospheres such as Saturn and Jupiter, for example in the giant red spot vortex. In the atmosphere surrounding the giant red spot there is the biggest example of KHI that is known of and is caused by the shear force at the interface of the different layers of Jupiter's atmosphere. There have been many images captured where the ocean-wave like characteristics discussed earlier can be seen clearly, with as many as 4 shear layers visible.

text: The Kelvin–Helmholtz instability can be seen in the bands in planetary atmospheres such as

text: Saturn

text: and

text: Jupiter

text: , for example in the giant red spot vortex. In the atmosphere surrounding the giant red spot there is the biggest example of KHI that is known of and is caused by the shear force at the interface of the different layers of Jupiter's atmosphere. There have been many images captured where the ocean-wave like characteristics discussed earlier can be seen clearly, with as many as 4 shear layers visible.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: interface of the different layers of Jupiter's atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: interface of the different layers of Jupiter's atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: Jupiter's atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: KHI

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: giant red spot

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: KHI is caused by the shear force at the interface of the different layers of Jupiter's atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: KHI

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: giant red spot vortex

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: asteroid belt

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How high is the troposphere?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a layer of Jupiter's atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Kelvin–Helmholtz instability

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: 4 shear layers

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: 4 shear layers

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: The Kelvin–Helmholtz

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: The Kelvin–Helmholtz

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: The Kelvin–Helmholtz

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: 4 shear layers

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: The Kelvin–Helmholtz

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: 4 shear layers

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: 4 shear layers

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: The Kelvin–Helmholtz instability

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: the ocean-wave like characteristics discussed earlier can be seen clearly,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Kelvin–Helmholtz instability

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: giant red spot vortex.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: The Kelvin–Helmholtz

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: The Kelvin–Helmholtz instability

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: The Kelvin–Helmholtz instability

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: shear force

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: The Kelvin–Helmholtz

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: The Kelvin–Helmholtz instability

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: shear force

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: The Kelvin–Helmholtz instability

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The Kelvin–Helmholtz instability

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: The Kelvin–Helmholtz instability

text: On board the satellite are eight instruments developed by NASDA, NASA, and CNES. The Ocean Color and Temperature Scanner (OCTS) is a whisk broom radiometer developed by NASDA. The Advanced Visible and Near Infrared Radiometer (AVNIR), an optoelectronic scanning radiometer with CCD detectors, was also produced by NASDA.  The NASA Scatterometer (NSCAT), developed with the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, used fan-beam Doppler signals to measure wind speeds over bodies of water. The Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) was built by CNES to study changes to Earth's ozone layer.  The Polarization and Directionality of the Earth's Reflectance (POLDER) device was also developed by CNES, and was also launched on ADEOS II. The Improved Limb Atmospheric Spectrometer (ILAS) was developed by NASDA and the Environment Agency of Japan, and used grating spectrometers to measure the properties of trace gases using solar occultation. The Retroreflector in Space (RIS) and Interferometric Monitor for Greenhouse Gases (IMG) were both developed by Japan, and studied atmospheric trace gases and greenhouse gases respectively.

text: On board the satellite are eight instruments developed by

entity_name: National Space Development Agency of Japan

text: NASDA

text: NASA

text: , and

text: CNES

text: . The Ocean Color and Temperature Scanner (OCTS) is a

text: whisk broom

text: radiometer

text: developed by NASDA. The Advanced Visible and Near Infrared Radiometer (AVNIR), an

text: optoelectronic

text: scanning radiometer with

text: CCD

text: detectors, was also produced by NASDA.  The NASA

text: Scatterometer

text: (NSCAT), developed with the

text: Jet Propulsion Laboratory

text: , used fan-beam

text: Doppler signals

text: to measure wind speeds over bodies of water. The Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) was built by

text: CNES

text: to study changes to Earth's

text: ozone layer

text: .  The

text: Polarization and Directionality of the Earth's Reflectance

text: (POLDER) device was also developed by CNES, and was also launched on

text: ADEOS II

text: . The Improved Limb Atmospheric Spectrometer (ILAS) was developed by NASDA and the Environment Agency of Japan, and used

text: grating

text: spectrometer

text: s to measure the properties of

text: trace gas

text: es using solar

text: occultation

text: . The Retroreflector in Space (RIS) and Interferometric Monitor for Greenhouse Gases (IMG) were both developed by Japan, and studied atmospheric trace gases and

text: greenhouse gas

text: es respectively.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: TOMS was built by CNES to study changes to Earth's ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Space

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Ocean

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: How many layers of the atmosphere does the ozone layer cover?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles: ions, ozone, or trace gases?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: How does the Earth's exosphere merge with outer space?

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is not a type of gas?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: greenhouse gases

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: changes to Earth's ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Space

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: bodies of water.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: solar occultation.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: solar occultation.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: atmospheric trace gases and greenhouse gases

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: grating spectrometers to measure the properties of trace gases

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: ADEOS II.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: ADEOS II.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: wind speeds over bodies of water.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: atmospheric trace gases and greenhouse gases

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: solar occultation.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: solar occultation.

text: The most favorable conditions for the formation of the rolls occur when the lowermost layer of air is unstable, but is capped by an inversion-by a stable layer of air. There must be a moderate wind.  This often occurs when upper air is subsiding, such as under anticyclonic conditions, and is also frequently found when radiation fog has formed overnight. Convection occurs below the inversion, with air rising in thermals below the clouds and sinking in the air between the streets.

text: The most favorable conditions for the formation of the rolls occur when the lowermost layer of air is unstable, but is capped by an inversion-by a stable layer of air. There must be a moderate wind.  This often occurs when upper air is subsiding, such as under anticyclonic conditions, and is also frequently found when radiation fog has formed overnight. Convection occurs below the inversion, with air rising in thermals below the clouds and sinking in the air between the streets.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: upper air

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: upper air

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: inversion

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: upper air

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: inversion

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: the lowermost layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: upper air

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: air pressure

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: unstable

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The most favorable conditions for the formation of the rolls occur when the lowermost layer of air is unstable

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: inversion

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: inversion

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What is the most favorable conditions for the formation of the rolls?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of ions?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: What is the most favorable conditions for the formation of the rolls?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: inversion-by

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: inversion-by

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: inversion-by

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: inversion-by

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: inversion-by

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: unstable,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: inversion-by a stable layer of air.

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: inversion-by a stable layer of air.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: lowermost layer of air is unstable,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: inversion-by

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: inversion-by a stable layer of air.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: anticyclonic conditions,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: inversion-by

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: anticyclonic

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: inversion-by a stable layer of air.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: below the inversion,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: inversion-by

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: anticyclonic conditions,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: most favorable conditions for the formation of the rolls

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: inversion-by

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: anticyclonic conditions,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: inversion-by a stable layer of air.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: inversion-by

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: inversion-by a stable layer of air.

text: Two  kinds of large-scale atmospheric waves within the lower atmosphere exist: internal waves with finite vertical wavelengths which can transport wave energy upward; and external waves with infinitely large wavelengths which cannot transport wave energy. Atmospheric gravity waves and most of the atmospheric tides generated within the troposphere belong to the internal waves. Their density amplitudes increase exponentially with height, so that at the mesopause these waves become turbulent and their energy is dissipated (similar to breaking of ocean waves at the coast), thus contributing to the heating of the thermosphere by about 250 K in eq.(2). On the other hand, the fundamental diurnal tide labelled (1, −2) which is most efficiently excited by solar irradiance is an external wave and plays only a marginal role within lower and middle atmosphere. However, at thermospheric altitudes, it becomes the predominant wave. It drives the electric Sq-current within the ionospheric dynamo region between about 100 and 200 km height.

text: Two  kinds of large-scale atmospheric waves within the lower atmosphere exist: internal waves with finite vertical wavelengths which can transport wave energy upward; and external waves with infinitely large wavelengths which cannot transport wave energy.

text: Atmospheric gravity wave

text: s and most of the

text: atmospheric tides

text: generated within the troposphere belong to the internal waves. Their density amplitudes increase exponentially with height, so that at the mesopause these waves become turbulent and their energy is dissipated (similar to breaking of ocean waves at the coast), thus contributing to the heating of the thermosphere by about 250 K in eq.(2). On the other hand, the fundamental diurnal tide labelled (1, −2) which is most efficiently excited by solar irradiance is an external wave and plays only a marginal role within lower and middle atmosphere. However, at thermospheric altitudes, it becomes the predominant wave. It drives the electric Sq-current within the

text: ionospheric dynamo region

text: between about 100 and 200 km height.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: mesopause

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: mesopause

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: mesopause

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: density

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: external waves with infinitely large wavelengths which cannot transport wave energy

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: 365 day cycle

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does not have convection currents

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: What does the electric Sq-current within the ionospheric dynamo region contain?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: mesopause

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: mesopause

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: mesopause

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: lower atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: internal waves with finite vertical wavelengths

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: lower atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: heating of the thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: infinitely large wavelengths which cannot transport wave energy.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: heating of the thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: 250 K in eq.(2).

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: solar irradiance

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Two kinds of large-scale atmospheric waves

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: internal waves.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: 250 K in eq.(2).

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 100 and 200

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: 250 K in eq.(2).

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: solar irradiance

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: ionospheric dynamo

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: infinitely large wavelengths

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: infinitely large wavelengths which cannot transport wave energy.

text: Another shortcoming of Sverdrup's model was that he did not consider the role of active turbulence in the mixed layer. Upper ocean turbulence can result from many sources, including thermal convection, wind, waves, and Langmuir circulation. It mixes the upper layer by overturning fluid and particles, reducing the stratification in which spring blooms thrive. Huisman et al. (1999) proposed a critical turbulence mechanism in addition to critical depth that explains how spring blooms can be initiated even in the absence of surface-warming stratification. This mechanism relies on a critical turbulence level over which vertical mixing rate due to turbulence is higher than phytoplankton growth rate. When the atmospheric cooling becomes weak in the spring, turbulence subsides rapidly, but the mixed layer takes a longer time to react; restratification of the mixed layer occurs on timescales of weeks to months, while reduction of turbulence takes effect almost immediately after forcing stops ((i.e. after atmospheric cooling shifts to warming). This could explain why the onset of the bloom can occur prior to the time when the mixed layer restratifies above the critical depth; reduced turbulence ceases overturning, allowing phytoplankton to have a longer residence time in the photic zone to bloom.

text: Another shortcoming of Sverdrup's model was that he did not consider the role of active

text: turbulence

text: in the mixed layer. Upper ocean turbulence can result from many sources, including thermal convection, wind, waves, and

text: Langmuir circulation

text: . It mixes the upper layer by overturning fluid and particles, reducing the stratification in which spring blooms thrive. Huisman et al. (1999) proposed a critical turbulence mechanism in addition to critical depth that explains how spring blooms can be initiated even in the absence of surface-warming

text: stratification

text: . This mechanism relies on a critical turbulence level over which vertical mixing rate due to turbulence is higher than phytoplankton growth rate. When the atmospheric cooling becomes weak in the spring, turbulence subsides rapidly, but the mixed layer takes a longer time to react; restratification of the mixed layer occurs on timescales of weeks to months, while reduction of turbulence takes effect almost immediately after forcing stops ((i.e. after atmospheric cooling shifts to warming). This could explain why the onset of the bloom can occur prior to the time when the mixed layer restratifies above the critical depth; reduced turbulence ceases overturning, allowing phytoplankton to have a longer residence time in the photic zone to bloom.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: Upper ocean

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: Upper ocean

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: photic zone

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: Upper ocean turbulence

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: photic zone

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: critical depth

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: upper layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: stratification

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: critical depth

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratification

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: spring

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: It mixes the upper layer by overturning fluid

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a source of upper ocean turbulence: thermal convection, wind, waves, and Langmuir circulation

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: mixed layer.

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: mixed layer.

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: photic zone

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: mixed layer.

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: photic zone

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: photic zone

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: mixed layer.

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: mixed layer.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: photic zone

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: Upper ocean turbulence

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: photic zone

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Upper ocean turbulence

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: spring,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: photic zone

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: thermal convection,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: thermal convection,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Upper ocean turbulence

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Upper ocean turbulence

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: critical depth

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: surface-warming stratification.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: wind, waves, and Langmuir circulation.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Upper ocean turbulence

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: turbulence in the mixed layer.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: atmospheric cooling

text: Although variations do occur, the temperature usually declines with increasing altitude in the troposphere because the troposphere is mostly heated through energy transfer from the surface. Thus, the lowest part of the troposphere (i.e. Earth's surface) is typically the warmest section of the troposphere. This promotes vertical mixing (hence the origin of its name in the Greek word τρόπος, tropos, meaning "turn"). The troposphere contains roughly 80% of the mass of Earth's atmosphere. The troposphere is denser than all its overlying atmospheric layers because a larger atmospheric weight sits on top of the troposphere and causes it to be most severely compressed. Fifty percent of the total mass of the atmosphere is located in the lower 5.6 km (18,000 ft) of the troposphere.

text: Although variations do occur, the temperature usually declines with increasing altitude in the troposphere because the troposphere is mostly heated through energy transfer from the surface. Thus, the lowest part of the troposphere (i.e. Earth's surface) is typically the warmest section of the troposphere. This promotes vertical mixing (hence the origin of its name in the Greek word τρόπος, tropos, meaning "turn"). The troposphere contains roughly 80% of the

text: mass

text: of Earth's atmosphere. The troposphere is denser than all its overlying atmospheric layers because a larger atmospheric weight sits on top of the troposphere and causes it to be most severely compressed. Fifty percent of the total mass of the atmosphere is located in the lower 5.6 km (18,000 ft) of the troposphere.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: Earth's surface

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: altitude

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: Earth's surface

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: altitude

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Earth's surface

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The troposphere contains roughly 80% of the mass of Earth's atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: What is the lowest part of the troposphere?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: overlying atmospheric layers

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: the temperature usually declines with increasing altitude

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: Earth's surface)

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: overlying atmospheric layers

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: altitude

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Earth's surface)

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warmest section of the troposphere. This promotes vertical mixing

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: the temperature usually declines with increasing altitude

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: increasing altitude

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: energy transfer from the surface.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: troposphere is denser than all its overlying atmospheric layers

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: the troposphere is mostly heated through energy transfer from the surface.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: the troposphere is mostly heated through energy transfer from the surface.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 5.6

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: lowest part of the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: the temperature usually declines with increasing altitude in the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: the temperature usually declines with increasing altitude in the troposphere

text: Ashfall was reported  away, throughout southern Peru and in what is now northern Chile and western Bolivia. The ash layer now forms a useful stratigraphic marker layer throughout Peru.

text: Ashfall was reported  away, throughout southern Peru and in what is now northern

text: Chile

text: and western

text: Bolivia

text: . The ash layer now forms a useful

text: stratigraphic marker layer

text: throughout Peru.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratigraphic

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratigraphic boundary

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratigraphic

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: stratigraphy

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ash layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The ash layer now forms a useful stratigraphic marker layer throughout Peru.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Bolivia

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: ash layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above the surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: It is colder.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratigraphic marker layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratigraphic marker layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratigraphic marker layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratigraphic marker layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratigraphic marker layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ash layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: stratigraphic marker layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: stratigraphic

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ash layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: Ashfall

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Ashfall

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Bolivia.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: northern Chile and western Bolivia.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: northern Chile and western Bolivia.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: northern Chile and western Bolivia.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: northern Chile and western Bolivia.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: northern Chile and western Bolivia.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: northern Chile and western Bolivia.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: northern Chile and western Bolivia.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Ashfall

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Ashfall

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Ashfall

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: northern Chile and western Bolivia.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: northern Chile and western Bolivia.

text: High-pressure systems form due to downward motion through the troposphere, the atmospheric layer where weather occurs.  Preferred areas within a synoptic flow pattern in higher levels of the troposphere are beneath the western side of troughs.

text: High-pressure systems form due to downward motion through the

text: troposphere

text: , the

text: atmospheric

text: layer where

text: weather

text: occurs.  Preferred areas within a

text: synoptic

text: flow pattern in higher levels of the troposphere are beneath the western side of troughs.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: pressure

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: High-pressure systems form due to downward motion through the troposphere.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What causes meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface is the troposphere?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: It is colder.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle: charged particles or ions?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is not a type of gas?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troughs.

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: troughs.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: troughs.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: High-pressure systems form due to downward motion through the troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: High-pressure systems form due to downward motion through the troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: troughs.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: High-pressure systems form due to downward motion through the troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: High-pressure systems form due to downward motion through the troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: High-pressure systems form due to downward motion through the troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: High-pressure systems form due to downward motion through the troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: troughs.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: higher levels of the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: High-pressure systems form due to downward motion through the troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: High-pressure systems form due to downward motion through the troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: High-pressure systems form due to downward motion through the troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: High-pressure systems form due to downward motion through the troposphere,

text: The stratospheric ozone layer protectively filters ultraviolet radiation (UV) from the Sun, which would otherwise damage biological systems. The actions taken after the Montreal Protocol appeared to be keeping the planet within a safe boundary. However, in 2011, according to a paper published in Nature, the boundary was unexpectedly pushed in the Arctic; "... the fraction of the Arctic vortex in March with total ozone less than 275 Dobson units (DU) is typically near zero, but reached nearly 45%".

text: The stratospheric

text: ozone layer

text: protectively filters

text: ultraviolet radiation

text: (UV) from the

text: Sun

text: , which would otherwise damage biological systems. The actions taken after the

text: Montreal Protocol

text: appeared to be keeping the planet within a safe boundary. However, in 2011, according to a paper published in Nature, the boundary was unexpectedly

text: pushed in the Arctic

text: ; "... the fraction of the Arctic vortex in March with total ozone less than 275 Dobson units (DU) is typically near zero, but reached nearly 45%".

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: UV

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: cold air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The actions taken after the Montreal Protocol appeared to be keeping the planet within a safe boundary

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Arctic

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Arctic

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer does the Arctic vortex occur in?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle: stratospheric ozone layer?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: what is the second to last word in the passage?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratospheric ozone

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratospheric ozone

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: the boundary was unexpectedly pushed in the Arctic;

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratospheric ozone

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: the boundary was unexpectedly pushed in the Arctic;

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratospheric ozone

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: the Sun,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: stratospheric ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: ultraviolet radiation (UV) from the Sun,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: 45%".

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Arctic;

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Arctic;

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: (UV) from the Sun,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: The stratospheric ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: The stratospheric ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: The stratospheric ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: The stratospheric ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: The stratospheric ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Arctic vortex

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: The stratospheric ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The stratospheric ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: zero,

text: Improvements in Lubuntu 11.04 included replacing Aqualung with Audacious as the default music player, elimination of the hardware abstraction layer, introducing movable desktop icons, Ubuntu font by default, improved menu translations and reorganized menus. The release also introduced a new default theme and artwork designed by Raphael Laguna, known as Ozone, which is partly based on Xubuntu’s default Bluebird theme.

text: Improvements in Lubuntu 11.04 included replacing Aqualung with

text: Audacious

text: as the default music player, elimination of the

text: hardware abstraction layer

text: , introducing movable desktop icons,

text: Ubuntu font

text: by default, improved menu translations and reorganized menus. The release also introduced a new default theme and artwork designed by Raphael Laguna, known as Ozone, which is partly based on Xubuntu’s default Bluebird theme.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: Ozone

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: hardware abstraction layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: is partly based on Xubuntu’s default Bluebird theme

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Antarctic

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Arctic

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Where are convection currents found?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: the stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What causes meteors to burn up in the atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earth's surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: What is the top of the mesosphere?

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: The thermosphere contains charged particles called ions.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: What is the exosphere?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: hardware abstraction layer,

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: hardware abstraction layer,

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Improvements in Lubuntu 11.04

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: hardware abstraction layer,

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: hardware abstraction layer,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: Ozone,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: Ozone,

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: hardware abstraction layer,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Ozone,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: Ozone,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Xubuntu’s default Bluebird theme.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Lubuntu 11.04

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Ozone,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: hardware abstraction layer,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: hardware abstraction layer,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: hardware abstraction layer,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Audacious as the default music player, elimination of the hardware abstraction layer,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Ozone,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Improvements in Lubuntu 11.04

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Ozone,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Ozone,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Ozone,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: hardware abstraction layer,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Improvements in Lubuntu 11.04

text: At night, the situation reverses. The absence of solar heating causes the atmospheric convection to decrease, and the urban boundary layer begins to stabilize. If enough stabilization occurs, an inversion layer is formed. This traps urban air near the surface, and keeping surface air warm from the still-warm urban surfaces, forming the nighttime warmer air temperatures within the UHI. Other than the heat retention properties of urban areas, the nighttime maximum in urban canyons could also be due to the blocking of "sky view" during cooling: surfaces lose heat at night principally by radiation to the comparatively cool sky, and this is blocked by the buildings in an urban area. Radiative cooling is more dominant when wind speed is low and the sky is cloudless, and indeed the UHI is found to be largest at night in these conditions.

text: At night, the situation reverses. The absence of solar heating causes the atmospheric convection to decrease, and the urban boundary layer begins to stabilize. If enough stabilization occurs, an

text: inversion layer

text: is formed. This traps urban air near the surface, and keeping surface air warm from the still-warm urban surfaces, forming the nighttime warmer air temperatures within the UHI. Other than the heat retention properties of urban areas, the nighttime maximum in urban canyons could also be due to the blocking of "sky view" during cooling: surfaces lose heat at night principally by radiation to the comparatively cool sky, and this is blocked by the buildings in an urban area. Radiative cooling is more dominant when wind speed is low and the sky is cloudless, and indeed the UHI is found to be largest at night in these conditions.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: urban boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: urban boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: urban boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: urban boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: urban boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: urban boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: urban boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: urban boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: urban boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: the UHI is found to be largest at night in these conditions

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: urban boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: urban boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does convection occur in?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How high is the troposphere?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles called ions?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: urban boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: urban boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: urban boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: urban boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: urban boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: urban boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: urban boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: atmospheric convection

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: urban boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: surface air warm from the still-warm urban surfaces,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: At night, the situation reverses. The absence of solar heating

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: atmospheric convection

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: urban canyons

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: At night, the situation reverses. The absence of solar heating

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: solar heating

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: atmospheric convection

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: solar heating

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: solar heating

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: atmospheric convection

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: nighttime warmer air temperatures within the UHI.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: wind speed is low and the sky is cloudless,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: At night, the situation reverses. The absence of solar heating

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: At night, the situation reverses. The absence of solar heating

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: cool sky,

text: Vicuñas live at altitudes of 3,200 to 4,800 m. They feed in daytime on the grassy plains of the Andes Mountains, but spend the nights on the slopes. In these areas, only nutrient-poor, tough, bunch grasses and Festuca grow. The sun's rays are able to penetrate the thin atmosphere, producing relatively warm temperatures during the day; however, the temperatures drop to freezing at night. The vicuña's thick but soft coat is a special adaptation which traps layers of warm air close to its body, so it can tolerate freezing temperatures.

text: Vicuñas live at altitudes of 3,200 to 4,800 m. They feed in daytime on the grassy plains of the Andes Mountains, but spend the nights on the slopes. In these areas, only nutrient-poor, tough, bunch grasses and

text: Festuca

text: grow. The sun's rays are able to penetrate the thin

text: atmosphere

text: , producing relatively warm temperatures during the day; however, the temperatures drop to freezing at night. The vicuña's thick but soft coat is a special adaptation which traps layers of warm air close to its body, so it can tolerate freezing temperatures.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: thin

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: sun's

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The sun's rays are able to penetrate the thin atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Andes Mountains

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: night

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does not have convection currents?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of ion?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: what is the last word in the passage?

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is true of the exosphere?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: thin atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: thin atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: The sun's rays are able to penetrate the thin atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: thin

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: The sun's rays are able to penetrate the thin atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: The sun's rays are able to penetrate the thin atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: thin atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: The sun's rays are able to penetrate the thin atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: The sun's rays are able to penetrate the thin atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The sun's rays are able to penetrate the thin atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: the temperatures drop to freezing at night.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: at night.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: sun's rays are able to penetrate the thin atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: The sun's rays

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: thin

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: The sun's rays are able to penetrate the thin atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: The sun's rays are able to penetrate the thin atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 3,200 to 4,800 m.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: freezing

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: The sun's rays are able to penetrate the thin atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: The sun's rays are able to penetrate the thin atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The sun's rays are able to penetrate the thin atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: freezing

text: In many cases astronomical phenomena viewed from the planet Mars are the same or similar to those seen from Earth but sometimes (as with the view of Earth as an evening/morning star) they can be quite different. For example, because the atmosphere of Mars does not contain an ozone layer, it is also possible to make UV observations from the surface of Mars.

text: In many cases astronomical phenomena viewed from the planet

text: Mars

text: are the same or similar to those seen from

text: Earth

text: but sometimes (as with the view of Earth as an evening/morning star) they can be quite different. For example, because the

text: atmosphere of Mars

text: does not contain an

text: ozone layer

text: , it is also possible to make

text: UV observation

text: s from the surface of Mars.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: UV radiation

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: UV

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: the atmosphere of Mars does not contain an ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Mars

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth year

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Mars

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: how high is the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: None of the above choices are true

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: different.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: different.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: UV

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Mars does not contain an ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Mars

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Mars does not contain an ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Mars

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Mars are the same or similar to those seen from Earth

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Mars are the same or similar to those seen from Earth

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: different.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Mars are the same or similar to those seen from Earth

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Mars are the same or similar to those seen from Earth

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: the atmosphere of Mars does not contain an ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Mars does not contain an ozone layer,

text: Largest does not always equate to being the best telescopes, and overall light gathering power of the optical system can be a poor measure of a telescope's performance. Space-based telescopes, such as the Hubble Space Telescope, take advantage of being above the Earth's atmosphere to reach higher resolution and greater light gathering through longer exposure time. Location in the northern or southern hemisphere of the Earth can also limit what part of the sky can be observed.

text: Largest does not always equate to being the best telescopes, and overall light gathering power of the optical system can be a poor measure of a telescope's performance.

text: Space-based telescopes

text: , such as the

text: Hubble Space Telescope

text: , take advantage of being above the Earth's

text: atmosphere

text: to reach higher resolution and greater light gathering through longer exposure time. Location in the northern or southern hemisphere of the Earth can also limit what part of the sky can be observed.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: Earth's

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: Earth's

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Earth's atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: Earth's atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: hemisphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: Earth's

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: Earth's

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: hemisphere

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: northern hemisphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Largest does not always equate to being the best telescopes

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Earth's atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: northern hemisphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: northern hemisphere

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Earth's

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: Earth's atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: Earth's atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: above the Earth's atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: Earth's atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: above the Earth's atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: Earth's

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: Earth's atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: northern or southern hemisphere

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Earth's atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: Earth's atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Largest does not always equate to being the best telescopes,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Earth's atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: northern or southern hemisphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: northern or southern hemisphere

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Space-based telescopes,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: northern or southern hemisphere

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Largest does not always equate to being the best telescopes,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Space-based telescopes,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: above the Earth's atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: northern or southern hemisphere

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Space-based telescopes,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: northern or southern hemisphere

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: above the Earth's atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Space-based telescopes,

text: On the height  temperature reaches its maximum (; stratopause) and then slowly decreases (about ; mesosphere). Causes of this decrease are unclear; it can be related to cooling action of carbon monoxide, hydrogen cyanide or other reasons. Above 200 km temperature reaches approximately  and then remains constant.

text: On the height  temperature reaches its maximum (;

text: stratopause

text: ) and then slowly decreases (about ;

text: mesosphere

text: ). Causes of this decrease are unclear; it can be related to cooling action of

text: carbon monoxide

text: hydrogen cyanide

text: or other reasons. Above 200 km temperature reaches approximately  and then remains constant.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratopause

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratopause

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratopause

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratopause

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratopause

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: stratopause

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: above 200 km temperature reaches approximately and then remains constant

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratopause

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: astronomical year

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles: ions, stratopause or mesosphere?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: mesosphere).

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratopause)

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratopause)

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratopause)

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratopause)

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: mesosphere).

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: mesosphere).

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: height temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: mesosphere).

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: temperature reaches its maximum

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: remains constant.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: mesosphere).

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: mesosphere).

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: 200 km

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Above 200 km temperature reaches approximately and then remains constant.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: height

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: stratopause) and then slowly decreases

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: carbon monoxide, hydrogen cyanide

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 200 km

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: decreases

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: cooling action of carbon monoxide, hydrogen cyanide

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: carbon monoxide, hydrogen cyanide

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: slowly decreases

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: cooling action of carbon monoxide, hydrogen cyanide

text: Usually, within the lower atmosphere (the troposphere) the air near the surface of the Earth is warmer than the air above it, largely because the atmosphere is heated from below as solar radiation warms the Earth's surface, which in turn then warms the layer of the atmosphere directly above it, e.g., by thermals (convective heat transfer).

text: Usually, within the lower atmosphere (the

text: troposphere

text: ) the air near the surface of the

text: Earth

text: is warmer than the air above it, largely because the atmosphere is heated from below as solar radiation warms the Earth's surface, which in turn then warms the layer of the atmosphere directly above it, e.g., by

text: thermal

text: s (

text: convective heat transfer

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: the air above it

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: solar radiation

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: the troposphere is warmer than the air above it

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Why are gas molecules in the exosphere extremely cold?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: warms the layer of the atmosphere directly above it,

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: (the troposphere)

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: the air near the surface of the Earth is warmer than the air above it,

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: thermals

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: (the troposphere)

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: (the troposphere)

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: warms the layer of the atmosphere directly above it,

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: solar radiation

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: (the troposphere)

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warmer

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: warmer

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: (the troposphere)

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: (the troposphere)

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Usually, within the lower atmosphere (the troposphere)

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: solar radiation

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: thermals

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: the atmosphere is heated from below

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: thermals

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Usually, within the lower atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: the air near the surface of the Earth is warmer than the air above it,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: solar radiation warms the Earth's surface,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: (the troposphere)

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Usually, within the lower atmosphere (the troposphere)

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Usually, within the lower atmosphere (the troposphere)

text: The chemical composition of the troposphere is essentially uniform, with the notable exception of water vapor. The source of water vapor is at the surface through the processes of evaporation. The temperature of the troposphere decreases with height, and saturation vapor pressure decreases strongly as temperature drops, so the amount of water vapor that can exist in the atmosphere decreases strongly with height. Thus the proportion of water vapor is normally greatest near the surface and decreases with height.

text: The chemical composition of the troposphere is essentially uniform, with the notable exception of

text: water vapor

text: . The source of water vapor is at the surface through the processes of

text: evaporation

text: . The temperature of the troposphere decreases with height, and

text: saturation vapor pressure

text: decreases strongly as temperature drops, so the amount of water vapor that can exist in the atmosphere decreases strongly with height. Thus the proportion of water vapor is normally greatest near the surface and decreases with height.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: surface

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The source of water vapor is at the surface

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does not contain water vapor?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not the source of water vapor?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: surface

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: The temperature of the troposphere decreases with height,

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: surface

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: surface

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: chemical composition

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: surface

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: water vapor.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: water vapor.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: The temperature of the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: height,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: The chemical composition of the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: water vapor.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: uniform, with the notable exception of water vapor.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: water vapor.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: water vapor.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: The temperature of the troposphere decreases with height,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: height,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: water vapor.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: water vapor.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: water vapor.

text: BIRA-IASB studies the Earth’s stratosphere by looking at ozone depletion and related key parameters like volcanic aerosols, polar stratospheric clouds and halogenated compounds. Long-term changes are evaluated and forecasting capabilities have been developed. The research supports the Montreal Protocol on the protection of the ozone layer.

text: BIRA-IASB studies the Earth’s

text: stratosphere

text: by looking at

text: ozone depletion

text: and related key parameters like volcanic

text: aerosols

text: polar stratospheric clouds

text: and

text: halogenated

text: compounds. Long-term changes are evaluated and forecasting capabilities have been developed. The research supports the

text: Montreal Protocol

text: on the protection of the

text: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The research supports the Montreal Protocol on the protection of the ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which of the following is not a layer of the atmosphere: stratosphere, clouds, or halogenated compounds?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Where does the heat that enters the mesosphere come from?

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not a type of compound?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above the Earth's surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Why is the stratosphere warmer?

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle: ions, stratosphere, or clouds?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Which of the following is not a type of cloud: stratosphere, stratospheric clouds, or halogenated compounds?

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is not a type of gas?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: polar stratospheric clouds

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: ozone depletion

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: polar stratospheric clouds

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: polar stratospheric clouds

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: volcanic aerosols, polar stratospheric clouds

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: halogenated compounds.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: polar stratospheric clouds

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: volcanic aerosols,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Earth’s stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: polar stratospheric clouds

text: In recent decades, the incidence and severity of sunburn has increased worldwide, partly because of chemical damage to the atmosphere's ozone layer. Between the 1970s and the 2000s, average stratospheric ozone decreased by approximately 4%, contributing an approximate 4% increase to the average UV intensity at the earth's surface. Ozone depletion and the seasonal "ozone hole" have led to much larger changes in some locations, especially in the southern hemisphere.

text: In recent decades, the incidence and severity of sunburn has increased worldwide, partly because of chemical damage to the atmosphere's ozone layer. Between the 1970s and the 2000s, average stratospheric ozone decreased by approximately 4%, contributing an approximate 4% increase to the average UV intensity at the earth's surface.

text: Ozone depletion

text: and the seasonal "ozone hole" have led to much larger changes in some locations, especially in the southern hemisphere.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Between the 1970s and the 2000s, average stratospheric ozone decreased by approximately 4%

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: southern hemisphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: southern hemisphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does not contain ozone?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: What is the average UV intensity at the earth's surface?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle: stratospheric ozone or ions?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is not true of gas molecules in the exosphere?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: 4%,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: southern hemisphere.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: southern hemisphere.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: stratospheric ozone decreased by approximately 4%,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 4%,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: stratospheric ozone decreased by approximately 4%,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: 4%,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: stratospheric ozone decreased by approximately 4%,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: 4%,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: 4%,

text: Without an atmosphere, a small star would have an apparent size, an "Airy disk", in a telescope image determined by diffraction and would be inversely proportional to the diameter of the telescope.  However, when light enters the Earth's atmosphere, the different temperature layers and different wind speeds distort the light waves, leading to distortions in the image of a star. The effects of the atmosphere can be modeled as rotating cells of air moving turbulently. At most observatories, the turbulence is only significant on scales larger than r (see below—the seeing parameter r is 10–20 cm at visible wavelengths under the best conditions) and this limits the resolution of telescopes to be about the same as given by a space-based 10–20 cm telescope.

text: Without an atmosphere, a small star would have an apparent size, an "

text: Airy disk

text: ", in a telescope image determined by

text: diffraction

text: and would be inversely proportional to the diameter of the telescope.  However, when light enters the

text: Earth's atmosphere

text: , the different temperature layers and different wind speeds distort the light waves, leading to distortions in the image of a star. The effects of the atmosphere can be modeled as rotating cells of air moving turbulently. At most observatories, the turbulence is only significant on scales larger than r (see below—the seeing parameter r is 10–20 cm at visible wavelengths under the best conditions) and this limits the resolution of telescopes to be about the same as given by a space-based 10–20 cm telescope.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: temperature layers

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: temperature layers

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: is only significant on scales larger than r

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Earth's

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: How many layers of the atmosphere are mentioned?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: temperature layers

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which layer of the Earth's atmosphere contains charged particles called ions?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: temperature layers and different wind speeds

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: temperature layers

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: temperature layers

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: the different temperature layers

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: temperature layers

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: atmosphere, the different temperature layers

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: temperature layers

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: temperature layers

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: temperature layers

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: light enters the Earth's atmosphere, the different temperature layers

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Without an atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Earth's atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Earth's atmosphere, the different temperature layers

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: r

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: rotating cells of air moving turbulently.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: rotating cells of air moving turbulently.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: rotating cells of air moving turbulently.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Without an atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: the different temperature layers

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: when light enters the Earth's atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: rotating cells of air moving turbulently.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Earth's atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: rotating cells of air moving turbulently.

text: Cloud types in the troposphere, the atmospheric layer closest to Earth's surface, have Latin names due to the universal adaptation of Luke Howard's nomenclature. It was formally proposed in December 1802 and published for the first time the following year.  It became the basis of a modern international system that classifies these tropospheric aerosols into five physical forms and three altitude levels or étages.  These physical types, in approximate ascending order of convective activity, include stratiform sheets, cirriform wisps and patches, stratocumuliform layers (mainly structured as rolls, ripples, and patches), cumuliform heaps and tufts, and very large cumulonimbiform heaps that often show complex structure.  The physical forms are cross-classified by altitude levels to produce ten basic genus-types or genera.  Some of these basic types are common to more than one form or more than one étage, as illustrated in the stratocumuliform  and cumuliform columns of the classification table below.  Most genera can be divided into species, some of which are common to more than one genus.  These can be subdivided into varieties, some of which are common to more than one genus or species.

text: Cloud types in the

text: troposphere

text: , the atmospheric layer closest to Earth's surface, have

text: Latin

text: names due to the universal adaptation of

text: Luke Howard

text: 's

text: nomenclature

text: . It was formally proposed in December 1802 and published for the first time the following year.  It became the basis of a modern international system that classifies these tropospheric aerosols into five physical forms and three altitude levels or

text: étages

text: .  These physical types, in approximate ascending order of convective activity, include stratiform sheets, cirriform wisps and patches, stratocumuliform layers (mainly structured as rolls, ripples, and patches), cumuliform heaps and tufts, and very large cumulonimbiform heaps that often show complex structure.  The physical forms are cross-classified by altitude levels to produce ten basic genus-types or genera.  Some of these basic types are common to more than one form or more than one étage, as illustrated in the stratocumuliform  and cumuliform columns of the classification table below.  Most genera can be divided into species, some of which are common to more than one genus.  These can be subdivided into varieties, some of which are common to more than one genus or species.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: altitude levels

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratocumuliform layers

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: altitude levels

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: It was formally proposed in December 1802 and published for the first time the following year.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does not have convection currents?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charge: ions, troposphere, or clouds?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: Cloud types in the troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: the atmospheric layer closest to Earth's surface,

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: troposphere, the atmospheric layer closest to Earth's surface,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: convective activity,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: Cloud types

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: common to more than one genus.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Cloud types in the troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: stratiform sheets,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: ten

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: atmospheric layer closest to Earth's surface,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Cloud types in the troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Cloud types in the troposphere,

text: Within two months of the war, Britain is gripped by a nuclear winter. When the nuclear winter finally ends, the authorities send helicopters on reconnaissance missions, which reveal that against all odds, there are people still alive outside. They also learn that the ozone layer has been damaged, so anyone who goes outside must wear protective clothing.

text: Within two months of the war, Britain is gripped by a

text: nuclear winter

text: . When the nuclear winter finally ends, the authorities send helicopters on

text: reconnaissance

text: missions, which reveal that against all odds, there are people still alive outside. They also learn that the

text: ozone layer

text: has been damaged, so anyone who goes outside must wear protective clothing.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: the ozone layer has not been damaged

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: helicopters

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: nuclear winter

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Which of the following is true of the troposphere?

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which of the following is not a layer of the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Which of the following is not a stratosphere?

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not a reason to wear protective clothing?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Which of the following is not true of the troposphere?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Which of the following is not true?

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: What does the ozone layer contain?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: What happens to the ozone layer?

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is true of the exosphere?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: anyone who goes outside must wear protective clothing.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: helicopters on reconnaissance missions,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: nuclear winter.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: two months of the war, Britain is gripped by a nuclear winter.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: nuclear winter.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: nuclear winter.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: nuclear winter.

text: From 1979 to 2005 the microwave sounding units (MSUs) and since 1998 the Advanced Microwave Sounding Units on NOAA polar orbiting satellites have measured the intensity of upwelling microwave radiation from atmospheric oxygen. The intensity is proportional to the temperature of broad vertical layers of the atmosphere, as demonstrated by theory and direct comparisons with atmospheric temperatures from radiosonde (balloon) profiles. Upwelling radiance is measured at different frequencies; these different frequency bands sample a different weighted range of the atmosphere. The brightness temperature (T) measured by satellite is given by:

text: From 1979 to 2005 the

text: microwave sounding unit

text: s (MSUs) and since 1998 the

text: Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit

text: s on NOAA polar orbiting satellites have measured the intensity of upwelling

text: microwave radiation

text: from atmospheric

text: oxygen

text: . The intensity is proportional to the temperature of broad vertical layers of the

text: atmosphere

text: , as demonstrated by theory and direct comparisons with atmospheric temperatures from radiosonde (balloon) profiles. Upwelling radiance is measured at different frequencies; these different frequency bands sample a different weighted range of the atmosphere. The

text: brightness temperature

text: (T) measured by satellite is given by:

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: vertical layers

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: vertical layers

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: vertical layers

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: radiosonde

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air in the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: upwelling radiance is measured at different frequencies

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: broad vertical layers

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not a type of gas?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: The troposphere rises to about 50 kilometers

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: vertical layers of the atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere contains charged particles called ions?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere merges with outer space

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is not true?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: vertical layers

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: vertical layers

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: The brightness temperature

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: vertical layers

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: The brightness temperature

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: oxygen.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: vertical layers

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: vertical layers

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: oxygen.

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: oxygen.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: oxygen.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: vertical layers of the atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: broad vertical layers

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: polar

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: oxygen.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: vertical

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: oxygen.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: oxygen.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: The brightness temperature

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: The brightness temperature

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: oxygen.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: oxygen.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The brightness temperature

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: The brightness temperature

text: Cloud decks in parallel latitudinal bands at and below the tropopause alternatingly composed of ammonia crystals and ammonium hydrosulfate.

text: Cloud decks in parallel latitudinal bands at and below the

text: tropopause

text: alternatingly composed of

text: ammonia

text: crystals and

text: ammonium

text: hydrosulfate.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: latitude

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Ammonium hydrosulfate is a chemical compound.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: clouds

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: latitudinal

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Where is the stratosphere located?

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What causes meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: It rises to about 50 kilometers above Earths surface.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: It is colder.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere merges with outer space.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Why do clouds form in parallel latitudinal bands at and below the tropopause

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: latitudinal bands at and below the tropopause

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: Cloud decks

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: ammonia crystals and ammonium hydrosulfate.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: latitudinal bands

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: ammonia crystals and ammonium hydrosulfate.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: below the tropopause

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: ammonia crystals and ammonium hydrosulfate.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: ammonia crystals and ammonium hydrosulfate.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Cloud decks in parallel latitudinal bands

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: ammonia crystals

text: The base of the mesosphere includes the D' zone which lies just above the mantle-core boundary at approximately . The base of the lower mantle is at about 2700 km.

text: The base of the mesosphere includes the

text: D'

text: zone which lies just above the

text: mantle-core boundary

text: at approximately . The base of the lower mantle is at about 2700 km.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: mantle

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: mantle-core boundary

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: mantle-core boundary

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: mantle

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: D' zone

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The base of the lower mantle is at 2700 km.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: D' zone

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: D' zone

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does not contain the D' zone?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not a type of gas?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above the Earth's surface is the troposphere?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: It is colder.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere merges with outer space

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is not true of the exosphere?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: D' zone

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: mantle-core boundary

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: mantle-core boundary

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: The base of the lower mantle

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: mantle-core boundary

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: D' zone

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: The base of the mesosphere includes the D' zone

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: 2700 km.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: D' zone

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: D' zone

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: 2700 km.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: 2700 km.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: The base of the mesosphere includes the D' zone

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: D' zone

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: D' zone

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 2700 km.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: The base of the mesosphere includes the D' zone

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: 2700 km.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: The base of the mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: 2700 km.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: 2700 km.

text: The F region of the ionosphere is home to the F layer of ionization, also called the Appleton–Barnett layer, after the English physicist Edward Appleton and New Zealander Miles Barnett. As with other ionospheric sectors, 'layer' implies a concentration of plasma, while 'region' is the volume that contains the said layer. The F region contains ionized gases at a height of around 150–800 km above sea level, placing it in the Earth’s thermosphere, a hot region in the upper atmosphere, and also in the heterosphere, where chemical composition varies with height. Generally speaking, the F region has the highest concentration of free electrons and ions anywhere in the atmosphere. It may be thought of as comprising two layers, the F1-and F2-layers.

text: The F region of the

text: ionosphere

text: is home to the F layer of ionization, also called the Appleton–Barnett layer, after the English physicist

text: Edward Appleton

text: and New Zealander

text: Miles Barnett

text: . As with other ionospheric sectors, 'layer' implies a concentration of plasma, while 'region' is the volume that contains the said layer. The F region contains ionized gases at a height of around 150–800 km above sea level, placing it in the Earth’s

text: thermosphere

text: , a hot region in the upper

text: atmosphere

text: , and also in the

text: heterosphere

text: , where chemical composition varies with height. Generally speaking, the F region has the highest concentration of free

text: electrons

text: and

text: ions

text: anywhere in the atmosphere. It may be thought of as comprising two layers, the F1-and F2-layers.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Earth’s thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: heterosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: concentration of plasma

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: F1-layers

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: hot air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: It may be thought of as comprising two layers, the F1-and F2-layers.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: heterosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: heterosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere has the highest concentration of free electrons and ions?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: What does the F region contain?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: Earth’s thermosphere,

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: thermosphere,

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Earth’s thermosphere,

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: heterosphere,

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: thermosphere,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: thermosphere,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: thermosphere,

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: a concentration of plasma,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Appleton–Barnett layer,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: hot

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: 150–800 km above sea level,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: heterosphere,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Earth’s thermosphere,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth’s thermosphere,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: thermosphere,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Appleton–Barnett layer,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: thermosphere,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Appleton–Barnett layer,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 150–800 km above sea level,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: thermosphere,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Appleton–Barnett layer,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Earth’s thermosphere,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Earth’s thermosphere,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: thermosphere,

text: Another method considered for producing the warm polar temperatures were polar stratospheric clouds. Polar stratospheric clouds are clouds that occur in the lower stratosphere at very low temperatures. Polar stratospheric clouds have a great impact on radiative forcing. Due to their minimal albedo properties and their optical thickness, polar stratospheric clouds act similar to a greenhouse gas and traps outgoing longwave radiation. Different types of polar stratospheric clouds occur in the atmosphere: polar stratospheric clouds that are created due to interactions with nitric or sulfuric acid and water (Type I) or polar stratospheric clouds that are created with only water ice (Type II).

text: Another method considered for producing the warm polar temperatures were

text: polar stratospheric clouds

text: . Polar stratospheric clouds are clouds that occur in the lower stratosphere at very low temperatures. Polar stratospheric clouds have a great impact on radiative forcing. Due to their minimal albedo properties and their optical thickness, polar stratospheric clouds act similar to a greenhouse gas and traps outgoing longwave radiation. Different types of polar stratospheric clouds occur in the atmosphere: polar stratospheric clouds that are created due to interactions with nitric or sulfuric acid and water (Type I) or polar stratospheric clouds that are created with only water ice (Type II).

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: lower stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: lower stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: lower stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Polar stratospheric clouds have a great impact on radiative forcing

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: lower stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does not have convection currents?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Which of the following is not a type of cloud: polar stratospheric clouds that are created due to interactions with nitric or sulfuric acid and water?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of cloud: polar stratospheric clouds that are created due to interactions with nitric acid and water (Type I) or polar stratospheric clouds that are created with only water ice (Type II).

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere at very low temperatures.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: lower stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: lower stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperatures.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: lower stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: polar stratospheric clouds.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: warm polar temperatures

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: lower stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: lower stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: polar temperatures were polar stratospheric clouds.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: polar stratospheric clouds.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: polar stratospheric clouds.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: polar stratospheric clouds.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: polar stratospheric clouds.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: polar stratospheric clouds.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: polar stratospheric clouds.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: polar stratospheric clouds.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: polar stratospheric clouds.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: polar stratospheric clouds.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: polar stratospheric clouds.

text: In addition to atmospheric pressure, the density of the liquid, and gravity, the maximum height of the crest in practical siphons is limited by the vapour pressure of the liquid. When the pressure within the liquid drops to below the liquid's vapor pressure, tiny vapor bubbles can begin to form at the high point and the siphon effect will end. This effect depends on how efficiently the liquid can nucleate bubbles; in the absence of impurities or rough surfaces to act as easy nucleation sites for bubbles, siphons can temporarily exceed their standard maximum height during the extended time it takes bubbles to nucleate. One siphon of degassed water was demonstrated to 24 meters for an extended period of time and other controlled experiments to 10 meters.  For water at standard atmospheric pressure, the maximum siphon height is approximately 10 m (32 feet); for mercury it is 76 cm (30 inches), which is the definition of standard pressure. This equals the maximum height of a suction pump, which operates by the same principle. The ratio of heights (about 13.6) equals the ratio of densities of water and mercury (at a given temperature), since the column of water (resp. mercury) is balancing with the column of air yielding atmospheric pressure, and indeed maximum height is (neglecting vapor pressure and velocity of liquid) inversely proportional to density of liquid.

text: In addition to

text: atmospheric pressure

text: , the

text: density

text: of the liquid, and

text: gravity

text: , the

text: maximum height

text: of the

text: crest

text: in practical siphons is limited by the

text: vapour pressure

text: of the liquid. When the pressure within the liquid drops to below the liquid's vapor pressure, tiny vapor bubbles can begin to form at the high point and the siphon effect will end. This effect depends on how efficiently the liquid can

text: nucleate

text: bubbles; in the absence of impurities or rough surfaces to act as easy nucleation sites for bubbles, siphons can temporarily exceed their standard maximum height during the extended time it takes bubbles to nucleate. One siphon of degassed water was demonstrated to 24 meters for an extended period of time and other controlled experiments to 10 meters.  For

text: water

text: at

text: standard atmospheric pressure

text: , the maximum siphon height is approximately 10

text: m

text: feet

text: ); for

text: mercury

text: it is 76 cm (30

text: inch

text: es), which is the definition of standard pressure. This equals the maximum height of a

text: suction pump

text: , which operates by the same principle. The ratio of heights (about 13.6) equals the ratio of densities of water and mercury (at a given temperature), since the column of water (resp. mercury) is balancing with the column of air yielding atmospheric pressure, and indeed maximum height is (neglecting vapor pressure and velocity of liquid) inversely proportional to density of liquid.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: column of air

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: atmospheric pressure

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: mercury

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: the maximum height of the crest in practical siphons is limited by the vapour pressure

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does convection occur in?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: It is warmer at the top.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles called ions?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: What is the maximum height of a suction pump?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: column of air

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: column of air

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: atmospheric pressure,

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: column of air

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: atmospheric pressure,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: column of air

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: gravity,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: atmospheric pressure,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: In addition to atmospheric pressure,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: tiny vapor bubbles

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: column of air

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: gravity,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: In addition to atmospheric pressure,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: atmospheric pressure,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: In addition to atmospheric pressure,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: vapor bubbles

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 24 meters

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: atmospheric pressure,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: atmospheric pressure,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: In addition to atmospheric pressure,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: In addition to atmospheric pressure,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: tiny vapor bubbles

text: The concept of Pelagial is multi-dimensional.  The first, most literal, level involves a journey from the surface to the lowest depth zone of the ocean, with the album's movements getting progressively darker and more claustrophobic to mimic the diminishing light and increasing atmospheric pressure.  However, at a second, allegorical level, the ocean layers serve as an extended metaphor for a journey into the inner depths of the psyche.  Guitarist and songwriter Robin Staps described this aspect of Pelagial as a movement "towards the essence and origins of our desires, wishes, dreams, and all the fucked up attributes inside of our own inner selves that generate and shape them" and said that there are "a lot of Freud-like references" in the lyrics and song titles.

text: The concept of Pelagial is multi-dimensional.  The first, most literal, level involves a journey from the surface to the lowest depth zone of the ocean, with the album's movements getting progressively darker and more claustrophobic to mimic the diminishing light and increasing atmospheric pressure.  However, at a second, allegorical level, the ocean layers serve as an

text: extended metaphor

text: for a journey into the inner depths of the

text: psyche

text: .  Guitarist and songwriter Robin Staps described this aspect of Pelagial as a movement "towards the essence and origins of our desires, wishes, dreams, and all the fucked up attributes inside of our own inner selves that generate and shape them" and said that there are "a lot of

text: Freud

text: -like references" in the lyrics and song titles.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: ocean layers

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: lowest depth zone of the ocean

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: atmospheric pressure

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ocean

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: atmospheric pressure

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: ocean

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: orbital

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: What is the lowest depth zone of the ocean?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: atmospheric pressure.

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: atmospheric pressure.

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: atmospheric pressure.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: atmospheric pressure.

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: atmospheric pressure.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ocean,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: atmospheric pressure.

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: pressure.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ocean,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: light and increasing atmospheric pressure.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: diminishing light

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: diminishing light

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: atmospheric pressure.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: diminishing light and increasing atmospheric pressure.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: atmospheric pressure.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: atmospheric pressure.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: diminishing light and increasing atmospheric pressure.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: atmospheric pressure.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: atmospheric pressure.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: diminishing light and increasing atmospheric pressure.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: atmospheric pressure.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: atmospheric pressure.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: diminishing light and increasing atmospheric pressure.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: diminishing light and increasing atmospheric pressure.

text: (3) Deep mixed layer of nearly constant thickness : When the thermals reach the capping inversion at the top of the residual layer, they meet resistance to vertical motion and the mixed layer growth rate rapidly decreases. During this third phase, which spans over most of the afternoon, the mixed layer depth is relatively constant. The lapse rate of temperature in the CBL is 1°/100m.

text: (3) Deep mixed layer of nearly constant thickness : When the

text: thermals

text: reach the capping inversion at the top of the residual layer, they meet resistance to vertical motion and the mixed layer growth rate rapidly decreases. During this third phase, which spans over most of the afternoon, the mixed layer depth is relatively constant. The lapse rate of temperature in the CBL is 1°/100m.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: Residual layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: the residual layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: capping

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: residual layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: capping

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: Residual layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: CBL

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: CBL

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The lapse rate of temperature is 1°/100m.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: CBL

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: CBL

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What causes meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers does the troposphere rise to?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle: ions or thermals?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere merges

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: None of the above choices are true

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: residual layer,

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: residual layer,

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: capping inversion

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: residual layer,

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: capping inversion

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: residual layer,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: residual layer,

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: residual layer, they meet resistance to vertical motion

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: CBL

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: thermals reach the capping inversion

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: the mixed layer depth is relatively constant.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: the mixed layer growth rate rapidly decreases.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: capping inversion

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: vertical motion

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: 1°/100m.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: residual layer,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: 1°/100m.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: resistance to vertical motion

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 1°/100m.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: top of the residual layer,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: 1°/100m.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: the mixed layer growth rate rapidly decreases.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: the mixed layer growth rate rapidly decreases.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: 1°/100m.

text: If the collar at the bottom of the tube is adjusted so more air can mix with the gas before combustion, the flame will burn hotter, appearing blue as a result.  If the holes are closed, the gas will only mix with ambient air at the point of combustion, that is, only after it has exited the tube at the top.  This reduced mixing produces an incomplete reaction, producing a cooler but brighter yellow  which is often called the "safety flame" or "luminous flame".  The yellow flame is luminous due to small soot particles in the flame which are heated to incandescence. The yellow flame is considered "dirty" because it leaves a layer of carbon on whatever it is heating.  When the burner is regulated to produce a hot, blue flame it can be nearly invisible against some backgrounds. The hottest part of the flame is the tip of the inner flame, while the coolest is the whole inner flame. Increasing the amount of fuel gas flow through the tube by opening the needle valve will increase the size of the flame.  However, unless the airflow is adjusted as well, the flame temperature will decrease because an increased amount of gas is now mixed with the same amount of air, starving the flame of oxygen.

text: If the collar at the bottom of the tube is adjusted so more air can mix with the gas before combustion, the flame will burn hotter, appearing blue as a result.  If the holes are closed, the gas will only mix with ambient air at the point of combustion, that is, only after it has exited the tube at the top.  This reduced mixing produces an incomplete reaction, producing a cooler but brighter yellow  which is often called the "safety flame" or "

text: luminous flame

text: ".  The yellow flame is

text: luminous

text: due to small

text: soot

text: particles in the flame which are heated to

text: incandescence

text: . The yellow flame is considered "dirty" because it leaves a layer of carbon on whatever it is heating.  When the burner is regulated to produce a hot, blue flame it can be nearly invisible against some backgrounds. The hottest part of the flame is the tip of the inner flame, while the coolest is the whole inner flame. Increasing the amount of fuel gas flow through the tube by opening the

text: needle valve

text: will increase the size of the flame.  However, unless the airflow is adjusted as well, the flame temperature will decrease because an increased amount of gas is now mixed with the same amount of air, starving the flame of oxygen.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ambient air

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ambient air

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: point of combustion

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: the yellow flame is luminous due to small soot particles in the flame

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: tube

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: inner flame

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does not have convection currents

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How high does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: The collar at the bottom of the tube

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of ion?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: What is the hottest part of the flame?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ambient air

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ambient air

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: blue

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ambient air

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: blue

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ambient air

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ambient air

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: tip of the inner flame,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: ambient air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: oxygen.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: starving the flame of oxygen.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: whole inner flame.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: blue

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: blue

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: blue as a result. If the holes are closed,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: blue

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: blue as a result. If the holes are closed,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: blue as a result. If the holes are closed,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: cooler but brighter yellow

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: blue as a result. If the holes are closed,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: oxygen.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: gas will only mix with ambient air at the point of combustion,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: cooler but brighter yellow

text: Convective clouds follow one of three general parameterization schemes.  The first scheme is moist adiabatic adjustment.  The main advantage of this method is that it is simple, in that if the moist adiabatic lapse rate is exceeded, moisture and heat within the vertical layer are adjusted so that air within the layer is saturated. In turn the lapse rate is then adjusted to the moist adiabatic lapse rate, conserving energy, raining out excess moisture while not transporting momentum.  The disadvantage of this scheme is that it over-estimates convection, as constrains an entire grid box to act in a convective manner, unrealistic in the real atmosphere.

text: Convective clouds follow one of three general parameterization schemes.  The first scheme is moist adiabatic adjustment.  The main advantage of this method is that it is simple, in that if the moist adiabatic lapse rate is exceeded, moisture and heat within the vertical layer are adjusted so that air within the layer is saturated. In turn the lapse rate is then adjusted to the moist adiabatic lapse rate, conserving energy, raining out excess moisture while not transporting momentum.  The disadvantage of this scheme is that it over-estimates convection, as constrains an entire grid box to act in a convective manner, unrealistic in the real atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: vertical layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: vertical layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: vertical layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: vertical layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: vertical layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: vertical

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: vertical layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The main advantage of this method is that it is simple

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: real atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: grid box

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: It is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What causes meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: It is warmer at the top.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of ion?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: What is the main advantage of this method?

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: None of the above choices are true

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: vertical layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: vertical layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: moist adiabatic adjustment.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: vertical layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: moist adiabatic adjustment.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: vertical layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: vertical

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: heat

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: unrealistic in the real atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Convective clouds

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: clouds

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: moist adiabatic lapse rate,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: moist adiabatic adjustment.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: unrealistic in the real atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: moist adiabatic adjustment.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: moist adiabatic adjustment.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: moist adiabatic adjustment.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: moist adiabatic adjustment.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Convective clouds

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: moist adiabatic adjustment.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: moist adiabatic adjustment.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: moist adiabatic adjustment.

text: The atmospheric pressure boiling point of a liquid (also known as the normal boiling point) is the temperature at which the vapor pressure equals the ambient atmospheric pressure. With any incremental increase in that temperature, the vapor pressure becomes sufficient to overcome atmospheric pressure and lift the liquid to form vapor bubbles inside the bulk of the substance. Bubble formation deeper in the liquid requires a higher pressure, and therefore higher temperature, because the fluid pressure increases above the atmospheric pressure as the depth increases.

text: The

text: atmospheric pressure

text: boiling point

text: of a liquid (also known as the

text: normal boiling point

text: ) is the temperature at which the vapor pressure equals the ambient atmospheric pressure. With any incremental increase in that temperature, the vapor pressure becomes sufficient to overcome atmospheric pressure and lift the liquid to form vapor bubbles inside the bulk of the substance.

text: Bubble

text: formation deeper in the liquid requires a higher pressure, and therefore higher temperature, because the fluid pressure increases above the atmospheric pressure as the depth increases.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ambient

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ambient

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ambient

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: the stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: atmospheric pressure

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ambient

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The atmospheric pressure boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the vapor pressure equals the ambient atmospheric pressure

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: polar regions

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: The troposphere rises to about 50 kilometers above Earths surface.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not true of the thermosphere?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: atmospheric pressure.

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: atmospheric pressure.

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: The atmospheric pressure boiling point

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: atmospheric pressure.

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: The atmospheric pressure boiling point

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: pressure.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: atmospheric pressure.

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: pressure.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: pressure.

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: vapor pressure equals the ambient atmospheric pressure.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: vapor pressure equals the ambient atmospheric pressure.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: The atmospheric pressure boiling point of a liquid

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: The atmospheric pressure boiling point of a liquid

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: The atmospheric pressure boiling point

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: The atmospheric pressure boiling point of a liquid

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: pressure.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: The atmospheric pressure boiling point of a liquid

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: vapor bubbles

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: atmospheric pressure boiling point of a liquid

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: The atmospheric pressure boiling point of a liquid

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: The atmospheric pressure boiling point of a liquid

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: The atmospheric pressure boiling point of a liquid

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: atmospheric pressure boiling point of a liquid

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: temperature at which the vapor pressure equals the ambient atmospheric pressure.

text: The solution advocated is transporting sulfates into the next higher layer of the atmosphere - stratosphere. Aerosols in the stratosphere last years instead of weeks - so only a relatively smaller (though still large) amount of sulfate emissions would be necessary, and side effects would be less. This would require developing an efficient way to transport large amounts of gases into stratosphere, many of which have been proposed though none are known to be effective or economically viable.

text: The solution advocated is transporting sulfates into the next higher layer of the atmosphere -

text: stratosphere

text: . Aerosols in the stratosphere last years instead of weeks - so only a relatively smaller (though still large) amount of sulfate emissions would be necessary, and side effects would be less. This would require developing an efficient way to transport large amounts of gases into stratosphere, many of which have been proposed though none are known to be effective or economically viable.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: gases

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: the stratosphere last years instead of weeks

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: orbital period

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: higher layer of the atmosphere - stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: higher layer of the atmosphere - stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: weeks

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: stratosphere.

text: The solar X-ray and extreme ultraviolet radiation (XUV) at wavelengths < 170 nm is almost completely absorbed within the thermosphere. This radiation causes the various ionospheric layers as well as a temperature increase at these heights (Figure 1).While the solar visible light (380 to 780 nm) is nearly constant with a variability of not more than about 0.1% of the solar constant, the solar XUV radiation is highly variable in time and space. For instance, X-ray bursts associated with solar flares can dramatically increase their intensity over preflare levels by many orders of magnitude over a time span of tens of minutes. In the extreme ultraviolet, the Lyman α line at 121.6 nm represents an important source of ionization and dissociation at ionospheric D layer heights. During quiet periods of solar activity, it alone contains more energy than the rest of the XUV spectrum. Quasi-periodic changes of the order of 100% or greater, with periods with period of 27 days and 11 years, belong to the prominent variations of solar XUV radiation. However, irregular fluctuations over all time scales are present all the time. During low solar activity, about half of the total energy input into the thermosphere is thought to be solar XUV radiation. Evidently, that solar XUV energy input occurs only during daytime conditions, maximizing at the equator during equinox.

text: The solar X-ray and extreme ultraviolet radiation (XUV) at wavelengths < 170 nm is almost completely absorbed within the thermosphere. This radiation causes the various

text: ionospheric layer

text: s as well as a temperature increase at these heights (Figure 1).While the solar visible light (380 to 780 nm) is nearly constant with a variability of not more than about 0.1% of the

text: solar constant

text: , the solar XUV radiation is highly variable in time and space. For instance, X-ray bursts associated with

text: solar flares

text: can dramatically increase their intensity over preflare levels by many orders of magnitude over a time span of tens of minutes. In the extreme ultraviolet, the Lyman α line at 121.6 nm represents an important source of

text: ionization

text: and

text: dissociation

text: at ionospheric D layer heights. During quiet periods of

text: solar activity

text: , it alone contains more energy than the rest of the XUV spectrum. Quasi-periodic changes of the order of 100% or greater, with periods with period of 27 days and 11 years, belong to the prominent variations of solar XUV radiation. However, irregular fluctuations over all time scales are present all the time. During low solar activity, about half of the total energy input into the thermosphere is thought to be solar XUV radiation. Evidently, that solar XUV energy input occurs only during daytime conditions, maximizing at the equator during

text: equinox

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: XUV radiation

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: X-ray

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: solar XUV radiation is highly variable in time and space

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: equator

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: solar XUV radiation

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does not have convection currents?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: It is warmer at the top

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: What does the Lyman  line at 121.6 nm represent?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: solar visible light

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: temperature increase

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: maximizing at the equator during equinox.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: equator during equinox.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: equator

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: solar X-ray and extreme ultraviolet radiation

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: ionospheric layers

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: solar X-ray and extreme ultraviolet radiation

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: The solar X-ray and extreme ultraviolet radiation

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 170 nm is almost completely absorbed within the thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: temperature increase at these heights

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: ionization

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: thermosphere.

text: Among his accomplishments were his investigations into the ionosphere. Dr. Mitra proposed that ultraviolet light from the sun created the middle, or E layer, of the ionosphere. He also determined that ions in the ionosphere's F layer were what caused luminescence of the night sky, giving it a dusty hue rather than pitch black. In 1947 he published a reference treatise titled "The Upper Atmosphere" on atmospheric research.

text: Among his accomplishments were his investigations into the

text: ionosphere

text: . Dr. Mitra proposed that

text: ultraviolet light

text: from the

text: sun

text: created the middle, or

text: E layer

text: , of the ionosphere. He also determined that ions in the ionosphere's

text: F layer

text: were what caused luminescence of the night sky, giving it a dusty hue rather than pitch black. In 1947 he published a reference treatise titled "The Upper Atmosphere" on atmospheric research.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: Upper Atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: Upper Atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Upper Atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: Upper Atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: ultraviolet light

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: F layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: luminescence of the night sky, giving it a dusty hue rather than pitch black

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Upper Atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: None of the above choices are true

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earth's surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles: ions, ionosphere or thermosphere?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: "The Upper Atmosphere"

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: "The Upper Atmosphere"

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: E layer,

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: "The Upper Atmosphere"

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: E layer,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: F layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: "The Upper Atmosphere"

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: ultraviolet light from the sun

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: F layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: ultraviolet light

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: pitch black.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: sun

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Dr. Mitra

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: middle, or E layer,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: ultraviolet light

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: ions in the ionosphere's F layer

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: "The Upper Atmosphere"

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: ultraviolet light

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: ionosphere.

text: Considering light which is scattered only once in the atmosphere, the light received by the instrument at surface is contributed by light scattered downward from all the levels in the atmosphere. The amount of light contributed by scattering at any particular level depends on (a) the number of air molecules at that level and (b) the absorption by ozone and scattering by air moleculaes both before and after scattering. As the height increases contribution of effect (a) decreases and contribution of effect (b) increases. For a given zenith angle, the scattered light contribution comes from well defined layer of atmosphere, which can be termed as an effective scattering height. The effective scattering height depends on the ozone absorption coefficient and on the solar zenith angle, increasing as with each of these. The effective scattering height will always be higher for shorter wavelength which is more strongly absorbed. As the sun approaches the horizon, the two intensities decreases, but intensity I decreasing more rapidly than I' . However, when the effective scattering height for the short wavelength is above the ozone maximum, I decreases more slowly than I' , because the ozone absorption occurs mostly in the shorter vertical path after the scattering event, and the ratio I/I increases until the effective scattering height for I'  is also above the ozone maximum. This reversal (Umkehr) or inversion implies the existence of maximum of ozone concentration at some level in the atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: effective scattering height

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: effective scattering height

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: effective scattering height

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: effective scattering height

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: effective scattering height

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: zenith angle

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: effective scattering height

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The effective scattering height will always be higher for shorter wavelength which is more strongly absorbed

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: effective scattering height

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: solar

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does not have convection currents

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How high does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: as the sun approaches the horizon

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a level in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: As the sun approaches the horizon

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: the amount of light contributed by scattering at any particular level

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: effective scattering height.

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: effective scattering height.

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Considering light which is scattered only once in the atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: effective scattering height.

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Considering light which is scattered only once in the atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: effective scattering height.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: effective scattering height.

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: solar zenith angle,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: wavelength

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: maximum of ozone concentration at some level in the atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: contribution of effect (a) decreases

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: As the sun approaches the horizon,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: solar zenith angle,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: horizon,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: light scattered downward from all the levels in the atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: light

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: ozone and scattering by air moleculaes

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: effective scattering height.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: intensity I decreasing more rapidly than I'.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: light scattered downward from all the levels in the atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: As the sun approaches the horizon,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: ozone

text: The troposphere begins at the surface and extends up to an altitude of 65 kilometres (an altitude at which the mesosphere has already been reached on Earth). At the top of the troposphere, temperature and pressure reach Earth-like levels. Winds at the surface are a few metres per second, reaching 70 m/s or more in the upper troposphere. The stratosphere and mesosphere extend from 65 km to 95 km in height. The thermosphere and exosphere begin at around 95 kilometres, eventually reaching the limit of the atmosphere at about 220 to 250 km.

text: The

text: troposphere

text: begins at the surface and extends up to an altitude of 65 kilometres (an altitude at which the

text: mesosphere

text: has already been reached on Earth). At the top of the troposphere, temperature and pressure reach Earth-like levels. Winds at the surface are a few metres per second, reaching 70 m/s or more in the upper troposphere. The

text: stratosphere

text: and mesosphere extend from 65 km to 95 km in height. The thermosphere and exosphere begin at around 95 kilometres, eventually reaching the limit of the atmosphere at about 220 to 250 km.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: The stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: 65 kilometres

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: The stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: 65 km to 95 km

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: The stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: altitude

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The stratosphere and mesosphere extend from 65 km to 95 km in height

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: How many layers of the atmosphere are mentioned?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What causes meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: No

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle: ions, troposphere, or stratosphere?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere merges gradually with outer space

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Why are gases in the exosphere extremely cold?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: The stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: 65 km to 95 km in height.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: 65 km to 95 km in height.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: The stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: The thermosphere and exosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: altitude of 65 kilometres

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: temperature and pressure reach Earth-like levels.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: 65 kilometres

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: The thermosphere and exosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: The troposphere

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: 65 kilometres

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: The troposphere

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: The stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: The troposphere

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 65 kilometres

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: temperature and pressure reach Earth-like levels.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: 70 m/s or more in the upper troposphere.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: The thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: 220 to 250 km.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: 95 kilometres,

text: The advent of photosynthesis in very basic forms of plant life worldwide allowed the sun's energy to be harvested to create conditions allowing for more complex life. The resultant oxygen accumulated in the atmosphere and gave rise to the ozone layer. The incorporation of smaller cells within larger ones resulted in the development of yet more complex cells called eukaryotes.<ref>{{cite journal |first=L. V. |last=Berkner |author2=L. C. Marshall |date=May 1965 |title=On the Origin and Rise of Oxygen Concentration in the Earth's Atmosphere |journal=Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=225–261|doi=10.1175/1520-0469(1965)022

text: The advent of

text: photosynthesis

text: in very basic forms of plant life worldwide allowed the sun's energy to be harvested to create conditions allowing for more complex life. The resultant

text: oxygen

text: accumulated in the atmosphere and gave rise to the

text: ozone layer

text: . The incorporation of smaller cells within larger ones resulted in the

text: development of yet more complex cells

text: called

text: eukaryotes

text: .<ref>{{cite journal |first=L. V. |last=Berkner |author2=L. C. Marshall |date=May 1965 |title=On the Origin and Rise of Oxygen Concentration in the Earth's Atmosphere |journal=Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=225–261|doi=10.1175/1520-0469(1965)022

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: oxygen concentration

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: the ozone layer is a result of photosynthesis

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: What layer of the atmosphere does convection occur in?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: The stratosphere is the upper layer of the atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What causes meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: The troposphere rises to about 50 kilometers above Earths surface

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: It is colder at the bottom

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of ion?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere merges gradually with outer space

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is not a type of gas?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: oxygen

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: oxygen accumulated in the atmosphere and gave rise to the ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Earth's Atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's Atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: sun's energy

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: oxygen accumulated in the atmosphere and gave rise to the ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: oxygen accumulated in the atmosphere and gave rise to the ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: oxygen accumulated in the atmosphere and gave rise to the ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Oxygen Concentration in the Earth's Atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Oxygen Concentration in the Earth's Atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: oxygen accumulated in the atmosphere and gave rise to the ozone layer.

text: The reason for this dramatic growth in amplitude from tiny fluctuations near the ground to oscillations that dominate the motion of the mesosphere lies in the fact that the density of the atmosphere decreases with increasing height. As tides or waves propagate upwards, they move into regions of lower and lower density. If the tide or wave is not dissipating, then its kinetic energy density must be conserved. Since the density is decreasing, the amplitude of the tide or wave increases correspondingly so that energy is conserved.

text: The reason for this dramatic growth in amplitude from tiny fluctuations near the ground to oscillations that dominate the motion of the mesosphere lies in the fact that the density of the atmosphere decreases with increasing height. As tides or waves propagate upwards, they move into regions of lower and lower density. If the tide or wave is not dissipating, then its

text: kinetic energy

text: density must be conserved. Since the density is decreasing, the amplitude of the tide or wave increases correspondingly so that

text: energy is conserved

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: density

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: the density of the atmosphere decreases with increasing height

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere is not mentioned?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How does the density of the atmosphere decrease with increasing height?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Why are gas molecules in the exosphere extremely cold?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: height.

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: the density of the atmosphere decreases with increasing height.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: the density of the atmosphere decreases with increasing height.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: density of the atmosphere decreases with increasing height.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ground

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: density of the atmosphere decreases with increasing height.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: energy is conserved.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: density of the atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: motion of the mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: the density of the atmosphere decreases with increasing height.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: the density of the atmosphere decreases with increasing height.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: the density of the atmosphere decreases with increasing height.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: the density of the atmosphere decreases with increasing height.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: the density of the atmosphere decreases with increasing height.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: the density of the atmosphere decreases with increasing height.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: the density of the atmosphere decreases with increasing height.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: the density of the atmosphere decreases with increasing height.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: the density of the atmosphere decreases with increasing height.

text: Space weather is a branch of space physics and aeronomy concerned with the time varying conditions within the Solar System, including the solar wind, emphasizing the space surrounding the Earth, including conditions in the magnetosphere, ionosphere and thermosphere. Space weather is distinct from the terrestrial weather of the Earth's atmosphere (troposphere and stratosphere). The science of space weather is focused on fundamental research and practical applications. The term space weather was first used in the 1950s and came into common usage in the 1990s.

text: Space weather is a branch of

text: space physics

text: and

text: aeronomy

text: concerned with the time varying conditions within the Solar System, including the

text: solar wind

text: , emphasizing the space surrounding the Earth, including conditions in the

text: magnetosphere

text: ionosphere

text: and

text: thermosphere

text: . Space weather is distinct from the terrestrial

text: weather

text: of the

text: Earth's atmosphere

text: troposphere

text: and

text: stratosphere

text: ). The science of space weather is focused on fundamental research and practical applications. The term space weather was first used in the 1950s and came into common usage in the 1990s.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Space weather

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Earth's atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: space weather

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Space weather is distinct from the terrestrial weather of the Earth's atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: space

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Solar System

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: How many layers of the atmosphere are mentioned?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles: ions, magnetosphere, or ionosphere?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere).

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere).

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Space weather

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere).

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: (troposphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratosphere).

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: (troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: (troposphere and stratosphere).

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: (troposphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: Space weather

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Space weather

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: (troposphere and stratosphere).

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: (troposphere and stratosphere).

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Solar System,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: solar wind,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: magnetosphere, ionosphere and thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: stratosphere).

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Space weather

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: (troposphere

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: terrestrial weather

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: ionosphere and thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: magnetosphere, ionosphere and thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: magnetosphere, ionosphere and thermosphere.

text: There have been changes made specific to "Marooned". During the early shuttle bay scenes a blue-screen image has been added to Starbugs cockpit window. Shots of Blue Midget and Starbug departing Red Dwarf have been replaced with CGI versions. References to Cliff Richard and the ozone layer have been removed.

text: There have been changes made specific to "Marooned". During the early shuttle bay scenes a blue-screen image has been added to Starbugs cockpit window. Shots of Blue Midget and Starbug departing Red Dwarf have been replaced with CGI versions. References to

text: Cliff Richard

text: and the ozone layer have been removed.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: The ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Cliff Richard and the ozone layer have been removed.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Blue Midget

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Where does most of the heat in the troposphere come from?

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Where do convection currents occur?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Where does the heat that enters the mesosphere come from?

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What causes meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: What has been removed?

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: What has been removed from the ozone layer?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere merges gradually with outer space.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: The exosphere is extremely cold.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Cliff Richard

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: "Marooned".

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: CGI versions.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: ozone layer

text: The copper patinas are very thin: just 0.05080–0.07620 millimeters in thickness. Yet, they are highly adherent to the underlying copper metal. The initial and intermediate oxide and sulfide patina films are not particularly corrosion resistant. The final sulfate patina is a particularly durable layer that is highly resistant to all forms of atmospheric corrosion and protects the underlying metal against further weathering. As patination progresses and the durable sulfate layer forms, the rate of corrosion decreases, averaging between 0.0001–0.0003 millimeters per year. For a 0.6 millimeter-thick sheet, this equates to less than 5% corrosion over a period of 100 years. Further information is available on copper patination.

text: The copper patinas are very thin: just 0.05080–0.07620 millimeters in thickness. Yet, they are highly adherent to the underlying copper metal. The initial and intermediate oxide and sulfide patina films are not particularly corrosion resistant. The final sulfate patina is a particularly durable layer that is highly resistant to all forms of atmospheric corrosion and protects the underlying metal against further weathering. As patination progresses and the durable sulfate layer forms, the rate of corrosion decreases, averaging between 0.0001–0.0003 millimeters per year. For a 0.6 millimeter-thick sheet, this equates to less than 5% corrosion over a period of 100 years. Further information is available on copper patination.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: sulfate

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature and pressure

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: sulfate patina

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: cold air in the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The initial and intermediate oxide and sulfide patina films are not particularly corrosion resistant

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: sky

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: sulfate layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Where does most of the heat in the troposphere come from?

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: How many layers of the atmosphere are mentioned?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Where does the heat that enters the mesosphere come from?

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What is the final sulfate patina?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earth's surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Why is the top of the mesosphere warmer?

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of ions: oxide, sulfide, or copper?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The final sulfate patina

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: What is the final sulfate patina?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: sulfate patina

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: atmospheric corrosion

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: atmospheric corrosion

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: atmospheric corrosion

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: atmospheric corrosion

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: 0.0001–0.0003 millimeters per year.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: atmospheric corrosion

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: thickness.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: 0.05080–0.07620 millimeters

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: atmospheric corrosion

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: not particularly corrosion resistant.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: 0.0001–0.0003 millimeters per year.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: 0.0001–0.0003 millimeters per year.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: 100 years.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: The copper patinas are very thin:

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: atmospheric corrosion

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: 0.05080–0.07620 millimeters

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: The copper patinas are very thin:

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 0.05080–0.07620 millimeters

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: 0.05080–0.07620 millimeters

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: 5% corrosion over a period of 100 years.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: atmospheric corrosion

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: 0.0001–0.0003 millimeters per year.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: The copper patinas are very thin:

text: The optical phenomenon occurs because rays of light are bent when they pass through air layers of different temperatures in a steep thermal inversion where an atmospheric duct has formed. (A thermal inversion is an atmospheric condition where warmer air exists in a well-defined layer above a layer of significantly cooler air. This temperature inversion is the opposite of what is normally the case; air is usually warmer close to the surface, and cooler higher up.)

text: The

text: optical phenomenon

text: occurs because rays of light are bent when they pass through air layers of different temperatures in a steep

text: thermal inversion

text: where an

text: atmospheric duct

text: has formed. (A thermal inversion is an atmospheric condition where warmer air exists in a well-defined layer above a layer of significantly cooler air. This temperature inversion is the opposite of what is normally the case; air is usually warmer close to the surface, and cooler higher up.)

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: layer of significantly cooler air

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: thermal inversion

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: surface

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: thermal inversion

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: significantly cooler air

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: surface

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The optical phenomenon occurs because rays of light are bent

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: thermal inversion

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: thermal inversion

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What causes meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How high is the troposphere?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere merges gradually with outer space

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: cooler air.

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: cooler air.

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: atmospheric duct

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: cooler air.

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: atmospheric duct

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: air is usually warmer close to the surface,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: cooler air.

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperatures

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: surface,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warmer air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: air is usually warmer close to the surface, and cooler higher up.)

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: thermal inversion

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: higher up.)

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: The optical phenomenon

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: air is usually warmer close to the surface, and cooler higher up.)

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: atmospheric duct has formed.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: thermal inversion

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: a steep thermal inversion

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: air is usually warmer close to the surface, and cooler higher up.)

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: air is usually warmer close to the surface, and cooler higher up.)

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: rays of light are bent

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: atmospheric duct

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: steep thermal inversion

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: air is usually warmer close to the surface, and cooler higher up.)

text: Studies of strata, the layering of rocks and earth, gave naturalists an appreciation that Earth may have been through many changes during its existence. These layers often contained fossilized remains of unknown creatures, leading some to interpret a progression of organisms from layer to layer.

text: Studies of

text: strata

text: , the layering of rocks and earth, gave

text: naturalists

text: an appreciation that Earth may have been through many changes during its existence. These layers often contained

text: fossilized remains

text: of unknown creatures, leading some to interpret a progression of organisms from layer to layer.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: strata

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: isosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: strata

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: strata

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: strata

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The ozone layer protects the Earth from the sun.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: strata

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: strata

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: orbital plane

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Which of the following is not a type of strata?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of ion?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is not true of gas molecules in the exosphere?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: strata,

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: strata,

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: strata,

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: strata,

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: strata,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: strata,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: strata,

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: fossilized remains of unknown creatures,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: strata,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: Studies of strata,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: fossilized remains of unknown creatures,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: strata,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: layer to layer.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: strata,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Studies of strata,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Studies of strata,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Earth may have been through many changes during its existence.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Studies of strata,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Earth may have been through many changes during its existence.

text: In 1974, Drs. Frank Sherwood Rowland and Mario J. Molina proposed that chlorofluorocarbons, used as propellants in aerosol sprays, contributed to the depletion of Earth's ozone layer. In response to this theory, the U.S. Congress passed amendments to the Clean Air Act in 1977 authorizing the Environmental Protection Agency to regulate the presence of CFCs in the atmosphere. The United Nations Environment Programme called for ozone layer research that same year, and, in 1981, authorized a global framework convention on ozone layer protection. In 1985, Joe Farman, Brian G. Gardiner, and Jon Shanklin published the first scientific paper detailing the hole in the ozone layer. That same year, the Vienna Convention was signed in response to the UN's authorization. Two years later, the Montreal Protocol, which regulated the production of CFCs was formally signed. It came into effect in 1989. The U.S. formally phased out CFCs in 1995.

text: In 1974, Drs.

text: Frank Sherwood Rowland

text: and

text: Mario J. Molina

text: proposed that

text: chlorofluorocarbons

text: , used as propellants in aerosol sprays, contributed to the depletion of Earth's

text: ozone layer

text: . In response to this theory, the

text: U.S. Congress

text: passed amendments to the

text: Clean Air Act

text: in 1977 authorizing the

text: Environmental Protection Agency

text: to regulate the presence of CFCs in the atmosphere. The

text: United Nations Environment Programme

text: called for ozone layer research that same year, and, in 1981, authorized a global framework convention on ozone layer protection. In 1985,

text: Joe Farman

text: Brian G. Gardiner

text: , and

text: Jon Shanklin

text: published the first scientific paper detailing the hole in the ozone layer. That same year, the

entity_name: Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer

text: Vienna Convention

text: was signed in response to the UN's authorization. Two years later, the

text: Montreal Protocol

text: , which regulated the production of CFCs was formally signed. It came into effect in 1989. The U.S. formally phased out CFCs in 1995.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The U.S. formally phased out CFCs

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: How many years after the U.S. formally phased out CFCs did the International Space Station orbit Earth?

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: what is the first scientific paper detailing the hole in the ozone layer?

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does not have convection currents?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Where does the heat that enters the mesosphere come from?

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which happened first, the Vienna Convention was signed or the U.S. formally phased out CFCs?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Why is the top of the mesosphere warmer?

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which happened first, the Vienna Convention was signed or the U.S. formally phased out CFCs in 1995?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Which happened first, the Vienna Convention was signed or the U.S. formally phased out CFCs?

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which happened first, the Vienna Convention was signed or the U.S. formally phased out CFCs?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: 1989.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: chlorofluorocarbons,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: The U.S. formally phased out CFCs in 1995.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Earth's ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: The U.S. formally phased out CFCs in 1995.

text: In reality, radio propagation changes along with the weather and tropospheric ducting, and occasionally along with other upper-atmospheric phenomena like sunspots and even meteor showers.  Thus, while a broadcasting authority might fix the range to an area with exact boundaries (defined as a series of vectors), this is rarely if ever true.  When a broadcast reaches well outside of its intended range due to unusual conditions, DXing is possible.

text: In reality,

text: radio propagation

text: changes along with the

text: weather

text: and

text: tropospheric ducting

text: , and occasionally along with other upper-

text: atmospheric

text: phenomena like

text: sunspot

text: s and even

text: meteor shower

text: s.  Thus, while a

text: broadcasting authority

text: might fix the range to an area with exact

text: boundaries

text: (defined as a series of

text: vector

text: s), this is rarely if ever true.  When a broadcast reaches well outside of its intended range due to

text: unusual conditions

text: DXing

text: is possible.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: a series of vectors

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: radio propagation changes along with the weather

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: tropospheric

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: upper-atmospheric

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: upper-atmospheric

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: a series of vectors),

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: upper-atmospheric

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: exact boundaries

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: tropospheric

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: upper-atmospheric

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: a series of vectors),

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: tropospheric ducting,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: tropospheric ducting,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: exact boundaries

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: tropospheric ducting,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: tropospheric ducting,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: vectors),

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: sunspots and even meteor showers.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: tropospheric ducting,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: tropospheric ducting,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: meteor showers.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: tropospheric ducting,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: sunspots

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: weather and tropospheric ducting,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: tropospheric ducting,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: tropospheric ducting,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: tropospheric ducting,

text: Two weeks later, Exosphere was "dominant" in the Golden Rose, winning his first Group 1 event by 2 lengths. Trainer John O'Shea said, "He's some colt. Wait until he grows into his frame. He is by this great sire Lonhro and he is in for a great season. A horse like Exosphere has great international appeal and you never know where he is going to end up."

text: Two weeks later, Exosphere was "dominant" in the

text: Golden Rose

text: , winning his first Group 1 event by 2 lengths. Trainer John O'Shea said, "He's some colt. Wait until he grows into his frame. He is by this great sire

text: Lonhro

text: and he is in for a great season. A horse like Exosphere has great international appeal and you never know where he is going to end up."

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Golden Rose

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Exosphere was "dominant" in the Golden Rose

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Golden Rose

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Golden Rose

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: International Space System

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does Exosphere live in?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for meteors to burn up?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How high does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: It is colder

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle: charged particles or ions?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: Exosphere was "dominant" in the Golden Rose,

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: Two weeks later, Exosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Group 1 event by 2 lengths.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: Exosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Exosphere was "dominant" in the Golden Rose,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: Exosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: Exosphere was "dominant" in the Golden Rose,

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: sire Lonhro

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Exosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: Exosphere was "dominant" in the Golden Rose,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Exosphere was "dominant" in the Golden Rose,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Exosphere was "dominant" in the Golden Rose,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Golden Rose,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: international

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Exosphere was "dominant" in the Golden Rose,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Exosphere was "dominant" in the Golden Rose,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Exosphere was "dominant" in the Golden Rose,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Exosphere was "dominant" in the Golden Rose,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Exosphere was "dominant" in the Golden Rose,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Exosphere was "dominant" in the Golden Rose,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Exosphere was "dominant" in the Golden Rose,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Exosphere was "dominant" in the Golden Rose,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Exosphere was "dominant" in the Golden Rose,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Exosphere was "dominant" in the Golden Rose,

text: Earth's atmosphere consists of a number of layers, summarised in the diagram above which explains what the layers are, that differ in properties such as composition, temperature and pressure. The lowest layer is the troposphere, which extends from the surface to the bottom of the stratosphere. Three quarters of the atmosphere's mass resides within the troposphere, and is the layer within which the Earth's weather develops. The depth of this layer varies between 17 km at the equator to 7 km at the poles. The stratosphere, extending from the top of the troposphere to the bottom of the mesosphere, contains the ozone layer. The ozone layer ranges in altitude between 15 and 35 km, and is where most of the ultraviolet radiation from the Sun is absorbed. The top of the mesosphere, ranges from 50 to 85 km, and is the layer wherein most meteors burn up. The  thermosphere extends from 85 km to the base of the exosphere at 690 km and contains the ionosphere, a region where the atmosphere is ionised by incoming solar radiation. The ionosphere increases in thickness and moves closer to the Earth during daylight and rises at night allowing certain frequencies of radio communication a greater range. The Kármán line, located within the thermosphere at an altitude of 100 km, is commonly used to define the boundary between Earth's atmosphere and outer space. The exosphere begins variously from about 690 to 1,000 km above the surface, where it interacts with the planet's magnetosphere, to space. Each of the layers has a different lapse rate, defining the rate of change in temperature with height.

text: Earth's atmosphere

text: consists of a number of layers, summarised in the diagram above which explains what the layers are, that differ in properties such as composition, temperature and pressure. The lowest layer is the

text: troposphere

text: , which extends from the surface to the bottom of the

text: stratosphere

text: . Three quarters of the atmosphere's mass resides within the troposphere, and is the layer within which the Earth's weather develops. The depth of this layer varies between 17 km at the equator to 7 km at the poles. The stratosphere, extending from the top of the troposphere to the bottom of the

text: mesosphere

text: , contains the

text: ozone layer

text: . The ozone layer ranges in altitude between 15 and 35 km, and is where most of the

text: ultraviolet

text: radiation from the Sun is absorbed. The top of the mesosphere, ranges from 50 to 85 km, and is the layer wherein most

text: meteors

text: burn up. The

text: thermosphere

text: extends from 85 km to the base of the

text: exosphere

text: at 690 km and contains the

text: ionosphere

text: , a region where the atmosphere is ionised by incoming solar radiation. The ionosphere increases in thickness and moves closer to the Earth during daylight and rises at night allowing certain frequencies of radio communication a greater range. The

text: Kármán line

text: , located within the thermosphere at an altitude of 100 km, is commonly used to define the boundary between Earth's atmosphere and

text: outer space

text: . The

text: exosphere

text: begins variously from about 690 to 1,000 km above the surface, where it interacts with the planet's

text: magnetosphere

text: , to space. Each of the layers has a different

text: lapse rate

text: , defining the rate of change in temperature with height.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: The Kármán line

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: The Kármán line

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: composition, temperature and pressure

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air in the stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: the ozone layer ranges in altitude between 15 and 35 km

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer has a different lapse rate, defining the rate of change in temperature with height

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: The top of the mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface is the troposphere?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Why?

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: What does the ionosphere contain?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: What is the Kármán line?

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which layer has a different lapse rate?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: The stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: The Kármán line,

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: The exosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: The Kármán line,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: composition, temperature and pressure.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: a region where the atmosphere is ionised by incoming solar radiation.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: The exosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: The exosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: The exosphere

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: incoming solar radiation.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Each of the layers has a different lapse rate,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: The top of the mesosphere,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: The exosphere

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: 50 to 85 km,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: The exosphere

text: Under the High Altitude Balloon Development Project, a 61,000m³ indigenously developed balloon penetrated into the Mesosphere on 7 January 2014, for the first time in India. Until that time, only balloons from USA and Japan had accomplished this feat.

text: Under the High Altitude Balloon Development Project, a 61,000m³ indigenously developed balloon penetrated into the Mesosphere on 7 January 2014, for the first time in India. Until that time, only balloons from USA and Japan had accomplished this feat.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: Mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: Mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: isosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: Mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: Mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: only balloons from USA and Japan had accomplished this feat.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does the Mesosphere occur in?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle: Mesosphere, Mesosphere or Thermosphere?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: Mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: Mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: Mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: Mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: Mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: Mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: Mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: only balloons from USA and Japan

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: USA and Japan

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: balloons from USA and Japan

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Until that time, only balloons from USA and Japan

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Japan

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Mesosphere

text: Due to their extremely long wavelength, ELF waves can diffract around large obstacles, and so are not blocked by mountain ranges or the horizon and can travel around the curve of the Earth.   ELF and VLF waves propagate long distances by an Earth-ionosphere waveguide mechanism.,  The Earth is surrounded by a layer of charged particles (ions) in the atmosphere at an altitude of about 60 km  at the bottom of the ionosphere, called the D layer which reflects ELF waves.   The space between the conductive Earth's surface and the conductive D layer acts as a parallel-plate waveguide which confines ELF waves, allowing them to propagate long distances without escaping into space.   Since the height of the layer is much less than one wavelength at ELF frequencies, the only mode that can propagate is the TEM mode in vertical polarization, with the electric field vertical and the magnetic field horizontal.  ELF waves have extremely low attenuation of 1 - 2 dB per 1000 km, giving a single transmitter the potential to communicate worldwide.

text: Due to their extremely long wavelength, ELF waves can

text: diffract

text: around large obstacles, and so are not blocked by mountain ranges or the horizon and can travel around the curve of the Earth.   ELF and

text: VLF

text: waves propagate long distances by an Earth-ionosphere waveguide mechanism.,  The Earth is surrounded by a layer of

text: charged particle

text: s (

text: ion

text: s) in the atmosphere at an altitude of about 60 km  at the bottom of the

text: ionosphere

text: , called the

text: D layer

text: which reflects ELF waves.   The space between the conductive Earth's surface and the conductive D layer acts as a parallel-plate

text: waveguide

text: which confines ELF waves, allowing them to propagate long distances without escaping into space.   Since the height of the layer is much less than one wavelength at ELF frequencies, the only mode that can propagate is the

text: TEM mode

text: in

text: vertical polarization

text: , with the

text: electric field

text: vertical and the

text: magnetic field

text: horizontal.  ELF waves have extremely low attenuation of 1 - 2 dB per 1000 km, giving a single transmitter the potential to communicate worldwide.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: altitude

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: D layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: cold air in the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: D layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: U.S.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does not have convection currents?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles: ions, ionosphere or ionosphere?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: D layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: D layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: D layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: D layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: D layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: D layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: D layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: charged particles (ions)

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: D layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: D layer

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: mountain ranges

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: 60 km

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: mountain ranges

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: curve of the Earth.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: D layer

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: D layer

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: D layer

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: D layer

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 60 km

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: 60 km at the bottom of the ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: ELF waves can diffract around large obstacles,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: 60 km at the bottom of the ionosphere,

text: The tropopause is a layer which separates two very different types of air. Beneath it, the air gets colder and the wind gets faster with height. Above it, the air warms and wind velocity decreases with height. These changes in temperature and velocity can produce fluctuation in the altitude of the tropopause, called gravity waves.

text: The tropopause is a layer which separates two very different types of air. Beneath it, the air gets colder and the wind gets faster with height. Above it, the air warms and wind velocity decreases with height. These changes in temperature and velocity can produce fluctuation in the altitude of the tropopause, called

text: gravity wave

text: s.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: It is a layer which separates two very different types of air.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which of the following is not a layer?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Which layer separates two very different types of air

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earth's surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Which of the following is TRUE?

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of ion?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Which of the following is not a type of layer?

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is not a type of air?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: The tropopause

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: The tropopause

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: The tropopause

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: The tropopause

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: The tropopause

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: The tropopause

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: The tropopause

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: height.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: wind gets faster with height.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: gravity waves.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: gravity waves.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: gravity waves.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: gravity waves.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: gravity waves.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: The tropopause

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: gravity waves.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: gravity waves.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Above it, the air warms and wind velocity decreases with height.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: gravity waves.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: gravity waves.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The tropopause

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: The tropopause

text: The troposphere is one of the lowest layers of the Earth's atmosphere; it is located right above the planetary boundary layer, and is the layer in which most weather phenomena take place. The troposphere extends upwards from right above the boundary layer, and ranges in height from an average of  at the poles, to  at the Equator.<ref>{{cite paper | last1 = Hoinka | first1 = K. P. | date = 1999 | title = Temperature, Humidity, and Wind at the Global Tropopause | journal = Monthly Weather Review | volume = 127 | pages = 2248 – 2265 | publisher = American Meteorological Society|bibcode = 1999MWRv..127.2248H |doi = 10.1175/1520-0493(1999)127

text: The troposphere is one of the lowest layers of the Earth's atmosphere; it is located right above the

text: planetary boundary layer

text: , and is the layer in which most

text: weather

text: phenomena take place. The troposphere extends upwards from right above the

text: boundary layer

text: , and ranges in height from an average of  at the poles, to  at the

text: Equator

text: .<ref>{{cite paper | last1 = Hoinka | first1 = K. P. | date = 1999 | title = Temperature, Humidity, and Wind at the Global Tropopause | journal =

text: Monthly Weather Review

text: | volume = 127 | pages = 2248 – 2265 | publisher =

text: American Meteorological Society

text: |bibcode = 1999MWRv..127.2248H |doi = 10.1175/1520-0493(1999)127

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: is located right above the planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: The troposphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The troposphere extends upwards from right above the boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: It is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: The troposphere

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: The troposphere extends upwards from right above the boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What causes meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: The troposphere extends upwards from right above the boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: The top of the mesosphere is warmer than the bottom

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: It does not.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere contains charged particles called ions?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere is the outermost layer of the Earth's atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: The troposphere extends upwards from right above the boundary layer, and ranges in height from an average of at the poles, to at the Equator.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: planetary boundary layer,

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: planetary boundary layer,

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: planetary boundary layer,

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: planetary boundary layer,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: The troposphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: planetary boundary layer,

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: planetary boundary layer,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: Temperature, Humidity, and Wind

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The troposphere

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: poles,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: poles,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: 127 | pages = 2248 – 2265

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Temperature, Humidity, and Wind at the Global Tropopause

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: The troposphere

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Temperature, Humidity, and Wind at the Global Tropopause

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: an average of at the poles, to at the Equator.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: 127 | pages = 2248 – 2265

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: 127 | pages = 2248 – 2265

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Temperature, Humidity, and Wind at the Global Tropopause

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The troposphere

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Temperature, Humidity, and Wind at the Global Tropopause

text: The highest, most rugged peaks of Marojejy owe their form to the gneiss from which they are made.  The gneiss consists of alternating bands of light and dark colored minerals.  The light minerals, consisting mostly of quartz and feldspar, are the hardest and most resistant, whereas the dark minerals, which are mostly biotite mica and hornblende, are softer and weather out faster.  This layered composition, in combination with the north-facing 45-degree angle at which the rocks are tilted, accounts for the asymmetric character of the peaks.  The northern slopes dip moderately, while the southern faces are typically near-vertical cliffs where the rocks fractured counter to the layered grain.  The cliff named Ambatotsondrona, with its sheer, south-facing rock wall, is an example.

text: The highest, most rugged peaks of Marojejy owe their form to the gneiss from which they are made.  The gneiss consists of alternating bands of light and dark colored minerals.  The light minerals, consisting mostly of quartz and

text: feldspar

text: , are the hardest and most resistant, whereas the dark minerals, which are mostly

text: biotite mica

text: and

text: hornblende

text: , are softer and weather out faster.  This layered composition, in combination with the north-facing 45-degree angle at which the rocks are tilted, accounts for the asymmetric character of the peaks.  The northern slopes dip moderately, while the southern faces are typically near-vertical cliffs where the rocks fractured counter to the layered grain.  The cliff named Ambatotsondrona, with its sheer, south-facing rock wall, is an example.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: gneiss

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: mountains

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: northern slopes

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: orbital period of how many years?

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Which of the following is not a type of mineral: biotite mica or hornblend?

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which of the following is not a type of mineral: biotite mica or hornblend?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not a type of mineral: biotite mica or hornblend?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earth's surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Which of the following is true of the dark minerals?

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of mineral: biotite mica or hornblend?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Which of the following is not a type of mineral: biotite mica or hornblend?

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is not a type of mineral: biotite mica or hornblende?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: The highest, most rugged peaks of Marojejy

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: The highest, most rugged peaks of Marojejy

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: alternating bands of light and dark colored minerals.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: The highest, most rugged peaks of Marojejy

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: alternating bands of light and dark colored minerals.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: The highest, most rugged peaks of Marojejy

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: The highest, most rugged peaks of Marojejy

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: alternating bands of light and dark colored minerals.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: gneiss

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: The highest, most rugged peaks of Marojejy

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The highest, most rugged peaks of Marojejy

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Marojejy

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: The highest, most rugged peaks of Marojejy

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: north-facing 45-degree angle

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: alternating bands of light and dark colored minerals.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: alternating bands of light and dark colored minerals.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: gneiss

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: The highest, most rugged peaks of Marojejy

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: The highest, most rugged peaks of Marojejy

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: softer and weather out faster.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: The highest, most rugged peaks of Marojejy

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: gneiss

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: moderately,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: The highest, most rugged peaks of Marojejy

text: It is often more difficult to forecast the erosion of a CAD event than its development.  Numerical models tend to underestimate the event's duration. The bulk Richardson number, Ri, calculates vertical wind shear to help forecast erosion. The numerator corresponds to the strength of the inversion layer separating the CAD cold dome and the immediate atmosphere above. The denominator expresses the square of the vertical wind shear across the inversion layer. Small values of the Richardson number result in turbulent mixing that can weaken the inversion layer and aid the deterioration of the cold dome, leading to the end of the CAD event.

text: It is often more difficult to forecast the erosion of a CAD event than its development.

text: Numerical models

text: tend to underestimate the event's duration. The

text: bulk Richardson number

text: , Ri, calculates vertical

text: wind shear

text: to help forecast erosion. The numerator corresponds to the strength of the inversion layer separating the CAD cold dome and the immediate atmosphere above. The denominator expresses the square of the vertical wind shear across the inversion layer. Small values of the Richardson number result in turbulent mixing that can weaken the inversion layer and aid the deterioration of the cold dome, leading to the end of the CAD event.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: CAD cold dome

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: CAD cold dome

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Numerical models tend to underestimate the event's duration

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: CAD

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does not have convection currents?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How high does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: What is the numerator of the Richardson number

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: What is the numerator of the Richardson number?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere merges gradually with outer space

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: What is the numerator of the Richardson number?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: CAD cold dome

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: CAD cold dome

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: immediate atmosphere above.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: development. Numerical models tend to underestimate the event's duration.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: CAD cold dome

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: CAD cold dome

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: atmosphere above.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: The bulk Richardson number,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: turbulent mixing

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: CAD cold dome and the immediate atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: CAD cold dome

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: wind shear

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: CAD cold dome and the immediate atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: CAD cold dome

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: CAD cold dome

text: His PhD thesis of 1964 concerned the interactions of ozone photochemistry, radiative transfer and the dynamics of the middle atmosphere. This formed the basis of his seminal Radiative and Photochemical Processes in Mesospheric Dynamics that was published in four parts in the Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences between 1965 and 1966.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://eaps.mit.edu/faculty/lindzen/raphprmdy1.pdf | last1 = Lindzen | first1 = Richard S | first2 = RM | last2 = Goody |year = 1965 | title= Radiative and photochemical processes in mesospheric dynamics: Part I. Models for radiative and photochemical processes |journal= J. Atmos. Sci. | volume = 22 |pages= 341–48 |doi=10.1175/1520-0469(1965)022

text: His PhD thesis of 1964 concerned the interactions of ozone photochemistry,

text: radiative transfer

text: and the dynamics of the middle atmosphere. This formed the basis of his seminal Radiative and Photochemical Processes in Mesospheric Dynamics that was published in four parts in the

text: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences

text: between 1965 and 1966.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://eaps.mit.edu/faculty/lindzen/raphprmdy1.pdf | last1 = Lindzen | first1 = Richard S | first2 = RM | last2 = Goody |year = 1965 | title= Radiative and photochemical processes in mesospheric dynamics: Part I. Models for radiative and photochemical processes |journal=

text: J. Atmos. Sci.

text: | volume = 22 |pages= 341–48 |doi=10.1175/1520-0469(1965)022

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: the middle atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: the middle atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Richard S. Lindzen

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: the middle atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: Mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: the middle atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The ozone layer protects humans from the sun.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: What is the source of heat in the troposphere?

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Convection currents occur in all five layers of the atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: The stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What causes meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: The troposphere rises to about 50 kilometers

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: It is colder at the bottom.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: The thermosphere contains charged particles called ions.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere merges gradually with outer space.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is not a property of gas molecules in the exosphere?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: middle atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: middle atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: ozone photochemistry, radiative transfer and the dynamics of the middle atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: middle atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: middle atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: middle atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: ozone photochemistry,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: ozone photochemistry, radiative transfer and the dynamics of the middle atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: middle atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: middle atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: RM

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Richard S | first2 = RM

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Richard S | first2 = RM

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Richard S | first2 = RM

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Richard S | first2 = RM

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Richard S | first2 = RM

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: RM

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: RM

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Richard S | first2 = RM

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Richard S | first2 = RM

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: RM

text: Mixed–layering, interlaying, and interstratification are all terms that refer to clay minerals that form with two or more types of clays that with intergrown layering.  Mixed-layering does not refer to clays that have been physically mixed. Mixed-layering in clays make add difficulty to interpretation so multiple analysis are usually necessary. Two component clays are most common with multicomponent clays containing more than two components are very rare.  The entire diffraction pattern contributes to the identification and peaks should be considered as a whole rather than individually.

text: Mixed–layering, interlaying, and interstratification are all terms that refer to clay minerals that form with two or more types of clays that with intergrown layering.  Mixed-layering does not refer to clays that have been physically mixed. Mixed-layering in clays make add difficulty to interpretation so multiple analysis are usually necessary. Two component clays are most common with multicomponent clays containing more than two components are very rare.  The entire diffraction pattern contributes to the identification and peaks should be considered as a whole rather than individually.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: density

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Mixed-layering does not refer to clays that have been physically mixed

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: mountain

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Where do convection currents occur?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: the stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What causes meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How high does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: The bottom of the mesosphere is colder

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: The thermosphere contains charged particles called ions.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere merges gradually with outer space

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: The exosphere is the outermost layer of the Earth.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: Mixed–layering, interlaying, and interstratification

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: Mixed–layering, interlaying, and interstratification

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Mixed–layering, interlaying, and interstratification

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: Mixed–layering, interlaying, and interstratification

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Mixed–layering, interlaying, and interstratification

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: Mixed–layering, interlaying, and interstratification

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: Mixed–layering, interlaying, and interstratification

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: two or more types of clays

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Mixed–layering, interlaying, and interstratification

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: Mixed–layering, interlaying, and interstratification

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Mixed-layering does not refer to clays that have been physically mixed.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: multicomponent clays containing more than two components are very rare.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Two component clays are most common with multicomponent clays

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Mixed–layering, interlaying, and interstratification

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Two component clays

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: multicomponent clays containing more than two components are very rare.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Two component clays

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Two component clays are most common with multicomponent clays

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Mixed–layering, interlaying, and interstratification

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Mixed–layering, interlaying, and interstratification

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: multicomponent clays containing more than two components are very rare.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Mixed–layering, interlaying, and interstratification

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Mixed–layering, interlaying, and interstratification

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: multicomponent clays containing more than two components are very rare.

text: Once launched, ICON will perform a two-year mission to observe conditions in both the thermosphere and ionosphere. ICON will be equipped with four instruments: a Michelson interferometer, built by the United States Naval Research Laboratory, will measure the winds in the thermosphere; an ion drift meter, to be built by UT Dallas, will measure the motion of charged particles in the ionosphere; and two Ultraviolet imagers will observe the airglow layers in the upper atmosphere in order to determine both ionospheric and thermospheric density and composition.

text: Once launched, ICON will perform a two-year mission to observe conditions in both the thermosphere and ionosphere. ICON will be equipped with four instruments: a

text: Michelson interferometer

text: , built by the

text: United States Naval Research Laboratory

text: , will measure the winds in the thermosphere; an

text: ion drift meter

text: , to be built by

text: UT Dallas

text: , will measure the motion of charged particles in the ionosphere; and two

text: Ultraviolet

text: imagers will observe the

text: airglow

text: layers in the upper atmosphere in order to determine both ionospheric and thermospheric density and composition.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: airglow layers

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: airglow layers

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: airglow layers

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: airglow

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air in the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The ozone layer protects humans from harmful ultraviolet rays

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: U.S.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not a type of gas: ionosphere, thermosphere, or airglow?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: It is colder

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle: ions, ion drift meter, or airglow layers?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere merges gradually with outer space.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: airglow

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: airglow

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: thermosphere and ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: airglow

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: thermosphere and ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: airglow layers

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: airglow

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: winds

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: airglow

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: thermosphere and ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: winds in the thermosphere;

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: thermosphere and ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: winds in the thermosphere;

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: airglow layers

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: thermosphere and ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: ion drift meter,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: thermosphere;

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: winds in the thermosphere;

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: ionosphere;

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: airglow layers

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: thermosphere

text: The most common molecules within Earth's exosphere are those of the lightest atmospheric gasses. Hydrogen is present throughout the exosphere, with some helium, carbon dioxide, and atomic oxygen near its base. Because it can be difficult to define the boundary between the exosphere and outer space (see "Upper boundary" at the end of this section), the exosphere may be considered a part of interplanetary or outer space.

text: The most common molecules within Earth's exosphere are those of the lightest atmospheric gasses.

text: Hydrogen

text: is present throughout the exosphere, with some

text: helium

text: carbon dioxide

text: , and

text: atomic oxygen

text: near its base. Because it can be difficult to define the boundary between the exosphere and outer space (see "Upper boundary" at the end of this section), the exosphere may be considered a part of

text: interplanetary

text: or

text: outer space

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: The most common molecules within Earth's exosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: gasses

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Hydrogen is present throughout the exosphere

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: How many layers of the atmosphere are mentioned?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What causes meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earth's surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: It may be considered a part of interplanetary or outer space.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: "Upper boundary"

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: "Upper boundary"

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: lightest atmospheric gasses.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: interplanetary or outer space.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's exosphere

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: The most common molecules within Earth's exosphere

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Hydrogen is present throughout the exosphere,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: lightest atmospheric gasses.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: most common molecules within Earth's exosphere

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: The most common molecules within Earth's exosphere

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: difficult to define the boundary between the exosphere and outer space

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: lightest atmospheric gasses.

text: An OLED (organic light-emitting diode) is a light-emitting diode (LED) in which the emissive electroluminescent layer is a film of organic compound which emits light in response to an electric current.  This layer of organic semiconductor is situated between two electrodes. Generally, at least one of these electrodes is transparent. OLEDs are used to create digital displays in devices such as television screens. It is also used for computer monitors, portable systems such as mobile phones, handheld games consoles and PDAs.

text: An OLED (organic light-emitting diode) is a

text: light-emitting diode

text: (LED) in which the

text: emissive

text: electroluminescent

text: layer is a film of

text: organic compound

text: which emits light in response to an electric current.  This layer of

text: organic semiconductor

text: is situated between two electrodes. Generally, at least one of these electrodes is transparent. OLEDs are used to create

text: digital display

text: s in devices such as

text: television

text: screens. It is also used for computer monitors, portable systems such as

text: mobile phones

text: handheld games console

text: s and

text: PDAs

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: OLED

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Ozone is not a semiconductor.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: OLED

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: OLED

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earth's surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: It is warmer at the top

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not used to create digital displays in devices such as mobile phones?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: None of the above choices are true

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: OLED

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: OLED

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: An OLED

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: OLED

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: OLED

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: OLED

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: OLED

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: two electrodes.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: transparent.

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: OLED

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: An OLED

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: OLED

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: OLED

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: OLED

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: OLED

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: OLED

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: OLED

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: OLED

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: OLED

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: An OLED

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: OLED

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: An OLED

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: An OLED

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: An OLED

text: The ozone layer is higher in altitude in the tropics, and lower in altitude outside the tropics, especially in the polar regions. This altitude variation of ozone results from the slow circulation that lifts the ozone-poor air out of the troposphere into the stratosphere. As this air slowly rises in the tropics, ozone is produced as the sun overhead photolyzes oxygen molecules. As this slow circulation levels off and flows towards the mid-latitudes, it carries the ozone-rich air from the tropical middle stratosphere to the lower stratosphere middle and high latitudes . The high ozone concentrations at high latitudes are due to the accumulation of ozone at lower altitudes.

text: The ozone layer is higher in altitude in the tropics, and lower in altitude outside the tropics, especially in the polar regions. This altitude variation of ozone results from the slow circulation that lifts the ozone-poor air out of the troposphere into the stratosphere. As this air slowly rises in the tropics, ozone is produced as the sun overhead photolyzes oxygen molecules. As this slow circulation levels off and flows towards the mid-latitudes, it carries the ozone-rich air from the tropical middle stratosphere to the lower stratosphere middle and high latitudes . The high ozone concentrations at high latitudes are due to the accumulation of ozone at lower altitudes.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: altitude

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: high ozone concentrations at high latitudes are due to the accumulation of ozone at lower altitudes.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: tropics

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: polar regions

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does not have convection currents?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What causes meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle: ions, troposphere, or stratosphere?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is not a type of gas?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: mid-latitudes,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: altitude

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: ozone-poor air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: lower in altitude outside the tropics,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: polar regions.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: polar regions.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: The ozone layer is higher in altitude in the tropics,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: sun overhead photolyzes oxygen molecules.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: troposphere into the stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: The ozone layer is higher in altitude in the tropics,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: ozone layer is higher in altitude in the tropics,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: The ozone layer is higher in altitude in the tropics,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: The ozone layer is higher in altitude in the tropics,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: polar regions.

text: By volume, dry air contains 78.09% nitrogen, 20.95% oxygen, 0.93% argon, 0.04% carbon dioxide, and small amounts of other gases. Air also contains a variable amount of water vapor, on average around 1% at sea level, and 0.4% over the entire atmosphere. Air content and atmospheric pressure vary at different layers, and air suitable for use in photosynthesis by terrestrial plants and breathing of terrestrial animals is found only in Earth's troposphere and in artificial atmospheres.

text: By volume, dry air contains 78.09%

text: nitrogen

text: , 20.95%

text: oxygen

text: , 0.93%

text: argon

text: , 0.04%

text: carbon dioxide

text: , and small amounts of other gases. Air also contains a variable amount of

text: water vapor

text: , on average around 1% at sea level, and 0.4% over the entire atmosphere. Air content and

text: atmospheric pressure

text: vary at different layers, and air suitable for use in

text: photosynthesis

text: by

text: terrestrial plant

text: s and

text: breathing

text: of

text: terrestrial animal

text: s is found only in Earth's

text: troposphere

text: and in

text: artificial atmospheres

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: artificial atmospheres

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Earth's troposphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: Earth's troposphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: air content

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: only in Earth's troposphere and in artificial atmospheres

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: argon

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a gas: nitrogen, argon, or carbon dioxide?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: Air content

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: air suitable for use in photosynthesis by terrestrial plants

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: 78.09% nitrogen, 20.95%

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: 1% at sea level,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's troposphere

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: air suitable for use in photosynthesis by terrestrial plants

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Earth's troposphere

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: 0.04% carbon dioxide,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: air suitable for use in photosynthesis by terrestrial plants and breathing of terrestrial animals

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: 0.93% argon, 0.04% carbon dioxide,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: 0.93% argon,

text: In meteorology the planetary boundary layer (PBL), also known as the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL), is the lowest part of the atmosphere. Its behavior is directly influenced by its contact with a planetary surface. On Earth it usually responds to changes in surface radiative forcing in an hour or less. In this layer physical quantities such as flow velocity, temperature, moisture, etc., display rapid fluctuations (turbulence) and vertical mixing is strong. Above the PBL is the "free atmosphere" where the wind is approximately geostrophic (parallel to the isobars) while within the PBL the wind is affected by surface drag and turns across the isobars. The free atmosphere is usually nonturbulent, or only intermittently turbulent.

text: In meteorology the planetary boundary layer (PBL), also known as the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL), is the lowest part of the

text: atmosphere

text: . Its behavior is directly influenced by its contact with a

text: planetary surface

text: . On Earth it usually responds to changes in surface

text: radiative forcing

text: in an hour or less. In this layer physical quantities such as

text: flow velocity

text: , temperature, moisture, etc., display rapid fluctuations (

text: turbulence

text: ) and

text: vertical mixing

text: is strong. Above the PBL is the "free atmosphere" where the wind is approximately

text: geostrophic

text: (parallel to the isobars) while within the PBL the wind is affected by surface

text: drag

text: and turns across the

text: isobar

text: s. The free atmosphere is usually nonturbulent, or only intermittently turbulent.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: the planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: the planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: the planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: the planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: planetary surface

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The free atmosphere is usually nonturbulent

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: PBL

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: PBL

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: isobars

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: What is the lowest part of the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What is the lowest part of the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: What is the lowest part of the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: It usually responds to changes in surface radiative forcing

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: What is the lowest part of the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: None of the above choices are true

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: "free atmosphere"

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: "free atmosphere"

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: "free atmosphere"

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: "free atmosphere"

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: planetary surface.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: an hour or less.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: planetary boundary layer

text: Vertical wind shear above the jet stream (i.e., in the stratosphere) is sharper when it is moving upwards, because wind speed decreases with height in the stratosphere. This is the reason CAT can be generated above the tropopause, despite the stratosphere otherwise being a region which is vertically stable. On the other hand, vertical wind shear moving downwards within the stratosphere is more moderate (i.e., because downwards wind shear within the stratosphere is effectively moving against the manner in which wind speed changes within the stratosphere) and CAT is never produced in the stratosphere. Similar considerations apply to the troposphere but in reverse.

text: Vertical wind shear above the jet stream (i.e., in the stratosphere) is sharper when it is moving upwards, because wind speed decreases with height in the stratosphere. This is the reason CAT can be generated above the tropopause, despite the stratosphere otherwise being a region which is vertically stable. On the other hand, vertical wind shear moving downwards within the stratosphere is more moderate (i.e., because downwards wind shear within the stratosphere is effectively moving against the manner in which wind speed changes within the stratosphere) and CAT is never produced in the stratosphere. Similar considerations apply to the troposphere but in reverse.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: the tropopause

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: jet stream

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: wind speed

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: CAT is never produced in the stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does the jet stream occur in?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface is the troposphere?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere)

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: height

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: Vertical wind shear above the jet stream

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: CAT is never produced in the stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: wind speed decreases with height in the stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere)

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Vertical wind shear above the jet stream

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Vertical wind shear above the jet stream

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Vertical wind shear above the jet stream

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Vertical wind shear above the jet stream

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: CAT can be generated above the tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Vertical wind shear above the jet stream

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Vertical wind shear above the jet stream

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Vertical wind shear above the jet stream

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Vertical wind shear above the jet stream

text: Venus has an extended ionosphere located at altitudes 120–300 km. The ionosphere almost coincides with the thermosphere. The high levels of the ionization are maintained only over the dayside of the planet. Over the nightside the concentration of the electrons is almost zero. The ionosphere of Venus consists of three layers: v1 between 120 and 130 km, v2 between 140 and 160 km and v3 between 200 and 250 km. There may be an additional layer near 180 km. The maximum electron volume density (number of electrons in a unit of volume) 3 m is reached in the v2 layer near the subsolar point. The upper boundary of the ionosphere—ionopause is located at altitudes 220–375 km and separates the plasma of the planetary origin from that of the induced magnetosphere. The main ionic species in the v1 and v2 layers is O ion, whereas the v3 layer consists of O ions. The ionospheric plasma is observed to be in motion; solar photoionization on the dayside, and ion recombination on the nightside, are the processes mainly responsible for accelerating the plasma to the observed velocities. The plasma flow appears to be sufficient to maintain the nightside ionosphere at or near the observed median level of ion densities.

text: Venus has an extended

text: ionosphere

text: located at altitudes 120–300 km. The ionosphere almost coincides with the thermosphere. The high levels of the

text: ionization

text: are maintained only over the dayside of the planet. Over the nightside the concentration of the

text: electron

text: s is almost zero. The ionosphere of Venus consists of three layers: v1 between 120 and 130 km, v2 between 140 and 160 km and v3 between 200 and 250 km. There may be an additional layer near 180 km. The maximum electron volume density (number of electrons in a unit of volume) 3 m is reached in the v2 layer near the

text: subsolar point

text: . The upper boundary of the ionosphere—ionopause is located at altitudes 220–375 km and separates the

text: plasma

text: of the planetary origin from that of the induced

text: magnetosphere

text: . The main ionic species in the v1 and v2 layers is O ion, whereas the v3 layer consists of O ions. The ionospheric plasma is observed to be in motion; solar photoionization on the dayside, and ion recombination on the nightside, are the processes mainly responsible for accelerating the plasma to the observed velocities. The plasma flow appears to be sufficient to maintain the nightside ionosphere at or near the observed median level of ion densities.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: ionopause

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: ionopause

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ionopause

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: altitude

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: v1 layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Over the nightside the concentration of the electrons is almost zero

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: ionopause

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: How many layers does the ionosphere of Venus have?

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does not have convection currents?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Where does the heat that enters the mesosphere come from

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What causes meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many layers does the ionosphere of Venus have?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Which layer is closer to the subsolar point?

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles: ions, ionosphere or magnetosphere?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: How many layers does the ionosphere of Venus have?

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is not true of the ionosphere of Venus?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: ionosphere—ionopause

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: ionosphere—ionopause

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: nightside

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: Venus

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: v1

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: plasma of the planetary origin from that of the induced magnetosphere.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Over the nightside the concentration of the electrons is almost zero.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Venus has an extended ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: nightside

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Venus

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: solar photoionization

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: three

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Venus has an extended ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Venus

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: dayside

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Venus has an extended ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: ionosphere almost coincides with the thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: thermosphere.

text: Germanium dioxide, also called germanium oxide and germania, is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula GeO.  It is the main commercial source of germanium. It also forms as a passivation layer on pure germanium in contact with atmospheric oxygen.

text: Germanium dioxide, also called germanium oxide and germania, is an

text: inorganic compound

text: with the chemical formula

text: Ge

text: O

text: .  It is the main commercial source of germanium. It also forms as a

text: passivation layer

text: on pure germanium in contact with atmospheric oxygen.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: passivation layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: oxygen

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: oxygen

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: oxygen

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: cold air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: It forms as a passivation layer on pure germanium

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Germanium

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Earth's core

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What does Germanium dioxide form as a passivation layer on?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: The troposphere rises to about 50 kilometers above Earths surface.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of ion?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: None of the above choices are true

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: oxygen.

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: oxygen.

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: atmospheric oxygen.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: oxygen.

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: atmospheric oxygen.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: oxygen.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: oxygen.

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: oxygen.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: oxygen.

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: atmospheric oxygen.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: oxygen.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: atmospheric oxygen.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: oxygen.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: oxygen.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: oxygen.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: oxygen.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: oxygen.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: oxygen.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: oxygen.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: oxygen.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: oxygen.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: oxygen.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: atmospheric oxygen.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: oxygen.

text: The lowest part of the troposphere is called the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) or the planetary boundary layer (PBL) and extends from the Earth's surface to about 1.5 to 2.0 km in height. The air temperature of the atmospheric boundary layer decreases with increasing altitude until it reaches what is called the inversion layer (where the temperature increases with increasing altitude) that caps the atmospheric boundary layer. The upper part of the troposphere (i.e., above the inversion layer) is called the free troposphere and it extends up to the 18 km height of the troposphere.

text: The lowest part of the troposphere is called the

text: atmospheric boundary layer (ABL)

text: or the

text: planetary boundary layer (PBL)

text: and extends from the Earth's surface to about 1.5 to 2.0 km in height. The air temperature of the atmospheric boundary layer decreases with increasing altitude until it reaches what is called the

text: inversion layer

text: (where the temperature increases with increasing altitude) that caps the atmospheric boundary layer. The upper part of the troposphere (i.e., above the inversion layer) is called the free troposphere and it extends up to the 18 km height of the troposphere.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: the free troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: the free troposphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: altitude

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: it extends up to the 18 km height of the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: What is the lowest part of the troposphere called?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What is the lowest part of the troposphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: What is the lowest part of the troposphere?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: What is the lowest part of the troposphere?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: free troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: free troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: the inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: free troposphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: free troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: altitude

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: The air temperature of the atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 18

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: inversion layer

text: Aluminium bronzes are most valued for their higher strength and corrosion resistance as compared to other bronze alloys.  These alloys are tarnish-resistant and show low rates of corrosion in atmospheric conditions, low oxidation rates at high temperatures, and low reactivity with sulfurous compounds and other exhaust products of combustion.  They are also resistant to corrosion in sea water. Aluminium bronzes' resistance to corrosion results from the aluminium in the alloys, which reacts with atmospheric oxygen to form a thin, tough surface layer of alumina (aluminium oxide) which acts as a barrier to corrosion of the copper-rich alloy. The addition of tin can improve corrosion resistance.

text: Aluminium bronzes are most valued for their higher strength and

text: corrosion

text: resistance as compared to other bronze alloys.  These alloys are

text: tarnish

text: -resistant and show low rates of corrosion in

text: atmospheric

text: conditions, low

text: oxidation

text: rates at high temperatures, and low reactivity with

text: sulfur

text: ous compounds and other

text: exhaust

text: products of

text: combustion

text: .  They are also resistant to corrosion in

text: sea water

text: . Aluminium bronzes' resistance to corrosion results from the aluminium in the alloys, which reacts with atmospheric

text: oxygen

text: to form a thin, tough surface layer of

text: alumina

text: (aluminium oxide) which acts as a barrier to corrosion of the copper-rich alloy. The addition of

text: tin

text: can improve corrosion resistance.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: atmospheric conditions

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: atmospheric oxygen

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: oxygen content

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: oxygen

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The addition of tin can improve corrosion resistance.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: aluminium bronzes

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: How many layers of the atmosphere are mentioned?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of ion?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is not a type of alloy: aluminium, copper, or tin?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: atmospheric oxygen

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: atmospheric oxygen

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: atmospheric oxygen

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: oxygen

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: atmospheric conditions,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: oxygen

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: atmospheric oxygen

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: oxygen

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: atmospheric oxygen

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: oxygen

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: atmospheric oxygen

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: low oxidation rates

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: oxygen

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: atmospheric oxygen

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: low oxidation rates at high temperatures,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: oxygen

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: tarnish-resistant and show low rates of corrosion in atmospheric conditions,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: sulfurous compounds

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: atmospheric conditions,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: high temperatures,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: oxygen

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: oxygen

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: atmospheric conditions,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: oxygen

text: Eruption columns over  high break through the tropopause and inject ash and aerosols into the stratosphere. Ash and aerosols in the troposphere are quickly removed by rain and other precipitation, but material injected into the stratosphere is much more slowly dispersed, in the absence of weather systems. Substantial amounts of stratospheric injection can have global effects: after Mount Pinatubo erupted in 1991, global temperatures dropped by about 0.5 °C. The largest eruptions are thought to cause drops of up to several degrees, and are potentially the cause of some of the known mass extinctions.

text: Eruption columns over  high break through the

text: tropopause

text: and inject ash and

text: aerosols

text: into the

text: stratosphere

text: . Ash and aerosols in the troposphere are quickly removed by

text: rain

text: and other

text: precipitation

text: , but material injected into the stratosphere is much more slowly dispersed, in the absence of

text: weather

text: systems. Substantial amounts of stratospheric injection can have global effects: after

text: Mount Pinatubo

text: erupted in 1991, global temperatures dropped by about 0.5 °C. The largest eruptions are thought to cause drops of up to several degrees, and are potentially the cause of some of the known

text: mass extinction

text: s.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The largest eruptions are thought to cause drops of up to several degrees

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: How many layers of the atmosphere does the tropopause cover?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of some of the known mass extinctions?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles: ions, ash, or aerosols?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is not true?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Eruption columns over high break through the tropopause

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Eruption columns over high break through the tropopause

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Eruption columns over high break through the tropopause

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Eruption columns over high break through the tropopause

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: ash

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Eruption columns over high break through the tropopause

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Eruption columns over high break through the tropopause

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Eruption columns over high break through the tropopause

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: 0.5 °C.

text: The effect of mulch upon soil moisture content is complex. Mulch forms a layer between the soil and the atmosphere which prevents sunlight from reaching the soil surface, thus reducing evaporation. However, mulch can also prevent water from reaching the soil by absorbing or blocking water from light rains.

text: The effect of mulch upon soil moisture content is complex. Mulch forms a layer between the soil and the atmosphere which prevents sunlight from reaching the soil surface, thus reducing

text: evaporation

text: . However, mulch can also prevent water from reaching the soil by absorbing or blocking water from light rains.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: the soil surface

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: sunlight

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: soil

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The effect of mulch upon soil moisture content is complex.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: mountain

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: soil

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not an effect of mulch upon soil moisture content?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earth's surface is the troposphere?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Why is the top of the mesosphere warmer?

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of ion?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Why are gas molecules in the exosphere extremely cold?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: Mulch forms a layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: Mulch

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Mulch forms a layer between the soil and the atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: Mulch forms a layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Mulch forms a layer between the soil and the atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: sunlight from reaching the soil surface,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: Mulch forms a layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: sunlight

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: sunlight

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: sunlight

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: absorbing or blocking water from light rains.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: reducing evaporation.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: light rains.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: The effect of mulch upon soil moisture content is complex.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: sunlight from reaching the soil surface,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: reducing evaporation.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: absorbing or blocking water from light rains.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: absorbing or blocking water from light rains.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: absorbing or blocking water from light rains.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: sunlight from reaching the soil surface, thus reducing evaporation.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: absorbing or blocking water from light rains.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Mulch forms a layer between the soil and the atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: absorbing or blocking water from light rains.

text: The depth of the mixed layer is often determined by hydrography—making measurements of water properties. Two criteria often used to determine the mixed layer depth are temperature and sigma-t (density) change from a reference value (usually the surface measurement).  The temperature criterion used in Levitus (1982) defines the mixed layer as the depth at which the temperature change from the surface temperature is 0.5 °C.  The sigma-t (density) criterion used in Levitus (1982) uses the depth at which a change from the surface sigma-t of 0.125 has occurred. Neither criterion implies that active mixing is occurring to the mixed layer depth at all times. Rather, the mixed layer depth estimated from hydrography is a measure of the depth to which mixing occurs over the course of a few weeks.

text: The depth of the mixed layer is often determined by

text: hydrography

text: —making measurements of water properties. Two criteria often used to determine the mixed layer depth are temperature and sigma-t (density) change from a reference value (usually the surface measurement).  The temperature criterion used in Levitus (1982) defines the mixed layer as the depth at which the temperature change from the surface temperature is 0.5 °C.  The

text: sigma-t

text: (density) criterion used in Levitus (1982) uses the depth at which a change from the surface sigma-t of 0.125 has occurred. Neither criterion implies that active mixing is occurring to the mixed layer depth at all times. Rather, the mixed layer depth estimated from hydrography is a measure of the depth to which mixing occurs over the course of a few weeks.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: the mixed layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: the mixed layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: mixed layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: the mixed layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: The stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: The depth of the mixed layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: the mixed layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: sigma-t

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: active mixing is occurring to the mixed layer depth at all times

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: hydrography

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: mixed layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: temperature change

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer does not have convection currents?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: how high does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: 0.5 °C

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: What is the criterion used in Levitus (1982)?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: the exosphere

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: 0.5 °C

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: mixed layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: mixed layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: The depth of the mixed layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: mixed layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: mixed layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: mixed layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: mixed layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: water properties.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: mixed layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: active mixing is occurring to the mixed layer depth at all times.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: 0.5 °C.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: 0.5 °C.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: 0.5 °C.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: 0.5 °C.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: 0.5 °C.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: 0.5 °C.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: 0.5 °C.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 0.5 °C.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: 0.5 °C.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: 0.5 °C.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: 0.5 °C.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: 0.5 °C.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: 0.5 °C.

text: Vertical mixing is an upward movement of air that occurs based on the movement of air masses in the Planetary Boundary Layer and the resultant wind speed at the surface layer.  As air flow moves around terrain of mixed heights, lateral and vertical directional flow happens, creating turbulent structures.  Vertical mix can be detected by vertical profiles of temperature, wind speed, and wind direction, such as done in a rawinsonde.

text: Vertical mixing is an upward movement of air that occurs based on the movement of air masses in the

text: Planetary Boundary Layer

text: and the resultant wind speed at the

text: surface layer

text: .  As air flow moves around terrain of mixed heights, lateral and vertical directional flow happens, creating turbulent structures.  Vertical mix can be detected by vertical profiles of

text: temperature

text: wind speed

text: , and

text: wind direction

text: , such as done in a rawinsonde.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: Planetary Boundary Layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: Planetary Boundary Layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Planetary Boundary Layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: Planetary Boundary Layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: Planetary Boundary Layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: Planetary Boundary Layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: wind speed

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: surface layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Vertical mixing is an upward movement of air

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: surface layer

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: surface layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does not have convection currents

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What is the resultant wind speed at the surface layer?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: vertical profiles of temperature

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles called ions?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Why are gas molecules in the exosphere cold?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: Planetary Boundary Layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: Planetary Boundary Layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Planetary Boundary Layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: Planetary Boundary Layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Planetary Boundary Layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: Planetary Boundary Layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: Planetary Boundary Layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: Planetary Boundary Layer

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: surface layer.

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: Vertical mixing

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Vertical mixing

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Planetary Boundary Layer

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Planetary Boundary Layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Planetary Boundary Layer

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Vertical mixing

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Planetary Boundary Layer

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Vertical mixing

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: turbulent structures.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Planetary Boundary Layer

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Vertical mixing

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Vertical mixing

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Vertical mixing is an upward movement of air

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Planetary Boundary Layer

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: temperature,

text: The amount of air mixed with the gas stream affects the completeness of the combustion reaction.  Less air yields an incomplete and thus cooler reaction, while a gas stream well mixed with air provides oxygen in an equimolar amount and thus a complete and hotter reaction.  The air flow can be controlled by opening or closing the slot openings at the base of the barrel, similar in function to the choke in a carburettor.

text: The amount of air mixed with the gas stream affects the completeness of the

text: combustion

text: reaction.  Less air yields an incomplete and thus cooler reaction, while a gas stream well mixed with air provides oxygen in an

text: equimolar

text: amount and thus a complete and hotter reaction.  The air flow can be controlled by opening or closing the slot openings at the base of the barrel, similar in function to the

text: choke

text: in a

text: carburettor

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: The base of the barrel

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: gas stream

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: hot air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: less air yields an incomplete and thus cooler reaction

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: gas stream

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Where do convection currents occur?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earth's surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Why?

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of ion?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: less air yields an incomplete and thus cooler reaction

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: The amount of air

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: The amount of air

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: oxygen

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: gas stream

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Less air yields an incomplete and thus cooler reaction,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Less air yields an incomplete and thus cooler reaction,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Less air

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: The amount of air mixed with the gas stream

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: cooler reaction, while a gas stream well mixed with air

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: The amount of air

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Less air

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Less air yields an incomplete and thus cooler reaction,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: amount of air

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Less air yields an incomplete and thus cooler reaction,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: choke in a carburettor.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: The amount of air

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: amount of air mixed with the gas stream

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: cooler reaction,

text: The tropopause is not a "hard" boundary. Vigorous thunderstorms, for example, particularly those of tropical origin, will overshoot into the lower stratosphere and undergo a brief (hour-order or less) low-frequency vertical oscillation.<ref>{{cite journal|last1= Shenk|first1= W. E.|date= 1974|title= Cloud top height variability of strong convective cells|journal= Journal of Applied Meteorology|volume = 13|pages= 918922|publisher= American Meteorological Society| doi=10.1175/1520-0450(1974)013

text: The tropopause is not a "hard" boundary. Vigorous

text: thunderstorm

text: s, for example, particularly those of tropical origin, will

text: overshoot

text: into

text: the lower stratosphere and undergo a brief (hour-order or less) low-frequency vertical

text: oscillation

text: .<ref>{{cite journal|last1= Shenk|first1= W. E.|date= 1974|title= Cloud top height variability of strong convective cells|journal=

entity_name: Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology

text: Journal of Applied Meteorology

text: |volume = 13|pages= 918922|publisher=

text: American Meteorological Society

text: | doi=10.1175/1520-0450(1974)013

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: The tropopause

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: The tropopause

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: lower stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: lower stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: cold air in the stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The tropopause is not a "hard" boundary.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: It does not.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: The troposphere

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: The tropopause is a "hard" boundary

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: cite journal|last1= Shenk|first1= W. E.|date= 1974|title= Cloud top height variability of strong convective cells|journal= Journal of Applied Meteorology|volume= 13|pages= 918922|publisher= American Meteorological Society|doi=10.1175/1520-0450(1974)013

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How high is the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: It is colder at the top.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: What do ions contain?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere is the outermost layer of the solar system.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: The tropopause is not a "hard" boundary. Vigorous thunderstorms, for example, particularly those of tropical origin, will overshoot into the lower stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: The tropopause is not a "hard" boundary.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: The tropopause

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: tropical origin,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: lower stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: The tropopause is not a "hard" boundary.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The tropopause is not a "hard" boundary.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: lower stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: lower stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: 918922|publisher=

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Cloud top height variability of strong convective cells|journal=

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Cloud top height variability of strong convective cells|journal=

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Vigorous thunderstorms,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Cloud top height variability of strong convective cells|journal=

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: The tropopause

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Cloud top height variability of strong convective cells|journal=

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Vigorous thunderstorms,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Cloud top height variability of strong convective cells|journal=

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The tropopause is not a "hard" boundary.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Cloud top height variability of strong convective cells|journal=

text: Because there is not a significant pressure difference between the inside and the outside of the breathable-air balloon, any rips or tears would cause gases to diffuse at normal atmospheric mixing rates rather than an explosive decompression, giving time to repair any such damages. In addition, humans would not require pressurized suits when outside, merely air to breathe, protection from the acidic rain and on some occasions low level protection against heat. Alternatively, two-part domes could contain a lifting gas like hydrogen or helium (extractable from the atmosphere) to allow a higher mass density. Therefore putting on or taking off suits for working outside would be easier. Also working outside the vehicle in non pressurized suits would be easier.

text: Because there is not a significant pressure difference between the inside and the outside of the breathable-air balloon, any rips or tears would cause gases to diffuse at normal atmospheric mixing rates rather than an

text: explosive decompression

text: , giving time to repair any such damages. In addition, humans would not require

text: pressurized suit

text: s when outside, merely air to breathe, protection from the acidic rain and on some occasions low level protection against heat. Alternatively, two-part domes could contain a lifting gas like hydrogen or helium (extractable from the atmosphere) to allow a higher mass density. Therefore putting on or taking off suits for working outside would be easier. Also working outside the vehicle in non pressurized suits would be easier.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: air to breathe

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: pressure

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: shortest layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: hot air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Humans would not require pressurized suits when outside

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: balloon

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Earth's core

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does not have convection currents?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: atmospheric mixing rates

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: atmospheric mixing rates

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: pressure difference

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: atmospheric mixing rates

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: pressure difference

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: heat.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: atmospheric mixing rates

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: pressure

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: breathable-air balloon,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: heat.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: explosive decompression,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: breathable-air balloon,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: acidic rain

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: atmosphere)

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: heat.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: atmospheric mixing rates

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: heat.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: explosive decompression,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: breathable-air balloon,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: heat.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: acidic rain

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: heat.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: atmospheric mixing rates

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: hydrogen or helium

text: Exposure of the plate is done using conventional vacuum frames and light sources. Exposure times for the plate material is comparable to most conventional plates. Under exposure, IR light, controlled by the film carrier, passes through the silicone layer of the plate and strikes the photopolymer layer beneath. IR exposure activates the photopolymer, causing a break in the bond between the photopolymer and the silicone layers. The photo reaction is very precise, and the plate easily achieves resolutions as fine as six microlines, supporting a dot range from .5% to 99.5% at 175 lines per inch.

text: Exposure of the plate is done using conventional vacuum frames and light sources. Exposure times for the plate material is comparable to most conventional plates. Under exposure, IR light, controlled by the film carrier, passes through the silicone layer of the plate and strikes the photopolymer layer beneath. IR exposure activates the photopolymer, causing a break in the bond between the photopolymer and the silicone layers. The photo reaction is very precise, and the plate easily achieves resolutions as fine as six microlines, supporting a dot range from .5% to 99.5% at 175 lines per inch.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: photopolymer layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: IR light

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: IR

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The photo reaction is very precise

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: sky

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: polar regions

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: How many layers of the atmosphere are mentioned?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of ions?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Why are gas molecules in the exosphere extremely cold?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: photopolymer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: silicone layer of the plate and strikes the photopolymer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: break in the bond between the photopolymer and the silicone layers.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: silicone layer of the plate and strikes the photopolymer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: a break in the bond between the photopolymer and the silicone layers.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: photopolymer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: silicone layer of the plate and strikes the photopolymer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: IR light,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: silicone layer of the plate and strikes the photopolymer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: IR light,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: causing a break in the bond between the photopolymer

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: IR light,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: IR light,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: 175 lines per inch.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: IR light,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: silicone layer of the plate and strikes the photopolymer

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: IR light,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: IR light,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 175 lines per inch.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: IR light,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: IR light,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: silicone layer of the plate and strikes the photopolymer

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: photopolymer

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: IR light,

text: Beginning in 2010, the Stratosphere renovated several areas of the property. As part of a $20 million renovation plan, improvements were made to many hotel rooms, the casino and the main entrance area. Improvements and upgrades have also been made in the Top of the World Restaurant and Level 107 lounge.

text: Beginning in 2010, the Stratosphere renovated several areas of the property. As part of a $20 million renovation plan, improvements were made to many hotel rooms, the casino and the main entrance area. Improvements and upgrades have also been made in the Top of the World Restaurant and Level 107 lounge.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: The Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The Stratosphere renovated several areas of the property.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: the Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: the Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: the Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: $20 million renovation plan, improvements were made to many hotel rooms,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: Beginning in 2010,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Beginning in 2010,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: World Restaurant and Level 107

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: $20 million renovation plan,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Beginning in 2010,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: the Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Top of the World Restaurant and Level 107 lounge.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Top of the World Restaurant and Level 107 lounge.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Top of the World Restaurant

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: $20 million renovation plan,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Beginning in 2010,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Beginning in 2010,

text: Weather and Climate Dynamics Division (WCD)This division focuses on understanding how global processes are intertwined to create the weather and climate observed from the troposphere to the mesosphere. This includes observational and theoretical research on the interactive boundary layers; the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and its effects on climate prediction; global waves and turbulence in the stratosphere; and fine-scale turbulence in the boundary layer.

text: Weather and Climate Dynamics Division (WCD)This division focuses on understanding how global processes are intertwined to create the

text: weather

text: and

text: climate

text: observed from the

text: troposphere

text: to the

text: mesosphere

text: . This includes observational and theoretical research on the interactive boundary layers; the

text: El Niño Southern Oscillation

text: (ENSO) and its effects on climate prediction; global waves and

text: turbulence

text: in the

text: stratosphere

text: ; and fine-scale turbulence in the

text: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: global processes

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: cold air in the stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The ozone layer protects the Earth from the sun.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Which of the following is not true?

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which of the following is not a layer of the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Where does the heat that enters the mesosphere come from?

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What causes meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How high is the troposphere?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: It is colder at the bottom.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle: ions, troposphere, or stratosphere?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Which of the following is not a type of boundary layer: stratosphere, mesosphere or boundary layer?

