text: Recent air pollution research in Canada and other jurisdictions was summarized by Health Canada in October 2003  in its report Human Health Effects of Fine Particulate Matter, which has informed standards-setting deliberations of the CCME. Research in British Columbia has been ongoing since at least 1990 . The BC Lung Association has commissioned work in this field, including a 2003 analysis by Dr. David Bates and others, Health and Air Quality 2002—Phase 1. The second phase of this report was to deal with health effects of fine particulates in northern BC communities, where biomass combustion is arguably the most important source. Ray Copes and Catherine Elliott estimated mortality in northern BC in their report

text: Recent air pollution research in Canada and other

entity_name: Jurisdiction

text: jurisdiction

text: s was summarized by

entity_name: Health Canada

text: Health Canada

text: in October 2003  in its report Human Health Effects of Fine Particulate Matter, which has informed standards-setting deliberations of the

entity_name: Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment

text: CCME

text: . Research in British Columbia has been ongoing since at least 1990 . The BC Lung Association has commissioned work in this field, including a 2003 analysis by Dr. David Bates and others, Health and Air Quality 2002—Phase 1. The second phase of this report was to deal with health effects of fine particulates in northern BC communities, where

entity_name: Biofuel

text: biomass combustion

text: is arguably the most important source. Ray Copes and Catherine Elliott estimated mortality in northern BC in their report

method: ICT-DRMMTKS

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: biomass combustion

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: particulates

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: biomass combustion

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: fine particulates

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: Nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: particulates

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: biomass combustion

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Biomass combustion

answer_match: Using FLAN-T5-Large with this prompt: For the question "{question}" the correct answer is "{correct_answer}". Is "{answer}" an equally correct response to this question? Answer yes or no.

orig_prompt_class: QuestionPromptWithChoices

prompt_style: context: question:

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: biomass combustion

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: biomass combustion

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: biomass combustion

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: fine particulates

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: biomass combustion

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: biomass combustion

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: biomass combustion

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: biomass combustion

text: Research has demonstrated increased risk of developing asthma and COPD from increased exposure to traffic-related air pollution. Additionally, air pollution has been associated with increased hospitalization and mortality from asthma and COPD.

text: Research has demonstrated increased risk of developing asthma and COPD from increased exposure to traffic-related air pollution. Additionally, air pollution has been associated with increased hospitalization and mortality from asthma and COPD.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: traffic

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: traffic

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: increase asthma and COPD

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: traffic-related air pollution.

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: traffic-related air pollution.

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: traffic-related

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: traffic-related air pollution.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: traffic-related air pollution.

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: traffic-related air pollution.

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: air pollution.

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: traffic-related air pollution.

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: traffic-related air pollution.

text: The three fossil fuel types are coal, petroleum and natural gas. It was estimated by the Energy Information Administration that in 2006 primary sources of energy consisted of petroleum 36.8%, coal 26.6%, natural gas 22.9%, amounting to an 86% share for fossil fuels in primary energy production in the world.

text: The three

entity_name: Fossil fuel

text: fossil fuel

text: types are

entity_name: Coal

text: coal

entity_name: Petroleum

text: petroleum

text: and

entity_name: Natural gas

text: natural gas

text: . It was estimated by the

entity_name: Energy Information Administration

text: Energy Information Administration

text: that in 2006 primary sources of energy consisted of petroleum 36.8%, coal 26.6%, natural gas 22.9%, amounting to an 86% share for fossil fuels in primary energy production in the world.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: natural gas

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: natural gas

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: coal,

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: coal,

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: primary energy production in the world.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: coal,

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: The three fossil fuel types are coal,

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: fossil fuel

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: fossil fuel types are coal, petroleum and natural gas.

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: coal,

text: Emissions from bunker fuel burning in ships contribute to air pollution levels in many port cities, especially where the emissions from industry and road traffic have been controlled. The switch of auxiliary engines from heavy fuel oil to diesel oil at berth can result in large emission reductions, especially for SO and PM. CO emissions from bunker fuels sold are not added to national GHG emissions. For small countries with large international ports, there is an important difference between the emissions in territorial waters and the total emissions of the fuel sold.

text: Emissions from bunker fuel burning in ships contribute to

entity_name: Air pollution

text: air pollution

text: levels in many port cities, especially where the emissions from industry and road traffic have been controlled. The switch of auxiliary engines from heavy fuel oil to diesel oil at berth can result in large emission reductions, especially for

entity_name: Sulfur dioxide

text: SO

text: and

entity_name: Particulates

text: PM

entity_name: Carbon dioxide

text: CO

text: emissions from bunker fuels sold are not added to national GHG emissions. For small countries with large international ports, there is an important difference between the emissions in territorial waters and the total emissions of the fuel sold.

method: Bert-ConvKNRM

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: industry and road traffic

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: emissions

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: industry

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollution levels

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: bunker fuel burning

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: industry and road traffic

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: CO emissions

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: industry and road traffic

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: CO

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: SO and PM.

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: CO

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: bunker fuel burning in ships

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: SO and PM.

text: Human activities have a major effect on the global sulfur cycle.  The burning of coal, natural gas, and other fossil fuels has greatly increased the amount of S in the atmosphere and ocean and depleted the sedimentary rock sink.  Without human impact sulfur would stay tied up in rocks for millions of years until it was uplifted through tectonic events and then released through erosion and weathering processes.  Instead it is being drilled, pumped and burned at a steadily increasing rate.  Over the most polluted areas there has been a 30-fold increase in sulfate deposition.   	Although the sulfur curve shows shifts between net sulfur oxidation and net sulfur reduction in the geologic past, the magnitude of the current human impact is probably unprecedented in the geologic record.  Human activities greatly increase the flux of sulfur to the atmosphere, some of which is transported globally.  Humans are mining coal and extracting petroleum from the Earth's crust at a rate that mobilizes 150 x 10 gS/yr, which is more than double the rate of 100 years ago.  The result of human impact on these processes is to increase the pool of oxidized sulfur (SO) in the global cycle, at the expense of the storage of reduced sulfur in the Earth's crust.  Therefore, human activities do not cause a major change in the global pools of S, but they do produce massive changes in the annual flux of S through the atmosphere.	When SO is emitted as an air pollutant, it forms sulfuric acid through reactions with water in the atmosphere.  Once the acid is completely dissociated in water the pH can drop to 4.3 or lower causing damage to both man-made and natural systems.  According to the EPA, acid rain is a broad term referring to a mixture of wet and dry deposition (deposited material) from the atmosphere containing higher than normal amounts of nitric and sulfuric acids.  Distilled water (water without any dissolved constituents), which contains no carbon dioxide, has a neutral pH of 7.  Rain naturally has a slightly acidic pH of 5.6, because carbon dioxide and water in the air react together to form carbonic acid, a very weak acid. Around Washington, D.C., however, the average rain pH is between 4.2 and 4.4.  Since pH is on a log scale dropping by 1 (the difference between normal rain water and acid rain) has a dramatic effect on the strength of the acid.  In the United States, roughly 2/3 of all SO and 1/4 of all NO come from electric power generation that relies on burning fossil fuels, like coal.

text: Human activities have a major effect on the global sulfur cycle.  The burning of

text: coal

text: natural gas

text: , and other

text: fossil fuel

text: s has greatly increased the amount of S in the atmosphere and ocean and depleted the sedimentary rock sink.  Without human impact sulfur would stay tied up in rocks for millions of years until it was uplifted through

entity_name: Tectonics

text: tectonic

text: events and then released through

entity_name: Erosion

text: erosion

text: and

entity_name: Weathering

text: weathering

text: processes.  Instead it is being drilled, pumped and burned at a steadily increasing rate.  Over the most polluted areas there has been a 30-fold increase in sulfate deposition.   	Although the sulfur curve shows shifts between net sulfur oxidation and net sulfur reduction in the geologic past, the magnitude of the current human impact is probably unprecedented in the geologic record.  Human activities greatly increase the flux of sulfur to the

entity_name: Atmosphere

text: atmosphere

text: , some of which is transported globally.  Humans are mining coal and extracting petroleum from the

entity_name: Crust (geology)

text: Earth's crust

text: at a rate that mobilizes 150 x 10 gS/yr, which is more than double the rate of 100 years ago.  The result of human impact on these processes is to increase the pool of oxidized sulfur (SO) in the global cycle, at the expense of the storage of reduced sulfur in the Earth's crust.  Therefore, human activities do not cause a major change in the global pools of S, but they do produce massive changes in the annual flux of S through the atmosphere.	When SO is emitted as an air pollutant, it forms

entity_name: Sulfuric acid

text: sulfuric acid

text: through reactions with water in the atmosphere.  Once the acid is completely dissociated in water the

entity_name: PH

text: pH

text: can drop to 4.3 or lower causing damage to both man-made and natural systems.  According to the EPA,

entity_name: Acid rain

text: acid rain

text: is a broad term referring to a mixture of wet and dry deposition (deposited material) from the atmosphere containing higher than normal amounts of nitric and sulfuric acids.  Distilled water (water without any dissolved constituents), which contains no

text: carbon dioxide

text: , has a neutral pH of 7.  Rain naturally has a slightly acidic pH of 5.6, because carbon dioxide and water in the air react together to form carbonic acid, a very weak acid. Around Washington, D.C., however, the average rain pH is between 4.2 and 4.4.  Since pH is on a log scale dropping by 1 (the difference between normal rain water and acid rain) has a dramatic effect on the strength of the acid.  In the United States, roughly 2/3 of all SO and 1/4 of all NO come from electric power generation that relies on burning fossil fuels, like coal.

method: UNH-qee

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: human activities

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: cause damage to both man-made and natural systems

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: sulfuric acid

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burning fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: human activities greatly increase the flux of sulfur to the atmosphere, some of which is transported globally

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: human activities

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: SO is emitted as an air pollutant,

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: human activities

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: sulfuric acid

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: oxidized sulfur

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: 5.6,

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: oxidized sulfur

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: The burning of coal, natural gas, and other fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: 5.6,

text: The wet-bulb temperature is the temperature a parcel of air would have if it were cooled to saturation (100% relative humidity) by the evaporation of water into it, with the  latent heat being supplied by the parcel. A wet-bulb thermometer will indicate a temperature close to the true (thermodynamic) wet-bulb temperature. The wet-bulb temperature is the lowest temperature that can be reached under current ambient conditions by the evaporation of water only. Wet-bulb temperature is largely determined by both actual air temperature (dry-bulb temperature) and the amount of moisture in the air (humidity). At 100% relative humidity, the wet-bulb temperature equals the dry-bulb temperature.

text: The wet-bulb temperature is the

entity_name: Temperature

text: temperature

text: a parcel of air would have if it were cooled to saturation (100%

entity_name: Relative humidity

text: relative humidity

text: ) by the

entity_name: Evaporation

text: evaporation

text: of water into it, with the

entity_name: Latent heat

text: latent heat

text: being supplied by the parcel. A

entity_name: Wet-bulb temperature

entity_section: Temperature reading of wet-bulb thermometer

text: wet-bulb thermometer

text: will indicate a temperature close to the true (thermodynamic) wet-bulb temperature. The wet-bulb temperature is the lowest temperature that can be reached under current

entity_name: Ambient pressure

text: ambient conditions

text: by the evaporation of water only. Wet-bulb temperature is largely determined by both actual air temperature (

entity_name: Dry-bulb temperature

text: dry-bulb temperature

text: ) and the amount of moisture in the air (

entity_name: Humidity

text: humidity

text: ). At 100%

text: relative humidity

text: , the wet-bulb temperature equals the dry-bulb temperature.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: indoors

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: emissions

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: urban areas

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: wet-bulb

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: Nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Wet-bulb temperature

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: water

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: heat

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: water

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: latent heat

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: The wet-bulb temperature

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: The wet-bulb temperature

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: heat

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: evaporation of water

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: The wet-bulb temperature

text: There are many different types of pollution-related diseases, including those caused by air pollution, contaminated soil and water, sanitation and hygiene.

text: There are many different types of pollution-related diseases, including those caused by air pollution, contaminated soil and water, sanitation and hygiene.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: contaminated soil

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: cause pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: contaminated soil and water,

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air pollution,

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: contaminated soil and water,

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: contaminated soil and water,

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: air pollution,

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: air pollution,

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: air pollution,

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: air pollution,

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: contaminated soil and water,

text: According to Scorecard.org, which integrates data from different sources including the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), in 2002, Rockland County ranked among the worst 10% in the United States in terms of air releases. Recent EPA statistics show that a total of 66 facilities active today in Rockland County are currently regulated. In Scorecard's list of Top 10 polluters from 2002, the Lovett generating station, located in Tompkins Cove, is the top polluter, releasing 1,523,339 pounds of toxic emissions into the air. Two studies, one in 2000 and the other in 2004, were issued by the Clean Air Task Force to study the impacts of power plant emissions in the United States. Data specific for Rockland county shows that a total of $2,150,800 was paid in compensation for numerous illnesses caused by power plant pollution, including asthma attacks, heart attacks and death. Prior to 2014 the Lovett generating station was closed and dismantled.  It no longer exists.

text: According to Scorecard.org, which integrates data from different sources including the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), in 2002, Rockland County ranked among the worst 10% in the United States in terms of air releases. Recent EPA statistics show that a total of 66 facilities active today in Rockland County are currently regulated. In Scorecard's list of Top 10 polluters from 2002, the Lovett generating station, located in Tompkins Cove, is the top polluter, releasing 1,523,339 pounds of toxic emissions into the air. Two studies, one in 2000 and the other in 2004, were issued by the Clean Air Task Force to study the impacts of power plant emissions in the United States. Data specific for Rockland county shows that a total of $2,150,800 was paid in compensation for numerous illnesses caused by power plant pollution, including asthma attacks, heart attacks and death. Prior to 2014 the Lovett generating station was closed and dismantled.  It no longer exists.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: power plant emissions

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: toxic emissions

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: power plant emissions

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: toxic emissions

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: toxic emissions

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: generating station

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: slash-and-burn

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: Lovett generating station,

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: toxic emissions

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: power plant

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: illnesses caused by power plant pollution,

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: asthma attacks, heart attacks and death.

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: 1,523,339 pounds of toxic emissions

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: toxic emissions

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: power plant

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: power plant pollution,

text: Evaporation involves two basic processes: a hot source material evaporates and condenses on the substrate.  It resembles the familiar process by which liquid water appears on the lid of a boiling pot.  However, the gaseous environment and heat source (see "Equipment" below) are different.

text: Evaporation involves two basic processes: a hot source material evaporates and condenses on the substrate.  It resembles the familiar process by which liquid water appears on the lid of a boiling pot.  However, the gaseous environment and heat source (see "Equipment" below) are different.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: gaseous environment

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: gases

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: condensate

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: Evaporation

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: gaseous environment

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: heat source

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: Evaporation

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: Evaporation

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: gaseous environment

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Evaporation

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: Evaporation

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: Evaporation

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Evaporation

text: In contrast, the UCS-led petition contains specific recommendations: "We must, for example, move away from fossil fuels to more benign, inexhaustible energy sources to cut greenhouse gas emissions and the pollution of our air and water.  ...  We must stabilize population."

text: In contrast, the UCS-led

entity_name: Petition

text: petition

text: contains specific recommendations: "We must, for example, move away from

text: fossil fuels

text: to more benign, inexhaustible

entity_name: Energy

text: energy

text: sources to cut

entity_name: Greenhouse gas

text: greenhouse gas

entity_section: Greenhouse gas emissions

text: emissions

text: and the

entity_name: Pollution

text: pollution

text: of our

text: air

text: and

entity_name: Water pollution

text: water

text: .  ...  We must stabilize population."

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: greenhouse gases

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: pollute

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: greenhouse gases

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: greenhouse gas emissions

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: pollution of our air and water....

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: greenhouse gas

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: pollution of our air and water....

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: greenhouse gas emissions and the pollution of our air and water....

text: The combustion of fossil fuels leads to the release of pollution into the atmosphere. The fossil fuels are mainly based on organic carbon compounds. They are according to the IPCC the causes of the global warming. During the combustion with oxygen in the form of heat energy, carbon dioxide released. Depending on the composition and purity of the fossil fuel also results in other chemical compounds such as nitrogen oxides (NO) and soot and other fine particulates alternativey. Greenhouse gas emissions result from fossil fuel-based electricity generation. A typical coal plant generates billions of kilowatt hours per year. Emissions from such fossil fuel power station include carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, small particulates, nitrogen oxides, smog with high levels of ozone, carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons, volatile organic compounds (VOC), mercury, arsenic, lead, cadmium, other heavy metals, and traces of uranium.

text: The combustion of fossil fuels leads to the release of

text: pollution

text: into the

entity_name: Atmosphere of Earth

text: atmosphere

text: . The fossil fuels are mainly based on organic carbon compounds. They are according to the

entity_name: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

text: IPCC

text: the causes of the

entity_name: Global warming

text: global warming

text: . During the

entity_name: Combustion

text: combustion

text: with oxygen in the form of heat energy,

text: carbon dioxide

text: released. Depending on the composition and purity of the fossil fuel also results in other chemical compounds such as

text: nitrogen oxides

text: (NO) and

text: soot

text: and other fine

text: particulates

text: alternativey.

text: Greenhouse gas

text: emissions result from

text: fossil fuel

text: -based electricity generation. A typical

text: coal plant

text: generates billions of

text: kilowatt hour

text: s per year. Emissions from such fossil fuel power station include carbon dioxide,

text: sulfur dioxide

text: , small particulates, nitrogen oxides,

text: smog

text: with high levels of

text: ozone

text: carbon monoxide

text: (CO),

text: hydrocarbons

text: volatile organic compounds

text: (VOC),

text: mercury

text: arsenic

text: lead

text: cadmium

text: , other

text: heavy metals

text: , and traces of

text: uranium

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: soot

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: result in other chemical compounds

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: mercury

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: The combustion of fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: combustion of fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: carbon monoxide

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: soot and other fine particulates

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: mercury,

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: fossil fuel power station

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: The combustion of fossil fuels

text: Vietnam is a rapidly developing country with over 90 million people as of 2014   Rapid development combined with deforestation, few or nonexistent vehicle emission standards, polluting gasoline motorbikes, and poor urban planning have caused poor air quality in major cities.

text: Vietnam is a rapidly developing country with over 90 million people as of 2014   Rapid development combined with deforestation, few or nonexistent vehicle emission standards, polluting gasoline motorbikes, and poor urban planning have caused poor air quality in major cities.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: automobiles

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: polluting

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: motorbikes

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: pollute the air

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: mercury

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burning gasoline

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: deforestation

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: gasoline motorbikes,

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: polluting

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: gasoline motorbikes,

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: poor air quality

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: gasoline

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: deforestation,

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: deforestation,

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: gasoline motorbikes,

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: deforestation,

text: Adverse air quality can kill many organisms including humans. Ozone pollution can cause respiratory disease, cardiovascular disease, throat inflammation, chest pain, and congestion. Water pollution causes approximately 14,000 deaths per day, mostly due to contamination of drinking water by untreated sewage in developing countries. An estimated 500 million Indians have no access to a proper toilet, Over ten million people in India fell ill with waterborne illnesses in 2013, and 1,535 people died, most of them children. Nearly 500 million Chinese lack access to safe drinking water. A 2010 analysis estimated that 1.2 million people died prematurely each year in China because of air pollution. The WHO estimated in 2007 that air pollution causes half a million deaths per year in India. Studies have estimated that the number of people killed annually in the United States could be over 50,000.

text: Adverse

text: air quality

text: can kill many organisms including humans. Ozone pollution can cause

text: respiratory disease

text: cardiovascular disease

text: throat

text: inflammation, chest pain, and

text: congestion

text: . Water pollution causes approximately 14,000 deaths per day, mostly due to

text: contamination of drinking water

text: by untreated

text: sewage

text: in

text: developing countries

text: . An estimated 500 million

text: India

text: ns have no access to a proper toilet, Over ten million people in India fell ill with waterborne illnesses in 2013, and 1,535 people died, most of them children. Nearly 500 million Chinese lack access to safe drinking water. A 2010 analysis estimated that 1.2 million people died prematurely each year in

text: China

text: because of air pollution. The

text: WHO

text: estimated in 2007 that air pollution causes half a million deaths per year in India. Studies have estimated that the number of people killed annually in the United States could be over 50,000.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: India

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: cause respiratory disease

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: untreated sewage in developing countries.

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: Ozone pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: untreated sewage in developing countries.

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: Adverse air quality can kill many organisms including humans.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: Ozone

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Ozone pollution

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: Ozone pollution

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: Ozone pollution

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: untreated sewage in developing countries.

text: As combustion temperature tends to increase with leaner fuel air mixtures, unburnt hydrocarbon pollutants must be balanced against higher levels of pollutants such as nitrogen oxides (NOx), which are created at higher combustion temperatures. This is sometimes mitigated by introducing fuel upstream of the combustion chamber to cool down the incoming air through evaporative cooling. This can increase the total charge entering the cylinder (as cooler air will be more dense), resulting in more power but also higher levels of hydrocarbon pollutants and lower levels of nitrogen oxide pollutants. With direct injection this effect is not as dramatic but it can cool down the combustion chamber enough to reduce certain pollutants such as nitrogen oxides (NOx), while raising others such as partially decomposed hydrocarbons.

text: As combustion temperature tends to increase with leaner fuel air mixtures, unburnt hydrocarbon pollutants must be balanced against higher levels of

text: pollutants

text: such as nitrogen oxides (

text: NOx

text: ), which are created at higher combustion temperatures. This is sometimes mitigated by introducing fuel upstream of the combustion chamber to cool down the incoming air through evaporative cooling. This can increase the total charge entering the cylinder (as cooler air will be more dense), resulting in more power but also higher levels of hydrocarbon pollutants and lower levels of nitrogen oxide pollutants. With direct injection this effect is not as dramatic but it can cool down the combustion chamber enough to reduce certain pollutants such as nitrogen oxides (NOx), while raising others such as partially decomposed hydrocarbons.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: unburnt hydrocarbon

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: nitrogen oxides

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: nitrogen oxides

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: higher levels of pollutants

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: nitrogen oxides

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: unburnt hydrocarbon pollutants

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: higher combustion temperatures.

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: nitrogen oxides

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: nitrogen oxides

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: unburnt hydrocarbon pollutants must be balanced against higher levels of pollutants

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: nitrogen oxides

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: nitrogen oxides

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: nitrogen oxides

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: introducing fuel upstream of the combustion chamber

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: nitrogen oxides (NOx),

text: A carbon-neutral fuel is a synthetic fuel – such as methane, gasoline, diesel fuel or jet fuel – produced from renewable or nuclear energy used to hydrogenate waste carbon dioxide recycled from power plant flue-gas emissions, recovered from automotive exhaust gas, or derived from carbonic acid in seawater.Such fuels are carbon-neutral because they do not result in a net increase in atmospheric greenhouse gases.To the extent that carbon-neutral fuels displace fossil fuels, or if they are produced from waste carbon or seawater carbonic acid, and their combustion is subject to carbon capture at the flue or exhaust pipe, they result in negative carbon dioxide emission and net carbon dioxide removal from the atmosphere, and thus constitute a form of greenhouse gas remediation.Such fuels are produced by the electrolysis of water to make hydrogen used in turn in the Sabatier reaction to produce methane which may then be stored to be burned later in power plants as synthetic natural gas, transported by pipeline, truck, or tanker ship, or be used in gas to liquids processes such as the Fischer–Tropsch process to make traditional transportation or heating fuels.

text: A carbon-neutral fuel is a

text: synthetic fuel

text: – such as

text: methane

text: gasoline

text: diesel fuel

text: or

text: jet fuel

text: – produced from renewable or

text: nuclear energy

text: used to

text: hydrogenate

text: waste

text: carbon dioxide

text: recycled from

entity_name: Flue-gas emissions from fossil-fuel combustion

text: power plant flue-gas emissions

text: , recovered from automotive

text: exhaust gas

text: , or derived from

text: carbonic acid

text: in

text: seawater

text: .Such fuels are carbon-neutral because they do not result in a net increase in atmospheric

text: greenhouse gas

text: es.To the extent that carbon-neutral fuels displace

text: fossil fuel

text: s, or if they are produced from waste carbon or seawater carbonic acid, and their combustion is subject to

text: carbon capture

text: at the flue or exhaust pipe, they result in

text: negative carbon dioxide emission

text: and net

text: carbon dioxide removal

text: from the atmosphere, and thus constitute a form of

text: greenhouse gas remediation

text: .Such fuels are produced by the

text: electrolysis of water

text: to make

text: hydrogen

text: used in turn in the

text: Sabatier reaction

text: to produce methane which may then be stored to be burned later in

text: power plants

text: as synthetic

text: natural gas

text: , transported by

text: pipeline

text: truck

text: , or

text: tanker ship

text: , or be used in

text: gas to liquids

text: processes such as the

text: Fischer–Tropsch process

text: to make traditional transportation or heating

text: fuel

text: s.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: result in negative carbon dioxide emission

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuels,

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuels,

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: negative carbon dioxide emission and net carbon dioxide removal from the atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: carbon-neutral fuel

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: automotive exhaust gas,

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: greenhouse gases.To

text: Pesticides can contribute to air pollution. Pesticide drift occurs when pesticides suspended in the air as particles are carried by wind to other areas, potentially contaminating them. Pesticides that are applied to crops can volatilize and may be blown by winds into nearby areas, potentially posing a threat to wildlife. Weather conditions at the time of application as well as temperature and relative humidity change the spread of the pesticide in the air. As wind velocity increases so does the spray drift and exposure. Low relative humidity and high temperature result in more spray evaporating. The amount of inhalable pesticides in the outdoor environment is therefore often dependent on the season. Also, droplets of sprayed pesticides or particles from pesticides applied as dusts may travel on the wind to other areas, or pesticides may adhere to particles that blow in the wind, such as dust particles.  Ground spraying produces less pesticide drift than aerial spraying does.  Farmers can employ a buffer zone around their crop, consisting of empty land or non-crop plants such as evergreen trees to serve as windbreaks and absorb the pesticides, preventing drift into other areas. Such windbreaks are legally required in the Netherlands.

text: Pesticides can contribute to air pollution.

text: Pesticide drift

text: occurs when pesticides suspended in the air as particles are carried by wind to other areas, potentially contaminating them. Pesticides that are applied to crops can

text: volatilize

text: and may be blown by winds into nearby areas, potentially posing a threat to wildlife. Weather conditions at the time of application as well as temperature and relative humidity change the spread of the pesticide in the air. As wind velocity increases so does the spray drift and exposure. Low relative humidity and high temperature result in more spray evaporating. The amount of inhalable pesticides in the outdoor environment is therefore often dependent on the season. Also, droplets of sprayed pesticides or particles from pesticides applied as dusts may travel on the wind to other areas, or pesticides may

text: adhere

text: to particles that blow in the wind, such as dust particles.  Ground spraying produces less pesticide drift than aerial spraying does.  Farmers can employ a buffer zone around their crop, consisting of empty land or non-crop plants such as

text: evergreen tree

text: s to serve as

text: windbreak

text: s and absorb the pesticides, preventing drift into other areas. Such windbreaks are legally required in the

text: Netherlands

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: emissions

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: contaminate them

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: radon

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: pesticides

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: pesticides

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: Pesticides

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: pollution.

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: Pesticides

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: contaminating them.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: Pesticides can contribute to air pollution.

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: evergreen trees

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: Pesticides

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: wind

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Pesticides

text: In the United States, in the 2000s, after three decades of regulation on the Environmental impact of the coal industry, including regulations in the 1970s and 1990s from the Clean Air Act, an act created to cut down on pollution related deaths from fossil fuel usage, US coal fired power plants were estimated, in the 2000s, to continue to cause between 10,000 and 30,000 latent, or air pollution related deaths per year, due to the emissions of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and directly emitted particulate matter that result when coal is burnt.

text: In the United States, in the 2000s, after three decades of regulation on the

entity_name: Environmental impact of the coal industry

text: Environmental impact of the coal industry

text: , including regulations in the 1970s and 1990s from the

text: Clean Air Act

text: , an act created to cut down on pollution related deaths from fossil fuel usage, US

text: coal

text: fired power plants were estimated, in the 2000s, to continue to cause between 10,000 and 30,000 latent, or air pollution related deaths per year, due to the emissions of

text: sulfur dioxide

text: nitrogen oxides

text: and directly emitted

text: particulate matter

text: that result when coal is burnt.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuel usage

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: sulfur dioxide

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: cause pollution related deaths

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: sulfur dioxide

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: coal burning

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuel usage, US coal fired power plants

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: sulfur dioxide,

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: coal fired power plants

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and directly emitted particulate matter

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: nitrogen oxides

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and directly emitted particulate matter

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: coal is burnt.