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is not a type of gas?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: boundary layers;

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: boundary layers;

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: the troposphere to the mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: troposphere to the mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: El Ni<unk>o Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratosphere;

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: troposphere to the mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: troposphere to the mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Weather and Climate Dynamics Division

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: the troposphere to the mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: global waves and turbulence in the stratosphere;

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: fine-scale turbulence in the boundary layer.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: troposphere to the mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: El Ni<unk>o Southern Oscillation

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: troposphere to the mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: troposphere to the mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: troposphere to the mesosphere.

text: “Mesosphere” (not to be confused with mesosphere, a layer of the atmosphere) is derived from “mesospheric shell”, coined by Reginald Aldworth Daly, a Harvard University geology professor. In the pre-plate tectonics era, Daly (1940) inferred three spherical layers comprise the outer Earth: lithosphere (including the crust), asthenosphere, and mesospheric shell. Daly’s hypothetical depths to the lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary ranged from 80 to 100 km and the top of the mesospheric shell (base of the asthenosphere) from 200 to 480 km. Thus, Daly’s asthenosphere was inferred to be 120 to 400 km thick. According to Daly, the base of the solid earth mesosphere could extend to the base of the mantle (and, thus, to the top of the core).

text: Mesosphere

text: ” (not to be confused with

text: mesosphere

text: , a layer of the

text: atmosphere

text: ) is derived from “mesospheric shell”, coined by

text: Reginald Aldworth Daly

text: , a

text: Harvard University

text: geology

text: professor. In the pre-

text: plate tectonics

text: era, Daly (1940) inferred three

text: spherical

text: layers comprise the outer

text: Earth

text: lithosphere

text: (including the

text: crust

text: asthenosphere

text: , and mesospheric shell. Daly’s hypothetical depths to the lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary ranged from 80 to 100 km and the top of the mesospheric shell (base of the asthenosphere) from 200 to 480 km. Thus, Daly’s asthenosphere was inferred to be 120 to 400 km thick. According to Daly, the base of the solid earth mesosphere could extend to the base of the

text: mantle

text: (and, thus, to the top of the

text: core

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Daly’s hypothetical depths

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Daly’s hypothetical depths

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: asthenosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: spherical

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: asthenosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Daly’s asthenosphere was inferred to be 120 to 400 km thick

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: asthenosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: asteroid belt

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Daly

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many spherical layers comprise the outer Earth

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere contains charged particles called ions?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: mesosphere,

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: “mesospheric shell”,

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: 80 to 100 km

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: mesosphere,

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: 200 to 480 km.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: lithosphere (including the crust), asthenosphere,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: mesosphere,

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: three spherical

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: lithosphere (including the crust), asthenosphere,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: “Mesosphere”

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: 120 to 400 km thick.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: atmosphere)

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: “Mesosphere”

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: spherical

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: 80 to 100 km

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: three

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: 80 to 100 km

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: “mesospheric shell”,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 80 to 100 km

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: 200 to 480 km.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: 80 to 100 km

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: “Mesosphere”

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: 80 to 100 km

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: “Mesosphere”

text: At the 500 hPa level, the air temperature averages −7 °C (18 °F) within the tropics, but air in the tropics is normally dry at this level, giving the air room to wet-bulb, or cool as it moistens, to a more favorable temperature that can then support convection. A wetbulb temperature at 500 hPa in a tropical atmosphere of −13.2 °C is required to initiate convection if the water temperature is 26.5 °C, and this temperature requirement increases or decreases proportionally by 1 °C in the sea surface temperature for each 1 °C change at 500 hpa.Under a cold cyclone, 500 hPa temperatures can fall as low as −30 °C, which can initiate convection even in the driest atmospheres. This also explains why moisture in the mid-levels of the troposphere, roughly at the 500 hPa level, is normally a requirement for development. However, when dry air is found at the same height, temperatures at 500 hPa need to be even colder as dry atmospheres require a greater lapse rate for instability than moist atmospheres. At heights near the tropopause, the 30-year average temperature (as measured in the period encompassing 1961 through 1990) was −77 °C (−132 °F).  A recent example of a tropical cyclone that maintained itself over cooler waters was Epsilon  of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season.

text: At the 500 hPa level, the air temperature averages −7 °C (18 °F) within the tropics, but air in the tropics is normally dry at this level, giving the air room to

text: wet-bulb

text: , or cool as it moistens, to a more favorable temperature that can then support convection. A wetbulb temperature at 500 hPa in a tropical atmosphere of −13.2 °C is required to initiate convection if the water temperature is 26.5 °C, and this temperature requirement increases or decreases proportionally by 1 °C in the sea surface temperature for each 1 °C change at 500 hpa.Under a cold cyclone, 500 hPa temperatures can fall as low as −30 °C, which can initiate convection even in the driest atmospheres. This also explains why moisture in the mid-levels of the

text: troposphere

text: , roughly at the 500 hPa level, is normally a requirement for development. However, when dry air is found at the same height, temperatures at 500 hPa need to be even colder as dry atmospheres require a greater lapse rate for instability than moist atmospheres. At heights near the

text: tropopause

text: , the 30-year average temperature (as measured in the period encompassing 1961 through 1990) was −77 °C (−132 °F).  A recent example of a

text: tropical cyclone

text: that maintained itself over cooler waters was

text: Epsilon

text: of the

text: 2005 Atlantic hurricane season

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: moist air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: At the 500 hPa level, the air temperature averages  7 °C

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: tropics

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does convection occur in?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: What is the average temperature of the tropopause?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: moisture

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: At the 500 hPa level,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: tropics,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: dry air

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: 500 hPa

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: <unk>7 °C (18 °F) within the tropics,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: moisture in the mid-levels of the troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: <unk>7 °C (18 °F) within the tropics,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 500 hPa

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: <unk>7 °C (18 °F)

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: cold cyclone,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: <unk>77 °C

text: The sun, which drives the water cycle, heats water in oceans and seas. Water evaporates as water vapor into the air. Ice and snow can sublimate directly into water vapour. Evapotranspiration is water transpired from plants and evaporated from the soil. The water vapour molecule  has less density compared to the major components of the atmosphere, nitrogen and oxygen,  and . Due to the significant difference in molecular mass, water vapor in gas form gains height in open air as a result of buoyancy. However, as altitude increases, air pressure decreases and the temperature drops (see Gas laws). The lowered temperature causes water vapour to condense into a tiny liquid water droplet which is heavier than the air, such that it falls unless supported by an updraft. A huge concentration of these droplets over a large space up in the atmosphere become visible as cloud. Fog is formed if the water vapour condenses near ground level, as a result of moist air and cool air collision or an abrupt reduction in air pressure. Air currents move water vapour around the globe, cloud particles collide, grow, and fall out of the upper atmospheric layers as precipitation. Some precipitation falls as snow or hail, sleet, and can accumulate as ice caps and glaciers, which can store frozen water for thousands of years. Most water falls back into the oceans or onto land as rain, where the water flows over the ground as surface runoff. A portion of runoff enters rivers in valleys in the landscape, with streamflow moving water towards the oceans. Runoff and water emerging from the ground (groundwater) may be stored as freshwater in lakes. Not all runoff flows into rivers, much of it soaks into the ground as infiltration. Some water infiltrates deep into the ground and replenishes aquifers, which can store freshwater for long periods of time. Some infiltration stays close to the land surface and can seep back into surface-water bodies (and the ocean) as groundwater discharge. Some groundwater finds openings in the land surface and comes out as freshwater springs. In river valleys and floodplains, there is often continuous water exchange between surface water and ground water in the hyporheic zone. Over time, the water returns to the ocean, to continue the water cycle.

text: The sun, which drives the water cycle, heats water in oceans and seas. Water evaporates as water vapor into the

text: air

text: . Ice and snow can

text: sublimate

text: directly into water vapour.

text: Evapotranspiration

text: is water

text: transpired

text: from plants and evaporated from the soil. The water vapour molecule  has less density compared to the major components of the atmosphere, nitrogen and oxygen,  and . Due to the significant difference in

text: molecular mass

text: , water vapor in gas form gains height in open air as a result of

text: buoyancy

text: . However, as altitude increases, air pressure decreases and the temperature drops (see

text: Gas laws

text: ). The lowered temperature causes water vapour to condense into a tiny liquid water droplet which is heavier than the air, such that it falls unless supported by an updraft. A huge concentration of these droplets over a large space up in the atmosphere become visible as cloud. Fog is formed if the water vapour condenses near ground level, as a result of moist air and cool air collision or an abrupt reduction in air pressure. Air currents move water vapour around the globe, cloud particles collide, grow, and fall out of the upper atmospheric layers as

text: precipitation

text: . Some precipitation falls as snow or hail, sleet, and can accumulate as ice caps and glaciers, which can store frozen water for thousands of years. Most water falls back into the oceans or onto land as rain, where the water flows over the ground as

text: surface runoff

text: . A portion of runoff enters rivers in valleys in the landscape, with streamflow moving water towards the oceans. Runoff and water emerging from the ground (

text: groundwater

text: ) may be stored as freshwater in lakes. Not all runoff flows into rivers, much of it soaks into the ground as

text: infiltration

text: . Some water infiltrates deep into the ground and replenishes

text: aquifer

text: s, which can store freshwater for long periods of time. Some infiltration stays close to the land surface and can seep back into surface-water bodies (and the ocean) as groundwater discharge. Some groundwater finds openings in the land surface and comes out as freshwater springs. In river valleys and floodplains, there is often continuous water exchange between surface water and ground water in the

text: hyporheic zone

text: . Over time, the water returns to the ocean, to continue the water cycle.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: upper atmospheric layers

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: upper atmospheric layers

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: upper atmospheric layers

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: The boundary between the stratosphere and mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: hyporheic zone

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: upper atmospheric layers

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: density

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Vapour

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: moist air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: open air

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: clouds

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Which of the following is not a type of cloud?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: The thermosphere contains charged particles called ions

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere merges gradually with outer space.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is not a type of cloud?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: upper atmospheric layers

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: upper atmospheric layers

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: cloud particles collide, grow, and fall out of the upper atmospheric layers

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: upper atmospheric layers

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: cloud particles collide, grow, and fall out of the upper atmospheric layers

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ground level,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: upper atmospheric layers

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: nitrogen and oxygen,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: (groundwater)

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: moist air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: cloud particles collide, grow, and fall out of the upper atmospheric layers

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: air pressure decreases

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: altitude increases,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: (groundwater)

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: heats water in oceans and seas.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Air currents

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: A portion of runoff enters rivers

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: streamflow

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: surface runoff.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: as altitude increases, air pressure decreases and the temperature drops

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: surface runoff.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: cloud particles collide, grow, and fall out of the upper atmospheric layers

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: cloud particles collide, grow, and fall out of the upper atmospheric layers

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: cloud particles collide, grow, and fall out of the upper atmospheric layers

text: The temperature of the Mercury's exosphere depends on species as well as geographical location. For exospheric atomic hydrogen, the temperature appears to be about 420 K, a value obtained by both Mariner 10 and MESSENGER. The temperature for sodium is much higher, reaching 750–1500 K on the equator and 1,500–3,500 K at the poles. Some observations show that Mercury is surrounded by a hot corona of calcium atoms with temperature between 12,000 and 20,000 K.

text: The temperature of the Mercury's exosphere depends on species as well as geographical location. For exospheric atomic hydrogen, the temperature appears to be about 420 K, a value obtained by both Mariner 10 and MESSENGER. The temperature for sodium is much higher, reaching 750–1500 K on the equator and 1,500–3,500 K at the poles. Some observations show that Mercury is surrounded by a hot corona of calcium atoms with temperature between 12,000 and 20,000 K.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Mercury's exosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: equator

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: hot air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: the temperature of the Mercury's exosphere depends on species as well as geographical location

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: poles

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does not have convection currents?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle: calcium atoms or ions?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: geographical location.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: hot

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: a hot corona of calcium atoms

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Mercury's exosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: poles.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: 750–1500 K on the equator

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: 1,500–3,500 K at the poles.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: 1,500–3,500 K at the poles.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: 420 K,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: atomic hydrogen,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 750–1500 K on the equator

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: 1,500–3,500 K at the poles.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: 1,500–3,500 K at the poles.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: calcium atoms

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: 420 K,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: 420 K,

text: The Earth's atmosphere is a key factor in sustaining the ecosystem. The thin layer of gases that envelops the Earth is held in place by gravity. Air is mostly nitrogen, oxygen, water vapor, with much smaller amounts of carbon dioxide, argon, etc. The atmospheric pressure declines steadily with altitude. The ozone layer plays an important role in depleting the amount of ultraviolet (UV) radiation that reaches the surface. As DNA is readily damaged by UV light, this serves to protect life at the surface. The atmosphere also retains heat during the night, thereby reducing the daily temperature extremes.

text: The Earth's atmosphere is a key factor in sustaining the

text: ecosystem

text: . The thin layer of gases that envelops the Earth is held in place by gravity. Air is mostly

text: nitrogen

text: oxygen

text: water vapor

text: , with much smaller amounts of carbon dioxide, argon, etc. The atmospheric pressure declines steadily with altitude. The

text: ozone layer

text: plays an important role in depleting the amount of

text: ultraviolet

text: (UV) radiation that reaches the surface. As

text: DNA

text: is readily damaged by UV light, this serves to protect life at the surface. The atmosphere also retains heat during the night, thereby reducing the daily temperature extremes.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: The thin layer of gases

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: altitude

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: altitude

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The atmosphere also retains heat during the night, thereby reducing the daily temperature extremes.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: altitude

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which of the following is not a gas: nitrogen, oxygen, water vapor, or argon?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not a gas: nitrogen, oxygen, water vapor, or carbon dioxide?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Which of the following is not a type of gas: nitrogen, oxygen, or water vapor?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Which of the following is not true?

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a gas: nitrogen, oxygen, water vapor, or argon?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Which of the following is not a type of gas: nitrogen, oxygen, water vapor, or argon?

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is not a type of gas?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: atmospheric pressure declines steadily with altitude.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: atmospheric pressure declines steadily with altitude.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: Air is mostly nitrogen, oxygen, water vapor,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: heat

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: (UV) radiation that reaches the surface.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: atmospheric pressure

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: altitude.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: gravity.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: heat during the night, thereby reducing the daily temperature extremes.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: The atmospheric pressure declines steadily with altitude.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: heat during the night, thereby reducing the daily temperature extremes.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: The atmospheric pressure declines steadily with altitude.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: The atmospheric pressure declines steadily with altitude.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: atmospheric pressure declines steadily with altitude.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: argon,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The atmospheric pressure declines steadily with altitude.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: The atmospheric pressure declines steadily with altitude.

text: Atmospheric boundaries (tropopause, edge of space, plasmapause, etc.) are also natural surfaces.

text: Atmospheric boundaries

text: tropopause

text: edge of space

text: plasmapause

text: , etc.) are also natural surfaces.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: plasmapause

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: the tropopause

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The ozone layer protects the Earth from the sun.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which of the following is not a natural surface: tropopause, edge of space or plasmapause?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What causes meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Which of the following is not a natural surface?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: It is a natural surface.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: The aurora borealis occurs because of storms on Earths surface

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a natural surface?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere merges gradually with outer space.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Why are gas molecules in the exosphere extremely cold?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: (tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: (tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: (tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: (tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: (tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: (tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: (tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: natural surfaces.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: (tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: Atmospheric boundaries

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: natural surfaces.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Atmospheric boundaries

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: (tropopause, edge of space, plasmapause,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Atmospheric boundaries

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: natural surfaces.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Atmospheric boundaries

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Atmospheric boundaries

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Atmospheric boundaries

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Atmospheric boundaries

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Atmospheric boundaries

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Atmospheric boundaries

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Atmospheric boundaries

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Atmospheric boundaries

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Atmospheric boundaries

text: This layer is mainly composed of extremely low densities of hydrogen, helium and several heavier molecules including nitrogen, oxygen and carbon dioxide closer to the exobase. The atoms and molecules are so far apart that they can travel hundreds of kilometers without colliding with one another. Thus, the exosphere no longer behaves like a gas, and the particles constantly escape into space. These free-moving particles follow ballistic trajectories and may migrate in and out of the magnetosphere or the solar wind.

text: This layer is mainly composed of extremely low densities of hydrogen, helium and several heavier molecules including nitrogen, oxygen and carbon dioxide closer to the exobase. The atoms and molecules are so far apart that they can travel hundreds of kilometers without colliding with one another. Thus, the exosphere no longer behaves like a gas, and the particles constantly escape into space. These free-moving particles follow

text: ballistic trajectories

text: and may migrate in and out of the

text: magnetosphere

text: or the

text: solar wind

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: exobase

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: density

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: the exosphere no longer behaves like a gas

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: solar wind

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does not have convection currents?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: It doesn't say

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of gas: hydrogen, helium or carbon dioxide?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: exobase.

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: exobase.

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: exobase.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: exobase.

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: exobase.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: exobase.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: exobase.

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: densities

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: exobase.

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: nitrogen, oxygen and carbon dioxide closer to the exobase.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: a gas,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: solar wind.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: exobase.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: exobase.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: the exosphere no longer behaves like a gas,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: exobase.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: exobase.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: solar wind.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: free-moving particles follow ballistic trajectories

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: the particles constantly escape into space.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: extremely low densities of hydrogen, helium

text: The ABL is of the most important with respect to the emission, transport and dispersion of airborne pollutants. The part of the ABL between the Earth's surface and the bottom of the inversion layer is known as the mixing layer. Almost all of the airborne pollutants emitted into the ambient atmosphere are transported and dispersed within the mixing layer. Some of the emissions penetrate the inversion layer and enter the free troposphere above the ABL.

text: The ABL is of the most important with respect to the emission, transport and dispersion of airborne pollutants. The part of the ABL between the Earth's surface and the bottom of the inversion layer is known as the mixing layer. Almost all of the airborne pollutants emitted into the ambient atmosphere are transported and dispersed within the mixing layer. Some of the emissions penetrate the inversion layer and enter the free troposphere above the ABL.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ABL

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: airborne pollutants

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Some of the emissions penetrate the inversion layer and enter the free troposphere

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: free troposphere

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle: charged particles or ions?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Why are gas molecules in the exosphere extremely cold?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ABL.

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: free troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: mixing layer.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: free troposphere above the ABL.

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: mixing layer.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: free troposphere above the ABL.

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: free troposphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The ABL

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: The ABL

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: mixing layer.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: mixing layer.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: troposphere above the ABL.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: mixing layer.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: troposphere above the ABL.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: mixing layer.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: mixing layer.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: free troposphere

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: mixing layer.

text: The stratosphere is a region of intense interactions among radiative, dynamical, and chemical processes, in which the horizontal mixing of gaseous components proceeds much more rapidly than does vertical mixing.

text: The stratosphere is a region of intense interactions among radiative,

text: dynamical

text: , and chemical processes, in which the horizontal mixing of gaseous components proceeds much more rapidly than does vertical mixing.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: The stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: isosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: The stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: horizontal mixing

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: horizontal mixing of gaseous components proceeds much more rapidly than does vertical mixing.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: The horizontal mixing of gaseous components proceeds much more rapidly than vertical mixing.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: It's not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: The stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: The stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: The stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: vertical mixing.

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: radiative, dynamical, and chemical processes,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: vertical mixing.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: vertical mixing.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: The stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: the horizontal mixing of gaseous components

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: The stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: horizontal mixing of gaseous components proceeds much more rapidly than does vertical mixing.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: vertical mixing.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: The stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: The stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: The stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: The stratosphere

text: are isobaric surfaces. In altimetry with the International Standard Atmosphere the hypsometric equation is used to compute pressure at a given height in isothermal layers in the upper and lower stratosphere.

text: are

text: isobaric

text: surfaces. In

text: altimetry

text: with the

text: International Standard Atmosphere

text: the hypsometric equation is used to compute pressure at a given height in

text: isothermal

text: layers in the upper and lower

text: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: isothermal layers

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: isothermal layers

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: lower stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: upper troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: pressure

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: lower stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The stratosphere is not made of ozone.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Why do meteors burn up in the atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: The troposphere rises to about 50 kilometers above Earths surface.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: It does not.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere merges gradually with outer space

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Why are gases in the exosphere extremely cold?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: isobaric surfaces.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: isobaric surfaces.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: upper and lower stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: isobaric surfaces.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: lower stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: isobaric surfaces.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: isobaric surfaces.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: upper and lower stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: upper and lower stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: International Standard Atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: isobaric surfaces.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: isothermal layers

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: isobaric surfaces.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: hypsometric equation

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: hypsometric equation

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: isobaric surfaces.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: isobaric surfaces.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: isobaric surfaces.

text: Within the thermosphere above about 150 km height, all atmospheric waves successively become external waves, and no significant vertical wave structure is visible. The atmospheric wave modes degenerate to the spherical functions P with m a meridional wave number and n the zonal wave number (m = 0: zonal mean flow; m = 1: diurnal tides; m = 2: semidiurnal tides; etc.). The thermosphere becomes a damped oscillator system with low-pass filter characteristics. This means that smaller-scale waves (greater numbers of (n,m)) and higher frequencies are suppressed in favor of large-scale waves and lower frequencies. If one considers very quiet magnetospheric disturbances and a constant mean exospheric temperature (averaged over the sphere), the  observed temporal and spatial distribution of the exospheric temperature distribution can be described by a sum of spheric functions:

text: Within the thermosphere above about 150 km height, all atmospheric waves successively become external waves, and no significant vertical wave structure is visible. The atmospheric wave modes degenerate to the

text: spherical functions

text: P with m a meridional

text: wave number

text: and n the zonal

text: wave number

text: (m = 0: zonal mean flow; m = 1: diurnal tides; m = 2: semidiurnal tides; etc.). The thermosphere becomes a damped oscillator system with low-pass filter characteristics. This means that smaller-scale waves (greater numbers of (n,m)) and higher frequencies are suppressed in favor of large-scale waves and lower frequencies. If one considers very quiet magnetospheric disturbances and a constant mean exospheric temperature (averaged over the sphere), the  observed temporal and spatial distribution of the exospheric temperature distribution can be described by a sum of spheric functions:

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: The thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: The thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: no significant vertical wave structure is visible

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: elliptical orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Where do convection currents occur?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What causes meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: The troposphere rises to about

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: It is warmer at the top.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: What is the term for charged particles in the thermosphere?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: What is the temperature distribution of the exosphere?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: thermosphere above about 150 km height,

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: 150 km height,

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: waves

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: atmospheric waves

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: no significant vertical wave structure is visible.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: thermosphere above about 150 km height,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: 150 km height,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: 150 km height,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: all atmospheric waves successively become external waves,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Within the thermosphere above about 150 km height,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: 150 km height, all atmospheric waves successively become external waves,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 150 km height,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Within the thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: magnetospheric disturbances

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: The thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: all atmospheric waves successively become external waves,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: constant mean exospheric temperature

text: On 14 February 2015, Exosphere won his first race, leading by 4 lengths in the 1000m race at Kembla Grange. A fortnight later, Exosphere won the Group 2 Skyline Stakes at Warwick Farm. The Sydney Morning Herald said he "panelled his rivals. He got back in the field and worked his way to the centre of the track before unleashing a sprint that had the race settled in a matter of strides.

text: On 14 February 2015, Exosphere won his first race, leading by 4 lengths in the 1000m race at

text: Kembla Grange

text: . A fortnight later, Exosphere won the

text: Group 2

text: Skyline Stakes

text: at

text: Warwick Farm

text: . The

text: Sydney Morning Herald

text: said he "panelled his rivals. He got back in the field and worked his way to the centre of the track before unleashing a sprint that had the race settled in a matter of strides.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Skyline

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: cold air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The Sydney Morning Herald said he "panelled his rivals.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: skyline

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Earth's core

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Which of the following is not true of the troposphere?

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does Exosphere win the Group 2 Skyline Stakes at Warwick Farm

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Where does the heat that enters the mesosphere come from

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What does friction with gas molecules cause meteors to do in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earth's surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle: charged particles or ions?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: What does Exosphere mean?

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Why did Exosphere win his first race?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: Exosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: Exosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Exosphere won his first race, leading by 4 lengths

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: Exosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Exosphere won his first race, leading by 4 lengths

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: Exosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: Exosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: Exosphere

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Exosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: Exosphere won his first race, leading by 4 lengths

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: a matter of strides.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: 1000m race at Kembla Grange.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Exosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Exosphere won his first race, leading by 4 lengths

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Exosphere won his first race, leading by 4 lengths

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Exosphere won his first race, leading by 4 lengths

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Exosphere won his first race, leading by 4 lengths

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Exosphere won his first race, leading by 4 lengths

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Exosphere won his first race, leading by 4 lengths

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Exosphere won his first race, leading by 4 lengths

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Exosphere won his first race, leading by 4 lengths

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Exosphere

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Exosphere

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Exosphere won his first race, leading by 4 lengths

text: Discussion of the layers in the Earth's atmosphere is needed to understand where airborne pollutants disperse in the atmosphere. The layer closest to the Earth's surface is known as the troposphere. It extends from sea-level to a height of about 18 km and contains about 80 percent of the mass of the overall atmosphere. The stratosphere is the next layer and extends from 18 km to about 50 km. The third layer is the mesosphere which extends from 50 km to about 80 km. There are other layers above 80 km, but they are insignificant with respect to atmospheric dispersion modeling.

text: Discussion of the layers in the

text: Earth's atmosphere

text: is needed to understand where airborne pollutants disperse in the atmosphere. The layer closest to the Earth's surface is known as the

text: troposphere

text: . It extends from sea-level to a height of about 18 km and contains about 80 percent of the mass of the overall atmosphere. The

text: stratosphere

text: is the next layer and extends from 18 km to about 50 km. The third layer is the

text: mesosphere

text: which extends from 50 km to about 80 km. There are other layers above 80 km, but they are insignificant with respect to atmospheric dispersion modeling.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: 18 km to about 50 km

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: 50 km to about 80 km

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: The stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: sea-level

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The stratosphere is the next layer and extends from 18 km to about 50 km

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Which layer is closest to the Earth's surface?

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer is closest to the Earth's surface?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Which layer is closest to the Earth's surface?

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What is the third layer of the Earth's atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Which layer extends from 18 km to about 50 km?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Which layer is colder?

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which layer does not contain charged particles called ions?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: What is the last layer mentioned?

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which layer extends from sea-level to a height of about 50 km?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: The stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: 80 km.

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: 18 km to about 50 km.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: The stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: 50 km to about 80 km.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: troposphere.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: The layer closest to the Earth's surface

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere.

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: troposphere.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: 80 percent of the mass of the overall atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: troposphere.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: troposphere.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: 80 percent of the mass of the overall atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: troposphere.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: troposphere.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: troposphere.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: The stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: troposphere.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: troposphere.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: 18 km

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: troposphere.

text: In both coherent and incoherent lidar, there are two types of pulse models: micropulse lidar systems and high energy systems. Micropulse systems have developed as a result of the ever-increasing amount of computer power available combined with advances in laser technology. They use considerably less energy in the laser, typically on the order of one microjoule, and are often "eye-safe," meaning they can be used without safety precautions. High-power systems are common in atmospheric research, where they are widely used for measuring many atmospheric parameters: the height, layering and densities of clouds, cloud particle properties (extinction coefficient, backscatter coefficient, depolarization), temperature, pressure, wind, humidity, trace gas concentration (ozone, methane, nitrous oxide, etc.).

text: In both coherent and incoherent lidar, there are two types of pulse models: micropulse lidar systems and high energy systems. Micropulse systems have developed as a result of the ever-increasing amount of

text: computer

text: power available combined with advances in laser technology. They use considerably less energy in the laser, typically on the order of one

text: microjoule

text: , and are often "eye-safe," meaning they can be used without safety precautions. High-power systems are common in atmospheric research, where they are widely used for measuring many atmospheric parameters: the height, layering and densities of clouds, cloud particle properties (

text: extinction coefficient

text: , backscatter coefficient,

text: depolarization

text: ), temperature, pressure, wind, humidity, trace gas concentration (ozone, methane, nitrous oxide, etc.).

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: density

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: High-power systems are common in atmospheric research, where they are widely used for measuring many atmospheric parameters

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: High-power systems

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: clouds

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: high energy systems

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How high does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere merges gradually with outer space

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: clouds,

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: clouds,

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: coherent and incoherent lidar,

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: clouds,

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: coherent and incoherent lidar,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: (ozone,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: clouds,

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: densities of clouds,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: clouds,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: temperature,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: High-power systems

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: High-power systems are common in atmospheric research,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: clouds,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: one microjoule,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: High-power systems

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: High-power systems

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Micropulse systems

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: nitrous oxide,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: High-power systems are common in atmospheric research,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: temperature,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: High-power systems are common in atmospheric research,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: High-power systems are common in atmospheric research,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: (extinction coefficient, backscatter coefficient, depolarization),

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: (extinction coefficient,

text: Damping of the tides occurs primarily in the lower thermosphere region, and may be caused by turbulence from breaking gravity waves. A similar phenomena to ocean waves breaking on a beach, the energy dissipates into the background atmosphere. Molecular diffusion also becomes increasingly important at higher levels in the lower thermosphere as the mean free path increases in the rarefied atmosphere.

text: Damping

text: of the tides occurs primarily in the lower thermosphere region, and may be caused by

text: turbulence

text: from breaking

text: gravity wave

text: s. A similar phenomena to ocean waves breaking on a

text: beach

text: , the

text: energy

text: dissipates into the background atmosphere. Molecular

text: diffusion

text: also becomes increasingly important at higher levels in the lower thermosphere as the

text: mean free path

text: increases in the rarefied atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: lower thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: lower thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: background

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: lower thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: lower thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Damping of the tides occurs primarily in the lower thermosphere region

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: lower thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: lower thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: lower thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: None of the above choices are true

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: lower thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: lower thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: background atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: lower thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: lower thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: lower thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: Damping of the tides occurs primarily in the lower thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Damping of the tides occurs primarily in the lower thermosphere region,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: lower thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: lower thermosphere region,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: lower thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Damping of the tides occurs primarily in the lower thermosphere region,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: lower thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: lower thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: turbulence from breaking gravity waves.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Damping of the tides occurs primarily in the lower thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: lower thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: turbulence from breaking gravity waves.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: lower thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: lower thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: lower thermosphere

text: Bromotrifluoromethane, commonly known as Halon 1301, R13B1, Halon 13B1 or BTM, is an organic halide with the chemical formula CBrF. It is used for fire suppression and refrigeration. Human exposure to Halon 1301 can be toxic, affecting the central nervous system and other bodily functions. Additionally, it is known to contribute to the depletion of Earth's atmospheric ozone layer when released. As such Halon's use as a refrigerant has been virtually eliminated and alternatives are being used increasingly for fire suppression.

text: Bromotrifluoromethane, commonly known as Halon 1301, R13B1, Halon 13B1 or BTM, is an

text: organic halide

text: with the chemical formula

text: C

text: Br

text: F

text: . It is used for

text: fire suppression

text: and refrigeration. Human exposure to Halon 1301 can be toxic, affecting the central nervous system and other bodily functions. Additionally, it is known to contribute to the depletion of Earth's atmospheric

text: ozone layer

text: when released. As such Halon's use as a refrigerant has been virtually eliminated and alternatives are being used increasingly for fire suppression.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Halon's use as a refrigerant has been virtually eliminated

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Earth's

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does not contain the ozone layer?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earth's surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: How would you describe Halon?

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of halide: organic halide, halide or halide?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: What is the reason Halon's use as a refrigerant has been virtually eliminated?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: atmospheric ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: atmospheric ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: atmospheric ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's atmospheric ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: atmospheric ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: atmospheric ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Earth's atmospheric ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: ozone layer

text: Stars with an initial mass above about  quickly move away from the main sequence and increase somewhat in luminosity to become blue supergiants.  They cool and enlarge at approximately constant luminosity to become a red supergiant, then contract and increase in temperature as the outer layers are blown away.  They may "bounce" backwards and forwards executing one or more "blue loops", still at a fairly steady luminosity, until they explode as a supernova or completely shed their outer layers to become a Wolf–Rayet star.  Stars with an initial mass above about  are simply too luminous to develop a stable extended atmosphere and so they never cool sufficiently to become red supergiants.  The most massive stars, especially rapidly rotating stars with enhanced convection and mixing, may skip these steps and move directly to the Wolf–Rayet stage.

text: Stars with an initial mass above about  quickly move away from the main sequence and increase somewhat in luminosity to become blue supergiants.  They cool and enlarge at approximately constant luminosity to become a red supergiant, then contract and increase in temperature as the outer layers are blown away.  They may "bounce" backwards and forwards executing one or more "blue loops", still at a fairly steady luminosity, until they explode as a

text: supernova

text: or completely shed their outer layers to become a

text: Wolf–Rayet star

text: .  Stars with an initial mass above about  are simply too luminous to develop a stable extended atmosphere and so they never cool sufficiently to become red supergiants.  The most massive stars, especially rapidly rotating stars with enhanced convection and mixing, may skip these steps and move directly to the Wolf–Rayet stage.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: main sequence

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: main sequence

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: main sequence

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: main sequence

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: main sequence

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: main sequence

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: mass

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: main sequence

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: air in the stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Stars with an initial mass above about are simply too luminous to develop a stable extended atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: supergiant

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: red supergiant

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Why is the top of the mesosphere warmer

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of star: blue supergiants, supernovae, or red supergiants?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Why do stars with an initial mass above about never cool sufficiently to become red supergiants?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: extended atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: extended atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Stars with an initial mass above about quickly move away from the main sequence

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: extended atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Stars with an initial mass above about quickly move away from the main sequence

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: outer layers

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: extended atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: Stars with an initial mass

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: outer layers

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: Stars with an initial mass above about quickly move away from the main sequence

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: they never cool sufficiently to become red supergiants.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: red supergiant,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: outer layers are blown away.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Stars with an initial mass above about quickly move away from the main sequence

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Stars

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: convection

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Stars

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: blue supergiants.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Stars with an initial mass above about quickly move away from the main sequence

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Stars

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Stars

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Stars with an initial mass above about quickly move away from the main sequence

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Stars

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: atmosphere

text: In building services engineering and HVAC, an air-mixing plenum (or mixing box) is used for mixing air from different ductwork systems.

text: In

text: building services engineering

text: and

text: HVAC

text: , an air-mixing plenum (or mixing box) is used for mixing air from different

text: ductwork

text: systems.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: isotope

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: isosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: isotope

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: There is no ozone in the atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: polar regions

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Where do convection currents occur?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What causes meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How high does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: The top of the mesosphere is warmer than the bottom

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere is the outermost layer of the solar system.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is not a type of gas?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: air-mixing plenum

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: air-mixing plenum

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: air-mixing plenum

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: air-mixing plenum

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: air-mixing plenum

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: air-mixing plenum

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: air-mixing plenum

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: air-mixing plenum

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: air-mixing plenum

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: air-mixing plenum

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: air-mixing plenum

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: air-mixing plenum

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: air-mixing plenum

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: air-mixing plenum

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: air-mixing plenum

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: air-mixing plenum

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: air-mixing plenum

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: air-mixing plenum

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: air-mixing plenum

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: air-mixing plenum

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: air-mixing plenum

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: air-mixing plenum

text: Two volcanoes erupted during the summer of 2008 on the Eastern Aleutian Islands. On July 12, 2008, Mount Okmok erupted, and it continued to erupt for a month. A giant, rapidly moving ash and gas cloud shot up to a height of 15,240 m as a result of this eruption. Mount Kasatochi was home to the other eruption, which occurred on August 7 and 8. This eruption also sent up a gas cloud about 15,000 high. Together, these two power volcanic eruptions deposited emissions of trace gases an aerosols into the atmosphere. These emissions formed a sulfate aerosol layer that totaled a transfer of 1.6 Tg of SO into the stratosphere and disturbed flights over this area  for a short period following the eruptions.

text: Two volcanoes erupted during the summer of 2008 on the Eastern Aleutian Islands. On July 12, 2008, Mount Okmok erupted, and it continued to erupt for a month. A giant, rapidly moving ash and gas cloud shot up to a height of 15,240 m as a result of this eruption. Mount Kasatochi was home to the other eruption, which occurred on August 7 and 8. This eruption also sent up a gas cloud about 15,000 high. Together, these two power volcanic eruptions deposited emissions of trace gases an aerosols into the atmosphere. These emissions formed a sulfate aerosol layer that totaled a transfer of 1.6 Tg of SO into the stratosphere and disturbed flights over this area  for a short period following the eruptions.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: aerosol layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: gases

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: air in the stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: 1.6 Tg of SO into the stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Which of the following is not the source of heat in the troposphere?

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere is the sulfate aerosol layer?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Where does most of the heat that enters the mesosphere come from?

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: It is warmer at the top.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of ion: sulfate, stratosphere, or aerosol?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Which of the following is not a type of exosphere?

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is not a type of gas: trace gases an aerosols or stratosphere?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: sulfate aerosol layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: sulfate aerosol layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: 1.6 Tg of SO into the stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: 1.6 Tg of SO into the stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: 15,240 m

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: 2008 on the Eastern Aleutian Islands.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: 1.6 Tg of SO into the stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: 1.6 Tg of SO into the stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: ash

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 15,240 m

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: power volcanic eruptions

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: stratosphere

text: Science requirements and conceptual mission implementation have been defined for the Ionosphere-Thermosphere Storm Probes (ITSP) and the Solar Sentinels.

text: Science requirements and conceptual mission implementation have been defined for the

text: Ionosphere-Thermosphere Storm Probes

text: (ITSP) and the

text: Solar Sentinels

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: Ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The ozone layer protects the Earth from the sun.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Solar System

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which of the following is not a layer of the atmosphere: Ionosphere, Thermosphere, or Solar?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Which of the following is not a type of atmosphere: stratosphere, mesosphere or solar?

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How high does the troposphere rise above the Earth's surface?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Itsp

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not part of the Ionosphere-Thermosphere Storm Probes?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Which of the following is not a type of exosphere?

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: Ionosphere-Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: Ionosphere-Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Ionosphere-Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: Ionosphere-Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Ionosphere-Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: Ionosphere-Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: Ionosphere-Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: Ionosphere-Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Ionosphere-Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: Solar Sentinels.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Science requirements and conceptual mission implementation have been defined for the Ionosphere-Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Ionosphere-Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Ionosphere-Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Ionosphere-Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Solar Sentinels.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Ionosphere-Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Solar Sentinels.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Solar Sentinels.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Solar Sentinels.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Solar Sentinels.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Solar Sentinels.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Ionosphere-Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Ionosphere-Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Ionosphere-Thermosphere

text: Iodine oxides are chemical compounds of oxygen and iodine. The chemistry of these compound is complicated with only a few having been well characterized. Many have been detected in the atmosphere and are believed to be particularly important at in the marine boundary layer.

text: Iodine oxides are

text: chemical compounds

text: of

text: oxygen

text: and

text: iodine

text: . The chemistry of these compound is complicated with only a few having been well characterized. Many have been detected in the atmosphere and are believed to be particularly important at in the marine boundary layer.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: marine boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: marine boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: marine boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: marine boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: marine boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: marine boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: marine boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: oxygen content

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: marine boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Iodine oxides are chemical compounds of oxygen.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: marine boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: marine boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How high does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: marine boundary layer.

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: marine boundary layer.

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: marine boundary layer.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: marine boundary layer.

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: marine boundary layer.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: marine boundary layer.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: marine boundary layer.

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: oxygen and iodine.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: marine boundary layer.

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: Iodine oxides

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: only a few having been well characterized.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: marine boundary layer.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: marine boundary layer.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Iodine oxides

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Iodine oxides

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: marine boundary layer.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Iodine oxides

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Iodine oxides

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Iodine oxides

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Iodine oxides

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Iodine oxides

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Iodine oxides

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Iodine oxides

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Iodine oxides

text: Although most white dwarfs are thought to be composed of carbon and oxygen, spectroscopy typically shows that their emitted light comes from an atmosphere which is observed to be either hydrogen or helium dominated. The dominant element is usually at least 1,000 times more abundant than all other elements. As explained by Schatzman in the 1940s, the high surface gravity is thought to cause this purity by gravitationally separating the atmosphere so that heavy elements are below and the lighter above. This atmosphere, the only part of the white dwarf visible to us, is thought to be the top of an envelope which is a residue of the star's envelope in the AGB phase and may also contain material accreted from the interstellar medium. The envelope is believed to consist of a helium-rich layer with mass no more than 1/100 of the star's total mass, which, if the atmosphere is hydrogen-dominated, is overlain by a hydrogen-rich layer with mass approximately 1/10,000 of the stars total mass.

text: Although most white dwarfs are thought to be composed of carbon and oxygen,

text: spectroscopy

text: typically shows that their emitted light comes from an atmosphere which is observed to be either

text: hydrogen

text: or

text: helium

text: dominated. The dominant element is usually at least 1,000 times more abundant than all other elements. As explained by

text: Schatzman

text: in the 1940s, the high

text: surface gravity

text: is thought to cause this purity by gravitationally separating the atmosphere so that heavy elements are below and the lighter above. This atmosphere, the only part of the white dwarf visible to us, is thought to be the top of an envelope which is a residue of the star's envelope in the

text: AGB

text: phase and may also contain material accreted from the

text: interstellar medium

text: . The envelope is believed to consist of a helium-rich layer with mass no more than 1/100 of the star's total mass, which, if the atmosphere is hydrogen-dominated, is overlain by a hydrogen-rich layer with mass approximately 1/10,000 of the stars total mass.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: hydrogen-rich layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: the top of an envelope

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: hydrogen-dominated

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: heavy elements are below

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: hydrogen-dominated

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: gravity

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: hydrogen-rich layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: hydrogen or helium dominated

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: white dwarf

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: hydrogen-rich layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: what is the only part of the white dwarf visible to us

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: What is the only part of the white dwarf visible to us?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: hydrogen-rich layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: hydrogen-rich layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: heavy elements are below and the lighter above.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: hydrogen-rich layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: heavy elements are below and the lighter above.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: heavy elements

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: hydrogen-rich layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: hydrogen or helium dominated.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: helium-rich layer with mass no more than 1/100

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: heavy elements

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: 1,000 times more abundant than all other elements.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: white dwarfs

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: white dwarfs

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: 1/10,000

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: hydrogen or helium dominated.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: helium-rich layer with mass no more than 1/100

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: hydrogen or helium dominated.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: hydrogen or helium dominated.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 1/10,000

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: heavy elements are below and the lighter

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: atmosphere which is observed to be either hydrogen or helium dominated.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: hydrogen or helium dominated.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: heavy elements are below and the lighter above.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: helium-rich layer with mass no more than 1/100

text: The Solar Mesosphere Explorer (also known as Explorer 64) was a United States unmanned spacecraft to investigate the processes that create and destroy ozone in Earth's upper atmosphere. The mesosphere is a layer of the atmosphere extending from the top of the stratosphere to an altitude of about . The spacecraft carried five instruments to measure ozone, water vapor and incoming solar radiation.

text: The Solar Mesosphere Explorer (also known as Explorer 64) was a

text: United States

text: unmanned spacecraft

text: to investigate the processes that create and destroy

text: ozone

text: in Earth's upper atmosphere. The

text: mesosphere

text: is a layer of the atmosphere extending from the top of the stratosphere to an altitude of about . The spacecraft carried five instruments to measure ozone, water vapor and incoming solar radiation.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: The mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: The mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: The mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: The mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: altitude

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The Solar Mesosphere Explorer carried five instruments to measure ozone, water vapor and incoming solar radiation.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does the Solar Mesosphere Explorer cover?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What causes meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earth's surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a layer of the atmosphere extending from the top of the stratosphere to an altitude of about?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The mesosphere is a layer of the atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: How would you describe the exosphere?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: The mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: The mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: The mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: the top of the stratosphere to an altitude of about.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: The mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: top of the stratosphere to an altitude of about.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: ozone in Earth's upper atmosphere. The mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: create and destroy ozone in Earth's upper atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: The mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: about.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: incoming solar radiation.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: incoming solar radiation.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: top of the stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: top of the stratosphere to an altitude of about.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Solar Mesosphere Explorer

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: mesosphere

text: Combustion of a liquid fuel in an oxidizing atmosphere actually happens in the gas phase. It is the vapor that burns, not the liquid. Therefore, a liquid will normally catch fire only above a certain temperature: its flash point. The flash point of a liquid fuel is the lowest temperature at which it can form an ignitable mix with air. It is the minimum temperature at which there is enough evaporated fuel in the air to start combustion.

text: Combustion of a

text: liquid fuel

text: in an oxidizing atmosphere actually happens in the gas phase. It is the vapor that burns, not the liquid. Therefore, a liquid will normally catch fire only above a certain temperature: its

text: flash point

text: . The flash point of a liquid fuel is the lowest temperature at which it can form an ignitable mix with air. It is the minimum temperature at which there is enough evaporated fuel in the air to start combustion.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: oxidizing

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: oxidizing

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: gas phase

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: air in the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Combustion of a liquid fuel in an oxidizing atmosphere actually happens in the gas phase

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: gas phase

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: How many layers of the atmosphere does the atmosphere consist of?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Why is the top of the mesosphere warmer?

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles called ions?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Why are gas molecules in the exosphere extremely cold?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: Combustion of a liquid fuel in an oxidizing atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: oxidizing atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: flash point.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: oxidizing atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Combustion of a liquid fuel in an oxidizing atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: air.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: Combustion of a liquid fuel in an oxidizing atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: oxidizing

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: air.

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: air.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Combustion of a liquid fuel in an oxidizing atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: flash point.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: gas phase.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Combustion

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Combustion

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Combustion of a liquid fuel in an oxidizing atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Combustion

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Combustion

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Combustion of a liquid fuel in an oxidizing atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Combustion of a liquid fuel in an oxidizing atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Combustion of a liquid fuel in an oxidizing atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Combustion of a liquid fuel in an oxidizing atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Combustion of a liquid fuel in an oxidizing atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Combustion of a liquid fuel in an oxidizing atmosphere

text: In order to maintain indoor air quality, air handlers commonly have provisions to allow the introduction of outside air into, and the exhausting of air from the building. In temperate climates, mixing the right amount of cooler outside air with warmer return air can be used to approach the desired supply air temperature. A mixing chamber is therefore used which has dampers controlling the ratio between the return, outside, and exhaust air.

text: In order to maintain indoor air quality, air handlers commonly have provisions to allow the introduction of outside air into, and the exhausting of air from the building. In temperate climates, mixing the right amount of cooler outside air with warmer return air can be used to approach the desired supply air temperature. A mixing chamber is therefore used which has

text: dampers

text: controlling the ratio between the return, outside, and exhaust air.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: outside air

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The ozone layer protects humans from harmful ultraviolet rays.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: climate

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: outside air

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Where do convection currents occur?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What causes meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: It is warmer at the top

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of ion?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere merges gradually with outer space

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Why are gas molecules in the exosphere extremely cold?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: In order to maintain indoor air quality, air handlers

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: In order to maintain indoor air quality, air handlers

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: outside air into, and the exhausting of air from the building.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: outside air into, and the exhausting of air from the building.

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: In order to maintain indoor air quality, air handlers

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: air from the building.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: In order to maintain indoor air quality, air handlers

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: climates,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: outside air

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warmer return air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: outside air into, and the exhausting of air from the building.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: temperate climates,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: temperate climates,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: temperate climates,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: outside air into, and the exhausting of air from the building.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: temperate climates,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: outside air into, and the exhausting of air from the building.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: dampers controlling the ratio between the return, outside, and exhaust air.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: temperate climates,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: temperate climates,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: outside air into, and the exhausting of air from the building.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: outside air into, and the exhausting of air from the building.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: temperate climates,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: cooler outside air

text: In the Northern hemisphere, summer smog builds up mainly between April and October. It causes reduced visibility in cities and a visible layer, similar to fog. It also causes a health hazard to people and pollutes the troposphere's air.

text: In the Northern hemisphere, summer smog builds up mainly between April and October. It causes reduced visibility in cities and a visible layer, similar to

text: fog

text: . It also causes a

text: health

text: hazard to people and pollutes the

text: troposphere

text: 's air.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: There is no ozone in the troposphere.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: None of the above choices are true

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: fog.

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere's

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: troposphere's

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: troposphere's

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: troposphere's

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: troposphere's

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere's air.

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: troposphere's

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere's

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: summer smog

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: summer smog builds up mainly between April and October.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Northern hemisphere,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Northern hemisphere,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Northern hemisphere,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: summer smog

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: summer smog builds up mainly between April and October.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: summer smog

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: summer smog

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: summer smog

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: summer smog builds up mainly between April and October.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: summer smog

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: troposphere's

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: In the Northern hemisphere,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: In the Northern hemisphere,

text: As reported by the European Space Agency (ESA) on September 29, 2013, a new comparison of spacecraft data with computer models explains how global atmospheric circulation creates a layer of ozone () above Mars's southern pole in winter. Ozone was most likely difficult to detect on Mars because its concentration is typically 300 times lower than on Earth, although it varies greatly with location and time. The SPICAM —an UV/IR spectrometer— on board Mars Express has shown the presence of two distinct ozone layers at low-to-mid latitudes. These comprise a persistent, near-surface layer below an altitude of 30 km, a separate layer that is only present in northern spring and summer with an altitude varying from 30 to 60 km, and another separate layer that exists 40–60 km above the southern pole in winter, with no counterpart above the Mars's north pole. This third ozone layer shows an abrupt decrease in elevation between 75 and 50 degrees south. SPICAM detected a gradual increase in ozone concentration at 50 km until midwinter, after which it slowly decreased to very low concentrations, with no layer detectable above 35 km. The reporting scientists think that the observed polar ozone layers are the result of the same atmospheric circulation pattern that creates a distinct oxygen emission identified in the polar night and also present in Earth's atmosphere. This circulation takes the form of a huge Hadley cell in which warmer air rises and travels toward the south pole before cooling and sinking at higher latitudes. Mars is on a quite elliptical orbit and has a large axial tilt, which causes extreme seasonal variations in temperature amongst the northern and southern hemispheres. Mars's temperature difference greatly influences the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere, because warmer air can contain more moisture. This, in turn, affects the production of ozone-destroying hydrogen radicals.

text: As reported by the

text: European Space Agency

text: (ESA) on September 29, 2013, a new comparison of spacecraft data with computer models explains how global atmospheric circulation creates a layer of

text: ozone

text: () above Mars's southern pole in winter. Ozone was most likely difficult to detect on Mars because its concentration is typically 300 times lower than on

text: Earth

text: , although it varies greatly with location and time. The SPICAM —an UV/IR

text: spectrometer

text: — on board

text: Mars Express

text: has shown the presence of two distinct ozone layers at low-to-mid latitudes. These comprise a persistent, near-surface layer below an altitude of 30 km, a separate layer that is only present in northern spring and summer with an altitude varying from 30 to 60 km, and another separate layer that exists 40–60 km above the southern pole in winter, with no counterpart above the Mars's north pole. This third ozone layer shows an abrupt decrease in elevation between 75 and 50 degrees south. SPICAM detected a gradual increase in ozone concentration at 50 km until midwinter, after which it slowly decreased to very low concentrations, with no layer detectable above 35 km. The reporting scientists think that the observed polar ozone layers are the result of the same atmospheric circulation pattern that creates a distinct oxygen emission identified in the polar night and also present in

text: Earth's atmosphere

text: . This circulation takes the form of a huge

text: Hadley cell

text: in which warmer air rises and travels toward the south pole before cooling and sinking at higher latitudes. Mars is on a quite elliptical orbit and has a large axial tilt, which causes extreme seasonal variations in temperature amongst the northern and southern hemispheres. Mars's temperature difference greatly influences the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere, because warmer air can contain more moisture. This, in turn, affects the production of ozone-destroying hydrogen radicals.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: Hadley cell

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: layer of ozone

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: This third ozone layer shows an abrupt decrease

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: Earth's atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: 30 km

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: layer of ozone

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: latitude

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: 30 km layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: its concentration is typically 300 times lower than on Earth

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Mars

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: northern hemisphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: How many layers of the atmosphere are mentioned?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: warmer air rises

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of ozone layer: persistent, near-surface layer, or separate layer?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: no layer detectable above 35 km.

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: no layer detectable above 35 km.

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: no layer detectable above 35 km.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: no layer detectable above 35 km.

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: 35 km.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: 30 km,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: no layer detectable above 35 km.

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: latitudes.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: 30 km,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warmer air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: no layer detectable above 35 km.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Mars

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: higher latitudes.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Mars is on a quite elliptical

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: polar ozone layers

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: polar ozone layers

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: polar ozone layers

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: polar ozone layers

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: cooling and sinking at higher latitudes.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: polar night

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: polar ozone layers

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Mars

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Mars

text: Perhaps the most important processes, which are critically dependent on the correct representation of the PBL in the atmospheric models (Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project), are turbulent transport of moisture (evapotranspiration) and pollutants (air pollutants). Clouds in the boundary layer influence trade winds, the hydrological cycle, and energy exchange.

text: Perhaps the most important processes, which are critically dependent on the correct representation of the PBL in the atmospheric models (

entity_name: Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project

text: Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project

text: ), are turbulent transport of moisture (

text: evapotranspiration

text: ) and pollutants (

text: air pollutants

text: Cloud

text: s in the boundary layer influence

text: trade wind

text: s, the

text: hydrological cycle

text: , and energy exchange.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: clouds in the boundary layer influence trade winds

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: energy exchange

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earth's surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: moisture (evapotranspiration)

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: critically dependent on the correct representation of the PBL in the atmospheric models

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: (air pollutants). Clouds in the boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Clouds in the boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: PBL in the atmospheric models

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Clouds

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Clouds

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: (air pollutants).

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Clouds in the boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: (evapotranspiration)

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Clouds in the boundary layer influence trade winds,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Clouds in the boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: (evapotranspiration)

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: (evapotranspiration)

text: however, the atmospheric environment leading to their formation is not well understood. The moisture profile of the atmosphere, particularly the depth of the elevated dry layer, also appears to be important and the low-to-mid level shear may also be important.<ref name="midtropo">{{cite journal |last= Brooks |first= Harold E. |authorlink= Harold E. Brooks |author2= C. A. Doswell |author3= R. B. Wilhelmson |title= The Role of Midtropospheric Winds in the Evolution and Maintenance of Low-Level Mesocyclones |journal= Mon. Wea. Rev. |volume= 122 |issue= 1 |pages= 126–36 |date= 1994 |doi= 10.1175/1520-0493(1994)122

text: however, the atmospheric environment leading to their formation is not well understood. The moisture profile of the atmosphere, particularly the depth of the elevated dry layer, also appears to be important and the low-to-mid level shear may also be important.<ref name="midtropo">{{cite journal |last= Brooks |first= Harold E. |authorlink= Harold E. Brooks |author2= C. A. Doswell |author3= R. B. Wilhelmson |title= The Role of Midtropospheric Winds in the Evolution and Maintenance of Low-Level Mesocyclones |journal= Mon. Wea. Rev. |volume= 122 |issue= 1 |pages= 126–36 |date= 1994 |doi= 10.1175/1520-0493(1994)122

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: the elevated dry layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: the elevated dry layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Midtropospheric

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: the midtroposphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: is not well understood

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: elevated dry layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: the elevated dry layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: moisture

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: elevated dry layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: the atmospheric environment leading to their formation is not well understood

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: mid troposphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: mid troposphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: ref name="tropospheric">

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What causes meteors to burn up in the atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: It is colder at the top

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: The thermosphere contains charged particles called ions

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: ref name="exosphere">

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: What is the exosphere made of?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: elevated dry layer,

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: elevated dry layer,

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Midtropospheric Winds

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: elevated dry layer,

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Midtropospheric Winds

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: elevated dry layer,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: elevated dry layer,

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: The moisture profile

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: elevated dry layer,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: Low-Level Mesocyclones

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: the atmospheric environment leading to their formation is not well understood.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Low-Level Mesocyclones

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Low-Level Mesocyclones

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Midtropospheric Winds

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Low-Level Mesocyclones

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Midtropospheric Winds

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Midtropospheric Winds

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Midtropospheric Winds

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Low-Level Mesocyclones

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Low-Level Mesocyclones

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: the atmospheric environment leading to their formation is not well understood.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Midtropospheric Winds

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Midtropospheric Winds

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Low-Level Mesocyclones

text: Most planets known to humans are either gaseous Jovian planets or solid terrestrial planets. Terrestrial planets include Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. These inner planets have a rocky surface with metal interiors. The Jovian planets consist of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. While these planets are larger, their only land surface is a small rocky core surrounded by a large, thick atmosphere. The gas giants, Jupiter and Saturn, are thought to have surface layers composed of liquid hydrogen rather than solid land; however, their planetary geology is not well understood. The possibility of Uranus and Neptune (the ice giants) possessing hot, highly compressed, supercritical water under their thick atmospheres has been hypothesised.  While their composition is still not fully understood, a 2006 study by Wiktorowicz et al. ruled out the possibility of such a water "ocean" existing on Neptune, though some studies have suggested that exotic oceans of liquid diamond are possible. The entire surface of a rocky planet or moon is considered land, even with a lack of seas or oceans for contrast. Planetary bodies that have a thin atmosphere often have land that is marked by impact craters since atmospheric conditions would normally break-down incoming objects and erode rough impact sites. Land on planetary bodies other than Earth can also be bought and sold although ownership of extraterrestrial real estate is not recognized by any authority.

text: Most planets known to humans are either gaseous

text: Jovian planets

text: or solid

text: terrestrial planets

text: . Terrestrial planets include

text: Mercury

text: Venus

text: Earth

text: , and

text: Mars

text: . These inner planets have a rocky surface with metal interiors. The Jovian planets consist of

text: Jupiter

text: Saturn

text: Uranus

text: , and

text: Neptune

text: . While these planets are larger, their only land surface is a small rocky core surrounded by a large, thick atmosphere. The

text: gas giant

text: s, Jupiter and Saturn, are thought to have surface layers composed of

text: liquid hydrogen

text: rather than solid land; however, their

text: planetary geology

text: is not well understood. The possibility of Uranus and Neptune (the

text: ice giant

text: s) possessing hot, highly compressed, supercritical water under their thick atmospheres has been hypothesised.  While their composition is still not fully understood, a 2006 study by Wiktorowicz et al. ruled out the possibility of such a water "ocean" existing on Neptune, though some studies have suggested that exotic oceans of liquid diamond are possible. The entire surface of a rocky planet or moon is considered land, even with a lack of seas or oceans for contrast. Planetary bodies that have a thin atmosphere often have land that is marked by impact craters since atmospheric conditions would normally break-down incoming objects and erode rough impact sites. Land on planetary bodies other than Earth can also be bought and sold although ownership of

text: extraterrestrial real estate

text: is not recognized by any authority.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: The troposphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: thin atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: Earth's surface

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: hot air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: ownership of extraterrestrial real estate is not recognized by any authority.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Jovian planets

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Jovian planets

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does not have convection currents?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which planets have a rocky core surrounded by a large, thick atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: thick

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: thick

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: impact craters

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: thick

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: impact craters

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: thin

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: thin

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: thin

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: thin

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: hot, highly compressed, supercritical water

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: ownership of extraterrestrial real estate is not recognized by any authority.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Mars.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: thin

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Mars.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Jovian planets

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: thick atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: ownership of extraterrestrial real estate is not recognized by any authority.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: gaseous Jovian planets

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: ownership of extraterrestrial real estate is not recognized by any authority.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: hot, highly compressed, supercritical water

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Mars.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: ownership of extraterrestrial real estate is not recognized by any authority.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: extraterrestrial real estate is not recognized by any authority.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: liquid hydrogen

text: Indium acetylacetonate and tin(II) acetylacetonate can be used to prepare indium‐tin oxide thin films with an atmospheric‐pressure chemical vapor deposition method. The resulting thin films are transparent and conductive, with a thickness of about 200 nanometers. Copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS) can also be produced with indium acetylacetonate. Thin-film CIGS solar cells are synthesized with atomic layer chemical vapour deposition (ALCVD) using In(acac) and hydrogen sulfide.

text: Indium acetylacetonate and tin(II) acetylacetonate can be used to prepare indium‐tin oxide thin films with an atmospheric‐pressure

text: chemical vapor deposition

text: method. The resulting thin films are transparent and conductive, with a thickness of about 200 nanometers. Copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS) can also be produced with indium acetylacetonate. Thin-film CIGS solar cells are synthesized with atomic layer chemical vapour deposition (ALCVD) using In(acac) and hydrogen sulfide.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: atmospheric

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: atmospheric pressure

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: atmospheric

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: air in the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The resulting thin films are transparent and conductive

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: atmospheric pressure

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: How many layers of the atmosphere are mentioned?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: The troposphere rises to about 50 kilometers above Earths surface.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: The thermosphere contains charged particles called ions.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: exosphere merges gradually with outer space

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: atmospheric<unk>pressure chemical vapor deposition method.

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: atmospheric

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Indium acetylacetonate

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: atmospheric

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Indium acetylacetonate

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: 200 nanometers.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: atmospheric<unk>pressure chemical vapor deposition method.

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: atomic layer

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: 200 nanometers.

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: Indium acetylacetonate

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: 200 nanometers.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: atmospheric<unk>pressure chemical vapor deposition method.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: atmospheric<unk>pressure chemical vapor deposition method.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Indium acetylacetonate

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: 200 nanometers.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: 200 nanometers.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Indium acetylacetonate

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: 200 nanometers.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 200 nanometers.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Indium acetylacetonate

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Indium acetylacetonate

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Indium acetylacetonate

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: 200 nanometers.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: 200 nanometers.

text: The ozone layer is extremely important to modern life as it absorbs harmful ultraviolet radiation:

text: The ozone layer is extremely important to modern life as it absorbs harmful

text: ultraviolet

text: radiation:

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: isotopes

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The ozone layer protects humans from harmful ultraviolet radiation.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: sky

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which of the following is not a layer?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What does the ozone layer do?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Which of the following is not a type of layer?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: The top of the mesosphere is warmer than the bottom.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: the ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: None of the above choices are right.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere is the outer layer of the solar system.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is true of the exosphere?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: ultraviolet radiation:

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The ozone layer is extremely important to modern life

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: The ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: The ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: The ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: The ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: The ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: The ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: The ozone layer

text: In 1930 Thomas Midgley, Jr. discovered dichlorodifluoromethane, a chlorinated fluorocarbon (CFC) known as freon. CFCs rapidly replaced traditional refrigerant substances, including CO (which proved hard to compress for domestic use), for use in heat pumps and refrigerators. But from the 1980s CFCs began to lose favor as refrigerant when their damaging effects on the ozone layer were discovered. Two alternative types of refrigerant, hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), also lost favour when they were identified as greenhouse gases (additionally, HCFCs were found to be more damaging to the ozone layer than originally thought).  The Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, the Montreal Protocol and the Kyoto Protocol call for the complete abandonment of such refrigerants by 2030.

text: In 1930

text: Thomas Midgley, Jr.

text: discovered dichlorodifluoromethane, a chlorinated fluorocarbon (

text: CFC

text: ) known as

text: freon

text: . CFCs rapidly replaced traditional refrigerant substances, including CO (which proved hard to compress for domestic use), for use in

text: heat pumps

text: and

text: refrigerators

text: . But from the 1980s CFCs began to lose favor as refrigerant when their damaging effects on the

text: ozone layer

text: were discovered. Two alternative types of refrigerant, hydrofluorocarbons (

text: HFCs

text: ) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (

text: HCFCs

text: ), also lost favour when they were identified as

text: greenhouse gases

text: (additionally, HCFCs were found to be more damaging to the ozone layer than originally thought).  The

text: Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer

text: , the

text: Montreal Protocol

text: and the

text: Kyoto Protocol

text: call for the complete abandonment of such refrigerants by 2030.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: greenhouse gases

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: HCFCs were found to be more damaging to the ozone layer than originally thought

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: greenhouse gases

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: U.S.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: How many layers of the atmosphere does convection occur in?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: The top of the mesosphere is warmer

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of refrigerant: HFCs, hydrofluorocarbons, or HCFCs?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is not a type of refrigerant?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: heat pumps

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: originally thought).

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: 2030.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: dichlorodifluoromethane,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: dichlorodifluoromethane,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: freon.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: dichlorodifluoromethane,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: dichlorodifluoromethane,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: freon.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: 2030.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: dichlorodifluoromethane,

text: The zinc sulfate layer was clear in contrast to the deep blue copper sulfate layer, which allowed a technician to measure the battery life with a glance. On the other hand, this setup meant the battery could be used only in a stationary appliance, else the solutions would mix or spill. Another disadvantage was that a current had to be continually drawn to keep the two solutions from mixing by diffusion, so it was unsuitable for intermittent use.

text: The zinc sulfate layer was clear in contrast to the deep blue copper sulfate layer, which allowed a technician to measure the battery life with a glance. On the other hand, this setup meant the battery could be used only in a stationary appliance, else the solutions would mix or spill. Another disadvantage was that a current had to be continually drawn to keep the two solutions from mixing by diffusion, so it was unsuitable for intermittent use.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: copper sulfate

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: zonal

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: copper sulfate

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The zinc sulfate layer was clear in contrast to the deep blue copper

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: sky

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: coldest areas

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: what is the first place mentioned?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: None of the above choices are true

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: The zinc sulfate layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: The zinc sulfate layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: The zinc sulfate layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: The zinc sulfate layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: The zinc sulfate layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: deep blue copper sulfate layer,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: The zinc sulfate layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: copper sulfate layer,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: deep blue copper sulfate layer,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: diffusion,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: a technician to measure the battery life with a glance.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: battery could be used only in a stationary appliance,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stationary appliance,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: intermittent use.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unsuitable for intermittent use.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: deep blue copper sulfate layer,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: intermittent use.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unsuitable for intermittent use.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: unsuitable for intermittent use.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: The zinc sulfate layer

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: intermittent use.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: The zinc sulfate

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The zinc sulfate layer

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: deep blue copper sulfate layer,

text: The atmosphere of Jupiter lacks a clear lower boundary and gradually transitions into the liquid interior of the planet. From lowest to highest, the atmospheric layers are the troposphere, stratosphere, thermosphere and exosphere. Each layer has characteristic temperature gradients. The lowest layer, the troposphere, has a complicated system of clouds and hazes, comprising layers of ammonia, ammonium hydrosulfide and water. The upper ammonia clouds visible at Jupiter's surface are organized in a dozen zonal bands parallel to the equator and are bounded by powerful zonal atmospheric flows (winds) known as jets. The bands alternate in color: the dark bands are called belts, while light ones are called zones. Zones, which are colder than belts, correspond to upwellings, while belts mark descending air. The zones' lighter color is believed to result from ammonia ice; what gives the belts their darker colors is not known with certainty. The origins of the banded structure and jets are not well understood, though two models exist. The shallow model holds that they are surface phenomena overlaying a stable interior. In the deep model, the bands and jets are just surface manifestations of deep circulation in Jupiter's mantle of molecular hydrogen, which is organized into cylinders.

text: The atmosphere of Jupiter lacks a clear lower boundary and gradually transitions into the liquid interior of the planet. From lowest to highest, the atmospheric layers are the

text: troposphere

text: stratosphere

text: thermosphere

text: and

text: exosphere

text: . Each layer has characteristic

text: temperature gradient

text: s. The lowest layer, the troposphere, has a complicated system of clouds and hazes, comprising layers of ammonia,

text: ammonium hydrosulfide

text: and water. The upper ammonia clouds visible at Jupiter's surface are organized in a dozen

text: zonal

text: bands parallel to the

text: equator

text: and are bounded by powerful zonal atmospheric flows (winds) known as jets. The bands alternate in color: the dark bands are called belts, while light ones are called zones. Zones, which are colder than belts, correspond to upwellings, while belts mark descending air. The zones' lighter color is believed to result from ammonia ice; what gives the belts their darker colors is not known with certainty. The origins of the banded structure and jets are not well understood, though two models exist. The shallow model holds that they are surface phenomena overlaying a stable interior. In the deep model, the bands and jets are just surface manifestations of deep circulation in Jupiter's

text: mantle

text: of molecular hydrogen, which is organized into cylinders.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: lacks a clear lower boundary

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature gradients

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The zones' lighter color is believed to result from ammonia ice

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: equatorial

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer has characteristic temperature gradients?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which layer contains charged particles called ions?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which layer has characteristic temperature gradients?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere, thermosphere and exosphere.

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: exosphere.

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: lacks a clear lower boundary

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: exosphere.

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: lower boundary

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: thermosphere and exosphere.

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature gradients.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: upwellings, while belts mark descending air.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: a stable interior.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: troposphere, stratosphere, thermosphere and exosphere.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Zones,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Jupiter

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: ammonia,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Each layer has characteristic temperature gradients.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: jets.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: jets.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Jupiter

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: zones. Zones,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: powerful zonal atmospheric flows

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: troposphere, stratosphere, thermosphere and exosphere.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The atmosphere of Jupiter

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Zones,

text: The atmospheric pressure at the top of the stratosphere is roughly 1/1000 the pressure at sea level. It contains the ozone layer, which is the part of Earth's atmosphere that contains relatively high concentrations of that gas. The stratosphere defines a layer in which temperatures rise with increasing altitude. This rise in temperature is caused by the absorption of ultraviolet radiation (UV) radiation from the Sun by the ozone layer, which restricts turbulence and mixing. Although the temperature may be  at the tropopause, the top of the stratosphere is much warmer, and may be near 0 °C.

text: The atmospheric pressure at the top of the stratosphere is roughly 1/1000 the pressure at

text: sea level

text: . It contains the ozone layer, which is the part of Earth's atmosphere that contains relatively high concentrations of that gas. The stratosphere defines a layer in which temperatures rise with increasing altitude. This rise in temperature is caused by the absorption of

text: ultraviolet radiation

text: (UV) radiation from the Sun by the

text: ozone layer

text: , which restricts turbulence and mixing. Although the temperature may be  at the tropopause, the top of the stratosphere is much warmer, and may be near 0 °C.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: altitude

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: the stratosphere is much warmer, and may be near 0 °C.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer does not contain the ozone layer?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: It does not say

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What causes meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles: ions, stratosphere, or tropopause?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Which of the following is not true of the stratosphere?

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: None of the above choices are true

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: altitude.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warmer,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: 0 °C.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: The stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: ultraviolet radiation (UV) radiation

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: temperatures rise with increasing altitude.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 1/1000 the pressure at sea level.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: 1/1000 the pressure at sea level.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: 0 °C.

text: The thickness of a fog layer is largely determined by the altitude of the inversion boundary, which in coastal or oceanic locales is also the top of the marine layer, above which the air mass is warmer and drier. The inversion boundary varies its altitude primarily in response to the weight of the air above it, which is measured in terms of atmospheric pressure. The marine layer, and any fogbank it may contain, will be "squashed" when the pressure is high, and conversely, may expand upwards when the pressure above it is lowering.

text: The thickness of a fog layer is largely determined by the altitude of the inversion boundary, which in coastal or oceanic locales is also the top of the

text: marine layer

text: , above which the air mass is warmer and drier. The inversion boundary varies its altitude primarily in response to the weight of the air above it, which is measured in terms of atmospheric pressure. The marine layer, and any fogbank it may contain, will be "squashed" when the pressure is high, and conversely, may expand upwards when the pressure above it is lowering.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: marine layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: marine layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: inversion boundary

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: marine layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: inversion boundary

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: marine layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: marine layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: altitude

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: marine layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The marine layer, and any fogbank it may contain, will be "squashed"

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: marine layer

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: marine layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: marine layer,

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: marine layer,

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: inversion boundary,

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: marine layer,

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: inversion boundary,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: marine layer,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: marine layer,

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: atmospheric pressure.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: marine layer,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warmer

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: warmer and drier.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: inversion boundary,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: marine layer,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: atmospheric pressure.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: warmer and drier.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: marine layer,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: marine layer,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: atmospheric pressure.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: thickness of a fog layer is largely determined by the altitude

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: marine layer,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: lowering.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: atmospheric pressure.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: atmospheric pressure.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: marine layer,

text: A supernova is a cataclysmic explosion of a star. Within the Milky Way galaxy, supernova explosions occur on average once every 40 years. During the history of the Earth, multiple such events have likely occurred within a distance of 100 light years. Explosions inside this distance can contaminate the planet with radioisotopes and possibly impact the biosphere. Gamma rays emitted by a supernova react with nitrogen in the atmosphere, producing nitrous oxides. These molecules cause a depletion of the ozone layer that protects the surface from ultraviolet radiation from the Sun. An increase in UV-B radiation of only 10–30% is sufficient to cause a significant impact to life; particularly to the phytoplankton that form the base of the oceanic food chain. A supernova explosion at a distance of 26 light years will reduce the ozone column density by half. On average, a supernova explosion occurs within 32 light years once every few hundred million years, resulting in a depletion of the ozone layer lasting several centuries. Over the next two billion years, there will be about 20 supernova explosions and one gamma ray burst that will have a significant impact on the planet's biosphere.

text: A

text: supernova

text: is a cataclysmic explosion of a star. Within the Milky Way galaxy, supernova explosions occur on average once every 40 years. During the history of the Earth, multiple such events have likely occurred within a distance of 100 light years. Explosions inside this distance can contaminate the planet with

text: radioisotope

text: s and possibly impact the biosphere.

text: Gamma ray

text: s emitted by a supernova react with nitrogen in the atmosphere, producing

text: nitrous oxide

text: s. These molecules cause a depletion of the

text: ozone layer

text: that protects the surface from

text: ultraviolet

text: radiation from the Sun. An increase in

text: UV-B

text: radiation of only 10–30% is sufficient to cause a significant impact to life; particularly to the

text: phytoplankton

text: that form the base of the oceanic

text: food chain

text: . A supernova explosion at a distance of 26 light years will reduce the ozone column density by half. On average, a supernova explosion occurs within 32 light years once every few hundred million years, resulting in a depletion of the ozone layer lasting several centuries. Over the next two billion years, there will be about 20 supernova explosions and one

text: gamma ray burst

text: that will have a significant impact on the planet's biosphere.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: biosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: UV-B

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: air in the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The ozone layer protects the surface from ultraviolet radiation from the Sun.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Milky Way galaxy

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does not have convection currents?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many light years will reduce the ozone column density?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles: ions, gamma rays, or ozone?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is not true of the exosphere?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: 100 light years.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: 100 light years.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: nitrogen in the atmosphere, producing nitrous oxides.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: 26 light years will reduce the ozone column density by half.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: nitrous oxides.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: nitrous oxides.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Milky Way galaxy,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: ultraviolet radiation

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: nitrous oxides.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: nitrous oxides.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 100 light years.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: nitrous oxides.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: nitrous oxides.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: nitrous oxides.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: 100 light years.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: nitrous oxides.

text: Over land, intense, rapid solar heating of the land surface results in heating of the lowest layers of the atmosphere via reradiated energy in the infrared spectrum.  The resulting hotter air is less dense than surrounding cooler air.  This, combined with the rising of the hot air, results in the formation of a low pressure area.  Elevated areas can enhance the strength of the thermal low as they warm more quickly than the atmosphere which surrounds them at the same altitude.   Over the water, instability lows form during the winter when the air overlying the land is colder than the warmer water body.  Thermal lows tend to have weak circulations, and can extend to  in height.  Thermal lows over the western and southern portions of North America, northern Africa, and southeast Asia are strong enough to lead to summer monsoon conditions.  Development of thermal lows inland of the coastline lead to the development of sea breezes.  Sea breezes combined with rugged topography near the coast can encourage poor air quality.

text: Over land, intense, rapid solar heating of the land surface results in heating of the lowest layers of the atmosphere via reradiated energy in the infrared spectrum.  The resulting hotter air is less dense than surrounding cooler air.  This, combined with the rising of the hot air, results in the formation of a low pressure area.  Elevated areas can enhance the strength of the thermal low as they warm more quickly than the atmosphere which surrounds them at the same altitude.   Over the water, instability lows form during the winter when the air overlying the land is colder than the warmer water body.  Thermal lows tend to have weak circulations, and can extend to  in height.  Thermal lows over the western and southern portions of North America, northern Africa, and southeast Asia are strong enough to lead to summer

text: monsoon

text: conditions.  Development of thermal lows inland of the coastline lead to the development of

text: sea breeze

text: s.  Sea breezes combined with rugged topography near the coast can encourage poor air quality.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: thermal lows

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: infrared

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: the lowest layers

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: altitude

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: land surface

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: hot air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Sea breezes combined with rugged topography near the coast can encourage poor air quality

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: land

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: lowest layers

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does not have convection currents?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere contains charged particles called ions?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is not a type of gas?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: lowest layers

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: lowest layers

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: atmosphere via reradiated energy in the infrared spectrum.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: infrared spectrum.

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: atmosphere via reradiated energy in the infrared spectrum.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: heating

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: infrared spectrum.

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: land,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: infrared spectrum.

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: hotter air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Over land,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: thermal low

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Over the water,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: infrared spectrum.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: intense, rapid solar heating

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: lowest layers of the atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: solar heating

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: low pressure area.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Elevated areas can enhance the strength of the thermal low

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Elevated areas can enhance the strength of the thermal low

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: intense, rapid solar heating

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: infrared spectrum.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: atmosphere via reradiated energy in the infrared spectrum.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: instability lows

text: After freshening, Exosphere contested the T J Smith Stakes, finishing 9 lengths behind winner Chautauqua. Jockey James Mcdonald noted, "I got him out and he just did nothing."

text: After freshening, Exosphere contested the

text: T J Smith Stakes

text: , finishing 9 lengths behind winner Chautauqua. Jockey James Mcdonald noted, "I got him out and he just did nothing."

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: Exosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: Exosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Exosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: cold air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Exosphere is a horse.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Exosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Exosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: orbiting

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How high does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: it is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle: charged particles or ions?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: Exosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: Exosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Exosphere contested the T J Smith Stakes,

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: Exosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Exosphere contested the T J Smith Stakes,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: Exosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: Exosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: freshening,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Exosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: T J Smith Stakes,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: he just did nothing."

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: T J Smith Stakes,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: T J Smith Stakes,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Exosphere contested the T J Smith Stakes,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Exosphere contested the T J Smith Stakes,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Exosphere contested the T J Smith Stakes,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Exosphere contested the T J Smith Stakes,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Exosphere contested the T J Smith Stakes,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Exosphere contested the T J Smith Stakes,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Exosphere contested the T J Smith Stakes,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Exosphere contested the T J Smith Stakes,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Exosphere contested the T J Smith Stakes,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Exosphere

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Exosphere contested the T J Smith Stakes,

text: Helium and hydrogen are two gases whose Joule–Thomson inversion temperatures at a pressure of one atmosphere are very low (e.g., about 45 K (−228 °C) for helium).  Thus, helium and hydrogen warm when expanded at constant enthalpy at typical room temperatures.  On the other hand, nitrogen and oxygen, the two most abundant gases in air, have inversion temperatures of 621 K (348 °C) and 764 K (491 °C) respectively: these gases can be cooled from room temperature by the Joule–Thomson effect.

text: Helium

text: and

text: hydrogen

text: are two gases whose Joule–Thomson inversion temperatures at a pressure of one

text: atmosphere

text: are very low (e.g., about 45 K (−228 °C) for helium).  Thus, helium and hydrogen warm when expanded at constant enthalpy at typical room temperatures.  On the other hand,

text: nitrogen

text: and

text: oxygen

text: , the two most abundant gases in air, have inversion temperatures of 621 K (348 °C) and 764 K (491 °C) respectively: these gases can be cooled from room temperature by the Joule–Thomson effect.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: gases

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: nitrogen

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: the Joule–Thomson effect.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: nitrogen and oxygen

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: nitrogen and oxygen

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: How many layers of the atmosphere are mentioned?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: what is the second to last gas mentioned?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: helium and hydrogen

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: What does the Joule–Thomson effect do?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: helium and hydrogen

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: air,

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: air,

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Joule–Thomson inversion temperatures

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: air,

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Joule–Thomson inversion temperatures

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: nitrogen and oxygen, the two most abundant gases in air,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: air,

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: pressure

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: nitrogen and oxygen,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: nitrogen and oxygen,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: cooled from room temperature by the Joule–Thomson effect.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Joule–Thomson effect.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: nitrogen and oxygen,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: 45 K (<unk>228 °C) for helium).

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: nitrogen and oxygen,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: nitrogen and oxygen,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: helium and hydrogen warm when expanded at constant enthalpy

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: helium and hydrogen warm when expanded at constant enthalpy

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 45 K (<unk>228 °C) for helium).

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: helium and hydrogen warm when expanded at constant enthalpy

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: 45 K (<unk>228 °C) for helium).

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: nitrogen and oxygen,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: 45 K (<unk>228 °C) for helium).

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Joule–Thomson inversion temperatures

text: Bulk WS forms dark gray hexagonal crystals with a layered structure.  Like the closely related MoS,  it exhibits properties of a dry lubricant. It is chemically fairly inert but is attacked by a mixture of nitric and hydrofluoric acids. When heated in oxygen-containing atmosphere, WS converts to tungsten trioxide. When heated in absence of oxygen, WS does not melt but decomposes to tungsten and sulfur, but only at 1250 °C.

text: Bulk WS forms dark gray hexagonal crystals with a layered structure.  Like the closely related MoS,  it exhibits properties of a

text: dry lubricant

text: . It is chemically fairly inert but is attacked by a mixture of

text: nitric

text: and

text: hydrofluoric acid

text: s. When heated in oxygen-containing atmosphere, WS converts to

text: tungsten trioxide

text: . When heated in absence of oxygen, WS does not melt but decomposes to tungsten and sulfur, but only at 1250 °C.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: oxygen-containing atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: oxygen content

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: absence of oxygen

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: When heated in oxygen-containing atmosphere, WS converts to tungsten trioxide

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: absence of oxygen

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does not contain oxygen?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What causes meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Why?

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of atmosphere: oxygen-containing atmosphere, tungsten trioxide or sulfur?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: How would you describe the exosphere?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: oxygen-containing atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: oxygen-containing atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: layered structure.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: oxygen-containing

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: WS forms dark gray hexagonal crystals with a layered structure.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: oxygen,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: oxygen-containing atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: oxygen-containing

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: oxygen-containing

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: oxygen,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: oxygen-containing atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: 1250 °C.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: absence of oxygen,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: 1250 °C.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: nitric and hydrofluoric acids.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: oxygen-containing atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: nitric and hydrofluoric acids.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: oxygen-containing atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 1250 °C.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: oxygen-containing atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: nitric and hydrofluoric acids.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: oxygen-containing atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: 1250 °C.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: 1250 °C.

text: Above all, Porcupine Tree's music has maintained a strong textural and experimental quality, often fusing many genres in a single track. The band's work is noted for its atmospheric nature, largely due to Barbieri's keyboard style and sound-processing abilities, and Wilson's cinematic scope, as a declared fan of American filmmaker David Lynch, whose films are renowned for their sonic content. "Very layered, very produced, very arranged and [with] complex arrangements" is the way Wilson describes the sound of the band. Apart from their regular edition, the albums Stupid Dream, Lightbulb Sun, In Absentia, Deadwing, Fear of a Blank Planet and The Incident are available in DTS (5.1 Surround Sound) mix; this mixing technique has become a tradition for the band in recent years.

text: Above all, Porcupine Tree's music has maintained a strong textural and experimental quality, often fusing many genres in a single track. The band's work is noted for its

text: atmospheric

text: nature, largely due to Barbieri's keyboard style and sound-processing abilities, and Wilson's cinematic scope, as a declared fan of American filmmaker

text: David Lynch

text: , whose films are renowned for their sonic content. "Very layered, very produced, very arranged and [with] complex arrangements" is the way Wilson describes the sound of the band. Apart from their regular edition, the albums Stupid Dream, Lightbulb Sun, In Absentia, Deadwing, Fear of a Blank Planet and The Incident are available in

text: DTS

text: (5.1 Surround Sound) mix; this mixing technique has become a tradition for the band in recent years.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: 5.1 Surround Sound

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: atmospheric conditions

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Lightbulb Sun

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air in the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: atmospheric nature

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Earth's atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: not mentioned

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unknown

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: None

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: atmospheric nature,

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: "Very layered,

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: atmospheric nature,

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: atmospheric nature,

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: DTS

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: "Very layered,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: atmospheric nature,

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: sound-processing

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Lightbulb Sun,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: DTS

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Above all, Porcupine Tree's

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Planet

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Planet

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Planet

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Lightbulb Sun,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: DTS

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: DTS

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: DTS

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: DTS

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: atmospheric nature,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: atmospheric nature,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: DTS

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: atmospheric nature,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: DTS

text: The British measured boost pressure as lbf/in² (psi). The normal atmospheric pressure at sea level is 14.7 psi, so a reading of +6 means that the air/fuel mix is being compressed by a supercharger blower to 20.7 psi before entering the engine; +25 means that the air/fuel mix is now being compressed to 39.7 psi.

text: The British measured boost pressure as lbf/in² (psi). The normal atmospheric pressure at sea level is 14.7 psi, so a reading of +6 means that the air/fuel mix is being compressed by a supercharger blower to 20.7 psi before entering the engine; +25 means that the air/fuel mix is now being compressed to 39.7 psi.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: isosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: sea level

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: pressure

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: sea

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The British measured boost pressure as lbf/in2

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: polar regions

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Where do convection currents occur?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Where does the heat enter the mesosphere?

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What causes meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earth's surface is the troposphere?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of ion?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere merges gradually with outer space.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Why is the exosphere cold?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: sea level

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: sea level

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: atmospheric pressure at sea level

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: sea level

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: atmospheric pressure at sea level

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: sea level

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: sea level

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: atmospheric pressure at sea level

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: sea level

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: air/fuel

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The normal atmospheric pressure at sea level

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: The normal atmospheric pressure at sea level

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: sea level

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: The British measured boost pressure as lbf/in2

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: 14.7 psi, so a reading of +6

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: The British measured boost pressure as lbf/in2

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: The British measured boost pressure

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: The British measured boost pressure

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: sea level

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: 14.7 psi, so a reading of +6

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: The British measured boost pressure as lbf/in2

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: atmospheric pressure at sea level

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: atmospheric pressure at sea level

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: The normal atmospheric pressure at sea level

text: High-pressure systems form due to downward motion through the troposphere, the atmospheric layer where weather occurs.  Preferred areas within a synoptic flow pattern in higher levels of the troposphere are beneath the western side of troughs.  On weather maps, these areas show converging winds (isotachs), also known as confluence, or converging height lines near or above the level of non-divergence, which is near the 500 hPa pressure surface about midway up through the troposphere.  High-pressure systems are alternatively referred to as anticyclones.  On weather maps, high-pressure centers are associated with the letter H placed within the isobar with the highest pressure value.  On constant pressure upper level charts, it is located within the highest height line contour.

text: High-pressure systems form due to downward motion through the

text: troposphere

text: , the

text: atmospheric

text: layer where

text: weather

text: occurs.  Preferred areas within a

text: synoptic

text: flow pattern in higher levels of the troposphere are beneath the western side of troughs.  On weather maps, these areas show converging winds (isotachs), also known as

text: confluence

text: , or converging height lines near or above the level of non-divergence, which is near the 500 hPa pressure surface about midway up through the troposphere.  High-pressure systems are alternatively referred to as anticyclones.  On weather maps, high-pressure centers are associated with the letter H placed within the

text: isobar

text: with the highest pressure value.  On constant pressure upper level charts, it is located within the highest height line contour.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: pressure

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: On constant pressure upper level charts, it is located within the highest height line contour.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: It rises to about 50 kilometers above Earths surface.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle: charged particles or ions?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Why are gas molecules in the exosphere extremely cold?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: 500 hPa pressure surface

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: weather occurs.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: High-pressure systems

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: High-pressure systems form due to downward motion through the troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: troughs.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: High-pressure systems form due to downward motion through the troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: High-pressure systems form due to downward motion through the troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: High-pressure systems form due to downward motion through the troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 500 hPa pressure surface

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: High-pressure systems form due to downward motion through the troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: High-pressure systems form due to downward motion through the troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: High-pressure systems form due to downward motion through the troposphere,

text: Superheated flow material flashed water in Spirit Lake and North Fork Toutle River to steam, creating a larger, secondary explosion that was heard as far away as British Columbia, Montana, Idaho, and Northern California. Yet many areas closer to the eruption (Portland, Oregon, for example) did not hear the blast. This so-called "quiet zone" extended radially a few tens of miles from the volcano and was created by the complex response of the eruption's sound waves to differences in temperature and air motion of the atmospheric layers and, to a lesser extent, local topography.

text: Superheated flow material flashed water in Spirit Lake and North Fork Toutle River to steam, creating a larger, secondary explosion that was heard as far away as

text: British Columbia

text: Montana

text: Idaho

text: , and

text: Northern California

text: . Yet many areas closer to the eruption (

text: Portland, Oregon

text: , for example) did not hear the blast. This so-called "quiet zone" extended radially a few tens of miles from the volcano and was created by the complex response of the eruption's sound waves to differences in temperature and air motion of the atmospheric layers and, to a lesser extent, local

text: topography

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: air in the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The quiet zone extended radially a few tens of miles

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: atmospheric layers

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: layers

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle: charged particles or ions?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: None of the above choices are true

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: atmospheric layers

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: atmospheric layers

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: "quiet zone"

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: atmospheric layers

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: "quiet zone"

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: atmospheric layers

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: atmospheric layers

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature and air motion

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: "quiet zone"

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: "quiet zone"

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: "quiet zone"

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: atmospheric layers

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: atmospheric layers

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: radially

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: British Columbia, Montana, Idaho, and Northern California.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: atmospheric layers and, to a lesser extent, local topography.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Superheated flow material

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: "quiet zone"

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: British Columbia, Montana, Idaho, and Northern California.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: temperature and air motion of the atmospheric layers

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: atmospheric layers

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: British Columbia, Montana, Idaho, and Northern California.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: "quiet zone"

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: temperature and air motion of the atmospheric layers

text: In the field of planetary atmospheres, David Catling and Tyler Robinson have proposed a general explanation for a curious observation: the minimum air temperature between the troposphere (the lowest atmospheric layer where temperature declines with altitude) and stratosphere (where temperature increases with altitude in an 'inversion') occurs a pressure of about 0.1 bar on Earth, Titan, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. This level is the tropopause. Robinson and Catling used the physics of radiation to explain why the tropopause temperature minimum in these extremely different atmospheres occurs at a common pressure.  They propose that a pressure around 0.1 bar could be a fairly general rule for planets with stratospheric temperature inversions. This rule could constrain the atmospheric structure on exoplanets and hence their surface temperature and habitability.

text: In the field of planetary atmospheres, David Catling and Tyler Robinson have proposed a general explanation for a curious observation: the minimum air temperature between the

text: troposphere

text: (the lowest atmospheric layer where temperature declines with altitude) and

text: stratosphere

text: (where temperature increases with altitude in an '

text: inversion

text: ') occurs a pressure of about 0.1 bar on Earth, Titan, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. This level is the

text: tropopause

text: . Robinson and Catling used the physics of radiation to explain why the tropopause temperature minimum in these extremely different atmospheres occurs at a common pressure.  They propose that a pressure around 0.1 bar could be a fairly general rule for planets with stratospheric temperature inversions. This rule could constrain the atmospheric structure on exoplanets and hence their surface temperature and habitability.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: altitude

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: cool air in the stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: the lowest atmospheric layer where temperature declines with altitude

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: asteroid belt

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: What is the lowest atmospheric layer where temperature declines with altitude?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Why does the tropopause exist?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: tropopause.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: tropopause.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: altitude)

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: the minimum air temperature between the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth, Titan, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: radiation

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Titan, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: radiation

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: (the lowest atmospheric layer where temperature declines with altitude)

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: the minimum air temperature between the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: 0.1 bar

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: exoplanets

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: exoplanets

text: We start with an example to invert for earth parameter values from temperature depth distribution in a given earth region. Although this example does not directly relate to seismic inversion since no traveling acoustic waves are involved, it nonetheless introduces practical application of the inversion technique in a manner easy to comprehend, before moving on to seismic applications. In this example, the temperature of the earth is measured at discrete locations in a well bore by placing temperature sensors in the target depths. By assuming a forward model of linear distribution of temperature with depth, two parameters are inverted for from the temperature depth measurements.

text: We start with an example to invert for earth parameter values from temperature depth distribution in a given earth region. Although this example does not directly relate to

text: seismic inversion

text: since no traveling acoustic waves are involved, it nonetheless introduces practical application of the inversion technique in a manner easy to comprehend, before moving on to seismic applications. In this example, the temperature of the earth is measured at discrete locations in a well bore by placing temperature sensors in the target depths. By assuming a forward model of linear distribution of temperature with depth, two parameters are inverted for from the temperature depth measurements.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: isotope

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: Earth's

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Earth's core

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: cold air in the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: no traveling acoustic waves are involved

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Earth.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: deepest part of the earth.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Invert for earth parameter values from temperature depth distribution in a given region

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Convection currents occur in all five layers of the atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: The stratosphere is the upper layer of the earth.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: a meteor is a meteorite that lands in the atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: The troposphere rises to about 50 kilometers above Earths surface.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: The bottom of the mesosphere is colder.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: inversion for earth parameter values

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: The thermosphere contains charged particles called ions.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere is the outermost layer of the Earth.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Temperature in the exosphere is very low.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: seismic inversion since no traveling acoustic waves

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: traveling acoustic waves

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: temperature depth distribution in a given earth region.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: traveling acoustic waves

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: temperature depth distribution in a given earth region.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: traveling acoustic waves

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: traveling acoustic waves

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature with depth,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: traveling acoustic waves

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: temperature of the earth

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: no traveling acoustic waves

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: temperature depth distribution in a given earth region.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: temperature depth distribution in a given earth region.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: traveling acoustic waves

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: temperature depth distribution in a given earth region.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: no traveling acoustic waves

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: temperature depth distribution in a given earth region.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: traveling acoustic waves

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: traveling acoustic waves

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: seismic inversion

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no traveling acoustic waves

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: traveling acoustic waves

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: traveling acoustic waves

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: traveling acoustic waves

text: Ozone is produced by ultraviolet light from the Sun hitting the Earth's atmosphere (especially in the ozone layer), lightning, certain high-voltage electric devices (such as air ionizers), and as a by-product of other types of pollution.

text: Ozone

text: is produced by

text: ultraviolet light

text: from the Sun hitting the Earth's atmosphere (especially in the

text: ozone layer

text: lightning

text: , certain

text: high-voltage

text: electric devices (such as

text: air ionizer

text: s), and as a by-product of other types of pollution.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: Ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: ultraviolet light

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The ozone layer protects the Earth from the sun.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone layer),

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ozone layer),

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: ozone layer),

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone layer),

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Ozone

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ozone layer),

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone layer),

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: ultraviolet light from the Sun

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Ozone

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: Ozone

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: lightning, certain high-voltage electric devices

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: ozone layer),

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: ozone layer),

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Ozone is produced by ultraviolet light

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Ozone

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Ozone

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Ozone

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Ozone

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Ozone

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: lightning,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Ozone

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Ozone

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Ozone

text: One common example of chemically assisted degradation is the degradation of rubber by ozone particles. Ozone is a naturally occurring atmospheric molecule that is produced by electric discharge or through a reaction of Oxygen with solar radiation. Ozone is also produced with atmospheric pollutants reacted with ultraviolet radiation. For a reaction to occur, ozone concentrations only have to be as low as 3-5 parts per hundred million (pphm) and when these concentrations are reached, a reaction occurs with a thin surface layer (5 x10-7 metres) of the material.The ozone molecules react with the rubber which in most cases is unsaturated (contains double bonds), however a reaction will still occur in saturated polymers (those containing only single bonds). When reaction occurs, scission of the polymer chain (breaking of double covalent bonds) takes place forming decomposition products:

text: One common example of chemically assisted degradation is the degradation of

text: rubber

text: by ozone particles.

text: Ozone

text: is a naturally occurring atmospheric molecule that is produced by electric discharge or through a reaction of

text: Oxygen

text: with solar radiation. Ozone is also produced with atmospheric pollutants reacted with

text: ultraviolet

text: radiation. For a reaction to occur, ozone concentrations only have to be as low as 3-5 parts per hundred million (pphm) and when these concentrations are reached, a reaction occurs with a thin surface layer (5 x10-7 metres) of the material.The ozone molecules react with the rubber which in most cases is unsaturated (contains double bonds), however a reaction will still occur in saturated polymers (those containing only single bonds). When reaction occurs, scission of the polymer chain (breaking of double covalent bonds) takes place forming

text: decomposition

text: products:

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: Ozone

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Ozone

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: air in the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: ozone is a naturally occurring atmospheric molecule

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: air.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Which of the following is not an example of chemically assisted degradation?

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does not have convection currents?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Which of the following is not a source of heat that enters the mesosphere?

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What causes meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: The troposphere rises to about 50 kilometers above Earths surface.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Which of the following is true of the mesosphere?

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not an example of chemically assisted degradation?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: What does the exosphere consist of?

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is not an example of chemically assisted degradation?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone particles. Ozone

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ozone particles. Ozone

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: One common example of chemically assisted degradation

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone particles. Ozone

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: One common example of chemically assisted degradation

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: (5 x10-7 metres)

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone particles. Ozone

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: Oxygen with solar radiation.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: (5 x10-7 metres)

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: Oxygen

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: naturally occurring atmospheric molecule

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: atmospheric molecule

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: 3-5 parts per hundred million

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: 3-5 parts per hundred million

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: solar radiation.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: a thin surface layer

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: electric discharge or through a reaction of Oxygen with solar radiation.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Oxygen with solar radiation.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 3-5 parts per hundred million

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: solar radiation.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: electric discharge

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: electric discharge or through a reaction of Oxygen with solar radiation.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: 3-5 parts per hundred million

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Oxygen with solar radiation.

text: After launch, GOLD will perform a two-year mission, imaging the Earth’s thermosphere and ionosphere from geostationary orbit.  The GOLD instrument is a two-channel Far Ultraviolet (FUV) imaging spectrograph that will be built by the Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics (LASP) at the University of Colorado Boulder, and will be flown as a hosted payload on a commercial communications satellite owned and operated by SES S.A.. The SES-14 mission is scheduled to launch in the fourth quarter of 2017 on a Falcon 9 rocket.

text: After launch, GOLD will perform a two-year mission, imaging the Earth’s thermosphere and ionosphere from geostationary orbit.  The GOLD instrument is a two-channel Far Ultraviolet (FUV) imaging

text: spectrograph

text: that will be built by the

entity_name: Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics

text: Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics

text: (LASP) at the

text: University of Colorado Boulder

text: , and will be flown as a hosted payload on a commercial communications satellite owned and operated by

text: SES S.A.

text: . The

text: mission is scheduled to launch in the fourth quarter of 2017 on a

text: Falcon 9

text: rocket.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air in the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: the Earth’s thermosphere and ionosphere from geostationary orbit

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Which of the following is not a type of troposphere: troposphere, ionosphere, or thermosphere?

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: How many layers of the atmosphere does the GOLD instrument cover?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Where does the heat that enters the mesosphere come from?

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not a source of friction: gas molecules or meteors?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: The top of the mesosphere is warmer than the bottom

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of ionosphere: thermosphere, ionosphere or SES-14?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere merges gradually with outer space.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: What is the exosphere?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Earth’s thermosphere and ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: thermosphere and ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: thermosphere and ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: ionosphere from geostationary orbit.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: geostationary orbit.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: thermosphere and ionosphere from geostationary orbit.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: thermosphere and ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: SES-14

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: fourth quarter of 2017

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: thermosphere and ionosphere from geostationary orbit.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: thermosphere

text: Given that the lapse rate is not a conservative quantity when the tropopause is considered for stratosphere-troposphere exchanges studies, there exists an alternative definition named dynamic tropopause. It is formed with the aid of potential vorticity, which is defined as the product of the isentropic density, i.e. the density that arises from using potential temperature as the vertical coordinate, and the absolute vorticity, given that this quantity attains quite different values for the troposphere and the stratosphere. Instead of using the vertical temperature gradient as the defining variable, the dynamic tropopause surface is expressed in potential vorticity units (PVU).

text: Given that the lapse rate is not a conservative quantity when the tropopause is considered for stratosphere-troposphere exchanges studies, there exists an alternative definition named dynamic tropopause. It is formed with the aid of

text: potential vorticity

text: , which is defined as the product of the

text: isentropic

text: density

text: , i.e. the density that arises from using

text: potential temperature

text: as the vertical coordinate, and the

text: absolute vorticity

text: , given that this quantity attains quite different values for the troposphere and the stratosphere. Instead of using the vertical temperature gradient as the defining variable, the dynamic tropopause surface is expressed in

text: potential vorticity unit

text: s (PVU).

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: dynamic tropopause

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: the tropopause

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: vertical temperature gradient

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: the dynamic tropopause surface is expressed in potential vorticity units (PVU)

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: vertical coordinate

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: vertical temperature gradient

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: stratosphere-troposphere exchanges

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere-troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere-troposphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: potential temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: stratosphere-troposphere exchanges

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: lapse rate is not a conservative quantity

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: troposphere and the stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: vertical

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: dynamic tropopause.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: troposphere and the stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: stratosphere-troposphere exchanges

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: dynamic tropopause.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: dynamic tropopause.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: potential temperature

text: Project Manhigh was a pre–Space Age military project that took men in balloons to the middle layers of the stratosphere. It was conducted by the United States Air Force between 1955 and 1958.

text: Project Manhigh was a pre–

text: Space Age

text: military project that took men in

text: balloons

text: to the middle layers of the

text: stratosphere

text: . It was conducted by the

text: United States Air Force

text: between 1955 and 1958.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: isosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: middle layers

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Project Manhigh was conducted by the United States Air Force.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earth's surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles: ions, stratosphere or stratosphere?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: middle layers

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: middle layers

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: middle layers

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: Project Manhigh

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Project Manhigh was a pre–Space Age

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: middle layers of the stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: pre–Space Age

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Project Manhigh

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: middle layers of the stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Project Manhigh

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Project Manhigh

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Project Manhigh

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Project Manhigh

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Project Manhigh was a pre–Space Age

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Project Manhigh

text: In addition to its main campus located at Thumba and Veli, VSSC has integration and checkout facilities located at Valiamala. Facilities for development of reinforced plastics and composites are located at Vattiyoorkavu in Thiruvananthapuram. An experimental plant in Aluva produces ammonium perchlorate, a vital ingredient for solid propellant motors. TERLS and the Space Physics Laboratory (SPL) are also within the VSSC campus. SPL focuses on research activities in disciplines such as Atmospheric surface boundary layer physics, numerical atmospheric modeling, atmospheric aerosols, chemistry of radiation, atmospheric dynamics, etc. Satish Dhawan Supercomputing Facility.

text: In addition to its main campus located at

text: Thumba

text: and

text: Veli

text: , VSSC has integration and checkout facilities located at

text: Valiamala

text: . Facilities for development of reinforced plastics and composites are located at

text: Vattiyoorkavu

text: in Thiruvananthapuram. An experimental plant in

text: Aluva

text: produces

text: ammonium perchlorate

text: , a vital ingredient for solid propellant motors. TERLS and the Space Physics Laboratory (SPL) are also within the VSSC campus. SPL focuses on research activities in disciplines such as Atmospheric surface boundary layer physics, numerical atmospheric modeling, atmospheric aerosols, chemistry of radiation, atmospheric dynamics, etc. Satish Dhawan Supercomputing Facility.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: boundary conditions

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: surface boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air in the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: An experimental plant in Aluva produces ammonium perchlorate

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Space Physics Laboratory

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Where does most of the heat in the troposphere come from?

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which of the following is not a layer of the atmosphere: Atmospheric surface boundary layer physics, numerical atmospheric modeling, atmospheric aerosols, chemistry of radiation, atmospheric dynamics, etc?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What causes meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Which of the following is true of the mesosphere?

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle: ions, TERLS, or aerosols?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere merges gradually with outer space

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is not a type of gas?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: Atmospheric surface boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: Atmospheric surface boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Atmospheric surface boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: Atmospheric surface boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Atmospheric surface boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: Atmospheric surface boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: Atmospheric surface boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: surface boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Atmospheric surface boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: Valiamala.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: a vital ingredient for solid propellant motors.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Space Physics Laboratory

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Atmospheric surface boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Space Physics Laboratory

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: chemistry of radiation, atmospheric dynamics,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Atmospheric surface boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Valiamala.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Space Physics Laboratory

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Space Physics Laboratory

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Atmospheric

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Space Physics Laboratory

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Space Physics Laboratory

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Space Physics Laboratory

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Space Physics Laboratory

text: In the Earth's atmosphere, temperature varies greatly at different heights relative to the Earth's surface. The coldest temperatures lie near the mesopause, an area approximately  to  above the surface. In contrast, some of the warmest temperatures can be found in the thermosphere, which receives strong ionizing radiation at the level of the Van Allen radiation belt.

text: In the Earth's atmosphere, temperature varies greatly at different heights relative to the

text: Earth

text: 's surface. The coldest temperatures lie near the

text: mesopause

text: , an area approximately  to  above the surface. In contrast, some of the warmest temperatures can be found in the

text: thermosphere

text: , which receives strong

text: ionizing radiation

text: at the level of the

text: Van Allen radiation belt

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: mesopause

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: Van Allen radiation belt

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: mesopause

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: mesopause

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: mesopause

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: mesopause

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The Van Allen radiation belt receives strong ionizing radiation.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: mesopause

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: mesopause

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: asteroid belt

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer receives strong ionizing radiation?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above the surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: mesopause,

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: mesopause,

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Van Allen radiation belt.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: Van Allen radiation belt.

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: mesopause,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: mesopause,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: mesopause,

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature varies greatly at different heights relative to the Earth's surface.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: mesopause,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warmest temperatures can be found in the thermosphere,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: ionizing radiation

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: The coldest temperatures lie near the mesopause,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: near the mesopause,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Van Allen radiation belt.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: ionizing radiation

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: The coldest temperatures lie near the mesopause,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: some of the warmest temperatures can be found in the thermosphere,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: The coldest temperatures lie near the mesopause,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: The coldest temperatures lie near the mesopause,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: The coldest temperatures lie near the mesopause,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Van Allen radiation belt.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: ionizing radiation

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: thermosphere,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: The coldest temperatures lie near the mesopause,

text: Going upward from the surface, it is the point where air ceases to cool with height, and becomes almost completely dry. More formally, the tropopause is the region of the atmosphere where the environmental lapse rate changes from positive, as it behaves in the troposphere, to the stratospheric negative one. Following is the exact definition used by the World Meteorological Organization:

text: Going upward from the surface, it is the point where air ceases to cool with height, and becomes almost completely dry. More formally, the tropopause is the region of the atmosphere where the

text: environmental lapse rate

text: changes from positive, as it behaves in the troposphere, to the stratospheric negative one. Following is the exact definition used by the

text: World Meteorological Organization

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: it is the point where air ceases to cool with height, and becomes almost completely dry

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: The troposphere

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What causes meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: What is the difference between troposphere and exosphere?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: the tropopause

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: the tropopause

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: height,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: height,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: air ceases to cool with height, and becomes almost completely dry.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: air ceases to cool with height,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: air ceases to cool with height, and becomes almost completely dry.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: air ceases to cool with height,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: air ceases to cool with height,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: air ceases to cool with height, and becomes almost completely dry.

text: In an air mass moving, vertical movements occur when there is convergence and divergence at different levels of the atmosphere. For example, when we are near the jet stream, winds increase when approaching its most intense region and decreases when it moves away. So there are areas where the air accumulates and must come down, while in other areas there is a loss and an updraft from lower layers. These upward or downward flows will be relatively diffuse.

text: In an air mass moving, vertical movements occur when there is

text: convergence

text: and

text: divergence

text: at different levels of the atmosphere. For example, when we are near the

text: jet stream

text: , winds increase when approaching its most intense region and decreases when it moves away. So there are areas where the air accumulates and must come down, while in other areas there is a loss and an updraft from lower layers. These upward or downward flows will be relatively diffuse.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: jet stream

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: jet stream

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: the jet stream

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: jet stream

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: density

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: jet stream

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: There are areas where the air accumulates and must come down

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: jet stream

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: lower layers

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Which of the following is NOT true?

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere receives most heat from the stratosphere?

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What causes meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How high is the troposphere?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Which layer is cooler?

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: What does the exosphere consist of?

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is not a type of gas?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: jet stream,

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: lower layers.

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: convergence and divergence

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: jet stream,

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: vertical movements occur when there is convergence and divergence

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: updraft from lower layers.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: jet stream,

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: convergence and divergence

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: jet stream,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: jet stream,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: winds increase when approaching its most intense region and decreases when it moves away.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: jet stream,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: areas where the air accumulates

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: vertical movements occur when there is convergence and divergence

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: jet stream, winds increase when approaching its most intense region

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: vertical movements occur when there is convergence and divergence at different levels

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: lower layers.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: vertical movements occur when there is convergence and divergence

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: jet stream,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: diffuse.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: jet stream,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: air mass

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: vertical movements occur when there is convergence and divergence

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: In an air mass

text: Among the witnesses who supported Samford's explanation was the crew of a B-25 bomber, which had been flying over Washington during the sightings of July 26–27. The bomber was vectored several times by National Airport over unknown targets on the airport's radarscopes, yet the crew could see nothing unusual. Finally, as a crew member related, "the radar had a target which turned out to be the Wilson Lines steamboat trip to Mount Vernon...the radar was sure as hell picking up the steamboat." Air Force Captain Harold May was in the radar center at Andrews AFB during the sightings of July 19–20. Upon hearing that National Airport's radar had picked up an unknown object heading in his direction, May stepped outside and saw "a light that was changing from red to orange to green to red again...at times it dipped suddenly and appeared to lose altitude." However, May eventually concluded that he was simply seeing a star that was distorted by the atmosphere, and that its "movement" was an illusion. At 3 a.m. on July 27, an Eastern Airlines flight over Washington was told that an unknown object was in its vicinity; the crew could see nothing unusual. When they were told that the object had moved directly behind their plane, they began a sharp turn to try to see the object, but were told by National Airport's radar center that the object had "disappeared" when they began their turn. At the request of the Air Force, the CAA's Technical Development and Evaluation Center did an analysis of the radar sightings. Their conclusion was that "a temperature inversion had been indicated in almost every instance when the unidentified radar targets or visual objects had been reported." Project Blue Book would eventually label the unknown Washington radar blips as false images caused by temperature inversion, and the visual sightings as misindentified meteors, stars, and city lights. In later years two prominent UFO skeptics, Dr. Donald Menzel, an astronomer at Harvard University, and Philip Klass, a senior editor for Aviation Week magazine, would also argue in favor of the temperature inversion/mirage hypothesis. In 2002 Klass told a reporter that "radar technology in 1952 wasn't sophisticated enough to filter out many ordinary objects, such as flocks of birds, weather balloons, or temperature inversions." The reporter added that "UFO proponents argue that even then seasoned controllers could differentiate between spurious targets and solid, metallic objects. Klass disagrees. It may be that "we had two dumb controllers at National Airport on those nights"...[Klass] added that the introduction of digital filters in the 1970s led to a steep decline in UFO sightings on radar."

text: Among the witnesses who supported Samford's explanation was the crew of a

text: bomber, which had been flying over Washington during the sightings of July 26–27. The bomber was vectored several times by National Airport over unknown targets on the airport's radarscopes, yet the crew could see nothing unusual. Finally, as a crew member related, "the radar had a target which turned out to be the Wilson Lines steamboat trip to

text: Mount Vernon

text: ...the radar was sure as hell picking up the steamboat." Air Force Captain Harold May was in the radar center at Andrews AFB during the sightings of July 19–20. Upon hearing that National Airport's radar had picked up an unknown object heading in his direction, May stepped outside and saw "a light that was changing from red to orange to green to red again...at times it dipped suddenly and appeared to lose altitude." However, May eventually concluded that he was simply seeing a star that was distorted by the atmosphere, and that its "movement" was an illusion. At 3 a.m. on July 27, an

text: Eastern Airlines

text: flight over Washington was told that an unknown object was in its vicinity; the crew could see nothing unusual. When they were told that the object had moved directly behind their plane, they began a sharp turn to try to see the object, but were told by National Airport's radar center that the object had "disappeared" when they began their turn. At the request of the Air Force, the

entity_name: United States government role in civil aviation

text: CAA

text: 's Technical Development and Evaluation Center did an analysis of the radar sightings. Their conclusion was that "a temperature inversion had been indicated in almost every instance when the unidentified radar targets or visual objects had been reported." Project Blue Book would eventually label the unknown Washington radar blips as false images caused by temperature inversion, and the visual sightings as misindentified meteors, stars, and city lights. In later years two prominent UFO skeptics, Dr.

text: Donald Menzel

text: , an astronomer at

text: Harvard University

text: , and

text: Philip Klass

text: , a senior editor for Aviation Week magazine, would also argue in favor of the temperature inversion/mirage hypothesis. In 2002 Klass told a reporter that "radar technology in 1952 wasn't sophisticated enough to filter out many ordinary objects, such as flocks of birds, weather balloons, or temperature inversions." The reporter added that "UFO proponents argue that even then seasoned controllers could differentiate between spurious targets and solid, metallic objects. Klass disagrees. It may be that "we had two dumb controllers at National Airport on those nights"...[Klass] added that the introduction of digital filters in the 1970s led to a steep decline in UFO sightings on radar."

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: temperature inversion

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: UFOs

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: layer that surrounds Earth

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: air in the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: "radar technology in 1952 wasn't sophisticated

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Washington area.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: U.S.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Temperature inversion

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Convection currents occur in all five layers

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: The crew of a B-25 bomber was vectored several times by National Airport over unknown targets

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: The crew of a B-25 bomber

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Temperature inversion

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: The top of the mesosphere is warmer than the bottom.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: UFO sightings

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere merges gradually with outer space.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: The crew of a B-25 bomber had been flying over Washington during the sightings of July 26–27.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: temperature inversion

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: temperature inversion

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: temperature inversion

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: temperature inversion

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: temperature inversion

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: temperature inversion

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: temperature inversion

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature inversion

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: temperature inversion

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: temperature inversion

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: temperature inversion

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: temperature inversion

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: temperature inversion

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Washington radar blips as false images caused by temperature inversion,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: temperature inversion

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: temperature inversion/mirage hypothesis.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: temperature inversion

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: temperature inversion

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: temperature inversion/mirage hypothesis.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: temperature inversion/mirage hypothesis.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Aviation Week magazine,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: temperature inversion

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: temperature inversion,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: temperature inversion,

text: The value of subscript b ranges from 0 to 6 in accordance with each of seven successive layers of the atmosphere shown in the table below. The reference value for ρ for b = 0 is the defined sea level value, ρ = 1.2250 kg/m or 0.0023768908 slug/ft. Values of ρ of b = 1 through b = 6 are obtained from the application of the appropriate member of the pair equations 1 and 2 for the case when h = h.

text: The value of subscript b ranges from 0 to 6 in accordance with each of seven successive layers of the atmosphere shown in the table below. The reference value for ρ for b = 0 is the defined sea level value, ρ = 1.2250 kg/m or 0.0023768908 slug/ft. Values of ρ of b = 1 through b = 6 are obtained from the application of the appropriate member of the pair equations 1 and 2 for the case when h = h.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: subscript b

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: subscript b

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: subscript b

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: subscript b

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: sea level

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: h

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: cold air in the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: sea level value,  = 1.2250 kg/m

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: layers of the atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: The value of subscript b ranges from 0 to 6

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What causes meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: = 1.2250 kg/m

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: subscript b

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: The thermosphere contains charged particles called ions

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: subscript b

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: = 1.2250 kg/m

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: layers

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: layers

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: seven successive layers of the atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: sea level

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: b ranges from 0 to 6

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: 0 is the defined sea level

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: layers

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: sea level

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: sea level

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: sea level value,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: 0 is the defined sea level value,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: sea level

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: sea level

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: h = h.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: 1.2250 kg/m or 0.0023768908

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: seven successive layers of the atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: 0.0023768908

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: 0.0023768908

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: sea level

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: 0 to 6

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: 0.0023768908

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: The value of subscript b ranges from 0 to 6

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: seven successive layers of the atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: 0.0023768908 slug/ft.

text: Advanced Rayleigh Guided Ground Layer Adaptive Optics System (ARGOS) is a multi-star adaptive optics system which is built for use with the Large Binocular Telescope (LBT). With ARGOS, both sides of the LBT will be equipped with a multi-laser beacon system and corresponding wavefront sensors. The artificial beacons are created by Rayleigh scattering the earth´s atmosphere using high power pulsed green lasers. The purpose of ARGOS is to generate six artificial laser guide stars to correct the ground layer turbulence above the LBT mirrors. This will decrease the distortions induced by the atmospheric turbulence, and therefore the imaging and spectroscopic capability of LUCIFER, the LBT spectrograph.

text: Advanced Rayleigh Guided Ground Layer Adaptive Optics System (ARGOS) is a multi-star adaptive optics system which is built for use with the

text: Large Binocular Telescope

text: (LBT). With ARGOS, both sides of the LBT will be equipped with a multi-laser beacon system and corresponding wavefront sensors. The artificial beacons are created by

text: Rayleigh scattering

text: the earth´s

text: atmosphere

text: using high power pulsed green

text: lasers

text: . The purpose of ARGOS is to generate six artificial laser guide stars to correct the ground layer turbulence above the LBT mirrors. This will decrease the distortions induced by the atmospheric turbulence, and therefore the imaging and spectroscopic capability of LUCIFER, the LBT spectrograph.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ground layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ground layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: ground layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ground layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: ground layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ground layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ground layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: ground layer

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ground layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: cold air in the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The purpose of ARGOS is to generate six artificial laser guide stars

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: LBT

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: ground layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: How many layers of the atmosphere do convection currents occur in?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What is the purpose of ARGOS?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earth's surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: What is the purpose of ARGOS?

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of ion: charged particles, ions, or plasma?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: How would you describe the exosphere?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ground layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ground layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: earth <unk>s atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ground layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Advanced Rayleigh Guided Ground Layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: Ground Layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ground layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: turbulence

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ground

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: earth <unk>s atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Rayleigh scattering the earth <unk>s atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: earth <unk>s atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: earth <unk>s atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: earth <unk>s atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: earth <unk>s atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: ground layer turbulence

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: earth <unk>s atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: turbulence

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: earth <unk>s atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: earth <unk>s atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: earth <unk>s atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: earth <unk>s atmosphere

text: The movement of this water can be explained by the theory of water transport through a plant.  This well established theory is called the cohesion-tension theory.   In brief, it states that movement of water through the plant depends on having a continuous column of water, from the roots to the leaves.  Water is then pulled from the roots to the leaves, through the plant system, by the difference in water potential between the boundary layers of the soil and the atmosphere.  Therefore, the driving force for moving water through a plant is the cohesive strength of water molecules and a pressure gradient from the roots to the leaves.  This theory can still be applied when the boundary layer to the atmosphere is closed, e.g. when plant stomata are closed or in senesced plants. The pressure gradient is between soil layers with different water potentials; water moves through the roots from wetter to drier soil layers in the same manner as it does when the plant is transpiring.

text: The movement of this water can be explained by the theory of water transport through a plant.  This well established theory is called the

text: cohesion-tension theory

text: .   In brief, it states that movement of water through the plant depends on having a continuous column of water, from the roots to the leaves.  Water is then pulled from the roots to the leaves, through the plant system, by the difference in water potential between the

text: boundary layer

text: s of the

text: soil

text: and the

text: atmosphere

text: .  Therefore, the driving force for moving water through a plant is the cohesive strength of water molecules and a pressure gradient from the roots to the leaves.  This theory can still be applied when the boundary layer to the atmosphere is closed, e.g. when

text: plant

text: stomata

text: are closed or in senesced plants. The pressure gradient is between soil layers with different water potentials; water moves through the roots from wetter to drier soil layers in the same manner as it does when the plant is transpiring.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: boundary layers

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: boundary layers

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: water potential

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The driving force for moving water through a plant is the cohesive strength of water molecules

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: What is the theory of water transport through a plant?

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does not have convection currents?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Where does the heat enter the mesosphere?

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What causes meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earth's surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Why is the top of the mesosphere warmer?

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of ion?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere merges gradually with outer space

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Why are gas molecules in the exosphere extremely cold?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: closed,

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: closed,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: boundary layer to the atmosphere is closed,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: difference in water potential

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: stomata

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: cohesion-tension theory.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: closed,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: cohesion-tension theory.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: plant stomata are closed or in senesced plants.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: cohesion-tension theory.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: cohesion-tension theory.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: cohesion-tension theory.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: cohesion-tension theory.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: cohesion-tension theory.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: cohesion-tension theory.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: cohesion-tension theory.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: cohesion-tension theory.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: cohesion-tension theory.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: cohesion-tension theory.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: cohesion-tension theory.

text: Close to the earth's surface, the atmosphere normally gets colder with height, but on certain days, the atmosphere begins to get warmer with height a short distance from the earth's surface, and air emissions build up under this "cap" on the vertical mixing. Topographic features (such as a valley) that prevent lateral atmospheric mixing, coupled with the vertical cap on atmospheric mixing caused by an inversion, can lead to especially high air pollutant concentrations, for example, the 1948 Donora smog.

text: Close to the earth's surface, the atmosphere normally gets colder with height, but on certain days, the atmosphere begins to get warmer with height a short distance from the earth's surface, and air emissions build up under this "cap" on the vertical mixing. Topographic features (such as a valley) that prevent lateral atmospheric mixing, coupled with the vertical cap on atmospheric mixing caused by an inversion, can lead to especially high air pollutant concentrations, for example, the

text: 1948 Donora smog

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: The troposphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: Earth's surface

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: height

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: surface

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Close to the earth's surface, the atmosphere normally gets colder with height

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: earth's surface

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: vertical mixing.

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: Close to the earth's surface,

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: inversion,

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: vertical mixing.

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: inversion,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: height,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: Close to the earth's surface,

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: height,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: height,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: lateral atmospheric mixing,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Close to the earth's surface,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: the atmosphere normally gets colder with height,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: height,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Close to the earth's surface,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Close to the earth's surface,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Close to the earth's surface,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: warmer with height a short distance from the earth's surface,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: vertical cap on atmospheric mixing

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Close to the earth's surface,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: the atmosphere normally gets colder with height,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: inversion,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Close to the earth's surface,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Close to the earth's surface,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: colder with height,

text: This would have been aided, on each occasion, by a temperature inversion in the atmosphere with temperature increasing with altitude above the canal, similar to the phenomenon of the superior image mirage. Temperature inversions like this are common. An increase in air temperature or lapse rate of 0.11 degrees Celsius per metre of altitude would create an illusion of a flat canal, and all optical measurements made near ground level would be consistent with a completely flat surface. If the lapse rate were higher than this (temperature increasing with height at a greater rate), all optical observations would be consistent with a concave surface, a "bowl-shaped earth". Under average conditions, optical measurements are consistent with a spherical Earth approximately 15% less curved than its true diameter. Repetition of the atmospheric conditions required for each of the many observations is not unlikely, and warm days over still water can produce favourable conditions.

text: This would have been aided, on each occasion, by a

text: temperature inversion

text: in the atmosphere with temperature increasing with altitude above the canal, similar to the phenomenon of the

text: superior image mirage

text: . Temperature inversions like this are common. An increase in air temperature or

text: lapse rate

text: of 0.11 degrees

text: Celsius

text: per metre of altitude would create an illusion of a flat canal, and all optical measurements made near ground level would be consistent with a completely flat surface. If the lapse rate were higher than this (temperature increasing with height at a greater rate), all optical observations would be consistent with a concave surface, a "bowl-shaped earth". Under average conditions, optical measurements are consistent with a spherical Earth approximately 15% less curved than its true diameter. Repetition of the atmospheric conditions required for each of the many observations is not unlikely, and warm days over still water can produce favourable conditions.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: the stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ground level

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: altitude

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ground

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air in the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The ozone layer protects the Earth from the sun.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: temperature inversion

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: heliocentric orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: How many layers of the atmosphere are mentioned?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not the cause of meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface is the troposphere?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is not true of the exosphere?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: temperature inversion in the atmosphere with temperature increasing with altitude

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: temperature inversion in the atmosphere with temperature increasing with altitude

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: temperature inversion in the atmosphere with temperature increasing with altitude

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: temperature inversion in the atmosphere with temperature increasing with altitude

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: temperature inversion in the atmosphere with temperature increasing with altitude

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ground level

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: temperature inversion in the atmosphere with temperature increasing with altitude

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: altitude

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ground level

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm days over still water

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: a completely flat surface.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: temperature inversion in the atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: altitude

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: spherical

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Temperature inversions like this are common.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: temperature inversion in the atmosphere with temperature increasing with altitude

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: temperature inversion

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: temperature inversion

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 0.11 degrees Celsius per metre of altitude

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: temperature increasing with altitude

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: temperature inversion

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Temperature inversions like this are common. An increase in air temperature

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: temperature inversion in the atmosphere with temperature increasing with altitude

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: temperature inversion

text: To a first approximation, an example of radiative exchange equilibrium is in the exchange of non-window wavelength thermal radiation between the land-and-sea surface and the lowest atmosphere, when there is a clear sky. As a first approximation (Swinbank 1963, Paltridge and Platt 1976, pages 139-140), in the non-window wavenumbers, there is zero net exchange between the surface and the atmosphere, while, in the window wavenumbers, there is simply direct radiation from the land-sea surface to space. A like situation occurs between adjacent layers in the turbulently mixed boundary layer of the lower troposphere, expressed in the so-called "cooling to space approximation", first noted by Rodgers and Walshaw (1966).

text: To a first approximation, an example of radiative exchange equilibrium is in the exchange of non-

text: window

text: wavelength thermal radiation between the land-and-sea surface and the lowest atmosphere, when there is a clear sky. As a first approximation (Swinbank 1963, Paltridge and Platt 1976, pages 139-140), in the non-window

text: wavenumber

text: s, there is zero net exchange between the surface and the atmosphere, while, in the window wavenumbers, there is simply direct radiation from the land-sea surface to space. A like situation occurs between adjacent layers in the turbulently mixed

text: boundary layer

text: of the lower

text: troposphere

text: , expressed in the so-called "cooling to space approximation", first noted by Rodgers and Walshaw (1966).

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: lower troposphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: turbulently mixed boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: window wavenumbers

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: cold air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: direct radiation from the land-sea surface to space

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: lower troposphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: cooling to space approximation

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: cooling to space approximation

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: lower troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: lower troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: lower troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: turbulently mixed boundary layer of the lower troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: lower troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: space

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: zero net exchange

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: lower troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: lower troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: space.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: direct radiation from the land-sea surface to space.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: zero net exchange

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: lower troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: "cooling to space approximation",

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 139-140),

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: "cooling

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: "cooling to space approximation",

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: thermal radiation

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: "cooling to space approximation",

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: "cooling to space approximation",

text: ) as well as in the thermodynamic structure of the troposphere, which are controlled by the large-scale dynamics of the tropical climate. These processes are modulated by factors including the sea surface temperature (and underlying ocean dynamics), background near-surface wind speed, and the vertical structure of atmospheric radiative heating. The nature of this modulation is complex, particularly on climate time-scales (decades or longer).  On shorter time-scales, variability in the maximum potential intensity is commonly linked to sea surface temperature perturbations from the tropical mean, as regions with relatively warm water have thermodynamic states much more capable of sustaining a tropical cyclone than regions with relatively cold water.<ref name="Sobel_Bretherton_2000_JC">{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1175/1520-0442(2000)013

text: ) as well as in the thermodynamic structure of the troposphere, which are controlled by the large-scale dynamics of the tropical climate. These processes are modulated by factors including the sea surface temperature (and underlying ocean dynamics), background near-surface wind speed, and the vertical structure of atmospheric radiative heating. The nature of this modulation is complex, particularly on climate time-scales (decades or longer).  On shorter time-scales, variability in the maximum potential intensity is commonly linked to sea surface temperature perturbations from the tropical mean, as regions with relatively warm water have thermodynamic states much more capable of sustaining a tropical cyclone than regions with relatively cold water.<ref name="Sobel_Bretherton_2000_JC">{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1175/1520-0442(2000)013

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: ) as well as in the thermodynamic structure

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: ) as well as in the thermodynamic structure of the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: the vertical structure of atmospheric radiative heating

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: The stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What causes meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere merges gradually with outer space

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: vertical structure of atmospheric radiative heating.

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: thermodynamic structure of the troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm water

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: tropical cyclone

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: ) as well as in the thermodynamic structure of the troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: atmospheric radiative heating.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: thermodynamic structure of the troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: atmospheric radiative heating.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: atmospheric radiative heating.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: regions with relatively warm water

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: tropical cyclone

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: thermodynamic structure of the troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: troposphere,

text: Temperature of upper layers of the atmosphere does not show noticeable temporal changes. In 1988, 2002 and 2006 it was approximately constant and equal to  (with uncertainty about ), despite twofold increase of the pressure. Dependence on latitude or morning/evening conditions is also absent: temperature is the same above all the surface. It is consistent with theoretical data, which predict fast mixing of the atmosphere. But there are evidence for a small vertical heterogeneities of temperature. They reveal themselves in sharp and brief spikes of brightness during stellar occultations. Amplitude of these heterogeneities is estimated to be  on the scale of a few km. They can be caused by gravity waves or turbulence, which can be related to convection or wind.

text: Temperature of upper layers of the atmosphere does not show noticeable temporal changes. In 1988, 2002 and 2006 it was approximately constant and equal to  (with uncertainty about ), despite twofold increase of the pressure. Dependence on latitude or morning/evening conditions is also absent: temperature is the same above all the surface. It is consistent with theoretical data, which predict fast mixing of the atmosphere. But there are evidence for a small vertical heterogeneities of temperature. They reveal themselves in sharp and brief spikes of brightness during stellar occultations. Amplitude of these heterogeneities is estimated to be  on the scale of a few km. They can be caused by

text: gravity wave

text: s or turbulence, which can be related to

text: convection

text: or wind.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: upper layers

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: upper layers

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: upper layers

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: upper layers

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: upper layers

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: cold air in the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Dependence on latitude or morning/evening conditions is also absent

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: upper layers

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: upper layers

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: It is consistent with theoretical data, which predict fast mixing

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle: charged particles or ions?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere merges gradually with outer space

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: upper layers

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: upper layers

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Temperature of upper layers of the atmosphere does not show noticeable temporal changes.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: upper layers

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Temperature of upper layers of the atmosphere does not show noticeable temporal changes.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: Temperature of upper layers of the atmosphere does not show noticeable temporal changes.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: upper layers

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: latitude

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: stellar occultations.

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: convection or wind.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Dependence on latitude or morning/evening conditions

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: upper layers of the atmosphere does not show noticeable temporal changes.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stellar occultations.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: stellar occultations.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: stellar occultations.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: convection or wind.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Temperature of upper layers of the atmosphere does not show noticeable temporal changes.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: turbulence,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: small vertical heterogeneities of temperature.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Temperature of upper layers of the atmosphere does not show noticeable temporal changes.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: turbulence, which can be related to convection or wind.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: sharp and brief spikes of brightness during stellar occultations.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: fast mixing of the atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Temperature of upper layers of the atmosphere does not show noticeable temporal changes.

text: The planet is a gas giant that is about  in diameter. Like most gas giants, it has a solid core that consists of metal followed by layers of metallic gases. Many of the layers of gas are poisonous, and the pressure and temperature are far above what a human could tolerate. But from approximately  down from outer space, there is a habitable layer known as the Bespin Life Zone. This layer has an oxygen atmosphere with the temperature and pressure that makes it ideal for human life. It is in this layer that Cloud City is located.

text: The planet is a

text: gas giant

text: that is about  in diameter. Like most gas giants, it has a solid core that consists of metal followed by layers of metallic gases. Many of the layers of gas are poisonous, and the pressure and temperature are far above what a human could tolerate. But from approximately  down from

text: outer space

text: , there is a habitable layer known as the Bespin Life Zone. This layer has an

text: oxygen

text: atmosphere

text: with the temperature and pressure that makes it ideal for human life. It is in this layer that Cloud City is located.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: Bespin Life Zone

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: bespin life zone

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: Bespin

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Bespin Life Zone

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: Bespin Life Zone

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: Bespin Life Zone

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: atmospheric pressure

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Bespin Life

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Cloud City is located in the Bespin Life Zone

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: outer space

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Bespin Life Zone

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which is not a reason for meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface is the troposphere?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of gas?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: What is the Bespin Life Zone?

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is not true?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: Bespin Life Zone.

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: Bespin Life Zone.

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Bespin Life Zone.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: Bespin Life Zone.

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Bespin Life Zone.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: Bespin Life Zone.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: Bespin Life Zone.

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: metallic gases.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Bespin Life Zone.

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: Bespin Life Zone.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: oxygen atmosphere with the temperature and pressure that makes it ideal for human life.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Bespin Life Zone.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Bespin Life Zone.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Bespin Life Zone.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Bespin Life Zone.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Bespin Life Zone.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Bespin Life Zone.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Bespin Life Zone.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Bespin Life Zone.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Bespin Life Zone.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Bespin Life Zone.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Bespin Life Zone.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Bespin Life Zone.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Bespin Life Zone.

text: The SST was the topic of considerable concern within and outside the aviation industry. From the start, the airline industry had noted that the economics of the design were questionable, concerns that were only partially addressed during development. Outside the field, the entire SST concept was the subject of considerable negative press, centered on the issue of sonic booms and effects on the ozone layer.

text: The SST was the topic of considerable concern within and outside the aviation industry. From the start, the airline industry had noted that the economics of the design were questionable, concerns that were only partially addressed during development. Outside the field, the entire SST concept was the subject of considerable negative press, centered on the issue of

text: sonic boom

text: s and effects on the

text: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: cold air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: effects on the ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: SST

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: SST

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: orbital

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which of the following is not a layer: stratosphere, stratosphere, stratosphere, stratosphere?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earth's surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: What is the topic of considerable concern within and outside the aviation industry?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: what is the topic of considerable concern within and outside the aviation industry

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: sonic booms and effects on the ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: sonic booms and effects on the ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: sonic booms and effects on the ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: sonic booms and effects on the ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: sonic booms and effects on the ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: sonic booms and effects on the ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: sonic booms and effects on the ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: sonic booms and effects on the ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: sonic booms and effects on the ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: sonic booms and effects on the ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: sonic booms and effects on the ozone layer.

text: Above the troposphere, the atmosphere is usually divided into the stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere. Each layer has a different lapse rate, defining the rate of change in temperature with height. Beyond these, the exosphere thins out into the magnetosphere, where the geomagnetic fields interact with the solar wind. Within the stratosphere is the ozone layer, a component that partially shields the surface from ultraviolet light and thus is important for life on Earth. The Kármán line, defined as 100 km above Earth's surface, is a working definition for the boundary between the atmosphere and outer space.

text: Above the troposphere, the atmosphere is usually divided into the

text: stratosphere

text: mesosphere

text: , and

text: thermosphere

text: . Each layer has a different

text: lapse rate

text: , defining the rate of change in temperature with height. Beyond these, the

text: exosphere

text: thins out into the

text: magnetosphere

text: , where the geomagnetic fields interact with the

text: solar wind

text: . Within the stratosphere is the ozone layer, a component that partially shields the surface from ultraviolet light and thus is important for life on Earth. The

text: Kármán line

text: , defined as 100 km above Earth's surface, is a working definition for the boundary between the atmosphere and

text: outer space

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: The Kármán line

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: The Kármán line

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The Kármán line is a working definition for the boundary between the atmosphere and outer space.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: solar wind

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer has a different lapse rate?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which layer has a different lapse rate, defining the rate of change in temperature with height?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface is the troposphere?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: It's not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which layer has a different lapse rate, defining the rate of change in temperature with height

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: None of the above choices are true

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: The Kármán line,

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Kármán line,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: mesosphere, and thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: the rate of change in temperature with height.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: magnetosphere,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: outer space.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: lapse rate,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: solar wind.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: solar wind.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: The Kármán line,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Each layer has a different lapse rate,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: solar wind.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: magnetosphere,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: magnetosphere,

text: Compounds containing C–H bonds (such as hydrochlorofluorocarbons, or HCFCs) have been designed to replace CFCs in certain applications. These replacement compounds are more reactive and less likely to survive long enough in the atmosphere to reach the stratosphere where they could affect the ozone layer. While being less damaging than CFCs, HCFCs can have a negative impact on the ozone layer, so they are also being phased out. These in turn are being replaced by hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and other compounds that do not destroy stratospheric ozone at all.

text: Compounds containing C–H bonds (such as

text: hydrochlorofluorocarbon

text: s, or HCFCs) have been designed to replace CFCs in certain applications. These replacement compounds are more reactive and less likely to survive long enough in the atmosphere to reach the stratosphere where they could affect the ozone layer. While being less damaging than CFCs, HCFCs can have a negative impact on the ozone layer, so they are also being phased out. These in turn are being replaced by

text: hydrofluorocarbons

text: (HFCs) and other compounds that do not destroy stratospheric ozone at all.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: HCFCs can have a negative impact on the ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: asteroid belt

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does not contain ozone?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How high is the troposphere?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: do not destroy stratospheric ozone at all.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Compounds containing C–H bonds

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Compounds containing C–H bonds

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Compounds containing C–H bonds

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Compounds containing C–H bonds

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Compounds containing C–H bonds

text: The loss of the Martian magnetic field strongly affected surface environments through atmospheric loss and increased radiation; this change significantly degraded surface habitability. When there was a magnetic field, the atmosphere would have been protected from erosion by solar wind, which would ensure the maintenance of a dense atmosphere, necessary for liquid water to exist on the surface of Mars. The loss of the atmosphere was accompanied by decreasing temperatures. A part of the liquid water inventory sublimed and was transported to the poles, while the rest becametrapped in a subsurface ice layer.

text: The loss of the Martian

text: magnetic field

text: strongly affected surface environments through atmospheric loss and increased radiation; this change significantly degraded surface habitability. When there was a magnetic field, the atmosphere would have been protected from erosion by

text: solar wind

text: , which would ensure the maintenance of a dense atmosphere, necessary for liquid water to exist on the surface of Mars. The loss of the atmosphere was accompanied by decreasing temperatures. A part of the liquid water inventory sublimed and was transported to the poles, while the rest becametrapped in a subsurface ice layer.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: subsurface ice layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: density

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ice layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: the atmosphere would have been protected from erosion by solar wind

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Martian

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: poles

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: How many layers of the atmosphere does the atmosphere consist of?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What would have ensured the maintenance of a dense atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of ion: charged particles, ions, or plasma?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: What is a subsurface ice layer?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: subsurface ice layer.

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: subsurface ice layer.

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: solar wind,

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: subsurface ice layer.

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: solar wind,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: subsurface ice layer.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: subsurface ice layer.

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: solar wind,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: subsurface ice layer.

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: solar wind,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: solar wind,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: The loss of the atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: poles,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: solar wind,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: solar wind,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: solar wind,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: solar wind,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: solar wind,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: The loss of the Martian magnetic field

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: decreasing temperatures.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: The loss of the Martian magnetic field

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: decreasing temperatures.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The loss of the Martian magnetic field

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: decreasing temperatures.

text: The tropopause is the boundary region between the troposphere and the stratosphere.

text: The tropopause is the boundary region between the troposphere and the stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: The tropopause

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: The tropopause

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air in the stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The tropopause is between the troposphere and the stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does not have convection currents?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: the tropopause

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not a type of gas?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How high is the tropopause?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: The tropopause is the boundary between the troposphere and the stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: The aurora borealis occurs because of storms on Earths surface

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The tropopause is the boundary region between the troposphere and the stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is not a type of gas?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: The tropopause

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: The tropopause

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: The tropopause

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The tropopause

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: The tropopause

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: The tropopause

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: The tropopause

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: The tropopause

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: The tropopause

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: The tropopause

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: The tropopause

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: The tropopause

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: The tropopause

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: The tropopause

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The tropopause

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: The tropopause

text: The process regenerates Cl• to destroy more O. The Cl• thus is a catalyst, which destroy an average of 100,000 O molecules during its atmospheric lifetime of 1–2 years. In some parts of the world, these reactions have significantly thinned the Earth's natural stratospheric ozone layer that shields the biosphere against solar UV radiation; increased UV levels at the surface can cause skin cancer or even blindness.

text: The process regenerates Cl• to destroy more O. The Cl• thus is a

text: catalyst

text: , which destroy an average of 100,000 O molecules during its atmospheric lifetime of 1–2 years. In some parts of the world, these reactions have significantly thinned the Earth's natural stratospheric ozone layer that shields the biosphere against solar UV radiation; increased UV levels at the surface can cause skin cancer or even blindness.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: biosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: biosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: biosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: the Earth's natural stratospheric ozone layer shields the biosphere against solar UV radiation

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does not contain ozone?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles: ions, stratospheric ozone layer, or biosphere?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: How would you describe the exosphere?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratospheric ozone

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratospheric ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratospheric ozone

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratospheric ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratospheric ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: ozone layer that shields the biosphere against solar UV radiation;

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: stratospheric ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: O.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: 100,000 O molecules during its atmospheric lifetime of 1–2 years.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: atmospheric lifetime of 1–2 years.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: 1–2 years.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: solar UV radiation;

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Cl•

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: stratospheric ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: 100,000 O molecules during its atmospheric lifetime of 1–2 years.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: process regenerates Cl•

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: increased UV levels at the surface can cause skin cancer or even blindness.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: 100,000 O molecules during its atmospheric lifetime of 1–2 years.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: process regenerates Cl•

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: 1–2 years.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: O.

text: When the inverse temperature

text: When the

text: inverse temperature

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: can be seen

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: can be seen

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: can be seen

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: shortest

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The ozone layer protects humans from the sun.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: tropics

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: tropics

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: is inverse

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: When the inverse temperature

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: is inverse

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: When the inverse temperature

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: The troposphere rises to about 50 kilometers above Earths surface.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: is positive

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: The aurora borealis occurs because of storms on Earths surface.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: The thermosphere contains charged particles called ions.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere merges gradually with outer space.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: They are able to withstand the coldest temperatures.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: inverse temperature

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: inverse temperature

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: inverse temperature

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: inverse temperature

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: inverse temperature

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: inverse temperature

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: inverse temperature

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: inverse temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: inverse temperature

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: inverse temperature

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: inverse temperature

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: inverse temperature

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: inverse temperature

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: inverse temperature

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: inverse temperature

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: inverse temperature

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: inverse temperature

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: inverse temperature

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: inverse temperature

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: inverse temperature

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: inverse temperature

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: inverse temperature

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: inverse temperature

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: inverse temperature

text: Abdullah's research interests included cloud stratification,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Abdullah|first=Abdul Jabbar|title=STRATIFICATION OF CLOUD LAYERS IN A STABLE ATMOSPHERE|journal=Monthly Weather Review|year=1967|url=http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/mwr/095/mwr-095-04-0189.pdf | doi = 10.1175/1520-0493(1967)095

text: Abdullah's research interests included cloud stratification,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Abdullah|first=Abdul Jabbar|title=STRATIFICATION OF CLOUD LAYERS IN A STABLE ATMOSPHERE|journal=Monthly Weather Review|year=1967|url=http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/mwr/095/mwr-095-04-0189.pdf | doi = 10.1175/1520-0493(1967)095

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Abdul Jabbar

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Abdullah's research interests included cloud stratification

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: cloud stratification

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: stratification

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: stable layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Abdullah's research interests included cloud stratification.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: clouds

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: clouds

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: The troposphere

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: convection currents

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: The stratosphere is the upper layer of the atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: The answer: Friction with gas molecules.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: The troposphere

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: The top of the mesosphere is warmer than the bottom.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: the aurora borealis

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: The thermosphere contains charged particles called ions

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere merges gradually with outer space.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: The exosphere is the outermost part of the solar system.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: cloud

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: CLOUD LAYERS IN A STABLE ATMOSPHERE|journal=Monthly

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: STABLE ATMOSPHERE|journal=Monthly

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: STABLE ATMOSPHERE|journal=Monthly

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: STABLE ATMOSPHERE|journal=Monthly

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: CLOUD LAYERS IN A STABLE ATMOSPHERE|journal=Monthly

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: CLOUD LAYERS IN A STABLE ATMOSPHERE|journal=Monthly

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: cloud stratification,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: CLOUD LAYERS

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: CLOUD LAYERS IN A STABLE ATMOSPHERE|journal=Monthly

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: STABLE ATMOSPHERE|journal=Monthly

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: STABLE ATMOSPHERE|journal=Monthly

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: CLOUD LAYERS IN A STABLE ATMOSPHERE|journal=Monthly

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: CLOUD LAYERS IN A STABLE ATMOSPHERE|journal=Monthly

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: CLOUD LAYERS IN A STABLE ATMOSPHERE|journal=Monthly

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: CLOUD LAYERS IN A STABLE ATMOSPHERE|journal=Monthly

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Jabbar|title=STRATIFICATION OF CLOUD LAYERS

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: CLOUD LAYERS IN A STABLE ATMOSPHERE|journal=Monthly

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: CLOUD LAYERS IN A STABLE ATMOSPHERE|journal=Monthly

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: CLOUD LAYERS IN A STABLE ATMOSPHERE|journal=Monthly

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: CLOUD LAYERS IN A STABLE ATMOSPHERE|journal=Monthly

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: STABLE ATMOSPHERE|journal=Monthly

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: CLOUD LAYERS IN A STABLE ATMOSPHERE|journal=Monthly

text: A high layer of haze was detected around the sunlit pole, which also was found to radiate large amounts of ultraviolet light, a phenomenon dubbed "electroglow". The average temperature of the atmosphere of the planet is about 59 kelvins. Surprisingly, the illuminated and dark poles, and most of the planet, show nearly the same temperature at the cloud tops.

text: A high layer of haze was detected around the sunlit

text: pole

text: , which also was found to radiate large amounts of

text: ultraviolet light

text: , a phenomenon dubbed "electroglow". The average

text: temperature

text: of the atmosphere of the planet is about 59 kelvins. Surprisingly, the illuminated and dark poles, and most of the planet, show nearly the same temperature at the cloud tops.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: haze

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: 59 kelvins

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: cloud tops

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: the average temperature of the atmosphere is about 59 kelvins

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: clouds

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: dark poles

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: asteroid belt

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: haze

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: haze

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: A high layer of haze was detected around the sunlit pole,

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: haze

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: A high layer of haze was detected around the sunlit pole,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: haze was detected around the sunlit pole,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: haze

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: The average temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: sunlit pole,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: 59 kelvins.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: "electroglow".

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: 59 kelvins.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: dark poles,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: 59 kelvins.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: 59 kelvins.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: 59 kelvins.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: 59 kelvins.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: "electroglow".

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 59 kelvins.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: nearly the same temperature at the cloud tops.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: 59 kelvins.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: 59 kelvins.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: 59 kelvins.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: 59 kelvins.

text: During the years that followed, he named the two layers of the atmosphere known as the "troposphere" and the "stratosphere". This naming convention has since been maintained, with (higher-altitude) layers that were subsequently discovered being given names of this sort. After Teisserenc de Bort's death in 1913, the heirs donated the observatory to the state so that the research tasks could be continued.

text: During the years that followed, he named the two

text: layers of the atmosphere

text: known as the "

text: troposphere

text: " and the "

text: stratosphere

text: ". This naming convention has since been maintained, with (higher-altitude) layers that were subsequently discovered being given names of this sort. After Teisserenc de Bort's death in 1913, the heirs donated the observatory to the state so that the research tasks could be continued.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: altitude

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: the heirs donated the observatory to the state

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface is the troposphere?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: The thermosphere contains charged particles called ions.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: "stratosphere".

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: "troposphere"

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: (higher-altitude)

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: "stratosphere".

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: "troposphere" and the "stratosphere".

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: "troposphere"

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: "troposphere"

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: (higher-altitude)

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: "troposphere"

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: "stratosphere".

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: "troposphere"

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: "troposphere"

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: "troposphere"

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Teisserenc de Bort's death in 1913,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Teisserenc de Bort's death in 1913,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: "troposphere" and the "stratosphere".

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: "troposphere" and the "stratosphere".

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: "troposphere" and the "stratosphere".

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Teisserenc de Bort's death in 1913,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: "troposphere"

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Teisserenc de Bort's death in 1913,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: "troposphere"

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: "troposphere" and the "stratosphere".

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: "troposphere"

text: He was born in London and educated at Cambridge University, where he graduated with first class honours in Applied Mathematics in 1937 and in Economics a year later. He joined the British Meteorological Office in 1939 and was asked to study turbulent diffusion in the atmospheric boundary layer (the first few hundred metres of atmosphere above the earth's surface). In 1943 he was transferred to the upper-air unit and helped prepare the D-Day weather forecast.

text: He was born in London and educated at

text: Cambridge University

text: , where he graduated with first class honours in Applied Mathematics in 1937 and in Economics a year later. He joined the British

text: Meteorological Office

text: in 1939 and was asked to study turbulent diffusion in the atmospheric boundary layer (the first few hundred metres of atmosphere above the earth's surface). In 1943 he was transferred to the upper-air unit and helped prepare the D-Day weather forecast.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: surface

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: the D-Day weather forecast.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: upper-air

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: what is the first few hundred metres of atmosphere above the earth's surface

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: What is the first few hundred metres of atmosphere above the earth's surface?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere merges gradually with outer space

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Why did he join the British Meteorological Office

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: (the first few hundred metres of atmosphere above the earth's surface).

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: turbulent diffusion in the atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: D-Day weather forecast.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: British Meteorological Office in 1939

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: British Meteorological Office in 1939

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: British Meteorological Office in 1939

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: turbulent diffusion in the atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: British Meteorological Office in 1939

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: British Meteorological Office in 1939

text: The ozone layer absorbs 97 to 99 percent of the Sun's medium-frequency ultraviolet light (from about 200 nm to 315 nm wavelength), which otherwise would potentially damage exposed life forms near the surface.

text: The ozone layer absorbs 97 to 99 percent of the Sun's medium-frequency ultraviolet light (from about 200

text: nm

text: to 315 nm

text: wavelength

text: ), which otherwise would potentially damage exposed life forms near the surface.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: wavelength

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The ozone layer absorbs 97 to 99 percent of the Sun's ultraviolet light

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: arctic

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Sun's

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: Sun's medium-frequency ultraviolet light

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: Sun's medium-frequency ultraviolet light

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: 97 to 99 percent of the Sun's medium-frequency ultraviolet light

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: The ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Sun's medium-frequency ultraviolet light

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: The ozone layer absorbs 97 to 99 percent

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: The ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: The ozone layer absorbs 97 to 99 percent

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: The ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: The ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: The ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: 97 to 99 percent of the Sun's medium-frequency ultraviolet light

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: The ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: The ozone layer

text: The most common type of directly heated cathode, used in most high power transmitting tubes, is the thoriated tungsten filament, discovered in 1914 and made practical by Irving Langmuir in 1923. A small amount of thorium is added to the tungsten of the filament. The filament is heated white-hot, at about 2400 °C, and thorium atoms migrate to the surface of the filament and form the emissive layer. Heating the filament in a hydrocarbon atmosphere carburizes the surface and stabilizes the emissive layer.  Thoriated filaments can have very long lifetimes and are resistant to the ion bombardment that occurs at high voltages, because fresh thorium continually diffuses to the surface, renewing the layer. They are used in nearly all high-power vacuum tubes for radio transmitters, and in some tubes for hi-fi amplifiers. Their lifetimes tend to be longer than those of oxide cathodes.

text: The most common type of directly heated cathode, used in most high power transmitting tubes, is the

text: thoriated tungsten

text: filament, discovered in 1914 and made practical by

text: Irving Langmuir

text: in 1923. A small amount of

text: thorium

text: is added to the tungsten of the filament. The filament is heated white-hot, at about 2400 °C, and thorium atoms migrate to the surface of the filament and form the emissive layer. Heating the filament in a hydrocarbon atmosphere carburizes the surface and stabilizes the emissive layer.  Thoriated filaments can have very long lifetimes and are resistant to the ion bombardment that occurs at high voltages, because fresh thorium continually diffuses to the surface, renewing the layer. They are used in nearly all high-power vacuum tubes for radio transmitters, and in some tubes for

text: hi-fi

text: amplifiers. Their lifetimes tend to be longer than those of oxide cathodes.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: hydrocarbon

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: hydrocarbon

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: hydrocarbon

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: hydrocarbon atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: hydrocarbon

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: hydrocarbons

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: hydrocarbon

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Their lifetimes tend to be longer than those of oxide cathodes.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: high altitudes

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: hydrocarbon atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: What is the most common type of directly heated cathode?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: hydrocarbon

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: hydrocarbon

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: 2400 °C,

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: hydrocarbon

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: 2400 °C,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: hydrocarbon

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: hydrocarbon

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: hydrocarbon

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: hydrocarbon

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: 2400 °C,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: oxide cathodes.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: 2400 °C,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: hydrocarbon atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: 2400 °C,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: 2400 °C,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: 1923.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: 2400 °C,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: hydrocarbon

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 2400 °C,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: 2400 °C,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: thoriated tungsten filament,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: ion bombardment that occurs at high voltages,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: 1923.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: 2400 °C,

text: Lacquer vessels, boxes and trays have a coiled or woven bamboo-strip base often mixed with horsehair, and the thitsee may be mixed with ashes or sawdust to form a putty-like substance called thayo which can be sculpted. The object is coated layer upon layer with thitsee and thayo to make a smooth surface, polished and engraved with intricate designs, commonly using red, green and yellow colours on a red or black background. Shwezawa is a distinctive form in its use of gold leaf to fill in the designs on a black background.

text: Lacquer vessels, boxes and trays have a coiled or woven bamboo-strip base often mixed with horsehair, and the thitsee may be mixed with ashes or sawdust to form a putty-like substance called thayo which can be sculpted. The object is coated layer upon layer with thitsee and thayo to make a smooth surface, polished and engraved with intricate designs, commonly using red, green and yellow colours on a red or black background. Shwezawa is a distinctive form in its use of gold leaf to fill in the designs on a black background.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: thayo

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: thitsee

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: ozone is not used in lacquer

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: alpine

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: arctic

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: thayo

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: thayo

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: thayo which can be sculpted.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: thayo which can be sculpted.

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: thayo which can be sculpted.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: thayo which can be sculpted.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: thayo which can be sculpted.

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: layer upon layer

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: thayo

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: ashes or sawdust

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Lacquer

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: thayo which can be sculpted.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: ashes or sawdust

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Lacquer

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: thayo which can be sculpted.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: layer upon layer

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: thayo which can be sculpted.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: thayo

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: thayo which can be sculpted.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: thayo which can be sculpted.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: thayo which can be sculpted.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: thayo which can be sculpted.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: thayo which can be sculpted.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: thayo which can be sculpted.

text: Temperature data can be used for various kinds of studies. An important aspect of temperature data is the ability to correlate temperature with various factors that may be affecting or occurring in the environment. Oftentimes, temperature data is collected long-term by the Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research (OAR), and made available to the scientific community through the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Data can be overlaid with maps of terrain, urban features, and other spatial areas to create heat maps. These heat maps can be used to view trends and distribution over time and space.

text: Temperature

text: data can be used for various kinds of studies. An important aspect of temperature data is the ability to correlate temperature with various factors that may be affecting or occurring in the environment. Oftentimes, temperature data is collected long-term by the

entity_name: Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research

text: Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research

text: (OAR), and made available to the scientific community through the

entity_name: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

text: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

text: (NOAA). Data can be overlaid with maps of terrain, urban features, and other spatial areas to create heat maps. These heat maps can be used to view trends and distribution over time and space.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: The troposphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: NOAA

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research collects long-term temperature data

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: NOAA

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: NOAA

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: space.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does not have convection currents?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What causes meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: The troposphere rises to about 50 kilometers above Earths surface

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: The top of the mesosphere is warmer than the bottom

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere merges gradually with outer space.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: heat maps.

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: Atmospheric

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: heat maps.

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: heat maps.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: heat maps.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: Atmospheric

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: heat maps.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Temperature data

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: heat maps.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: urban features, and other spatial areas to create heat maps.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: space.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: heat maps.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: heat maps.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: heat maps.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: heat maps.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: heat maps.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: heat maps.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: heat maps.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: heat maps.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: heat maps.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: heat maps.

text: Antiferromagnets can couple to ferromagnets, for instance, through a mechanism known as exchange bias, in which the ferromagnetic film is either grown upon the antiferromagnet or annealed in an aligning magnetic field, causing the surface atoms of the ferromagnet to align with the surface atoms of the antiferromagnet. This provides the ability to "pin" the orientation of a ferromagnetic film, which provides one of the main uses in so-called spin valves, which are the basis of magnetic sensors including modern hard drive read heads. The temperature at or above which an antiferromagnetic layer loses its ability to "pin" the magnetization direction of an adjacent ferromagnetic layer is called the blocking temperature of that layer and is usually lower than the Néel temperature.

text: Antiferromagnets can couple to

text: ferromagnets

text: , for instance, through a mechanism known as

text: exchange bias

text: , in which the

text: ferromagnetic

text: film is either grown upon the antiferromagnet or annealed in an aligning magnetic field, causing the surface atoms of the

text: ferromagnet

text: to align with the surface atoms of the antiferromagnet. This provides the ability to "pin" the orientation of a

text: ferromagnetic

text: film, which provides one of the main uses in so-called

text: spin valves

text: , which are the basis of magnetic sensors including modern

text: hard drive

text: read heads. The temperature at or above which an antiferromagnetic layer loses its ability to "pin" the magnetization direction of an adjacent ferromagnetic layer is called the blocking temperature of that layer and is usually lower than the Néel temperature.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: The blocking temperature of that layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: Néel

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: antiferromagnetic layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: Néel

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Néel temperature

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: is usually lower than the Néel temperature.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Néel

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Néel temperature

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Néel

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: Antiferromagnets

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: Antiferromagnets

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Antiferromagnets

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: Néel temperature.

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Antiferromagnets

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: Néel temperature.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: Antiferromagnets

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: magnetic field,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Néel temperature.

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: Néel temperature.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Néel temperature.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Néel temperature.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Néel temperature.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Néel temperature.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Néel temperature.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Néel temperature.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Néel temperature.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Antiferromagnets

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Néel temperature.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Néel temperature.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Antiferromagnets

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Antiferromagnets

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Antiferromagnets

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Néel temperature.

text: Computational work of Yakobson and others published on January 17, 2014 supports this theory of lightning directly forming diamond from the elemental carbon and nanographite; as Yakobson et al. have subsequently shown that few layer graphene from such lightning strikes can be subsequently converted directly to diamond at low pressure as in the storm clouds of the upper atmospheres of Saturn and Jupiter from even the heat (and the magnetic field as by RBL) of subsequent lightning strikes atomizing hydrogen (the major component of the atmospheres of these planets) and hydrogen atoms attaching to few layer graphene edges near the bolts to transform the few layer graphene to thin diamond without the need for the graphene to fall deep into the interior of Saturn and Jupiter for high pressures to convert the graphite to diamond by what Yakobson notes "chemically induced phase transition". The heat and hydrogen may allow nucleating thin nanodiamond from thin few layer graphene, but the magnetic fields of the lightning are important for stabilizing formation of larger diamond  during such processes beyond the nanosize and thinnest. The easy of suspension of few layer graphene in such upper clouds in these planets and the nice electrical conduction path by such suspended graphene for subsequent multiple lightning strikes through the suspended graphene give more feasibility to this direct lightning driven diamond formation theory in the hydrogen atmospheres of Saturn and Jupiter as initially expressed by RBL.;

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: upper atmospheres

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: upper atmospheres

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: the stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: upper atmospheres

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: the interior of Saturn and Jupiter

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: upper atmospheres

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: Hydrogen

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: upper atmospheres

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: cold air in the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: ozone is a nonrenewable resource

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: upper atmospheres

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does convection occur?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: The troposphere rises to about 50 kilometers above Earths surface

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: It is warmer at the top.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: The thermosphere contains charged particles called ions

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: upper

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: hydrogen

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: hydrogen

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: hydrogen

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: hydrogen

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: hydrogen

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: hydrogen

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: hydrogen

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: hydrogen

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: hydrogen

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: lightning directly forming diamond from the elemental carbon and nanographite;

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Saturn and Jupiter

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: upper atmospheres of Saturn and Jupiter

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Saturn and Jupiter from even the heat (and the magnetic field

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: hydrogen

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: hydrogen

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: hydrogen

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: hydrogen

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: hydrogen

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: lightning strikes atomizing hydrogen

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: lightning

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: hydrogen atoms

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: hydrogen

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: hydrogen

text: This heat wave, like all extreme weather events, has its direct cause in a complex set of atmospheric conditions that produce short-term weather. However, weather occurs within the broader context of the climate, and many scientists agree that global warming has made it more likely that heat waves of this magnitude will occur. A NASA-sponsored study indicates an increase in the drying tendency from spring to summer over the U.S. Central Plains, especially during the transition from June to July.  The intensified deficit in precipitation is accompanied by increased downward shortwave radiation flux, tropospheric subsidence, enhanced evaporative fraction, and elevated planetary boundary layer height, all of which can lead to surface drying.  These conditions are similar to those accompanying the 2012 drought and intense heat that occurred in mid-summer.

text: This heat wave, like all extreme weather events, has its direct cause in a complex set of atmospheric conditions that produce short-term weather. However, weather occurs within the broader context of the climate, and many scientists agree that global warming has made it more likely that heat waves of this magnitude will occur. A NASA-sponsored study indicates an increase in the drying tendency from spring to summer over the U.S. Central Plains, especially during the transition from June to July.  The intensified deficit in precipitation is accompanied by increased downward shortwave radiation flux, tropospheric subsidence, enhanced evaporative fraction, and elevated planetary boundary layer height, all of which can lead to surface drying.  These conditions are similar to those accompanying the 2012 drought and intense heat that occurred in mid-summer.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: boundary

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air in the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: the 2012 drought and intense heat that occurred in mid-summer.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: 365 day cycle

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: How many layers of the atmosphere are mentioned?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How high does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: What can lead to surface drying?

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: heat wave,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: short-term weather.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: planetary boundary layer height,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: spring to summer over the U.S. Central Plains,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: planetary boundary layer height,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: planetary boundary layer height,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: planetary boundary layer height,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: tropospheric subsidence, enhanced evaporative fraction,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: evaporative fraction,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: planetary boundary layer height,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: tropospheric subsidence, enhanced evaporative fraction,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: a complex set of atmospheric conditions

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: tropospheric

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: tropospheric

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: planetary boundary layer height,

text: His mothers Indo (Eurasian) family belonged to the lower social layer of European society, where constant lack of money, outright poverty and a continues struggle for existence characterized life in the late 19th century. An atmosphere and world he would display in his literary work.

text: His mothers Indo (Eurasian) family belonged to the lower social layer of European society, where constant lack of money, outright poverty and a continues struggle for existence characterized life in the late 19th century. An atmosphere and world he would display in his literary work.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: lower social

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: layer closest to the horizon

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The ozone layer protects humans from harmful ultraviolet rays.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: European society

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: lower social layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How high is the troposphere?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of ion?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is not a type of gas?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: lower social layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: lower social layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: His mothers Indo (Eurasian)

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: lower social layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: His mothers Indo (Eurasian)

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: lower social layer of European society,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: lower social layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: social layer of European society,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: lower social layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: His mothers Indo (Eurasian)

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: money,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: late 19th century.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: late 19th century.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: His mothers Indo (Eurasian)

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: His mothers Indo (Eurasian)

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: lower social layer

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: His mothers Indo (Eurasian)

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: His mothers Indo (Eurasian)

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: His mothers Indo (Eurasian)

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: His mothers Indo (Eurasian)

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: His mothers Indo (Eurasian)

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: His mothers Indo (Eurasian)

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: His mothers Indo (Eurasian)

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: His mothers Indo (Eurasian)

text: Measuring the temperature change with height through the troposphere and the stratosphere identifies the location of the tropopause. In the troposphere, temperature decreases with altitude. In the stratosphere, however, the temperature remains constant for a while and then increases with altitude. The region of the atmosphere where the lapse rate changes from positive (in the troposphere) to negative (in the stratosphere), is defined as the tropopause. Thus, the tropopause is an inversion layer, and there is little mixing between the two layers of the atmosphere.

text: Measuring the temperature change with height through the troposphere and the stratosphere identifies the location of the tropopause. In the troposphere, temperature decreases with altitude. In the stratosphere, however, the temperature remains constant for a while and then increases with altitude. The region of the atmosphere where the lapse rate changes from positive (in the troposphere) to negative (in the stratosphere), is defined as the tropopause. Thus, the tropopause is an

text: inversion layer

text: , and there is little mixing between the two layers of the atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: altitude

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air in the stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: there is little mixing between the two layers of the atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere contains the tropopause?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not a type of gas?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: The troposphere

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere contains charged particles called ions?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: What is the difference between troposphere and stratosphere?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: inversion layer,

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: the tropopause.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: the tropopause is an inversion layer,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: inversion layer,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: inversion layer,

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: altitude.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: little mixing between the two layers of the atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: there is little mixing

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: temperature decreases with altitude.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: the temperature remains constant for a while and then increases with altitude.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: tropopause.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: temperature decreases with altitude.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: temperature decreases with altitude.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: tropopause.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: troposphere

text: The mesosphere of Venus extends from 65 km to 120 km in height, and the thermosphere begins at approximately 120 km, eventually reaching the upper limit of the atmosphere (exosphere) at about 220 to 350 km. The exosphere is the altitude at which the atmosphere becomes collisionless.

text: The

text: mesosphere

text: of Venus extends from 65 km to 120 km in height, and the

text: thermosphere

text: begins at approximately 120 km, eventually reaching the upper limit of the atmosphere (exosphere) at about 220 to 350 km. The exosphere is the altitude at which the atmosphere becomes collisionless.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: The mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: The exosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: altitude

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The exosphere is the altitude at which the atmosphere becomes collisionless.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: the thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What is the upper limit of the atmosphere at which the atmosphere becomes collisionless?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: It doesn't say

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: (exosphere)

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: (exosphere)

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: (exosphere)

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: (exosphere)

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: 65 km to 120 km in height,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: (exosphere)

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: height,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: Venus

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Venus

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: (exosphere)

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Venus

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: 120 km,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: The mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: The mesosphere of Venus

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: The exosphere is the altitude at which the atmosphere becomes collisionless.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 120 km,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: The mesosphere of Venus

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: 220 to 350 km.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: the thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere is the altitude at which the atmosphere becomes collisionless.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: The exosphere is the altitude at which the atmosphere becomes collisionless.

text: Rossby-gravity waves, first observed in the stratosphere by M. Yanai, always carry energy eastward.  But, oddly, their 'crests' and 'troughs' may propagate westward if their periods are long enough.  The eastward speed of propagation of these waves can be derived for an inviscid slowly moving layer of fluid of uniform depth H.  Because the Coriolis parameter (ƒ = 2Ω sin(θ) where Ω is the angular velocity of the earth, 7.2921

text: Rossby-gravity waves, first observed in the stratosphere by M. Yanai, always carry energy eastward.  But, oddly, their 'crests' and 'troughs' may propagate westward if their periods are long enough.  The eastward speed of propagation of these waves can be derived for an inviscid slowly moving layer of fluid of uniform depth H.  Because the

text: Coriolis parameter

text: (ƒ = 2Ω sin(θ) where Ω is the

text: angular velocity

text: of the earth, 7.2921

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: layer of fluid

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: gravitational

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Rossby-gravity waves always carry energy eastward.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: elliptical orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: the stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What causes meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: It is colder at the bottom.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: the stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: None of the above choices are true

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere by M. Yanai, always carry energy eastward.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere by M. Yanai, always carry energy eastward.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: fluid

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: angular velocity

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: eastward.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: 7.2921

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: angular velocity

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Rossby-gravity waves,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: eastward.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Coriolis parameter

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 7.2921

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Rossby-gravity waves, first observed in the stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Rossby-gravity waves,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Rossby-gravity waves, first observed in the stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: eastward.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: inviscid

text: In recent years the mesopause has also been the focus of studies on global climate change associated with increases in CO. Unlike the troposphere, where greenhouse gases result in the atmosphere heating up, increased CO in the mesosphere acts to cool the atmosphere due to increased radiative emission. This results in a measurable effect - the mesopause should become cooler with increased CO. Observations do show a decrease of temperature of the mesopause, though the magnitude of this decrease varies and is subject to further study. Modeling studies of this phenomenon have also been carried out.

text: In recent years the mesopause has also been the focus of studies on global

text: climate change

text: associated with increases in CO. Unlike the

text: troposphere

text: , where

text: greenhouse gases

text: result in the atmosphere heating up, increased CO in the

text: mesosphere

text: acts to cool the atmosphere due to increased radiative emission. This results in a measurable effect - the mesopause should become cooler with increased CO. Observations do show a decrease of temperature of the mesopause, though the magnitude of this decrease varies and is subject to further study. Modeling studies of this phenomenon have also been carried out.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: mesopause

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: mesopause

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: mesopause

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: mesopause

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: mesopause

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: mesopause

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: the mesopause should become cooler with increased CO

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: mesopause

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: mesopause

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: greenhouse gases

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does not have convection currents?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles: troposphere, mesopause or greenhouse gases?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: mesopause

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: mesopause

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: mesopause

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: mesopause

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: mesopause

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: heating up,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: greenhouse gases result in the atmosphere heating up,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: mesopause,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: greenhouse gases

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: greenhouse gases

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: greenhouse gases

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: increases in CO. Unlike the troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: troposphere,

text: Jupiter is covered with a cloud layer about 50 km deep. The clouds are composed of ammonia crystals and possibly ammonium hydrosulfide. The clouds are located in the tropopause and are arranged into bands of different latitudes, known as tropical regions. These are sub-divided into lighter-hued zones and darker belts. The interactions of these conflicting circulation patterns cause storms and turbulence. The best-known feature of the cloud layer is the Great Red Spot, a persistent anticyclonic storm located 22° south of the equator that is larger than Earth. In 2000, an atmospheric feature formed in the southern hemisphere that is similar in appearance to the Great Red Spot, but smaller in size. The feature was named Oval BA, and has been nicknamed Red Spot Junior.

text: Jupiter is covered with a cloud layer about 50 km deep. The clouds are composed of

text: ammonia

text: crystals and possibly ammonium hydrosulfide. The clouds are located in the

text: tropopause

text: and are arranged into bands of different

text: latitude

text: s, known as tropical regions. These are sub-divided into lighter-hued zones and darker belts. The interactions of these conflicting

text: circulation

text: patterns cause storms and

text: turbulence

text: . The best-known feature of the cloud layer is the

text: Great Red Spot

text: , a persistent

text: anticyclonic

text: storm

text: located 22° south of the equator that is larger than Earth. In 2000, an atmospheric feature formed in the southern hemisphere that is similar in appearance to the Great Red Spot, but smaller in size. The feature was named

text: Oval BA

text: , and has been nicknamed Red Spot Junior.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: latitude

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Oval BA, and has been nicknamed Red Spot Junior.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles: ions, tropopause, or clouds?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is not true of Jupiter?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: different latitudes,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Oval BA,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: tropical regions.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Jupiter is covered with a cloud layer about 50 km deep.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Jupiter

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: southern hemisphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: turbulence.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: turbulence.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: lighter-hued zones

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Great Red Spot,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Jupiter

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: ammonia crystals and possibly ammonium hydrosulfide.

text: The atmosphere was at first predicted "pL class", lacking a temperature-inversion stratosphere; like L dwarfs which lack titanium and vanadium oxides. Follow-up measurements, tested against a stratospheric model, yielded inconclusive results. Atmospheric condensates form a haze 1000 km above the surface as viewed in the infrared. A sunset viewed from that surface would be red. Sodium and potassium signals were predicted by Tinetti 2007. First obscured by the haze of condensates, sodium was eventually observed at three times the concentration of HD 209458 b's sodium layer. HD 189733 is also the first extrasolar planet confirmed to have carbon dioxide in its atmosphere.

text: The atmosphere was at first predicted "pL class", lacking a temperature-inversion

text: stratosphere

text: ; like

text: L dwarfs

text: which lack titanium and vanadium oxides. Follow-up measurements, tested against a stratospheric model, yielded inconclusive results. Atmospheric condensates form a haze 1000 km above the surface as viewed in the infrared. A sunset viewed from that surface would be red. Sodium and potassium signals were predicted by Tinetti 2007. First obscured by the haze of condensates, sodium was eventually observed at three times the concentration of

text: HD 209458 b

text: 's sodium layer. HD 189733 is also the first extrasolar planet confirmed to have carbon dioxide in its atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: temperature-inversion

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: temperature-inversion

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: pL class

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: cold air in the stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Atmospheric condensates form a haze

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: How many layers of the atmosphere are mentioned?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above the surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of ion: sodium, potassium, or hydrogen?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere merges gradually with outer space

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: How would a sunset viewed from that surface be red?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: temperature-inversion stratosphere;

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: temperature-inversion stratosphere;

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: temperature-inversion

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: temperature-inversion stratosphere;

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: temperature-inversion

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratosphere;

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: Atmospheric condensates

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature-inversion

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: stratosphere;

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: temperature-inversion

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: "pL class", lacking a temperature-inversion stratosphere;

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratosphere;

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere;

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: L dwarfs

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Atmospheric condensates

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Atmospheric condensates

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: temperature-inversion stratosphere;

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Atmospheric condensates

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 1000

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: temperature-inversion stratosphere;

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Atmospheric condensates

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Atmospheric condensates

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Atmospheric condensates form a haze

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: temperature-inversion stratosphere;

text: The highly diluted gas in this layer can reach  during the day. Even though the temperature is so high, one would not feel warm in the thermosphere, because it is so near vacuum that there is not enough contact with the few atoms of gas to transfer much heat. A normal thermometer might be significantly below , at least at night, because the energy lost by thermal radiation would exceed the energy acquired from the atmospheric gas by direct contact. In the anacoustic zone above , the density is so low that molecular interactions are too infrequent to permit the transmission of sound.

text: The highly diluted gas in this layer can reach  during the day. Even though the temperature is so high, one would not feel warm in the thermosphere, because it is so near vacuum that there is not enough contact with the few atoms of gas to transfer much heat. A normal

text: thermometer

text: might be significantly below , at least at night, because the energy lost by thermal radiation would exceed the energy acquired from the atmospheric gas by direct contact. In the

text: anacoustic zone

text: above , the density is so low that molecular interactions are too infrequent to permit the transmission of sound.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: The troposphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: anacoustic zone

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: The stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: density

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The density is so low that molecular interactions are too infrequent to permit the transmission of sound.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: anacoustic zone

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earth's surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: It merges gradually with outer space.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: anacoustic zone

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: thermosphere,

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: thermosphere,

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: anacoustic zone

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: thermosphere,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: thermosphere,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: anacoustic zone

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: thermosphere,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: thermosphere,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: The highly diluted gas

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The highly diluted gas in this layer can reach during the day.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: thermosphere,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: anacoustic zone

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: thermosphere,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: not enough contact with the few atoms of gas to transfer much heat.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: thermosphere,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: one would not feel warm in the thermosphere,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: thermosphere,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: one would not feel warm in the thermosphere,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: one would not feel warm in the thermosphere,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: The highly diluted gas in this layer can reach during the day.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: one would not feel warm in the thermosphere,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: thermosphere,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: molecular interactions are too infrequent to permit the transmission of sound.

text: Obsolescence- Obsolescence Management- Ocean colonization- Ocean Dumping Act- Ocean Dumping Ban Act- Office of the Gene Technology Regulator- Ogallala Aquifer- Oglala National Grassland- Oil desulfurization- Oklo- Old growth forest- Oncomouse- One-child policy- Ontario Nature- Open pollination- Operation Crossroads- Operation Grapple- Operation Plumbbob- Orchard- Organic certification- Organic electronics- Organic farming- Organic food- Organic gardening- Organic horticulture- Organic lawn management- Organic light-emitting diode- Organic movement- Organochlorine compound- Our Common Future- Our Posthuman Future- Outline of forestry- Over-consumption- Overpopulation- Oxygen saturation- Ozone depletion- Ozone depletion potential- Ozone layer- Ozone-oxygen cycle

text: Obsolescence

text: Obsolescence Management

text: Ocean colonization

entity_name: Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act of 1972

text: Ocean Dumping Act

text: Ocean Dumping Ban Act

text: Office of the Gene Technology Regulator

text: Ogallala Aquifer

text: Oglala National Grassland

text: Oil desulfurization

text: Oklo

text: Old growth forest

text: Oncomouse

text: One-child policy

text: Ontario Nature

text: Open pollination

text: Operation Crossroads

text: Operation Grapple

text: Operation Plumbbob

text: Orchard

text: Organic certification

text: Organic electronics

text: Organic farming

text: Organic food

text: Organic gardening

text: Organic horticulture

text: Organic lawn management

text: Organic light-emitting diode

text: Organic movement

text: Organochlorine compound

text: Our Common Future

text: Our Posthuman Future

text: Outline of forestry

text: Over-consumption

text: Overpopulation

text: Oxygen saturation

text: Ozone depletion

text: Ozone depletion potential

text: Ozone layer

text: Ozone-oxygen cycle

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: Ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: Ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: Ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: Oxygen

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: air in the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Over-consumption and overpopulation are the causes of ozone depletion.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Arctic

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Ogallala Aquifer

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Convection currents occur in the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Ogallala Aquifer

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Ogallala Aquifer

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How high does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Ogallala Aquifer

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Earths surface

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Ogallala Aquifer

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Ogallala Aquifer

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: Ozone layer-

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: Ozone layer-

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Ozone layer- Ozone-oxygen cycle

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: Ozone layer-

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Ozone layer- Ozone-oxygen cycle

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: Ozone layer-

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: Ozone layer-

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: Oxygen

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Ozone layer-

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: Oxygen

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Overpopulation-

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Ogallala Aquifer-

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Ocean colonization-

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Oxygen

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Oxygen saturation- Ozone depletion-

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Ozone layer- Ozone-oxygen cycle

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Ocean Dumping Act- Ocean Dumping Ban Act-

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Oil desulfurization-

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Ocean Dumping Act- Ocean Dumping Ban Act-

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Ocean Dumping Act- Ocean Dumping Ban Act-

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Ocean Dumping Act- Ocean Dumping Ban Act-

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Oxygen

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Ocean colonization-

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Oxygen

text: Observations with the Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph of the Hubble Space Telescope, first described in 1995, revealed that Europa has a thin atmosphere composed mostly of molecular oxygen (O). The surface pressure of Europa's atmosphere is 0.1 μPa, or 10 times that of the Earth. In 1997, the Galileo spacecraft confirmed the presence of a tenuous ionosphere (an upper-atmospheric layer of charged particles) around Europa created by solar radiation and energetic particles from Jupiter's magnetosphere, providing evidence of an atmosphere.

text: Observations with the

text: Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph

text: of the

text: Hubble Space Telescope

text: , first described in 1995, revealed that Europa has a thin

text: atmosphere

text: composed mostly of

text: molecular oxygen

text: (O). The surface pressure of Europa's atmosphere is 0.1

text: μPa

text: , or 10 times that of the Earth. In 1997, the

text: Galileo

text: spacecraft confirmed the presence of a tenuous

text: ionosphere

text: (an upper-atmospheric layer of charged particles) around Europa created by solar radiation and energetic particles from Jupiter's

text: magnetosphere

text: , providing evidence of an atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: surface pressure

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Europa has a thin atmosphere composed mostly of molecular oxygen (O)

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Europa

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: How many layers of the atmosphere does Europa have?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What is the surface pressure of Europa's atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earth's surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: charged particles)

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: Europa has a thin atmosphere composed mostly of molecular oxygen

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: 10 times that of the Earth.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Europa

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Europa

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Europa

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: solar radiation

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: solar radiation and energetic particles from Jupiter's magnetosphere,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: molecular oxygen

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 10 times that of the Earth.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: 10 times that of the Earth.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Europa has a thin atmosphere composed mostly of molecular oxygen

text: Natural daylight has a high color temperature (approximately 5000-5800 K).  Visible light color varies according to the weather and the angle of the Sun, and specific quantities of light (measured in lumens) stimulate photosynthesis. Distance from the sun has little effect on seasonal changes in the quality and quantity of light and the resulting plant behavior during those seasons. The axis of the Earth is not perpendicular to the plane of its orbit around the sun. During half of the year the north pole is tilted towards sun so the northern hemisphere gets nearly direct sunlight and the southern hemisphere gets oblique sunlight that must travel through more atmosphere before it reaches the Earth's surface. In the other half of the year, this is reversed. The color spectrum of light that the sun emits does not change, only the quantity (more during the summer and less in winter) and quality of overall light reaching the Earth's surface. Some supplemental LED grow lights in vertical greenhouses produce a combination of only red and blue wavelengths. The color rendering index allows comparison of how closely the light matches the natural color of regular sunlight.

text: Natural daylight has a high

text: color temperature

text: (approximately 5000-5800 K).  Visible light color varies according to the weather and the angle of the Sun, and specific quantities of light (measured in lumens) stimulate photosynthesis. Distance from the sun has little effect on seasonal changes in the quality and quantity of light and the resulting plant behavior during those seasons. The axis of the Earth is not perpendicular to the plane of its orbit around the sun. During half of the year the north pole is tilted towards sun so the northern hemisphere gets nearly direct sunlight and the southern hemisphere gets oblique sunlight that must travel through more atmosphere before it reaches the Earth's surface. In the other half of the year, this is reversed. The color spectrum of light that the sun emits does not change, only the quantity (more during the summer and less in winter) and quality of overall light reaching the Earth's surface. Some supplemental LED grow lights in vertical greenhouses produce a combination of only red and blue wavelengths. The

text: color rendering index

text: allows comparison of how closely the light matches the natural color of regular sunlight.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: oblique sunlight that must travel through more atmosphere before it reaches the Earth's surface

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: the stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: northern hemisphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: oblique sunlight that must travel through more atmosphere before it reaches the Earth's surface

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: oblique sunlight

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: southern hemisphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air in the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: distance from the sun has little effect on seasonal changes

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: northern hemisphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: winter

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: plane of its orbit around the sun

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: How many layers of the atmosphere does convection occur in?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not caused by friction with gas molecules?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Why is the top of the mesosphere warmer

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of ion?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is not a type of gas?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: oblique sunlight that must travel through more atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: oblique sunlight that must travel through more atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: 5000-5800 K).

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: oblique sunlight that must travel through more atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: 5000-5800 K).

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: more atmosphere before it reaches the Earth's surface.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: oblique sunlight that must travel through more atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: angle of the Sun,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: oblique sunlight

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: sunlight

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Natural daylight has a high color temperature

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: vertical greenhouses

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: winter)

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: orbit around the sun.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: the northern hemisphere gets nearly direct sunlight

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: perpendicular

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: 5000-5800 K).

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: 5000-5800 K).

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: oblique sunlight that must travel through more atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: the northern hemisphere

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: oblique sunlight that must travel through more atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The axis of the Earth is not perpendicular

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: 5000-5800 K).

text: The effect is a consequence of the Coriolis effect which subjects  moving objects to a force to the right of their direction of motion in the northern hemisphere (and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere). Thus, when a persistent wind blows over an extended area of the ocean surface in the northern hemisphere, it causes a surface current which accelerates in that direction, which then experiences a Coriolis force and acceleration to the right of the wind:  the current will turn gradually to the right as it gains speed.  As the flow is now somewhat right of the wind, the Coriolis force perpendicular to the flow's motion is now partly directed against the wind.  Eventually, the current will reach a top speed when the force of the wind, of the Coriolis effect, and the resistant drag of the subsurface water balance, and the current will flow at a constant speed and direction as long as the wind persists.  This surface current drags on the water layer below it, applying a force in its own direction of motion to that layer, repeating the process whereby that layer eventually becomes a steady current even further to the right of the wind, and so on for deeper layers of water, resulting in a continuous rotation (or spiraling) of current direction with changing depth.  As depth increases, the force transmitted from the driving wind declines and thus the speed of the resultant steady current decreases, hence the tapered spiral representation in the accompanying diagram.  The depth to which the Ekman spiral penetrates is determined by how far turbulent mixing can penetrate over the course of a pendulum day.

text: The effect is a consequence of the

text: Coriolis effect

text: pendulum day

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: water layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: water layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: ekman spiral

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: water layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: ekman spiral

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: water layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: water layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: wind

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: water layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: air in the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Coriolis force perpendicular to the flow's motion is now partly directed against the wind

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Northern Hemisphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Southern Hemisphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Northern Hemisphere

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: What does the Coriolis effect subject moving objects to?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: water layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: Coriolis effect

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Coriolis effect

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: Coriolis effect

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Coriolis effect

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: water layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: water layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: wind

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: water layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: wind

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The effect is a consequence of the Coriolis effect

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: northern hemisphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: northern hemisphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: northern hemisphere

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Coriolis effect

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: water layer

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Coriolis effect

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Coriolis effect

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Coriolis effect

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Coriolis effect

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: wind

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Coriolis effect

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Coriolis effect

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Coriolis effect

text: Outflow, in meteorology, is air that flows outwards from a storm system.  It is associated with ridging, or anticyclonic flow.  In the low levels of the troposphere, outflow radiates from thunderstorms in the form of a wedge of rain-cooled air, which is visible as a thin rope-like cloud on weather satellite imagery or a fine line on weather radar imagery.  Low-level outflow boundaries can disrupt the center of small tropical cyclones.  However, outflow aloft is essential for the strengthening of a tropical cyclone.  If this outflow is undercut, the tropical cyclone weakens.  If two tropical cyclones are in proximity, the upper level outflow from the system to the west can limit the development of the system to the east.

text: Outflow, in

text: meteorology

text: , is air that flows outwards from a storm system.  It is associated with ridging, or

text: anticyclonic

text: flow.  In the low levels of the

text: troposphere

text: , outflow radiates from thunderstorms in the form of a wedge of rain-cooled air, which is visible as a thin rope-like cloud on

text: weather satellite

text: imagery or a fine line on

text: weather radar

text: imagery.  Low-level outflow boundaries can disrupt the center of small

text: tropical cyclone

text: s.  However, outflow aloft is essential for the strengthening of a tropical cyclone.  If this outflow is undercut, the tropical cyclone weakens.  If two tropical cyclones are in proximity, the upper level outflow from the system to the west can limit the development of the system to the east.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: aloft

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: outflow aloft

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: It is not necessary for the strengthening of a tropical cyclone.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does outflow occur in?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How high does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles called ions?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Why are gas molecules in the exosphere extremely cold?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: aloft

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Low-level outflow

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: aloft

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Low-level outflow

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: aloft

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: Outflow,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Outflow,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: west

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: outflow radiates from thunderstorms

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Outflow,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: outflow radiates from thunderstorms

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Outflow,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Outflow,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: outflow radiates from thunderstorms

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Outflow,

text: A blue iris in an eye is due to Tyndall scattering in a translucent layer in the iris. Brown and black irises have the same layer except with more melanin in it. The melanin absorbs light. In the absence of melanin, the layer is translucent (i.e. the light passing through is randomly and diffusely scattered) and a noticeable portion of the light that enters this translucent layer re-emerges via a scattered path. That is, there is backscatter, the redirection of the lightwaves back out to the open air. Scattering takes place to a greater extent at the shorter wavelengths. The longer wavelengths tend to pass straight through the translucent layer with unaltered paths, and then encounter the next layer further back in the iris, which is a light absorber. Thus, the longer wavelengths are not reflected (by scattering) back to the open air as much as the shorter wavelengths are. Because the shorter wavelengths are the blue wavelengths, this gives rise to a blue hue in the light that comes out of the eye. The blue iris is an example of a structural color, in contradistinction to a pigment color. The complete absence of pigment in eyes (albinism) causes the eye to appear red, due to the visibility of the red of the retina through the iris.

text: A blue

text: iris

text: in an eye is due to Tyndall scattering in a translucent layer in the iris. Brown and black irises have the same layer except with more

text: melanin

text: in it. The melanin absorbs light. In the absence of melanin, the layer is

text: translucent

text: (i.e. the light passing through is randomly and diffusely scattered) and a noticeable portion of the light that enters this translucent layer re-emerges via a scattered path. That is, there is

text: backscatter

text: , the redirection of the lightwaves back out to the open air. Scattering takes place to a greater extent at the shorter wavelengths. The longer wavelengths tend to pass straight through the translucent layer with unaltered paths, and then encounter the next layer further back in the iris, which is a light absorber. Thus, the longer wavelengths are not reflected (by scattering) back to the open air as much as the shorter wavelengths are. Because the shorter wavelengths are the blue wavelengths, this gives rise to a blue hue in the light that comes out of the eye. The blue iris is an example of a

text: structural color

text: , in contradistinction to a

text: pigment color

text: . The complete absence of pigment in eyes (

text: albinism

text: ) causes the eye to appear red, due to the visibility of the red of the retina through the iris.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: open air

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: light

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: longer wavelengths

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: longer wavelengths

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does not have convection currents?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not an example of Tyndall scattering?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How high does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles called ions?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Why is the exosphere cold?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: translucent layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: open air.

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: A blue iris in an eye is due to Tyndall scattering

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: open air.

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: The melanin absorbs light.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: open air.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: open air.

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: shorter wavelengths.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: blue wavelengths,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: A blue iris in an eye is due to Tyndall scattering

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: pigment color.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: red,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: shorter wavelengths.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: A blue iris

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: light.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: shorter wavelengths.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: light.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: A blue iris in an eye is due to Tyndall scattering

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: red,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: red,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: a light absorber.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: pigment color.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: A blue iris in an eye is due to Tyndall scattering

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: A blue iris in an eye is due to Tyndall scattering

text: Groundwater may have played an important part in forming layers in many locations.  Calculations and simulations show that groundwater carrying dissolved minerals would surface in the same locations that have abundant rock layers.   According to these ideas, deep canyons and large craters would receive water coming from the ground.  Many craters in the Arabia area of Mars contain groups of layers.  Some of these layers may have resulted from climate changes.  The tilt of the rotational axis of Mars has repeatedly changed in the past.  Some changes are large.  Because of these variations of climate, at times the atmosphere of Mars will be much thicker and contain more moisture.  The amount of atmospheric dust also has increased and decreased. It is believed that these frequent changes helped to deposit material in craters and other low places. The rising of mineral-rich ground water cemented these materials. The model also predicts that after a crater is full of layered rocks; additional layers will be laid down in the area around the crater. So, the model predicts that layers may also have formed in intercrater regions, and layers in these regions have been observed.Layers can be hardened by the action of groundwater.  Martian ground water probably moved hundreds of kilometers, and in the process it dissolved many minerals from the rock it passed through.  When ground water surfaces in low areas containing sediments, water evaporates in the thin atmosphere and leaves behind minerals as deposits and/or cementing agents. Consequently, layers of dust could not later easily erode away since they were cemented together. On Earth, mineral-rich waters often evaporate forming large deposits of various types of salts and other minerals. Sometimes water flows through Earth's aquifers, and then evaporates at the surface just as is hypothesed for Mars.  One location this occurs on Earth is the Great Artesian Basin of Australia.  On Earth the hardness of many sedimentary rocks, like sandstone, is largely due to the cement that was put in place as water passed through.

text: salts

text: and other

text: mineral

text: s. Sometimes water flows through Earth's aquifers, and then evaporates at the surface just as is hypothesed for Mars.  One location this occurs on Earth is the

text: Great Artesian Basin

text: of

text: Australia

text: .  On Earth the hardness of many

text: sedimentary rock

text: s, like

text: sandstone

text: , is largely due to the cement that was put in place as water passed through.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Earth's atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Earth's atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: thin atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: climate

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air in the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Mars has repeatedly changed the rotational axis of Mars

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Earth.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: rotational axis of Earth.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Which of the following is true of the troposphere?

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does not contain convection currents?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Where does most of the heat that enters the mesosphere come from

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What causes meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface is the troposphere?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Which of the following is not true?

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles called ions?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Where does the exosphere merge with outer space?

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is not a type of gas?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: thin atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: thin atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: observed.Layers can be hardened by the action of groundwater.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: thin atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: observed.Layers can be hardened by the action of groundwater.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: thin atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: thin atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: thin atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: observed.Layers can be hardened by the action of groundwater.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: .Layers can be hardened by the action of groundwater.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Mars.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Mars.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: rotational axis

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: observed.Layers can be hardened by the action of groundwater.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: observed.Layers can be hardened by the action of groundwater.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: observed.Layers can be hardened by the action of groundwater.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: observed.Layers can be hardened by the action of groundwater.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: observed.Layers can be hardened by the action of groundwater.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: observed.Layers can be hardened by the action of groundwater.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: observed.Layers can be hardened by the action of groundwater.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: observed.Layers can be hardened by the action of groundwater.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: observed.Layers can be hardened by the action of groundwater.

text: However in many cases the input source's noise temperature is much higher, such as an antenna at lower frequencies where atmospheric noise dominates. Then there will be little degradation of the SNR. On the other hand a good satellite dish looking through the atmosphere into space (so that it sees a much lower noise temperature) would have the SNR of a signal degraded by more than 6 dB. In those cases a reference to the amplifier's noise temperature itself, rather than the noise figure defined according to room temperature, is more appropriate.

text: However in many cases the input source's noise temperature is much higher, such as an antenna at lower frequencies where atmospheric noise dominates. Then there will be little degradation of the SNR. On the other hand a good satellite dish looking through the atmosphere into space (so that it sees a much lower noise temperature) would have the SNR of a signal degraded by more than 6 dB. In those cases a reference to the amplifier's noise temperature itself, rather than the noise figure defined according to room temperature, is more appropriate.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: satellite dish looking through the atmosphere into space

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: lower noise temperature

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: the SNR of a signal degraded by more than 6 dB

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: space

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: space

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: atmospheric noise

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: how high is the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: lower noise temperature

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Thermosphere contains charged particles called ions

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: noise temperature

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: space

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: space

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: 6 dB.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: space

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: 6 dB.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: space

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: space

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: frequencies

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: space

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: higher,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: little degradation of the SNR.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: space

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: space

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: space

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: atmospheric noise dominates.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: 6 dB.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: atmospheric noise dominates.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: 6 dB.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: space

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: higher,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: atmospheric noise dominates.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: atmosphere into space

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: higher,

text: The neutral atmospheric stability assumption discussed above is reasonable when the hourly mean wind speed at a height of 10 m exceeds 10 m/s where turbulent mixing overpowers atmospheric instability.

text: The neutral atmospheric stability assumption discussed above is reasonable when the hourly mean wind speed at a height of 10 m exceeds 10 m/s where turbulent mixing overpowers atmospheric instability.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: wind speed

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: 10 m

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: cold air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The hourly mean wind speed at a height of 10 m exceeds 10 m/s where turbulent mixing overpowers atmospheric instability

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: sky.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: polar regions

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which of the following is not a layer of the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not an example of turbulent mixing overpowering atmospheric instability?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How high does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: It is warmer at the top.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere merges gradually with outer space

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Why is the neutral atmospheric stability assumption reasonable?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: turbulent mixing

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: turbulent mixing

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: turbulent mixing

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: The neutral atmospheric stability

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: turbulent mixing

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: 10 m

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: The neutral atmospheric stability

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: wind speed

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: 10 m

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: turbulent mixing

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The neutral atmospheric stability assumption discussed above is reasonable

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: 10 m exceeds 10 m/s

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: 10 m exceeds 10 m/s

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: 10 m exceeds 10 m/s

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: The neutral atmospheric stability

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: turbulent mixing

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: turbulent mixing

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: turbulent mixing

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 10 m

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: The neutral atmospheric stability

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: turbulent mixing overpowers atmospheric instability.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: The neutral atmospheric stability

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: 10 m exceeds 10 m/s

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: 10 m exceeds 10 m/s

text: Since the 1970s an important focus of study has been the ozone layer in the atmosphere above Antarctica. In 1985, three British scientists working on data they had gathered at Halley Station on the Brunt Ice Shelf discovered the existence of a hole in this layer. It was eventually determined that the destruction of the ozone was caused by chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) emitted by human products. With the ban of CFCs in the Montreal Protocol of 1989, climate projections indicate that the ozone layer will return to 1980 levels between 2050 and 2070.

text: Since the 1970s an important focus of study has been the

text: ozone layer

text: in the

text: atmosphere

text: above Antarctica. In 1985, three British scientists working on data they had gathered at

text: Halley Station

text: on the

text: Brunt Ice Shelf

text: discovered the existence of a hole in this layer. It was eventually determined that the destruction of the ozone was caused by

text: chlorofluorocarbon

text: s (CFCs) emitted by human products. With the ban of CFCs in the

text: Montreal Protocol

text: of 1989, climate projections indicate that the ozone layer will return to 1980 levels between 2050 and 2070.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: cold air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: the ozone layer will return to 1980 levels between 2050 and 2070

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Antarctica

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Antarctica

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earth's surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle: chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) emitted by human products?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: human products.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: ozone layer in the atmosphere above Antarctica.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: 1980 levels between 2050 and 2070.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Antarctica.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Antarctica.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Since the 1970s

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: ozone layer in the atmosphere above Antarctica.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: ozone layer in the atmosphere above Antarctica.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: atmosphere above Antarctica.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Ice Shelf

text: Yaozhou and the other Northern Celadons have a clay body that fires to a light grey under glaze, and a "yellowish to olive-brown where exposed".  The glaze is transparent, at least until later examples, and lacks the opalescence that Longquan celadon received from millions of tiny gas bubbles trapped in the glaze, as well as the grey and blue tints that the green of southern wares could achieve.  Instead the colour "tends to yellowish or muddy brown tones", generally where the reducing atmosphere is not strong enough.

text: Yaozhou and the other Northern Celadons have a clay body that fires to a light grey under glaze, and a "yellowish to olive-brown where exposed".  The glaze is transparent, at least until later examples, and lacks the opalescence that

text: Longquan celadon

text: received from millions of tiny gas bubbles trapped in the glaze, as well as the grey and blue tints that the green of southern wares could achieve.  Instead the colour "tends to yellowish or muddy brown tones", generally where the

text: reducing atmosphere

text: is not strong enough.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: reducing atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: reducing atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: reducing atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: reducing atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: reducing atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: gas

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: cold air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: the reducing atmosphere is not strong enough.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: reducing atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: reducing

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: reducing atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: reducing atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: reducing atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: reducing atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: reducing atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: reducing

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: reducing

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: reducing atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: opalescence

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: reducing atmosphere is not strong enough.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: reducing atmosphere is not strong enough.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Yaozhou and the other Northern Celadons

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: reducing atmosphere is not strong enough.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: reducing atmosphere is not strong enough.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: reducing atmosphere is not strong enough.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: reducing atmosphere is not strong enough.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: reducing atmosphere is not strong enough.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: reducing atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: reducing atmosphere is not strong enough.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: reducing atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: reducing atmosphere is not strong enough.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: reducing atmosphere is not strong enough.

text: The density of the Earth's atmosphere decreases nearly exponentially with altitude. The total mass of the atmosphere  is M = ρ H  ≃ 1 kg/cm within a column of one square centimeter above the ground (with ρ = 1.29 kg/m the atmospheric density on the ground at z = 0 m altitude, and H ≃ 8 km the average atmospheric scale height). 80% of that mass is concentrated within the troposphere. The mass of the thermosphere above about 85 km is only 0.002% of the total mass. Therefore, no significant energetic feedback from the thermosphere to the lower atmospheric regions can be expected.

text: The density of the Earth's atmosphere decreases nearly exponentially with altitude. The total mass of the atmosphere  is M = ρ H  ≃ 1 kg/cm within a column of one square centimeter above the ground (with ρ = 1.29 kg/m the atmospheric density on the ground at z = 0 m altitude, and H ≃ 8 km the average atmospheric

text: scale height

text: ). 80% of that mass is concentrated within the

text: troposphere

text: . The mass of the thermosphere above about 85 km is only 0.002% of the total mass. Therefore, no significant energetic feedback from the thermosphere to the lower atmospheric regions can be expected.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: The mass of the thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: altitude

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: the density of the Earth's atmosphere decreases nearly exponentially with altitude

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: asteroid belt

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does not have convection currents

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface is the troposphere?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no significant energetic feedback

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: 80% of that mass is concentrated within the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: None of the above choices are true

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere.

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: 85 km

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: troposphere.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: troposphere.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: altitude.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere.

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: no significant energetic feedback from the thermosphere to the lower atmospheric regions

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: no significant energetic feedback from the thermosphere to the lower atmospheric regions

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: The mass of the thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: troposphere.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: 85 km

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: 80%

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: 80% of that mass is concentrated within the troposphere.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: 80% of that mass is concentrated within the troposphere.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: no significant energetic feedback from the thermosphere to the lower atmospheric regions

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 80% of that mass is concentrated within the troposphere.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no significant energetic feedback from the thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no significant energetic feedback from the thermosphere to the lower atmospheric regions

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: no significant energetic feedback from the thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: troposphere.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: no significant energetic feedback from the thermosphere

text: Heaviside advanced the idea that the Earth's uppermost atmosphere contained an ionized layer known as the ionosphere; in this regard, he predicted the existence of what later was dubbed the Kennelly–Heaviside layer. In 1945 Edward Victor Appleton received the Nobel Prize in Physics for proving that this layer really existed.

text: Heaviside advanced the idea that the Earth's uppermost atmosphere contained an ionized layer known as the

text: ionosphere

text: ; in this regard, he predicted the existence of what later was dubbed the

text: Kennelly–Heaviside layer

text: . In 1945

text: Edward Victor Appleton

text: received the Nobel Prize in Physics for proving that this layer really existed.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Kennelly–Heaviside layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: ionization

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: the Earth's uppermost atmosphere contained an ionized layer

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ionosphere;

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ionosphere;

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: ionosphere;

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ionosphere;

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: ionosphere;

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ionosphere;

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ionosphere;

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: ionized

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Kennelly–Heaviside layer.

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: ionosphere;

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: ionized layer

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: ionosphere;

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: ionosphere;

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Kennelly–Heaviside layer.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: ionosphere;

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: ionosphere;

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Kennelly–Heaviside layer.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: ionosphere;

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: ionosphere;

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Kennelly–Heaviside layer.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: ionosphere;

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: ionosphere;

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: ionized layer known as the ionosphere;

text: Description: This paper warned of the danger of ozone depletion due to man-made chlorofluorocarbons. The main atmospheric sink for these compounds was identified as ultraviolet photolysis, liberating chlorine atoms which catalyze the destruction of stratospheric ozone and have the potential to significantly deplete the ozone layer.

text: Description: This paper warned of the danger of

text: ozone depletion

text: due to man-made

text: chlorofluorocarbons

text: . The main atmospheric sink for these compounds was identified as ultraviolet

text: photolysis

text: , liberating chlorine atoms which catalyze the destruction of

text: stratospheric

text: ozone and have the potential to significantly deplete the ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: air in the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The main atmospheric sink for these compounds was identified as ultraviolet photolysis

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: U.S.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Which of the following is not a source of heat in the troposphere?

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Where do convection currents occur?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Where does most of the heat that enters the mesosphere come from?

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What causes meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How high is the troposphere?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Which of the following is true of the stratosphere?

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Which of the following is not the cause of the aurora borealis: storms on Earth's surface

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles: ions, chlorofluorocarbons, or atoms?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: What does the exosphere consist of?

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is not a property of gas molecules in the exosphere?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratospheric ozone

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: ultraviolet photolysis,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: man-made chlorofluorocarbons.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: ultraviolet photolysis,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: ultraviolet photolysis,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: ultraviolet photolysis,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: ultraviolet photolysis,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: man-made chlorofluorocarbons.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: ultraviolet photolysis,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: ultraviolet photolysis,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: ultraviolet photolysis,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: ultraviolet photolysis, liberating chlorine atoms

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: ultraviolet photolysis,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: ultraviolet photolysis,

text: Contains three stories. "Children's Play", "Northern Lights", and "Rear Under". Notably, "Northern Lights" was one of the three stories which spanned multiple games.

text: Contains three stories. "Children's Play", "Northern Lights", and "Rear Under". Notably, "Northern Lights" was one of the three stories which spanned multiple games.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: Northern Lights

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: northern lights

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Children's Play was one of the three stories which spanned multiple games

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Northern Lights

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Northern Lights

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Where does most of the heat come from?

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Where do convection currents occur?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What causes meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earth's surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: The bottom of the mesosphere is colder

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Northern Lights

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: "Northern Lights"

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: Contains three stories. "Children's Play",

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: Contains three stories. "Children's Play",

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Contains three stories. "Children's Play",

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: Contains three stories. "Children's Play",

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Contains three stories. "Children's Play",

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: "Northern Lights", and "Rear Under".

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: Contains three stories. "Children's Play",

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: Contains three stories. "Children's Play",

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: "Northern Lights", and "Rear Under".

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: "Northern Lights",

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: three stories.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: "Northern Lights", and "Rear Under".

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: "Northern Lights",

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Contains three stories. "Children's Play",

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: "Northern Lights",

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Contains three stories. "Children's Play",

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: "Northern Lights",

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: "Northern Lights", and "Rear Under".

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Contains three stories. "Children's Play",

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: "Northern Lights", and "Rear Under".

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: "Northern Lights",

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: "Northern Lights", and "Rear Under".

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: "Northern Lights", and "Rear Under".

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: "Northern Lights",

text: To allow modeling conditions below mean sea level, the troposphere actually extends to about , where the temperature is , pressure is , and density is .

text: To allow modeling

entity_name: List of places on land with elevations below sea level

text: conditions below mean sea level

text: , the troposphere actually extends to about , where the temperature is , pressure is , and density is .

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: mean sea level

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: mean sea level

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The ozone layer protects the Earth from the sun.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not a type of gas?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere does not merge with outer space.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is not a type of gas?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: mean sea level,

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: mean sea level,

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: mean sea level,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: the temperature is, pressure is, and density

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: mean sea level,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: To allow modeling conditions below mean sea level,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: To allow modeling conditions below mean sea level,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: To allow modeling conditions below mean sea level,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: To allow modeling conditions below mean sea level,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: below mean sea level,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: To allow modeling conditions below mean sea level,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: To allow modeling conditions below mean sea level,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: To allow modeling conditions below mean sea level,

text: At the larger, synoptic, scale of oceans and continents, this effect is seasonal or even decadal.  Warm air rising over the equatorial, continental, and western Pacific Ocean regions. When it reaches the tropopause, it cools and subsides in a region of relatively cooler water mass.

text: At the larger, synoptic, scale of oceans and continents, this effect is seasonal or even

text: decadal

text: .  Warm air rising over the

text: equator

text: ial,

text: continent

text: al, and western Pacific Ocean regions. When it reaches the tropopause, it cools and

text: subside

text: s in a region of relatively cooler water mass.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: water mass

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: At the larger, synoptic, scale of oceans and continents, this effect is seasonal or even decadal

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles called ions?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: Warm air

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: Warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: seasonal or even decadal.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: synoptic,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Warm air

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: At the larger, synoptic,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Warm air

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Warm air

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Warm air

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Warm air

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Warm air

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Warm air

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: seasonal or even decadal.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: cooler water mass.

text: Troposphere 1, which was planned for launch in April 2007, was canceled due to technical problems. Troposphere 3 scheduled for October 12, 2007 was also a failure.

text: Troposphere 1, which was planned for launch in April 2007, was canceled due to technical problems. Troposphere 3 scheduled for October 12, 2007 was also a failure.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: isotope

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Troposphere 3 was a success.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Troposphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does not have convection currents?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: It rises to about 50 kilometers above Earths surface

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: Troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: Troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Troposphere 1,

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: Troposphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Troposphere 1,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: Troposphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: Troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: technical problems.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Troposphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: Troposphere 1,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Troposphere 1,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Troposphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Troposphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Troposphere

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Troposphere 1,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Troposphere 1,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Troposphere 1,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: technical problems.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Troposphere 1,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Troposphere 1,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: canceled due to technical problems.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Troposphere 1,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Troposphere

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Troposphere 1,

text: The Chemical Sciences Division (CSD) studies chemical processes in the Earth's atmosphere that affect climate, air quality, and the ozone layer.

text: The Chemical Sciences Division (CSD) studies chemical processes in the Earth's atmosphere that affect climate, air quality, and the ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: chemical processes

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The CSD studies chemical processes in the Earth's atmosphere that do not affect ozone.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: CSD

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What does the CSD study?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: What is the ozone layer?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: What does the CSD study?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: chemical processes

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Earth's atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: The Chemical Sciences Division

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: The Chemical Sciences Division

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The Chemical Sciences Division

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: ozone layer.

text: Marten’s first artistic period was marked by Abstract Expressionism and Pop Art, producing “Mechanical Landscapes”, but also works inspired by Classical culture, such as "Il Ritorno d’Úlise". Even at that time, his painting demonstrated his characteristically baroque use of colors, in combination with transparent layers. A second is deemed by some more mature. Kimonos, fans, and oriental motifs spread all over the canvas reflected his fascination for the East, especially Japan. The last works in this series are called “Magiciens de la Terre”, “Atmospheric Phenomena”, and “The Protecting Veil.” These paintings include highly poetical images with mystic elements in a mixed-media technique.

text: Marten’s first artistic period was marked by

text: Abstract Expressionism

text: and

text: Pop Art

text: , producing “Mechanical Landscapes”, but also works inspired by Classical culture, such as "Il Ritorno d’Úlise". Even at that time, his painting demonstrated his characteristically baroque use of colors, in combination with transparent layers. A second is deemed by some more mature. Kimonos, fans, and oriental motifs spread all over the canvas reflected his fascination for the East, especially Japan. The last works in this series are called “Magiciens de la Terre”, “Atmospheric Phenomena”, and “The Protecting Veil.” These paintings include highly poetical images with mystic elements in a mixed-media technique.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: Atmospheric

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: The Protecting Veil

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: The Protecting Veil

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: The Protecting Veil

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: The Protecting Veil

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: The Protecting Veil

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: The Protecting Veil

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: color

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Veil

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air in the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Marten’s first artistic period was marked by Abstract Expressionism and Pop Art, producing “Mechanical Landscapes”, but also works inspired by Classical culture

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Aerospace

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Atmospheric Phenomena

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Atmospheric Phenomena

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Atmospheric Phenomena

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: what is the last works in this series called “Magiciens de la Terre”?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: Veil.”

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: Veil.”

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: “The Protecting Veil.”

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: “The Protecting Veil.”

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: “The Protecting Veil.”

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: “The Protecting Veil.”

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: Veil.”

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: colors,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Veil.”

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: “Magiciens de la Terre”,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Marten’s

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: “Atmospheric Phenomena”,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Terre”,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: “Magiciens de la Terre”,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Abstract Expressionism

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: transparent layers.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: “Magiciens de la Terre”,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: “Atmospheric Phenomena”,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: “Atmospheric Phenomena”,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: “Magiciens de la Terre”,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: "Il Ritorno d’<unk>lise".

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: “Atmospheric Phenomena”,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: “Magiciens de la Terre”,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Marten’s first artistic period was marked by Abstract Expressionism

text: The middle layer of the Uranian atmosphere is the stratosphere, where temperature generally increases with altitude from 53 K in the tropopause to between 800 and 850 K at the base of the thermosphere. The heating of the stratosphere is caused by absorption of solar UV and IR radiation by methane and other hydrocarbons, which form in this part of the atmosphere as a result of methane photolysis. Heat is also conducted from the hot thermosphere. The hydrocarbons occupy a relatively narrow layer at altitudes of between 100 and 300 km corresponding to a pressure range of 10 to 0.1 mbar (1000 to 10 kPa) and temperatures of between 75 and 170 K. The most abundant hydrocarbons are methane, acetylene and ethane with mixing ratios of around 10 relative to hydrogen. The mixing ratio of carbon monoxide is similar at these altitudes. Heavier hydrocarbons and carbon dioxide have mixing ratios three orders of magnitude lower. The abundance ratio of water is around 7. Ethane and acetylene tend to condense in the colder lower part of stratosphere and tropopause (below 10 mBar level) forming haze layers, which may be partly responsible for the bland appearance of Uranus. The concentration of hydrocarbons in the Uranian stratosphere above the haze is significantly lower than in the stratospheres of the other giant planets.

text: The middle layer of the Uranian atmosphere is the

text: stratosphere

text: , where temperature generally increases with altitude from 53 K in the

text: tropopause

text: to between 800 and 850 K at the base of the thermosphere. The heating of the stratosphere is caused by absorption of solar UV and IR radiation by methane and other

text: hydrocarbon

text: s, which form in this part of the atmosphere as a result of methane

text: photolysis

text: . Heat is also conducted from the hot thermosphere. The hydrocarbons occupy a relatively narrow layer at altitudes of between 100 and 300 km corresponding to a pressure range of 10 to 0.1 mbar (1000 to 10 kPa) and temperatures of between 75 and 170 K. The most abundant hydrocarbons are methane,

text: acetylene

text: and

text: ethane

text: with

text: mixing ratio

text: s of around 10 relative to hydrogen. The mixing ratio of

text: carbon monoxide

text: is similar at these altitudes. Heavier hydrocarbons and

text: carbon dioxide

text: have mixing ratios three orders of magnitude lower. The abundance ratio of water is around 7. Ethane and acetylene tend to condense in the colder lower part of stratosphere and tropopause (below 10 mBar level) forming haze layers, which may be partly responsible for the bland appearance of Uranus. The concentration of hydrocarbons in the Uranian stratosphere above the haze is significantly lower than in the stratospheres of the other giant planets.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: altitude

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: hot air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The hydrocarbons occupy a relatively narrow layer at altitudes of between 100 and 300 km

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does not have convection currents?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles: ions, hydrocarbons, or hydrogen?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: the stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: haze layers,

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: altitude

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: haze layers,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: 7.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: 100 and 300 km

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: absorption of solar UV and IR radiation

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: The middle layer of the Uranian atmosphere is the stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: hot thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: methane photolysis.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 100 and 300

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: methane photolysis.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Heat is also conducted from the hot thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: haze layers,

text: The sigma coordinate system allows surfaces to follow model terrain; where terrain is sharply sloped, so are the sigma surfaces. This allows for continuous fields, such as temperature, to be represented especially smoothly at the lowest layers in the model. Further, with the exponential decaying nature of density within the atmosphere, sigma coordinates provide a greater vertical resolution near the surface. The sloping nature of the coordinate surfaces does require additional interpolation of the pressure gradient force, and the smoothing of terrain can often cause it to extend beyond the true boundaries of land.

text: The sigma coordinate system allows surfaces to follow model terrain; where terrain is sharply sloped, so are the sigma surfaces. This allows for continuous fields, such as temperature, to be represented especially smoothly at the lowest layers in the model. Further, with the exponential decaying nature of density within the atmosphere, sigma coordinates provide a greater vertical resolution near the surface. The sloping nature of the coordinate surfaces does require additional interpolation of the pressure gradient force, and the smoothing of terrain can often cause it to extend beyond the true boundaries of land.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: surface

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: surface

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: surface

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: The stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: density

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: surface

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: density

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: surface

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: it can often cause it to extend beyond the true boundaries of land.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: lowest layers

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: sigma coordinate system

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: what is the lowest layer in the model

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: It is sharply sloped

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: The thermosphere contains charged particles called ions

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: exponential decaying nature of density within the atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: sigma coordinate system

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: sigma coordinate system

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: land.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: sigma coordinate system

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: land.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: temperature, to be represented especially smoothly at the lowest layers in the model.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: surface.

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: terrain;

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: surface.

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: temperature,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: sharply sloped,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: lowest layers

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: sigma coordinate system

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: sigma coordinate system

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: lowest layers

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: sigma coordinate system

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: sigma coordinates

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: sigma coordinate system

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: temperature, to be represented especially smoothly at the lowest layers in the model.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: The sigma coordinate system

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: continuous fields,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: exponential decaying nature of density within the atmosphere, sigma coordinates

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: temperature,

text: Stratosphere: Conquest of the Skies is a Vehicular combat game and also a real-time strategy PC game, developed by Kodiak Interactive and published by Ripcord Games in 1998. Stratosphere focuses on floating island battles which players control.

text: Stratosphere: Conquest of the Skies is a

text: Vehicular combat game

text: and also a

text: real-time strategy

text: PC game, developed by

text: Kodiak Interactive

text: and published by

text: Ripcord Games

text: in 1998. Stratosphere focuses on floating island battles which players control.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Stratosphere focuses on floating island battles which players control.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Sky

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer does Stratosphere: Conquest of the Skies occur in?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: what is the second to last word in the passage?

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What causes meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earth's surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: It is colder.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: What does Stratosphere: Conquest of the Skies focus on?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere merges gradually with outer space

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: None of the above choices are true

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: Stratosphere:

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: Stratosphere:

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Stratosphere: Conquest of the Skies

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: Stratosphere:

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Stratosphere: Conquest of the Skies

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: Stratosphere:

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: Stratosphere:

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: Stratosphere: Conquest of the Skies

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Stratosphere:

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: Stratosphere: Conquest of the Skies

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Stratosphere: Conquest of the Skies

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Stratosphere: Conquest of the Skies

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Stratosphere:

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Stratosphere: Conquest of the Skies

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Stratosphere: Conquest of the Skies

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Stratosphere: Conquest of the Skies

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Stratosphere: Conquest of the Skies

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Stratosphere: Conquest of the Skies

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Stratosphere: Conquest of the Skies

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Stratosphere: Conquest of the Skies

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Stratosphere: Conquest of the Skies

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Stratosphere: Conquest of the Skies

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Stratosphere: Conquest of the Skies

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Stratosphere: Conquest of the Skies

text: Methane also affects the degradation of the ozone layer, when methane is transformed into water in the stratosphere. This process is enhanced by global warming, because warmer air holds more water vapor than colder air, so the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere increases as it is warmed by the greenhouse effect. Climate models also indicate that greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane may enhance the transport of water into the stratosphere; though this is not fully understood.

text: Methane also affects the degradation of the

text: ozone layer

text: , when methane is transformed into water in the stratosphere. This process is enhanced by global warming, because warmer air holds more water vapor than colder air, so the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere increases as it is warmed by the greenhouse effect. Climate models also indicate that greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane may enhance the transport of water into the stratosphere; though this is not fully understood.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: air temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: global warming does not affect the ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: sky.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warmer air holds more water vapor than colder air,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Methane also affects the degradation of the ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: colder air,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Methane also affects the degradation of the ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: warmer air holds more water vapor than colder air,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: warmer air holds more water vapor than colder air,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Methane also affects the degradation of the ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: warmer air holds more water vapor than colder air,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: global warming,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: warmer air holds more water vapor than colder air,

text: The lower boundary of the exosphere is called the exobase. It is also called exopause and 'critical altitude' as this is the altitude where barometric conditions no longer apply. Atmospheric temperature becomes nearly a constant above this altitude. On Earth, the altitude of the exobase ranges from about  depending on solar activity.

text: The lower boundary of the exosphere is called the

text: exobase

text: . It is also called exopause and 'critical altitude' as this is the altitude where

text: barometric conditions

text: no longer apply. Atmospheric temperature becomes nearly a constant above this altitude. On Earth, the altitude of the exobase ranges from about  depending on solar activity.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: exobase

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: exobase

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: exobase

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: solar activity

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: exobase

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The lower boundary of the exosphere is called the exobase.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: exobase

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: solar system

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer does not have convection currents?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: What is the lowest boundary of the exosphere?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: It is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle: ions, barometric conditions or exobase?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere merges with outer space

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Why are gas molecules in the exosphere extremely cold?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: exobase.

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: the exobase.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: exobase.

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: the exobase.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: exobase.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: solar activity.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: exobase.

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: Atmospheric temperature

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: depending on solar activity.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Atmospheric temperature

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: exobase.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: The lower boundary of the exosphere

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: solar activity.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: The lower boundary of the exosphere is called the exobase.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: The lower boundary of the exosphere is called the exobase.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: exobase.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: depending on solar activity.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Atmospheric temperature becomes nearly a constant above this altitude.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: solar activity.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: lower boundary of the exosphere

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: exobase.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Atmospheric temperature

text: The tropopause as defined above renders as a first-order discontinuity surface, that is, temperature as a function of height varies continuously through the atmosphere but the temperature gradient does not.

text: The tropopause as defined above renders as a

text: first-order discontinuity

text: surface, that is, temperature as a function of height varies continuously through the atmosphere but the temperature gradient does not.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: The tropopause

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: The tropopause

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The tropopause renders as a first-order discontinuity surface

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What does the tropopause look like?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: The top of the mesosphere is warmer than the bottom

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Why is the exosphere cold?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: The tropopause

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: The tropopause

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: height

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: temperature gradient

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: the temperature gradient does not.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: temperature as a function of height varies continuously through the atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: The tropopause

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: The tropopause

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: The tropopause

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: The tropopause

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: The tropopause

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: The tropopause

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: the temperature gradient

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: The tropopause

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: The tropopause

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The tropopause

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: The tropopause

text: The launch of the Troposphere 4 rocket took place in the presence of the Congolese Minister of Higher Education, University and Scientific Research, Leonard Masuga Rugamika. After the success of this launch, the Congolese government decided to get involved with the Troposphere project.

text: The launch of the Troposphere 4 rocket took place in the presence of the Congolese Minister of Higher Education, University and Scientific Research, Leonard Masuga Rugamika. After the success of this launch, the

entity_name: Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

text: Congolese government

text: decided to get involved with the Troposphere project.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: Troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Troposphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: Troposphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The Congolese government decided to get involved with the Troposphere project.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Troposphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Troposphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does not have convection currents?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: what is the first place mentioned?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle: charged particles or ions?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is not true of the exosphere?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: Troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: Troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Troposphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: Troposphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Congolese Minister of Higher Education, University and Scientific Research,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: Troposphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: Troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: Scientific Research,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Troposphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: Congolese Minister of Higher Education, University and Scientific Research,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Congolese Minister of Higher Education, University and Scientific Research,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Troposphere 4

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Troposphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: The launch of the Troposphere 4

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Leonard Masuga Rugamika.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Congolese Minister of Higher Education, University and Scientific Research,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Congolese Minister of Higher Education, University and Scientific Research,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Congolese Minister of Higher Education, University and Scientific Research,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Congolese Minister of Higher Education, University and Scientific Research,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Congolese Minister of Higher Education, University and Scientific Research,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Congolese Minister of Higher Education, University and Scientific Research,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Congolese Minister of Higher Education, University and Scientific Research,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Congolese Minister of Higher Education, University and Scientific Research,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Congolese Minister of Higher Education, University and Scientific Research,

text: The popular media and the public often confuse global warming with ozone depletion, i.e., the destruction of stratospheric ozone (e.g., the ozone layer) by chlorofluorocarbons. Although there are a few areas of linkage, the relationship between the two is not strong. Reduced stratospheric ozone has had a slight cooling influence on surface temperatures, while increased tropospheric ozone has had a somewhat larger warming effect.

text: The popular media and the public often confuse global warming with

text: ozone depletion

text: , i.e., the destruction of

text: stratospheric ozone (e.g., the ozone layer)

text: by

text: chlorofluorocarbons

text: . Although there are a few

text: areas of linkage

text: , the relationship between the two is not strong. Reduced stratospheric ozone has had a slight cooling influence on surface temperatures, while increased tropospheric ozone has had a somewhat larger warming effect.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: tropospheric

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: tropospheric

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: tropospheric

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: increased tropospheric ozone has had a somewhat larger warming effect.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does not contain ozone?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of ozone: stratospheric, ozone, or tropospheric?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratospheric ozone

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: tropospheric ozone

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: tropospheric

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone layer)

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: stratospheric ozone

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: tropospheric

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: temperatures,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: cooling influence on surface temperatures,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratospheric ozone

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratospheric ozone

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: ozone depletion,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: increased tropospheric ozone

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: ozone depletion,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: tropospheric ozone

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: ozone depletion,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: tropospheric ozone

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: tropospheric ozone

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: ozone depletion,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: ozone depletion,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: ozone depletion,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: cooling influence on surface temperatures,

text: The Obukhov length is used to describe the effects of buoyancy on turbulent flows, particularly in the lower tenth of the atmospheric boundary layer.  It was first defined by Alexander Obukhov in 1946. It is also known as the Monin–Obukhov length because of its important role in the similarity theory developed by Monin and Obukhov. A simple definition of the Monin-Obukhov length is that height at which turbulence is generated more by buoyancy than by wind shear.

text: The Obukhov length is used to describe the effects of buoyancy on turbulent flows, particularly in the lower tenth of the

text: atmospheric boundary layer

text: .  It was first defined by

text: Alexander Obukhov

text: in 1946. It is also known as the Monin–Obukhov length because of its important role in the similarity theory developed by

text: Monin

text: and Obukhov. A simple definition of the Monin-Obukhov length is that height at which turbulence is generated more by buoyancy than by wind shear.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: the atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: buoyancy

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Obukhov length

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: It was first defined by Alexander Obukhov in 1946

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Monin–Obukhov length

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Obukhov length

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: U.S.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer does the Obukhov length describe?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: It was first defined by Alexander Obukhov in 1946

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: What is the lowest tenth of the atmospheric boundary layer?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: the Monin–Obukhov length

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Why are gas molecules in the exosphere extremely cold?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: atmospheric boundary layer.

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: atmospheric boundary layer.

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: atmospheric boundary layer.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: atmospheric boundary layer.

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: atmospheric boundary layer.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: atmospheric boundary layer.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: atmospheric boundary layer.

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: atmospheric boundary layer.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: lower tenth of the atmospheric boundary layer.

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: Obukhov length

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: wind shear.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: atmospheric boundary layer.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: lower tenth of the atmospheric boundary layer.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: The Obukhov length

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: The Obukhov length

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: lower tenth of the atmospheric boundary layer.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: The Obukhov length

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: The Obukhov length

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: The Obukhov length

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: The Obukhov length

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: wind shear.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: The Obukhov length

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The Obukhov length

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: The Obukhov length

text: A radio acoustic sounding system (RASS) is a system for measuring the atmospheric lapse rate using backscattering of  radio waves from an acoustic wave front to measure the speed of sound at various heights above the ground. This is possible because the compression and rarefaction of air by an acoustic wave changes the dielectric properties, producing partial reflection of the transmitted radar signal.From the speed of sound, the temperature of the air in the planetary boundary layer can be computed.The maximum altitude range of RASS systems is typically 750 meters, although observations have been reported up to 1.2 km in moist air.

text: A radio acoustic sounding system (RASS) is a system for measuring the atmospheric

text: lapse rate

text: using

text: backscatter

text: ing of

text: radio

text: waves from an

text: acoustic

text: wave front to measure the

text: speed of sound

text: at various heights above the ground. This is possible because the compression and rarefaction of air by an acoustic wave changes the

text: dielectric

text: properties, producing partial reflection of the transmitted

text: radar

text: signal.From the speed of sound, the temperature of the air in the

text: planetary boundary layer

text: can be computed.The maximum

text: altitude

text: range of RASS systems is typically 750 meters, although observations have been reported up to 1.2 km in moist air.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: planetary boundary

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The maximum altitude range of RASS systems is typically 750 meters

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: asteroid belt

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does not have convection currents?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: What is the maximum altitude range of RASS systems?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: It is warmer at the top

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle: charged particles or ions?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: temperature of the air in the planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: temperature of the air in the planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: 750 meters,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: air by an acoustic wave changes the dielectric properties,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 1.2 km

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: 1.2 km in moist air.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: temperature of the air in the planetary boundary layer

text: Suzuki confirmed in August 2007 the Suzuki Stratosphere would enter production, although expected release date, initial model year, initial pricing, and specific list of changes from the original prototype shown in Tokyo were not released, aside from the fact that it would retain the six-cylinder narrow-bore engine. Given Suzuki's experience with the B-King, it was likely that the Stratosphere would appear, at least visually, very similar to the prototype, although the aluminum fairings were apt to be replaced by ABS fairings, and many of the specialty electronics (GPS, HUD, etc.) were unlikely to see production.

text: Suzuki confirmed in August 2007 the Suzuki Stratosphere would enter production, although expected release date, initial model year, initial pricing, and specific list of changes from the original prototype shown in Tokyo were not released, aside from the fact that it would retain the six-cylinder narrow-bore engine. Given Suzuki's experience with the

text: B-King

text: , it was likely that the Stratosphere would appear, at least visually, very similar to the prototype, although the aluminum fairings were apt to be replaced by ABS fairings, and many of the specialty electronics (GPS, HUD, etc.) were unlikely to see production.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: ozone is not a carcinogen

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: air.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: Suzuki Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: Suzuki Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Suzuki Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: Suzuki Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: Suzuki Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: aluminum fairings were apt to be replaced by ABS fairings,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Suzuki Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: six-cylinder narrow-bore engine.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: expected release date,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Suzuki Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: B-King,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Suzuki confirmed in August 2007

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: six-cylinder narrow-bore engine.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: six-cylinder narrow-bore engine.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Suzuki Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: B-King,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: six-cylinder narrow-bore engine.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: B-King,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: B-King,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: B-King,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Suzuki confirmed in August 2007 the Suzuki Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: six-cylinder narrow-bore engine.

text: The ozone layer can be depleted by free radical catalysts, including nitric oxide (NO), nitrous oxide (NO), hydroxyl (OH), atomic chlorine (Cl), and atomic bromine (Br). While there are natural sources for all of these species, the concentrations of chlorine and bromine increased markedly in recent decades because of the release of large quantities of man-made organohalogen compounds, especially chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and bromofluorocarbons. These highly stable compounds are capable of surviving the rise to the stratosphere, where Cl and Br radicals are liberated by the action of ultraviolet light. Each radical is then free to initiate and catalyze a chain reaction capable of breaking down over 100,000 ozone molecules. By 2009, nitrous oxide was the largest ozone-depleting substance (ODS) emitted through human activities.

text: The ozone layer can be depleted by free radical catalysts, including

text: nitric oxide

text: (NO),

text: nitrous oxide

text: (NO),

text: hydroxyl

text: (OH), atomic

text: chlorine

text: (Cl), and atomic

text: bromine

text: (Br). While there are natural sources for all of these

text: species

text: , the concentrations of chlorine and bromine increased markedly in recent decades because of the release of large quantities of man-made

text: organohalogen

text: compounds, especially

text: chlorofluorocarbon

text: s (CFCs) and

text: bromofluorocarbons

text: . These highly stable compounds are capable of surviving the rise to the

text: stratosphere

text: , where Cl and Br

text: radicals

text: are liberated by the action of ultraviolet light. Each radical is then free to initiate and catalyze a chain reaction capable of breaking down over 100,000 ozone molecules. By 2009, nitrous oxide was the largest ozone-depleting substance (ODS) emitted through human activities.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: air in the stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: There are natural sources for all of these species

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: ultraviolet light.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: natural sources for all of these species,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: ultraviolet light.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: The ozone layer can be depleted by free radical catalysts,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Cl and Br radicals are liberated by the action of ultraviolet light.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: stratosphere,

text: The content of this journal covers physical, chemical and biological processes occurring in the lowest few kilometres of the Earth's atmosphere. During its existence, Boundary-Layer Meteorology has become the primary medium for the publication of theoretical, numerical and experimental studies of the atmospheric boundary layer over both land and sea surfaces. Subject areas covered in the journal include: agriculture and forestry, air pollution, hydrology, theoretical and numerical experimental studies of the atmospheric boundary layer over land and sea surfaces, micrometeorology, the planetary boundary layer, numerical modelling of the lower atmosphere, remote sensing and urban meteorology.

text: The content of this journal covers physical, chemical and biological processes occurring in the lowest few kilometres of the Earth's atmosphere. During its existence, Boundary-Layer Meteorology has become the primary medium for the publication of theoretical, numerical and experimental studies of the atmospheric boundary layer over both land and sea surfaces. Subject areas covered in the journal include:

text: agriculture

text: and

text: forestry

text: air pollution

text: hydrology

text: , theoretical and numerical experimental studies of the atmospheric

text: boundary layer

text: over land and sea surfaces,

text: micrometeorology

text: , the planetary

text: boundary layer

text: , numerical modelling of the lower

text: atmosphere

text: remote sensing

text: and urban meteorology.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: boundary-Layer Meteorology

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: boundary-Layer Meteorology

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air in the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: agriculture and forestry, hydrology

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Earth's atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: lowest few kilometres

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: asteroid belt

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: The troposphere is the lowest layer of the atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: What is the lowest layer of the Earth's atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: the stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not a physical process occurring in the lowest few kilometres of the Earth's atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: The troposphere rises to about 50 kilometers above Earths surface

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: The top of the mesosphere is warmer than the bottom

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Thermosphere contains charged particles called ions.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere merges gradually with outer space.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: The exosphere is the outermost layer of the atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: planetary boundary layer,

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: lowest few kilometres

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: land and sea surfaces.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: lowest few kilometres

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: land and sea surfaces.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: lowest few kilometres of the Earth's atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Earth's atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: lowest few kilometres

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: planetary

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Boundary-Layer Meteorology

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: lowest few kilometres

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Boundary-Layer Meteorology

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Boundary-Layer Meteorology

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: lowest few kilometres

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: lowest few kilometres

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Boundary-Layer Meteorology

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: lowest few kilometres

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: lowest few kilometres

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: lowest few kilometres

text: The track "Midnight City" has been singled out for praise. Paste named it the second best song of the year. PopMatters named the track the best song of 2011, with Ryan Reed writing: "On this transcendent standout [...] Anthony Gonzalez and co-synth-scientist Justin Meldal-Johnsen build layer upon layer of keys, arena-sized drums, and vocal atmospherics (not mentioning one of the tastiest sax solos this side of a Springsteen record). The result? The synth Sistine Chapel."

text: The track "

text: Midnight City

text: " has been singled out for praise. Paste named it the second best song of the year.

text: PopMatters

text: named the track the best song of 2011, with Ryan Reed writing: "On this transcendent standout [...] Anthony Gonzalez and co-synth-scientist Justin Meldal-Johnsen build layer upon layer of keys, arena-sized drums, and vocal atmospherics (not mentioning one of the tastiest sax solos this side of a Springsteen record). The result? The synth Sistine Chapel."

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: vocal

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: vocal

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The synth Sistine Chapel."

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Rockies

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Arctic

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: How many layers of the atmosphere does convection occur in?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of meteors to burn up in the atmosphere: Friction with gas molecules

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: The top of the mesosphere is warmer

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle: charged particles or ions?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: What is the exosphere made of?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: vocal atmospherics

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: vocal atmospherics

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: The track "Midnight City"

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: keys, arena-sized drums, and vocal atmospherics

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: "Midnight City"

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: vocal

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: vocal atmospherics

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: vocal atmospherics

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: vocal

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: The track "Midnight City"

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: synth Sistine Chapel."

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: synth Sistine Chapel."

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: "Midnight City"

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: synth Sistine Chapel."

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: synth Sistine Chapel."

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: layer upon layer

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: PopMatters

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: synth Sistine Chapel."

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: arena-sized drums, and vocal atmospherics

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: PopMatters

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: "Midnight City"

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: The track "Midnight City"

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: synth Sistine Chapel."

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: The track "Midnight City"

text: Trioxygen () is usually known as ozone and is a very reactive allotrope of oxygen that is damaging to lung tissue. Ozone is produced in the upper atmosphere when  combines with atomic oxygen made by the splitting of  by ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Since ozone absorbs strongly in the UV region of the spectrum, the ozone layer of the upper atmosphere functions as a protective radiation shield for the planet. Near the Earth's surface, it is a pollutant formed as a by-product of automobile exhaust. The metastable molecule tetraoxygen () was discovered in 2001,<ref name="o4">{{cite journal|last=Cacace|first=Fulvio|last2=de Petris|first2=Giulia|last3=Troiani|first3=Anna |date=2001|title=Experimental Detection of Tetraoxygen|journal=Angewandte Chemie International Edition|volume=40|issue=21|pages=4062–65|doi = 10.1002/1521-3773(20011105)40:21

text: Trioxygen () is usually known as

text: ozone

text: and is a very reactive allotrope of oxygen that is damaging to lung tissue. Ozone is produced in the

text: upper atmosphere

text: when  combines with atomic oxygen made by the splitting of  by

text: ultraviolet

text: (UV) radiation. Since ozone absorbs strongly in the UV region of the

text: spectrum

text: , the

text: ozone layer

text: of the upper atmosphere functions as a protective radiation shield for the planet. Near the Earth's surface, it is a

text: pollutant

text: formed as a by-product of automobile exhaust. The

text: metastable

text: molecule

text: tetraoxygen

text: () was discovered in 2001,<ref name="o4">{{cite journal|last=Cacace|first=Fulvio|last2=de Petris|first2=Giulia|last3=Troiani|first3=Anna |date=2001|title=Experimental Detection of Tetraoxygen|journal=

text: Angewandte Chemie

text: International Edition|volume=40|issue=21|pages=4062–65|doi = 10.1002/1521-3773(20011105)40:21

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: UV radiation

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ultraviolet layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: Earth's atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: the ozone layer of the upper atmosphere functions as a protective radiation shield for the planet

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: upper atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: upper atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Which of the following is not a source of heat in the troposphere?

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Where do convection currents occur?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Where does most of the heat that enters the mesosphere come from

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What causes meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: The troposphere rises to about 50 kilometers above Earths surface.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: The top of the mesosphere is warmer than the bottom.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of ion?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere is the outer layer of the Earth's atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is not a gas: ozone, trioxygen, or carbon dioxide?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: ultraviolet (UV) radiation.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ultraviolet (UV) radiation.

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: ultraviolet (UV) radiation.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: a protective radiation shield for the planet.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: upper atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: upper atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: ultraviolet (UV) radiation.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: ultraviolet (UV) radiation.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: upper atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: ultraviolet (UV) radiation.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: automobile exhaust.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: upper atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: upper atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: automobile exhaust.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: ultraviolet (UV) radiation.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: ultraviolet (UV) radiation.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Trioxygen

text: Within an unstable layer in the troposphere, the lifting of air parcels will occur, and continue for as long as the nearby atmosphere remains unstable.  Once overturning through the depth of the troposphere occurs (with convection being capped by the relatively warmer, more stable layer of the stratosphere), deep convective currents lead to thunderstorm development when enough moisture is present.  Over warm ocean waters and within a region of the troposphere with light vertical wind shear and significant low level spin (or vorticity), such thunderstorm activity can grow in coverage and develop into a tropical cyclone.  Over hot surfaces during warm days, unstable dry air can lead to significant refraction of the light within the air layer, which causes inferior mirages.

text: Within an unstable layer in the troposphere, the lifting of air parcels will occur, and continue for as long as the nearby atmosphere remains unstable.  Once overturning through the depth of the troposphere occurs (with convection being capped by the relatively warmer, more stable layer of the

text: stratosphere

text: ), deep convective currents lead to thunderstorm development when enough moisture is present.  Over warm ocean waters and within a region of the troposphere with light vertical

text: wind shear

text: and significant low level spin (or vorticity), such thunderstorm activity can grow in coverage and develop into a

text: tropical cyclone

text: .  Over hot surfaces during warm days, unstable dry air can lead to significant refraction of the light within the air layer, which causes inferior

text: mirage

text: s.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Over hot surfaces during warm days

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which layer of the stratosphere contains charged particles called ions?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere),

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere),

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: convection being capped by the relatively warmer, more stable layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere),

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratosphere),

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: relatively warmer, more stable layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: unstable layer in the troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: moisture

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Within an unstable layer in the troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratosphere),

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: warm ocean waters

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: deep convective currents

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: warmer, more stable layer of the stratosphere),

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: inferior mirages.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: warmer, more stable layer of the stratosphere),

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: thunderstorm development

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: troposphere,

text: In principle, the exosphere covers distances where particles are still gravitationally bound to Earth, i.e. particles still have ballistic orbits that will take them back towards Earth. The upper boundary of the exosphere can be defined as the distance at which the influence of solar radiation pressure on atomic hydrogen exceeds that of Earth's gravitational pull. This happens at half the distance to the Moon (the average distance between Earth and the Moon is ). The exosphere, observable from space as the geocorona, is seen to extend to at least  from Earth's surface. The exosphere is a transitional zone between Earth's atmosphere and space.

text: In principle, the exosphere covers distances where particles are still

text: gravitationally

text: bound to

text: Earth

text: , i.e. particles still have ballistic orbits that will take them back towards Earth. The upper boundary of the exosphere can be defined as the distance at which the influence of solar

text: radiation pressure

text: on atomic

text: hydrogen

text: exceeds that of Earth's gravitational pull. This happens at half the distance to the Moon (the average distance between Earth and the Moon is ). The exosphere, observable from space as the

text: geocorona

text: , is seen to extend to at least  from Earth's surface. The exosphere is a transitional zone between Earth's atmosphere and space.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: the exosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: The upper boundary of the exosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: The upper boundary of the exosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: The exosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: gravitational pull

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: the exosphere covers distances where particles are still gravitationally bound to Earth

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does not have convection currents

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers is the average distance between Earth and the Moon?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles: ions, exosphere, or thermosphere?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere merges gradually with outer space.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: The upper boundary of the exosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: The upper boundary of the exosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: geocorona,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: gravitationally bound to Earth,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: geocorona,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: solar radiation pressure on atomic hydrogen

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: particles are still gravitationally bound to Earth,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: half the distance to the Moon

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: solar radiation pressure on atomic hydrogen

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: half the distance to the Moon

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: atomic hydrogen exceeds that of Earth's gravitational pull.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: half the distance to the Moon

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: half the distance to the Moon

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere is a transitional zone between Earth's atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: atomic hydrogen exceeds that of Earth's gravitational pull.

text: Buon fresco  pigment mixed with water of room temperature on a thin layer of wet, fresh plaster, for which the Italian word for plaster, intonaco, is used. Because of the chemical makeup of the plaster, a binder is not required, as the pigment mixed solely with the water will sink into the intonaco, which itself becomes the medium holding the pigment. The pigment is absorbed by the wet plaster; after a number of hours, the plaster dries in reaction to air: it is this chemical reaction which fixes the pigment particles in the plaster.The chemical processes are as follows:

text: Buon fresco

text: pigment

text: mixed with water of room temperature on a thin layer of wet, fresh

text: plaster

text: , for which the Italian word for plaster,

text: intonaco

text: , is used. Because of the chemical makeup of the plaster, a

text: binder

text: is not required, as the pigment mixed solely with the water will sink into the intonaco, which itself becomes the medium holding the pigment. The pigment is absorbed by the wet plaster; after a number of hours, the plaster dries in reaction to air: it is this chemical reaction which fixes the pigment particles in the plaster.The chemical processes are as follows:

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: air pressure

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air in the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: ozone is not a binder

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Which of the following is not a source of heat in the troposphere?

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Where do convection currents occur?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Where does most of the heat that enters the mesosphere come from?

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What causes meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How high is the troposphere?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Why is it warmer at the top?

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: what is the last word in the passage?

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere merges gradually with outer space

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is true of gas molecules in the exosphere?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: air:

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: air:

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: air:

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: air:

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: air:

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: air:

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: air:

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: chemical makeup

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: air:

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: air:

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: a binder is not required,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: air:

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: air:

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: air:

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: air:

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: air:

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: absorbed by the wet plaster;

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: air:

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: air:

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: air:

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: air:

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: air:

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: air:

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: room temperature

text: In environments containing permafrost, the active layer is the top layer of soil that thaws during the summer and freezes again during the autumn. In all climates, whether they contain permafrost or not, the temperature in the lower levels of the soil will remain more stable than that at the surface, where the influence of the ambient temperature is greatest. This means that, over many years, the influence of cooling in winter and heating in summer (in temperate climates) will decrease as depth increases.

text: In environments containing

text: permafrost

text: , the active layer is the top layer of

text: soil

text: that thaws during the summer and freezes again during the autumn. In all

text: climate

text: s, whether they contain permafrost or not, the temperature in the lower levels of the soil will remain more stable than that at the surface, where the influence of the ambient

text: temperature

text: is greatest. This means that, over many years, the influence of cooling in winter and heating in summer (in temperate climates) will decrease as depth increases.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: the active layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: the active layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: the active layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: surface

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: the active layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: surface

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: the active layer is the top layer of soil that thaws during the summer

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: temperate climates

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: surface

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: orbital period

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: active layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: active layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: In environments containing permafrost, the active layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: active layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: the active layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: surface,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: active layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: ambient temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: surface,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: heating

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: In environments containing permafrost,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: temperate climates)

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: surface,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: winter

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: surface,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: surface,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: surface,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: permafrost,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: In environments containing permafrost,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: the temperature in the lower levels of the soil will remain more stable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: permafrost,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: In environments containing permafrost,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: In environments containing permafrost,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: permafrost,

text: Until the 1990s, the refrigerants were often chlorofluorocarbons such as R-12 (dichlorodifluoromethane), one in a class of several refrigerants using the brand name Freon, a trademark of DuPont. Its manufacture is now banned or severely restricted by the Montreal Protocol of August 1987 because of the damage that CFCs cause to the ozone layer if released into the atmosphere.

text: Until the 1990s, the

text: refrigerant

text: s were often

text: chlorofluorocarbon

text: s such as R-12 (

text: dichlorodifluoromethane

text: ), one in a class of several refrigerants using the brand name

text: Freon

text: , a trademark of

text: DuPont

text: . Its manufacture is now banned or severely restricted by the

text: Montreal Protocol

text: of August 1987 because of the

text: damage

text: that

text: CFCs

text: cause to the

text: ozone layer

text: if released into the

text: atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: cold air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: CFCs cause no damage to the ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Montreal Protocol

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles: ions, chlorofluorocarbons or chlorodifluoromethane?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: How would you describe the exosphere?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Montreal Protocol

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: 1987

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: 1987

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Until the 1990s, the refrigerants

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Until the 1990s,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: 1987

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: 1987

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: 1987

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: ozone layer

text: To use a separatory funnel, the two phases and the mixture to be separated in solution are added through the top with the stopcock at the bottom closed. The funnel is then closed and shaken gently by inverting the funnel multiple times; if the two solutions are mixed together too vigorously emulsions will form. The funnel is then inverted and the tap carefully opened to release excess vapor pressure. The separating funnel is set aside to allow for the complete separation of the phases. The top and the bottom tap are then opened and the lower phase is released by gravitation. The top must be opened while releasing the lower phase to allow pressure equalization between the inside of the funnel and the atmosphere. When the bottom layer has been removed, the stopcock is closed and the upper layer is poured out through the top into another container.

text: To use a separatory funnel, the two phases and the mixture to be separated in solution are added through the top with the stopcock at the bottom closed. The funnel is then closed and shaken gently by inverting the funnel multiple times; if the two solutions are mixed together too vigorously emulsions will form. The funnel is then inverted and the tap carefully opened to release excess

text: vapor pressure

text: . The separating funnel is set aside to allow for the complete separation of the phases. The top and the bottom tap are then opened and the lower phase is released by

text: gravitation

text: . The top must be opened while releasing the lower phase to allow pressure equalization between the inside of the funnel and the atmosphere. When the bottom layer has been removed, the stopcock is closed and the upper layer is poured out through the top into another container.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: lower phase

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: pressure

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: lower phase

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Ozone is not a gas.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: upper layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which of the following is not true?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: how high does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Why is the top warmer?

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of ions?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Why are gas molecules in the exosphere extremely cold?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: upper layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: lower phase is released by gravitation.

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: To use a separatory funnel,

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: lower phase is released by gravitation.

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: To use a separatory funnel,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: the lower phase is released by gravitation.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: lower phase is released by gravitation.

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: gravitation.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: lower phase

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: if the two solutions are mixed together too vigorously emulsions

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: if the two solutions are mixed together too vigorously emulsions

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: funnel,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: gravitation.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: To use a separatory funnel,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: gravitation.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: To use a separatory funnel,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: if the two solutions are mixed together too vigorously emulsions

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: To use a separatory funnel,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: top

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: To use a separatory funnel,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: gravitation.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: gravitation.

text: The log wind profile is generally considered to be a more reliable estimator of mean wind speed  than the Wind profile power law in the lowest 10–20 m of the planetary boundary layer. Between 20 m and 100 m both methods can produce reasonable predictions of mean wind speed in neutral atmospheric conditions. From 100 m to near the top of the atmospheric boundary layer the power law produces more accurate predictions of mean wind speed (assuming neutral atmospheric conditions).

text: The log wind profile is generally considered to be a more reliable estimator of mean wind speed  than the

text: Wind profile power law

text: in the lowest 10–20 m of the planetary boundary layer. Between 20 m and 100 m both methods can produce reasonable predictions of mean wind speed in neutral atmospheric conditions. From 100 m to near the top of the atmospheric boundary layer the power law produces more accurate predictions of mean wind speed (assuming neutral atmospheric conditions).

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: 10–20 m

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: wind speed

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: the power law produces more accurate predictions of mean wind speed

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: asteroid belt

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: From 100 m to near the top of the atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 100 m

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: It is warmer at the top.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: The thermosphere contains charged particles called ions

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere merges gradually with outer space.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: wind profile power law

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: planetary boundary layer.

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: planetary boundary layer.

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: planetary boundary layer.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: planetary boundary layer.

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: planetary boundary layer.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: planetary boundary layer.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: planetary boundary layer.

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: planetary boundary layer.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: planetary boundary layer.

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: The log wind profile

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The log wind profile

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: planetary boundary layer.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: planetary boundary layer.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: planetary boundary layer.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: The log wind profile

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: planetary boundary layer.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: The log wind profile

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Wind profile power law

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 10–20 m of the planetary boundary layer.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: neutral atmospheric conditions).

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: neutral atmospheric conditions).

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: planetary boundary layer.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: planetary boundary layer.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: The log wind profile

text: In 1956, Norman Phillips developed a mathematical model that could realistically depict monthly and seasonal patterns in the troposphere. It became the first successful climate model. Following Phillips's work, several groups began working to create GCMs. The first to combine both oceanic and atmospheric processes was developed in the late 1960s at the NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory. By the early 1980s, the United States' National Center for Atmospheric Research had developed the Community Atmosphere Model; this model has been continuously refined. In 1996, efforts began to model soil and vegetation types. Later the Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research's HadCM3 model coupled ocean-atmosphere elements. The role of gravity waves was added in the mid-1980s. Gravity waves are required to simulate regional and global scale circulations accurately.

text: In 1956, Norman Phillips developed a mathematical model that could realistically depict monthly and seasonal patterns in the

text: troposphere

text: . It became the first successful

text: climate model

text: . Following Phillips's work, several groups began working to create GCMs. The first to combine both oceanic and atmospheric processes was developed in the late 1960s at the

text: NOAA

text: Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory

text: . By the early 1980s, the United States'

entity_name: National Center for Atmospheric Research

text: National Center for Atmospheric Research

text: had developed the Community Atmosphere Model; this model has been continuously refined. In 1996, efforts began to model soil and vegetation types. Later the

entity_name: Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research

text: Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research

text: 's

text: model coupled ocean-atmosphere elements. The role of

text: gravity wave

text: s was added in the mid-1980s. Gravity waves are required to simulate regional and global scale circulations accurately.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Gravity waves are required to simulate regional and global scale circulations accurately.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: orbital period of how many years?

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does convection currents occur in?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What causes meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How high does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: The top of the troposphere is warmer than the bottom

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle: ions, troposphere, or oceans?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Where does the exosphere merge with outer space?

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is not a type of gas?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere.

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere.

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: troposphere.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: troposphere.

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: troposphere.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: troposphere.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere.

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: troposphere.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere.

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: gravity waves

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: realistically depict monthly and seasonal patterns in the troposphere.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: troposphere.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: troposphere.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: troposphere.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Gravity waves

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: gravity waves was added in the mid-1980s.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: troposphere.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: gravity waves was added in the mid-1980s. Gravity waves

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: troposphere.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: troposphere.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Gravity waves

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: troposphere.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: troposphere.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Gravity waves

text: At the beginning of his career in Germany, England, and Ireland, Jánossy focussed on cosmic rays, both experiment and theory. His name is linked to Geiger's coincidence detector development with special application to  cosmic-ray secondary components created in the upper layers of the atmosphere  (mesons such as kaons, muons, gamma rays). He demonstrated how primary cosmic rays colliding with the Earth's atmosphere produced secondary penetrating showers cascading to the surface of the earth (1940–1941).

text: At the beginning of his career in Germany, England, and Ireland, Jánossy focussed on

text: cosmic rays

text: , both experiment and theory. His name is linked to

text: Geiger

text: 's

text: coincidence

text: detector development with special application to  cosmic-ray secondary components created in the upper layers of the atmosphere  (

text: meson

text: s such as

text: kaons

text: muon

text: s,

text: gamma rays

text: ). He demonstrated how primary cosmic rays colliding with the

text: Earth's atmosphere

text: produced secondary penetrating showers cascading to the surface of the earth (1940–1941).

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: upper layers

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: upper layers

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Geiger's coincidence detector

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: upper layers

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: the stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: upper layers

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: cosmic rays

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: muons

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: Earth's atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: primary cosmic rays colliding with the Earth's atmosphere produced secondary penetrating showers

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: upper layers

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: upper layers

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: primary cosmic rays colliding with the Earth's atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: how many kilometers above Earths surface

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: The thermosphere contains charged particles called ions

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: upper layers

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: upper layers

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: upper layers of the atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: upper layers

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: upper layers of the atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: upper layers of the atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: upper layers

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: (mesons

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: upper layers

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: Earth's atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: secondary penetrating showers

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: upper layers of the atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: upper layers

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: earth

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: primary cosmic rays

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: upper layers

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: cosmic-ray secondary components

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: primary cosmic rays

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: cosmic-ray secondary components created in the upper layers of the atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: upper layers of the atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: secondary penetrating showers

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: (mesons

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: secondary penetrating showers

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: cosmic-ray secondary components created in the upper layers of the atmosphere

text: Earth’s atmosphere consists of multiple layers with differenttemperature and density characteristics; common atmospheric modelsinclude the International Standard Atmosphere and theUS Standard Atmosphere. A good approximation for many purposes is apolytropic troposphere of 11 km height with a lapse rate of6.5 K/km and an isothermal stratosphere of infinite height(Garfinkel 1967), which corresponds very closelyto the first two layers of the International Standard Atmosphere. Morelayers can be used if greater accuracy is required.

text: Earth’s atmosphere

text: consists of multiple layers with differenttemperature and density characteristics; common

text: atmospheric models

text: include the

text: International Standard Atmosphere

text: and the

text: US Standard Atmosphere

text: . A good approximation for many purposes is apolytropic

text: troposphere

text: of 11 km height with a lapse rate of6.5 K/km and an isothermal

text: stratosphere

text: of infinite height(

text: Garfinkel 1967

text: ), which corresponds very closelyto the first two layers of the International Standard Atmosphere. Morelayers can be used if greater accuracy is required.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: apolytropic troposphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature and density characteristics

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Earth’s atmosphere consists of multiple layers with differenttemperature and density characteristics

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: U.S.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does not have convection currents?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What causes meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers is the troposphere?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: The top of the mesosphere is warmer

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which layer of the International Standard Atmosphere contains charged particles called ions?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere merges gradually with outer space.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which layer of the International Standard Atmosphere corresponds to the first two layers?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: infinite height(Garfinkel

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: infinite height(Garfinkel

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: apolytropic troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: differenttemperature and density characteristics;

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: apolytropic troposphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: apolytropic troposphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: infinite height(Garfinkel

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: apolytropic troposphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: 11 km height with a lapse rate of6.5 K/km

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: of6.5 K/km

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: first two layers of the International Standard Atmosphere. Morelayers

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: of6.5 K/km

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 11

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: apolytropic troposphere

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: of6.5 K/km

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: apolytropic troposphere

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: infinite height(Garfinkel

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Earth’s atmosphere consists of multiple layers with differenttemperature

text: The outermost layer of the Uranus' atmosphere, extending for thousands of kilometres, is the thermosphere/exosphere, which has a uniform temperature of around 800 to 850 K. This is much higher than, for instance, the 420 K observed in the thermosphere of Saturn. The heat sources necessary to sustain such high temperatures are not understood, since neither solar FUV/EUV radiation nor auroral activity can provide the necessary energy. The weak cooling efficiency due to the depletion of hydrocarbons in the stratosphere may contribute to this phenomenon. In addition to molecular hydrogen, the thermosphere contains a large proportion of free hydrogen atoms, while helium is thought to be absent here, because it separates diffusively at lower altitudes.

text: The outermost layer of the Uranus' atmosphere, extending for thousands of kilometres, is the

text: thermosphere

text: /exosphere, which has a uniform temperature of around 800 to 850 K. This is much higher than, for instance, the 420 K observed in the thermosphere of Saturn. The heat sources necessary to sustain such high temperatures are not understood, since neither solar

text: FUV

text: EUV

text: radiation nor

text: auroral

text: activity can provide the necessary energy. The weak cooling efficiency due to the depletion of hydrocarbons in the stratosphere may contribute to this phenomenon. In addition to

text: molecular hydrogen

text: , the thermosphere contains a large proportion of free

text: hydrogen atom

text: s, while helium is thought to be absent here, because it separates diffusively at lower altitudes.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: thermosphere/exosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: thermosphere/exosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: The thermosphere/exosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: thermosphere/exosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: cold air in the stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: It separates diffusively at lower altitudes.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere contains a large proportion of free hydrogen atoms?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: None of the above choices are true

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: thermosphere/exosphere,

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: thermosphere/exosphere,

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: thermosphere/exosphere,

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: thermosphere/exosphere,

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: thermosphere/exosphere,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: thermosphere/exosphere,

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: thermosphere/exosphere,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: hydrocarbons

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: 420 K observed in the thermosphere of Saturn.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: The outermost layer of the Uranus'

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: solar FUV/EUV radiation nor auroral activity

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: thermosphere/exosphere,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: depletion of hydrocarbons

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: helium

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: thousands of kilometres,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: 800 to 850 K.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: neither solar FUV/EUV radiation nor auroral activity

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: a large proportion of free hydrogen atoms,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: thermosphere/exosphere,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: helium

text: However from the historical data, a far more authoritative source, a paper in 1973 as it appeared in the journal Nature depicts both the stratospheric ozone levels worldwide overlayed upon the number of nuclear detonations during the era of atmospheric testing, the authors conclude that neither the data nor their models show any correlation between the 500 or so megatons in historical atmospheric testing and when ozone increased or decreased in concentration. In 1976 a study on the experimental measurements of an earlier atmospheric nuclear test as it affected the ozone layer, also found that nuclear detonations are tentatively exonerated in depleting ozone, after the at first, alarming model calculations of the time. Similarly a 1981 paper found that models on ozone destruction from one test, and physical measurements taken, were in disagreement, as no destruction was observed. In total about 500 megatons were atmospherically detonated between 1945 and 1971, with a peak occurring in 1961–62, when 340 megatons were detonated in the atmosphere by the United States and Soviet Union. During this 1–2 year peak, counting only the multi-megaton range detonations in the two nations nuclear test series, a total yield estimated at 300 megatons of energy was released, due to this, 3 × 10 additional molecules of nitric oxide (about 5000 tons per megaton, "5 x 10^9 g per Mton") are believed to have entered the stratosphere, and while ozone depletion of 2.2 percent was noted in 1963, the decline had started prior to 1961 and is believed to have been caused by other meteorological effects, thus the 1985 book The Effects on the Atmosphere of a Major Nuclear Exchange states: "one can not draw definite conclusions about the effects of nuclear explosions on stratospheric ozone".

text: However from the historical data, a far more authoritative source, a paper in 1973 as it appeared in the journal Nature depicts both the stratospheric ozone levels worldwide overlayed upon the number of nuclear detonations during the era of atmospheric testing, the authors conclude that neither the data nor their models show any correlation between the 500 or so megatons in historical atmospheric testing and when ozone increased or decreased in concentration. In 1976 a study on the experimental measurements of an earlier

text: atmospheric nuclear test

text: as it affected the ozone layer, also found that nuclear detonations are tentatively

text: exonerated

text: in depleting ozone, after the at first, alarming model calculations of the time. Similarly a 1981 paper found that models on ozone destruction from one test, and physical measurements taken, were in disagreement, as no destruction was observed. In total about 500 megatons were atmospherically detonated between 1945 and 1971, with a peak occurring in 1961–62, when 340 megatons were detonated in the atmosphere by the United States and Soviet Union. During this 1–2 year peak, counting only the multi-megaton range detonations in the

text: two nations nuclear test series

text: , a total yield estimated at 300 megatons of energy was released, due to this,

text: 3 × 10 additional molecules

text: of

text: nitric oxide

text: (about 5000 tons per megaton, "5 x 10^9 g per Mton") are believed to have entered the stratosphere, and while ozone depletion of 2.2 percent was noted in 1963, the decline had started prior to 1961 and is believed to have been caused by other meteorological effects, thus the 1985 book The Effects on the Atmosphere of a Major Nuclear Exchange states: "one can not draw definite conclusions about the effects of nuclear explosions on stratospheric ozone".

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: no destruction was observed

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: What layer of the atmosphere does convection occur in?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: nitric oxide

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: no destruction was observed.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: –2 year peak,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: two nations nuclear test series,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: nitric oxide

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: nitric oxide

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: nitric oxide

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: 3 <unk> 10 additional molecules of nitric oxide

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: nuclear detonations

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: nitric oxide

text: and inverse temperature

text: and inverse temperature

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: inverse temperature

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: inverse temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: cold air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The ozone layer protects humans from the sun.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: alpine

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: polar regions

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: inverse of its temperature

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: The temperature in the troposphere is inversely proportional to the distance from the sun

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: It is inversely related to temperature.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: The stratosphere has an inverse temperature relationship.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What is the relationship between temperature and friction?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: The troposphere rises to about 50 kilometers above Earths surface.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: The top of the mesosphere is warmer than the bottom.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: The aurora borealis occurs because of storms on Earths surface.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: The thermosphere contains charged particles called ions

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere has an inverse temperature.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: The temperature in the exosphere is inversely proportional to the distance from the Sun.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: inverse temperature

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: inverse temperature

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: inverse temperature

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: inverse temperature

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: inverse temperature

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: inverse temperature

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: inverse temperature

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: inverse temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: inverse temperature

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: inverse temperature

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: inverse temperature

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: inverse temperature

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: inverse temperature

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: inverse temperature

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: inverse temperature

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: inverse temperature

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: inverse temperature

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: inverse temperature

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: inverse temperature

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: inverse temperature

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: inverse temperature

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: inverse temperature

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: inverse temperature

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: inverse temperature

text: Blamont is credited with the discovery of Turbopause in 1959, the Interstellar wind in 1970, the Hydrogen envelope of comets in 1971 and the polar Noctilucent clouds in 1973. He is known to have made the measurement of the temperature of the neutral atmosphere from 100 to 500 km, the dynamic paramters of the Mesopause region, and Einstein's general relativity Redshift on the Sun for the first time. He was the head of the group which introduced scientific ballooning and Lidar technology for atmospheric probing in Europe. The image compression device developed by Blamont is in use with various space agencies for planetary missions around the Moon, Mars and Titan. He has also contributed to the establishment of a shooting range, in Kourou, French Guyana.

text: Blamont is credited with the discovery of

text: Turbopause

text: in 1959, the

text: Interstellar wind

text: in 1970, the

text: Hydrogen envelope

text: of comets in 1971 and the polar

text: Noctilucent clouds

text: in 1973. He is known to have made the measurement of the temperature of the neutral atmosphere from 100 to 500 km, the dynamic paramters of the

text: Mesopause region

text: , and

text: Einstein's general relativity

text: Redshift

text: on the Sun for the first time. He was the head of the group which introduced scientific ballooning and

text: Lidar

text: technology for atmospheric probing in Europe. The image compression device developed by Blamont is in use with various space agencies for planetary missions around the Moon, Mars and

text: Titan

text: . He has also contributed to the establishment of a shooting range, in

text: Kourou, French Guyana

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: Mesopause

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: neutral atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Mesopause

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: neutral atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Mesopause

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: neutral atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: neutral atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Mesopause

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air in the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: the polar Noctilucent clouds in 1973

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: neutral atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Mesopause region

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unknown

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles: ions, comets or polar Noctilucent clouds?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: neutral atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: neutral

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Mesopause region,

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: neutral atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Mesopause

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: neutral atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: neutral atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature of the neutral atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: neutral atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: Blamont

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: shooting range,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: neutral atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Mesopause region,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Einstein's general relativity Redshift

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Blamont

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Blamont

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Blamont

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 100 to 500 km,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Mesopause

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Interstellar wind

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Blamont

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Mesopause region,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Mesopause region,

text: Surface anticyclones form due to downward motion through the troposphere, the atmospheric layer where weather occurs.  Preferred areas within a synoptic flow pattern in higher levels of the troposphere are beneath the western side of troughs.  On weather maps, these areas show converging winds (isotachs), also known as confluence, or converging height lines near or above the level of non-divergence, which is near the 500 hPa pressure surface about midway up the troposphere.  Because they weaken with height, these high-pressure systems are cold.

text: Surface anticyclones form due to downward motion through the troposphere, the atmospheric layer where weather occurs.  Preferred areas within a

text: synoptic

text: flow pattern in higher levels of the troposphere are beneath the western side of troughs.  On weather maps, these areas show converging winds (isotachs), also known as

text: confluence

text: , or converging height lines near or above the level of non-divergence, which is near the 500 hPa pressure surface about midway up the troposphere.  Because they weaken with height, these high-pressure systems are cold.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troughs

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Surface anticyclones form due to downward motion through the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle: charged particles or ions?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: 500 hPa pressure surface about midway up the troposphere.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: weather occurs.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: height,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Surface anticyclones form due to downward motion through the troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: high-pressure systems

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: high-pressure systems

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Surface anticyclones form due to downward motion through the troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Surface anticyclones form due to downward motion through the troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Surface anticyclones form due to downward motion through the troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 500 hPa pressure surface about midway up the troposphere.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: cold.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Surface anticyclones form due to downward motion through the troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: high-pressure systems are cold.

text: Earth's atmosphere can be divided into five main layers. These layers are mainly determined by whether temperature increases or decreases with altitude. From highest to lowest, these layers are:

text: Earth's atmosphere can be divided into five main layers. These layers are mainly determined by whether temperature increases or decreases with altitude. From highest to lowest, these layers are:

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: lowest layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: lowest

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air in the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Earth's atmosphere can be divided into five main layers.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: lowest layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: lowest

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: The troposphere rises to about 50 kilometers above Earths surface.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: lower

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: low

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: the outermost layer

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: five main layers.

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: five main layers.

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: temperature increases or decreases with altitude.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: five main layers.

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: mainly determined by whether temperature increases or decreases with altitude.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: five

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: five main layers.

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: whether temperature increases or decreases with altitude.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: highest to lowest,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: temperature increases or decreases with altitude.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: temperature increases or decreases with altitude.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Earth's atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: altitude.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's atmosphere can be divided into five

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: five main layers.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: temperature increases or decreases with altitude.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: temperature increases or decreases with altitude.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: five

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: five

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: temperature increases or decreases with altitude.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: five

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: five main layers.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: five

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: temperature increases or decreases with altitude.

text: In addition to Venus, floating cities have been proposed in science fiction on several other planets. For example, floating cities might also permit settlement of the outer three gas giants, as the gas giants lack solid surfaces.  Jupiter is not promising for habitation due to its high gravity, escape velocity and radiation, but the solar system's other gas giants (Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune) may be more practical.  In 1978, the British Interplanetary Society's Project Daedalus envisioned floating factories in the atmospheres of Jupiter refining helium-3 to produce fuel for an interstellar probe.  Michael McCollum notes that the "surface" gravity of Saturn (that is, at the visible cloud layer, where the atmospheric pressure is about the same as Earth's) is very close to that of Earth, and in his novel The Clouds of Saturn, he envisioned cities floating in the Saturnian atmosphere, where the buoyancy is provided by envelopes of hydrogen heated by fusion reactors. Uranus and Neptune also have "surface" gravities comparable to Earth's, and even lower escape velocities than Saturn. Cecelia Holland populated Jupiter, Saturn and Uranus with mutant humans, the Styth, in floating cities in her only SF novel, Floating Worlds (1975).

text: In addition to Venus, floating cities have been proposed in science fiction on several other planets. For example, floating cities might also permit settlement of the outer three

text: gas giant

text: s, as the gas giants lack solid surfaces.

text: Jupiter

text: is not promising for habitation due to its high

text: gravity

text: escape velocity

text: and

text: radiation

text: , but the

text: solar system

text: 's other gas giants (

text: Saturn

text: Uranus

text: , and

text: Neptune

text: ) may be more practical.  In 1978, the

text: British Interplanetary Society

text: 's

text: Project Daedalus

text: envisioned floating factories in the atmospheres of Jupiter refining

text: to produce fuel for an

text: interstellar probe

text: Michael McCollum

text: notes that the "surface" gravity of Saturn (that is, at the visible cloud layer, where the atmospheric pressure is about the same as Earth's) is very close to that of Earth, and in his novel The Clouds of Saturn, he envisioned cities floating in the Saturnian atmosphere, where the buoyancy is provided by envelopes of

text: hydrogen

text: heated by

text: fusion reactors

text: . Uranus and Neptune also have "surface" gravities comparable to Earth's, and even lower escape velocities than Saturn.

text: Cecelia Holland

text: populated Jupiter, Saturn and Uranus with mutant humans, the Styth, in floating cities in her only SF novel, Floating Worlds (1975).

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: visible cloud layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: the visible cloud layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: the stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: the visible cloud layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: the stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: visible cloud layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: visible cloud layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: atmospheric pressure

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: visible cloud layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: Earth's

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Jupiter is not promising for habitation due to its high gravity

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: planets

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: cloud layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: solar system

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: not promising

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: How many layers of the atmosphere does the atmosphere consist of?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers does the troposphere rise to?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a planet: Saturn, Uranus, or Neptune?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: visible cloud layer,

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: visible cloud layer,

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: visible cloud layer,

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: visible cloud layer,

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: visible cloud layer,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: visible cloud layer,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: visible cloud layer,

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: pressure

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: visible cloud layer,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: Venus,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Venus,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Venus,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Saturn (that is, at the visible cloud layer,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: solar system's

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: radiation,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: visible cloud layer,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: fusion reactors.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: the gas giants lack solid surfaces.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Venus,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: fusion reactors.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: cloud layer, where the atmospheric pressure is about the same as Earth's)

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: fusion reactors.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Venus,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: the gas giants lack solid surfaces.

text: August 1966, August 1968:  The Cricketsonde system was used in conjunction with lidar to make vertical temperature and humidity structure observations. These observations were used to examine any relationship between vertical distribution of atmospheric aerosols and the vertical profiles of temperature and humidity, the purpose being to explore the utility of optical radar to detect and measure meteorological features of the lower atmosphere, such as temperature inversions, haze and smog layers, and humidity variations.

text: August 1966, August 1968:  The Cricketsonde system was used in conjunction with lidar to make vertical temperature and humidity structure observations. These observations were used to examine any relationship between vertical distribution of atmospheric aerosols and the vertical profiles of temperature and humidity, the purpose being to explore the utility of optical radar to detect and measure meteorological features of the lower atmosphere, such as temperature inversions, haze and smog layers, and humidity variations.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: lower atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: lower atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: temperature inversions

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: lower atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: the lower atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: lower atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: haze

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: cold air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The Cricketsonde system was used in conjunction with lidar

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: lower atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: lower atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: The Cricketsonde system was used in conjunction with lidar

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What causes meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: temperature inversions

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: The thermosphere contains charged particles called ions

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: the exosphere

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: temperature inversions

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: haze and smog layers,

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: haze and smog layers,

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: temperature inversions,

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: haze and smog layers,

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: vertical distribution of atmospheric aerosols

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: haze and smog layers,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: lower atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature and humidity,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: haze and smog

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: temperature inversions,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: temperature inversions,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: temperature inversions,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: inversions,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: 1968:

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: temperature inversions, haze and smog layers,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: temperature inversions, haze and smog layers,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: temperature inversions,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: haze and smog layers,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 1968:

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: temperature inversions,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: 1968:

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: atmospheric aerosols

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: 1968:

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: temperature inversions,

text: If the Championship Manager 1.x series laid the groundwork, the success of the franchise went stratospheric with the release of Championship Manager 2 in September 1995. The game again included up-to-date squads for each team, added photos of each ground to build an atmosphere of the teams you were managing/visiting, and included a now infamous in-match commentary engine with the voice of Clive Tyldesley.

text: If the Championship Manager 1.x series laid the groundwork, the success of the franchise went stratospheric with the release of Championship Manager 2 in September 1995. The game again included up-to-date squads for each team, added photos of each ground to build an atmosphere of the teams you were managing/visiting, and included a now infamous in-match commentary engine with the voice of

text: Clive Tyldesley

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: in-match commentary engine

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: photo of each ground

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: ozone is a nonrenewable resource

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Championship Manager 2 series

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: How many layers of the atmosphere do convection currents occur in?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What causes meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earth's surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle: charged particles or ions?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is not a type of gas?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: in-match commentary engine

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: 1995.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: photos of each ground

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: 1995.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: 1995.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Championship Manager 2

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: 1995.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: 1995.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: 1995.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: 1995.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Championship Manager 2

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 1995.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: 1995.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Championship Manager 2

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: 1995.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: 1995.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: 1995.

text: The simple one-level atmospheric model can be readily extended to a multiple-layer atmosphere. In this case the equations for the temperatures become a series of coupled equations. This simple model always predicts a decreasing temperature away from the surface, and all levels increase in temperature as "greenhouse gases are added". Neither of these effects are fully realistic: in the real atmosphere temperatures increase above the tropopause, and temperatures in that layer are predicted (and observed) to decrease as GHG's are added. This is directly related to the non-greyness of the real atmosphere.

text: The simple one-level atmospheric model can be readily extended to a multiple-layer atmosphere. In this case the equations for the temperatures become a series of coupled equations. This simple model always predicts a decreasing temperature away from the surface, and all levels increase in temperature as "greenhouse gases are added". Neither of these effects are fully realistic: in the real atmosphere temperatures increase above the tropopause, and temperatures in that layer are predicted (and observed) to decrease as GHG's are added. This is directly related to the non-greyness of the real atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Greenhouse gases are added

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: How many layers of the atmosphere are mentioned?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What causes meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: The tropopause

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: the tropopause

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles called ions?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere merges gradually with outer space

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: "greenhouse gases

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: temperatures increase above the tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Neither of these effects are fully realistic:

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: real atmosphere temperatures increase above the tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: The simple one-level atmospheric model

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: "greenhouse gases

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: multiple-layer atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: "greenhouse gases

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: "greenhouse gases

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: in the real atmosphere temperatures increase above the tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: "greenhouse gases are added". Neither of these effects are fully realistic:

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: The simple one-level atmospheric model

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The simple one-level atmospheric model

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: temperature

text: Even above the Kármán line, significant atmospheric effects such as auroras still occur. Meteors begin to glow in this region, though the larger ones may not burn up until they penetrate more deeply. The various layers of Earth's ionosphere, important to HF radio propagation, begin below 100 km and extend beyond 500 km. By comparison, the International Space Station and Space Shuttle typically orbit at 350–400 km, within the F-layer of the ionosphere where they encounter enough atmospheric drag to require reboosts every few months. Depending on solar activity, satellites can experience noticeable atmospheric drag at altitudes as high as 700–800 km.

text: Even above the Kármán line, significant atmospheric effects such as

text: auroras

text: still occur.

text: Meteors

text: begin to glow in this region, though the larger ones may not burn up until they penetrate more deeply. The various layers of Earth's

text: ionosphere

text: , important to

text: HF radio

text: propagation, begin below 100 km and extend beyond 500 km. By comparison, the

text: International Space Station

text: and

text: Space Shuttle

text: typically orbit at 350–400 km, within the

text: F-layer

text: of the ionosphere where they encounter enough

text: atmospheric drag

text: to require reboosts every few months. Depending on solar activity, satellites can experience noticeable atmospheric drag at altitudes as high as 700–800 km.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Kármán line

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: Kármán line

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Kármán line

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: the International Space Station and Space Shuttle typically orbit at 350–400 km

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Kármán line

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earth's surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a layer of the ionosphere: F-layer, ionosphere or ionosphere?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: None of the above choices are true

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: Kármán line,

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: Kármán line,

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Kármán line,

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: Kármán line,

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Kármán line,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: 100 km

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: Kármán line,

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: 100 km

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: Kármán line,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Even above the Kármán line,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Kármán line,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Kármán line,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: 350–400 km,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Meteors

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: F-layer

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Meteors

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: the larger ones may not burn up until they penetrate more deeply.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Kármán line,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Kármán line,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Meteors

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: ionosphere,

text: Winds in the Central plains region of the U.S. are variable on both short (minutes) and long (days) time scales. Variations in wind speed result in variations in power output from wind farms, which poses difficulties incorporating wind power into an integrated power system. Wind turbines are driven by boundary layer winds, those that occur near the surface of the earth, at around 300 feet. Boundary layer winds are controlled by wind in the higher free atmosphere and have turbulence due to interaction with surface features such as trees, hills, and buildings. Short term or high frequency variations are due to this turbulence in the boundary layer.

text: Winds in the Central plains region of the U.S. are variable on both short (minutes) and long (days) time scales. Variations in wind speed result in variations in power output from wind farms, which poses difficulties incorporating wind power into an integrated power system. Wind turbines are driven by boundary layer winds, those that occur near the surface of the earth, at around 300 feet. Boundary layer winds are controlled by wind in the higher free atmosphere and have turbulence due to interaction with surface features such as trees, hills, and buildings. Short term or high frequency variations are due to this turbulence in the boundary layer.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: higher free atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: boundary layer winds

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: boundary layer winds

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: higher free atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: surface features

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: wind turbines are driven by boundary layer winds

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: time scales

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: How many layers of the atmosphere are mentioned?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earth's surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Why is the top of the mesosphere warmer?

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle: charged particles or ions?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Why are wind turbines driven by boundary layer winds?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: free atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: free atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: boundary layer winds,

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: free atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: free atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: higher free atmosphere and have turbulence due to interaction with surface features

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: boundary layer winds,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Winds

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: boundary layer winds,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: boundary layer winds,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: (minutes) and long (days)

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Wind turbines are driven by boundary layer winds,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: boundary layer winds,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: boundary layer winds,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Boundary layer winds

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 300 feet.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: boundary layer winds,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: boundary layer winds,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Wind turbines are driven by boundary layer winds,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: boundary layer winds,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: boundary layer winds,

text: The NIWA atmospheric research laboratory takes atmospheric measurements for the purpose of observing and better understanding interactions between the stratosphere, troposphere and global climate. This is achieved through measurements of ozone, ozone depleting substances (ODS), solar radiation, aerosols and greenhouse gases.

text: The

entity_name: National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research

text: NIWA atmospheric research laboratory

text: takes atmospheric measurements for the purpose of observing and better understanding interactions between the

text: stratosphere

text: troposphere

text: and global

text: climate

text: . This is achieved through measurements of

text: ozone

text: ozone depleting substances (ODS)

text: solar radiation

text: aerosols

text: and

text: greenhouse gases

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: ozone depleting substances are the same as ozone.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: solar radiation

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does not have convection currents?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: greenhouse gases

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not an interaction between the stratosphere and troposphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How high does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle: stratosphere, troposphere or greenhouse gases?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere, troposphere and global climate.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: stratosphere, troposphere

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: ozone depleting substances

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: stratosphere, troposphere and global climate.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: solar radiation,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: stratosphere, troposphere and global climate.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: greenhouse gases.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: greenhouse gases.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: ozone depleting substances (ODS),

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: troposphere and global climate.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: greenhouse gases.

text: These massive eruptive columns are the distinctive feature of a Plinian eruption, and reach up  into the atmosphere. The densest part of the plume, directly above the volcano, is driven internally by gas expansion. As it reaches higher into the air the plume expands and becomes less dense, convection and thermal expansion of volcanic ash drive it even further up into the stratosphere. At the top of the plume, powerful prevailing winds drive the plume in a direction away from the volcano.

text: These massive eruptive columns are the distinctive feature of a Plinian eruption, and reach up  into the

text: atmosphere

text: . The densest part of the plume, directly above the volcano, is driven internally by

text: gas expansion

text: . As it reaches higher into the air the plume expands and becomes less dense,

text: convection

text: and

text: thermal expansion

text: of

text: volcanic ash

text: drive it even further up into the

text: stratosphere

text: . At the top of the plume, powerful

text: prevailing wind

text: s drive the plume in a direction away from the

text: volcano

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: density

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The densest part of the plume is driven internally by gas expansion.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Which is lower, the troposphere or the stratosphere?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle: ions, plume, or stratosphere?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: None of the above choices are true

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: thermal expansion of volcanic ash

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: less dense,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: thermal expansion of volcanic ash

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Plinian eruption,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: gas expansion.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: prevailing winds

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: prevailing winds

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: stratosphere.

text: There is a zone of the atmosphere in which ozone absorbs some 98% of non-ionizing but dangerous UV-C and UV-B. This so-called ozone layer, starts at about  and extends upward. Some of the ultraviolet spectrum that does reach the ground (the part that begins above energies of 3.1 eV, a wavelength less than 400 nm) is non-ionizing, but is still biologically hazardous due to the ability of single photons of this energy to cause electronic excitation in biological molecules, and thus damage them by means of unwanted reactions. An example is the formation of pyrimidine dimers in DNA, which begins at wavelengths below 365 nm (3.4 eV), which is well below ionization energy. This property gives the ultraviolet spectrum some of the dangers of ionizing radiation in biological systems without actual ionization occurring. In contrast, visible light and longer-wavelength electromagnetic radiation, such as infrared, microwaves, and radio waves, consists of photons with too little energy to cause damaging molecular excitation, and thus this radiation is far less hazardous per unit of energy.

text: There is a zone of the atmosphere in which ozone absorbs some 98% of non-ionizing but dangerous UV-C and UV-B. This so-called

text: ozone layer

text: , starts at about  and extends upward. Some of the ultraviolet spectrum that does reach the ground (the part that begins above energies of 3.1 eV, a wavelength less than 400 nm) is non-ionizing, but is still biologically hazardous due to the ability of single photons of this energy to cause electronic excitation in biological molecules, and thus damage them by means of unwanted reactions. An example is the formation of

text: pyrimidine dimer

text: s in DNA, which begins at wavelengths below 365 nm (3.4 eV), which is well below ionization energy. This property gives the ultraviolet spectrum some of the dangers of ionizing radiation in biological systems without actual ionization occurring. In contrast, visible light and longer-wavelength electromagnetic radiation, such as infrared, microwaves, and radio waves, consists of photons with too little energy to cause damaging molecular excitation, and thus this radiation is far less hazardous per unit of energy.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: ozone layer, starts at about and extends upward

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: wavelength

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: UV-B

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: This so-called ozone layer, starts at about and extends upward.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: UV-B

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: ozone layer, starts at about and extends upward.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: ozone layer, starts at about and extends upward.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: UV-C and UV-B.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: UV-C and UV-B.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: ionizing radiation in biological systems without actual ionization

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: infrared,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: 3.1 eV,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: ozone absorbs some 98%

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: ozone absorbs some 98%

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: ozone absorbs some 98% of non-ionizing

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: ozone layer, starts at about and extends upward.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: ozone layer, starts at about and extends upward.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: UV-C and UV-B.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: ionizing radiation in biological systems without actual ionization

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: ozone layer,

text: Take Care expands on the low-tempo, sensuous, and dark sonic aesthetic of Thank Me Later. Primarily a hip hop album, it has a languid, grandiose production that incorporates R&B, pop, electronica, and post-dubstep styles. The music is typified by an atmospheric sound, muted textures, slow tempos, subtle chords, melodic synth tracks, low-end grooves, and sparse, ambient arrangements. Noah "40" Shebib contributed to most of the album's production with murky beats, dark synth layers, atmospheric keyboards, moody guitar sounds, smooth piano, muffled drums, dramatic flourishes, and low-pass filters. Although he is credited as producer for only eight of the album's 17 songs, Shebib also served as audio engineer and mix engineer on the album. His production for the album is characteristic of the Toronto hip hop scene, which experienced a mainstream breakthrough with Shebib's work with Drake, producers Boi-1da and T-Minus, and singer-songwriter The Weeknd, all of whom contributed to Take Care. Evan Rytlewski of The A.V. Club comments that the album is "crafted primarily around the oblique production of Drake's native Toronto—all rippling synths, distant pulses, and purposeful empty space".

text: Take Care expands on the low-tempo, sensuous, and dark sonic aesthetic of Thank Me Later. Primarily a

text: hip hop

text: album, it has a languid, grandiose production that incorporates

text: R&B

text: pop

text: electronica

text: , and

text: post-dubstep

text: styles. The music is typified by an atmospheric sound, muted textures, slow

text: tempo

text: s, subtle

text: chord

text: s, melodic synth tracks,

text: low-end

text: groove

text: s, and sparse, ambient arrangements. Noah "40" Shebib contributed to most of the album's production with murky beats, dark synth layers, atmospheric keyboards, moody guitar sounds, smooth piano, muffled drums, dramatic flourishes, and

text: low-pass filter

text: s. Although he is credited as producer for only eight of the album's 17 songs, Shebib also served as

text: audio engineer

text: and

text: mix engineer

text: on the album. His production for the album is characteristic of the Toronto hip hop scene, which experienced a mainstream breakthrough with Shebib's work with Drake, producers

text: and

text: T-Minus

text: , and singer-songwriter

text: The Weeknd

text: , all of whom contributed to Take Care. Evan Rytlewski of

text: The A.V. Club

text: comments that the album is "crafted primarily around the oblique production of Drake's native Toronto—all rippling synths, distant pulses, and purposeful empty space".

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ambient

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: low-end grooves

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: atmospheric pressure

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: keyboards

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: ozone is a nonrenewable resource

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Arctic

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Arctic

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: atmospheric sound,

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: dark synth layers,

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: rippling synths, distant pulses, and purposeful empty space".

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: atmospheric sound,

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: rippling synths, distant pulses, and purposeful empty space".

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: low-pass filters.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: atmospheric sound,

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: dark synth layers,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: atmospheric keyboards,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: Thank Me Later.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Take Care expands on the low-tempo,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Thank Me Later.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: low-pass filters.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: space".

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Thank Me Later.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: atmospheric sound,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Later.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Thank Me Later.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Thank Me Later.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: atmospheric sound,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: T-Minus, and singer-songwriter The Weeknd,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: rippling synths, distant pulses, and purposeful empty space".

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: empty space".

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Thank Me Later.

text: Typically used for production boats because of its ability to reuse a female mold as the foundation for the shape of the boat. The resulting structure is strong in tension but often needs to be either laid up with many heavy layers of resin-saturated fiberglass or reinforced with wood or foam in order to provide stiffness. GRP hulls are largely free of corrosion though not normally fireproof. These can be solid fiberglass or of the sandwich (cored) type, in which a core of balsa, foam or similar material is applied after the outer layer of fiberglass is laid to the mold, but before the inner skin is laid. This is similar to the next type, composite, but is not usually classified as composite, since the core material in this case does not provide much additional strength. It does, however, increase stiffness, which means that less resin and fiberglass cloth can be used in order to save weight. Most fibreglass boats are currently made in an open mold, with fibreglass and resin applied by hand (hand-lay-up method). Some are now constructed by vacuum infusion where the fibres are laid out and resin is pulled into the mold by atmospheric pressure. This can produce stronger parts with more glass and less resin, but takes special materials and more technical knowledge. Older fibreglass boats before 1990 were often not constructed in controlled temperature buildings leading to the widespread problem of fibreglass pox, where seawater seeped through small holes and caused delamination. The name comes from the multiude of surface pits in the outer gelcoat layer which resembles smallpox. Sometimes the problem was caused by atmospheric moisture being trapped in the layup during construction in humid weather.

text: Typically used for production boats because of its ability to reuse a female mold as the foundation for the shape of the boat. The resulting structure is strong in tension but often needs to be either laid up with many heavy layers of resin-saturated fiberglass or reinforced with wood or foam in order to provide stiffness. GRP hulls are largely free of corrosion though not normally fireproof. These can be solid fiberglass or of the sandwich (cored) type, in which a core of

text: balsa

text: foam

text: or similar material is applied after the outer layer of fiberglass is laid to the mold, but before the inner skin is laid. This is similar to the next type, composite, but is not usually classified as composite, since the core material in this case does not provide much additional strength. It does, however, increase stiffness, which means that less resin and fiberglass cloth can be used in order to save weight. Most fibreglass boats are currently made in an open mold, with fibreglass and resin applied by hand (

text: hand-lay-up

text: method). Some are now constructed by vacuum infusion where the fibres are laid out and resin is pulled into the mold by atmospheric pressure. This can produce stronger parts with more glass and less resin, but takes special materials and more technical knowledge. Older fibreglass boats before 1990 were often not constructed in controlled temperature buildings leading to the widespread problem of fibreglass pox, where seawater seeped through small holes and caused delamination. The name comes from the multiude of surface pits in the outer gelcoat layer which resembles smallpox. Sometimes the problem was caused by atmospheric moisture being trapped in the layup during construction in humid weather.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: atmospheric

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: atmospheric

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: Theosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: atmospheric moisture

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: atmospheric pressure

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: GRP hulls are largely free of corrosion

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: GRP

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of fiberglass: resin-saturated fiberglass or composite?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: atmospheric pressure.

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: atmospheric pressure.

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: atmospheric pressure.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: atmospheric pressure.

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: atmospheric pressure.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: atmospheric pressure.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: atmospheric pressure.

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: atmospheric pressure.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: atmospheric pressure.

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: fibreglass pox,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: fireproof.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: controlled temperature buildings

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: fibreglass boats before 1990 were often not constructed in controlled temperature buildings

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: GRP

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: GRP

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: atmospheric pressure.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: GRP

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: GRP hulls

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: GRP

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: fibreglass pox,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: fibreglass pox,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: fibreglass pox,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: fibreglass pox,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: fibreglass pox,

text: For reasons that remain obscure, the planet's thermosphere is at an anomalously high temperature of about 750 K. The planet is too far from the Sun for this heat to be generated by ultraviolet radiation. One candidate for a heating mechanism is atmospheric interaction with ions in the planet's magnetic field. Other candidates are gravity waves from the interior that dissipate in the atmosphere. The thermosphere contains traces of carbon dioxide and water, which may have been deposited from external sources such as meteorites and dust.

text: For reasons that remain obscure, the planet's thermosphere is at an anomalously high temperature of about 750 K. The planet is too far from the Sun for this heat to be generated by

text: ultraviolet

text: radiation. One candidate for a heating mechanism is atmospheric interaction with ions in the planet's

text: magnetic field

text: . Other candidates are

text: gravity wave

text: s from the interior that dissipate in the atmosphere. The

text: thermosphere

text: contains traces of

text: carbon dioxide

text: and water, which may have been deposited from external sources such as

text: meteorite

text: s and dust.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: the atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The planet is too far from the Sun for this heat to be generated by ultraviolet radiation

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere contains traces of carbon dioxide and water

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which is not a candidate for a heating mechanism?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: atmospheric interaction with ions in the planet's magnetic field.

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: thermosphere is at an anomalously high temperature

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: too far from the Sun for this heat to be generated by ultraviolet radiation.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: ultraviolet radiation.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: ions in the planet's magnetic field.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: ultraviolet radiation.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: meteorites

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 750 K.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: too far from the Sun for this heat to be generated by ultraviolet radiation.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: ions in the planet's magnetic field.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: 750 K.

text: LIDAR comprises firing lasers at relevant portions of the atmosphere where light is backscattered. By analyzing the reflected laser beam for Doppler shifts, wind speeds and wind directions in the target region may be calculated. The thermal structure, diurnal/semi-diurnal tides, and seasonal variations in the mesopause region may thus be studied. This is a valuable faculty for meteorologists and climatologists, as these properties can be significant.

text: LIDAR comprises firing lasers at relevant portions of the atmosphere where light is

text: backscatter

text: ed. By analyzing the reflected laser beam for

text: Doppler shift

text: s, wind speeds and wind directions in the target region may be calculated. The thermal structure, diurnal/semi-diurnal

text: tide

text: s, and seasonal variations in the

text: mesopause

text: region may thus be studied. This is a valuable faculty for

text: meteorologists

text: and

text: climatologists

text: , as these properties can be significant.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: mesopause

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: mesopause

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: mesopause

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: mesopause

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: mesopause

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: mesopause

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: mesopause

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: mesopause

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: mesopause

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: LIDAR comprises firing lasers at relevant portions of the atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: LIDAR

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: mesopause region

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: The thermal structure

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which of the following is not a layer of the atmosphere: mesopause, stratosphere, stratosphere, or troposphere?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not a property of meteors?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: What is the top of the mesosphere?