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and directly emitted particulate matter

text: For example, area sources of air pollution are air pollutant emission sources which operate within a certain locale. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has categorized 70 different categories of air pollution area source. Locomotives operating on certain linear tracks are examples of a line source, whereas locomotives operating within a railyard are an example of an area source of pollution. Other area sources of air pollution are:

text: For example, area sources of

text: air pollution

text: are air pollutant emission sources which operate within a certain locale. The

entity_name: United States Environmental Protection Agency

text: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

text: has categorized 70 different categories of air pollution area source.

text: Locomotives

text: operating on certain linear tracks are examples of a

text: line source

text: , whereas locomotives operating within a railyard are an example of an area source of pollution. Other area sources of air pollution are:

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: area sources

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air pollutants

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: area sources

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: pollute the air

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: area sources

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air pollutant

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: area sources

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: air pollutant

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: locomotives

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: air pollutant

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: air pollutant emission sources

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: air pollutant emission sources which operate within a certain locale.

text: The use of fossil fuels raises serious environmental concerns. The burning of fossil fuels produces around 21.3 billion tonnes (21.3 gigatonnes) of carbon dioxide (CO) per year, but it is estimated that natural processes can only absorb about half of that amount, so there is a net increase of 10.65 billion tonnes of atmospheric carbon dioxide per year (one tonne of atmospheric carbon is equivalent to 44/12 or 3.7 tonnes of carbon dioxide). Carbon dioxide is one of the greenhouse gases that enhances radiative forcing and contributes to global warming, causing the average surface temperature of the Earth to rise in response, which the vast majority of climate scientists agree will cause major adverse effects. A global movement towards the generation of renewable energy is therefore under way to help reduce global greenhouse gas emissions.

text: The use of fossil fuels raises serious environmental concerns. The burning of fossil fuels produces around 21.3 billion

text: tonnes

text: gigatonne

text: s) of

text: carbon dioxide

text: (CO) per year, but it is estimated that natural processes can only absorb about half of that amount, so there is a net increase of 10.65 billion tonnes of atmospheric carbon dioxide per year (one tonne of atmospheric carbon is equivalent to 44/12 or 3.7 tonnes of carbon dioxide). Carbon dioxide is one of the

text: greenhouse gas

text: es that enhances

text: radiative forcing

text: and contributes to

text: global warming

text: , causing the

text: average surface temperature

text: of the Earth to rise in response, which

text: the vast majority of climate scientists

text: agree will cause major

text: adverse effects

text: . A global movement towards the generation of

text: renewable energy

text: is therefore under way to help reduce global greenhouse gas emissions.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: contribute to global warming

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burning fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuels raises serious environmental concerns. The burning of fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: global warming,

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: 21.3 billion tonnes (21.3 gigatonnes) of carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burning of fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: carbon dioxide (CO) per year,

text: Biomass, biogas and biofuels are burned to produce heat/power and in doing so harm the environment. Pollutants such as sulphurous oxides (SO), nitrous oxides (NO), and particulate matter (PM) are produced from this combustion; the World Health Organisation estimates that 7 million premature deaths are caused each year by air pollution. Biomass combustion is a major contributor.

text: Biomass, biogas and biofuels are burned to produce heat/power and in doing so harm the environment. Pollutants such as sulphurous oxides (SO), nitrous oxides (NO), and particulate matter (PM) are produced from this combustion; the World Health Organisation estimates that 7 million premature deaths are caused each year by air pollution. Biomass combustion is a major contributor.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: Biomass

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: particulate matter

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: Biomass

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: harm the environment

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: particulate matter

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: Biomass

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: Biomass combustion

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: Pollutants

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: Biomass combustion

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: Pollutants

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: nitrous oxides

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Biomass,

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: sulphurous oxides

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: combustion;

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Biomass,

text: The power station was constructed near Cape Town to be the sole provider of power in the Western Cape after fossil-fuel power stations were deemed too small and too expensive to be viable. Nuclear power was considered because it was more economical than transporting coal to the existing fossil-fuel power stations, and construction of new fossil-fuel power-stations, which would have required 300 m tall chimneys to comply with clean-air legislation. Athlone Power Station in the city was too small to provide Cape Town's needs, and the Paarden Island power station (itself too small) has been demolished.

text: The power station was constructed near

text: Cape Town

text: to be the sole provider of power in the

text: Western Cape

text: after

text: fossil-fuel power station

text: s were deemed too small and too expensive to be viable. Nuclear power was considered because it was more economical than transporting coal to the existing fossil-fuel power stations, and construction of new fossil-fuel power-stations, which would have required 300 m tall

text: chimney

text: s to comply with clean-air legislation.

text: Athlone Power Station

text: in the city was too small to provide Cape Town's needs, and the Paarden Island power station (itself too small) has been demolished.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil-fuel

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: chimneys

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil-fuel

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: require 300 m tall chimneys

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: transporting coal

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil-fuel

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: chimneys

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil-fuel power stations

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: clean-air legislation.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: 300 m tall chimneys to comply with clean-air

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Nuclear power was considered because it was more economical than transporting coal

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: fossil-fuel power-stations,

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: 300 m tall chimneys to comply with clean-air legislation.

text: Coughing may be caused by air pollution including tobacco smoke, particulate matter, irritant gases, and dampness in a home.The human health effects of poor air quality are far reaching, but principally affect the body's respiratory system and the cardiovascular system.  Individual reactions to air pollutants depend on the type of pollutant a person is exposed to, the degree of exposure, the individual's health status and genetics.  People who exercise outdoors on hot, smoggy days, for example, increase their exposure to pollutants in the air.

text: Coughing may be caused by

text: air pollution

text: including

text: tobacco smoke

text: , particulate matter, irritant gases, and dampness in a home.The human health effects of poor air quality are far reaching, but principally affect the body's respiratory system and the cardiovascular system.  Individual reactions to air pollutants depend on the type of pollutant a person is exposed to, the degree of exposure, the individual's health status and genetics.  People who exercise outdoors on hot, smoggy days, for example, increase their exposure to pollutants in the air.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: tobacco smoke

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: gases

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: tobacco smoke

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: Coughing

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: particulate matter

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: tobacco smoke

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: tobacco smoke,

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: tobacco smoke,

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: tobacco smoke,

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: Coughing may be caused by air pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: tobacco smoke, particulate matter, irritant gases,

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: tobacco smoke,

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: particulate matter,

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: tobacco smoke,

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: tobacco smoke,

text: Biomass, biogas and biofuels are burned to produce heat/power and in doing so harm the environment. Pollutants such as sulphurous oxides (SO), nitrous oxides (NO), and particulate matter (PM) are produced from the combustion of biomass; the World Health Organisation estimates that 7 million premature deaths are caused each year by air pollution. Biomass combustion is a major contributor. The life cycle of the plants is sustainable, the lives of people less so.

text: Biomass, biogas and biofuels are burned to produce heat/power and in doing so harm the environment. Pollutants such as sulphurous oxides (SO), nitrous oxides (NO), and particulate matter (PM) are produced from the combustion of biomass; the World Health Organisation estimates that 7 million premature deaths are caused each year by air pollution. Biomass combustion is a major contributor. The life cycle of the plants is sustainable, the lives of people less so.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: Biomass combustion

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: particulate matter

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: Biomass

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: premature deaths

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: particulate matter

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: particulate matter

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: Biomass combustion

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: Pollutants

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: Biomass combustion

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: Pollutants

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: nitrous oxides

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Biomass,

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: sulphurous oxides

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: combustion of biomass;

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: biomass;

text: A stationary source in air quality terminology is any fixed emitter of air pollutants, such as fossil fuel burning power plants, petroleum refineries, petrochemical plants, food processing plants and other heavy industrial sources.

text: A stationary source in air quality terminology is any fixed emitter of air pollutants, such as

text: fossil fuel

text: burning

text: power plant

text: s,

text: petroleum refineries

text: petrochemical plants

text: food processing plants

text: and other heavy industrial sources.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: stationary sources

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air pollutants

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: stationary sources

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: pollute the air

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: stationary sources

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuel burning power plants,

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: pollutants,

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: stationary source

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollutants,

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: petroleum

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: A stationary source

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: fossil fuel

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: fossil fuel burning power plants,

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: fossil fuel burning power plants,

text: The theory that fossil fuels formed from the fossilized remains of dead plants by exposure to heat and pressure in the Earth's crust over millions of years was first introduced by Georgius Agricola in 1556 and later by Mikhail Lomonosov in the 18th century.

text: The theory that fossil fuels formed from the

text: fossilized remains

text: of dead plants by exposure to heat and pressure in the Earth's crust over millions of years was first introduced by

text: Georgius Agricola

text: in 1556 and later by

text: Mikhail Lomonosov

text: in the 18th century.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuel

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: have a negative impact

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: dead plants

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: fossilized remains of dead plants

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: The theory that fossil fuels formed from the fossilized remains of dead plants

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: heat

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: exposure to heat and pressure

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: The theory that fossil fuels

text: The Air Pollution Control Act of 1955 (, ch. 360, ) was the first Clean Air Act (United States) enacted by Congress to address the national environmental problem of air pollution on July 14, 1955. This was "an act to provide research and technical assistance relating to air pollution control". The act "left states principally in charge of prevention and control of air pollution at the source". The act declared that air pollution was a danger to public health and welfare, but preserved the "primary responsibilities and rights of the states and local government in controlling air pollution".

text: The Air Pollution Control Act of 1955 (, ch. 360, ) was the first

text: Clean Air Act (United States)

text: enacted by

text: Congress

text: to address the national

text: environmental problem

text: of

text: air pollution

text: on July 14, 1955. This was "an act to provide research and technical assistance relating to air pollution control". The act "left states principally in charge of prevention and control of air pollution at the source". The act declared that air pollution was a danger to public health and welfare, but preserved the "primary responsibilities and rights of the states and local government in controlling air pollution".

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: states

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: gas stations

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: states

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: states

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: The Air Pollution Control Act of 1955

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: source".

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: air pollution at the source".

text: The Sava River polluted with domestic and industrial waste; pollution of coastal waters with heavy metals and toxic chemicals; forest damage near Koper from air pollution (originating at metallurgical and chemical plants) and resulting acid rain.

text: The

text: Sava River

text: polluted with domestic and industrial waste; pollution of coastal waters with heavy metals and toxic chemicals; forest damage near

text: Koper

text: from air pollution (originating at metallurgical and chemical plants) and resulting

text: acid rain

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: industrial plants

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: industrial waste

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: pollute the environment

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: mercury

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: acid rain

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: metallurgical and chemical plants)

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: metallurgical and chemical plants)

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: acid rain.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: heavy metals

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: heavy metals and toxic chemicals;

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: acid rain.

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: metallurgical and chemical plants)

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: pollution of coastal waters with heavy metals and toxic chemicals;

text: An example of the Stefan flow occurs when a droplet of liquid evaporates in air.  In this case, the vapor/air mixture surrounding the droplet is the flowing fluid, and liquid/vapor boundary of the droplet is the interface. As heat is absorbed by the droplet from the environment, some of the liquid evaporates into vapor at the surface of the droplet, and flows away from the droplet as it is displaced by additional vapor evaporating from the droplet.  This process causes the flowing medium to move away from the droplet at some mean speed that is dependent on the evaporation rate and other factors such as droplet size and composition. In addition to this mean flow, a concentration gradient must exist in the neighborhood of the droplet (assuming an isolated droplet) since the flowing medium is mostly air far from the droplet and mostly vapor near the droplet.  This gradient causes Fickian diffusion that transports the vapor away from the droplet and the air towards it, with respect to the mean flow.  Thus, in the frame of the droplet, the flow of vapor away from the droplet is faster than for the pure Stefan flow, since diffusion is working in the same direction as the mean flow.  However, the flow of air away from the droplet is slower than the pure Stefan flow, since diffusion is working to transport air back towards the droplet against the Stefan flow.  Such flow from evaporating droplets is important in understanding the combustion of liquid fuels such as diesel in internal combustion engines, and in the design of such engines. The Stefan flow from evaporating droplets and subliming ice particles also plays prominently in meteorology as it influences the formation and dispersion of clouds and precipitation.

text: An example of the Stefan flow occurs when a

text: droplet

text: of liquid evaporates in air.  In this case, the

text: vapor

text: /air mixture surrounding the droplet is the flowing fluid, and liquid/vapor boundary of the droplet is the interface. As heat is absorbed by the droplet from the

text: environment

text: , some of the liquid evaporates into vapor at the surface of the droplet, and flows away from the droplet as it is displaced by additional vapor evaporating from the droplet.  This process causes the flowing medium to move away from the droplet at some mean speed that is dependent on the evaporation rate and other factors such as droplet size and composition. In addition to this mean flow, a concentration gradient must exist in the neighborhood of the droplet (assuming an isolated droplet) since the flowing medium is mostly air far from the droplet and mostly vapor near the droplet.  This gradient causes Fickian diffusion that transports the vapor away from the droplet and the air towards it, with respect to the mean flow.  Thus, in the

text: frame

text: of the droplet, the flow of vapor away from the droplet is faster than for the pure Stefan flow, since diffusion is working in the same direction as the mean flow.  However, the flow of air away from the droplet is slower than the pure Stefan flow, since diffusion is working to transport air back towards the droplet against the Stefan flow.  Such flow from evaporating droplets is important in understanding the combustion of liquid fuels such as diesel in internal combustion engines, and in the design of such engines. The Stefan flow from evaporating droplets and subliming ice particles also plays prominently in

text: meteorology

text: as it influences the formation and dispersion of clouds and precipitation.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: internal combustion engines

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: emissions

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: internal combustion engines

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: liquid fuels

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: Nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: Stefan flow

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: slash-and-burn can lead to these pollutants

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: internal combustion engines,

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: vapor

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: diesel in internal combustion engines,

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: combustion of liquid fuels such as diesel in internal combustion engines,

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: diesel

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: meteorology

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: liquid fuels

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: diffusion

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: diesel in internal combustion engines,

text: During the winter, pollutants are trapped in the air due to the high pressure, and are unable to move or dissipate. In the summer, due to the low pressure, pollutants are dissipated through unstable circulation. Many women are also cooking indoors with fossil fuels, which is the main cause for the health problems in women and children.

text: During the winter, pollutants are trapped in the air due to the high pressure, and are unable to move or dissipate. In the summer, due to the low pressure, pollutants are dissipated through unstable circulation. Many women are also cooking indoors with fossil fuels, which is the main cause for the health problems in women and children.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: cooking indoors

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: pollutant

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: cooking indoors

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: trap in the air

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: mercury

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: cooking indoors

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuels,

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuels,

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: health problems in women and children.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: fossil fuels,

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: fossil fuels,

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: high pressure,

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: cooking indoors with fossil fuels,

text: The AQI is based on the five "criteria" pollutants regulated under the Clean Air Act: ground-level ozone, particulate matter, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide.  The EPA has established National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for each of these pollutants in order to protect public health. An AQI value of 100 generally corresponds to the level of the NAAQS for the pollutant. The Clean Air Act (USA) (1990) requires EPA to review its National Ambient Air Quality Standards every five years to reflect evolving health effects information. The Air Quality Index is adjusted periodically to reflect these changes.

text: The AQI is based on the five "criteria" pollutants regulated under the

text: Clean Air Act

text: : ground-level ozone, particulate matter, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide.  The EPA has established

text: National Ambient Air Quality Standards

text: (NAAQS) for each of these pollutants in order to protect public health. An AQI value of 100 generally corresponds to the level of the NAAQS for the pollutant. The

text: Clean Air Act (USA) (1990)

text: requires EPA to review its

text: National Ambient Air Quality Standards

text: every five years to reflect evolving health effects information. The Air Quality Index is adjusted periodically to reflect these changes.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: particulate matter

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: carbon monoxide

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: particulate matter

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: carbon monoxide

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: carbon monoxide

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon monoxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: particulate matter

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: ground-level ozone,

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide.

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: ground-level ozone, particulate matter,

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: carbon monoxide,

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: carbon monoxide,

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide.

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide.

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide.

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide.

text: Strong formulations of the precautionary principle, without regard to its most basic provisions that it is to be applied only where risks are potentially high AND not easily calculable, applied to the principle itself as a policy decision, may rule out its own use.  The reason suggested is that preventing innovation from coming to market means that only current technology may be used, and current technology itself may cause harm or leave needs unmet; there is a risk of causing harm by blocking innovation. As Michael Crichton wrote in his novel State of Fear: "The 'precautionary principle', properly applied, forbids the precautionary principle." For example, forbidding nuclear power plants based on concerns about risk means continuing to rely on power plants that burn fossil fuels, which continue to release greenhouse gases.  In another example, the Hazardous Air Pollutant provisions in the 1990 amendments to the US Clean Air Act are an example of the Precautionary Principle where the onus is now on showing a listed compound is harmless. Under this rule no distinction is made between those air Pollutants that provide a higher or lower risk, so operators tend to choose less-examined agents that are not on the existing list.

text: Strong formulations of the precautionary principle, without regard to its most basic provisions that it is to be applied only where risks are potentially high AND not easily calculable, applied to the principle itself as a policy decision, may rule out its own use.  The reason suggested is that preventing innovation from coming to market means that only current technology may be used, and current technology itself may cause harm or leave needs unmet; there is a risk of causing harm by blocking innovation. As

text: Michael Crichton

text: wrote in his novel

text: State of Fear

text: : "The 'precautionary principle', properly applied, forbids the precautionary principle." For example, forbidding nuclear power plants based on concerns about risk means continuing to rely on power plants that burn fossil fuels, which continue to release

text: greenhouse gas

text: es.  In another example, the Hazardous Air Pollutant provisions in the

text: 1990 amendments to the US Clean Air Act

text: are an example of the Precautionary Principle where the onus is now on showing a listed compound is harmless. Under this rule no distinction is made between those air Pollutants that provide a higher or lower risk, so operators tend to choose less-examined agents that are not on the existing list.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: greenhouse gases

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: continue to release greenhouse gases

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: greenhouse gases

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: greenhouse gases

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuels,

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: greenhouse gases.

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuels,

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: release greenhouse gases.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: greenhouse gases.

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: greenhouse gases.

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: fossil fuels,

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burn fossil fuels,

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: greenhouse gases.

text: Until several decades ago lead, chromium and other heavy metals were used in automotive paint. Environmental laws have prohibited this, which has resulted in a move to water-based paints. Up to 85% of lacquer paint can evaporate into the air, polluting the atmosphere. Enamel paint is better for the environment in that regard, and has become the most widely used paint nowadays.

text: Until several decades ago

text: lead

text: chromium

text: and other

text: heavy metals

text: were used in automotive paint.

text: Environmental laws

text: have prohibited this, which has resulted in a move to water-based paints. Up to 85% of lacquer paint can evaporate into the air, polluting the atmosphere. Enamel paint is better for the environment in that regard, and has become the most widely used paint nowadays.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: automotive paint

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: no emissions

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: lacquer

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: pollute the atmosphere

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: heavy metals

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: lacquer paint

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: automotive paint.

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: lead, chromium and other heavy metals

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: lacquer paint

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: polluting the atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: lead, chromium

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Until several decades ago lead, chromium and other heavy metals

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: lead, chromium and other heavy metals

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: evaporate

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: lead, chromium and other heavy metals

text: In the adjacent diagram, water pumped from the tower basin is the cooling water routed through the process coolers and condensers in an industrial facility.  The cool water absorbs heat from the hot process streams which need to be cooled or condensed, and the absorbed heat warms the circulating water (C). The warm water returns to the top of the cooling tower and trickles downward over the fill material inside the tower.  As it trickles down, it contacts ambient air rising up through the tower either by natural draft or by forced draft using large fans in the tower. That contact causes a small amount of the water to be lost as windage/drift (W) and some of the water (E) to evaporate. The heat required to evaporate the water is derived from the water itself, which cools the water back to the original basin water temperature and the water is then ready to recirculate. The evaporated water leaves its dissolved salts behind in the bulk of the water which has not been evaporated, thus raising the salt concentration in the circulating cooling water. To prevent the salt concentration of the water from becoming too high, a portion of the water is drawn off/blown down (D) for disposal. Fresh water make-up (M) is supplied to the tower basin to compensate for the loss of evaporated water, the windage loss water and the draw-off water.

text: In the adjacent diagram, water pumped from the tower basin is the cooling water routed through the process coolers and

text: condensers

text: in an industrial facility.  The cool water absorbs heat from the hot process streams which need to be cooled or condensed, and the absorbed heat warms the circulating water (C). The warm water returns to the top of the cooling tower and trickles downward over the fill material inside the tower.  As it trickles down, it contacts ambient air rising up through the tower either by natural draft or by forced draft using large fans in the tower. That contact causes a small amount of the water to be lost as windage/drift (W) and some of the water (E) to

text: evaporate

text: . The heat required to evaporate the water is derived from the water itself, which cools the water back to the original basin water temperature and the water is then ready to recirculate. The evaporated water leaves its dissolved

text: salt

text: s behind in the bulk of the water which has not been evaporated, thus raising the salt concentration in the circulating cooling water. To prevent the salt concentration of the water from becoming too high, a portion of the water is drawn off/blown down (D) for disposal. Fresh water make-up (M) is supplied to the tower basin to compensate for the loss of evaporated water, the windage loss water and the draw-off water.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: industrial facilities

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: heat

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: industrial facilities

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: raise the salt concentration

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: natural draft

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: industrial facility.

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: heat

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: industrial facility.

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: dissolved salts

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: dissolved salts

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: diagram,

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: dissolved salts

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: natural draft or by forced draft

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: salt concentration

text: Many people criticize these new materials, referred to as white cork, since the black smoke they give off during the burning of the monument means the combustion can't be seen clearly. The pollution that these new materials cause has also been criticised in comparison with the supposedly lighter pollution from traditional materials.The Polytechnic University of Valencia carried out a study which seems to prove that, on the contrary, white cork is less polluting than the traditional materials. The student of Fallas Manuel Sanchis Ambrós carried out a study in which he assured that even though the combustion of cork gave off more heat, the combustion of wood and liquid materials used in making a wood structure is clearly more polluting. A few years later (2013), the same university went back to the traditional method of falla making in view of its greater environmental sustainability.

text: Many people criticize these new materials, referred to as

text: white cork

text: , since the black

text: smoke

text: they give off during the burning of the monument means the

text: combustion

text: can't be seen clearly. The pollution that these new materials cause has also been criticised in comparison with the supposedly lighter pollution from traditional materials.The

text: Polytechnic University of Valencia

text: carried out a study which seems to prove that, on the contrary, white cork is less polluting than the traditional materials. The student of Fallas Manuel Sanchis Ambrós carried out a study in which he assured that even though the combustion of cork gave off more heat, the combustion of wood and liquid materials used in making a wood structure is clearly more polluting. A few years later (2013), the same university went back to the traditional method of falla making in view of its greater environmental sustainability.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: wood and liquid materials

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: black smoke

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: wood and liquid materials

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: polluting

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burning

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: combustion of wood and liquid materials used in making a wood structure

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: smoke

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: traditional materials.The

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: polluting.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: heat,

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: wood structure is clearly more polluting.

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: heat, the combustion of wood and liquid materials

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: combustion

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: traditional materials.The

text: Air pollution is known to affect small and large blood vessels throughout the body.High levels of air pollution are associated with increased risk of strokes and heart attacks. By permanently affecting vascular structures in the brain, air pollution can have serious effects on neural functioning and neural matter. In dogs air pollution shows to cause damage to the CNS by altering the blood–brain barrier, causing neurons in the cerebral cortex to degenerate, destroying glial cells found in white matter, and by causing neurofibrillary tangles. These changes can permanently alter brain structure and chemistry, resulting in various impairments and disorders. Sometimes, the effects of neural remodeling do not manifest themselves for a prolonged period of time.

text: Air pollution is known to affect small and large

text: blood vessel

text: s throughout the body.High levels of air pollution are associated with increased risk of

text: stroke

text: s and

text: heart attacks

text: . By permanently affecting

text: vascular

text: structures in the

text: brain

text: , air pollution can have serious effects on

text: neural

text: functioning and neural matter. In dogs air pollution shows to cause damage to the CNS by altering the

text: blood–brain barrier

text: , causing

text: neurons

text: in the

text: cerebral cortex

text: to degenerate, destroying

text: glial cells

text: found in

text: white matter

text: , and by causing

text: neurofibrillary tangles

text: . These changes can permanently alter brain structure and

text: chemistry

text: , resulting in various impairments and disorders. Sometimes, the effects of neural remodeling do not manifest themselves for a prolonged period of time.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: increase risk of strokes

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: dogs

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollution are associated with increased risk of strokes and heart attacks.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: Air pollution

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Air pollution

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: Air pollution

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: Air pollution

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Air pollution

text: If we do not recycle recyclable materials it will increase air pollution (from incineration) and water pollution (from landfilling), and increase greenhouse gas emissions caused by plastic production. These are negative contributors to cumulative environmental effects that can cause global warming.

text: If we do not

text: recycle

text: recyclable materials it will increase

text: air pollution

text: (from

text: incineration

text: ) and

text: water pollution

text: (from

text: landfill

text: ing), and increase

text: greenhouse gas

text: emissions caused by plastic production. These are negative contributors to cumulative environmental effects that can cause

text: global warming

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: incineration

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: greenhouse gases

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: incineration

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: cause global warming

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: mercury

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: plastic

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burning

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: incineration)

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: greenhouse gas emissions

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: incineration)

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: global warming.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: greenhouse gas emissions caused by plastic

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: If we do not recycle recyclable materials it will increase air pollution

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: plastic production.

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: incineration)

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: incineration) and water pollution (from landfilling),

text: For molecules of a liquid to evaporate, they must be located near the surface, they have to be moving in the proper direction, and have sufficient kinetic energy to overcome liquid-phase intermolecular forces. When only a small proportion of the molecules meet these criteria, the rate of evaporation is low. Since the kinetic energy of a molecule is proportional to its temperature, evaporation proceeds more quickly at higher temperatures. As the faster-moving molecules escape, the remaining molecules have lower average kinetic energy, and the temperature of the liquid decreases. This phenomenon is also called evaporative cooling. This is why evaporating sweat cools the human body.Evaporation also tends to proceed more quickly with higher flow rates between the gaseous and liquid phase and in liquids with higher vapor pressure. For example, laundry on a clothes line will dry (by evaporation) more rapidly on a windy day than on a still day. Three key parts to evaporation are heat, atmospheric pressure (determines the percent humidity), and air movement.

text: For

text: molecule

text: s of a liquid to evaporate, they must be located near the surface, they have to be moving in the proper direction, and have sufficient

text: kinetic energy

text: to overcome liquid-phase intermolecular forces. When only a small proportion of the molecules meet these criteria, the rate of evaporation is low. Since the kinetic energy of a molecule is proportional to its temperature, evaporation proceeds more quickly at higher temperatures. As the faster-moving molecules escape, the remaining molecules have lower average kinetic energy, and the temperature of the liquid decreases. This phenomenon is also called

text: evaporative cooling

text: . This is why evaporating

text: sweat

text: cools the human body.Evaporation also tends to proceed more quickly with higher flow rates between the gaseous and liquid phase and in liquids with higher

text: vapor pressure

text: . For example, laundry on a clothes line will dry (by evaporation) more rapidly on a windy day than on a still day. Three key parts to evaporation are heat,

text: atmospheric pressure

text: (determines the percent humidity), and air movement.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: gaseous

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: evaporative cooling

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: Nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Which of the following is not an example of slash-and-burn?

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: sweat cools the human body.Evaporation

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: kinetic energy

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: clothes line

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: the rate of evaporation is low.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: liquid-phase intermolecular forces.

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: forces.

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: heat,

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: liquid-phase intermolecular forces.

text: Air pollution in India is a serious issue with the major sources being fuelwood and biomass burning, fuel adulteration, vehicle emission and traffic congestion. Air pollution is also the main cause of the Asian brown cloud, which is causing the monsoon to be delayed. India is the world's largest consumer of fuelwood, agricultural waste and biomass for energy purposes. Traditional fuel (fuelwood, crop residue and dung cake) dominates domestic energy use in rural India and accounts for about 90% of the total. In urban areas, this traditional fuel constitutes about 24% of the total. Fuel wood, agri waste and biomass cake burning releases over 165 million tonnes of combustion products into India's indoor and outdoor air every year. These biomass-based household stoves in India are also a leading source of greenhouse emissions contributing to climate change.

text: Air pollution in India is a serious issue with the major sources being fuelwood and biomass burning, fuel adulteration, vehicle emission and traffic congestion. Air pollution is also the main cause of the

text: Asian brown cloud

text: , which is causing the

text: monsoon

text: to be delayed. India is the world's largest consumer of fuelwood, agricultural waste and biomass for energy purposes. Traditional fuel (fuelwood, crop residue and dung cake) dominates domestic energy use in rural India and accounts for about 90% of the total. In urban areas, this traditional fuel constitutes about 24% of the total. Fuel wood, agri waste and biomass cake burning releases over 165 million tonnes of combustion products into India's indoor and outdoor air every year. These biomass-based household stoves in India are also a leading source of greenhouse emissions contributing to climate change.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fuelwood and biomass burning

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: emissions

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: rural India

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: adulterate

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: combustion products

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: fuelwood

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Fuel wood, agri waste and biomass cake burning

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fuelwood and biomass burning,

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: greenhouse emissions

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: Traditional fuel

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: fuel adulteration,

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: greenhouse

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: fuelwood

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: combustion products

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: fuelwood and biomass burning,

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: fuelwood and biomass burning,

text: On 4 November 2013, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and China Meteorological Administration jointly released "Green Paper on Climate Change: Addressing Climate Change (2013)". It states that the fog and smog in China increased in the past 50 years with the number of fog-free days significantly reduced, while that of the smog days are significantly increasing with the phenomenon of persisting smog days. The fastest growing fog and smog days occurred in the Pearl and Yangtze River Delta regions, which are the most industrialized areas. The report also indicated that the main reason of increased fog and smog days is the yearly increase in fossil fuel consumption in China. The report calls for urgent implementation of regional joint prevention and control measures to effectively solve the air pollution crisis.

text: On 4 November 2013,

text: Chinese Academy of Social Sciences

text: and

text: China Meteorological Administration

text: jointly released "Green Paper on Climate Change: Addressing Climate Change (2013)". It states that the fog and smog in China increased in the past 50 years with the number of fog-free days significantly reduced, while that of the smog days are significantly increasing with the phenomenon of persisting smog days. The fastest growing fog and smog days occurred in the

text: Pearl

text: and

text: Yangtze River Delta

text: regions, which are the most industrialized areas. The report also indicated that the main reason of increased fog and smog days is the yearly increase in

text: fossil fuel

text: consumption in China. The report calls for urgent implementation of regional joint prevention and control measures to effectively solve the air pollution crisis.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuel consumption

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuel consumption

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: smog days

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: Fossil fuel consumption

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Fossil fuel consumption

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuel consumption

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: fossil fuel

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuel consumption

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: fog and smog days

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: fossil fuel

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: fossil fuel consumption

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: fossil fuel

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: fossil fuel consumption

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: fossil fuel consumption

text: Evaporation takes place in a vacuum, i.e. vapors other than the source material are almost entirely removed before the process begins.  In high vacuum (with a long mean free path), evaporated particles can travel directly to the deposition target without colliding with the background gas.  (By contrast, in the boiling pot example, the water vapor pushes the  air out of the pot before it can reach the lid.)  At a typical pressure of 10 Pa, an 0.4-nm particle has a mean free path of 60 m.  Hot objects in the evaporation chamber, such as heating filaments, produce unwanted vapors that limit the quality of the vacuum.

text: Evaporation takes place in a vacuum, i.e. vapors other than the source material are almost entirely removed before the process begins.  In high vacuum (with a long mean free path), evaporated particles can travel directly to the deposition target without colliding with the background gas.  (By contrast, in the boiling pot example, the water vapor pushes the  air out of the pot before it can reach the lid.)  At a typical pressure of 10 Pa, an 0.4-nm particle has a mean free path of 60 m.  Hot objects in the evaporation chamber, such as heating filaments, produce unwanted vapors that limit the quality of the vacuum.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: heating filaments

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: vapors

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: heating filaments

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: limit the quality of the vacuum

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: Evaporation

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: slash-and-burn can lead to these pollutants

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: source material

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: gas.

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: Evaporation

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: vapors

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: gas.

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Evaporation

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: unwanted vapors

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: Evaporation

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: vapors

text: Motor vehicle emissions are one of the leading causes of air pollution. China, United States, Russia, India Mexico, and Japan are the world leaders in air pollution emissions. Principal stationary pollution sources include chemical plants, coal-fired power plants, oil refineries, petrochemical plants, nuclear waste disposal activity, incinerators, large livestock farms (dairy cows, pigs, poultry, etc.), PVC factories, metals production factories, plastics factories, and other heavy industry. Agricultural air pollution comes from contemporary practices which include clear felling and burning of natural vegetation as well as spraying of pesticides and herbicides

text: Motor vehicle emissions

text: are one of the leading causes of air pollution.

text: China

text: United States

text: Russia

text: India

text: Mexico

text: , and

text: Japan

text: are the world leaders in air pollution emissions. Principal stationary pollution sources include

text: chemical plant

text: s, coal-fired

text: power plants

text: oil refineries

text: petrochemical

text: plants,

text: nuclear waste

text: disposal activity, incinerators, large livestock farms (dairy cows, pigs, poultry, etc.),

text: PVC

text: factories, metals production factories, plastics factories, and other

text: heavy industry

text: . Agricultural air pollution comes from contemporary practices which include clear felling and burning of natural vegetation as well as spraying of pesticides and herbicides

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: Motor vehicle emissions

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: Motor vehicle emissions

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: pesticides

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: PVC factories

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: agricultural air pollution

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: Motor vehicle emissions

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: Motor vehicle emissions

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: incinerators,

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: nuclear

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Agricultural air pollution

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: natural vegetation as well as spraying of pesticides and herbicides

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: Motor vehicle emissions

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Agricultural air pollution

text: Huge quantity of imported coal is being used in pulverised coal-fired power stations. Raw biomass is not suitable for use in the pulverised coal mills as they are difficult to grind into fine powder due to caking problem. However 100% biomass can be fired after Torrefaction in the pulverised coal mills for replacing imported coal. Torrefied biomass plants can be integrated with existing pulverised coal-fired power stations using the available hot flue gas as heat source. Cofiring dry biomass up to 20% heat input with coal is also possible directly in pulverised coal-fired power stations without facing caking problem. North west and southern regions can replace imported coal use with biomass where surplus agriculture/crop residue biomass is burnt in the fields causing pollution problems. As traditional use of biomass is being replaced by LPG at faster pace, biomass burning in agriculture fields would become major source for causing higher level air pollution.

text: Huge quantity of imported coal is being used in pulverised coal-fired power stations. Raw biomass is not suitable for use in the pulverised coal mills as they are difficult to

text: grind

text: into fine powder due to

text: caking

text: problem. However 100% biomass can be fired after

text: Torrefaction

text: in the pulverised coal mills for replacing imported coal. Torrefied biomass plants can be integrated with existing pulverised coal-fired power stations using the available hot flue gas as heat source.

text: Cofiring

text: dry biomass up to 20% heat input with coal is also possible directly in pulverised coal-fired power stations without facing caking problem. North west and southern regions can replace imported coal use with biomass where surplus agriculture/crop residue biomass is burnt in the fields causing pollution problems. As traditional use of biomass is being replaced by

text: LPG

text: at faster pace, biomass burning in agriculture fields would become major source for causing higher level air pollution.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: biomass burning

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: flue gas

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: biomass burning

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: higher level air pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: biomass burning

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: biomass burning in agriculture fields

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: flue gas

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: biomass burning in agriculture fields

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: caking problem.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: LPG

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: biomass

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: air pollution.

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: biomass burning

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: higher level air pollution.

text: When raw biomass is already in a suitable form (such as firewood), it can burn directly in a stove or furnace to provide heat or raise steam. When raw biomass is in an inconvenient form (such as sawdust, wood chips, grass, urban waste wood, agricultural residues), the typical process is to densify the biomass. This process includes grinding the raw biomass to an appropriate particulate size (known as hogfuel), which, depending on the densification type, can be from , which is then concentrated into a fuel product. The current processes produce wood pellets, cubes, or pucks. The pellet process is most common in Europe, and is typically a pure wood product. The other types of densification are larger in size compared to a pellet, and are compatible with a broad range of input feedstocks. The resulting densified fuel is easier to transport and feed into thermal generation systems, such as boilers.

text: When raw biomass is already in a suitable form (such as

text: firewood

text: ), it can burn directly in a stove or furnace to provide heat or raise steam. When raw biomass is in an inconvenient form (such as sawdust, wood chips, grass, urban waste wood, agricultural residues), the typical process is to densify the biomass. This process includes grinding the raw biomass to an appropriate particulate size (known as hogfuel), which, depending on the densification type, can be from , which is then concentrated into a fuel product. The current processes produce

text: wood pellet

text: s, cubes, or pucks. The pellet process is most common in Europe, and is typically a pure wood product. The other types of densification are larger in size compared to a pellet, and are compatible with a broad range of input feedstocks. The resulting densified fuel is easier to transport and feed into thermal generation systems, such as boilers.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: wood

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: emissions

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: urban waste

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: densify

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burning

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: urban waste wood, agricultural residues),

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: particulate

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: urban waste wood, agricultural residues),

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: densify

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: hogfuel),

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: When raw biomass is already in a suitable form (such as firewood),

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: biomass

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: raw biomass

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: urban waste wood, agricultural residues),

text: The Bootle Docks gives communities manyemployment opportunities and other economic benefits. However, the development of the docks comes with traffic congestion, noise, and air pollution that has a significant effect on human health. Nationwide, while the industry continues to use fossil fuel and emit more pollutants, the communities in the vicinity of ports, railyards and other facilities related to the operation of the docks are most vulnerable to these pollutants and are paying with their health.

text: The Bootle Docks gives communities manyemployment opportunities and other economic benefits. However, the development of the docks comes with traffic congestion, noise, and air pollution that has a significant effect on human health. Nationwide, while the industry continues to use fossil fuel and emit more pollutants, the communities in the vicinity of ports, railyards and other facilities related to the operation of the docks are most vulnerable to these pollutants and are paying with their health.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuel

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuel

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: fossil fuel

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuel

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: pollutants,

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuel

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: emit more pollutants,

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: fossil fuel

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: fossil fuel

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: fossil fuel

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: fossil fuel

text: Opponents are concerned about air, water, and noise pollution; environmental degradation of nearby food crops such as soy beans, corn, and alfalfa; negative effects on the ethanol fuel market and competition with local ethanol-producing farmers; the displacement of thousands of local residents and negative population resettling; potential industrial disasters including explosions, leaks, and spills, reminiscent of the recent explosion at a similar-capacity Texas City Oil Refinery that caused the deaths of 15 workers and injured over 100; contamination and overuse of important water resources from the Missouri River; potential threats of terrorism; and concerns of the sheer size of the facility, which will be over twice the area of Elk Point.

text: Opponents are concerned about

text: air

text: water

text: , and

text: noise pollution

text: ; environmental degradation of nearby food crops such as

text: soy beans

text: corn

text: , and

text: alfalfa

text: ; negative effects on the

text: ethanol fuel market

text: and competition with local ethanol-producing farmers; the displacement of thousands of local residents and negative population resettling; potential

text: industrial disasters

text: including

text: explosion

text: s,

text: leak

text: s, and

text: spills

text: , reminiscent of the recent explosion at a similar-capacity

text: Texas City Oil Refinery

text: that caused the deaths of 15 workers and injured over 100;

text: contamination

text: and overuse of important water resources from the Missouri River; potential threats of

text: terrorism

text: ; and concerns of the sheer size of the facility, which will be over twice the area of Elk Point.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: industrial disasters

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: oil refineries

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: contamination of important water resources

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: Nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: ethanol fuel

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: ethanol-producing farmers;

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air, water, and noise pollution;

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: Texas City Oil Refinery

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: industrial disasters including explosions, leaks, and spills,

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: terrorism;

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: air, water, and noise pollution;

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: air, water, and noise pollution;

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: explosions, leaks, and spills,

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: air, water, and noise pollution;

text: One of the advantages of an Ondol is that it can maintain heat for an extended period of time. In a traditional Korean house, people usually extinguish the fire before going to sleep at night;since it can stay warm until the morning. An Ondol conducts heat evenly throughout the whole room, although the part of the room closest to the Agungi is much warmer than other areas. Comparing the Ondol with the Western radiator: the heat from the radiator rises towards the ceiling, but Ondol, keeps both the floor and the air in the room warm. The advantage of the Ondol is that people do not have to worry about breakdown and repair of the Ondol. The Ondol is part of the house, therefore, it is less likely to run into problems. Any combustible materials can be used as fuel for the Ondol; there are no special fuel requirements. Ashes from an Ondol can be used as fertilizer, making the Ondol an environmentally friendly system.  In contrast to heaters, such as fireplaces or charcoal-based heaters that leave ash in the room, Ondol does not cause pollution in the room leaving it clean and warm.

text: One of the advantages of an Ondol is that it can maintain heat for an extended period of time. In a traditional Korean house, people usually extinguish the fire before going to sleep at night;since it can stay warm until the morning. An Ondol conducts heat evenly throughout the whole room, although the part of the room closest to the Agungi is much warmer than other areas. Comparing the Ondol with the Western radiator: the heat from the radiator rises towards the ceiling, but Ondol, keeps both the floor and the air in the room warm. The advantage of the Ondol is that people do not have to worry about breakdown and repair of the Ondol. The Ondol is part of the house, therefore, it is less likely to run into problems. Any combustible materials can be used as fuel for the Ondol; there are no special fuel requirements. Ashes from an Ondol can be used as fertilizer, making the Ondol an environmentally friendly system.  In contrast to heaters, such as fireplaces or charcoal-based heaters that leave ash in the room, Ondol does not cause pollution in the room leaving it clean and warm.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: heaters

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: heaters

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: cause pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: ash

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: slash-and-burn

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: heaters,

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: heaters, such as fireplaces or charcoal-based heaters

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: ash

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Ashes from an Ondol can be used as fertilizer,

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: Ashes from an Ondol can be used as fertilizer,

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: Ashes from an Ondol can be used as fertilizer,

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: fireplaces or charcoal-based heaters that leave ash in the room,

text: These facts, coupled with air pollution's link to neurofibrillary tangles and the observed subcortical vascular changes observed in dogs, imply that the negative neuroplastic effects of pollution could result in increased risk for Alzheimer's disease, and could also implicate pollution as a cause of early-onset Alzheimer's disease through multiple mechanisms. The general effect of pollution is increased levels of inflammation. As a result, pollution can significantly contribute to various neurological disorders that are caused by inflammatory processes.

text: These facts, coupled with air pollution's link to neurofibrillary tangles and the observed subcortical vascular changes observed in dogs, imply that the negative neuroplastic effects of pollution could result in increased risk for Alzheimer's disease, and could also implicate pollution as a cause of early-onset Alzheimer's disease through multiple mechanisms. The general effect of pollution is increased levels of inflammation. As a result, pollution can significantly contribute to various neurological disorders that are caused by inflammatory processes.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: emissions

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: increase levels of inflammation

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: mercury

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: dogs,

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: inflammation.

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: dogs,

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: increased risk for Alzheimer's disease,

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: air pollution's

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: increased levels of inflammation.

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: inflammation.

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: air pollution's

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: increased levels of inflammation.

text: Biomass power is created when any biological matter is burned as fuel. As with the case of using green materials in a household, it is best to use as much locally available material as possible so as to reduce the carbon footprint created by transportation. Although burning biomass for fuel releases carbon dioxide, sulfur compounds, and nitrogen compounds into the atmosphere, a major concern in a sustainable lifestyle, the amount that is released is sustainable (it will not contribute to a rise in carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere). This is because the biological matter that is being burned releases the same amount of carbon dioxide that it consumed during its lifetime. However, burning biodiesel and bioethanol (see biofuel) when created from virgin material, is increasingly controversial and may or may not be considered sustainable because it inadvertently increases global poverty, the clearing of more land for new agriculture fields (the source of the biofuel is also the same source of food), and may use unsustainable growing methods (such as the use of environmentally harmful pesticides and fertilizers).

text: Biomass power is created when any biological matter is burned as fuel. As with the case of using green materials in a household, it is best to use as much locally available material as possible so as to reduce the carbon footprint created by transportation. Although burning biomass for fuel releases

text: carbon dioxide

text: , sulfur compounds, and nitrogen compounds into the atmosphere, a major concern in a sustainable lifestyle, the amount that is released is sustainable (it will not contribute to a rise in carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere). This is because the biological matter that is being burned releases the same amount of carbon dioxide that it consumed during its lifetime. However, burning

text: biodiesel

text: and bioethanol (see

text: biofuel

text: ) when created from virgin material, is increasingly controversial and may or may not be considered sustainable because it inadvertently increases global poverty, the clearing of more land for new agriculture fields (the source of the biofuel is also the same source of food), and may use unsustainable growing methods (such as the use of environmentally harmful pesticides and fertilizers).

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: transportation

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: transportation

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: may or may not be considered sustainable

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: sulfur compounds

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burning biomass

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: unsustainable growing methods

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: transportation.

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: carbon dioxide,

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: transportation.

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: increases global poverty,

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: sulfur

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: carbon dioxide, sulfur compounds, and nitrogen compounds

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide, sulfur compounds, and nitrogen compounds

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burning biomass for fuel releases carbon dioxide, sulfur compounds, and nitrogen compounds

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: carbon dioxide, sulfur compounds, and nitrogen compounds

text: Because carbon dioxide emitting fossil fuels are intrinsically connected to a developed nation-state's economy, the taxation of fossil fuels or policies that decrease the availability of cost-effective fossil fuels is a significant political matter for fear that those taxes might precipitate a decrease in economic vitality.  The replacement of cost-effective fossil fuels with more expensive renewable energy sources are seen by many as a hidden tax that would achieve the same result of depressing economic vitality and lead to impoverishment.  Beyond the economic vitality of a single nation, some are concerned that taxation would depress economic activity in a manner that could affect the geopolitical order by providing incentives to one set of countries over another.

text: Because carbon dioxide emitting fossil fuels are intrinsically connected to a developed nation-state's economy, the taxation of fossil fuels or policies that decrease the availability of cost-effective fossil fuels is a significant political matter for fear that those taxes might precipitate a decrease in economic vitality.  The replacement of cost-effective fossil fuels with more expensive renewable energy sources are seen by many as a hidden tax that would achieve the same result of depressing economic vitality and lead to impoverishment.  Beyond the economic vitality of a single nation, some are concerned that taxation would depress economic activity in a manner that could affect the geopolitical order by providing incentives to one set of countries over another.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: impoverishment

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: carbon dioxide emitting

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: carbon dioxide emitting fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: carbon dioxide emitting fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: carbon dioxide emitting fossil fuels

text: A pellet stove is an appliance that burns compressed wood or biomass pellets.Wood heat continues to be used in areas where firewood is abundant.  For serious attempts at heating, rather than mere ambience (open fireplaces), stoves, fireplace inserts, and furnaces are most commonly used today.  In rural, forested parts of the U.S., freestanding boilers are increasingly common.  They are installed outdoors, some distance from the house, and connected to a heat exchanger in the house using underground piping.  The mess of wood, bark, smoke, and ashes is kept outside and the risk of fire is reduced.  The boilers are large enough to hold a fire all night, and can burn larger pieces of wood, so that less cutting and splitting is required.  There is no need to retrofit a chimney in the house.  However, outdoor wood boilers emit more wood smoke and associated pollutants than other wood-burning appliances.  This is due to design characteristics such as the water-filled jacket surrounding the firebox, which acts to cool the fire and leads to incomplete combustion.  Outdoor wood boilers also typically have short stack heights in comparison to other wood-burning appliances, contributing to ambient levels of particulates at ground level.  An alternative that is increasing in popularity are wood gasification boilers, which burn wood at very high efficiencies (85-91%) and can be placed indoors or in an outbuilding. There are plenty of ways to process wood fuel and the inventions today are maximizing by the minute.

text: A

text: pellet stove

text: is an appliance that burns compressed

text: wood or biomass pellets

text: .Wood heat continues to be used in areas where firewood is abundant.  For serious attempts at heating, rather than mere ambience (open fireplaces), stoves, fireplace inserts, and furnaces are most commonly used today.  In rural, forested parts of the U.S., freestanding

text: boiler

text: s are increasingly common.  They are installed outdoors, some distance from the house, and connected to a

text: heat exchanger

text: in the house using underground piping.  The mess of wood, bark, smoke, and ashes is kept outside and the risk of fire is reduced.  The boilers are large enough to hold a fire all night, and can burn larger pieces of wood, so that less cutting and splitting is required.  There is no need to retrofit a chimney in the house.  However, outdoor wood boilers emit more wood smoke and associated pollutants than other wood-burning appliances.  This is due to design characteristics such as the water-filled jacket surrounding the firebox, which acts to cool the fire and leads to incomplete combustion.  Outdoor wood boilers also typically have short stack heights in comparison to other wood-burning appliances, contributing to ambient levels of particulates at ground level.  An alternative that is increasing in popularity are wood gasification boilers, which burn wood at very high efficiencies (85-91%) and can be placed indoors or in an outbuilding. There are plenty of ways to process wood fuel and the inventions today are maximizing by the minute.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: outdoor wood boilers

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: wood smoke

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: wood boilers

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: pollute the air

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: wood smoke

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: wood boilers

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: slash-and-burn can lead to these pollutants

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: outdoor wood boilers

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: outdoor wood boilers emit more wood smoke

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: particulates

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: outdoor wood boilers emit more wood smoke

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: outdoor wood boilers emit more wood smoke

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: outdoor wood boilers emit more wood smoke

text: The main environmental issues in Switzerland's air is air pollution from vehicle emissions and open-air burning as well as acid rain. In 2004, the average amount of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) emission per resident was  and in 2005 was . With these numbers, Switzerland is 31st to 33rd among the 45 nations listed by United Nations Millennium Development Goals Indicators as developed nations and 69th worldwide. Switzerland expects by 2010 to reduce their total greenhouse gas emissions by 8% to 10% over emissions in 1990.

text: The main environmental issues in Switzerland's air is

text: air pollution

text: from vehicle emissions and open-air burning as well as

text: acid rain

text: . In 2004, the average amount of

text: Carbon Dioxide

text: (CO2) emission per resident was  and in 2005 was . With these numbers, Switzerland is 31st to 33rd among the 45 nations listed by United Nations Millennium Development Goals Indicators as

text: developed nation

text: s and 69th worldwide. Switzerland expects by 2010 to reduce their total greenhouse gas emissions by 8% to 10% over emissions in 1990.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: vehicle emissions

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: vehicle emissions

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: open-air burning

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: open-air burning

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: vehicle emissions and open-air burning

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: Carbon Dioxide

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: vehicle emissions and open-air burning

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: acid rain.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: acid rain. In 2004, the average amount of Carbon Dioxide

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: open-air burning

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: acid rain.

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: vehicle emissions and open-air burning

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: open-air burning

text: Salt storms near the Aral Sea pose a serious health hazard to surrounding areas. Run-off from nearby farms has resulted in the pollution of the Aral Sea with toxins like pesticides and fertilizers. As the sea evaporates, the toxic pollutants in the water crystallize along with other minerals to form salt flats. When the toxins and minerals from the salt flats are blown into the air by these storms and inhaled, the toxins and minerals may cause throat and lung cancer, infant mortality, decreased life expectancy and birth defects.

text: Salt storms near the Aral Sea pose a serious

text: health hazard

text: to surrounding areas.

text: Run-off

text: from nearby farms has resulted in the pollution of the Aral Sea with toxins like pesticides and fertilizers. As the sea evaporates, the toxic pollutants in the water crystallize along with other minerals to form salt flats. When the toxins and minerals from the salt flats are blown into the air by these storms and

text: inhaled

text: , the toxins and minerals may cause

text: throat

text: and

text: lung cancer

text: infant mortality

text: , decreased

text: life expectancy

text: and

text: birth defect

text: s.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: farms

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: inhaled

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: toxins

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: salt storms

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: farms

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: toxins

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: farms

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: throat and lung cancer, infant mortality, decreased life expectancy and birth defects.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: pesticides and fertilizers.

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: toxins like pesticides and fertilizers.

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: toxins like pesticides and fertilizers.

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: storms

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Run-off from nearby farms

text: There are many possible outcomes from breathing polluted air. For example, affected populations can develop a higher risk for lung cancer by breathing polluted air. Studies have sometimes found that some pollutants have damaging effects on humans, especially during pregnancy. Studies done on humans exposed to pollutants, one of them being  polychlorinated biphenyls, which causes decreased birth size, increased sexual development, and altered levels of hormones related to gland regulation.

text: There are many possible outcomes from breathing polluted air. For example, affected populations can develop a higher risk for lung cancer by breathing polluted air. Studies have sometimes found that some pollutants have damaging effects on humans, especially during pregnancy. Studies done on humans exposed to pollutants, one of them being

text: polychlorinated biphenyl

text: s, which causes decreased birth size, increased sexual development, and altered levels of hormones related to gland regulation.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: pollutant

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: have damaging effects on humans

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: polluted air.

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: polychlorinated biphenyls,

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: lung cancer

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: polychlorinated biphenyls,

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: There are many possible outcomes from breathing polluted air.

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: polychlorinated biphenyls,

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: breathing polluted air.

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: polychlorinated biphenyls,

text: Pollution is a major concern in Kolkata. , sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide annual concentration were within the national ambient air quality standards of India, but respirable suspended particulate matter levels were high, and on an increasing trend for five consecutive years, causing smog and haze. Severe air pollution in the city has caused a rise in pollution-related respiratory ailments, such as lung cancer.

text: Pollution

text: is a major concern in Kolkata. ,

text: sulphur dioxide

text: and

text: nitrogen dioxide

text: annual concentration were within the national ambient air quality standards of India, but respirable

text: suspended particulate matter

text: levels were high, and on an increasing trend for five consecutive years, causing smog and haze. Severe air pollution in the city has caused a rise in pollution-related respiratory ailments, such as lung cancer.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: smog

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: nitrogen dioxide

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: cause smog

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: Nitrogen dioxide

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: Kolkata.,

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: smog and haze.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: smog and haze.

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: nitrogen dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: respirable suspended particulate matter

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: smog and haze.

text: Fossil fuels are hydrocarbons, primarily coal and petroleum (liquid petroleum or natural gas), formed from the fossilized remains of ancient plants and animals by exposure to high heat and pressure in the absence of oxygen in the Earth's crust over hundreds of millions of years. Commonly, the term fossil fuel also includes hydrocarbon-containing natural resources that are not derived entirely from biological sources, such as tar sands.  These latter sources are properly known as mineral fuels.

text: Fossil fuels are

text: hydrocarbon

text: s, primarily

text: coal

text: and

text: petroleum

text: liquid petroleum

text: or

text: natural gas

text: ), formed from the

text: fossilized remains

text: of ancient plants and animals by exposure to high heat and pressure in the absence of oxygen in the

text: Earth

text: 's

text: crust

text: over hundreds of millions of years. Commonly, the term fossil fuel also includes hydrocarbon-containing

text: natural resource

text: s that are not derived entirely from biological sources, such as

text: tar sands

text: .  These latter sources are properly known as mineral fuels.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: natural gas

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: tar sands

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: hydrocarbons

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: Fossil fuel

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: Fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: oxygen

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: Fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: tar sands.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: oxygen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: oxygen

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: exposure to high heat and pressure in the absence of oxygen

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: tar sands.

text: Congressional interest and public pressure for greater air pollution regulation had existed since the signing of the 1963 Clean Air Act, the first federal legislation on the issue, but further action was opposed by members of congress who believed responsibility for air regulation properly lay with the states, not the federal government. Partly in response to the added public pressure spurred by the smog event, Congress passed and Johnson signed the 1967 Air Quality Act, which amended the 1963 Clean Air Act to provide for study of air quality and control methods. The Air Quality Act was not without criticism for its ineffectiveness: a 2011 encyclopedia of environmental law judged that the act "was a failure but it was the first step in federal air pollution control." Among contemporaneous critics, Ralph Nader affiliate and environmentalist John C. Esposito wrote the book Vanishing Air to accuse Muskie of watering down the bill and adding needless complications in order to satisfy industry. Calls for greater air pollution regulation in this era culminated with the passage under President Richard Nixon of the 1970 Clean Air Act, which supplanted the Air Quality Act and has been described as the most significant environmental legislation in American history.

text: Congressional interest and public pressure for greater air pollution regulation had existed since the signing of the 1963 Clean Air Act, the first federal legislation on the issue, but further action was opposed by members of congress who believed responsibility for air regulation properly lay with the states, not the federal government. Partly in response to the added public pressure spurred by the smog event, Congress passed and Johnson signed the

text: 1967 Air Quality Act

text: , which amended the

text: 1963 Clean Air Act

text: to provide for study of air quality and control methods. The Air Quality Act was not without criticism for its ineffectiveness: a 2011 encyclopedia of environmental law judged that the act "was a failure but it was the first step in federal air pollution control." Among contemporaneous critics,

text: Ralph Nader

text: affiliate and environmentalist John C. Esposito wrote the book Vanishing Air to accuse Muskie of watering down the bill and adding needless complications in order to satisfy industry. Calls for greater air pollution regulation in this era culminated with the passage under President

text: Richard Nixon

text: of the

text: 1970 Clean Air Act

text: , which supplanted the Air Quality Act and has been described as the most significant environmental legislation in American history.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: industry

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: industry

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: smog

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: smog

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: industry.

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air quality and control methods.

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: states,

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: smog

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: smog

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: 1963 Clean Air Act,

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: 1963 Clean Air Act,

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: smog

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: smog

text: The 2,100MW power plant is said to be the first coal fired power plant in the country and the largest independent coal-fired power plant in South-East Asia. This will caused serious air pollutions to the locales who are living near to the power plant.

text: The 2,100MW power plant is said to be the first coal fired power plant in the country and the largest independent coal-fired power plant in South-East Asia. This will caused serious air pollutions to the locales who are living near to the power plant.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: cause air pollutions

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burning coal

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: coal fired power plant

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air pollutions

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: coal fired power plant

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: serious air pollutions

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: air pollutions

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: coal-fired power plant in South-East Asia.

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: air pollutions

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: coal-fired power plant

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: serious air pollutions

text: Delivering food produced on the other side of the world to a supermarket has an environmental impact because it requires the use of fossil fuel in delivery from overseas, as compared to local delivery. In a perfectly efficient market, the costs of the fossil fuel would include the externalities associated with their consumption. Thus the full impact of their transportation costs would be reflected in the market price of the good. In the real world, there are no perfectly efficient markets. Much of the true costs of transporting goods around the world and consuming fossil fuel must be paid in the future dealing with the health and environmental effects of pollution. It is also likely that economic disruptions will be caused by future shortages of fossil fuel energy and spikes in fuel prices since it is a finite resource that is being depleted.

text: Delivering food produced on the other side of the world to a

text: supermarket

text: has an

text: environmental

text: impact because it requires the use of

text: fossil fuel

text: in delivery from overseas, as compared to local delivery. In a perfectly efficient market, the costs of the fossil fuel would include the externalities associated with their consumption. Thus the full impact of their transportation costs would be reflected in the market price of the good. In the real world, there are no perfectly efficient markets. Much of the true costs of transporting goods around the world and consuming fossil fuel must be paid in the future dealing with the health and environmental effects of

text: pollution

text: . It is also likely that economic disruptions will be caused by future shortages of fossil fuel energy and spikes in fuel prices since it is a finite resource that is being

text: depleted

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuel

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuel

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: environmental effects

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: transporting goods

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Which of the following is not an example of slash-and-burn?

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuel

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: pollution.

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuel

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: pollution.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: pollution.

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: fossil fuel

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: fossil fuel

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: fossil fuel

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: health and environmental effects of pollution.

text: The United Nations Earth Summit Conference on Environment and Development catalysed the formation of EU environmental policy into a policy that was centred on the environmental consequences of integration. The conference organized by the United Nations saw the acceptance of various documents and charters governing the natural environment and sustainable development. In its inception phase, EU environmental policy was a reaction to normalise competition with the markets. Having a common policy would ensure that member states were bound to directives that would regulate their production methods thus affect production output and competitive advantage. Focus was directed on air pollution from industries, and other forms of tangible, measurable, and traceable pollution that could be isolated to an event or a process, such as acidification Swedish lakes in the 1970s and 1980s caused by high sulphur dioxide emissions from power plants. Such forms of pollution were often governed with bans, quotas and economic instruments such as taxes and fines.  With improvements in technology, access and delivery of information and changes in global conceptualisation of the environment, EU environmental policy has evolved to become more responsive and bespoke, and has also increased its scope to various sources and sinks of pollution.

text: The United Nations

text: Earth Summit

text: Conference on Environment and Development catalysed the formation of EU environmental policy into a policy that was centred on the environmental consequences of integration. The conference organized by the United Nations saw the acceptance of various documents and charters governing the natural environment and sustainable development. In its inception phase, EU environmental policy was a reaction to normalise competition with the markets. Having a common policy would ensure that member states were bound to directives that would regulate their production methods thus affect production output and competitive advantage. Focus was directed on

text: air pollution

text: from industries, and other forms of tangible, measurable, and traceable pollution that could be isolated to an event or a process, such as acidification Swedish lakes in the 1970s and 1980s caused by high

text: sulphur dioxide

text: emissions from power plants. Such forms of pollution were often governed with bans, quotas and economic instruments such as taxes and fines.  With improvements in technology, access and delivery of information and changes in global conceptualisation of the environment, EU environmental policy has evolved to become more responsive and bespoke, and has also increased its scope to various sources and sinks of pollution.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: industries

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: sulphur dioxide

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: industries

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: acidification Swedish lakes

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: sulphur

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: power plants

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: high sulphur dioxide emissions

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: industries,

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: sulphur dioxide

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: industries,

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: acidification

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: sulphur dioxide

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: The United Nations Earth Summit Conference on Environment and Development

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: sulphur dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: industries,

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: high sulphur dioxide emissions from power plants.

text: Fossil fuels are of great importance because they can be burned (oxidized to carbon dioxide and water), producing significant amounts of energy per unit weight. The use of coal as a fuel predates recorded history. Coal was used to run furnaces for the melting of metal ore. Semi-solid hydrocarbons from seeps were also burned in ancient times, but these materials were mostly used for waterproofing and embalming.

text: Fossil fuels are of great importance because they can be burned (

text: oxidized

text: to

text: carbon dioxide

text: and water), producing significant amounts of energy per unit weight. The use of

text: coal

text: as a fuel predates recorded history. Coal was used to run furnaces for the melting of

text: metal ore

text: . Semi-solid hydrocarbons from seeps were also burned in ancient times, but these materials were mostly used for waterproofing and

text: embalming

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: waterproofing and embalming

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: seeps

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: Fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: Fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: (oxidized to carbon dioxide and water),

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burned

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: carbon dioxide and water),

text: Air pollution in Delhi is caused mainly  by industry. As many as 10,000 people a year may die prematurely in Delhi as a result of air pollution.  The 1997 White Paper sponsored by the Ministry of Environment and Forests already proposed various measures to bring down pollution caused by traffic, including smoothing the flow of traffic with parking regulations and bringing down total traffic by mandatory limits on driving. City authorities claim to have had some success in bringing down air pollution; for instance, during the bidding process for the 2014 Asian Games, the city's organizing committee had claimed that "pollution levels had come down drastically in Delhi with the arrival of Metro rail as well as all public transport vehicle being run compulsorily on CNG(Compressed Natural Gas)."

text: Air pollution

text: in Delhi is caused mainly  by industry. As many as 10,000 people a year may die prematurely in Delhi as a result of air pollution.  The 1997

text: White Paper

text: sponsored by the Ministry of Environment and Forests already proposed various measures to bring down pollution caused by traffic, including smoothing the flow of traffic with parking regulations and bringing down total traffic by mandatory limits on driving. City authorities claim to have had some success in bringing down air pollution; for instance, during the bidding process for the 2014 Asian Games, the city's organizing committee had claimed that "pollution levels had come down drastically in Delhi with the arrival of Metro rail as well as all public transport vehicle being run compulsorily on CNG(Compressed Natural Gas)."

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: industry

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: industry

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: die prematurely

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: industry

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: industry.

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air pollution.

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: industry.

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: die prematurely

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: Air pollution

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: 1997 White Paper sponsored by the Ministry of Environment and Forests

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: industry.

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: industry.

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Air pollution in Delhi is caused mainly by industry.

text: The Asian brown cloud is created by a range of airborne particles and pollutants from combustion (e.g., woodfires, cars, and factories), biomass burning and industrial processes with incomplete burning. The cloud is associated with the winter monsoon (November/December to April) during which there is no rain to wash pollutants from the air.

text: The Asian brown cloud is created by a range of airborne particles and pollutants from combustion (e.g., woodfires, cars, and factories),

text: biomass

text: burning and industrial processes with incomplete burning. The cloud is associated with the winter

text: monsoon

text: (November/December to April) during which there is no rain to wash pollutants from the air.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: woodfires

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: woodfires

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: pollute the air

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: combustion

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: combustion

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: combustion

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: The Asian brown cloud

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: biomass burning

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: airborne particles and pollutants

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: combustion

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: industrial processes with incomplete burning.

text: Once a bustling fishing community and Uzbekistan's only port city with tens of thousands of residents, Mo‘ynoq is now dozens of kilometers from the rapidly receding shoreline of the Aral Sea. Fishing had always been part of the economy of the region, and Mo‘ynoq became a center of industrial fishing and canning. However, overfishing the shallow sea in the past made it very susceptible to economic collapse as the Aral Sea has dried up. A regional agricultural monoculture dominated by cotton production which diverts water from tributary rivers of the sea into irrigation, and severe pollution caused by agricultural chemical runoff, are causing the sea to evaporate and the water that remains is highly saline and very toxic, causing the ecological disaster which is destroying the sea and killing the residents of the towns in its vicinity, including Mo‘ynoq.

text: Once a bustling

text: fishing

text: community and Uzbekistan's only

text: port city

text: with tens of thousands of residents, Mo‘ynoq is now dozens of kilometers from the rapidly receding shoreline of the

text: Aral Sea

text: . Fishing had always been part of the economy of the region, and Mo‘ynoq became a center of industrial fishing and canning. However, overfishing the shallow sea in the past made it very susceptible to economic collapse as the Aral Sea has dried up. A regional agricultural

text: monoculture

text: dominated by

text: cotton

text: production which diverts water from tributary rivers of the sea into

text: irrigation

text: , and severe pollution caused by agricultural chemical runoff, are causing the sea to evaporate and the water that remains is highly saline and very toxic, causing the

text: ecological disaster

text: which is destroying the sea and killing the residents of the towns in its vicinity, including Mo‘ynoq.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: cotton production

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: chemical

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: cotton production

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: pollute the sea

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: chemical pollutants

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: agricultural chemical runoff

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: slash-and-burn

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: agricultural chemical runoff,

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: chemical runoff,

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: agricultural chemical runoff,

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: cotton

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: cotton

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: chemical runoff,

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: agricultural chemical runoff,

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: agricultural chemical runoff,

text: The primary piece of federal legislation governing the airborne release of mercury in the United States is the Clean Air Act. Unlike the criteria air pollutants, mercury is classified under the Act as a hazardous air pollutant and is thus subject to control under the National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP's) rather than the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS).  The key distinction is that the former is controlled by establishing performance standards under a program known as maximum achievable control technology standards (MACT), designed to reduce hazardous air pollutant emissions to a maximum achievable degree, by setting a standard at least as stringent as the emission reductions achieved by the average of the top 12% best controlled in the same pollution sources. However, as of early 2011, no federal limits of mercury from coal and oil-fired electric utility steam generating units (EGU's) were on the books. The development of a regulatory policy framework to guide the emissions of mercury from power plants is on-going, the major developments of which have occurred largely within the last decade.

text: The primary piece of federal legislation governing the airborne release of mercury in the United States is the

text: Clean Air Act

text: . Unlike the

text: criteria air pollutants

text: , mercury is classified under the Act as a

entity_name: National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants

text: hazardous air pollutant

text: and is thus subject to control under the

text: National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants

text: (NESHAP's) rather than the

text: National Ambient Air Quality Standards

text: (NAAQS).  The key distinction is that the former is controlled by establishing

text: performance standards

text: under a program known as

text: maximum achievable control technology standards

text: (MACT), designed to reduce hazardous air pollutant emissions to a maximum achievable degree, by setting a standard at least as stringent as the emission reductions achieved by the average of the top 12% best controlled in the same pollution sources. However, as of early 2011, no federal limits of mercury from coal and oil-fired

text: electric utility steam generating units

text: (EGU's) were on the books. The development of a regulatory policy framework to guide the emissions of mercury from power plants is on-going, the major developments of which have occurred largely within the last decade.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: power plants

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: mercury

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: mercury

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: no federal limits

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: mercury

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: mercury

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: No federal limits of mercury from coal and oil-fired electric utility steam generating units

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: power plants

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: mercury

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: mercury

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: mercury

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: mercury

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: mercury

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: mercury

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: power plants

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: mercury

text: Blacksmith Institute mentioned Urumqi in 2007 World’s Worst Polluted Places caused by air pollution along with Linfen and Lanzhou, all in China. In 2008, Toronto Star  listed Ürümqi as one of the Top Ten worst places to live in the world due to sulphurous pollution. Heavy haze is extremely common in winter, which frequently affects air traffic. Officials believed that severe winter air pollution in Ürümqi is mainly caused by energy-heavy industries and the outdated coal-firing winter heating system. According to a report by Department of Environmental Science and Engineering of Fudan University, the average PM and TSP concentrations in the winter of 2007 were 12 times higher than USA standard for PM and 3 times the National Ambient Air Quality Standard of China for TSP. The sulfur dioxide from industrial emissions mixed with the local anthropogenic aerosol with the transported soil dust from outside the city was the main sources of the high concentration of sulfate, one of the main factors causing the heavy air pollution over Urumqi.

text: Blacksmith Institute

text: mentioned Urumqi in 2007 World’s Worst Polluted Places caused by air pollution along with

text: Linfen

text: and

text: Lanzhou

text: , all in China. In 2008,

text: Toronto Star

text: listed Ürümqi as one of the Top Ten worst places to live in the world due to sulphurous pollution. Heavy haze is extremely common in winter, which frequently affects air traffic. Officials believed that severe winter air pollution in Ürümqi is mainly caused by energy-heavy industries and the outdated coal-firing winter heating system. According to a report by Department of Environmental Science and Engineering of

text: Fudan University

text: , the average PM and TSP concentrations in the winter of 2007 were 12 times higher than USA standard for PM and 3 times the National Ambient Air Quality Standard of China for TSP. The

text: sulfur dioxide

text: from industrial emissions mixed with the local anthropogenic aerosol with the transported soil dust from outside the city was the main sources of the high concentration of sulfate, one of the main factors causing the heavy air pollution over Urumqi.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: energy-heavy industries

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: sulfur dioxide

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: energy-heavy industries

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: heavy haze

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: sulfur dioxide

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: sulfur dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: industrial emissions

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: The sulfur dioxide from industrial emissions

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: sulfur dioxide

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: industrial emissions

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: sulphurous pollution.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: sulfur dioxide

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: coal-firing winter heating system.