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a property of the mesopause region?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The mesopause region

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: The mesopause region

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: mesopause

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: mesopause

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: mesopause

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: mesopause

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: mesopause

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: mesopause

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: mesopause

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: light is backscattered.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: mesopause

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: The thermal structure,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: LIDAR

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: mesopause region

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: mesopause region

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: LIDAR

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: LIDAR

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: LIDAR

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: LIDAR

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: LIDAR

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: LIDAR

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: The thermal structure,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: LIDAR

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: LIDAR

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: LIDAR

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: The thermal structure,

text: If one is to analyze the vertical pressure variation of the Atmosphere of Earth, the length scale is very significant (troposphere alone being several kilometres tall; thermosphere being several hundred kilometres) and the involved fluid (air) is compressible. Gravity can still be reasonably approximated as constant, because length scales on the order of kilometres are still small in comparison to Earth's radius, which is on average about 6371 km, and gravity is a function of distance from Earth's core.

text: If one is to analyze the vertical pressure variation of the

text: Atmosphere of Earth

text: , the length scale is very significant (

text: troposphere

text: alone being several

text: kilometres

text: tall;

text: thermosphere

text: being several hundred kilometres) and the involved fluid (air) is compressible. Gravity can still be reasonably approximated as constant, because length scales on the order of kilometres are still small in comparison to Earth's radius, which is on average about 6371 km, and gravity is a function of distance from Earth's core.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: vertical pressure

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Gravity can still be reasonably approximated as constant

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: 6371 km

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does not have convection currents?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What can still be reasonably approximated as constant?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How tall is the troposphere?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: It is warmer at the top.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere merges gradually with outer space

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: None of the above choices are true

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: (troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: several hundred kilometres)

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: (troposphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: thermosphere being several hundred kilometres)

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: (troposphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: length scale

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: (troposphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: thermosphere being several hundred kilometres)

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: several kilometres tall; thermosphere being several hundred kilometres)

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: (troposphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: 6371 km,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: several kilometres tall; thermosphere being several hundred kilometres)

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: (troposphere alone being several kilometres tall; thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: (troposphere

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: (air) is compressible.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: several kilometres tall; thermosphere being several hundred kilometres)

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: (troposphere

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: several hundred kilometres)

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Atmosphere of Earth,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: (air) is compressible.

text: Each of these main layers can be further divided in sub-layers. For example, in the Business layer, the primary business processes realising the products of a company may make use of a layer of secondary (supporting) business processes; in the Application layer, the end-user applications may make use of generic services offered by supporting applications. On top of the Business layer, a separate Environment layer may be added, modelling the external customers that make use of the services of the organisation (although these may also be considered part of the Business layer).

text: Each of these main layers can be further divided in sub-layers. For example, in the Business layer, the primary business processes realising the products of a company may make use of a layer of secondary (supporting) business processes; in the Application layer, the end-user applications may make use of generic services offered by supporting applications. On top of the Business layer, a separate Environment layer may be added, modelling the external customers that make use of the services of the organisation (although these may also be considered part of the Business layer).

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: Environment

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: Environment

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: Environment layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: Environment

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: Environment

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Environment layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: air in the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: ozone is a nonrenewable resource

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Environment layer.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Environment layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Environment layer

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Environment

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Environment

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Environment

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Environment

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Environment

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: outer space

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Environment

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: Business layer,

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: Business layer,

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Each of these main layers can be further divided in sub-layers.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: Environment layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Each of these main layers can be further divided in sub-layers.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: Business layer,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: Business layer,

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: Each of these main layers can be further divided in sub-layers.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Application layer,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: Each of these main layers can be further divided in sub-layers.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Each of these main layers can be further divided in sub-layers.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Application layer,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Application layer,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Each of these main layers can be further divided in sub-layers.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Business layer,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Each of these main layers can be further divided in sub-layers.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Each of these main layers can be further divided in sub-layers.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Business layer,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Each of these main layers can be further divided in sub-layers.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Each of these main layers can be further divided in sub-layers.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Business layer,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Each of these main layers can be further divided in sub-layers.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Each of these main layers can be further divided in sub-layers.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Each of these main layers can be further divided in sub-layers.

text: Furthermore, layers with an inverse trend of temperature or humidity cause atmospheric ducting, which bends the beam downward or even traps radio waves so that they do not spread out vertically. This phenomenon occurs in two circumstances:

text: Furthermore, layers with an inverse trend of temperature or humidity cause

text: atmospheric duct

text: ing, which bends the beam downward or even traps radio waves so that they do not spread out vertically. This phenomenon occurs in two circumstances:

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: isosceles

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: radio waves

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The ozone layer protects humans from the sun.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: sky

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: layers with an inverse trend

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: what does friction with gas molecules cause?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: how high does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: The bottom of the mesosphere is colder.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: The thermosphere contains charged particles called ions.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere merges gradually with outer space.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: What is the reason for this?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: atmospheric ducting,

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: atmospheric ducting,

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: atmospheric ducting,

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: atmospheric ducting,

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: atmospheric ducting,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: temperature or humidity

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: atmospheric ducting,

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature or humidity

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: temperature or humidity cause atmospheric ducting,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: temperature or humidity cause atmospheric ducting,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: radio waves so that they do not spread out vertically.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: atmospheric ducting,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: layers with an inverse trend of temperature or humidity cause atmospheric ducting,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: vertically.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: atmospheric ducting,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: layers with an inverse trend of temperature or humidity cause atmospheric ducting,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: atmospheric ducting,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: layers with an inverse trend of temperature or humidity cause atmospheric ducting,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: atmospheric ducting,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: inverse trend of temperature or humidity cause atmospheric ducting,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: layers with an inverse trend of temperature or humidity cause atmospheric ducting,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: atmospheric ducting,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: atmospheric ducting,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: temperature or humidity cause atmospheric ducting,

text: During the final week of production, scenes were filmed over six days at the Stratosphere Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas. Interior shots included the resort's Top of the World restaurant, which was closed at the time for renovations. The Stratosphere was not in the original script. Executive producer Barry Waldman met with the casino's owners in summer 2004 to discuss featuring it in the movie, which the owners agreed to after small changes were made to the script. Tony Scott said an eight-minute BMW commercial he shot at the resort was "a testing ground" for Domino.

text: During the final week of production, scenes were filmed over six days at the

text: Stratosphere Hotel and Casino

text: in

text: Las Vegas

text: . Interior shots included the resort's Top of the World restaurant, which was closed at the time for renovations. The Stratosphere was not in the original script. Executive producer Barry Waldman met with the casino's owners in summer 2004 to discuss featuring it in the movie, which the owners agreed to after small changes were made to the script. Tony Scott said an eight-minute BMW commercial he shot at the resort was "a testing ground" for Domino.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: the Stratosphere was not in the original script

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How high does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Stratosphere Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: Stratosphere Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: Las Vegas.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The Stratosphere was not in the original script.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Las Vegas.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Las Vegas.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Domino.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Stratosphere Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: 2004

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Domino.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Stratosphere Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Stratosphere Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: filmed over six days at the Stratosphere Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Domino.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Stratosphere Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas.

text: Because ozone filters out harmful ultraviolet radiation, the discovery of holes in the ozone layer of the earth's atmosphere has raised concern about how much ultraviolet light reaches the earth's surface. Of particular concern are the questions of how deeply into sea water ultraviolet radiation penetrates and how it affects marine organisms, especially plankton (floating microorganisms) and viruses that attack plankton. Plankton form the base of the marine food chains and are believed to affect our planet's temperature and weather by uptake of CO

text: Because

text: ozone

text: filters out harmful ultraviolet radiation, the discovery of holes in the

text: ozone

text: layer of the earth's atmosphere has raised concern about how much

text: ultraviolet light

text: reaches the earth's surface. Of particular concern are the questions of how deeply into sea water ultraviolet radiation penetrates and how it affects

text: marine organisms

text: , especially

text: plankton

text: (floating microorganisms) and

text: viruses

text: that attack

text: plankton

text: Plankton

text: form the base of the marine food chains and are believed to affect our planet's temperature and weather by uptake of CO

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: surface

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Plankton form the base of the marine food chains and are believed to affect our planet's temperature and weather by uptake of CO

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: oceans

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not a type of meteor?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle: ions or holes?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: ozone filters out harmful ultraviolet radiation,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Because ozone filters out harmful ultraviolet radiation,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Plankton

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: earth's

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Plankton

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: CO

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: CO

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: plankton

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Plankton

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: ozone filters out harmful ultraviolet radiation,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: CO

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: plankton

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: CO

text: Jet Standard Atmosphere is often used by jet manufactures. It assumes a mean sea level temperature of +15 C. The temperature then lapses 2 C per 1000 ft to infinity. There is no Tropopause in the jet standard atmosphere. In the standard atmosphere, the Tropopause is the height at which the temperature stops decreasing. It is also the end of the Troposphere and start of the Stratosphere.

text: Jet Standard Atmosphere is often used by

text: jet

text: manufactures. It assumes a mean sea level temperature of +15 C. The

text: temperature

text: then lapses 2 C per 1000 ft to infinity. There is no

text: Tropopause

text: in the jet standard atmosphere. In the standard atmosphere, the Tropopause is the height at which the temperature stops decreasing. It is also the end of the

text: Troposphere

text: and start of the

text: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Tropopause

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Tropopause

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: Troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Troposphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: There is no Tropopause in the jet standard atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: jet standard atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Tropopause

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: 365 day cycle

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does not have the Tropopause?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not a source of friction: gas molecules or meteors?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle: ions, troposphere or tropopause?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Which of the following is not a type of atmosphere: troposphere, stratosphere or exosphere?

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is not a type of gas?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: Stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: Stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: the Tropopause

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: Stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Tropopause

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: Troposphere and start of the Stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: Troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Troposphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: the temperature stops decreasing.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: There is no Tropopause

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: 2 C per 1000 ft to infinity.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Tropopause

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Jet Standard Atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: the Tropopause

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Tropopause

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Tropopause

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Tropopause

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: the Tropopause

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: +15 C.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Tropopause

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Troposphere and start of the Stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Tropopause

text: SAFE AIR  (Simulation of Air pollution From Emissions Above Inhomogeneous Regions) is an advanced atmospheric pollution dispersion model for calculating concentrations of atmospheric pollutants emitted both continuously or intermittently from point, line, volume and area sources. It adopts an integrated Gaussian puff modeling system.SAFE AIR  consists of three main parts: the meteorological pre-processor WINDS (Wind-field Interpolation by Non Divergent Schemes) to calculate wind fields, the meteorological pre-processor ABLE (Acquisition of Boundary Layer parameters) to calculate atmospheric parameters and a lagrangian multisource model named P6 (Program Plotting Paths of Pollutant Puffs and Plumes) to calculate pollutant dispersion.SAFE AIR  is included in the online Model Documentation System (MDS) of the European Environment Agency (EEA) and of the .Italian Agency for the Protection of the Environment (APAT).

text: SAFE AIR  (Simulation of Air pollution From Emissions Above Inhomogeneous Regions) is an advanced

text: atmospheric pollution dispersion model

text: for calculating concentrations of

text: atmospheric pollutants

text: emitted both

text: continuously

text: or

text: intermittently

text: from

text: point, line, volume and area sources

text: . It adopts an integrated

text: Gaussian puff modeling system

text: .SAFE AIR  consists of three main parts: the meteorological pre-processor WINDS (Wind-field Interpolation by Non Divergent Schemes) to calculate wind fields, the meteorological pre-processor ABLE (Acquisition of Boundary Layer parameters) to calculate atmospheric parameters and a lagrangian multisource model named P6 (Program Plotting Paths of Pollutant Puffs and Plumes) to calculate pollutant dispersion.SAFE AIR  is included in the online Model Documentation System (MDS) of the

text: European Environment Agency

text: (EEA) and of the .Italian Agency for the Protection of the Environment (APAT).

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: boundary conditions

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: cold air in the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: It adopts an integrated Gaussian puff modeling system.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: SAFE AIR model

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Boundary Layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: U.S.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: How many layers of the atmosphere does SAFE AIR cover?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What causes meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: The troposphere rises to about 50 kilometers above Earths surface.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: What is the top of the mesosphere?

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere merges gradually with outer space.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is not a type of gas?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: Inhomogeneous Regions)

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: Inhomogeneous Regions)

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Inhomogeneous Regions)

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: Inhomogeneous Regions)

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Inhomogeneous Regions)

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: Inhomogeneous Regions)

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: Inhomogeneous Regions)

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: point, line, volume and area sources.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Boundary Layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Inhomogeneous Regions)

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Air pollution From Emissions Above Inhomogeneous Regions)

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Inhomogeneous Regions)

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: (Wind-field Interpolation by Non Divergent Schemes)

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Air pollution From Emissions Above Inhomogeneous Regions)

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: wind fields,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Emissions Above Inhomogeneous Regions)

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: wind fields,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Air pollution From Emissions Above Inhomogeneous Regions)

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Inhomogeneous Regions)

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: wind fields,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Air pollution From Emissions Above Inhomogeneous Regions)

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Air pollution From Emissions Above Inhomogeneous Regions)

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Air pollution From Emissions Above Inhomogeneous Regions)

text: All of these ciphers use the same round function consisting of four stages, as shown in the diagram: a key-mixing stage, a substitution layer, another key-mixing stage, and finally a diffusion layer. In the first key-mixing stage, the plaintext block is divided into eight 8-bit segments, and subkeys are added using either addition modulo 256 (denoted by a "+" in a square) or XOR (denoted by a "+" in a circle). The substitution layer consists of two S-boxes, each the inverse of each other, derived from discrete exponentiation (45) and logarithm (logx) functions. After a second key-mixing stage there is the diffusion layer: a novel cryptographic component termed a pseudo-Hadamard transform (PHT). (The PHT was also later used in the Twofish cipher.)

text: All of these ciphers use the same round function consisting of four stages, as shown in the diagram: a key-mixing stage, a substitution layer, another key-mixing stage, and finally a diffusion layer. In the first key-mixing stage, the plaintext block is divided into eight 8-bit segments, and subkeys are added using either addition modulo 256 (denoted by a "+" in a square) or

text: XOR

text: (denoted by a "+" in a circle). The substitution layer consists of two

text: S-box

text: es, each the inverse of each other, derived from discrete

text: exponentiation

text: (45) and

text: logarithm

text: (logx) functions. After a second key-mixing stage there is the diffusion layer: a novel cryptographic component termed a

text: pseudo-Hadamard transform

text: (PHT). (The PHT was also later used in the

text: Twofish

text: cipher.)

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: the stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: diffusion layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: density

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: diffusion layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: air in the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: glacier

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: polar regions

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: The sun

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Where do convection currents occur?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: what causes meteors to burn up in the atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How high does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: The thermosphere contains charged particles called ions.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Why are gas molecules in the exosphere extremely cold

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: diffusion layer.

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: diffusion layer.

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: two S-boxes,

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: diffusion layer.

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: S-boxes,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: diffusion layer.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: diffusion layer.

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: discrete exponentiation (45) and logarithm

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: diffusion layer:

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: pseudo-Hadamard transform

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: All of these ciphers

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Twofish cipher.)

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: inverse of each other, derived from discrete exponentiation

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: S-boxes,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: S-boxes,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: S-boxes,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: S-boxes,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: S-boxes,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: S-boxes,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: S-boxes,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: S-boxes,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: pseudo-Hadamard transform

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: S-boxes,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: S-boxes,

text: The thermal boundary layer thickness is similarly the distance from the body at which the temperature is 99% of the temperature found from an inviscid solution. The ratio of the two thicknesses is governed by the Prandtl number. If the Prandtl number is 1, the two boundary layers are the same thickness.  If the Prandtl number is greater than 1, the thermal boundary layer is thinner than the velocity boundary layer. If the Prandtl number is less than 1, which is the case for air at standard conditions, the thermal boundary layer is thicker than the velocity boundary layer.

text: The thermal boundary layer thickness is similarly the distance from the body at which the temperature is 99% of the temperature found from an inviscid solution. The ratio of the two thicknesses is governed by the

text: Prandtl number

text: . If the Prandtl number is 1, the two boundary layers are the same thickness.  If the Prandtl number is greater than 1, the thermal boundary layer is thinner than the velocity boundary layer. If the Prandtl number is less than 1, which is the case for air at standard conditions, the thermal boundary layer is thicker than the velocity boundary layer.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: thermal boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: thermal boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: The thermal boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: thermal boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: The Prandtl number

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: thermal boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: The thermal boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: thermal boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: If the Prandtl number is greater than 1, the two boundary layers are the same thickness

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: thermal boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: thermal boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Prandtl number

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Prandtl number

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: The thermal boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: The Prandtl number is greater than 1

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: The Prandtl number

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: The bottom of the mesosphere is colder.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Thermosphere contains charged particles called ions

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere merges gradually with outer space

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: 99% of the temperature found from an inviscid solution

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: thermal boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: thermal boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Prandtl number.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: thermal boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: velocity boundary layer.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: thermal boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: Prandtl number.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: velocity boundary layer.

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: 1, the two boundary layers are the same thickness.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: air at standard conditions,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: 1,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: 99% of the temperature found from an inviscid solution.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: 1,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: 99% of the temperature found from an inviscid solution.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: 1,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 1,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: If the Prandtl number is less than 1,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: 1,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: 1,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: air at standard conditions,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: 99% of the temperature found from an inviscid solution.

text: The shape of the cloud is influenced by the local atmospheric conditions and wind patterns.  The fallout distribution is predominantly a downwind plume. However, if the cloud reaches the tropopause, it may spread against the wind, because its convection speed is higher than the ambient wind speed. At the tropopause, the cloud shape is roughly circular and spread out.

text: The shape of the cloud is influenced by the local atmospheric conditions and wind patterns.  The fallout distribution is predominantly a downwind

text: plume

text: . However, if the cloud reaches the

text: tropopause

text: , it may spread against the wind, because its convection speed is higher than the ambient wind speed. At the tropopause, the cloud shape is roughly circular and spread out.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: wind speed

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: At the tropopause, the cloud shape is roughly circular and spread out

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: cloud

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the tropopause rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: It may spread against the wind

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle: charged particles, ions, or clouds?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Why are gas molecules in the exosphere extremely cold?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: wind patterns.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: convection speed is higher than the ambient wind speed.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: downwind plume.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: The shape of the cloud is influenced by the local atmospheric conditions

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: convection speed is higher than the ambient wind speed.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: convection speed is higher than the ambient wind speed.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: downwind plume.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: convection speed is higher than the ambient wind speed.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: convection speed is higher than the ambient wind speed.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: wind patterns.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: higher than the ambient wind speed.

text: On 6 December 2007, AAD successfully intercepted a modified Prithvi-II missile acting as an incoming ballistic missile enemy target. The endo-atmospheric interception was carried out at an altitude of . The interceptor and all the elements performed in a copy book fashion validating the endo-atmospheric layer of the defence system. The launch was also shown through a video link at a control room of DRDO Bhawan,at Delhi.

text: On 6 December 2007, AAD successfully intercepted a modified Prithvi-II missile acting as an incoming ballistic missile enemy target. The endo-atmospheric interception was carried out at an altitude of . The interceptor and all the elements performed in a copy book fashion validating the endo-atmospheric layer of the defence system. The launch was also shown through a video link at a control room of DRDO Bhawan,at Delhi.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: endo-atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: endo-atmospheric

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: endo-atmospheric

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: endo-atmospheric

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: endo-atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: endo-atmospheric

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: endo-atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: altitude

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: endo

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The launch was also shown through a video link

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: altitude of

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: altitude of

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which of the following is not a layer of the atmosphere: endo-atmospheric, endo-atmospheric, or stratosphere?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What does friction with gas molecules cause meteors to do in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earth's surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: The thermosphere contains charged particles called ions.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: what is the last part of the paragraph?

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: How would you describe the exosphere?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: endo-atmospheric

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: endo-atmospheric

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: endo-atmospheric layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: endo-atmospheric

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: The endo-atmospheric

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: endo-atmospheric

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: endo-atmospheric

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: altitude

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: endo-atmospheric

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: On 6 December 2007,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: On 6 December 2007,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: The endo-atmospheric

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: altitude

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: endo-atmospheric

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: The endo-atmospheric

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: endo-atmospheric layer

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: The endo-atmospheric

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: The endo-atmospheric

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: altitude

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: The endo-atmospheric

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: DRDO Bhawan,at

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: endo-atmospheric

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: endo-atmospheric

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: The endo-atmospheric

text: The ozone layer was discovered in 1913 by the French physicists Charles Fabry and Henri Buisson. Measurements of the sun showed that the radiation sent out from its surface and reaching the ground on Earth is usually consistent with the spectrum of a black body with a temperature in the range of 5,500–6,000 K (5,227 to 5,727 °C), except that there was no radiation below a wavelength of about 310 nm at the ultraviolet end of the spectrum. It was deduced that the missing radiation was being absorbed by something in the atmosphere. Eventually the spectrum of the missing radiation was matched to only one known chemical, ozone. Its properties were explored in detail by the British meteorologist G. M. B. Dobson, who developed a simple spectrophotometer (the Dobsonmeter) that could be used to measure stratospheric ozone from the ground. Between 1928 and 1958, Dobson established a worldwide network of ozone monitoring stations, which continue to operate to this day. The "Dobson unit", a convenient measure of the amount of ozone overhead, is named in his honor.

text: The ozone layer was discovered in 1913 by the French physicists

text: Charles Fabry

text: and

text: Henri Buisson

text: . Measurements of the sun showed that the radiation sent out from its surface and reaching the ground on Earth is usually consistent with the spectrum of a

text: black body

text: with a temperature in the range of 5,500–6,000 K (5,227 to 5,727 °C), except that there was no radiation below a wavelength of about 310 nm at the ultraviolet end of the spectrum. It was deduced that the missing radiation was being absorbed by something in the atmosphere. Eventually the spectrum of the missing radiation was matched to only one known chemical, ozone. Its properties were explored in detail by the British meteorologist

text: G. M. B. Dobson

text: , who developed a simple

text: spectrophotometer

text: (the

text: Dobsonmeter

text: ) that could be used to measure stratospheric ozone from the ground. Between 1928 and 1958, Dobson established a worldwide network of ozone monitoring stations, which continue to operate to this day. The "

text: Dobson unit

text: ", a convenient measure of the

text: amount

text: of ozone overhead, is named in his honor.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ultraviolet

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: there was no radiation below a wavelength of about 310 nm at the ultraviolet end of the spectrum

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: stratospheric ozone

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: sun

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ultraviolet

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: 5,500–6,000 K

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: there was no radiation below a wavelength of about 310 nm

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: 5,500–6,000 K

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: 5,500–6,000 K

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: ozone layer was discovered in 1913

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: 5,500–6,000 K

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: ozone layer was discovered in 1913

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 5,500–6,000 K

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: 5,500–6,000 K

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: ozone layer was discovered in 1913

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: The ozone layer was discovered in 1913

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: 5,500–6,000 K

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: 5,500–6,000 K

text: The low-lying damp ground can produce a visual effect known as a Fata Morgana. This optical phenomenon occurs because rays of light are strongly bent when they pass through air layers of different temperatures in a steep thermal inversion where an atmospheric duct has formed. The Italian name Fata Morgana is derived from the name of Morgan le Fay, who was alternatively known as Morgane, Morgain, Morgana and other variants. Morgan le Fay was described as a powerful sorceress and antagonist of King Arthur and Queen Guinevere in the Arthurian legend.

text: The low-lying damp ground can produce a visual effect known as a

text: Fata Morgana

text: . This

text: optical phenomenon

text: occurs because rays of light are strongly bent when they pass through air layers of different temperatures in a steep

text: thermal inversion

text: where an

text: atmospheric duct

text: has formed. The Italian name Fata Morgana is derived from the name of

text: Morgan le Fay

text: , who was alternatively known as Morgane, Morgain, Morgana and other variants. Morgan le Fay was described as a powerful

text: sorceress

text: and

text: antagonist

text: of

text: King Arthur

text: and

text: Queen Guinevere

text: in the

text: Arthurian legend

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: thermal inversion

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: thermal inversion

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: air layers

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: different temperatures

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: thermal inversion

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The low-lying damp ground can produce a visual effect known as a Fata Morgana

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: thermal inversion

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: thermal inversion

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earth's surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: What is the lowest layer of the mesosphere?

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles: ions, rays, or clouds?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: what is the name of Morgan le Fay?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: air layers

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: air layers

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: a steep thermal inversion

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: air layers of different temperatures in a steep thermal inversion

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: atmospheric duct

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: air layers

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: different temperatures

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: air layers of different temperatures in a steep thermal inversion

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: thermal inversion

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The low-lying damp ground

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: thermal inversion

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: steep thermal inversion

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Fata Morgana.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Fata Morgana.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: air layers of different temperatures in a steep thermal inversion

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: steep thermal inversion

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: steep thermal inversion

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Fata Morgana.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: thermal inversion

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: rays of light are strongly bent when they pass through air layers

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: atmospheric duct

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: steep thermal inversion

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: air layers of different temperatures in a steep thermal inversion

text: The 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution, or CLRTAP, is an early international effort to protect and gradually reduce and prevent air pollution. It is implemented by the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP), directed by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE).  The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, or Montreal Protocol (a protocol to the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer), is an international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of numerous substances believed to be responsible for ozone depletion. The treaty was opened for signature on 16 September 1987, and entered into force on 1 January 1989.

text: The 1979

entity_name: Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution

text: Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution

text: , or CLRTAP, is an early international effort to protect and gradually reduce and prevent air pollution. It is implemented by the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP), directed by the

entity_name: United Nations Economic Commission for Europe

text: United Nations Economic Commission for Europe

text: (UNECE).  The

text: Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer

text: , or Montreal Protocol (a protocol to the

text: Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer

text: ), is an international

text: treaty

text: designed to protect the

text: ozone layer

text: by phasing out the production of numerous substances believed to be responsible for

text: ozone depletion

text: . The treaty was opened for signature on 16 September 1987, and entered into force on 1 January 1989.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: Ozone

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Ozone Layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: cold air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer is an international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Montreal Protocol

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: How many layers of the atmosphere does the Montreal Protocol cover?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earth's surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: The top of the mesosphere is warmer

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle: charged particles, ions, or atoms?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: How would you describe the exosphere?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: Ozone Layer,

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: Ozone Layer,

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: The 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution,

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: Ozone Layer,

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: The 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: Ozone

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: Ozone Layer,

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: Ozone

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Ozone Layer,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: The 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: ozone depletion.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Air Pollution,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: The 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: The 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: The 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: The 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: The 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: The 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: The 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: The 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: The 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: The 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution,

text: Warriors of Might and Magic for the PlayStation 2 holds a generally unfavorable averaged review score of 49% on Metacritic. Joe Fielder from GameSpot awarded it a score of 3.6 out of 10, opining "there's a decent game hidden here somewhere; it just exists under many layers of detritus." IGN's Doug Perry awarded it a score of 5.0 out of 10, saying that it "hits the mark on a few cylinders, but its clumsy, redundant nature will put you to sleep, and for a videogame, which is by definition supposed to be 'entertaining', that's not a good sign." The PlayStation version was better received, earning a GameRankings score of 61.33%. Despite the mixed reception from critics, the PlayStation version has received a cult following status among gamers due in part to its satisfying combat and atmospheric environments.

text: Warriors of Might and Magic for the PlayStation 2 holds a generally unfavorable averaged review score of 49% on

text: Metacritic

text: . Joe Fielder from

text: GameSpot

text: awarded it a score of 3.6 out of 10, opining "there's a decent game hidden here somewhere; it just exists under many layers of detritus."

text: IGN

text: 's Doug Perry awarded it a score of 5.0 out of 10, saying that it "hits the mark on a few cylinders, but its clumsy, redundant nature will put you to sleep, and for a videogame, which is by definition supposed to be 'entertaining', that's not a good sign." The PlayStation version was better received, earning a

text: GameRankings

text: score of 61.33%. Despite the mixed reception from critics, the PlayStation version has received a cult following status among gamers due in part to its satisfying combat and atmospheric environments.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: detritus

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: PlayStation version

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: PlayStation version

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Earth's core

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: atmospheric environments.

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: layers of detritus."

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: atmospheric environments.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: atmospheric environments.

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: atmospheric environments.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: atmospheric environments.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: atmospheric environments.

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: atmospheric environments.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: PlayStation version

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: 61.33%.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: 3.6 out of 10,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: atmospheric environments.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: atmospheric environments.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Warriors of Might and Magic for the PlayStation 2

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: atmospheric environments.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: atmospheric environments.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: 61.33%.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: 61.33%.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: atmospheric environments.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: 61.33%.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: atmospheric environments.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: atmospheric environments.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: atmospheric environments.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: 3.6 out of 10,

text: Aside from chlorofluorocarbons, tritium can act as a transient tracer and has the ability to "outline" the biological, chemical, and physical paths throughout the world oceans because of its evolving distribution. Tritium has thus been used as a tool to examine ocean circulation and ventilation and, for such purposes, is usually measured in Tritium Units where 1 TU is defined as the ratio of 1 tritium atom to 10 hydrogen atoms. As noted earlier, nuclear weapons testing, primarily in the high-latitude regions of the Northern Hemisphere, throughout the late 1950s and early 1960s introduced large amounts of tritium into the atmosphere, especially the stratosphere. Before these nuclear tests, there were only about 3 to 4 kilograms of tritium on the Earth's surface; but these amounts rose by 2 or 3 orders of magnitude during the post-test period.

text: Aside from

text: chlorofluorocarbons

text: , tritium can act as a transient tracer and has the ability to "outline" the biological, chemical, and physical paths throughout the world oceans because of its evolving distribution. Tritium has thus been used as a tool to examine ocean circulation and ventilation and, for such purposes, is usually measured in Tritium Units where 1 TU is defined as the ratio of 1 tritium atom to 10 hydrogen atoms. As noted earlier, nuclear weapons testing, primarily in the high-latitude regions of the Northern Hemisphere, throughout the late 1950s and early 1960s introduced large amounts of tritium into the atmosphere, especially the

text: stratosphere

text: . Before these nuclear tests, there were only about 3 to 4 kilograms of tritium on the Earth's surface; but these amounts rose by 2 or 3 orders of magnitude during the post-test period.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: latitude

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: tritium can act as a transient tracer

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Northern Hemisphere

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: nuclear weapons testing

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: hydrogen

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: tritium can act as a transient tracer

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Northern Hemisphere,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Northern Hemisphere,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: nuclear weapons testing,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: nuclear weapons testing,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: tritium can act as a transient tracer

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: nuclear weapons testing,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: high-latitude regions of the Northern Hemisphere,

text: Band openings are sometimes caused by a weather phenomenon known as a tropospheric 'inversion', where a stagnant high pressure area causes alternating stratified layers of warm and cold air generally trapping the colder air beneath. This may make for smoggy/foggy days but it also causes VHF/UHF radio transmissions to travel or duct along the boundaries of these warm/cold atmospheric layers. Radio signals have been known to travel hundreds, even thousands of kilometers due to these unique weather conditions. For example: The longest distance reported contact due to tropospheric refraction on 2 meters is 4754 km between Hawaii and a ship south of Mexico. There were reports of the reception of one way signals from Réunion to Western Australia, a distance of more than 6000 km.

text: Band openings are sometimes caused by a

text: weather

text: phenomenon known as a

text: tropospheric 'inversion'

text: , where a stagnant high pressure area causes alternating stratified layers of warm and cold air generally trapping the colder air beneath. This may make for smoggy/foggy days but it also causes VHF/UHF radio transmissions to travel or duct along the boundaries of these warm/cold atmospheric layers. Radio signals have been known to travel hundreds, even thousands of kilometers due to these unique weather conditions. For example: The longest distance reported contact due to tropospheric refraction on 2 meters is 4754 km between

text: Hawaii

text: and a ship south of

text: Mexico

text: . There were reports of the reception of one way signals from

text: Réunion

text: to

text: Western Australia

text: , a distance of more than 6000 km.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratified layers

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: pressure

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: warm

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Radio signals have been known to travel hundreds, even thousands of kilometers due to these unique weather conditions.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles: ions, troposphere, or stratified layers?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratified layers of warm and cold air

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: tropospheric

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: warm/cold atmospheric layers.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: tropospheric

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: warm/cold atmospheric layers.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: colder air

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: tropospheric

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: warm and cold air

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: colder air

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Band openings

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: tropospheric 'inversion',

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: tropospheric 'inversion',

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: 6000 km.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: tropospheric 'inversion',

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: tropospheric

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: tropospheric 'inversion',

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: tropospheric refraction

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 6000 km.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: alternating stratified layers of warm and cold air

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: tropospheric 'inversion',

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: tropospheric

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: tropospheric

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: tropospheric

text: The atmosphere of Jupiter is classified into four layers, by increasing altitude: the troposphere, stratosphere, thermosphere and exosphere. Unlike the Earth's atmosphere, Jupiter's lacks a mesosphere. Jupiter does not have a solid surface, and the lowest atmospheric layer, the troposphere, smoothly transitions into the planet's fluid interior. This is a result of having temperatures and the pressures well above those of the critical points for hydrogen and helium, meaning that there is no sharp boundary between gas and liquid phases. Hydrogen becomes a supercritical fluid at a pressure of around 12 bar.

text: The atmosphere of Jupiter is classified into four layers, by increasing altitude: the

text: troposphere

text: stratosphere

text: thermosphere

text: and

text: exosphere

text: . Unlike the

text: Earth's atmosphere

text: , Jupiter's lacks a

text: mesosphere

text: . Jupiter does not have a solid surface, and the lowest atmospheric layer, the troposphere, smoothly transitions into the planet's fluid interior. This is a result of having temperatures and the pressures well above those of the

text: critical point

text: s for hydrogen and helium, meaning that there is no sharp boundary between gas and liquid phases. Hydrogen becomes a

text: supercritical fluid

text: at a pressure of around 12 bar.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: no sharp boundary between gas and liquid phases

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: lacks a mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: altitude

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: hot air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Jupiter's lacks a mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does not have a solid surface?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What is the lowest atmospheric layer, the troposphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface is the troposphere?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which layer contains charged particles called ions?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere, thermosphere and exosphere.

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: exosphere.

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: no sharp boundary

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: exosphere.

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: no sharp boundary

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: the troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: thermosphere and exosphere.

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: increasing altitude:

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: temperatures

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Jupiter's lacks a mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Jupiter

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: exosphere.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Jupiter

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: hydrogen and helium,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: four

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Jupiter's lacks a mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: hydrogen and helium,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Jupiter's lacks a mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Jupiter's lacks a mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Jupiter's lacks a mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: The atmosphere of Jupiter is classified into four layers, by increasing altitude:

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Jupiter's lacks a mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: temperatures

text: The findings of the Huygens probe indicate that Titan's atmosphere periodically rains liquid methane and other organic compounds onto the moon's surface. In October 2007, observers noted an increase in apparent opacity in the clouds above the equatorial Xanadu region, suggestive of "methane drizzle", though this was not direct evidence for rain. However, subsequent images of lakes in Titan's southern hemisphere taken over one year show that they are enlarged and filled by seasonal hydrocarbon rainfall. It is possible that areas of Titan's surface may be coated in a layer of tholins, but this has not been confirmed. The presence of rain indicates that Titan may be the only Solar System body besides Earth upon which rainbows could form. However, given the extreme opacity of the atmosphere to visible light, the vast majority of any rainbows would be visible only in the infrared.

text: The findings of the Huygens probe indicate that Titan's atmosphere periodically rains liquid methane and other organic compounds onto the moon's surface. In October 2007, observers noted an increase in apparent opacity in the clouds above the equatorial

text: Xanadu

text: region, suggestive of "methane drizzle", though this was not direct evidence for rain. However, subsequent images of lakes in Titan's southern hemisphere taken over one year show that they are enlarged and filled by seasonal hydrocarbon rainfall. It is possible that areas of Titan's surface may be coated in a layer of

text: tholin

text: s, but this has not been confirmed. The presence of rain indicates that Titan may be the only Solar System body besides Earth upon which

text: rainbow

text: s could form. However, given the extreme opacity of the atmosphere to visible light, the vast majority of any rainbows would be visible only in the infrared.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: the southern hemisphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: hemisphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: southern hemisphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: hemisphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: tholins

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: equatorial

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: infrared

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: It is possible that areas of Titan's surface may be coated in a layer of tholins

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Solar System

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: southern hemisphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Solar System

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: The vast majority of any rainbows would be visible only in the infrared.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: given the extreme opacity of the atmosphere to visible light

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: tholins,

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: tholins,

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: southern hemisphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: tholins,

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: southern hemisphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: tholins,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: tholins,

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: visible light,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: tholins,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: rainbows would be visible only in the infrared.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: rain.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Titan's

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: equatorial Xanadu region,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Solar System

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: rainbows would be visible only in the infrared.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Titan's

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: rainbows would be visible only in the infrared.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Titan's atmosphere periodically rains liquid methane

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Titan's

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Titan's southern hemisphere

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Titan may be the only Solar System body besides Earth

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: rainbows would be visible only in the infrared.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Titan's

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: rainbows would be visible only in the infrared.

text: Boundary layer meteorology is the study of processes in the air layer directly above Earth's surface, known as the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL). The effects of the surface – heating, cooling, and friction – cause turbulent mixing within the air layer. Significant movement  of heat, matter, or momentum on time scales of less than a day are caused by turbulent motions. Boundary layer meteorology includes the study of all types of surface–atmosphere boundary, including ocean, lake, urban land and non-urban land for the study of meteorology.

text: Boundary layer

text: meteorology is the study of processes in the air layer directly above Earth's surface, known as the

text: atmospheric boundary layer

text: (ABL). The effects of the surface – heating, cooling, and

text: friction

text: – cause

text: turbulent mixing

text: within the air layer. Significant movement  of

text: heat

text: matter

text: , or

text: momentum

text: on time scales of less than a day are caused by turbulent motions. Boundary layer meteorology includes the study of all types of surface–atmosphere boundary, including ocean, lake, urban land and non-urban land for the study of meteorology.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: surface

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Boundary layer meteorology is the study of processes in the air layer directly above Earth's surface

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does boundary layer meteorology study?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How high is the troposphere?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: The effects of the surface

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of boundary layer?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: The effects of the surface – heating, cooling, and friction

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: air layer directly above Earth's surface,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: heating,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Boundary layer meteorology

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: surface

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: turbulent motions.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: turbulent motions.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: ocean, lake, urban land and non-urban land

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: turbulent motions.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: friction – cause turbulent mixing

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Boundary layer meteorology

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: surface

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: turbulent motions.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Boundary layer meteorology

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Boundary layer meteorology

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: heating, cooling,

text: In telecommunication, an atmospheric duct is a horizontal layer in the lower atmosphere in which the vertical refractive index gradients are such that radio signals (and light rays) are guided or ducted, tend to follow the curvature of the Earth, and experience less attenuation in the ducts than they would if the ducts were not present. The duct acts as an atmospheric dielectric waveguide and limits the spread of the wavefront to only the horizontal dimension.

text: In

text: telecommunication

text: , an atmospheric duct is a horizontal layer in the lower atmosphere in which the vertical

text: refractive index

text: gradients are such that

text: radio

text: signals (and light rays) are guided or ducted, tend to follow the curvature of the Earth, and experience less

text: attenuation

text: in the ducts than they would if the ducts were not present. The duct acts as an atmospheric

text: dielectric

text: waveguide

text: and limits the spread of the

text: wavefront

text: to only the horizontal dimension.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: lower atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: lower atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: lower atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: lower atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: horizontal dimension

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: lower atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: radio signals (and light rays) are guided or ducted

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: lower atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: lower atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: curvature

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: atmospheric duct

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: atmospheric duct

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: atmospheric duct is a horizontal layer in the lower atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: atmospheric duct

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: atmospheric duct is a horizontal layer in the lower atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: lower atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: atmospheric duct

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: curvature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: atmospheric duct

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: atmospheric duct

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: atmospheric duct is a horizontal layer in the lower atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: atmospheric duct is a horizontal layer in the lower atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: atmospheric duct

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: curvature

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: atmospheric duct

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: atmospheric duct is a horizontal layer in the lower atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: atmospheric duct

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: atmospheric duct

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: atmospheric duct is a horizontal layer in the lower atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: atmospheric duct

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: atmospheric duct is a horizontal layer in the lower atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: atmospheric duct is a horizontal layer in the lower atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: atmospheric duct is a horizontal layer in the lower atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: atmospheric duct is a horizontal layer in the lower atmosphere

text: The thermosphere and upper part of the stratosphere contain a large concentration of ions and electrons, forming the ionosphere of Uranus. Radio occultation observations by the Voyager 2 spacecraft showed that the ionosphere lies between 1,000 and 10,000 km altitude and may include several narrow and dense layers between 1,000 and 3,500 km. The electron density in the Uranian ionosphere is on average , reaching to as high as  in the narrow layers in the stratosphere. The ionosphere is mainly sustained by solar UV radiation and its density depends on the solar activity. The auroral activity on Uranus is not as powerful as at Jupiter and Saturn and contributes little to the ionization. The high electron density may be in part caused by the low concentration of hydrocarbons in the stratosphere.

text: The thermosphere and upper part of the stratosphere contain a large concentration of

text: ion

text: s and

text: electron

text: s, forming the

text: ionosphere

text: of Uranus. Radio occultation observations by the Voyager 2 spacecraft showed that the ionosphere lies between 1,000 and 10,000 km altitude and may include several narrow and dense layers between 1,000 and 3,500 km. The electron density in the Uranian ionosphere is on average , reaching to as high as  in the narrow layers in the stratosphere. The ionosphere is mainly sustained by solar

text: UV

text: radiation and its density depends on the

text: solar activity

text: . The

text: auroral

text: activity on Uranus is not as powerful as at Jupiter and Saturn and contributes little to the ionization. The high electron density may be in part caused by the low concentration of

text: hydrocarbon

text: s in the stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: The thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: altitude

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: air in the stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: low concentration of hydrocarbons in the stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: solar system

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere contains a large concentration of ions and electrons?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earth's surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles: ions, stratosphere or ionosphere?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is not true?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: ionosphere of Uranus.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: The thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: ions and electrons,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: The thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: contributes little to the ionization.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: ionosphere of Uranus.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Uranus.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: solar UV radiation

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: ionosphere of Uranus.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: ionosphere of Uranus.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: ionosphere of Uranus.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: The thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: The thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: The auroral activity on Uranus

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: ions

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: ionosphere of Uranus.

text: Despite the fact that there might be a layer in the atmosphere that has positive values of CAPE, if the parcel does not reach or begin rising to that level, the most significant convection that occurs in the FCL will not be realized. This can occur for numerous reasons. Primarily, it is the result of a cap, or convective inhibition (CIN/CINH). Processes that can erode this inhibition are heating of the Earth's surface and forcing. Such forcing mechanisms encourage upward verticalvelocity, characterized by a speed that is relatively low to what you find in a thunderstorm updraft. Because of this, it is not the actual air being pushed to its LFC that "breaks through" the inhibition, but rather the forcing cools the inhibition adiabatically. This would counter, or "erode" the increase of temperature with height that is present during a capping inversion.

text: Despite the fact that there might be a layer in the atmosphere that has positive values of CAPE, if the parcel does not reach or begin rising to that level, the most significant convection that occurs in the FCL will not be realized. This can occur for numerous reasons. Primarily, it is the result of a cap, or

text: convective inhibition (CIN/CINH)

text: . Processes that can erode this inhibition are heating of the Earth's surface and forcing. Such forcing mechanisms encourage upward verticalvelocity, characterized by a speed that is relatively low to what you find in a thunderstorm updraft. Because of this, it is not the actual air being pushed to its LFC that "breaks through" the inhibition, but rather the forcing cools the inhibition adiabatically. This would counter, or "erode" the increase of temperature with height that is present during a capping inversion.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: FCL

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: FCL

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: FCL

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: FCL

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: FCL

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: FCL

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: FCL

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: CAPE

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: FCL

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: cold air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: it is not the actual air being pushed to its LFC that "breaks through"

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: FCL

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: LFC

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Why is this the case?

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charge?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Why is the exosphere cold?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: CAPE,

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: CAPE,

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: FCL

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: CAPE,

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: FCL

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: FCL

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: CAPE,

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: CAPE,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: FCL

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: positive values of CAPE,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: capping inversion.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: capping inversion.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: verticalvelocity,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: heating of the Earth's surface

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: FCL

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: convective inhibition

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: convective inhibition

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: CAPE,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: heating of the Earth's surface

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: thunderstorm updraft.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: atmosphere that has positive values of CAPE,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: atmosphere that has positive values of CAPE,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: adiabatically.

text: The MinXSS mission is to measure the solar soft X-ray spectrum from about 0.5 keV (25 Å) to 30 keV (0.4 Å) with ~0.15 keV FWHM spectral resolution. This part of the solar electromagnetic spectrum is where the largest enhancement from solar flares is expected to occur. It also has an important impact on Earth ionospheric chemistry. Despite this, prior measurements have been either low-resolution broadband, or high-resolution but very narrow bandpass. The relatively recent creation of miniaturized silicon drift detectors has enabled the MinXSS measurements. MinXSS data will provide a means of probing the solar corona—especially in active regions and solar flares—and will be used as an input for models of the Earth's upper atmosphere, particularly the ionosphere, thermosphere, and mesosphere.

text: The MinXSS mission is to measure the solar soft

text: X-ray

text: spectrum from about 0.5

text: keV

text: Å

text: ) to 30 keV (0.4

text: Å

text: ) with ~0.15 keV

text: FWHM

text: spectral resolution

text: . This part of the solar

text: electromagnetic spectrum

text: is where the largest enhancement from

text: solar flares

text: is expected to occur. It also has an important impact on Earth

text: ionospheric

text: chemistry. Despite this, prior measurements have been either low-resolution broadband, or high-resolution but very narrow bandpass. The relatively recent creation of miniaturized

text: silicon drift detectors

text: has enabled the MinXSS measurements. MinXSS data will provide a means of probing the solar

text: corona

text: —especially in

text: active regions

text: and

text: solar flares

text: —and will be used as an input for models of the Earth's upper atmosphere, particularly the ionosphere,

text: thermosphere

text: , and

text: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Earth's upper atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Earth's upper atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: Earth's upper atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: It also has an important impact on Earth ionospheric chemistry

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does not have convection currents?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: What part of the solar electromagnetic spectrum is where the largest enhancement from solar flares is expected to occur?

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What part of the solar electromagnetic spectrum is where the largest enhancement from solar flares expected to occur?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: The troposphere rises to about 50 kilometers above Earths surface.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: It has an important impact on Earth ionospheric

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle: ionosphere, thermosphere, or mesosphere?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ionosphere, thermosphere,

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: ionosphere, thermosphere, and mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ionosphere, thermosphere, and mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ionosphere, thermosphere, and mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: ionosphere, thermosphere, and mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ionosphere, thermosphere, and mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: 0.5 keV (25 <unk>) to 30 keV

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: thermosphere, and mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: ionosphere, thermosphere, and mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: The MinXSS

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: ionosphere, thermosphere, and mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: ionosphere, thermosphere, and mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: ionospheric chemistry.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: thermosphere, and mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: ionosphere, thermosphere, and mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: ionosphere, thermosphere, and mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: ionosphere,

text: After O'Leary's resignation from NASA, Carl Sagan recruited him to teach at Cornell University in 1968, where he researched and lectured until 1971 as a research associate (1968-1969) and assistant professor of astronomy (1969-1971). While at Cornell, he studied lunar mascons. During the 1970-1971 academic year, O'Leary was deputy team leader of the Mariner 10 Venus-Mercury TV Science Team as a visiting researcher at the California Institute of Technology.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Brian|last=O'Leary|title=Venus: vertical structure of stratospheric hazes from Mariner 10 pictures|journal=Journal of Atmospheric Science|year=1975|volume=32|pages=1091–1100|doi=10.1175/1520-0469(1975)032

text: After O'Leary's resignation from NASA,

text: Carl Sagan

text: recruited him to teach at

text: Cornell University

text: in 1968, where he researched and lectured until 1971 as a research associate (1968-1969) and assistant professor of astronomy (1969-1971). While at Cornell, he studied lunar

text: mascons

text: . During the 1970-1971 academic year, O'Leary was deputy team leader of the

text: Mariner 10

text: Venus

text: Mercury

text: TV Science Team as a visiting researcher at the

text: California Institute of Technology

text: .<ref>{{cite journal|first=Brian|last=O'Leary|title=Venus: vertical structure of stratospheric hazes from Mariner 10 pictures|journal=Journal of Atmospheric Science|year=1975|volume=32|pages=1091–1100|doi=10.1175/1520-0469(1975)032

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: O'Leary studied lunar mascons

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: O'Leary studied lunar mascons

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: O'Leary was a visiting researcher at the California Institute of Technology

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: The heat in the troposphere comes directly from the sun.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: the stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What causes meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: The bottom of the mesosphere is colder.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: What is the term for charged particles?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere merges gradually with outer space

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: The gas molecules in the exosphere are extremely cold.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: vertical structure of stratospheric hazes

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: vertical structure of stratospheric hazes

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: hazes

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: hazes

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: After O'Leary's resignation from NASA,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratospheric hazes

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Venus-Mercury

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: vertical structure of stratospheric hazes

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: vertical structure of stratospheric hazes

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: stratospheric hazes

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: vertical structure of stratospheric hazes

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: stratospheric hazes

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: vertical structure of stratospheric hazes

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: vertical structure of stratospheric hazes

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: vertical structure of stratospheric hazes

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: stratospheric hazes

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: stratospheric hazes

text: 3) Mesosphere (50–80 km)

text: 3) Mesosphere (50–80 km)

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: isosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: isotopes

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: density

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The ozone layer protects the Earth from the sun.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is closest to the Sun?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: The troposphere rises to about

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: (iii).

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Thermosphere contains charged particles called ions.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere merges with outer space

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is closest to the Sun?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: Mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: Mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: Mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: Mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: Mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: Mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: Mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: 3) Mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: 3) Mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Mesosphere

text: In an evacuated tube solar hot water heater with an indirect circulation system, evacuated tubes contain a glass outer tube and metal absorber tube attached to a fin. Solar thermal energy is absorbed within the evacuated tubes and is converted into usable concentrated heat. Copper heat pipes transfer thermal energy from within the solar tube into a copper header. A thermal transfer fluid (water or glycol mixture) is pumped through the copper header. As the solution circulates through the copper header, the temperature rises. The evacuated glass tubes have a double layer. The outer layer is fully transparent to allow solar energy to pass through unimpeded. The inner layer is treated with a selective optical coating that absorbs energy without reflection. The inner and outer layers are fused at the end, leaving an empty space between the inner and outer layers. All air is pumped out of the space between the two layers (evacuation process), thereby creating the thermos effect which stops conductive and convective transfer of heat that might otherwise escape into the atmosphere. Heat loss is further reduced by the low-emissivity of the glass that is used. Inside the glass tube is the copper heat pipe. It is a sealed hollow copper tube that contains a small amount of proprietary liquid, which under low pressure boils at a very low temperature. Other components include a solar heat exchanger tank and a solar pumping station, with pumps and controllers.

text: In an evacuated tube solar hot water heater with an indirect circulation system, evacuated tubes contain a glass outer tube and metal absorber tube attached to a fin. Solar thermal energy is absorbed within the evacuated tubes and is converted into usable concentrated heat. Copper heat pipes transfer thermal energy from within the solar tube into a copper header. A thermal transfer fluid (water or

text: glycol

text: mixture) is pumped through the copper header. As the solution circulates through the copper header, the temperature rises. The evacuated glass tubes have a double layer. The outer layer is fully transparent to allow solar energy to pass through unimpeded. The inner layer is treated with a selective

text: optical coating

text: that absorbs energy without reflection. The inner and outer layers are fused at the end, leaving an empty space between the inner and outer layers. All air is pumped out of the space between the two layers (evacuation process), thereby creating the thermos effect which stops conductive and convective transfer of heat that might otherwise escape into the atmosphere. Heat loss is further reduced by the low-emissivity of the glass that is used. Inside the glass tube is the copper heat pipe. It is a sealed hollow copper tube that contains a small amount of proprietary liquid, which under low pressure boils at a very low temperature. Other components include a solar heat exchanger tank and a solar pumping station, with pumps and controllers.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: copper heat pipe

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: ozone is not used in solar hot water heaters

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: copper heat pipe

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Which of the following is not true of the evacuated tubes?

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does not have convection currents?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What causes meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Why is the top of the mesosphere warmer?

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of ion?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: What is the outer layer of the exosphere made of?

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: What does the copper heat pipe contain?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: heat that might otherwise escape into the atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: thermos effect which stops conductive and convective transfer of heat

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: thermos effect

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: empty space between the inner and outer layers.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: heat that might otherwise escape into the atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: solar energy

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: copper heat pipe.

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: heat

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: evacuated tube solar hot water heater

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: evacuated tube solar hot water heater

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: low pressure boils at a very low temperature.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: evacuated tube solar hot water heater with an indirect circulation system,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Solar thermal energy

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: convective transfer of heat that might otherwise escape into the atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Solar thermal energy

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: thermos effect which stops conductive and convective transfer of heat

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: evacuated tube solar hot water heater

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: As the solution circulates through the copper header, the temperature rises.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: thermos effect which stops conductive and convective transfer of heat

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: heat

text: The ability to conduct military activities in the mesosphere gives a country some significant military potential.

text: The ability to conduct military activities in the mesosphere gives a country some significant military potential.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: isosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: density

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The ozone layer protects humans from the sun.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: The answer is no.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Which of the following is not true of the troposphere?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: It is colder.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: The ability to conduct military activities in the mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The ability to conduct military activities in the mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: The ability to conduct military activities in the mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: The ability to conduct military activities in the mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: The ability to conduct military activities in the mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: The ability to conduct military activities in the mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: The ability to conduct military activities in the mesosphere

text: Biological growth is attached to the surface of the disc and forms a slime layer. The discs contact the wastewater with the atmospheric air for oxidation as it rotates. The rotation helps to slough off excess solids. The disc system can be staged in series to obtain nearly any detention time or degree of removal required. Since the systems are staged, the culture of the later stages can be acclimated to the slowly degraded materials.

text: Biological growth is attached to the surface of the disc and forms a slime layer. The discs contact the wastewater with the atmospheric air for oxidation as it rotates. The rotation helps to slough off excess solids. The disc system can be staged in series to obtain nearly any detention time or degree of removal required. Since the systems are staged, the culture of the later stages can be acclimated to the slowly degraded materials.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: slime layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: slime

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The discs contact the wastewater with the atmospheric air

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: discs

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Which of the following is true of the troposphere?

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does not have convection currents?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Where does the heat that enters the mesosphere come from?

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not an example of oxidation?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earth's surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Which of the following is not true?

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of ion?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere merges gradually with outer space

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Why are gas molecules in the exosphere extremely cold?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: atmospheric air

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: atmospheric air

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: atmospheric air

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: atmospheric air

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: atmospheric air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: slime layer.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: atmospheric air

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: atmospheric air

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: The discs contact the wastewater with the atmospheric air

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: oxidation

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: The discs contact the wastewater with the atmospheric air

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: atmospheric air

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: atmospheric air

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: The discs contact the wastewater with the atmospheric air

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: atmospheric air

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: atmospheric air

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: atmospheric air

text: Stratosphere Girl (also known as The Stratosphere Girl in the United States) is a 2004 film from Germany written and directed by Matthias X. Oberg.

text: Stratosphere Girl (also known as The Stratosphere Girl in the United States) is a

text: film

text: from Germany written and directed by

text: Matthias X. Oberg

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Stratosphere Girl is a 2004 film from Germany.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Most of the heat in the troposphere comes directly from the sun

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Where do convection currents occur?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: The stratosphere is the upper layer of Earth's atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What causes meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: The troposphere rises to about 50 kilometers above Earths surface.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: The top of the mesosphere is warmer than the bottom.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: The aurora borealis occurs because of storms on Earths surface.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: The thermosphere contains charged particles called ions.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere merges gradually with outer space.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: The exosphere is the outermost part of the solar system.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: The Stratosphere Girl in the United States)

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: Stratosphere Girl

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Stratosphere Girl

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Stratosphere Girl

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Stratosphere Girl

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Stratosphere Girl

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Stratosphere Girl

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: The Stratosphere Girl in the United States)

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Stratosphere Girl

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Stratosphere Girl

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Stratosphere Girl

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Stratosphere Girl

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Stratosphere Girl

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Stratosphere Girl

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Stratosphere Girl

text: The Uranian atmosphere can be divided into three main layers: the troposphere, between altitudes of −300 and 50 km and pressures from 100 to 0.1 bar; the stratosphere, spanning altitudes between 50 and 4000 km and pressures of between  and the hot thermosphere (and exosphere) extending from an altitude of 4,000 km to several Uranian radii from the nominal surface at 1 bar pressure. Unlike Earth's, Uranus's atmosphere has no mesosphere.

text: The Uranian atmosphere can be divided into three main layers: the

text: troposphere

text: , between altitudes of −300 and 50 km and pressures from 100 to 0.1 bar; the

text: stratosphere

text: , spanning altitudes between 50 and 4000 km and pressures of between  and the hot

text: thermosphere

text: (and

text: exosphere

text: ) extending from an altitude of 4,000 km to several Uranian radii from the nominal surface at 1 bar pressure. Unlike

text: Earth

text: 's, Uranus's atmosphere has no

text: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: the stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: altitudes between 50 and 4000 km

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: the stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: no mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: altitude

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: hot air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Uranus has no mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Uranian

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle: ions, stratosphere, or troposphere?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: altitudes of <unk>300 and 50 km

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: no mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: hot thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: hot thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Uranus's

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Uranus's

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Uranus's atmosphere has no mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Uranus's atmosphere has no mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Uranus's atmosphere has no mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Uranus's atmosphere has no mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: <unk>300

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Uranus's atmosphere has no mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Uranus's atmosphere has no mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: the hot thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: 4,000 km to several Uranian radii

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: hot thermosphere

text: UNAVCO operates the Continuously Operating Caribbean GPS Observational Network (COCONet)[1], which consists of 50 planned continuously operating GPS/weather stations integrated with 65 existing GPS stations operated by partner organizations, 15 of which will be upgraded with new equipment. COCONet provides free, high-quality, open-format GPS and meteorological data for these stations via the internet for use by scientists, government agencies, educators, students, and the private sector. These data are used by local and foreign researchers to study solid earth processes such as tectonic plate motions, tectonic plate boundary interaction and deformation, including earthquake cycle processes and risks. They also serve atmospheric scientists and weather forecasting groups by providing more precise estimates of tropospheric water vapor and enabling better forecasting of the dynamics of airborne moisture associated with the yearly Caribbean hurricane cycle.

text: UNAVCO operates the Continuously Operating Caribbean GPS Observational Network (COCONet)[1], which consists of 50 planned continuously operating GPS/weather stations integrated with 65 existing GPS stations operated by partner organizations, 15 of which will be upgraded with new equipment. COCONet provides free, high-quality, open-format GPS and meteorological data for these stations via the internet for use by scientists, government agencies, educators, students, and the private sector. These data are used by local and foreign researchers to study solid earth processes such as tectonic plate motions, tectonic plate boundary interaction and deformation, including earthquake cycle processes and risks. They also serve atmospheric scientists and weather forecasting groups by providing more precise estimates of tropospheric water vapor and enabling better forecasting of the dynamics of airborne moisture associated with the yearly Caribbean hurricane cycle.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: tropospheric

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: water vapor

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: COCONet provides free, high-quality, open-format GPS

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does COCONet provide free, high-quality, open-format GPS and meteorological data for

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What causes meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How high does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: tropospheric water vapor

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: What does COCONet provide free, high-quality, open-format GPS and meteorological data

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: What is the exosphere made of?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: tropospheric

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: tropospheric

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: tectonic plate boundary interaction

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: tropospheric

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: tectonic plate

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: tropospheric

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: tropospheric

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: tectonic plate

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: tropospheric

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: water vapor

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: UNAVCO operates the Continuously Operating Caribbean GPS Observational Network

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: tropospheric

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: tropospheric

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: earth

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Continuously Operating Caribbean GPS Observational Network

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: tropospheric

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: tropospheric water vapor

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Continuously Operating Caribbean GPS Observational Network

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: tropospheric

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: tropospheric

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: hurricane cycle.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: tropospheric water vapor

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: tropospheric

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: tropospheric

text: The troposphere is the lowest and densest part of the atmosphere and is characterised by a decrease in temperature with altitude. The temperature falls from about 320 K at the base of the nominal troposphere at −300 km to 53 K at 50 km. The temperatures in the coldest upper region of the troposphere (the tropopause) actually vary in the range between 49 and 57 K depending on planetary latitude. The tropopause region is responsible for the vast majority of Uranus's thermal far infrared emissions, thus determining its effective temperature of .

text: The troposphere is the lowest and densest part of the atmosphere and is characterised by a decrease in temperature with altitude. The temperature falls from about 320 K at the base of the nominal troposphere at −300 km to 53 K at 50 km. The temperatures in the coldest upper region of the troposphere (the

text: tropopause

text: ) actually vary in the range between 49 and 57 K depending on planetary latitude. The tropopause region is responsible for the vast majority of Uranus's thermal

text: far infrared

text: emissions, thus determining its

text: effective temperature

text: of .

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: The troposphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: altitude

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The tropopause region is responsible for the vast majority of Uranus's thermal far infrared emissions

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: asteroid belt

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer is the lowest and densest?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: What is the lowest and densest part of the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: (the tropopause)

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: (the tropopause)

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: (the tropopause)

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: (the tropopause)

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: The troposphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: (the tropopause)

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: altitude.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: coldest upper region of the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The troposphere

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: (the tropopause)

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: planetary latitude.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: The tropopause

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: The troposphere

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: The tropopause

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: The troposphere

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 53 K at 50 km.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: The troposphere

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: The troposphere

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: The troposphere

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The troposphere

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: The troposphere

text: The front part of the hub contained a nearly spherical landing capsule 1 meter in diameter and weighing 383 kg. Compared to previous (failed) Venera probes, the capsule contained an improved heat shield which could withstand temperatures up to . Instead of the previous liquid-based cooling design, a simpler and more reliable gas system was installed. The durability of the capsule was checked by exposing it to high temperatures, pressures and accelerations using three unique testing installations. The heat resistance was checked in a high-temperature vacuum system emulating the upper layers of the atmosphere. The capsule was also pressurized up to 25 atmospheres. (The surface pressure on Venus was unknown at the time.  Estimates ranged from a few to hundreds of atmospheres).<ref>{{cite journal |author=Vakhnin, V. M. |year=1968|title=A Review of the Venera 4 Flight and Its Scientific Program |journal=J. Atmos. Sci. |volume=25 |pages= 533–534 |doi=10.1175/1520-0469(1968)025

text: The front part of the hub contained a nearly spherical landing capsule 1 meter in diameter and weighing 383 kg. Compared to previous (failed)

text: Venera

text: probes, the capsule contained an improved heat shield which could withstand temperatures up to . Instead of the previous liquid-based cooling design, a simpler and more reliable gas system was installed. The durability of the capsule was checked by exposing it to high temperatures, pressures and accelerations using three unique testing installations. The heat resistance was checked in a high-temperature vacuum system emulating the upper layers of the atmosphere. The capsule was also pressurized up to 25 atmospheres. (The surface pressure on Venus was unknown at the time.  Estimates ranged from a few to hundreds of atmospheres).<ref>{{cite journal |author=Vakhnin, V. M. |year=1968|title=A Review of the Venera 4 Flight and Its Scientific Program |journal=J. Atmos. Sci. |volume=25 |pages= 533–534 |doi=10.1175/1520-0469(1968)025

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: upper layers of the atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: upper layers of the atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: equatorial boundary

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: upper layers of the atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: a high-temperature vacuum system

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: upper layers of the atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: surface pressure

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: surface

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: cold air in the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: the surface pressure on Venus was unknown at the time

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Venus atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: upper layers

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: The troposphere is the upper layer of the atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does convection occur in?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: The stratosphere is the upper layer of the atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: The capsule was also pressurized up to 25 atmospheres

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: The troposphere rises to about 50 kilometers above Earths surface

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: It is warmer at the top

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of ion?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere merges gradually with outer space.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: upper layers

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: upper layers

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: to.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: upper layers

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: to.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: upper layers of the atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: upper layers

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperatures

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Venus

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: temperatures up to. Instead of the previous liquid-based cooling design,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Venus

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Venus

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: upper layers

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Venus

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Venera 4 Flight and Its Scientific Program

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Venus

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Venera 4 Flight and Its Scientific Program

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: liquid-based cooling design, a simpler and more reliable gas system

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: |year=1968|title=A Review of the Venera 4 Flight and Its Scientific Program

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: upper layers of the atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Venera 4 Flight and Its Scientific Program

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: |journal=J. Atmos. Sci.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: upper layers of the atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: high-temperature

text: Because the temperature in the tropopause and lower stratosphere is largely constant with increasing altitude, very little convection and its resultant turbulence occurs there. Most turbulence at this altitude is caused by variations in the jet stream and other local wind shears, although areas of significant convective activity (thunderstorms) in the troposphere below may produce turbulence as a result of  convective overshoot.

text: Because the temperature in the tropopause and lower stratosphere is largely constant with increasing altitude, very little convection and its resultant turbulence occurs there. Most turbulence at this altitude is caused by variations in the

text: jet stream

text: and other local wind shears, although areas of significant convective activity (

text: thunderstorm

text: s) in the troposphere below may produce turbulence as a result of

text: convective overshoot

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: altitude

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: hot air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: There is no ozone layer in the troposphere.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle: charged particles or ions?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: altitude,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: convection

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: very little convection

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: tropopause and lower stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: jet stream

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: constant with increasing altitude,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: very little convection

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: constant with increasing altitude,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: convective overshoot.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: lower stratosphere is largely constant with increasing altitude,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: constant with increasing altitude,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: (thunderstorms)

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: stratosphere is largely constant with increasing altitude,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: lower stratosphere is largely constant with increasing altitude,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: temperature

text: In the 20th century atmospheric science moved on from studying the composition of air to a consideration of how the concentrations of trace gases in the atmosphere have changed over time and the chemical processes which create and destroy compounds in the air. Two particularly important examples of this were the explanation by Sydney Chapman and Gordon Dobson of how the ozone layer is created and maintained, and the explanation of photochemical smog by Arie Jan Haagen-Smit. Further studies on ozone issues led to the 1995 Nobel Prize in Chemistry award shared between Paul Crutzen, Mario Molina and Frank Sherwood Rowland.

text: In the 20th century atmospheric science moved on from studying the composition of air to a consideration of how the concentrations of trace gases in the atmosphere have changed over time and the chemical processes which create and destroy compounds in the air. Two particularly important examples of this were the explanation by

text: Sydney Chapman

text: and

text: Gordon Dobson

text: of how the

text: ozone layer

text: is created and maintained, and the explanation of

text: photochemical smog

text: by

text: Arie Jan Haagen-Smit

text: . Further studies on ozone issues led to the 1995 Nobel Prize in Chemistry award shared between

text: Paul Crutzen

text: Mario Molina

text: and

text: Frank Sherwood Rowland

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: composition

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: the ozone layer is created and maintained

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: How many layers of the atmosphere are mentioned?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not an example of a chemical process which creates and destroy compounds in the air?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: composition

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: created and maintained,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: In the 20th century

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: photochemical smog

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: photochemical smog

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: In the 20th century

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: ozone layer

text: Temperatures drop with increasing altitude to the mesopause that marks the top of this middle layer of the atmosphere. It is the coldest place on Earth and has an average temperature around .<ref>{{Cite journal|last=States|first=Robert J.|last2=Gardner|first2=Chester S.|title=Thermal Structure of the Mesopause Region (80–105 km) at 40°N Latitude. Part I: Seasonal Variations|journal=Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 2000|volume=57|pages=66–77|date=January 2000|doi=10.1175/1520-0469(2000)057

text: Temperatures drop with increasing altitude to the

text: mesopause

text: that marks the top of this middle layer of the atmosphere. It is the coldest place on Earth and has an average temperature around .<ref>{{Cite journal|last=States|first=Robert J.|last2=Gardner|first2=Chester S.|title=Thermal Structure of the Mesopause Region (80–105 km) at 40°N Latitude. Part I: Seasonal Variations|journal=Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 2000|volume=57|pages=66–77|date=January 2000|doi=10.1175/1520-0469(2000)057

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: Mesopause

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: Mesopause

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Mesopause

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: mesopause

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Mesopause

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: Mesopause

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: Mesopause

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: altitude

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: mesopause

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: cold air in the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The mesopause is the coldest place on Earth.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: mesopause

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: mesopause

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Cite journal|last=States|first=Robert J.|last2=Gardner|first2=Chester S.|journal=Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 2000|volume=57|pages=66–77|date=January 2000|doi=10.1175/1520-0469(2000)057;

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Convection currents occur in all five layers of the atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere is the mesopause?

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Cite journal|last=States|first=Robert J.|last2=Gardner|last2=Chester S.|journal=Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 2000|volume=57|pages=66–77|date=January 2000|doi=10.1175/1520-0469(2000)057;

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: The troposphere rises to about 50

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: No

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: It does not.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere contains charged particles called ions?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Cite journal|last=States|first=Robert J.|last2=Gardner|last2=Chester S.|volume=57|pages=66–77|date=January 2000|doi=10.1175/1520-0469(2000)057;

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: What is the average temperature of the mesopause?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: mesopause

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: middle

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: the mesopause

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: mesopause

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: the mesopause

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: mesopause

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: mesopause

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: altitude

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: mesopause

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: Temperatures drop with increasing altitude to the mesopause

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Temperatures drop with increasing altitude to the mesopause

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: the mesopause

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: mesopause

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: 40°N Latitude.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: mesopause

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: mesopause

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: mesopause

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: mesopause

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: the mesopause

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: mesopause

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: mesopause

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: mesopause

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: mesopause

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: mesopause

text: The most important feature of the valley is that it is somehow separated from the surrounding atmosphere and has its own weather system. Loomis calls it a meteorological enclave created by an inversion (i.e., air only rising, not falling), but he views its existence as so unlikely that it is only a theoretical possibility. Loomis' scientific assessment seems correct because the air in a valley could not be separate from the planet's atmosphere unless the valley's walls were unbroken and rose as high as the tropopause, the level at which temperature begins to increase and air only rises. In any other situation, a valley's air would necessarily mix with surrounding air, and pollution would enter from above. However, for the purposes of this story, readers must suspend disbelief to accept that at least one valley with a self-contained weather system exists, allowing some life to continue after global nuclear war.

text: The most important feature of the valley is that it is somehow separated from the surrounding atmosphere and has its own weather system. Loomis calls it a meteorological enclave created by an

text: inversion

text: (i.e., air only rising, not falling), but he views its existence as so unlikely that it is only a theoretical possibility. Loomis' scientific assessment seems correct because the air in a valley could not be separate from the planet's atmosphere unless the valley's walls were unbroken and rose as high as the

text: tropopause

text: , the level at which temperature begins to increase and air only rises. In any other situation, a valley's air would necessarily mix with surrounding air, and pollution would enter from above. However, for the purposes of this story, readers must suspend disbelief to accept that at least one valley with a self-contained weather system exists, allowing some life to continue after global nuclear war.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air in the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: pollution would enter from above

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: What is the most important feature of the valley?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How high is the tropopause?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: The tropopause

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: What is the most important feature of the valley?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: What does Loomis call it?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: temperature begins to increase and air only rises.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: pollution would enter from above.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: pollution would enter from above.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: inversion

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: tropopause,

text: A theory, called bistability, is a mathematical model of the atmosphere. In this model, UV shielding decreases the rate of methane oxidation once oxygen levels are sufficient to support the formation of an ozone layer. This explanation proposes an atmospheric system with two steady states, one with lower (0.02%) atmospheric oxygen content, and the other with higher (21% or more) oxygen content. The Great Oxygenation Event can then be understood as a switch between the lower to the upper stable steady states.

text: A theory, called

text: bistability

text: , is a mathematical model of the atmosphere. In this model, UV shielding decreases the rate of methane oxidation once oxygen levels are sufficient to support the formation of an

text: ozone layer

text: . This explanation proposes an atmospheric system with two

text: steady state

text: s, one with lower (0.02%) atmospheric oxygen content, and the other with higher (21% or more) oxygen content. The Great Oxygenation Event can then be understood as a switch between the lower to the upper stable steady states.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: oxygen content

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: UV shielding decreases the rate of methane oxidation

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: lower stable states

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does not contain ozone?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: The Great Oxygenation Event

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What causes meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: the lower to the upper stable steady states

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles called ions?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: What is the temperature of the exosphere?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: two steady states,

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: two steady states,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: oxygen levels

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: (0.02%)

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: higher (21% or more) oxygen content.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: formation of an ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: The Great Oxygenation Event

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: A theory, called bistability,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: bistability,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: bistability,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: The Great Oxygenation Event

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: A theory, called bistability,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: higher (21% or more) oxygen content.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Great Oxygenation Event

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: A theory, called bistability,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The Great Oxygenation Event

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: (0.02%)

text: The visible light produced by a meteor may take on various hues, depending on the chemical composition of the meteoroid, and the speed of its movement through the atmosphere. As layers of the meteoroid abrade and ionize, the colour of the light emitted may change according to the layering of minerals. Colours of meteors depend on the relative influence of the metallic content of the meteoroid versus the superheated air plasma, which its passage engenders:

text: The visible light produced by a meteor may take on various hues, depending on the chemical composition of the meteoroid, and the speed of its movement through the atmosphere. As layers of the meteoroid abrade and ionize, the colour of the light emitted may change according to the layering of minerals. Colours of meteors depend on the relative influence of the metallic content of the meteoroid versus the superheated air plasma, which its passage engenders:

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: superheated air plasma

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: chemical composition

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: meteoroid

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: superheated air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: the colour of the light emitted may change according to the layering of minerals

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: meteoroid

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: The troposphere rises to about 50 kilometers above Earths surface.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: layering of minerals

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: What does the colour of the light emitted depend on?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: What is the colour of the light emitted?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: layers of the meteoroid

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: layers of the meteoroid abrade and ionize,

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: The visible light produced by a meteor may take on various hues,

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: superheated air plasma,

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: The visible light produced by a meteor may take on various hues,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: superheated air plasma,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: superheated air plasma,

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: chemical composition

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: superheated air plasma,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: superheated air plasma,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The visible light produced by a meteor may take on various hues,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: superheated air plasma,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: The visible light produced by a meteor may take on various hues,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: superheated air plasma,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: the superheated air plasma,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: superheated air plasma,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: superheated air plasma,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: The visible light produced by a meteor may take on various hues,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: superheated air plasma,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: superheated air plasma, which its passage engenders:

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: ionize,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The visible light produced by a meteor may take on various hues,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: superheated air plasma,

text: Farkas monitored ozone from the 1950s until her retirement in 1986, undertaking world-leading research in the field of ozone monitoring over more than three decades. During 1960s her work shifted increasingly to the study of atmospheric ozone including the measurement of total ozone with the Dobson ozone spectrophotometer. She became one of a small international group of atmospheric scientists dedicated to the study of atmospheric ozone-interest in which, in that era, was largely in use as a tracer to aid atmospheric circulation studies. Her work contributed substantially towards the discovery of the "hole in the ozone layer" which changed the world's behavior towards pollution forever. Her interest in atmospheric ozone measurement led naturally to the application of her expertise to the monitoring of surface ozone as part of air pollution studies and also to the measurement of atmospheric turbidity.

text: Farkas monitored

text: ozone

text: from the 1950s until her retirement in 1986, undertaking world-leading research in the field of ozone monitoring over more than three decades. During 1960s her work shifted increasingly to the study of atmospheric ozone including the measurement of total ozone with the Dobson ozone spectrophotometer. She became one of a small international group of atmospheric scientists dedicated to the study of atmospheric ozone-interest in which, in that era, was largely in use as a tracer to aid atmospheric circulation studies. Her work contributed substantially towards the discovery of the "

text: hole in the ozone layer

text: " which changed the world's behavior towards pollution forever. Her interest in atmospheric ozone measurement led naturally to the application of her expertise to the monitoring of surface ozone as part of air pollution studies and also to the measurement of atmospheric turbidity.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: surface ozone

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: surface ozone

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Farkas monitored ozone from the 1950s until her retirement in 1986

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: U.S.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: How many layers of the atmosphere are mentioned?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not a reason meteors burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: It is colder at the top

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles: ions, ozone, or surface ozone?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: How would you describe Farkas?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone layer"

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ozone layer"

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: "hole in the ozone layer"

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone layer"

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: "hole in the ozone layer"

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: surface ozone

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone layer"

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: surface ozone

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: "hole in the ozone layer"

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: largely in use as a tracer to aid atmospheric circulation studies.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: atmospheric turbidity.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: "hole in the ozone layer"

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Farkas

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: "hole in the ozone layer"

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: "hole in the ozone layer"

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: atmospheric turbidity.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: "hole in the ozone layer"

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: atmospheric turbidity.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: atmospheric turbidity.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: "hole in the ozone layer"

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: atmospheric turbidity.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Farkas

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Farkas

text: NOVELTIS is in charge of the industrialization and the distribution of the LMD 4A radiative transfer model. 4A allows fast and accurate computation of transmittance and radiance, owing to the use of a comprehensive database (atlases) of monochromatic optical thicknesses for up to 43 atmospheric molecular species. Precomputed once and for all, the atlases are created by using the line-by-line and layer-by-layer model, STRANSAC, with up to date physics. Owing to the computation of Jacobians (partial derivatives of the radiance with respect to atmospheric variables), the 4A model can be easily coupled with an inversion algorithm for the retrieval of atmospheric temperature or composition from infrared radiance measurements.

text: NOVELTIS is in charge of the industrialization and the distribution of the LMD 4A radiative transfer model. 4A allows fast and accurate computation of

text: transmittance

text: and

text: radiance

text: , owing to the use of a comprehensive

text: database

text: (atlases) of

text: monochromatic

text: optical thicknesses for up to 43 atmospheric molecular species. Precomputed once and for all, the atlases are created by using the line-by-line and layer-by-layer model,

text: STRANSAC

text: , with up to date physics. Owing to the computation of

text: Jacobians

text: partial derivative

text: s of the radiance with respect to atmospheric variables), the 4A model can be easily coupled with an inversion algorithm for the retrieval of atmospheric temperature or composition from infrared radiance measurements.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: STRANSAC

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: layer-by-layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: STRANSAC

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: monochromatic optical

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: the LMD 4A radiative transfer model can be easily coupled with an inversion algorithm

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: STRANSAC

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: infrared

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: layer-by-layer model

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: about 50 kilometers above Earths surface

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: The top of the mesosphere is warmer

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a molecular species?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: STRANSAC

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: monochromatic optical thicknesses

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: LMD 4A radiative transfer model.

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: atmospheric molecular species.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: radiative transfer model.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: layer-by-layer model, STRANSAC,

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: physics.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: 43 atmospheric molecular species.

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: 43 atmospheric molecular species.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: infrared radiance measurements.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: infrared radiance measurements.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: 43 atmospheric molecular species.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: LMD 4A radiative transfer model.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: 43 atmospheric molecular species.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: STRANSAC,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: 43 atmospheric molecular species.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 43 atmospheric molecular species.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: 43 atmospheric molecular species.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: 43 atmospheric molecular species.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: atmospheric molecular species.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: temperature

text: The presence of methane, a powerful greenhouse gas, in Pluto's atmosphere creates a temperature inversion, with the average temperature of its atmosphere tens of degrees warmer than its surface, though observations by New Horizons have revealed Pluto's upper atmosphere to be far colder than expected (70 K, as opposed to about 100 K). Pluto's atmosphere is divided into roughly 20 regularly spaced haze layers  up to 150 km high, thought to be the result of pressure waves created by airflow across Pluto's mountains.

text: The presence of methane, a powerful

text: greenhouse gas

text: , in Pluto's atmosphere creates a

text: temperature inversion

text: , with the average temperature of its atmosphere tens of degrees warmer than its surface, though observations by New Horizons have revealed Pluto's upper atmosphere to be far colder than expected (70 K, as opposed to about 100 K). Pluto's atmosphere is divided into roughly 20 regularly spaced haze layers  up to 150 km high, thought to be the result of pressure waves created by airflow across Pluto's mountains.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: upper atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: upper atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: upper atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: haze

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: upper atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: haze layers

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Pluto's atmosphere is divided into roughly 20 regularly spaced haze layers up to 150 km high

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Pluto atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: upper atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: 70 K

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: haze

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: haze

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: temperature inversion,

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: haze

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: haze layers

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: haze layers

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: haze

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: pressure waves

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: haze layers

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: temperature of its atmosphere tens of degrees warmer than its surface,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The presence of methane,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Pluto's mountains.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: upper atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Pluto's

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: tens of degrees warmer than its surface,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: 20

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: methane,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: haze layers

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 150

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Pluto's upper atmosphere to be far colder than expected

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: pressure waves

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Pluto's upper atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Pluto's upper atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: (70 K,

text: Most models include software to diagnose a wide range of variables for comparison with observations or study of atmospheric processes. An example is the 1.5-metre temperature, which is the standard height for near-surface observations of air temperature. This temperature is not directly predicted from the model but is deduced from surface and lowest-model-layer temperatures. Other software is used for creating plots and animations.

text: Most models include software to diagnose a wide range of variables for comparison with observations or

text: study of atmospheric processes

text: . An example is the 1.5-metre temperature, which is the standard height for near-surface observations of air temperature. This temperature is not directly predicted from the model but is deduced from surface and lowest-model-layer temperatures. Other software is used for creating plots and animations.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: lowest-model

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: lowest-model

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: lowest-model-layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: lowest-model-layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: lowest-model-layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: lowest-model-layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: lowest-model

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: lowest-model

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: This temperature is not directly predicted from the model

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: 1.5-metre

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: lowest-model-layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: surface and lowest-model-layer temperatures

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: what is the standard height for near-surface observations of air temperature

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: what is the standard height for near-surface observations of air temperature

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: surface

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: What is the lowest-model-layer temperature?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: surface and lowest-model-layer temperatures

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: lowest-model-layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: surface and lowest-model-layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: atmospheric processes.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: lowest-model-layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: atmospheric processes.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: lowest-model-layer temperatures.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: lowest-model-layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: atmospheric processes.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: lowest-model-layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: air temperature.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: predicted from the model

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: air temperature.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: surface and lowest-model-layer temperatures.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: 1.5-metre temperature,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: atmospheric processes.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: surface and lowest-model-layer temperatures.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: surface and lowest-model-layer temperatures.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: atmospheric processes.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 1.5-metre temperature,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: surface and lowest-model-layer temperatures.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: atmospheric processes.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: atmospheric processes.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: atmospheric processes.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: 1.5-metre temperature,

text: AIRS provides a global daily 3-D view of Earth's ozone layer, showing how ozone is transported. The instrument also gives scientists their best view of atmospheric ozone in the Antarctic region during the polar winter.

text: AIRS provides a global daily 3-D view of Earth's

text: ozone layer

text: , showing how ozone is transported. The instrument also gives scientists their best view of atmospheric ozone in the

text: Antarctic

text: region during the polar winter.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The polar winter is when ozone levels are lowest.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Antarctic

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Antarctic

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle: ions, ozone or polar winter?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: polar winter.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Antarctic region

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Antarctic

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: polar winter.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: AIRS

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: AIRS

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: AIRS

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: polar winter.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: AIRS

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: AIRS

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: polar winter.

text: In simple terms, twinkling of stars is caused by the passing of light through different layers of a turbulent atmosphere. Most scintillation effects are caused by anomalous refraction caused by small-scale fluctuations in air density usually related to temperature gradients. Scintillation effects are always much more pronounced near the horizon than near the zenith (straight up), since the light near the horizon passes through a thicker layer of atmosphere. Atmospheric twinkling is measured quantitatively using a scintillometer. The effects of twinkling are reduced by using a larger receiver aperture.  This effect is known as aperture averaging.

text: In simple terms, twinkling of stars is caused by the passing of light through different layers of a turbulent atmosphere. Most scintillation effects are caused by anomalous

text: refraction

text: caused by small-scale fluctuations in

text: air density

text: usually related to temperature gradients. Scintillation effects are always much more pronounced near the horizon than near the

text: zenith

text: (straight up), since the light near the horizon passes through a thicker layer of atmosphere. Atmospheric twinkling is measured quantitatively using a

text: scintillometer

text: . The effects of twinkling are reduced by using a larger receiver

text: aperture

text: .  This effect is known as aperture averaging.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: zenith

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: zenith

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: air density

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: zenith

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: zenith

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: asteroid belt

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: temperature gradients

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of ion?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere merges gradually with outer space

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Why are gas molecules in the exosphere extremely cold?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: thicker layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: thicker layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: horizon than near the zenith

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: thicker layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: horizon than near the zenith

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: a thicker layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: thicker layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature gradients.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: horizon than near the zenith

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: temperature gradients.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: twinkling of stars

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: zenith

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: zenith

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: horizon than near the zenith

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: small-scale fluctuations in air density usually related to temperature gradients.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: temperature gradients.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: temperature gradients.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: turbulent atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: horizon than near the zenith

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: temperature gradients.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: passing of light through different layers of a turbulent atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: temperature gradients.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: zenith

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: temperature gradients.

text: Mars lost its magnetosphere 4 billion years ago, possibly because of numerous asteroid strikes, so the solar wind interacts directly with the Martian ionosphere, lowering the atmospheric density by stripping away atoms from the outer layer. Both Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Express have detected ionised atmospheric particles trailing off into space behind Mars, and this atmospheric loss is being studied by the MAVEN orbiter. Compared to Earth, the atmosphere of Mars is quite rarefied. Atmospheric pressure on the surface today ranges from a low of  on Olympus Mons to over  in Hellas Planitia, with a mean pressure at the surface level of . The highest atmospheric density on Mars is equal to that found  above Earth's surface. The resulting mean surface pressure is only 0.6% of that of Earth (101.3 kPa). The scale height of the atmosphere is about , which is higher than Earth's, , because the surface gravity of Mars is only about 38% of Earth's, an effect offset by both the lower temperature and 50% higher average molecular weight of the atmosphere of Mars.

text: Mars lost its

text: magnetosphere

text: 4 billion years ago, possibly because of numerous asteroid strikes, so the

text: solar wind

text: interacts directly with the Martian

text: ionosphere

text: , lowering the atmospheric density by stripping away atoms from the outer layer. Both

text: Mars Global Surveyor

text: and

text: Mars Express

text: have detected ionised atmospheric particles trailing off into space behind Mars, and this atmospheric loss is being studied by the

text: MAVEN

text: orbiter. Compared to Earth, the

text: atmosphere

text: of Mars is quite rarefied.

text: Atmospheric pressure

text: on the surface today ranges from a low of  on

text: Olympus Mons

text: to over  in

text: Hellas Planitia

text: , with a mean pressure at the surface level of . The highest atmospheric density on Mars is equal to that found  above Earth's surface. The resulting mean surface pressure is only 0.6% of that of Earth (101.3 kPa). The

text: scale height

text: of the atmosphere is about , which is higher than Earth's, , because the surface gravity of Mars is only about 38% of Earth's, an effect offset by both the lower temperature and 50% higher average molecular weight of the atmosphere of Mars.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: density

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Hellas Planitia

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: Earth's atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: the highest atmospheric density on Mars is equal to that found above Earth's surface

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Mars

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Earth's atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: How many layers of the atmosphere does Mars have?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earth's surface is the troposphere?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of atmosphere: ionosphere, magnetosphere or ionosphere?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: What is the lowest atmospheric density on Mars?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: density

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Hellas Planitia,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Mars lost its magnetosphere 4 billion years ago,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Mars.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Hellas Planitia,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: solar wind

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: the solar wind interacts directly with the Martian ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: the solar wind interacts directly with the Martian ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: asteroid strikes,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: The highest atmospheric density on Mars

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: lower temperature

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Earth,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: ionosphere,

text: The mesosphere (; from Greek mesos "middle" and sphaira "sphere") is the layer of the Earth's atmosphere that is directly above the stratosphere and directly below the mesopause. In the mesosphere, temperature decreases as the altitude increases. The upper boundary of the mesosphere is the mesopause, which can be the coldest naturally occurring place on Earth with temperatures below . The exact upper and lower boundaries of the mesosphere vary with latitude and with season, but the lower boundary of the mesosphere is usually located at heights of about  above the Earth's surface and the mesopause is usually at heights near , except at middle and high latitudes in summer where it descends to heights of about .

text: The mesosphere (; from

text: Greek

text: mesos "middle" and sphaira "sphere") is the layer of the

text: Earth's atmosphere

text: that is directly above the

text: stratosphere

text: and directly below the

text: mesopause

text: . In the mesosphere, temperature decreases as the altitude increases. The upper boundary of the mesosphere is the mesopause, which can be the coldest naturally occurring place on Earth with temperatures below . The exact upper and lower boundaries of the mesosphere vary with latitude and with season, but the lower boundary of the mesosphere is usually located at heights of about  above the Earth's surface and the mesopause is usually at heights near , except at middle and high latitudes in summer where it descends to heights of about .

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: The mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: The mesopause

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: mesopause

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: The mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: altitude

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The exact upper and lower boundaries of the mesosphere vary with latitude

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: mesopause

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does not have convection currents?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: The troposphere rises to about 50 kilometers above Earths surface

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which layer of the Earth's atmosphere contains charged particles called ions?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which layer of the Earth's atmosphere is directly above the stratosphere?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: The mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: The mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: The mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: the mesopause.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: mesopause.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: The mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: latitude

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: the mesosphere,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: the mesopause,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: The mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: The mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: The mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: directly above the stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: The mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: The mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: temperature decreases as the altitude increases.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: The mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: The mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: The mesosphere

text: Throughout the entire vertical layer of the moat, there is dry descending air. The dynamics of the moat region are similar to the eye, while the outer eyewall takes on the dynamics of the primary eyewall. The vertical structure of the eye has two layers. The largest layer is that from the top of the tropopause to a capping layer around 700 hPa which is described by descending warm air. Below the capping layer, the air is moist and has convection with the presence of stratocumulus clouds. The moat gradually takes on the characteristics of the eye, upon which the inner eyewall can only dissipate in strength as the majority of the inflow is now being used to maintain the outer eyewall. The inner eye is eventually evaporated as it is warmed by the surrounding dry air in the moat and eye. Models and observations show that once the outer eyewall completely surrounds the inner eye, it takes less than 12 hours for the complete dissipation of the inner eyewall. The inner eyewall feeds mostly upon the moist air in the lower portion of the eye before evaporating.

text: Throughout the entire vertical layer of the moat, there is dry descending air. The dynamics of the moat region are similar to the eye, while the outer eyewall takes on the dynamics of the primary eyewall. The vertical structure of the eye has two layers. The largest layer is that from the top of the tropopause to a capping layer around 700 hPa which is described by descending warm air. Below the capping layer, the air is moist and has convection with the presence of stratocumulus clouds. The moat gradually takes on the characteristics of the eye, upon which the inner eyewall can only dissipate in strength as the majority of the inflow is now being used to maintain the outer eyewall. The inner eye is eventually evaporated as it is warmed by the surrounding dry air in the moat and eye. Models and observations show that once the outer eyewall completely surrounds the inner eye, it takes less than 12 hours for the complete dissipation of the inner eyewall. The inner eyewall feeds mostly upon the moist air in the lower portion of the eye before evaporating.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratocumulus clouds

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: vertical structure

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: It takes less than 12 hours for the complete dissipation of the inner eyewall.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere has convection currents?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What causes meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How high is the tropopause?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles: ions, clouds, or stratocumulus clouds?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere merges gradually with outer space

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is not a type of gas?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: tropopause to a capping layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: Below the capping layer,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: vertical layer of the moat, there is dry descending air.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: stratocumulus clouds.

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: dry descending air.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: descending warm air.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: 700 hPa

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: descending warm air.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Below the capping layer,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: descending warm air.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: stratocumulus clouds.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 700 hPa

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: descending warm air.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: stratocumulus clouds.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: descending warm air.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The moat gradually takes on the characteristics of the eye,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: descending warm air.

text: GD 356 is a white dwarf in the constellation of Draco showing an unusual emission of circular polarised light. The star is 65 light years from earth. The class of this white dwarf is DA meaning that it has a cool helium rich atmosphere. This star exhibits emission lines showing the Zeeman effect in the hydrogen Balmer spectrum.  GD 356 belongs to a class of high field magnetic white dwarfs (HFMWD), but it is unique in that the split lines are purely emission lines with no absorption.  The emission region appears to be due to a heated upper layer in the photosphere in which the magnetic field is uniform to within 10%. The emission can be produced by an atmosphere at 7500K in a gravity field of 10 ms and a magnetic field of 13 megaGauss. The magnetically split emission lines, H and H, are circularly polarised. One explanation is that it is caused by a large electric current flowing between the poles of the star and a highly conducting planet.  Other explanations such as being due to Bondi-Hoyle accretion or due to a corona are ruled out by the lack of radio and X-ray emissions.  Accretion of gas at a low rate over a broad area of the star, only results in heating at levels high in the atmosphere and not down to the opacity depth of 1.0 as observed with these lines.

text: GD 356 is a

text: white dwarf

text: in the constellation of

text: Draco

text: showing an unusual emission of circular polarised light. The star is 65 light years from earth. The class of this white dwarf is DA meaning that it has a cool helium rich atmosphere. This star exhibits emission lines showing the

text: Zeeman effect

text: in the hydrogen

text: Balmer

text: spectrum.  GD 356 belongs to a class of

text: high field magnetic white dwarf

text: s (HFMWD), but it is unique in that the split lines are purely emission lines with no absorption.  The emission region appears to be due to a heated upper layer in the

text: photosphere

text: in which the magnetic field is uniform to within 10%. The emission can be produced by an atmosphere at 7500K in a gravity field of 10 ms and a magnetic field of 13 megaGauss. The magnetically split emission lines, H and H, are circularly polarised. One explanation is that it is caused by a large electric current flowing between the poles of the star and a highly conducting planet.  Other explanations such as being due to

text: Bondi-Hoyle accretion

text: or due to a corona are ruled out by the lack of radio and X-ray emissions.  Accretion of gas at a low rate over a broad area of the star, only results in heating at levels high in the atmosphere and not down to the opacity depth of 1.0 as observed with these lines.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: photosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: photosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: photosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: photosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: photosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: opacity depth

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: photosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: gravity

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: photosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: helium

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Accretion of gas at a low rate

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: star

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: photosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: 365 day cycle

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many light years away is GD 356?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of ion: ions, photosphere, or photosphere?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: photosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: photosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: photosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: photosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: photosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: opacity depth of 1.0

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: photosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: photosphere

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: opacity depth of 1.0

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: helium

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: 1.0

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: 1.0

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: 7500K

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: 65 light years

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: 10%.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: 10%.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: photosphere in which the magnetic field is uniform to within 10%.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Accretion

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 7500K

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: upper layer in the photosphere

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: a large electric current

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: photosphere

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: photosphere

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: 7500K

text: The Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE) is a series of remote sensing satellite instruments used to study the chemical composition of earth's atmosphere.  Specifically, SAGE has been used to study the Earth's ozone layer and aerosols at the troposphere through the stratosphere.  The SAGE instruments use solar occultation measurement technique to determine chemical concentrations in the atmosphere.  Solar occultation measurement technique measures sunlight through the atmosphere and ratios that measurement with a sunlight measurement without atmospheric attenuation.  This is achieved by observing sunrises and sunsets during a satellite orbit. Physically, the SAGE instruments measure ultraviolet/visible energy and this is converted via algorithms to determine chemical concentrations.  SAGE data has been used to study the atmospheres aerosols, ozone, water vapor, and other trace gases.

text: The Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE) is a series of

text: remote sensing

text: satellite instruments used to study the chemical composition of earth's

text: atmosphere

text: .  Specifically, SAGE has been used to study the Earth's

text: ozone layer

text: and

text: aerosols

text: at the

text: troposphere

text: through the

text: stratosphere

text: .  The SAGE instruments use solar occultation measurement technique to determine chemical concentrations in the atmosphere.  Solar occultation measurement technique measures sunlight through the atmosphere and ratios that measurement with a sunlight measurement without

text: atmospheric

text: attenuation

text: .  This is achieved by observing sunrises and sunsets during a satellite orbit. Physically, the SAGE instruments measure ultraviolet/visible energy and this is converted via

text: algorithms

text: to determine chemical

text: concentrations

text: .  SAGE data has been used to study the atmospheres aerosols, ozone, water vapor, and other trace gases.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: chemical composition

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air in the stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: SAGE data has been used to study the atmospheres aerosols

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does SAGE study?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Where does the heat that enters the mesosphere come from?

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not a type of gas: aerosols, water vapor, or trace gases?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How high does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Which of the following is not true of the stratosphere?

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles: troposphere, stratosphere, or stratosphere?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is not a type of gas?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere through the stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ozone layer and aerosols at the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: chemical composition

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: aerosols at the troposphere through the stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: atmospheric attenuation.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: troposphere through the stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: sunlight measurement without atmospheric attenuation.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: troposphere through the stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: a sunlight measurement without atmospheric attenuation.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: sunrises and sunsets

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: troposphere through the stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: a sunlight measurement without atmospheric attenuation.

text: The main dynamic features in this region are strong zonal (East-West) winds, atmospheric tides, internal atmospheric gravity waves (commonly called "gravity waves"), and planetary waves. Most of these tides and waves start in the troposphere and lower stratosphere, and propagate to the mesosphere. In the mesosphere, gravity-wave amplitudes can become so large that the waves become unstable and dissipate. This dissipation deposits momentum into the mesosphere and largely drives global circulation.

text: The main dynamic features in this region are strong zonal (East-West) winds,

text: atmospheric tide

text: s, internal atmospheric gravity waves (commonly called "

text: gravity waves

text: "), and

text: planetary wave

text: s. Most of these tides and waves start in the

text: troposphere

text: and lower

text: stratosphere

text: , and propagate to the mesosphere. In the mesosphere, gravity-wave amplitudes can become so large that the waves become unstable and dissipate. This dissipation deposits momentum into the mesosphere and largely drives global circulation.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: lower stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: gravity

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air in the stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: asteroid belt

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: It rises to about 50 kilometers above Earth's surface.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle: ions, troposphere, or stratosphere?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: None of the above choices are true

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: lower stratosphere, and propagate to the mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: lower stratosphere, and propagate to the mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: dissipate.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Most of these tides and waves start in the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: troposphere and lower stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: lower stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: "gravity waves"), and planetary waves.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: In the mesosphere,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: (East-West) winds,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: the mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: mesosphere.

text: Northern Lights Shopping Center is a strip mall located in Economy, Pennsylvania near Pittsburgh. While it continues to serve as a traditional community-style strip mall for the immediate area, it was a major power center-style strip mall from its opening until the early 2000s. Due to the high vacancy rate at the plaza, it is today largely considered a dead mall. A Walmart that opened next door to Northern Lights in 2014 is expected to help revitalize the plaza as well as help dilapidated southern Beaver County.

text: Northern Lights Shopping Center is a

text: strip mall

text: located in

text: Economy, Pennsylvania

text: near

text: Pittsburgh

text: . While it continues to serve as a traditional community-style strip mall for the immediate area, it was a major

text: power center

text: -style strip mall from its opening until the early 2000s. Due to the high vacancy rate at the plaza, it is today largely considered a

text: dead mall

text: . A

text: Walmart

text: that opened next door to Northern Lights in 2014 is expected to help revitalize the plaza as well as help dilapidated southern

text: Beaver County

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Walmart

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: it is today largely considered a dead mall

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Pittsburgh area

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: coldest regions

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: How many layers of the atmosphere does Northern Lights Shopping Center have?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: the stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What is the reason for the high vacancy rate at the plaza?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earth's surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: How would you describe Northern Lights Shopping Center?

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of ion: charged particles, ions, or plasma?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: None of the above choices are true

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: Walmart that opened next door to Northern Lights

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: 2014

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Pittsburgh.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: Walmart that opened next door to Northern Lights in 2014

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Pittsburgh.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: Pittsburgh.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: Walmart that opened next door to Northern Lights in 2014

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: Walmart that opened next door to Northern Lights in 2014

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Walmart

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: Walmart

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Pittsburgh.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Pittsburgh.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Pittsburgh.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Walmart that opened next door to Northern Lights in 2014

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Walmart

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Walmart that opened next door to Northern Lights in 2014

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Walmart

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Walmart

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Walmart

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: 2014

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Walmart that opened next door to Northern Lights in 2014

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Walmart that opened next door to Northern Lights in 2014

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Walmart that opened next door to Northern Lights in 2014

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Walmart that opened next door to Northern Lights in 2014

text: In atmospheric chemistry, a null cycle is a catalytic cycle that simply interconverts chemical species without leading to net production or removal of any component. In the stratosphere, null cycles are very important in contrasting series of reactions that lead to net depletion in the ozone layer.

text: In

text: atmospheric chemistry

text: , a null cycle is a

text: catalytic cycle

text: that simply interconverts chemical species without leading to net production or removal of any component. In the

text: stratosphere

text: , null cycles are very important in contrasting series of

text: reactions

text: that lead to net

text: depletion

text: in the

text: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: null cycles

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: net production or removal of any component.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: In the stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: null cycles

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: None of the above choices are true

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: chemistry,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: net production

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: In atmospheric chemistry, a null cycle

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: null cycles

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: a null cycle

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: In atmospheric chemistry,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: stratosphere,

text: Some oxygen was stimulated by incoming ultraviolet radiation to form ozone, which collected in a layer near the upper part of the atmosphere. The ozone layer absorbed, and still absorbs, a significant amount of the ultraviolet radiation that once had passed through the atmosphere. It allowed cells to colonize the surface of the ocean and eventually the land: without the ozone layer, ultraviolet radiation bombarding land and sea would have caused unsustainable levels of mutation in exposed cells.

text: Some oxygen was stimulated by incoming ultraviolet radiation to form

text: ozone

text: , which collected in a layer near the upper part of the atmosphere. The ozone layer absorbed, and still absorbs, a significant amount of the ultraviolet radiation that once had passed through the atmosphere. It allowed cells to colonize the surface of the ocean and eventually the land: without the ozone layer, ultraviolet radiation bombarding land and sea would have caused unsustainable levels of mutation in exposed cells.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: upper part

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: upper part

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: upper part

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: upper part

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: ultraviolet radiation

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: upper part

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The ozone layer absorbed, and still absorbs, a significant amount of the ultraviolet radiation that once had passed through the atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: upper atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: upper part

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earth's surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which part of the atmosphere contains charged particles called ions?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is not true?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone,

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ozone,

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: ozone,

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone,

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: ozone,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ozone, which collected in a layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone,

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: incoming ultraviolet radiation

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ozone,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: incoming ultraviolet radiation

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: unsustainable levels of mutation in exposed cells.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: upper part of the atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: upper part of the atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Some oxygen was stimulated by incoming ultraviolet radiation

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: incoming ultraviolet radiation

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: upper part of the atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: incoming ultraviolet radiation

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Some oxygen was stimulated by incoming ultraviolet radiation

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: ozone,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Some oxygen was stimulated by incoming ultraviolet radiation

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: incoming ultraviolet radiation

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: ozone,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Some oxygen was stimulated by incoming ultraviolet radiation

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Some oxygen was stimulated by incoming ultraviolet radiation

text: Some locations on the Red Planet show groups of layered rocks.  Rock layers are present under the resistant caps of pedestal craters, on the floors of many large impact craters, and in the area called Arabia.  In some places the layers are arranged into regular patterns.   It has been suggested that the layers were put into place by volcanoes, the wind, or by being at the bottom of a lake or sea.  Calculations and simulations show that groundwater carrying dissolved minerals would surface in the same locations that have abundant rock layers.  According to these ideas, deep canyons and large craters would receive water coming from the ground.  Many craters in the Arabia area of Mars contain groups of layers.  Some of these layers may have resulted from climate changes.  The tilt of the rotational axis of Mars has repeatedly changed in the past.  Some changes are large.  Because of these variations of climate, at times the atmosphere of Mars will be much thicker and contain more moisture.  The amount of atmospheric dust also has increased and decreased. It is believed that these frequent changes helped to deposit material in craters and other low places. The rising of mineral-rich ground water cemented these materials. The model also predicts that after a crater is full of layered rocks; additional layers will be laid down in the area around the crater. So, the model predicts that layers may also have formed in intercrater regions; layers in these regions have been observed.Layers can be hardened by the action of groundwater.  Martian ground water probably moved hundreds of kilometers, and in the process it dissolved many minerals from the rock it passed through.  When ground water surfaces in low areas containing sediments, water evaporates in the thin atmosphere and leaves behind minerals as deposits and/or cementing agents. Consequently, layers of dust could not later easily erode away since they were cemented together. On Earth, mineral-rich waters often evaporate forming large deposits of various types of salts and other minerals. Sometimes water flows through Earth's aquifers, and then evaporates at the surface just as is hypothesed for Mars.  One location this occurs on Earth is the Great Artesian Basin of Australia.  On Earth the hardness of many sedimentary rocks, like sandstone, is largely due to the cement that was put in place as water passed through.

text: Some locations on the Red Planet show groups of layered rocks.  Rock layers are present under the resistant caps of

text: pedestal crater

text: s, on the floors of many large

text: impact craters

text: salts

text: and other

text: mineral

text: s. Sometimes water flows through Earth's aquifers, and then evaporates at the surface just as is hypothesed for Mars.  One location this occurs on Earth is the

text: Great Artesian Basin

text: of

text: Australia

text: .  On Earth the hardness of many

text: sedimentary rock

text: s, like

text: sandstone

text: , is largely due to the cement that was put in place as water passed through.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: thin

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: Earth's atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: ground water

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: Earth's aquifer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: Earth's tilt

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: groundwater

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air in the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: It has been suggested that the layers were put into place by volcanoes

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Mars

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Mars

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Which of the following is not true?

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does not contain convection currents?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not a type of rock: sandstone, lava, or dust?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Which of the following is not a type of rock: sandstone, aquifer, or planet?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Which of the following is true of the atmosphere of Mars?

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of ion?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Which of the following is not true?

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is not true?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: thin atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: thin atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: observed.Layers can be hardened by the action of groundwater.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: thin atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: observed.Layers can be hardened by the action of groundwater.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: thin atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: thicker and contain more moisture.

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: groundwater.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: dust

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: layered rocks;

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The rising of mineral-rich ground water

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Mars.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Earth,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: rotational axis

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: dissolved minerals

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: low areas containing sediments,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: observed.Layers can be hardened by the action of groundwater.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: dissolved minerals

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: dissolved minerals would surface in the same locations that have abundant rock layers.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: low areas containing sediments,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: observed.Layers can be hardened by the action of groundwater.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: observed.Layers can be hardened by the action of groundwater.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: deep canyons and large craters would receive water coming from the ground.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Earth,

text: In general, winds are strongest immediately under the tropopause (except locally, during tornadoes, tropical cyclones or other anomalous situations). If two air masses of different temperatures or densities meet, the resulting pressure difference caused by the density difference (which ultimately causes wind) is highest within the transition zone. The wind does not flow directly from the hot to the cold area, but is deflected by the Coriolis effect and flows along the boundary of the two air masses.

text: In general, winds are strongest immediately under the tropopause (except locally, during

text: tornado

text: es,

text: tropical cyclone

text: s or other anomalous situations). If two air masses of different temperatures or densities meet, the resulting pressure difference caused by the density difference (which ultimately causes wind) is highest within the transition zone. The wind does not flow directly from the hot to the cold area, but is deflected by the

text: Coriolis effect

text: and flows along the boundary of the two air masses.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: transition zone

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: transition zone

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: density

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: transition zone

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: hot air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: winds are strongest immediately under the tropopause

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: transition zone

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: transition zone

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does not have convection currents?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What causes meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How high is the tropopause?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: The wind does not flow directly from the hot to the cold area

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: transition zone

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: None of the above choices are true

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: the boundary of the two air masses.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: two air masses.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperatures or densities

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: hot

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: winds are strongest immediately under the tropopause

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: transition zone.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: transition zone.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Coriolis effect

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: The wind does not flow directly from the hot to the cold area,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: winds are strongest immediately under the tropopause

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: winds are strongest immediately under the tropopause

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Coriolis effect

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: winds are strongest immediately under the tropopause

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: The wind does not flow directly from the hot to the cold area,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: tornadoes, tropical cyclones

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: winds are strongest immediately under the tropopause

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: winds are strongest immediately under the tropopause

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Coriolis effect

text: When light from a star or another astronomical object enters the Earth's atmosphere, atmospheric turbulence (introduced, for example, by different temperature layers and different wind speeds interacting) can distort and move the image in various ways (see astronomical seeing for a full discussion). Visual images produced by any telescope larger than approximately 20 centimeters are blurred by these distortions.

text: When light from a

text: star

text: or another

text: astronomical object

text: enters the

text: Earth's atmosphere

text: , atmospheric

text: turbulence

text: (introduced, for example, by different temperature layers and different wind speeds interacting) can distort and move the image in various ways (see

text: astronomical seeing

text: for a full discussion). Visual images produced by any telescope larger than approximately 20 centimeters are blurred by these distortions.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: temperature layers

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: temperature layers

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The ozone layer protects humans from harmful ultraviolet rays.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: layers

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does not have convection currents?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: temperature layers and different wind speeds interacting

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which layer of the Earth's atmosphere contains charged particles called ions?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: temperature layers

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: temperature layers

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: atmospheric turbulence

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: temperature layers

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: atmospheric turbulence

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: temperature layers

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: temperature layers

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: 20 centimeters

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: atmospheric turbulence

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: When light from a star or another astronomical object

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Earth's atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: different temperature layers

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: atmospheric turbulence

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: atmospheric turbulence

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: atmospheric turbulence

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: atmospheric turbulence

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 20 centimeters

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: different temperature layers

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: atmospheric turbulence

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: atmospheric turbulence

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: 20 centimeters

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: different temperature layers

text: When the temperature is below freezing and the wind is calm, such as under a high atmospheric pressure at night in the fall, a thin layer of ice will form over open water of a lake. If the depth of the body of water is large enough, its color is black and can be seen through the ice, thus the name black ice.

text: When the temperature is below freezing and the wind is calm, such as under a high atmospheric pressure at night in the fall, a thin layer of ice will form over open water of a lake. If the depth of the body of water is large enough, its color is black and can be seen through the ice, thus the name black ice.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: isosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: atmospheric pressure

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: atmospheric pressure

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: layer of water

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The ozone layer protects the Earth from the sun.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: fall

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: a high atmospheric pressure

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: atmospheric pressure

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: a high atmospheric pressure

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: atmospheric pressure

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: a high atmospheric pressure

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: high atmospheric pressure

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: atmospheric pressure

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: atmospheric pressure

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: When the temperature is below freezing

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: atmospheric pressure

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: night in the fall,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: When the temperature is below freezing and the wind is calm,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: When the temperature is below freezing

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: a high atmospheric pressure

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: When the temperature is below freezing

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: high atmospheric pressure

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: black ice.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: When the temperature is below freezing

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: When the temperature is below freezing

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: atmospheric pressure

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: atmospheric pressure

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: When the temperature is below freezing

text: Local area networking standards such as Ethernet and IEEE 802 specifications use terminology from the seven-layer OSI model rather than the TCP/IP model. The TCP/IP model in general does not consider physical specifications, rather it assumes a working network infrastructure that can deliver media level frames on the link. Therefore, RFC 1122 and RFC 1123, the definition of the TCP/IP model, do not discuss hardware issues and physical data transmission and set no standards for those aspects. Some textbook authors have supported the interpretation that physical data transmission aspects are part of the link layer.  Others assumed that physical data transmission standards are not considered communication protocols, and are not part of the TCP/IP model. These authors assume a hardware layer or physical layer below the link layer, and several of them adopt the OSI term data link layer instead of link layer in a modified description of layering. In the predecessor to the TCP/IP model, the ARPAnet Reference Model (RFC 908, 1982), aspects of the link layer are referred to by several poorly defined terms, such as network-access layer, network-access protocol, as well as network layer, while the next higher layer is called internetwork layer. In some modern text books, network-interface layer, host-to-network layer and network-access layer occur as synonyms either to the link layer or the data link layer, often including the physical layer.

text: Local area networking standards such as

text: Ethernet

text: and

text: IEEE 802

text: specifications use terminology from the seven-layer

text: OSI model

text: rather than the TCP/IP model. The TCP/IP model in general does not consider physical specifications, rather it assumes a working network infrastructure that can deliver media level frames on the link. Therefore, RFC 1122 and RFC 1123, the definition of the TCP/IP model, do not discuss hardware issues and physical

text: data transmission

text: and set no standards for those aspects. Some textbook authors have supported the interpretation that physical data transmission aspects are part of the link layer.  Others assumed that physical data transmission standards are not considered communication protocols, and are not part of the TCP/IP model. These authors assume a hardware layer or physical layer below the link layer, and several of them adopt the OSI term

text: data link layer

text: instead of link layer in a modified description of layering. In the predecessor to the TCP/IP model, the ARPAnet Reference Model (RFC 908, 1982), aspects of the link layer are referred to by several poorly defined terms, such as network-access layer, network-access protocol, as well as network layer, while the next higher layer is called internetwork layer. In some modern text books, network-interface layer, host-to-network layer and network-access layer occur as synonyms either to the link layer or the data link layer, often including the physical layer.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: The troposphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: The TCP/IP model

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: OSI model

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: data link layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: air in the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The TCP/IP model in general does not consider physical specifications

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: OSI model

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: OSI model

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: OSI model

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer does not have convection currents?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How high does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: internetwork layer.

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: internetwork layer.

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: seven-layer OSI model rather than the TCP/IP model.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: internetwork layer.

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: seven-layer OSI model rather than the TCP/IP model.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: hardware layer or physical layer below the link layer,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: internetwork layer.

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: hardware layer or physical layer below the link layer,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: internetwork layer.

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: seven-layer OSI model rather than the TCP/IP model.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: TCP/IP model.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: ARPAnet Reference Model

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: seven-layer OSI model rather than the TCP/IP model.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: seven-layer OSI model rather than the TCP/IP model.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: seven-layer OSI model rather than the TCP/IP model.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: seven-layer OSI model rather than the TCP/IP model.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: seven-layer OSI model rather than the TCP/IP model.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: seven-layer OSI model rather than the TCP/IP model.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Local area networking standards such as Ethernet and IEEE 802

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: seven-layer OSI model rather than the TCP/IP model.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: seven-layer OSI model rather than the TCP/IP model.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: seven-layer OSI model rather than the TCP/IP model.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: seven-layer OSI model rather than the TCP/IP model.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: seven-layer OSI model rather than the TCP/IP model.

text: Solomon Victory Theater makes use of vibrating seats and atmospheric effects to enhance the viewing experience. In addition there are also moving props and scenery, lighting and sound effects and a multi-layered projection process.

text: Solomon Victory Theater makes use of vibrating seats and atmospheric effects to enhance the viewing experience. In addition there are also moving props and scenery, lighting and sound effects and a multi-layered projection process.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: isosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: props

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Ozone is not used in theaters.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: oceans

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How high is the troposphere?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: atmospheric effects

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: atmospheric effects

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: atmospheric effects

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: atmospheric effects

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: atmospheric effects

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: atmospheric effects

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: atmospheric effects

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: atmospheric effects

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: projection process.

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: Solomon Victory Theater makes use of vibrating seats and atmospheric effects

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Solomon Victory Theater makes use of vibrating seats

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Solomon Victory Theater

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Solomon Victory Theater

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Solomon Victory Theater makes use of vibrating seats and atmospheric effects

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Solomon Victory Theater makes use of vibrating seats and atmospheric effects

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: multi-layered projection process.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Solomon Victory Theater makes use of vibrating seats and atmospheric effects

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: atmospheric effects

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: atmospheric effects

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: atmospheric effects

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: atmospheric effects

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: atmospheric effects

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Solomon Victory Theater makes use of vibrating seats and atmospheric effects

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Solomon Victory Theater makes use of vibrating seats and atmospheric effects

text: Noctilucent clouds are located in the mesosphere. The upper mesosphere is also the region of the ionosphere known as the D layer. The D layer is only present during the day, when some ionization occurs with nitric oxide being ionized by Lyman series-alpha hydrogen radiation. The ionization is so weak that when night falls, and the source of ionization is removed, the free electron and ion form back into a neutral molecule. The mesosphere has been called the "ignorosphere" because it is poorly studied relative to the stratosphere (which can be accessed with high-altitude balloons) and the thermosphere (in which satellites can orbit).

text: Noctilucent cloud

text: s are located in the mesosphere. The upper mesosphere is also the region of the

text: ionosphere

text: known as the D layer. The D layer is only present during the day, when some

text: ionization

text: occurs with

text: nitric oxide

text: being ionized by

text: Lyman series

text: -alpha hydrogen radiation. The ionization is so weak that when night falls, and the source of ionization is removed, the free electron and ion form back into a neutral molecule. The mesosphere has been called the "ignorosphere" because it is poorly studied relative to the stratosphere (which can be accessed with high-altitude balloons) and the thermosphere (in which satellites can orbit).

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: The ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: altitude

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Lyman series-alpha hydrogen radiation is the source of ionization

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere is not known as the D layer?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not a source of ionization: Lyman series-alpha hydrogen radiation?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earth's surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: It is colder

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles: ions, stratosphere, or mesosphere?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: None of the above choices are true

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: the D layer.

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: "ignorosphere"

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: Noctilucent clouds are located in the mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The D layer is only present during the day,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: "ignorosphere"

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: high-altitude balloons)

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: "ignorosphere"

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: "ignorosphere"

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: "ignorosphere"

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: satellites can orbit).

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: mesosphere.

text: Businger was born in Haarlem, the Netherlands, on 29 March 1924. He obtained his PhD in physics and meteorology from Utrecht University in 1954. As a PhD student he did research on turbulent transfer of heat, mass and momentum in the atmospheric surface layer. He came up with a similar concept around the same the Monin–Obukhov similarity theory was founded in the Soviet Union, with the two concepts varying slightly. Businger subsequently spend some time at the Institute of Horticultural Engineering of Wageningen University. At the institute he studied microclimate in greenhouses and the protection of crops from frost by use of sprinklers. Wishing to study atmospheric science further, Businger saw no options to do so in the Netherlands. He thus sent out inquiry letters to different universities in the United States, and in 1956 was hired as research associate by the University of Wisconsin–Madison.

text: Businger was born in

text: Haarlem

text: , the Netherlands, on 29 March 1924. He obtained his PhD in physics and meteorology from

text: Utrecht University

text: in 1954. As a PhD student he did research on turbulent transfer of heat, mass and momentum in the atmospheric

text: surface layer

text: . He came up with a similar concept around the same the

text: Monin–Obukhov similarity theory

text: was founded in the

text: Soviet Union

text: , with the two concepts varying slightly. Businger subsequently spend some time at the Institute of Horticultural Engineering of

entity_name: Wageningen University and Research Centre

text: Wageningen University

text: . At the institute he studied microclimate in greenhouses and the protection of crops from frost by use of sprinklers. Wishing to study atmospheric science further, Businger saw no options to do so in the Netherlands. He thus sent out inquiry letters to different universities in the United States, and in 1956 was hired as research associate by the

text: University of Wisconsin–Madison

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: atmospheric surface layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: surface layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: atmospheric surface layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: surface layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: atmospheric surface layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: surface layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: atmospheric surface layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: surface

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: surface layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The Monin–Obukhov theory was founded in the Soviet Union

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: atmospheric surface layer

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: surface layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: U.S.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: surface layer

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: colder

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle: charged particles or ions?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: atmospheric surface layer.

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: surface layer.

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: atmospheric surface layer.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: atmospheric surface layer.

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: atmospheric surface layer.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: atmospheric surface layer.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: surface layer.

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: surface layer.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: surface

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: heat,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: sprinklers.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: atmospheric surface layer.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: atmospheric surface layer.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: 29 March 1924.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: turbulent transfer of heat, mass and momentum in the atmospheric surface layer.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: atmospheric surface layer.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: turbulent transfer of heat, mass and momentum in the atmospheric surface layer.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: turbulent transfer of heat, mass and momentum in the atmospheric surface layer.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: University of Wisconsin–Madison.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: atmospheric surface layer.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: turbulent transfer of heat, mass and momentum in the atmospheric surface layer.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: atmospheric surface layer.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: atmospheric surface layer.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: heat,

text: Alternatives to Halon 1301 in fire extinguishing systems are being deployed. Many installations from which halon is removed can be protected with fire sprinklers, depending on the level of damage the equipment in the space will incur by exposure to water. In other cases, different total flooding agents can be used. The alternatives for normally occupied areas include (PFC-410 or CEA-410), CF (PFC-218 or CEA-308), HCFC Blend A (NAF S-III), HFC-23 (FE 13), HFC-227ea (FM 200), IG-01 (argon), IG-55 (argonite), HFC-125, or HFC-134a. For normally unoccupied areas, the alternatives include carbon dioxide, powdered Aerosol C, CFI, HCFC-22, HCFC-124, HFC-125, HFC-134a, gelled halocarbon/dry chemical suspension (PGA), blend of inert gas, high expansion foam systems and powdered aerosol (FS 0140), and IG-541 (Inergen).Perfluorocarbons, i.e., PFCs such as CF, have very long atmospheric lifetimes and very high global warming potentials.  Hydrochlorofluorocarbons, i.e., HCFCs including HCFC containing NAF S-III, contain chlorine and are stratospheric ozone layer depleters, although less so than Halon 1301.  Their selection for usage as Halon replacements should consider those factors, and is restricted in some countries.

text: Alternatives to Halon 1301 in fire extinguishing systems are being deployed. Many installations from which halon is removed can be protected with

text: fire sprinkler

text: s, depending on the level of damage the equipment in the space will incur by exposure to water. In other cases, different total flooding agents can be used. The alternatives for normally occupied areas include (PFC-410 or CEA-410), CF (PFC-218 or CEA-308), HCFC Blend A (NAF S-III),

text: (FE 13),

text: (FM 200), IG-01 (

text: argon

text: ), IG-55 (

text: argonite

text: , or

text: . For normally unoccupied areas, the alternatives include

text: carbon dioxide

text: , powdered

text: Aerosol C

text: CFI

text: , gelled halocarbon/dry chemical suspension (PGA), blend of inert gas, high expansion foam systems and powdered aerosol (FS 0140), and IG-541 (

text: Inergen

text: ).Perfluorocarbons, i.e., PFCs such as CF, have very long atmospheric lifetimes and very high global warming potentials.  Hydrochlorofluorocarbons, i.e., HCFCs including HCFC containing NAF S-III, contain chlorine and are stratospheric ozone layer depleters, although less so than Halon 1301.  Their selection for usage as Halon replacements should consider those factors, and is restricted in some countries.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Halon 1301 can be protected with fire sprinklers

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: U.S.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unspecified

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does not contain ozone?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: stratospheric ozone layer depleters

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unoccupied areas

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratospheric ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: water.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Halon 1301.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: 200),

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: (Inergen).Perfluorocarbons,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: (Inergen).Perfluorocarbons,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Hydrochlorofluorocarbons,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: stratospheric ozone layer depleters,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: CF (PFC-218 or CEA-308),

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: stratospheric ozone layer depleters,

text: In the atmospheric boundary layer, mean wind is responsible for the horizontal transport of heat, momentum, moisture and pollutants, while turbulence dominates for the vertical mixing. Turbulences are generated by buoyancy and wind shear. If the buoyancy dominates over shear production, the boundary layer flow is in free convection. When shear generated turbulence is stronger than those generated by buoyancy, the flow is in forced convection.

text: In the atmospheric boundary layer, mean wind is responsible for the horizontal transport of heat,

text: momentum

text: , moisture and pollutants, while

text: turbulence

text: dominates for the vertical mixing. Turbulences are generated by

text: buoyancy

text: and

text: wind shear

text: . If the buoyancy dominates over shear production, the boundary layer flow is in free convection. When shear generated turbulence is stronger than those generated by buoyancy, the flow is in forced convection.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: horizontal transport

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The boundary layer flow is in free convection.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: mean wind

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer is responsible for the horizontal transport of heat, momentum, moisture and pollutants?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Which of the following is not a type of boundary layer?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: horizontal transport of heat

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of ion?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: atmospheric boundary layer,

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: atmospheric boundary layer,

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: atmospheric boundary layer,

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: atmospheric boundary layer,

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: atmospheric boundary layer,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: boundary layer,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: atmospheric boundary layer,

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: mean wind

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: boundary layer,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: heat,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: free convection.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: atmospheric boundary layer,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: boundary layer,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: In the atmospheric boundary layer,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: mean wind

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: atmospheric boundary layer,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: mean wind

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: forced convection.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: atmospheric boundary layer,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: In the atmospheric boundary layer,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: mean wind

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: atmospheric boundary layer,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: atmospheric boundary layer,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: heat,

text: LPG is composed mainly of propane and butane, while natural gas is composed of the lighter methane and ethane. LPG, vaporised and at atmospheric pressure, has a higher calorific value (94 MJ/m equivalent to 26.1kWh/m) than natural gas (methane) (38 MJ/m equivalent to 10.6 kWh/m), which means that LPG cannot simply be substituted for natural gas. In order to allow the use of the same burner controls and to provide for similar combustion characteristics, LPG can be mixed with air to produce a synthetic natural gas (SNG) that can be easily substituted. LPG/air mixing ratios average 60/40, though this is widely variable based on the gases making up the LPG. The method for determining the mixing ratios is by calculating the Wobbe index of the mix. Gases having the same Wobbe index are held to be interchangeable.

text: LPG is composed mainly of propane and butane, while natural gas is composed of the lighter methane and ethane. LPG, vaporised and at atmospheric pressure, has a higher

text: calorific value

text: (94 MJ/m equivalent to 26.1kWh/m) than

text: natural gas

text: methane

text: ) (38 MJ/m equivalent to 10.6 kWh/m), which means that LPG cannot simply be substituted for natural gas. In order to allow the use of the same burner controls and to provide for similar combustion characteristics, LPG can be mixed with air to produce a synthetic natural gas (SNG) that can be easily substituted. LPG/air mixing ratios average 60/40, though this is widely variable based on the gases making up the LPG. The method for determining the mixing ratios is by calculating the

text: Wobbe index

text: of the mix. Gases having the same Wobbe index are held to be interchangeable.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: atmospheric pressure

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: methane

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: LPG/air mixing ratios average 60/40

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: LPG

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: methane

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: How many layers of the atmosphere does the atmosphere consist of?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How high does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: lower

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a gas: propane, butane, or natural gas?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: atmospheric pressure,

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: atmospheric pressure,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: pressure,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: LPG is composed mainly of propane and butane,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: atmospheric pressure,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: atmospheric pressure,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: LPG

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: LPG is composed mainly of propane and butane,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Wobbe index

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: LPG is composed mainly of propane and butane,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: LPG cannot simply be substituted for natural gas.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: atmospheric pressure,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Wobbe index

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Wobbe index

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: atmospheric pressure,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: LPG is composed mainly of propane and butane,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Wobbe index

text: On August 2, 2003, scientists announced that the global depletion of the ozone layer may be slowing down because of the international regulation of ozone-depleting substances. In a study organized by the American Geophysical Union, three satellites and three ground stations confirmed that the upper-atmosphere ozone-depletion rate slowed down significantly during the previous decade. Some breakdown can be expected to continue because of ODSs used by nations which have not banned them, and because of gases which are already in the stratosphere. Some ODSs, including CFCs, have very long atmospheric lifetimes, ranging from 50 to over 100 years. It has been estimated that the ozone layer will recover to 1980 levels near the middle of the 21st century. A gradual trend toward "healing" was reported in 2016.

text: On August 2, 2003, scientists announced that the global depletion of the ozone layer may be slowing down because of the international regulation of ozone-depleting substances. In a study organized by the

text: American Geophysical Union

text: , three satellites and three ground stations confirmed that the upper-atmosphere ozone-depletion rate slowed down significantly during the previous decade. Some breakdown can be expected to continue because of ODSs used by nations which have not banned them, and because of gases which are already in the stratosphere. Some ODSs, including CFCs, have very long atmospheric lifetimes, ranging from 50 to over 100 years. It has been estimated that the ozone layer will recover to 1980 levels near the middle of the 21st century. A gradual trend toward "healing" was reported in 2016.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: upper-atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: gases

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: air in the stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: It has been estimated that the ozone layer will recover to 1980 levels near the middle of the 21st century

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: 21st century

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does not have convection currents?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles: stratosphere, upper-atmosphere or upper-atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: upper-atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: upper-atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: upper-atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: upper-atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: upper-atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: "healing"

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: 2003,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: gases which are already in the stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: gases which are already in the stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: gases which are already in the stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: the upper-atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: gases which are already in the stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: stratosphere.

text: Northern Lights – Southern Cross was recorded using a 24-track tape recorder, which allowed Garth Hudson to include multiple layers of keyboards on several tracks.

text: Northern Lights – Southern Cross was recorded using a 24-track tape recorder, which allowed

text: Garth Hudson

text: to include multiple layers of keyboards on several tracks.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: isotope

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: isosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: density

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Garth Hudson recorded Northern Lights – Southern Cross using a 24-track tape recorder.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Northern Hemisphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: The Northern Lights – Southern Cross was recorded using a 24-track tape recorder.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: The troposphere rises to about 50 kilometers above Earths surface.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: The thermosphere contains charged particles called ions.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: layers

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: layers

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Northern Lights – Southern Cross

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: Southern Cross

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Southern Cross

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: Northern Lights – Southern Cross

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: Southern Cross

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: 24-track

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Cross

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: Southern Cross

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: multiple layers of keyboards

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Northern Lights – Southern Cross

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Southern Cross

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Cross

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Northern Lights – Southern Cross

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: multiple layers

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Northern Lights – Southern Cross

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Northern Lights – Southern Cross

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Northern Lights – Southern Cross

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Northern Lights – Southern Cross

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Northern Lights – Southern Cross

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Northern Lights – Southern Cross

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Northern Lights – Southern Cross

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Northern Lights – Southern Cross

text: Hayashi – Star system where the Enterprise-D is ordered to prepare detailed exospheric charts of the system as the first step toward planet colonization.

text: Hayashi – Star system where the Enterprise-D is ordered to prepare detailed exospheric charts of the system as the first step toward planet colonization.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: heliosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: ozone is a gas.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Hayashi

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Which of the following is not true of the troposphere?

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: How many layers of the atmosphere do convection currents occur in?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: what is the first step toward planet colonization?

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What causes meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: what is the first step toward planet colonization?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: It is colder at the bottom.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of ion?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere merges gradually with outer space

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: The exosphere is the outermost layer of the atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: exospheric

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: exospheric

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: exospheric

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: exospheric

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: exospheric

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: exospheric

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: exospheric

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: exospheric

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: exospheric

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: exospheric charts

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: planet colonization.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Enterprise-D is ordered to prepare detailed exospheric

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: exospheric

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Star system

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: exospheric charts

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: exospheric charts

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: exospheric charts

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: exospheric charts

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: exospheric

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: exospheric

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: exospheric charts

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: exospheric charts

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: planet colonization.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: exospheric charts

text: Staff engineers at Stratosphere included Rudyard Lee Cullers, Geoff Sanoff and Arjun Agerwala.

text: Staff engineers at Stratosphere included Rudyard Lee Cullers, Geoff Sanoff and Arjun Agerwala.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: isotope

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: isosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: density

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The stratosphere is made of ozone.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Agerwala

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which of the following is not a layer of the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Geoff Sanoff

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not a scientist: Rudyard Lee Cullers, Geoff Sanoff or Arjun Agerwala?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Which of the following is not a member of the staff engineers at Stratosphere?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Geoff Sanoff

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a staff engineer: Rudyard Lee Cullers, Geoff Sanoff or Arjun Agerwala?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere merges gradually with outer space.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is not a scientist: Rudyard Lee Cullers, Geoff Sanoff or Arjun Agerwala?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: Staff engineers at Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: Rudyard Lee Cullers, Geoff Sanoff

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Staff engineers at Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Rudyard Lee Cullers, Geoff Sanoff

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Rudyard Lee Cullers, Geoff Sanoff

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Rudyard Lee Cullers, Geoff Sanoff

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Rudyard Lee Cullers, Geoff Sanoff

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Rudyard Lee Cullers,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Rudyard Lee Cullers,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Rudyard Lee Cullers, Geoff Sanoff

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Rudyard Lee Cullers, Geoff Sanoff

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Rudyard Lee Cullers, Geoff Sanoff

text: Aluminium oxide is responsible for the resistance of metallic aluminium to weathering. Metallic aluminium is very reactive with atmospheric oxygen, and a thin passivation layer of aluminium oxide (4 nm thickness) forms on any exposed aluminium surface. This layer protects the metal from further oxidation. The thickness and properties of this oxide layer can be enhanced using a process called anodising. A number of alloys, such as aluminium bronzes, exploit this property by including a proportion of aluminium in the alloy to enhance corrosion resistance. The aluminium oxide generated by anodising is typically amorphous, but discharge assisted oxidation processes such as plasma electrolytic oxidation result in a significant proportion of crystalline aluminium oxide in the coating, enhancing its hardness.

text: Aluminium oxide is responsible for the resistance of metallic aluminium to

text: weathering

text: . Metallic aluminium is very reactive with atmospheric oxygen, and a thin

text: passivation layer

text: of aluminium oxide (4 nm thickness) forms on any exposed aluminium surface. This layer protects the metal from further oxidation. The thickness and properties of this oxide layer can be enhanced using a process called

text: anodising

text: . A number of

text: alloys

text: , such as

text: aluminium bronze

text: s, exploit this property by including a proportion of aluminium in the alloy to enhance corrosion resistance. The aluminium oxide generated by anodising is typically

text: amorphous

text: , but discharge assisted oxidation processes such as

text: plasma electrolytic oxidation

text: result in a significant proportion of crystalline aluminium oxide in the coating, enhancing its

text: hardness

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: oxygen

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: oxygen

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: oxygen

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Aluminium oxide is responsible for the resistance of metallic aluminium to weathering.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: oxygen layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earth's surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of ion?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is not a property of gas molecules in the exosphere?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: oxygen,

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: atmospheric oxygen,

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: atmospheric oxygen,

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: oxygen,

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: atmospheric oxygen,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: oxygen,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: oxygen,

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: oxygen,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: oxygen,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: oxygen,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: oxygen,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: atmospheric oxygen,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: oxygen,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: oxygen,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: oxygen,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: oxygen,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: oxygen,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: oxygen,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: anodising.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: oxygen,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Aluminium oxide is responsible for the resistance of metallic aluminium

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: oxygen,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: atmospheric oxygen,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: oxygen,

text: The mixing plenum normally combines two air streams, and includes for three sets of dampers: one for the fresh air, one for the exhaust air, and a mixing damper between the two air streams. The mix of fresh air and recirculated air can thus be adjusted to suit the needs of the building's occupants. Most systems will use motorized dampers to control the air mixing, and controlled by the building management system (BMS), or controls system. Typically as the fresh air and exhaust air dampers are driven from 0% open to 100% open, the mixing damper will in turn be driven from 100% open to 0% open, so as to always ensure a constant volume of supply and extract air.

text: The mixing plenum normally combines two air streams, and includes for three sets of

text: dampers

text: : one for the fresh air, one for the exhaust air, and a mixing damper between the two air streams. The mix of fresh air and recirculated air can thus be adjusted to suit the needs of the building's occupants. Most systems will use motorized dampers to control the air mixing, and controlled by the

text: building management system

text: (BMS), or controls system. Typically as the fresh air and exhaust air dampers are driven from 0% open to 100% open, the mixing damper will in turn be driven from 100% open to 0% open, so as to always ensure a constant volume of supply and extract air.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: The mixing plenum

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: the stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: The mixing plenum

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: recirculated

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: fresh air

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: fresh air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The mixing plenum normally combines two air streams

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: building

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: fresh air

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Where do convection currents occur?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: The troposphere rises to about 50 kilometers above Earths surface

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: It is warmer at the top

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: None of the above choices are true

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: The mixing plenum

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: The mixing plenum

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: The mixing plenum normally combines two air streams,

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: The mixing plenum

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: The mixing plenum normally combines two air streams,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: 0%

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: The mixing plenum

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: two air streams,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: fresh air,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: fresh air,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: 100% open to 0% open,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: The mixing plenum

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: exhaust air,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: 100% open to 0% open,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: three sets of dampers:

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: three sets of dampers:

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: three sets of dampers:

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: The mixing plenum normally combines two air streams,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: The mixing plenum normally combines two air streams,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: fresh air,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: The mixing plenum normally combines two air streams,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: The mixing plenum

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The mixing plenum normally combines two air streams,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: 0%

text: The counterion condensation phenomenon is commonly described by Manning’stheory (Manning 1969), which assumes that counterions can condense onto polyions until the charged density between neighboring monomer charges along the polyion chain is reduced below a certain critical value. In the model the real polyion chain is replaced by an idealized line charge, where the polyion is represented by a uniformly charged thread of zero radius, infinitelength and finite charge density, and the condensed counterion layer is assumed to be in physical equilibrium with the ionic atmosphere surrounding the polyion. The uncondensed mobile ions in the ionic atmosphere are treated within the Debye–Hückel (DH) approximation. The phenomenon of counterion condensation now takes place when the dimensionless Coulomb coupling strength

text: The counterion condensation phenomenon is commonly described by Manning’stheory (Manning 1969), which assumes that

text: counterion

text: s can condense onto polyions until the charged density between neighboring monomer charges along the polyion chain is reduced below a certain critical value. In the model the real polyion chain is replaced by an idealized line charge, where the polyion is represented by a uniformly charged thread of zero radius, infinitelength and finite charge density, and the condensed counterion layer is assumed to be in physical equilibrium with the ionic atmosphere surrounding the polyion. The uncondensed mobile ions in the ionic atmosphere are treated within the

text: Debye–Hückel

text: (DH) approximation. The phenomenon of counterion condensation now takes place when the dimensionless Coulomb coupling strength

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ionic

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ionic

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Debye–Hückel

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ionic

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: uncondensed mobile ions

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ionic

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: charge density

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: DH approximation

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: air in the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The dimensionless Coulomb coupling strength ;

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Manning’s theory

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: uncondensed mobile ions

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: U.S.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How high does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ionic atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ionic atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: dimensionless Coulomb coupling strength

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ionic atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: dimensionless Coulomb coupling strength

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ionic atmosphere surrounding the polyion.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ionic atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: ionic

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: polyion.

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: dimensionless Coulomb coupling strength

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: dimensionless Coulomb coupling strength

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: dimensionless Coulomb coupling strength

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: dimensionless Coulomb coupling strength

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: dimensionless Coulomb coupling strength

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: dimensionless Coulomb coupling strength

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: dimensionless Coulomb coupling strength

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: dimensionless Coulomb coupling strength

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: dimensionless Coulomb coupling strength

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: dimensionless Coulomb coupling strength

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: dimensionless Coulomb coupling strength

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: dimensionless Coulomb coupling strength

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: ionic atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: dimensionless Coulomb coupling strength

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: dimensionless Coulomb coupling strength

text: This pollution layer was observed during the Indian Ocean Experiment (INDOEX) intensive field observation in 1999 and described in the UNEP impact assessment study published 2002. Scientists in India claimed that the Asian Brown cloud is not something specific to Asia. Subsequently, when the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) organized a follow-up international project, the subject of study was renamed the Atmospheric Brown Cloud with focus on Asia.

text: This pollution layer was observed during the Indian Ocean Experiment (INDOEX) intensive field observation in 1999 and described in the UNEP impact assessment study published 2002. Scientists in India claimed that the Asian Brown cloud is not something specific to Asia. Subsequently, when the

text: United Nations Environment Programme

text: (UNEP) organized a follow-up international project, the subject of study was renamed the Atmospheric Brown Cloud with focus on Asia.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: Atmospheric

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: Atmospheric

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: Atmospheric

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: Atmospheric

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: Atmospheric

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Atmospheric

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Atmospheric Brown Cloud with focus on Asia.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: INDOEX

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit in what direction?

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer does the Atmospheric Brown Cloud occur in?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earth's surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: It is colder

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle: charged particles, ions, or clouds?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: What is the exosphere made of?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: Atmospheric Brown Cloud

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: Atmospheric Brown Cloud

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Atmospheric Brown Cloud

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: Atmospheric Brown Cloud

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Atmospheric Brown Cloud

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: Atmospheric Brown Cloud

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: Atmospheric Brown Cloud

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: pollution layer

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Atmospheric Brown Cloud

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: Asia.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: the Asian Brown cloud is not something specific to Asia.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Atmospheric Brown Cloud

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Asia.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Asia.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Atmospheric Brown Cloud

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Atmospheric Brown Cloud

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Atmospheric Brown Cloud

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Atmospheric Brown Cloud

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Atmospheric Brown Cloud

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Atmospheric Brown Cloud

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Atmospheric Brown Cloud

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Atmospheric Brown Cloud

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Atmospheric Brown Cloud

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Atmospheric Brown Cloud

text: The hole in the Earth's ozone layer over the South Pole has affected atmospheric circulation in the Southern Hemisphere all the way to the equator. The ozone hole has influenced atmospheric circulation all the way to the tropics and increased rainfall at low, subtropical latitudes in the Southern Hemisphere.

text: The hole in the Earth's ozone layer over the South Pole has affected atmospheric circulation in the Southern Hemisphere all the way to the equator. The ozone hole has influenced atmospheric circulation all the way to the tropics and increased rainfall at low, subtropical latitudes in the Southern Hemisphere.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: latitude

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: equator

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The hole in the Earth's ozone layer over the South Pole has affected atmospheric circulation in the Southern Hemisphere all the way to the equator

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: tropics

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: equator

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: U.S.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which of the following is not a layer of the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Which of the following is not true of the stratosphere?

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not a type of gas?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Which of the following is not a type of layer: troposphere, stratosphere or stratosphere?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Which of the following is not true?

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere merges gradually with outer space.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is not a type of gas?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: equator.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: The hole in the Earth's ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: all the way to the equator.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Southern Hemisphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: South Pole

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Southern Hemisphere

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: The hole in the Earth's ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: The hole in the Earth's ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: The hole in the Earth's ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: subtropical latitudes

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: The hole in the Earth's ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: The hole in the Earth's ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: The hole in the Earth's ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The hole in the Earth's ozone layer over the South Pole

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: The hole in the Earth's ozone layer over the South Pole

text: The eyes of slow lorises are forward-facing, which gives stereo vision. Their eyes are large and possess a reflective layer, called the tapetum lucidum, that improves low-light vision. It is possible that this layer blurs the images they see, as the reflected light may interfere with the incoming light. Slow lorises have monochromatic vision, meaning they see in shades of only one color. They lack the opsin gene that would allow them to detect short wavelength light, which includes the colors blue and green.

text: The eyes of slow lorises are forward-facing, which gives

text: stereo vision

text: . Their eyes are large and possess a reflective layer, called the

text: tapetum lucidum

text: , that improves low-light vision. It is possible that this layer blurs the images they see, as the reflected light may interfere with the

text: incoming light

text: . Slow lorises have

text: monochromatic vision

text: , meaning they see in shades of only one color. They lack the

text: opsin

text: gene that would allow them to detect short wavelength light, which includes the colors blue and green.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: low-light vision

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: tapetum

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: slow lorises have monochromatic vision, meaning they see in shades of only one color

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: slow lorises

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does not have convection currents?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of ions?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: How would you describe the exosphere?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: tapetum lucidum,

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: tapetum lucidum,

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: tapetum lucidum,

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: tapetum lucidum,

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: tapetum lucidum,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: incoming light.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: tapetum lucidum,

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: incoming light.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: tapetum lucidum,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: incoming light.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: opsin gene

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: slow lorises

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: slow lorises

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: short wavelength light,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: tapetum lucidum,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: tapetum lucidum,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: tapetum lucidum,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: tapetum lucidum,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: tapetum lucidum,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: tapetum lucidum,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: tapetum lucidum,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: tapetum lucidum,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: tapetum lucidum,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: tapetum lucidum,

text: There are a variety of techniques for measuring this parameter that can potentially yield different results because different things are actually being measured.  Away from the immediate sea surface, general temperature measurements are accompanied by a reference to the specific depth of measurement.  This is because of significant differences encountered between measurements made at different depths, especially during the daytime when low wind speed and high sunshine conditions may lead to the formation of a warm layer at the ocean's surface and strong vertical temperature gradients (a diurnal thermocline).   Sea surface temperature measurements are confined to the top portion of the ocean, known as the near-surface layer.

text: There are a variety of techniques for measuring this parameter that can potentially yield different results because different things are actually being measured.  Away from the immediate sea surface, general temperature measurements are accompanied by a reference to the specific depth of measurement.  This is because of significant differences encountered between measurements made at different depths, especially during the daytime when low wind speed and high sunshine conditions may lead to the formation of a warm layer at the ocean's surface and strong vertical temperature gradients (a diurnal

text: thermocline

text: ).   Sea surface temperature measurements are confined to the top portion of the ocean, known as the near-surface layer.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: the near-surface layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Thermocline

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: a diurnal thermocline

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: the near-surface layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: surface layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Sea surface temperature measurements are confined to the top portion of the ocean

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: ocean

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: deepest layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: orbital period

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: high sunshine conditions

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does not have convection currents?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: depth of measurement

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: It is warmer at the top.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: What is a diurnal thermocline?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere merges gradually with outer space

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: temperature measurements are accompanied by a reference to the specific depth

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: near-surface layer.

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: near-surface layer.

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: the near-surface layer.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: thermocline).

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: near-surface layer.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: near-surface layer.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: near-surface layer.

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature measurements are accompanied by a reference to the specific depth of measurement.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: near-surface layer.

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm layer at the ocean's surface

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: different things are actually being measured.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: vertical temperature gradients

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: sea surface,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: sea surface,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: low wind speed and high sunshine conditions

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: near-surface layer.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: accompanied by a reference to the specific depth of measurement.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: low wind speed and high sunshine conditions

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: temperature measurements are accompanied by a reference to the specific depth of measurement.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: significant differences encountered between measurements made at different depths,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: low wind speed

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: temperature measurements are accompanied by a reference to the specific depth of measurement.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: sea surface,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: temperature measurements are accompanied by a reference to the specific depth of measurement.

text: The circulation patterns in the upper mesosphere and thermosphere of Venus are completely different from those in the lower atmosphere. At altitudes 90–150 km the Venusian air moves from the dayside to nightside of the planet, with upwelling over sunlit hemisphere and downwelling over dark hemisphere. The downwelling over the nightside causes adiabatic heating of the air, which forms a warm layer in the nightside mesosphere at the altitudes 90–120 km. The temperature of this layer—230 K (−43 °C) is far higher than the typical temperature found in the nightside thermosphere—100 K (−173 °C). The air circulated from the dayside also carries oxygen atoms, which after recombination form excited molecules of oxygen in the long-lived singlet state (Δ), which then relax and emit infrared radiation at the wavelength 1.27 μm. This radiation from the altitude range 90–100 km is often observed from the ground and spacecraft. The nightside upper mesosphere and thermosphere of Venus is also the source of non-local thermodynamic equilibrium emissions of CO and nitric oxide molecules, which are responsible for the low temperature of the nightside thermosphere.

text: The circulation patterns in the upper mesosphere and thermosphere of Venus are completely different from those in the lower atmosphere. At altitudes 90–150 km the Venusian air moves from the dayside to nightside of the planet, with upwelling over sunlit hemisphere and downwelling over dark hemisphere. The downwelling over the nightside causes

text: adiabatic

text: heating of the air, which forms a warm layer in the nightside mesosphere at the altitudes 90–120 km. The temperature of this layer—230 K (−43 °C) is far higher than the typical temperature found in the nightside thermosphere—100 K (−173 °C). The air circulated from the dayside also carries oxygen atoms, which after

text: recombination

text: form excited

text: molecule

text: s of

text: oxygen

text: in the long-lived

text: singlet state

text: (Δ), which then relax and emit

text: infrared

text: radiation at the wavelength 1.27 μm. This radiation from the altitude range 90–100 km is often observed from the ground and spacecraft. The nightside upper mesosphere and thermosphere of Venus is also the source of non-

text: local thermodynamic equilibrium

text: emissions of CO and

text: nitric oxide

text: molecules, which are responsible for the low temperature of the nightside thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: CO and nitric oxide molecules are responsible for the low temperature of the nightside thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: nightside thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: nightside thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does the Venusian air move from the dayside to nightside?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What is the source of non-local thermodynamic equilibrium emissions of CO and nitric oxide molecules

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: What is the source of non-local thermodynamic equilibrium emissions of CO and nitric oxide molecules?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: At altitudes 90–150 km

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: upper mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: warm layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: 90–150 km

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: nightside mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: thermosphere of Venus are completely different from those in the lower atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: nightside thermosphere—100 K (<unk>173 °C).