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: sulfur dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: industrial emissions

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: sulphurous pollution.

text: The chief cause for decay in textiles is almost always the environment in which they are stored.  Light, temperature, and humidity can all contribute to a textile’s health or deterioration, depending on their intensity.  Additionally, pests, chemicals, and pollutants may also cause damage to an antique fabric.  Airborne chemicals, such as smog or cigarette smoke are also harmful to the textiles, and should be avoided if at all possible:  high-efficiency air filters should be installed throughout the building to reduce the presence of airborne chemicals that may stain, discolor, or weaken fabrics.

text: The chief cause for decay in textiles is almost always the environment in which they are stored.  Light, temperature, and humidity can all contribute to a textile’s health or deterioration, depending on their intensity.  Additionally, pests, chemicals, and pollutants may also cause damage to an antique fabric.  Airborne chemicals, such as smog or cigarette smoke are also harmful to the textiles, and should be avoided if at all possible:  high-efficiency air filters should be installed throughout the building to reduce the presence of airborne chemicals that may stain, discolor, or weaken fabrics.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: cigarette smoke

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: cigarette smoke

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: cigarette smoke

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: weaken fabrics

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: smog

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: cigarette smoke

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: cigarette smoke

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: cigarette smoke

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: cigarette smoke

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: weaken fabrics.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: smog

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: smog or cigarette smoke

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: pollutants may also cause damage to an antique fabric. Airborne chemicals,

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: cigarette smoke

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: smog or cigarette smoke

text: Using biomass as a fuel produces air pollution in the form of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, NOx (nitrogen oxides), VOCs (volatile organic compounds), particulates and other pollutants at levels above those from traditional fuel sources such as coal or natural gas  in some cases (such as with indoor heating and cooking). Utilization of wood biomass as a fuel can also produce fewer particulate and other pollutants than open burning as seen in wildfires or direct heat applications. Black carbon – a pollutant created by combustion of fossil fuels, biofuels, and biomass – is possibly the second largest contributor to global warming. In 2009 a Swedish study of the giant brown haze that periodically covers large areas in South Asia determined that it had been principally produced by biomass burning, and to a lesser extent by fossil fuel burning. Denmark has increased the use of biomass and garbage, and decreased the use of coal.

text: Using biomass as a fuel produces

text: air pollution

text: in the form of

text: carbon monoxide

text: carbon dioxide

text: NOx

text: (nitrogen oxides), VOCs (

text: volatile organic compound

text: s), particulates and other pollutants at levels above those from traditional fuel sources such as

text: coal

text: or

text: natural gas

text: in some cases (such as with indoor heating and cooking). Utilization of wood biomass as a fuel can also produce fewer particulate and other pollutants than open burning as seen in wildfires or direct heat applications.

text: Black carbon

text: – a pollutant created by combustion of fossil fuels, biofuels, and biomass – is possibly the second largest contributor to global warming. In 2009 a Swedish study of the giant brown haze that periodically covers large areas in South Asia determined that it had been principally produced by biomass burning, and to a lesser extent by fossil fuel burning.

text: Denmark

text: has increased the use of biomass and garbage, and decreased the use of coal.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: traditional fuel sources

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: NOx

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: Black carbon

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: pollutant

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: carbon monoxide

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: Using biomass

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: biomass

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: NOx (nitrogen oxides),

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: biomass

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: Black carbon

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: Black carbon

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: biomass

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: Black carbon

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: Using biomass

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: wildfires or direct heat applications.

text: For air pollution applications, the definition of "particulate" does not include uncombined water, and water from a particulate sample must be removed before it is weighed.  This can be done either by heating the sample to evaporate the water or by placing the sample in a low humidity environment before weighing.

text: For

text: air pollution

text: applications, the definition of "particulate" does not include uncombined

text: water

text: , and water from a particulate sample must be removed before it is weighed.  This can be done either by heating the sample to

text: evaporate

text: the water or by placing the sample in a low

text: humidity

text: environment before weighing.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: particulate

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: particulate

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: particulate

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollute

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: particulate

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: particulate

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: uncombined water,

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: uncombined water,

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: "particulate" does not include uncombined water,

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: water,

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: "particulate" does not include uncombined water,

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: uncombined water,

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: "particulate" does not include uncombined water,

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: air pollution

text: From the perspective of climate and ecology, biofuels and fossil fuels have in common that they contribute to the production of atmospheric carbon dioxide, which has emerged in recent decades as the fastest-changing greenhouse gas, whose principal impacts are global warming and ocean acidification.  However biofuels actively participate in the carbon cycle today by photosynthesizing carbon dioxide, unlike fossil fuels whose participation was long ago, and can therefore in principle bring atmospheric CO into an equilibrium not possible with the continued use of fossil fuel.  But in practice photosynthesis is a slow process, and the additional fuel produced by artificial methods of accelerating it such as application of fertilizer tends to be offset by the energy consumed by the accelerating processes, to a degree currently under active debate.  In contrast the speed of photosynthesis is immaterial for fossil fuels because they had millions of years in which to accumulate. Burning of both fossil fuels and biofuels usually also produces carbon monoxide, which is toxic and can kill a person after mixing with the haemoglobin of the blood, increasing its concentration in the body. Biofuels and fossil fuels may also produce many other air pollutants depending on the contents of the fuel.

text: From the perspective of climate and

text: ecology

text: , biofuels and fossil fuels have in common that they contribute to the production of

text: atmospheric carbon dioxide

text: , which has emerged in recent decades as the fastest-changing

text: greenhouse gas

text: , whose principal impacts are

text: global warming

text: and

text: ocean acidification

text: .  However biofuels actively participate in the

text: carbon cycle

text: today by photosynthesizing carbon dioxide, unlike fossil fuels whose participation was long ago, and can therefore in principle bring atmospheric CO into an equilibrium not possible with the continued use of fossil fuel.  But in practice

text: photosynthesis

text: is a slow process, and the additional fuel produced by artificial methods of accelerating it such as application of fertilizer tends to be offset by the energy consumed by the accelerating processes, to a degree currently under active debate.  In contrast the speed of photosynthesis is immaterial for fossil fuels because they had millions of years in which to accumulate. Burning of both fossil fuels and biofuels usually also produces

text: carbon monoxide

text: , which is toxic and can kill a person after mixing with the haemoglobin of the blood, increasing its concentration in the body. Biofuels and fossil fuels may also produce many other

text: air pollutants

text: depending on the contents of the fuel.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: biofuels

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: biofuels

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: also produce many other air pollutants

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: carbon monoxide

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: biofuels

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: Biofuels and fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: carbon dioxide,

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: biofuels and fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: produce many other air pollutants

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: carbon monoxide,

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: carbon monoxide,

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon monoxide,

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: Burning

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: carbon monoxide,

text: Thick haze and smoke originating from burning biomass in northwestern India and air pollution from large industrial cities in northern India often concentrate over the Ganges Basin. Prevailing westerlies carry aerosols along the southern margins of the sheer-faced Tibetan Plateau towards eastern India and the Bay of Bengal. Dust and black carbon, which are blown towards higher altitudes by winds at the southern margins of the Himalayas, can absorb shortwave radiation and heat the air over the Tibetan Plateau. The net atmospheric heating due to aerosol absorption causes the air to warm and convect upwards, increasing the concentration of moisture in the mid-troposphere and providing positive feedback that stimulates further heating of aerosols.

text: Thick haze and smoke originating from burning biomass in northwestern India and

text: air pollution from large industrial cities in northern India

text: often concentrate over the

text: Ganges Basin

text: . Prevailing westerlies carry aerosols along the southern margins of the sheer-faced Tibetan Plateau towards eastern India and the

text: Bay of Bengal

text: . Dust and

text: black carbon

text: , which are blown towards higher altitudes by winds at the southern margins of the Himalayas, can absorb shortwave radiation and heat the air over the Tibetan Plateau. The net atmospheric heating due to aerosol absorption causes the air to warm and

text: convect

text: upwards, increasing the concentration of moisture in the mid-

text: troposphere

text: and providing positive feedback that stimulates further heating of aerosols.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: large industrial cities

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: smoke

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: large industrial cities

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: aerosols

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burning biomass

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Thick haze and smoke

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: large industrial cities in northern India

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: smoke

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: large industrial cities

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: Dust and black carbon,

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: biomass

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: biomass

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: Prevailing westerlies

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: burning biomass

text: Indoor air pollution in developing nations is a major health hazard. A major source of indoor air pollution in developing countries is the burning of biomass (e.g. wood, charcoal, dung, or crop residue) for heating and cooking.  The resulting exposure to high levels of particulate matter resulted in between 1.5 million and 2 million deaths in 2000.

entity_name: Indoor air pollution in developing nations

text: Indoor air pollution in developing nations

text: is a major health hazard. A major source of indoor air pollution in developing countries is the burning of

text: biomass

text: (e.g. wood, charcoal, dung, or crop residue) for heating and cooking.  The resulting exposure to high levels of particulate matter resulted in between 1.5 million and 2 million deaths in 2000.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: burning of biomass

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: burning biomass

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: indoor air pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: particulates

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burning biomass

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: slash and burn

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: burning of biomass

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: particulate matter

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: burning of biomass

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: Indoor air pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: particulate matter

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: biomass

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: particulate matter

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burning of biomass

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: burning of biomass

text: Fund report in May 2015, the world's governments indirectly subsidize fossil fuel companies with $5.3tn (£3.4tn) a year. Most this is due to polluters not paying the costs imposed on governments by the burning of coal, oil and gas: air pollution, health problems, the floods, droughts and storms driven by climate change.

text: Fund report in May 2015, the world's governments indirectly subsidize fossil fuel companies with $5.3tn (£3.4tn) a year. Most this is due to polluters not paying the costs imposed on governments by the burning of coal, oil and gas: air pollution, health problems, the floods, droughts and storms driven by climate change.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuel companies

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burning coal

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: burning of coal, oil and gas:

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air pollution,

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: coal, oil and gas:

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollution,

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: air pollution,

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: the world's governments indirectly subsidize fossil fuel companies

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: floods, droughts and storms

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burning of coal, oil and gas:

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: air pollution, health problems, the floods, droughts and storms

text: Soil degradation and desertification are the main causes of environmental problems. In addition, Cuba has other issues such as deforestation, water pollution, the loss of biological diversity, and air pollution.  Soil degradation and desertification are produced by the lack of good farming techniques and natural disasters. Deforestation is killing the forest, for example, cutting down trees. Water pollution is the contamination of water caused by different industries. Also, the loss of biological diversity is caused by the extinction of different animal species. Lastly, air pollution largely caused by the increasing number of “old” cars that fill Cuba’s streets.

text: Soil degradation and desertification are the main causes of environmental problems. In addition,

text: Cuba

text: has other issues such as deforestation, water pollution, the loss of biological diversity, and air pollution.  Soil degradation and desertification are produced by the lack of good farming techniques and natural disasters.

text: Deforestation

text: is killing the forest, for example, cutting down trees. Water pollution is the contamination of water caused by different industries. Also, the loss of biological diversity is caused by the extinction of different animal species. Lastly, air pollution largely caused by the increasing number of “old” cars that fill Cuba’s streets.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: old” cars

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: old cars

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: deforestation

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: Nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: deforestation

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Deforestation

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: the increasing number of “old” cars

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air pollution.

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: “old” cars

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: Water pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: air pollution.

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Deforestation

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: trees.

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: air pollution.

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Deforestation is killing the forest, for example, cutting down trees.

text: Biomass, biogas and biofuels are burned to produce heat/power and in doing so harm the environment. Pollutants such as sulphurous oxides (SO), nitrous oxides (NO), and particulate matter (PM) are produced from this combustion. The World Health Organisation estimates that 7 million premature deaths are caused each year by air pollution, and biomass combustion is a major contributor of it. The use of biomas is carbon neutral over time, but is otherwise similar to burning fossil fuels.

text: Biomass, biogas and biofuels are burned to produce heat/power and in doing so harm the environment. Pollutants such as sulphurous oxides (SO), nitrous oxides (NO), and particulate matter (PM) are produced from this combustion. The World Health Organisation estimates that 7 million premature deaths are caused each year by air pollution, and biomass combustion is a major contributor of it. The use of biomas is carbon neutral over time, but is otherwise similar to burning fossil fuels.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: biomass combustion

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: particulate matter

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: Biomass

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: harm the environment

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: particulate matter

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burning fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: biomass combustion

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: Pollutants

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: biomass combustion

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: Pollutants

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: nitrous oxides

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: biomas

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: sulphurous oxides

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: combustion.

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: sulphurous oxides

text: In 2002, forestry industry contributed 1.7% to India's GDP. In 2010, the contribution to GDP dropped to 0.9%, largely because of rapid growth of the economy in other sectors and the government's decision to reform and reduce import tariffs to let imports satisfy the growing Indian demand for wood products. India produces a range of processed forest (wood and non-wood) products ranging from wood panel products and wood pulp to make bronze, rattazikistan ware and pern resin. India's paper industry produces over 3,000 metric tonnes annually from more than 400 mills. The furniture and craft industry is another consumer of wood. India's wood-based processing industries consumed about 30 million cubic metres of industrial wood in 2002. India annually consumes an additional 270 million tonnes of fuelwood, 2800 million tonnes of fodder, and about 102 million cubic meter of forest products - valued at about  a year.India is one of the world's largest consumer of fuel-wood. India's consumption of fuel-wood is about five times higher than what can be sustainably removed from forests. However, a large percentage of this fuel-wood is grown as biomass remaining from agriculture, and is managed outside forests. Fuel-wood meets about 40% of the energy needs of the country. Around 80% of rural people and 48% of urban people use fuel-wood. Unless India makes major, rapid and sustained effort to expand electricity generation and power plants, the rural and urban poor in India will continue to meet their energy needs through unsustainable destruction of forests and fuel wood consumption. India's dependence on fuel-wood and forestry products as a primary energy source is not only environmentally unsustainable, it is a primary cause of India's near-permanent haze and air pollution.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fuel-wood

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fuel-wood

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: fuel-wood

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: India's dependence on fuel-wood and forestry products as a primary energy source

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: India's dependence on fuel-wood

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: destruction of forests

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fuel-wood

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: destruction of forests and fuel wood consumption.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: haze and air pollution.

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: fuel-wood

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: haze and air pollution.

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: haze and air pollution.

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: haze and air pollution.

text: Air pollution also is made worse by increases in natural hydrocarbon emissions during warm and hot weather. If a warmed climate causes increased use of air conditioners, air pollutant emissions from power plants also will increase.

text: Air pollution also is made worse by increases in natural

text: hydrocarbon

text: emissions during warm and hot weather. If a warmed climate causes increased use of

text: air conditioner

text: s, air pollutant emissions from

text: power plant

text: s also will increase.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: power plants

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: hydrocarbon emissions

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: power plants

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollute

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: hydrocarbons

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: natural hydrocarbon emissions

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: power plants

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: hydrocarbon emissions

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: power plants

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: Air pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: hydrocarbon

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Air pollution also is made worse by increases in natural hydrocarbon emissions

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: hydrocarbon

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: power plants

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Air pollution

text: An evaporator is a device used to turn the liquid form of a chemical into its gaseous form. The liquid is evaporated, or vaporized, into a gas.

text: An evaporator is a device used to turn the liquid form of a chemical into its gaseous form. The liquid is evaporated, or vaporized, into a gas.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: evaporators

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: gases

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: evaporators

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: be evaporated

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: evaporator

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: gas.

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: evaporator

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: evaporator

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: An evaporator

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: An evaporator

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: An evaporator

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: evaporator

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: An evaporator

text: Water is also used in many large scale industrial processes, such as thermoelectric power production, oil refining, fertilizer production and other chemical plant use, and natural gas extraction from shale rock. Discharge of untreated water from industrial uses is pollution. Pollution includes discharged solutes (chemical pollution) and increased water temperature (thermal pollution). Industry requires pure water for many applications and utilizes a variety of purification techniques both in water supply and discharge. Most of this pure water is generated on site, either from natural freshwater or from municipal grey water. Industrial consumption of water is generally much lower than withdrawal, due to laws requiring industrial grey water to be treated and returned to the environment. Thermoelectric powerplants using cooling towers have high consumption, nearly equal to their withdrawal, as most of the withdrawn water is evaporated as part of the cooling process. The withdrawal, however, is lower than in once-through cooling systems.

text: Water is also used in many large scale industrial processes, such as thermoelectric power production, oil refining, fertilizer production and other chemical plant use, and natural gas extraction from shale rock. Discharge of untreated water from industrial uses is pollution. Pollution includes discharged solutes (chemical pollution) and increased water temperature (thermal pollution). Industry requires pure water for many applications and utilizes a variety of purification techniques both in water supply and discharge. Most of this pure water is generated on site, either from natural freshwater or from municipal

text: grey water

text: . Industrial consumption of water is generally much lower than withdrawal, due to laws requiring industrial grey water to be treated and returned to the environment. Thermoelectric powerplants using

text: cooling towers

text: have high consumption, nearly equal to their withdrawal, as most of the withdrawn water is evaporated as part of the cooling process. The withdrawal, however, is lower than in

text: once-through cooling

text: systems.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: industrial processes

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: chemical pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: industrial processes

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: pollute

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: oil refining

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: Discharge of untreated water from industrial uses

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: (chemical pollution)

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: Discharge of untreated water from industrial uses

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: pollution.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: oil

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Water is also used in many large scale industrial processes,

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: increased water temperature

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: Discharge of untreated water from industrial uses

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Discharge of untreated water

text: In addition to its use in photosynthesis, a vine's water supply is also depleted by the processes of evaporation and transpiration. In evaporation, heat (aided by wind and sunlight) causes water in the soil to evaporate and escape as vapor molecules. This process is inversely related to humidity with evaporation taking place at faster rates in areas with low relative humidity. In transpiration, this evaporation of water occurs directly in the vine, as water is released from the plant through the stomata that are located on the undersides of the leaves. This loss of water from the leaves is one of the driving factors that results in water being drawn up from the roots, and it also helps the vine combat against the effects of heat stress which can severely damage the physiological functions of the vine (somewhat similar to how perspiration works with humans and animals). The presence of adequate water in the vines can help keep the internal temperature of the leaf only a few degrees above the temperature of the surrounding air. However, if water is severely lacking then that internal temperature could jump nearly 18 °F (10 °C) warmer than the surrounding air which leads the vine to develop heat stress. The dual effects of evaporation and transpiration are called evapotranspiration. A typical vineyard in a hot, dry climate can lose as much as  of water per vine through evapotranspiration during the growing season.

text: In addition to its use in photosynthesis, a vine's water supply is also depleted by the processes of

text: evaporation

text: and

text: transpiration

text: . In evaporation, heat (aided by

text: wind

text: and

text: sunlight

text: ) causes water in the soil to evaporate and escape as

text: vapor molecules

text: . This process is inversely related to

text: humidity

text: with evaporation taking place at faster rates in areas with low

text: relative humidity

text: . In transpiration, this evaporation of water occurs directly in the vine, as water is released from the plant through the

text: stomata

text: that are located on the undersides of the leaves. This loss of water from the leaves is one of the driving factors that results in water being drawn up from the roots, and it also helps the vine combat against the effects of

text: heat stress

text: which can severely damage the physiological functions of the vine (somewhat similar to how

text: perspiration

text: works with

text: humans

text: and animals). The presence of adequate water in the vines can help keep the internal temperature of the leaf only a few degrees above the temperature of the surrounding air. However, if water is severely lacking then that internal temperature could jump nearly 18 °F (10 °C) warmer than the surrounding air which leads the vine to develop heat stress. The dual effects of evaporation and transpiration are called

text: evapotranspiration

text: . A typical vineyard in a hot, dry climate can lose as much as  of water per vine through evapotranspiration during the growing season.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: humans and animals

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: develop heat stress

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: transpiration

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: What can severely damage the physiological functions of the vine?

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: heat

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: heat stress.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: evapotranspiration.

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: evapotranspiration.

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: vapor molecules.

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: evaporation and transpiration. In evaporation,

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: heat stress

text: During the process, the biomass typically loses 20% of its mass (bone dry basis) and 10% of its heating value, with no appreciable change in volume. This energy (the volatiles) can be used as a heating fuel for the torrefaction process.After the biomass is torrefied it can be densified, usually into briquettes or pellets using conventional densification equipment,  to increase its mass and energy density and to improve its hydrophobic properties. The final product may repel water and thus can be stored in moist air or rain without appreciable change in moisture content or heating value, unlike the original biomass from which it is made.

text: During the process, the biomass typically loses 20% of its mass (bone dry basis) and 10% of its heating value, with no appreciable change in volume. This energy (the volatiles) can be used as a heating fuel for the torrefaction process.After the biomass is torrefied it can be densified, usually into briquettes or pellets using conventional densification equipment,  to increase its mass and energy density and to improve its hydrophobic properties. The final product may repel water and thus can be stored in moist air or rain without appreciable change in moisture content or heating value, unlike the original biomass from which it is made.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: biomass

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: emissions

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: biomass

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: repel water

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: volatiles

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: briquettes

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: biomass

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: (the volatiles)

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: biomass

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: The final product may repel water

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: water

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: During the process, the biomass typically loses 20% of its mass

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: (the volatiles)

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: torrefaction process.After

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: 20% of its mass (bone dry basis) and 10% of its heating value,

text: Evaporation processes are the most widespread for brine treatment as they enable the highest degree of concentration, as high as solid salt. They also produce the highest purity effluent, even distillate-quality. Evaporation processes are also more tolerant of organics, hydrocarbons, or hardness salts. However, energy consumption is high and corrosion may be an issue as the prime mover is concentrated salt water. As a result, evaporation systems typically employ titanium or duplex stainless steel materials.

text: Evaporation processes are the most widespread for brine treatment as they enable the highest degree of concentration, as high as solid salt. They also produce the highest purity effluent, even distillate-quality. Evaporation processes are also more tolerant of organics, hydrocarbons, or hardness salts. However, energy consumption is high and corrosion may be an issue as the prime mover is concentrated salt water. As a result, evaporation systems typically employ

text: titanium

text: or

text: duplex stainless steel

text: materials.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: organics

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: emissions

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: energy consumption is high

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: Evaporation processes

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: concentrated salt water.

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: energy consumption

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: Evaporation processes

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: corrosion

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: hydrocarbons,

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Evaporation processes

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: organics, hydrocarbons,

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: Evaporation processes

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: corrosion

text: Technical problems can arise during evaporation, especially when the process is applied to the food industry. Some evaporators are sensitive to differences in viscosity and consistency of the dilute solution. These evaporators could work inefficiently because of a loss of circulation. The pump of an evaporator may need to be changed if the evaporator needs to be used to concentrate a highly viscous solution.

text: Technical problems can arise during evaporation, especially when the process is applied to the food industry. Some evaporators are sensitive to differences in viscosity and consistency of the dilute solution. These evaporators could work inefficiently because of a loss of circulation. The pump of an evaporator may need to be changed if the evaporator needs to be used to concentrate a highly viscous solution.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: food industry

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: emissions

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: food industry

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: inefficient

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: food industry.

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: loss of circulation.

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: food industry.

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: work inefficiently because of a loss of circulation.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: Technical problems can arise during evaporation,

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Technical problems can arise during evaporation,

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: Technical problems can arise during evaporation,

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: evaporation,

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Technical problems can arise during evaporation,

text: The vast majority of developed countries rely on carbon dioxide emitting energy sources for large components of their economic activity.  Fossil fuel energy generally dominates the following areas of an OECD economy:

text: The vast majority of developed countries rely on carbon dioxide emitting energy sources for large components of their economic activity.  Fossil fuel energy generally dominates the following areas of an OECD economy:

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: emit carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: carbon dioxide emitting energy sources

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: Fossil fuel energy

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: carbon dioxide emitting

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: carbon dioxide emitting energy sources for large components of their economic activity.

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: carbon dioxide

text: There are 3 impact points that are influenced in Ust-Kamenogorsk.  The atmosphere is hit most. With a poor urban ventilation (the average percentage of calm 48%), with a large number of vehicles and stationary sources relevance of air pollution in Ust-Kamenogorsk is not in doubt. The concentration of harmful substanes in the air is increasing each year because of the nature of the companies which are looking for increases in the production and profits. As usual, the pollution is enhanced by the low quality of car fuels and increase in the number of cars. As a result of all this, Ust-Kamenogorsk is often recognized as one of the most polluted regional centers of Kazakhstan.

text: There are 3 impact points that are influenced in Ust-Kamenogorsk.  The atmosphere is hit most. With a poor urban ventilation (the average percentage of calm 48%), with a large number of vehicles and stationary sources relevance of air pollution in Ust-Kamenogorsk is not in doubt. The concentration of harmful substanes in the air is increasing each year because of the nature of the companies which are looking for increases in the production and profits. As usual, the pollution is enhanced by the low quality of car fuels and increase in the number of cars. As a result of all this, Ust-Kamenogorsk is often recognized as one of the most polluted regional centers of Kazakhstan.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: vehicles and stationary sources

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: stationary sources

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: vehicles

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: stationary sources

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: The atmosphere

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: harmful substanes

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: vehicles and stationary sources

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: the pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: harmful substanes

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: low quality of car fuels

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: harmful substanes

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: low quality of car fuels

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: low quality of car fuels

text: Air pollution has been shown to negatively effect humans' cardiovascular and respiratory systems. Lung tissue can be damaged with direct exposure to air pollutants such as ozone, potentially causing lung inflammation and impairment of lung function. As Environment Canada mentions "impacts from exposure can range from "minor breathing problems to premature death". Some of the main respiratory diseases caused by air pollution include asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lung cancer.  Specific cardiovascular disease and problems caused by air pollution include heart attack, hypertension, inflammation around the heart, stroke and arrhythmias.

text: Air pollution has been shown to negatively effect humans' cardiovascular and respiratory systems. Lung tissue can be damaged with direct exposure to air pollutants such as ozone, potentially causing lung inflammation and impairment of lung function. As Environment Canada mentions "impacts from exposure can range from "minor breathing problems to premature death". Some of the main respiratory diseases caused by air pollution include

text: asthma

text: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

text: , and

text: lung cancer

text: .  Specific cardiovascular disease and problems caused by air pollution include

text: heart attack

text: hypertension

text: , inflammation around the heart,

text: stroke

text: and

text: arrhythmias

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air pollutants

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: premature death

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: ozone,

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: ozone,

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: ozone,

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: premature death".

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: ozone,

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Air pollution

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: ozone,

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: ozone,

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: ozone,

text: As concerns about air pollution, deforestation, and climate change have increased, new efforts have been made to improve stove design.  The largest strides have been made in innovations for biomass burning stoves, such as the wood burning stoves used in many of the most populous countries.  These new designs address the fundamental problem that wood and other biomass fires inefficiently consume large amounts of fuel to produce relatively small amounts of heat, while producing fumes that cause significant indoor and environmental pollutants. The World Health Organization has documented the significant number of deaths caused by smoke from home fires. Increases in efficiency mean that a stove's users can spend less time gathering wood or other fuels, suffer less emphysema and other lung diseases prevalent in smoke-filled homes, while reducing deforestation and air pollution.

text: As concerns about

text: air pollution

text: deforestation

text: , and

text: climate change

text: have increased, new efforts have been made to improve stove design.  The largest strides have been made in innovations for biomass burning stoves, such as the wood burning stoves used in many of the most populous countries.  These new designs address the fundamental problem that wood and other biomass fires inefficiently consume large amounts of fuel to produce relatively small amounts of heat, while producing fumes that cause significant indoor and environmental pollutants. The

text: World Health Organization

text: has documented the significant number of deaths caused by smoke from home fires. Increases in efficiency mean that a stove's users can spend less time gathering wood or other fuels, suffer less emphysema and other lung diseases prevalent in smoke-filled homes, while reducing deforestation and air pollution.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: wood burning stoves

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: wood burning stoves

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: cause indoor and environmental pollutants

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: fumes

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: wood burning stoves

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: deforestation and air pollution

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: home fires.

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: fumes

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: home fires.

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: fumes that cause significant indoor and environmental pollutants.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: fumes

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: fumes that cause significant indoor and environmental pollutants.

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: fumes

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: fumes

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: producing fumes

text: Air pollution is the introduction into the atmosphere of chemicals, particulate matter, or biological materials that cause harm or discomfort to humans or other living organisms, or damages the natural environment. Many urban areas have significant problems with smog, a type of air pollution derived from vehicle emissions from internal combustion engines and industrial fumes that react in the atmosphere with sunlight to form secondary pollutants that also combine with the primary emissions to form photochemical smog.

text: Air pollution

text: is the introduction into the

text: atmosphere

text: of

text: chemical

text: s,

text: particulate matter

text: , or

text: biological materials

text: that cause harm or discomfort to humans or other living organisms, or damages the

text: natural environment

text: . Many urban areas have significant problems with

text: smog

text: , a type of

text: air pollution

text: derived from

text: vehicle emissions

text: from

text: internal combustion engine

text: s and industrial fumes that react in the atmosphere with sunlight to form secondary pollutants that also combine with the primary emissions to form

text: photochemical smog

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: vehicle emissions

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: primary emissions

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: smog

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: cause harm or discomfort

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: chemicals

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: internal combustion engines

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: vehicle emissions from internal combustion engines and industrial fumes

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: fumes

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: vehicle emissions from internal combustion engines and industrial fumes

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: Air pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: chemicals,

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Air pollution

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: chemicals, particulate matter, or biological materials

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: vehicle emissions

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: vehicle emissions from internal combustion engines and industrial fumes

text: Beijing has a long history of environmental problems. Between 2000 and 2009 Beijing's urban extent quadrupled, which not only strongly increased the extent of anthropogenic emissions, but also changed the meteorological situation fundamentally, even if emissions of human society are not included. For example, surface albedo, wind speed and humidity near the surface were decreased, whereas ground and near-surface air temperatures, vertical air dilution and ozone levels were increased. Because of the combined factors of urbanisation and pollution caused by burning of fossil fuel, Beijing is often affected by serious environmental problems, which lead to health issues of many inhabitants. In 2013 heavy smog struck Beijing and most parts of northern China, in total 600 million people. After this "pollution shock" air pollution became an important economic and social concern in China. After that the government of Beijing announced measures to reduce air pollution, for example by lowering the share of coal from 24% in 2012 to 10% in 2017, while the national government ordered heavily polluting vehicles to be removed from 2015 to 2017 and increased its efforts to transition the energy system to clean sources.

text: Beijing has a long history of

text: environmental problems

text: . Between 2000 and 2009 Beijing's urban extent quadrupled, which not only strongly increased the extent of anthropogenic emissions, but also changed the meteorological situation fundamentally, even if

text: emissions

text: of human society are not included. For example, surface

text: albedo

text: , wind speed and

text: humidity

text: near the surface were decreased, whereas ground and near-surface

text: air temperature

text: s, vertical air dilution and

text: ozone

text: levels were increased. Because of the combined factors of urbanisation and pollution caused by burning of

text: fossil fuel

text: , Beijing is often affected by serious environmental problems, which lead to

text: health

text: issues of many inhabitants. In 2013 heavy

text: smog

text: struck Beijing and most parts of northern China, in total 600 million people. After this "pollution shock"

text: air pollution

text: became an important economic and social concern in China. After that the government of Beijing announced measures to reduce air pollution, for example by lowering the share of coal from 24% in 2012 to 10% in 2017, while the national government ordered heavily polluting vehicles to be removed from 2015 to 2017 and increased its efforts to transition the energy system to clean sources.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: burning of fossil fuel

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: lead to health issues

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: fossil fuel

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burning of fossil fuel

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: pollution caused by burning of fossil fuel

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: burning of fossil fuel,

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: fossil fuel,

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: smog

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: fossil fuel,

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: fossil fuel,

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burning of fossil fuel,

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: burning of fossil fuel,

text: According to the U.S. Forest Service the use of old-style two-stroke engines, previously common in vehicles designed for off-road use, also causes concerns about pollution. This is because "two-stroke engines emit about 20 to 33 percent of the consumed fuel through the exhaust" (as the engine lubricant is a "total loss system" and is emitted by design) and "discharge from two-stroke snowmobile engines can lead to indirect pollutant deposition into the top layer of snow and subsequently into the associated surface and ground water".

text: According to the

text: U.S. Forest Service

text: the use of old-style

text: two-stroke engine

text: s, previously common in vehicles designed for off-road use, also causes concerns about

text: pollution

text: . This is because "two-stroke engines emit about 20 to 33 percent of the consumed fuel through the exhaust" (as the engine lubricant is a "total loss system" and is emitted by design) and "discharge from two-stroke snowmobile engines can lead to indirect pollutant deposition into the top layer of snow and subsequently into the associated surface and ground water".

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: vehicles

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: pollutant

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: two-stroke engines

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: pollute

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: two-stroke engines

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: vehicles designed for off-road use,

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: fuel

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: old-style two-stroke engines,

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: pollution.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: "two-stroke engines emit about 20 to 33 percent of the consumed fuel

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: "two-stroke engines emit about 20 to 33 percent of the consumed fuel

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: 20 to 33 percent of the consumed fuel

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: exhaust"

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: surface and ground water".

text: Biofuels are different from fossil fuels in regard to greenhouse gases but are similar to fossil fuels in that biofuels contribute to air pollution. Burning produces airborne carbon particulates, carbon monoxide and nitrous oxides. The WHO estimates 3.7 million premature deaths worldwide in 2012 due to air pollution. Brazil burns significant amounts of ethanol biofuel. Gas chromatograph studies were performed of ambient air in São Paulo, Brazil, and compared to Osaka, Japan, which does not burn ethanol fuel. Atmospheric Formaldehyde was 160% higher in Brazil, and Acetaldehyde was 260% higher.

text: Biofuels are different from fossil fuels in regard to greenhouse gases but are similar to fossil fuels in that biofuels contribute to

text: air pollution

text: . Burning produces airborne carbon

text: particulate

text: s,

text: carbon monoxide

text: and

text: nitrous oxide

text: s. The WHO estimates 3.7 million premature deaths worldwide in 2012 due to air pollution. Brazil burns significant amounts of ethanol biofuel. Gas

text: chromatograph

text: studies were performed of ambient air in São Paulo, Brazil, and compared to Osaka, Japan, which does not burn ethanol fuel. Atmospheric Formaldehyde was 160% higher in Brazil, and Acetaldehyde was 260% higher.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: Biofuels

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: carbon particulates

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: Biofuels

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: radon

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon particulates

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burning

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: Biofuels are different from fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: carbon particulates, carbon monoxide and nitrous oxides.

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: Biofuels

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollution.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: nitrous oxides.

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Biofuels

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon particulates, carbon monoxide and nitrous oxides.

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: Burning

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: carbon particulates, carbon monoxide and nitrous oxides.

text: Air pollution risk is a function of the hazard of the pollutant and the exposure to that pollutant. Air pollution exposure can be expressed for an individual, for certain groups (e.g. neighborhoods or children living in a country), or for entire populations. For example, one may want to calculate the exposure to a hazardous air pollutant for a geographic area, which includes the various microenvironments and age groups. This can be calculated as an inhalation exposure. This would account for daily exposure in various settings (e.g. different indoor micro-environments and outdoor locations). The exposure needs to include different age and other demographic groups, especially infants, children, pregnant women and other sensitive subpopulations. The exposure to an air pollutant must integrate the concentrations of the air pollutant with respect to the time spent in each setting and the respective inhalation rates for each subgroup for each specific time that the subgroup is in the setting and engaged in particular activities (playing, cooking, reading, working, etc.). For example, a small child's inhalation rate will be less than that of an adult. A child engaged in vigorous exercise will have a higher respiration rate than the same child in a sedentary activity. The daily exposure, then, needs to reflect the time spent in each micro-environmental setting and the type of activities in these settings. The air pollutant concentration in each microactivity/microenvironmental setting is summed to indicate the exposure.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: indoors

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: pollutant

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: indoors

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: inhale

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: Nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: inhalation

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: What can be calculated as an inhalation exposure?

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: populations.

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: Air pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: children living in a country),

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: Air pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: Air pollution

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Air pollution risk

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: air pollutant

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: inhalation

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Air pollution

text: Due to industrial waste and automobiles, Manila suffers from air pollution, affecting 98% of the population. Annually, the air pollution causes more than 4,000 deaths. Ermita is Manila's most air polluted district due to open dump sites and industrial waste. According to a report in 2003, the Pasig River is one of the most polluted rivers in the world with 150 tons of domestic waste and 75 tons of industrial waste dumped daily.

text: Due to industrial waste and automobiles, Manila suffers from

text: air pollution

text: , affecting 98% of the population. Annually, the air pollution causes more than 4,000 deaths. Ermita is Manila's most air polluted district due to

text: open dump sites

text: and

text: industrial waste

text: . According to a report in 2003, the Pasig River is one of the most polluted rivers in the world with 150 tons of domestic waste and 75 tons of industrial waste dumped daily.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: automobiles

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: no emissions

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: automobiles

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: cause air pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: automobiles

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: industrial waste and automobiles,

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air pollution,

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: industrial waste and automobiles,

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollution,

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: air pollution,

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: air pollution,

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: air pollution,

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: automobiles,

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: open dump sites

text: In intensive broiler sheds, the air can become highly polluted with ammonia from the droppings. In this case a farmer must run more fans to bring in more clean fresh air. If not this can damage the chickens' eyes and respiratory systems and can cause painful burns on their legs (called hock burns) and blisters on their feet. Broilers bred for fast growth have a high rate of leg deformities because the large breast muscles causes distortions of the developing legs and pelvis, and the birds cannot support their increased body weight. In cases where the chickens become crippled and can't walk farmers have to go in and pull them out. Because they cannot move easily, the chickens are not able to adjust their environment to avoid heat, cold or dirt as they would in natural conditions.  The added weight and overcrowding also puts a strain on their hearts and lungs and Ascites can develop. In the UK, up to 19 million broilers die in their sheds from heart failure each year. In the case of no ventilation due to power failure during a heat wave 20,000 chicken can die in a short period of time. In a good grow out a farmer should sell between 92 and 96 percent of their flock. With a 1.80 to a 2.0 feed conversion ratio. After the marking of birds the farmer must clean out and repair for another flock. A farmer should average 4 to 5 grow outs a year.

text: In intensive broiler sheds, the air can become highly polluted with ammonia from the droppings. In this case a farmer must run more fans to bring in more clean fresh air. If not this can damage the chickens' eyes and respiratory systems and can cause painful burns on their legs (called

text: hock burns

text: ) and blisters on their feet. Broilers bred for fast growth have a high rate of leg deformities because the large breast muscles causes distortions of the developing legs and pelvis, and the birds cannot support their increased body weight. In cases where the chickens become crippled and can't walk farmers have to go in and pull them out. Because they cannot move easily, the chickens are not able to adjust their environment to avoid heat, cold or dirt as they would in natural conditions.  The added weight and overcrowding also puts a strain on their hearts and lungs and Ascites can develop. In the UK, up to 19 million broilers die in their sheds from heart failure each year. In the case of no ventilation due to power failure during a heat wave 20,000 chicken can die in a short period of time. In a good grow out a farmer should sell between 92 and 96 percent of their flock. With a 1.80 to a 2.0

text: feed conversion ratio

text: . After the marking of birds the farmer must clean out and repair for another flock. A farmer should average 4 to 5 grow outs a year.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: poultry droppings

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: emissions

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: poultry droppings

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: damage the chickens' eyes

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: ammonia

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: In intensive broiler sheds,

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: droppings.

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: ammonia

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: ammonia from the droppings.

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: damage the chickens' eyes and respiratory systems

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: ammonia

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: ammonia

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: heat, cold or dirt

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: droppings.

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: ammonia from the droppings.

text: Numbers of automobiles and levels of industrialization in Brazilian cities highly influence levels of air pollution in urban areas which have an important impact on health for large population groups in major Brazilian urban areas. Based on annual air pollution data gathered in the cities of Belo Horizonte, Curitiba, Fortaleza, Porto Alegre, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, and Vitória between the years of 1998 and 2005, 5% of total annual deaths in the age groups of children age five and younger and adults age 65 and older were attributed to air pollution levels in these cities. Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo were ranked the 12th and 17th most polluted cities in an evaluation based on World Bank and United Nations data of emissions and air quality in 18 mega-cities. The multi-pollutant index used to perform the evaluation did not include any of the pollutants specific to the air quality impacts of ethanol fuel use.

text: Numbers of automobiles and levels of industrialization in Brazilian cities highly influence levels of air pollution in urban areas which have an important impact on health for large population groups in major Brazilian urban areas. Based on annual air pollution data gathered in the cities of Belo Horizonte,

text: Curitiba

text: Fortaleza

text: Porto Alegre

text: , Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, and

text: Vitória

text: between the years of 1998 and 2005, 5% of total annual deaths in the age groups of children age five and younger and adults age 65 and older were attributed to air pollution levels in these cities. Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo were ranked the 12th and 17th most polluted cities in an evaluation based on World Bank and United Nations data of emissions and air quality in 18 mega-cities. The multi-pollutant index used to perform the evaluation did not include any of the pollutants specific to the air quality impacts of ethanol fuel use.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: automobiles

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: emissions

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: automobiles

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: No

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: automobiles

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: automobiles and levels of industrialization

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: automobiles and levels of industrialization

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: ethanol

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: ethanol

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: ethanol fuel use.

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: ethanol fuel use.

text: When tires are burned they can smolder for long periods of time, emitting hundreds of chemical compounds that pollute the air causing respiratory illnesses. Additionally the residue left behind can harm the soil and leach into groundwater.

text: When tires are burned they can smolder for long periods of time, emitting hundreds of chemical compounds that pollute the air causing respiratory illnesses. Additionally the residue left behind can harm the soil and leach into groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: tires

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: chemical compounds

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: tires

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: leach into groundwater

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: chemical compounds

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burning tires

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: tires are burned

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: chemical compounds

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: tires are burned

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: pollute the air causing respiratory illnesses.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: tires

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: tires

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: chemical compounds

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: tires are burned

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: respiratory illnesses.

text: Cleaner and More Efficient Use of Fossil Fuels: Promote clean energy technologies to reduce both conventional pollution and the carbon footprint of fossil fuels, as well as best practices on land use management.

text: Cleaner and More Efficient Use of Fossil Fuels: Promote clean energy technologies to reduce both conventional pollution and the carbon footprint of fossil fuels, as well as best practices on land use management.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: conventional pollution

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: carbon footprint

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuel

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: pollute

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: Nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: conventional pollution

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: conventional pollution and the carbon footprint of fossil fuels,

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: carbon footprint

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuels,

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: carbon footprint

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: carbon footprint of fossil fuels,

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon footprint

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: the carbon footprint of fossil fuels,

text: Measures taken by the Greek authorities throughout the 1990s have improved the quality of air over the Attica Basin. Nevertheless, air pollution still remains an issue for Athens, particularly during the hottest summer days. In late June 2007, the Attica region experienced a number of brush fires, including a blaze that burned a significant portion of a large forested national park in Mount Parnitha, considered critical to maintaining a better air quality in Athens all year round. Damage to the park has led to worries over a stalling in the improvement of air quality in the city.

text: Measures taken by the Greek authorities throughout the 1990s have improved the quality of air over the Attica Basin. Nevertheless, air pollution still remains an issue for Athens, particularly during the hottest summer days. In late June 2007, the

text: Attica

text: region experienced a number of

text: brush fires

text: , including a blaze that burned a significant portion of a large forested national park in

text: Mount Parnitha

text: , considered critical to maintaining a better air quality in Athens all year round. Damage to the park has led to worries over a stalling in the improvement of air quality in the city.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: brush fires

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: brush fires

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: In late June 2007, the Attica region experienced a number of brush fires,

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: brush fires,

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: brush fires,

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: forested national park in Mount Parnitha,

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: brush fires,

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: brush fires,

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: brush fires,

text: Mowing methods cut or shred the above ground of the weed and can prevent and reduce seed populations as well as restrict the growth of weeds.  Mowing can be a very successful control method for many annual weeds. Mowing is the most effective when it is performed before the weeds are able to set seed because it can reduce the number of flower stalks and prevent the spread of more seed. However, the biology of the weed must be considered before mowing. Some weed species may sprout with increased vigor after being mowed. Also, some species are able to re-sprout from stem or root segments that are left behind after mowing.  Brush cutting and weed eating are also mowing techniques that reduce the biomass of the weeds. Repeatedly removing biomass causes reduced vigor in many weed species. This method is usually used in combination with other control methods such as burning or herbicide treatments.

text: Mowing

text: methods cut or shred the above ground of the weed and can prevent and reduce seed populations as well as restrict the growth of weeds.  Mowing can be a very successful control method for many annual weeds. Mowing is the most effective when it is performed before the weeds are able to set seed because it can reduce the number of flower stalks and prevent the spread of more seed. However, the biology of the weed must be considered before mowing. Some weed species may sprout with increased vigor after being mowed. Also, some species are able to re-sprout from stem or root segments that are left behind after mowing.  Brush cutting and weed eating are also mowing techniques that reduce the biomass of the weeds. Repeatedly removing biomass causes reduced vigor in many weed species. This method is usually used in combination with other control methods such as burning or

text: herbicide

text: treatments.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: wood burning

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: emissions

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: weeds

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: contaminate the environment

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burning

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: burning

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: Mowing

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: burning

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: sprout with increased vigor

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: burning

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: burning

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: biomass

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burning

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: burning

text: Nitrogen is released into the air because of ammonia volatilization and nitrous oxide production. The combustion of fossil fuels is a large human-initiated contributor to atmospheric nitrogen pollution. Atmospheric deposition (e.g., in the form of acid rain) can also affect nutrient concentration in water, especially in highly industrialized regions.

text: Nitrogen is released into the air because of

text: ammonia

text: volatilization

text: and nitrous oxide production. The

text: combustion

text: of

text: fossil fuels

text: is a large human-initiated contributor to atmospheric nitrogen pollution. Atmospheric deposition (e.g., in the form of

text: acid rain

text: ) can also affect nutrient concentration in water, especially in highly industrialized regions.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: nitrous oxide

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: acid rain

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: nitrous

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: Nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: ammonia volatilization

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: The combustion of fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: nitrous oxide

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: acid rain)

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: nitrous oxide

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: Nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: combustion of fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: The combustion of fossil fuels

text: A significant source of greenhouse gas emissions from India is from black carbon, NOx, methane and other air pollutants. These pollutants are emitted in large quantities in India every day from incomplete and inefficient combustion of biomass (fuel wood, crop waste and cattle dung). A majority of Indian population lacks access to clean burning fuels, and uses biomass combustion as cooking fuel. India's poorly managed solid wastes, inadequate sewage treatment plants, water pollution and agriculture are other sources of greenhouse gas emissions.

text: A significant source of

text: greenhouse gas

text: emissions from India is from

text: black carbon

text: NOx

text: methane

text: and other air pollutants. These pollutants are emitted in large quantities in India every day from incomplete and inefficient combustion of biomass (fuel wood, crop waste and cattle dung). A majority of Indian population lacks access to clean burning fuels, and uses biomass combustion as cooking fuel. India's poorly managed solid wastes, inadequate sewage treatment plants, water pollution and agriculture are other sources of greenhouse gas emissions.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: incomplete and inefficient combustion

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: NOx

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: greenhouse gas emissions

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: methane

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: black carbon

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: inefficient combustion

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: incomplete and inefficient combustion of biomass

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: NOx, methane

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: incomplete and inefficient combustion of biomass

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollutants.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: black carbon,

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: biomass

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: black carbon, NOx, methane

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: incomplete and inefficient combustion of biomass

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: incomplete and inefficient combustion of biomass

text: Cumulative environmental effects can be defined as effects on the environment which are caused by the combined results of past, current and future activities. Over time, direct and indirect human activities combine to collectively impact the environment. These effects may differ from the original, individual activities. For example, ecosystems can be damaged by the combined effects of human activities, such as air, land, and/or water pollution, improper handling of industrial waste, and other human development activities. Global warming is the cumulative effect caused by too much greenhouse gas, and it may then cause a loss in biodiversity and acid rain.

text: Cumulative environmental effects can be defined as effects on the environment which are caused by the combined results of past, current and future activities. Over time, direct and indirect

text: human activities

text: combine to collectively impact the environment. These effects may differ from the original, individual activities. For example, ecosystems can be damaged by the combined effects of human activities, such as

text: air

text: land

text: , and/or

text: water pollution

text: , improper handling of

text: industrial waste

text: , and other human development activities.

text: Global warming

text: is the cumulative effect caused by too much

text: greenhouse gas

text: , and it may then cause a loss in

text: biodiversity

text: and

text: acid rain

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: human activities

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: greenhouse gases

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: industrial waste

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: damage ecosystems

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: acid rain

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: human activities

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: human activities,

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: greenhouse gas,

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: industrial waste,

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: pollution,

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: acid rain.

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Cumulative environmental effects

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: acid rain.

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: improper handling of industrial waste,

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: improper handling of industrial waste, and other human development activities.

text: In humidification posters, the evaporation surface is spread into a large quantity of air. Now, in accordance with the moisture content in the air, this air is able to absorb moisture. The air mass, which slightly cools, becomes greater and it starts to drop. The speeds of that air-flow can reach over 16 cm/s, this only directly below the unit. The air recirculation is huge and as a result of this technique, it is adapted to the humidity of the air. In other words, this occurs quickly with dry air and slowly with moist air, thus is it self-regulating. Air circulation of up to 500 m³/day can be expected. Process: The evaporation surface (1) suctions water out of the capillary basin (6), puts the capillary pump (8) for the flooding process in action and quickly fills the surface from top to bottom. Then it drips into the catch basin (2). The water evaporates and sets the air circulation into motion. The drained water closes the hose (3) below. Here, air which flows via pipe into the water tank (5) is interrupted. The water in the tank can no longer flow out because under-pressure occurs. The residual water in the capillary basin (6), on the upper part, is evaporated by the evaporation surface (1). The residual water in the catch basin (2), on the bottom, is suctioned out by the lime separator (7) and evaporated. As soon as the catch basin is empty, air then flows again through the hose (3); water from the tank flows back to the capillary basins (6) and thereby begins the process again. The alternating filling levels for the catch and capillary basins suppress the creation of germs. For the first time, the control allows natural but efficient air humidification in rooms without a radiator and this is done with the highest level of efficiency. The unit was developed in Switzerland and is Swiss-made. The controller won different awards in Germany (gold) and Switzerland (silver) and is protected by patents.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: indoors

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: under-pressure

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: What can lead to these pollutants?

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: germs.

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: germs.

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: germs.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: lime separator (7)

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: The water in the tank can no longer flow out because under-pressure

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: moisture.

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: The water in the tank can no longer flow out because under-pressure

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: germs.

text: Usually, gathering energy resources in the developing countries in particular sub Saharan countries is undertaken by women. And women spend much time on cooking in a kitchen. They spend much time on harvesting energy resources and thus correspondingly consume their physical energy, which bring chronic fatigue to women. Moreover, the women and children, who spend much time in their kitchens to serve their families and stick around their moms to help moms' house chores, respectively, are in danger of long-term exposure to indoor air pollution caused by burning the traditional biomass. During the combustion, carbon monoxide, particles, benzene, and the likes threat their health. Expected diseases are acute respiratory infections, lung cancer, asthma, and other diseases. "The health consequences of using biomass in an unsustainable way are staggering. According to the World Health Organization, exposure to indoor air pollution is responsible for the nearly two million excess deaths, primarily women and children, from cancer, respiratory infections and lung diseases and for four percent of the global burden of disease. In relative terms, deaths related to biomass pollution kill more people than malaria (1.2 million) and tuberculosis (1.6 million) each year around the world."

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: indoor

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: carbon monoxide

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: indoor

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: indoor air pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: benzene

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon monoxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burning the traditional biomass

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: indoor air pollution caused by burning the traditional biomass

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: burning the traditional biomass.

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: carbon monoxide, particles, benzene,

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: biomass.

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: threat their health.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: benzene,

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: carbon monoxide, particles, benzene,

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon monoxide, particles, benzene,

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: combustion,

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: burning the traditional biomass.

text: There is a limited amount of fossil fuel inside the Earth.  Since the current world energy resources and consumption is mainly fossil fuels, we are very dependent on them for both transportation and electric power generation.  The Hubbert peak theory predicts that oil depletion will result in oil production dropping off in the not too distant future.  As time goes on our economy will have to transition to some alternative fuels. Fossil fuels have solved two problems which could be separately solved in the future: the problem of a source of primary energy and of energy storage.  Along with straight vegetable oil and biodiesel, some energy technologies that could play an important part in the future include:

text: There is a limited amount of

text: fossil fuel

text: inside the

text: Earth

text: .  Since the current

text: world energy resources and consumption

text: is mainly fossil fuels, we are very dependent on them for both

text: transportation

text: and

text: electric power generation

text: .  The

text: Hubbert peak theory

text: predicts that

text: oil depletion

text: will result in oil production dropping off in the not too distant future.  As time goes on our economy will have to transition to some

text: alternative fuels

text: . Fossil fuels have solved two problems which could be separately solved in the future: the problem of a source of

text: primary energy

text: and of

text: energy storage

text: .  Along with

text: straight vegetable oil

text: and

text: biodiesel

text: , some energy technologies that could play an important part in the future include:

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuel

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: deplete

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: Nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burning fossil fuel

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuels,

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: biodiesel,

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuels,

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: the problem of a source of primary energy and of energy storage.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: biodiesel,

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: biodiesel,

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: biodiesel,

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: fossil fuels,

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: alternative fuels.

text: The available alternatives to biomass fuels do not offer much improvement. Kerosene is imported at significant expense, and is burnt with a wick stove that does not combust the fuel efficiently and tips or spills easily. The projected retail cost of ethanol is lower than that of government-subsidized kerosene in Ethiopia today. Kerosene stoves are also prone to flare ups and explosions; accidental kerosene fires cause many injuries and deaths each year. Kerosene releases carcinogenic emissions and is often poorly refined or adulterated by the time it is acquired for domestic use. Liquified petroleum gas (LPG) burns cleanly but is expensive and cannot be produced locally. Charcoal, a processed biomass fuel, burns with less smoke, but emits carbon monoxide.  Meanwhile, coal produces all of the dangerous emissions of traditional biomass fuels and depending on its quality, also produces sulfur oxides and toxic elements such as arsenic, lead, fluorine, and mercury.

text: The available alternatives to biomass fuels do not offer much improvement.

text: Kerosene

text: is imported at significant expense, and is burnt with a wick stove that does not combust the fuel efficiently and tips or spills easily. The projected retail cost of ethanol is lower than that of government-subsidized kerosene in Ethiopia today. Kerosene stoves are also prone to flare ups and explosions; accidental kerosene fires cause many injuries and deaths each year. Kerosene releases carcinogenic emissions and is often poorly refined or

text: adulterated

text: by the time it is acquired for domestic use.

text: Liquified petroleum gas (LPG)

text: burns cleanly but is expensive and cannot be produced locally. Charcoal, a processed biomass fuel, burns with less smoke, but emits carbon monoxide.  Meanwhile, coal produces all of the dangerous emissions of traditional biomass fuels and depending on its quality, also produces

text: sulfur oxides

text: and toxic elements such as

text: arsenic

text: lead

text: fluorine

text: , and

text: mercury

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: emissions

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: release carcinogenic emissions

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: mercury

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: sulfur oxides

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: Kerosene

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: smoke, but emits carbon monoxide.

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: biomass fuels

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: sulfur oxides and toxic elements

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: arsenic, lead, fluorine, and mercury.

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carcinogenic emissions

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: Kerosene releases carcinogenic emissions

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: arsenic, lead, fluorine, and mercury.

text: Fossil fuels are also an unsuitable long-term energy source because rapidly depleting coal, oil and natural gas stocks. In the succeeding decades, it is predicted that diminishing fossil fuel reserves will result in supply constraints that appreciably drive up coal, oil and natural gas prices. Thus, the costs associated with procuring and using fossil fuel are expected to rise. It is also predicted that nearly all economically recoverable sources of fossil fuels will be fully depleted before the end of the 21st century.

text: Fossil fuels are also an unsuitable long-term energy source because rapidly depleting coal, oil and natural gas stocks. In the succeeding decades, it is predicted that diminishing fossil fuel reserves will result in supply constraints that appreciably drive up coal, oil and natural gas prices. Thus, the costs associated with procuring and using fossil fuel are expected to rise. It is also predicted that nearly all economically recoverable sources of fossil fuels will be fully depleted before the end of the 21st century.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: unsuitable

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: Fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: coal,

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: Fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: unsuitable long-term energy source

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: oil and natural gas

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: Fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: Fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Fossil fuels

text: In Northern Canada and Arctic Alaska, passive pipe systems are used that do not require any external power to keep the ground frozen. These systems use in-ground evaporators and above-ground radiators filled with liquid refrigerant. When ambient temperatures fall below ground temperatures, the liquid vapor starts condensing in the radiator, reducing the pressure in the system causing the liquid in the evaporator to boil and evaporate. This process results in heat transfer from the ground to the air and keeps the ground in a permanent frozen state.

text: In Northern Canada and Arctic Alaska, passive pipe systems are used that do not require any external power to keep the ground frozen. These systems use in-ground evaporators and above-ground radiators filled with liquid refrigerant. When ambient temperatures fall below ground temperatures, the liquid vapor starts condensing in the radiator, reducing the pressure in the system causing the liquid in the evaporator to boil and evaporate. This process results in heat transfer from the ground to the air and keeps the ground in a permanent frozen state.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: heat

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: cause global warming

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: condensing

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: heat transfer from the ground

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: heat

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: passive pipe systems

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: permanent frozen state.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: liquid refrigerant.

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: In Northern Canada and Arctic Alaska,

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: heat transfer from the ground to the air

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: evaporate.

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: heat transfer from the ground to the air

text: Fossil fuels are non-renewable resources because they take millions of years to form, and reserves are being depleted much faster than new ones are being made. So we must conserve these fuels and use them judiciously. The production and use of fossil fuels raise environmental concerns. A global movement toward the generation of renewable energy is therefore under way to help meet increased energy needs. The burning of fossil fuels produces around 21.3 billion tonnes (21.3 gigatonnes) of carbon dioxide (CO) per year, but it is estimated that natural processes can only absorb about half of that amount, so there is a net increase of 10.65 billion tonnes of atmospheric carbon dioxide per year (one tonne of atmospheric carbon is equivalent to 44/12 or 3.7 tonnes of carbon dioxide).  Carbon dioxide is one of the greenhouse gases that enhances radiative forcing and contributes to global warming, causing the average surface temperature of the Earth to rise in response, which the vast majority of climate scientists agree will cause major adverse effects.Fuels are a source of energy.

text: Fossil fuels are

text: non-renewable resources

text: because they take millions of years to form, and reserves are being depleted much faster than new ones are being made. So we must conserve these fuels and use them judiciously. The production and use of fossil fuels raise environmental concerns. A global movement toward the generation of

text: renewable energy

text: is therefore under way to help meet increased energy needs. The burning of fossil fuels produces around 21.3 billion

text: tonnes

text: gigatonne

text: s) of

text: carbon dioxide

text: (CO) per year, but it is estimated that natural processes can only absorb about half of that amount, so there is a net increase of 10.65 billion tonnes of atmospheric carbon dioxide per year (one tonne of atmospheric carbon is equivalent to 44/12 or 3.7 tonnes of carbon dioxide).  Carbon dioxide is one of the

text: greenhouse gas

text: es that enhances

text: radiative forcing

text: and contributes to

text: global warming

text: , causing the

text: average surface temperature

text: of the Earth to rise in response, which

text: the vast majority of climate scientists

text: agree will cause major

text: adverse effects

text: .Fuels are a source of energy.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: Fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: Fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: contribute to global warming

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burning fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: The burning of fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burning of fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: carbon dioxide

text: The California program was designed by CARB to reduce air pollution and not specifically to promote electric vehicles. Under pressure from various manufactures, CARB replaced the zero emissions requirement with a combined requirement of a very small number of ZEVs to promote research and development, and a much larger number of partial zero-emissions vehicles (PZEVs), an administrative designation for a super ultra low emissions vehicle (SULEV), which emits about 10% of the pollution of ordinary low emissions vehicles and are also certified for zero evaporative emissions. While effective in reaching the air pollution goals projected for the zero emissions requirement, the market effect was to permit the major manufacturers to quickly terminate their electric car programs and crush the vehicles.

text: The California program was designed by

text: CARB

text: to reduce

text: air pollution

text: and not specifically to promote electric vehicles. Under pressure from various manufactures, CARB replaced the zero emissions requirement with a combined requirement of a very small number of ZEVs to promote research and development, and a much larger number of

text: partial zero-emissions vehicle

text: s (PZEVs), an administrative designation for a super ultra low emissions vehicle (

text: SULEV

text: ), which emits about 10% of the pollution of ordinary low emissions vehicles and are also certified for zero evaporative emissions. While effective in reaching the air pollution goals projected for the zero emissions requirement, the market effect was to permit the major manufacturers to quickly terminate their electric car programs and crush the vehicles.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: ordinary low emissions vehicles

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: ordinary low emissions vehicles

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: evaporative

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: ordinary low emissions vehicles

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: electric vehicles.

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: electric vehicles.

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: electric vehicles.

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: crush the vehicles.

text: SAFE AIR  (Simulation of Air pollution From Emissions Above Inhomogeneous Regions) is an advanced atmospheric pollution dispersion model for calculating concentrations of atmospheric pollutants emitted both continuously or intermittently from point, line, volume and area sources. It adopts an integrated Gaussian puff modeling system.SAFE AIR  consists of three main parts: the meteorological pre-processor WINDS (Wind-field Interpolation by Non Divergent Schemes) to calculate wind fields, the meteorological pre-processor ABLE (Acquisition of Boundary Layer parameters) to calculate atmospheric parameters and a lagrangian multisource model named P6 (Program Plotting Paths of Pollutant Puffs and Plumes) to calculate pollutant dispersion.SAFE AIR  is included in the online Model Documentation System (MDS) of the European Environment Agency (EEA) and of the .Italian Agency for the Protection of the Environment (APAT).

text: SAFE AIR  (Simulation of Air pollution From Emissions Above Inhomogeneous Regions) is an advanced

text: atmospheric pollution dispersion model

text: for calculating concentrations of

text: atmospheric pollutants

text: emitted both

text: continuously

text: or

text: intermittently

text: from

text: point, line, volume and area sources

text: . It adopts an integrated

text: Gaussian puff modeling system

text: .SAFE AIR  consists of three main parts: the meteorological pre-processor WINDS (Wind-field Interpolation by Non Divergent Schemes) to calculate wind fields, the meteorological pre-processor ABLE (Acquisition of Boundary Layer parameters) to calculate atmospheric parameters and a lagrangian multisource model named P6 (Program Plotting Paths of Pollutant Puffs and Plumes) to calculate pollutant dispersion.SAFE AIR  is included in the online Model Documentation System (MDS) of the

text: European Environment Agency

text: (EEA) and of the .Italian Agency for the Protection of the Environment (APAT).

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: point

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: pollutant

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: point sources

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: pollute the air

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: Nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: point

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: point, line, volume and area sources.

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: point, line, volume and area sources.

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: intermittently

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: Air pollution From Emissions Above Inhomogeneous Regions)

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Air pollution From Emissions Above Inhomogeneous Regions)

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: point, line, volume and area sources.