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: lower atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: nightside mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm layer in the nightside mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: oxygen

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: nightside thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: nightside thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Venus

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: sunlit hemisphere

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: upper mesosphere and thermosphere of Venus

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: The downwelling over the nightside

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: adiabatic heating

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 90–150 km

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: layer—230 K

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Venus

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: oxygen atoms,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: 90–150 km

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: upper mesosphere and thermosphere of Venus

text: The troposphere is the lowest and densest part of the atmosphere and is characterised by a decrease in temperature with altitude. The temperature falls from about 320 K at the base of the troposphere at −300 km to 53 K at 50 km. The temperature at the cold upper boundary of the troposphere (the tropopause) actually varies in the range between 49 and 57 K depending on planetary latitude, with the lowest temperature reached near 25° southern latitude. The troposphere holds almost all of the mass of the atmosphere, and the tropopause region is also responsible for the vast majority of the planet’s thermal far infrared emissions, thus determining its effective temperature of .

text: The troposphere is the lowest and densest part of the atmosphere and is characterised by a decrease in temperature with altitude. The temperature falls from about 320 K at the base of the troposphere at −300 km to 53 K at 50 km. The temperature at the cold upper boundary of the troposphere (the tropopause) actually varies in the range between 49 and 57 K depending on planetary latitude, with the lowest temperature reached near 25° southern

text: latitude

text: . The troposphere holds almost all of the mass of the atmosphere, and the tropopause region is also responsible for the vast majority of the planet’s thermal

text: far infrared

text: emissions, thus determining its

text: effective temperature

text: of .

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: The troposphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: latitude

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: tropopause region is also responsible for the vast majority of the planet’s thermal far infrared emissions

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: asteroid belt

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere contains the lowest temperature?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: what is the lowest and densest part of the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: What is the lowest and densest part of the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: (the tropopause)

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: (the tropopause)

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: (the tropopause)

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: (the tropopause)

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: The troposphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: (the tropopause)

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: altitude.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: cold upper boundary of the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The troposphere

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: 25° southern latitude.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: planetary latitude,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: thermal far infrared emissions,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: The troposphere

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: The troposphere

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 53 K at 50 km.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: The troposphere

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: The troposphere

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: The troposphere

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The troposphere

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: The troposphere

text: Within the atmosphere, this means from the surface to above the 500 hPa level, generally stopping at or defining the tropopause at around 200 hPa. Most atmospheric deep convection occurs in the tropics as the rising branch of the Hadley circulation; it represents a strong coupling between the surface and the upper atmosphere which is largely absent in mid latitudes. Oceanic deep convection only occurs at a few locations. While less dynamically important than in the atmosphere, it is responsible for the spreading of cold water through the low layers of the ocean. As such, it is important for the large-scale temperature structure of the whole ocean.

text: Within the atmosphere, this means from the surface to above the 500 hPa level, generally stopping at or defining the

text: tropopause

text: at around 200

text: hPa

text: . Most atmospheric deep convection occurs in the

text: tropics

text: as the rising branch of the

text: Hadley circulation

text: ; it represents a strong coupling between the surface and the upper atmosphere which is largely absent in mid latitudes. Oceanic deep convection only occurs at a few locations. While less dynamically important than in the atmosphere, it is responsible for the spreading of cold water through the low layers of the ocean. As such, it is important for the large-scale temperature structure of the whole ocean.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Oceanic deep convection only occurs at a few locations

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle: charged particles or ions?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: 500 hPa level,

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: tropopause at around 200 hPa.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: surface to above the 500 hPa level,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: 500 hPa level,

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: surface to above the 500 hPa level,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: surface

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: 200 hPa. Most atmospheric deep convection

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: 200 hPa.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Oceanic deep convection

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: tropics

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: mid latitudes.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Most atmospheric deep convection

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Oceanic deep convection

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Most atmospheric deep convection

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Most atmospheric deep convection

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 500 hPa level,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Most atmospheric deep convection

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Oceanic deep convection

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Oceanic deep convection

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: 200 hPa.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Oceanic deep convection

text: Armstrong Flight Research Center have a HALE known as Global Hawk. The craft was used in a year 2014 Airborne Tropical Tropopause Experiment. The craft was created and developed by Northrop Grumman. The capacity for Long-endurance for this craft is 24 hours operational time.

text: Armstrong Flight Research Center

text: have a HALE known as

text: Global Hawk

text: . The craft was used in a year 2014 Airborne Tropical Tropopause Experiment. The craft was created and developed by

text: Northrop Grumman

text: . The capacity for Long-endurance for this craft is 24 hours operational time.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: Tropopause

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Tropopause

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: Tropopause

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Tropopause

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: Tropopause

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Tropopause

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The capacity for Long-endurance for this craft is 24 hours.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Global Hawk

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Tropopause

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: How many layers of the atmosphere does the Global Hawk have?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Where does most of the heat that enters the mesosphere come from?

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earth's surface is the troposphere?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: It is colder

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle: charged particles, ions, or clouds?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere merges gradually with outer space

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: How would you describe the exosphere?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: Tropopause

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: Tropopause

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Tropopause

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: Tropopause

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Tropopause

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: Tropopause

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: Tropopause

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: Tropical Tropopause

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Tropopause

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: Tropical

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: 24 hours operational time.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Airborne Tropical Tropopause Experiment.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Tropical Tropopause

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: 2014 Airborne Tropical Tropopause

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: 2014 Airborne Tropical Tropopause Experiment.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: 2014 Airborne Tropical Tropopause Experiment.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: 2014 Airborne Tropical Tropopause Experiment.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Global Hawk.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 2014 Airborne Tropical Tropopause

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Tropical Tropopause

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: 2014 Airborne Tropical Tropopause Experiment.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Airborne Tropical Tropopause

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Tropopause

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: 2014 Airborne Tropical Tropopause

text: The climate of the range is Mediterranean, with mostly dry summers (except for rare summer thunderstorms) and cold, wet winters. Snow can fall above 4,000 feet elevation during frontal passages between November and April, but is most common in December through March. Annual precipitation totals are mostly above 25 inches above 3,000 feet elevation, with up to 40 inches falling in some areas above 5,000 feet. The coastal (south) side of the range receives more precipitation than the desert (northern) side. The highest precipitation is found in the central and eastern parts of the range (Mt. Wilson to Mt. San Antonio). Annual precipitation totals can be extremely high during wet "El Nino" years, sometimes over 70 inches, with single storm totals over 10 inches. Runoff from the mountains during big storms often produces flooding in adjacent foothill communities (especially in areas denuded by wildfires). Fires are a problem during summer and fall, before the rains come, especially during dry "Santa Ana" wind events. The range is mostly smog free above 5,000 feet elevation, above the inversion layer. The large telescope installation at Mt. Wilson is a testimony to the clear atmospheric conditions that prevail, although light pollution from the L.A. basin below has hindered telescope activities in recent decades.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air in the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The range is mostly smog free above 5,000 feet elevation

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Mediterranean

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: winters

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: U.S.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which of the following is not a layer of the atmosphere: inversion layer, coastal (south) side of the range, or mountain?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not a type of meteor?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Which layer is warmer, the top or the bottom?

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles: ions, frontal passages, or snow?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is not a type of gas?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: inversion layer.

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: inversion layer.

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: inversion layer.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: inversion layer.

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: inversion layer.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: inversion layer.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: inversion layer.

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: inversion layer.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: inversion layer.

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: inversion layer.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: smog free above 5,000 feet elevation, above the inversion layer.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: inversion layer.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: winters.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: "El Nino"

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: smog free above 5,000 feet elevation, above the inversion layer.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: inversion layer.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: smog free above 5,000 feet elevation, above the inversion layer.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: "Santa Ana" wind events.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: inversion layer.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: inversion layer.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: "El Nino"

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: smog free above 5,000 feet elevation, above the inversion layer.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: inversion layer.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: smog free above 5,000 feet elevation, above the inversion layer.

text: The northern part of the Monument in part has gently sloping, relatively even surfaces ranging in elevation from about  in the east to about  in the west. These surfaces are upheld by sedimentary rocks of Cretaceous age that are mostly covered by much younger gravel and sand layers deposited in the last several million years. The region is incised by canyons that drain south and west to McElmo Creek; the creek falls from the east at about  west at the Utah border. The oldest rocks are exposed in McElmo Canyon and are sedimentary layers of Jurassic age. In and near the Monument, these sedimentary rocks have been bent upwards to form a dome, the McElmo Dome: most of the Jurassic rocks are below the surface in the regions immediately bordering the area.  The southern boundary of much of the Monument lies just north of McElmo Creek. The Ute Mountains to the south are cored by igneous intrusions and rise to .

text: The northern part of the Monument in part has gently sloping, relatively even surfaces ranging in elevation from about  in the east to about  in the west. These surfaces are upheld by

text: sedimentary rocks

text: of

text: Cretaceous

text: age that are mostly covered by much younger gravel and sand layers deposited in the last several million years. The region is incised by canyons that drain south and west to

text: McElmo Creek

text: ; the creek falls from the east at about  west at the

text: Utah

text: border. The oldest rocks are exposed in McElmo Canyon and are sedimentary layers of

text: Jurassic

text: age. In and near the Monument, these sedimentary rocks have been bent upwards to form a dome, the McElmo Dome: most of the Jurassic rocks are below the surface in the regions immediately bordering the area.  The southern boundary of much of the Monument lies just north of McElmo Creek. The

text: Ute Mountains

text: to the south are cored by

text: igneous

text: intrusions and rise to .

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: McElmo Dome

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: sedimentary rocks

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Cretaceous

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The ozone layer protects the Earth from the sun.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: west

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Ute Mountains

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does not contain sedimentary rocks?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What causes meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of rock: sedimentary rocks of Cretaceous age or Jurassic age?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: How would you describe the exosphere?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: McElmo Dome:

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: McElmo Dome:

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: McElmo Creek.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: McElmo Dome:

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: McElmo Creek.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: to.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: McElmo Dome:

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: Cretaceous age

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: gravel and sand layers

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: McElmo Creek.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: deposited in the last several million years.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: McElmo Dome:

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Ute Mountains

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: McElmo Dome:

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: McElmo Creek.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: McElmo Dome:

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: McElmo Dome:

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: McElmo Dome:

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: McElmo Creek.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: McElmo Dome:

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: McElmo Creek;

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: McElmo Creek.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: McElmo Dome:

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: McElmo Creek.

text: There is no agreed-upon end to the upper atmosphere, but rather incrementally thinner air from the stratosphere (~50 km), mesosphere (~85 km), and thermosphere (~690 km) up to the exosphere (~10,000) (see also thermopause). For example, a meteoroid can become a meteor at an altitude of 85–120 km above the Earth.

text: There is no agreed-upon end to the upper atmosphere, but rather incrementally thinner air from the

text: stratosphere

text: (~50 km),

text: mesosphere

text: (~85 km), and

text: thermosphere

text: (~690 km) up to the

text: exosphere

text: (~10,000) (see also

text: thermopause

text: ). For example, a

text: meteoroid

text: can become a

text: meteor

text: at an altitude of 85–120 km above the Earth.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: 85 km

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: the stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: altitude

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: There is no agreed-upon end to the upper atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: What does the thermosphere contain?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: incrementally thinner air from the stratosphere (<unk>50 km),

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: <unk>50 km), mesosphere (<unk>85 km),

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: incrementally thinner air

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: thermosphere (<unk>690 km) up to the exosphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: There is no agreed-upon end

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: 85–120 km

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: thermosphere (<unk>690 km) up to the exosphere

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: There is no agreed-upon end to the upper atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: thermopause).

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: mesosphere (<unk>85 km), and thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: There is no agreed-upon end to the upper atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: incrementally thinner air

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: 10,000)

text: Prior to El Nino, the warm pool stores heat and is confined to the far western Pacific.  During the El Nino, the warm pool migrates eastward along with the concomitant precipitation and current anomalies.  The fetch of the westerlies is increased during this time, reinforcing the event.  Using data from the ship of opportunity and Tropical Atmosphere – Ocean (TAO) moorings in the western Pacific, the east and west migration of the warm pool was tracked over 1992-2000 using sea surface salinity (SSS), sea surface temperature (SST), currents, and subsurface data from Conductivity, temperature, depth taken on various research cruises.  This work showed that during westward flow, the BLT in the western Pacific along the equator (138E-145E, 2N-2S) was between 18 m – 35 m corresponding with warm SST and serving as an efficient storage mechanism for heat.   Barrier layer formation is driven by westward (i.e. converging and subducting) currents along the equator near the eastern edge of the salinity front that defines the warm pool.  These westward currents are driven by downwelling Rossby waves and represent either a westward advection of BLT or a preferential deepening of the deeper thermocline versus the shallower halocline due to Rossby wave dynamics (i.e. these waves favor vertical stretching of the upper water column).  During El Nino, westerly winds drive the warm pool eastward allowing fresh water to ride on top of the local colder/saltier/denser water to the east.   Using coupled, atmospheric/ocean models and tuning the mixing to eliminate BLT for one year prior to El Nino, it was shown that the heat buildup associated with barrier layer is a requirement for big El Nino.  It has been shown that there is a tight relationship between SSS and SST in the western Pacific and the barrier layer is instrumental in maintaining heat and momentum in the warm pool within the salinity stratified layer. Later work, including Argo drifters, confirm the relationship between eastward migration of the warm pool during El Nino and barrier layer heat storage in the western Pacific.   The main impact of barrier layer is to maintain a shallow mixed layer allowing an enhanced air-sea coupled response.  In addition, BLT is the key factor in establishing the mean state that is perturbed during El Nino/La Nina

text: Prior to

text: El Nino

text: , the warm pool stores heat and is confined to the far western Pacific.  During the El Nino, the warm pool migrates eastward along with the concomitant precipitation and current anomalies.  The

text: fetch

text: of the westerlies is increased during this time, reinforcing the event.  Using data from the ship of opportunity and Tropical Atmosphere – Ocean (TAO) moorings in the western Pacific, the east and west migration of the warm pool was tracked over 1992-2000 using sea surface salinity (SSS), sea surface temperature (SST), currents, and subsurface data from

text: Conductivity, temperature, depth

text: taken on various research cruises.  This work showed that during westward flow, the BLT in the western Pacific along the equator (138E-145E, 2N-2S) was between 18 m – 35 m corresponding with warm SST and serving as an efficient storage mechanism for heat.   Barrier layer formation is driven by westward (i.e. converging and subducting)

text: currents

text: La Nina

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: barrier layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: barrier layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: The barrier layer is instrumental in maintaining heat and momentum in the warm pool within the salinity stratified layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: barrier layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: stratified layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: salinity

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: halocline

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: It is a requirement for big El Nino.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: western Pacific

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer does barrier layer formation occur in?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What causes meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: What is the troposphere?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Sea surface salinity

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: What is the exosphere?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: salinity stratified

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: salinity stratified layer.

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: quator near the eastern edge of the salinity front

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: salinity stratified layer.

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: westerly winds

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: salinity stratified layer.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: stratified layer.

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: salinity stratified layer.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: halocline

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: westward currents

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Prior to El Nino,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: El Nino,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: El Nino,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: El Nino,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: El Nino,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: westward currents

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: BLT

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: El Nino,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: El Nino,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: El Nino,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: El Nino,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: El Nino,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: westerly winds

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: westerly winds

text: The São João platform, along the northern flank of the Sintra Mountains, has altitudes between  and , while the southern part of the mountains, the Cascais platform, is lower: sloping from  to the sea, terminating along the coast, around  above sea level. The spectacular relief results from the east-west orientation of the massif's axis, its terminus at the coast, and the nature of igneous rocks, which are resistant to erosion. The Eruptive Massif of Sintra (MES) is a dome structure, formed by layers of sedimentary rocks (limestones and sandstones) from the Upper Jurassic and early Cretaceous periods. A metamorphosed igneous intrusion resulted in a narrow halo of metamorphic rocks, but also strongly deformed these sedimentary layers causing a vertical exposure. While in the south there are enclosed sedimentary layers, to the north (around Praia Grande) the massif is steep. The sedimentary formations, until the beginning of the Upper Cretaceous, are deformed by the intrusion which limits the MES to the end the Cretaceous. Radiometric aging of different rocks from the massif has indicated an age between 80 and 75 million years (confirming the installation of the massive Upper Cretaceous).

text: The São João platform, along the northern flank of the Sintra Mountains, has altitudes between  and , while the southern part of the mountains, the Cascais platform, is lower: sloping from  to the sea, terminating along the coast, around  above sea level. The spectacular relief results from the east-west orientation of the massif's axis, its terminus at the coast, and the nature of igneous rocks, which are resistant to erosion. The Eruptive Massif of Sintra (MES) is a dome structure, formed by layers of sedimentary rocks (limestones and sandstones) from the

text: Upper Jurassic

text: and early

text: Cretaceous

text: periods. A metamorphosed igneous intrusion resulted in a narrow halo of metamorphic rocks, but also strongly deformed these sedimentary layers causing a vertical exposure. While in the south there are enclosed sedimentary layers, to the north (around Praia Grande) the massif is steep. The sedimentary formations, until the beginning of the Upper Cretaceous, are deformed by the intrusion which limits the MES to the end the Cretaceous. Radiometric aging of different rocks from the massif has indicated an age between 80 and 75 million years (confirming the installation of the massive Upper Cretaceous).

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: halo

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: halo

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: altitudes between and

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: halo

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: MES is a dome structure

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: sea level

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: sea level

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: altitude

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Cascais platform

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Sintra Mountains

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Sintra Mountains

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does not have convection currents?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface is the troposphere?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of rock: limestones and sandstones or igneous rocks?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: How would you describe the exosphere?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: and, while the southern part of the mountains, the Cascais platform,

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: halo

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: and,

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: and, while the southern part of the mountains, the Cascais platform,

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: MES to the end the Cretaceous.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: and, while the southern part of the mountains, the Cascais platform,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: and, while the southern part of the mountains, the Cascais platform,

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: altitudes

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: The S<unk>o Jo<unk>o platform,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: The S<unk>o Jo<unk>o platform,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The S<unk>o Jo<unk>o platform,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Sintra Mountains,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Sintra Mountains,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: east-west

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: The S<unk>o Jo<unk>o platform,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: The S<unk>o Jo<unk>o platform,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: The S<unk>o Jo<unk>o platform,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: The S<unk>o Jo<unk>o platform,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: around above sea level.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: The S<unk>o Jo<unk>o platform,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: The S<unk>o Jo<unk>o platform,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: The S<unk>o Jo<unk>o platform,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The S<unk>o Jo<unk>o platform,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: The S<unk>o Jo<unk>o platform,

text: On November 16, 1952 at 11:30 local time (23:30 GMT) a B-36H bomber dropped the bomb over a point  north of Runit Island in the Enewetak atoll, resulting in a 500 kiloton explosion at . The tropopause height at the time of the detonation was about . The top of the King cloud reached about  with the mushroom base at about .

text: On November 16, 1952 at 11:30 local time (23:30 GMT) a

text: B-36H bomber

text: dropped the bomb over a point  north of

text: Runit Island

text: in the

text: Enewetak

text: atoll, resulting in a 500

text: kiloton

text: explosion at . The

text: tropopause

text: height at the time of the detonation was about . The top of the King cloud reached about  with the mushroom base at about .

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The mushroom base reached about.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does not have convection currents?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not a type of gas?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above the surface is the troposphere?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle: charged particles or ions?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: the exosphere

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: about.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: about.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: (23:30 GMT)

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: about.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: about.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: about.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: 500 kiloton explosion

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: about.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: about.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: about.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: The tropopause

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: about.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: about.

text: The northern and southern hemispheres have atmospheric circulation systems that are sufficiently independent of each other that there is a noticeable time lag in mixing between the two. The atmospheric / ratio is lower in the southern hemisphere, with an apparent additional age of 30 years for radiocarbon results from the south as compared to the north. This is probably because the greater surface area of ocean in the southern hemisphere means that there is more carbon exchanged between the ocean and the atmosphere than in the north. Since the surface ocean is depleted in  because of the marine effect,  is removed from the southern atmosphere more quickly than in the north.

text: The northern and southern hemispheres have

text: atmospheric circulation

text: systems that are sufficiently independent of each other that there is a noticeable time lag in mixing between the two. The atmospheric / ratio is lower in the southern hemisphere, with an apparent additional age of 30 years for radiocarbon results from the south as compared to the north. This is probably because the greater surface area of ocean in the southern hemisphere means that there is more carbon exchanged between the ocean and the atmosphere than in the north. Since the surface ocean is depleted in  because of the marine effect,  is removed from the southern atmosphere more quickly than in the north.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: southern hemisphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: southern hemisphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: surface ocean

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: surface area

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: southern

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: is removed from the southern atmosphere more quickly than in the north.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: southern hemisphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: northern hemisphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer does not have convection currents?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface is the troposphere?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: atmospheric / ratio is lower in the southern hemisphere,

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: atmospheric / ratio is lower in the southern hemisphere,

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: atmospheric circulation systems that are sufficiently independent of each other

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: The northern and southern hemispheres

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: The northern and southern hemispheres

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: The atmospheric / ratio

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: atmospheric / ratio is lower in the southern hemisphere,

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: The northern and southern hemispheres

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: surface ocean

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: The northern and southern hemispheres have atmospheric circulation systems

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The atmospheric / ratio is lower in the southern hemisphere,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: southern hemisphere,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: southern hemisphere,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: The northern and southern hemispheres

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: The atmospheric / ratio is lower in the southern hemisphere,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: The northern and southern hemispheres have atmospheric circulation systems

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: The atmospheric / ratio is lower in the southern hemisphere,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: The atmospheric / ratio is lower in the southern hemisphere,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: The atmospheric / ratio is lower in the southern hemisphere,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: The atmospheric / ratio is lower in the southern hemisphere,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: north.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: The northern and southern hemispheres

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: time lag

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: The atmospheric / ratio is lower in the southern hemisphere,

text: Pöschl is also the founder and chief executive editor of Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP), an open access peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the European Geosciences Union (EGU). It covers research on the Earth's atmosphere and the underlying chemical and physical processes, including the altitude range from the land and ocean surface up to the turbopause, including the troposphere, stratosphere, and mesosphere. Founded in 2001 as the world's first scientific journal with public peer review and discussion, it has become one of the major environmental and earth sciences journal. Pöschl is also a council member of the EGU, and he has been the Chair of the EGU Publication Committee.

text: Pöschl is also the founder and chief executive editor of

text: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics

text: (ACP), an

text: open access

text: peer-reviewed

text: scientific journal

text: published by the

text: European Geosciences Union

text: (EGU). It covers research on the

text: Earth's atmosphere

text: and the underlying chemical and physical processes, including the altitude range from the land and ocean surface up to the

text: turbopause

text: , including the

text: troposphere

text: stratosphere

text: , and

text: mesosphere

text: . Founded in 2001 as the world's first scientific journal with public peer review and discussion, it has become one of the major environmental and earth sciences journal. Pöschl is also a council member of the EGU, and he has been the Chair of the EGU Publication Committee.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: the turbopause

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: the turbopause

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: altitude

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air in the stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: the troposphere, stratosphere, and mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: stratosphere, and mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: altitude range from the land and ocean surface up to the turbopause

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: altitude range

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: The troposphere contains charged particles called ions.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere, and mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: turbopause,

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere, and mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: turbopause,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: troposphere, stratosphere, and mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: troposphere, stratosphere, and mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: turbopause,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Pöschl

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: troposphere, stratosphere, and mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: troposphere, stratosphere, and mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: turbopause,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: troposphere, stratosphere, and mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: chemical and physical processes,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: turbopause,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: land and ocean surface up to the turbopause,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: turbopause,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: turbopause,

text: Uranus and Neptune have very hazy atmospheric layers with small amounts of methane, giving them aquamarine colors; light blue and ultramarine respectively. Both have magnetic fields that are sharply inclined to their axes of rotation.

text: Uranus and Neptune have very hazy atmospheric layers with small amounts of methane, giving them aquamarine colors; light blue and ultramarine respectively. Both have magnetic fields that are sharply inclined to their axes of rotation.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: methane

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: hazy

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: methane

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ultramarine

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Uranus has very hazy atmospheric layers with small amounts of methane

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Neptune

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Neptune

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: axis of rotation

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for meteors to burn up?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: atmospheric layers

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: Uranus and Neptune have very hazy atmospheric layers

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Uranus and Neptune have very hazy atmospheric layers

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: Uranus and Neptune have very hazy atmospheric layers

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Uranus and Neptune have very hazy atmospheric layers

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: hazy atmospheric layers

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: Uranus and Neptune have very hazy atmospheric layers

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: methane,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Uranus

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: Uranus and Neptune have very hazy atmospheric layers

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Uranus and Neptune have very hazy atmospheric layers

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Uranus and Neptune have very hazy atmospheric layers

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Uranus

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: rotation.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Uranus and Neptune

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Uranus and Neptune have very hazy atmospheric layers

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Uranus and Neptune have very hazy atmospheric layers

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Uranus and Neptune have very hazy atmospheric layers

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Uranus and Neptune

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Uranus and Neptune have very hazy atmospheric layers

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Uranus and Neptune have very hazy atmospheric layers

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: magnetic fields that are sharply inclined to their axes of rotation.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Uranus and Neptune have very hazy atmospheric layers

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Uranus and Neptune

text: Homer decides that his family should stay in the bomb shelter that Ned Flanders built, and soon, the rest of the townspeople arrive. Homer is unable to close the door so Ned is kicked out. Eventually, Homer feels guilty and leaves as well, followed by the other townspeople and they all converge on a hill with Ned to await death. As the comet enters the atmosphere, it burns up in the thick layer of pollution over Springfield, leaving the town safe.

text: Homer

text: decides that his family should stay in the

text: bomb shelter

text: that

text: Ned Flanders

text: built, and soon, the rest of the townspeople arrive. Homer is unable to close the door so Ned is kicked out. Eventually, Homer feels guilty and leaves as well, followed by the other townspeople and they all converge on a hill with Ned to await death. As the comet enters the atmosphere, it burns up in the thick layer of

text: pollution

text: over Springfield, leaving the town safe.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: layer of pollution

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: isosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: layer of pollution

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: layer of pollution

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: thick layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Homer is unable to close the door so Ned is kicked out

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: comet

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does the comet enter?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for the comet to burn up?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earth's surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: It is colder

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of ion?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: where does the exosphere merge?

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Why did Homer decide to stay in the bomb shelter?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: atmosphere, it burns up in the thick layer of pollution

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: thick layer of pollution

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: thick layer of pollution

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: Homer decides that his family should stay in the bomb shelter

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: safe.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: comet enters the atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: comet

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: comet enters the atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: comet

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: thick layer of pollution

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: it burns up in the thick layer of pollution

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Homer decides that his family should stay in the bomb shelter

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Homer decides that his family should stay in the bomb shelter

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: comet enters the atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Homer decides that his family should stay in the bomb shelter

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: comet enters the atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: comet enters the atmosphere,

text: The environment in space is quite different. Because there is no atmosphere, the solar spectrum is different (AM0). The cells have a poor current match due to a greater photon flux of photons above 1.87eV vs. those between 1.87eV and 1.42eV.  This results in too little current in the GaAs junction, and hampers the overall efficiency since the InGaP junction operates below MPP current and the GaAs junction operates above MPP current.  To improve current match, the InGaP layer is intentionally thinned to allow additional photons to penetrate to the lower GaAs layer.

text: The environment in space is quite different. Because there is no atmosphere, the solar spectrum is different (AM0). The cells have a poor current match due to a greater photon flux of photons above 1.87eV vs. those between 1.87eV and 1.42eV.  This results in too little current in the GaAs junction, and hampers the overall efficiency since the InGaP junction operates below MPP current and the GaAs junction operates above MPP current.  To improve current match, the InGaP layer is intentionally thinned to allow additional photons to penetrate to the lower GaAs layer.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: no atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: no atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: GaAs layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: photons

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: GaAs layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: air in the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: There is no atmosphere in space.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: space

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: solar spectrum

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: 365 day cycle

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: How many layers of the atmosphere are mentioned?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Which layer is colder?

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle: charged particles or ions?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: How does the solar spectrum differ in space?

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Why is the solar spectrum different in space?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: no atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: no atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: no atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: GaAs layer.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: no atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: 1.87eV and 1.42eV.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: InGaP

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: there is no atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: space

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: space

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: (AM0).

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: the solar spectrum is different (AM0).

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: 1.87eV and 1.42eV.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: atmosphere, the solar spectrum is different (AM0).

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Because there is no atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Because there is no atmosphere,

text: the material is a good insulator (or dielectric) or a poor conductor and substantially transmit waves that are incident upon it. Virtually no RF power is absorbed but some can be reflected at its boundaries depending on its relative permittivity compared to that of free space, which is unity. This uses the concept of intrinsic impedance, which is described below. There are few large physical objects that are also good insulators, with the interesting exception of fresh water icebergs but these do not usually feature in most urban environments. However large volumes of gas generally behave as dielectrics. Examples of these are regions of the Earths atmosphere, which gradually reduce in density at increasing altitudes up to 10 to 20 km. At greater altitudes from about 50 km to 200 km various ionospheric layers also behave like dielectrics and are heavily dependent on the influence of the Sun. Ionospheric layers are not gases but plasmas.

text: the material is a good insulator (or dielectric) or a poor conductor and substantially transmit waves that are incident upon it. Virtually no RF power is absorbed but some can be reflected at its boundaries depending on its relative permittivity compared to that of free space, which is unity. This uses the concept of intrinsic impedance, which is described below. There are few large physical objects that are also good insulators, with the interesting exception of fresh water

text: iceberg

text: s but these do not usually feature in most urban environments. However large volumes of gas generally behave as dielectrics. Examples of these are regions of the Earths

text: atmosphere

text: , which gradually reduce in density at increasing

text: altitude

text: s up to 10 to 20 km. At greater altitudes from about 50 km to 200 km various ionospheric layers also behave like dielectrics and are heavily dependent on the influence of the

text: Sun

text: . Ionospheric layers are not gases but

text: plasmas

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: Ionospheric

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: 10 to 20 km

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: density

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: 10 to 20 km

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Virtually no RF power is absorbed

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Earths atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: ionospheric layers

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a dielectric: gases, plasmas, or ions?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: reflected at its boundaries depending on its relative permittivity

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: RF power is absorbed but some can be reflected at its boundaries

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: 10 to 20 km.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: large volumes of gas generally behave as dielectrics.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: 10 to 20 km.

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: ionospheric layers

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Ionospheric layers are not gases

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Earths atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: ionospheric layers

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Sun.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: ionospheric layers

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: ionospheric layers

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: ionospheric layers

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: large volumes of gas generally behave as dielectrics.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 50 km to 200 km

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: ionospheric layers

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Sun.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: ionospheric layers

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: ionospheric layers

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Ionospheric layers are not gases but plasmas.

text: Representation of the air flow in the atmospheric boundary layer

text: Representation of the air flow in the atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: The boundary layer is the layer between the troposphere and stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: The boundary layer is the layer between the stratosphere and mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: density

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The ozone layer protects the Earth from the sun.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: The troposphere is a layer of air

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Convection currents occur in all five layers

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: The stratosphere is a layer of air that surrounds the Earth.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: The boundary layer is a layer of air that surrounds the atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: The troposphere is a layer of the atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: The top of the mesosphere is colder than the bottom.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: The air flow in the atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: The thermosphere contains charged particles called ions.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere is the outermost layer of the atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: In the troposphere, gas molecules are extremely hot.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: air flow in the atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Representation of the air flow in the atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Representation of the air flow in the atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: atmospheric boundary layer

text: Comedian Sue Perkins won the competition in 2006, marking the first time in the event's history that a woman won the competition. Her winning tall tale was about how the ozone layer became damaged, ice caps melted and people had to be taken to work on camels.

text: Comedian

text: Sue Perkins

text: won the competition in 2006, marking the first time in the event's history that a woman won the competition. Her winning tall tale was about how the

text: ozone layer

text: became damaged, ice caps melted and people had to be taken to work on camels.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: ice caps melted

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: mountain

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: ice caps melted

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: ice caps melted

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: ice caps melted

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: ice caps

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: 2006,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: ozone layer became damaged, ice caps melted

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: ozone layer became damaged, ice caps melted

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: ozone layer became damaged, ice caps melted

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: ozone layer became damaged, ice caps melted

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: ice caps melted

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: ice caps melted

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: ozone layer became damaged, ice caps melted

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: ice caps melted

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: ice caps melted

text: Shapley persuaded Payne to write a doctoral dissertation, and so in 1925 she became the first person to earn a Ph.D. in astronomy from Radcliffe College (now part of Harvard). Her thesis was "Stellar Atmospheres, A Contribution to the Observational Study of High Temperature in the Reversing Layers of Stars". Astronomers Otto Struve (d. 1963) and Velta Zeberg called it "undoubtedly the most brilliant Ph.D. thesis ever written in astronomy".

text: Shapley persuaded Payne to write a doctoral dissertation, and so in 1925 she became the first person to earn a

text: Ph.D.

text: in astronomy from

text: Radcliffe College

text: (now part of

text: Harvard

text: ). Her thesis was "Stellar Atmospheres, A Contribution to the Observational Study of High Temperature in the Reversing Layers of Stars". Astronomers

text: Otto Struve

text: (d. 1963) and

text: Velta Zeberg

text: called it "undoubtedly the most brilliant Ph.D. thesis ever written in astronomy".

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: Atmospheres

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: reversing layers of stars

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: Stellar Atmospheres

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Atmospheres

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: the Reversing Layers

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Stars

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The ozone layer protects humans from harmful ultraviolet rays.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Stars

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Stars

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: How many layers of the atmosphere are mentioned?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of meteors to burn up in the atmosphere: Friction with gas molecules?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: It is colder at the bottom

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle: charged particles, ions, or stars?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere merges gradually with outer space

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is not true of gas molecules in the exosphere?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: "Stellar Atmospheres,

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: "Stellar Atmospheres,

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Reversing Layers of Stars".

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: Reversing Layers of Stars".

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Reversing Layers

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: Reversing Layers of Stars".

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: "Stellar Atmospheres,

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: High Temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Reversing Layers of Stars".

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: High Temperature

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: High Temperature in the Reversing Layers of Stars".

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Reversing Layers of Stars".

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Reversing Layers of Stars".

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Reversing Layers of Stars".

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: High Temperature in the Reversing Layers of Stars".

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Reversing Layers of Stars".

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: High Temperature in the Reversing Layers of Stars".

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: High Temperature in the Reversing Layers of Stars".

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: High Temperature in the Reversing Layers of Stars".

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: High Temperature

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: High Temperature in the Reversing Layers of Stars".

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: High Temperature in the Reversing Layers of Stars".

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Reversing Layers of Stars".

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: High Temperature

text: While the northern part of the system was producing severe damage in Canada (northeastern Ontario and southern Quebec), an associated cold front led to significant damage in the US Midwest and Southern Ontario as it crossed the area later that  same evening. There were dozens of reports of significant wind or tornado damage, especially in Michigan but also in southern Ontario, Wisconsin, Illinois, Iowa, and as far south as northern Missouri. The setup was similar along the long cold front, and the hot, humid air mass led to the damaging derecho, although the stronger derecho that affected areas well north of there formed much earlier that day in Upper Michigan just before noon local time. It had a clearly defined bow echo (squall line) formation, unlike these cells which were more fragmented. Relevant to the atmospheric dynamics at this time is the fact that, according to the NWS forecast discussion from a number of stations, a terrestrial subtropical storm had developed over Iowa and was moving slowly northeast—apparently this was a low pressure area devoid or almost devoid of extratropical characteristics.

text: While the northern part of the system was producing severe damage in Canada (northeastern Ontario and southern Quebec), an associated cold front led to significant damage in the

text: US Midwest

text: and

text: Southern Ontario

text: as it crossed the area later that  same evening. There were dozens of reports of significant wind or tornado damage, especially in

text: Michigan

text: but also in southern

text: Ontario

text: Wisconsin

text: Illinois

text: Iowa

text: , and as far south as northern

text: Missouri

text: . The setup was similar along the long cold front, and the hot, humid air mass led to the damaging derecho, although the stronger derecho that affected areas well north of there formed much earlier that day in Upper Michigan just before noon local time. It had a clearly defined bow echo (

text: squall line

text: ) formation, unlike these cells which were more fragmented. Relevant to the atmospheric dynamics at this time is the fact that, according to the NWS forecast discussion from a number of stations, a terrestrial

text: subtropical storm

text: had developed over Iowa and was moving slowly northeast—apparently this was a low pressure area devoid or almost devoid of extratropical characteristics.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: subtropical

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: subtropical

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: subtropical

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: subtropical

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: subtropical

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: subtropical

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: subtropical

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: pressure

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: subtropical

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: hot air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: devoid or almost devoid of extratropical characteristics.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: cold front

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Midwest

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: North American Eastern Time Zone

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: How many layers of the atmosphere are mentioned?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not a type of meteor: hot, humid air mass, or cold front?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earth's surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: It had a clearly defined bow echo

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles: ions, squall lines, or bow echo?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: What type of gas molecules are in the exosphere?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: subtropical

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: extratropical

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: extratropical characteristics.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: extratropical

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: extratropical characteristics.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: low pressure area devoid or almost devoid of extratropical characteristics.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: subtropical

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: pressure

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: cold front

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: hot, humid

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: extratropical characteristics.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: cold front led to significant damage in the US Midwest and Southern Ontario

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: cold front

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: northeast—apparently

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: hot, humid air mass

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: cold front led to significant damage in the US Midwest and Southern Ontario

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: hot, humid air mass

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: derecho,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: cold front led to significant damage in the US Midwest and Southern Ontario

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: hot, humid air mass

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: subtropical storm

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: cold front led to significant damage in the US Midwest and Southern Ontario

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: extratropical characteristics.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: extratropical characteristics.

text: 4) Thermosphere (80 km-Karman Line)

text: 4) Thermosphere (80 km-Karman Line)

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Karman Line

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: Karman Line

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Karman Line

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Karman Line

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The ozone layer protects the Earth from the sun.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Karman Line

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Karman Line

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Karman Line

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not a type of atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: The troposphere rises to about 50 kilometers above Earths surface

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: The bottom of the mesosphere is colder.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: (80 km-Karman Line)

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: (80 km-Karman Line)

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: (80 km-Karman Line)

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: (80 km-Karman Line)

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: (80 km-Karman Line)

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: (80 km-Karman Line)

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: (80 km-Karman Line)

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: (80 km-Karman Line)

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Thermosphere (80 km-Karman Line)

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: 4) Thermosphere (80 km-Karman Line)

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Thermosphere (80 km-Karman Line)

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Thermosphere

text: is inversely related to temperature

text: is inversely related to temperature

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: is inversely related

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: is inversely related to temperature

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: It is inversely related to temperature.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: glacier

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: clouds

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's magnetic field

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: humidity is inversely related to temperature

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: temperature is inversely related to convection currents

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: mesosphere is inversely related to temperature

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Temperature is inversely related to humidity.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: The troposphere is inversely related to temperature.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: The bottom of the mesosphere is colder.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: The temperature of the aurora is lower than the temperature of the Earth.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: The temperature of the atmosphere is inversely related to the charge of the particles.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The temperature of the exosphere is lower than the temperature of the Earth.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: The exosphere is colder than the atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: inversely related to temperature

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: inversely related to temperature

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: inversely related to temperature

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: inversely related to temperature

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: inversely related to temperature

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: inversely related to temperature

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: inversely related to temperature

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: inversely related to temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: inversely related to temperature

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: inversely related to temperature

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: inversely related to temperature

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: inversely related to temperature

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: is inversely related to temperature

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: is inversely related to temperature

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: inversely related to temperature

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: inversely related to temperature

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: inversely related to temperature

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: inversely related to temperature

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: inversely related to temperature

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: inversely related to temperature

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: inversely related to temperature

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: inversely related to temperature

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: inversely related to temperature

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: inversely related to temperature

text: For example, the existence of the Van Allen radiation belts was unknown until their discovery by the United States' first artificial satellite, Explorer 1. These belts contain radiation trapped by Earth's magnetic fields, which currently renders construction of habitable space stations above 1000 km impractical.Following this early unexpected discovery, a large number of Earth observation satellites have been deployed specifically to explore Earth from a space based perspective. These satellites have significantly contributed to the understanding of a variety of Earth-based phenomena. For instance, the hole in the ozone layer was found by an artificial satellite that was exploring Earth's atmosphere, and satellites have allowed for the discovery of archeological sites or geological formations that were difficult or impossible to otherwise identify.

text: For example, the existence of the

text: Van Allen radiation belt

text: s was unknown until their discovery by the United States' first artificial satellite,

text: Explorer 1

text: . These belts contain radiation trapped by Earth's magnetic fields, which currently renders construction of habitable space stations above 1000 km impractical.Following this early unexpected discovery, a large number of Earth observation satellites have been deployed specifically to explore Earth from a space based perspective. These satellites have significantly contributed to the understanding of a variety of Earth-based phenomena. For instance, the

text: hole in the ozone layer

text: was found by an artificial satellite that was exploring Earth's atmosphere, and satellites have allowed for the discovery of archeological sites or geological formations that were difficult or impossible to otherwise identify.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Van Allen radiation belts

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Van Allen radiation belts

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: magnetic fields

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: the hole in the ozone layer was found by an artificial satellite that was exploring Earth's atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: space station

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Earth's

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer does not contain radiation trapped by Earth's magnetic fields?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle: charged particles, ions, or plasma?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Van Allen radiation belts

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Van Allen radiation belts

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: Earth's magnetic fields,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: Earth's magnetic fields,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: hole in the ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Van Allen radiation belts

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: 1000 km

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Van Allen radiation belts

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: radiation trapped by Earth's magnetic fields,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Van Allen radiation belts

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 1000 km

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Van Allen radiation belts

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Van Allen radiation belts

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: radiation trapped by Earth's magnetic fields,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Earth's magnetic fields,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Van Allen radiation belts

text: Depletion on the ozone layer is one more threat. An ozone hole has been detected above Antarctica. The cause of the depletion of the ozone layer is due to chlorofluorocarbons and other greenhouse gases. The other main reason is due to man made gases that are released into the atmosphere. There are many environmental effects due to this because the gases that are being released five times faster than they are destroyed.

text: Depletion on the

text: ozone layer

text: is one more threat. An

text: ozone hole

text: has been detected above Antarctica. The cause of the depletion of the ozone layer is due to

text: chlorofluorocarbon

text: s and other

text: greenhouse gas

text: es. The other main reason is due to man made gases that are released into the atmosphere. There are many environmental effects due to this because the gases that are being released five times faster than they are destroyed.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Antarctica

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: cold air.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: An ozone hole has been detected above Antarctica

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Antarctica.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Antarctica

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Which of the following is not a type of greenhouse gas?

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which of the following is not a layer of the atmosphere: ozone, greenhouse gases, man made gases, or Antarctica?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Which of the following is not a type of greenhouse gas?

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of depletion on the ozone layer?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Which of the following is not a type of greenhouse gas: chlorofluorocarbons or man made gases?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Which of the following is not a greenhouse gas?

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of ion?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Which of the following is true of the exosphere?

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is not true of gases in the exosphere?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: ozone hole has been detected above Antarctica.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: Depletion on the ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: ozone hole has been detected above Antarctica.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Antarctica.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Antarctica.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Depletion on the ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: chlorofluorocarbons

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: five times faster than they are destroyed.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Depletion on the ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: the gases that are being released five times faster than they are destroyed.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Depletion on the ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: greenhouse gases.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: ozone hole has been detected above Antarctica.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Depletion on the ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Depletion on the ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Antarctica.

text: The stratosphere is the middle layer of the Uranian atmosphere, in which temperature generally increases with altitude from 53 K in the tropopause to between 800 and 850 K at the base thermosphere. The heating of the stratosphere is caused by the downward heat conduction from the hot thermosphere as well as by absorption of solar UV and IR radiation by methane and the complex hydrocarbons formed as a result of methane photolysis. The methane enters the stratosphere through the cold tropopause, where its mixing ratio relative to molecular hydrogen is about 3, three times below saturation. It decreases further to about 10 at the altitude corresponding to pressure of 0.1 mbar.

text: The

text: stratosphere

text: is the middle layer of the Uranian atmosphere, in which temperature generally increases with altitude from 53 K in the

text: tropopause

text: to between 800 and 850 K at the base

text: thermosphere

text: . The heating of the stratosphere is caused by the downward

text: heat conduction

text: from the hot thermosphere as well as by absorption of solar

text: UV

text: and

text: IR

text: radiation by methane and the complex hydrocarbons formed as a result of methane

text: photolysis

text: . The methane enters the stratosphere through the cold tropopause, where its mixing ratio relative to molecular hydrogen is about 3, three times below saturation. It decreases further to about 10 at the altitude corresponding to pressure of 0.1 mbar.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: The stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: altitude

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: hot air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: It decreases further to about 10 at the altitude corresponding to pressure of 0.1 mbar

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: solar system

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: It decreases further to about 10

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: What is the base thermosphere?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: The stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: The stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: cold tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: The stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: tropopause to between 800 and 850 K at the base thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: altitude

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: molecular hydrogen

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: 3,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: 53 K in the tropopause

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: 3,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: solar UV and IR radiation

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: downward heat conduction from the hot thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: downward heat conduction from the hot thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: methane

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 53 K in the tropopause

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: downward heat conduction from the hot thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: the downward heat conduction from the hot thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: hot thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: cold tropopause,

text: The term boundary layer is used in meteorology and in physical oceanography. The atmospheric surface layer is the lowest part of the atmospheric boundary layer (typically the bottom 10% where the log wind profile is valid). The ocean has two surface layers: the benthic, found immediately above the sea floor and the marine surface layer, at the air-sea interface.

text: The term

text: boundary layer

text: is used in

text: meteorology

text: and in

text: physical oceanography

text: . The atmospheric surface layer is the lowest part of the

text: atmospheric boundary layer

text: (typically the bottom 10% where the

text: log wind profile

text: is valid). The ocean has two surface layers: the

text: benthic

text: , found immediately above the

text: sea floor

text: and the

text: marine

text: surface layer, at the air-sea

text: interface

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: The atmospheric surface layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: atmospheric surface layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The benthic is found immediately above the sea floor.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: What is the lowest part of the atmospheric boundary layer?

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: What is the lowest part of the atmospheric boundary layer?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What is the lowest part of the atmospheric boundary layer?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: What is the lowest part of the atmospheric boundary layer?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: What is the lowest part of the atmospheric boundary layer?

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: What is the lowest part of the atmospheric boundary layer?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: What is the lowest part of the atmospheric boundary layer?

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: What is the lowest part of the atmospheric boundary layer?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: The atmospheric surface layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: The atmospheric surface layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: The atmospheric surface layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: The atmospheric surface layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: The atmospheric surface layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: The atmospheric surface layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: atmospheric surface layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: The atmospheric surface layer

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The term boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: The atmospheric surface layer is the lowest part of the atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: The atmospheric surface layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: The term boundary layer is used in meteorology and in physical oceanography.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: The atmospheric surface layer

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: The atmospheric surface layer

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: The atmospheric surface layer

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: The atmospheric surface layer

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: The atmospheric surface layer

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: The atmospheric surface layer

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: The atmospheric surface layer is the lowest part of the atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: The atmospheric surface layer

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: The atmospheric surface layer

text: A superior mirage occurs when the air below the line of sight is colder than the air above it. This unusual arrangement is called a temperature inversion, since warm air above cold air is the opposite of the normal temperature gradient of the atmosphere. Passing through the temperature inversion, the light rays are bent down, and so the image appears above the true object, hence the name superior. Superior mirages are in general less common than inferior mirages, but, when they do occur, they tend to be more stable, as cold air has no tendency to move up and warm air has no tendency to move down.

text: A superior mirage occurs when the air below the line of sight is colder than the air above it. This unusual arrangement is called a

text: temperature inversion

text: , since warm air above cold air is the opposite of the normal temperature gradient of the atmosphere. Passing through the temperature inversion, the light rays are bent down, and so the image appears above the true object, hence the name superior. Superior mirages are in general less common than inferior mirages, but, when they do occur, they tend to be more stable, as cold air has no tendency to move up and warm air has no tendency to move down.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: superior mirage

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: superior mirage

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: line of sight

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature gradient

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: line of sight

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: temperature inversion

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: orbital period

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: temperature inversion

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: temperature inversion

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: What is the opposite of the normal temperature gradient of the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: temperature inversion,

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: temperature inversion,

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: temperature inversion,

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: temperature inversion,

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: temperature inversion,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: air below the line of sight is colder than the air above it.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: temperature inversion,

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature gradient

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: air below the line of sight

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: cold air has no tendency to move up

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: temperature inversion,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: A superior mirage

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: warm air has no tendency to move down.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: temperature inversion,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: warm air above cold air

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: temperature inversion,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: superior mirage

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: warm air above cold air is the opposite of the normal temperature gradient

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: temperature inversion,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: temperature inversion,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: temperature inversion,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: cold air has no tendency to move up

text: Spare the Air is a program established by the Bay Area Air Quality Management District in 1991 to combat air pollution during the summer in the San Francisco Bay Area, the season when clear skies, hot temperatures, lighter winds, and a strong temperature inversion combine and trap air pollutants near the ground.

text: Spare the Air is a program established by the

entity_name: Bay Area Air Quality Management District

text: Bay Area Air Quality Management District

text: in 1991 to combat

text: air pollution

text: during the summer in the

text: San Francisco Bay Area

text: , the season when clear skies, hot temperatures, lighter winds, and a strong

text: temperature inversion

text: combine and trap air pollutants near the ground.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: the ground

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ground

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: hot air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The Bay Area Air Quality Management District was established in 1991.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: temperature inversion

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: summer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: The troposphere rises to about 50 kilometers above Earths surface.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: None of the above choices are true

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: temperature inversion combine and trap air pollutants near the ground.

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ground.

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: temperature inversion

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: temperature inversion

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: temperature inversion

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ground.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ground.

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperatures, lighter winds,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ground.

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: hot temperatures,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: clear skies, hot temperatures, lighter winds,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: temperature inversion

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: temperature inversion

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: summer

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: hot temperatures,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: winds, and a strong temperature inversion

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: hot temperatures, lighter winds, and a strong temperature inversion

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: trap air pollutants near the ground.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: ground.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: temperature inversion

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: clear skies, hot temperatures, lighter winds,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: air pollutants near the ground.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Spare the Air

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: temperature inversion

text: Returning in February 2016, Exosphere contested the Black Caviar Lightning. With the 1000m race running down the Flemington straight, the field split into two groups, with Exosphere in the slower part of the track. "He jumped left and by the time he looked up and realised the chances had gone to the other side and it was game over. I'd say there was probably a two to four length disparity between the inside and the outside at Flemington yesterday," said O'Shea. Exosphere finished fourth.

text: Returning in February 2016, Exosphere contested the

text: Black Caviar Lightning

text: . With the 1000m race running down the Flemington straight, the field split into two groups, with Exosphere in the slower part of the track. "He jumped left and by the time he looked up and realised the chances had gone to the other side and it was game over. I'd say there was probably a two to four length disparity between the inside and the outside at Flemington yesterday," said O'Shea. Exosphere finished fourth.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: outside

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: cold air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Exosphere finished fourth.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Flemington

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Earth's core

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: How many layers of the atmosphere are mentioned?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What does friction with gas molecules cause meteors to do in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earth's surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle: charged particles or ions?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: Exosphere contested the Black Caviar Lightning.

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: Exosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: two to four length disparity between the inside and the outside

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: Exosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: two to four length disparity between the inside and the outside

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: Exosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: Exosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: two to four length disparity between the inside and the outside

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Exosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: Exosphere finished fourth.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: chances had gone to the other side and it was game over.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Black Caviar Lightning.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: inside and the outside

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Exosphere contested the Black Caviar Lightning.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Exosphere finished fourth.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: two to four length disparity between the inside and the outside

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Exosphere finished fourth.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Exosphere finished fourth.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Exosphere finished fourth.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: two to four length disparity between the inside and the outside

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Exosphere contested the Black Caviar Lightning.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Exosphere

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Exosphere finished fourth.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Exosphere finished fourth.

text: Engine vacuum is the difference between the pressures in the intake manifold and ambient atmospheric pressure.  Engine vacuum is a "gauge" pressure, since gauges by nature measure a pressure difference, not an absolute pressure. The engine fundamentally responds to air mass, not vacuum, and absolute pressure is necessary to calculate mass. The mass of air entering the engine is directly proportional to the air density, which is proportional to the absolute pressure, and inversely proportional to the absolute temperature.

text: Engine vacuum is the difference between the pressures in the intake manifold and ambient atmospheric pressure.  Engine vacuum is a "gauge" pressure, since gauges by nature measure a pressure difference, not an absolute pressure. The engine fundamentally responds to air mass, not vacuum, and absolute pressure is necessary to calculate mass. The mass of air entering the engine is directly proportional to the air density, which is proportional to the absolute pressure, and inversely proportional to the

text: absolute temperature

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ambient

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: air density

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: engine vacuum

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Engine vacuum is a "gauge" pressure

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: engine

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: mass of air

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Where do convection currents occur?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: the stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What causes meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How high does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: The bottom of the mesosphere is colder

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: What is the difference between the pressures in the intake manifold and ambient atmospheric pressure

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere merges gradually with outer space.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ambient atmospheric pressure.

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ambient atmospheric pressure.

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Engine vacuum

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ambient atmospheric pressure.

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Engine vacuum

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ambient atmospheric pressure.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ambient atmospheric pressure.

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: pressure.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ambient atmospheric pressure.

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: temperature.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Engine vacuum

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: inversely proportional to the absolute temperature.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: The mass of air entering the engine is directly proportional to the air density,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: inversely proportional to the absolute temperature.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: inversely proportional to the absolute temperature.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Engine

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: inversely proportional to the absolute temperature.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Engine vacuum

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Engine vacuum

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: inversely proportional to the absolute temperature.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: pressure.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: inversely proportional to the absolute temperature.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Engine vacuum

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: inversely proportional to the absolute temperature.

text: Almost from the moment of General Samford's press conference, eyewitnesses, UFO researchers, and Air Force personnel came forward to criticize the temperature inversion/mirage explanation. Captain Ruppelt noted that Major Fournet and Lt. Holcomb, who disagreed with the Air Force's explanation, were not in attendance at Samford's press conference. Ruppelt himself discovered that "hardly a night passed in June, July, and August in 1952 that there wasn't a [temperature] inversion in Washington, yet the slow-moving, solid radar targets appeared on only a few nights."

text: Almost from the moment of General Samford's press conference, eyewitnesses, UFO researchers, and Air Force personnel came forward to criticize the temperature inversion/mirage explanation. Captain Ruppelt noted that Major Fournet and Lt. Holcomb, who disagreed with the Air Force's explanation, were not in attendance at Samford's press conference. Ruppelt himself discovered that "hardly a night passed in June, July, and August in 1952 that there wasn't a [temperature] inversion in Washington, yet the slow-moving, solid radar targets appeared on only a few nights."

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: inversion

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: inversion

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: inversion

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: inversion

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: the slow-moving, solid radar targets appeared on only a few nights

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Air Force

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: inversion

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: orbital

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: what is the first place mentioned?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: temperature inversion

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle: charged particles or ions?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: temperature inversion/mirage

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: temperature inversion/mirage

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: temperature inversion/mirage

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: temperature inversion/mirage

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: temperature inversion/mirage

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: [temperature] inversion

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: temperature inversion/mirage

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: radar targets

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: temperature inversion/mirage

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: slow-moving, solid radar targets

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: temperature inversion/mirage

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: inversion in Washington,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: temperature inversion/mirage

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: eyewitnesses,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: "hardly a night passed in June, July, and August

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: temperature inversion/mirage

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: temperature inversion/mirage

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: eyewitnesses,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: temperature inversion/mirage

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: temperature inversion/mirage

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: eyewitnesses,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: slow-moving, solid radar targets

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: temperature inversion/mirage

text: The thermal pulse also is responsible for warming the atmospheric nitrogen close to the bomb, and causing the creation of atmospheric NOx smog components. This, as part of the mushroom cloud, is shot into the stratosphere where it is responsible for dissociating ozone there, in exactly the same way as combustion NOx compounds do.  The amount created depends on the yield of the explosion and the blast's environment. Studies done on the total effect of nuclear blasts on the ozone layer have been at least tentatively exonerating after initial discouraging findings.

text: The thermal pulse also is responsible for warming the atmospheric nitrogen close to the bomb, and causing the creation of atmospheric

text: NOx

text: smog components. This, as part of the mushroom cloud, is shot into the

text: stratosphere

text: where it is responsible for

text: dissociating

text: ozone

text: there

text: , in exactly the same way as combustion NOx compounds do.  The amount created depends on the yield of the explosion and the blast's environment. Studies done on the total effect of nuclear blasts on the ozone layer have been at least tentatively exonerating after initial discouraging findings.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: is shot into the stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: nitrogen

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: the amount created depends on the yield of the explosion and the blast's environment

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer is responsible for dissociating ozone there?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: yield of the explosion and the blast's environment.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: The thermal pulse also is responsible for warming the atmospheric nitrogen

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: nitrogen

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: NOx smog components.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: nitrogen

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: The thermal pulse also is responsible for warming the atmospheric nitrogen

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: The thermal pulse also is responsible for warming the atmospheric nitrogen

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: ozone

text: Mercury is too small and hot for its gravity to retain any significant atmosphere over long periods of time; it does have a tenuous surface-bounded exosphere containing hydrogen, helium, oxygen, sodium, calcium, potassium and others at a surface pressure of less than approximately 0.5 nPa (0.005 picobars). This exosphere is not stable—atoms are continuously lost and replenished from a variety of sources. Hydrogen atoms and helium atoms probably come from the solar wind, diffusing into Mercury's magnetosphere before later escaping back into space. Radioactive decay of elements within Mercury's crust is another source of helium, as well as sodium and potassium. MESSENGER found high proportions of calcium, helium, hydroxide, magnesium, oxygen, potassium, silicon and sodium. Water vapor is present, released by a combination of processes such as: comets striking its surface, sputtering creating water out of hydrogen from the solar wind and oxygen from rock, and sublimation from reservoirs of water ice in the permanently shadowed polar craters. The detection of high amounts of water-related ions like O, OH, and HO was a surprise. Because of the quantities of these ions that were detected in Mercury's space environment, scientists surmise that these molecules were blasted from the surface or exosphere by the solar wind.

text: Mercury is too small and hot for its

text: gravity

text: to retain any significant

text: atmosphere

text: over long periods of time; it does have a tenuous surface-bounded

text: exosphere

text: containing

text: hydrogen

text: helium

text: oxygen

text: sodium

text: calcium

text: potassium

text: and others at a surface pressure of less than approximately 0.5 nPa (0.005 picobars). This exosphere is not stable—atoms are continuously lost and replenished from a variety of sources.

text: Hydrogen atom

text: s and

text: helium atom

text: s probably come from the

text: solar wind

text: diffusing

text: into Mercury's

text: magnetosphere

text: before later escaping back into space.

text: Radioactive decay

text: of elements within Mercury's crust is another source of helium, as well as sodium and potassium.

text: MESSENGER

text: found high proportions of calcium, helium,

text: hydroxide

text: magnesium

text: , oxygen, potassium,

text: silicon

text: and sodium. Water vapor is present, released by a combination of processes such as: comets striking its surface,

text: sputtering

text: creating water out of hydrogen from the

text: solar wind

text: and oxygen from rock, and sublimation from reservoirs of water ice in the permanently shadowed polar craters. The detection of high amounts of water-related ions like O, OH, and HO was a surprise. Because of the quantities of these ions that were detected in Mercury's space environment, scientists surmise that these molecules were blasted from the surface or exosphere by the solar wind.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: gravity

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: hot air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Mercury is too small and hot for its gravity to retain any significant atmosphere over long periods of time

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: space

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere is not stable?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a source of helium, as well as sodium and potassium?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: It is not stable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: gravity

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: Mercury is too small and hot

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Mercury

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Mercury

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: polar craters.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Mercury

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: solar wind,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Mercury

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: solar wind,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: comets

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Mercury

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Mercury

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: comets

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: ions

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Mercury's magnetosphere before later escaping back into space.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: water ice

text: In addition to controlling the temperature of the sample, it is also important to control its environment (e.g. atmosphere). Measurements may be carried out in air or under an inert gas (e.g. nitrogen or helium). Reducing or reactive atmospheres have also been used and measurements are even carried out with the sample surrounded by water or other liquids. Inverse gas chromatography is a technique which studies the interaction of gases and vapours with a surface - measurements are often made at different temperatures so that these experiments can be considered to come under the auspices of Thermal Analysis.

text: In addition to controlling the temperature of the sample, it is also important to control its environment (e.g. atmosphere). Measurements may be carried out in air or under an inert gas (e.g. nitrogen or helium). Reducing or reactive atmospheres have also been used and measurements are even carried out with the sample surrounded by water or other liquids.

text: Inverse gas chromatography

text: is a technique which studies the interaction of gases and vapours with a surface - measurements are often made at different temperatures so that these experiments can be considered to come under the auspices of Thermal Analysis.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: the stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: inert gas

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: gases

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: inert gas

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: air in the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Measurements may be carried out under an inert gas

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: inert gas

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which of the following is not a layer of the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How high is the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Inverse gas chromatography

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not an inert gas?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: inert gas

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Inverse gas chromatography

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Inverse gas chromatography

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: inert gas

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: inert gas

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: air or under an inert gas

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: air or under an inert gas

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: air or under an inert gas

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: water or other liquids. Inverse gas chromatography

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Inverse gas chromatography

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Inverse gas chromatography

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Inverse gas chromatography

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Inverse gas chromatography

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Inverse gas chromatography

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Inverse gas chromatography

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Thermal Analysis.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Inverse gas chromatography

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Inverse gas chromatography

text: The property's signature attraction is the  Stratosphere Tower, the tallest freestanding observation tower in the United States, and the second-tallest in the Western Hemisphere, surpassed only by the CN Tower in Toronto, Ontario. It is the tallest tower west of the Mississippi River and also the tallest structure in Las Vegas and in the State of Nevada. The hotel is a separate building with 24 stories, 2,427 rooms and an  casino. The Stratosphere is owned and operated by American Casino & Entertainment Properties.

text: The property's signature attraction is the

text: Stratosphere Tower

text: , the tallest

text: freestanding observation tower

text: in the United States, and the second-tallest in the

text: Western Hemisphere

text: , surpassed only by the

text: CN Tower

text: in

text: Toronto

text: Ontario

text: . It is the tallest tower west of the Mississippi River and also the

text: tallest structure in Las Vegas and in the State of Nevada

text: . The hotel is a separate building with 24 stories, 2,427 rooms and an  casino. The Stratosphere is owned and operated by

entity_name: American Casino & Entertainment Properties

text: American Casino & Entertainment Properties

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: The Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: The Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The Stratosphere is owned and operated by American Casino & Entertainment Properties.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Western Hemisphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Western Hemisphere

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: What is the second-tallest freestanding observation tower in the United States?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What does friction with gas molecules cause meteors to do in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earth's surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: What is the second-tallest freestanding observation tower in the Western Hemisphere?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: None of the above choices are true

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Mississippi River

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: CN Tower

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Western Hemisphere,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: CN Tower

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: CN Tower

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: Western Hemisphere,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: CN Tower

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: CN Tower

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: second-tallest in the Western Hemisphere,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: CN Tower

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Western Hemisphere,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Western Hemisphere,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: CN Tower

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: CN Tower

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: CN Tower

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: CN Tower

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: CN Tower

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: CN Tower

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: CN Tower

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: CN Tower

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: CN Tower

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: CN Tower in Toronto, Ontario.

text: The Great Dark Spot generated large white clouds at or just below the tropopause layer similar to high-altitude cirrus clouds found on Earth. Unlike the clouds on Earth, however, which are composed of crystals of ice, Neptune's cirrus clouds are made up of crystals of frozen methane. And while cirrus clouds usually form and then disperse within a period of a few hours, the clouds in the Great Dark Spot were still present after 36 hours, or two rotations of the planet.

text: The Great Dark Spot generated large white clouds at or just below the

text: tropopause

text: layer similar to high-altitude

text: cirrus clouds

text: found on

text: Earth

text: . Unlike the clouds on Earth, however, which are composed of crystals of ice, Neptune's cirrus clouds are made up of crystals of frozen

text: methane

text: . And while cirrus clouds usually form and then disperse within a period of a few hours, the clouds in the Great Dark Spot were still present after 36 hours, or two rotations of the planet.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: tropopause layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: tropopause layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: tropopause layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: tropopause layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: tropopause layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: altitude

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: clouds in the Great Dark Spot were still present after 36 hours

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: tropopause layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not true of the Great Dark Spot?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: tropopause layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: tropopause layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: tropopause layer similar to high-altitude

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: The Great Dark Spot generated large white clouds

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: ice,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: cirrus clouds found on Earth.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: tropopause layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: two rotations

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: ice,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: tropopause layer

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: tropopause layer

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: ice,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: tropopause layer

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: ice,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: cirrus clouds

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: ice,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: tropopause layer

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: ice,

text: Ethane, acetylene and diacetylene condense in the colder lower part of stratosphere forming haze layers with an optical depth of about 0.01 in visible light. Condensation occurs at approximately 14, 2.5 and 0.1 mbar for ethane, acetylene and diacetylene, respectively. The concentration of hydrocarbons in the Uranian stratosphere is significantly lower than in the stratospheres of the other giant planets—the upper atmosphere of Uranus is very clean and transparent above the haze layers. This depletion is caused by weak vertical mixing, and makes Uranus's stratosphere less opaque and, as a result, colder than those of other giant planets. The hazes, like their parent hydrocarbons, are distributed unevenly across Uranus; at the solstice of 1986 they were concentrated near the sunlit pole, making it dark in ultraviolet light.

text: Ethane, acetylene and diacetylene condense in the colder lower part of stratosphere forming

text: haze

text: layers with an

text: optical depth

text: of about 0.01 in visible light. Condensation occurs at approximately 14, 2.5 and 0.1 mbar for ethane, acetylene and diacetylene, respectively. The concentration of hydrocarbons in the Uranian stratosphere is significantly lower than in the stratospheres of the other

text: giant planet

text: s—the upper atmosphere of Uranus is very clean and transparent above the haze layers. This depletion is caused by weak vertical

text: mixing

text: , and makes Uranus's stratosphere less

text: opaque

text: and, as a result, colder than those of other giant planets. The hazes, like their parent hydrocarbons, are distributed unevenly across Uranus; at the solstice of 1986 they were concentrated near the sunlit pole, making it dark in ultraviolet light.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: haze layers

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: mbar

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: haze layers

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air in the stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: the upper atmosphere of Uranus is very clean and transparent above the haze layers

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Uranus

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does not have convection currents

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which part of the stratosphere contains charged particles called ions?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: haze layers.

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: haze layers.

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: colder lower part of stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: haze layers

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: colder lower part of stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: haze layers.

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: haze layers with an optical depth of about 0.01 in visible light.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: haze layers

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: weak vertical mixing,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: 0.01 in visible light.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Uranus's

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: lower part of stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: 0.01

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: sunlit pole,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: weak vertical mixing,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: weak vertical mixing,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 0.01

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: colder lower part of stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: weak vertical mixing,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: weak vertical mixing,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: planets—the upper atmosphere of Uranus

text: Atmospheric convection can also be responsible for and have implications on a number of other weather conditions. A few examples on the smaller scale would include: Convection mixing the planetary boundary layer (PBL) and allowing drier air aloft to the surface thereby decreasing dew points, creating cumulus-type clouds which can limit a small amount of sunshine, increasing surface winds,  making outflow boundaries/and other smaller boundaries more diffuse, and the eastward propagation of the dryline during the day. On the larger scale, rising of air can lead to warm core surface lows, often found in the desert southwest.

text: Atmospheric convection can also be responsible for and have implications on a number of other weather conditions. A few examples on the smaller scale would include: Convection mixing the planetary boundary layer (PBL) and allowing drier air aloft to the surface thereby decreasing dew points, creating cumulus-type clouds which can limit a small amount of sunshine, increasing surface winds,  making outflow boundaries/and other smaller boundaries more diffuse, and the eastward propagation of the dryline during the day. On the larger scale, rising of air can lead to warm core surface lows, often found in the desert southwest.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: dryline

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: core surface

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: boundary conditions

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: PBL

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Atmospheric convection can also be responsible for and have implications on a number of other weather conditions

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: desert southwest

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: PBL

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How high does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles called ions?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: dew points

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Atmospheric convection

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: desert southwest.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: desert southwest.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: planetary

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: rising of air can lead to warm core surface lows,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Atmospheric convection

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Atmospheric convection

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: rising of air can lead to warm core surface lows,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: rising of air can lead to warm core surface lows,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Atmospheric convection

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Atmospheric convection

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: dew points,

text: Further discussions concerned whether the nightglow was a static or dynamic phenomena, the sources or causes of nightglow, the photochemical reactions in Earth's upper atmosphere, the appearance of the nightglow from space in Earth's exosphere and geocorona. The book also dealt with the polar aurora, auroral arcs, the varying brightness of the "Nightglow Layer" depending on zenithal distance, dust-scattered starlight, the diffuse galactic light, dust in the interplanetary and interstellar environment concerning the "Zodiacal Dust Cloud", and interstellar dust. The text ended with a summation concerning the cosmic light between galaxies and the contemplative topic of cosmology.

text: Further discussions concerned whether the nightglow was a static or dynamic phenomena, the sources or causes of nightglow, the

text: photochemical reactions

text: in Earth's

text: upper atmosphere

text: , the appearance of the nightglow from space in Earth's

text: exosphere

text: and

text: geocorona

text: . The book also dealt with the

text: polar aurora

text: , auroral arcs, the varying brightness of the "Nightglow Layer" depending on

text: zenithal distance

text: , dust-scattered starlight, the diffuse galactic light, dust in the

text: interplanetary

text: and

text: interstellar

text: environment concerning the "

text: Zodiacal Dust Cloud

text: ", and interstellar dust. The text ended with a summation concerning the cosmic light between

text: galaxies

text: and the contemplative topic of

text: cosmology

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Earth's upper atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: Earth's exosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: zenithal distance

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: cold air in the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: "Nightglow Layer" depending on zenithal distance

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Zodiacal Dust Cloud

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: How many layers of the atmosphere are discussed?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earth's surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: What is the top of the mesosphere?

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a source of nightglow: exosphere or geocorona?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: How does the exosphere merge with outer space?

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: What is the exosphere made of?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: "Nightglow Layer"

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: "Nightglow Layer"

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Earth's exosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: "Nightglow Layer"

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: "Nightglow Layer"

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: "Nightglow Layer"

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: zenithal distance,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: "Nightglow Layer"

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: nightglow from space in Earth's exosphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: static or dynamic phenomena,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Earth's upper atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Earth's exosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: zenithal distance,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: zenithal distance,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Earth's exosphere and geocorona.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: photochemical reactions

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: photochemical reactions

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Earth's exosphere

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: "Nightglow Layer" depending on zenithal distance,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: polar aurora,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Earth's exosphere

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Earth's exosphere

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Earth's exosphere

text: In geology, the mesosphere refers to the mantle in the region under the lithosphere and the asthenosphere, but above the outer core. The upper boundary is defined as the sharp increase in seismic wave velocities and density at a depth of . At a depth of 660 km, ringwoodite (gamma-(Mg,Fe)SiO) decomposes into Mg-Si perovskite and magnesiowustite. This reaction marks the boundary between upper mantle and lower mantle. This measurement is estimated from seismic data and high-pressure laboratory experiments.

text: In geology, the mesosphere refers to the

text: mantle

text: in the region under the

text: lithosphere

text: and the

text: asthenosphere

text: , but above the

text: outer core

text: . The upper boundary is defined as the sharp increase in

text: seismic wave

text: velocities and

text: density

text: at a depth of . At a depth of 660 km,

text: ringwoodite

text: (gamma-(Mg,Fe)SiO) decomposes into

text: Mg-Si perovskite

text: and

text: magnesiowustite

text: . This reaction marks the boundary between upper mantle and lower mantle. This measurement is estimated from seismic data and high-pressure laboratory experiments.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: asthenosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: This reaction marks the boundary between upper mantle and lower mantle

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: At a depth of 660 km, ringwoodite

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: asthenosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: density

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: asthenosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The upper boundary is defined as the sharp increase in seismic wave velocities and density at a depth of

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: asthenosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: asteroid belt

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: What is the upper boundary defined as?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above the surface is the troposphere?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: It's colder

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle: ions, lithosphere, or mesosphere?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: outer core.

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: upper mantle and lower mantle.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: upper mantle and lower mantle.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: lower mantle.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: geology, the mesosphere refers to the mantle

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: lithosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: the mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: In geology,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: outer core.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: the mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: the mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: asthenosphere, but above the outer core.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: high-pressure laboratory experiments.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 660 km,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: sharp increase in seismic wave velocities and density at a depth

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: sharp increase in seismic wave

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: the mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: the mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: mesosphere

text: Interpretation of the FAST spacecraft data proposed strong double layers in the auroral acceleration region. Strong double layers have also been reported in the downward current region by Andersson et al. Parallel electric fields with amplitudes reaching nearly 1 V/m were inferred to be confined to a thin layer of approximately 10 Debye lengths. It is stated that the structures moved ‘at roughly the ion acoustic speed in the direction of the accelerated electrons, i.e., anti-earthward.’ That raises a question of what role, if any, double layers might play in accelerating auroral electrons that are precipitated downwards into the atmosphere from the magnetosphere.

text: Interpretation of the

text: FAST

text: spacecraft data proposed strong double layers in the auroral acceleration region. Strong double layers have also been reported in the downward current region by Andersson et al. Parallel electric fields with amplitudes reaching nearly 1 V/m were inferred to be confined to a thin layer of approximately 10 Debye lengths. It is stated that the structures moved ‘at roughly the ion acoustic speed in the direction of the accelerated electrons, i.e., anti-earthward.’ That raises a question of what role, if any, double layers might play in accelerating auroral electrons that are precipitated downwards into the atmosphere from the magnetosphere.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: downwards

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: Debye length

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Debye lengths

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: strong double layers in the auroral acceleration region

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What causes meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: The top of the mesosphere is warmer

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles: ions, electrons, or magnetic fields?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: ion acoustic speed

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: magnetosphere.

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: magnetosphere.

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: magnetosphere.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: magnetosphere.

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: magnetosphere.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: magnetosphere.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: magnetosphere.

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: double layers in the auroral acceleration region.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: 10 Debye lengths.

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: magnetosphere.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: anti-earthward.’

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: magnetosphere.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: magnetosphere.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: anti-earthward.’

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: 10 Debye lengths.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: downward current region

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: magnetosphere.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: accelerating auroral electrons

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 10 Debye lengths.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: 10 Debye lengths.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: accelerating auroral electrons

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: ion

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: magnetosphere.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: strong double layers

text: Frankland's analyses were both chemical and bacteriological, and his dissatisfaction with the processes in vogue for the former at the time of his appointment caused him to spend two years in devising new and more accurate methods. In 1859 Frankland passed a night on the very top of Mont Blanc in company with John Tyndall. One of the purposes of the expedition was to discover whether the rate of combustion of a candle varies with the density of the atmosphere in which it is burnt, a question which was answered in the negative. Other observations made by Frankland at the time formed the starting-point of a series of experiments which yielded far-reaching results. He noticed that at the summit the candle gave a very poor light, and was thereby led to investigate the effect produced on luminous flames by varying the pressure of the atmosphere in which they are burning. He found that pressure increases luminosity, so that hydrogen, for example, the flame of which gives no light in normal circumstances, burns with a luminous flame under a pressure of ten or twenty atmospheres, and the inference he drew was that the presence of solid particles is not the only factor that determines the light-giving power of a flame, Further, he showed that the spectrum of a dense ignited gas resembles that of an incandescent liquid or solid, and he traced a gradual change in the spectrum of an incandescent gas under increasing pressure, the sharp lines observable when it is extremely attenuated broadening out to nebulous bands as the pressure rises, till they merge in the continuous spectrum as the gas approaches a density comparable with that of the liquid state. An application of these results to solar physics in conjunction with Sir Norman Lockyer led to the view that at least the external layers of the sun cannot consist of matter in the liquid or solid forms, but must be composed of gases or vapours.

text: Frankland's analyses were both chemical and bacteriological, and his dissatisfaction with the processes in vogue for the former at the time of his appointment caused him to spend two years in devising new and more accurate methods. In 1859 Frankland passed a night on the very top of

text: Mont Blanc

text: in company with

text: John Tyndall

text: . One of the purposes of the expedition was to discover whether the rate of

text: combustion

text: of a candle varies with the density of the atmosphere in which it is burnt, a question which was answered in the negative. Other observations made by Frankland at the time formed the starting-point of a series of experiments which yielded far-reaching results. He noticed that at the summit the candle gave a very poor light, and was thereby led to investigate the effect produced on

text: luminous flame

text: s by varying the pressure of the atmosphere in which they are burning. He found that pressure increases luminosity, so that hydrogen, for example, the flame of which gives no light in normal circumstances, burns with a luminous flame under a pressure of ten or twenty atmospheres, and the inference he drew was that the presence of solid particles is not the only factor that determines the light-giving power of a flame, Further, he showed that the spectrum of a dense ignited gas resembles that of an incandescent liquid or solid, and he traced a gradual change in the spectrum of an incandescent gas under increasing pressure, the sharp lines observable when it is extremely attenuated broadening out to nebulous bands as the pressure rises, till they merge in the continuous spectrum as the gas approaches a density comparable with that of the liquid state. An application of these results to solar physics in conjunction with Sir

text: Norman Lockyer

text: led to the view that at least the external layers of the sun cannot consist of matter in the liquid or solid forms, but must be composed of gases or vapours.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: external layers

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: external layers of the sun

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: external layers of the sun

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: the lowest layer of the atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: density

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: hydrogen

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: the external layers of the sun cannot consist of matter

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Mont Blanc

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Mont Blanc

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of gas: gases, vapours, or solids?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: twenty atmospheres,

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: twenty atmospheres,

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: twenty atmospheres,

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: Sir Norman Lockyer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: ten or twenty atmospheres,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: external layers of the sun cannot consist of matter in the liquid or solid forms,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: twenty atmospheres,

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: twenty atmospheres,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: twenty atmospheres,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: ten or twenty atmospheres,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: twenty atmospheres,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: twenty atmospheres,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: twenty atmospheres,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: twenty atmospheres,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Sir Norman Lockyer

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Sir Norman Lockyer

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: increasing pressure,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Sir Norman Lockyer

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: ten or twenty atmospheres,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: ten or twenty atmospheres,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Sir Norman Lockyer

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: twenty atmospheres,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: ten or twenty atmospheres,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Sir Norman Lockyer

text: The undular bore's wavelength can measure  peak to peak and can travel  to .  The medium it travels through is the atmosphere.  There are several varying types of ‘‘bores’’ in different layers of the atmosphere, such as the mesospheric bore which occurs in the mesosphere.

text: The undular bore's wavelength can measure  peak to peak and can travel  to .  The medium it travels through is the

text: atmosphere

text: .  There are several varying types of ‘‘bores’’ in different layers of the atmosphere, such as the mesospheric bore which occurs in the

text: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: density

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The undular bore's wavelength can measure peak to peak

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: What is the lowest layer of the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere contains charged particles called ions?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: mesospheric

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: The undular bore's wavelength can measure peak to peak

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: varying types

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: undular bore's

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The undular bore's wavelength can measure peak to peak

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: The undular bore's

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: The undular bore's wavelength can measure peak to peak

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: mesospheric bore

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: mesospheric bore

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: mesospheric bore

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: undular bore's

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: mesospheric bore

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: mesospheric bore

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: The undular bore's

text: Remote sensing of the planetary boundary layer refers to the utilization of ground based, flight based, or satellite based remote sensing instruments to measure properties of the planetary boundary layer including boundary layer height, aerosols and clouds. Satellite remote sensing of the atmosphere has the advantage of being able to provide global coverage of atmospheric planetary boundary layer properties while simultaneously providing relatively high temporal sampling rates. Advancements in satellite remote sensing have provided greater vertical resolution which enables higher accuracy for planetary boundary layer measurements.

text: Remote sensing

text: of the

text: planetary boundary layer

text: refers to the utilization of ground based, flight based, or satellite based remote sensing instruments to measure properties of the planetary boundary layer including boundary layer height, aerosols and clouds. Satellite remote sensing of the atmosphere has the advantage of being able to provide global coverage of atmospheric planetary boundary layer properties while simultaneously providing relatively high temporal sampling rates. Advancements in satellite remote sensing have provided greater vertical resolution which enables higher accuracy for planetary boundary layer measurements.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: aerosols

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: satellite remote sensing of the atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does not have convection currents?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How high does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: It is colder at the bottom

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a property of the planetary boundary layer?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: None of the above choices are true

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: clouds.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Remote sensing of the planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: clouds.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Remote sensing of the planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Remote sensing of the planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Remote sensing of the planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Remote sensing of the planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: boundary layer height,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Remote sensing of the planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Remote sensing of the planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Remote sensing of the planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Remote sensing of the planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: relatively high temporal sampling rates.

text: Concorde produced nitrogen oxides in its exhaust, which, despite complicated interactions with other ozone-depleting chemicals, are understood to result in degradation to the ozone layer at the stratospheric altitudes it cruised. It has been pointed out that other, lower-flying, airliners produce ozone during their flights in the troposphere, but vertical transit of gases between the layers is restricted. The small fleet meant overall ozone-layer degradation caused by Concorde was negligible. In 1995, David Fahey, of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration in the United States, warned that a fleet of 500 supersonic aircraft with exhausts similar to Concorde might produce in a 2 per cent drop in global ozone levels, much higher than previously thought. Each 1 per cent drop in ozone is estimated to increase the incidence of non-melanoma skin cancer worldwide by 2 per cent. Dr Fahey said if these particles are produced by highly oxidised sulphur in the fuel, as he believed, then removing sulphur in the fuel will reduce the ozone-destroying impact of supersonic transport.

text: Concorde produced nitrogen oxides in its exhaust, which, despite complicated interactions with other ozone-depleting chemicals, are understood to result in degradation to the

text: ozone layer

text: at the

text: stratospheric

text: altitudes it cruised. It has been pointed out that other, lower-flying, airliners produce ozone during their flights in the troposphere, but vertical transit of gases between the layers is restricted. The small fleet meant overall ozone-layer degradation caused by Concorde was negligible. In 1995, David Fahey, of the

text: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

text: in the United States, warned that a fleet of 500 supersonic aircraft with exhausts similar to Concorde might produce in a 2 per cent drop in global ozone levels, much higher than previously thought. Each 1 per cent drop in ozone is estimated to increase the incidence of non-melanoma skin cancer worldwide by 2 per cent. Dr Fahey said if these particles are produced by highly oxidised sulphur in the fuel, as he believed, then removing sulphur in the fuel will reduce the ozone-destroying impact of supersonic transport.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: gases

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: cold air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The small fleet meant overall ozone-layer degradation caused by Concorde was negligible

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: vertical transit of gases between the layers is restricted.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: vertical transit of gases between the layers is restricted.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: vertical transit of gases

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: overall ozone-layer degradation caused by Concorde was negligible.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: vertical transit of gases between the layers is restricted.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: vertical transit of gases between the layers is restricted.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: vertical transit of gases between the layers is restricted.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: 2 per cent drop in global ozone levels,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: vertical transit of gases between the layers is restricted.

text: Because the altitude of the tropopause is not constant, an airplane that flies at a constant altitude would traverse it and encounter any associated CAT.

text: Because the altitude of the tropopause is not constant, an airplane that flies at a constant altitude would traverse it and encounter any associated CAT.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: altitude

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: An airplane flying at a constant altitude would not encounter any associated CAT.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What causes meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: how high is the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: It is warmer at the top.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: it is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere merges gradually with outer space

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Because of this, the exosphere is colder than the rest of the atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: altitude

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: CAT.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: an airplane that flies at a constant altitude

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: constant,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Because the altitude of the tropopause

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Because the altitude of the tropopause

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Because the altitude of the tropopause

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: CAT.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Because the altitude of the tropopause is not constant,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Because the altitude of the tropopause is not constant,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: CAT.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Because the altitude of the tropopause

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Because the altitude of the tropopause

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Because the altitude of the tropopause

text: The atmosphere of Mars varies significantly between Northern and Southern hemispheres, for reasons related and unrelated to the geographic dichotomy.

text: The

text: atmosphere of Mars

text: varies significantly between Northern and Southern hemispheres, for reasons related and unrelated to the geographic dichotomy.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: is not mentioned

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Southern hemisphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: cold air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The ozone layer protects the Earth from the sun.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Northern hemisphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Northern hemisphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unrelated

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: The atmosphere of Mars

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: Mars varies significantly between Northern and Southern hemispheres,

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Northern and Southern hemispheres,

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: The atmosphere of Mars

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Northern and Southern hemispheres,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: Mars varies significantly between Northern and Southern hemispheres,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: The atmosphere of Mars

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: geographic dichotomy.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Mars varies significantly between Northern and Southern hemispheres,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: Northern and Southern hemispheres,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The atmosphere of Mars

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Mars

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Northern and Southern hemispheres,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Northern and Southern hemispheres,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: The atmosphere of Mars

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: The atmosphere of Mars

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: related and unrelated to the geographic dichotomy.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: The atmosphere of Mars

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: The atmosphere of Mars

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: The atmosphere of Mars

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: The atmosphere of Mars

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: The atmosphere of Mars

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The atmosphere of Mars

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: The atmosphere of Mars

text: Another feature is that the summer mesopause is cooler than the winter (sometimes referred to as the mesopause anomaly). It is due to a summer-to-winter circulation giving rise to upwelling at the summer pole and downwelling at the winter pole. Air rising will expand and cool resulting in a cold summer mesopause and conversely downwelling air results in compression and associated increase in temperature at the winter mesopause. In the mesosphere the summer-to-winter circulation is due to gravity wave dissipation, which deposits momentum against the mean east-west flow, resulting in a small north-south circulation.

text: Another feature is that the summer mesopause is cooler than the winter (sometimes referred to as the mesopause anomaly). It is due to a summer-to-winter circulation giving rise to upwelling at the summer pole and downwelling at the winter pole. Air rising will expand and cool resulting in a cold summer mesopause and conversely downwelling air results in compression and associated increase in temperature at the winter mesopause. In the mesosphere the summer-to-winter circulation is due to

text: gravity wave

text: dissipation, which deposits momentum against the mean east-west flow, resulting in a small north-south circulation.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: mesopause

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: mesopause

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: mesopause

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: cold air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: the summer mesopause is cooler than the winter

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: winter

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: It is due to a summer-to-winter circulation

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface is the troposphere?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a feature of the summer mesopause?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: mesopause

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: mesopause

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: downwelling air results in compression and associated increase in temperature

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: the summer mesopause is cooler than the winter

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: summer mesopause

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: summer mesopause

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: east-west flow,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: gravity wave dissipation,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: north-south circulation.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: gravity wave dissipation,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: gravity wave dissipation,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: summer mesopause is cooler than the winter

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: summer mesopause is cooler than the winter

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: summer-to-winter circulation

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: the summer mesopause is cooler than the winter

text: As have Janette Turner Hospital and Andrew Crumey, the writer explores the relationships between quantum physics and post-modernist and deconstructionist theory.  The description of the Troposphere has been compared to the novels of Neal Stephenson and William Gibson, and shares similarities to The Matrix.<ref>Book review in the Independent

text: As have

text: Janette Turner Hospital

text: and

text: Andrew Crumey

text: , the writer explores the relationships between quantum physics and post-modernist and deconstructionist theory.  The description of the Troposphere has been compared to the novels of

text: Neal Stephenson

text: and

text: William Gibson

text: , and shares similarities to

text: The Matrix

text: .<ref>Book review in the Independent

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: The troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: Troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: Troposphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: Troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Troposphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The description of the Troposphere has been compared to the novels of Neal Stephenson

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Troposphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Troposphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: The troposphere

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What does friction with gas molecules cause?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle: charged particles, ions, or gases?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The Troposphere

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: Troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: Troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Troposphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: Troposphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Troposphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: Troposphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: Troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: Troposphere

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Troposphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: Neal Stephenson and William Gibson,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: As have Janette Turner Hospital

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Troposphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Troposphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Troposphere

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Neal Stephenson and William Gibson,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Troposphere

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Troposphere

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Troposphere

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Troposphere

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Troposphere

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Troposphere

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Troposphere

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Troposphere

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Troposphere

text: When cephalopod molluscs like squid and cuttlefish find themselves against a light background, they contract many of their chromatophores, concentrating the pigment into a smaller area, resulting in a pattern of tiny, dense, but widely spaced dots, appearing light. When they enter a darker environment, they allow their chromatophores to expand, creating a pattern of larger dark spots, and making their bodies appear dark. Amphibians such as frogs have three kinds of star-shaped chromatophore cells in separate layers of their skin. The top layer contains 'xanthophores' with orange, red, or yellow pigments; the middle layer contains 'iridophores' with a silvery light-reflecting pigment; while the bottom layer contains 'melanophores' with dark melanin.

text: When

text: cephalopod

text: molluscs

text: like

text: squid

text: and cuttlefish find themselves against a light background, they contract many of their chromatophores, concentrating the pigment into a smaller area, resulting in a pattern of tiny, dense, but widely spaced dots, appearing light. When they enter a darker environment, they allow their chromatophores to expand, creating a pattern of larger dark spots, and making their bodies appear dark.

text: Amphibians

text: such as frogs have three kinds of star-shaped chromatophore cells in separate layers of their skin. The top layer contains '

text: xanthophores

text: ' with orange, red, or yellow pigments; the middle layer contains '

text: iridophores

text: ' with a silvery light-reflecting pigment; while the bottom layer contains '

text: melanophores

text: ' with dark melanin.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: Melanophores

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: light

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: iridophores

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: ozone is not a pigment.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: alpine

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: polar regions

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of ion?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Why are gas molecules in the exosphere extremely cold?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: chromatophores,

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: chromatophores,

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: light background, they contract many of their chromatophores,

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: chromatophores,

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: light background, they contract many of their chromatophores,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: contains'melanophores'

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: chromatophores,

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: light background,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: 'iridophores'

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: light background, they contract many of their chromatophores,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: light.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: frogs

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: light background, they contract many of their chromatophores,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: light.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: light background, they contract many of their chromatophores,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: 'xanthophores'

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: light background, they contract many of their chromatophores,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: light background, they contract many of their chromatophores,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: light background, they contract many of their chromatophores,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: 'xanthophores'

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: dark spots,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: chromatophores,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: When cephalopod molluscs

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: light background, they contract many of their chromatophores,

text: Cyberspace is the fourth album of the composer Eloy Fritsch. Nicely layered arrangements float serenely by. The emphasis is on orchestral-sounding synthesizers, with soft atmospheric touches. “Lost Paradise” includes majestic rhythms to go along with it, marching triumphantly at a steady pace. The entire work is completely electronic in nature, with a vast array of synthesizers listed in the credits, as well as displayed surrounding the artist on the cover

text: Cyberspace is the fourth album of the composer

text: Eloy Fritsch

text: . Nicely layered arrangements float serenely by. The emphasis is on orchestral-sounding synthesizers, with soft atmospheric touches. “Lost Paradise” includes majestic rhythms to go along with it, marching triumphantly at a steady pace. The entire work is completely electronic in nature, with a vast array of synthesizers listed in the credits, as well as displayed surrounding the artist on the cover

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: Soft atmospheric touches

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: atmospheric pressure

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: orchestral

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The entire work is completely electronic in nature

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Cyberspace

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Arctic

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: orbital

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Where does the heat that enters the mesosphere come from?

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What causes meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: What is the fourth album of the composer Eloy Fritsch?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is not a type of gas?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: atmospheric touches.

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: atmospheric touches.

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: atmospheric touches.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: atmospheric touches.

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: atmospheric touches.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: soft atmospheric touches.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: atmospheric touches.

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: orchestral-sounding synthesizers,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: orchestral-sounding synthesizers,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: orchestral-sounding synthesizers,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Cyberspace

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: atmospheric touches.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: atmospheric touches.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: orchestral-sounding synthesizers, with soft atmospheric touches.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: orchestral-sounding synthesizers, with soft atmospheric touches.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: atmospheric touches.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: orchestral-sounding synthesizers, with soft atmospheric touches.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: orchestral-sounding synthesizers,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: atmospheric touches.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: atmospheric touches.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: orchestral-sounding synthesizers,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Cyberspace is the fourth album of the composer Eloy Fritsch.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: orchestral-sounding synthesizers, with soft atmospheric touches.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: orchestral-sounding synthesizers, with soft atmospheric touches.

text: A-35 was upgraded during the 1980s to a two-layer system, the A-135. The Gorgon (SH-11/ABM-4) long-range missile was designed to handle intercepts outside the atmosphere, and the Gazelle (SH-08/ABM-3) short-range missile endoatmospheric intercepts that eluded Gorgon. The A-135 system is considered to be technologically equivalent to the United States Safeguard system of 1975.

text: A-35 was upgraded during the 1980s to a two-layer system, the

text: . The Gorgon (SH-11/ABM-4) long-range missile was designed to handle intercepts outside the atmosphere, and the

text: Gazelle (SH-08/ABM-3)

text: short-range missile endoatmospheric intercepts that eluded Gorgon. The A-135 system is considered to be technologically equivalent to the United States Safeguard system of 1975.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: endoatmospheric

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: endoatmospheric

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: endoatmospheric

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: endoatmospheric

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: endoatmospheric

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: the stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: endoatmospheric

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The A-135 system is considered to be technologically equivalent to the United States Safeguard system of 1975.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: long-range missile

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does not have convection currents?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle: charged particles or ions?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: How would you describe the exosphere?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: endoatmospheric

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: endoatmospheric

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: endoatmospheric

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: endoatmospheric

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: endoatmospheric

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: endoatmospheric

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: endoatmospheric

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: endoatmospheric

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Gazelle (SH-08/ABM-3)

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: A-135.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: A-35

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: endoatmospheric

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: A-135.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: two-layer system, the A-135.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: A-135.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: A-135.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: A-35

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: A-135.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: A-135.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: endoatmospheric

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: A-135.

text: Atmospheric convection is the result of a parcel-environment instability, or temperature difference, layer in the atmosphere. Different lapse rates within dry and moist air lead to instability. Mixing of air during the day which expands the height of the planetary boundary layer leads to increased winds, cumulus cloud development, and decreased surface dew points. Moist convection leads to thunderstorm development, which is often responsible for severe weather throughout the world. Special threats from thunderstorms include hail, downbursts, and tornadoes.

text: Atmospheric convection is the result of a

text: parcel

text: -environment instability, or temperature difference, layer in the atmosphere. Different

text: lapse rate

text: s within dry and moist air lead to instability. Mixing of air during the day which expands the height of the

text: planetary boundary layer

text: leads to increased winds,

text: cumulus cloud

text: development, and decreased surface

text: dew point

text: s. Moist convection leads to

text: thunderstorm

text: development, which is often responsible for

text: severe weather

text: throughout the world. Special threats from thunderstorms include

text: hail

text: downburst

text: s, and

text: tornado

text: es.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature difference

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: moist air

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not a result of atmospheric convection?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Why is the top of the mesosphere warmer

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not the result of a parcel-environment instability?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: What is the result of a parcel-environment instability, or temperature difference, layer in the atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature difference,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: moist

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Atmospheric convection

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: dry and moist air

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Atmospheric convection

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Atmospheric convection

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Atmospheric convection

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Atmospheric convection

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: thunderstorm development,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Atmospheric convection

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Atmospheric convection

text: The low-altitude stratus clouds that make up the June Gloom cloud layer form over the nearby ocean, and are transported over the coastal areas by the region's prevailing westerly winds. The sheet-like stratus clouds are almost uniformly horizontal, covering large areas but having relatively shallow depth of . These clouds begin to form when wind mixes moisture from the ocean surface into the air. The air cools and expands as it is mixed and moves upward, and this cooling increases the relative humidity. When the relative humidity reaches 100%, the water vapor condenses into liquid water droplets and the clouds begin to form. The stable top of the marine layer, a result of the temperature inversion, prevents any dry, warm air from above the inversion from mixing with the stratus deck. This confines the stratus deck to a relatively narrow vertical band in the atmosphere, allowing it to strengthen.

text: The low-altitude stratus clouds that make up the June Gloom cloud layer form over the nearby ocean, and are transported over the coastal areas by the region's prevailing westerly winds. The sheet-like stratus clouds are almost uniformly horizontal, covering large areas but having relatively shallow depth of . These clouds begin to form when wind mixes moisture from the ocean surface into the air. The air cools and expands as it is mixed and moves upward, and this cooling increases the

text: relative humidity

text: . When the relative humidity reaches 100%, the water vapor condenses into liquid water droplets and the clouds begin to form. The stable top of the marine layer, a result of the temperature inversion, prevents any dry, warm air from above the inversion from mixing with the stratus deck. This confines the stratus deck to a relatively narrow vertical band in the atmosphere, allowing it to strengthen.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: marine layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: marine layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: marine layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: marine layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: marine layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: marine layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: marine layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: marine layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: dry, warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The stable top of the marine layer prevents any dry, warm air from above the inversion from mixing with the stratus deck

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratus

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: marine layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does not have convection currents?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How high does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of ion?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Why are the stratus clouds almost uniformly horizontal?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: marine layer,

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: marine layer,

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: vertical band

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: marine layer,

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: marine layer,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: marine layer,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: marine layer,

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature inversion,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: marine layer,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: stratus deck.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: strengthen.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: temperature inversion,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: temperature inversion,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: westerly winds.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: temperature inversion,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: marine layer,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: warm

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: 100%, the water vapor condenses into liquid water droplets

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: The low-altitude

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: temperature inversion,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: moisture from the ocean surface into the air.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: winds.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: marine layer,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: The air cools

text: Ozone is produced by short wavelength (110 nm – 220 nm) UV photolysis of oxygen in the upper atmosphere. The photochemical reaction of nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons from automobile exhausts is another source. Ozone plays a dual role in weathering. The concentrated layer in the upper atmosphere absorbs the short wavelength (≤300 nm) ultraviolet radiation emitted by the sun and thus plays a critical role in protecting terrestrial objects from this actinic radiation. Ozone is also a powerful oxidant and reported to react rapidly with elastomers and other unsaturated polymers. Ozonolysis typically results in stiffening and cracking, particularly under mechanical stress. However, the contribution of ozonolysis reactions to the overall photooxidation process is still subject to controversy.

text: Ozone

text: is produced by short wavelength (110 nm – 220 nm) UV

text: photolysis

text: of oxygen in the

text: upper atmosphere

text: . The photochemical reaction of

text: nitrogen oxide

text: s and

text: hydrocarbon

text: s from

text: automobile exhaust

text: s is another source. Ozone plays a dual role in weathering. The concentrated layer in the upper atmosphere absorbs the short wavelength (≤300 nm) ultraviolet radiation emitted by the sun and thus plays a critical role in protecting terrestrial objects from this

text: actinic radiation

text: . Ozone is also a powerful

text: oxidant

text: and reported to react rapidly with

text: elastomer

text: s and other

text: unsaturated

text: polymer

text: s.

text: Ozonolysis

text: typically results in stiffening and cracking, particularly under mechanical stress. However, the contribution of ozonolysis reactions to the overall photooxidation process is still subject to controversy.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: upper atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: upper atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Ozone

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: upper atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Ozone

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: The concentrated layer in the upper atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: upper atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: short wavelength

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: 300 nm

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Ozonolysis typically results in stiffening and cracking, particularly under mechanical stress.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: upper atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: upper atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: sun

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does not have convection currents?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: What is produced by short wavelength (110 nm – 220 nm) UV photolysis of oxygen?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: Ozone

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: Ozone

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Ozone

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: Ozone

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Ozone

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: Ozone

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: Ozone

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: oxygen

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: (110 nm – 220 nm)

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: Ozone

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: stiffening and cracking,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: upper atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: upper atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: sun

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: sun

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Ozone

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Ozone

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Ozone

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Ozone

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Ozone

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Ozone

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Ozone

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Ozone

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Ozone

text: The immediate cause of the phenomenon is the lower than normal rates of heat loss from the sea to the atmosphere, compounded with lower than usual water circulation resulting in a static upper layer of water. Both of these are attributed to a static high pressure region in the atmosphere, termed the Ridiculously Resilient Ridge, which has existed since spring 2014. The lack of air movement impacts the wind-forced currents and the wind-generated stirring of surface waters. These in turn have influenced the weather in the Pacific Northwest from the winter of 2013–2014 onwards and may have been associated with the unusually hot summer experienced in the continental Pacific Northwest in 2014.

text: The immediate cause of the phenomenon is the lower than normal rates of heat loss from the sea to the atmosphere, compounded with lower than usual water circulation resulting in a static upper layer of water. Both of these are attributed to a static high pressure region in the atmosphere, termed the

text: Ridiculously Resilient Ridge

text: , which has existed since spring 2014. The lack of air movement impacts the wind-forced currents and the wind-generated stirring of surface waters. These in turn have influenced the weather in the Pacific Northwest from the winter of 2013–2014 onwards and may have been associated with the unusually hot summer experienced in the continental Pacific Northwest in 2014.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: upper layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: upper layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: upper layer of water

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: upper layer of water

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: upper layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: pressure

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: upper layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: ozone protects humans from harmful ultraviolet rays

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Pacific Northwest

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: The troposphere rises to about 50 kilometers above Earths surface

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: What does the lack of air movement impact?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: upper layer of water.

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: upper layer of water.

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Ridiculously Resilient Ridge,

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: upper layer of water.

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Ridiculously Resilient Ridge,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: upper layer of water.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: upper layer of water.

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: pressure

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: water.

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: heat loss

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Ridiculously Resilient Ridge,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Ridiculously Resilient Ridge,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Ridiculously Resilient Ridge,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Ridiculously Resilient Ridge,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Ridiculously Resilient Ridge,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: wind-forced currents

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: lower than normal rates of heat loss from the sea to the atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Ridiculously Resilient Ridge,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Ridiculously Resilient Ridge,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: upper layer of water.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: lower than normal rates of heat loss from the sea to the atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: lower than normal rates of heat loss from the sea to the atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Ridiculously Resilient Ridge,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: lower than normal rates of heat loss from the sea to the atmosphere,

text: Observations of Mercury's polar regions by radar from Earth and the MESSENGER spacecraft have been consistent with water ice and/or other frozen volatiles being present in permanently shadowed areas of craters in Mercury's polar regions. Measurements of Mercury's exosphere, which is practically a vacuum, revealed more ions derived from water than scientists had expected. These volatiles would be available to hypothetical future colonists of Mercury.

text: Observations of Mercury's polar regions by radar from Earth and the

text: MESSENGER

text: spacecraft have been consistent with water ice and/or other frozen volatiles being present in permanently shadowed areas of craters in Mercury's polar regions. Measurements of Mercury's exosphere, which is practically a vacuum, revealed more ions derived from water than scientists had expected. These volatiles would be available to hypothetical future colonists of Mercury.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: polar regions

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Mercury's exosphere is practically a vacuum, revealed more ions derived from water than scientists had expected.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: It is practically a vacuum

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: exosphere,

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: exosphere,

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: exosphere,

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: exosphere,

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: exosphere,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: exosphere,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: exosphere,

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: exosphere,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: exosphere,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: a vacuum, revealed more ions derived from water than scientists had expected.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: exosphere,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: exosphere,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Mercury's exosphere,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Mercury's exosphere,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: water ice

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Mercury's exosphere,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: MESSENGER spacecraft have been consistent with water ice

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: water ice

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: exosphere,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: practically a vacuum,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: practically a vacuum,

text: A mysterious meteorite is hurtling towards the earth. During its entry into the atmosphere, it almost wounds Rayquaza, a sky guardian living in the ozone layer. The meteorite crashes into a polar zone, revealing two egg-shaped objects. The purple egg regenerates into a Deoxys and picks up the green egg. Rayquaza descends from the ozone layer to fight the invader (believing it to be an enemy). A battle ensues, destroying a nearby research site and traumatizing a young boy Tory (Tou'i), scared by a stampede of Spheal, Sealeo, and Walrein. Deoxys engages Rayquaza and the two take turns delivering devastating blows to each other, but the fight draws to a conclusion when Rayquaza surprises the alien Pokémon and fires a point blank Hyper Beam at it. Deoxys' body is destroyed, leaving only the purple crystal in its chest that falls into the sea, while some researchers take a similar green crystal that it found with them to Hoenn. Beneath the sea, the injured Deoxys regenerates and waits.

text: A mysterious

text: meteorite

text: is hurtling towards the earth. During its entry into the atmosphere, it almost wounds

text: Rayquaza

text: , a sky guardian living in the ozone layer. The meteorite crashes into a polar zone, revealing two egg-shaped objects. The purple egg regenerates into a

text: Deoxys

text: and picks up the green egg. Rayquaza descends from the

text: ozone layer

text: to fight the invader (believing it to be an enemy). A battle ensues, destroying a nearby research site and traumatizing a young boy Tory (Tou'i), scared by a stampede of

text: Spheal

text: Sealeo

text: , and

text: Walrein

text: . Deoxys engages Rayquaza and the two take turns delivering devastating blows to each other, but the fight draws to a conclusion when Rayquaza surprises the alien Pokémon and fires a point blank Hyper Beam at it. Deoxys' body is destroyed, leaving only the purple crystal in its chest that falls into the sea, while some researchers take a similar green crystal that it found with them to Hoenn. Beneath the sea, the injured Deoxys regenerates and waits.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: polar zone

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: polar zone

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: polar zone

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: air in the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Rayquaza descends from the ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: polar zone

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit in what direction?

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Where does most of the heat come from?

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer does the meteorite crash into?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Where does the heat that enters the mesosphere come from?

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What causes meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Which layer is warmer, the top or bottom?

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: What does the meteorite crash into?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Where does the meteorite crash?

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: What does the meteorite crash into?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: polar zone,

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: polar zone,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: polar zone,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: polar zone,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: meteorite

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: meteorite

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: polar zone,

text: The degree of the mixing of polar and mid-latitude air depends on the evolution and position of the polar night jet. In general, the mixing is less inside the vortex than outside. Mixing occurs with unstable planetary waves that are characteristic of the middle and upper stratosphere in winter. Prior to vortex breakdown, there is little transport of air out of the Arctic Polar Vortex due to strong barriers above 420 km (261 miles). The polar night jet which exists below this, is weak in the early winter. As a result, it does not deviate any descending polar air, which then mixes with air in the mid-latitudes. In the late winter, air parcels do not descend as much, reducing mixing.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Manney |first1=G |last2=Zurek |first2=R |last3=O'Neill |first3=A |last4=Swinbank |first4=R |year=1994 |title=On the motion of air through the stratospheric polar vortex |journal=Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences |doi=10.1175/1520-0469(1994)051

text: The degree of the mixing of polar and mid-latitude air depends on the evolution and position of the

text: polar night jet

text: . In general, the mixing is less inside the vortex than outside. Mixing occurs with unstable planetary waves that are characteristic of the middle and upper stratosphere in winter. Prior to vortex breakdown, there is little transport of air out of the Arctic Polar Vortex due to strong barriers above 420 km (261 miles). The polar night jet which exists below this, is weak in the early winter. As a result, it does not deviate any descending polar air, which then mixes with air in the mid-latitudes. In the late winter, air parcels do not descend as much, reducing mixing.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Manney |first1=G |last2=Zurek |first2=R |last3=O'Neill |first3=A |last4=Swinbank |first4=R |year=1994 |title=On the motion of air through the stratospheric polar vortex |journal=Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences |doi=10.1175/1520-0469(1994)051

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Arctic Polar Vortex

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Arctic Polar Vortex

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: upper stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: air in the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: In general, the mixing is less inside the vortex than outside.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Arctic Polar Vortex

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Arctic Polar Vortex

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: In the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What causes meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How high is the troposphere?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere merges with outer space

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is not true?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: upper stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratospheric polar vortex

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: middle and upper stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: upper

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: planetary waves

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: polar night jet

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: polar air, which then mixes with air in the mid-latitudes.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: less inside the vortex

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Arctic Polar Vortex

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Arctic Polar Vortex

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: planetary waves

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: planetary waves

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: middle and upper stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: stratospheric polar vortex

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: planetary waves

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 420 km

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: the mixing is less inside the vortex

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unstable planetary waves

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: planetary waves

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: planetary waves

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: winter.

text: Because Callisto and Ganymede are structurally similar to Titan, it is unclear why their atmospheres are insignificant relative to Titan's. Nevertheless, the origin of Titan's N via geologically ancient photolysis of accreted and degassed NH, as opposed to degassing of N from accretionary clathrates, may be the key to a correct inference. Had N been released from clathrates, Ar and Ar that are inert primordial isotopes of the Solar System should also be present in the atmosphere, but neither has been detected in significant quantities. The insignificant concentration of Ar and Ar also indicates that the ~40 K temperature required to trap them and N in clathrates did not exist in the Saturnian subnebula. Instead, the temperature may have been higher than 75 K, limiting even the accumulation of NH as hydrates. Temperatures would have been even higher in the Jovian subnebula due to the greater gravitational potential energy release, mass, and proximity to the Sun, greatly reducing the NH inventory accreted by Callisto and Ganymede. The resulting N atmospheres may have been too thin to survive the atmospheric erosion effects that Titan has withstood.

text: Because

text: Callisto

text: and

text: Ganymede

text: are structurally similar to Titan, it is unclear why their atmospheres are insignificant relative to Titan's. Nevertheless, the origin of Titan's N via geologically ancient photolysis of

text: accreted

text: and

text: degassed

text: NH, as opposed to degassing of N from accretionary

text: clathrate

text: s, may be the key to a correct inference. Had N been released from clathrates, Ar and Ar that are

text: inert

text: primordial isotope

text: s of the Solar System should also be present in the atmosphere, but neither has been detected in significant quantities. The insignificant concentration of Ar and Ar also indicates that the ~40 K temperature required to trap them and N in clathrates did not exist in the

text: Saturnian subnebula

text: . Instead, the temperature may have been higher than 75 K, limiting even the accumulation of NH as

text: hydrate

text: s. Temperatures would have been even higher in the

text: Jovian subnebula

text: due to the greater gravitational potential energy release, mass, and proximity to the Sun, greatly reducing the NH inventory accreted by Callisto and Ganymede. The resulting N atmospheres may have been too thin to survive the atmospheric erosion effects that Titan has withstood.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Jovian subnebula

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: N atmospheres may have been too thin

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: mass

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Jovian

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: air in the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: temperature may have been higher than 75 K

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Jovian

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Jovian

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Solar System

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Jovian

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: It is unclear

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Titan

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: 40 K

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: N atmospheres may have been too thin

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: accretionary clathrates,

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: it is unclear why their atmospheres are insignificant relative to Titan's.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: NH,

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: NH,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: N

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: accretionary clathrates,

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: structurally

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: N

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: NH,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: NH,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Jovian subnebula

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Saturnian subnebula.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Titan's.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: accreted and degassed NH,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: NH,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Titan,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: 75 K,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unclear why their atmospheres are insignificant relative to Titan's.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Ar

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: NH,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: <unk>40 K temperature

text: Temperature inversion and anomalous propagation can occur at most latitudes but they are more common in tropical climates than temperate climates, usually associated with high pressure areas (anticyclones).

text: Temperature inversion and anomalous propagation can occur at most latitudes but they are more common in

text: tropical

text: climates than

text: temperate

text: climates, usually associated with high pressure areas (anticyclones).

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: isotherm

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: pressure

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: ozone protects humans from harmful ultraviolet rays.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: tropical climates

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: tropical climates

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of meteors to burn up?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How high does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere is the outermost layer of the Earth.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is not a type of gas?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: Temperature inversion

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: Temperature inversion

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: temperate climates,

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: high pressure areas (anticyclones).

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: tropical climates than temperate climates,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: temperate climates,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: Temperature inversion and anomalous propagation

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: high pressure areas

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: latitudes

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: Temperature inversion

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: tropical climates than temperate climates,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: tropical climates

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: tropical climates

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: latitudes

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: tropical climates than temperate climates,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: most latitudes

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: they are more common in tropical climates than temperate climates,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: (anticyclones).

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: temperate climates,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: they are more common in tropical climates than temperate climates,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: high pressure areas (anticyclones).

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Temperature inversion

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Temperature inversion and anomalous propagation

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Temperature inversion

text: The ozone layer of the Earth's atmosphere plays an important role in depleting the amount of ultraviolet (UV) radiation that reaches the surface. As DNA is readily damaged by UV light, this serves to protect life at the surface. The atmosphere also retains heat during the night, thereby reducing the daily temperature extremes.

text: The

text: ozone layer

text: of the Earth's atmosphere plays an important role in depleting the amount of

text: ultraviolet

text: (UV) radiation that reaches the surface. As

text: DNA

text: is readily damaged by UV light, this serves to protect life at the surface. The atmosphere also retains heat during the night, thereby reducing the daily temperature extremes.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: UV radiation

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: UV

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The ozone layer of the Earth's atmosphere protects life at the surface.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: sky

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: night

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of ion?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: heat

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: DNA is readily damaged by UV light,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: reducing the daily temperature extremes.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: during the night,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: The ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: The ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: The ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: The ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: reducing the daily temperature extremes.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: The ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: heat during the night, thereby reducing the daily temperature extremes.

text: The thickness of the velocity boundary layer is normally defined as the distance from the solid body at which the viscous flow velocity is 99% of the freestream velocity (the surface velocity of an inviscid flow). Displacement Thickness is an alternative definition stating that the boundary layer represents a deficit in mass flow compared to inviscid flow with slip at the wall. It is the distance by which the wall would have to be displaced in the inviscid case to give the same total mass flow as the viscous case. The no-slip condition requires the flow velocity at the surface of a solid object be zero and the fluid temperature be equal to the temperature of the surface. The flow velocity will then increase rapidly within the boundary layer, governed by the boundary layer equations, below.

text: The

text: thickness

text: of the velocity boundary layer is normally defined as the distance from the solid body at which the viscous flow velocity is 99% of the freestream velocity (the surface velocity of an inviscid flow). Displacement Thickness is an alternative definition stating that the boundary layer represents a deficit in mass flow compared to inviscid flow with slip at the wall. It is the distance by which the wall would have to be displaced in the inviscid case to give the same total mass flow as the viscous case. The

text: no-slip condition

text: requires the flow velocity at the surface of a solid object be zero and the fluid temperature be equal to the temperature of the surface. The flow velocity will then increase rapidly within the boundary layer, governed by the boundary layer equations, below.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: velocity boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: velocity boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: velocity boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: density

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: velocity boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: no-slip condition requires the flow velocity at the surface of a solid object be zero

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does convection occur in?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: the stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: how many kilometers above earths surface

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: The thermosphere contains charged particles called ions

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: exosphere merges gradually with outer space

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: no-slip condition

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: velocity boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: velocity boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: velocity boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: velocity boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: 99% of the freestream velocity

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: zero

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: velocity boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: velocity boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: velocity boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: fluid temperature be equal to the temperature of the surface.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: zero

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: fluid temperature be equal to the temperature of the surface.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: fluid temperature be equal to the temperature of the surface.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: 99% of the freestream velocity

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: 99% of the freestream velocity

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: 99% of the freestream velocity

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: 99% of the freestream velocity

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: 99% of the freestream velocity

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 99% of the freestream velocity

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: fluid temperature be equal to the temperature of the surface.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: 99% of the freestream velocity

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: The thickness of the velocity boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: 99% of the freestream velocity

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: fluid temperature

text: The upper part of the thermosphere, where the mean free path of the molecules exceeds the scale height, is called the exosphere. The lower boundary of the Uranian exosphere, the exobase, is located at a height of about 6,500 km, or 1/4 of the planetary radius, above the surface. The exosphere is unusually extended, reaching as far as several Uranian radii from the planet. It is made mainly of hydrogen atoms and is often called the hydrogen corona of Uranus. The high temperature and relatively high pressure at the base of the thermosphere explain in part why Uranus's exosphere is so vast. The number density of atomic hydrogen in the corona falls slowly with the distance from the planet, remaining as high a few hundred atoms per cm at a few radii from Uranus. The effects of this bloated exosphere include a drag on small particles orbiting Uranus, causing a general depletion of dust in the Uranian rings. The infalling dust in turn contaminates the upper atmosphere of the planet.

text: The upper part of the thermosphere, where the

text: mean free path

text: of the molecules exceeds the

text: scale height

text: , is called the

text: exosphere

text: . The lower boundary of the Uranian exosphere, the exobase, is located at a height of about 6,500 km, or 1/4 of the planetary radius, above the surface. The exosphere is unusually extended, reaching as far as several Uranian radii from the planet. It is made mainly of hydrogen atoms and is often called the hydrogen

text: corona

text: of Uranus. The high temperature and relatively high pressure at the base of the thermosphere explain in part why Uranus's exosphere is so vast. The number density of atomic hydrogen in the corona falls slowly with the distance from the planet, remaining as high a few hundred atoms per cm at a few radii from Uranus. The effects of this bloated exosphere include a

text: drag

text: on small particles orbiting Uranus, causing a general depletion of

text: dust

text: in the Uranian rings. The infalling dust in turn contaminates the upper atmosphere of the planet.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: the exobase

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: the exobase

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: scale height

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: It is made mainly of hydrogen atoms

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Uranian

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer is made mainly of hydrogen atoms and is often called the hydrogen corona of Uranus

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What causes the infalling dust in turn contaminates the upper atmosphere of the planet?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles: hydrogen atoms or ions?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The number density of atomic hydrogen in the corona falls slowly

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: the exosphere.

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: exosphere.

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: the exobase,

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: exosphere.

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: the exobase,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: the exobase,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: the exosphere.

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: mean free path of the molecules exceeds the scale height,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: exosphere.

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: exosphere.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: a few radii from Uranus.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: The number density of atomic hydrogen in the corona

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: exosphere.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: 1/4 of the planetary radius,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: exosphere.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: exosphere.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: exosphere.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: exosphere.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 6,500 km,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: exosphere.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: exosphere.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: hydrogen atoms

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: falls slowly with the distance from the planet,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: hydrogen atoms

text: Data from the Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere satellite suggests that noctilucent clouds require water vapour, dust, and very cold temperatures to form. The sources of both the dust and the water vapour in the upper atmosphere are not known with certainty. The dust is believed to come from micrometeors, although particulates from volcanoes and dust from the troposphere are also possibilities. The moisture could be lifted through gaps in the tropopause, as well as forming from the reaction of methane with hydroxyl radicals in the stratosphere.

text: Data from the

text: Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere

text: satellite suggests that noctilucent clouds require water vapour, dust, and very cold temperatures to form. The sources of both the dust and the water vapour in the upper atmosphere are not known with certainty. The dust is believed to come from

text: micrometeors

text: , although particulates from

text: volcano

text: es and dust from the

text: troposphere

text: are also possibilities. The moisture could be lifted through gaps in the

text: tropopause

text: , as well as forming from the reaction of

text: methane

text: with

text: hydroxyl radical

text: s in the

text: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: Mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air in the stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: ozone is not a greenhouse gas

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere is not mentioned?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earth's surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a possibility: particulates from volcanoes and dust from the troposphere?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: The moisture could be lifted through gaps in the tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: micrometeors,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: upper atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: noctilucent clouds

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: micrometeors,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: micrometeors,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: dust from the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: micrometeors,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: dust from the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: micrometeors,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: dust from the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: temperatures

text: The last municipal district (M.D.) to rebrand itself as a county was the M.D. of Northern Lights No. 22, which was renamed as the County of Northern Lights on February 3, 2010.

text: The last municipal district (M.D.) to rebrand itself as a county was the M.D. of Northern Lights No. 22, which was renamed as the

text: County of Northern Lights

text: on February 3, 2010.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: no ozone layer exists

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: alps

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Northern Hemisphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Where do convection currents occur?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: what is the last municipality district (M.D. of Northern Lights No. 22)?

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What does friction with gas molecules cause?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: The troposphere rises to about 50 kilometers above Earths surface

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: The top of the mesosphere is hotter.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: The thermosphere contains charged particles called ions.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere merges gradually with outer space

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: What is the reason for this?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: 2010.

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: The last municipal district (M.D.)

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: February 3, 2010.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: 2010.

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: 2010.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: 2010.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: 2010.

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: Northern Lights

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Northern Lights

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: County of Northern Lights

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: 2010.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Northern Lights No. 22,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Northern Lights

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Northern Lights

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: 2010.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: 2010.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: February 3, 2010.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: 2010.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: February 3, 2010.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: 2010.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: County of Northern Lights

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: County of Northern Lights on February 3, 2010.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: 2010.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: 2010.

text: Adventure Gamers offered a more favourable analysis, concluding: "A philosophically ambitious game that distinguishes itself from the crowd. A rewarding experience, but expect plenty of confusion along the way", praising its "unique, complex premise; atmospheric, multi-layered mystery; high production values; excellent music; nice puzzle variety".

text: Adventure Gamers offered a more favourable analysis, concluding: "A philosophically ambitious game that distinguishes itself from the crowd. A rewarding experience, but expect plenty of confusion along the way", praising its "unique, complex premise; atmospheric, multi-layered mystery; high production values; excellent music; nice puzzle variety".

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: atmospheric pressure

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: mystery

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: ozone is a nonrenewable resource

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: mountain

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Arctic

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What causes meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: the exosphere merges gradually with outer space

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: atmospheric, multi-layered mystery;

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: atmospheric, multi-layered mystery;

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Adventure Gamers

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: atmospheric, multi-layered mystery;

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Adventure Gamers

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: atmospheric, multi-layered mystery;

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: atmospheric, multi-layered mystery;

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: atmospheric, multi-layered mystery;

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: atmospheric, multi-layered mystery;

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: Adventure Gamers

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: expect plenty of confusion along the way",

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: atmospheric, multi-layered mystery;

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: atmospheric, multi-layered mystery;

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Adventure Gamers

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Adventure Gamers

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Adventure Gamers

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Adventure Gamers

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Adventure Gamers

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Adventure Gamers

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Adventure Gamers

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Adventure Gamers

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Adventure Gamers

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Adventure Gamers

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Adventure Gamers

text: Another line of evidence against the sun having caused recent climate change comes from looking at how temperatures at different levels in the Earth's atmosphere have changed.Models and observations (see figure above, middle) show that greenhouse gas results in warming of the lower atmosphere at the surface (called the troposphere) but cooling of the upper atmosphere (called the stratosphere). Depletion of the ozone layer by chemical refrigerants has also resulted in a cooling effect in the stratosphere. If the sun was responsible for observed warming, warming of the troposphere at the surface and warming at the top of the stratosphere would be expected as increase solar activity would replenish ozone and oxides of nitrogen. The stratosphere has a reverse temperature gradient than the troposphere so as the temperature of the troposphere cools with altitude, the stratosphere rises with altitude. Hadley cells are the mechanism by which equatorial generated ozone in the tropics (highest area of UV irradiance in the stratosphere) is moved poleward. Global climate models suggest that climate change may widen the Hadley cells and push the jetstream northward thereby expanding the tropics region and resulting in warmer, dryer conditions in those areas overall.

text: Another line of evidence against the sun having caused recent climate change comes from looking at how temperatures at different levels in the Earth's atmosphere have changed.Models and observations (see figure above, middle) show that greenhouse gas results in warming of the lower atmosphere at the surface (called the

text: troposphere

text: ) but cooling of the upper atmosphere (called the

text: stratosphere

text: Depletion

text: of the

text: ozone layer

text: by chemical

text: refrigerant

text: s has also resulted in a cooling effect in the stratosphere. If the sun was responsible for observed warming, warming of the troposphere at the surface and warming at the top of the stratosphere would be expected as increase solar activity would replenish ozone and oxides of nitrogen. The stratosphere has a reverse temperature gradient than the troposphere so as the temperature of the troposphere cools with altitude, the stratosphere rises with altitude.

text: Hadley cells

text: are the mechanism by which equatorial generated ozone in the tropics (highest area of UV irradiance in the stratosphere) is moved poleward. Global climate models suggest that climate change may widen the Hadley cells and push the jetstream northward thereby expanding the tropics region and resulting in warmer, dryer conditions in those areas overall.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: the stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature gradient

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air in the stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: increase solar activity would replenish ozone

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: greenhouse gas

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer has a reverse temperature gradient than the troposphere?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not a result of greenhouse gases: warming of the lower atmosphere at the surface (called the troposphere) but cooling of the upper atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Which of the following is not a type of atmosphere: troposphere, stratosphere or upper atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles: troposphere, stratosphere, or Hadley cells?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is not a type of gas?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere).

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere).

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: reverse temperature gradient

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere).

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: reverse temperature gradient

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: troposphere)

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperatures

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere)

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warming

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: increase solar activity would replenish ozone

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere).

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: equatorial

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: greenhouse gas

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: troposphere)

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: cooling of the upper atmosphere (called the stratosphere).

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: greenhouse gas

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: as the temperature of the troposphere cools with altitude,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: greenhouse gas

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: troposphere)

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: troposphere)

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: cooling of the upper atmosphere (called the stratosphere).

text: Between the layers (and between the application and the top-most layer), the layers pass service data units across the interfaces.  The application or higher layer understands the structure of the data in the SDU, but the lower layer at the interface does not; it treats it as payload, undertaking to get it to the same interface at the destination.  In order to do this, the protocol layer will add to the SDU certain data it needs to perform its function.  For example, it might add a port number to identify the application, a network address to help with routing, a code to identify the type of data in the packet and error-checking information.  All this additional information, plus the original service data unit from the higher layer, constitutes the protocol data unit at this layer.  The significance of this is that the PDU is the structured information that is passed to a matching protocol layer further along on the data's journey that allows the layer to deliver its intended function or service.  The matching layer, or "peer", decodes the data to extract the original service data unit, decide if it is error-free and where to send it next, etc.  Unless we have already arrived at the lowest (physical) layer, the PDU is passed to the peer using services of the next lower layer in the protocol "stack".  When the PDU passes over the interface from the layer that constructed it to the layer that merely delivers it (and therefore does not understand its internal structure), it becomes a service data unit to that layer.  The addition of addressing and control information (which is called encapsulation) to an SDU to form a PDU and the passing of that PDU to the next lower layer as an SDU repeats until the lowest layer is reached and the data passes over some medium as a physical signal.

text: Between the layers (and between the application and the top-most layer), the layers pass service data units across the interfaces.  The application or higher layer understands the structure of the data in the SDU, but the lower layer at the interface does not; it treats it as

text: payload

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: unless we have already arrived at the lowest (physical layer)

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: physical layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: cold air in the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: layer above the clouds.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: lowest layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: layer that constructed it to the layer that merely delivers it

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What is the lowest layer in the protocol stack?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: The top of the mesosphere is warmer

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: storms on Earths surface

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: The thermosphere contains charged particles called ions.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: outer space

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: gas molecules in the exosphere are extremely cold

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: lowest (physical) layer,

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: lowest (physical) layer,

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: PDU

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: lowest (physical) layer,

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Unless we have already arrived at the lowest (physical) layer,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: (physical) layer,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: lowest (physical) layer,

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: (physical) layer,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: (physical) layer,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: "peer",

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: send it next,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: PDU

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: PDU

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: PDU

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: "peer",

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: PDU

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: the PDU

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: "peer",

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: "peer",

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: PDU

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: "peer",

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: PDU

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: PDU

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: PDU

text: This first release features a heavy and layered gothic sound, very atmospheric yet melodic, drawing consistent influence from doom metal and reminiscent of Novembre and mid-period Katatonia.

text: This first release features a heavy and layered

text: gothic

text: sound, very atmospheric yet melodic, drawing consistent influence from

text: doom metal

text: and reminiscent of

text: Novembre

text: and mid-period

text: Katatonia

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: The boundary between the stratosphere and mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: the lowest layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: atmospheric pressure

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: doom

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: ozone is a nonrenewable resource

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: mountain

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which of the following is not a layer of the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What does friction with gas molecules cause meteors to do?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earth's surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: It is colder.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of ion?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: It merges gradually with outer space.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: atmospheric

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: layered gothic sound,

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: mid-period Katatonia.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: layered gothic sound,

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: mid-period Katatonia.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: melodic,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: layered gothic sound,

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: layered gothic sound,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: layered gothic sound,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: doom metal

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: heavy and layered gothic sound,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Novembre and mid-period Katatonia.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Novembre

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Novembre and mid-period Katatonia.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: doom metal

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: layered gothic sound, very atmospheric yet melodic,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Novembre and mid-period Katatonia.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: doom metal

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Novembre and mid-period Katatonia.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: reminiscent of Novembre

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: doom metal and reminiscent of Novembre

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: doom metal and reminiscent of Novembre

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: doom metal and reminiscent of Novembre

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: doom metal

text: When multiple layers of glazes are used, the colors in all visible layers can appear combined. However, the pigments are not physically mixed, since the paint is left to dry before each successive glaze is applied. The artist may apply several layers of paint with increasing amounts of oil added to each successive layer. This process of applying the fat layers (more oil in the painter’s medium) over the lean layers (less oil) can minimize cracking; this is the "fat over lean" principle.

text: When multiple layers of glazes are used, the colors in all visible layers can appear combined. However, the pigments are not physically mixed, since the paint is left to dry before each successive glaze is applied. The artist may apply several layers of paint with increasing amounts of oil added to each successive layer. This process of applying the fat layers (more oil in the painter’s medium) over the lean layers (less oil) can minimize cracking; this is the "

text: fat over lean

text: " principle.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: lean layers

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: lean layers

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Ozone is a nonrenewable resource

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: layers of paint

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: orbital plane

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which of the following is not a layer of the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: What is the "fat over lean" principle?

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles called ions?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: What is the "fat over lean" principle?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: layers

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: layers

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: When multiple layers of glazes are used, the colors in all visible layers

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: layers

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: When multiple layers of glazes are used, the colors in all visible layers

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: When multiple layers of glazes are used, the colors in all visible layers

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: layers

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: oil

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: layers

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: combined. However, the pigments are not physically mixed,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: combined. However, the pigments are not physically mixed,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: combined. However, the pigments are not physically mixed,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: combined. However, the pigments are not physically mixed,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: mixed,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: "fat over lean" principle.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: visible layers can appear combined.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: combined. However, the pigments are not physically mixed,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: mixed,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: combined. However, the pigments are not physically mixed,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: combined. However, the pigments are not physically mixed,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: mixed,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: combined. However, the pigments are not physically mixed,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: combined. However, the pigments are not physically mixed,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: combined. However, the pigments are not physically mixed,

text: The Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics, or TIMED, mission  explores Earth's mesosphere and lower thermosphere (40–50 miles up), the least explored and understood region of the atmosphere. Solar events, as well as temperature changes in the stratosphere can perturb this region, but the overall structure of and responses to these effects are not understood. Advances in remote sensing technology employed by TIMED enable it to explore this region on a global basis from space.

text: The Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics, or

text: TIMED

text: , mission  explores Earth's mesosphere and lower thermosphere (40–50 miles up), the least explored and understood region of the atmosphere. Solar events, as well as temperature changes in the stratosphere can perturb this region, but the overall structure of and responses to these effects are not understood. Advances in remote sensing technology employed by TIMED enable it to explore this region on a global basis from space.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: lower thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: 40–50 miles up

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: 40–50 miles up

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: lower thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Solar events, as well as temperature changes in the stratosphere can perturb this region

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: What is the least explored and understood region of the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What is the least explored and understood region of the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: It is

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: What is the term for charged particles in the thermosphere?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: what is the least explored and understood region of the atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: lower thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: (40–50 miles up),

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: lower thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: Solar events,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: lower thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: temperature changes in the stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: the overall structure of and responses to these effects are not understood.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: space.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Solar events,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Earth's mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Solar events, as well as temperature changes in the stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: the overall structure of and responses to these effects are not understood.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: (40–50 miles

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Earth's mesosphere and lower thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Solar events,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Earth's mesosphere and lower thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: temperature changes in the stratosphere

text: Gustave Hermite and Georges Besançon, from France, were the first in 1892 to use a balloon to fly the meteograph. In 1898, Léon Teisserenc de Bort organized at the Observatoire de Météorologie Dynamique de Trappes the first regular daily use of these balloons. Data from these launches showed that the temperature lowered with height up to a certain altitude, which varied with the season, and then stabilized above this altitude. De Bort's discovery of the tropopause and stratosphere was announced in 1902 at the French Academy of Sciences. Other researchers, like Richard Aßmann and William Henry Dines, were working at the same times with similar instruments.

text: Gustave Hermite

text: and

text: Georges Besançon

text: , from France, were the first in 1892 to use a balloon to fly the meteograph. In 1898,

text: Léon Teisserenc de Bort

text: organized at the Observatoire de Météorologie Dynamique de

text: Trappes

text: the first regular daily use of these balloons. Data from these launches showed that the temperature lowered with height up to a certain altitude, which varied with the season, and then stabilized above this altitude. De Bort's discovery of the

text: tropopause

text: and

text: stratosphere

text: was announced in 1902 at the French Academy of Sciences. Other researchers, like

text: Richard Aßmann

text: and

text: William Henry Dines

text: , were working at the same times with similar instruments.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: altitude

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: the stratosphere was announced in 1902 at the French Academy of Sciences

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: balloons

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does not have convection currents?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which happened first, Gustave Hermite and Georges Besançon, from France, were the first in 1892 to use a balloon to fly the meteograph

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Which is not true?

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle: ions, tropopause, or stratosphere?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere merges gradually with outer space

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is not a type of gas: gas molecules in the exosphere are extremely cold?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: tropopause and stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: the temperature lowered with height up to a certain altitude,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: the temperature lowered with height up to a certain altitude,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: the temperature lowered with height up to a certain altitude,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Observatoire de Météorologie Dynamique de Trappes

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: the temperature lowered with height up to a certain altitude,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: tropopause and stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: the temperature lowered with height up to a certain altitude,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: tropopause and stratosphere was announced in 1902

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: lowered with height

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Observatoire de Météorologie Dynamique de Trappes

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: tropopause and stratosphere was announced in 1902

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: the temperature lowered with height up to a certain altitude,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: the temperature lowered with height up to a certain altitude,

text: It acts as a framework for the international efforts to protect the ozone layer. However, it does not include legally binding reduction goals for the use of CFCs, the main chemical agents causing ozone depletion. These are laid out in the accompanying Montreal Protocol.

text: It acts as a framework for the international efforts to protect the

text: ozone layer

text: . However, it does not include legally binding reduction goals for the use of

text: CFC

text: s, the main chemical agents causing

text: ozone depletion

text: . These are laid out in the accompanying

text: Montreal Protocol

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: cold air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: legally binding reduction goals for the use of CFCs

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Montreal Protocol

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Montreal Protocol

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: legally binding reduction goals

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Montreal Protocol.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Montreal Protocol.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Montreal Protocol.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Montreal Protocol.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Montreal Protocol.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Montreal Protocol.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Montreal Protocol.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: CFCs,

text: The angle of incidence of the microbarom ray determines which of these propagation modes it experiences. Rays directed vertically toward the zenith are dissipated in the thermosphere, and are a significant source of heating in that layer of the upper atmosphere. At mid latitudes in typical summer conditions, rays between approximately 30 and 60 degrees from the vertical are reflected from altitudes above 125 km where the return signals are strongly attenuated first.Rays launched at shallower angles may be reflected from the upper stratosphere at approximately 45 km above the surface in mid latitudes,or from 60–70 km in low latitudes.

text: The angle of incidence of the microbarom ray determines which of these propagation modes it experiences. Rays directed vertically toward the zenith are dissipated in the thermosphere, and are a significant source of heating in that layer of the

text: upper atmosphere

text: . At mid latitudes in typical summer conditions, rays between approximately 30 and 60 degrees from the vertical are reflected from altitudes above 125 km where the return signals are strongly

text: attenuated

text: first.Rays launched at shallower angles may be reflected from the upper stratosphere at approximately 45 km above the surface in mid latitudes,or from 60–70 km in low latitudes.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: latitude

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Rays launched at shallower angles may be reflected from the upper stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: asteroid belt

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does not have convection currents?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above the surface in mid latitudes?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle: charged particles or ions?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which layer of the upper atmosphere is the exosphere?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: thermosphere,

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: thermosphere,

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: thermosphere,

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: upper stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: thermosphere,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: upper stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: thermosphere,

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: angle of incidence

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: upper stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: heating

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: heating

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: thermosphere,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: thermosphere,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: zenith

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Rays directed vertically toward the zenith

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: thermosphere,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: thermosphere,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: heating

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 45

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: thermosphere,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: a significant source of heating

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: thermosphere,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: thermosphere,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: thermosphere,

text: Northern Lights – Southern Cross was released on November 1, 1975. The album received generally positive reviews, and reached #26 on the Billboard charts, remaining in the Top 40 for five weeks.

text: Northern Lights – Southern Cross was released on November 1, 1975. The album received generally positive reviews, and reached #26 on the Billboard charts, remaining in the Top 40 for five weeks.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The album Northern Lights – Southern Cross received generally positive reviews.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Billboard charts

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Northern Lights

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Where does the song Northern Lights – Southern Cross come from?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle: charged particles or ions?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: How would you describe Northern Lights – Southern Cross?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: Southern Cross

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: Cross

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: November 1, 1975.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: Cross

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Southern Cross

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: Cross

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: Southern Cross

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: Cross

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Cross

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: Southern Cross

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: 1975. The album received generally positive reviews, and reached #26

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: 1975.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Northern Lights – Southern Cross

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: November 1, 1975.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: 1975.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Top 40

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: 1975.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: 40

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 1975.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: 1975.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Northern Lights – Southern Cross was released on November 1, 1975.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Top 40

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: 1975.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: 1975.

text: In the Earth's atmosphere, the atmospheric boundary layer is the air layer near the ground affected by diurnal heat, moisture or momentum transfer to or from the surface.  On an aircraft wing the boundary layer is the part of the flow close to the wing, where viscous forces distort the surrounding non-viscous flow.

text: In the

text: Earth's atmosphere

text: , the

text: atmospheric boundary layer

text: is the air layer near the ground affected by diurnal heat, moisture or momentum transfer to or from the surface.  On an

text: aircraft

text: wing

text: the boundary layer is the part of the flow close to the wing, where

text: viscous

text: force

text: s distort the surrounding non-viscous flow.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: the atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The boundary layer is the part of the flow close to the wing.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: the atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: the atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: diurnal heat, moisture or momentum transfer to or from the surface.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: heat,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: viscous forces distort the surrounding non-viscous

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: the atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: atmospheric boundary layer is the air layer near the ground

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: the atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: the atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: viscous forces distort the surrounding non-viscous flow.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: the atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: the atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: In the Earth's atmosphere, the atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: In the Earth's

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: In the Earth's atmosphere, the atmospheric boundary layer

text: Pure aluminium naturally forms a thin surface layer of aluminium oxide on contact with oxygen in the atmosphere through a process called oxidation, which creates a physical barrier to corrosion or further oxidation in most environments. Aluminium alloys, however, offer little protection against corrosion. There are three main ways to passivate these alloys: alclading, chromate conversion coating and anodizing. Alclading is the process of metallurgically bonding a thin layer of pure aluminium to the aluminium alloy. Chromate conversion coating is a common way of passivating not only aluminum, but also zinc, cadmium, copper, silver, magnesium, and tin alloys. Anodizing forms a thick oxide coating. This finish is more robust than the other processes and also provides good electrical insulation, which the other two processes do not.

text: Pure

text: aluminium

text: naturally forms a thin surface layer of

text: aluminium oxide

text: on contact with

text: oxygen

text: in the atmosphere through a process called

text: oxidation

text: , which creates a physical barrier to corrosion or further oxidation in most environments.

text: Aluminium alloy

text: s, however, offer little protection against corrosion. There are three main ways to passivate these alloys:

text: alclad

text: ing,

text: chromate conversion coating

text: and

text: anodizing

text: . Alclading is the process of metallurgically bonding a thin layer of pure aluminium to the aluminium alloy. Chromate conversion coating is a common way of passivating not only aluminum, but also

text: zinc

text: cadmium

text: copper

text: silver

text: magnesium

text: , and

text: tin

text: alloys. Anodizing forms a thick oxide coating. This finish is more robust than the other processes and also provides good

text: electrical insulation

text: , which the other two processes do not.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: oxygen

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: oxygen content

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: oxygen

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Anodizing forms a thick oxide coating

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: polar regions

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does not have convection currents?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earth's surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of ions: zinc, cadmium, copper, silver, magnesium, and tin alloys?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: How would you describe the exosphere?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: oxygen

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: oxygen

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: oxygen

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: oxygen

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: oxygen

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: oxygen

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: oxygen

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: oxygen

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: oxygen

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: oxygen

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: oxygen

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: oxygen

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: oxygen in the atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Pure aluminium

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: oxygen

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: oxidation,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: oxygen

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Pure aluminium

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Anodizing

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Pure aluminium

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: oxygen in the atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Pure aluminium

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: oxygen

text: Scientific investigation for the IAP is defined by the vertical extent of the atmosphere. Types of investigations include theoretical models, numerical simulation, and experiment for the Earth's boundary layer, troposphere, middle atmosphere, ionosphere and magnetosphere.

text: Scientific investigation for the IAP is defined by the vertical extent of the atmosphere. Types of investigations include

text: theoretical models

text: numerical simulation

text: , and

text: experiment

text: for the Earth's

text: boundary layer

text: troposphere

text: middle atmosphere

text: ionosphere

text: and

text: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: middle atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: the Earth's boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: the Earth's boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: vertical extent

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The IAP is defined by the vertical extent of the atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which of the following is not a type of investigation: theoretical models, numerical simulation, or experiment?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not a type of investigation for the Earth's boundary layer?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: What is the vertical extent of the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of investigation: theoretical models, numerical simulation, or experiment?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere merges gradually with outer space.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is not a type of investigation?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: boundary layer,

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Earth's boundary layer,

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Earth's boundary layer,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: vertical extent

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: Earth's boundary layer, troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Scientific investigation

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: IAP

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's boundary layer, troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: ionosphere and magnetosphere.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: ionosphere and magnetosphere.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: ionosphere and magnetosphere.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: ionosphere and magnetosphere.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: ionosphere and magnetosphere.

text: The troposphere is heated from below by latent heat, longwave radiation, and sensible heat.  Surplus heating and vertical expansion of the troposphere occurs in the tropics. At middle latitudes, tropospheric temperatures decrease from an average of 15 °C at sea level to about -55 °C at the tropopause. At the poles,  tropospheric temperature only decreases from an average of 0 °C at sea level to about -45 °C at the tropopause. At the equator, tropospheric temperatures decrease from an average of 20 °C at sea level to about -70 to -75 °C at the tropopause. The troposphere is thinner at the poles and thicker at the equator. The average thickness of the tropical tropopause is roughly 7 kilometers greater than the average tropopause thickness at the poles.

text: The troposphere is heated from below by

text: latent heat

text: longwave radiation

text: , and

text: sensible heat

text: .  Surplus heating and vertical expansion of the troposphere occurs in the tropics. At middle latitudes, tropospheric temperatures decrease from an average of 15 °C at sea level to about -55 °C at the

text: tropopause

text: . At the

text: pole

text: s,  tropospheric temperature only decreases from an average of 0 °C at sea level to about -45 °C at the tropopause. At the

text: equator

text: , tropospheric temperatures decrease from an average of 20 °C at sea level to about -70 to -75 °C at the tropopause. The troposphere is thinner at the poles and thicker at the equator. The average thickness of the tropical tropopause is roughly 7 kilometers greater than the average tropopause thickness at the poles.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: latitude

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: troposphere is thinner at the poles and thicker at the equator

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: middle latitudes

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: middle latitudes

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: U.S.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere is thinner at the equator?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What causes meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: What is the average thickness of the tropopause?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Which is not true?

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles: latent heat, longwave radiation, or sensible heat?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Where does the exosphere merge with outer space?