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: atmospheric pollutants

text: Poaching, gem mining, logging, encroachment by agriculture, and free-roaming domestic livestock entering are the main threats to the park. Three wardens have been killed in clashes with poachers. Gems are mined along the Menik River and holes created by gem mining which extend up to  can be seen along the Kumbukkan Oya. In Blocks III and IV, the encroachment is severe as chena cultivation and burning, to provide grazing in the dry season, collide with the boundary. A large grove of Sonneratia caseolaris is faced with forest dieback in the Menik River's estuary. Cultivation of tobacco, noise and air pollutions caused by uncontrolled tourism  are the other conservation issues. The growth of invasive alien species such as Lantana camara, Opuntia dillenii, Chromolaena odorata is threatening the native plants.

text: Poaching

text: , gem mining,

text: logging

text: , encroachment by agriculture, and free-roaming domestic

text: livestock

text: entering are the main threats to the park. Three wardens have been killed in clashes with poachers. Gems are mined along the Menik River and holes created by gem mining which extend up to  can be seen along the Kumbukkan Oya. In Blocks III and IV, the encroachment is severe as

text: chena cultivation

text: and burning, to provide

text: grazing

text: in the dry season, collide with the boundary. A large grove of Sonneratia caseolaris is faced with

text: forest dieback

text: in the Menik River's estuary. Cultivation of tobacco,

text: noise

text: and

text: air

text: pollutions caused by uncontrolled tourism  are the other

text: conservation issues

text: . The growth of

text: invasive

text: alien

text: species such as

text: Lantana camara

text: Opuntia dillenii

text: Chromolaena odorata

text: is threatening the native plants.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: tourism

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: noise

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: tourism

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollutions

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: tobacco

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: uncontrolled tourism

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: uncontrolled tourism

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: noise and air pollutions

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: uncontrolled tourism

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollutions

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: tobacco,

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: tobacco,

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: grazing in the dry season,

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: uncontrolled tourism

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: uncontrolled tourism

text: There are other important thermal-loss mechanisms, including convection and evaporation. Conduction is negligible – the Nusselt number is much greater than unity. Evaporation by perspiration is only required if radiation and convection are insufficient to maintain a steady-state temperature (but evaporation from the lungs occurs regardless). Free-convection rates are comparable, albeit somewhat lower, than radiative rates. Thus, radiation accounts for about two-thirds of thermal energy loss in cool, still air. Given the approximate nature of many of the assumptions, this can only be taken as a crude estimate. Ambient air motion, causing forced convection, or evaporation reduces the relative importance of radiation as a thermal-loss mechanism.

text: There are other important thermal-loss mechanisms, including

text: convection

text: and

text: evaporation

text: . Conduction is negligible – the

text: Nusselt number

text: is much greater than unity. Evaporation by

text: perspiration

text: is only required if radiation and convection are insufficient to maintain a steady-state temperature (but evaporation from the lungs occurs regardless). Free-convection rates are comparable, albeit somewhat lower, than radiative rates. Thus, radiation accounts for about two-thirds of thermal energy loss in cool, still air. Given the approximate nature of many of the assumptions, this can only be taken as a crude estimate. Ambient air motion, causing forced convection, or evaporation reduces the relative importance of radiation as a thermal-loss mechanism.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: ambient air motion

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: thermal energy

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: radiation

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: Conduction is negligible

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: Nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: convection

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: radiation

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: radiation

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: radiation

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: Evaporation by perspiration

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: radiation

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: the Nusselt number is much greater than unity.

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: radiation

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: Evaporation by perspiration

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: radiation accounts for about two-thirds of thermal energy loss

text: Exhaust emissions from ships are considered to be a significant source of air pollution. “Seagoing vessels are responsible for an estimated 14 percent of emissions of nitrogen from fossil fuels and 16 percent of the emissions of sulfur from petroleum uses into the atmosphere.” In Europe ships make up a large percentage of the sulfur introduced to the air, “...as much sulfur as all the cars, lorries and factories in Europe put together.” “By 2010, up to 40% of air pollution over land could come from ships.” Sulfur in the air creates acid rain which damages crops and buildings. When inhaled sulfur is known to cause respiratory problems and increase the risk of a heart attack.

text: Exhaust

text: emissions from ships are considered to be a significant source of

text: air pollution

text: . “Seagoing vessels are responsible for an estimated 14 percent of emissions of nitrogen from fossil fuels and 16 percent of the emissions of sulfur from petroleum uses into the atmosphere.” In Europe ships make up a large percentage of the sulfur introduced to the air, “...as much sulfur as all the cars,

text: lorries

text: and factories in Europe put together.” “By 2010, up to 40% of air pollution over land could come from ships.” Sulfur in the air creates

text: acid rain

text: which damages crops and buildings. When inhaled sulfur is known to cause

text: respiratory

text: problems and increase the risk of a

text: heart attack

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: ships

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: emissions

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: acid rain

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: Seagoing vessels

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: ships

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: emissions

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: ships.”

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: acid rain

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Sulfur

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: acid rain

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: ships

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Sulfur in the air creates acid rain which damages crops and buildings.

text: A large amount of air pollution in the world is caused by carbon dioxide emissions from cars. Many of these emissions come from large freight trucks carrying food and other cargo. If installed on a large scale in the UK, Foodtubes would reduce carbon dioxide levels added to the atmosphere by 8%, and save 17 billion liters of diesel per year. According to estimations by the company, in large cities such as Croydon, London, the project would save 90% of fuel and energy. Presently, 92% of energy for moving freight is used to move the vehicle, and only 8% used to transport the cargo itself. A more efficient system such as Foodtubes would save both energy and money by saving fuel and time spent transporting food in traffic.

text: A large amount of air pollution in the world is caused by carbon dioxide emissions from cars. Many of these emissions come from large freight trucks carrying food and other cargo. If installed on a large scale in the UK, Foodtubes would reduce carbon dioxide levels added to the atmosphere by 8%, and save 17 billion liters of diesel per year. According to estimations by the company, in large cities such as

text: Croydon, London

text: , the project would save 90% of fuel and energy. Presently, 92% of energy for moving freight is used to move the vehicle, and only 8% used to transport the cargo itself. A more efficient system such as Foodtubes would save both energy and money by saving fuel and time spent transporting food in traffic.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: cars

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: carbon dioxide emissions

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: cars

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: cars.

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: cars.

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: carbon dioxide emissions from cars.

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: carbon dioxide emissions from cars.

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: carbon dioxide emissions from cars.

text: The burning of wood is currently the largest use of energy derived from a solid fuel biomass. Wood fuel may be available as firewood (e.g. logs, bolts, blocks), charcoal, chips, sheets, pellets and sawdust. Wood fuel can be used for cooking and heating through stoves and fireplaces, and occasionally for fueling steam engines and steam turbines that generate electricity. From many centuries many types of traditional ovens were used in order to benefit from the heat generated by wood combustion. Now, more efficient and clean solutions have been developed: advanced fireplaces (with heat exchangers), wood-fired ovens,  wood-burning stoves and pellet stoves, that are able to filter and separate pollutants (centrifuging ashes with rotative filters), thus eliminating many emissions, also allowing to recover a higher quantity of heat that escaped with the chimney fumes.

text: The

text: burning

text: of wood is currently the largest use of

text: energy

text: derived from a

text: solid fuel

text: biomass

text: . Wood fuel may be available as

text: firewood

text: (e.g. logs, bolts, blocks),

text: charcoal

text: , chips, sheets,

text: pellets

text: and

text: sawdust

text: . Wood fuel can be used for

text: cooking

text: and

text: heating

text: through

text: stove

text: s and

text: fireplace

text: s, and occasionally for fueling

text: steam engine

text: s and steam

text: turbines

text: that

text: generate electricity

text: . From many centuries many types of traditional

text: oven

text: s were used in order to benefit from the heat generated by wood combustion. Now, more efficient and clean solutions have been developed: advanced

text: fireplace

text: s (with

text: heat exchanger

text: s),

text: wood-fired oven

text: s,

text: wood-burning stove

text: s and

text: pellet stove

text: s, that are able to filter and separate pollutants (centrifuging

text: ash

text: es with rotative filters), thus eliminating many emissions, also allowing to recover a higher quantity of heat that escaped with the

text: chimney

text: fumes.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: emissions

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: wood

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: eliminate many emissions

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: wood combustion

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: burning of wood

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: emissions,

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: The burning of wood

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: wood

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: emissions,

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: emissions,

text: Fossil fuels contain high percentages of carbon and include coal, petroleum, and natural gas.They range from volatile  materials with low carbon:hydrogen ratios like methane, to liquid petroleum to nonvolatile materials composed of almost pure carbon, like anthracite coal. Methane can be found in hydrocarbon fields, alone, associated with oil, or in the form of methane clathrates. Fossil fuels formed from the fossilized remains of dead plants by exposure to heat and pressure in the Earth's crust over millions of years. This biogenic theory was first introduced by German scholar Georg Agricola in 1556 and later by Mikhail Lomonosov in the 18th century.

text: Fossil fuels contain high percentages of

text: carbon

text: and include

text: coal

text: petroleum

text: , and

text: natural gas

text: .They range from

text: volatile

text: materials with low

text: carbon

text: hydrogen

text: ratios like

text: methane

text: , to liquid petroleum to nonvolatile materials composed of almost pure carbon, like

text: anthracite

text: coal. Methane can be found in

text: hydrocarbon

text: fields, alone, associated with oil, or in the form of

text: methane clathrates

text: . Fossil fuels formed from the

text: fossilized remains

text: of dead plants by exposure to heat and pressure in the Earth's crust over millions of years. This

text: biogenic theory

text: was first introduced by German scholar

text: Georg Agricola

text: in 1556 and later by

text: Mikhail Lomonosov

text: in the 18th century.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: volatile

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: methyl

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: methane

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: Fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: methane,

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: Fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: volatile materials with low carbon:hydrogen ratios

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: methane,

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: exposure to heat and pressure

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Fossil fuels contain high percentages of carbon

text: Other human impacts on the atmosphere include the air pollution in cities, the pollutants including toxic chemicals like nitrogen oxides, sulphur oxides, volatile organic compounds and airborne particulate matter that produce photochemical smog and acid rain, and the chlorofluorocarbons that degrade the ozone layer. Anthropogenic particulates such as sulfate aerosols in the atmosphere reduce the direct irradiance and reflectance (albedo) of the Earth's surface. Known as global dimming the decrease is estimated to have been about 4% between 1960 and 1990 although the trend has subsequently reversed. Global dimming may have disturbed the global water cycle by reducing evaporation and rainfall in some areas. It also creates a cooling effect and this may have partially masked the effect of greenhouse gases on global warming.

text: Other human impacts on the atmosphere include the

text: air pollution

text: in cities, the

text: pollutants

text: including toxic chemicals like

text: nitrogen oxides

text: sulphur oxides

text: volatile organic compounds

text: and

text: airborne particulate matter

text: that produce

text: photochemical smog

text: and

text: acid rain

text: , and the

text: chlorofluorocarbon

text: s that degrade the

text: ozone layer

text: Anthropogenic

text: particulates

text: such as

text: sulfate aerosols

text: in the atmosphere reduce the direct

text: irradiance

text: and reflectance (

text: albedo

text: ) of the

text: Earth

text: 's surface. Known as

text: global dimming

text: the decrease is estimated to have been about 4% between 1960 and 1990 although the trend has subsequently reversed. Global dimming may have disturbed the global

text: water cycle

text: by reducing evaporation and rainfall in some areas. It also creates a

text: cooling

text: effect and this may have partially masked the effect of

text: greenhouse gases

text: on

text: global warming

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: cities

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: toxic chemicals

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: cities

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: smog and acid rain

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: nitrogen oxides

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: human

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: None of the above choices

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: human

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: nitrogen oxides,

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: human impacts on the atmosphere include the air pollution in cities,

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: photochemical smog and acid rain,

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: nitrogen oxides,

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: nitrogen oxides,

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: nitrogen oxides,

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: airborne particulate matter

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: nitrogen oxides,

text: Interactions between the two theories for climate modification have also been studied, as global warming and global dimming are neither mutually exclusive nor contradictory. In a paper published on March 8, 2005 in the American Geophysical Union's Geophysical Research Letters, a research team led by Anastasia Romanou of Columbia University's Department of Applied Physics and Mathematics, New York, also showed that the apparently opposing forces of global warming and global dimming can occur at the same time. Global dimming interacts with global warming by blocking sunlight that would otherwise cause evaporation and the particulates bind to water droplets. Water vapor is the major greenhouse gas. On the other hand, global dimming is affected by evaporation and rain. Rain has the effect of clearing out polluted skies.

text: Interactions between the two theories for climate modification have also been studied, as global warming and global dimming are neither mutually exclusive nor contradictory. In a paper published on March 8, 2005 in the American Geophysical Union's Geophysical Research Letters, a research team led by Anastasia Romanou of Columbia University's Department of Applied Physics and Mathematics, New York, also showed that the apparently opposing forces of global warming and global dimming can occur at the same time. Global dimming interacts with global warming by blocking sunlight that would otherwise cause evaporation and the particulates bind to water droplets. Water vapor is the major greenhouse gas. On the other hand, global dimming is affected by evaporation and rain. Rain has the effect of clearing out polluted skies.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: Water vapor

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: polluted skies

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: particulates

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: particulates

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: Water vapor

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: particulates bind to water droplets

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: Water vapor

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: particulates

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: rain.

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: global warming and global dimming can occur at the same time.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: particulates

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: global warming and global dimming

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: particulates bind to water droplets. Water vapor

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: bind to water droplets.

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: the particulates bind to water droplets.

text: Activated charcoal is a common component of gas masks. It is a form of carbon with an extremely high surface area which attracts all manner of pollutants from air and water. Pollutants do not react with the carbon but are adsorbed into the pores. Over time the activated carbon becomes thoroughly coated and it ceases to remove pollutants. However, the charcoal can be reactivated and restored to its original state by baking the charcoal with high heat, which evaporates or burns off the pollutants.

text: Activated charcoal

text: is a common component of gas masks. It is a form of carbon with an extremely high surface area which attracts all manner of pollutants from air and water. Pollutants do not react with the carbon but are

text: adsorbed

text: into the pores. Over time the activated carbon becomes thoroughly coated and it ceases to remove pollutants. However, the charcoal can be reactivated and restored to its original state by baking the charcoal with high heat, which evaporates or burns off the pollutants.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: air and water

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: gas masks

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: attract all manner of pollutants

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: gas masks

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: None of the above choices

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: air and water.

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: Activated charcoal

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Activated charcoal

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: pollutants from air and water. Pollutants

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: Activated charcoal

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Activated charcoal

text: International trade in petroleum products has expanded significantly over the past decades through globalization so that the environmental problems in Nigeria have been deteriorated. As the international trade in petroleum products keeps increasing, there is also corresponding increase in activities in the petroleum industry to meet the requirement of the ever increasing demand for petroleum products. As a result, it gives rise to the environmental pollution. The petroleum is toxic to almost all forms of life and its extraction fuels climate change including air pollution, water pollution, noise pollution, land degradation and erosion.

text: International trade in petroleum products has expanded significantly over the past decades through globalization so that the environmental problems in Nigeria have been deteriorated. As the international trade in petroleum products keeps increasing, there is also corresponding increase in activities in the petroleum industry to meet the requirement of the ever increasing demand for petroleum products. As a result, it gives rise to the environmental pollution. The petroleum is toxic to almost all forms of life and its extraction fuels climate change including

text: air pollution

text: water pollution

text: noise pollution

text: land degradation

text: and

text: erosion

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: petroleum

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: petroleum

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: environmental pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: The petroleum is toxic to almost all forms of life and its extraction

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air pollution,

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: The petroleum

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollution, water pollution, noise pollution, land degradation and erosion.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: The petroleum

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: The petroleum is toxic to almost all forms of life

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: air pollution, water pollution, noise pollution, land degradation and erosion.

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: extraction

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: air pollution, water pollution, noise pollution, land degradation and erosion.

text: Air pollution in India is quite a serious issue with the major sources being fuelwood and biomass burning, fuel adulteration, vehicle emission and traffic congestion. In autumn and winter months, large scale crop residue burning in agriculture fields - a low cost alternative to mechanical tilling - is a major source of smoke, smog and particulate pollution. India has a low per capita emissions of greenhouse gases but the country as a whole is the third largest after China and the United States. A 2013 study on non-smokers has found that Indians have 30% lower lung function compared to Europeans.

text: Air pollution

text: in

text: India

text: is quite a serious issue with the major sources being fuelwood and biomass burning, fuel adulteration, vehicle emission and traffic congestion. In autumn and winter months, large scale crop residue burning in agriculture fields - a low cost alternative to mechanical tilling - is a major source of smoke, smog and particulate pollution. India has a low per capita emissions of

text: greenhouse gas

text: es but the country as a whole is the third largest after China and the United States. A 2013 study on non-smokers has found that Indians have 30% lower lung function compared to Europeans.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fuelwood and biomass burning

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: greenhouse gases

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fuelwood and biomass

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: adulterate

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: smog

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: particulates

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: fuelwood and biomass burning

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: large scale crop residue burning in agriculture fields

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fuelwood and biomass burning,

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: smoke,

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fuelwood and biomass burning,

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: fuel adulteration,

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: greenhouse gases

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: fuelwood

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: Air pollution

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: fuelwood and biomass burning,

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: large scale crop residue burning in agriculture fields

text: Frost-free refrigerators or freezers use electric fans to cool the appropriate compartment. This could be called a "fan forced" refrigerator, whereas manual defrost units rely on colder air lying at the bottom, versus the warm air at the top to achieve adequate cooling. The air is drawn in through an inlet duct and passed through the evaporator where it is cooled, the air is then circulated throughout the cabinet via a series of ducts and vents. Because the air passing the evaporator is supposedly warm and moist, frost begins to form on the evaporator (especially on a freezer's evaporator). In cheaper and/or older models, a defrost cycle is controlled via a mechanical timer. This timer is set to shut off the compressor and fan and energize a heating element located near or around the evaporator for about 15 to 30 minutes at every 6 to 12 hours. This melts any frost or ice build up and allows the refrigerator to work normally once more. It is believed that frost free units have a lower tolerance for frost, due to their air-conditioner like evaporator coils. Therefore, if a door is left open accidentally (especially the freezer), the defrost system may not remove all frost, in this case, the freezer (or refrigerator) must be defrosted.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: emissions

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: air-conditioning

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: air-conditioner

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: electric fans

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: air-conditioner

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: the freezer (or refrigerator) must be defrosted.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: cooling.

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Frost-free refrigerators or freezers use electric fans

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: "fan forced" refrigerator,

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: inlet duct

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: 15 to 30 minutes at every 6 to 12 hours.

text: With the construction phase largely to blame, wind turbines emit slightly more particulate matter(PM), a form of air pollution, at an "exception" rate higher per unit of energy generated(kWh) than a fossil gas electricity station("NGCC"), and also emit more heavy metals and PM than nuclear stations, per unit of energy generated. As far as total pollution costs in economic terms, in a comprehensive 2006 European study, alpine Hydropower was found to exhibit the lowest external pollution, or externality, costs of all electricity generating systems, below 0.05 c€/kWh. Wind power externality costs were found to be 0.09 - 0.12c€/kW, while nuclear energy had a 0.19 c€/kWh value and fossil fuels generated 1.6 - 5.8 c€/kWh of downstream costs. With the exception of the latter fossil fuels, these are negligible costs in comparison to the cost of electricity production, which is approximately 10 c€/kWh in European countries.

text: With the construction phase largely to blame, wind turbines emit slightly more

text: particulate matter

text: (PM), a form of

text: air pollution

text: , at an "exception" rate higher per

text: unit of energy generated

text: (kWh) than a

text: fossil gas

text: electricity station("

text: NGCC

text: "), and also emit more

text: heavy metals

text: and PM than nuclear stations, per unit of energy generated. As far as total pollution costs in economic terms, in a comprehensive 2006 European study,

text: alpine

text: Hydropower

text: was found to exhibit the lowest external pollution, or

text: externality

text: , costs of all electricity generating systems, below 0.05 c

text: kWh

text: . Wind power externality costs were found to be 0.09 - 0.12c€/kW, while nuclear energy had a 0.19 c€/kWh value and fossil fuels generated 1.6 - 5.8 c€/kWh of downstream costs. With the exception of the latter fossil fuels, these are negligible costs in comparison to the

text: cost of electricity

text: production, which is approximately 10 c

text: kWh

text: in

entity_name: List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe

text: European countries

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: wind turbines

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: polluting

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: construction phase

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: heavy metals

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: wind turbines

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: construction phase

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: particulate matter(PM),

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: construction phase

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: generated 1.6 - 5.8 c€/kWh of downstream costs.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: heavy metals

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: wind turbines

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: particulate matter(PM),

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: wind turbines

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: construction phase

text: Camden's industrial and post-industrial history gave rise to distinct neighborhoods and cultural groups that have effected the status of the city over the course of the 20th century. Over the years Camden has made many attempts to restore its economic stature. In the 1980s Mayor Randy Primas campaigned for the city to adopt two different nuisance industries: a prison and a trash-to-steam incinerator. Despite opposition from Camden residents the Riverfront State Prison was opened in 1985 and the trash-to-steam plant opened in 1989. With the addition of the trash-to-steam plant Camden has faced numerous air and water pollution issues. Camden is also the home of a waste-water treatment facility. In the 1970s, dangerous pollutants were found in the wells from which many Camden citizens received their household water. These pollutants decreased property values in Camden and caused health problems among the city's residents. Pollution is an ongoing issue that local nonprofits are trying to solve.

text: Camden's industrial and post-industrial history gave rise to distinct neighborhoods and cultural groups that have effected the status of the city over the course of the 20th century. Over the years Camden has made many attempts to restore its economic stature. In the 1980s Mayor Randy Primas campaigned for the city to adopt two different nuisance industries: a prison and a trash-to-steam incinerator. Despite opposition from Camden residents the

text: Riverfront State Prison

text: was opened in 1985 and the trash-to-steam plant opened in 1989. With the addition of the trash-to-steam plant Camden has faced numerous air and water pollution issues. Camden is also the home of a waste-water treatment facility. In the 1970s, dangerous pollutants were found in the wells from which many Camden citizens received their household water. These pollutants decreased property values in Camden and caused health problems among the city's residents. Pollution is an ongoing issue that local nonprofits are trying to solve.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: trash-to-steam plant

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: trash-to-steam plant

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: decreased property values

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: Nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: trash-to-steam plant

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: slash-and-burn

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: trash-to-steam plant

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: trash-to-steam plant

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air and water pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: air

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: trash-to-steam plant

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: trash-to-steam incinerator.

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: decreased property values in Camden

text: Ash ponds, a type of surface impoundment, are a widely used treatment technology at coal-fired plants. These ponds use gravity to settle out large particulates (measured as total suspended solids) from power plant wastewater. This technology does not treat dissolved pollutants. Power stations use additional technologies to control pollutants, depending on the particular wastestream in the plant. These include dry ash handling, closed-loop ash recycling, chemical precipitation, biological treatment (such as an activated sludge process), and evaporation.

text: Ash pond

text: s, a type of surface impoundment, are a widely used treatment technology at coal-fired plants. These ponds use gravity to

text: settle out

text: large particulates (measured as

text: total suspended solids

text: ) from power plant wastewater. This technology does not treat dissolved pollutants. Power stations use additional technologies to control pollutants, depending on the particular wastestream in the plant. These include dry ash handling, closed-loop ash recycling,

text: chemical precipitation

text: , biological treatment (such as an

text: activated sludge

text: process), and evaporation.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: particulates

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: dissolved pollutants

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: dissolved pollutants

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: chemical precipitation

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: coal-fired plants.

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: dissolved pollutants.

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: coal-fired plants.

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: dissolved pollutants.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: dissolved pollutants.

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Ash ponds,

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: dissolved pollutants.

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: chemical precipitation,

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: dissolved pollutants.

text: Sedimentation and discharge of industrial effluents are prominent sources of water pollution, and the burning of wood for fuel is a significant source of indoor air pollution and respiratory problems. Vehicular and industrial emissions increasingly have contributed to air pollution in urban areas.

text: Sedimentation and discharge of industrial effluents are prominent sources of

text: water pollution

text: , and the burning of wood for fuel is a significant source of

text: indoor air pollution

text: and respiratory problems. Vehicular and industrial emissions increasingly have contributed to air pollution in urban areas.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: industrial emissions

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: emissions

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: industrial emissions

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: contribute to air pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: indoor air pollution

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burning wood

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: Vehicular and industrial emissions

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: emissions

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: Vehicular and industrial emissions

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: water pollution,

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: water pollution,

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: indoor air pollution and respiratory problems.

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: fuel

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: industrial emissions

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: indoor air pollution and respiratory problems.

text: Fossil fuels such as coal and oil are made primarily of plant material that was deposited millions of years ago. This period of time equates to thousands of half-lives of C, so essentially all of the C in fossil fuels has decayed. Fossil fuels also are depleted in C relative to the atmosphere, because they were originally formed from living organisms. Therefore, the carbon from fossil fuels that is returned to the atmosphere through combustion is depleted in both C and C compared to atmospheric carbon dioxide.

text: Fossil fuels such as

text: coal

text: and

text: oil

text: are made primarily of plant material that was deposited millions of years ago. This period of time equates to thousands of half-lives of C, so essentially all of the C in fossil fuels has decayed. Fossil fuels also are depleted in C relative to the atmosphere, because they were originally formed from living organisms. Therefore, the carbon from fossil fuels that is returned to the atmosphere through combustion is depleted in both C and C compared to atmospheric carbon dioxide.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: depleted

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: combustion

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: Fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: carbon dioxide.

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: Fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: all of the C in fossil fuels has decayed.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: carbon dioxide.

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide.

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: combustion

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: atmospheric carbon dioxide.

text: The inverse is also true when the aircraft is in inverted flight. The float becomes submerged as the fuel is pulled downward by gravity to the top of the fuel bowl. The float lifts upward toward the bottom of the inverted fuel bowl. With the float at the bottom of the fuel bowl, the fuel inlet valve opens, as it would when there is not enough fuel in the fuel bowl. With the fuel inlet valve open, the fuel pump continues pumping fuel into the fuel bowl, where the resulting excess fuel causes the fuel-air ratio to become lower than nine to one, which is then too rich for combustion to take place, stopping the engine.

text: The

text: inverse

text: is also true when the aircraft is in inverted flight. The float becomes submerged as the fuel is pulled downward by gravity to the top of the fuel bowl. The float lifts upward toward the bottom of the inverted fuel bowl. With the float at the bottom of the fuel bowl, the fuel inlet valve opens, as it would when there is not enough fuel in the fuel bowl. With the fuel inlet valve open, the fuel pump continues pumping fuel into the fuel bowl, where the resulting excess fuel causes the fuel-air ratio to become lower than nine to one, which is then too rich for combustion to take place, stopping the engine.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: fuel

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: automobiles

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: stop the engine

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: excess fuel

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: fuel into the fuel bowl, where the resulting excess fuel

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: inverted flight.

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: stopping the engine.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: The inverse is also true when the aircraft is in inverted flight.

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: The inverse is also true when the aircraft is in inverted flight.

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: excess fuel

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: gravity

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: nine to one,

text: According to the World Health Organization (WHO), air pollution is linked to 7 million premature deaths.  Here is a breakdown by the diseases air pollution causes:

text: According to the

text: World Health Organization

text: (WHO),

text: air pollution

text: is linked to 7 million premature deaths.  Here is a breakdown by the diseases air pollution causes:

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: human activities

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: human activities

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: prematurely die

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: Nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: World Health Organization

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: World Health Organization

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollution is linked to 7 million premature deaths.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: air pollution is linked to 7 million premature deaths.

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: premature deaths.

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: 7 million premature deaths.

text: The evaporative cooler is a wetted rigid media where water is distributed throughout the header and where air passes through the wet porous surface. Part of the water is evaporated, absorbing the  sensible heat from the air and increasing its relative humidity. The air dry-bulb temperature is decreased but the wet-bulb temperature is not affected. Similar to the fogging system, the theoretical limit is the wet bulb temperature, but performance of the evaporative cooler is usually around 80%. Water consumption is less than that of fogging cooling.

text: The

text: evaporative cooler

text: is a wetted rigid media where water is distributed throughout the header and where air passes through the wet porous surface. Part of the water is evaporated, absorbing the  sensible heat from the air and increasing its relative humidity. The air dry-bulb temperature is decreased but the wet-bulb temperature is not affected. Similar to the fogging system, the theoretical limit is the wet bulb temperature, but performance of the evaporative cooler is usually around 80%. Water consumption is less than that of fogging cooling.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: water

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: automobiles

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: increase its relative humidity

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: Nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: evaporative cooler

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: heat

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: evaporative cooler

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: fogging system, the theoretical limit is the wet bulb temperature,

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: The evaporative cooler

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: The evaporative cooler

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: heat

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: air passes through the wet porous surface.

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: heat

text: The major sources of pollution in India include the rapid burning of fuelwood and biomass such as dried waste from livestock as the primary source of energy, lack of organised garbage and waste removal services, lack of sewage treatment operations, lack of flood control and monsoon water drainage system, diversion of consumer waste into rivers, cremation practices near major rivers, government mandated protection of highly polluting old public transport, and continued operation by Indian government of government owned, high emission plants built between 1950 and 1980.

text: The major sources of pollution in India include the rapid burning of fuelwood and biomass such as dried waste from livestock as the primary source of energy, lack of organised garbage and waste removal services, lack of sewage treatment operations, lack of flood control and monsoon water drainage system, diversion of consumer waste into rivers, cremation practices near major rivers, government mandated protection of highly polluting old public transport, and continued operation by Indian government of government owned, high emission plants built between 1950 and 1980.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fuelwood and biomass

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: polluting

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: government owned, high emission plants

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: pollute

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burning fuelwood

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: rapid burning of fuelwood and biomass

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: high emission

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: government owned, high emission plants

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: fuelwood

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: fuelwood

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: fuelwood and biomass such as dried waste from livestock

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burning

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: rapid burning of fuelwood and biomass such as dried waste from livestock

text: Grate firing was the first combustion system used for solid fuels. It now is used mainly for burning waste and biomass, but also for smaller coal furnaces.

text: Grate firing was the first

text: combustion

text: system

text: used for

text: solid fuel

text: s. It now is used mainly for burning

text: waste

text: and

text: biomass

text: , but also for smaller

text: coal

text: furnaces.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: coal furnaces

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: burn in grate firing

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burning waste

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: waste

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: Grate firing

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: waste

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: burning waste

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: waste

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Grate firing

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: biomass,

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: Grate firing

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Grate firing

text: "Pollution" - Pollution caused by the use of fossil fuels is another driver of environmental destruction. The burning of carbon-based fossil fuels such as coal and oil, releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. One of the major impacts of this is the climate change that is currently taking place on the planet, where the earth's temperature is gradually rising. Given that fuels such as coal and oil are the most heavily used fuels, this a great concern to many environmentalists.

text: Pollution

text: " - Pollution caused by the use of fossil fuels is another driver of environmental destruction. The burning of carbon-based fossil fuels such as coal and oil, releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. One of the major impacts of this is the climate change that is currently taking place on the planet, where the earth's temperature is gradually rising. Given that fuels such as coal and oil are the most heavily used fuels, this a great concern to many environmentalists.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: pollute

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burning fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: The burning of carbon-based fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Pollution caused by the use of fossil fuels

text: Fossil fuel (primary non-renewable fossil) sources burn coal or hydrocarbon fuels, which are the remains of the decomposition of plants and animals. There are three main types of fossil fuels: coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Another fossil fuel, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), is principally derived from the production of natural gas. Heat from burning fossil fuel is used either directly for space heating and process heating, or converted to mechanical energy for vehicles, industrial processes, or electrical power generation.

text: Fossil fuel (primary non-renewable fossil) sources burn

text: coal

text: or

text: hydrocarbon

text: fuels, which are the remains of the decomposition of plants and animals. There are three main types of fossil fuels: coal,

text: petroleum

text: , and

text: natural gas

text: . Another fossil fuel,

text: liquefied petroleum gas

text: (LPG), is principally derived from the production of natural gas. Heat from burning fossil fuel is used either directly for space heating and process heating, or converted to mechanical energy for vehicles,

text: industrial process

text: es, or

text: electrical power generation

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuel

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: heat

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuel

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: decomposition of plants and animals

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: decomposition

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: Fossil fuel

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: Heat

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: Fossil fuel

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: remains of the decomposition of plants and animals.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: hydrocarbon

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Fossil fuel

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: Fossil fuel (primary non-renewable fossil)

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: decomposition of plants and animals.

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Fossil fuel

text: Microbial biomass is produced commercially as single-cell protein (SCP) for human food or animal feed and as viable yeast cells for the baking industry. The industrial production of bakers' yeast started in the early 1900s and yeast biomass was used as human food in Germany during World War I. The development of large-scale processes for the production of microbial biomass as a source of commercial protein began in earnest in the late 1960s. Several of the processes investigated did not come to fruition owing to political and economic problems but the establishment of the ICI Pruteen process for the production of bacterial SCP for animal feed was a milestone in the development of the fermentation industry. This process used continuous culture on a large scale (1500 m). The economics of the production of SCP as animal feed were marginal, which eventually led to the discontinuation of the Pruteen process. The technical expertise gained from the Pruteen process assisted ICI in collaborating with Rank Hovis McDougall on a process for the production of fungal biomass for human food. A continuous fermentation process for the production of Fusarium venenatum biomass (marketed as Quorn) was developed using a 40-m air-lift fermenter.

text: Microbial biomass is produced commercially as

text: single-cell protein

text: (SCP) for human food or animal feed and as viable yeast cells for the baking industry. The industrial production of bakers' yeast started in the early 1900s and yeast biomass was used as human food in Germany during

text: World War I

text: . The development of large-scale processes for the production of microbial biomass as a source of commercial protein began in earnest in the late 1960s. Several of the processes investigated did not come to fruition owing to political and economic problems but the establishment of the ICI

text: Pruteen

text: process for the production of bacterial SCP for animal feed was a milestone in the development of the fermentation industry. This process used continuous culture on a large scale (1500 m). The economics of the production of SCP as animal feed were marginal, which eventually led to the discontinuation of the Pruteen process. The technical expertise gained from the Pruteen process assisted ICI in collaborating with

text: Rank Hovis McDougall

text: on a process for the production of fungal biomass for human food. A continuous fermentation process for the production of

text: Fusarium venenatum

text: biomass (marketed as Quorn) was developed using a 40-m air-lift fermenter.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: non-human sources

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: emissions

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: use as human food

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: air-lift

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: animal feed

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: Microbial biomass

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: Microbial biomass

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: political and economic problems

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: Fusarium venenatum

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Microbial biomass

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: Microbial biomass

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: air-lift fermenter.

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Microbial biomass

text: The Citizens' Climate Lobby is a non-partisan organization with members throughout the United States, Canada and other countries, which advocates for effective climate legislation. Its key purposes are listed as creating a political will for a sustainable climate, while empowering individuals to exercise their personal and political power. With international/US headquarters in Coronado, California, and a Canadian national office in Sudbury, Ontario, Citizens' Climate Lobby is composed of local volunteer groups who lobby their elected representatives and work through local outreach and media. Their goal is to cut greenhouse gas emissions and promote a transition to a renewable energy economy through a market-based approach:  a revenue neutral 'carbon fee and dividend' approach to pricing carbon pollution from fossil fuels, and simultaneously ending subsidies to fossil fuel companies. In the US, using a market-based approach by putting a price on carbon is gaining support from both Republicans and Democrats. CCL believes that a revenue neutral carbon fee and dividend is a bipartisian solution that would effectively address carbon emissions, while not relying on a complex regulation approach.

text: The Citizens' Climate Lobby is a non-partisan organization with members throughout the

text: United States

text: Canada

text: and other countries, which advocates for effective

text: climate legislation

text: . Its key purposes are listed as creating a political will for a sustainable climate, while empowering individuals to exercise their personal and political power. With international/US headquarters in

text: Coronado

text: California

text: , and a Canadian national office in

text: Sudbury

text: Ontario

text: , Citizens' Climate Lobby is composed of local volunteer groups who lobby their elected representatives and work through local outreach and media. Their goal is to cut

text: greenhouse gas

text: emissions and promote a transition to a

text: renewable energy

text: economy through a

text: market

text: -based approach:  a revenue neutral '

text: carbon fee and dividend

text: ' approach to pricing carbon pollution from fossil fuels, and simultaneously ending subsidies to

text: fossil fuel

text: companies. In the US, using a market-based approach by putting a price on carbon is gaining support from both

text: Republicans

text: and

text: Democrats

text: . CCL believes that a revenue neutral carbon fee and dividend is a bipartisian solution that would effectively address carbon emissions, while not relying on a complex regulation approach.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: greenhouse gases

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: carbon pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: greenhouse gas emissions

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuels,

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: carbon pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuels,

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: carbon pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: fossil fuels,

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: fossil fuels,

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: fossil fuels,

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: fossil fuels,

text: Evaporation is the elimination of the solvent in form of vapor from a solution. For most evaporation systems, the solvent is water and the heat is provided by steam condensation. In a forced circulation evaporation liquid is constantly circulated through the system. The mixture moves through the heat exchanger where it is superheated under pressure. To avoid fouling a high circulation rate is used, typically between 1.5 – 4 m/s <ref name=fourteen>“Forced Circulation Evaporator.” ,Rising Film Evaporator,Agitated Thin Film Evaporator. Web. 27 Sept. 2013.

text: Evaporation is the elimination of the solvent in form of vapor from a solution. For most evaporation systems, the solvent is water and the heat is provided by steam condensation. In a forced circulation evaporation liquid is constantly circulated through the system. The mixture moves through the heat exchanger where it is superheated under pressure. To avoid fouling a high circulation rate is used, typically between 1.5 – 4 m/s <ref name=fourteen>“Forced Circulation Evaporator.” ,Rising Film Evaporator,Agitated Thin Film Evaporator. Web. 27 Sept. 2013.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: vapor

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: evaporate

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: Nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: slash-and-burn

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: Evaporation

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: steam

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: Evaporation

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: fouling

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: 27 Sept. 2013.

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Evaporation

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: Evaporation

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: Evaporation

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Evaporation

text: Pollution has cost. Manufacturing activities that cause air pollution impose health and clean-up costs on the whole society, whereas the neighbors of an individual who chooses to fire-proof his home may benefit from a reduced risk of a fire spreading to their own houses. If external costs exist, such as pollution, the producer may choose to produce more of the product than would be produced if the producer were required to pay all associated environmental costs. Because responsibility or consequence for self-directed action lies partly outside the self, an element of externalization is involved. If there are external benefits, such as in public safety, less of the good may be produced than would be the case if the producer were to receive payment for the external benefits to others.

text: Pollution has cost. Manufacturing activities that cause

text: air pollution

text: impose health and clean-up costs on the whole society, whereas the neighbors of an individual who chooses to fire-proof his home may benefit from a reduced risk of a fire spreading to their own houses. If external costs exist, such as pollution, the producer may choose to produce more of the product than would be produced if the producer were required to pay all associated environmental costs. Because responsibility or consequence for self-directed action lies partly outside the self, an element of

text: externalization

text: is involved. If there are external benefits, such as in

text: public safety

text: , less of the good may be produced than would be the case if the producer were to receive payment for the external benefits to others.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: manufacturing activities

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: manufacturing activities

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: cause air pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: manufacturing activities

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: manufacturing activities

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: Manufacturing activities

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: Manufacturing activities

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: Pollution has cost. Manufacturing activities that cause air pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Pollution has cost. Manufacturing activities that cause air pollution

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: fire

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: Manufacturing activities

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Manufacturing activities that cause air pollution

text: The majority of the government-owned sewage treatment plants remain closed most of the time due to improper design or poor maintenance or lack of reliable electricity supply to operate the plants, together with absentee employees and poor management. The waste water generated in these areas normally percolates into the soil or evaporates. The uncollected wastes accumulate in the urban areas causing unhygienic conditions and releasing pollutants that leach into surface and groundwaters.

text: The majority of the government-owned sewage treatment plants remain closed most of the time due to improper design or poor maintenance or lack of reliable electricity supply to operate the plants, together with absentee employees and poor management. The waste water generated in these areas normally percolates into the soil or evaporates. The uncollected wastes accumulate in the urban areas causing unhygienic conditions and releasing pollutants that leach into surface and groundwaters.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: urban areas

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: urban areas

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: leach

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: urban areas

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: urban areas

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: pollutants that leach into surface and groundwaters.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: pollutants that leach into surface and groundwaters.

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: evaporates.

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: leach into surface and groundwaters.

text: A problem with the combustion of raw biomass is that it emits considerable amounts of pollutants, such as particulates and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Even modern pellet boilers generate much more pollutants than oil or natural gas boilers. Pellets made from agricultural residues are usually worse than wood pellets, producing much larger emissions of dioxins and chlorophenols.

text: A problem with the combustion of raw biomass is that it emits considerable amounts of

text: pollutant

text: s, such as

text: particulates

text: and

text: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

text: . Even modern pellet boilers generate much more pollutants than oil or natural gas boilers. Pellets made from agricultural residues are usually worse than wood pellets, producing much larger emissions of

text: dioxins

text: and

text: chlorophenol

text: s.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: raw biomass

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: particulates

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: raw biomass

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: pollute

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: dioxins

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: particulates

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: combustion

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: raw biomass

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: pollutants,

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: raw biomass

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: pollutants,

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: dioxins

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: raw biomass

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: pollutants,

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: combustion

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: raw biomass

text: Carbon neutral fuel is synthetic fuel—such as methane, gasoline, diesel fuel or jet fuel—produced from renewable or nuclear energy used to hydrogenate waste carbon dioxide recycled from power plant flue exhaust gas or derived from carbonic acid in seawater. Such fuels are potentially carbon neutral because they do not result in a net increase in atmospheric greenhouse gases. To the extent that carbon neutral fuels displace fossil fuels, or if they are produced from waste carbon or seawater carbonic acid, and their combustion is subject to carbon capture at the flue or exhaust pipe, they result in negative carbon dioxide emission and net carbon dioxide removal from the atmosphere, and thus constitute a form of greenhouse gas remediation. Such carbon neutral and negative fuels can be produced by the electrolysis of water to make hydrogen used in the Sabatier reaction to produce methane which may then be stored to be burned later in power plants as synthetic natural gas, transported by pipeline, truck, or tanker ship, or be used in gas to liquids processes such as the Fischer–Tropsch process to make traditional transportation or heating fuels.

text: Carbon neutral fuel

text: is

text: synthetic fuel

text: —such as

text: methane

text: gasoline

text: diesel fuel

text: or

text: jet fuel

text: —produced from

text: renewable

text: or

text: nuclear energy

text: used to

text: hydrogenate

text: waste

text: carbon dioxide

text: recycled from

text: power plant flue

text: exhaust gas

text: or derived from

text: carbonic acid

text: in

text: seawater

text: . Such fuels are potentially

text: carbon neutral

text: because they do not result in a net increase in atmospheric

text: greenhouse gas

text: es. To the extent that carbon neutral fuels displace

text: fossil fuel

text: s, or if they are produced from waste carbon or seawater carbonic acid, and their combustion is subject to

text: carbon capture

text: at the flue or exhaust pipe, they result in

text: negative carbon dioxide emission

text: and net

text: carbon dioxide removal

text: from the atmosphere, and thus constitute a form of

text: greenhouse gas remediation

text: . Such carbon neutral and negative fuels can be produced by the

text: electrolysis of water

text: to make

text: hydrogen

text: used in the

text: Sabatier reaction

text: to produce methane which may then be

text: stored

text: to be burned later in

text: power plants

text: as synthetic

text: natural gas

text: , transported by

text: pipeline

text: truck

text: , or

text: tanker ship

text: , or be used in

text: gas to liquids

text: processes such as the

text: Fischer–Tropsch process

text: to make traditional transportation or heating

text: fuel

text: s.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: negative carbon dioxide emission

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuels,

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: carbon dioxide recycled from power plant flue exhaust gas

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuels,

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: negative carbon dioxide emission and net carbon dioxide removal from the atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Carbon neutral fuel

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: fossil fuels,

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: greenhouse gases.

text: Burning of blister packs directly causes air pollution by the combustion products of polypropylene ([CH]), polyester ([CHO]), and polyvinyl chloride ([CHCHCl]). The combustion reactions and products of these chemicals are mentioned below.

text: Burning of blister packs directly causes

text: air pollution

text: by the

text: combustion

text: products of polypropylene ([CH]), polyester ([CHO]), and polyvinyl chloride ([CHCHCl]). The combustion reactions and products of these chemicals are mentioned below.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: blister packs

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: blister packs

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burning blister packs

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: Burning of blister packs

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: chemicals

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: Burning of blister packs

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: polyvinyl chloride

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Burning of blister packs

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: polypropylene

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: Burning of blister packs

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Burning of blister packs

text: Over the following decades the CSAS was instrumental in the introduction of the 1926 Public Health (Smoke Abatement Act) and the  Clean Air Act 1956.  The latter started life as a private members bill promoted by Sir Gerald Nabarro in the aftermath of the Great London Smog of 1952.  This event saw the deaths of between 4,000 and 12,000 people as a direct result of air pollution.  The original Act was updated by the 1968 and 1993 Clean Air Acts. These Acts led to considerable areas of the UK being declared as Smoke Control Areas where the use of solid fuel is either prohibited or only allowed in authorised appliances. With increasing trends for burning solid fuel either as a lifestyle choice or a perceived cheaper and more sustainable form of heating these laws remain very relevant today.

text: Over the following decades the CSAS was instrumental in the introduction of the 1926 Public Health (Smoke Abatement Act) and the

text: Clean Air Act 1956

text: .  The latter started life as a private members bill promoted by Sir

text: Gerald Nabarro

text: in the aftermath of the

text: Great London Smog

text: of 1952.  This event saw the deaths of between 4,000 and 12,000 people as a direct result of air pollution.  The original Act was updated by the 1968 and 1993 Clean Air Acts. These Acts led to considerable areas of the UK being declared as Smoke Control Areas where the use of solid fuel is either prohibited or only allowed in authorised appliances. With increasing trends for burning solid fuel either as a lifestyle choice or a perceived cheaper and more sustainable form of heating these laws remain very relevant today.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: solid fuel

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: solid fuel

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: solid fuel

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: smoke control areas

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burning solid fuel

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Smoke Abatement Act

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: burning solid fuel

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: solid fuel

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: burning solid fuel

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollution.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: (Smoke

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: solid fuel

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: solid fuel

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burning solid fuel

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: burning solid fuel

text: The condensed, pressurized, and still usually somewhat hot liquid refrigerant is next routed through an expansion valve (often nothing more than a pinhole in the system's copper tubing) where it undergoes an abrupt reduction in pressure. That pressure reduction results in flash evaporation of a part of the liquid refrigerant, greatly lowering its temperature. The cold refrigerant is then routed through the evaporator. A fan blows the interior warm air (which is to be cooled) across the evaporator, causing the liquid part of the cold refrigerant mixture to evaporate as well, further lowering the temperature. The warm air is therefore cooled and is pumped by an exhaust fan/ blower into the room.

text: The condensed, pressurized, and still usually somewhat hot liquid refrigerant is next routed through an

text: expansion valve

text: (often nothing more than a pinhole in the system's copper tubing) where it undergoes an abrupt reduction in pressure. That pressure reduction results in

text: flash evaporation

text: of a part of the liquid refrigerant, greatly lowering its temperature. The cold refrigerant is then routed through the

text: evaporator

text: . A fan blows the interior warm air (which is to be cooled) across the evaporator, causing the liquid part of the cold refrigerant mixture to evaporate as well, further lowering the temperature. The warm air is therefore cooled and is pumped by an exhaust fan/ blower into the room.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: exhaust

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: air conditioners

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: cause global warming

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: hot liquid refrigerant

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: exhaust

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: refrigerant

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: hot liquid refrigerant is next routed through an expansion valve

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: copper tubing)

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: The condensed, pressurized,

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: hot liquid refrigerant

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: flash evaporation

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: hot liquid refrigerant is next routed through an expansion valve

text: Some 800 million Indians use traditional fuels – fuelwood, agricultural waste and biomass cakes – for cooking and general heating needs. These traditional fuels are burnt in cook stoves, known as chulah or chulha in some parts of India. Traditional fuel is inefficient source of energy, its burning releases high levels of smoke, PM10 particulate matter, NOX, SOX, PAHs, polyaromatics, formaldehyde, carbon monoxide and other air pollutants. Some reports, including one by the World Health Organisation, claim 300,000 to 400,000 people in India die of indoor air pollution and carbon monoxide poisoning every year because of biomass burning and use of chullahs. Traditional fuel burning in conventional cook stoves releases unnecessarily large amounts of pollutants, between 5 and 15 times higher than industrial combustion of coal, thereby affecting outdoor air quality, haze and smog, chronic health problems, damage to forests, ecosystems and global climate. Burning of biomass and firewood will not stop, these reports claim, unless electricity or clean burning fuel and combustion technologies become reliably available and widely adopted in rural and urban India. The growth of electricity sector in India may help find a sustainable alternative to traditional fuel burning.

text: Some 800 million Indians use traditional fuels –

text: fuelwood

text: , agricultural waste and

text: biomass cakes

text: – for cooking and general heating needs. These traditional fuels are burnt in

text: cook stove

text: s, known as chulah or chulha in some parts of India. Traditional fuel is inefficient source of energy, its burning releases high levels of smoke, PM10 particulate matter, NOX, SOX, PAHs, polyaromatics, formaldehyde, carbon monoxide and other

text: air pollutants

text: . Some reports, including one by the World Health Organisation, claim 300,000 to 400,000 people in India die of indoor air pollution and carbon monoxide poisoning every year because of biomass burning and use of chullahs. Traditional fuel burning in conventional cook stoves releases unnecessarily large amounts of pollutants, between 5 and 15 times higher than industrial combustion of coal, thereby affecting outdoor air quality, haze and smog, chronic health problems, damage to forests, ecosystems and global climate. Burning of biomass and firewood will not stop, these reports claim, unless electricity or clean burning fuel and combustion technologies become reliably available and widely adopted in rural and urban India. The growth of electricity sector in India may help find a sustainable alternative to traditional fuel burning.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: traditional fuels

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: NOX

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: Traditional fuel burning

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: haze and smog

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon monoxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: combustion of coal

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: slash-and-burn

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: industrial combustion of coal,

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: smoke,

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: industrial combustion of coal,

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: affecting outdoor air quality, haze and smog,

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: formaldehyde,

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: 5 and 15 times higher than industrial combustion of coal,

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: damage to forests, ecosystems and global climate.

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: its burning releases high levels of smoke,

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Traditional fuel is inefficient source of energy,

text: The exploitation of natural resources is the use of natural resources for economic growth, sometimes with a negative connotation of accompanying environmental degradation. It started to emerge on an industrial scale in the 19th century as the extraction and processing of raw materials (such as in mining, steam power, and machinery) developed much further than it had in preindustrial eras. During the 20th century, energy consumption rapidly increased. Today, about 80% of the world’s energy consumption is sustained by the extraction of fossil fuels, which consists of oil, coal and gas. Another non-renewable resource that is exploited by humans is subsoil minerals such as precious metals that are mainly used in the production of industrial commodities. Intensive agriculture is an example of a mode of production that hinders many aspects of the natural environment, for example the degradation of forests in a terrestrial ecosystem and water pollution in an aquatic ecosystem. As the world population rises and economic growth occurs, the depletion of natural resources influenced by the unsustainable extraction of raw materials becomes an increasing concern.

text: The exploitation of natural resources is the use of

text: natural resource

text: s for

text: economic growth

text: , sometimes with a

text: negative connotation

text: of accompanying

text: environmental degradation

text: . It started to emerge on an

text: industrial

text: scale in the 19th century as the extraction and processing of

text: raw material

text: s (such as in

text: mining

text: steam power

text: , and

text: machinery

text: ) developed much further than it had in preindustrial eras. During the 20th century,

text: energy

text: consumption rapidly increased. Today, about 80% of the

text: world’s energy consumption

text: is sustained by the extraction of

text: fossil fuel

text: s, which consists of

text: oil

text: coal

text: and

text: gas

text: . Another

text: non-renewable resource

text: that is exploited by humans is

text: subsoil minerals

text: such as

text: precious metal

text: s that are mainly used in the production of industrial

text: commodities

text: Intensive agriculture

text: is an example of a mode of production that hinders many aspects of the

text: natural environment

text: , for example the degradation of

text: forest

text: s in a

text: terrestrial ecosystem

text: and

text: water pollution

text: in an

text: aquatic ecosystem

text: . As the

text: world population

text: rises and

text: economic growth

text: occurs, the

text: depletion of natural resources

text: influenced by the unsustainable extraction of

text: raw materials

text: becomes an increasing concern.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: environmental degradation

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: Nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: Intensive agriculture

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Degradation of forests in a terrestrial ecosystem and water pollution in an aquatic ecosystem

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: Intensive agriculture

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: fossil fuels,

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuels,

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: environmental degradation.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: oil,

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Intensive agriculture

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: Intensive agriculture

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: Intensive agriculture

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: degradation of forests in a terrestrial ecosystem and water pollution in an aquatic ecosystem.

text: LPG is prepared by refining petroleum or "wet" natural gas, and is almost entirely derived from fossil fuel sources, being manufactured during the refining of petroleum (crude oil), or extracted from petroleum or natural gas streams as they emerge from the ground. It was first produced in 1910 by Dr. Walter Snelling, and the first commercial products appeared in 1912. It currently provides about 3% of all energy consumed, and burns relatively cleanly with no soot and very few sulfur emissions. As it is a gas, it does not pose ground or water pollution hazards, but it can cause air pollution. LPG has a typical specific calorific value of 46.1 MJ/kg compared with 42.5 MJ/kg for fuel oil and 43.5 MJ/kg for premium grade petrol (gasoline). However, its energy density per volume unit of 26 MJ/L is lower than either that of petrol or fuel oil, as its relative density is lower (about 0.5–0.58 kg/L, compared to 0.71–0.77 kg/L for gasoline).

text: LPG is prepared by

text: refining

text: petroleum

text: or "wet"

text: natural gas

text: , and is almost entirely derived from

text: fossil fuel

text: sources, being manufactured during the refining of petroleum (crude oil), or extracted from petroleum or natural gas streams as they emerge from the ground. It was first produced in 1910 by

text: Dr. Walter Snelling

text: , and the first commercial products appeared in 1912. It currently provides about 3% of all energy consumed, and burns relatively cleanly with no

text: soot

text: and very few

text: sulfur

text: emissions. As it is a gas, it does not pose ground or

text: water pollution

text: hazards, but it can cause

text: air pollution

text: . LPG has a typical specific

text: calorific value

text: of 46.1 MJ/kg compared with 42.5 MJ/kg for

text: fuel oil

text: and 43.5 MJ/kg for premium grade

text: petrol

text: (gasoline). However, its

text: energy density

text: per volume unit of 26 MJ/L is lower than either that of petrol or fuel oil, as its

text: relative density

text: is lower (about 0.5–0.58 kg/L, compared to 0.71–0.77 kg/L for

text: gasoline

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuel sources

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: soot

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: LPG

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: cause air pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: sulfur emissions

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: LPG

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuel sources,

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: sulfur emissions.

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: LPG

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollution.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: sulfur

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: LPG

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: sulfur emissions.

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: air pollution.

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: air pollution.

text: The Piggyback is designed to attach to new or existing heating and cooling installations without penetrating the roof. It is a self-contained singular unit that combines an evaporative cooler with a standard AC unit. The evaporative cooled air is sent through both the delivery and return ducts of the refrigeration air conditioning system. This can influences the energization of the refrigeration air conditioner and the deenergization of the evaporative cooler, causing damper to automatically be shifted to close off the blower outlet opening and lead to normal refrigeration air conditioning. This technology of evaporative cooling was perfected by William Goettl in Scottsdale, Arizona because it works best with dry, arid climates. Evaporative coolers work to pull in hot, dry, outside air rather than recirculating internal air which would increase humidity and decrease the effectiveness of the cooler.

text: The Piggyback is designed to attach to new or existing heating and cooling installations without penetrating the roof. It is a self-contained singular unit that combines an evaporative cooler with a standard AC unit. The evaporative cooled air is sent through both the delivery and return ducts of the refrigeration air conditioning system. This can influences the energization of the

text: refrigeration

text: air conditioner and the deenergization of the

text: evaporative cooler

text: , causing

text: damper

text: to automatically be shifted to close off the blower outlet opening and lead to normal refrigeration air conditioning. This technology of evaporative cooling was perfected by William Goettl in

text: Scottsdale

text: , Arizona because it works best with dry, arid climates. Evaporative coolers work to pull in hot, dry, outside air rather than recirculating internal air which would increase humidity and decrease the effectiveness of the cooler.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: indoors

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: increase humidity

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: evaporative cooling

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: hot, dry, outside air rather than recirculating internal air

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: evaporative cooled air

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: evaporative cooler with a standard AC unit.

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: deenergization

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: The Piggyback

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: The Piggyback

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: humidity

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: cooling installations without penetrating the roof.

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: roof.

text: Fair Air Association of Canada- Fair trade- Fallout shelter- Fauna and Flora Preservation Society- FernGully: The Last Rainforest- Fertilizer- Fire-stick farming- Fish farming- Fish ladder- Fisheries management- Flatulence- Flexible-fuel vehicle- Flotsam and jetsam- Fluorescent lamp recycling- Food miles- Forest gardening- Forest Principles- Forestry- Fossil fuel- Fossil fuel power plant- Fossil water- Founder effect- Founder population- Four-minute warning- Free range- Free run- Freecycle Network- Free-market environmentalism- Free-range eggs- Fresh Air Fund- Fresh Kills Landfill- Friends of the Earth International- Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Environmental Services, Inc.- Frontier Organic Research Farm Botanical Garden- Fuel cell- Fuel Cell Bus Club- Fuel cell bus trial- Fuel cell vehicle- Fuel efficiency- Fuel tax- Fuel-efficient- Full Belly Project- Full cost accounting- Full Depth Recycling- Furan- Futurama (New York World's Fair)- Future energy development- FutureGen- Futurewise.org

text: Fair Air Association of Canada

text: Fair trade

text: Fallout shelter

text: Fauna and Flora Preservation Society

text: FernGully: The Last Rainforest

text: Fertilizer

text: Fire-stick farming

text: Fish farming

text: Fish ladder

text: Fisheries management

text: Flatulence

text: Flexible-fuel vehicle

text: Flotsam and jetsam

text: Fluorescent lamp recycling

text: Food miles

text: Forest gardening

text: Forest Principles

text: Forestry

text: Fossil fuel

text: Fossil fuel power plant

text: Fossil water

text: Founder effect

text: Founder population

text: Four-minute warning

text: Free range

text: Free run

text: Freecycle Network

text: Free-market environmentalism

text: Free-range eggs

text: Fresh Air Fund

text: Fresh Kills Landfill

text: Friends of the Earth International

entity_name: Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Environmental Services, Inc.

text: Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Environmental Services, Inc.

entity_name: Frontier Organic Research Farm Botanical Garden

text: Frontier Organic Research Farm Botanical Garden

text: Fuel cell

text: Fuel Cell Bus Club

text: Fuel cell bus trial

text: Fuel cell vehicle

text: Fuel efficiency

text: Fuel tax

text: Fuel-efficient

text: Full Belly Project

text: Full cost accounting

text: Full Depth Recycling

text: Furan

text: Futurama (New York World's Fair)

text: Future energy development

text: FutureGen

text: Futurewise.org

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuel

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: Furan

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: Fossil fuel

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: Fossil water

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: Furan

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Forestry

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: fossil fuel

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: Furan

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Furan

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: Fossil fuel-

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: Fossil fuel-

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: Fossil fuel-

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: Founder effect- Founder population-

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: Furan-

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Fossil fuel-

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: Fossil fuel-

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: Fossil fuel-

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Fossil water-

text: Fossil fuels are nonrenewable energy like burning coal, oil and others that will eventually run out. A large reason that humans are so inclined to use fossil fuels is because of the cost.  It is generally found in massive quantities which makes it much and apart from extraction, there are not many other costs associated with it.  Coal is the largest source of energy for electricity production in the world.  These are the primary factors that lead to the use of coal and other fossil fuels.  Cost is the most important factor to so many people that nothing matters.

text: Fossil fuels are nonrenewable energy like burning coal, oil and others that will eventually run out. A large reason that humans are so inclined to use fossil fuels is because of the cost.  It is generally found in massive quantities which makes it much and apart from extraction, there are not many other costs associated with it.  Coal is the largest source of energy for electricity production in the world.  These are the primary factors that lead to the use of coal and other fossil fuels.  Cost is the most important factor to so many people that nothing matters.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: run out

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burning coal

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: Fossil fuels are nonrenewable energy like burning coal,

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: coal,

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: Fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: will eventually run out.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: oil

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: Fossil fuels are nonrenewable energy

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burning coal, oil

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Fossil fuels

text: Evaporative coolers lower the temperature of air using the principle of evaporative cooling, unlike typical air conditioning systems which use vapor-compression refrigeration or absorption refrigerator. Evaporative cooling is the addition of water vapor into air, which causes a lowering of the temperature of the air. The energy needed to evaporate the water is taken from the air in the form of sensible heat, which affects the temperature of the air, and converted into latent heat, the energy present in the water vapor component of the air, whilst the air remains at a constant enthalpy value. This conversion of sensible heat to latent heat is known as an adiabatic process because it occurs at a constant enthalpy value. Evaporative cooling therefore causes a drop in the temperature of air proportional to the sensible heat drop and an increase in humidity proportional to the latent heat gain. Evaporative cooling can be visualized using a psychrometric chart by finding the initial air condition and moving along a line of constant enthalpy toward a state of higher humidity.

text: Evaporative coolers lower the temperature of air using the principle of evaporative cooling, unlike typical air conditioning systems which use

text: vapor-compression refrigeration

text: or

text: absorption refrigerator

text: . Evaporative cooling is the addition of water vapor into air, which causes a lowering of the temperature of the air. The energy needed to evaporate the water is taken from the air in the form of

text: sensible heat

text: , which affects the temperature of the air, and converted into

text: latent heat

text: , the energy present in the water vapor component of the air, whilst the air remains at a constant

text: enthalpy

text: value. This conversion of sensible heat to latent heat is known as an

text: adiabatic process

text: because it occurs at a constant enthalpy value. Evaporative cooling therefore causes a drop in the temperature of air proportional to the sensible heat drop and an increase in humidity proportional to the latent heat gain. Evaporative cooling can be visualized using a

text: psychrometric chart

text: by finding the initial air condition and moving along a line of constant enthalpy toward a state of higher humidity.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: evaporative cooling

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: energy

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: evaporative cooling

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: increase in humidity

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: evaporative cooling

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: air conditioning systems

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: energy

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: Evaporative coolers

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: evaporative cooling,

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: sensible heat,

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Evaporative coolers

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: sensible heat,

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: evaporative cooling,

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Evaporative coolers lower the temperature of air

text: Yizheng environment is still in a fine shape although there have been complains from residents for air pollutions and contamination incidents happened. The municipal government has spent significant funds to protect its environment and reduce the air pollution caused by greenhouse gas emission. Many polluters have been ordered to be shut down or be under a strict inspection.

text: Yizheng environment is still in a fine shape although there have been complains from residents for air pollutions and contamination incidents happened. The municipal government has spent significant funds to protect its environment and reduce the air pollution caused by greenhouse gas emission. Many polluters have been ordered to be shut down or be under a strict inspection.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: greenhouse gas emission

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: greenhouse gases

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: greenhouse gas emission

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: contamination

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: greenhouse gases

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: greenhouse gas emission.

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: greenhouse gas

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: greenhouse gas emission.

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: contamination

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: greenhouse gas

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: greenhouse gas emission.

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: greenhouse gas emission.

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: greenhouse gas emission.

text: The twentieth century saw a rapid twenty-fold increase in the use of fossil fuels. Between 1980 and 2006, the worldwide annual growth rate was 2%. According to the US Energy Information Administration's 2006 estimate, the estimated 471.8 EJ total consumption in 2004, was divided as given in the table above, with fossil fuels supplying 86% of the world's energy:

text: The twentieth century saw a rapid twenty-fold increase in the use of fossil fuels. Between 1980 and 2006, the worldwide annual growth rate was 2%. According to the US

text: Energy Information Administration

text: 's 2006 estimate, the estimated 471.8 EJ total consumption in 2004, was divided as given in the table above, with fossil fuels supplying 86% of the world's energy:

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: EJ

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: cause climate change

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: Nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuels.

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: fossil fuels.

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuels.

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: fossil fuels.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: fossil fuels.

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: fossil fuels.

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: fossil fuels.