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: What is the average thickness of the tropical tropopause?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: tropopause.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: tropopause.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: thinner at the poles and thicker at the equator.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: tropical tropopause

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: -55 °C

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: 7 kilometers greater than the average tropopause thickness at the poles.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: poles,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: poles,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: equator,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: latent heat, longwave radiation, and sensible heat.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: The troposphere

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: latent heat, longwave radiation, and sensible heat.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: latent heat, longwave radiation, and sensible heat.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 7 kilometers greater than the average tropopause thickness at the poles.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: thinner at the poles and thicker at the equator.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: -45 °C

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: The troposphere

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The troposphere

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: 0 °C at sea level to about -45 °C

text: ASRC performs research to study the physical and chemical nature of the atmosphere and its implications to the environment. Research areas include boundary layers, solar radiation, radiative transfer, atmospheric chemistry, aerosol physics, air quality, solar energy, cloud physics, climate systems, and air quality monitoring. In addition the center has a large "jungle research group" exploring atmosphere and biosphere relationships in Amazonia, the Alaskan Tundra, the Canadian Boreal Forest, and the Eastern U.S.

text: ASRC performs research to study the physical and chemical nature of the atmosphere and its implications to the environment. Research areas include boundary layers,

text: solar radiation

text: , radiative transfer,

text: atmospheric chemistry

text: , aerosol physics,

text: air quality

text: solar energy

text: , cloud physics, climate systems, and air quality monitoring. In addition the center has a large "jungle research group" exploring atmosphere and biosphere relationships in

text: Amazonia

text: , the Alaskan Tundra, the Canadian Boreal Forest, and the Eastern U.S.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: boundary layers

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: boundary layers

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: boundary layers

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: boundary layers

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: boundary layers

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: boundary layers

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: boundary layers

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: boundary

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: boundary layers

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The ozone layer protects humans from harmful ultraviolet rays

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Arctic

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Alaskan Tundra

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: solar radiation

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which of the following is not a research area: boundary layers, solar radiation, radiative transfer, atmospheric chemistry, aerosol physics, cloud physics, climate systems, and air quality monitoring?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earth's surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: It is warmer at the top

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle: ions, boundary layers, or solar radiation?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere merges gradually with outer space.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is not a physical property of gas molecules in the exosphere?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: boundary layers,

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: boundary layers,

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: boundary layers,

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: boundary layers,

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: boundary layers,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: boundary layers,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: boundary layers,

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: boundary layers,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: aerosol

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: solar radiation, radiative transfer,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: ASRC

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: radiative transfer,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Alaskan Tundra,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: solar radiation, radiative transfer,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: solar energy,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: boundary layers,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: solar radiation, radiative transfer,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: atmospheric chemistry,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: radiative transfer,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: solar radiation, radiative transfer,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: solar radiation, radiative transfer,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: atmospheric chemistry,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: radiative transfer,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: radiative transfer, atmospheric chemistry, aerosol physics,

text: "Midnight City" received universal acclaim, and was hailed as one of the best songs of 2011. Pitchfork Media's Brandon Stosuy wrote: "'Midnight City' comes off like Gonzalez's '1979.' The parallels are there, from the instantly memorable riff to the gentle sense of longing". Ryan Reed of PopMatters also praised the song, writing: "On this transcendent standout [...] Anthony Gonzalez and co-synth-scientist Justin Meldal-Johnsen build layer upon layer of keys, arena-sized drums, and vocal atmospherics (not mentioning one of the tastiest sax solos this side of a Springsteen record). The result? The synth Sistine Chapel." Josh Jackson of Paste wrote that the song "[...] sees Anthony Gonzalez at his spacey, dramatic best," while Spins Charles Aaron described the song as "[...] Korg synths set to 'stunned.'"

text: "Midnight City" received universal acclaim, and was hailed as one of the best songs of 2011.

text: Pitchfork Media

text: 's Brandon Stosuy wrote: "'Midnight City' comes off like Gonzalez's '

text: .' The parallels are there, from the instantly memorable riff to the gentle sense of longing". Ryan Reed of

text: PopMatters

text: also praised the song, writing: "On this transcendent standout [...] Anthony Gonzalez and co-synth-scientist Justin Meldal-Johnsen build layer upon layer of keys, arena-sized drums, and vocal atmospherics (not mentioning one of the tastiest sax solos this side of a Springsteen record). The result? The synth Sistine Chapel." Josh Jackson of

text: Paste

text: wrote that the song "[...] sees Anthony Gonzalez at his spacey, dramatic best," while

text: Spin

text: s Charles Aaron described the song as "[...]

text: Korg

text: synths set to 'stunned.'"

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: vocal atmospherics

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: layer upon layer

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: vocal

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: the song "[...] sees Anthony Gonzalez at his spacey, dramatic best,"

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: mountain

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Arctic

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: How many layers of the atmosphere does convection occur in?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What causes meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: What does the song "[...] sees Anthony Gonzalez at his spacey, dramatic best?"

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unknown

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Why are gas molecules in the exosphere extremely cold?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: vocal atmospherics

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: vocal atmospherics

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: '1979.'

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: keys, arena-sized drums, and vocal atmospherics

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: '1979.'

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: vocal

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: vocal atmospherics

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: vocal atmospherics

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: vocal

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: Korg synths set to'stunned.'"

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: '1979.'

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: '1979.'

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: "Midnight City"

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: '1979.'

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: '1979.'

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: '1979.'

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: '1979.'

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: '1979.'

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: '1979.'

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: '1979.'

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Korg synths set to'stunned.'"

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Korg synths set to'stunned.'"

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: "Midnight City"

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: '1979.'

text: The song itself is a collaboration of synthetic drums and pads layered over striving constant and uplifting stabs and atmospheric arrangements.

text: The song itself is a collaboration of synthetic drums and pads layered over striving constant and uplifting stabs and atmospheric arrangements.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: isotope

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: can not be described

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: shortest layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The song itself is a collaboration of synthetic drums and pads.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: glacier

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: clouds

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How high is the troposphere?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: It is colder.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere merges with outer space

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: atmospheric arrangements.

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: atmospheric arrangements.

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: atmospheric arrangements.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: atmospheric arrangements.

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: uplifting stabs and atmospheric arrangements.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: synthetic drums and pads

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: atmospheric arrangements.

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: atmospheric arrangements.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: synthetic drums and pads

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: uplifting stabs and atmospheric arrangements.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: uplifting

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: uplifting stabs and atmospheric arrangements.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: atmospheric arrangements.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: uplifting stabs and atmospheric arrangements.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: uplifting stabs and atmospheric arrangements.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: atmospheric arrangements.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: uplifting stabs and atmospheric arrangements.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: uplifting stabs and atmospheric arrangements.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: atmospheric arrangements.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: uplifting stabs and atmospheric arrangements.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: uplifting stabs and atmospheric arrangements.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: uplifting stabs and atmospheric arrangements.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: uplifting stabs

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: uplifting stabs and atmospheric arrangements.

text: Jupiter's atmospheric composition and ammonia clouds were recorded, the clouds possibly created by outflows from the lower depths of the atmosphere. Io's volcanism and plasma interactions with Jupiter's atmosphere were also recorded. The data Galileo collected supported the theory of a liquid ocean under the icy surface of Europa, and there were indications of similar liquid-saltwater layers under the surfaces of Ganymede and Callisto. Ganymede was shown to possess a magnetic field and the spacecraft found new evidence for exospheres around Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto. Galileo also discovered that Jupiter's faint ring system consists of dust from impacts on the four small inner moons. The extent and structure of Jupiter's magnetosphere was also mapped.

text: Jupiter's atmospheric composition and

text: ammonia

text: clouds were recorded, the clouds possibly created by outflows from the lower depths of the atmosphere.

text: Io

text: 's

text: volcanism

text: and

text: plasma

text: interactions with Jupiter's atmosphere were also recorded. The data Galileo collected supported

text: the theory of a liquid ocean

text: under the icy surface of

text: Europa

text: , and there were indications of similar liquid-

text: saltwater

text: layers under the surfaces of

text: Ganymede

text: and

text: Callisto

text: . Ganymede was shown to possess a

text: magnetic field

text: and the spacecraft found new evidence for

text: exosphere

text: s around Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto. Galileo also discovered that Jupiter's faint

text: ring system

text: consists of dust from impacts on the four small inner moons. The extent and structure of Jupiter's

text: magnetosphere

text: was also mapped.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Jupiter's magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: exospheres

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: Jupiter's atmospheric composition

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: composition

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: air in the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Jupiter's faint ring system consists of dust from impacts on the four small inner moons

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Jupiter atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: lower depths

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: How many layers of the atmosphere does Jupiter have?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earth's surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles: ions, exospheres, or magnetosphere?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: It merges gradually with outer space.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: lower depths

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: liquid-saltwater

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: lower depths

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: Jupiter's atmospheric composition and ammonia clouds

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: a liquid ocean

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Jupiter's

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: lower depths

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Jupiter's

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: outflows from the lower depths of the atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: outflows from the lower depths

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: outflows

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: outflows

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Jupiter's magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: outflows from the lower depths

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: outflows

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: exospheres

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: exospheres

text: "Mesosphere" (not to be confused with mesosphere, a layer of the atmosphere) is derived from “mesospheric shell”, coined by Reginald Aldworth Daly, a Harvard University geology professor. In the pre-plate tectonics era, Daly (1940) inferred that the outer earth consisted of three spherical layers: lithosphere (including the crust), asthenosphere, and mesospheric shell. Daly’s hypothetical depths to the lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary ranged from , and the top of the mesospheric shell (base of the asthenosphere) were from . Thus, Daly’s asthenosphere was inferred to be  thick. According to Daly, the base of the solid Earth mesosphere could extend to the base of the mantle (and, thus, to the top of the core).

text: "Mesosphere" (not to be confused with

text: mesosphere

text: , a layer of the

text: atmosphere

text: ) is derived from “mesospheric shell”, coined by

text: Reginald Aldworth Daly

text: , a

text: Harvard University

text: geology

text: professor. In the pre-

text: plate tectonics

text: era, Daly (1940) inferred that the outer

text: earth

text: consisted of three

text: spherical

text: layers:

text: lithosphere

text: (including the

text: crust

text: asthenosphere

text: , and mesospheric shell. Daly’s hypothetical depths to the lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary ranged from , and the top of the mesospheric shell (base of the asthenosphere) were from . Thus, Daly’s asthenosphere was inferred to be  thick. According to Daly, the base of the solid Earth mesosphere could extend to the base of the mantle (and, thus, to the top of the

text: core

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Daly’s hypothetical depths

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: spherical

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Daly’s hypothetical depths to the lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary ranged from

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: elliptical orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Daly

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How high is the troposphere?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: The thermosphere contains charged particles called ions.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: mesosphere,

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: mesospheric shell

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: mesosphere,

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: lithosphere (including the crust), asthenosphere,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: mesosphere,

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: spherical

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: lithosphere (including the crust), asthenosphere,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: "Mesosphere"

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: thick.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: atmosphere)

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: base of the mantle

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: spherical layers:

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: "Mesosphere"

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: three

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Daly’s asthenosphere

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: “mesospheric shell”,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: "Mesosphere"

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: thick.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: "Mesosphere"

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: "Mesosphere"

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: lithosphere

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: "Mesosphere"

text: In general inkjet solar cells are made by using an inkjet printer to put down the semiconductor material and electrodes onto a solar cell substrate. Both organic and inorganic solar cells can be made using the inkjet method. Inkjet printed inorganic solar cells are mainly CIGS solar cells. The organic solar cells are polymer solar cells. First, the ink must be prepared. Generally the ink is composed of a metal salt mixture(CIGS) in the inorganic case. In the organic case the ink is a polymer fullerene blend. The ink is then printed onto a substrate which can vary. These materials are what creates the electric power from sunlight. In most cases more layers of other materials are deposited or the cell goes through another process to complete it. The entire process is done in atmospheric pressure and can use temperatures of up to 500C. Important factors for the efficiency of inkjet printed organic solar cells are the inkjet latency time,the inkjet printing table temperature, and the effect of the chemical properties of the polymer donor.

text: In general inkjet solar cells are made by using an inkjet printer to put down the semiconductor material and electrodes onto a solar cell substrate. Both organic and inorganic solar cells can be made using the inkjet method. Inkjet printed inorganic solar cells are mainly

text: CIGS

text: solar cells. The organic solar cells are

text: polymer solar cells

text: . First, the ink must be prepared. Generally the ink is composed of a metal salt mixture(CIGS) in the inorganic case. In the organic case the ink is a polymer fullerene blend. The ink is then printed onto a substrate which can vary. These materials are what creates the electric power from sunlight. In most cases more layers of other materials are deposited or the cell goes through another process to complete it. The entire process is done in atmospheric pressure and can use temperatures of up to 500C. Important factors for the efficiency of inkjet printed organic solar cells are the inkjet latency time,the inkjet printing table temperature, and the effect of the chemical properties of the polymer donor.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: atmospheric pressure

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: cold air in the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: inkjet solar cells can be made using the inkjet method

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: solar cells

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: inorganic case

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Which of the following is not a type of cell?

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which of the following is not a layer of the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Where does the heat that enters the mesosphere come from?

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not a type of gas?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: The troposphere rises to about 50 kilometers above Earths surface.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Why is the top of the mesosphere warmer

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of ion?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Which of the following is not a type of solar cell?

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is true of the exosphere?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: atmospheric pressure

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: atmospheric pressure

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: In general inkjet solar cells

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: atmospheric pressure

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: inkjet solar cells

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: atmospheric pressure

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: atmospheric pressure

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: atmospheric pressure

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: atmospheric pressure

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: sunlight.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: inkjet solar cells

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: atmospheric pressure

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: atmospheric pressure

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: atmospheric pressure and can use temperatures of up to 500C.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: sunlight.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: atmospheric pressure

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: sunlight.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: inkjet solar cells

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: atmospheric pressure and can use temperatures of up to 500C.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: temperatures of up to 500C.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: sunlight.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: atmospheric pressure

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: In general inkjet solar cells

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: 500C.

text: The high temperatures coupled with an increase in insolation causes a region of low pressure to develop over west Africa and Nigeria (between March to May). The Tropical continental airmass (CT) from the Sahara Desert in the northern part of West Africa, is weakened due to the overheating of the land surface in west Africa and Nigeria at this time. The Tropical continental airmass (CT) begins to retreat northwards to the Sahara Desert due to massive heating of the land which transfers heat in the form of convection into the Tropical continental airmass (CT) which constitutes the main layer of air above the land. This transfer of heat in the Tropical continental airmass (CT) in turn, causes the wind to expand and become lighter as this is the normal behaviour for winds moving above intensely heated grounds.The Tropical continental airmass (CT) loses its strength as a major airmass in the region of west Africa and over Nigeria at this time (around February in the southern part of Nigeria to June in northern Nigeria) and begins to retreat coupled with the rising of air in form of convection within this airmass (Tropical continental airmass (CT)), further weakening the dominance of the wind over west Africa and Nigeria.The Tropical continental airmass (CT) finally retreats from most part of Nigeria, and the West African atmosphere around April to May, leaving an empty atmosphere over Nigeria. The sun's rays enters into the atmosphere of Nigeria more intense than it does during the presence of the Tropical continental airmass, which contained dust (in form of haze) that reduced the intensity of the sun. The overheating of the west Africa land mass and Nigeria in particular creates a low pressure region over west Africa and Nigeria. This low pressure zone attracts the Tropical Maritime Airmass (MT) from the south Atlantic Ocean since areas of low pressures experiences inward blowing winds because winds are moving air blowing outwards from regions of high pressure to regions of low pressure.

text: atmosphere

text: around April to May, leaving an empty atmosphere over Nigeria. The sun's rays enters into the atmosphere of Nigeria more intense than it does during the presence of the Tropical continental airmass, which contained dust (in form of haze) that reduced the intensity of the sun. The overheating of the west Africa land mass and Nigeria in particular creates a low pressure region over west Africa and Nigeria. This low pressure zone attracts the Tropical Maritime Airmass (MT) from the south Atlantic Ocean since areas of low pressures experiences inward blowing winds because winds are moving air blowing outwards from regions of high pressure to regions of low pressure.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: Tropical continental airmass (CT)

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: Tropical continental airmass (CT)

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Tropical continental airmass (CT)

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: Maritime Airmass

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Maritime Airmass

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: empty atmosphere over Nigeria

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: Tropical continental airmass (CT)

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: pressure

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Maritime Airmass

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: the sun's rays enters into the atmosphere of Nigeria more intense than it does during the presence of the Tropical continental airmass

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Sahara Desert

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Sahara Desert

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does convection occur in?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Which of the following is not a stratosphere?

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What causes meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Which layer of the mesosphere is cooler?

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of ion?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Where does the exosphere merge with outer space?

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is not a type of gas?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: (Tropical continental airmass

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: (Tropical continental airmass

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: (Tropical continental airmass

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: (Tropical continental airmass

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Tropical Maritime Airmass (MT)

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: Tropical Maritime Airmass

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: (Tropical continental airmass

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: Tropical Maritime Airmass

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Tropical Maritime Airmass

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: convection

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: empty atmosphere over Nigeria.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Tropical Maritime Airmass

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Tropical Maritime Airmass

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Tropical Maritime Airmass

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: dust

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: (Tropical continental airmass

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: (Tropical continental airmass

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Tropical Maritime Airmass

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: (Tropical continental airmass

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: low pressure region

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Tropical Maritime Airmass

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Tropical Maritime Airmass

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Tropical Maritime Airmass (MT)

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Tropical Maritime Airmass

text: A 2008 study by Michael J. Mills and coauthors, published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, found that a nuclear weapons exchange between Pakistan and India using their current arsenals could create a near-global ozone hole, triggering human health problems and causing environmental damage for at least a decade. The computer-modeling study looked at a nuclear war between the two countries involving 50 Hiroshima-sized nuclear devices on each side, producing massive urban fires and lofting as much as five million metric tons of soot about  into the mesosphere. The soot would absorb enough solar radiation to heat surrounding gases, causing a series of surface chemistry reactions that would break down the stratospheric ozone layer protecting Earth from harmful ultraviolet radiation.

text: A 2008 study by Michael J. Mills and coauthors, published in the

entity_name: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

text: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

text: , found that a nuclear weapons exchange between Pakistan and India using their current arsenals could create a near-global ozone hole, triggering human health problems and causing environmental damage for at least a decade. The computer-modeling study looked at a nuclear war between the two countries involving 50 Hiroshima-sized nuclear devices on each side, producing massive urban fires and lofting as much as five million metric tons of soot about  into the

text: mesosphere

text: . The soot would absorb enough solar radiation to heat surrounding gases, causing a series of

text: surface chemistry

text: reactions that would break down the stratospheric ozone layer protecting Earth from harmful ultraviolet radiation.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: solar radiation

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: the stratospheric ozone layer protecting Earth from harmful ultraviolet radiation

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: What layer of the atmosphere is the stratospheric ozone layer?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How high does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of ozone layer: stratospheric, mesosphere, or thermosphere?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is not a type of gas?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratospheric ozone

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratospheric ozone

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratospheric ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: solar radiation to heat surrounding gases,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: ozone layer protecting Earth from harmful ultraviolet radiation.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: solar radiation

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: The soot would absorb enough solar radiation to heat surrounding gases,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: five million metric tons of soot

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: The soot would absorb enough solar radiation to heat surrounding gases,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: urban fires

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: heat surrounding gases,

text: Air conducts sound at a certain speed, the "speed of sound". This becomes slower as the air becomes cooler. Because the temperature of the atmosphere generally decreases with altitude (until the tropopause), the speed of sound also decreases with altitude. (See the International Standard Atmosphere for more on temperature as a function of altitude.)

text: Air conducts sound at a certain speed, the "

text: speed of sound

text: ". This becomes slower as the air becomes cooler. Because the temperature of the atmosphere generally decreases with altitude (until the

text: tropopause

text: ), the speed of sound also decreases with altitude. (See the

text: International Standard Atmosphere

text: for more on temperature as a function of altitude.)

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The speed of sound increases with altitude.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer does the speed of sound decrease with altitude?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What causes meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface is the tropopause?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: The top of the mesosphere is warmer than the bottom.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle: charged particles or ions?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere merges gradually with outer space

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: What is the speed of sound in the exosphere?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: tropopause),

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: tropopause),

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: tropopause),

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: tropopause),

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: tropopause),

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: tropopause),

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: tropopause),

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: altitude

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: tropopause),

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: temperature of the atmosphere generally decreases with altitude

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Air conducts sound at a certain speed,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: tropopause),

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Air conducts sound at a certain speed,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: temperature of the atmosphere generally decreases with altitude

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: cooler. Because the temperature of the atmosphere generally decreases with altitude

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: temperature of the atmosphere generally decreases with altitude

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: cooler. Because the temperature of the atmosphere generally decreases with altitude

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: tropopause),

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: cooler. Because the temperature of the atmosphere generally decreases with altitude

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: cooler. Because the temperature of the atmosphere generally decreases with altitude

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Air conducts sound at a certain speed, the "speed of sound".

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: tropopause),

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Air conducts sound at a certain speed, the "speed of sound".

text: The classical thermal escape mechanism is when individual molecules from the high velocity tail of the Maxwell–Boltzmann distributionreach the escape velocity and overcome the gravity field. This is known as Jeans escape and depends on the temperature of the planet's exosphere and the strength of its gravity field. It can be shown that for cold giant gas planets such as Jupiter and Saturn there is no thermal driven atmospheric escape of significance while for smaller and warmer planets such as Earth only light atoms may escape in this manner (heavier atoms stay).

text: The classical thermal escape mechanism is when individual

text: molecule

text: s from the

text: high velocity tail

text: of the

text: Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution

text: reach the

text: escape velocity

text: and overcome the gravity field. This is known as

text: Jeans escape

text: and depends on the temperature of the planet's

text: exosphere

text: and the strength of its gravity field. It can be shown that for cold giant gas planets such as

text: Jupiter

text: and

text: Saturn

text: there is no thermal driven atmospheric escape of significance while for smaller and warmer planets such as Earth only light atoms may escape in this manner (heavier atoms stay).

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Jupiter and Saturn there is no thermal driven atmospheric escape of significance

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Jupiter and Saturn

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does Jeans escape occur in?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: how high does the troposphere rise

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle: charged particles or ions?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Maxwell–Boltzmann distributionreach

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: warmer

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warmer

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: (heavier atoms stay).

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: giant gas planets

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: warmer planets such as Earth

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: The classical thermal escape mechanism

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: The classical thermal escape mechanism

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: The classical thermal escape mechanism

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: (heavier atoms stay).

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: The classical thermal escape mechanism

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: (heavier atoms stay).

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: classical thermal escape mechanism is when individual molecules

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Jeans escape

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Jupiter and Saturn

text: When the water surface begins to lose heat rapidly, the water becomes supercooled. Turbulence, caused by strong winds or flow from a river, will mix the supercooled water throughout its entire depth. The supercooled water will already be encouraging the formation of small ice crystals (frazil ice) and the crystals will be mixed into the upper layer and form a surface layer.

text: When the water surface begins to lose heat rapidly, the water becomes supercooled. Turbulence, caused by strong winds or flow from a river, will mix the

text: supercooled water

text: throughout its entire depth. The supercooled water will already be encouraging the formation of small ice crystals (frazil ice) and the crystals will be mixed into the upper layer and form a surface layer.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: surface layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: surface layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: surface layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: surface layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: surface layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: surface layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The ozone layer protects the Earth from the sun.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: surface layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which of the following is not a type of convection current?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What causes meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Which of the following is not a type of air mass: troposphere, stratosphere or stratosphere?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Why?

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of ion?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere merges gradually with outer space

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is not a type of gas?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: surface layer.

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: surface layer.

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: When the water surface begins to lose heat rapidly, the water becomes supercooled.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: surface layer.

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: surface layer.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: surface layer.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: surface layer.

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: strong winds

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: surface layer.

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: Turbulence,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: ice crystals

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: winds

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: strong winds

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: When the water surface begins to lose heat rapidly, the water becomes supercooled.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: When the water surface begins to lose heat rapidly, the water becomes supercooled.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: winds

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: winds

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: strong winds

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: winds

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: When the water surface begins to lose heat rapidly, the water becomes supercooled.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: strong winds

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: surface layer.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: When the water surface begins to lose heat rapidly, the water becomes supercooled.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: ice crystals

text: It requires a large source of energy at a certain altitude to maintain a significant hydrodynamic escape.  Solar radiation is seldom enough for known present day atmospheres in the Solar System. It is speculated that early atmospheres of Earth, Venus and Mars have experienced periods of hydrodynamic escape due to the heat input from planetary accretion processes.

text: It requires a large source of energy at a certain altitude to maintain a significant hydrodynamic escape.  Solar radiation is seldom enough for known present day atmospheres in the Solar System. It is speculated that early atmospheres of Earth, Venus and Mars have experienced periods of hydrodynamic escape due to the heat input from planetary

text: accretion processes

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: altitude

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: hydrodynamic escape

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: hydrosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: isosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: Hydrodynamic escape

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: altitude

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: altitude

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Solar radiation is seldom enough for known present day atmospheres

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Solar System

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: altitude

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Solar System

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: how high is the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: hydrodynamic escape.

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: hydrodynamic escape.

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: It requires a large source of energy at a certain altitude

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: hydrodynamic escape.

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: It requires a large source of energy at a certain altitude

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: hydrodynamic escape.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: hydrodynamic escape.

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: altitude

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Solar radiation

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: heat

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Solar radiation is seldom enough for known present day atmospheres in the Solar System.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Solar radiation is seldom enough for known present day atmospheres in the Solar System.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: a certain altitude

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Solar System.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Solar radiation is seldom enough for known present day atmospheres in the Solar System.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Solar radiation is seldom enough for known present day atmospheres in the Solar System.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: planetary accretion processes.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: hydrodynamic escape.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Solar radiation is seldom enough for known present day atmospheres in the Solar System.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: It requires a large source of energy at a certain altitude

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Solar radiation is seldom enough for known present day atmospheres in the Solar System.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Solar radiation is seldom enough for known present day atmospheres in the Solar System.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: hydrodynamic escape.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Solar radiation is seldom enough for known present day atmospheres in the Solar System.

text: Lindzen was born on February 8, 1940 in Webster, Massachusetts. His father, a shoemaker, had fled Hitler's Germany with his mother. He moved to the Bronx soon after his birth and grew up in a Jewish household in a predominantly Catholic neighborhood there. Lindzen attended the Bronx High School of Science (winning Regents' and National Merit Scholarships), Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute,and Harvard University. From Harvard, he received an A.B. in physics in 1960, followed by an S.M. in applied mathematics in 1961 and a PhD in applied mathematics in 1964. His doctoral thesis, Radiative and photochemical processes in strato- and mesospheric dynamics, concerned the interactions of ozone photochemistry, radiative transfer, and dynamics in the middle atmosphere.

text: Lindzen was born on February 8, 1940 in

text: Webster, Massachusetts

text: . His father, a shoemaker, had fled

text: Hitler's Germany

text: with his mother. He moved to the Bronx soon after his birth and grew up in a Jewish household in a predominantly Catholic neighborhood there. Lindzen attended the

text: Bronx High School of Science

text: (winning Regents' and

text: National Merit

text: Scholarships),

text: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

text: ,and

text: Harvard University

text: . From Harvard, he received an A.B. in physics in 1960, followed by an S.M. in applied mathematics in 1961 and a PhD in applied mathematics in 1964. His doctoral thesis, Radiative and photochemical processes in strato- and mesospheric dynamics, concerned the interactions of ozone photochemistry, radiative transfer, and dynamics in the middle atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: the middle atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: the interaction of ozone photochemistry, radiative transfer, and dynamics in the middle atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: U.S.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does Lindzen's doctoral thesis concern?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What does Lindzen's doctoral thesis concern?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: It is colder

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle: ions, stratosphere, or mesosphere?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: What is the exosphere?

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: what is the second to last word in the passage?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: strato- and mesospheric

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: strato-

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: strato- and mesospheric

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: strato- and mesospheric

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: middle atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: strato- and mesospheric

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: mesospheric

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: strato- and mesospheric

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Hitler's Germany

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: strato- and mesospheric

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: strato- and mesospheric

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Lindzen

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: photochemical processes in strato- and mesospheric

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: strato- and mesospheric

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: strato- and mesospheric dynamics,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: ozone photochemistry,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: strato- and mesospheric

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: strato- and mesospheric

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: strato- and mesospheric dynamics,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: ozone photochemistry, radiative transfer, and dynamics in the middle atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: strato- and mesospheric

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: strato- and mesospheric

text: to the inverse temperature

text: to the inverse temperature

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: is the inverse of temperature

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: is the inverse of temperature

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: can be used as a thermometer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: cold air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The ozone layer protects humans from the sun.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: tropics

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: polar regions

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: inverse of its temperature

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: The temperature in the troposphere is inversely proportional to the distance from the sun.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: It is inversely proportional to the temperature.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: The temperature in the stratosphere is the inverse of the temperature in the mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: The inverse of temperature is

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: The troposphere rises to about 50 kilometers above Earths surface.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: The top of the mesosphere is warmer than the bottom.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: The aurora borealis occurs because of storms on Earths surface.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: The thermosphere contains charged particles called ions.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere is heated by the inverse of its temperature.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: The temperature of the exosphere is inversely proportional to the temperature of the Sun.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: inverse temperature

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: inverse temperature

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: inverse temperature

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: inverse temperature

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: inverse temperature

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: inverse temperature

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: inverse temperature

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: inverse temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: inverse temperature

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: inverse temperature

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: inverse temperature

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: inverse temperature

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: inverse temperature

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: inverse temperature

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: inverse temperature

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: inverse temperature

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: inverse temperature

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: inverse temperature

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: inverse temperature

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: inverse temperature

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: inverse temperature

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: inverse temperature

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: inverse temperature

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: inverse temperature

text: Pesto is traditionally prepared in a marble mortar with a wooden pestle. First, garlic and pine nuts are placed in the mortar and reduced to a cream, then the washed and dried basil leaves are added with coarse salt and ground to a creamy consistency. Only then is a mix of Parmigiano-Reggiano and Pecorino added. To help incorporate the cheese a little extra-virgin olive oil is added. In a tight jar (or simply in an air-tight plastic container), covered by a layer of extra-virgin olive oil, pesto can last in the refrigerator up to a week, and can be frozen for later use.

text: Pesto is traditionally prepared in a marble mortar with a wooden pestle. First, garlic and pine nuts are placed in the mortar and reduced to a cream, then the washed and dried basil leaves are added with coarse salt and ground to a creamy consistency. Only then is a mix of Parmigiano-Reggiano and Pecorino added. To help incorporate the cheese a little extra-virgin olive oil is added. In a tight jar (or simply in an air-tight plastic container), covered by a layer of extra-virgin olive oil, pesto can last in the refrigerator up to a week, and can be frozen for later use.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: air pressure

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Ozone is not used in pesto

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: alpine

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which of the following is not a layer of the atmosphere: stratosphere, stratosphere, stratosphere, stratosphere?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Why is the top of the mesosphere warmer?

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of ion?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is not true of the exosphere?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: extra-virgin olive oil,

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: extra-virgin olive oil,

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Pesto

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: extra-virgin olive oil,

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Pesto

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: air-tight

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: extra-virgin olive oil,

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: air-tight

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: air-tight

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: Pesto

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Pesto

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: a week,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: air-tight

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: a week,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: a week,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: a week,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: a week,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: a week,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: a week,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: a week,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: a week,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: a week,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: a week,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: refrigerator up to a week,

text: The gelatin silver print or gelatin developing out paper (DOP) is a monochrome imaging process based on the light sensitivity of silver halides. They have been made for both contact printing and enlarging purposes by modifying the paper’s light sensitivity. A brief exposure to a negative produces a latent image, which is then made visible by a developing agent. The image is then made permanent by treatment in a photographic fixer, which removes the remaining light sensitive silver halides. And finally, a water bath clears the fixer from the print. The final image consists of small particles of silver bound in a layer of gelatin. This gelatin image layer is only one of the four layers found in a typical gelatin silver print, which typically include the overcoat, image layer, baryta, and paper support.

text: The gelatin silver print or gelatin developing out paper (DOP) is a monochrome imaging process based on the light sensitivity of

text: silver halide

text: s. They have been made for both contact printing and enlarging purposes by modifying the paper’s light sensitivity. A brief exposure to a negative produces a latent image, which is then made visible by a developing agent. The image is then made permanent by treatment in a photographic fixer, which removes the remaining light sensitive silver halides. And finally, a water bath clears the fixer from the print. The final image consists of small particles of silver bound in a layer of gelatin. This gelatin image layer is only one of the four layers found in a typical gelatin silver print, which typically include the overcoat, image layer, baryta, and paper support.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: latent image

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: light

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: baryta

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does not have convection currents?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How high does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Why is the top of the mesosphere warmer?

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of ion?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: What is the last layer found in a typical gelatin silver print?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: The gelatin silver print or gelatin developing out paper

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: The gelatin silver print

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: The gelatin silver print or gelatin developing out paper

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: The gelatin silver print

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: The gelatin silver print

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: The gelatin silver print

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: The gelatin silver print or gelatin developing out paper

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: the light sensitivity of silver halides.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: negative produces a latent image,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: gelatin silver print

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The gelatin silver print

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: The gelatin silver print

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: photographic fixer, which removes the remaining light sensitive silver halides.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: The gelatin silver print

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: light sensitivity of silver halides.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: four

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: The gelatin silver print

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: The gelatin silver print

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: gelatin silver print

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: The gelatin silver print

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: light sensitivity of silver halides.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: The gelatin silver print

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The gelatin silver print

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: The gelatin silver print

text: Direct bonded copper (DBC) substrates are commonly used in power modules, because of their very good thermal conductivity. They are composed of a ceramic tile (commonly alumina) with a sheet of copper bonded to one or both sides by a high-temperature oxidation process (the copper and substrate are heated to a carefully controlled temperature in an atmosphere of nitrogen containing about 30 ppm of oxygen; under these conditions, a copper-oxygen eutectic forms which bonds successfully both to copper and the oxides used as substrates). The top copper layer can be preformed prior to firing or chemically etched using printed circuit board technology to form an electrical circuit, while the bottom copper layer is usually kept plain. The substrate is attached to a heat spreader by soldering the bottom copper layer to it.

text: Direct bonded copper (DBC) substrates are commonly used in

text: power module

text: s, because of their very good

text: thermal conductivity

text: . They are composed of a ceramic tile (commonly

text: alumina

text: ) with a sheet of

text: copper

text: bonded to one or both sides by a high-temperature oxidation process (the copper and substrate are heated to a carefully controlled temperature in an atmosphere of nitrogen containing about 30 ppm of oxygen; under these conditions, a copper-oxygen eutectic forms which bonds successfully both to copper and the oxides used as substrates). The top copper layer can be preformed prior to firing or chemically etched using

text: printed circuit board

text: technology to form an electrical circuit, while the bottom copper layer is usually kept plain. The substrate is attached to a

text: heat spreader

text: by soldering the bottom copper layer to it.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: nitrogen

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: The stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: nitrogen

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: oxygen

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: nitrogen

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The copper and substrate are heated to a carefully controlled temperature

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: nitrogen

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: nitrogen

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: nitrogen

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: 30 ppm of oxygen;

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: nitrogen

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Direct bonded copper

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: nitrogen

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: nitrogen

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: nitrogen containing about 30 ppm of oxygen;

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: nitrogen

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: nitrogen

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: 30 ppm of oxygen;

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: thermal conductivity.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: nitrogen

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: 30 ppm of oxygen;

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Direct bonded copper

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: nitrogen containing about 30 ppm of oxygen;

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Direct bonded copper

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: nitrogen

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 30 ppm of oxygen;

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: the bottom copper layer is usually kept plain.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Direct bonded copper

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: nitrogen containing about 30 ppm of oxygen;

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: 30 ppm of oxygen;

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: 30 ppm of oxygen;

text: Temperature inversion stops atmospheric convection (which is normally present) from happening in the affected area and can lead to the air becoming stiller and murky from the collection of dust and  pollutants that are no longer able to be lifted from the surface. This can become a problem in cities where many pollutants exist. Inversion effects occur frequently in big cities such as:

text: Temperature inversion stops atmospheric convection (which is normally present) from happening in the affected area and can lead to the air becoming stiller and murky from the collection of dust and  pollutants that are no longer able to be lifted from the surface. This can become a problem in cities where many pollutants exist. Inversion effects occur frequently in big cities such as:

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: the stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: isotherm

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: the surface

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: surface

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: There is no ozone layer in the atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: inversion areas

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Which of the following is not the source of heat in the troposphere?

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does convection occur in?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Where does most of the heat that enters the mesosphere come from?

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What causes meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How high does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: The top of the mesosphere is warmer than the bottom.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere is the outermost layer of the Earth.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is not a type of gas?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: atmospheric convection

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: atmospheric convection

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Temperature inversion stops atmospheric convection

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: atmospheric convection

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Temperature inversion stops atmospheric convection

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: surface.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: atmospheric convection

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: Temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: surface.

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: Temperature inversion stops atmospheric convection

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Temperature inversion stops atmospheric convection

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Temperature inversion

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: big cities

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Temperature inversion

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: big cities

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Temperature inversion stops atmospheric convection

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: big cities

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Temperature inversion stops atmospheric convection

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: big cities

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Temperature inversion

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Temperature inversion

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Temperature inversion stops atmospheric convection

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Temperature inversion

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Temperature inversion

text: Mesoscale meteorology is the study of atmospheric phenomena that has horizontal scales ranging from 1 km to 1000 km and a vertical scale that starts at the Earth's surface and includes the atmospheric boundary layer, troposphere, tropopause, and the lower section of the stratosphere. Mesoscale timescales last from less than a day to weeks. The events typically of interest are thunderstorms, squall lines, fronts, precipitation bands in tropical and extratropical cyclones, and topographically generated weather systems such as mountain waves and sea and land breezes.

text: Mesoscale meteorology is the study of atmospheric phenomena that has horizontal scales ranging from 1 km to 1000 km and a vertical scale that starts at the Earth's surface and includes the atmospheric boundary layer, troposphere,

text: tropopause

text: , and the lower section of the

text: stratosphere

text: . Mesoscale timescales last from less than a day to weeks. The events typically of interest are

text: thunderstorm

text: s,

text: squall line

text: s,

text: fronts

text: precipitation bands

text: in

text: tropical

text: and

text: extratropical cyclone

text: s, and topographically generated weather systems such as mountain waves and

text: sea and land breezes

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Mesoscale meteorology

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: horizontal scales

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Mesoscale timescales last from less than a day to weeks

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: What is the lowest section of the stratosphere?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earth's surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle: troposphere, tropopause, or stratosphere?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: How would you describe the exosphere?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: atmospheric boundary layer,

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: atmospheric boundary layer,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: atmospheric boundary layer,

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: Earth's surface

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: tropical and extratropical cyclones,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Mesoscale meteorology

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: tropopause, and the lower section of the stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: 1000 km

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Mesoscale meteorology

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: atmospheric boundary layer,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Mesoscale meteorology

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Mesoscale meteorology

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: thunderstorms,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: extratropical cyclones,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: extratropical cyclones,

text: Although sudden stratospheric warmings are mainly forced by planetary scale waves which propagate up from the lower atmosphere, there is also a subsequent return effect of sudden stratospheric warmings on surface weather.  Following a sudden stratospheric warming, the high altitude winds reverse to flow eastward instead of their usual westward.  The eastward winds progress down through the atmosphere and weaken the jet stream, often giving easterly winds near the surface and resulting in dramatic reductions in temperature in Europe.

text: Although sudden stratospheric warmings are mainly forced by planetary scale waves which propagate up from the lower atmosphere, there is also a subsequent return effect of sudden stratospheric warmings on surface weather.  Following a sudden stratospheric warming, the high altitude winds reverse to flow eastward instead of their usual westward.  The eastward winds progress down through the atmosphere and weaken the jet stream, often giving easterly winds near the surface and resulting in dramatic reductions in temperature in Europe.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: lower atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: lower atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: cold air in the lower atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: the jet stream weakens the jet stream

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Europe

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: 365 day cycle

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does the jet stream occur in?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Which of the following is not a stratosphere: troposphere, troposphere, or troposphere?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of ion?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is not a type of gas?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: lower atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: lower atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: lower atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: lower

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: westward.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: planetary scale waves

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Europe.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Europe.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: planetary scale waves

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: planetary scale waves

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: planetary scale waves which propagate up from the lower atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: planetary scale waves which propagate up from the lower atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: planetary scale waves

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: the high altitude winds

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: stratospheric warmings

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: planetary scale waves

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: planetary scale waves which propagate up from the lower atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: planetary scale waves which propagate up from the lower atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: planetary scale waves which propagate up from the lower atmosphere,

text: No-till farming has carbon sequestration potential through storage of soil organic matter in the soil of crop fields. Whereas, when soil is tilled by machinery, the soil layers invert, air  mixes in, and soil microbial activity dramatically increases over baseline levels. Tilling results in soil organic matter being broken down much more rapidly, and carbon is lost from the soil into the atmosphere. In addition to the effect on soil from tilling, emissions from the farm tractors increases carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere.

text: No-till farming has

text: carbon sequestration

text: potential through storage of

text: soil organic matter

text: in the soil of crop fields. Whereas, when soil is tilled by machinery, the soil layers invert, air  mixes in, and soil microbial activity dramatically increases over baseline levels. Tilling results in soil organic matter being broken down much more rapidly, and carbon is lost from the soil into the atmosphere. In addition to the effect on soil from tilling, emissions from the farm tractors increases

text: carbon dioxide

text: levels in the atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Tilling increases carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Earth.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: soil

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of ion?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: None of the above choices are true

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: the soil layers invert,

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: the soil layers invert,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: No-till farming has carbon sequestration

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: when soil is tilled by machinery, the soil layers invert,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: the soil layers invert,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: No-till

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: No-till

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: No-till farming

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: No-till

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: when soil is tilled

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: No-till

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: No-till

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: carbon dioxide

text: Several moons, such as the Moon and the Galilean satellites of Jupiter, have exospheres without a denser atmosphere underneath, referred to as a surface boundary exosphere.  Here, molecules are ejected on elliptic trajectories until they collide with the surface. Smaller bodies such as asteroids, in which the molecules emitted from the surface escape to space, are not considered to have exospheres.

text: Several moons, such as the

text: Moon

text: and the

text: Galilean satellites

text: of

text: Jupiter

text: , have exospheres without a denser atmosphere underneath, referred to as a surface boundary exosphere.  Here, molecules are ejected on

text: elliptic trajectories

text: until they collide with the surface. Smaller bodies such as asteroids, in which the molecules emitted from the surface escape to space, are not considered to have exospheres.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: surface boundary exosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: surface boundary exosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: density

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: surface boundary exosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: asteroids, in which the molecules emitted from the surface escape to space, are not considered to have exospheres.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: space

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: elliptical

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does not have convection currents?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What causes meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earth's surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of exosphere?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: a surface boundary exosphere

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: surface boundary exosphere.

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: surface boundary exosphere.

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: surface boundary

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: surface boundary exosphere.

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: surface boundary

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: surface boundary exosphere.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: surface boundary exosphere.

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: denser atmosphere underneath,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: surface boundary exosphere.

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: surface boundary exosphere.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Smaller bodies such as asteroids,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: surface boundary exosphere.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: surface boundary exosphere.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: elliptic trajectories

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: surface boundary exosphere.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: surface boundary exosphere.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: surface boundary exosphere.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: surface boundary exosphere.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: surface boundary exosphere.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: surface boundary exosphere.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: surface boundary exosphere.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: surface boundary exosphere.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: surface boundary exosphere.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: surface boundary exosphere.

text: According to media sources, the Stratosphere was to enter production as a 2009 model.

text: According to media sources, the Stratosphere was to enter production as a 2009 model.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: the stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: cold air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The Stratosphere is not a vehicle.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: the Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: 2009

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: the Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: 2009

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: 2009 model.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: 2009

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: 2009

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: According to media sources, the Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: 2009

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: 2009

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 2009

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: 2009

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: 2009

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: 2009

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: the Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: 2009

text: The Chinchaga fire, also known as the Wisp fire or the Chinchaga River fire, was a forest fire that burned in northern British Columbia and Alberta in the summer and early fall of 1950.  With a final size of between  and , it is the single largest recorded fire in North American history.  The fire was allowed to burn freely, a result of local forest management policy and the lack of settlements in the region. The Chinchaga fire produced large amounts of smoke, creating the "1950 Great Smoke Pall", observed across eastern North America and Europe. As the existence of the massive fire was not well-publicized, and the smoke was mostly in the upper atmosphere and could not be smelled, there was much speculation about the atmospheric haze and its provenance. The Chinchaga firestorm's "historic smoke pall" caused "observations of blue suns and moons in the United States and Europe." It was the biggest firestorm documented in North America—3,500,000 acres of forest burned in northern Alberta and British Columbia—created the world’s largest smoke layer in the atmosphere."

text: The Chinchaga fire, also known as the Wisp fire or the Chinchaga River fire, was a

text: forest fire

text: that burned in northern

text: British Columbia

text: and

text: Alberta

text: in the summer and early fall of 1950.  With a final size of between  and , it is the single largest recorded fire in North American history.  The fire was allowed to burn freely, a result of local forest management policy and the lack of settlements in the region. The Chinchaga fire produced large amounts of smoke, creating the "1950 Great Smoke Pall", observed across eastern North America and Europe. As the existence of the massive fire was not well-publicized, and the smoke was mostly in the upper atmosphere and could not be smelled, there was much speculation about the atmospheric haze and its provenance. The Chinchaga firestorm's "historic smoke pall" caused "observations of blue suns and moons in the United States and Europe." It was the biggest firestorm documented in North America—3,500,000 acres of forest burned in northern Alberta and British Columbia—created the world’s largest smoke layer in the atmosphere."

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: upper atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: upper atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: upper atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: upper atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: Earth's surface

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: upper atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: cold air in the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: There was much speculation about the atmospheric haze and its provenance

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: upper atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: upper atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: It was the biggest firestorm documented in North America

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does the Chinchaga fire occur in?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Where does the heat that enters the mesosphere come from?

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What does friction with gas molecules cause meteors to do?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How high does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: How would you describe the smoke?

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles: ions, suns, or clouds?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is not true of the exosphere?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: smoke

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: smoke

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: upper atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: smoke

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: upper atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: upper atmosphere and could not be smelled,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: smoke

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: upper atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: upper atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: smoke,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: blue suns and moons

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: upper atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: upper atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: North America

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: blue suns and moons

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: upper atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: the smoke was mostly in the upper atmosphere and could not be smelled,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: smoke,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: upper atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: upper atmosphere and could not be smelled,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: "1950 Great Smoke Pall",

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: upper atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: upper atmosphere and could not be smelled,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: upper atmosphere and could not be smelled,

text: The atmosphere is not uniform. There are four districtive layers or spheres (defined by temperature):

text: The atmosphere is not uniform. There are four districtive layers or spheres (defined by temperature):

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: districtive layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: districtive layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: There are four districtive layers or spheres.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: layer closest to the Earth.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which of the following is not a districtive layer?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What does friction with gas molecules cause meteors to do?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: The stratosphere rises to about

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: The bottom of the mesosphere is cooler than the top.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a layer?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The stratosphere merges with outer space.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: The ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: districtive layers

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: districtive layers

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: temperature):

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: districtive layers

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: temperature):

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: districtive layers

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: districtive layers

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature):

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: spheres (defined by temperature):

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: four districtive layers or spheres (defined by temperature):

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The atmosphere is not uniform.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: The atmosphere is not uniform.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: districtive layers or spheres

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: The atmosphere is not uniform.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: four districtive layers

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: four

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: four districtive layers

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: The atmosphere is not uniform.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: The atmosphere is not uniform.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: four

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: The atmosphere is not uniform.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: four

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: four districtive layers or spheres

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: four districtive layers

text: Atmospheric electricity is the regular diurnal variations of the Earth's atmospheric electromagnetic network (or, more broadly, any planet's electrical system in its layer of gases). The Earth's surface, the ionosphere, and the atmosphere is known as the global atmospheric electrical circuit. Lightning discharges 30,000 amperes, at up to 100 million volts, and emits light, radio waves, x-rays and even gamma rays. Plasma temperatures in lightning can approach 28,000 kelvins and electron densities may exceed 10/m³.

text: Atmospheric electricity is the regular

text: diurnal

text: variations of the

text: Earth

text: 's

text: atmospheric

text: electromagnetic

text: network

text: (or, more broadly, any

text: planet

text: 's electrical system in its

text: layer of gases

text: ). The

text: Earth's surface

text: , the

text: ionosphere

text: , and the atmosphere is known as the

text: global atmospheric electrical circuit

text: . Lightning discharges 30,000

text: ampere

text: s, at up to 100 million

text: volt

text: s, and emits light, radio waves,

text: x-ray

text: s and even

text: gamma ray

text: s. Plasma temperatures in lightning can approach 28,000

text: kelvin

text: s and

text: electron

text: densities may exceed 10/m³.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: gases

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Lightning discharges 30,000 amperes, at up to 100 million volts

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Earth's atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: asteroid belt

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What causes meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles: ions, ionosphere, or ionosphere?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is not a type of gas: plasma temperatures, ionosphere, or exosphere?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Atmospheric electricity

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Atmospheric electricity

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: gases).

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: Atmospheric electricity

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Atmospheric electricity

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Atmospheric electricity

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Atmospheric electricity

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Atmospheric electricity

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Atmospheric electricity

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: 28,000 kelvins

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Lightning

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: 28,000 kelvins

text: A natural example of rarefaction occurs in the layers of Earth's atmosphere. Because the atmosphere has mass, most atmospheric matter is nearer to the Earth due to the Earth's gravitation.  Therefore, air at higher layers of the atmosphere is less dense, or rarefied, relative to air at lower layers. Thus rarefaction can refer either to a reduction in density over space at a single point of time, or a reduction of density over time for one particular area.

text: A natural example of rarefaction occurs in the layers of

text: Earth's atmosphere

text: . Because the atmosphere has

text: mass

text: , most atmospheric

text: matter

text: is nearer to the Earth due to the Earth's

text: gravitation

text: .  Therefore, air at higher layers of the atmosphere is less dense, or rarefied, relative to air at lower layers. Thus rarefaction can refer either to a reduction in density over space at a single point of time, or a reduction of density over time for one particular area.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Earth's atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: air at lower layers

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: mass

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: higher layers

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: rarefaction can refer either to a reduction in density over space at a single point of time

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: higher layers

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: space

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: less dense, or rarefied

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: less dense

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere contains charged particles called ions?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: air at higher layers of the atmosphere is less dense

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: higher layers

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: higher layers

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: air at higher layers

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: higher layers

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: air at higher layers

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: air at lower layers.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: air at higher layers

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: mass,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: lower layers.

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: rarefaction

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: air at higher layers of the atmosphere is less dense, or rarefied,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: higher layers

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's gravitation.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Earth's gravitation.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: rarefaction

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: rarefaction

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: rarefaction

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: air at higher layers

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: less dense, or rarefied, relative to air at lower layers.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: rarefaction

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: rarefaction

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Earth's gravitation.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: rarefaction

text: Freon () is a registered trademark of The Chemours Company, which uses it for a number of halocarbon products. They are stable, nonflammable, moderately toxic gases or liquids which have typically been used as refrigerants and as aerosol propellants. These include the chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) that cause ozone depletion (such as chlorodifluoromethane), but also include newer refrigerants which typically include fluorine instead of chlorine and do not deplete the ozone layer. Not all refrigerant is labelled as "Freon" since Freon is a brand name for the refrigerants R-12, R-13B1, R-22, R-502, and R-503 manufactured by The Chemours Company.

text: Freon () is a registered

text: trademark

text: of

text: The Chemours Company

text: , which uses it for a number of

text: halocarbon

text: products. They are stable, nonflammable, moderately toxic gases or liquids which have typically been used as

text: refrigerants

text: and as

text: aerosol propellant

text: s. These include the

text: chlorofluorocarbon

text: s (CFCs) that cause

text: ozone depletion

text: (such as

text: chlorodifluoromethane

text: ), but also include newer refrigerants which typically include fluorine instead of chlorine and do not deplete the ozone layer. Not all refrigerant is labelled as "Freon" since Freon is a brand name for the refrigerants

text: , R-502, and R-503 manufactured by The Chemours Company.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: gases

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: do not deplete the ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: How many layers of the atmosphere does convection occur in?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: It is colder at the bottom.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles: ions, gases, or liquids?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: None of the above choices are true

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: ozone depletion

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: do not deplete the ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: aerosol propellants.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: refrigerants and as aerosol propellants.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Freon

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Freon

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Freon

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Freon

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Freon

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Freon

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Freon

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Freon

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Freon

text: In the 2006 environment annual report, the Ministry of Environment reported that current major issues are global warming and preservation of the ozone layer, conservation of the atmospheric environment, water and soil, waste management and recycling, measures for chemical substances, conservation of the natural environment and the participation in the international cooperation.

text: In the 2006 environment annual report, the Ministry of Environment reported that current major issues are

text: global warming

text: and preservation of the

text: ozone layer

text: , conservation of the atmospheric environment, water and soil,

text: waste management

text: and

text: recycling

text: , measures for chemical substances, conservation of the natural environment and the participation in the international cooperation.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: atmospheric composition

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: global warming and preservation of the ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: mountain

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: polar regions

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: orbital period

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: global warming and preservation of the ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: preservation of the ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: 2006 environment annual report,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: global warming and preservation of the ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 2006 environment annual report,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: global warming and preservation of the ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: global warming and preservation of the ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: ozone layer, conservation of the atmospheric environment,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: global warming and preservation of the ozone layer,

text: The main radar operates in mainly two modes: (1) incoherent scatter radar (ISR) mode, and (2) coherent scatter (CSR) mode. In the ISR mode using the high power transmitter, Jicamarca measures the electron density, electron and ion temperature, ion composition and vertical and zonal electric fields in the equatorial ionosphere. Given its location and frequency of operation, Jicamarca has the unique capability of measuring the absolute electron density via Faraday rotation, and the most precise ionospheric electric fields by pointing the beam perpendicular to the Earth's magnetic field. In the CSR mode the radar measures the echoes that are more than 30 dB stronger than the ISR echoes. These echoes come from equatorial irregularities generated in troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, equatorial electrojet, E and F region. Given the strength of the echoes, usually low power transmitters and/or smaller antenna sections are used.

text: The main radar operates in mainly two modes: (1)

text: incoherent scatter

text: radar

text: (ISR) mode, and (2) coherent

text: scatter

text: (CSR) mode. In the ISR mode using the high power transmitter, Jicamarca measures the

text: electron density

text: electron

text: and

text: ion

text: temperature

text: , ion composition and vertical and zonal

text: electric fields

text: in the equatorial

text: ionosphere

text: . Given its location and frequency of operation, Jicamarca has the unique capability of measuring the absolute

text: electron density

text: via

text: Faraday rotation

text: , and the most precise ionospheric

text: electric fields

text: by pointing the beam

text: perpendicular

text: to the

text: Earth's magnetic field

text: . In the CSR mode the

text: radar

text: measures the echoes that are more than 30

text: dB

text: stronger than the ISR echoes. These echoes come from equatorial irregularities generated in

text: troposphere

text: stratosphere

text: mesosphere

text: equatorial electrojet

text: E

text: and

text: F region

text: . Given the strength of the echoes, usually low

text: power

text: transmitters and/or smaller antenna sections are used.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: air in the stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: low power transmitters and/or smaller antenna sections are used.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Faraday rotation

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: equatorial

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: equatorial

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: equatorial irregularities

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: more than 30 dB stronger than the ISR echoes.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: equatorial ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: equatorial

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: equatorial irregularities

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: equatorial irregularities

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: equatorial irregularities

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: equatorial irregularities

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: equatorial irregularities

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: temperature,

text: The existence of a Mercurian atmosphere had been contentious before 1974, although by that time a consensus had formed that Mercury, like the Moon, lacked any substantial atmosphere. This conclusion was confirmed in 1974 when the unmanned Mariner 10 spaceprobe discovered only a tenuous exosphere. Later, in 2008, improved measurements were obtained by the MESSENGER spacecraft, which discovered magnesium in the Mercurian exosphere.

text: The existence of a Mercurian atmosphere had been contentious before 1974, although by that time a consensus had formed that Mercury, like the

text: Moon

text: , lacked any substantial atmosphere. This conclusion was confirmed in 1974 when the unmanned

text: Mariner 10

text: spaceprobe discovered only a tenuous exosphere. Later, in 2008, improved measurements were obtained by the

text: MESSENGER

text: spacecraft, which discovered

text: magnesium

text: in the Mercurian exosphere.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: mass

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Mercury lacked any substantial atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does not have any substantial atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles: ions, exosphere, or mercury?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: exosphere.

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: exosphere.

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Mercurian atmosphere had been contentious before 1974,

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: exosphere.

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: exosphere.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: exosphere.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: exosphere.

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: exosphere.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: exosphere.

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: The existence of a Mercurian atmosphere had been contentious before 1974,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: magnesium

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Mercury,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: exosphere.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Mercury,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: 1974

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: The existence of a Mercurian atmosphere had been contentious before 1974,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: 1974

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: magnesium

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: The existence of a Mercurian atmosphere had been contentious before 1974,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: magnesium

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Mercury, like the Moon, lacked any substantial atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: magnesium in the Mercurian exosphere.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: tenuous exosphere.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: magnesium

text: On Earth, the stratopause is  high above the Earth's surface. The atmospheric pressure is around 1/1000 of the pressure at sea level. The temperature in the stratopause is -15 degrees Celsius (5 degrees Fahrenheit).

text: On

text: Earth

text: , the stratopause is  high above the Earth's surface. The atmospheric

text: pressure

text: is around 1/1000 of the pressure at

text: sea level

text: . The temperature in the stratopause is -15 degrees Celsius (5 degrees Fahrenheit).

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratopause

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratopause

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratopause

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratopause

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratopause

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratopause

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: stratopause

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: pressure

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: stratopause

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The stratopause is high above the Earth's surface.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratopause

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratopause

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer is higher, stratopause or Earth's surface?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: The stratopause

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above the Earth's surface is the stratopause?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of ion?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The stratopause is high above the Earth's surface.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is not a type of gas?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratopause

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratopause

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: the stratopause

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratopause

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: the stratopause

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratopause

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: stratopause

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: The atmospheric pressure is around 1/1000 of the pressure at sea level.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: stratopause

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: -15 degrees Celsius (5 degrees Fahrenheit).

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: -15 degrees Celsius

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratopause

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratopause

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: 1/1000

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: -15 degrees Celsius (5 degrees Fahrenheit).

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: -15 degrees Celsius

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: -15 degrees Celsius (5 degrees Fahrenheit).

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: 1/1000 of the pressure at sea level.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: the stratopause is high above the Earth's surface.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: -15 degrees Celsius

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: 1/1000 of the pressure at sea level.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: 1/1000 of the pressure at sea level.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: the stratopause is high above the Earth's surface.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: -15 degrees Celsius (5 degrees Fahrenheit).

text: The variety in musical style was expanded upon in the members' side projects during the band's ensuing hiatus. Le Bon and Rhodes focused on the atmospheric, layered sound found in "Tiger Tiger" in their project, Arcadia, while John and Andy Taylor joined with Robert Palmer and members of Chic to create Power Station, built around the rock sound seen developing in "Of Crime and Passion".

text: The variety in musical style was expanded upon in the members' side projects during the band's ensuing hiatus. Le Bon and Rhodes focused on the atmospheric, layered sound found in "Tiger Tiger" in their project,

text: Arcadia

text: , while John and Andy Taylor joined with

text: Robert Palmer

text: and members of

text: Chic

text: to create

text: Power Station

text: , built around the rock sound seen developing in "Of Crime and Passion".

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: Arcadia

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: atmospheric conditions

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Arcadia

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The variety in musical style was expanded upon in the members' side projects

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Arctic

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Arcadia

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: orbital

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earth's surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: It is colder.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle: charged particles or ions?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: How would you describe Le Bon and Rhodes?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: atmospheric, layered sound

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: layered sound

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: atmospheric, layered sound

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: atmospheric, layered sound

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: atmospheric, layered sound

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: layered sound found in "Tiger Tiger"

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: layered sound

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: layered sound

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: "Tiger Tiger"

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: Power Station,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The variety in musical style

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Power Station,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Power Station,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Arcadia,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Power Station,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: layered sound

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Power Station,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Power Station,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Power Station,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: atmospheric, layered sound found in "Tiger Tiger"

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: "Tiger Tiger" in their project, Arcadia,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Power Station,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Power Station,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Power Station,

text: The geopotential thickness of an atmospheric layer is described by the hypsometric equation:

text: The geopotential thickness of an atmospheric layer is described by the

text: hypsometric equation

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: The stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: hypsometric equation

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: hypsometric

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: hypsometric

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The ozone layer protects humans from the sun.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: hypsometric equation

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: hypsometric equation

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: how high does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: The top of the mesosphere is warmer than the bottom.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: hypsometric equation

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: The thermosphere contains charged particles called ions.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The hypsometric equation for the exosphere is

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: The exosphere has a very thin layer of gas.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: The geopotential thickness of an atmospheric layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: hypsometric equation:

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: hypsometric equation:

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: hypsometric equation:

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: hypsometric equation:

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: hypsometric equation:

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: hypsometric equation:

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: The geopotential thickness

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: hypsometric equation:

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: hypsometric equation:

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: hypsometric equation:

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: atmospheric layer

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: hypsometric equation:

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: hypsometric equation:

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: hypsometric equation:

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: hypsometric equation:

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: hypsometric equation:

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: hypsometric equation:

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: hypsometric equation:

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: hypsometric equation:

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: hypsometric equation:

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: hypsometric equation:

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: hypsometric equation:

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: hypsometric equation:

text: In desert areas, dust and sand storms are most commonly caused by either thunderstorm outflows, or by strong pressure gradients which cause an increase in wind velocity over a wide area. The vertical extent of the dust or sand that is raised is largely determined by the stability of the atmosphere above the ground as well as by the weight of the particulates. In some cases, dust and sand may be confined to a relatively shallow layer by a low-lying temperature inversion. In other instances, dust (but not sand) may be lifted as high as 20,000 feet (6,100 m) high.

text: In desert areas, dust and sand storms are most commonly caused by either thunderstorm outflows, or by strong pressure gradients which cause an increase in wind velocity over a wide area. The vertical extent of the dust or sand that is raised is largely determined by the stability of the atmosphere above the ground as well as by the weight of the particulates. In some cases, dust and sand may be confined to a relatively shallow layer by a low-lying

text: temperature inversion

text: . In other instances, dust (but not sand) may be lifted as high as 20,000 feet (6,100 m) high.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: the ground

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ground

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: temperature inversion

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: the ground

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: low-lying temperature inversion

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: low-lying temperature inversion

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: temperature inversion

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: dust and sand may be lifted as high as 20,000 feet (6,100 m) high.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: temperature inversion

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: inversion

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How high is the troposphere?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: temperature inversion

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: low-lying temperature inversion.

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ground

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: low-lying temperature inversion.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: low-lying temperature inversion.

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: low-lying temperature inversion.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: low-lying temperature inversion.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: low-lying temperature inversion.

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: stability of the atmosphere above the ground

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: low-lying temperature inversion.

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: temperature inversion.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: 20,000 feet

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: 20,000 feet

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: low-lying temperature inversion.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: 20,000 feet

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: thunderstorm outflows,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: pressure gradients

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: thunderstorm outflows,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: strong pressure gradients

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 20,000 feet

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: low-lying temperature inversion.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: thunderstorm outflows, or by strong pressure gradients

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: 20,000 feet (6,100 m) high.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: 20,000 feet

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: low-lying temperature inversion.

text: The mesosphere lies above altitude records for aircraft and balloons, and below the minimum altitude for orbital spacecraft. It has only been accessed through the use of sounding rockets. As a result, it is the least-understood part of the atmosphere. The presence of red sprites and blue jets (electrical discharges or lightning within the lower mesosphere), noctilucent clouds, and density shears within this poorly understood layer are of current scientific interest.

text: The mesosphere lies above altitude records for

text: aircraft

text: and

text: balloons

text: , and below the minimum altitude for

text: orbital

text: spacecraft

text: . It has only been accessed through the use of

text: sounding rockets

text: . As a result, it is the least-understood part of the atmosphere. The presence of

text: red sprite

text: s and

text: blue jet

text: s (electrical discharges or

text: lightning

text: within the lower mesosphere),

text: noctilucent cloud

text: s, and density shears within this poorly understood layer are of current scientific interest.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: The mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: altitude records

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: below the minimum altitude for orbital spacecraft

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: The mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: altitude

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: It has only been accessed through the use of sounding rockets

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: orbital spacecraft

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: It has only been accessed through the use of sounding rockets

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What is the least-understood part of the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earth's surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which part of the atmosphere contains charged particles called ions?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: None of the above choices are true

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: altitude records for aircraft and balloons,

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: The mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: The mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: below the minimum altitude for orbital spacecraft.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: The mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: The mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: The mesosphere lies above altitude

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: The mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The mesosphere lies above altitude records for aircraft and balloons,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: orbital spacecraft.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: The mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: The mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: The mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: density shears

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: The mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: noctilucent clouds,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: lightning

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: The mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: The mesosphere

text: On the surface, the friction due to the terrain and other obstacles (buildings, trees, etc.) may contribute to a slowdown and/or a wind deflection. Thus, a more turbulent wind in the atmospheric boundary layer. This wind can be channeled through narrows, like valleys. The wind will also be raised along the slopes of the mountains to give local air currents.

text: On the surface, the friction due to the terrain and other obstacles (buildings, trees, etc.) may contribute to a slowdown and/or a wind deflection. Thus, a more turbulent wind in the atmospheric boundary layer. This wind can be channeled through narrows, like valleys. The wind will also be raised along the slopes of the mountains to give local air currents.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: air pressure

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: There is no ozone in the atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: mountain

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Where does the heat that enters the mesosphere come from?

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How high does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Why is the top of the mesosphere warmer

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere merges gradually with outer space

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is not a type of gas?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: atmospheric boundary layer.

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: atmospheric boundary layer.

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: atmospheric boundary layer.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: atmospheric boundary layer.

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: atmospheric boundary layer.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: atmospheric boundary layer.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: atmospheric boundary layer.

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: atmospheric boundary layer.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: atmospheric boundary layer.

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: a more turbulent wind in the atmospheric boundary layer.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: a more turbulent wind in the atmospheric boundary layer.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: atmospheric boundary layer.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: mountains

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: atmospheric boundary layer.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: a more turbulent wind in the atmospheric boundary layer.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: atmospheric boundary layer.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: a more turbulent wind in the atmospheric boundary layer.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: a more turbulent wind in the atmospheric boundary layer.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: atmospheric boundary layer.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: a more turbulent wind in the atmospheric boundary layer.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: a more turbulent wind in the atmospheric boundary layer.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: atmospheric boundary layer.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: a more turbulent wind in the atmospheric boundary layer.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: a more turbulent wind in the atmospheric boundary layer.

text: There was some uncertainty on whether detonating a nuclear weapon at such high altitudes would cause a hole in the ozone layer. After multiple underwater tests there was evidence to show the energy created by the blast would create ozone. Project leads determined some destruction of ozone would occur which would then be replaced by the ozone created from the explosion, it was agreed upon that if this theory were wrong the hole created in the ozone layer would be minuscule enough to cause no harm. Upon completion of Operation Newsreel, it was determined that there was very little evidence of any harm being caused to the natural ozone layer.

text: There was some uncertainty on whether detonating a nuclear weapon at such high altitudes would cause a hole in the

text: ozone layer

text: . After multiple

text: underwater tests

text: there was evidence to show the energy created by the blast would create

text: ozone

text: . Project leads determined some destruction of ozone would occur which would then be replaced by the ozone created from the explosion, it was agreed upon that if this theory were wrong the hole created in the ozone layer would be minuscule enough to cause no harm. Upon completion of Operation Newsreel, it was determined that there was very little evidence of any harm being caused to the natural ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: altitudes

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: altitude

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: altitudes

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: altitude

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: there was little evidence of any harm being caused to the natural ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: alpine

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: high altitudes

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: How many layers of the atmosphere are mentioned?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not an example of friction with gas molecules?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of ion?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is not a type of gas?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: altitudes

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: no harm.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: high altitudes

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: high altitudes

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: high altitudes

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: very little evidence of any harm being caused to the natural ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: ozone layer.

text: Fluid that is less dense than its surroundings tends to rise until it has the same density as its surroundings. If there is not much energy input to the system, it will tend to become stratified. On a large scale, Earth's atmosphere is divided into a series of layers. Going upwards from the ground, these are the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere.

text: Fluid that is less dense than its surroundings tends to rise until it has the same density as its surroundings. If there is not much energy input to the system, it will tend to become

text: stratified

text: . On a large scale, Earth's atmosphere is

text: divided into a series of layers

text: . Going upwards from the ground, these are the

text: troposphere

text: stratosphere

text: mesosphere

text: thermosphere

text: , and

text: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: large scale

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The stratosphere is the lowest layer of the atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer does not have convection currents?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not a layer: troposphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, or exosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: It is warmer at the top

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which layer of the Earth's atmosphere contains charged particles?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: what is the last layer mentioned?

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: How would you describe the exosphere?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: exosphere.

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Going upwards from the ground,

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: exosphere.

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: exosphere.

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: On a large scale,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: thermosphere, and exosphere.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Fluid that is less dense than its surroundings

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: exosphere.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: exosphere.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: stratified.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: mesosphere,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: thermosphere,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: exosphere.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: exosphere.

text: In 1955 Hans Suess's carbon-14 isotope analysis showed that  released from fossil fuels was not immediately absorbed by the ocean. In 1957, better understanding of ocean chemistry led Roger Revelle to a realization that the ocean surface layer had limited ability to absorb carbon dioxide, also predicting the rise in levels of  and later being proven by Charles David Keeling.  By the late 1950s, more scientists were arguing that carbon dioxide emissions could be a problem, with some projecting in 1959 that  would rise 25% by the year 2000, with potentially "radical" effects on climate. In 1960 Charles David Keeling demonstrated that the level of  in the atmosphere was in fact rising. Concern mounted year by year along with the rise of the "Keeling Curve" of atmospheric .

text: In 1955

text: Hans Suess

text: 's

text: isotope analysis showed that  released from fossil fuels was not immediately absorbed by the ocean. In 1957, better understanding of ocean chemistry led

text: Roger Revelle

text: to a realization that the ocean surface layer had limited ability to absorb carbon dioxide, also predicting the rise in levels of  and later being proven by

text: Charles David Keeling

text: .  By the late 1950s, more scientists were arguing that carbon dioxide emissions could be a problem, with some projecting in 1959 that  would rise 25% by the year 2000, with potentially "radical" effects on climate. In 1960

text: Charles David Keeling

text: demonstrated that the level of  in the atmosphere was in fact rising. Concern mounted year by year along with the rise of the "

text: Keeling Curve

text: " of atmospheric .

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ocean surface layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: ocean surface layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ocean surface layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: ocean surface layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ocean surface layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ocean surface layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: ocean chemistry

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ocean surface layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: the ocean surface layer had limited ability to absorb carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: climate

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: ocean

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: year 2000

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: the stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: how high does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: the ocean surface layer

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles: ions, clouds, or gases?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ocean surface layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ocean surface layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: ocean surface layer had limited ability to absorb carbon dioxide,

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ocean surface layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: ocean surface layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ocean surface layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ocean surface layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: ocean chemistry

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ocean surface layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: the ocean surface layer had limited ability to absorb carbon dioxide,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: the ocean surface layer had limited ability to absorb carbon dioxide,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: "Keeling Curve"

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: ocean.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: 2000,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: released from fossil fuels was not immediately absorbed by the ocean.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: ocean surface layer

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: released from fossil fuels was not immediately absorbed by the ocean.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: carbon dioxide,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Charles David Keeling.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: the ocean surface layer had limited ability to absorb carbon dioxide,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: ocean surface layer had limited ability to absorb carbon dioxide,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: the ocean surface layer had limited ability to absorb carbon dioxide,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: the ocean surface layer had limited ability to absorb carbon dioxide,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: the ocean surface layer had limited ability to absorb carbon dioxide,

text: Below this, the atmosphere is defined to be active on the insolation received, due to the increased presence of heavier gases such as monatomic oxygen.  The solar constant is thus expressed at the thermopause.  Beyond (above) this, the exosphere describes the thinnest remainder of atmospheric particles with large mean free path, mostly hydrogen and helium. As a limit for the exosphere this boundary is also called exobase.

text: Below this, the atmosphere is defined to be active on the

text: insolation

text: received, due to the increased presence of heavier gases such as monatomic oxygen.  The

text: solar constant

text: is thus expressed at the thermopause.  Beyond (above) this, the

text: exosphere

text: describes the thinnest remainder of atmospheric particles with large mean free path, mostly hydrogen and helium. As a limit for the exosphere this boundary is also called exobase.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: the exosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: the exosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: the thermopause

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: the exosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: the exosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: the exosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: the exosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: the insolation received

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The solar constant is thus expressed at the thermopause.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: orbital period

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does not have convection currents

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What is the name of the thinnest remainder of atmospheric particles with large mean free path?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles: ions, hydrogen, or helium?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: the exosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: exobase.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: exobase.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: the exosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: insolation received,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: heavier gases

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: active on the insolation received,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: thermopause.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: solar constant is thus expressed at the thermopause.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: The solar constant is thus expressed at the thermopause.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: thermopause.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: thermopause.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: thermopause.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: thermopause.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: exobase.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: hydrogen and helium.

text: A good example of convective instability can be found in our own atmosphere. If dry mid-level air is drawn over very warm, moist air in the lower troposphere, a hydrolapse (an area of rapidly decreasing dew point temperatures with height) results in the region where the moist boundary layer and mid-level air meet. As daytime heating increases mixing within the moist boundary layer, some of the moist air will begin to interact with the dry mid-level air above it. Owing to thermodynamic processes, as the dry mid-level air is slowly saturated its temperature begins to drop, increasing the adiabatic lapse rate. Under certain conditions, the lapse rate can increase significantly in a short amount of time, resulting in convection. High convective instability can lead to severe thunderstorms and tornadoes as moist air which is trapped in the boundary layer eventually becomes highly negatively buoyant relative to the adiabatic lapse rate and escapes as a rapidly rising bubble of humid air triggering the development of a cumulus or cumulonimbus cloud.

text: A good example of convective instability can be found in our own atmosphere. If dry mid-level air is drawn over very warm, moist air in the lower

text: troposphere

text: , a

text: hydrolapse

text: (an area of rapidly decreasing dew point temperatures with height) results in the region where the moist

text: boundary layer

text: and mid-level air meet. As daytime heating increases mixing within the moist boundary layer, some of the moist air will begin to interact with the dry mid-level air above it. Owing to thermodynamic processes, as the dry mid-level air is slowly saturated its temperature begins to drop, increasing the

text: adiabatic lapse rate

text: . Under certain conditions, the lapse rate can increase significantly in a short amount of time, resulting in

text: convection

text: . High convective instability can lead to severe

text: thunderstorms

text: and

text: tornadoes

text: as moist air which is trapped in the boundary layer eventually becomes highly negatively buoyant relative to the adiabatic lapse rate and escapes as a rapidly rising bubble of humid air triggering the development of a

text: cumulus

text: or

text: cumulonimbus

text: cloud.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: lower troposphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: lower troposphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: moist air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: hydrolapse

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: lower troposphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How high does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of ion?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: moist boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: moist boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: height)

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: lower troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: moist air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: convective instability

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: hydrolapse

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: lower troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: lower troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: daytime heating

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: convection.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: lower troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: severe thunderstorms and tornadoes

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: lower troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: lower troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: thunderstorms and tornadoes

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: thermodynamic processes,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: lower troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: warm, moist air in the lower troposphere,

text: A low-pressure area, low or depression, is a region where the atmospheric pressure is lower than that of surrounding locations.  Low-pressure systems form under areas of wind divergence that occur in the upper levels of the troposphere.  The formation process of a low-pressure area is known as cyclogenesis.  Within the field of meteorology, atmospheric divergence aloft occurs in two areas.  The first area is on the east side of upper troughs, which form half of a Rossby wave within the Westerlies (a trough with large wavelength that extends through the troposphere).  A second area of wind divergence aloft occurs ahead of embedded shortwave troughs, which are of smaller wavelength.  Diverging winds aloft ahead of these troughs cause atmospheric lift within the troposphere below, which lowers surface pressures as upward motion partially counteracts the force of gravity.

text: A low-pressure area, low or depression, is a region where the

text: atmospheric pressure

text: is lower than that of surrounding locations.  Low-pressure systems form under areas of wind divergence that occur in the upper levels of the

text: troposphere

text: .  The formation process of a low-pressure area is known as

text: cyclogenesis

text: .  Within the field of

text: meteorology

text: , atmospheric divergence aloft occurs in two areas.  The first area is on the east side of upper troughs, which form half of a

text: Rossby wave

text: within the

text: Westerlies

text: (a

text: trough

text: with large

text: wavelength

text: that extends through the troposphere).  A second area of wind divergence aloft occurs ahead of

text: embedded shortwave troughs

text: , which are of smaller wavelength.  Diverging winds aloft ahead of these troughs cause

text: atmospheric

text: lift within the troposphere below, which lowers surface pressures as upward motion partially counteracts the force of gravity.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: aloft

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: atmospheric pressure

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: low-pressure systems form under areas of wind divergence

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does not have convection currents?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What causes meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How high does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles: ions, troposphere or troposphere?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Why are gas molecules in the exosphere extremely cold?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: atmospheric divergence aloft

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere.

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: troposphere below,

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: troposphere.

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: troposphere.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere.

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: pressure

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: shortwave troughs,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: low-pressure area,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: low-pressure area,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: lowers surface pressures

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: low-pressure area,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: gravity.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Low-pressure systems form under areas of wind divergence

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: upper levels of the troposphere.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: troposphere.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Low-pressure systems

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: troposphere.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: low-pressure area,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Low-pressure systems form under areas of wind divergence

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: troposphere.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: troposphere.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: A low-pressure area,

text: Odd structures known as polar vortices lie within the cold polar collars. They are giant hurricane-like storms four times larger than their terrestrial analogs. Each vortex has two "eyes"—the centres of rotation, which are connected by distinct S-shaped cloud structures. Such double eyed structures are also called polar dipoles. Vortexes rotate with the period of about 3 days in the direction of general super-rotation of the atmosphere. The linear wind speeds are 35–50 m/s near their outer edges and zero at the poles. The temperature at the cloud-tops in the polar vortexes are much higher than in the nearby polar collars reaching 250 K (−23 °C). The conventional interpretation of the polar vortexes is that they are anticyclones with downwelling in the centre and upwelling in the cold polar collars. This type of circulation resembles the winter polar anticyclonic vortexes on Earth, especially the one found over Antarctica. The observations in the various infrared atmospheric windows indicate that the anticyclonic circulation observed near the poles may penetrate as deep as to 50 km altitude, i.e. to the base of the clouds. The polar upper troposphere and mesosphere are extremely dynamic; large bright clouds may appear and disappear over the space of a few hours. One such event was observed by Venus Express between 9 and 13 January 2007, when the south polar region became brighter by 30%. This event was probably caused by an injection of sulfur dioxide into the mesosphere, which then condensed forming a bright haze. The two eyes in the vortexes have yet to be explained.

text: Odd structures known as

text: polar vortices

text: lie within the cold polar collars. They are giant

text: hurricane

text: -like storms four times larger than their terrestrial analogs. Each vortex has two "eyes"—the centres of rotation, which are connected by distinct S-shaped cloud structures. Such double eyed structures are also called polar

text: dipole

text: s. Vortexes rotate with the period of about 3 days in the direction of general super-rotation of the atmosphere. The linear wind speeds are 35–50 m/s near their outer edges and zero at the poles. The temperature at the cloud-tops in the polar vortexes are much higher than in the nearby polar collars reaching 250 K (−23 °C). The conventional interpretation of the polar vortexes is that they are

text: anticyclone

text: s with downwelling in the centre and upwelling in the cold polar collars. This type of circulation resembles the winter polar anticyclonic vortexes on Earth, especially the one found over

text: Antarctica

text: . The observations in the various

text: infrared

text: atmospheric windows indicate that the

text: anticyclonic

text: circulation observed near the poles may penetrate as deep as to 50 km altitude, i.e. to the base of the clouds. The polar upper troposphere and mesosphere are extremely dynamic; large bright clouds may appear and disappear over the space of a few hours. One such event was observed by

text: Venus Express

text: between 9 and 13 January 2007, when the south polar region became brighter by 30%. This event was probably caused by an injection of

text: sulfur dioxide

text: into the mesosphere, which then condensed forming a bright haze. The two eyes in the vortexes have yet to be explained.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: cold polar collars

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: cold polar collars

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: polar vortexes

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: polar collars

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: direction of general super-rotation

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: How many layers of the atmosphere are mentioned?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles called ions: troposphere, mesosphere or upper troposphere?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: upper troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: polar upper troposphere and mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: upper troposphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: polar upper troposphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: the base of the clouds.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: upper troposphere and mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: 50 km altitude,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: polar upper troposphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: bright clouds

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: 50 km altitude,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: polar upper troposphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: poles.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Venus Express

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: large bright clouds

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: 50 km altitude,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: polar upper troposphere

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: large bright clouds

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 50 km altitude,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: 250 K (<unk>23 °C).

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: polar vortices

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: polar upper troposphere

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: 50 km altitude,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: 250 K (<unk>23 °C).

text: On April 19, 2016, Mesosphere open sourced the Datacenter Operating System. At the launch, Autodesk announced that they were able to reduce running AWS instances by 66% using DC/OS.

text: On April 19, 2016, Mesosphere open sourced the Datacenter Operating System. At the launch, Autodesk announced that they were able to reduce running AWS instances by 66% using DC/OS.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: Mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: Mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: Mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: Mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: no ozone layer exists

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: clouds

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: Mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: Mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: On April 19, 2016, Mesosphere open sourced the Datacenter Operating System.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: Mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: On April 19, 2016, Mesosphere open sourced the Datacenter Operating System.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: On April 19, 2016, Mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: On April 19, 2016, Mesosphere open sourced the Datacenter Operating System.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Mesosphere open sourced the Datacenter Operating System.

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: On April 19, 2016, Mesosphere open sourced the Datacenter Operating System.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: On April 19, 2016,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Datacenter Operating System.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: 19, 2016, Mesosphere open sourced the Datacenter Operating System.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: 19,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: On April 19, 2016, Mesosphere open sourced the Datacenter Operating System.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: On April 19, 2016,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: On April 19, 2016, Mesosphere open sourced the Datacenter Operating System.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: On April 19, 2016, Mesosphere open sourced the Datacenter Operating System.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: On April 19, 2016, Mesosphere open sourced the Datacenter Operating System.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: On April 19, 2016,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: On April 19,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: On April 19, 2016, Mesosphere open sourced the Datacenter Operating System.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: On April 19, 2016, Mesosphere open sourced the Datacenter Operating System.

text: A short period of hot weather can increase temperatures in the surface layer of water, as the warmer water tends to stay near the surface and be further heated by the air.  In this case, the top warmer layer may have more oxygen than the lower, cooler layers because it has constant access to atmospheric oxygen. If a heavy wind or cold rain then occurs (usually during the autumn but sometimes in summer), the layers can mix.  If the volume of low oxygen water is much greater than the volume in the warm surface layer, this mixing can reduce oxygen levels throughout the water column and lead to fish kill.

text: A short period of hot weather can increase temperatures in the surface layer of water, as the warmer water tends to stay near the surface and be further heated by the air.  In this case, the top warmer layer may have more oxygen than the lower, cooler layers because it has constant access to atmospheric oxygen. If a heavy wind or cold rain then occurs (usually during the autumn but sometimes in summer), the

text: layers can mix

text: .  If the volume of low oxygen water is much greater than the volume in the warm surface layer, this mixing can reduce oxygen levels throughout the

text: water column

text: and lead to fish kill.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: surface layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: surface layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: surface layer of water

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: surface layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: lower, cooler layers

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: surface layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: air temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: surface layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: the top warmer layer may have more oxygen than the lower, cooler layers

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which of the following is not true?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How high does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of ions?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is not a type of gas?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: cooler layers

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: oxygen.

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: the top warmer layer may have more oxygen than the lower, cooler layers

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: cooler layers

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: the top warmer layer may have more oxygen than the lower, cooler layers

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: cooler layers because it has constant access to atmospheric oxygen.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: oxygen.

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: air.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: cooler layers because it has constant access to atmospheric oxygen.

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: oxygen.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: the top warmer layer may have more oxygen

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: air.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: cold rain

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: atmospheric oxygen.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: oxygen.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: oxygen.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: oxygen.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: oxygen.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: oxygen.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: the top warmer layer may have more oxygen

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: heavy wind or cold rain

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: oxygen.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: oxygen.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: oxygen than the lower, cooler layers because it has constant access to atmospheric oxygen.

text: Sprengelmeyer approached the album making process "as a painting and building up layers and atmosphere". Unlike her previous efforts, Sprengelmeyer also increased her involvement on the technical side of the recording process, learning how to engineer her record.

text: Sprengelmeyer approached the album making process "as a painting and building up layers and atmosphere". Unlike her previous efforts, Sprengelmeyer also increased her involvement on the technical side of the recording process, learning how to engineer her record.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: record

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: mountain

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: orbital plane

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How high is the troposphere?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: None of the above choices are available

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: layers

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: layers

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: atmosphere".

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: layers

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Sprengelmeyer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: layers

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: layers

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: layers

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: painting

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: Sprengelmeyer

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: "as a painting

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Sprengelmeyer

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: painting

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Sprengelmeyer

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Sprengelmeyer

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: layers

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Sprengelmeyer

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Sprengelmeyer

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Sprengelmeyer

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Sprengelmeyer

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: painting

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Sprengelmeyer

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Sprengelmeyer

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Sprengelmeyer

text: In weather forecasting, decoupling is boundary-layer decoupling of atmospheric layers over land at night.  During the day when the sun shines and warms the land, air at the surface of the earth is heated and rises.  This rising air mixes the atmosphere near the earth.   At night this process stops and air near the surface cools as the land loses heat by radiating in the infrared.  If winds are light, air near the surface of the earth can become much colder, compared to the air above it, than if more mixing of air layers occurred.

text: In

text: weather forecasting

text: , decoupling is boundary-layer decoupling of atmospheric layers over land at night.  During the day when the sun shines and warms the land, air at the surface of the earth is heated and rises.  This rising air mixes the atmosphere near the earth.   At night this process stops and air near the surface cools as the land loses heat by radiating in the

text: infrared

text: .  If winds are light, air near the surface of the earth can become much colder, compared to the air above it, than if more mixing of air layers occurred.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: boundary-layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: boundary-layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: decoupling

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: boundary-layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: decoupling

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: boundary-layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: boundary-layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: boundary conditions

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: infrared

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The ozone layer protects the Earth from harmful ultraviolet rays.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: land at night

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: sun

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does not have convection currents?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Where does most of the heat that enters the mesosphere come from

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not an example of boundary-layer decoupling?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Which of the following is not a type of boundary-layer decoupling?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Why is the top of the mesosphere warmer?

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of ion?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Which of the following is not true of the exosphere?

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is not a type of gas?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: boundary-layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: boundary-layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: boundary-layer decoupling of atmospheric layers

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: boundary-layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: boundary-layer decoupling

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: infrared.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: boundary-layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: infrared.

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: rising air mixes the atmosphere near the earth.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: more mixing of air layers occurred.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: air near the surface of the earth can become much colder,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: If winds are light,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: infrared.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: During the day when the sun shines and warms the land,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: boundary-layer

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: air at the surface of the earth is heated and rises.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: light,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: air at the surface of the earth is heated and rises.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: air near the surface of the earth can become much colder,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: light,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: infrared.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: air at the surface of the earth is heated and rises.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: air near the surface of the earth can become much colder,

text: The Novaya Zemlya effect is a polar mirage caused by high refraction of sunlight between atmospheric thermoclines. The Novaya Zemlya effect will give the impression that the sun is rising earlier than it actually should (astronomically speaking), and depending on the meteorological situation, the effect will present the sun as a line or a square (which is sometimes referred to as the "rectangular sun"), made up of flattened hourglass shapes. The mirage requires rays of sunlight to have an inversion layer for hundreds of kilometres (at least 400 km), and depends on the inversion layer's temperature gradient. The sunlight must bend to the Earth's curvature at least 400 km to allow an elevation rise of 5 degrees for sight of the sun disk.

text: The Novaya Zemlya effect is a

text: polar

text: mirage

text: caused by high

text: refraction

text: of

text: sunlight

text: between atmospheric

text: thermocline

text: s. The Novaya Zemlya effect will give the impression that the

text: sun is rising

text: earlier than it actually should (astronomically speaking), and depending on the

text: meteorological

text: situation, the effect will present the sun as a line or a square (which is sometimes referred to as the "rectangular sun"), made up of flattened hourglass shapes. The mirage requires rays of sunlight to have an

text: inversion layer

text: for hundreds of kilometres (at least 400 km), and depends on the inversion layer's

text: temperature gradient

text: . The sunlight must bend to the Earth's curvature at least 400 km to allow an elevation rise of 5 degrees for sight of the sun disk.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: thermoclines

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: thermoclines

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: thermoclines

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: thermoclines

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: thermoclines

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: thermoclines

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: thermoclines

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: thermoclines

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: thermoclines

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: Earth's curvature

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The Novaya Zemlya effect will give the impression that the sun is rising earlier than it actually should

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: mirage

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: thermoclines

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: astronomical

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers does the troposphere rise to?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: What does the Novaya Zemlya effect cause?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: thermoclines.

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: thermoclines.

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: atmospheric thermoclines.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: thermoclines.

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: atmospheric thermoclines.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: thermoclines.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: thermoclines.

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: thermoclines.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: thermoclines.

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: sunlight

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: thermoclines.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's curvature

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: high refraction of sunlight

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: atmospheric thermoclines.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: high refraction of sunlight between atmospheric thermoclines.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: sunlight

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 400 km),

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: high refraction of sunlight between atmospheric thermoclines.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: atmospheric thermoclines.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: atmospheric thermoclines.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: atmospheric thermoclines.

text: He developed, with Prof J Troe, easily used approximate solutions for the pressure dependence of the rate coefficient. He provided the first solutions for cases where angular momentum conservation needs to be incorporated. His methods are used by experimentalists to fit data and extrapolate to different pressure regimes, supplanting previous tools which were of dubious validity and accuracy. His coworkers and he obtained data on the collisional energy transfer process and used them to prove the conjecture that each collision involves only a small exchange of energy. He then developed the first rigorous means to calculate these quantities from basic theory, and the first physical model for the process. His work is widely used, both for basic understanding of the transition states and by atmospheric and combustion modellers. Predicting climate change and effects on the ozone layer rely critically on this modelling.

text: He developed, with Prof J Troe, easily used approximate solutions for the pressure dependence of the rate coefficient. He provided the first solutions for cases where angular momentum conservation needs to be incorporated. His methods are used by experimentalists to fit data and extrapolate to different pressure regimes, supplanting previous tools which were of dubious validity and accuracy. His coworkers and he obtained data on the collisional energy transfer process and used them to prove the conjecture that each collision involves only a small exchange of energy. He then developed the first rigorous means to calculate these quantities from basic theory, and the first physical model for the process. His work is widely used, both for basic understanding of the transition states and by atmospheric and combustion modellers. Predicting

text: climate change

text: and effects on the

text: ozone layer

text: rely critically on this modelling.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: transition states

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: transition states

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: pressure

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: effects on the ozone layer rely critically on this modelling

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: atmospheric

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: transition states

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does Convection currents occur in

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: collisional energy transfer process

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How high is the troposphere?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: the top of the mesosphere is warmer

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a physical model for the process?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: the exosphere

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: He then developed the first rigorous means to calculate these quantities

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Prof J Troe,

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: He developed, with Prof J Troe,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: a small exchange of energy.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: atmospheric and combustion modellers.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: He developed, with Prof J Troe,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: collisional energy transfer process

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: collisional energy transfer process

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: combustion modellers.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: He developed, with Prof J Troe,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: He developed, with Prof J Troe,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: collisional energy transfer process

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: collisional energy transfer process

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: collisional energy transfer process

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: collisional energy transfer process

text: Moderate to large cumuliform and cumulonimbiform heaps and deep stratiform layers that occupy more than one altitude range are usually classified as vertical or multi-étage. Nimbostratus clouds are stratiform layers with sufficient vertical development to produce significant precipitation. Large cumulus, and cumulonimbus may form anywhere from near the surface to intermediate heights of around 3 kilometres. Of the vertically developed clouds, the cumulonimbus type is the tallest and can virtually span the entire troposphere from a few hundred metres above the ground up to the tropopause. It is the cloud responsible for thunderstorms.

text: Moderate to large cumuliform and cumulonimbiform heaps and deep stratiform layers that occupy more than one altitude range are usually classified as vertical or multi-étage.

text: Nimbostratus

text: clouds are stratiform layers with sufficient vertical development to produce significant precipitation. Large cumulus, and

text: cumulonimbus

text: may form anywhere from near the surface to intermediate heights of around 3 kilometres. Of the vertically developed clouds, the cumulonimbus type is the tallest and can virtually span the entire troposphere from a few hundred metres above the ground up to the tropopause. It is the cloud responsible for thunderstorms.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: altitude

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: It is the cloud responsible for thunderstorms.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere is responsible for thunderstorms?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: It is the cloud responsible for thunderstorms.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a stratiform layer?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Why are gases in the exosphere extremely cold?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: tropopause.

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: tropopause.

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: tropopause.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: tropopause.

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: tropopause.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: tropopause.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: tropopause.

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: altitude range

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: tropopause.

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: cumulonimbus

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: vertical or multi-étage.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: tropopause.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: 3 kilometres.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: vertical or multi-étage.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: cumulonimbus

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: tropopause.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: vertical or multi-étage.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: thunderstorms.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: tropopause.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: a few hundred metres above the ground up to the tropopause.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: a few hundred metres above the ground up to the tropopause.

text: The balloons are maneuvered by adjusting their altitude in the stratosphere to float to a wind layer after identifying the wind layer with the desired speed and direction using wind data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Users of the service connect to the balloon network using a special Internet antenna attached to their building. The signal travels through the balloon network from balloon to balloon, then to a ground-based station connected to an Internet service provider (ISP), then onto the global Internet. The system aims to bring Internet access to remote and rural areas poorly served by existing provisions, and to improve communication during natural disasters to affected regions. Key people involved in the project include Rich DeVaul, chief technical architect, who is also an expert on wearable technology; Mike Cassidy, a project leader; and Cyrus Behroozi, a networking and telecommunication lead.

text: The balloons are maneuvered by adjusting their altitude in the

text: stratosphere

text: to float to a wind layer after identifying the wind layer with the desired speed and direction using wind data from the

text: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

text: (NOAA). Users of the service connect to the balloon network using a special Internet antenna attached to their building. The signal travels through the balloon network from balloon to balloon, then to a ground-based station connected to an

text: Internet service provider

text: (ISP), then onto the global Internet. The system aims to bring Internet access to remote and rural areas poorly served by existing provisions, and to improve communication during

text: natural disaster

text: s to affected regions. Key people involved in the project include Rich DeVaul, chief technical architect, who is also an expert on

text: wearable technology

text: Mike Cassidy

text: , a project leader; and Cyrus Behroozi, a networking and telecommunication lead.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: wind layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: altitude

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The signal travels through the balloon network from balloon to balloon

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: How many layers of the atmosphere are mentioned?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earth's surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles: ions, stratosphere, or balloons?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: None of the above choices are true

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: wind layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: wind layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: wind layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: wind layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: wind

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: wind layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: wind layer

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: wind layer

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: wind layer

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: wind layer

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: wind layer

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: wind layer

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: stratosphere

text: The Reading Intermediate General Circulation Model (IGCM), is a simplified or "intermediate" Global climate model, which is developed by members of the Department of Meteorology at the University of Reading, and by members of the Stratospheric Dynamics and Chemistry Group of the Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences at McGill University.

text: The Reading Intermediate General Circulation Model (IGCM), is a simplified or "intermediate"

text: Global climate model

text: , which is developed by members of the Department of Meteorology at the

text: University of Reading

text: , and by members of the Stratospheric Dynamics and Chemistry Group of the

text: Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences

text: at

text: McGill University

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: The boundary between the troposphere and stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The Reading Intermediate General Circulation Model (IGCM) is a simplified or "intermediate" Global climate model

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Where do convection currents occur?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What does friction with gas molecules cause meteors to do?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: The troposphere rises to about 50 kilometers above Earths surface.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: The top of the mesosphere is warmer than the bottom

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle: charged particles, ions, or gases?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere merges gradually with outer space

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Why are gas molecules in the exosphere extremely cold?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: Stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: Stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: Stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: Stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: Stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: Stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: The Reading Intermediate General Circulation Model

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The Reading Intermediate General Circulation Model

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: The Reading Intermediate General Circulation Model

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: The Reading Intermediate General Circulation Model

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: The Reading Intermediate General Circulation Model

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Stratospheric Dynamics and Chemistry Group

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: The Reading Intermediate General Circulation Model

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: The Reading Intermediate General Circulation Model

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: The Reading Intermediate General Circulation Model

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: The Reading Intermediate General Circulation Model

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: The Reading Intermediate General Circulation Model

text: A capping inversion occurs when there is a boundary layer with a normal temperature profile (warm air rising into cooler air) and the layer above that is an inversion layer (cooler air below warm air).  Cloud formation from the lower layer is "capped" by the inversion layer.  If the capping inversion layer or "cap" is too strong (too close to the surface), it will prevent thunderstorms from developing.  A strong cap can result in foggy conditions.

text: A capping inversion occurs when there is a boundary layer with a normal temperature profile (warm air rising into cooler air) and the layer above that is an inversion layer (cooler air below warm air).  Cloud formation from the lower layer is "capped" by the inversion layer.  If the capping inversion layer or "cap" is too strong (too close to the surface), it will prevent thunderstorms from developing.  A strong cap can result in

text: fog

text: gy conditions.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: It prevents thunderstorms from developing.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which of the following is not a layer of the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What causes meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Which of the following is true?

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is not a type of gas?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: Cloud formation from the lower layer is "capped" by the inversion layer.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature profile

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: (warm

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: A capping inversion

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: (warm air rising into cooler air)

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: A capping inversion

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: (warm air rising into cooler air)

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: A capping inversion occurs when there is a boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: (warm air rising into cooler air)

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: foggy conditions.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: A capping inversion

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: (warm air rising into cooler air)

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: thunderstorms

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: foggy conditions.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: A capping inversion

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: (cooler air below warm air).

text: The orbits of spacecraft in low Earth orbit (LEO) decay to lower and lower altitudes due to the resistance from the friction between the spacecraft's surface (i.e. , drag) and the outer layer of the Earth's atmosphere (a.k.a. the thermosphere and exosphere). Eventually, a LEO spacecraft falls out of orbit and towards the Earth's surface. Many spacecraft launched in the past couple of decades have the ability to fire a small rocket to manage their orbits. The rocket can increase altitude to extend lifetime, to direct the reentry towards a particular (marine) site, or route the satellite to avoid collision with other spacecraft. Such maneuvers require precise information about the orbit. A geomagnetic storm can cause an orbit change over a couple of days that otherwise would occur over a year or more. The geomagnetic storm adds heat to the thermosphere, causing the thermosphere to expand and rise, increasing the drag on spacecraft. The 2009 satellite collision between the Iridium 33 and Cosmos 2251 demonstrated the importance of having precise knowledge of all objects in orbit. Iridium 33 had the capability to maneuver out of the path of Cosmos 2251 and could have evaded the crash, if a credible collision prediction had been available,

text: The orbits of spacecraft in

text: low Earth orbit

text: (LEO) decay to lower and lower altitudes due to the resistance from the friction between the spacecraft's surface (i.e. , drag) and the outer layer of the Earth's atmosphere (a.k.a. the

text: thermosphere

text: and

text: exosphere

text: ). Eventually, a LEO spacecraft falls out of orbit and towards the Earth's surface. Many spacecraft launched in the past couple of decades have the ability to fire a small rocket to manage their orbits. The rocket can increase altitude to extend lifetime, to direct the reentry towards a particular (marine) site, or route the satellite to avoid collision with other spacecraft. Such maneuvers require precise information about the orbit. A

text: geomagnetic storm

text: can cause an orbit change over a couple of days that otherwise would occur over a year or more. The

text: geomagnetic storm

text: adds heat to the thermosphere, causing the thermosphere to expand and rise, increasing the drag on spacecraft. The

text: 2009 satellite collision

text: between the Iridium 33 and Cosmos 2251 demonstrated the importance of having precise knowledge of all objects in orbit. Iridium 33 had the capability to maneuver out of the path of Cosmos 2251 and could have evaded the crash, if a credible collision prediction had been available,

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: the outer layer of the Earth's atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air in the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The geomagnetic storm adds heat to the thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: LEO

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does not have convection currents?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How high does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: What does the term "thermosphere" mean?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere merges gradually with outer space

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Why are gas molecules in the exosphere extremely cold?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: exosphere).

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: thermosphere and exosphere).

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: thermosphere and exosphere).

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: exosphere).

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: thermosphere and exosphere).

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: thermosphere and exosphere).

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: thermosphere and exosphere).

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: the thermosphere and exosphere).

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: heat

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The orbits of spacecraft in low Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: exosphere).

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: low Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: geomagnetic storm

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: thermosphere and exosphere).

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: geomagnetic storm

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: drag) and the outer layer of the Earth's atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: thermosphere,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: geomagnetic storm

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: The geomagnetic storm adds heat to the thermosphere,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Earth's atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: heat to the thermosphere,

text: The formation of the ozone layer is also caused by photodissociation. Ozone in the Earth's stratosphere is created by ultraviolet light striking oxygen molecules containing two oxygen atoms (O), splitting them into individual oxygen atoms (atomic oxygen).  The atomic oxygen then combines with unbroken O to create ozone, O. In addition, photolysis is the process by which CFCs are broken down in the upper atmosphere to form ozone-destroying chlorine free radicals.

text: The formation of the

text: ozone layer

text: is also caused by photodissociation. Ozone in the Earth's

text: stratosphere

text: is created by ultraviolet light striking oxygen molecules containing two oxygen

text: atom

text: s (O), splitting them into individual oxygen atoms (atomic oxygen).  The atomic oxygen then combines with unbroken O to create

text: ozone

text: , O. In addition, photolysis is the process by which

text: CFC

text: s are broken down in the upper atmosphere to form ozone-destroying chlorine

text: free radicals

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Earth's stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: Oxygen

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The atomic oxygen then combines with unbroken O to create ozone, O

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer is formed by ultraviolet light striking oxygen molecules containing two oxygen atoms (O)?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earth's surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles: ions, stratosphere, or atoms?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: oxygen molecules containing two oxygen atoms

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: The formation of the ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: ozone-destroying

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: photodissociation.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: photodissociation.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: ultraviolet light

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Earth's stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: oxygen molecules containing two oxygen atoms

text: The mesosphere of Venus can be divided into two layers: the lower one between 62–73 km and the upper one between 73–95 km. In the first layer the temperature is nearly constant at 230 K (−43 °C). This layer coincides with the upper cloud deck. In the second layer temperature starts to decrease again reaching about 165 K (−108 °C) at the altitude of 95 km, where mesopause begins. It is the coldest part of the Venusian dayside atmosphere. In the dayside mesopause, which serves as a boundary between the mesophere and thermosphere and is located between 95–120 km, temperature increases to a constant—about 300–400 K (27–127 °C)—value prevalent in the thermosphere. In contrast, the nightside Venusian thermosphere is the coldest place on Venus with temperature as low as 100 K (−173 °C). It is even called a cryosphere.

text: The mesosphere of Venus can be divided into two layers: the lower one between 62–73 km and the upper one between 73–95 km. In the first layer the temperature is nearly constant at 230 K (−43 °C). This layer coincides with the upper cloud deck. In the second layer temperature starts to decrease again reaching about 165 K (−108 °C) at the altitude of 95 km, where

text: mesopause

text: begins. It is the coldest part of the Venusian dayside atmosphere. In the dayside mesopause, which serves as a boundary between the mesophere and thermosphere and is located between 95–120 km, temperature increases to a constant—about 300–400 K (27–127 °C)—value prevalent in the thermosphere. In contrast, the nightside Venusian thermosphere is the coldest place on Venus with temperature as low as 100 K (−173 °C). It is even called a cryosphere.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: The dayside mesopause

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: mesopause

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: In the dayside mesopause

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: 62–73 km

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: lower one

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: It is even called a cryosphere.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: mesopause

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: nightside

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer is the coldest?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What is the lowest place on Venus with temperature as low as 100 K ( 173 °C)?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which layer of the mesosphere of Venus can be divided into two layers?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: between 73–95 km

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: What is the temperature of the exosphere?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: upper one between 73–95 km.

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: dayside mesopause,

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: dayside mesopause,

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: dayside mesopause,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: between 62–73 km

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: The mesosphere of Venus

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: 62–73 km

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The mesosphere of Venus

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: mesopause begins.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: nightside Venusian thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Venus

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: 300–400 K (27–127 °C)—value

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: two

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: The mesosphere of Venus

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Venus

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: 73–95 km.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: The mesosphere of Venus

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The mesosphere of Venus

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: cryosphere.

text: The atmospheric component of the CM2.X models employs a 24-level atmosphere with horizontal resolution of 2 degrees in the east-west and 2.5 degrees in the north-south directions. This resolution is sufficient to resolve the large mid-latitude cyclones responsible for weather variability. It is too coarse, however, to resolve processes such as hurricanes or intense thunderstorm outbreaks. The atmosphere includes a representation of radiative fluxes, mixing in the atmospheric boundary layer, representations of the impacts of stratus and cumulus clouds, a scheme for representing drag on upper level winds caused by gravity waves, changes in the spatial distribution of ozone and the ability to represent the impact of multiple greenhouse gases.

text: The atmospheric component of the CM2.X models employs a 24-level atmosphere with horizontal resolution of 2 degrees in the east-west and 2.5 degrees in the north-south directions. This resolution is sufficient to resolve the large mid-latitude cyclones responsible for weather variability. It is too coarse, however, to resolve processes such as hurricanes or intense thunderstorm outbreaks. The atmosphere includes a representation of radiative fluxes, mixing in the atmospheric boundary layer, representations of the impacts of

text: stratus

text: and

text: cumulus

text: clouds, a scheme for representing drag on upper level winds caused by

text: gravity wave

text: s, changes in the spatial distribution of ozone and the ability to represent the impact of multiple greenhouse gases.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: horizontal resolution

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: stratus

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: changes in the spatial distribution of ozone

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: CM2.X

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratus

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: greenhouse gases

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: It is too coarse, however, to resolve processes such as hurricanes

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How high is the troposphere?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: stratus and cumulus clouds

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: stratus

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: atmospheric boundary layer,

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: atmospheric boundary layer,

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: atmospheric boundary layer,

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: atmospheric boundary layer,

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: atmospheric boundary layer,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: atmospheric boundary layer,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: atmospheric boundary layer,

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: atmospheric boundary layer,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: atmospheric boundary layer,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: mixing in the atmospheric boundary layer,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: changes in the spatial distribution of ozone

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: cyclones

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: north-south directions.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: 2.5 degrees in the north-south directions.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: greenhouse gases.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: atmospheric boundary layer,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: stratus and cumulus clouds,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: drag on upper level winds caused by gravity waves,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 2.5 degrees in the north-south directions.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: 2.5 degrees in the north-south directions.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: cyclones

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: 2.5 degrees in the north-south directions.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: greenhouse gases.

text: thermal fade -thermosphere -Time signal -total electron content -troposphere -Tropospheric propagation-tropospheric scatter -tropospheric wave -TV and FM DX -

text: thermal fade

text: thermosphere

text: Time signal

text: total electron content

text: troposphere

text: Tropospheric propagation

text: tropospheric scatter

text: tropospheric wave

text: TV and FM DX

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: total electron content

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The ozone layer protects the Earth from the sun.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: -thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: -troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: -troposphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: -troposphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: -troposphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: -troposphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: -troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: -total electron content

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: -troposphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: propagation-tropospheric scatter

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: -TV and FM DX

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: -troposphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: -troposphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: -troposphere

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: -Tropospheric propagation-tropospheric

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: -Tropospheric propagation-tropospheric

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: -troposphere

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: propagation-tropospheric scatter

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: -Tropospheric propagation-tropospheric

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: propagation-tropospheric scatter

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: -Tropospheric propagation-tropospheric

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: -total electron content

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: -Tropospheric propagation-tropospheric

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: propagation-tropospheric scatter

text: The electrical conductivity of the atmosphere increases exponentially with altitude. The amplitudes of the electric and magnetic components depend on season, latitude, and height above the sea level. The greater the altitude the more atmospheric electricity abounds. The exosphere is the uppermost layer of the atmosphere and is estimated to be 500 km to 1000 km above the Earth's surface, and its upper boundary at about 10,000 km. The thermosphere (upper atmosphere) is the layer of the Earth's atmosphere directly above the mesosphere and directly below the exosphere. Within this layer, ultraviolet radiation causes ionization. Theories that have been proposed to explain the phenomenon of the polar aurora, but it has been demonstrated by experiments that it is due to positive charge passing from the higher regions of the atmosphere to the earth.

text: The

text: electrical conductivity

text: of the atmosphere increases exponentially with

text: altitude

text: . The amplitudes of the electric and magnetic components depend on season,

text: latitude

text: , and height above the sea level. The greater the altitude the more atmospheric electricity abounds. The

text: exosphere

text: is the uppermost layer of the atmosphere and is estimated to be 500 km to 1000 km above the Earth's surface, and its upper boundary at about 10,000 km. The

text: thermosphere

text: upper atmosphere

text: ) is the layer of the Earth's atmosphere directly above the mesosphere and directly below the exosphere. Within this layer, ultraviolet radiation causes ionization. Theories that have been proposed to explain the phenomenon of the

text: polar aurora

text: , but it has been demonstrated by

text: experiment

text: s that it is due to

text: positive charge

text: passing from the higher regions of the atmosphere to the earth.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: The thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: The thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: The thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: The thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: The thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: altitude

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The exosphere is the uppermost layer of the atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Earth's atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: latitude

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the Earth's atmosphere is directly above the mesosphere?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not a layer of the Earth's atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Which layer of the Earth's atmosphere is directly above the mesosphere?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: It is

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which layer of the Earth's atmosphere contains charged particles called ions?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: How does the exosphere merge with outer space?

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Why are gas molecules in the exosphere extremely cold?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: The thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: The thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: 10,000 km.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: The thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: The thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: altitude.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: ultraviolet radiation

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The electrical conductivity of the atmosphere increases exponentially with altitude.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: The thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: The exosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: 10,000 km.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: ultraviolet radiation

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: The exosphere

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: The thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: The electrical conductivity of the atmosphere increases exponentially with altitude.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: The exosphere

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: The thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: positive charge passing from the higher regions of the atmosphere to the earth.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: ultraviolet radiation causes ionization.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: 10,000 km.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: The exosphere

text: Ozone  (systematically named 1λ,3λ-trioxidane and catena-trioxygen), or trioxygen, is an inorganic molecule with the chemical formula . It is a pale blue gas with a distinctively pungent smell. It is an allotrope of oxygen that is much less stable than the diatomic allotrope , breaking down in the lower atmosphere to normal dioxygen. Ozone is formed from dioxygen by the action of ultraviolet light and also atmospheric electrical discharges, and is present in low concentrations throughout the Earth's atmosphere (stratosphere). In total, ozone makes up only  of the atmosphere.

text: Ozone  (systematically named 1λ,3λ-trioxidane and catena-trioxygen), or trioxygen, is an inorganic molecule with the

text: chemical formula

text: . It is a pale blue gas with a distinctively pungent smell. It is an

text: allotrope

text: of

text: oxygen

text: that is much less stable than the

text: diatomic

text: allotrope , breaking down in the lower atmosphere to normal

text: dioxygen

text: . Ozone is formed from dioxygen by the action of

text: ultraviolet

text: light and also atmospheric electrical discharges, and is present in low concentrations throughout the

text: Earth's atmosphere

text: (stratosphere). In total, ozone makes up only  of the atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Earth's atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: lower atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: In total, ozone makes up only of the atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does not contain ozone?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What is a pale blue gas with a distinctively pungent smell?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not present in low concentrations throughout the Earth's atmosphere (stratosphere)?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: None of the above choices are true

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: Ozone

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: (stratosphere).

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: (stratosphere).

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: Ozone

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: (stratosphere).

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: (stratosphere).

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: (stratosphere).

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: (stratosphere).

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: Ozone

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: ozone makes up only of the atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: (stratosphere).

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: (stratosphere).

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: (stratosphere).

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Ozone

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: (stratosphere).

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Ozone

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Ozone

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: (stratosphere).

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: (stratosphere).

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: atmospheric electrical discharges,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: (stratosphere).

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: (stratosphere).

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Ozone

text: The haloalkanes (also known, as halogenoalkanes or alkyl halides) are a group of chemical compounds derived from alkanes containing one or more halogens. They are a subset of the general class of halocarbons, although the distinction is not often made. Haloalkanes are widely used commercially and, consequently, are known under many chemical and commercial names. They are used as flame retardants, fire extinguishants, refrigerants, propellants, solvents, and pharmaceuticals. Subsequent to the widespread use in commerce, many halocarbons have also been shown to be serious pollutants and toxins. For example, the chlorofluorocarbons have been shown to lead to ozone depletion. Methyl bromide is a controversial fumigant. Only haloalkanes which contain chlorine, bromine, and iodine are a threat to the ozone layer, but fluorinated volatile haloalkanes in theory may have activity as greenhouse gases. Methyl iodide, a naturally occurring substance, however, does not have ozone-depleting properties and the United States Environmental Protection Agency has designated the compound a non-ozone layer depleter. For more information, see Halomethane. Haloalkane or alkyl halides are the compounds which have the general formula "RX" where R is an alkyl or substituted alkyl group and X is a halogen (F, Cl, Br, I).

text: The haloalkanes (also known, as halogenoalkanes or alkyl halides) are a group of

text: chemical compound

text: s derived from

text: alkane

text: s containing one or more

text: halogen

text: s. They are a subset of the general class of

text: halocarbon

text: s, although the distinction is not often made. Haloalkanes are widely used commercially and, consequently, are known under many chemical and commercial names. They are used as

text: flame retardants

text: fire extinguishants

text: refrigerant

text: s,

text: propellant

text: s,

text: solvent

text: s, and

text: pharmaceutical

text: s. Subsequent to the widespread use in commerce, many halocarbons have also been shown to be serious

text: pollutant

text: s and toxins. For example, the

text: chlorofluorocarbon

text: s have been shown to lead to

text: ozone depletion

text: Methyl bromide

text: is a controversial fumigant. Only haloalkanes which contain chlorine, bromine, and iodine are a threat to the

text: ozone layer

text: , but fluorinated volatile haloalkanes in theory may have activity as

text: greenhouse gas

text: es.

text: Methyl iodide

text: , a naturally occurring substance, however, does not have ozone-depleting properties and the United States Environmental Protection Agency has designated the compound a non-ozone layer depleter. For more information, see

text: Halomethane

text: . Haloalkane or alkyl halides are the compounds which have the general formula "RX" where R is an alkyl or substituted alkyl group and X is a halogen (F, Cl, Br, I).

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: halogens

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Methyl iodide, a naturally occurring substance, however, does not have ozone-depleting properties

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Alkanes

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: heliocentric orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: How many layers of the atmosphere do convection currents occur in?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: The top of the mesosphere is warmer than the bottom

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a threat to the ozone layer?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: How are haloalkanes used?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: greenhouse gases.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: haloalkanes in theory may have activity as greenhouse gases.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ozone-depleting

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: fluorinated volatile haloalkanes

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: ozone-depleting properties

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: greenhouse gases.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Methyl iodide,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Methyl iodide,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: fluorinated volatile haloalkanes

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Methyl iodide,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: fluorinated volatile haloalkanes

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: fluorinated volatile haloalkanes

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: greenhouse gases.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: greenhouse gases.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Methyl iodide,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: haloalkanes in theory may have activity as greenhouse gases.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: greenhouse gases.

text: Working at NOAA's Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, first in Washington, DC and later in Princeton, New Jersey, Manabe worked with director Joseph Smagorinsky to develop three-dimensional models of the atmosphere. As the first step, Manabe and Wetherald (1967) developed one-dimensional, single-column model of the atmosphere in radiative-convective equilibrium with positive feedback effect of water vapor. Using the model, they found that, in response to the change in atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide, temperature increases at the Earth's surface and in the troposphere, whereas it decreases in the stratosphere. Manabe also played a critical role in the development of comprehensive general circulation model (Manabe et al. 1965). They used the model to simulate for the first time the three-dimensional response of temperature and the hydrologic cycle to increased carbon dioxide(Manabe and Wetherald, 1975). In 1969 Manabe and Kirk Bryan published the first simulations of the climate by a coupled ocean-atmosphere models, exploring the role of oceanic heat transport in determining the global distribution of climate. Throughout the 1990s early 2000s, Manabe's research group published seminal papers using the coupled models to investigate the time-dependent response of climate to changing greenhouse gas concentrations of the atmosphere (Stouffer et al.,1989; Manabe et al., 1991 & 1992). They also applied the model to the study of past climate change, including the role of freshwater input to the North Atlantic Ocean as a potential cause of the so-called, abrupt climate change evident in the paleoclimatic record (Manabe and Stouffer,1995 & 2000).

text: Working at

text: NOAA

text: 's

text: Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory

text: , first in

text: Washington, DC

text: and later in

text: Princeton, New Jersey

text: , Manabe worked with director

text: Joseph Smagorinsky

text: to develop

text: three-dimensional

text: models

text: of the

text: atmosphere

text: . As the first step, Manabe and Wetherald (1967) developed one-dimensional, single-column model of the atmosphere in radiative-convective equilibrium with positive feedback effect of water vapor. Using the model, they found that, in response to the change in atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide, temperature increases at the Earth's surface and in the troposphere, whereas it decreases in the stratosphere. Manabe also played a critical role in the development of comprehensive general circulation model (Manabe et al. 1965). They used the model to simulate for the first time the three-dimensional response of temperature and the hydrologic cycle to increased carbon dioxide(Manabe and Wetherald, 1975). In 1969 Manabe and Kirk Bryan published the first simulations of the climate by a coupled ocean-atmosphere models, exploring the role of oceanic heat transport in determining the global distribution of climate. Throughout the 1990s early 2000s, Manabe's research group published seminal papers using the coupled models to investigate the time-dependent response of

text: climate

text: to changing

text: greenhouse gas

text: concentrations of the atmosphere (Stouffer et al.,1989; Manabe et al., 1991 & 1992). They also applied the model to the study of past climate change, including the role of freshwater input to the North Atlantic Ocean as a potential cause of the so-called, abrupt climate change evident in the paleoclimatic record (Manabe and Stouffer,1995 & 2000).

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: temperature increases at the Earth's surface

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air in the stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Manabe worked with director Joseph Smagorinsky to develop three-dimensional models

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does not have convection currents?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not a source of friction: gas molecules or meteors?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How high does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: in the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle: ions, stratosphere, or surface?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is not a type of gas?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: it decreases in the stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: troposphere, whereas it decreases in the stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: coupled models

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: oceanic heat transport

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: coupled models

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: oceanic heat transport

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: decreases in the stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: coupled models

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: coupled models

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: troposphere, whereas it decreases in the stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: coupled models

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: troposphere, whereas it decreases in the stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: stratosphere.

text: Inspired by the Diviner and the Rel, the Northern being that crossed from the Northern to the Southern Hemisphere in Midnight at the Well of Souls, several competing factions have discovered that the Northern beings inhabiting the hex of Yugash can "possess" a Southerner and allow him to pass into Yugash. In Exiles at the Well of Souls, two ships were crash-landed on the Well World. The first landed in the South, and was destroyed at the end of the war in Exiles. The second landed in the north, and now the factions that fought the war in Exiles are girding for a race to the second ship.

text: Inspired by the Diviner and the Rel, the Northern being that crossed from the Northern to the Southern Hemisphere in

text: Midnight at the Well of Souls

text: , several competing factions have discovered that the Northern beings inhabiting the hex of Yugash can "possess" a Southerner and allow him to pass into Yugash. In Exiles at the Well of Souls, two ships were crash-landed on the Well World. The first landed in the South, and was destroyed at the end of the war in Exiles. The second landed in the north, and now the factions that fought the war in Exiles are girding for a race to the second ship.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: the stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: the Southern Hemisphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: Hemisphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: hemisphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: the Northern Hemisphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: Hemisphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: hemisphere

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Northern

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The first landed in the South, and was destroyed at the end of the war in Exiles

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Northern

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Northern Hemisphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Hemisphere

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: How many layers of the atmosphere are mentioned?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not a type of gas?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: what is the first landed in the south?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle: charged particles or ions?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: None of the above choices are true

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: Northern to the Southern Hemisphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: Northern to the Southern Hemisphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Southern Hemisphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: Southern Hemisphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Southern Hemisphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: Northern to the Southern Hemisphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: Northern to the Southern Hemisphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: Northern to the Southern Hemisphere

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Northern to the Southern Hemisphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: Southern Hemisphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Northern to the Southern Hemisphere

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Northern to the Southern Hemisphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Northern to the Southern Hemisphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Northern to the Southern Hemisphere

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Northern to the Southern Hemisphere

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Northern to the Southern Hemisphere

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Northern to the Southern Hemisphere

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Northern to the Southern Hemisphere

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Northern to the Southern Hemisphere

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Northern to the Southern Hemisphere

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Northern to the Southern Hemisphere

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Northern to the Southern Hemisphere

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Northern to the Southern Hemisphere

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Northern to the Southern Hemisphere

text: Polar meteorology'晚安Surface temperature inversion is typical of polar environments and leads to the katabatic wind phenomenon. The vertical temperature structure of polar environments tends to be more complex than in mid-latitude or tropical climates.

text: Polar

text: meteorology

text: '晚安Surface

text: temperature inversion

text: is typical of polar environments and leads to the

text: katabatic wind

text: phenomenon. The vertical temperature structure of polar environments tends to be more complex than in mid-latitude or

text: tropical

text: climates.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: vertical temperature structure

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: polar environments

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: surface

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The vertical temperature structure of polar environments tends to be more complex.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: polar environment

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: polar regions

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: mid-latitude

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which of the following is not a layer of the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Which of the following is not true of the stratosphere?

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not an example of surface temperature inversion?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: The troposphere rises to about 50 kilometers above Earths surface

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: The top of the mesosphere is warmer than the bottom.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of ion?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is not a characteristic of polar environments?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: The vertical temperature structure

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: Surface temperature inversion

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Surface temperature inversion

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: Surface temperature inversion

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Surface temperature inversion

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: Surface temperature inversion

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: Surface temperature inversion

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: vertical temperature structure

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Surface temperature inversion

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: Surface temperature inversion

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: tropical climates.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: polar environments

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: polar environments

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: polar

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: tropical climates.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: The vertical temperature structure of polar environments tends to be more complex

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Surface temperature inversion

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: katabatic wind phenomenon.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: tropical climates.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Surface temperature inversion

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: katabatic wind phenomenon.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: The vertical temperature structure of polar environments

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: katabatic wind phenomenon.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: polar environments

text: After reaching the tropopause, the bottom of the region of strong static stability, the cloud tends to slow its ascent and spread out. If it contains sufficient energy, the central part of it may continue rising up into the stratosphere as an analog of a standard thunderstorm. A mass of air ascending from the troposphere to the stratosphere leads to the formation of acoustic gravity waves, virtually identical to those created by intense stratosphere-penetrating thunderstorms. Smaller-scale explosions penetrating the tropopause generate waves of higher frequency, classified as infrasound.

text: After reaching the

text: tropopause

text: , the bottom of the region of strong static stability, the cloud tends to slow its ascent and spread out. If it contains sufficient energy, the central part of it may continue rising up into the

text: stratosphere

text: as an analog of a standard thunderstorm. A mass of air ascending from the troposphere to the stratosphere leads to the formation of acoustic

text: gravity wave

text: s, virtually identical to those created by intense stratosphere-penetrating

text: thunderstorm

text: s. Smaller-scale explosions penetrating the tropopause generate waves of higher frequency, classified as

text: infrasound

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: static stability

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The tropopause is the bottom of the region of strong static stability.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer does the tropopause occur in?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles: ions, tropopause, or clouds?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Why are gas molecules in the exosphere extremely cold?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: static stability,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: tropopause, the bottom of the region of strong static stability,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: After reaching the tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: After reaching the tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: stratosphere-penetrating thunderstorms.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: infrasound.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: intense stratosphere-penetrating thunderstorms.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: tropopause,

text: "The Thermosphere Murders" is about two American astronauts' murder cases and the abnormal explosion of a Russian spacecraft returning from the imaginary space station - "USS / The Universal Space Station".

text: "The Thermosphere Murders" is about two American astronauts' murder cases and the abnormal explosion of a Russian spacecraft returning from the imaginary space station - "USS / The Universal Space Station".

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: the thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: space station

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The ozone layer protects humans from harmful ultraviolet rays.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: space station

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: space station

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere is not mentioned in the passage?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What does friction with gas molecules cause meteors to do?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How high is the troposphere?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle: charged particles or ions?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: "The Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: "The Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: "The Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: "USS / The Universal Space Station".

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: "The Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: "The Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: "The Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: "The Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: "The Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: "The Thermosphere Murders"

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: "USS / The Universal Space Station".

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: "The Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: "The Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: imaginary space station - "USS / The Universal Space Station".

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: "The Thermosphere Murders"

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: "The Thermosphere Murders"

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: "The Thermosphere Murders"

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: explosion

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: "The Thermosphere Murders"

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: "The Thermosphere Murders"

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: "The Thermosphere Murders"

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: "The Thermosphere Murders"

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: imaginary space station

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: "The Thermosphere

text: Gallium reacts with the chalcogens only at relatively high temperatures. At room temperature, gallium metal is not reactive with air and water because it forms a passive, protective oxide layer.  At higher temperatures, however, it reacts with atmospheric oxygen to form gallium(III) oxide, . Reducing  with elemental gallium in vacuum at 500 °C to 700 °C yields the dark brown gallium(I) oxide, .  is a very strong reducing agent, capable of reducing  to .  It disproportionates at 800 °C back to gallium and .

text: Gallium reacts with the

text: chalcogen

text: s only at relatively high temperatures. At room temperature, gallium metal is not reactive with air and water because it forms a

text: passive

text: , protective

text: oxide

text: layer.  At higher temperatures, however, it reacts with atmospheric

text: oxygen

text: to form

text: gallium(III) oxide

text: , . Reducing  with elemental gallium in vacuum at 500 °C to 700 °C yields the dark brown

text: gallium(I) oxide

text: , .  is a very strong

text: reducing agent

text: , capable of reducing

text: to

text: .  It disproportionates at 800 °C back to gallium and .

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: At room temperature

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: air pressure

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: oxygen layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: air in the troposphere.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: It disproportionates at 800 °C back to gallium and.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Which of the following is not a source of heat in the troposphere?

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Where do convection currents occur?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Where is the stratosphere located?

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What causes meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: The troposphere rises to about 50 kilometers above Earth's surface.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: The top of the mesosphere is warmer than the bottom.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: It does not.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of ions?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere is the outermost layer of the solar system.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: What is the temperature in the exosphere?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: atmospheric oxygen

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Gallium reacts with the chalcogens

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: oxygen

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: air and water

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: air and water

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: air and water

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: passive, protective oxide layer.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: atmospheric oxygen

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: 500 °C to 700 °C

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Gallium

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Gallium reacts with the chalcogens

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: air and water

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Gallium reacts with the chalcogens

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: oxygen

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Gallium reacts with the chalcogens

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Gallium reacts with the chalcogens

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: atmospheric oxygen

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: oxygen

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Gallium reacts with the chalcogens

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: high temperatures. At room temperature,

text: Stratospheric sulfur aerosols are sulfur-rich particles which exist in the stratosphere region of the Earth's atmosphere.  The layer of the atmosphere in which they exist is known as the Junge layer, or simply the stratospheric aerosol layer.  These particles consist of a mixture of sulfuric acid and water.  They are created naturally, such as by photochemical decomposition of sulfur-containing gases, e.g. carbonyl sulfide.  When present in high levels, e.g. after a strong volcanic eruption such as Mount Pinatubo, they produce a cooling effect, by reflecting sunlight, and by modifying clouds as they fall out of the stratosphere.  This cooling may persist for a few years before the particles fall out.

text: Stratospheric sulfur aerosols are

text: sulfur

text: -rich

text: particles

text: which exist in the

text: stratosphere

text: region of the

text: Earth's atmosphere

text: .  The layer of the atmosphere in which they exist is known as the Junge layer, or simply the stratospheric aerosol layer.  These particles consist of a mixture of

text: sulfuric acid

text: and water.  They are created naturally, such as by

text: photochemical

text: decomposition of sulfur-containing gases, e.g.

text: carbonyl sulfide

text: .  When present in high levels, e.g. after a strong volcanic eruption such as

text: Mount Pinatubo

text: , they produce a cooling effect, by reflecting sunlight, and by modifying clouds as they fall out of the stratosphere.  This cooling may persist for a few years before the particles fall out.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: the Junge layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: the Junge layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: Junge layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: gases

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Junge layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: This cooling may persist for a few years before the particles fall out.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere is not known as the Junge layer?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earth's surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles: Stratospheric sulfur aerosols or ions?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: Junge layer,

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: Junge layer,

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Junge layer,

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: Junge layer,

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Junge layer,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: Junge layer,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: Junge layer,

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: sulfur-rich particles which exist in the stratosphere region

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Junge layer,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: sunlight,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: cooling effect,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Mount Pinatubo,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: sunlight,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Junge layer,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Stratospheric sulfur aerosols

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Stratospheric sulfur aerosols

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Junge layer,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: cooling

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: strong volcanic eruption

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: sunlight,

text: Despite their effectiveness, chemical fire extinguishing agents are not without disadvantages. In the early 20th century, carbon tetrachloride was extensively used as a dry cleaning solvent, a refrigerant and as a fire extinguishing agent. In time, it was found carbon tetrachloride could lead to severe health effects. From the mid-1960s Halon 1301 was the industry standard for protecting high-value assets from the threat of fire.  Halon 1301 had many benefits as a fire suppression agent; it is fast-acting, safe for assets and required minimal storage space.  Halon 1301's major drawbacks are that it depletes atmospheric ozone and is potentially harmful to humans. Since 1987, some 191 nations have signed The Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer. The Protocol is an international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of a number of substances believed to be responsible for ozone depletion.  Among these were halogenated hydrocarbons often used in fire suppression. As a result, manufacturers have focused on alternatives to Halon 1301 and Halon 1211 (halogenated hydrocarbons). A number of countries have also taken steps to mandate the removal of installed Halon systems.  Most notably these include Germany and Australia, the first two countries in the world to require this action.  In both of these countries complete removal of installed Halon systems has been completed except for a very few essential-use applications. The European Union is currently undergoing a similar mandated removal of installed Halon systems.

text: Despite their effectiveness, chemical fire extinguishing agents are not without disadvantages. In the early 20th century,

text: carbon tetrachloride

text: was extensively used as a dry cleaning solvent, a refrigerant and as a fire extinguishing agent. In time, it was found carbon tetrachloride could lead to severe health effects. From the mid-1960s

text: Halon 1301

text: was the industry standard for protecting high-value assets from the threat of fire.  Halon 1301 had many benefits as a fire suppression agent; it is fast-acting, safe for assets and required minimal storage space.  Halon 1301's major drawbacks are that it depletes atmospheric

text: ozone

text: and is potentially harmful to humans. Since 1987, some 191 nations have signed The

text: Montreal Protocol

text: on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer. The Protocol is an international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of a number of substances believed to be responsible for ozone depletion.  Among these were

text: halogenated hydrocarbons

text: often used in fire suppression. As a result, manufacturers have focused on alternatives to Halon 1301 and Halon 1211 (halogenated hydrocarbons). A number of countries have also taken steps to mandate the removal of installed Halon systems.  Most notably these include Germany and Australia, the first two countries in the world to require this action.  In both of these countries complete removal of installed Halon systems has been completed except for a very few essential-use applications. The

text: European Union

text: is currently undergoing a similar mandated removal of installed Halon systems.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Ozone Layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air in the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: the European Union is currently undergoing a similar mandated removal of installed Halon systems.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: European Union

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: European Union

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does the Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer cover?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What does the Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer protect?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How high does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Which of the following is true of the mesosphere?

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a major drawback of Halon 1301: it depletes atmospheric ozone and is potentially harmful to humans?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Which of the following is not true of the exosphere?

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is not a drawback of Halon 1301?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: atmospheric ozone

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: atmospheric ozone

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: ozone depletion.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: atmospheric ozone

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: refrigerant

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: The Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: halogenated hydrocarbons

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Halon 1301

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: The Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: The Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Halon 1301

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: atmospheric ozone

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: carbon tetrachloride could lead to severe health effects.

text: A marine layer is an air mass which develops over the surface of a large body of water such as the ocean or large lake in the presence of a temperature inversion.  The inversion itself is usually initiated by the cooling effect of the water on the surface layer of an otherwise warm air mass.  As it cools, the surface air becomes denser than the warmer air above it, and thus becomes trapped below it.  The layer may thicken through turbulence generated within the developing marine layer itself.  It may also thicken if the warmer air above it is lifted by an approaching area of low pressure.  The layer will also gradually increase its humidity by evaporation of the ocean or lake surface, as well as by the effect of cooling itself.    Fog will form within a marine layer where the humidity is high enough and cooling sufficient to produce condensation. Stratus and stratocumulus will also form at the top of a marine layer in the presence of the same conditions there.

text: A marine layer is an air mass which develops over the surface of a large body of water such as the ocean or large lake in the presence of a

text: temperature inversion

text: .  The inversion itself is usually initiated by the cooling effect of the water on the surface layer of an otherwise warm air mass.  As it cools, the surface air becomes denser than the warmer air above it, and thus becomes trapped below it.  The layer may thicken through turbulence generated within the developing marine layer itself.  It may also thicken if the warmer air above it is lifted by an approaching area of low pressure.  The layer will also gradually increase its

text: humidity

text: by evaporation of the ocean or lake surface, as well as by the effect of cooling itself.

text: Fog

text: will form within a marine layer where the humidity is high enough and cooling sufficient to produce condensation.

text: Stratus

text: and

text: stratocumulus

text: will also form at the top of a marine layer in the presence of the same conditions there.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: marine layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: marine layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: marine layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: marine layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: marine layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: marine layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: marine layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: marine layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Fog will form within a marine layer where the humidity is high enough and cooling sufficient to produce condensation

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: marine layer

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: marine layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere is not a marine layer?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How high does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of ion?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is not a type of gas?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: marine layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: marine layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: marine layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: marine layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: marine layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: marine layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: marine layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature inversion.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: marine layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warmer air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: A marine layer

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: temperature inversion.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: marine layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: approaching area of low pressure.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: A marine layer

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: marine layer

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: marine layer

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: turbulence

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: A marine layer

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: As it cools,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: approaching area of low pressure.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: A marine layer

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: A marine layer

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: cooling effect of the water on the surface layer of an otherwise warm air mass.

text: The nickel and barium oxides are also chemically reactive, with tendency to slowly form a layer of hydroxides and carbonates in contact with atmospheric moisture and carbon dioxide.

text: The nickel and barium oxides are also chemically reactive, with tendency to slowly form a layer of

text: hydroxide

text: s and

text: carbonate

text: s in contact with atmospheric moisture and carbon dioxide.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: hydroxides

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: hydrosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: hydroxides and carbonates

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: hydroxides

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: hydroxides

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The ozone layer protects the Earth from the sun.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: carbonate layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How high is the troposphere?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: None of the above choices are true

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: atmospheric moisture

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: atmospheric moisture

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: a layer of hydroxides and carbonates in contact with atmospheric moisture

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: atmospheric moisture

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: a layer of hydroxides and carbonates in contact with atmospheric moisture

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: moisture and carbon dioxide.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: atmospheric moisture and carbon dioxide.

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: atmospheric moisture and carbon dioxide.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: moisture

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: atmospheric moisture

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The nickel and barium oxides are also chemically reactive,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: atmospheric moisture

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: atmospheric moisture

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: The nickel and barium oxides

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: atmospheric moisture

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: atmospheric moisture

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: atmospheric moisture

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: atmospheric moisture and carbon dioxide.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: nickel and barium oxides

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: atmospheric moisture

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: atmospheric moisture

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: atmospheric moisture

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: slowly form a layer of hydroxides and carbonates

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: The nickel and barium oxides

text: Microbaroms that propagate up to the lower thermosphere may be carried in an atmospheric waveguide,refracted back toward the surface from below 120 km and above 150 km altitudes,or dissipated at altitudes between 110 and 140 km.They may also be trapped near the surface in the lower troposphere by planetary boundary layer effects and surface winds, or they may by ducted in the stratosphere by upper level winds and returned to the surface through refraction, diffraction or scattering.These tropospheric and stratospheric ducts are only generated along the dominant wind directions,may vary by time of day and season,and will not return the sound rays to the ground when the upper winds are light.

text: Microbaroms that propagate up to the lower

text: thermosphere

text: may be carried in an

text: atmospheric waveguide

text: refracted

text: back toward the surface from below 120 km and above 150 km altitudes,or

text: dissipated

text: at altitudes between 110 and 140 km.They may also be trapped near the surface in the lower

text: troposphere

text: by

text: planetary boundary layer

text: effects and surface winds, or they may by ducted in the stratosphere by upper level winds and returned to the surface through refraction,

text: diffraction

text: or

text: scattering

text: .These tropospheric and stratospheric ducts are only generated along the dominant wind directions,may vary by time of day and season,and will not return the sound rays to the ground when the upper winds are light.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: lower troposphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: surface winds

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: lower troposphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: cold air in the stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: will not return the sound rays to the ground when the upper winds are light.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: asteroid belt

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: lower troposphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: planetary boundary layer effects and surface winds,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: will not return the sound rays to the ground

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: lower thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: lower thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: planetary boundary layer effects

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: planetary boundary layer effects

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: lower troposphere

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: upper level winds

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: planetary boundary layer effects and surface winds,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 120 km and above 150 km altitudes,or

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: lower thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: surface winds,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Microbaroms that propagate up to the lower thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Microbaroms that propagate up to the lower thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Microbaroms that propagate up to the lower thermosphere

text: When light passes through Earth's atmosphere, photons interact with it through scattering. If the light does not interact with the atmosphere, it is called direct radiation and is what you see if you were to look directly at the Sun. Indirect radiation is light that has been scattered in the atmosphere. For example, on an overcast day when you cannot see your shadow there is no direct radiation reaching you, it has all been scattered. As another example, due to a phenomenon called Rayleigh scattering, shorter (blue) wavelengths scatter more easily than longer (red) wavelengths. This is why the sky looks blue; you are seeing scattered blue light. This is also why sunsets are red. Because the Sun is close to the horizon, the Sun's rays pass through more atmosphere than normal to reach your eye. Much of the blue light has been scattered out, leaving the red light in a sunset.

text: When light passes through Earth's atmosphere,

text: photon

text: s interact with it through scattering. If the light does not interact with the atmosphere, it is called direct radiation and is what you see if you were to look directly at the Sun. Indirect radiation is light that has been scattered in the atmosphere. For example, on an

text: overcast

text: day when you cannot see your shadow there is no direct radiation reaching you, it has all been scattered. As another example, due to a phenomenon called

text: Rayleigh scattering

text: , shorter (blue) wavelengths scatter more easily than longer (red) wavelengths. This is why the sky looks blue; you are seeing scattered blue light. This is also why

text: sunset

text: s are red. Because the Sun is close to the horizon, the Sun's rays pass through more atmosphere than normal to reach your eye. Much of the blue light has been scattered out, leaving the red light in a sunset.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: horizon

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: wavelengths

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: direct radiation

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: air in the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: direct radiation is light that has been scattered in the atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Earth.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: sun

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Sun's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does not have convection currents?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Which of the following is not a type of radiation?

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not caused by friction with gas molecules?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How high does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Why is the top of the mesosphere warmer

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of ion?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Which of the following is not a type of radiation?

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is not a type of gas?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: direct radiation

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: direct radiation

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: direct radiation

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: direct radiation

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: direct radiation

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: direct radiation

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: direct radiation

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: photons interact with it through scattering.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: direct radiation

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: direct radiation

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: direct radiation

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: direct radiation

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: direct radiation

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: direct radiation

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: direct radiation

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: direct radiation

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: direct radiation

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: direct radiation

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: direct radiation

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: direct radiation

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: direct radiation

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: direct radiation

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: direct radiation

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: direct radiation

text: The album is primarily guitar driven, but there are instrumental appearances of the banjo, sparse horn sections, and minimal use of keyboards layering the compositions; most are played by McManus, including the fiddle. The lyrics have been described as abstract, and at times metaphorical, and the music as fluid, atmospheric.

text: The album is primarily guitar driven, but there are instrumental appearances of the banjo, sparse horn sections, and minimal use of keyboards layering the compositions; most are played by McManus, including the fiddle. The lyrics have been described as abstract, and at times metaphorical, and the music as fluid, atmospheric.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: atmospheric conditions

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: keyboards

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The album is primarily guitar driven

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: mountain

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: orbital

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earth's surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: None of the above choices are available

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: atmospheric.

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: atmospheric.

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: fluid, atmospheric.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: atmospheric.

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: fluid, atmospheric.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: keyboards

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: atmospheric.

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: keyboards

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: keyboards

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: fluid, atmospheric.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The album is primarily guitar driven,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: abstract, and at times metaphorical,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: keyboards

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: metaphorical,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: primarily guitar driven, but there are instrumental appearances of the banjo,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: fluid, atmospheric.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: primarily guitar driven, but there are instrumental appearances of the banjo,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: metaphorical, and the music as fluid, atmospheric.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: fluid, atmospheric.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: abstract, and at times metaphorical,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: primarily guitar driven, but there are instrumental appearances of the banjo,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: keyboards

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: fluid, atmospheric.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: abstract, and at times metaphorical,

text: In April 1992, the German Aerospace Center (Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V - DLR) commenced a programme to develop an aircraft to carry out atmospheric, stratospheric and climatic research.  It chose Grob Aerospace to design and build an aircraft to meet these requirements, based both on its experience in use of composite material in aircraft structures together with its successful development of the Egrett surveillance aircraft, with the aircraft expected to be operational by 1996.

text: In April 1992, the

text: German Aerospace Center

text: (Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V - DLR) commenced a programme to develop an aircraft to carry out

text: atmospheric

text: stratospheric

text: and

text: climatic

text: research.  It chose Grob Aerospace to design and build an aircraft to meet these requirements, based both on its experience in use of

text: composite material

text: in aircraft structures together with its successful development of the

text: Egrett

text: surveillance aircraft, with the aircraft expected to be operational by 1996.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: the aircraft expected to be operational by 1996.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: DLR

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does the aircraft expected to be operational by 1996?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earth's surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle: stratospheric or climatic?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: atmospheric, stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: atmospheric, stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: atmospheric, stratospheric and climatic research.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: 1996.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: atmospheric, stratospheric and climatic research.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: 1992,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: atmospheric, stratospheric and climatic research.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: atmospheric, stratospheric and climatic research.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: atmospheric, stratospheric and climatic research.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: atmospheric, stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: climatic research.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: atmospheric, stratospheric and climatic research.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: atmospheric, stratospheric and climatic research.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: stratospheric and climatic research.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: atmospheric, stratospheric and climatic research.

text: In an ordinary, non-pressurized, cooking vessel, the boiling point of water is  at standard pressure; the temperature of food is limited by the boiling point of water because excess heat causes boiling water to vaporize into steam. In a sealed pressure cooker, the boiling point of water increases as the pressure rises, resulting in superheated water. At a pressure of 1 bar or ~15 psi (pounds per square inch) above the existing atmospheric pressure, water in a pressure cooker can reach a temperature of up to , depending on altitude.  The boiling temperature of water (and water-based liquids) is determined by the ambient atmospheric pressure. Pressure cookers always require liquid in order to cook food under pressure. At sea level, the boiling temperature of water is  and excess heat only increases the rate at which water evaporates into steam vapour; more heat does not increase the temperature of the water. At higher altitudes above sea level, the atmospheric pressure is lower and thus the boiling temperature of water is lower, because the lower atmospheric pressure pushing on the water makes it easier for the water molecules to escape the surface compared to higher atmospheric pressure. Inside a pressure cooker, once the water (liquid) is boiling and the steam is trapped, the pressure from the trapped steam increases and this pushes on the liquid, which increases its boiling temperature, because it becomes harder for the water molecules to escape from the surface as the pressure increases on it. The heat applied to the liquid by the heat source continues to create more steam pressure and the extra heat also raises the temperature of the liquid under this increased pressure. Both the liquid and steam are at the same temperature. Once the selected pressure level is reached, the pressure regulator on the lid indicates this and now the heat source can be lowered to maintain that pressure level and save energy, since extra heat will not increase the temperature of the liquid if the pressure is not allowed to rise—excess pressure will only escape as fast-flowing steam from the lid.

text: In an ordinary, non-pressurized, cooking vessel, the

text: boiling point

text: of water is  at

entity_name: Standard conditions for temperature and pressure

text: standard pressure

text: ; the temperature of food is limited by the boiling point of water because excess heat causes boiling water to

text: vaporize

text: into

text: steam

text: . In a sealed pressure cooker, the boiling point of water increases as the pressure rises, resulting in

text: superheated water

text: . At a pressure of 1

text: bar

text: or ~15 psi (

text: pounds per square inch

text: ) above the existing

text: atmospheric pressure

text: , water in a pressure cooker can reach a temperature of up to , depending on altitude.  The

text: boiling temperature

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: altitude

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: altitudes above sea level

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: altitude

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: altitudes above sea level

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: sea level

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: altitude

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: atmospheric pressure

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: more heat does not increase the temperature of the water

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: pressure cooker

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: altitudes above sea level

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: U.S.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere has the lowest atmospheric pressure?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: At higher altitudes above sea level

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: At higher altitudes above sea level

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: at higher altitudes above sea level

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: At higher altitudes above sea level

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: higher atmospheric pressure.

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: higher atmospheric pressure.

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: higher atmospheric pressure.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: higher atmospheric pressure.

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: higher atmospheric pressure.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: sea level,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: higher atmospheric pressure.

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: higher atmospheric pressure.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: higher atmospheric pressure.

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: higher atmospheric pressure.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: higher atmospheric pressure.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: the atmospheric pressure is lower

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: higher atmospheric pressure.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: higher atmospheric pressure.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: higher atmospheric pressure.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: higher atmospheric pressure.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: higher atmospheric pressure.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: higher atmospheric pressure.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: higher atmospheric pressure.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: higher atmospheric pressure.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: higher atmospheric pressure.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: higher atmospheric pressure.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: higher atmospheric pressure.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: higher atmospheric pressure.

text: Northern Light was built in 1898 at Seattle.  The vessel was assigned to routes on southern Puget Sound, including the Anderson Island run.  Northern Light was abandoned in 1920.  The engines were removed and installed in the sternwheeler Fidalgo.

text: Northern Light was built in 1898 at Seattle.  The vessel was assigned to routes on southern Puget Sound, including the

text: Anderson Island

text: run.  Northern Light was abandoned in 1920.  The engines were removed and installed in the sternwheeler

text: Fidalgo

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Anderson Island run

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The engines were removed and installed in the Fidalgo.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Seattle

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Puget Sound

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: where does the heat enter the mesosphere?

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earth's surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: It is colder.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of ion?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere merges gradually with outer space

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: How would you describe the exosphere?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: 1920.

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: Northern Light was built in 1898

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Northern Light was built in 1898

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: Northern Light was built in 1898

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: 1920.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: 1920.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: Northern Light was built in 1898

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: Northern Light was built in 1898

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: 1920.

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: 1920.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Northern Light was built in 1898

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Fidalgo.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: southern Puget Sound,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Northern Light was built in 1898

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: 1920.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Northern Light was built in 1898

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Fidalgo.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Fidalgo.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 1920.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: 1920.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: 1920.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: 1920.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: 1920.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: 1920.

text: Earth's atmosphere has no definite boundary, slowly becoming thinner and fading into outer space. Three-quarters of the atmosphere's mass is contained within the first 11 km of the surface. This lowest layer is called the troposphere. Energy from the Sun heats this layer, and the surface below, causing expansion of the air. This lower-density air then rises and is replaced by cooler, higher-density air. The result is atmospheric circulation that drives the weather and climate through redistribution of thermal energy.

text: Earth's atmosphere has no definite boundary, slowly becoming thinner and fading into outer space. Three-quarters of the atmosphere's mass is contained within the first 11 km of the surface. This lowest layer is called the troposphere. Energy from the Sun heats this layer, and the surface below, causing expansion of the air. This lower-density air then rises and is replaced by cooler, higher-density air. The result is

text: atmospheric circulation

text: that drives the weather and climate through redistribution of thermal energy.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: the stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: no definite boundary

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: no definite boundary

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: no definite boundary

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: higher density air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Energy from the Sun heats this layer, and the surface below, causing expansion of the air.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: sun

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface is the troposphere?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: None of the above choices are true

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: cooler, higher-density air.

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere.

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: no definite boundary,

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: the troposphere.

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: no definite boundary,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: the troposphere.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: the troposphere.

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: Energy from the Sun

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere.

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: higher-density air.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Earth's atmosphere has no definite boundary,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: cooler, higher-density air.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: troposphere.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Energy from the Sun

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: atmospheric circulation

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Energy from the Sun

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: the troposphere.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 11

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: cooler,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: troposphere.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: the troposphere.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Earth's atmosphere has no definite boundary,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: cooler, higher-density air.

text: North light is natural light coming from the north (in the Northern Hemisphere). It consists of light which comes from the blue sky rather than directly from the sun.  It is preferred and considered ideal by architects. It is also preferred natural light by artists as well.North light has luminous efficacy /lm/W 48, Colour correlated temperature/K 6500 and colour rendering index/R is equal to 94.northern

text: North light is

text: natural light

text: coming from the

text: north

text: (in the Northern Hemisphere). It consists of light which comes from the blue sky rather than directly from the sun.  It is preferred and considered ideal by

text: architect

text: s. It is also preferred natural light by

text: artist

text: s as well.North light has luminous efficacy /lm/W 48, Colour correlated temperature/K 6500 and colour rendering index/R is equal to 94.northern

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: isotope

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: isosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: blue sky

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: blue sky

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: North light is natural light coming from the north

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: North

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Northern Hemisphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Northern Hemisphere

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Where do convection currents occur?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What causes meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How high is the troposphere?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: It is colder at the bottom.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles called ions?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: What is the temperature of the exosphere?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: sky

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: sky

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Northern Hemisphere).

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: Northern Hemisphere).

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Northern Hemisphere).

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: blue sky

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: sky

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: sun.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: sun.

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: sun.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: North

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Northern Hemisphere).

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: north (in the Northern Hemisphere).

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Northern Hemisphere).

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: North light

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: North light is natural light coming from the north

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: 94.northern

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: North light is natural light coming from the north

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 94.northern

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: temperature/K 6500

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: north (in the Northern Hemisphere).

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: North light

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Northern Hemisphere).

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: temperature/K 6500

text: In Sierra de Pahuatlán y Tetela de Ocampo, this type of forest is dispersed as isolated spots and is formed, in the tree layer (over 15m high), by species like red ocote (pinus patula), Chinese ocote (pinus leiophylla), ocote (pinus montezumae), and broadleaf oak (quercus crassifolia). The middle layer (at 6m) is made up of species like cile (alnus jorullensis) and the strawberry tree (arbustus xalapensis). In the lower layer (at less than 1m), there is broom or tepopote (conferta baccharis) and Pteridium sp. The distribution of species in this type of forest varies from factors such as exposure, moisture, temperature, and wind. In the east/northeast, where the humidity and temperature are high, pinus patula predominates the top tier. In contrast, at lower altitude and with the same exposure, you can find Cornus disciflora, Garrya laurifolia, Mexican Clethra, and ferns in the lowest layer. In this exposition, where humidity is low and temperature is high, the Chinese ocote (leiophylla pinus) dominates.

text: In

text: Sierra de Pahuatlán

text: y

text: Tetela de Ocampo

text: , this type of forest is dispersed as isolated spots and is formed, in the tree layer (over 15m high), by species like red ocote (pinus patula), Chinese ocote (pinus leiophylla), ocote (pinus montezumae), and broadleaf oak (quercus crassifolia). The middle layer (at 6m) is made up of species like cile (alnus jorullensis) and the strawberry tree (arbustus xalapensis). In the lower layer (at less than 1m), there is broom or tepopote (conferta baccharis) and Pteridium sp. The distribution of species in this type of forest varies from factors such as exposure, moisture, temperature, and wind. In the east/northeast, where the humidity and temperature are high, pinus patula predominates the top tier. In contrast, at lower altitude and with the same exposure, you can find Cornus disciflora, Garrya laurifolia, Mexican Clethra, and ferns in the lowest layer. In this exposition, where humidity is low and temperature is high, the Chinese ocote (leiophylla pinus) dominates.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: tree layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: in the stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: less than 1m

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: altitude

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: lower layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The distribution of species in this type of forest varies from factors such as exposure, moisture, temperature, and wind.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: east/northeast

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: lowest layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer is not made up of species like cile

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How high is the troposphere?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which layer is made up of species like cile?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: tree layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: tree layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: lower altitude

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: tree layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: middle layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: less than 1m),

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: tree layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: exposure, moisture, temperature, and wind.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: lower layer (at less than 1m),

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: (leiophylla pinus)

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: east/northeast,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: east/northeast,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: east/northeast,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: (leiophylla pinus)

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: tree layer

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: (leiophylla pinus)

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: exposure, moisture, temperature, and wind.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: tree layer

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: east/northeast,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: wind.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: (leiophylla pinus)

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Pteridium sp.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: (leiophylla pinus)

text: Back in 2024, Louise Marcus discovers that the ozone layer has in fact restored itself naturally, which means that the shield is no longer needed. The Shield Corporation is aware of this development, but has chosen to hide it from the general public in order to maintain its main source of profit. Meanwhile, on Zeist, Katana decides that MacLeod cannot be allowed to return, and sends his immortal henchmen, Corda and Reno, to kill him.

text: Back in 2024, Louise Marcus discovers that the ozone layer has in fact restored itself naturally, which means that the shield is no longer needed. The Shield Corporation is aware of this development, but has chosen to hide it from the general public in order to maintain its main source of profit. Meanwhile, on Zeist, Katana decides that MacLeod cannot be allowed to return, and sends his immortal henchmen, Corda and Reno, to kill him.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: the shield is no longer needed

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Zeist

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: orbit of what planet?

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: How many layers of the atmosphere does Louise Marcus discover?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earth's surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle: charged particles, ions, or atoms?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: What does Louise Marcus discover?

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: What does Louise Marcus discover?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: the shield is no longer needed.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Zeist,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Zeist,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: 2024,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: The Shield Corporation

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 2024,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: the ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: ozone layer

text: Carbonyl sulfide is the most abundant sulfur compound naturally present in the atmosphere, at , because it is emitted from oceans, volcanoes and deep sea vents.  As such, it is a significant compound in the global sulfur cycle.  Measurements on the Antarctica ice cores and from air trapped in snow above glaciers (firn air) have provided a detailed picture of OCS concentrations from 1640 to the present day and allow an understanding of the relative importance of anthropogenic and non-anthropogenic sources of this gas to the atmosphere.  Some carbonyl sulfide that is transported into the stratospheric sulfate layer is oxidized to sulfuric acid. Sulfuric acid forms particulate which affects energy balance due to light scattering. The long atmospheric lifetime of COS makes it the major source of stratospheric sulfate, though sulfur dioxide from volcanic activity can be significant too. Carbonyl sulfide is also removed from the atmosphere by terrestrial vegetation by enzymes associated with the uptake of carbon dioxide during photosynthesis, and by hydrolysis in ocean waters.  Loss processes, such as these, limit the persistence (or lifetime) of a molecule of COS in the atmosphere to a few years.

text: Carbonyl sulfide is the most abundant sulfur compound naturally present in the atmosphere, at , because it is emitted from oceans,

text: volcano

text: es and

text: deep sea vent

text: s.  As such, it is a significant compound in the global

text: sulfur cycle

text: .  Measurements on the

text: Antarctica

text: ice core

text: s and from air trapped in snow above glaciers (

text: firn

text: air) have provided a detailed picture of OCS concentrations from 1640 to the present day and allow an understanding of the relative importance of

text: anthropogenic

text: and non-anthropogenic sources of this gas to the atmosphere.  Some carbonyl sulfide that is transported into the

text: stratospheric sulfate layer

text: is oxidized to sulfuric acid. Sulfuric acid forms particulate which affects

text: energy balance

text: due to

text: light scattering

text: . The long atmospheric lifetime of COS makes it the major source of stratospheric sulfate, though

text: sulfur dioxide

text: from volcanic activity can be significant too. Carbonyl sulfide is also removed from the atmosphere by terrestrial vegetation by enzymes associated with the uptake of carbon dioxide during photosynthesis, and by hydrolysis in ocean waters.  Loss processes, such as these, limit the persistence (or lifetime) of a molecule of COS in the atmosphere to a few years.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: sulfate layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: is emitted from oceans, volcanoes and deep sea vents

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Antarctica ice cores

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does not have convection currents?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What is the most abundant sulfur compound naturally present in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: It is colder

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a source of stratospheric sulfate?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: What is the most abundant sulfur compound naturally present in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratospheric sulfate layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratospheric sulfate layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratospheric sulfate layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratospheric sulfate layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratospheric sulfate layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratospheric sulfate layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: sulfate

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: stratospheric sulfate layer

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: stratospheric sulfate layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: air trapped in snow above glaciers

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: a few years.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: (firn air)

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Antarctica

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Carbonyl sulfide

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Carbonyl sulfide

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: stratospheric sulfate layer

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: stratospheric sulfate layer

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Carbonyl sulfide

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Carbonyl sulfide

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: snow above glaciers

text: The largest-amplitude atmospheric tides are mostly generated in the troposphere and stratosphere when the atmosphere is periodically heated, as water vapor and ozone absorb solar radiation during the day. These tides propagate away from the source regions and ascend into the mesosphere and thermosphere. Atmospheric tides can be measured as regular fluctuations in wind, temperature, density and pressure. Although atmospheric tides share much in common with ocean tides they have two key distinguishing features:

text: The largest-amplitude atmospheric tides are mostly generated in the

text: troposphere

text: and

text: stratosphere

text: when the

text: atmosphere

text: is periodically heated, as

text: water vapor

text: and

text: ozone

text: absorb

text: solar radiation

text: during the day. These tides propagate away from the source regions and ascend into the

text: mesosphere

text: and

text: thermosphere

text: . Atmospheric tides can be measured as regular fluctuations in

text: wind

text: temperature

text: density

text: and

text: pressure

text: . Although atmospheric tides share much in common with ocean tides they have two key distinguishing features:

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air in the stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: It absorbs solar radiation during the day.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: The largest-amplitude atmospheric tides are mostly generated in

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What does friction with gas molecules cause meteors to do in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How high does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which is not a key distinguishing feature of atmospheric tides?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere merges gradually with outer space

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is not a distinguishing feature of atmospheric tides?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: mesosphere and thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: solar radiation

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: heated,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: absorb solar radiation during the day.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Atmospheric tides

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: troposphere and stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: The largest-amplitude atmospheric tides

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: water vapor and ozone absorb solar radiation

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Atmospheric tides

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Atmospheric tides

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: atmospheric tides

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Atmospheric tides

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Atmospheric tides

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Atmospheric tides

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Atmospheric tides

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: atmospheric tides

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: atmospheric tides

text: The divide of the atmosphere of the northern hemisphere from the atmosphere of the southern hemisphere is different from that of the Intertropical Convergence Zone.

text: The divide of the

text: atmosphere

text: of the

text: northern hemisphere

text: from the atmosphere of the

text: southern hemisphere

text: is different from that of the

text: Intertropical Convergence Zone

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: intertropical convergence zone

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: intertropical convergence zone

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Intertropical Convergence Zone

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: intertropical convergence zone

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Intertropical Convergence Zone

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: intertropical convergence zone

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: intertropical convergence zone

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The ozone layer protects the Earth from the sun.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: southern hemisphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: northern hemisphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: what is the second to last group mentioned?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: It is colder

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is not a type of gas?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: Intertropical Convergence Zone.

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: Intertropical Convergence Zone.

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Intertropical Convergence Zone.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: Intertropical Convergence Zone.

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Intertropical Convergence Zone.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: Intertropical Convergence Zone.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: Intertropical Convergence Zone.

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: Intertropical Convergence Zone.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Intertropical Convergence Zone.

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: Intertropical Convergence Zone.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Intertropical Convergence Zone.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: northern hemisphere from the atmosphere of the southern hemisphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: northern hemisphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Intertropical Convergence Zone.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Intertropical Convergence Zone.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Intertropical Convergence Zone.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Intertropical Convergence Zone.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Intertropical Convergence Zone.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Intertropical Convergence Zone.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Intertropical Convergence Zone.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Intertropical Convergence Zone.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Intertropical Convergence Zone.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Intertropical Convergence Zone.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Intertropical Convergence Zone.

text: The preface to Qieyun indicates that it represented a compromise between northern and southern reading pronunciations from the late Northern and Southern dynasties period.Most linguists now believe that no single dialect contained all the distinctions it recorded, but that each distinction did occur somewhere.The rime tables were compiled centuries later in the time of a new standard, and many of the distinctions in the Qieyun would have been meaningless to the compilers.Edwin Pulleyblank has argued that the tables contain enough evidence to reconstruct the speech of that later period, which he calls this language Late Middle Chinese in contrast to the Early Middle Chinese of the Qieyun, and argues that it was the standard speech of the imperial capital Chang'an in the late Tang dynasty.  His reconstruction accounts for most of the distinctions in modern varieties of Chinese (except Min), as well as layers of Chinese loanwords, such as the Kan-on layer of Sino-Japanese vocabulary.

text: The preface to Qieyun indicates that it represented a compromise between northern and southern reading pronunciations from the late

text: Northern and Southern dynasties

text: period.Most linguists now believe that no single dialect contained all the distinctions it recorded, but that each distinction did occur somewhere.The rime tables were compiled centuries later in the time of a new standard, and many of the distinctions in the Qieyun would have been meaningless to the compilers.

text: Edwin Pulleyblank

text: has argued that the tables contain enough evidence to reconstruct the speech of that later period, which he calls this language Late Middle Chinese in contrast to the Early Middle Chinese of the Qieyun, and argues that it was the standard speech of the imperial capital

text: Chang'an

text: in the late

text: Tang dynasty

text: .  His reconstruction accounts for most of the distinctions in modern varieties of Chinese (except

text: Min

text: ), as well as layers of Chinese loanwords, such as the

text: Kan-on

text: layer of

text: Sino-Japanese vocabulary

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: rime

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: rime

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: Kan-on layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: air mass

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Kan-on layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: alpine

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Northern dynasties

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: layer of Chinese loanwords

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: Kan-on layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: Kan-on layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: northern and southern

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: Kan-on layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: northern and southern

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: Kan-on layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: Kan-on layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: layers of Chinese loanwords,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Kan-on layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: The preface to Qieyun

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The preface to Qieyun

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: The preface to Qieyun

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: northern and southern

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: The preface to Qieyun

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: compilers.Edwin Pulleyblank

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: each distinction did occur somewhere.The

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: compilers.Edwin Pulleyblank

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: The preface to Qieyun

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: The preface to Qieyun

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: The preface to Qieyun

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: The preface to Qieyun

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: The preface to Qieyun

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The preface to Qieyun

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: The preface to Qieyun

text: The mission revealed the composition and meteorological nature of Venus’ atmosphere. Data from the radio science experiment measured the extent to which radio waves passing through the atmosphere were refracted, which was used to calculate the density, pressure, and temperature of the atmosphere at any given altitude. Overall, atmospheric temperature is higher closer to the planet’s surface, but Mariner 10 found four altitudes where the pattern was reversed, which could signify the presence of a layer of clouds. The inversions occurred at the 56, 61, 63, and 81 km levels, confirming previous observations made by the Mariner 5 encounter. The ultraviolet spectrometers identified the chemical substances that comprise Venus’ atmosphere. Analysis of the atmosphere’s hydrogen showed the gas was depleted of deuterium, ruling out the possibility that Venus obtained the element from collisions with comets. Instead, scientists theorized the hydrogen was captured from the solar wind. The elevated concentration of atomic oxygen in the upper atmosphere showed that the atmosphere is stratified into upper and lower layers that do not mix with each other; photographs of the upper and lower cloud layers corroborated this hypothesis. Mariner 10’s ultraviolet photographs were an invaluable information source for studying the churning clouds of Venus’ atmosphere. The mission researchers believed the cloud features they photographed were located in the stratosphere and upper troposphere, created by condensation; they also concluded that the contrast between darker and lighter features was due to differences in the cloud’s absorptivity of UV light. The subsolar region was of particular interest: as the sun is straight overhead, it imparts more solar energy to this area than other part of the planet. Compared to the rest of the planet’s atmosphere, the subsolar region was highly active and irregular. "Cells" of air lifted by convection, each up to 500 km wide, were observed forming and dissipating within the span of a few hours; some had polygonal outlines.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratified

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: upper troposphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: atomic oxygen

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Venus obtained the element from collisions with comets

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Venus atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: 81 km levels

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: The subsolar region

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: higher closer to the planet’s surface

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: higher closer to the planet’s surface

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles: ions, stratosphere, or upper troposphere?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Where does the exosphere merge with outer space?

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Why is the subsolar region of particular interest?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: upper and lower layers that do not mix with each other;

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: upper troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: subsolar region

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: upper troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: upper and lower layers that do not mix with each other;

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: subsolar region

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: upper and lower layers that do not mix with each other;

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: collisions with comets.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: atmospheric temperature is higher closer to the planet’s surface,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: 56, 61, 63, and 81 km levels,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: subsolar region

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: The subsolar region

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: upper and lower layers that do not mix with each other;

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: stratosphere and upper troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: condensation;

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: upper troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: atmospheric temperature is higher closer to the planet’s surface,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: condensation;

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: subsolar region

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: subsolar region

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: condensation;

text: The Maze is a 1953 atmospheric horror film in 3-D, starring Richard Carlson and Hillary Brooke. It was directed by William Cameron Menzies and distributed by Allied Artists Pictures. This was to be the second 3-D film designed and directed by William Cameron Menzies, who was known as a director with a very "dimensional" style (e.g. many shots are focused in layers). This was his final film as production designer and director.

text: The Maze is a 1953

text: atmospheric

text: horror film

text: in

text: , starring

text: Richard Carlson

text: and

text: Hillary Brooke

text: . It was directed by

text: William Cameron Menzies

text: and distributed by

text: Allied Artists Pictures

text: . This was to be the second 3-D film designed and directed by William Cameron Menzies, who was known as a director with a very "dimensional" style (e.g. many shots are focused in layers). This was his final film as production designer and director.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: 3-D film

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The Maze is a 1953 atmospheric horror film in 3-D

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: The Maze

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: coldest regions

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Which of the following is not a source of heat in the troposphere: the sun, the atmosphere, or the oceans?

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: How many layers of the atmosphere does The Maze exist in?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: How many layers does the mesosphere have?

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What causes meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earth's surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: How would you describe William Cameron Menzies?

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle: charged particles or ions?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: How would you describe the exosphere?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: a very "dimensional" style

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: "dimensional"

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Allied Artists

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: 3-D film designed and directed by William Cameron Menzies,

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: second 3-D film designed and directed by William Cameron Menzies,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: second 3-D film designed and directed by William Cameron Menzies,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: a very "dimensional"

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: "dimensional"

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: 3-D,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: second 3-D film designed and directed by William Cameron Menzies,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: a very "dimensional" style

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: The Maze

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Allied Artists

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Allied Artists

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: a very "dimensional" style

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: a very "dimensional" style

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: second 3-D film designed and directed by William Cameron Menzies,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: second 3-D film designed and directed by William Cameron Menzies,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: second 3-D film designed and directed by William Cameron Menzies,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: second 3-D film designed and directed by William Cameron Menzies,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: second 3-D film designed and directed by William Cameron Menzies,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: second 3-D film designed and directed by William Cameron Menzies,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: second 3-D film designed and directed by William Cameron Menzies,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: a very "dimensional" style

text: Earth's biosphere has significantly altered its atmosphere. Oxygenic photosynthesis evolved , forming the primarily nitrogen–oxygen atmosphere of today. This change enabled the proliferation of aerobic organisms and, indirectly, the formation of the ozone layer due to the subsequent conversion of atmospheric O into O. The ozone layer blocks ultraviolet solar radiation, permitting life on land. Other atmospheric functions important to life include transporting water vapor, providing useful gases, causing small meteors to burn up before they strike the surface, and moderating temperature. This last phenomenon is known as the greenhouse effect: trace molecules within the atmosphere serve to capture thermal energy emitted from the ground, thereby raising the average temperature. Water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, and ozone are the primary greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Without this heat-retention effect, the average surface temperature would be −18 °C, in contrast to the current +15 °C, and life would likely not exist.

text: Earth's

text: biosphere

text: has significantly altered its

text: atmosphere

text: Oxygenic photosynthesis

text: evolved ,

text: forming

text: the primarily nitrogen–oxygen atmosphere of today. This change enabled the proliferation of

text: aerobic organisms

text: and, indirectly, the formation of the

text: ozone layer

text: due to the subsequent

text: conversion of atmospheric O into O

text: . The ozone layer blocks

text: ultraviolet

text: solar radiation

text: , permitting life on land. Other atmospheric functions important to life include transporting water vapor, providing useful gases, causing small

text: meteor

text: s to burn up before they strike the surface, and moderating temperature. This last phenomenon is known as the

text: greenhouse effect

text: : trace molecules within the atmosphere serve to capture

text: thermal energy

text: emitted from the ground, thereby raising the average temperature. Water vapor, carbon dioxide,

text: methane

text: , and

text: ozone

text: are the primary

text: greenhouse gas

text: es in the atmosphere. Without this heat-retention effect, the average surface temperature would be −18 °C, in contrast to the current +15 °C, and life would likely not exist.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: biosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Earth's biosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: biosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Earth's biosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: nitrogen–oxygen

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: air in the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The ozone layer blocks ultraviolet solar radiation

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere is not a primary greenhouse gas?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: What is the average surface temperature?

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of gas: water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, or ozone?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: primarily nitrogen–oxygen

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Earth's biosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: nitrogen–oxygen

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: nitrogen–oxygen

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: causing small meteors to burn up before they strike the surface,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: greenhouse effect:

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: ground,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: meteors

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: greenhouse effect:

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: nitrogen–oxygen

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: greenhouse effect: trace molecules within the atmosphere serve to capture thermal energy

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: causing small meteors to burn up before they strike the surface,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: greenhouse effect:

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: causing small meteors to burn up before they strike the surface,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: primarily nitrogen–oxygen

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Earth's biosphere

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: <unk>18 °C,

text: Auroras - Constantly orbiting at 400 km (250 mi) above the earth, the ISS is perfectly situated to witness the beautiful streamers of green and red light emanating from the collision of highly charged solar wind particles with oxygen and nitrogen atoms in the earth's atmosphere. Centered about the northern (Aurora Borealis) and southern (Aurora Australis) poles the Auroras move in an almost hypnotic dance below the space station

text: Auroras - Constantly orbiting at 400 km (250 mi) above the earth, the ISS is perfectly situated to witness the beautiful streamers of green and red light emanating from the collision of highly charged solar wind particles with oxygen and nitrogen atoms in the earth's atmosphere. Centered about the northern (Aurora Borealis) and southern (Aurora Australis) poles the Auroras move in an almost hypnotic dance below the space station

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: Earth's atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: Earth's

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: Earth's atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: Earth's

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: Earth's atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: oxygen and nitrogen

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: nitrogen

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The collision of highly charged solar wind particles with oxygen and nitrogen atoms

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: ISS

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: northern (Aurora Borealis)

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Which of the following is not a type of atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: solar wind

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: solar wind

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: collision of highly charged solar wind particles with oxygen and nitrogen atoms

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: oxygen and nitrogen atoms

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: collision of highly charged solar wind particles with oxygen and nitrogen atoms

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: oxygen and nitrogen atoms

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: solar wind

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: oxygen and nitrogen atoms

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: oxygen and nitrogen atoms

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: oxygen and nitrogen atoms

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: oxygen and nitrogen atoms

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: ISS

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: northern

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: 400 km (250 mi) above the earth,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: solar wind particles with oxygen and nitrogen atoms

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: oxygen and nitrogen atoms

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: collision of highly charged solar wind

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: oxygen and nitrogen atoms

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: (250 mi)

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: oxygen and nitrogen atoms

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: collision of highly charged solar wind particles with oxygen and nitrogen atoms

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: solar wind particles with oxygen and nitrogen atoms

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: earth's atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: oxygen and nitrogen atoms

text: Armand de Gramont who was a rich industrialist and friend of Marcel Proust, is the man who first initiated the will to create the Institut d'Optique. In 1916, Gramont and Henri Chrétien (a French astronomer) were working together at the French Technical Aeronautics Section. Chrétien was working at the time on calculations for optical instruments. They both decided to create the project of building an institute dedicated to teaching Optics. That same year, Gramont became part of a comity that examined inventions that could interest the ministry of Defense. That is where he met Charles Fabry, who had previously become famous thanks to his experimental demonstration of the existence of the Ozone layer in the atmosphere. On October 21, 1916 Gramont had lunch with four government ministers. As a result, a new committee was formed, in charge of establishing the project. During the month of November 1917, the  first board meeting was held.

text: Armand de Gramont who was a rich industrialist and friend of

text: Marcel Proust

text: , is the man who first initiated the will to create the Institut d'Optique. In 1916, Gramont and

text: Henri Chrétien

text: (a French astronomer) were working together at the French Technical Aeronautics Section. Chrétien was working at the time on calculations for optical instruments. They both decided to create the project of building an institute dedicated to teaching Optics. That same year, Gramont became part of a comity that examined inventions that could interest the ministry of Defense. That is where he met

text: Charles Fabry

text: , who had previously become famous thanks to his experimental demonstration of the existence of the Ozone layer in the atmosphere. On October 21, 1916 Gramont had lunch with four government ministers. As a result, a new committee was formed, in charge of establishing the project. During the month of November 1917, the  first board meeting was held.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: Ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: Ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: Ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: Ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: Ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: Ozone

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: the first board meeting was held.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: aeronautics

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: U.S.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does not contain the Ozone layer?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: It is warmer at the top

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle: charged particles, ions, or atoms?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is not true of the exosphere?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: Ozone

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: Ozone

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: Ozone

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: Ozone

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: Ozone

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: Ozone

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Ozone

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: Ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: existence of the Ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: 1917,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Ozone layer

text: Businger has been described as one of the first to recognize the scientific and practical importance of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) and worked on the development of the sonic anemometer.

text: Businger has been described as one of the first to recognize the scientific and practical importance of the

text: atmospheric boundary layer

text: (ABL) and worked on the development of the sonic

text: anemometer

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: ABL

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: ABL

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: boundary conditions

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The sonic anemometer was invented by Businger.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: what is the second to last group mentioned?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: sonic anemometer.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Businger

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: sonic anemometer.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: sonic anemometer.

text: Being exposed at the surface, it typically becomes turbulently mixed as a result of surface wind-mixing. It is also free to exchange dissolved gases such as O and CO with the atmosphere. Because this layer receives the most sunlight it contains the most phytoplankton. As they grow and reproduce they absorb nutrients from the water, when they die they sink into the hypolimnion resulting in the epilimnion becoming depleted of nutrients.

text: Being exposed at the surface, it typically becomes turbulently mixed as a result of surface wind-mixing. It is also free to exchange dissolved gases such as

text: O

text: and

text: CO

text: with the atmosphere. Because this layer receives the most sunlight it contains the most

text: phytoplankton

text: . As they grow and reproduce they absorb nutrients from the water, when they die they sink into the hypolimnion resulting in the epilimnion becoming depleted of nutrients.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: epilimnion

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: epilimnion

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: epilimnion

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: epilimnion

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: epilimnion

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: epilimnion

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: epilimnion

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: sunlight

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: epilimnion

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: the epilimnion becoming depleted of nutrients.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: epilimnion

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Which layer receives the most sunlight?

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer receives the most sunlight?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not a result of surface wind-mixing?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above the Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: It receives the most sunlight

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which layer receives the most sunlight?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Which layer receives the most sunlight?

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which layer receives the least sunlight?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: hypolimnion

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: hypolimnion

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: epilimnion

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: hypolimnion

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: hypolimnion

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: hypolimnion

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: hypolimnion

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: sunlight

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: hypolimnion

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: surface wind-mixing.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: epilimnion

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: hypolimnion

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: epilimnion

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: sunlight it contains the most phytoplankton.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: surface,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: sunlight it contains the most phytoplankton.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: dissolved gases such as O and CO

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: phytoplankton.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: sunlight it contains the most phytoplankton.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: surface wind-mixing.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: hypolimnion

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: surface wind-mixing.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: O and CO

text: Output directly from the NWP model's lowest layer(s) generally is not used by forecasters because the actual physical processes that occur within the Earth's boundary layer are crudely approximated in the model (i.e., physical parameterizations) along with its relatively coarse horizontal resolution. Because of this lack of fidelity and its imperfect initial state, forecasts of near-surface quantities obtained directly from the model are subject to systematic (bias) and random model errors, which tend to grow with time.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lorenz|first1=Edward N.|title=Deterministic Nonperiodic Flow|journal=Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences|date=March 1963|volume=20|issue=2|pages=130–141|doi=10.1175/1520-0469(1963)020

text: Output directly from the NWP model's lowest layer(s) generally is not used by forecasters because the actual physical processes that occur within the Earth's

text: boundary layer

text: are crudely approximated in the model (i.e.,

text: physical parameterizations

text: ) along with its relatively coarse horizontal resolution. Because of this lack of fidelity and its imperfect initial state, forecasts of near-surface quantities obtained directly from the model are subject to systematic (bias) and random model errors, which tend to grow with time.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lorenz|first1=Edward N.|title=Deterministic Nonperiodic Flow|journal=Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences|date=March 1963|volume=20|issue=2|pages=130–141|doi=10.1175/1520-0469(1963)020

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Earth's boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Earth's boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: the Earth's boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: air in the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: the actual physical processes that occur within the Earth's boundary layer are crudely approximated

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: NWP model

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: context: Most of the heat in the troposphere comes directly from the sun

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: convection currents occur in all five layers

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: the stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: context: Friction with gas molecules causes meteors to burn

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: description

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: It is colder at the top.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Thermosphere contains charged particles

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere merges gradually with outer space

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: context: Output directly from the NWP model's lowest layer(s) generally is not used by forecasters

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: Earth's boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: Earth's boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Earth's boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Earth's boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: NWP model's

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: Earth's boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: physical processes that occur within the Earth's boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: N.|title=Deterministic Nonperiodic Flow|journal=Journal

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Output directly from the NWP model's

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: N.|title=Deterministic Nonperiodic Flow|journal=Journal

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Earth's boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Flow|journal=Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences|date=March

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: N.|title=Deterministic Nonperiodic Flow|journal=Journal

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: N.|title=Deterministic Nonperiodic Flow|journal=Journal

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: N.|title=Deterministic Nonperiodic Flow|journal=Journal

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: N.|title=Deterministic Nonperiodic Flow|journal=Journal

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: N.|title=Deterministic Nonperiodic Flow|journal=Journal

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: N.|title=Deterministic Nonperiodic Flow|journal=Journal

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: N.|title=Deterministic Nonperiodic Flow|journal=Journal

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: N.|title=Deterministic Nonperiodic Flow|journal=Journal

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: N.|title=Deterministic Nonperiodic Flow|journal=Journal

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: N.|title=Deterministic Nonperiodic Flow|journal=Journal

text: Within the mesosphere, temperature decreases with increasing height, due to decreasing solar heating and increasing cooling by CO radiative emission. The top of the mesosphere, called the mesopause, is the coldest part of Earth's atmosphere. Temperatures in the upper mesosphere fall as low as , varying according to latitude and season.

text: Within the mesosphere, temperature decreases with increasing

text: height

text: , due to decreasing solar heating and increasing cooling by CO radiative emission. The top of the mesosphere, called the

text: mesopause

text: , is the coldest part of Earth's atmosphere. Temperatures in the upper mesosphere fall as low as , varying according to

text: latitude

text: and

text: season

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: mesopause

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: mesopause

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: mesopause

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: mesopause

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: latitude

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: mesopause

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The top of the mesopause is the coldest part of Earth's atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: mesopause

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere is the coldest?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: What is the lowest temperature in the troposphere?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: No

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle: charged particles or ions?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: mesosphere,

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: the mesopause,

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: the mesopause,

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: mesosphere,

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: the mesopause,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: The top of the mesosphere, called the mesopause,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: mesosphere,

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: height,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: mesosphere,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: solar heating

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: CO radiative emission.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Within the mesosphere,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: The top of the mesosphere,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Within the mesosphere,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: solar heating

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Within the mesosphere,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: solar heating

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: CO radiative emission.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Within the mesosphere,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: coldest

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: CO radiative emission.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Within the mesosphere,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Within the mesosphere,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: CO radiative emission.

text: The atmosphere is divided into a number of sections depending on altitude. The densest part of the atmosphere, the troposphere, begins at the surface and extends upwards to 65 km. At the furnace-like surface the winds are slow, but at the top of the troposphere the temperature and pressure reaches Earth-like levels and clouds pick up speed to 100 m/s.

text: The atmosphere is divided into a number of sections depending on altitude. The densest part of the atmosphere, the

text: troposphere

text: , begins at the surface and extends upwards to 65 km. At the furnace-like surface the winds are slow, but at the top of the troposphere the temperature and pressure reaches Earth-like levels and clouds pick up speed to 100 m/s.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: surface

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: 65 km

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: altitude

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: surface

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: At the top of the troposphere the temperature and pressure reaches Earth-like levels

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere has the lowest temperature and pressure?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What causes meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is not a type of gas?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: surface

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: 65 km.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: The densest part of the atmosphere, the troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: altitude.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: clouds

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Earth-like levels

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth-like levels

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: temperature and pressure reaches Earth-like levels

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: The densest part of the atmosphere, the troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: The atmosphere is divided into a number of sections depending on altitude.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 65 km.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: troposphere the temperature and pressure reaches Earth-like levels

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: slow,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: The densest part of the atmosphere, the troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: temperature and pressure reaches Earth-like levels

text: The stratosphere is the second-lowest layer of Earth's atmosphere. It lies above the troposphere and is separated from it by the tropopause. This layer extends from the top of the troposphere at roughly  above Earth's surface to the stratopause at an altitude of about .

text: The stratosphere is the second-lowest layer of Earth's atmosphere. It lies above the troposphere and is separated from it by the

text: tropopause

text: . This layer extends from the top of the troposphere at roughly  above Earth's surface to the

text: stratopause

text: at an altitude of about .

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: The stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: The stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: altitude

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The stratopause extends from the top of the troposphere to the stratopause at an altitude of about.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: It is impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: it is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: what is the second-lowest layer of Earth's atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: It does not say

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: It doesn't say

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: The stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: the tropopause.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: tropopause.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: The stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: tropopause.

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: altitude

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: The stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: The stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: The stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: The stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: tropopause.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: tropopause.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: tropopause.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: The stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: tropopause.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: The stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: tropopause.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: The stratosphere

text: The Ozone layers surrounding the Earth absorb significant amounts of ultraviolet radiation.  A 1976 report by the US Academy of Sciences supported the ozone "depletion hypothesis." Its suffering large losses from chlorinated and nitrogenous compounds was reported in 1985. Earlier studies had led some countries to enact bans on aerosol sprays, so that the Vienna Convention was signed in 1985 the Montreal Protocol was signed in 1987 to go in force two years later.  The use of CFC's and HCFC's in refrigeration were and are among the banned technologies.  A German technological institute developed an ozone-safe hydrocarbon alternative refrigerant which came to a Greenpeace campaigner's attention in around 1992.  The rights to the technology were donated to Greenpeace, which maintained it as an open source patent.  With industry resistance, Greenpeace was able to rescue and engage a former East German manufacturer near closure.  Greenpeace's resourceful outreach and marketing resulted in the technologies rapid widespread production in Germany, followed by the banning of CFC technology.  They then succeeded in getting Greenfreeze used in China and elsewhere in Europe, and after some years in Japan and South America, and finally in the US by 2012.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: Ozone

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: Ozone

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: The stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: Ozone

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: The stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: Ozone

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: Ozone

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: Ozone

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Ozone

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Its suffering large losses from chlorinated and nitrogenous compounds was reported in 1985

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Earth's

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does not contain ozone?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What causes meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Which is not true?

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles called ions?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: What does the exosphere consist of?

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is not true of the exosphere?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: Ozone

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: Ozone

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: The Ozone layers

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: Ozone

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: The Ozone layers

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: The Ozone

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: Ozone

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: The Ozone

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Ozone

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: The Ozone layers surrounding the Earth absorb significant amounts of ultraviolet radiation.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: ozone "depletion hypothesis."

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: The Ozone layers surrounding the Earth absorb significant amounts of ultraviolet radiation.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Japan and South America, and finally in the US by 2012.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: The Ozone layers surrounding the Earth absorb significant amounts of ultraviolet radiation.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: The Ozone layers surrounding the Earth absorb significant amounts of ultraviolet radiation.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: The Ozone layers

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: The Ozone layers surrounding the Earth absorb significant amounts of ultraviolet radiation.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: The Ozone layers surrounding the Earth absorb significant amounts of ultraviolet radiation.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: The Ozone layers surrounding the Earth absorb significant amounts of ultraviolet radiation.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: The Ozone layers surrounding the Earth absorb significant amounts of ultraviolet radiation.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: The Ozone layers surrounding the Earth absorb significant amounts of ultraviolet radiation.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: The Ozone layers surrounding the Earth absorb significant amounts of ultraviolet radiation.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The Ozone layers surrounding the Earth absorb significant amounts of ultraviolet radiation.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: The Ozone layers surrounding the Earth absorb significant amounts of ultraviolet radiation.

text: Since 1979, microwave sounding units (MSUs) on NOAA polar orbiting satellites have measured the intensity of upwelling microwave radiation from atmospheric oxygen. The intensity is proportional to the temperature of broad vertical layers of the atmosphere, as demonstrated by theory and direct comparisons with atmospheric temperatures from radiosonde (balloon) profiles. Upwelling radiance is measured at different frequencies; these different frequency bands sample a different weighted range of the atmosphere. Channel 2 is broadly representative of the troposphere, albeit with a significant overlap with the lower stratosphere (the weighting function has its maximum at 350 hPa and half-power at about 40 and 800 hPa). In an attempt to remove the stratospheric influence, Spencer and Christy developed the synthetic "2LT" product by subtracting signals at different view angles; this has a maximum at about 650 hPa. However this amplifies noise,<ref name="Christy1998">{{cite journal |last=Christy |first=John R. |authorlink= |author2=Spencer, Roy W. |author3=Lobl, Elena S.  |year=1998 |title=Analysis of the Merging Procedure for the MSU Daily Temperature Time Series |journal=Journal of Climate |volume=11 |issue=8 |pages=2016–2041 |doi=10.1175/1520-0442(1998)011

text: Since 1979,

text: microwave sounding unit

text: s (MSUs) on

text: NOAA

text: polar orbiting satellites have measured the intensity of upwelling microwave radiation from atmospheric

text: oxygen

text: . The intensity is proportional to the temperature of broad vertical layers of the atmosphere, as demonstrated by theory and direct comparisons with atmospheric temperatures from radiosonde (balloon) profiles. Upwelling radiance is measured at different frequencies; these different frequency bands sample a different weighted range of the atmosphere. Channel 2 is broadly representative of the troposphere, albeit with a significant overlap with the lower stratosphere (the weighting function has its maximum at 350 hPa and half-power at about 40 and 800 hPa). In an attempt to remove the stratospheric influence, Spencer and Christy developed the synthetic "2LT" product by subtracting signals at different view angles; this has a maximum at about 650 hPa. However this amplifies noise,<ref name="Christy1998">{{cite journal |last=Christy |first=John R. |authorlink= |author2=Spencer, Roy W. |author3=Lobl, Elena S.  |year=1998 |title=Analysis of the Merging Procedure for the MSU Daily Temperature Time Series |journal=Journal of Climate |volume=11 |issue=8 |pages=2016–2041 |doi=10.1175/1520-0442(1998)011

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Channel 2 is broadly representative

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: upwelling radiance is measured at different frequencies

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: polar orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: It does not say

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: The stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What causes meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: The troposphere rises to about 50 kilometers

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: It is warmer at the top.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles: ions, stratosphere, or troposphere?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: The intensity is proportional to the temperature of broad vertical layers

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: significant overlap with the lower stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: lower stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: oxygen.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: polar

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: oxygen.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: vertical layers

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: lower stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: oxygen.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Channel 2 is broadly representative of the troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: upwelling microwave radiation from atmospheric oxygen.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: oxygen.

text: A typical core collapse supernova at the distance of Eta Carinae would peak at an apparent magnitude around −4, similar to Venus.  A hypernova could be five magnitudes brighter, potentially the brightest supernova in recorded history (currently SN 1006). At 7,500 light years from the star it is unlikely to directly affect terrestrial lifeforms, as they will be protected from gamma rays by the atmosphere and from some other cosmic rays by the magnetosphere. The main damage would be restricted to the upper atmosphere, the ozone layer, spacecraft, including satellites, and any astronauts in space. At least one paper has projected that complete loss of the Earth's ozone layer is a plausible consequence of a supernova, which would result in a significant increase in surface UV radiation reaching Earth's surface from the Sun. However this would require a typical supernova to be closer than 50 light-years from Earth, and even a potential hypernova would need to be closer than Eta Carinae.  Another analyses the impacts and also discusses more subtle effects from the unusual illumination, such as possible melatonin suppression with resulting insomnia and increased risk of cancer and depression.  It concludes that a supernova of this magnitude would have to be much closer than Eta Carinae to have any type of major impact on Earth.

text: A typical core collapse supernova at the distance of Eta Carinae would peak at an apparent magnitude around −4, similar to

text: Venus

text: .  A hypernova could be five magnitudes brighter, potentially the brightest supernova in recorded history (currently

text: SN 1006

text: ). At 7,500

text: light years

text: from the star it is unlikely to directly affect terrestrial lifeforms, as they will be protected from

text: gamma rays

text: by the atmosphere and from some other cosmic rays by the

text: magnetosphere

text: . The main damage would be restricted to the upper atmosphere, the

text: ozone layer

text: , spacecraft, including

text: satellites

text: , and any

text: astronauts

text: in space. At least one paper has projected that complete loss of the Earth's ozone layer is a plausible consequence of a supernova, which would result in a significant increase in surface UV radiation reaching Earth's surface from the Sun. However this would require a typical supernova to be closer than 50 light-years from Earth, and even a potential hypernova would need to be closer than Eta Carinae.  Another analyses the impacts and also discusses more subtle effects from the unusual illumination, such as possible

text: melatonin

text: suppression with resulting

text: insomnia

text: and increased risk of cancer and depression.  It concludes that a supernova of this magnitude would have to be much closer than Eta Carinae to have any type of major impact on Earth.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: upper atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: upper atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: upper atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: complete loss of the Earth's ozone layer is a plausible consequence of a supernova

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: space

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: upper atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: 50 light years

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does not have convection currents?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles: gamma rays, atmosphere, or magnetosphere?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: magnetosphere.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: magnetosphere.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: gamma rays

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: complete loss of the Earth's ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: space.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: upper atmosphere, the ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: 7,500 light years

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Sun.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: upper atmosphere, the ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: magnetosphere.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: 4,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: atmosphere and from some other cosmic rays by the magnetosphere.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: 4,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: cosmic rays by the magnetosphere.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: magnetosphere.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: magnetosphere.

text: The Uranian atmosphere can be divided into three main layers: the troposphere, between altitudes of −300 and 50 km and pressures from 100 to 0.1 bar; the stratosphere, spanning altitudes between 50 and 4000 km and pressures between  and the thermosphere/exosphere extending from 4000 km to as high as a few Uranus radii from the surface. There is no mesosphere.

text: The Uranian atmosphere can be divided into three main layers: the

text: troposphere

text: , between altitudes of −300 and 50 km and pressures from 100 to 0.1 bar; the

text: stratosphere

text: , spanning altitudes between 50 and 4000 km and pressures between  and the

text: thermosphere

text: exosphere

text: extending from 4000 km to as high as a few Uranus radii from the surface. There is no

text: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: the thermosphere/exosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: altitudes of  300 and 50 km

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: the stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: There is no mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: altitude

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air in the stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: There is no mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: 365 day cycle

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle: ions, stratosphere, or troposphere?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: thermosphere/exosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: altitudes of <unk>300 and 50 km

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: thermosphere/exosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: There is no mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: thermosphere/exosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: pressures from 100 to 0.1 bar;

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: thermosphere/exosphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: There is no mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Uranus radii

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: <unk>300 and 50 km and pressures from 100 to 0.1 bar;

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: There is no mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: no mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: <unk>300

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: 0.1 bar;

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: thermosphere/exosphere

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: a few Uranus radii from the surface.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: thermosphere/exosphere

text: Satellite observations allow the very coldest parts of the polar mesosphere to be observed, all the wayto the geographic pole. In the early 1970s, visible airglow photometers first scanned the atmospherichorizon throughout the summer polar mesospause region (Donahue et al., 1972). This experiment,which flew on the OGO-6 satellite, was the first to trace noctilucent-like cloud layers across the polarcap. The very bright scattering layer was seen in full daylight conditions, and was identified as thepoleward extension of noctilucent clouds. In the early 1980s, the layer was observed again from asatellite, the Solar Mesospheric Explorer (SME) . On board this satellite was an ultravioletspectrometer, which mapped the distributions of clouds over the time period 1981 to 1986. Theexperiment measured the altitude profile of scattering from clouds at two spectral channels (primarily)265 nm and 296 nm (Thomas and MacKay, 1985). This phenomenon is now known as PolarMesospheric Clouds.

text: Satellite observations allow the very coldest parts of the polar mesosphere to be observed, all the wayto the geographic pole. In the early 1970s, visible airglow photometers first scanned the atmospherichorizon throughout the summer polar mesospause region (Donahue et al., 1972). This experiment,which flew on the OGO-6 satellite, was the first to trace noctilucent-like cloud layers across the polarcap. The very bright scattering layer was seen in full daylight conditions, and was identified as thepoleward extension of noctilucent clouds. In the early 1980s, the layer was observed again from asatellite, the Solar Mesospheric Explorer (SME) . On board this satellite was an ultravioletspectrometer, which mapped the distributions of clouds over the time period 1981 to 1986. Theexperiment measured the altitude profile of scattering from clouds at two spectral channels (primarily)265 nm and 296 nm (Thomas and MacKay, 1985). This phenomenon is now known as PolarMesospheric Clouds.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: atmospherichorizon

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: atmospherichorizon

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: polarcap

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: altitude

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: cold air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The very bright scattering layer was seen in full daylight

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: polar mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: U.S.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: How many layers of the atmosphere are mentioned?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What causes meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earth's surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles: ions, clouds, or mesosphere?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Where does the exosphere merge with outer space?

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Why are gas molecules in the exosphere extremely cold?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: polar mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: atmospherichorizon

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: polar mesospause

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: polar mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: polar mesospause

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: polar mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: polar mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: noctilucent-like cloud layers

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: noctilucent clouds.

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: PolarMesospheric Clouds.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: full daylight conditions,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: polar mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: polar mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: pole.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Solar Mesospheric Explorer

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: PolarMesospheric Clouds.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: polar mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: PolarMesospheric Clouds.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: polar mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: coldest parts of the polar mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: PolarMesospheric Clouds.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: polar mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: polar mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: polar mesosphere

text: Whether it be a depression in the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) or monsoon trough, a broad surface front, or an outflow boundary, a low level feature with sufficient vorticity and convergence is required to begin tropical cyclogenesis. About 85 to 90 percent of Pacific typhoons form within the monsoon trough. Even with perfect upper level conditions and the required atmospheric instability, the lack of a surface focus will prevent the development of organized convection and a surface low. Vertical wind shear of less than 10 m/s (20 kn, 33 ft/s) between the ocean surface and the tropopause is required for tropical cyclone development. Typically with Pacific typhoons, there are two outflow jets: one to the north ahead of an upper trough in the Westerlies, and a second towards the equator.

text: Whether it be a depression in the

text: Intertropical Convergence Zone

text: (ITCZ) or

text: monsoon trough

text: , a broad

text: surface front

text: , or an

text: outflow boundary

text: , a low level feature with sufficient

text: vorticity

text: and convergence is required to begin tropical cyclogenesis. About 85 to 90 percent of Pacific typhoons form within the monsoon trough. Even with perfect upper level conditions and the required atmospheric instability, the lack of a surface focus will prevent the development of organized convection and a surface low. Vertical wind shear of less than 10 m/s (20 kn, 33 ft/s) between the ocean surface and the

text: tropopause

text: is required for tropical cyclone development. Typically with Pacific typhoons, there are two

text: outflow

text: jets

text: : one to the north ahead of an upper trough in the

text: Westerlies

text: , and a second towards the equator.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: upper level conditions

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: ozone is not required for tropical cyclogenesis

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does convection occur in?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How high does the tropopause rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: It is colder

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of ion?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is not a type of gas?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: outflow boundary,

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: outflow boundary,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: ocean surface and the tropopause

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: ocean surface

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Intertropical Convergence Zone

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Vertical wind shear of less than 10 m/s

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: equator.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Intertropical Convergence Zone

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: convection

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Intertropical Convergence Zone

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Vertical wind shear

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: upper level conditions

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: monsoon trough,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Intertropical Convergence Zone

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Intertropical Convergence Zone

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: 10 m/s

text: On a global scale today, rockets have a negligible impact on destruction of the ozone layer. With the increase in rocket launches predicted to occur in the future, rockets may have a larger impact on the ozone layer. It is important to consider changes in fuel sources to minimize the effects. Advancements have been made to make liquid rocket fuel non nitrogen-based to reduce the effects of nitric oxide caused ozone loss. Using chlorine-free rocket fuel is another future approach to help eliminate the effect of chlorine radicals destroying ozone. Chlorine is shown to cause the most damage to the ozone layer from rocket fuel as well as overall due to it being used in a catalytic cycle of destruction. Eliminating chlorine from rocket fuel could have a large impact on protecting the ozone layer from future rocket launches. Solid fueled rockets contribute negligibly to ozone depletion on a global scale due to the understanding of its harmful affects on the ozone layer. With the increasing abundance of space exploration, the use of these solid fueled rockets should be taken into consideration, as they will increase the impact on the global ozone layer. Solid rocket motors cause over sixty times more damage to the ozone layer compared to liquid rocket engines. It is shown to be more efficient to use liquid rocket fueled compared to the traditionally used solid rocket fuel. Rocket emissions have remained unregulated. Rocket launches will continue to increase in abundance into the future and will cause future problems when it comes to the earth’s precious ozone layer.  The chlorine-free rocket fuels will help decrease the destruction of ozone molecules in the atmosphere due to rocket launches.

text: On a global scale today, rockets have a negligible impact on destruction of the ozone layer. With the increase in rocket launches predicted to occur in the future, rockets may have a larger impact on the ozone layer. It is important to consider changes in fuel sources to minimize the effects. Advancements have been made to make liquid rocket fuel non nitrogen-based to reduce the effects of

text: nitric oxide

text: caused ozone loss. Using chlorine-free rocket fuel is another future approach to help eliminate the effect of chlorine radicals destroying ozone.

text: Chlorine

text: is shown to cause the most damage to the ozone layer from rocket fuel as well as overall due to it being used in a catalytic cycle of destruction. Eliminating chlorine from rocket fuel could have a large impact on protecting the ozone layer from future rocket launches. Solid fueled rockets contribute negligibly to ozone depletion on a global scale due to the understanding of its harmful affects on the ozone layer. With the increasing abundance of space exploration, the use of these solid fueled rockets should be taken into consideration, as they will increase the impact on the global ozone layer. Solid rocket motors cause over sixty times more damage to the ozone layer compared to liquid rocket engines. It is shown to be more efficient to use liquid rocket fueled compared to the traditionally used solid rocket fuel. Rocket emissions have remained unregulated. Rocket launches will continue to increase in abundance into the future and will cause future problems when it comes to the earth’s precious ozone layer.  The chlorine-free rocket fuels will help decrease the destruction of ozone molecules in the atmosphere due to rocket launches.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: air in the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Solid fueled rockets contribute negligibly to ozone depletion on a global scale

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Earth.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Which of the following is not true of the troposphere?

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: How many layers of the atmosphere are mentioned?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Which of the following is not true of the stratosphere?

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of meteors to burn up?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How high is the troposphere?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Which of the following is not true?

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of ion?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Which of the following is not true of the exosphere?

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is not a type of gas?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Solid rocket motors

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: chlorine radicals destroying ozone.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: solid fueled rockets

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Solid rocket motors

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Solid rocket motors

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Solid rocket motors

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Rocket launches

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: solid fueled rockets

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: solid fueled rockets

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: solid fueled rockets

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: solid fueled rockets

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: solid fueled rockets

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: solid fueled rockets

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: solid fueled rockets

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Solid rocket motors

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: chlorine radicals

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: chlorine radicals

text: Today the term also includes the science of the corresponding regions of the atmospheres of other planets. Aeronomy is a branch of atmospheric physics.  Research in aeronomy requires access to balloons, satellites, and sounding rockets which provide valuable data about this region of the atmosphere.  Atmospheric tides dominate the dynamics of the mesosphere and lower thermosphere, essential to understanding the atmosphere as a whole.  Other phenomena studied are upper-atmospheric lightning discharges, such as red sprites, sprite halos or blue jets.

text: Today the term also includes the science of the corresponding regions of the atmospheres of other planets. Aeronomy is a branch of

text: atmospheric physics

text: .  Research in aeronomy requires access to balloons, satellites, and

text: sounding rockets

text: which provide valuable data about this region of the atmosphere.

text: Atmospheric tide

text: s dominate the dynamics of the

text: mesosphere

text: and lower

text: thermosphere

text: , essential to understanding the atmosphere as a whole.  Other phenomena studied are

text: upper-atmospheric lightning

text: discharges, such as

text: red sprites

text: , sprite halos or blue jets.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: lower thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: atmospheric physics

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: lower thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: the term also includes the science of the corresponding regions of the atmospheres of other planets

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which of the following is not a layer of the atmosphere: mesosphere, lower thermosphere, or lower thermosphere?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not an example of upper-atmospheric lightning discharges?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earth's surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles: ions, mesosphere, or lower thermosphere?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is not a type of atmospheric physics?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: thermosphere,

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: mesosphere and lower thermosphere,

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: lower thermosphere,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: thermosphere,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: mesosphere and lower thermosphere,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: lower thermosphere,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: thermosphere,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: corresponding regions of the atmospheres of other planets.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: lower thermosphere,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: lower thermosphere,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: planets.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Atmospheric tides

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: mesosphere and lower thermosphere,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Atmospheric tides

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Atmospheric tides

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: mesosphere and lower thermosphere,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Atmospheric tides

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: upper-atmospheric lightning discharges,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: lower thermosphere,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: mesosphere and lower thermosphere,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: thermosphere,

text: In Meteorology, isopycnals are used to display different layers of gasses in the atmosphere. In the atmosphere, Varying degrees of humidity, temperature, and pressure change the density of air. Isopycnals are not used in meteorology as frequently as they are in oceanography, since the density gradients observed in the atmosphere are typically gradual, unlike in stratified bodies of water. In these cases, isopycnals are less relevant, since they do not display any substantial features.

text: In Meteorology, isopycnals are used to display different layers of gasses in the atmosphere. In the atmosphere, Varying degrees of humidity, temperature, and pressure change the density of air. Isopycnals are not used in meteorology as frequently as they are in oceanography, since the density gradients observed in the atmosphere are typically gradual, unlike in stratified bodies of water. In these cases, isopycnals are less relevant, since they do not display any substantial features.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: density

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: density gradients

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: it is not used in meteorology as frequently as they are in oceanography

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does not have convection currents?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: stratified bodies of water

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What causes meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How high does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: density gradients

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere contains charged particles called ions?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: density gradients observed in the atmosphere are typically gradual

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: isopycnals

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: isopycnals

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratified bodies of water.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: isopycnals

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: isopycnals

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: air.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: isopycnals

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: Varying degrees of humidity, temperature, and pressure

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: isopycnals

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: temperature, and pressure change the density of air.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: they do not display any substantial features.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratified bodies of water.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratified bodies of water.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: In Meteorology, isopycnals

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Isopycnals are not used in meteorology

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Isopycnals are not used in meteorology

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: stratified bodies of water.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Isopycnals are not used in meteorology

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Isopycnals are not used in meteorology

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Isopycnals are not used in meteorology

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Isopycnals are not used in meteorology

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Isopycnals are not used in meteorology

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: stratified bodies of water.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Isopycnals are not used in meteorology

text: Key rendering features include multiple light types (distant (sun), cone, point, projector, area, custom, line, environment, and atmospheric) whereas the environment and atmospheric lights, which may be considered advanced light types, are especially optimized for global illumination. Both procedural and pre-captured textures are offered and can be mapped onto the surfaces of objects using six different mapping methods: flat, cubic, cylindrical, spherical, parametric, or UV coordinates. Decals can be attached on top of other surface styles to produce a variety of rendering effects, such as labels on objects, graffiti on walls, partially reflective surfaces, masked transparencies, and more. State of the art shaders are used to render surfaces and other effects. A surface style is defined by up to four layers of shaders, which produce color, reflections, transparency, and bump effects. They can be applied independently or can be correlated. Libraries with many predefined materials are included and can be easily extended and customized.

text: Key rendering features include multiple light types (distant (sun), cone, point, projector, area, custom, line, environment, and atmospheric) whereas the environment and atmospheric lights, which may be considered advanced light types, are especially optimized for global illumination. Both procedural and pre-captured textures are offered and can be mapped onto the surfaces of objects using six different mapping methods: flat, cubic, cylindrical, spherical, parametric, or UV coordinates. Decals can be attached on top of other surface styles to produce a variety of rendering effects, such as labels on objects, graffiti on walls, partially reflective surfaces, masked transparencies, and more. State of the art shaders are used to render surfaces and other effects. A surface style is defined by up to four layers of shaders, which produce color, reflections, transparency, and bump effects. They can be applied independently or can be correlated. Libraries with many predefined materials are included and can be easily extended and customized.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: The boundary between the troposphere and stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: UV coordinates

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: light types

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: cubic

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: spherical

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Earths surface

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: state of the art shaders

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: the exosphere merges gradually with outer space

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: state of the art shaders

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: atmospheric)

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: atmospheric)

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: (distant

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: atmospheric)

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: (distant

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: UV coordinates.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: atmospheric)

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: up to four layers of shaders,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: flat, cubic, cylindrical, spherical,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: spherical, parametric, or UV coordinates.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Key rendering features include multiple light types

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: atmospheric) whereas the environment and atmospheric lights,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: atmospheric lights,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: spherical, parametric, or UV coordinates.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: (distant

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: six different mapping methods:

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: six different mapping methods:

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: six different mapping methods:

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: six different mapping methods:

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: atmospheric)

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: spherical, parametric, or UV coordinates.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: six different mapping methods:

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: six different mapping methods:

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: six different mapping methods:

text: Soon, it became clear that the typhoon started to undego an eyewall replacement cycle. Satellite imagery showed a new eye-like feature developing within the system. Tembin continued weakening due to the eyewall replacement cycle and was expected to weaken even further at that moment. Tembin continued to slow down on its track and remained almost stationary.  Located approximately  southeast of Taipei, the storm system became a little less organized over the past couple of hours.  Poleward outflow also started diminishing, as a result. Track speeds continued to be slow as a primary steering influence, a deep layered subtropical ridge to the storm's north, was being weakened by a transiting mid-latitude trough located over the Korean Peninsula. Upper-level analysis indicated that the poleward outflow towards the tropical upper-tropospheric trough cell that was located over southern honshu shut down.

text: Soon, it became clear that the typhoon started to undego an

text: eyewall replacement cycle

text: . Satellite imagery showed a new eye-like feature developing within the system. Tembin continued weakening due to the eyewall replacement cycle and was expected to weaken even further at that moment. Tembin continued to slow down on its track and remained almost stationary.  Located approximately  southeast of Taipei, the storm system became a little less organized over the past couple of hours.  Poleward outflow also started diminishing, as a result. Track speeds continued to be slow as a primary steering influence, a deep layered subtropical ridge to the storm's north, was being weakened by a transiting mid-latitude trough located over the Korean Peninsula. Upper-level analysis indicated that the poleward outflow towards the tropical upper-tropospheric trough cell that was located over southern honshu shut down.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: upper-tropospheric

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: upper-tropospheric

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: subtropical ridge

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: latitude

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Tembin continued to weaken due to the eyewall replacement cycle

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: upper troposphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: upper troposphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Which of the following is not a source of heat in the troposphere?

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which of the following is not a layer of the atmosphere: troposphere, subtropical ridge, or troposphere?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Where does the heat that enters the mesosphere come from?

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not an example of friction with gas molecules?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How high does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Why is the top of the mesosphere warmer?

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Why does the aurora borealis occur?

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles: ions, typhoons, or clouds?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: What does the exosphere consist of?

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is not a type of gas?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: upper-tropospheric

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: upper-tropospheric

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: trough cell

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: upper-tropospheric

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: tropical upper-tropospheric

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: tropical upper-tropospheric

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: upper-tropospheric

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: subtropical ridge

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: tropical upper-tropospheric

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: Poleward outflow

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: eyewall replacement cycle.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Poleward outflow

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Poleward outflow

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: mid-latitude

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: tropical upper-tropospheric trough cell

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Poleward outflow

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Poleward outflow

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Poleward outflow

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: upper-tropospheric

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: tropical upper-tropospheric

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Poleward outflow

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: upper-tropospheric

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: upper-tropospheric

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Poleward outflow

text: The line is named after Theodore von Kármán (1881–1963), a Hungarian-American engineer and physicist. He was active primarily in aeronautics and astronautics. He was the first to calculate that around this altitude, the atmosphere becomes too thin to support aeronautical flight, because a vehicle at this altitude would have to travel faster than orbital velocity to derive sufficient aerodynamic lift to support itself. The line is approximately at the turbopause, above which atmospheric gasses are not well-mixed.  The mesopause atmospheric temperature minimum has been measured variously at 85 km or 100 km, which puts the line at or near the bottom of the thermosphere.

text: The line is named after

text: Theodore von Kármán

text: (1881–1963), a

text: Hungarian

text: American

text: engineer

text: and

text: physicist

text: . He was active primarily in

text: aeronautics

text: and

text: astronautics

text: . He was the first to calculate that around this altitude, the

text: atmosphere

text: becomes too thin to support aeronautical flight, because a vehicle at this altitude would have to travel faster than

text: orbital velocity

text: to derive sufficient

text: aerodynamic lift

text: to support itself. The line is approximately at the

text: turbopause

text: , above which atmospheric gasses are not well-mixed.  The

text: mesopause

text: atmospheric temperature

text: minimum has been measured variously at 85 km or 100 km, which puts the line at or near the bottom of the

text: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: mesopause

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: mesopause

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: mesopause

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: The thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: altitude

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: mesopause

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: the atmosphere becomes too thin to support aeronautical flight

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: mesopause

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: mesopause

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: orbital velocity

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer is named after Theodore von Kármán?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle: charged particles or ions?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: turbopause,

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: turbopause,

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: turbopause,

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: turbopause,

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: turbopause,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: turbopause,

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: mesopause

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: atmospheric gasses are not well-mixed.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: turbopause, above which atmospheric gasses are not well-mixed.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: The mesopause

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: mesopause

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: orbital velocity

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: turbopause, above which atmospheric gasses are not well-mixed.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: turbopause, above which atmospheric gasses are not well-mixed.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: turbopause, above which atmospheric gasses are not well-mixed.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: turbopause, above which atmospheric gasses are not well-mixed.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: turbopause,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: The mesopause

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: turbopause, above which atmospheric gasses are not well-mixed.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: atmospheric gasses are not well-mixed.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: turbopause,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: turbopause, above which atmospheric gasses are not well-mixed.

text: Exosphere  (foaled 25 August 2012) is a Thoroughbred racehorse trained and bred in Australia. He won the Golden Rose Stakes, a Group one race, and has accumulated over a million dollars in winnings.

text: Exosphere  (foaled 25 August 2012) is a

text: Thoroughbred

text: racehorse trained and bred in Australia. He won the

text: Golden Rose Stakes

text: , a Group one race, and has accumulated over a million dollars in winnings.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Exosphere won the Golden Rose Stakes.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: Exosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: Exosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Exosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: Exosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Exosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: Exosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: Exosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: Exosphere

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Exosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: Exosphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: over a million dollars in winnings.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Australia.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Exosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Group one

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Exosphere

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Exosphere

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Exosphere

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Exosphere

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Exosphere

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Exosphere

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Exosphere (foaled 25 August 2012)

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Exosphere (foaled 25 August 2012)

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Exosphere

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Exosphere

text: The low-lying damp ground can produce a visual effect known as a Fata Morgana when the Tor appears to rise out of the mist. This optical phenomenon occurs because rays of light are strongly bent when they pass through air layers of different temperatures in a steep thermal inversion where an atmospheric duct has formed. The Italian term Fata Morgana is derived from the name of Morgan le Fay, a powerful sorceress in Arthurian legend.

text: The low-lying damp ground can produce a visual effect known as a

text: Fata Morgana

text: when the Tor appears to rise out of the mist. This

text: optical phenomenon

text: occurs because rays of light are strongly bent when they pass through air layers of different temperatures in a steep

text: thermal inversion

text: where an

text: atmospheric duct

text: has formed. The Italian term Fata Morgana is derived from the name of

text: Morgan le Fay

text: , a powerful

text: sorceress

text: in

text: Arthurian legend

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: thermal inversion

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: thermal inversion

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: air layers

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: different temperatures

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: mist

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The Italian term Fata Morgana is derived from the name of Morgan le Fay

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: thermal inversion

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: thermal inversion

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: What is the lowest layer of the mesosphere?

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: What is the name of the Italian term Fata Morgana derived from?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: What is the name of the Italian term Fata Morgana?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: air layers of different temperatures in a steep thermal inversion

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: air layers

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: a steep thermal inversion

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: air layers of different temperatures in a steep thermal inversion

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: a steep thermal inversion

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: air layers

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: different temperatures

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: air layers of different temperatures in a steep thermal inversion

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: thermal inversion

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The low-lying damp ground

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: thermal inversion

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: steep thermal inversion

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: a steep thermal inversion

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Fata Morgana when the Tor appears to rise out of the mist.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: air layers of different temperatures in a steep thermal inversion

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: steep thermal inversion

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: rays of light are strongly bent when they pass through air layers

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Fata Morgana when the Tor appears to rise out of the mist.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: thermal inversion

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: rays of light are strongly bent when they pass through air layers

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: thermal inversion

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: steep thermal inversion

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: thermal inversion

text: Eight kilometers high in the atmosphere near the tropopause, the winds change direction. They now flow to the west and are driven by differences in temperature between the poles and equator. These high winds may distort Triton's atmosphere making it asymmetric. An asymmetry was actually observed during star occultations by Triton in 1990s.

text: Eight kilometers high in the atmosphere near the tropopause, the winds change direction. They now flow to the west and are driven by differences in temperature between the poles and equator. These high winds may distort Triton's atmosphere making it asymmetric. An asymmetry was actually observed during star occultations by Triton in 1990s.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The ozone layer protects humans from the sun.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: poles

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: How many layers of the atmosphere are mentioned?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle: charged particles or ions?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is not true of the tropopause?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: differences in temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: differences in temperature between the poles and equator.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: asymmetric.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: poles and equator.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: poles and equator.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: equator.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: differences in temperature between the poles and equator.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Eight kilometers high in the atmosphere near the tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: differences in temperature between the poles and equator.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: differences in temperature between the poles and equator.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Eight kilometers high in the atmosphere near the tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: differences in temperature between the poles and equator.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: differences in temperature between the poles and equator.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Eight kilometers high in the atmosphere near the tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Eight kilometers high in the atmosphere near the tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: differences in temperature between the poles and equator.

text: Judging by the color of its atmosphere, the sky of Uranus is probably a light blue, i.e. cyan color. It is unlikely that the planet's rings can be seen from its surface, as they are very thin and dark. Uranus has a northern polar star, Sabik (η Ophiuchi), a magnitude 2.4 star. Uranus also has a southern polar star, 15 Orionis, an unremarkable magnitude 4.8 star. Both are fainter than Earth's Polaris (α Ursae Minoris), although Sabik only slightly.

text: Judging by the color of its atmosphere, the sky of

text: Uranus

text: is probably a light blue, i.e.

text: cyan

text: color. It is unlikely that the planet's rings can be seen from its surface, as they are very thin and dark. Uranus has a northern polar star,

text: Sabik

text: (η Ophiuchi), a magnitude 2.4 star. Uranus also has a southern polar star,

text: 15 Orionis

text: , an unremarkable magnitude 4.8 star. Both are fainter than Earth's

text: Polaris

text: (α Ursae Minoris), although Sabik only slightly.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: the stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: the stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: polar

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: polar stars

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: rings

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: It is unlikely that the planet's rings can be seen from its surface

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: sky

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: northern polar star

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: U.S.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: How many layers does Uranus have?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a planet: Uranus, Sabik, or Earth?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: How would you describe Uranus's atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: rings can be seen from its surface,

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: rings can be seen from its surface,

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: northern polar star,

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: rings

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: northern polar star,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: rings can be seen from its surface,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: rings can be seen from its surface,

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: Polaris

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: rings

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: 4.8

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: a light blue, i.e. cyan color.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Uranus

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: northern polar star,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: 4.8

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: 4.8

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: 4.8

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: 4.8

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: 4.8

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 4.8 star. Both are fainter than Earth's Polaris

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: 4.8

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Earth's Polaris

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: 4.8

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: rings can be seen from its surface,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: thin and dark.

text: Ultraviolet light, specifically UV-B, has been shown to cause cataracts and there is some evidence that sunglasses worn at an early age can slow its development in later life. Most UV light from the sun is filtered out by the atmosphere and consequently airline pilots often have high rates of cataracts because of the increased levels of UV radiation in the upper atmosphere.  It is hypothesized that depletion of the ozone layer and a consequent increase in levels of UV light on the ground may increase future rates of cataracts.  Note that the lens filters UV light, so once that is removed via surgery, one may be able to see UV light.

text: Ultraviolet light, specifically

text: UV-B

text: , has been shown to cause

text: cataracts

text: and there is some evidence that sunglasses worn at an early age can slow its development in later life. Most UV light from the sun is filtered out by the atmosphere and consequently airline pilots often have high rates of cataracts because of the increased levels of UV radiation in the upper atmosphere.  It is hypothesized that

text: depletion of the ozone layer

text: and a consequent increase in levels of UV light on the ground may increase future rates of cataracts.  Note that the lens filters UV light, so once that is removed via surgery, one may be able to see UV light.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: upper

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: upper

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: upper atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: upper

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: UV radiation

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: once that is removed via surgery, one may be able to see UV light

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: upper atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: upper atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: sun

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Which of the following is not true?

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of ion?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is not a type of gas?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: UV-B,

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: UV-B,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: Ultraviolet light, specifically UV-B,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: one may be able to see UV light.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: upper atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: upper atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: sun

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: filtered out by the atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: filtered out by the atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: UV-B,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: airline pilots often have high rates of cataracts

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: increased levels of UV radiation in the upper atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Ultraviolet light,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Ultraviolet light, specifically UV-B,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Ultraviolet light,

text: The inversion temperature in thermodynamics and cryogenics is the critical temperature below which a non-ideal gas (all gases in reality) that is expanding at constant enthalpy will experience a temperature decrease, and above which will experience a temperature increase. This temperature change is known as the Joule-Thomson effect, and is exploited in the liquefaction of gases.Inversion temperature depends on the nature of gas.

text: The inversion temperature in

text: thermodynamics

text: and

text: cryogenics

text: is the critical temperature below which a non-

text: ideal gas

text: (all gases in reality) that is expanding at constant enthalpy will experience a temperature decrease, and above which will experience a temperature increase. This temperature change is known as the

text: Joule-Thomson effect

text: , and is exploited in the

text: liquefaction of gases

text: .Inversion temperature depends on the nature of gas.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: inversion temperature

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: inversion temperature

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: inversion temperature

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: inversion temperature

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: inversion temperature

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Inversion temperature depends on the nature of gas.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: inversion temperature

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: inversion temperature

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Why?

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a non-ideal gas?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: What is the inversion temperature?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: The inversion temperature

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: The inversion temperature

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: The inversion temperature

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: The inversion temperature

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: The inversion temperature

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: The inversion temperature

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: The inversion temperature

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: nature of gas.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: The inversion temperature

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: inversion temperature

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: a temperature decrease,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: inversion temperature

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: inversion temperature

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: The inversion temperature in thermodynamics

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: The inversion temperature in thermodynamics

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: The inversion temperature

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: The inversion temperature

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Joule-Thomson effect,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: inversion temperature in thermodynamics

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: The inversion temperature

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: The inversion temperature in thermodynamics

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: The inversion temperature in thermodynamics

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: inversion temperature in thermodynamics

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: The inversion temperature

text: The context of a photogeochemical reaction is implicitly the surface of Earth, since that is where sunlight is available (although other sources of light such as chemiluminescence would not be strictly excluded from photogeochemical study). Reactions may occur among components of land such as rocks, soil and detritus; components of surface water such as sediment and dissolved organic matter; and components of the atmospheric boundary layer directly influenced by contact with land or water, such as mineral aerosols and gases. Visible and medium- to long-wave ultraviolet radiation is the main source of energy for photogeochemical reactions; wavelengths of light shorter than about 290 nm are completely absorbed by the present atmosphere, and are therefore practically irrelevant, except in consideration of atmospheres different from that of Earth today.

text: The context of a photogeochemical reaction is implicitly the surface of Earth, since that is where

text: sunlight

text: is available (although other sources of light such as

text: chemiluminescence

text: would not be strictly excluded from photogeochemical study). Reactions may occur among components of land such as

text: rocks

text: soil

text: and

text: detritus

text: ; components of

text: surface water

text: such as sediment and dissolved organic matter; and components of the

text: atmospheric boundary layer

text: directly influenced by contact with land or water, such as mineral

text: aerosol

text: s and gases.

text: Visible

text: and medium- to long-wave

text: ultraviolet

text: radiation is the main source of energy for photogeochemical reactions; wavelengths of light shorter than about 290 nm are completely absorbed by the present atmosphere, and are therefore practically irrelevant, except in consideration of atmospheres different from that of Earth today.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: boundary layer directly influenced by contact with land or water

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: surface water such as sediment and dissolved organic matter

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: 290 nm

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: air in the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: the context of a photogeochemical reaction is implicitly the surface of Earth

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: long-wave ultraviolet

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: ultraviolet radiation

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: what is impliedly the surface of Earth

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: It is implied that the surface of Earth, since that is where sunlight is available

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: What is the main source of energy for photogeochemical reactions

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: contact with land or water,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: land or water,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The context of a photogeochemical reaction

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: 290 nm

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: medium- to long-wave ultraviolet radiation

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: medium- to long-wave ultraviolet radiation

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: gases.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: chemiluminescence

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: atmospheric boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: context of a photogeochemical reaction

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: gases.

text: ).  This requirement can be fulfilled only under particular conditions, since the atmosphere is continuously changing.  Needed conditions are in particular: the absence of clouds along the optical path, and the absence of variations in the atmospheric aerosol layer.  Since aerosols tend to be more concentrated at low altitude, Langley extrapolation is often performed at high mountain sites.  Data from NASA Glenn Research Center indicates that the Langley plot accuracy is improved if the data is taken above the tropopause.

text: ).  This requirement can be fulfilled only under particular conditions, since the atmosphere is continuously changing.  Needed conditions are in particular: the absence of clouds along the optical path, and the absence of variations in the

text: atmospheric aerosol

text: layer.  Since aerosols tend to be more concentrated at low altitude, Langley extrapolation is often performed at high mountain sites.  Data from

text: NASA

text: Glenn Research Center

text: indicates that the Langley plot accuracy is improved if the data is taken above the

text: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: altitude

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Langley extrapolation is often performed at high mountain sites

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: the tropopause

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface is the tropopause?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: It is colder

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of ion?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: tropopause.

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: tropopause.

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: tropopause.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: tropopause.

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: tropopause.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: tropopause.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: tropopause.

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: atmospheric aerosol layer.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: tropopause.

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: clouds

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: the atmosphere is continuously changing.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Langley extrapolation is often performed at high mountain sites.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: tropopause.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: optical path,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: variations in the atmospheric aerosol layer.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: atmospheric aerosol layer.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: aerosols

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: variations in the atmospheric aerosol layer.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: tropopause.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: aerosols tend to be more concentrated at low altitude,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: the absence of clouds

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: tropopause.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: the absence of clouds along the optical path,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: tropopause.

text: The exosphere is located too far above Earth for any meteorological phenomena to be possible. However, the aurora borealis and aurora australis sometimes occur in the lower part of the exosphere, where they overlap into the thermosphere. The exosphere contains most of the satellites orbiting Earth.

text: The exosphere is located too far above Earth for any meteorological phenomena to be possible. However, the

text: aurora borealis

text: and

text: aurora australis

text: sometimes occur in the lower part of the exosphere, where they overlap into the thermosphere. The exosphere contains most of the satellites orbiting Earth.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: The exosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: The exosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: The exosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: The exosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The exosphere contains most of the satellites orbiting Earth.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer contains most of the satellites orbiting Earth?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not a type of meteor?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earth's surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle: ions, exosphere, or satellites?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: How would you describe the exosphere?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: The exosphere

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The exosphere is located too far above Earth for any meteorological phenomena

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: The exosphere

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: The exosphere

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: The exosphere

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: The exosphere

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: The exosphere

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: The exosphere

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: the aurora borealis

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: The exosphere

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: The exosphere is located too far above Earth for any meteorological phenomena

text: Although the model considered above is reasonably standard, it is not unique; other models also satisfy observations. For instance, if substantial amounts of hydrogen and rocky material are mixed in the ice mantle, the total mass of ices in the interior will be lower, and, correspondingly, the total mass of rocks and hydrogen will be higher. Presently available data does not allow science to determine which model is correct. The fluid interior structure of Uranus means that it has no solid surface. The gaseous atmosphere gradually transitions into the internal liquid layers. For the sake of convenience, a revolving oblate spheroid set at the point at which atmospheric pressure equals 1 bar (100 kPa) is conditionally designated as a "surface". It has equatorial and polar radii of  and , respectively. This surface is used throughout this article as a zero point for altitudes.

text: Although the model considered above is reasonably standard, it is not unique; other models also satisfy observations. For instance, if substantial amounts of hydrogen and rocky material are mixed in the ice mantle, the total mass of ices in the interior will be lower, and, correspondingly, the total mass of rocks and hydrogen will be higher. Presently available data does not allow science to determine which model is correct. The fluid interior structure of Uranus means that it has no solid surface. The gaseous atmosphere gradually transitions into the internal liquid layers. For the sake of convenience, a revolving

text: oblate spheroid

text: set at the point at which atmospheric pressure equals 1 bar (100 kPa) is conditionally designated as a "surface". It has equatorial and

text: polar

text: radii of  and , respectively. This surface is used throughout this article as a zero point for altitudes.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: The gaseous atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: The gaseous atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Uranus has no solid surface

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: The gaseous atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: The gaseous atmosphere gradually transitions into the internal liquid layers

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: internal liquid layers

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: The gaseous atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: atmospheric pressure

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: liquid layers

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Uranus has no solid surface

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Uranus

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: surface

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: oblate spheroid

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: How many layers of the atmosphere does Uranus have?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: the stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What causes meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: The troposphere rises to about 50 kilometers above Earths surface

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Why?

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of ion?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: The fluid interior structure of Uranus

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: liquid layers.

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: liquid layers.

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: The gaseous atmosphere gradually transitions into the internal liquid layers.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: liquid layers.

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: The gaseous atmosphere gradually transitions into the internal liquid layers.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: liquid layers.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: liquid layers.

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: liquid layers.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: liquid layers.

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: hydrogen and rocky material are mixed in the ice mantle,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: it has no solid surface.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Uranus

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: internal liquid layers.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: oblate spheroid

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: The fluid interior structure of Uranus

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: liquid layers.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: hydrogen and rocky material are mixed in the ice mantle,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: The fluid interior structure of Uranus

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Uranus

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: The fluid interior structure of Uranus

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: revolving oblate spheroid

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: The fluid interior structure of Uranus

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The gaseous atmosphere gradually transitions into the internal liquid layers.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: ice mantle,

text: In the first stanza the scene and atmosphere is set, "we stood by a pond that winter day". No harsh sounds are present and the sentence epitomizes the tranquility yet disheartening nature of the poem. In the second line we get even more of these very "neutral" monosyllabic words "the sun was white, as though chidden of God" in this sentence the poet's attempt to stay within his own themes are very explicit by the use of the adjective "white" to describe the sun, the sun normally represented by the color yellow and a symbol for happiness and life. The very dismal atmosphere is reinforced by the use of the alliteration of "L" creating a lazy yet unsatisfying tone. The further sibilance of "starving sod" creates a harsh sound, adding a further layer of hopelessness. The metaphor of the "few leaves" symbolizes the end of an era, hinting towards the dying of life. Yet, it is not life that died, but love.

text: In the first stanza the scene and atmosphere is set, "we stood by a pond that winter day". No harsh sounds are present and the sentence epitomizes the tranquility yet disheartening nature of the poem. In the second line we get even more of these very "neutral" monosyllabic words "the sun was white, as though chidden of God" in this sentence the poet's attempt to stay within his own themes are very explicit by the use of the adjective "white" to describe the sun, the sun normally represented by the color yellow and a symbol for happiness and life. The very dismal atmosphere is reinforced by the use of the alliteration of "L" creating a lazy yet unsatisfying tone. The further sibilance of "starving sod" creates a harsh sound, adding a further layer of hopelessness. The metaphor of the "few leaves" symbolizes the end of an era, hinting towards the dying of life. Yet, it is not life that died, but love.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: the stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: the stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: starving sod

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: starving sod

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: it is not life that died, but love

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: poem

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: winter

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: "the sun was white, as though chidden of God

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: How many layers of the atmosphere are mentioned?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Which of the following is true of the stratosphere?

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What causes meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: how high is the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: The top of the mesosphere is warmer than the bottom

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: because of storms on Earths surface

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is true of the thermosphere?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere merges gradually with outer space

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: in the exosphere are extremely cold

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: hopelessness.

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: hopelessness.

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: love.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: hopelessness.

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: love.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: hopelessness.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: hopelessness.

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: color yellow and a symbol for happiness and life.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: "few leaves"

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: love.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: No harsh sounds

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: love.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: winter day".

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: love.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: "the sun was white, as though chidden of God"

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: love.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: love.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: love.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: love.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: "the sun was white,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: love.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: love.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: love.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: love.

text: Medford sits in a rain shadow between the Cascade Range and Siskiyou Mountains called the Rogue Valley. As such, most of the rain associated with the Pacific Northwest and Oregon in particular skips Medford, making it drier and sunnier than the Willamette Valley. Medford's climate is considerably warmer, both in summer and winter, than its latitude would suggest, with a Mediterranean climate (Köppen Csa). Summers are akin to Eastern Oregon, and winters resemble the coast. Here, summer sees an average of 57 days over  and 11 days over . In August 1981, the high temperature reached over  for four consecutive days, with two days reaching . Freezing temperatures occur on 69 nights of the year, and in some years there may be a day or two where the high stays at or below freezing; the average window for freezing temperatures is October 23 through April 23. The city is located in USDA hardiness zone 8. Medford also experiences temperature inversions in the winter which during its lumber mill days produced fog so thick that visibility could be reduced to less than five feet. These inversions can last for weeks; some suggest this is because the metropolitan area has one of the lowest average wind speeds of all American metropolitan areas. The heavy fog returns nearly every winter with the inversions lowering air quality for several months without relief.

text: Medford sits in a

text: rain shadow

text: between the

text: Cascade Range

text: and

text: Siskiyou Mountains

text: called the Rogue Valley. As such, most of the rain associated with the Pacific Northwest and Oregon in particular skips Medford, making it drier and sunnier than the

text: Willamette Valley

text: . Medford's climate is considerably warmer, both in summer and winter, than its latitude would suggest, with a

text: Mediterranean climate

text: Köppen

text: Csa). Summers are akin to Eastern Oregon, and winters resemble the coast. Here, summer sees an average of 57 days over  and 11 days over . In August 1981, the high temperature reached over  for four consecutive days, with two days reaching . Freezing temperatures occur on 69 nights of the year, and in some years there may be a day or two where the high stays at or below freezing; the average window for freezing temperatures is October 23 through April 23. The city is located in USDA

text: hardiness zone

text: 8. Medford also experiences

text: temperature inversion

text: s in the winter which during its lumber mill days produced fog so thick that visibility could be reduced to less than five feet. These inversions can last for weeks; some suggest this is because the metropolitan area has one of the lowest average wind speeds of all American metropolitan areas. The heavy fog returns nearly every winter with the inversions lowering air quality for several months without relief.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: temperature inversions

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: fog

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: latitude

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Rogue Valley

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air in the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: the average window for freezing temperatures is October 23 through April 23

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Rogue Valley

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: October 23

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: latitude

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: What is the average window for freezing temperatures?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of ion: charged particles, ions, or air?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: temperature inversions

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: temperature inversions

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: 8.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: temperature inversions

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: rain shadow between the Cascade Range and Siskiyou Mountains

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: air quality

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: temperature inversions

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: latitude

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: fog

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: temperature inversions

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: drier and sunnier than the Willamette Valley.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: temperature inversions

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: 69 nights of the year,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: latitude

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: over for four consecutive days,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: temperature inversions

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: temperature inversions

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: temperature inversions

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: five feet.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: warmer, both in summer and winter, than its latitude would suggest,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: temperature inversions

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: temperature inversions

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: temperature inversions

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Freezing temperatures

text: The stratopause (formerly Mesopeak) is the level of the atmosphere which is the boundary between two layers: the stratosphere and the mesosphere. In the stratosphere the temperature increases with altitude, and the stratopause is the region where a maximum in the temperature occurs.This atmospheric feature is not only associated with Earth: it occurs on any other planet or moon that has an atmosphere as well.

text: The stratopause (formerly Mesopeak) is the level of the

text: atmosphere

text: which is the boundary between two layers: the

text: stratosphere

text: and the

text: mesosphere

text: . In the stratosphere the

text: temperature

text: increases with

text: altitude

text: , and the stratopause is the region where a maximum in the temperature occurs.This atmospheric feature is not only associated with Earth: it occurs on any other

text: planet

text: or moon that has an

text: atmosphere

text: as well.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: The stratopause

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: The stratopause

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: altitude

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The stratopause is the level of the atmosphere which is the boundary between two layers

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: orbital period

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not a layer: the stratosphere, the mesosphere or the stratopause?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: It doesn't say

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a layer: the stratosphere or the mesosphere?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere and the mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: The stratopause

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: The stratopause

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: altitude,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: temperature increases with altitude,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The stratopause

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratopause

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth:

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: In the stratosphere the temperature increases with altitude,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: The stratopause

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: In the stratosphere the temperature increases with altitude,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: The stratopause

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: In the stratosphere the temperature increases with altitude,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: temperature increases with altitude,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Earth:

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: stratosphere the temperature increases with altitude,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The stratopause

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: temperature increases with altitude,

text: Using coupled, atmospheric/ocean models and tuning the mixing to eliminate BLT for one year prior to El Nino, it was shown that the heat buildup associated with BLT is a requirement for big El Nino.  It has been shown that there is a tight relationship between SSS and SST in the western Pacific and the barrier layer is instrumental in maintaining heat and momentum in the warm pool within the salinity stratified layer. Later work, including Argo drifters, confirm the relationship between eastward migration of the warm pool during El Nino and BLT heat storage in the western Pacific.   The main impact of BLT is to maintain a shallow mixed layer allowing an enhanced air-sea coupled response.  In addition, the BLT is the key factor in establishing the mean state that is perturbed during El Nino/La Nina

text: Using coupled, atmospheric/ocean models and tuning the mixing to eliminate BLT for one year prior to El Nino, it was shown that the heat buildup associated with BLT is a requirement for big El Nino.  It has been shown that there is a tight relationship between SSS and SST in the western Pacific and the barrier layer is instrumental in maintaining heat and momentum in the warm pool within the salinity stratified layer. Later work, including Argo drifters, confirm the relationship between eastward migration of the warm pool during El Nino and BLT heat storage in the western Pacific.   The main impact of BLT is to maintain a shallow mixed layer allowing an enhanced air-sea coupled response.  In addition, the BLT is the key factor in establishing the mean state that is perturbed during El Nino/

text: La Nina

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: barrier layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: barrier layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: barrier layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: barrier layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: barrier layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: salinity stratified layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: stratified layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: salinity

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: barrier layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: It has been shown that there is a tight relationship between SSS and SST in the western Pacific

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: western Pacific

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: western Pacific

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What causes meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: What does the troposphere consist of?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: The barrier layer is instrumental in maintaining heat

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: What is the exosphere made of?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: salinity stratified layer.

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: salinity stratified layer.

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: salinity stratified layer.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: salinity stratified layer.

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: salinity stratified layer.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: shallow mixed layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: salinity stratified layer.

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: salinity stratified layer.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: shallow mixed layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm pool

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: tuning the mixing to eliminate BLT for one year prior to El Nino,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: El Nino,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: El Nino,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Argo drifters,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: BLT is a requirement for big El Nino.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: salinity stratified layer.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: the barrier layer is instrumental in maintaining heat and momentum in the warm pool

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: BLT is a requirement for big El Nino.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: El Nino/La Nina

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: warm pool

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: El Nino,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: El Nino,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: El Nino,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: El Nino,

text: The mixed layer plays an important role in the physical climate. Because the specific heat of ocean water is much larger than that of air, the top 2.5 m of the ocean holds as much heat as the entire atmosphere above it. Thus the heat required to change a mixed layer of 25 m by 1 °C would be sufficient to raise the temperature of the atmosphere by 10 °C. The depth of the mixed layer is thus very important for determining the temperature range in oceanic and coastal regions.   In addition, the heat stored within the oceanic mixed layer provides a source for heat that drives global variability such as El Niño.

text: The mixed layer plays an important role in the physical climate. Because the

text: specific heat

text: of ocean water is much larger than that of air, the top 2.5 m of the ocean holds as much heat as the entire atmosphere above it. Thus the heat required to change a mixed layer of 25 m by 1 °C would be sufficient to raise the temperature of the atmosphere by 10 °C. The depth of the mixed layer is thus very important for determining the temperature range in oceanic and coastal regions.   In addition, the heat stored within the oceanic mixed layer provides a source for heat that drives global variability such as

text: El Niño

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: The mixed layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: The mixed layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: The mixed layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: The mixed layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: The mixed layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: The mixed layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: specific heat

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ocean

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: air in the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: the top 2.5 m of the ocean holds as much heat as the entire atmosphere above it

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: ocean

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: oceanic

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer holds as much heat as the entire atmosphere above it?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What causes meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: The troposphere rises to about 50 kilometers above Earths surface

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: It is warmer at the top

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of ion?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere merges gradually with outer space.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Why are gas molecules in the exosphere extremely cold?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: mixed layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: mixed layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: The mixed layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: mixed layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: The mixed layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: The mixed layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: mixed layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: ocean water

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: mixed layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: The mixed layer

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: 10 °C.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: air,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: oceanic and coastal regions.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: The mixed layer plays an important role in the physical climate.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: The mixed layer

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: The mixed layer

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: The mixed layer

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: El Ni<unk>o.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 2.5 m

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: the top 2.5 m of the ocean holds as much heat

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: El Ni<unk>o.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: The mixed layer

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The mixed layer

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: 10 °C.

text: Although these are all named layers of the atmosphere, the pressure is so negligible that the chiefly-used definitions of outer space are actually below this altitude.  Orbiting satellites do not experience significant atmospheric heating, but their orbits do decay over time, depending on orbit altitude.  Space missions such as the ISS, space shuttle, and Soyuz operate under this layer.

text: Although these are all named layers of the atmosphere, the pressure is so negligible that the chiefly-used definitions of

text: outer space

text: are actually below this altitude.  Orbiting satellites do not experience significant atmospheric heating, but their orbits do decay over time, depending on orbit altitude.  Space missions such as the

text: ISS

text: space shuttle

text: , and

text: Soyuz

text: operate under this layer.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: outer space

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: altitude

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: outer space

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Space missions such as the ISS, space shuttle, and Soyuz operate under this layer.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: outer space

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: outer space

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: orbital layer

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere contains charged particles called ions?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Why is the exosphere so cold?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: below this altitude.

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: below this altitude.

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: below this altitude.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: below this altitude.

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: below this altitude.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: below this altitude.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: below this altitude.

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: altitude.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: below this altitude.

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: heating,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Orbiting satellites do not experience significant atmospheric heating,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Orbiting satellites do not experience significant atmospheric heating,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: below this altitude.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: under this layer.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Orbiting satellites do not experience significant atmospheric heating,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: below this altitude.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: below this altitude.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: heating,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: below this altitude.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Orbiting satellites do not experience significant atmospheric heating,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: below this altitude.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: below this altitude.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: the pressure is so negligible

text: Incus is the most type-specific supplementary feature, seen only with cumulonimbus of the species capillatus. A cumulonimbus incus cloud top is one that has spread out into a clear anvil shape as a result of rising air currents hitting the stability layer at the tropopause where the air no longer continues to get colder with increasing altitude.

text: Incus is the most type-specific supplementary feature, seen only with cumulonimbus of the species capillatus. A

text: cumulonimbus incus

text: cloud top is one that has spread out into a clear anvil shape as a result of rising air currents hitting the stability layer at the

text: tropopause

text: where the air no longer continues to get colder with increasing altitude.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: altitude

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The ozone layer protects humans from the sun.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers does the tropopause rise to?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle: ions or clouds?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: altitude.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: the air no longer continues to get colder with increasing altitude.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: the air no longer continues to get colder with increasing altitude.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: the air no longer continues to get colder

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: increasing altitude.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Incus is the most type-specific supplementary feature,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: rising air currents hitting the stability layer at the tropopause

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: rising air currents hitting the stability layer

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: rising air currents hitting the stability layer at the tropopause

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: rising air currents hitting the stability layer at the tropopause

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: the tropopause

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: the air no longer continues to get colder with increasing altitude.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: rising air currents

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: the air no longer continues to get colder with increasing altitude.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: the air no longer continues to get colder with increasing altitude.

text: The marine layer clouds of a June Gloom day usually are at their maximum at dawn, when the surface air is at a minimum temperature and the temperature difference in the inversion layer is at its maximum. The air beneath the inversion base being at its coolest also makes it likely that it will be saturated with a relative humidity of 100%.

text: The marine layer clouds of a June Gloom day usually are at their maximum at dawn, when the surface air is at a minimum temperature and the temperature difference in the inversion layer is at its maximum. The air beneath the inversion base being at its coolest also makes it likely that it will be saturated with a relative humidity of 100%.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: marine layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: marine layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: marine layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: inversion base

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: marine layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: marine layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: There is no ozone in the marine layer.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for meteors to burn up?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: how high does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: inversion base

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: None of the above choices are true

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: marine layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: inversion base

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: marine layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature difference in the inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: marine layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: temperature difference in the inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: 100%.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: The air beneath the inversion base

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: 100%.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: 100%.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: temperature difference in the inversion layer is at its maximum.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: 100%.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 100%.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: The air beneath the inversion base being at its coolest

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: maximum.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: 100%.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: 100%.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: The air beneath the inversion base being at its coolest

text: The vertical temperature variations in the Jovian atmosphere are similar to those of the atmosphere of Earth. The temperature of the troposphere decreases with height until it reaches a minimum at the tropopause, which is the boundary between the troposphere and stratosphere. On Jupiter, the tropopause is approximately 50 km above the visible clouds (or 1 bar level), where the pressure and temperature are about 0.1 bar and 110 K. In the stratosphere, the temperatures rise to about 200 K at the transition into the thermosphere, at an altitude and pressure of around 320 km and 1 μbar. In the thermosphere, temperatures continue to rise, eventually reaching 1000 K at about 1000 km, where pressure is about 1 nbar.

text: The vertical temperature variations in the Jovian atmosphere are similar to those of the

text: atmosphere of Earth

text: . The temperature of the troposphere decreases with height until it reaches a minimum at the

text: tropopause

text: , which is the boundary between the troposphere and stratosphere. On Jupiter, the tropopause is approximately 50 km above the visible clouds (or 1 bar level), where the pressure and temperature are about 0.1 bar and 110 K. In the stratosphere, the temperatures rise to about 200 K at the transition into the thermosphere, at an altitude and pressure of around 320 km and 1 μbar. In the thermosphere, temperatures continue to rise, eventually reaching 1000 K at about 1000 km, where pressure is about 1 nbar.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: cool air in the stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: In the stratosphere, the temperatures rise to about 200 K at the transition into the thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does the tropopause occur in?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: The temperature of the troposphere decreases with height

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What causes meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: The tropopause

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles: ions, stratosphere or tropopause?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is not a type of gas?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: thermosphere,

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: height

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: similar to those of the atmosphere of Earth.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Jupiter,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: The temperature of the troposphere decreases with height

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: thermosphere,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: 0.1 bar

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Jupiter, the tropopause is approximately 50 km above the visible clouds

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: The temperature of the troposphere decreases with height

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Earth.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: In the thermosphere,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: thermosphere,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: 110 K.

text: The temperature of the thermosphere gradually increases with height. Unlike the stratosphere beneath it, wherein a temperature inversion is due to the absorption of radiation by ozone, the inversion in the thermosphere occurs due to the extremely low density of its molecules. The temperature of this layer can rise as high as , though the gas molecules are so far apart that its temperature in the usual sense is not very meaningful. The air is so rarefied that an individual molecule (of oxygen, for example) travels an average of  between collisions with other molecules. Although the thermosphere has a high proportion of molecules with high energy, it would not feel hot to a human in direct contact, because its density is too low to conduct a significant amount of energy to or from the skin.

text: The temperature of the thermosphere gradually increases with height. Unlike the stratosphere beneath it, wherein a temperature

text: inversion

text: is due to the absorption of radiation by ozone, the inversion in the thermosphere occurs due to the extremely low density of its molecules. The temperature of this layer can rise as high as , though the gas molecules are so far apart that its

text: temperature in the usual sense

text: is not very meaningful. The air is so rarefied that an individual molecule (of

text: oxygen

text: , for example) travels an average of  between collisions with other molecules. Although the thermosphere has a high proportion of molecules with high energy, it would not feel hot to a human in direct contact, because its density is too low to conduct a significant amount of energy to or from the skin.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: density

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: absorption of radiation by ozone

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer has a high proportion of molecules with high energy?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles: ions, gases, or molecules?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: height.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: oxygen,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: ozone,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: collisions with other molecules.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: extremely low density of its molecules.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: thermosphere gradually increases with height.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: ozone,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: collisions with other molecules.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: temperature of the thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: thermosphere gradually increases with height.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: extremely low density of its molecules.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: molecules with high energy,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: thermosphere gradually increases with height. Unlike the stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: so far apart that its temperature in the usual sense is not very meaningful.

text: An inversion can lead to pollution such as smog being trapped close to the ground, with possible adverse effects on health. An inversion can also suppress convection by acting as a "cap". If this cap is broken for any of several reasons, convection of any moisture present can then erupt into violent thunderstorms. Temperature inversion can notoriously result in freezing rain in cold climates.

text: An inversion can lead to pollution such as

text: smog

text: being trapped close to the ground, with possible adverse effects on health. An inversion can also suppress

text: convection

text: by acting as a "cap". If this cap is broken for any of several reasons, convection of any moisture present can then erupt into violent

text: thunderstorm

text: s. Temperature inversion can notoriously result in

text: freezing rain

text: in cold climates.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ground

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ground

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The ozone layer protects the Earth from harmful ultraviolet rays.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: cold climates

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: cold climates

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earth's surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles: ions, smog, or clouds?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: inversion

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: inversion

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: inversion

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: inversion

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: inversion

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ground,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: An inversion

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: Temperature inversion

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ground,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: convection

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: smog being trapped close to the ground,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: cold climates.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: cold climates.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: An inversion

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Temperature inversion can notoriously result in freezing rain in cold climates.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: convection

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: An inversion

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: violent thunderstorms.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Temperature inversion can notoriously result in freezing rain in cold climates.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Temperature inversion

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: thunderstorms.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Temperature inversion can notoriously result in freezing rain in cold climates.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: An inversion

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Temperature inversion can notoriously result in freezing rain

text: This album was the first of the group's albums to be entirely self-produced, recorded with virtually no outside influences. The album, though unnamed until after the recording process was completed, features a lush oceanic theme, complimented by a more layered atmospheric production.

text: This album was the first of the group's albums to be entirely self-produced, recorded with virtually no outside influences. The album, though unnamed until after the recording process was completed, features a lush oceanic theme, complimented by a more layered atmospheric production.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: oceanic

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: unnamed

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: oceanic theme

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The album features a lush oceanic theme

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: album

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: oceans

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earth's surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: layered

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: layered

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: oceanic theme, complimented by a more layered atmospheric production.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: layered

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: oceanic theme,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: a more layered

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: layered

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: oceanic theme, complimented by a more layered

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: oceanic theme,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: oceanic theme, complimented by a more layered atmospheric production.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: self-produced,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: oceanic theme, complimented by a more layered atmospheric production.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: oceanic theme, complimented by a more layered atmospheric production.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: oceanic theme,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: virtually no outside influences.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: layered atmospheric production.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: oceanic theme, complimented by a more layered atmospheric production.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: self-produced,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: oceanic theme, complimented by a more layered atmospheric production.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: oceanic theme, complimented by a more layered atmospheric production.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: virtually no outside influences.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: virtually no outside influences.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: oceanic theme,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: virtually no outside influences.

text: The Vienna Conference was the first international conference on ozone layer depletion. It was held in Vienna, Austria in 1985 when a hole in the stratospheric ozone layer was observed in the South Pole marked by increased UV-B infiltration over Antarctica. A 'hole', marked by significant drop in ozone molecules in the layer, as large as that of United States was discovered by a British team.  The Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer was agreed at the conference and it entered into force in 1987.

text: The Vienna Conference was the first international conference on

text: ozone layer depletion

text: . It was held in

text: Vienna, Austria

text: in 1985 when a hole in the stratospheric ozone layer was observed in the South Pole marked by increased UV-B infiltration over Antarctica. A 'hole', marked by significant drop in ozone molecules in the layer, as large as that of United States was discovered by a British team.  The

text: Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer

text: was agreed at the conference and it entered into force in 1987.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: UV-B

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: cold air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The Vienna Conference was the first international conference on ozone layer depletion

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: South Pole

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Antarctica

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: U.S.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: How many layers of the atmosphere does the Vienna Conference cover?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earth's surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle: stratospheric ozone layer or thermosphere?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: UV-B infiltration over Antarctica.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: United States

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Antarctica.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: South Pole

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: South Pole

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: UV-B infiltration over Antarctica.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: UV-B infiltration over Antarctica.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: ozone layer depletion.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: The Vienna Conference

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: UV-B infiltration over Antarctica.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: UV-B infiltration over Antarctica.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: ozone layer was observed in the South Pole

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The Vienna Conference

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: South Pole

text: The planetary boundary layer is the portion of the troposphere that is influenced by the interaction with the surface of the earth and will adjust to surface forcings within a timescale of 1 hour. The planetary boundary layer is characterized by turbulence during the daytime and by stability during the night. At the top of the planetary boundary layer, there is a stable layer that is frequently termed the inversion layer as temperature tends to increase with height in contrast to much of the troposphere. The planetary boundary layer can have lower level clouds located around the capping inversion top. The two main types of clouds within the planetary boundary layer are fair-weather cumulus clouds and stratocumulus clouds. The underlying surface primarily determines the type of cloud produced within the planetary boundary layer. The presence of the capping inversion can also trap  aerosols within the planetary boundary layer. The increase of anthropogenic aerosols from burning fossil fuels can have significant impacts on precipitation and climate.

text: The planetary boundary layer is the portion of the troposphere that is influenced by the interaction with the surface of the earth and will adjust to surface forcings within a timescale of 1 hour. The planetary boundary layer is characterized by turbulence during the daytime and by stability during the night. At the top of the planetary boundary layer, there is a stable layer that is frequently termed the inversion layer as temperature tends to increase with height in contrast to much of the troposphere. The planetary boundary layer can have lower level clouds located around the capping inversion top. The two main types of clouds within the planetary boundary layer are fair-weather cumulus clouds and stratocumulus clouds. The underlying surface primarily determines the type of cloud produced within the planetary boundary layer. The presence of the capping inversion can also trap  aerosols within the planetary boundary layer. The increase of anthropogenic aerosols from burning fossil fuels can have significant impacts on precipitation and climate.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The presence of the capping inversion can also trap aerosols within the planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: timescale of 1 hour

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer is characterized by turbulence during the daytime and by stability during the night?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not a type of cloud produced within the planetary boundary layer?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earth's surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of cloud produced within the planetary boundary layer?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: What is the difference between troposphere and exosphere?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: the interaction with the surface of the earth

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: temperature tends to increase with height

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: 1 hour.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: 1 hour.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: temperature tends to increase with height

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: inversion layer as temperature tends to increase with height

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: anthropogenic aerosols from burning fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: The planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: temperature tends to increase with height

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: 1 hour.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: The planetary boundary layer is the portion of the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The planetary boundary layer is the portion of the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: temperature tends to increase with height

text: Standing waves normally do not extend above the tropopause at temperate latitudes. A strong west wind usually decreases above the tropopause, which has been shown to cap or prevent the upward propagation of standing mountain waves. However, at the outer boundary of the polar vortex, in winter, the stratospheric polar night jet exists. Its wind field can join with the wind field of the polar jet stream.  The result is a wind which increases with altitude through the tropopause and upward to 100,000 feet or above. When this conjunction of winds occurs over a barrier mountain, standing mountain waves will propagate through that entire altitude range.  Einar Enevoldson, former NASA test pilot, sought to demonstrate the feasibility of riding these stratospheric standing mountain waves. The weather conditions favorable, although not in every case required to exist simultaneously for a climb into the stratospheric waves, are not exceptional:

text: Standing waves normally do not extend above the tropopause at temperate latitudes. A strong west wind usually decreases above the tropopause, which has been shown to cap or prevent the upward propagation of standing mountain waves. However, at the outer boundary of the

text: polar vortex

text: , in winter, the stratospheric

text: polar night jet

text: exists. Its wind field can join with the wind field of the polar

text: jet stream

text: .  The result is a wind which increases with altitude through the

text: tropopause

text: and upward to 100,000 feet or above. When this conjunction of winds occurs over a barrier mountain, standing mountain waves will propagate through that entire altitude range.

text: Einar Enevoldson

text: , former

text: NASA

text: test pilot, sought to demonstrate the feasibility of riding these stratospheric standing mountain waves. The weather conditions favorable, although not in every case required to exist simultaneously for a climb into the stratospheric waves, are not exceptional:

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: latitude

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air in the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Standing waves normally do not extend above the tropopause at temperate latitudes

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: How many layers of the atmosphere does convection occur in?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What causes meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface is the troposphere?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Why is the tropopause warmer?

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles called ions?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere merges gradually with outer space.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is not a type of gas?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: polar vortex,

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: polar vortex,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: altitude

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: west wind

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Standing waves normally do not extend above the tropopause

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: polar vortex,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: polar vortex,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: polar vortex,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: tropopause at temperate latitudes.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Standing waves normally do not extend above the tropopause

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: stratospheric polar night jet

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Standing waves normally do not extend above the tropopause

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 100,000 feet

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Standing waves normally do not extend above the tropopause

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: polar vortex,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Standing waves normally do not extend above the tropopause

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: polar vortex,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: polar vortex,

text: Despite the very low density of the atmosphere, the haze is rather appreciable: it even scatters enough light to allow photographing some details of Pluto's night side. Its normal optical depth is estimated as 0.004 or 0.013 (thus, it diminishes the intensity of a vertical beam of light by 0.4%}} or 1.3%}}; for grazing light the effect is much stronger). Scale height of the haze is ; it approximately coincides with scale height of pressure in the middle atmosphere. On the heights of  it diminishes to 30 km.

text: Despite the very low density of the atmosphere, the haze is rather appreciable: it even scatters enough light to allow photographing some details of Pluto's night side. Its normal

text: optical depth

text: is estimated as 0.004 or 0.013 (thus, it diminishes the intensity of a vertical beam of light by 0.4%}} or 1.3%}}; for grazing light the effect is much stronger).

text: Scale height

text: of the haze is ; it approximately coincides with scale height of pressure in the middle atmosphere. On the heights of  it diminishes to 30 km.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: middle atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: middle atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: middle atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: haze

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: middle atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: density

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: haze

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: it diminishes the intensity of a vertical beam of light

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: haze

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: How many layers of the atmosphere are mentioned?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers does the troposphere rise to?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle: charged particles or ions?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Why is the haze appreciable?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: middle atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: middle atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: ; it approximately coincides with scale height of pressure in the middle atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: middle atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: middle atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: density

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: middle atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: density

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: haze

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: 0.004 or 0.013

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: 0.004 or 0.013

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: 30 km.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: middle atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: 30 km.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: 0.004 or 0.013

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: 0.004 or 0.013

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: 0.013

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: 0.004 or 0.013

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 30 km.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: 0.004 or 0.013

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Despite the very low density of the atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Despite the very low density of the atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: 30 km.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: low density

text: Understanding of this proposed technique is partly based on the fact that it is the adaptation of an existing atmospheric process.  The technique is therefore potentially better understood than are comparable (but purely speculative) climate engineering proposals. It is also partly based on the speed of action of any such solution deployed, in contrast to carbon sequestration projects such as carbon dioxide air capture which would take longer to work. However, gaps in understanding of these processes exist, for example the effect on stratospheric climate and on rainfall patterns, and further research is needed.

text: Understanding of this proposed technique is partly based on the fact that it is the adaptation of an existing atmospheric process.  The technique is therefore potentially better understood than are comparable (but purely speculative) climate engineering proposals. It is also partly based on the speed of action of any such solution deployed, in contrast to

text: carbon sequestration

text: projects such as

text: carbon dioxide air capture

text: which would take longer to work. However, gaps in understanding of these processes exist, for example the effect on stratospheric climate and on rainfall patterns, and further research is needed.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: atmospheric processes

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: carbon dioxide air capture which would take longer to work

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: atmospheric

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: gaps in understanding of these processes

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: gas molecules

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How high is the troposphere?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: stratospheric climate

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Thermosphere contains charged particles called ions

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere merges gradually with outer space

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: gaps in understanding of these processes exist

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: stratospheric climate

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: atmospheric process.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: purely speculative) climate engineering proposals.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: atmospheric process.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: further research is needed.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: further research is needed.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: carbon sequestration projects

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: atmospheric process.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: further research is needed.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: stratospheric climate and on rainfall patterns,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: stratospheric climate and on rainfall patterns,

text: path loss -path profile -path quality analysis -penumbra -perigee -perihelion -photosphere -plasma -plasma frequency -plasmapause -plasmasphere -Point to Point Lee Model -Polar mesospheric summer echoes-power delay profile -prominence -Propagation path obstruction -pulse (signal processing) -

text: path loss

text: path profile

text: path quality analysis

text: penumbra

text: perigee

text: perihelion

text: photosphere

text: plasma

text: plasma frequency

text: plasmapause

text: plasmasphere

text: Point to Point Lee Model

text: Polar mesospheric summer echoes

text: power delay profile

text: prominence

text: Propagation path obstruction

text: pulse (signal processing)

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: photosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: photosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The ozone layer protects the Earth from the sun.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: plasmasphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: heliocentric orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: gas molecules

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: plasmasphere

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: storms

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: -photosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: -photosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: -Point to Point Lee Model

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: -photosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: -Polar mesospheric summer echoes-power

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: -photosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: -photosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: -photosphere

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: -photosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: -plasma

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: path loss

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: -Polar mesospheric summer echoes-power

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: -Polar

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: -perihelion

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: -Point to Point Lee Model

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: -photosphere

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: -Point to Point Lee Model

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: -plasma

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: -Point to Point Lee Model

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: -Polar mesospheric summer echoes-power

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: -Polar mesospheric summer echoes-power

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: -plasma

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: -Point to Point Lee Model

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: -Point to Point Lee Model

text: The color of a cloud, as seen from the Earth, tells much about what is going on inside the cloud.  Dense deep tropospheric clouds exhibit a high reflectance (70% to 95%) throughout the visible spectrum. Tiny particles of water are densely packed and sunlight cannot penetrate far into the cloud before it is reflected out, giving a cloud its characteristic white color, especially when viewed from the top. Cloud droplets tend to scatter light efficiently, so that the intensity of the solar radiation decreases with depth into the gases.  As a result, the cloud base can vary from a very light to very dark grey depending on the cloud's thickness and how much light is being reflected or transmitted back to the observer.  Thin clouds may look white or appear to have acquired the color of their environment or background.  High tropospheric and non-tropospheric clouds appear mostly white if composed entirely of ice crystals and/or supercooled water droplets.

text: The color of a cloud, as seen from the Earth, tells much about what is going on inside the cloud.  Dense deep tropospheric clouds exhibit a high reflectance (70% to 95%) throughout the

text: visible spectrum

text: . Tiny particles of water are densely packed and sunlight cannot penetrate far into the cloud before it is reflected out, giving a cloud its characteristic white color, especially when viewed from the top. Cloud droplets tend to scatter light efficiently, so that the intensity of the

text: solar radiation

text: decreases with depth into the gases.  As a result, the

text: cloud base

text: can vary from a very light to very dark grey depending on the cloud's thickness and how much

text: light

text: is being reflected or transmitted back to the observer.  Thin clouds may look white or appear to have acquired the color of their

text: environment

text: or background.  High tropospheric and non-tropospheric clouds appear mostly white if composed entirely of ice crystals and/or supercooled water droplets.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: tropospheric

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: density

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Cloud droplets tend to scatter light efficiently

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: clouds

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does not have convection currents

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What causes meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Why is the top of the mesosphere warmer?

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of cloud: high tropospheric or non-tropospheric?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: High tropospheric

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: tropospheric

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: tropospheric

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: tropospheric

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: tropospheric

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: tropospheric

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: tropospheric

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: thickness

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Thin clouds

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: sunlight

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: ice crystals

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: the intensity of the solar radiation decreases with depth into the gases.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: deep tropospheric

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: sunlight cannot penetrate far into the cloud before it is reflected out,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: top.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: tropospheric clouds exhibit a high reflectance

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Cloud droplets

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: tropospheric

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: top.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: The color of a cloud,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: tropospheric

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The color of a cloud,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: ice crystals

text: Convection near Triton's surface heated by the Sun creates a troposphere (a "weather region") rising to an altitude of about 8 km. In it temperature decreases with height reaching a minimum of about 36 K at the tropopause. There is no stratosphere, defined as a layer where heating from the warmer troposphere and thermosphere is balanced by radiative cooling. Higher regions include the thermosphere (8–850 km) and exosphere (above 850 km). In the thermosphere the temperature rises reaching a constant value of about 95 kelvins above 300 km. The upper atmosphere continuously leaks into the space due to the weak gravity of Triton. The loss rate is about 1 nitrogen molecules per second, which equals about 0.3 kg/s.

text: Convection

text: near Triton's surface heated by the Sun creates a

text: troposphere

text: (a "weather region") rising to an altitude of about 8 km. In it temperature decreases with height reaching a minimum of about 36 K at the

text: tropopause

text: . There is no

text: stratosphere

text: , defined as a layer where heating from the warmer troposphere and thermosphere is balanced by radiative cooling. Higher regions include the

text: thermosphere

text: (8–850 km) and

text: exosphere

text: (above 850 km). In the thermosphere the temperature rises reaching a constant value of about 95

text: kelvin

text: s above 300 km. The upper atmosphere continuously leaks into the space due to the weak gravity of Triton. The loss rate is about 1 nitrogen molecules per second, which equals about 0.3 kg/s.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The upper atmosphere continuously leaks into the space due to the weak gravity of Triton.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: No

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles: ions, troposphere or tropopause?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Why are gas molecules in the exosphere extremely cold?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: There is no stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: heating

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: There is no stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: tropopause.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Convection near Triton's surface heated by the Sun

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: There is no stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: troposphere and thermosphere is balanced by radiative cooling.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: 1 nitrogen molecules per second,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 8

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: thermosphere is balanced by radiative cooling. Higher regions include the thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: (above 850 km).

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: (above 850 km).

text: The thermosphere contains an appreciable concentration of elemental sodium located in a 10-km thick band that occurs at the edge of the mesosphere, 80 to 100 km above Earth's surface. The sodium has an average concentration of 400,000 atoms per cubic centimeter. This band is regularly replenished by sodium sublimating from incoming meteors. Astronomers have begun utilizing this sodium band to create "guide stars" as part of the optical correction process in producing ultra-sharp ground-based observations.

text: The thermosphere contains an appreciable concentration of elemental

text: sodium

text: located in a 10-km thick band that occurs at the edge of the mesosphere, 80 to 100 km above Earth's surface. The sodium has an average concentration of 400,000 atoms per cubic centimeter. This band is regularly replenished by sodium sublimating from incoming meteors. Astronomers have begun utilizing this sodium band to create "guide stars" as part of the optical correction process in producing ultra-sharp ground-based observations.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: The thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: The thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The ozone layer protects the Earth from harmful ultraviolet rays.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere contains an appreciable concentration of elemental sodium?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles: ions or atoms?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: mesosphere,

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: The thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: edge of the mesosphere,

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: mesosphere,

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: edge of the mesosphere,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: mesosphere,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: mesosphere,

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: mesosphere, 80 to 100 km above Earth's surface.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: mesosphere,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: The thermosphere contains an appreciable concentration of elemental sodium

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: 400,000 atoms per cubic centimeter.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: The thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: mesosphere,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: 80 to 100 km

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: The thermosphere contains an appreciable concentration of elemental sodium

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: mesosphere,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: incoming meteors.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: incoming meteors.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 80 to 100 km above Earth's surface.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: The thermosphere contains an appreciable concentration of elemental sodium

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: incoming meteors.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: elemental sodium

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: 80 to 100 km above Earth's surface.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: The thermosphere contains an appreciable concentration of elemental sodium

text: The same direct relationship applies to gases and vapors diluted in air for example. Although, thorough mixing of gases and vapors may not be as easily accomplished.

text: The same

text: direct relationship

text: applies to

text: gas

text: es and

text: vapor

text: s diluted in air for example. Although, thorough mixing of gases and vapors may not be as easily accomplished.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: isotope

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: isosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: shortest layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Ozone is not a gas.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: polar regions.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: it is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: the stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: how high does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: It is closer to the Sun.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: it is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere merges gradually with outer space

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: They do not mix well with other gases.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: gases and vapors diluted in air

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: gases and vapors diluted in air

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: The same direct relationship

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: The same direct relationship

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: gases and vapors diluted in air

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: gases and vapors

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: thorough mixing of gases and vapors may not be as easily accomplished.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: gases and vapors diluted in air

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: same direct relationship

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: thorough mixing of gases and vapors may not be as easily accomplished.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: thorough mixing of gases and vapors may not be as easily accomplished.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: thorough mixing of gases and vapors may not be as easily accomplished.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: gases and vapors diluted in air

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: same direct relationship applies to gases and vapors diluted in air

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: thorough mixing of gases and vapors may not be as easily accomplished.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: gases and vapors diluted in air

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: The same direct relationship applies to gases and vapors diluted in air

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: same direct relationship applies to gases and vapors diluted in air

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: thorough mixing of gases and vapors may not be as easily accomplished.

text: Night clouds or noctilucent clouds are composed of tiny crystals of water ice up to 100 nm in diameter and exist at a height of about , higher than any other clouds in Earth's atmosphere. Clouds in the Earth's lower atmosphere form when water collects on particles, but mesospheric clouds may form directly from water vapour in addition to forming on dust particles.

text: Night clouds or noctilucent clouds are composed of tiny crystals of

text: water ice

text: up to 100

text: nm

text: in diameter and exist at a height of about , higher than any other clouds in Earth's atmosphere. Clouds in the Earth's lower atmosphere form when water collects on particles, but mesospheric clouds may form directly from water vapour in addition to forming on dust particles.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: Earth's lower atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Earth's lower atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Earth's lower atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: Earth's lower atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: clouds

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Earth's lower atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Night clouds are composed of tiny crystals of water ice up to 100 nm in diameter

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Earth's atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's lower atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does not contain mesospheric clouds?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not a type of cloud: mesospheric clouds or dust particles?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earth's surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of cloud?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Why are night clouds composed of tiny crystals of water ice

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: Night clouds

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: lower

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Night clouds

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: noctilucent

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: mesospheric

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: Earth's lower atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: noctilucent

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: lower atmosphere form when water collects on particles,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: lower

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: Night clouds

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Night clouds

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Earth's atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Night clouds

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Night clouds or noctilucent

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Night clouds or noctilucent clouds

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: lower atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: mesospheric clouds may form directly from water vapour

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Night clouds or noctilucent clouds

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Night clouds

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: mesospheric clouds may form directly from water vapour

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Night clouds or noctilucent clouds

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: dust particles.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Night clouds or noctilucent clouds

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: ice

text: The turbopause lies near the mesopause, at the intersection of the mesosphere and the thermosphere, at an altitude of roughly 100 km.

text: The turbopause lies near the

text: mesopause

text: , at the intersection of the

text: mesosphere

text: and the

text: thermosphere

text: , at an altitude of roughly 100 km.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: mesopause

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: mesopause

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: altitude

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The ozone layer protects the Earth from the sun.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What causes meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earth's surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: It is colder

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle in the thermosphere?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Why are gas molecules in the exosphere extremely cold?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: thermosphere,

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: thermosphere,

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: The turbopause lies near the mesopause,

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: intersection of the mesosphere and the thermosphere,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: mesopause,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: thermosphere,

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: altitude

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: turbopause

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: turbopause

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The turbopause lies near the mesopause,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: The turbopause

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: turbopause

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: 100 km.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: 100 km.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: The turbopause lies near the mesopause,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: The turbopause lies near the mesopause,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: The turbopause

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 100 km.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: The turbopause lies near the mesopause,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: The turbopause lies near the mesopause,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: thermosphere,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: 100 km.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: The turbopause lies near the mesopause,

text: The Northern Lights is a blended Canadian whisky, 40% alcohol by volume, 80 proof. It is made with rye, barley and corn (maize). Each grain is fermented, distilled, and aged separately to produce grain whiskies. After distillation Northern Light whisky is aged separately for 36 months in white oak barrels of varying toasting levels. Northern Light Canadian Whisky is a brand owned by the Sazerac Company and bottled at the Barton Brands distillery in Bardstown, Kentucky.

text: The Northern Lights is a blended

text: Canadian whisky

text: , 40% alcohol by volume, 80

text: proof

text: . It is made with

text: rye

text: barley

text: and corn (

text: maize

text: ). Each grain is fermented, distilled, and aged separately to produce grain whiskies. After distillation Northern Light whisky is aged separately for 36 months in white oak barrels of varying toasting levels. Northern Light Canadian Whisky is a brand owned by the

text: Sazerac Company

text: and bottled at the

text: Barton Brands

text: distillery in

text: Bardstown, Kentucky

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: The boundary between the troposphere and stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: The Northern Lights is a blended Canadian whisky

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Northern Lights

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The Northern Lights is a blended Canadian whisky, 40% alcohol by volume, 80 proof.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Northern Lights

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Northern Lights

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: How many layers of the atmosphere do convection currents occur in?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earth's surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: How would you describe Northern Light?

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles: ions, rye, or barley?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Why are gas molecules in the exosphere extremely cold?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: The Northern Lights is a blended Canadian whisky,

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: The Northern Lights is a blended Canadian whisky,

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: varying toasting levels.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: The Northern Lights is a blended Canadian whisky,

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: The Northern Lights is a blended Canadian whisky,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: The Northern Lights is a blended Canadian whisky,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: The Northern Lights is a blended Canadian whisky,

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: alcohol by volume,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: The Northern Lights is a blended Canadian whisky,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: varying toasting levels.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The Northern Lights is a blended Canadian whisky,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: varying toasting levels.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: varying toasting levels.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: The Northern Lights is a blended Canadian whisky,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: The Northern Lights is a blended Canadian whisky,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: The Northern Lights is a blended Canadian whisky,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: The Northern Lights is a blended Canadian whisky,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: The Northern Lights is a blended Canadian whisky,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: The Northern Lights is a blended Canadian whisky,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: varying toasting levels.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: The Northern Lights is a blended Canadian whisky,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: The Northern Lights is a blended Canadian whisky,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The Northern Lights is a blended Canadian whisky,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: varying toasting levels.

text: The presence of atmospheric oxygen has led to the formation of ozone (O) and the ozone layer within the stratosphere:

text: The presence of atmospheric oxygen has led to the formation of

text: ozone

text: (O) and the

text: ozone layer

text: within the

text: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: oxygen content

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The presence of atmospheric oxygen has led to the formation of ozone.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does not contain ozone?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: the stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: The presence of atmospheric oxygen has led to the formation of ozone (O).

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: The troposphere rises to about

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: It is colder.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: what is the last place mentioned?

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is not true?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere:

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere:

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere:

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere:

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratosphere:

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone (O) and the ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: oxygen

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: stratosphere:

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: atmospheric oxygen

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The presence of atmospheric oxygen

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratosphere:

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere:

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: The presence of atmospheric oxygen

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: The presence of atmospheric oxygen

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: stratosphere:

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: ozone (O) and the ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: oxygen

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: The presence of atmospheric oxygen

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: The presence of atmospheric oxygen

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: The presence of atmospheric oxygen

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: stratosphere:

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: stratosphere:

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: The presence of atmospheric oxygen

text: An inversion occurs when the normal temperature (warm air below, cold air above) profile is reversed, creating a stable configuration of dense, cold air sitting below lighter, warm air. An elevated inversion layer is thus a region of warm air above a region of cold air, but higher in the atmosphere (generally not touching the surface).

text: An inversion occurs when the normal temperature (warm air below, cold air above) profile is reversed, creating a stable configuration of dense, cold air sitting below lighter, warm air. An elevated inversion layer is thus a region of warm air above a region of cold air, but higher in the atmosphere (generally not touching the surface).

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: An elevated inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: An elevated inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: surface

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: An elevated inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: surface

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: An elevated inversion layer is thus a region of warm air above a region of cold air, but higher in the atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: orbital plane

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How high is the troposphere?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: None of the above choices are correct

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: elevated inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: elevated inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: inversion

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: elevated inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: elevated inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: (generally not touching the surface).

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: elevated inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: surface).

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: (generally not touching the surface).

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: inversion

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: An inversion

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: An inversion

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: inversion

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: An inversion

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: An inversion

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: (generally not touching the surface).

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: An elevated inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: An inversion

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: An inversion

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: An inversion

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: An inversion

text: Another pattern variation occurs in connection with heat spells that reach the coast from inland.  Such heat waves typically occur when an area of high atmospheric pressure orients itself in such a way that the northerly to northeasterly gradient becomes dominant, driving the marine layer out to sea south and west of the California coast.  These spells typically end with what is called a "southerly surge", when the northerly gradient relaxes, allowing the marine layer to "slosh back" up the coastline.

text: Another pattern variation occurs in connection with heat spells that reach the coast from inland.  Such heat waves typically occur when an area of high atmospheric pressure orients itself in such a way that the northerly to northeasterly gradient becomes dominant, driving the marine layer out to sea south and west of the California coast.  These spells typically end with what is called a "southerly surge", when the northerly gradient relaxes, allowing the marine layer to "slosh back" up the coastline.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: marine layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: marine layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: marine layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: marine layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: marine layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: marine layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: atmospheric pressure

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: marine layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: the marine layer out to sea south and west

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: California coast

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: marine layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: orbital

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle: charged particles or ions?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: marine layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: marine layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: northerly to northeasterly gradient

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: marine layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: northerly to northeasterly gradient

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: marine layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: marine layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: pressure

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: marine layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: heat

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: heat spells that reach the coast from inland.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: inland.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: inland.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: northerly to northeasterly

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: northerly to northeasterly gradient

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: northerly to northeasterly gradient

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: northerly to northeasterly gradient

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: heat waves typically occur when an area of high atmospheric pressure

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: heat spells that reach the coast from inland.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: northerly to northeasterly gradient

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: heat spells

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: atmospheric pressure

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: "southerly surge", when the northerly gradient relaxes,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: heat spells that reach the coast from inland.

text: Derek Elley of Film Business Asia gave the film a six out of ten rating, noting that the film has "more atmosphere than plot" Screen Daily gave the film a favorable review praising that it made a "giant furry rabbit suit scary" and the film's use of 3D. The Japan Times gave the film a rating of two and a half out of five, praising the film's cast but they "can't overcome the View-Master diorama atmospherics." Variety gave the film a mixed review, noting that Tormenteds script "lacks the extra layers of meaning and symbolism that make the best kind of horror pics so effective" while stating that the film "works perfectly adequately"

text: Derek Elley of Film Business Asia gave the film a six out of ten rating, noting that the film has "more atmosphere than plot"

text: Screen Daily

text: gave the film a favorable review praising that it made a "giant furry rabbit suit scary" and the film's use of 3D. The

text: Japan Times

text: gave the film a rating of two and a half out of five, praising the film's cast but they "can't overcome the View-Master diorama atmospherics."

text: Variety

text: gave the film a mixed review, noting that Tormenteds script "lacks the extra layers of meaning and symbolism that make the best kind of horror pics so effective" while stating that the film "works perfectly adequately"

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: plot

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: plot

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: the film "works perfectly adequately"

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: climate

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Pacific Ocean

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: How many layers of the atmosphere are there?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: the stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What does friction with gas molecules cause?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How high does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: The top of the mesosphere is warmer

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: The thermosphere contains charged particles called ions

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: the exosphere merges gradually

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: gas molecules in the exosphere are extremely cold.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: View-Master diorama atmospherics."

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: ten

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: View-Master diorama atmospherics."

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: ten

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: plot"

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: View-Master diorama atmospherics."

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: meaning and symbolism

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: plot"

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: two and a half out of five,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: ten

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: View-Master

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: two and a half out of five,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: six out of ten

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: two and a half out of five,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: two and a half out of five,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: two and a half out of five,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: two and a half out of five,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: two and a half out of five,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: two and a half out of five,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: two and a half out of five,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: two and a half out of five,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: "giant furry rabbit suit

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: "giant furry rabbit suit

text: Global dimming, a gradual reduction in the amount of global direct irradiance at the Earth's surface, was observed from 1961 until at least 1990. Solid and liquid particles known as aerosols, produced by volcanoes and human-made pollutants, are thought to be the main cause of this dimming. They exert a cooling effect by increasing the reflection of incoming sunlight. The effects of the products of fossil fuel combustion – CO and aerosols – have partially offset one another in recent decades, so that net warming has been due to the increase in non-CO greenhouse gases such as methane. Radiative forcing due to aerosols is temporally limited due to the processes that remove aerosols from the atmosphere. Removal by clouds and precipitation gives tropospheric aerosols an atmospheric lifetime of only about a week, while stratospheric aerosols can remain for a few years. Carbon dioxide has a lifetime of a century or more, and as such, changes in aerosols will only delay climate changes due to carbon dioxide. Black carbon is second only to carbon dioxide for its contribution to global warming.

text: Global dimming

text: , a gradual reduction in the amount of global direct

text: irradiance

text: at the Earth's surface, was observed from 1961 until at least 1990.

text: Solid and liquid particles

text: known as aerosols, produced by volcanoes and human-made

text: pollutant

text: s, are thought to be the main cause of this dimming. They exert a cooling effect by increasing the reflection of incoming sunlight. The effects of the products of fossil fuel combustion – CO and aerosols – have partially offset one another in recent decades, so that net warming has been due to the increase in non-CO greenhouse gases such as methane. Radiative forcing due to aerosols is temporally limited due to the processes that remove aerosols from the atmosphere.

text: Removal by clouds and precipitation

text: gives tropospheric aerosols an

text: atmospheric lifetime

text: of only about a week, while

text: stratospheric

text: aerosols can remain for a few years. Carbon dioxide has a lifetime of a century or more, and as such, changes in aerosols will only delay climate changes due to carbon dioxide.

text: Black carbon

text: is second only to carbon dioxide for its contribution to global warming.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: tropospheric

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: tropospheric

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: tropospheric

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: tropospheric

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: clouds and precipitation

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: tropospheric

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air in the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: ozone is second only to carbon dioxide for its contribution to global warming.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere has a lifetime of a century or more?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How high does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: tropospheric

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of ion: tropospheric, stratospheric, or methane?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: tropospheric

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: tropospheric

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: tropospheric

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: tropospheric

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: tropospheric

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: tropospheric

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: aerosols,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: tropospheric

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: sunlight.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Global dimming,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: aerosols,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: tropospheric

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Global dimming,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: aerosols,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: tropospheric

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: stratospheric aerosols

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: aerosols,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: tropospheric aerosols

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: tropospheric

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: aerosols,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: aerosols,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Global dimming,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: aerosols,

text: The main evidence of such an impact, besides the crater itself, is contained in a thin layer of clay present in the K–Pg boundary across the world. In the late 1970s, the Alvarezes and colleagues reported that it contained an abnormally high concentration of iridium. Iridium levels in this layer reached 6 parts per billion by weight or more compared to 0.4 for the Earth's crust as a whole; in comparison, meteorites can contain around 470 parts per billion of this element. It was hypothesized that the iridium was spread into the atmosphere when the impactor was vaporized and settled across the Earth's surface amongst other material thrown up by the impact, producing the layer of iridium-enriched clay. Similarly, an iridium anomaly in core samples from the Pacific Ocean suggested the Eltanin impact of about 2.5 million years ago.

text: The main evidence of such an impact, besides the crater itself, is contained in a thin layer of clay present in the

text: K–Pg boundary

text: across the world. In the late 1970s, the Alvarezes and colleagues reported that it contained an abnormally high concentration of

text: iridium

text: . Iridium levels in this layer reached 6 parts per billion by weight or more compared to 0.4 for the Earth's crust as a whole; in comparison, meteorites can contain around 470 parts per billion of this element. It was hypothesized that the iridium was spread into the atmosphere when the impactor was vaporized and settled across the Earth's surface amongst other material thrown up by the impact, producing the layer of iridium-enriched clay. Similarly, an

text: iridium anomaly

text: in core samples from the

text: Pacific Ocean

text: suggested the

text: Eltanin impact

text: of about 2.5 million years ago.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: K–Pg boundary

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: K–Pg boundary

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: K–Pg boundary

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: K–Pg boundary

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: K–Pg boundary

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: K–Pg boundary

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: K–Pg boundary

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: K–Pg boundary

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: K–Pg boundary

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: in comparison, meteorites can contain around 470 parts per billion of this element

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Pacific Ocean

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: K–Pg boundary

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: K–Pg boundary

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: K–Pg boundary

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: K–Pg boundary

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: K–Pg

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: K–Pg boundary

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: K–Pg boundary

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: surface

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: K–Pg boundary

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: 0.4

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: 0.4

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: K–Pg boundary

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: K–Pg boundary

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: 0.4

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: 0.4

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: 0.4

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: vaporized

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 0.4

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: 0.4

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: 0.4

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: iridium.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: 0.4

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: 0.4

text: In this area, temperature inversions consistently form in winter due to the extremely cold and dense air of the Siberian High pooling in deep hollows, so that temperatures increase rather than decrease with higher altitude. In Verkhoyansk it sometimes happens that the average minimum temperatures for January, February, and December are below . Oymyakon and Verkhoyansk are the only two permanently populated places in the world that have recorded temperatures below  every day of January.

text: In this area,

text: temperature inversions

text: consistently form in winter due to the extremely cold and dense air of the

text: Siberian High

text: pooling in deep hollows, so that temperatures increase rather than decrease with higher altitude. In Verkhoyansk it sometimes happens that the average minimum temperatures for January, February, and December are below . Oymyakon and Verkhoyansk are the only two permanently populated places in the world that have recorded temperatures below  every day of January.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: altitude

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: altitude

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: altitude

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: altitude

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: altitude

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: altitude

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: altitude

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: altitude

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: the average minimum temperatures for January, February, and December are below

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Siberian High

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Siberian High

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface is the troposphere?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle: charged particles or ions?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: altitude.

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: altitude.

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: temperatures increase rather than decrease with higher altitude.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: Siberian High

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: temperatures increase rather than decrease with higher altitude.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: higher altitude.

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: altitude.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Siberian High

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: temperatures increase rather than decrease with higher altitude.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: temperatures increase rather than decrease with higher altitude.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: temperatures increase rather than decrease

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Siberian High

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Siberian High pooling in deep hollows,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: temperatures increase rather than decrease with higher altitude.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: temperatures increase rather than decrease with higher altitude.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: temperatures increase rather than decrease with higher altitude.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: temperatures increase rather than decrease with higher altitude.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: temperatures increase rather than decrease with higher altitude.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: temperatures increase rather than decrease with higher altitude.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Siberian High pooling in deep hollows,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: temperatures increase rather than decrease with higher altitude.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: temperatures increase rather than decrease with higher altitude.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: dense air of the Siberian High

text: ) to the air parcel's total (i.e., including dry) mass. Specific humidity is approximately equal to the "mixing ratio", which is defined as the ratio of the mass of water vapor in an air parcel to the mass of dry air for the same parcel. As temperature decreases, the amount of water vapor needed to reach saturation also decreases. As the temperature of a parcel of air becomes lower it will eventually reach the point of saturation without adding or losing water mass. The differences in the amount of water vapor in a parcel of air can be quite large, for example; A parcel of air that is near saturation may contain 28 grams of water per cubic meter of air at −1 °C, but only 8 grams of water per cubic meter of air at −12 °C.

text: ) to the air parcel's total (i.e., including dry) mass. Specific humidity is approximately equal to the "mixing ratio", which is defined as the ratio of the mass of water vapor in an air parcel to the mass of dry air for the same parcel. As temperature decreases, the amount of water vapor needed to reach saturation also decreases. As the temperature of a parcel of air becomes lower it will eventually reach the point of saturation without adding or losing water mass. The differences in the amount of water vapor in a parcel of air can be quite large, for example; A parcel of air that is near saturation may contain 28 grams of water per cubic meter of air at −1 °C, but only 8 grams of water per cubic meter of air at −12 °C.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: dry air

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: dry air

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: dry air.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: it will eventually reach the point of saturation without adding or losing water mass

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: parcel of air

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: parcels of air

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Which of the following is not true of the troposphere?

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Where do convection currents occur?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: the stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What causes meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How high does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: The top of the mesosphere is warmer than the bottom.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere merges gradually with outer space.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Why is the exosphere colder than the rest of the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: humidity

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ) to the air parcel's total

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: air parcel's total (i.e., including dry) mass.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: humidity

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: air parcel's total (i.e., including dry) mass.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: dry) mass.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: humidity

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: air parcel's total (i.e., including dry) mass.

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: dry air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: without adding or losing water mass.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: the amount of water vapor needed to reach saturation also decreases.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: 12 °C.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Specific humidity

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Specific humidity is approximately equal to the "mixing ratio",

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: air parcel's total (i.e., including dry) mass.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Specific humidity is approximately equal to the "mixing ratio",

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Specific humidity is approximately equal to the "mixing ratio",

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Specific humidity is approximately equal to the "mixing ratio",

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: temperature decreases,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: humidity

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Specific humidity is approximately equal to the "mixing ratio",

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Specific humidity is approximately equal to the "mixing ratio",

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: <unk>1 °C,

text: It is very common to have temperature inversions forming near the ground, for instance air cooling at night while remaining warm aloft. This happens equally aloft when a warm and dry airmass overrides a cooler one, like in the subsidence aloft cause by a high pressure intensifying. The index of refraction of air increases in both cases and the EM wave bends toward the ground instead of continuing upward.

text: It is very common to have

text: temperature inversion

text: s forming near the ground, for instance air cooling at night while remaining warm aloft. This happens equally aloft when a warm and dry airmass overrides a cooler one, like in the

text: subsidence

text: aloft cause by a high pressure intensifying. The index of refraction of air increases in both cases and the EM wave bends toward the ground instead of continuing upward.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: aloft

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: aloft

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: aloft

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: aloft

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: aloft

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: aloft

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: aloft

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: pressure

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ground

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The index of refraction of air increases in both cases

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: ground

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: aloft

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Which of the following is not true of the troposphere?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: What does the EM wave bend toward the ground instead of continuing upward?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere merges with outer space

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: None of the above choices are true

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: aloft.

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: aloft.

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: air cooling at night while remaining warm aloft.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: aloft.

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: EM wave bends toward the ground

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ground,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: aloft.

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: pressure

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: aloft.

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm aloft.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: EM wave bends toward the ground instead of continuing upward.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: warm aloft.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: near the ground,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: aloft.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: warm aloft.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: warm aloft.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: warm aloft.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: EM wave bends toward the ground instead of continuing upward.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: warm aloft.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: aloft.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: subsidence aloft cause by a high pressure intensifying.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: warm aloft.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: EM wave bends toward the ground instead of continuing upward.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: warm aloft.

text: The sodium emissions come from a thin sodium layer approximately 10 km thick at an altitude of 90 – 100 km, above the mesopause and in the D-layer of the ionosphere. The red oxygen lines originate at altitudes of about 300 km, in the F-layer. The green oxygen emissions are more spatially distributed. How sodium gets to mesospheric heights is not yet well understood, but it is believed to be a combination of upward transport of sea salt and meteoritic dust.

text: The sodium emissions come from a thin

text: sodium layer

text: approximately 10 km thick at an altitude of 90 – 100 km, above the

text: mesopause

text: and in the D-layer of the

text: ionosphere

text: . The red oxygen lines originate at altitudes of about 300 km, in the F-layer. The green oxygen emissions are more spatially distributed. How sodium gets to mesospheric heights is not yet well understood, but it is believed to be a combination of upward transport of sea salt and meteoritic dust.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: mesopause

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: mesopause

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: mesopause

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: mesopause

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: mesopause

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: mesopause

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: mesopause

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: altitude

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: D-layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The red oxygen lines originate at altitudes of about 300 km

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: D-layer

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: mesopause

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does the sodium emissions come from?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What does sodium get to mesospheric heights?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earth's surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: It is

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which layer of the ionosphere contains charged particles called ions?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: None of the above choices are true

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: D-layer of the ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: D-layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: mesopause

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: D-layer of the ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: mesopause

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: D-layer of the ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: D-layer of the ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: D-layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: The sodium emissions come from a thin sodium layer

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The red oxygen lines originate at altitudes of about 300 km,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: D-layer of the ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: mesopause

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: D-layer of the ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: D-layer of the ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: F-layer.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: D-layer of the ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: D-layer of the ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 300 km,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: 90 – 100 km, above the mesopause

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: a combination of upward transport of sea salt and meteoritic dust.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: ionosphere.

text: This layer is completely cloudless and free of water vapor. However non-hydrometeorological phenomena such as the aurora borealis and aurora australis are occasionally seen in the thermosphere. The International Space Station orbits in this layer, between .

text: This layer is completely cloudless and free of water vapor. However non-hydrometeorological phenomena such as the

text: aurora borealis

text: and

text: aurora australis

text: are occasionally seen in the thermosphere. The

text: International Space Station

text: orbits in this layer, between .

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: hydrosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: hydrosphere

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The International Space Station orbits in the thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not a type of meteor?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earth's surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: It does not say

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: None of the above choices are true

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: This layer is completely cloudless and free of water vapor.

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: water vapor.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: cloudless and free of water vapor.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: This layer is completely cloudless and free of water vapor.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: This layer is completely cloudless and free of water vapor.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: This layer is completely cloudless and free of water vapor.

text: After the publication of Twilight at Noon in 1982, the so-called TTAPS team (named for its participants, Richard P. Turco, Owen Toon, Thomas P. Ackerman, James B. Pollack and Carl Sagan) say that they began the process of doing a 1-dimensional computational modeling study of the atmospheric consequences of nuclear war/soot in the stratosphere, though they would not publish a Science paper until late December 1983. The phrase "nuclear winter" was coined by Turco just prior to publication. In this early paper, TTAPS used assumption based estimates on the total smoke and dust emissions that would result from a major nuclear exchange, and with that, began analyzing the subsequent effects on the atmospheric radiation balance and temperature structure as a result of this quantity of assumed smoke. To compute dust and smoke effects, they employed a one-dimensional microphysics/radiative-transfer model of the Earth's lower atmosphere (to the mesopause), which defined only the vertical characteristics of the global climate perturbation.

text: After the publication of Twilight at Noon in 1982, the so-called TTAPS team (named for its participants,

text: Richard P. Turco

text: Owen Toon

text: , Thomas P. Ackerman,

text: James B. Pollack

text: and

text: Carl Sagan

text: ) say that they began the process of doing a 1-dimensional computational modeling study of the atmospheric consequences of nuclear war/soot in the stratosphere, though they would not publish a

text: Science

text: paper until late December 1983. The phrase "nuclear winter" was coined by Turco just prior to publication. In this early paper, TTAPS used assumption based estimates on the total smoke and dust emissions that would result from a major nuclear exchange, and with that, began analyzing the subsequent effects on the atmospheric

text: radiation balance

text: and temperature structure as a result of this quantity of assumed smoke. To compute dust and smoke effects, they employed a one-dimensional microphysics/radiative-transfer model of the Earth's lower atmosphere (to the mesopause), which defined only the vertical characteristics of the global climate perturbation.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: mesopause

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: mesopause

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: mesopause

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: mesopause

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: vertical characteristics

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: mesopause

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: air in the stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: nuclear winter was coined by Turco just prior to publication

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: How many layers of the atmosphere does convection occur in?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: the stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What causes meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: What does the phrase "nuclear winter" refer to?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: mesopause),

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: mesopause),

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: mesopause),

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: mesopause),

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: mesopause),

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: vertical

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: mesopause),

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: After the publication of Twilight at Noon in 1982,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: nuclear war/soot in the stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: nuclear war/soot in the stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: nuclear war/soot

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: mesopause),

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: "nuclear winter"

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: "nuclear winter"

text: The Shuttle stack launched vertically like a conventional rocket. It lifted off under the power of its two SRBs and three main engines, which were fueled by liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen from the ET. The Space Shuttle had a two-stage ascent. The SRBs provided additional thrust during liftoff and first-stage flight. About two minutes after liftoff, frangible nuts were fired, releasing the SRBs, which then parachuted into the ocean, to be retrieved by ships for refurbishment and reuse. The orbiter and ET continued to ascend on an increasingly horizontal flight path under power from its main engines. Upon reaching 17,500 mph (7.8 km/s), necessary for low Earth orbit, the main engines were shut down. The ET, attached by two frangible nuts was then jettisoned to burn up in the atmosphere. After jettisoning the external tank, the orbital maneuvering system (OMS) engines were used to adjust the orbit.The orbiter carried astronauts and payloads such as satellites or space station parts into low Earth orbit, the Earth's upper atmosphere or thermosphere. Usually, five to seven crew members rode in the orbiter. Two crew members, the commander and pilot, were sufficient for a minimal flight, as in the first four "test" flights, STS-1 through STS-4. The typical payload capacity was about  but could be increased depending on the choice of launch configuration. The orbiter carried its payload in a large cargo bay with doors that opened along the length of its top, a feature which made the Space Shuttle unique among spacecraft. This feature made possible the deployment of large satellites such as the Hubble Space Telescope and also the capture and return of large payloads back to Earth.

text: The Shuttle stack launched vertically like a conventional rocket. It lifted off under the power of its two SRBs and three

text: main engines

text: , which were fueled by liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen from the ET. The Space Shuttle had a two-stage ascent. The SRBs provided additional thrust during liftoff and first-stage flight. About two minutes after liftoff, frangible nuts were fired, releasing the SRBs, which then parachuted into the ocean, to be retrieved by

text: ships

text: for refurbishment and reuse. The orbiter and ET continued to ascend on an increasingly horizontal flight path under power from its main engines. Upon reaching 17,500 mph (7.8 km/s), necessary for low Earth orbit, the main engines were shut down. The ET, attached by two frangible nuts was then jettisoned to burn up in the atmosphere. After jettisoning the external tank, the

entity_name: Space Shuttle Orbital Maneuvering System

text: orbital maneuvering system

text: (OMS) engines were used to adjust the orbit.The orbiter carried

text: astronaut

text: s and payloads such as satellites or space station parts into low Earth orbit, the Earth's upper atmosphere or

text: thermosphere

text: . Usually, five to seven crew members rode in the orbiter. Two crew members, the commander and pilot, were sufficient for a minimal flight, as in the first four "test" flights, STS-1 through STS-4. The typical payload capacity was about  but could be increased depending on the choice of launch configuration. The orbiter carried its payload in a large cargo bay with doors that opened along the length of its top, a feature which made the Space Shuttle unique among spacecraft. This feature made possible the deployment of large satellites such as the

text: Hubble Space Telescope

text: and also the capture and return of large payloads back to Earth.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: low Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: low Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: Earth's heat.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The Space Shuttle had a two-stage ascent.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: low Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Where does most of the heat in the troposphere come from?

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does the Shuttle stack launch into?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Where does most of the heat that enters the mesosphere come from?

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What does friction with gas molecules cause meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above the Earth's surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Why is the top of the mesosphere warmer?

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles: ions, hydrogen, or plasma?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Which of the following is not a type of thermosphere: exosphere, thermosphere, or thermosphere?

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is not a gas: liquid hydrogen or liquid oxygen?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: upper atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: upper

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: upper atmosphere or thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: Earth orbit,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: upper atmosphere or thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: low Earth orbit, the Earth's upper atmosphere or thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: low Earth orbit,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: five to seven crew members rode in the orbiter.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: upper atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: thermosphere.

text: RLV-TD was mounted on top of and launched aboard a single stage solid fuel booster (HS9 booster) that was derived from strap-on boosters flown on India's Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle. By the time, the booster consumed its solid propellant in 91 seconds, the RLV-TD separated from its boost stage and peaked to a sub-orbital altitude of about . The heat shield, guidance, navigation and control algorithms were tested at hypersonic speed by accurately steering the vehicle during the descent stage. For the descent back, the test vehicle was programmed to pitch its nose up, exposing silica tiles on its underside and reinforced carbon–carbon nose cap to the airflow into the thick lower layers of the atmosphere. The RLV-TD endured high temperatures of descent through the atmosphere due to its thermal protection system.

text: RLV-TD was mounted on top of and launched aboard a

text: single stage

text: solid fuel

text: booster

text: (HS9 booster) that was derived from

text: strap-on booster

text: s flown on India's

text: Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle

text: . By the time, the booster consumed its

text: solid

text: propellant

text: in 91 seconds, the RLV-TD separated from its boost stage and peaked to a sub-orbital altitude of about . The

text: heat shield

text: guidance

text: navigation

text: and

text: control

text: algorithm

text: s were tested at

text: hypersonic speed

text: by accurately steering the vehicle during the

text: descent

text: stage. For the descent back, the test vehicle was programmed to pitch its nose up, exposing silica tiles on its underside and

text: reinforced carbon–carbon

text: nose cap to the

text: airflow

text: into the thick lower layers of the atmosphere. The RLV-TD endured high temperatures of descent through the atmosphere due to its

text: thermal protection system

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: lower layers

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: lower layers

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: lower layers

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: thick lower layers of the atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: lower layers

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: airflow

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: lower layers

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: air in the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: the test vehicle was programmed to pitch its nose up

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: lower layers

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: None of the above choices are true

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earth's surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: It's colder

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: What does the RLV-TD endured high temperatures of descent through the atmosphere due to its thermal protection system?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere merges gradually with outer space

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: What is the lowest layer of the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: lower layers

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: lower layers

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: thick lower layers of the atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: lower layers

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: thick lower layers of the atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: thick

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: lower layers

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: thick lower layers

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: thick lower layers

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: high temperatures

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: silica tiles

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: atmosphere due to its thermal protection system.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: lower layers

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: hypersonic speed

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: thermal protection system.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: lower layers

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: The RLV-TD endured high temperatures

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: The RLV-TD endured high temperatures

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: sub-orbital altitude

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: lower layers of the atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: silica tiles on its underside and reinforced carbon–carbon nose cap

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: thick lower layers of the atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: high temperatures

text: While still at Harvard, Wennberg developed advanced airborne sensors to measure radicals in the atmosphere, in particular the odd-hydrogen radicals OH and HO. The laser-induced fluorescence instrument that he developed was placed in the nose of a  NASA ER-2 aircraft to measure radicals during flight. It has been used to measure radicals in both the troposphere and the stratosphere.

text: While still at Harvard, Wennberg developed advanced airborne sensors to measure

text: radicals

text: in the atmosphere, in particular the odd-hydrogen radicals

text: OH

text: and

text: HO

text: . The laser-induced fluorescence instrument that he developed was placed in the nose of a  NASA ER-2 aircraft to measure radicals during flight. It has been used to measure radicals in both the

text: troposphere

text: and the

text: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: air in the stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: It has been used to measure radicals in both the troposphere and the stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does the laser-induced fluorescence instrument have been used to measure?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earth's surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles: ions, stratosphere or troposphere?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is not a type of radical?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: troposphere and the stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: troposphere and the stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: troposphere and the stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: HO.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: HO.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: troposphere and the stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: odd-hydrogen radicals OH and HO.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: odd-hydrogen radicals OH and HO.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: troposphere and the stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: HO.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: troposphere and the stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: troposphere and the stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: HO.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: troposphere and the stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: odd-hydrogen radicals OH and HO.

text: In 1995, Grand Casinos was brought on as an equity partner for the still privately funded project under construction. While construction was still progressing, the Stratosphere Corporation was formed as a public company with shares being offered to the public.

text: In 1995,

text: Grand Casinos

text: was brought on as an equity partner for the still privately funded project under construction. While construction was still progressing, the Stratosphere Corporation was formed as a public company with shares being offered to the public.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: The boundary between the stratosphere and mesosphere is called the troposphere.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The Stratosphere Corporation was formed as a public company.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: sky.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Where are convection currents found?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What does friction with gas molecules cause meteors to do in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earth's surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Why are gas molecules in the exosphere extremely cold?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: In 1995, Grand Casinos

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: public company with shares being offered to the public.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: shares being offered to the public.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: In 1995,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: In 1995, Grand Casinos

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: the Stratosphere Corporation was formed as a public company

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: In 1995,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: In 1995,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: the Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: In 1995,

text: Carbon is continually cycling between soils, vegetation, and the atmosphere. Currently, carbon flux from permafrost soils is minimal, however studies suggest that future warming and permafrost degradation will increase the CO flux from the soils. Thaw deepens the active layer, exposing old carbon that has been in storage for decades, to centuries, to millennia. The amount of carbon that will be released from warming conditions depends on depth of thaw, carbon content within the thawed soil, and physical changes to the environment. The likelihood of the entire carbon pool mobilizing and entering the atmosphere is low despite the large volumes stored in the soil. Although temperatures are projected to rise, it does not imply complete loss of permafrost and mobilization of the entire carbon pool. Much of the ground underlain by permafrost will remain frozen even if warming temperatures increase the thaw depth or increase thermokarsting and permafrost degradation.

text: Carbon is continually cycling between soils, vegetation, and the atmosphere. Currently, carbon flux from permafrost soils is minimal, however studies suggest that future warming and permafrost degradation will increase the CO flux from the soils. Thaw deepens the active layer, exposing old carbon that has been in storage for decades, to centuries, to millennia. The amount of carbon that will be released from warming conditions depends on depth of thaw, carbon content within the thawed soil, and physical changes to the environment. The likelihood of the entire carbon pool mobilizing and entering the atmosphere is low despite the large volumes stored in the soil. Although temperatures are projected to rise, it does not imply complete loss of permafrost and mobilization of the entire carbon pool. Much of the ground underlain by permafrost will remain frozen even if warming temperatures increase the thaw depth or increase thermokarsting and permafrost degradation.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: active layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: the active layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: active layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: active layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: active layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: the active layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: carbon content

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: active layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The likelihood of the entire carbon pool mobilizing and entering the atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: permafrost

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does not have convection currents?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Which is not true?

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles: ions, permafrost, or carbon

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is not a type of gas?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: active layer,

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: active layer,

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Carbon

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: thermokarsting

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Carbon is continually cycling between soils, vegetation, and the atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: active layer,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: active layer,

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: Carbon

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: active layer,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warming

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: minimal,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: it does not imply complete loss of permafrost

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: permafrost

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Carbon

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Carbon

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Carbon

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: permafrost

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Carbon

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Carbon is continually cycling between soils, vegetation, and the atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: it does not imply complete loss of permafrost

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: carbon flux from permafrost

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Carbon is continually cycling between soils, vegetation, and the atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Carbon

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Carbon

text: Volcanoes with a felsic melt composition produce extremely explosive eruptions that can inject massive quantities of dust and aerosols high into the atmosphere. These particulate emissions are potent climate forcing agents, and can provoke a wide variety of responses including warming, cooling, and rainwater acidification. The climatic response depends on the altitude of the dust cloud as well as the size and composition of the dust. Some volcanic silicates cooled extremely quickly, created a glassy texture; their dark color and reflective nature absorb some radiation and reflect the rest. Such volcanic material injected into the stratosphere blocks solar radiation, heating that layer of the atmosphere and cooling the area beneath it.  Wind patterns can distribute the dust over vast geographic regions; for example, the 1815 eruption of Tambora in Indonesia produced so much dust that a cooling of 1 degree Celsius was noted as far away as New England, and lasted for several months. Europeans and Americans called its effect “the year without a summer”.

text: Volcanoes with a felsic melt composition produce extremely explosive eruptions that can inject massive quantities of dust and aerosols high into the atmosphere. These particulate emissions are potent climate forcing agents, and can provoke a wide variety of responses including warming, cooling, and rainwater acidification. The climatic response depends on the altitude of the dust cloud as well as the size and composition of the dust. Some volcanic silicates cooled extremely quickly, created a glassy texture; their dark color and reflective nature absorb some radiation and reflect the rest. Such volcanic material injected into the stratosphere blocks solar radiation, heating that layer of the atmosphere and cooling the area beneath it.  Wind patterns can distribute the dust over vast geographic regions; for example, the 1815 eruption of Tambora in Indonesia produced so much dust that a cooling of 1 degree Celsius was noted as far away as New England, and lasted for several months. Europeans and Americans called its effect “the year without a summer”.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: solar radiation

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: volcanic material injected into the stratosphere blocks solar radiation

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: dust cloud

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Wind patterns can distribute the dust over vast geographic regions

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: block solar radiation

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does volcanic material injected into block solar radiation?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does volcanic material injected into block solar radiation?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: heating that layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: stratosphere blocks solar radiation,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: solar radiation,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: “the year without a summer”.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: dust cloud

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: solar radiation,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Wind patterns

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: stratosphere blocks solar radiation,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Volcanoes

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: cooling the area beneath it.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Volcanoes

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: stratosphere blocks solar radiation,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: stratosphere blocks solar radiation,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: stratosphere blocks solar radiation,

text: In August 2015, it was announced that Verizon has selected Mesosphere's DCOS, which is based on open source Apache Mesos, as their nationwide platform for data center service orchestration.

text: In August 2015, it was announced that

text: Verizon

text: has selected Mesosphere's DCOS, which is based on open source Apache Mesos, as their nationwide platform for data center service orchestration.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: Mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: The boundary between the troposphere and stratosphere is called the troposphere boundary.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: Mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: The boundary between the stratosphere and mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: Mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: Mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The ozone layer protects humans from harmful ultraviolet rays.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: sky

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: None of the above choices are true

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earth's surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: None of the above choices are true

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: In August 2015,

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: Mesosphere's

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: In August 2015,

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: In August 2015, it was announced that Verizon has selected Mesosphere's

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Mesosphere's

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: Mesosphere's

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: In August 2015,

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: open source Apache Mesos,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Mesosphere's

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: In August 2015,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: In August 2015,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: 2015,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: 2015,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: 2015,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: In August 2015,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: In August 2015,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: In August 2015,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: In August 2015,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: In August 2015,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: In August 2015,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: 2015,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: In August 2015,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: In August 2015,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: In August 2015,

text: The Poker Flat Research Range (PFRR) is a launch facility and rocket range for sounding rockets in the U.S. state of Alaska, owned and operated by the University of Alaska Fairbanks (UAF) Geophysical Institute since 1948. The world's largest land-based rocket range, it is situated on a  site located approximately 30 miles (50 km) northeast of Fairbanks and is operated under contract to the NASA Wallops Flight Facility. Since its inception PFRR has been closely aligned and funded by the Defense Threat Reduction Agency and its predecessor, the Defense Nuclear Agency (DNA). Other range users include the United States Naval Research Laboratory (NRL), the Air Force Geophysics Lab (AFGL) and a number of Universities and research laboratories.  More than 1,700 launches have been conducted at the range to study the Earth's atmosphere and the interaction between the atmosphere and the space environment . Areas studied at PFRR include the aurora, plasma physics, the ozone layer, solar proton events, Earth's magnetic field, and ultraviolet radiation.

text: The Poker Flat Research Range (PFRR) is a

text: launch facility

text: and

text: rocket range

text: for

text: sounding rocket

text: s in the

text: U.S. state

text: of

text: Alaska

text: , owned and operated by the

text: University of Alaska Fairbanks

text: (UAF)

text: Geophysical Institute

text: since 1948. The world's largest land-based rocket range, it is situated on a  site located approximately 30 miles (50 km) northeast of

text: Fairbanks

text: and is operated under contract to the NASA

text: Wallops Flight Facility

text: . Since its inception PFRR has been closely aligned and funded by the

text: Defense Threat Reduction Agency

text: and its predecessor, the Defense Nuclear Agency (DNA). Other range users include the

text: United States Naval Research Laboratory

text: (NRL), the Air Force Geophysics Lab (AFGL) and a number of Universities and research laboratories.  More than 1,700 launches have been conducted at the range to study the

text: Earth

text: 's atmosphere and the interaction between the atmosphere and the space environment . Areas studied at PFRR include the

text: aurora

text: , plasma physics, the

text: ozone layer

text: solar proton event

text: s,

text: Earth's magnetic field

text: , and

text: ultraviolet

text: radiation.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: the ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ultraviolet radiation

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: Earth's atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: the ozone layer is not studied at PFRR

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: PFRR

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: aurora

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere is not studied at PFRR?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What does friction with gas molecules cause meteors to do in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: What is the top of the mesosphere?

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle: plasma physics, the ozone layer, solar proton events, Earth's magnetic field, or ultraviolet radiation?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere merges gradually with outer space

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: How would you describe the exosphere?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: ultraviolet radiation.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: ozone layer, solar proton events,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: ultraviolet radiation.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's magnetic field, and ultraviolet radiation.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: solar proton events,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: ultraviolet radiation.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: ozone layer, solar proton events,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 30 miles (50 km) northeast of Fairbanks

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: ultraviolet radiation.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: aurora,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: solar proton events,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Earth's atmosphere and the interaction between the atmosphere and the space environment.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: ozone layer,

text: Ozone, while a minority constituent in Earth's atmosphere, is responsible for most of the absorption of UVB radiation. The amount of UVB radiation that penetrates through the ozone layer decreases exponentially with the slant-path thickness and density of the layer. When stratospheric ozone levels decrease, higher levels of UVB reach the Earth’s surface. UV-driven phenolic formation in tree rings has dated the start of ozone depletion in northern latitudes to the late 1700s.

text: Ozone, while a minority constituent in Earth's atmosphere, is responsible for most of the absorption of UVB radiation. The amount of UVB radiation that penetrates through the ozone layer

text: decreases exponentially

text: with the slant-path thickness and density of the layer. When stratospheric ozone levels decrease, higher levels of UVB reach the Earth’s surface. UV-driven phenolic formation in tree rings has dated the start of ozone depletion in northern latitudes to the late 1700s.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: density

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: UVB radiation that penetrates through the ozone layer decreases exponentially with the slant-path thickness and density of the layer.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: northern latitudes

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer is not responsible for most of the absorption of UVB radiation?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Which of the following is not true?

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a constituent of the Earth's atmosphere: stratospheric, ozone, or density?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is not true of the exosphere?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Ozone,

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Ozone,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: Ozone,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: Ozone,

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: Ozone,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Ozone,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: Ozone,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: a minority constituent in Earth's atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: northern latitudes

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: northern latitudes

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: slant-path

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Ozone,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Ozone,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Ozone,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Ozone,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Ozone,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Ozone,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Ozone,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Ozone,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Ozone,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Ozone,

text: The Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU) maintains air and atmospheric measurement equipment at Troll. Combined with a similar measuring station, Zeppelin in Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard, Norway. This allows the institute to collect such data from both polar regions. In particular, the facility measures aerosols, organic and inorganic pollution, ozone and ultraviolet (UV) radiation. NILU also creates air samples annually to generate data for trend analysis. The weekly air pollution measurements are compared to equivalent measurements at Zeppelin. Ground measurements are taken of ozone and mercury, two of the greatest pollution threats in the polar regions. Stratosphere measurements are conducted to measure ozone and UV levels, in particular to gain additional information about ozone depletion and the Antarctic ozone hole.

text: The

text: Norwegian Institute for Air Research

text: (NILU) maintains air and atmospheric measurement equipment at Troll. Combined with a similar measuring station,

text: Zeppelin

text: in

text: Ny-Ålesund

text: Svalbard

text: , Norway. This allows the institute to collect such data from both polar regions. In particular, the facility measures

text: aerosol

text: s, organic and inorganic pollution,

text: ozone

text: and

text: ultraviolet

text: (UV) radiation. NILU also creates air samples annually to generate data for

text: trend analysis

text: . The weekly air pollution measurements are compared to equivalent measurements at Zeppelin. Ground measurements are taken of ozone and

text: mercury

text: , two of the greatest pollution threats in the polar regions.

text: Stratosphere

text: measurements are conducted to measure ozone and UV levels, in particular to gain additional information about

text: ozone depletion

text: and the Antarctic ozone hole.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Stratosphere measurements

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: polar regions

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: cold air in the stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Ground measurements are taken of ozone

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Which of the following is not a source of heat in the troposphere?

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does not have convection currents?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Stratosphere measurements are conducted to measure ozone

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What causes meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earth's surface is the troposphere?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: It is warmer at the top

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles: ions, mercury, or polar regions?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere merges gradually with outer space.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is not a type of gas?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Antarctic ozone hole.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Antarctic ozone hole.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: UV

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Antarctic ozone hole.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: polar regions.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: ultraviolet (UV) radiation.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: ozone depletion and the Antarctic ozone hole.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: ozone and ultraviolet (UV) radiation.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: ultraviolet (UV) radiation.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Stratosphere

text: The mechanism describing the formation of the ozone layer was described by British mathematician Sydney Chapman in 1930. Molecular oxygen absorbs high energy sunlight in the UV-C region, at wavelengths shorter than about 240 nm. The oxygen atoms produced combine with molecular oxygen to form ozone. Ozone in turn is photolysed much more rapidly than molecular oxygen as it has a stronger absorption that occurs at longer wavelengths, where the solar emission is more intense. Ozone (O) photolysis produces O and O. The oxygen atom product combines with atmospheric molecular oxygen to reform O, releasing heat. The rapid photolysis and reformation of ozone heats the stratosphere resulting in a temperature inversion. This increase of temperature with altitude is characteristic of the stratosphere; its resistance to vertical mixing means that it is stratified. Within the stratosphere temperatures increase with  altitude (see temperature inversion); the top of the stratosphere has a temperature of about 270 K (−3°C or 26.6°F). This vertical stratification, with warmer layers above and cooler layers below, makes the stratosphere dynamically stable: there is no regular convection and associated turbulence in this part of the atmosphere. However, exceptionally energetic convection processes, such as volcanic eruption columns and overshooting tops in severe supercell thunderstorms, may carry convection into the stratosphere on a very local and temporary basis. Overall the attenuation of solar UV at wavelengths that damage DNA by the ozone layer allows life to exist on the surface of the planet outside of the ocean. All air entering the stratosphere must pass through the tropopause, the temperature minimum that divides the troposphere and stratosphere. The rising air is literally freeze dried; the stratosphere is a very dry place. The top of the stratosphere is called the stratopause, above which the temperature decreases with height.

text: The mechanism describing the formation of the ozone layer was described by British mathematician

text: Sydney Chapman

text: in 1930. Molecular oxygen absorbs high energy sunlight in the UV-C region, at wavelengths shorter than about 240 nm. The oxygen atoms produced combine with molecular oxygen to form ozone. Ozone in turn is photolysed much more rapidly than molecular oxygen as it has a stronger absorption that occurs at longer wavelengths, where the solar emission is more intense. Ozone (O) photolysis produces O and O. The oxygen atom product combines with atmospheric molecular oxygen to reform O, releasing heat. The rapid photolysis and reformation of ozone heats the stratosphere resulting in a temperature inversion. This increase of temperature with altitude is characteristic of the stratosphere; its resistance to vertical mixing means that it is stratified. Within the stratosphere temperatures increase with  altitude (see

text: temperature inversion

text: ); the top of the stratosphere has a temperature of about 270

text: K

text: °C

text: or 26.6

text: °F

text: ). This vertical

text: stratification

text: , with warmer layers above and cooler layers below, makes the stratosphere dynamically stable: there is no regular

text: convection

text: and associated

text: turbulence

text: in this part of the atmosphere. However, exceptionally energetic convection processes, such as volcanic

text: eruption columns

text: and

text: overshooting tops

text: in severe

text: supercell thunderstorms

text: , may carry convection into the stratosphere on a very local and temporary basis. Overall the attenuation of solar UV at wavelengths that damage DNA by the ozone layer allows life to exist on the surface of the planet outside of the ocean. All air entering the stratosphere must pass through the tropopause, the temperature minimum that divides the troposphere and stratosphere. The rising air is literally freeze dried; the stratosphere is a very dry place. The top of the stratosphere is called the

text: stratopause

text: , above which the temperature decreases with height.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: the stratopause is a very dry place

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratopause

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratopause

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: U.S.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere has a temperature of about 270 K?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which part of the atmosphere contains charged particles called ions?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere merges gradually with outer space

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratopause,

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: cooler

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: stratopause,

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: warmer layers above and cooler layers below,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warmer

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: life to exist on the surface of the planet outside of the ocean.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratopause,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: 26.6°F).

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: 26.6°F).

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: 26.6°F).

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 26.6°F).

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: cooler layers below,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: severe supercell thunderstorms,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: tropopause,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: The rising air is literally freeze dried;

text: The layers of rock, like all the strata on the northern edge of the Harz, were sharply tilted or folded over by the uplifting of the Harz up to the Cretaceous period, so that the surface layers are now upside down. A hiatus in the strata between the lias and the Lower Cretaceous and the discordant, overlapping layering of the Upper Cretaceous up to the muschelkalk indicate that activity took place at different times, particularly on the Northern Harz Boundary Fault.

text: The layers of rock, like all the strata on the northern edge of the Harz, were sharply tilted or folded over by the uplifting of the Harz up to the Cretaceous period, so that the surface layers are now upside down. A

text: hiatus

text: in the strata between the

text: lias

text: and the Lower Cretaceous and the

text: discordant

text: , overlapping layering of the Upper Cretaceous up to the

text: muschelkalk

text: indicate that activity took place at different times, particularly on the

text: Northern Harz Boundary Fault

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: lias

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Northern Harz Boundary Fault

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: muschelkalk

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: strata

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: lias

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: ozone is a nonrenewable resource

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Harz

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: strata

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle: ions, strata, or rock?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: How would you describe the exosphere?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: Lower Cretaceous

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: muschelkalk

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Northern Harz Boundary Fault.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: Lower Cretaceous

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Northern Harz Boundary Fault.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: muschelkalk

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: lias

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: rock,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: muschelkalk

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: uplifting of the Harz up to the Cretaceous period,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: upside down.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: uplifting of the Harz

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: muschelkalk

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: upside down.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: upside down.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Cretaceous period,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: upside down.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Cretaceous period,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Cretaceous period,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: uplifting of the Harz up to the Cretaceous period,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Cretaceous period,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Cretaceous period,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Cretaceous period,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Cretaceous period,

text: Although they are not reflected by the ionosphere, small amounts of microwave energy are randomly scattered by water vapor molecules in the troposphere.  This is used in troposcatter communications systems, operating at a few GHz, to communicate beyond the horizon.  A powerful microwave beam is aimed just above the horizon; as it passes through the tropopause some of the microwaves are scattered back to Earth to a receiver beyond the horizon.  Distances of 300 km can be achieved.  These are mainly used for military communication.

text: Although they are not reflected by the

text: ionosphere

text: , small amounts of microwave energy are randomly scattered by water vapor molecules in the

text: troposphere

text: .  This is used in

text: troposcatter

text: communications systems, operating at a few GHz, to communicate beyond the horizon.  A powerful microwave beam is aimed just above the horizon; as it passes through the

text: tropopause

text: some of the microwaves are scattered back to Earth to a receiver beyond the horizon.  Distances of 300 km can be achieved.  These are mainly used for military communication.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: water vapor

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: military communication is mainly used for military communication

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does not have convection currents?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers is the tropopause?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of ion?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere.

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: troposphere.

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: troposphere.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere.

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: water vapor

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: they are not reflected by the ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: troposphere.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: troposphere.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 300 km

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: troposphere.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: ionosphere,

text: and first explored by Deardorff (1970).  LES is currently applied in a wide variety of engineering applications, including combustion, acoustics, and simulations of the atmospheric boundary layer.

text: and first explored by Deardorff (1970).  LES is currently applied in a wide variety of engineering applications, including combustion, acoustics, and simulations of the atmospheric boundary layer.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: boundary conditions

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The ozone layer protects the Earth from the sun.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: atmospheric boundary layer.

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: atmospheric boundary layer.

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: atmospheric boundary layer.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: atmospheric boundary layer.

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: atmospheric boundary layer.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: atmospheric boundary layer.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: atmospheric boundary layer.

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: atmospheric boundary layer.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: atmospheric boundary layer.

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: atmospheric boundary layer.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: and first explored by Deardorff (1970).

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: atmospheric boundary layer.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: atmospheric boundary layer.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: and first explored by Deardorff (1970).

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: LES

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: atmospheric boundary layer.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: LES

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: LES is currently applied in a wide variety of engineering applications, including combustion,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: atmospheric boundary layer.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Deardorff

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Deardorff (1970).

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: atmospheric boundary layer.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Deardorff (1970).

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: LES

text: The probe entered Jupiter's atmosphere at 22:04 UTC. Before the atmospheric entry, the probe discovered a new radiation belt  above Jupiter's cloud tops. The atmosphere through which it subsequently descended was found to be much denser and hotter than expected. Jupiter was also found to have only half the amount of helium expected and the data did not support the three-layered cloud structure theory. Only one significant cloud layer was measured by the probe, but with many indications of smaller areas of increased particle densities along all of the trajectory. The probe detected less lightning, less water, but more winds than expected. The atmosphere was more turbulent and the winds a lot stronger than the expected maximum of . It required a laborious analysis of the initial wind data from the probe to determine the actual measured wind speeds. The results eventually showed that wind speeds in the outermost layers were 290-360 kilometers per hour (80-100 m/s), in agreement with previous measurements from afar, but that winds increased dramatically at pressure levels of 1-4 bars, then remaining consistently high at around . No solid surface was detected during the  downward journey. Subsequent analysis determined that the Galileo probe had entered a so-called hot spot in Jupiter's atmosphere.

text: The probe entered Jupiter's atmosphere at 22:04 UTC. Before the atmospheric entry, the probe discovered a new

text: radiation belt

text: above Jupiter's cloud tops. The atmosphere through which it subsequently descended was found to be much denser and hotter than expected. Jupiter was also found to have only half the amount of helium expected and the data did not support the three-layered cloud structure theory. Only one significant cloud layer was measured by the probe, but with many indications of smaller areas of increased particle densities along all of the trajectory. The probe detected less lightning, less water, but more winds than expected. The atmosphere was more turbulent and the winds a lot stronger than the expected maximum of . It required a laborious analysis of the initial wind data from the probe to determine the actual measured wind speeds. The results eventually showed that wind speeds in the outermost layers were 290-360 kilometers per hour (80-100 m/s), in agreement with previous measurements from afar, but that winds increased dramatically at pressure levels of 1-4 bars, then remaining consistently high at around . No solid surface was detected during the  downward journey. Subsequent analysis determined that the Galileo probe had entered a so-called

text: hot spot

text: in Jupiter's atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: radiation belt

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: radiation belt

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Jupiter was also found to have only half the amount of helium expected

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: radiation belt

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Jupiter's cloud tops

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: The atmosphere was much denser and hotter than expected

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: radiation belt

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: density

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: radiation belt

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: hot air in the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Jupiter was also found to have only half the amount of helium

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Jupiter's atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: cloud tops

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: UTC

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: How many layers of the atmosphere does Jupiter have?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What does friction with gas molecules cause meteors to do in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earth's surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Which layer is hotter?

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles: ions, clouds, or clouds?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere merges gradually with outer space.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: radiation belt

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: radiation belt

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: radiation belt

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: radiation belt

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: radiation belt

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: one significant cloud layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: radiation belt

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: three-layered cloud structure theory.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: radiation belt

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: hotter

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: three-layered cloud structure theory.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: hot spot

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: radiation belt above Jupiter's cloud tops.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: UTC.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Jupiter was also found to have only half the amount of helium

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: winds

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: winds

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: hot spot

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 290-360 kilometers per hour

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: hotter than expected.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: lightning,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: helium

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Jupiter's atmosphere at 22:04 UTC.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: helium

text: Northern Lights – Southern Cross is the sixth studio album by Canadian-American rock group the Band, released in 1975. It was the first album to be recorded at their new California studio, Shangri-La, and the first album of all new material since 1971's Cahoots. All eight songs are credited as compositions of guitarist Robbie Robertson.

text: Northern Lights – Southern Cross is the sixth

text: studio album

text: by

text: Canadian

text: American

text: rock group

text: the Band

text: , released in 1975. It was the first album to be recorded at their new California studio, Shangri-La, and the first album of all new material since 1971's

text: Cahoots

text: . All eight songs are credited as compositions of guitarist

text: Robbie Robertson

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Northern Lights – Southern Cross

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Southern Cross

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Southern Cross

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: It was the first album to be recorded at their new California studio

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Northern Lights

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Southern Cross

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: what is the first album to all new material since 1971's Cahoots

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: How many layers of the atmosphere do convection currents occur in?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Where does most of the heat that enters the mesosphere come from?

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: How many years after Cahoots was Northern Lights – Southern Cross released?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earth's surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: What is the first album to be recorded at their new California studio?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere merges gradually with outer space.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: How would you describe the exosphere?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: Cross

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: Cross

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Southern Cross

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: Northern Lights – Southern Cross

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Southern Cross

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: 1971's Cahoots.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: Southern Cross

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: Cross

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Cross

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: Northern Lights – Southern Cross

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: 1975.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: 1975.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: California studio, Shangri-La,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: 1975.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: 1971's Cahoots.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: 1971's Cahoots.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: 1971's Cahoots.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Northern Lights – Southern Cross

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 1971's Cahoots.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Northern Lights – Southern Cross

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Northern Lights – Southern Cross

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: 1971's Cahoots.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: 1971's Cahoots.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: 1975.

text: A high power laser is used to melt metal powder supplied coaxially to the focus of the laser beam through a deposition head. The laser beam typically travels through the center of the head and is focused to a small spot by one or more lenses. The X-Y table is moved in raster fashion to fabricate each layer of the object. The head is moved up vertically as each layer is completed. Metal powders are delivered and distributed around the circumference of the head either by gravity, or by using a pressurized carrier gas. An inert shroud gas is often used to shield the melt pool from atmospheric oxygen for better control of properties, and to promote layer to layer adhesion by providing better surface wetting.

text: A high power laser is used to melt metal powder supplied coaxially to the focus of the laser beam through a deposition head. The laser beam typically travels through the center of the head and is focused to a small spot by one or more lenses. The

text: X-Y table

text: is moved in

text: raster

text: fashion to fabricate each layer of the object. The head is moved up vertically as each layer is completed. Metal powders are delivered and distributed around the circumference of the head either by gravity, or by using a pressurized carrier gas. An inert shroud gas is often used to shield the melt pool from atmospheric oxygen for better control of properties, and to promote layer to layer adhesion by providing better surface wetting.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: oxygen

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: atmospheric oxygen

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: shroud

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: An inert shroud gas is often used to shield the melt pool

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: shroud gas

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does not have convection currents?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Which of the following is not true of the troposphere?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: What is the most likely reason for this?

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of ions?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere merges gradually with outer space

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Why are gas molecules in the exosphere extremely cold?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: atmospheric oxygen

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: atmospheric oxygen

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: atmospheric oxygen

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: atmospheric oxygen

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: atmospheric oxygen

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: oxygen

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: atmospheric oxygen

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: oxygen

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: oxygen

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: atmospheric oxygen

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: oxygen

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: atmospheric oxygen

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: oxygen

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: atmospheric oxygen

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: atmospheric oxygen

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: oxygen

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: oxygen

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: oxygen

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: atmospheric oxygen

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: oxygen

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: oxygen

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: oxygen

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: atmospheric oxygen

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: oxygen

text: The terms "near space" and "upper atmosphere" are generally considered synonymous. However, some sources distinguish between the two. Where such a distinction is made, only the layers closest to the Karman line are called near space, while only the remaining layers between the lower atmosphere and near space are called the upper atmosphere.

text: The terms "near space" and "upper atmosphere" are generally considered synonymous. However, some sources distinguish between the two. Where such a distinction is made, only the layers closest to the

text: Karman line

text: are called near space, while only the remaining layers between the

text: lower atmosphere

text: and near space are called the upper atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: upper atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: upper atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Karman line

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: upper atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Karman line

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: lower atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: upper atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: the Karman line

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: lower atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: only the remaining layers between the lower atmosphere and near space are called the upper atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: upper atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: lower atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Karman line

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: upper atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: upper atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: upper atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: upper atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: "upper atmosphere"

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: "upper atmosphere"

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Karman line

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: "upper atmosphere"

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Karman line

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: lower atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: "upper atmosphere"

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: Karman line

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: lower atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: "upper atmosphere"

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: "near space" and "upper atmosphere" are generally considered synonymous.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: "upper atmosphere"

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: "upper atmosphere"

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Karman line

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: only the layers closest to the Karman line

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: only the layers closest to the Karman line

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: The terms "near space" and "upper atmosphere"

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: The terms "near space" and "upper atmosphere"

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: terms "near space" and "upper atmosphere"

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: only the layers closest to the Karman line

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: The terms "near space" and "upper atmosphere"

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: terms "near space" and "upper atmosphere"

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Karman line

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: The terms "near space"

text: At elevations above the clouds, atmospheric electricity forms a continuous and distinct element (called the electrosphere) in which the Earth is surrounded. The electrosphere layer (from tens of kilometers above the surface of the earth to the ionosphere) has a high electrical conductivity and is essentially at a constant electric potential. The ionosphere is the inner edge of the magnetosphere and is the part of the atmosphere that is ionized by solar radiation. (Photoionisation is a physical process in which a photon is incident on an atom, ion or molecule, resulting in the ejection of one or more electrons.)

text: At elevations above the clouds, atmospheric electricity forms a continuous and distinct element (called the

text: electrosphere

text: ) in which the Earth is surrounded. The electrosphere layer (from tens of kilometers above the surface of the earth to the ionosphere) has a high electrical conductivity and is essentially at a constant electric potential. The

text: ionosphere

text: is the inner edge of the magnetosphere and is the part of the atmosphere that is ionized by solar radiation. (

text: Photoionisation

text: is a physical process in which a photon is incident on an atom, ion or molecule, resulting in the ejection of one or more electrons.)

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: The electrosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: The ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: The ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: the electrosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: solar radiation

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The ionosphere is the inner edge of the magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: The ionosphere is the inner edge of the magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: The troposphere rises to about 50 kilometers above Earths surface.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a part of the atmosphere that is ionized by solar radiation?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: None of the above choices are true

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: electrosphere)

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: electrosphere)

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: ionosphere)

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ionosphere)

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: ionosphere)

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ionosphere)

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: electrosphere)

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: ionosphere) has a high electrical conductivity

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ionosphere)

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: atmospheric electricity

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: atmospheric electricity

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: atmospheric electricity

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: clouds,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: solar radiation.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: solar radiation.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: ionosphere)

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: electrosphere)

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: electrosphere)

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: ionosphere)

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: electrosphere)

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: solar radiation.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: electrosphere)

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: ionosphere)

text: Jupiter's troposphere contains a complicated cloud structure. The upper clouds, located in the pressure range 0.6–0.9 bar, are made of ammonia ice. Below these ammonia ice clouds, denser clouds made of ammonium hydrosulfide or ammonium sulfide (between 1–2 bar) and water (3–7 bar) are thought to exist. There are no methane clouds as the temperatures are too high for it to condense. The water clouds form the densest layer of clouds and have the strongest influence on the dynamics of the atmosphere. This is a result of the higher condensation heat of water and higher water abundance as compared to the ammonia and hydrogen sulfide (oxygen is a more abundant chemical element than either nitrogen or sulfur). Various tropospheric (at 200–500 mbar) and stratospheric (at 10–100 mbar) haze layers reside above the main cloud layers. The latter are made from condensed heavy polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons or hydrazine, which are generated in the upper stratosphere (1–100 μbar) from methane under the influence of the solar ultraviolet radiation (UV). The methane abundance relative to molecular hydrogen in the stratosphere is about 10, while the abundance ratio of other light hydrocarbons, like ethane and acetylene, to molecular hydrogen is about 10.

text: Jupiter's troposphere contains a complicated cloud structure. The upper clouds, located in the pressure range 0.6–0.9 bar, are made of ammonia ice. Below these ammonia ice clouds, denser clouds made of

text: ammonium hydrosulfide

text: or

text: ammonium sulfide

text: (between 1–2 bar) and water (3–7 bar) are thought to exist. There are no methane clouds as the temperatures are too high for it to condense. The water clouds form the densest layer of clouds and have the strongest influence on the dynamics of the atmosphere. This is a result of the higher

text: condensation heat

text: of water and higher water abundance as compared to the ammonia and hydrogen sulfide (oxygen is a more abundant chemical element than either nitrogen or sulfur). Various tropospheric (at 200–500 mbar) and stratospheric (at 10–100 mbar) haze layers reside above the main cloud layers. The latter are made from condensed heavy

text: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon

text: s or

text: hydrazine

text: , which are generated in the upper stratosphere (1–100 μbar) from methane under the influence of the solar ultraviolet radiation (UV). The methane abundance relative to molecular hydrogen in the stratosphere is about 10, while the abundance ratio of other light hydrocarbons, like ethane and acetylene, to molecular hydrogen is about 10.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: tropospheric

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: haze layers

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: haze layers

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: atmospheric pressure

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: tropospheric

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: There are no methane clouds as the temperatures are too high for it to condense

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere is not made of water?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What causes meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface is the troposphere?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of cloud: ammonia hydrosulfide or ammonium sulfide

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: haze layers

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: haze layers

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: 10–100 mbar)

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: haze layers

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: tropospheric

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ammonia ice clouds,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: haze layers

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: tropospheric

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ammonia ice.

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: methane clouds

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: no methane clouds

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: methane clouds

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: tropospheric

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: 10,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: solar ultraviolet radiation

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: 10,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: methane

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: methane clouds

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Jupiter's

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: methane clouds

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: 10,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Jupiter's troposphere

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: 10,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: methane clouds

text: Another form of atmospheric diffraction or bending of light occurs when light moves through fine layers of particulate dust trapped primarily in the middle layers of the troposphere. This effect differs from water based atmospheric diffraction because the dust material is opaque whereas water allows light to pass through it. This has the effect of tinting the light the color of the dust particles. This tinting can vary from red to yellow depending on geographical location. the other primary difference is that dust based diffraction acts as a magnifier instead of creating a distinct halo. This occurs because the opaque matter does not share the lensing properties of water. The effect is to make an object visibly larger while being more indistinct as the dust distorts the image. This effect varies largely based on the amount and type of dust in the atmosphere.

text: Another form of atmospheric

text: diffraction

text: or bending of light occurs when light moves through fine layers of

text: particulate

text: dust trapped primarily in the middle layers of the

text: troposphere

text: . This effect differs from water based atmospheric diffraction because the dust material is

text: opaque

text: whereas water allows light to pass through it. This has the effect of

text: tint

text: ing the light the color of the dust particles. This tinting can vary from red to yellow depending on geographical location. the other primary difference is that dust based diffraction acts as a

text: magnifier

text: instead of creating a distinct

text: halo

text: . This occurs because the opaque matter does not share the lensing properties of water. The effect is to make an object visibly larger while being more indistinct as the dust distorts the image. This effect varies largely based on the amount and type of dust in the atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: middle layers

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: dust

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The effect is to make an object visibly larger

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does not have convection currents?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a form of atmospheric diffraction?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Why are gas molecules in the exosphere extremely cold?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: middle layers

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere.

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: middle layers of the troposphere.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: middle layers of the troposphere.

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: troposphere.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: middle layers of the troposphere.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: middle layers

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: troposphere.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: middle layers of the troposphere.

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: dust

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: a distinct halo.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: troposphere.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: middle layers of the troposphere.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Another form of atmospheric diffraction

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: dust

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: middle layers of the troposphere.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: troposphere.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: dust

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: atmospheric diffraction

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: middle layers of the troposphere.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: dust

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: troposphere.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: troposphere.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: troposphere.

text: The configuration increases drag, as the craft is now less streamlined and results in more atmospheric gas particles hitting the spacecraft at higher altitudes than otherwise. The aircraft thus slows down more in higher atmospheric layers which is the key to efficient reentry. Secondly the aircraft will automatically orient itself in this state to a high drag attitude.

text: The configuration increases drag, as the craft is now less streamlined and results in more atmospheric gas particles hitting the spacecraft at higher altitudes than otherwise. The aircraft thus slows down more in higher atmospheric layers which is the key to efficient reentry. Secondly the aircraft will automatically orient itself in this state to a high drag attitude.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: higher atmospheric layers

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: higher atmospheric layers

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: higher atmospheric layers

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: higher atmospheric layers

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: altitude

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: higher

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The ozone layer protects the Earth from the sun.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: spacecraft

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: higher atmospheric layers

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: It is warmer at the top

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: None of the above choices are true

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: higher atmospheric layers

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: higher atmospheric layers

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: higher altitudes

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: higher atmospheric layers

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: higher atmospheric layers

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: higher atmospheric layers

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: higher atmospheric layers

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: gas particles

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: atmospheric gas particles hitting the spacecraft at higher altitudes

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: atmospheric gas particles hitting the spacecraft at higher altitudes

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The configuration increases drag, as the craft is now less streamlined

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: atmospheric gas particles hitting the spacecraft

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: higher atmospheric layers

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: higher altitudes

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: atmospheric gas particles hitting the spacecraft at higher altitudes

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: higher atmospheric layers

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: atmospheric gas particles hitting the spacecraft at higher altitudes

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: atmospheric gas particles hitting the spacecraft at higher altitudes

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: higher altitudes

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: atmospheric gas particles hitting the spacecraft at higher altitudes

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: atmospheric gas particles hitting the spacecraft at higher altitudes

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: atmospheric gas particles hitting the spacecraft at higher altitudes

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: atmospheric gas particles hitting the spacecraft at higher altitudes

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: atmospheric gas particles hitting the spacecraft at higher altitudes

text: Transgressing one or more planetary boundaries may be highly damaging or even catastrophic, due to the risk of crossing thresholds that trigger non-linear, abrupt environmental change within continental- to planetary-scale systems. The 2009 study identified nine planetary boundaries and, drawing on current scientific understanding, the researchers proposed quantifications for seven of them. These seven are climate change (CO concentration in the atmosphere < 350 ppm and/or a maximum change of +1 W/m in radiative forcing); ocean acidification (mean surface seawater saturation state with respect to aragonite ≥ 80% of pre-industrial levels); stratospheric ozone (less than 5% reduction in total atmospheric O from a pre-industrial level of 290 Dobson Units); biogeochemical nitrogen (N) cycle (limit industrial and agricultural fixation of N to 35 Tg N/yr) and phosphorus (P) cycle (annual P inflow to oceans not to exceed 10 times the natural background weathering of P); global freshwater use (< 4000 km/yr of consumptive use of runoff resources); land system change (< 15% of the ice-free land surface under cropland); and the rate at which biological diversity is lost (annual rate of < 10 extinctions per million species). The two additional planetary boundaries for which the group had not yet been able to determine a boundary level are chemical pollution and atmospheric aerosol loading.

text: Transgressing one or more planetary boundaries may be highly damaging or even catastrophic, due to the risk of crossing thresholds that trigger non-linear, abrupt

text: environmental change

text: within

text: continent

text: al- to planetary-scale systems. The 2009 study identified nine planetary boundaries and, drawing on current scientific understanding, the researchers proposed quantifications for seven of them. These seven are climate change (

text: CO

text: concentration in the atmosphere < 350 ppm and/or a maximum change of +1 W/m in

text: radiative forcing

text: ocean acidification

text: (mean surface seawater saturation state with respect to aragonite ≥ 80% of pre-

text: industrial

text: levels);

text: stratospheric

text: ozone (less than 5% reduction in total atmospheric

text: O

text: from a pre-industrial level of 290

text: Dobson Unit

text: s);

text: biogeochemical

text: nitrogen (N) cycle

text: (limit industrial and agricultural fixation of N to 35 Tg N/yr) and

text: phosphorus (P) cycle

text: (annual P inflow to oceans not to exceed 10 times the natural background

text: weathering

text: of P); global freshwater use (< 4000 km/yr of consumptive use of runoff resources); land system change (< 15% of the ice-free land surface under cropland); and the rate at which biological diversity is lost (annual rate of < 10 extinctions per million species). The two additional planetary boundaries for which the group had not yet been able to determine a boundary level are

text: chemical pollution and atmospheric aerosol loading

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: CO concentration

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: stratospheric ozone

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: 365 day cycle

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does not have convection currents?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How high is the troposphere?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles: stratospheric ozone or phosphorus?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: ice-free land surface

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratospheric ozone

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratospheric ozone

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratospheric ozone

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratospheric ozone

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratospheric ozone

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: stratospheric ozone

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: stratospheric ozone

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: 290 Dobson Units);

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratospheric ozone

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: ice-free land surface under cropland);

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: planetary-scale systems.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: (CO concentration in the atmosphere <unk> 350 ppm

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: stratospheric ozone

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: (CO concentration in the atmosphere <unk> 350 ppm

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 290 Dobson Units);

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: +1 W/m in radiative forcing); ocean acidification

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: +1 W/m in radiative forcing); ocean acidification

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: 290 Dobson Units);

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: 290 Dobson Units);

text: Even before the Nimbus satellites began collecting their observations of Earth's ozone layer, scientists had some understanding of the processes that maintained or destroyed it. They were pretty sure they understood how the layer formed, and they knew from laboratory experiments that halogens could destroy ozone. Finally, weather balloons had revealed that the concentration of ozone in the atmosphere changed over time, and scientists suspected weather phenomena or seasonal change were responsible. But how all of these pieces of information worked together on a global scale was still unclear.

text: Even before the Nimbus satellites began collecting their observations of Earth's

text: ozone layer

text: , scientists had some understanding of the processes that maintained or destroyed it. They were pretty sure they understood how the layer formed, and they knew from laboratory experiments that

text: halogen

text: s could destroy

text: ozone

text: . Finally,

text: weather balloon

text: s had revealed that the concentration of ozone in the atmosphere changed over time, and scientists suspected weather phenomena or seasonal change were responsible. But how all of these pieces of information worked together on a global scale was still unclear.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: the concentration of ozone in the atmosphere changed over time

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: seasonal change

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: how high does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: the top of the mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: weather phenomena or seasonal change

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: how the layer formed,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Earth's ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: seasonal change

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: global scale

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: weather balloons

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: weather phenomena or seasonal change

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: halogens could destroy ozone. Finally, weather balloons

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: weather balloons

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: weather phenomena or seasonal change

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Earth's ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: weather balloons

text: Prior to joining NASA, Schweickart was a research scientist at the Experimental Astronomy Laboratory at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and his work there involved research upper atmospheric physics, star tracking and stabilization of stellar images. His thesis for a master's degree at MIT concerned stratospheric radiance.

text: Prior to joining NASA, Schweickart was a

text: research scientist

text: at the Experimental Astronomy Laboratory at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and his work there involved research upper

text: atmospheric physics

text: , star tracking and stabilization of stellar images. His thesis for a master's degree at MIT concerned stratospheric radiance.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: upper

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Schweickart was a research scientist at the Experimental Astronomy Laboratory

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: the stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Which of the following is not a type of upper atmosphere: troposphere, stratosphere or upper atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle: ions or stratospheric radiance?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere merges gradually with outer space

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is not true of Schweickart?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratospheric radiance.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratospheric radiance.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: upper atmospheric

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: upper atmospheric physics,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: stratospheric radiance.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: stratospheric radiance.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratospheric radiance.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: stratospheric radiance.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: stratospheric radiance.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: stratospheric radiance.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: stratospheric radiance.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: stratospheric radiance.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: stratospheric radiance.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: stratospheric radiance.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: stratospheric radiance.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: stratospheric radiance.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: stratospheric radiance.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: stratospheric radiance.

text: SteamWorld Dig has received favorable reviews, with the Nintendo 3DS and Steam versions receiving scores of 82/100 and 79/100 respectively on Metacritic. PocketGamer gave it a 10 out of 10 saying "SteamWorld Dig is an utterly phenomenal video game, with layer upon layer of remarkable gameplay to be found." IGN liked its core gameplay mechanics and engrossing atmosphere and gave it a 9.5 out 10. Nintendo World Report gave it a 9 out of 10 saying that "SteamWorld Dig is a fresh game for the Nintendo eShop and one of the best digital games available on Nintendo's 3D handheld." Infendo gave it 4 stars out of 5, calling it "highly addicting." God is a Geek gave the game a 6 out of 10, praising the graphics, music and style, but criticizing the combat and the lack of any real penalty for dying.

text: SteamWorld Dig has received favorable reviews, with the

text: Nintendo 3DS

text: and Steam versions receiving scores of 82/100 and 79/100 respectively on

text: Metacritic

text: PocketGamer

text: gave it a 10 out of 10 saying "SteamWorld Dig is an utterly phenomenal video game, with layer upon layer of remarkable gameplay to be found."

text: IGN

text: liked its core gameplay mechanics and engrossing atmosphere and gave it a 9.5 out 10.

text: Nintendo World Report

text: gave it a 9 out of 10 saying that "SteamWorld Dig is a fresh game for the Nintendo eShop and one of the best digital games available on Nintendo's 3D handheld." Infendo gave it 4 stars out of 5, calling it "highly addicting." God is a Geek gave the game a 6 out of 10, praising the graphics, music and style, but criticizing the combat and the lack of any real penalty for dying.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: IGN liked its core gameplay mechanics

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Nintendo 3DS

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: the lack of any real penalty for dying

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Earth's atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Earth's core

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: How many layers of the atmosphere are mentioned?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What causes meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earth's surface is the troposphere?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: It is warmer at the top

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: The thermosphere contains charged particles called ions.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: The exosphere is the outermost layer of the Earth.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: gameplay

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: layer upon layer of remarkable gameplay

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: 82/100

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: gameplay

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: 82/100

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: gameplay to be found." IGN liked its core gameplay mechanics

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: layer upon layer of remarkable gameplay

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: layer upon layer of remarkable gameplay

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: gameplay

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: 82/100

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: SteamWorld Dig

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Nintendo 3DS

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: 82/100

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: 82/100

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: 6 out of 10,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: 9.5 out 10.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: 82/100

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: 6 out of 10,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 6 out of 10,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: 9.5

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: 6 out of 10,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: 6 out of 10,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: 9.5 out 10.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: 9.5 out 10.

text: Oceanic anoxic events have had many important consequences. It is believed that they have been responsible for mass extinctions of marine organisms both in the Paleozoic and Mesozoic. The early Toarcian and Cenomanian-Turonian anoxic events correlate with the Toarcian and Cenomanian-Turonian extinction events of mostly marine life forms. Apart from possible atmospheric effects, many deeper-dwelling marine organisms could not adapt to an ocean where oxygen penetrated only the surface layers.

text: Oceanic anoxic events have had many important consequences. It is believed that they have been responsible for mass

text: extinctions

text: of marine organisms both in the

text: Paleozoic

text: and

text: Mesozoic

text: . The early Toarcian and

text: Cenomanian-Turonian anoxic event

text: s correlate with the

text: Toarcian

text: and

text: Cenomanian-Turonian extinction event

text: s of mostly marine life forms. Apart from possible atmospheric effects, many deeper-dwelling marine organisms could not adapt to an ocean where oxygen penetrated only the surface layers.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Mesozoic

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: oxygen content

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: surface

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: deep-dwelling marine organisms could not adapt to an ocean where oxygen penetrated only the surface layers

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: ocean

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: ocean

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which of the following is not true?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of ion?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is not true of the exosphere?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: atmospheric effects,

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: atmospheric effects, many deeper-dwelling marine organisms

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: oxygen penetrated only the surface layers.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: Oceanic anoxic events

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: oxygen penetrated only the surface layers.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: oxygen penetrated only the surface layers.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: atmospheric effects,

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: oxygen penetrated only the surface

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: oxygen penetrated only the surface layers.

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: oxygen

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: oxygen penetrated only the surface layers.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: atmospheric

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: ocean

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: atmospheric effects,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Oceanic anoxic events

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: oxygen penetrated only the surface layers.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Oceanic anoxic events

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Oceanic anoxic events

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: atmospheric effects,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: many deeper-dwelling marine organisms

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Oceanic anoxic events

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: atmospheric effects,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: oxygen penetrated only the surface layers.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: oxygen penetrated only the surface layers.

text: Crystals undergo slow gradual change of frequency with time, known as aging. There are many mechanisms involved. The mounting and contacts may undergo relief of the built-in stresses. Molecules of contamination either from the residual atmosphere, outgassed from the crystal, electrodes or packaging materials, or introduced during sealing the housing can be adsorbed on the crystal surface, changing its mass; this effect is exploited in quartz crystal microbalances. The composition of the crystal can be gradually altered by outgassing, diffusion of atoms of impurities or migrating from the electrodes, or the lattice can be damaged by radiation. Slow chemical reactions may occur on or in the crystal, or on the inner surfaces of the enclosure. Electrode material, e.g. chromium or aluminium, can react with the crystal, creating layers of metal oxide and silicon; these interface layers can undergo changes in time. The pressure in the enclosure can change due to varying atmospheric pressure, temperature, leaks, or outgassing of the materials inside. Factors outside of the crystal itself are e.g. aging of the oscillator circuitry (and e.g. change of capacitances), and drift of parameters of the crystal oven. External atmosphere composition can also influence the aging; hydrogen can diffuse through nickel housing. Helium can cause similar issues when it diffuses through glass enclosures of rubidium standards.

text: Crystals undergo slow gradual change of frequency with time, known as aging. There are many mechanisms involved. The mounting and contacts may undergo relief of the built-in stresses. Molecules of contamination either from the residual atmosphere,

text: outgassed

text: from the crystal, electrodes or packaging materials, or introduced during sealing the housing can be adsorbed on the crystal surface, changing its mass; this effect is exploited in

text: quartz crystal microbalance

text: s. The composition of the crystal can be gradually altered by outgassing, diffusion of atoms of impurities or migrating from the electrodes, or the lattice can be damaged by radiation. Slow chemical reactions may occur on or in the crystal, or on the inner surfaces of the enclosure. Electrode material, e.g. chromium or aluminium, can react with the crystal, creating layers of metal oxide and silicon; these interface layers can undergo changes in time. The pressure in the enclosure can change due to varying atmospheric pressure, temperature, leaks, or outgassing of the materials inside. Factors outside of the crystal itself are e.g. aging of the oscillator circuitry (and e.g. change of capacitances), and drift of parameters of the crystal oven. External atmosphere composition can also influence the aging;

text: hydrogen

text: can diffuse through nickel housing. Helium can cause similar issues when it diffuses through glass enclosures of

text: rubidium standard

text: s.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: Residual

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: the residual atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: composition

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: hydrogen

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: ozone is not a component of crystals

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Crystals

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: What can cause similar issues when it diffuses through glass enclosures of rubidium standards?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Why are gas molecules in the exosphere extremely cold?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: residual atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: residual atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: aging.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: residual atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: aging.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: residual atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: External atmosphere composition

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: hydrogen can diffuse through nickel housing. Helium

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: hydrogen

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: hydrogen can diffuse through nickel housing. Helium

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: varying atmospheric pressure,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: hydrogen can diffuse through nickel housing. Helium

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: varying atmospheric pressure,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: hydrogen

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: hydrogen

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: hydrogen

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: hydrogen can diffuse through nickel housing. Helium

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: varying atmospheric pressure,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: varying atmospheric pressure,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: hydrogen

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: hydrogen

text: The 4/3 Earth radius rule of thumb is an average for the Earth's atmosphere assuming it is reasonably homogenised, absent of temperature inversion layers or unusual meteorological conditions. NLOS links that exploit atmospheric refraction typically operate at frequencies in the VHF and UHF bands, including FM and TV terrestrial broadcast services.

text: The 4/3 Earth radius rule of thumb is an average for the Earth's atmosphere assuming it is reasonably

text: homogenised

text: , absent of

text: temperature inversion

text: layers or unusual

text: meteorological

text: conditions. NLOS links that exploit atmospheric refraction typically operate at frequencies in the

text: VHF

text: and

text: UHF

text: bands, including

text: FM

text: and TV terrestrial broadcast services.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: inversion layers

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: temperature inversion layers

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: temperature inversion layers

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: temperature inversion layers

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: temperature inversion layers

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: temperature inversion layers

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: temperature inversion layers

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature inversion layers

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: temperature inversion

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: temperature inversion layers or unusual meteorological conditions

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Earth's atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: inversion layers

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: UHF band

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: None

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: The troposphere rises to about 50 kilometers above Earths surface

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: temperature inversion layers

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: temperature inversion layers

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: temperature inversion layers

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: temperature inversion layers

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: temperature inversion layers

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: temperature inversion layers

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: temperature inversion layers

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: temperature inversion layers

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: temperature inversion layers

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature inversion layers

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: temperature inversion layers

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: temperature inversion layers

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: temperature inversion layers or unusual meteorological conditions.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: temperature inversion layers

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: inversion layers

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: 4/3 Earth radius

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: The 4/3 Earth radius rule of thumb

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: temperature inversion layers or unusual meteorological conditions.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: temperature inversion layers or unusual meteorological conditions.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: NLOS links that exploit atmospheric refraction

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: The 4/3 Earth radius rule of thumb

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: temperature inversion layers

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: temperature inversion layers or unusual meteorological conditions.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: temperature inversion layers or unusual meteorological conditions.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: NLOS links that exploit atmospheric refraction

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: temperature inversion layers

text: In 1988/89 ocean acoustic tomography was performed there  to study the Greenland Sea gyre and deep water formation. Deep water formation simply means surface water being transported downwards into the ocean, this is important to drive the global ocean currents by thermohaline circulation.The study showed that the mixed layer at the surface forms in autumn. During winter, the region is covered by sea ice. In early spring when the sea ice vanishes, the layer gets thicker (up to 1.5 km). When the Polar day starts in  late March the seasonal cycle starts again with another shallow mixed layer.

text: In 1988/89

text: ocean acoustic tomography

text: was performed there  to study the

text: Greenland Sea

text: gyre

text: and

text: deep water formation

text: . Deep water formation simply means surface water being transported downwards into the ocean, this is important to drive the global

text: ocean currents

text: by

text: thermohaline circulation

text: .The study showed that the

text: mixed layer

text: at the surface forms in autumn. During winter, the region is covered by

text: sea ice

text: . In early spring when the

text: sea ice

text: vanishes, the layer gets thicker (up to 1.5

text: km

text: ). When the

text: Polar day

text: starts in  late March the seasonal cycle starts again with another shallow mixed layer.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: the stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: surface

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: surface layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The study showed that the mixed layer at the surface forms in autumn

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Greenland

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Polar day

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Which of the following is not a source of heat in the troposphere?

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer is not covered by sea ice?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Where does most of the heat that enters the mesosphere come from?

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not a source of friction: gas molecules or meteors?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers does the troposphere rise above Earth's surface?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of ion: ions, ice, or water?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Which of the following is true of the exosphere?

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is not a type of gas: gas molecules in the exosphere are extremely cold?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: mixed layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: mixed layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Deep water formation simply means surface water being transported downwards

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: thermohaline circulation.The study showed that the mixed layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Deep water formation simply means surface water being transported downwards into the ocean,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: shallow mixed layer.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: mixed layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: shallow mixed layer.

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: surface water

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: deep water formation.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Greenland Sea gyre

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Polar day

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Greenland Sea gyre

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: thermohaline circulation.The

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: thermohaline circulation.The

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: thermohaline circulation.The

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: thermohaline circulation.The

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 1.5 km).

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: the mixed layer at the surface forms in autumn.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Greenland Sea gyre

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: thermohaline circulation.The

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Greenland Sea gyre

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: thermohaline circulation.The

text: For more than twenty-five years, Mims has made accurate and detailed atmospheric measurements.  These include measuring the ozone layer, haze (aerosol optical depth), and the total column water vapor.

text: For more than twenty-five years, Mims has made accurate and detailed atmospheric measurements.  These include measuring the ozone layer, haze (aerosol optical depth), and the total column water vapor.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: What is the boundary between the troposphere and stratosphere?

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: column water vapor

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: water vapor

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: haze

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Mims has made accurate and detailed atmospheric measurements.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: It is colder

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle: ions, ozone, or water vapor?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere merges gradually with outer space.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Why are gas molecules in the exosphere extremely cold?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: haze

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: water vapor.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: atmospheric measurements.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: twenty-five years, Mims has made accurate and detailed atmospheric measurements.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: atmospheric measurements.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: total column water vapor.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: atmospheric measurements.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: atmospheric measurements.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: atmospheric measurements.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: atmospheric measurements.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: (aerosol optical depth), and the total column water vapor.

text: Of the 50-60 Pg of carbon fixed annually, roughly 10% leaves the surface mixed layer of the oceans, while less than 0.5% of eventually reaches the sea floor. Most is retained in regenerated production in the euphotic zone and a significant portion is remineralized in midwater processes during particle sinking. The portion of carbon that leaves the surface mixed layer of the ocean is sometimes considered "sequestered", and essentially removed from contact with the atmosphere for many centuries. However, work also finds that, in regions such as the Southern Ocean, much of this carbon can quickly (within decades) come back into contact with the atmosphere. The portion of carbon that makes it to the sea floor becomes part of the geologic record and in the case of the calcium carbonate, may form large deposits and resurface through tectonic motion as in the case with the White Cliffs of Dover in Southern England. These cliffs are made almost entirely of the plates of buried coccolithophores.

text: Of the 50-60 Pg of carbon fixed annually, roughly 10% leaves the surface mixed layer of the oceans, while less than 0.5% of eventually reaches the sea floor. Most is retained in regenerated production in the euphotic zone and a significant portion is remineralized in midwater processes during particle sinking. The portion of carbon that leaves the surface mixed layer of the ocean is sometimes considered "sequestered", and essentially removed from contact with the atmosphere for many centuries. However, work also finds that, in regions such as the

text: Southern Ocean

text: , much of this carbon can quickly (within decades) come back into contact with the atmosphere. The portion of carbon that makes it to the sea floor becomes part of the geologic record and in the case of the calcium carbonate, may form large deposits and resurface through tectonic motion as in the case with the

text: White Cliffs of Dover

text: in Southern England. These cliffs are made almost entirely of the plates of buried coccolithophores.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: surface mixed layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: surface mixed layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: the stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: surface mixed layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: air in the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: less than 0.5% of eventually reaches the sea floor

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Southern Ocean

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Southern Ocean

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers is the troposphere?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: euphotic zone

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: surface mixed layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: euphotic zone

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: euphotic zone

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: mixed layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: 0.5% of eventually reaches the sea floor.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: euphotic zone

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: 0.5% of eventually reaches the sea floor.

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: less than 0.5% of eventually reaches the sea floor.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: euphotic zone

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Southern Ocean,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: tectonic motion

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: less than 0.5% of eventually reaches the sea floor.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: 10% leaves the surface mixed layer

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: less than 0.5% of eventually reaches the sea floor.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: less than 0.5% of eventually reaches the sea floor.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: less than 0.5% of eventually reaches the sea floor.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: less than 0.5% of eventually reaches the sea floor.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: 10% leaves the surface mixed layer of the oceans,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: euphotic zone

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: less than 0.5% of eventually reaches the sea floor.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: euphotic zone

text: Ozone depletion is the reduced concentration of ozone in the Earth's stratosphere (called the ozone layer), where it serves to block much of the ultraviolet radiation from the sun. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), which were used beginning in the 1930s in a number of important areas, were determined in 1974 to be responsible for much of the depletion of the ozone layer. Four years later, the EPA and FDA banned CFCs in aerosol cans. As research in the 1980s indicated that the problem was worse than before, and revealed a controversial massive hole in the ozone layer over Antarctica, three international agreements were made to reduce the ozone-damaging substances- the Vienna Convention, the 1987 Montreal Protocol, and a third agreement in 1990 in London. In the United States, the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments phased out production of CFCs and required recycling of CFC products.

text: Ozone depletion

text: is the reduced concentration of

text: ozone

text: in the Earth's

text: stratosphere

text: (called the ozone layer), where it serves to block much of the

text: ultraviolet radiation

text: from the

text: sun

text: Chlorofluorocarbons

text: (CFCs), which were used beginning in the 1930s in a number of important areas, were determined in 1974 to be responsible for much of the depletion of the ozone layer. Four years later, the EPA and

text: FDA

text: banned CFCs in aerosol cans. As research in the 1980s indicated that the problem was worse than before, and revealed a controversial massive hole in the ozone layer over

text: Antarctica

text: , three international agreements were made to reduce the ozone-damaging substances- the

text: Vienna Convention

text: , the 1987

text: Montreal Protocol

text: , and a third agreement in 1990 in London. In the United States, the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments phased out production of CFCs and required recycling of CFC products.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: it serves to block much of the ultraviolet radiation from the sun

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does not contain ozone?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earth's surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles: ions, stratosphere, or ozone?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is not a type of gas?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone layer),

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone layer),

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: ozone layer),

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone layer),

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: Ozone depletion is the reduced concentration of ozone

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Ozone depletion

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Antarctica,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Ozone depletion

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Ozone depletion

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Ozone depletion

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Ozone depletion

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: ozone in the Earth's stratosphere

text: where N = N(z) is the Brunt–Väisälä frequency and U = U(z) is the vertical profile of the horizontal wind, both quantities are determined from an atmospheric sounding upstream of the barrier. When l(z) is nearly constant with height, conditions are favorable for vertically propagating mountain waves. When l(z) decreases strongly with height, the waves are trapped in the layer around the mountain top and below.

text: where N = N(z) is the

text: Brunt–Väisälä frequency

text: and U = U(z) is the vertical profile of the horizontal wind, both quantities are determined from an atmospheric sounding upstream of the barrier. When l(z) is nearly constant with height, conditions are favorable for vertically propagating mountain waves. When l(z) decreases strongly with height, the waves are trapped in the layer around the mountain top and below.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: barrier

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: barrier

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: barrier

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: barrier

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: the layer around the mountain top and below

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: barrier

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: height

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: barrier

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The waves are trapped in the layer around the mountain top and below.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: mountain

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: mountain top and below

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does not contain mountain waves?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: where is the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere merges gradually with outer space

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: None of the above choices are true

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: layer around the mountain top and below.

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: layer around the mountain top and below.

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: barrier.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: layer around the mountain top and below.

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: barrier.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: layer around the mountain top and below.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: layer around the mountain top and below.

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: height,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: barrier.

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: horizontal wind,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: vertically propagating mountain waves.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: the waves are trapped in the layer around the mountain top and below.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: mountain top and below.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: N(z) is the Brunt–Väisälä frequency

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Brunt–Väisälä frequency

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: vertically propagating mountain waves.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Brunt–Väisälä frequency

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Brunt–Väisälä frequency

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: height, conditions are favorable for vertically propagating mountain waves.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: When l(z) is nearly constant with height,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: vertically propagating mountain waves.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: N(z) is the Brunt–Väisälä frequency

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: l(z) is nearly constant with height,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Brunt–Väisälä frequency

text: Project Loon is Google's pursuit to deploy a high-altitude balloon network operating in the stratosphere, at altitudes between 18 km and 25 km. Google asserts that this particular layer of the stratosphere is advantageous because of its relatively low wind speeds (e.g., wind speeds between 5 and 20 mph / 10 to 30 kmph) and minimal turbulence. Moreover, Google claims that it can model, with reasonable accuracy, the seasonal, longitudinal, and latitudinal variations in wind speeds within the 18–25 km stratospheric layer.

text: Project Loon is Google's pursuit to deploy a

text: high-altitude balloon network

text: operating in the

text: stratosphere

text: , at altitudes between 18 km and 25 km. Google asserts that this particular layer of the stratosphere is advantageous because of its relatively low wind speeds (e.g., wind speeds between 5 and 20 mph / 10 to 30 kmph) and minimal

text: turbulence

text: . Moreover, Google claims that it can model, with reasonable accuracy, the seasonal, longitudinal, and latitudinal variations in wind speeds within the 18–25 km stratospheric layer.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: altitude

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Google's pursuit to deploy a high-altitude balloon network operating in the stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: latitudinal

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: 18 km and 25 km.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere, at altitudes between 18 km and 25 km.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: wind speeds

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: low wind speeds

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: low wind speeds

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: turbulence.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: low wind speeds

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: low wind speeds

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: stratosphere,

text: GEWEX Atmospheric Boundary Layer Study (GABLS) is a more recent addition to GEWEX. The study is tasked with understanding the physical properties of the atmospheric boundary layers for better models which include representation of boundary layers.

text: GEWEX Atmospheric Boundary Layer Study (GABLS) is a more recent addition to GEWEX. The study is tasked with understanding the physical properties of the atmospheric boundary layers for better models which include representation of boundary layers.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: boundary layers

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: boundary layers

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: GEWEX

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: boundary layers

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: GEWEX

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: boundary layers

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: boundary layers

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: physical properties

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: air in the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The study is tasked with understanding the physical properties of the atmospheric boundary layers for better models

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: GEWEX

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: boundary layers

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: the stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What does GEWEX Atmospheric Boundary Layer Study study?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How high is the troposphere?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: It is colder.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Thermosphere contains charged particles called ions.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere merges gradually with outer space.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: Boundary Layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: boundary layers

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: atmospheric boundary layers

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: atmospheric boundary layers

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: atmospheric boundary layers

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: Atmospheric

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: boundary layers

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: physical properties

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: boundary layers

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: GEWEX Atmospheric Boundary Layer Study

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: GEWEX Atmospheric Boundary Layer Study

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: GEWEX Atmospheric Boundary Layer Study

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: atmospheric boundary layers

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: GEWEX Atmospheric Boundary Layer Study

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: GEWEX Atmospheric Boundary Layer Study

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: GEWEX Atmospheric Boundary Layer Study

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: GEWEX Atmospheric Boundary Layer Study

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: GEWEX Atmospheric Boundary Layer Study

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: GEWEX Atmospheric Boundary Layer Study

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: GEWEX Atmospheric Boundary Layer Study

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: GEWEX Atmospheric Boundary Layer Study

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: GEWEX Atmospheric Boundary Layer Study

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: GEWEX Atmospheric Boundary Layer Study

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: GEWEX Atmospheric Boundary Layer Study

text: Reported details about the event, such as water boiling in the muddy crater for ten minutes from the heat of the impact, presented a problem for experts. Because the impact site is at a high altitude of more than , the meteoroid may not have been slowed down as much as it ordinarily would have been by passage through the Earth’s denser lower atmosphere, and kinetic energy at impact may have been unusually high for a terrestrial impact of an object of this size and mass. Most larger meteorites are cold in their bulk mass when they land on Earth, since their heated outer layers ablate from the objects before impacting. It was later confirmed that the meteorite contained a large amount of iron and possessed magnetic properties common to similar metallic objects, which contributed to its capacity to retain heat during atmospheric entry.

text: Reported details about the event, such as water boiling in the muddy crater for ten minutes from the heat of the impact, presented a problem for experts. Because the impact site is at a high altitude of more than , the meteoroid may not have been slowed down as much as it ordinarily would have been by passage through the Earth’s denser lower atmosphere, and kinetic energy at impact may have been unusually high for a terrestrial impact of an object of this size and mass. Most larger meteorites are cold in their bulk mass when they land on Earth, since their heated outer layers

text: ablate

text: from the objects before impacting. It was later confirmed that the meteorite contained a large amount of

text: iron

text: and possessed magnetic properties common to similar metallic objects, which contributed to its capacity to retain heat during

text: atmospheric entry

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: lower atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: lower atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Earth’s denser lower atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: lower atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: altitude of more than

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: Earth’s

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: lower atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: density

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: lower atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air in the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Most larger meteorites are cold in their bulk mass when they land on Earth, since their heated outer layers ablate from the objects before impacting

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Earth’s

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Earth’s lower atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does not contain convection currents?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface is the troposphere?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Why is the top of the mesosphere warmer than the bottom?

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of ion?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: lower atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: lower atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Earth’s denser lower atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: lower atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Earth’s denser lower atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: Earth’s denser lower atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: lower atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: denser lower atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: lower atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: heated outer layers

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: water boiling in the muddy crater for ten minutes

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Most larger meteorites are cold in their bulk mass when they land on Earth,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Most larger meteorites

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth’s

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: heated outer layers

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Earth’s denser lower atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: heated outer layers

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: heated outer layers

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: high altitude

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: lower atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: the meteoroid

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Earth’s denser lower atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Earth’s denser lower atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Most larger meteorites

text: The exhaust can be transported to the Arctic region in little over a day, although the exact mechanism of this very high-speed transport is unknown. As the water migrates northward, it falls from the thermosphere down into the colder mesosphere, which occupies the region of the atmosphere just below. Although this mechanism is the cause of individual noctilucent clouds, it is not thought to be a major contributor to the phenomenon as a whole.

text: The exhaust can be transported to the

text: Arctic

text: region in little over a day, although the exact mechanism of this very high-speed transport is unknown. As the water migrates northward, it falls from the thermosphere down into the colder mesosphere, which occupies the region of the atmosphere just below. Although this mechanism is the cause of individual noctilucent clouds, it is not thought to be a major contributor to the phenomenon as a whole.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: it is not thought to be a major contributor to the phenomenon as a whole.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle: charged particles or ions?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: mesosphere,

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: mesosphere,

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: mesosphere,

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: colder mesosphere,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: mesosphere,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: mesosphere,

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: thermosphere down into the colder mesosphere,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: thermosphere down into the colder mesosphere,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: thermosphere down into the colder mesosphere,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The exhaust can be transported to the Arctic region in little over a day,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: mesosphere,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: mesosphere,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: The exhaust can be transported to the Arctic region in little over a day,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: The exhaust can be transported to the Arctic region in little over a day,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unknown.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: The exhaust can be transported to the Arctic region in little over a day,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: noctilucent clouds,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: thermosphere down into the colder mesosphere,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: colder mesosphere,

text: The mesosphere is the third highest layer of Earth's atmosphere, occupying the region above the stratosphere and below the thermosphere. It extends from the stratopause at an altitude of about  to the mesopause at  above sea level.

text: The mesosphere is the third highest layer of Earth's atmosphere, occupying the region above the stratosphere and below the thermosphere. It extends from the stratopause at an altitude of about  to the mesopause at  above sea level.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: The mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: The stratopause

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: the stratopause

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: The thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: The mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: altitude

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: It extends from the stratopause at an altitude of above sea level.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What is the third highest layer of Earth's atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: It extends from the stratopause at an altitude of about

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle: ions, stratopause, or mesopause?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: None of the above choices are true

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: The mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratopause

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: The mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: the stratopause

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: The mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: stratosphere and below the thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: The mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: The mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: The mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: The mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: The mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: The mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: The mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: The mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: thermosphere.

text: The Dobson unit (DU) is a unit of measurement of the columnar density of a trace gas in the Earth's atmosphere. It originated, and continues to be widely used, as a measure of total-column ozone, which is dominated by ozone in the stratospheric ozone layer. It is given as the thickness (in units of 10 µm) of that layer which would be formed by the total gas in a column under standard temperature and pressure, sometimes referred to as a 'milli-atmo-centimeter.' For example, 300 DU of ozone brought down to the surface of the Earth at 0 °C would occupy a layer only 3 mm thick. One DU is 2.69×10 ozone molecules per square centimetre, or 2.69×10 per square metre.This is 0.4462 millimoles of ozone per square metre, or approximately 1.25 ppb of the average total column of air.

text: The Dobson unit (DU) is a unit of measurement of the

text: columnar density

text: of a trace gas in the

text: Earth's atmosphere

text: . It originated, and continues to be widely used, as a measure of total-column

text: ozone

text: , which is dominated by ozone in the

text: stratospheric

text: ozone layer

text: . It is given as the thickness (in units of 10 µm) of that layer which would be formed by the total gas in a column under

text: standard temperature and pressure

text: , sometimes referred to as a 'milli-atmo-centimeter.' For example, 300 DU of ozone brought down to the surface of the Earth at 0

text: °C

text: would occupy a layer only 3 mm thick. One DU is 2.69×10 ozone

text: molecule

text: s per

text: square centimetre

text: , or 2.69×10 per

text: square metre

text: .This is 0.4462

text: millimole

text: s of ozone per square metre, or approximately 1.25 ppb of the average total column of air.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature and pressure

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: the stratospheric ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere is not dominated by ozone?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not a source of friction: gas molecules or meteors?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earth's surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: The top of the mesosphere is warmer than the bottom

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle: stratospheric ozone layer?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratospheric ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratospheric ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratospheric ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratospheric ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratospheric ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratospheric ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature and pressure,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: stratospheric ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: 0 °C

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: 0 °C would occupy a layer only 3 mm thick.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratospheric ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: 0 °C

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: 0 °C

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: ozone in the stratospheric ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: stratospheric ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: ozone in the stratospheric ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: The Dobson unit

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Dobson unit

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: 0 °C

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: The Dobson unit

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: ozone in the stratospheric

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Dobson unit

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: 0 °C

text: The depth of the PBL is defined as the height of the inversion level separating the free troposphere (FT) from the boundary layer. Normally at the top of the PBL, buoyancy flux reaches a minimum and large gradients of potential temperature, water vapor, and aerosols are observed. Identifying an accurate position of the depth of the PBL is essential for reliable representation of parameters in meteorological and air quality models as the PBL is the region of maximum turbulence.It is well known that convective mixing processes are predominant in the PBL which in result influences the structure and composition of aerosols. Knowing the vertical extent of the convective mixing will allow a more accurate depiction of the atmosphere in the boundary layer.  In recent years, remote sensing instruments such as lidar have been employed to identify and observe the PBL height. An advantage to using lidar is its high-resolution temporal and vertical spatial coverage which can possibly be operated continuously and in a nearly automated status. Thus, an instantaneous PBL height can be recorded which allows more in-depth analysis such as diurnal evolution and long-term climate studies.

text: The depth of the PBL is defined as the height of the inversion level separating the free troposphere (FT) from the boundary layer. Normally at the top of the PBL, buoyancy flux reaches a minimum and large gradients of

text: potential temperature

text: water vapor

text: , and

text: aerosols

text: are observed. Identifying an accurate position of the depth of the PBL is essential for reliable representation of parameters in meteorological and air quality models as the PBL is the region of maximum turbulence.It is well known that convective mixing processes are predominant in the PBL which in result influences the structure and composition of aerosols. Knowing the vertical extent of the convective mixing will allow a more accurate depiction of the atmosphere in the boundary layer.  In recent years, remote sensing instruments such as lidar have been employed to identify and observe the PBL height. An advantage to using lidar is its high-resolution temporal and vertical spatial coverage which can possibly be operated continuously and in a nearly automated status. Thus, an instantaneous PBL height can be recorded which allows more in-depth analysis such as diurnal evolution and long-term climate studies.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: FT

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: is the region of maximum turbulence

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: PBL

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer is the region of maximum turbulence?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What is the region of maximum turbulence?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: What is the depth of the PBL?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: It is the region of maximum turbulence

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Why are gas molecules in the exosphere extremely cold?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: boundary layer.

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: boundary layer.

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: boundary layer.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: boundary layer.

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: boundary layer.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: boundary layer.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: boundary layer.

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: inversion level

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: free troposphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: boundary layer.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: a minimum

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: PBL,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: top of the PBL,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: The depth of the PBL

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: convective mixing processes

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: convective mixing processes are predominant in the PBL

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: convective mixing processes are predominant in the PBL

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: convective mixing processes are predominant in the PBL

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: depth of the PBL

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: buoyancy flux reaches a minimum

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: convective mixing processes are predominant in the PBL

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: free troposphere

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: free troposphere

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: temperature,

text: From the ground upwards through the troposphere temperature decreases with height; from the tropopause upwards through the stratosphere temperature increases with height. Such variations are examples of temperature gradients.

text: From the ground upwards through the troposphere temperature decreases with height; from the tropopause upwards through the stratosphere temperature increases with height. Such variations are examples of temperature gradients.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The tropopause is located in the troposphere.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does not have convection currents?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What causes meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: how high does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: The tropopause is warmer than the stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is not a type of temperature gradient?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: height;

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: stratosphere temperature increases with height.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: increases with height.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: From the ground upwards through the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: temperature gradients.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: From the ground upwards through the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: tropopause upwards through the stratosphere temperature increases with height.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: temperature gradients.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: temperature gradients.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: temperature gradients.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: temperature gradients.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: From the ground upwards through the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: From the ground upwards through the troposphere temperature decreases with height;

text: The cloud layer is only about  deep, and consists of at least two decks of clouds: a thick lower deck and a thin clearer region. There may also be a thin layer of water clouds underlying the ammonia layer, as evidenced by flashes of lightning detected in the atmosphere of Jupiter. This is caused by water's polarity, which makes it capable of creating the charge separation needed to produce lightning. These electrical discharges can be up to a thousand times as powerful as lightning on Earth. The water clouds can form thunderstorms driven by the heat rising from the interior.

text: The cloud layer is only about  deep, and consists of at least two decks of clouds: a thick lower deck and a thin clearer region. There may also be a thin layer of

text: water

text: clouds underlying the ammonia layer, as evidenced by flashes of

text: lightning

text: detected in the atmosphere of Jupiter. This is caused by water's

text: polarity

text: , which makes it capable of creating the charge separation needed to produce lightning. These electrical discharges can be up to a thousand times as powerful as lightning on Earth. The water clouds can form thunderstorms driven by the heat rising from the interior.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: The cloud layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ammonia layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ammonia layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: thick lower deck

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ammonia layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: clouds

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: clearer region

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: water clouds can form thunderstorms driven by the heat rising from the interior.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: cloud layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles: ions, clouds, or clouds?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: cloud layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: cloud layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: The cloud layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: The cloud layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: The cloud layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: thick lower deck

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: cloud layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: clouds:

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ammonia layer,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: heat

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: water clouds underlying the ammonia layer,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Jupiter.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: interior.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Jupiter.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: heat rising from the interior.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: a thin layer of water clouds underlying the ammonia layer,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: interior.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: lightning.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: The cloud layer

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: heat rising from the interior.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: thunderstorms

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: lightning.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Jupiter.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: water clouds underlying the ammonia layer,

text: Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), organic compounds that contain fluorine and hydrogen atoms, are the most common type of organofluorine compounds. They are commonly used in air conditioning and as refrigerants  in place of the older chlorofluorocarbons such as R-12 and hydrochlorofluorocarbons such as R-21. They do not harm the ozone layer as much as the compounds they replace; however, they do contribute to global warming. Their atmospheric concentrations and contribution to anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions are rapidly increasing, causing international concern about their radiative forcing.

text: Hydrofluorocarbon

text: s (HFCs), organic compounds that contain fluorine and hydrogen atoms, are the most common type of organofluorine compounds. They are commonly used in

text: air conditioning

text: and as

text: refrigerants

text: in place of the older

text: chlorofluorocarbon

text: s such as

text: and hydrochlorofluorocarbons such as

text: . They do not harm the ozone layer as much as the compounds they replace; however, they do contribute to

text: global warming

text: . Their atmospheric concentrations and contribution to

text: anthropogenic

text: greenhouse gas

text: emissions are rapidly increasing, causing international concern about their

text: radiative forcing

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: They do not harm the ozone layer as much as the compounds they replace

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: HFCs

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: HFCs

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: What is the most common type of organic compounds that contain fluorine and hydrogen atoms?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: None of the above choices are true

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: harm the ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Hydrofluorocarbons

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Hydrofluorocarbons

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Hydrofluorocarbons

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Hydrofluorocarbons

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Hydrofluorocarbons

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Hydrofluorocarbons

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Hydrofluorocarbons

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Hydrofluorocarbons

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Hydrofluorocarbons

text: Since the tropopause responds to the average temperature of the entire layer that lies underneath it, it is at its peak levels over the Equator, and reaches minimum heights over the poles. On account of this, the coolest layer in the atmosphere lies at about 17 km over the equator. Due to the variation in starting height, the tropopause extremes are referred to as the equatorial tropopause and the polar tropopause.

text: Since the tropopause responds to the average temperature of the entire layer that lies underneath it, it is at its peak levels over the Equator, and reaches minimum heights over the poles. On account of this, the coolest layer in the atmosphere lies at about 17 km over the equator. Due to the variation in starting height, the tropopause extremes are referred to as the equatorial tropopause and the polar tropopause.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: the coolest layer in the atmosphere lies at about 17 km over the equator

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: polar tropopause

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: equatorial

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which layer in the atmosphere lies at about 17 km over the equator?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: the coolest layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: the tropopause responds to the average temperature

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: minimum heights over the poles.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: poles.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: equator.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: equatorial

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: it is at its peak levels over the Equator,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: the tropopause

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: the tropopause

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 17

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: the coolest layer

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: poles.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: the coolest layer in the atmosphere lies at about 17 km

text: Note that only the troposphere (up to approximately  of altitude) in the Earth's atmosphere undergoes convection: the stratosphere does not generally convect. However, some exceptionally energetic convection processes -- notably volcanic eruption columns and overshooting tops associated with severe supercell thunderstorms -- may locally and temporarily inject convection through the tropopause and into the stratosphere.

text: Note that only the

text: troposphere

text: (up to approximately  of altitude) in the Earth's atmosphere undergoes convection: the

text: stratosphere

text: does not generally convect. However, some exceptionally energetic convection processes -- notably volcanic

text: eruption columns

text: and

text: overshooting tops

text: associated with severe

text: supercell thunderstorms

text: -- may locally and temporarily inject convection through the

text: tropopause

text: and into the stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: altitude

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: the stratosphere does not generally convect

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: the stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: altitude)

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: convection

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: the stratosphere does not generally convect.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: troposphere (up to approximately of altitude)

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: the stratosphere does not generally convect.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: only the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: the stratosphere does not generally convect.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: severe supercell thunderstorms

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: (up to approximately of altitude)

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: severe supercell thunderstorms

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: troposphere

text: In 1916, working with his colleague Alfred Fowler, Strutt was the first to prove the existence of ozone in the atmosphere by examining the ultra-violet spectrum of the setting sun.  Strutt proved that the ozone was mainly located in the upper atmosphere, in what is now called the ozone layer.

text: In 1916, working with his colleague

text: Alfred Fowler

text: , Strutt was the first to prove the existence of ozone in the atmosphere by examining the ultra-violet spectrum of the setting sun.  Strutt proved that the ozone was mainly located in the upper atmosphere, in what is now called the

text: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Strutt was the first to prove the existence of ozone by examining the ultraviolet spectrum of the setting sun

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: upper atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: upper atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: what is the first to prove the existence of ozone in the atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: what is the first to prove the existence of ozone in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: what is the first to prove the existence of ozone in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: what is the first to prove the existence of ozone in the atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: ultra-violet spectrum of the setting sun.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: ultra-violet spectrum of the setting sun.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: sun.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: ozone layer.

text: In September 2005, NEA announced plans to back Chinese venture firm Northern Light. This venture fund is raising a first, $100 million fund this fall. NEA general partner Scott Sandell described his firm's relationship to Northern Light as akin to a "special LP," whereby Northern Light will receive part of its institutional backing from NEA and provide NEA with deal flow. The new firm, founded by Zhu along with Chinese entrepreneurs Feng Deng and Yan Ke, will share office space in China with NEA venture partner Xiaodong Jiang.

text: In September 2005, NEA announced plans to back Chinese venture firm Northern Light. This venture fund is raising a first, $100 million fund this fall. NEA general partner Scott Sandell described his firm's relationship to Northern Light as akin to a "special LP," whereby Northern Light will receive part of its institutional backing from NEA and provide NEA with deal flow. The new firm, founded by Zhu along with Chinese entrepreneurs

text: Feng Deng

text: and Yan Ke, will share office space in China with NEA venture partner Xiaodong Jiang.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: NEA

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: air in the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: ozone is a nonrenewable resource

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Northern Light

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Northern Light

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: How many layers of the atmosphere does convection occur?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earth's surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: What does Scott Sandell describe his firm's relationship to Northern Light as akin to?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere merges gradually with outer space

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: How would you describe the exosphere?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: NEA

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: NEA

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: 2005,

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: NEA

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: In September 2005,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: NEA

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: NEA

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: China

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: NEA

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: 2005,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: In September 2005,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: 2005,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: China

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: China

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: 2005,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: 2005,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: a "special LP,"

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: 2005,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 2005,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: 2005,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: NEA

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: In September 2005,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: China

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: 2005,

text: Gamma rays can be stopped by a sufficiently thick or dense layer of material, where the stopping power of the material per given area depends mostly (but not entirely) on the total mass along the path of the radiation, regardless of whether the material is of high or low density. However, as is the case with X-rays, materials with high atomic number such as lead or depleted uranium add a modest (typically 20% to 30%) amount of stopping power over an equal mass of less dense and lower atomic weight materials (such as water or concrete).  The atmosphere absorbs all gamma rays approaching Earth from space.  Even air is capable of absorbing gamma rays, halving the energy of such waves by passing through, on the average, .

text: Gamma rays can be stopped by a sufficiently thick or dense layer of material, where the stopping power of the material per given area depends mostly (but not entirely) on the total mass along the path of the radiation, regardless of whether the material is of high or low density. However, as is the case with X-rays, materials with high atomic number such as lead or

text: depleted uranium

text: add a modest (typically 20% to 30%) amount of stopping power over an equal mass of less dense and lower atomic weight materials (such as water or concrete).  The atmosphere absorbs all gamma rays approaching Earth from space.  Even air is capable of absorbing gamma rays, halving the energy of such waves by passing through, on the average, .

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: The atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: The atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: The stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: The atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: The atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: The atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: density

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The atmosphere absorbs all gamma rays approaching Earth from space

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: space

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: The atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: The atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: high or low density.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The atmosphere absorbs all gamma rays

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: space.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: space.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: The atmosphere absorbs all gamma rays

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: The atmosphere absorbs all gamma rays

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: air is capable of absorbing gamma rays,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: air is capable of absorbing gamma rays,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: The atmosphere absorbs all gamma rays

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: The atmosphere absorbs all gamma rays

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The atmosphere absorbs all gamma rays approaching Earth

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: air

text: Asphalt BUR is made up of multiple layers of reinforcing plies and asphalt forming a redundancy of waterproofing layers. The reflectivity of built up roofs depends on the surfacing material used. Gravel is the most common and they are referred to as asphalt and gravel roofs. Asphalt degradation is a growing concern. UV-rays oxidize the surface of the asphalt and produce a chalk-like residue. As plasticizers leach out of the asphalt, asphalt built-up roofs become brittle. Cracking and alligatoring inevitably follows, allowing water to penetrate the system causing blisters, cracks and leaks.  Compared to other systems, installation of asphalt roofs is energy-intensive (hot processes typically use LP gas as the heat source), and contributes to atmospheric air pollution (toxic, and green-house gases are lost from the asphalt during installation).

text: Asphalt BUR is made up of multiple layers of reinforcing plies and asphalt forming a redundancy of waterproofing layers. The reflectivity of built up roofs depends on the surfacing material used. Gravel is the most common and they are referred to as asphalt and gravel roofs. Asphalt degradation is a growing concern. UV-rays oxidize the surface of the asphalt and produce a chalk-like residue. As plasticizers leach out of the asphalt, asphalt built-up roofs become brittle. Cracking and alligatoring inevitably follows, allowing water to penetrate the system causing blisters, cracks and leaks.  Compared to other systems, installation of asphalt roofs is energy-intensive (hot processes typically use LP gas as the heat source), and contributes to atmospheric air pollution (toxic, and green-house gases are lost from the asphalt during installation).

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: atmospheric air pollution

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Asphalt BUR

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Green-house gases are lost from the asphalt during installation

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: UV-rays

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere is not made up of multiple layers of reinforcing plies and asphalt?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What is the most common and they are referred to as asphalt and gravel roofs?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How high is the troposphere?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Which of the following is not true?

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: What is the most common and they are referred to as asphalt and gravel roofs?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is not true of the exosphere?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: atmospheric air pollution

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: atmospheric air pollution

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Asphalt BUR

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: atmospheric air pollution

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Asphalt BUR

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: atmospheric air pollution (toxic, and green-house gases

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: atmospheric air pollution

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: surfacing material

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: UV-rays

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: UV-rays

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Asphalt

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: UV-rays

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: UV-rays

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Asphalt BUR

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: UV-rays

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: atmospheric air pollution

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: asphalt roofs is energy-intensive

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: LP gas as the heat source), and contributes to atmospheric air pollution

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: atmospheric air pollution

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: UV-rays

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: UV-rays

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: UV-rays

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Asphalt BUR

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: UV-rays

text: However, there are variations in this trend above . In particular, in the stratosphere above about , the speed of sound increases with height, due to an increase in temperature from heating within the ozone layer. This produces a positive speed of sound gradient in this region. Still another region of positive gradient occurs at very high altitudes, in the aptly-named thermosphere above .

text: However, there are variations in this trend above . In particular, in the

text: stratosphere

text: above about , the speed of sound increases with height, due to an increase in temperature from heating within the

text: ozone layer

text: . This produces a positive speed of sound gradient in this region. Still another region of positive gradient occurs at very high altitudes, in the aptly-named

text: thermosphere

text: above .

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: altitude

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: the speed of sound increases with height, due to an increase in temperature from heating within the ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does not have convection currents?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What causes meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: heating within the ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: heating within the ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: heating within the ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: heating within the ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: increase in temperature from heating within the ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: heating within the ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: increase in temperature from heating within the ozone layer.

text: An experiment was conducted using a pseudo-hexagonal crystal of dickite to determine the unit cell information and the layers that exist within dickite. It was found that there are six layers within the kaolin layer within dickite. This is evidenced in the following findings. There is an oxygen atom from the all oxygen layer that lies at the center. The atoms of the O layer, the Si layer and the O, (OH) layer are situated for the ideal kaolin layer.

text: An experiment was conducted using a pseudo-hexagonal crystal of dickite to determine the unit cell information and the layers that exist within dickite. It was found that there are six layers within the kaolin layer within dickite. This is evidenced in the following findings. There is an oxygen atom from the all oxygen layer that lies at the center. The atoms of the O layer, the Si layer and the O, (OH) layer are situated for the ideal kaolin layer.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: all oxygen layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: oxygen content

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: oxygen layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: There are six layers within the kaolin layer within dickite

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: glacier

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Which of the following is true of the troposphere?

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does not have convection currents?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Which of the following is not a stratosphere?

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What does friction with gas molecules cause meteors to do?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above the surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Which of the following is not true?

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of atom?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere merges gradually with outer space.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Why are gas molecules in the exosphere extremely cold?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: oxygen layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: oxygen layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: pseudo-hexagonal crystal of dickite

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: oxygen layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: dickite

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: oxygen layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: oxygen layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: oxygen

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: oxygen layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: oxygen

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: all oxygen layer

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: dickite

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: dickite

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: pseudo-hexagonal crystal

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: dickite

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: oxygen layer

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: dickite

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: dickite

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: dickite

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: dickite

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: a pseudo-hexagonal crystal of dickite

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: oxygen atom

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: dickite

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: dickite

text: The mesosphere is the layer of the Earth's atmosphere from  to  high, above the stratosphere and below the thermosphere.  It is very difficult to fly in the mesosphere — the air is too rarefied for aircraft wings to generate lift, but sufficiently dense to cause aerodynamic drag on satellites. In addition, parts of the mesosphere fall inside the ionosphere, meaning the air is ionized due to solar radiation.

text: The mesosphere is the layer of the Earth's

text: atmosphere

text: from  to  high, above the

text: stratosphere

text: and below the

text: thermosphere

text: .  It is very difficult to fly in the mesosphere — the air is too

text: rarefied

text: for aircraft wings to generate

text: lift

text: , but sufficiently dense to cause

text: aerodynamic drag

text: on satellites. In addition, parts of the mesosphere fall inside the

text: ionosphere

text: , meaning the air is ionized due to solar radiation.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: The mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: The mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: The mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: It is very difficult to fly in the mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does not have convection currents?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earth's surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which layer of the Earth's atmosphere contains charged particles called ions?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: None of the above choices are true

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: The mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: The mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: The mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: above the stratosphere and below the thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: The mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: above the stratosphere and below the thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: ionized due to solar radiation.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: The mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: ionized due to solar radiation.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: The mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: above the stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: aerodynamic drag on satellites.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: The mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: The mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: The mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: The mesosphere

text: Mixed layer clays with two equal components (50% of each clay) are the easiest to identify. These clays are thought of as one, non-mixed clay with a 001 spacing that is equal to the sum of the 001 spacing of both components. Some commonly occurring 50/50 mixed-layer clays are even given unique names such as dozyite, a Serpentine/Chlorite.   Mixed clays that have unequal components with random stacking produce aperiodic 00l diffraction patterns known as irrational patterns. The coefficient of variation (CV) is the percent standard deviation of the average of d(001) calculated from various reflections. If CV is less than 0.75% then the mineral is given a unique name. If CV is greater than 0.75% then mixed-layered nomenclature is used.

text: Mixed layer clays with two equal components (50% of each clay) are the easiest to identify. These clays are thought of as one, non-mixed clay with a 001 spacing that is equal to the sum of the 001 spacing of both components. Some commonly occurring 50/50 mixed-layer clays are even given unique names such as dozyite, a

text: Serpentine

text: Chlorite

text: .   Mixed clays that have unequal components with random stacking produce aperiodic 00l diffraction patterns known as irrational patterns. The

text: coefficient of variation

text: (CV) is the percent

text: standard deviation

text: of the average of d(001) calculated from various reflections. If CV is less than 0.75% then the mineral is given a unique name. If CV is greater than 0.75% then mixed-layered nomenclature is used.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: 00l

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: d

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: 00l

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The coefficient of variation (CV) is the percent standard deviation

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: mountain

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: 00l

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: How many layers of the atmosphere does convection occur in?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How high does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: The top of the mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: the exosphere

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: gas molecules in the exosphere are extremely cold

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: Mixed layer clays with two equal components

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: Mixed layer clays with two equal components

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Mixed layer clays with two equal components

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: Mixed layer clays with two equal components

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Mixed layer clays with two equal components

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: Mixed layer clays with two equal components

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: Mixed layer clays with two equal components

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: Mixed layer clays with two equal components

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Mixed layer clays with two equal components

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: Mixed layer clays with two equal components

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: irrational patterns.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: irrational patterns.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: irrational patterns.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: 00l diffraction patterns known as irrational patterns.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Mixed layer clays with two equal components

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Mixed layer clays with two equal components

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Mixed layer clays with two equal components

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: irrational patterns.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Mixed layer clays with two equal components

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: (CV)

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: irrational patterns.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: irrational patterns.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Mixed layer clays with two equal components

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: irrational patterns.

text: When blending mixes with pressures up to about , the Ideal gas law provides a reasonable approximation and simple equations can be used to calculate the pressures of each component gas needed to create the mix. At this pressure and normal temperatures, air departs from linearity by about 5%, e.g. a 10-litre cylinder filled to 230 bar with air only contains about 95% of the expected 2300 litres of free air. Above this pressure, the composition of the final mix is difficult to predict using simple equations but needs the more complex Van der Waals equation.

text: When blending mixes with

text: pressure

text: s up to about , the

text: Ideal gas law

text: provides a reasonable approximation and simple equations can be used to calculate the pressures of each component gas needed to create the mix. At this pressure and normal temperatures, air

text: departs from linearity

text: by about 5%, e.g. a 10-litre cylinder filled to 230 bar with air only contains about 95% of the expected 2300 litres of free air. Above this pressure, the composition of the final mix is difficult to predict using simple equations but needs the more complex

text: Van der Waals equation

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: pressure

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: shortest layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: At this pressure and normal temperatures, air departs from linearity by about 5

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Van der Waals equation

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: U.S.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Van der Waals equation

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: In all five layers of the atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: The thermosphere contains charged particles called ions

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: At this pressure and normal temperatures

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: air.

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: the Ideal gas law provides a reasonable approximation

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: the Ideal gas law

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: the Ideal gas law

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: air.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: air.

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperatures,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: air departs from linearity by about 5%,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: 5%,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: 5%,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: 5%,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: 5%,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: 5%,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: 5%,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: 5%,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: 5%,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 5%,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: 5%,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: 5%,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: 5%,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: 5%,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: temperatures, air departs from linearity by about 5%,

text: The inversion layer is crucial to the formation of the marine stratus that produce June Gloom. Compression and warming of air sinking out of the North Pacific High-pressure system (which is strongest during the summer) meets with the rising, cooling air from the sea surface, producing a very stable layer of air that caps the cool air from rising any further. The strength of this subsidence inversion affects the strength of the marine layer, and how long it will take the clouds to dissipate. Additionally, the cool ocean water of the California Current, which flows out of the cold Gulf of Alaska, enhances the contrast between the cool air below the inversion layer and the warm air above it. A stronger inversion layer – one with a greater difference in temperature between the air above and the air below – often results in more and deeper marine layer clouds that persist longer into the day. Upwelling of colder-than-normal ocean water, associated with a La Niña, can strengthen this effect even more.

text: The

text: inversion layer

text: is crucial to the formation of the marine stratus that produce June Gloom. Compression and warming of air sinking out of the

text: North Pacific High

text: -pressure system (which is strongest during the summer) meets with the rising, cooling air from the sea surface, producing a very stable layer of air that caps the cool air from rising any further. The strength of this

text: subsidence inversion

text: affects the strength of the marine layer, and how long it will take the clouds to dissipate. Additionally, the cool ocean water of the

text: California Current

text: , which flows out of the cold Gulf of Alaska, enhances the contrast between the cool air below the inversion layer and the warm air above it. A stronger inversion layer – one with a greater difference in temperature between the air above and the air below – often results in more and deeper marine layer clouds that persist longer into the day. Upwelling of colder-than-normal ocean water, associated with a

text: La Niña

text: , can strengthen this effect even more.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: marine stratus

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: marine stratus

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: marine stratus

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: marine stratus

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: marine stratus

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: marine layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The strength of this subsidence inversion affects the strength of the marine layer

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: marine stratus

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: North Pacific

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: U.S.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does the California Current occur in?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How high does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of ion?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere merges gradually with outer space

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is not a type of gas?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: The inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: The inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: The inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stronger inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Gulf of Alaska,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: North Pacific High-pressure system

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: North Pacific High-pressure system

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: California Current,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: North Pacific High-pressure system

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: North Pacific High-pressure system

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: June Gloom.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: stronger inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: June Gloom.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: The inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: North Pacific High-pressure system

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: colder-than-normal ocean water,

text: RV Tauri stars have low masses, but are highly extended cool stars of high luminosity.  U Mon has a luminosity of , although this is both variable and highly uncertain.  The spectral luminosity class is of a bright supergiant, indicating the rarefied nature of its atmosphere and low surface gravity.  The surface gravity varies during the pulsations, dropping to extremely low values as the star passes through its largest size.  The temperature varies by about 1,000 K, being hottest when the star is rising towards a maximum.  Integrated radial velocities indicate that during the largest pulsations, the location of the reversing layer in the atmosphere moves by nearly 90% of the average stellar radius.

text: RV Tauri stars have low masses, but are highly extended cool stars of high luminosity.  U Mon has a luminosity of , although this is both variable and highly uncertain.  The spectral luminosity class is of a bright supergiant, indicating the rarefied nature of its atmosphere and low surface gravity.  The surface gravity varies during the pulsations, dropping to extremely low values as the star passes through its largest size.  The temperature varies by about 1,000 K, being hottest when the star is rising towards a maximum.  Integrated radial velocities indicate that during the largest pulsations, the location of the reversing layer in the atmosphere moves by nearly 90% of the average stellar radius.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: reversing layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: reversing layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: the reversing layer in the atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: reversing layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: reversing layer in the atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: reversing layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: reversing layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: gravity

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: reversing layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: cold air in the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The surface gravity varies during the pulsations

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: star

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: star passing through its largest size

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: asteroid belt

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of star: RV Tauri stars or U Mon?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: The surface gravity varies during the pulsations

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: reversing layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: reversing layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: reversing layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: reversing layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: reversing layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: reversing layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: reversing layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: reversing layer

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: reversing layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: hottest

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: RV Tauri stars have low masses,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: 1,000 K,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: 1,000 K, being hottest when the star is rising towards a maximum.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: 90% of the average stellar radius.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: 1,000 K,

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: 90%

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: 1,000 K,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: low surface gravity.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 1,000 K,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: hottest when the star is rising towards a maximum.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: pulsations,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: The temperature varies by about 1,000 K,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: 90%

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: 1,000 K,

text: The mesosphere (middle atmosphere)  is the layer of the Earth's atmosphere that is directly above the stratosphere and directly below the thermosphere. The mesosphere is located about 50-80/85 km above Earth's surface. The stratosphere (middle atmosphere) is a layer of Earth's atmosphere that is stratified in temperature and is situated between about 10 km and 50 km altitude above the surface at moderate latitudes, while at the poles it starts at about 8 km altitude. The stratosphere sits directly above the troposphere and directly below the mesosphere. The troposphere (lower atmosphere) is the densest layer of the atmosphere.

text: The

text: mesosphere

text: (middle atmosphere)  is the layer of the Earth's atmosphere that is directly above the stratosphere and directly below the thermosphere. The mesosphere is located about 50-80/85 km above Earth's surface. The

text: stratosphere

text: (middle atmosphere) is a layer of Earth's atmosphere that is stratified in temperature and is situated between about 10 km and 50 km altitude above the surface at moderate latitudes, while at the poles it starts at about 8 km altitude. The stratosphere sits directly above the troposphere and directly below the mesosphere. The

text: troposphere

text: (lower atmosphere) is the densest layer of the atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: The stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: The stratosphere sits directly above the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: The mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: The troposphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: The troposphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: The mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air in the stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The troposphere is the densest layer of the atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer is the densest?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not a layer of the Earth's atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above the surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: It is warmer at the top

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which layer of the Earth's atmosphere contains charged particles called ions?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The mesosphere is located about 50-80/85 km above Earth's surface

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is not a layer of the Earth's atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: The stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: directly above the troposphere and directly below the mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: The mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: directly below the mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: The troposphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: The mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: The troposphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: The stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: poles

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: The mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: The troposphere

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: The mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: The stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: The mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: The troposphere

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: The mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: thermosphere.

text: The band's sound evolved with the addition of musician Summer Bowman. Her voice lent an ethereal quality to the music on the band's first full-length recording in 1997, Underworld. The dark electronics of the debut EP were still there, but multi-layered with an atmospheric mood and style.

text: The band's sound evolved with the addition of musician Summer Bowman. Her voice lent an

text: ethereal

text: quality to the music on the band's first full-length recording in

text: , Underworld. The dark electronics of the debut EP were still there, but multi-layered with an atmospheric mood and style.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: The dark electronics

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: atmospheric pressure

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: dark electronics

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Underworld

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Underworld

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: orbiting

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earth's surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: atmospheric

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: atmospheric

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Summer Bowman.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: atmospheric mood

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Summer Bowman.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: The dark electronics

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: atmospheric mood

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: atmospheric mood

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: voice

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: Summer Bowman.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The band's sound evolved with the addition of musician Summer Bowman.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Summer Bowman.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Summer Bowman.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Summer Bowman.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Summer Bowman.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Summer Bowman.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Summer Bowman.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Summer Bowman.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Summer Bowman.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Summer Bowman.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Summer Bowman.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Summer Bowman.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Summer Bowman.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Summer Bowman.

text: Rossby waves are strong winds in the upper troposphere. These operate on a global scale and move from West to East (hence being known as Westerlies). The Rossby waves are themselves a different wind speed from what we experience in the lower troposphere.

text: Rossby wave

text: s are strong winds in the upper

text: troposphere

text: . These operate on a global scale and move from West to East (hence being known as

text: Westerlies

text: ). The Rossby waves are themselves a different wind speed from what we experience in the lower

text: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: upper troposphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: upper troposphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: lower troposphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Rossby waves are strong winds in the upper troposphere.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: lower troposphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does not have Rossby waves?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not the cause of meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers does the troposphere rise to?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle: ions, troposphere or lower troposphere?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Why are gas molecules in the exosphere extremely cold?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: upper

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: upper troposphere.

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: upper troposphere.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: upper troposphere.

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: upper troposphere.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: troposphere.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: upper troposphere.

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: winds in the upper troposphere.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: lower troposphere.

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: Rossby waves

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Rossby waves

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: upper troposphere.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: upper troposphere.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: West to East

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Rossby waves

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Rossby waves are strong winds in the upper troposphere.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Rossby waves

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Rossby waves

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: upper troposphere.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Rossby waves are strong winds in the upper troposphere.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Rossby waves

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Rossby waves are strong winds in the upper troposphere.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Rossby waves are strong winds in the upper troposphere.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Rossby waves are strong winds in the upper troposphere.

text: The human population on Earth is expanding rapidly which goes hand in hand with the degradation of the environment at large measures. Humanity's appetite for needs is disarranging the environment's natural equilibrium. Production industries are venting smoke and discharging chemicals that are polluting water resources. The smoke that is emitted into the atmosphere holds detrimental gases such as carbon monoxide and sulfur dioxide. The high levels of pollution in the atmosphere form layers that are eventually absorbed into the atmosphere. Organic compounds such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFC’s) have generated an unwanted opening in the ozone layer, which emits higher levels of ultraviolet radiation putting the globe at large threat.

text: The human population on Earth is expanding rapidly

text: which goes hand in hand with the degradation of the environment at large measures. Humanity's appetite for needs is disarranging the environment's natural equilibrium. Production industries are venting smoke and discharging chemicals that are polluting water resources. The smoke that is emitted into the atmosphere holds detrimental gases such as carbon monoxide and sulfur dioxide. The high levels of pollution in the atmosphere form layers that are eventually absorbed into the atmosphere. Organic compounds such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFC’s) have generated an unwanted opening in the ozone layer, which emits higher levels of ultraviolet radiation putting the globe at large threat.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: pollution levels

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: cold air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: the ozone layer protects the Earth from ultraviolet radiation

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Earth's atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Which of the following is not a source of ultraviolet radiation?

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which of the following is not a layer of the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Which of the following is not a source of heat for the mesosphere?

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of meteors burning up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Which of the following is not a greenhouse gas: carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, or ultraviolet radiation?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Which of the following is not true?

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of ion?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Which of the following is NOT true of the exosphere?

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is not a type of gas?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: high levels of pollution

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: higher levels of ultraviolet radiation

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: carbon monoxide and sulfur dioxide.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: carbon monoxide and sulfur dioxide.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: carbon monoxide and sulfur dioxide.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: carbon monoxide and sulfur dioxide.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: ozone layer, which emits higher levels of ultraviolet radiation

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The human population on Earth

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: carbon monoxide and sulfur dioxide.

text: s from continental ice sheets and alpine glaciers have been developed as temperature proxies since the 1950s. Samuel Epstein was one of the first to demonstrate the applicability of this proxy by measuring oxygen isotopes in Antarctic snow, and also pointed out complications in the stable isotope-temperature correlation caused by the history of the air masses from which the snow formed. Ice cores in Greenland and Antarctica can be thousands of meters thick and record snow isotopic composition of the past few glacial-interglacial cycles. Ice cores can be dated by layer counting on the top and ice flow modeling at depth, with additional age constraints from volcanic ash. Cores from Greenland and Antarctica can be aligned in age at high-resolution by comparing globally well-mixed trace gas (e.g. CH) concentrations in the air bubbles trapped in the cores. Some of the first ice core records from Greenland and Antarctica with age estimates go back to the last 100,000 years, and showed a depletion in δD and δO in the last ice age. The ice core record has since been extended to the last 800,000 years in Antarctica, and at least 250,000 years in Greenland. One of the best δD-based ice core temperature records is from the Vostok ice core in Antarctica, which goes back to 420,000 years. The δD-temperature (of the inversion layer where snow forms) conversion in east Antarctica based on modern spatial gradient of δD (9‰/°C) is ΔT=(ΔδD-8ΔδO)/9, which takes into account variations in seawater isotopic composition caused by global ice volume changes. It should be noted that many local effects can influence ice δD in addition to temperature. These effects include moisture origin and transport pathways, evaporation conditions and precipitation seasonality, which can be accounted for in more complicated models. Nevertheless, the Vostok ice core record shows some very important results: (1) A consistent δD depletion of ~70‰ during the last four glacial periods compared to interglacial times, corresponding to a cooling of 8 °C in Antarctica; (2) A consistent drop of atmospheric CO concentration by 100 ppmv and CH drop by ~300 ppbv during glacial times relative to interglacials, suggesting a role of greenhouse gases in regulating global climate; (3) Antarctic air temperature and greenhouse gas concentration changes precede global ice volume and Greenland air temperature changes during glacial terminations, and greenhouse gases may be an amplifier of insolation forcing during glacial-interglacial cycles. Greenland ice core isotope records, in addition to showing glacial-interglacial cycles, also shows millennial-scale climate oscillations that may reflect reorganization in ocean circulation caused by ice melt charges. There have also been ice core records generated in alpine glacials on different continents. A record from the Andes Mountains in Peru shows a temperature decrease of 5-6 °C in the tropics during the last ice age. A record from the Tibetan plateau shows a similar isotope shift and cooling during the last ice age. Other existing alpine glacial isotope records include Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania, Mount Altai and West Belukha Plateau in Russia, Mount Logan in Canada, the Fremont Glacier in Wyoming, USA, and the Illimani Ice Core in Bolivia, most of which cover an interval of the Holocene epoch.

text: inversion

text: Andes Mountains

text: in Peru shows a temperature decrease of 5-6 °C in the tropics during the last ice age. A record from the Tibetan plateau shows a similar isotope shift and cooling during the last ice age. Other existing alpine glacial isotope records include Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania, Mount Altai and West Belukha Plateau in Russia, Mount Logan in Canada, the Fremont Glacier in Wyoming, USA, and the Illimani Ice Core in Bolivia, most of which cover an interval of the

text: Holocene

text: epoch.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: air in the troposphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: the Vostok ice core record shows some very important results

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Convection currents occur where?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What causes meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: The top of the mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere merges gradually with outer space

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: <unk>O

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: <unk>D depletion of <unk>70<unk>

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: <unk>D-based

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: <unk>D depletion

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: <unk>O in the last ice age.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: <unk>D depletion of <unk>70<unk>

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: interglacial times,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: <unk>D depletion

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: <unk>D

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: <unk>D depletion of <unk>70<unk>

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: <unk>D depletion

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: <unk>D depletion of <unk>70

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: <unk>D depletion of <unk>70

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: <unk>D depletion

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: <unk>D depletion of <unk>70<unk>

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: <unk>D depletion of <unk>70<unk>

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: <unk>D depletion of <unk>70<unk>

text: In late March, the US Air Force Space Command reported that the solar storms of March 7–10 could have temporarily knocked American military satellites offline. NASA also reported that these powerful flares heated the Earth's upper atmosphere with the biggest dose of infrared radiation since 2005. From March 8 to March 10, the thermosphere absorbed 26 billion kWh of energy. Infrared radiation from carbon dioxide and nitric oxide, the two most efficient coolants in the thermosphere, re-radiated 95% of that total back into space.

text: In late March, the US

text: Air Force Space Command

text: reported that the solar storms of March 7–10 could have temporarily knocked American military satellites offline. NASA also reported that these powerful flares heated the Earth's upper atmosphere with the biggest dose of infrared radiation since 2005. From March 8 to March 10, the

text: thermosphere

text: absorbed 26 billion kWh of energy. Infrared radiation from

text: carbon dioxide

text: and

text: nitric oxide

text: , the two most efficient coolants in the thermosphere, re-radiated 95% of that total back into space.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: Earth's upper

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: Earth's upper atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Infrared radiation from carbon dioxide and nitric oxide

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: How many layers of the atmosphere does convection occur in?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earth's surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles: carbon dioxide, nitric oxide, or atoms?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: upper

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: the thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: carbon dioxide and nitric oxide,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: the two most efficient coolants

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: upper atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: thermosphere,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: space.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: 26 billion kWh of energy.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: upper atmosphere with the biggest dose of infrared radiation since 2005.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: carbon dioxide and nitric oxide,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: carbon dioxide and nitric oxide,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: the thermosphere absorbed 26 billion kWh of energy.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: upper atmosphere with the biggest dose of infrared radiation since 2005.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: solar storms

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: the thermosphere absorbed 26 billion kWh of energy.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: thermosphere,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: carbon dioxide and nitric oxide, the two most efficient coolants

text: One of the sources of information about the ionosphere and thermosphere comes from ground-based measurements of the intense mid-infrared (3–4 μm) emissions of the trihydrogen cation (). The total emitted power is 1–2 W—an order of magnitude higher than that the near-infrared hydrogen quadrupole emissions. Trihydrogen cation functions as one of main coolers of the ionosphere.

text: One of the sources of information about the ionosphere and thermosphere comes from ground-based measurements of the intense

text: mid-infrared

text: (3–4 μm) emissions of the

text: trihydrogen cation

text: (). The total emitted power is 1–2 W—an order of magnitude higher than that the

text: near-infrared

text: hydrogen

text: quadrupole

text: emissions. Trihydrogen cation functions as one of main coolers of the ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: trihydrogen cation functions as one of main coolers of the ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: asteroid belt

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: How many layers of the atmosphere are mentioned?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What is one of main coolers of the ionosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earth's surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: What is one of the sources of information about the ionosphere and thermosphere?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: What is one of main coolers of the ionosphere?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: ionosphere and thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: ionosphere and thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: ionosphere and thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: trihydrogen cation

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: 1–2 W—an order of magnitude higher

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: One of the sources of information about the ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: trihydrogen cation

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: trihydrogen cation

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: trihydrogen cation

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: trihydrogen cation

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: trihydrogen cation

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: trihydrogen cation

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: trihydrogen cation

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: trihydrogen cation

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: ionosphere.

text: Polar mesospheric clouds (PMCs) are a diffuse scattering layer of water ice crystals near the summer polar mesopause.

text: Polar mesospheric clouds (PMCs) are a diffuse scattering layer of water ice crystals near the summer polar

text: mesopause

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: mesopause

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: mesopause

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: mesopause

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: mesopause

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: mesopause

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: water vapor

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: mesopause

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The ozone layer protects humans from harmful ultraviolet rays.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: polar regions

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: mesopause

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which of the following is not a layer of the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: The answer: the stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not an example of a diffuse scattering layer of water ice crystals near the summer polar mesopause?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earth's surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of ion?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere merges gradually with outer space

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is not true?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: Polar mesospheric clouds

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: Polar mesospheric clouds

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: polar mesopause.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: Polar mesospheric clouds

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: polar mesopause.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: polar mesopause.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: Polar mesospheric clouds

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: water ice crystals

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: polar mesopause.

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: water

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Polar mesospheric clouds

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: polar mesopause.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: polar mesopause.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Polar mesospheric clouds

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Polar mesospheric clouds

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Polar mesospheric clouds

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Polar mesospheric clouds

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Polar mesospheric clouds

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Polar mesospheric clouds

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: polar mesopause.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Polar mesospheric clouds

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Polar mesospheric clouds

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: polar mesopause.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: polar mesopause.

text: Based on the results of the 1968 Kansas experiment, the following universal functions are determined for horizontal mean flow and mean virtual potential temperature,<ref name=b71>{{cite journal|last=Businger|first=J. A.|author-link1=Joost Businger|author2=J. C. Wyngaard |author3=Y. Izumi |author4=E. F. Bradley |title=Flux-profile relationships in the atmospheric surface layer|journal=Journal of The Atmospheric Sciences|date=1971|volume=28|pages=181–189|bibcode = 1971JAtS...28..181B |doi = 10.1175/1520-0469(1971)028

text: Based on the results of the 1968 Kansas experiment, the following universal functions are determined for horizontal mean flow and mean virtual potential temperature,<ref name=b71>{{cite journal|last=Businger|first=J. A.|author-link1=Joost Businger|author2=J. C. Wyngaard |author3=Y. Izumi |author4=E. F. Bradley |title=Flux-profile relationships in the atmospheric surface layer|journal=Journal of The Atmospheric Sciences|date=1971|volume=28|pages=181–189|bibcode = 1971JAtS...28..181B |doi = 10.1175/1520-0469(1971)028

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: surface layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: surface layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: surface layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: The boundary between the stratosphere and mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: surface layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: surface layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: surface temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: surface layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: cold air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: the universal functions are determined for horizontal mean flow

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Kansas experiment

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: surface layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: ref name=b71> cite journal|last=Businger|first=J. A.|author-link1=Joost Businger|author2=J. C. Wyngaard|author3=Y. Izumi|author4=E. F. Bradley|journal|Journal of The Atmospheric Sciences|date=1971|volume=28|pages=181–189|bibcode= 1971JAtS...28..181B|doi=10.1175/1520-0469(1971)028;

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Convection currents occur in all five layers of the atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: The stratosphere is the layer of air that surrounds the Earth.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Friction with gas molecules causes meteors to burn up in the atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: The troposphere rises to about 50 kilometers

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: The top of the mesosphere is warmer than the bottom.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: The aurora borealis occurs because of storms

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: The thermosphere contains charged particles called ions

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere merges gradually with outer space.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: The gas molecules in the exosphere are extremely hot.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: surface layer|journal=Journal

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: surface layer|journal=Journal

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: atmospheric surface layer|journal=Journal

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: surface layer|journal=Journal

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: atmospheric surface layer|journal=Journal

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: surface layer|journal=Journal

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: atmospheric surface layer|journal=Journal

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: surface layer|journal=Journal

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: surface layer|journal=Journal

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: atmospheric surface layer|journal=Journal

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: 1968 Kansas experiment,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: atmospheric surface layer|journal=Journal

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: atmospheric surface layer|journal=Journal

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Businger|author2=J. C. Wyngaard

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: |title=Flux-profile relationships in the atmospheric surface layer|journal=Journal

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: atmospheric surface layer|journal=Journal

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: |title=Flux-profile relationships in the atmospheric surface layer|journal=Journal

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: |title=Flux-profile relationships in the atmospheric surface layer|journal=Journal

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: |title=Flux-profile relationships in the atmospheric surface layer|journal=Journal

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: |title=Flux-profile relationships in the atmospheric surface layer|journal=Journal

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Businger|author2=J. C. Wyngaard

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: |title=Flux-profile relationships in the atmospheric surface layer|journal=Journal

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: atmospheric surface layer|journal=Journal

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: |title=Flux-profile relationships in the atmospheric surface layer|journal=Journal

text: Temperature effect: A fog can be caused by a temperature inversion where cold air is pooled at the surface which helped to create the fog, while warmer air sits above it. The inverted boundary between cold air and warm air reflects sound waves back toward the ground, allowing sound that would normally radiate out escaping into the upper atmosphere to instead bounce back and travel near the surface. A temperature inversion increases the distance that lower frequency sounds can travel, by reflecting the sound between the ground and the inversion layer.

text: Temperature effect: A fog can be caused by a

text: temperature inversion

text: where cold air is pooled at the surface which helped to create the fog, while warmer air sits above it. The inverted boundary between cold air and warm air reflects sound waves back toward the ground, allowing sound that would normally radiate out escaping into the upper atmosphere to instead bounce back and travel near the surface. A temperature inversion increases the distance that lower frequency sounds can travel, by reflecting the sound between the ground and the inversion layer.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: upper atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: upper atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: inverted boundary

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: upper atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: inverted boundary

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: the inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: upper atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ground

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Fog can be caused by a temperature inversion

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: upper atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: upper atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: How does the troposphere get its heat?

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does not have convection currents?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: where is the stratosphere?

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What causes meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How high does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Why is the top warmer than the bottom?

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of charged particles?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The exosphere is the outermost layer of the atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is not a type of gas?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: inversion layer.

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: inversion layer.

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: The inverted boundary between cold air and warm air

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: inversion layer.

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: cold air and warm air

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: inversion layer.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: inversion layer.

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: Temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ground and the inversion layer.

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: escaping into the upper atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: upper atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: surface

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: upper atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: warmer air

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: temperature inversion

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: warmer air

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: temperature inversion

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: upper atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: warmer air

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: temperature inversion

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: upper atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: upper atmosphere

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: cold air

text: Humans with light skin pigmentation living in low sunlight environments experience increased vitamin D synthesis compared to humans with dark skin pigmentation due to the ability to absorb more sunlight. Almost every part of the human body, including the skeleton, the immune system, and brain requires vitamin D. Sunlight is necessary for the production of vitamin D. Vitamin D production in the skin begins when UV radiation penetrates the skin and interacts with a cholesterol-like molecule produce pre-vitamin D3. This reaction only occurs in the presence of medium length UVR, UVB. Most of the UVB and UVC rays are destroyed or reflected by ozone, oxygen, and dust in the atmosphere. UVB reaches the Earth’s surface in the highest amounts when its path is straight and goes through a little layer of atmosphere.

text: Humans with light skin pigmentation living in low sunlight environments experience increased

text: vitamin D

text: synthesis compared to humans with dark skin pigmentation due to the ability to absorb more sunlight. Almost every part of the human body, including the skeleton, the immune system, and brain requires vitamin D. Sunlight is necessary for the production of vitamin D. Vitamin D production in the skin begins when UV radiation penetrates the skin and interacts with a cholesterol-like molecule produce pre-vitamin D3. This reaction only occurs in the presence of medium length UVR, UVB. Most of the UVB and UVC rays are destroyed or reflected by ozone, oxygen, and dust in the atmosphere. UVB reaches the Earth’s surface in the highest amounts when its path is straight and goes through a little layer of atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Earth’s surface

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: UVB

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Most of the UVB and UVC rays are destroyed or reflected by ozone

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Earth.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Earth’s surface

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which of the following is not a layer of atmosphere: ozone, oxygen, or dust?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earths surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Why is the top of the mesosphere warmer

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of ions: ozone, oxygen, or dust?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is not a type of gas?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: UVB

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: UVB

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: sunlight.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: UVB

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: sunlight.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: UVB

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: UVB

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: ozone, oxygen, and dust

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: UVB

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: sunlight.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: ozone,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Humans with light skin pigmentation

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: ozone, oxygen, and dust

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: straight

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: ozone, oxygen, and dust

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: little layer

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: UVB and UVC rays

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: ozone, oxygen, and dust

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: ozone, oxygen, and dust

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: sunlight.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: UVB.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: ozone, oxygen, and dust

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: UVB reaches the Earth’s surface

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: sunlight.

text: The largest-amplitude atmospheric tides are mostly generated in the troposphere and stratosphere when the atmosphere is periodically heated as water vapour and ozone absorb solar radiation during the day. The tides generated are then able to propagate away from these source regions and ascend into the mesosphere and thermosphere. Atmospheric tides can be measured as regular fluctuations in wind, temperature, density and pressure. Although atmospheric tides share much in common with ocean tides they have two key distinguishing features:

text: The largest-amplitude atmospheric tides are mostly generated in the

text: troposphere

text: and

text: stratosphere

text: when the atmosphere is periodically heated as water vapour and ozone absorb solar radiation during the day. The tides generated are then able to propagate away from these source regions and ascend into the

text: mesosphere

text: and

text: thermosphere

text: . Atmospheric tides can be measured as regular fluctuations in wind, temperature, density and pressure. Although atmospheric tides share much in common with ocean tides they have two key distinguishing features:

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air in the stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: atmospheric tides can be measured as regular fluctuations in wind, temperature, density and pressure

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: The largest-amplitude atmospheric tides are mostly generated in

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: What does friction with gas molecules cause meteors to do in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How high does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: The troposphere

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which is not a key distinguishing feature of atmospheric tides?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is not a key distinguishing feature?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: mesosphere and thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: solar radiation

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: heated

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: absorb solar radiation during the day.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Atmospheric tides

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: mesosphere and thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: atmospheric tides share much in common with ocean tides

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: water vapour and ozone absorb solar radiation

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Atmospheric tides

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Atmospheric tides

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: atmospheric tides share much in common with ocean tides

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Atmospheric tides

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Atmospheric tides

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Atmospheric tides

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Atmospheric tides

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: atmospheric tides

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: atmospheric tides

text: Atmospheres have dramatic effects on the surfaces of rocky bodies. Objects that have no atmosphere, or that have only an exosphere, have terrain that is covered in craters. Without an atmosphere, the planet  has no protection from meteors, and all of them collide with the surface and create craters.

text: Atmospheres have dramatic effects on the surfaces of rocky bodies. Objects that have no atmosphere, or that have only an exosphere, have terrain that is covered in

text: craters

text: . Without an atmosphere, the planet  has no protection from

text: meteors

text: , and all of them collide with the surface and create craters.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: Earth's mass

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: It protects the planet from meteors.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does not have convection currents?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not a type of gas?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: how high does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: It is colder.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: exosphere,

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: exosphere,

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: Atmospheres

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: exosphere,

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: exosphere,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: exosphere,

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: exosphere,

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: exosphere,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: exosphere,

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: meteors,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: craters. Without an atmosphere, the planet has no protection from meteors,

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Atmospheres have dramatic effects on the surfaces of rocky bodies.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: exosphere,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: exosphere,

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Atmospheres have dramatic effects on the surfaces of rocky bodies.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: exosphere,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Atmospheres

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: meteors,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Atmospheres have dramatic effects on the surfaces of rocky bodies.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: exosphere,

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: meteors,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Atmospheres have dramatic effects on the surfaces of rocky bodies.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: exosphere,

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Atmospheres have dramatic effects on the surfaces of rocky bodies.

text: The severity of the Blizzard of 2003 can be attributed to the unusually favorable atmospheric conditions surrounding the storm (synoptic conditions). Most notably, the storm allowed for cyclogenesis off of the coastal Carolinas, a feature that is common to most major winter storms in the eastern parts of North America. This secondary system fed off the moisture of the Atlantic Ocean and enhanced precipitation totals from North Carolina to Massachusetts. Secondly, a high pressure system was in place over eastern portions of Canada, allowing for cold air to be brought down into the coastal areas in a process known as cold air advection. This cold air ensured that many areas where storms typically produce mixed precipitation received most or all precipitation in the form of snow.

text: The severity of the Blizzard of 2003 can be attributed to the unusually favorable atmospheric conditions surrounding the storm (

text: synoptic

text: conditions). Most notably, the storm allowed for

text: cyclogenesis

text: off of the coastal

text: Carolinas

text: , a feature that is common to most major winter storms in the eastern parts of

text: North America

text: . This secondary system fed off the moisture of the

text: Atlantic Ocean

text: and enhanced precipitation totals from

text: North Carolina

text: to

text: Massachusetts

text: . Secondly, a

text: high pressure

text: system was in place over eastern portions of

text: Canada

text: , allowing for cold air to be brought down into the coastal areas in a process known as cold air advection. This cold air ensured that many areas where storms typically produce mixed precipitation received most or all precipitation in the form of snow.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: synoptic conditions

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: cold air

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: pressure

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Atlantic Ocean

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: cold air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: the storm allowed for cyclogenesis off of the coastal Carolinas

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: cold air

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: cold air

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does cold air advection occur?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How high does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle: charged particles or ions?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: (synoptic

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: (synoptic

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: (synoptic conditions).

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: (synoptic

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: (synoptic conditions).

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: cold air

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: (synoptic

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: pressure

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: (synoptic conditions).

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: cold air advection.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: common to most major winter storms in the eastern parts of North America.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: cold air advection.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: eastern portions of Canada,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Atlantic Ocean

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: cold air advection.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: cold air advection.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: cold air advection.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: cold air advection.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: cold air advection.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: cold air

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: cyclogenesis

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: cold air advection.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: cold air advection.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: cold air advection.

text: Sudden changes in the atmosphere's vertical moisture content and temperature profiles can on random occasions make microwave and UHF & VHF signals propagate hundreds of kilometers up to about 2,000 kilometers (1,300 mi)—and for ducting mode even farther—beyond the normal radio-horizon. The inversion layer is mostly observed over high pressure regions, but there are several tropospheric weather conditions which create these randomly occurring propagation modes. Inversion layer's altitude for non-ducting is typically found between 100 meters (300 ft) to about 1 kilometer (3,000 ft) and for ducting about 500 meters to 3 kilometers (1,600 to 10,000 ft), and the duration of the events are typically from several hours up to several days. Higher frequencies experience the most dramatic increase of signal strengths, while on low-VHF and HF the effect is negligible. Propagation path attenuation may be below free-space loss. Some of the lesser inversion types related to warm ground and cooler air moisture content occur regularly at certain times of the year and time of day. A typical example could be the late summer, early morning tropospheric enhancements that bring in signals from distances up to few hundred kilometers for a couple of hours, until undone by the Sun's warming effect.

text: Sudden changes in the atmosphere's vertical moisture content and temperature profiles can on random occasions make

text: microwave

text: and

text: UHF

text: VHF

text: signals propagate hundreds of kilometers up to about 2,000 kilometers (1,300 mi)—and for ducting mode even farther—beyond the normal radio-horizon. The

text: inversion layer

text: is mostly observed over high pressure regions, but there are several tropospheric weather conditions which create these randomly occurring propagation modes. Inversion layer's altitude for non-ducting is typically found between 100 meters (300 ft) to about 1 kilometer (3,000 ft) and for ducting about 500 meters to 3 kilometers (1,600 to 10,000 ft), and the duration of the events are typically from several hours up to several days. Higher frequencies experience the most dramatic increase of signal strengths, while on low-VHF and HF the effect is negligible. Propagation path attenuation may be below free-space loss. Some of the lesser inversion types related to warm ground and cooler air moisture content occur regularly at certain times of the year and time of day. A typical example could be the late summer, early morning tropospheric enhancements that bring in signals from distances up to few hundred kilometers for a couple of hours, until undone by the Sun's warming effect.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: The inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: The inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: higher frequencies experience the most dramatic increase of signal strengths

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: The top of the mesosphere is warmer than the bottom

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: The inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: The inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: vertical moisture content and temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm ground

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Inversion layer's

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: free-space

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Sun's warming effect.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: The inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: The inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: The inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: 2,000 kilometers

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: warm ground and cooler air moisture content

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: tropospheric weather conditions

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: The inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: inversion layer

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: cooler air moisture content

text: Exosphere's next race was the Roman Consul Stakes. Entering the straight 10 lengths behind the leader, he won by 3 lengths, breaking the race record by over half a second. Exosphere had one more race, where he failed to place, before being spelled.

text: Exosphere's next race was the

text: Roman Consul Stakes

text: . Entering the straight 10 lengths behind the leader, he won by 3 lengths, breaking the race record by over half a second. Exosphere had one more race, where he failed to place, before being spelled.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: Exosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: Exosphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Roman Consul Stakes

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: Exosphere's next race was the Roman Consul Stakes.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: air

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Exosphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not a reason for meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earth's surface does the troposphere rise?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: It is colder

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of particle: charged particles or ions?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: What does Exosphere mean?

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: Exosphere's

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: Exosphere's

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: 10 lengths

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: Exosphere's

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: 10 lengths

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: Exosphere's

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: Exosphere's

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: 10 lengths

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: Exosphere's

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: Exosphere's next race was the Roman Consul Stakes.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: breaking the race record by over half a second.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: Exosphere's

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: Exosphere's

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: 10 lengths

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: Exosphere's next race was the Roman Consul Stakes.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Exosphere's

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: Exosphere's next race was the Roman Consul Stakes.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Exosphere's next race was the Roman Consul Stakes.

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Exosphere's next race was the Roman Consul Stakes.

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: 3 lengths, breaking the race record by over half a second.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Exosphere's next race was the Roman Consul Stakes.

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Exosphere's

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Exosphere's next race was the Roman Consul Stakes.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: breaking the race record by over half a second.

text: The tropopause is the boundary in the Earth's atmosphere between the troposphere and the stratosphere.

text: The tropopause is the boundary in the

text: Earth's atmosphere

text: between the

text: troposphere

text: and the

text: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: The tropopause

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: The tropopause

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The tropopause is the boundary between the troposphere and the stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: Earth's orbit.

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: It is impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: Which layer of the atmosphere does not have convection currents?

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not a type of gas?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How high is the tropopause?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: The top of the troposphere is colder than the bottom.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: it is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of ion?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The tropopause is the boundary between the troposphere and the stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: What is the difference between the troposphere and the stratosphere?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: The tropopause

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: The tropopause

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: troposphere and the stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: The tropopause

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: The tropopause

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: The tropopause

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: The tropopause

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: The tropopause

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: The tropopause

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: The tropopause

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: The tropopause

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: The tropopause

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: The tropopause

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: The tropopause

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: The tropopause

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: The tropopause

text: Temperature inversions occur most frequently along coastal areas bordering large bodies of water. This is the result of natural onshore movement of cool, humid air shortly after sunset when the ground air cools more quickly than the upper air layers. The same action may take place in the morning when the rising sun warms the upper layers.

text: Temperature inversions occur most frequently along coastal areas bordering large bodies of water. This is the result of natural onshore movement of cool, humid air shortly after sunset when the ground air cools more quickly than the upper air layers. The same action may take place in the morning when the rising sun warms the upper layers.

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: upper air layers

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: upper air layers

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: upper air layers

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ground air

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: upper air layers

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ground air

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: ground air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: There is no ozone in the atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: coastal areas

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: upper air layers

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of meteors to burn up in the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How many kilometers above Earth's surface is the troposphere?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: Which of the following is not a type of ion?

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: Which of the following is not a type of gas?

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: upper air layers.

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: upper air layers.

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: the ground air cools more quickly than the upper air layers.

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: upper air layers.

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: upper air layers.

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ground air

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: upper air layers.

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: upper air layers.

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ground air

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: upper air layers.

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: the rising sun warms the upper layers.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: the ground air cools more quickly than the upper air layers.

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: along coastal areas bordering large bodies of water.

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: sun

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: the rising sun warms the upper layers.

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: upper air layers.

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: the rising sun warms the upper layers.

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: Temperature inversions

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: Temperature inversions occur most frequently along coastal areas

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: the rising sun warms the upper layers.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: Temperature inversions

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: upper air layers.

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: Temperature inversions

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: upper air layers.

text: Some researchers believe, however, that the proposed lack of an ozone layer, as expected during periods of low concentrations of atmospheric oxygen, in combination with lower solar intensity during that time period should have precluded the absence of glaciation without an intense greenhouse effect.

text: Some researchers believe, however, that the proposed lack of an

text: ozone layer

text: , as expected during periods of low concentrations of atmospheric oxygen, in combination with lower solar intensity during that time period should have precluded the absence of glaciation without an intense

text: greenhouse effect

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: oxygen levels

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: cold air

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: the absence of glaciation without an intense greenhouse effect.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: glaciers

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: lower solar intensity

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: How high is the troposphere?

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000945

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_000946

answers: no

answers: NDQ_000916

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000917

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000918

answers: ozone layer, as expected during periods of low concentrations of atmospheric oxygen,

answers: NDQ_000919

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000920

answers: ozone layer, as expected during periods of low concentrations of atmospheric oxygen,

answers: NDQ_000921

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000922

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000930

answers: oxygen,

answers: NDQ_000931

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_000932

answers: atmospheric oxygen,

answers: NDQ_000933

answers: glaciation without an intense greenhouse effect.

answers: NDQ_000934

answers: ozone layer, as expected during periods of low concentrations of atmospheric oxygen,

answers: NDQ_000935

answers: periods of low concentrations of atmospheric oxygen,

answers: NDQ_000936

answers: solar intensity

answers: NDQ_000937

answers: lower solar intensity

answers: NDQ_000938

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_000939

answers: ozone layer, as expected during periods of low concentrations of atmospheric oxygen,

answers: NDQ_000940

answers: ozone layer, as expected during periods of low concentrations of atmospheric oxygen,

answers: NDQ_000941

answers: ozone layer, as expected during periods of low concentrations of atmospheric oxygen,

answers: NDQ_000942

answers: greenhouse effect.

answers: NDQ_000943

answers: low concentrations of atmospheric oxygen,

answers: NDQ_000944

answers: ozone layer, as expected during periods of low concentrations of atmospheric oxygen,