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: fossil fuels.

text: Moreover, these environmental pollutions impacts on the human beings because its particles of the fossil fuel on the air cause negative health effects when inhaled by people. These health effects include premature death, acute respiratory illness, aggravated asthma, chronic bronchitis and decreased lung function. So, the poor, undernourished, very young and very old, and people with preexisting respiratory disease and other ill health, are more at risk.

text: Moreover, these environmental pollutions impacts on the human beings because its particles of the fossil fuel on the air cause negative health effects when inhaled by people. These health effects include premature death, acute respiratory illness, aggravated asthma, chronic bronchitis and decreased lung function. So, the poor, undernourished, very young and very old, and people with preexisting respiratory disease and other ill health, are more at risk.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuel

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: fossil fuel

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuel

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: premature death

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: fossil fuel

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuel

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: particles of the fossil fuel

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuel

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: negative health effects when inhaled by people.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: fossil fuel

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: fossil fuel

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: fossil fuel

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: fossil fuel

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: fossil fuel on the air cause negative health effects when inhaled by people.

text: However, many window air conditioners are designed to dispose of condensate water by re-evaporating it into the exhaust air stream, which cancels out the air humidity decrease caused by the condensation of moisture on the cooling coils. To be effective as a dehumidifier, an air conditioner must be designed or modified so that most or all of the water that condenses is drained away in liquid form, rather than re-evaporated. Even if condensate is drained, a modified air conditioner is still less efficient than a single-purpose appliance with a design optimized for dehumidification. Dehumidifiers are designed to pass air directly over the cooling coils and then the heating coils in a single efficient pass through the device.

text: However, many window air conditioners are designed to dispose of condensate water by re-evaporating it into the exhaust air stream, which cancels out the air humidity decrease caused by the condensation of moisture on the cooling coils. To be effective as a dehumidifier, an air conditioner must be designed or modified so that most or all of the water that condenses is drained away in liquid form, rather than re-evaporated. Even if condensate is drained, a modified air conditioner is still less efficient than a single-purpose appliance with a design optimized for dehumidification. Dehumidifiers are designed to pass air directly over the cooling coils and then the heating coils in a single efficient pass through the device.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: exhaust

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: window air conditioners

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: deplete the Earth's resources

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: Nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: condensation

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: window air conditioners are designed to dispose of condensate

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: exhaust air stream,

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: window air conditioners

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air humidity decrease caused by the condensation of moisture on the cooling coils.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: many window air conditioners are designed to dispose of condensate water

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: many window air conditioners are designed to dispose of condensate water

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: moisture

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: condensation of moisture

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: air humidity decrease caused by the condensation of moisture on the cooling coils.

text: However, many monastic orders, particularly the Benedictines, were very involved in healing and caring for the sick and dying. In many cases, the Greek philosophy that early Medieval medicine was based upon was compatible with Christianity. Though the widespread Christian tradition of sickness being a divine intervention in reaction to sin was popularly believed throughout the Middle Ages, it did not rule out natural causes. For example, the Black Death was thought to have been caused by both divine and natural origins. The plague was thought to have been a punishment from God for sinning, however because it was believed that God was the reason for all natural phenomena, the physical cause of the plague could be scientifically explained as well. One of the more widely accepted scientific explanations of the plague was the corruption of air in which pollutants such as rotting matter or anything that gave the air an unpleasant scent caused the spread of the plague.

text: However, many monastic orders, particularly the

text: Benedictines

text: , were very involved in healing and caring for the sick and dying. In many cases, the

text: Greek philosophy

text: that early Medieval medicine was based upon was compatible with Christianity. Though the widespread Christian tradition of sickness being a divine intervention in reaction to sin was popularly believed throughout the Middle Ages, it did not rule out natural causes. For example, the

text: Black Death

text: was thought to have been caused by both divine and natural origins. The plague was thought to have been a punishment from God for sinning, however because it was believed that God was the reason for all natural phenomena, the physical cause of the plague could be scientifically explained as well. One of the more widely accepted scientific explanations of the plague was the

text: corruption of air

text: in which pollutants such as rotting matter or anything that gave the air an unpleasant scent caused the spread of the plague.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: rotting matter

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: natural causes

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: pollute the air

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: polluting

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: rotting matter

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: rotting matter

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: corruption of air

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: Black Death

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: rotting matter

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: rotting matter

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: rotting matter

text: Two common types of land-use conflicts in urban areas are residential industrial or residential-transport land-use conflicts. These can cause noise, air and water pollution. Apart from the noise and gases released by factories, pollution is also caused by the vehicles which carry materials to and from factories, which can cause incessant noises and smoke. Heavy road traffic also causes traffic congestion, affecting many nearby residents. In addition to factories, the presence of main roads also affects residents, causing the same problems as above.

text: Two common types of land-use conflicts in urban areas are residential industrial or residential-transport land-use conflicts. These can cause

text: noise

text: air

text: and

text: water pollution

text: . Apart from the noise and gases released by factories, pollution is also caused by the vehicles which carry materials to and from factories, which can cause incessant noises and smoke. Heavy road traffic also causes traffic congestion, affecting many nearby residents. In addition to factories, the presence of main roads also affects residents, causing the same problems as above.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: heavy road traffic

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: gases

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: heavy road traffic

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air and water pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: heavy road traffic

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: factories,

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: gases

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: factories,

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: noise, air and water pollution.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: gases

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: noise, air and water pollution.

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: smoke.

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: the vehicles which carry materials to and from factories,

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: noise, air and water pollution.

text: Greenhouse gases are not the only emissions of energy production and consumption. Large amounts of pollutants such as sulphurous oxides (SO), nitrous oxides (NO), and particulate matter (PM) are produced from the combustion of fossil fuels and biomass; the World Health Organisation estimates that 7 million premature deaths are caused each year by air pollution. Biomass combustion is a major contributor, even though it is typically counted as renewable in energy statistics. In addition to producing air pollution like fossil fuel combustion, most biomass has high CO emissions.

text: Greenhouse gases

text: are not the only emissions of energy production and consumption. Large amounts of pollutants such as

text: sulphurous oxide

text: s (SO),

text: nitrous oxide

text: s (NO), and

text: particulate matter

text: (PM) are produced from the combustion of fossil fuels and biomass; the

text: World Health Organisation

text: estimates that 7 million premature deaths are caused each year by

text: air pollution

text: Biomass

text: combustion

text: is a major contributor, even though it is typically counted as

text: renewable

text: in energy statistics. In addition to producing air pollution like

text: fossil fuel

text: combustion, most biomass has high CO emissions.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuels and biomass

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: particulate matter

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: pollute

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: sulphur

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: particulate matter

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: combustion of fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: the combustion of fossil fuels and biomass;

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: Greenhouse gases

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuels and biomass;

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: nitrous oxides

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Biomass

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: sulphurous oxides

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: combustion

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Biomass combustion

text: Environment - current issues:soil erosion; air pollution caused by industrial and vehicle emissions; water pollution, especially in coastal areas

text: Environment - current issues:

text: soil erosion

text: air pollution

text: caused by industrial and vehicle emissions;

text: water pollution

text: , especially in coastal areas

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: vehicle emissions

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: industrial emissions

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollute

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: Nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: What are the main causes of air pollution?

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: car emissions

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: soil erosion

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: industrial and vehicle emissions;

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: industrial and vehicle emissions;

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: industrial and vehicle emissions;

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: air pollution

text: Despite having the term "control" in the title of the act, this legislation had no regulation component. In the early 1950s Congress did not want to interfere with states' rights; as such, the early laws of the act were not strong. This act set up the role that the government would play in research on air pollution effects and control. As such, the act was the forefront of the air pollution movement that continues to this day. Amendments were added to The Air Pollution Control Act of 1955 as well as the Clear Air Act frequently by the government, as the government continued to further research on the topic and improve air quality.

text: Despite having the term "control" in the title of the act, this legislation had no regulation component. In the early 1950s Congress did not want to interfere with states' rights; as such, the early laws of the act were not strong. This act set up the role that the government would play in research on air pollution effects and control. As such, the act was the forefront of the air pollution movement that continues to this day. Amendments were added to The Air Pollution Control Act of 1955 as well as the Clear Air Act frequently by the government, as the government continued to further research on the topic and improve air quality.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: states'

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: states'

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Air Pollution Control Act of 1955 as well as the Clear Air Act

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: air pollution

text: Fossil energy is from recovered fossils (like brown coal, hard coal, peat, natural gas and crude oil) and are originated in degradated products of dead plants and animals. These fossil fuels are based on the carbon cycle and thus allow stored (historic solar) energy to be recycled today. In 2005, 81% were of the world's energy needs met from fossil sources. Biomass is also derived from wood and other organic wastes and modern remains. The technical development of fossil fuels in the 18th and 19th Century set the stage for the Industrial Revolution.

text: Fossil energy is from recovered fossils (like

text: brown coal

text: hard coal

text: peat

text: natural gas

text: and

text: crude oil

text: ) and are originated in degradated products of dead plants and animals. These fossil fuels are based on the

text: carbon cycle

text: and thus allow stored (historic solar) energy to be recycled today. In 2005, 81% were of the world's energy needs met from fossil sources.

text: Biomass

text: is also derived from wood and other organic wastes and modern remains. The technical development of fossil fuels in the 18th and 19th Century set the stage for the

text: Industrial Revolution

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: degraded products of dead plants and animals

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: Biomass

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: What can lead to these pollutants?

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: Biomass

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: Fossil energy

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil sources.

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: degradated products of dead plants and animals.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Biomass

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon cycle

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: dead plants and animals.

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Fossil energy is from recovered fossils

text: Pollutants emitted by burning coal include fine particulates (PM2.5) and ground level ozone.  Every year, the burning of coal without the use of available pollution control technology causes thousands of preventable deaths in the United States.  A study commissioned by the Maryland nurses association in 2006 found that emissions from just six of Maryland's coal-burning plants caused 700 deaths per year nationwide, including 100 in Maryland.  Since installation of pollution abatement equipment on one of these six, the Brandon Shores plant, now "produces 90 percent less nitrogen oxide, an ingredient of smog; 95 percent less sulfur, which causes acid rain; and vastly lower fractions of other pollutants."

text: Pollutants emitted by burning coal include fine particulates (

text: ) and ground level

text: ozone

text: .  Every year, the burning of coal without the use of available pollution control technology causes thousands of preventable deaths in the United States.  A study commissioned by the Maryland nurses association in 2006 found that emissions from just six of Maryland's coal-burning plants caused 700 deaths per year nationwide, including 100 in Maryland.  Since installation of pollution abatement equipment on one of these six, the Brandon Shores plant, now "produces 90 percent less nitrogen oxide, an ingredient of smog; 95 percent less sulfur, which causes acid rain; and vastly lower fractions of other pollutants."

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: less nitrogen oxide

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: cause acid rain

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burning coal

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: burning coal

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: nitrogen oxide,

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: burning coal

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: acid rain;

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: ground level ozone.

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: sulfur, which causes acid rain;

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burning coal

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: burning coal

text: Unlike its neighboring countries of Germany, Italy and the UK, France does not rely very much on fossil fuels and biomass for electricity or home heating and taken as a whole, the country therefore has superior air quality, and lower pollution related deaths. With the air pollution that does exist largely coming from the likes of diesel cars and a minority is carried by the wind from Germany. Each year, the coal fired power stations in Germany are the cause of a calculated 1,860 premature domestic deaths and approximately 2,500 deaths abroad.

text: Unlike its neighboring countries of Germany, Italy and the UK, France does not rely very much on

text: fossil fuel

text: s and

text: biomass

text: for electricity or home heating and taken as a whole, the country therefore has superior air quality, and lower pollution related deaths. With the air pollution that does exist largely coming from the likes of diesel cars and a minority is carried by the wind from Germany. Each year, the coal fired power stations in Germany are the cause of a calculated 1,860 premature domestic deaths and approximately 2,500 deaths abroad.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: diesel cars

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: diesel cars

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: premature domestic deaths

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: diesel cars

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: diesel cars

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: diesel cars

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: pollution related deaths. With the air pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: diesel cars

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: diesel cars

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: diesel cars

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: diesel cars

text: Air pollution in Los Angeles has caused widespread concerns. In 2011, the Public Policy Institute of California (PPIC) Survey on Californians and the Environment showed that 45% of citizens in Los Angeles consider air pollution to be a “big problem”, and 47% believe that the air quality of Los Angeles is worse than it was 10 years ago. In 2013, the Los Angeles-Long Beach-Riverside area ranked the 1st most ozone-polluted city, the 4th most polluted city by annual particle pollution, and the 4th most polluted city by 24-hour particle pollution.

text: Air pollution in Los Angeles has caused widespread concerns. In 2011, the Public Policy Institute of California (PPIC) Survey on Californians and the Environment showed that 45% of citizens in Los Angeles consider air pollution to be a “big problem”, and 47% believe that the air quality of Los Angeles is worse than it was 10 years ago. In 2013, the Los Angeles-Long Beach-Riverside area ranked the 1st most ozone-polluted city, the 4th most polluted city by annual particle pollution, and the 4th most polluted city by 24-hour particle pollution.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: ozone-polluted

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: particle pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: annual particle pollution

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: Los Angeles-Long Beach-Riverside area

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: particle pollution,

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: Los Angeles-Long Beach-Riverside area

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: ozone-polluted

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: ozone-polluted

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: 2013,

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: ozone-polluted

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: annual particle pollution,

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Air pollution

text: There is no significant amount of sulfur held in the atmosphere with all of it coming from either sea spray or windblown sulfur rich dust, neither of which is long lived in the atmosphere.  In recent times the large annual input of sulfur from the burning of coal and other fossil fuels adds a substantial amount SO which acts as an air pollutant.  In the geologic past, igneous intrusions into coal measures have caused large scale burning of these measures, and consequential release of sulfur to the atmosphere.  This has led to substantial disruption to the climate system, and is one of the proposed causes of the great dying.	Dimethylsulfide [(CH)S or DMS] is produced by the decomposition of dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) from dying phytoplankton cells in the shallow levels of the ocean, and is the major biogenic gas emitted from the sea, where it is responsible for the distinctive “smell of the sea” along coastlines.  DMS is the largest natural source of sulfur gas, but still only has a residence time of about one day in the atmosphere and a majority of it is redeposited in the oceans rather than making it to land.  However, it is a significant factor in the climate system, as it is involved in the formation of clouds.

text: There is no significant amount of sulfur held in the atmosphere with all of it coming from either sea spray or windblown sulfur rich dust, neither of which is long lived in the atmosphere.  In recent times the large annual input of sulfur from the burning of

text: coal

text: and other

text: fossil fuel

text: s adds a substantial amount SO which acts as an

text: air pollutant

text: .  In the geologic past,

text: igneous

text: intrusions into

text: coal measures

text: have caused large scale burning of these measures, and consequential release of sulfur to the atmosphere.  This has led to substantial disruption to the climate system, and is one of the proposed causes of the

text: great dying

text: Dimethylsulfide

text: [(CH)S or DMS] is produced by the decomposition of

text: dimethylsulfoniopropionate

text: (DMSP) from dying

text: phytoplankton

text: cells in the shallow levels of the ocean, and is the major biogenic gas emitted from the sea, where it is responsible for the distinctive “smell of the sea” along coastlines.  DMS is the largest natural source of sulfur gas, but still only has a residence time of about one day in the atmosphere and a majority of it is redeposited in the oceans rather than making it to land.  However, it is a significant factor in the climate system, as it is involved in the formation of clouds.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: sulfur

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollutant

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: sulfur

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: sulfur

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burning

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: What is one of the proposed causes of the great dying?

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: burning of coal and other fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: sulfur

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: burning of coal and other fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollutant.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: sulfur

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: sulfur

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: sulfur

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burning of coal and other fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: burning of coal and other fossil fuels

text: Grassoline is highly debated between the public. Some speculate that plant material is needed for fertilization for next harvest. Common misconceptions concerning grassoline is the fuel could have been used as food for livestock, transportation of the material may be counter productive, and the price of biofuels cost more than gas. Farmers also would not get as much money if they supply biomass rather than food since the cultivation of biomass depends on the location and climate and a large investment over $250 million is needed for a cellulosic ethanol biorefinery. Supporters of grassoline believe it could suppress air pollution, eliminate the need to import energy, eliminating the need of high compression engines used for ethanol fuel and more jobs since the work would be obsolete

text: Grassoline is highly debated between the public. Some speculate that plant material is needed for

text: fertilization

text: for next harvest. Common misconceptions concerning grassoline is the fuel could have been used as food for livestock, transportation of the material may be counter productive, and the price of

text: biofuel

text: s cost more than gas. Farmers also would not get as much money if they supply biomass rather than food since the cultivation of biomass depends on the location and climate and a large investment over $250 million is needed for a

text: cellulosic ethanol

text: biorefinery

text: . Supporters of grassoline believe it could suppress air pollution, eliminate the need to import energy, eliminating the need of high compression engines used for ethanol fuel and more jobs since the work would be obsolete

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: high compression engines

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: high compression engines

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: grassoline

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: high compression engines used for ethanol fuel

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: pollution,

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: ethanol fuel

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollution,

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: air pollution,

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Grassoline

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: air pollution,

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: air pollution,

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: air pollution,

text: Coal fires, used to heat individual buildings or in a power-producing plant, can emit significant clouds of smoke that contributes to smog. Air pollution from this source has been reported in England since the Middle Ages. London, in particular, was notorious up through the mid-20th century for its coal-caused smogs, which were nicknamed 'pea-soupers.' Air pollution of this type is still a problem in areas that generate significant smoke from burning coal, as witnessed by the 2013 autumnal smog in Harbin, China, which closed roads, schools, and the airport.

text: Coal fires, used to heat individual buildings or in a power-producing plant, can emit significant clouds of smoke that contributes to smog. Air pollution from this source has been reported in England since the

text: Middle Ages

text: . London, in particular, was notorious up through the mid-20th century for its coal-caused smogs, which were nicknamed '

text: pea-soupers

text: .' Air pollution of this type is still a problem in areas that generate significant smoke from burning coal, as witnessed by the

text: 2013 autumnal smog in Harbin, China

text: , which closed roads, schools, and the airport.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: smoke

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: smog

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burning coal

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: Coal fires,

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: smoke

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: Coal fires,

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: smog.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: smog.

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Coal fires,

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: Coal fires,

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: Coal fires,

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Coal fires,

text: In addition to reusing materials waste products can go through biological treatment. There are two types of biological treatments anaerobic digestion or composting. Simply stated, biological treatment is the breaking down of material through the action of micro-organisms. Materials are broken down to carbon dioxide, water and biomass. Biomass consists of wood, crops, yard and animal waste. Biomass is considered a renewable energy because more can be grown in a short amount of time. Biomass contributes to roughly four percent of our energy. Biomass energy although its burned, does not pollute the air as much as fossil fuels. Some materials easily break down, others do not. The environment in which the material is placed determines the speed of breakdown.

text: In addition to reusing materials waste products can go through biological treatment. There are two types of biological treatments

text: anaerobic digestion

text: or

text: composting

text: . Simply stated, biological treatment is the breaking down of material through the action of micro-organisms. Materials are broken down to carbon dioxide, water and biomass. Biomass consists of wood, crops, yard and animal waste. Biomass is considered a renewable energy because more can be grown in a short amount of time. Biomass contributes to roughly four percent of our energy. Biomass energy although its burned, does not pollute the air as much as fossil fuels. Some materials easily break down, others do not. The environment in which the material is placed determines the speed of breakdown.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: pollute the air

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Biomass

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuels.

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: carbon dioxide,

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuels.

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: pollute the air

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: carbon dioxide,

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Biomass

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: fossil fuels.

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burned, does not pollute the air as much as fossil fuels.

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: fossil fuels.

text: Pollution had been noted in the air and water around Belle between 1988 and 2002, caused by the DuPont facility located there.  Water releases of pollutants from the facility increased by 385%, and air releases decreased by 94.3%, during that time period.

text: Pollution had been noted in the air and water around Belle between 1988 and 2002, caused by the

text: DuPont

text: facility located there.  Water releases of pollutants from the facility increased by 385%, and air releases decreased by 94.3%, during that time period.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: DuPont facility

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: DuPont

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: pollute the environment

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: DuPont facility

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: DuPont facility

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: DuPont facility

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: Pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: DuPont

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: 385%, and air releases decreased by 94.3%,

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: Water

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: DuPont facility

text: This form of fuel is inefficient source of energy, its burning releases high levels of smoke, PM10 particulate matter, NO, SO, PAHs, polyaromatics, formaldehyde, carbon monoxide and other air pollutants. Some reports, including one by the World Health Organization, claim 300,000 to 400,000 people die of indoor air pollution and carbon monoxide poisoning in India because of biomass burning and use of chullahs. The air pollution is also the main cause of the Asian brown cloud which is delaying the start of the monsoon. Burning of biomass and firewood will not stop unless electricity or clean burning fuel and combustion technologies become reliably available and widely adopted in rural and urban India.

text: This form of fuel is inefficient source of energy, its burning releases high levels of smoke, PM10 particulate matter,

text: NO

text: SO

text: PAHs

text: , polyaromatics,

text: formaldehyde

text: , carbon monoxide and other

text: air pollutants

text: . Some reports, including one by the World Health Organization, claim 300,000 to 400,000 people die of indoor air pollution and carbon monoxide poisoning in India because of biomass burning and use of chullahs. The air pollution is also the main cause of the

text: Asian brown cloud

text: which is delaying the start of the

text: monsoon

text: . Burning of biomass and firewood will not stop unless electricity or clean burning fuel and combustion technologies become reliably available and widely adopted in rural and urban India.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: biomass and firewood

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: smoke

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: biomass burning

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollutants

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: formaldehyde

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon monoxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: biomass burning

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: biomass burning

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: smoke,

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: biomass burning

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollutants.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: formaldehyde,

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: biomass

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: smoke,

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burning

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: its burning releases high levels of smoke,

text: Conventional hydroelectricity, biomass and geothermal are completely dispatchable as each has a store of potential energy; wind and solar production are typically without storage and can be decreased, but not dispatched, other than when nature provides. Between wind and solar, solar has a more variable daily cycle than wind, but is more predictable in daylight hours than wind. Like solar, tidal energy varies between on and off cycles through each day, unlike solar there is no intermittentcy, tides are available every day without fail. Biofuel and biomass involve multiple steps in the production of energy – growing plants, harvesting, processing, transportation, storage and burning to create heat for electricity, transportation or space heating. In the combined power plant used by the University of Kassel to simulate using 100% renewable energy, wind farms and solar farms were supplemented as needed by hydrostorage and biomass to follow the electricity demand.

text: Conventional hydroelectricity, biomass and geothermal are completely dispatchable as each has a store of potential energy; wind and solar production are typically without storage and can be decreased, but not dispatched, other than when nature provides. Between wind and solar, solar has a more variable daily cycle than wind, but is more predictable in daylight hours than wind. Like solar, tidal energy varies between on and off cycles through each day, unlike solar there is no intermittentcy, tides are available every day without fail. Biofuel and biomass involve multiple steps in the production of energy – growing plants, harvesting, processing, transportation, storage and burning to create heat for electricity, transportation or space heating. In the combined power plant used by the

text: University of Kassel

text: to simulate using

text: 100% renewable energy

text: wind farms

text: and

text: solar farms

text: were supplemented as needed by hydrostorage and biomass to follow the electricity demand.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: biofuels

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: heat

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: biofuel

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: burn to create heat

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burning

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Biofuel and biomass involve multiple steps in the production of energy

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: transportation

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: heat

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: wind

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: burning to create heat for electricity, transportation or space heating.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: Biofuel and biomass

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: biomass

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: Biofuel and biomass

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burning

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Biofuel and biomass

text: A 2005 review by the UK Health Protection Agency and a 2006 systematic review each evaluated the evidence for various medical, psychological, behavioral, and alternative treatments for EHS and each found that the evidence-base was limited and not generalizable, but that the best evidence favored cognitive behavioural therapy.  As of 2005 WHO recommended that people presenting with claims of EHS be evaluated to determine if they have a medical condition that may be causing the symptoms the person is attributing to EHS, that they have a psychological evaluation, and that the person's environment be evaluated for issues like air or noise pollution that may be causing problems.

text: A 2005 review by the UK Health Protection Agency and a 2006 systematic review each evaluated the evidence for various medical, psychological, behavioral, and alternative treatments for EHS and each found that the evidence-base was limited and not generalizable, but that the best evidence favored

text: cognitive behavioural therapy

text: .  As of 2005 WHO recommended that people presenting with claims of EHS be evaluated to determine if they have a medical condition that may be causing the symptoms the person is attributing to EHS, that they have a psychological evaluation, and that the person's environment be evaluated for issues like air or noise pollution that may be causing problems.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: air or noise pollution

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: noise

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: EHS

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: mercury

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: noise pollution

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: air or noise pollution

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: environment

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air or noise pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: noise pollution

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air or noise pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: air or noise pollution

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: cognitive behavioural therapy.

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: air or noise pollution

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: air or noise pollution

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: air or noise pollution

text: The National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants, also using the acronym NESHAP, are emissions standards set by the United States Environmental Protection Agency—EPA. The standards are for air pollutants not covered by National Ambient Air Quality Standards—NAAQS, that may cause an increase in fatalities or in serious, irreversible, or incapacitating illness.

text: The National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants, also using the

text: acronym

text: NESHAP, are

text: emissions standards

text: set by the

text: United States Environmental Protection Agency—EPA

text: . The standards are for

text: air pollutant

text: s not covered by

text: National Ambient Air Quality Standards—NAAQS

text: , that may cause an increase in fatalities or in serious, irreversible, or incapacitating illness.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air pollutants

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: NESHAP

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: cause an increase in fatalities

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: air pollutants

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: NESHAP

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NESHAP

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: United States Environmental Protection Agency—EPA.

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air pollutants

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: Hazardous Air Pollutants,

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: serious, irreversible, or incapacitating illness.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: The National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants,

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: The National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants,

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: The National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants,

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: Air Pollutants,

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: serious, irreversible, or incapacitating illness.

text: India burns tenfold more fuelwood every year than the United States, the fuelwood quality in India is different than the dry firewood of the United States, and the Indian stoves in use are less efficient thereby producing more smoke and air pollutants per kilogram equivalent. India has less land area and less emission air space than the United States. In summary, the impact on indoor and outdoor air pollution by fuelwood and biomass cake burning is far worse in India.

text: India burns tenfold more fuelwood every year than the United States, the fuelwood quality in India is different than the dry firewood of the United States, and the Indian stoves in use are less efficient thereby producing more smoke and air pollutants per kilogram equivalent. India has less land area and less emission air space than the United States. In summary, the impact on indoor and outdoor air pollution by fuelwood and biomass cake burning is far worse in India.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fuelwood

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air pollutants

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: India

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollutants

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: Nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: smoke and air pollutants

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burning fuelwood

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: Indian stoves

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air pollutants

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: India burns tenfold more fuelwood every year than the United States,

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: smoke and air pollutants

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: biomass cake

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: India burns tenfold more fuelwood every year than the United States,

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: smoke and air pollutants

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: fuelwood and biomass cake burning

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: the Indian stoves in use are less efficient

text: A very effective means to reduce air pollution is the transition to renewable energy. According to a study published in Energy and Environmental Science in 2015 the switch to 100% renewable energy in the United States would eliminate about 62,000 premature mortalities per year and about 42,000 in 2050, if no biomass were used. This would save about $600 billion in health costs a year due to reduced air pollution in 2050, or about 3.6% of the 2014 U.S. gross domestic product.

text: A very effective means to reduce air pollution is the

text: transition

text: to

text: renewable energy

text: . According to a study published in

text: Energy and Environmental Science

text: in 2015 the switch to

text: 100% renewable energy

text: in the United States would eliminate about 62,000 premature mortalities per year and about 42,000 in 2050, if no biomass were used. This would save about $600 billion in

text: health costs

text: a year due to reduced air pollution in 2050, or about 3.6% of the 2014 U.S. gross domestic product.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: renewable energy

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: renewable energy

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: premature mortalities

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: biomass

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: renewable energy.

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: biomass

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: 62,000 premature mortalities per year and about 42,000 in 2050,

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: biomass

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: biomass

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: air pollution

text: Levoglucosan (CHO) is an organic compound with six carbon ring structure formed from the pyrolysis of carbohydrates, such as starch and cellulose. As a result, levoglucosan is often used as a chemical tracer for biomass burning in atmospheric chemistry studies, particularly with respect to airborne particulate matter.  Along with other tracers such as potassium, oxalate, and gaseous acetonitrile, levoglucosan has been shown to be highly correlated with regional fires. This is because the gas emitted by the pyrolysis of wood (biomass) contains significant amounts of levoglucosan.

text: Levoglucosan (CHO) is an

text: organic compound

text: with six

text: carbon

text: ring structure formed from the

text: pyrolysis

text: of carbohydrates, such as

text: starch

text: and

text: cellulose

text: . As a result, levoglucosan is often used as a chemical tracer for

text: biomass

text: burning in atmospheric chemistry studies, particularly with respect to

text: airborne particulate matter

text: .  Along with other tracers such as potassium, oxalate, and gaseous acetonitrile, levoglucosan has been shown to be highly correlated with regional fires. This is because the gas emitted by the pyrolysis of wood (biomass) contains significant amounts of levoglucosan.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: wood

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: particulate matter

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: biomass burning

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: airborne particulate matter

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: biomass burning

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: airborne particulate matter

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: biomass burning

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: particulate matter.

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: biomass burning

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: airborne particulate matter.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: acetonitrile,

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: wood

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: (biomass) contains significant amounts of levoglucosan.

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: biomass burning

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: airborne particulate matter.

text: Pipeline and Gas Journal’s worldwide survey figures indicate that  of pipelines are planned and under construction. Of these,  represent projects in the planning and design phase;  reflect pipelines in various stages of construction.  Liquids and gases are transported in pipelines and any chemically stable substance can be sent through a pipeline. Pipelines exist for the transport of crude and refined petroleum, fuels - such as oil, natural gas and biofuels - and other fluids including sewage, slurry, water, and beer. Pipelines are useful for transporting water for drinking or irrigation over long distances when it needs to move over hills, or where canals or channels are poor choices due to considerations of evaporation, pollution, or environmental impact. Pneumatic tubes using compressed air can be used to transport solid capsules.

text: Pipeline and Gas Journal’s worldwide survey figures indicate that  of pipelines are planned and under construction. Of these,  represent projects in the planning and design phase;  reflect pipelines in various stages of construction.  Liquids and gases are transported in pipelines and any chemically stable substance can be sent through a pipeline. Pipelines exist for the transport of crude and refined petroleum,

text: fuel

text: s - such as oil, natural gas and biofuels - and other fluids including

text: sewage

text: slurry

text: water

text: , and

text: beer

text: . Pipelines are useful for transporting water for

text: drinking

text: or

text: irrigation

text: over long distances when it needs to move over

text: hill

text: s, or where

text: canal

text: s or

text: channels

text: are poor choices due to considerations of

text: evaporation

text: pollution

text: , or environmental impact.

text: Pneumatic tube

text: s using compressed air can be used to transport solid capsules.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: pipelines

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: gases

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: pipelines

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: biofuels

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: pipelines

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: slash-and-burn can lead to these pollutants

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: sewage,

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: gases

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: sewage,

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: pollution, or environmental impact.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: oil, natural gas and biofuels

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: biofuels

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: evaporation,

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: pipelines

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: evaporation, pollution, or environmental impact.

text: Thailand's dramatic economic growth has caused numerous environmental issues. The country faces problems with air and water pollution, declining wildlife populations, deforestation, soil erosion, water scarcity, and  waste issues. According to a 2004 indicator, the cost of air and water pollution for the country scales up to approximately 1.6–2.6 percent of GDP per year. As such, Thailand's economic growth has come at great cost in damage to its people and environment.

text: Thailand's dramatic economic growth has caused numerous environmental issues. The country faces problems with

text: air

text: and

text: water pollution

text: , declining wildlife populations,

text: deforestation

text: soil erosion

text: , water scarcity, and  waste issues. According to a 2004 indicator, the cost of air and water pollution for the country scales up to approximately 1.6–2.6 percent of GDP per year. As such, Thailand's economic growth has come at great cost in damage to its people and environment.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: economic growth

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air and water pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: deforestation

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: deforestation

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: economic growth

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: pollution,

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: Thailand's dramatic economic growth

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air and water pollution,

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: air and water pollution,

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: deforestation,

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: soil erosion,

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: economic growth

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: deforestation,

text: A primary pollutant is an air pollutant emitted directly from a source.A secondary pollutant is not directly emitted as such, but forms when other pollutants (primary pollutants) react in the atmosphere.Examples of a secondary pollutant include ozone, which is formed when hydrocarbons (HC) and nitrogen oxides (NO) combine in the presence of sunlight; nitrogen dioxide (NO), which is formed as nitric oxide (NO) combines with oxygen in the air; and acid rain, which is formed when sulfur dioxide or nitrogen oxides react with water.All of these harsh chemicals are usually highly reactive and oxidizing. Photochemical smog is therefore considered to be a problem of modern industrialization. It is present in all modern cities, but it is more common in cities with sunny, warm, dry climates and a large number of motor vehicles. Because it travels with the wind, it can affect sparsely populated areas as well.

text: A primary pollutant is an air pollutant emitted directly from a source.A secondary pollutant is not directly emitted as such, but forms when other pollutants (primary pollutants) react in the atmosphere.Examples of a secondary pollutant include ozone, which is formed when hydrocarbons (HC) and nitrogen oxides (NO) combine in the presence of sunlight; nitrogen dioxide (NO), which is formed as nitric oxide (NO) combines with oxygen in the air; and acid rain, which is formed when sulfur dioxide or nitrogen oxides react with water.All of these harsh chemicals are usually highly reactive and oxidizing. Photochemical smog is therefore considered to be a problem of modern industrialization. It is present in all modern cities, but it is more common in cities with sunny, warm, dry climates and a large number of motor vehicles. Because it travels with the wind, it can affect sparsely populated areas as well.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: a source

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: primary pollutant

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: industrialization

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: acid rain

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: HC

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: secondary pollutant

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: primary pollutant

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Photochemical smog

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: a source.A

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: emitted

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: industrialization.

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: Photochemical smog

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: ozone,

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: secondary pollutant

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: secondary pollutant

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: emitted directly from a source.A

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Photochemical smog

text: The World Health Organization reports of the need to intervene when more than one third of the total Disability Adjusted Life Years was lost as a result of exposure to indoor air pollution in Africa. Fuel is needed to power lights at night. The fuel being burned causes great emissions of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Because of the increased urbanization in Africa, people are burning more and more fuel and using more vehicles for transportation. The rise in vehicle emissions and the trend towards greater industrialization means the urban air quality in the continent is worsening. In many countries, the use of leaded gasoline is still widespread, and vehicle emission controls are nonexistent. Indoor air pollution is widespread, mostly from the burning of coal in the kitchen for cooking. Household coal and wood burning for cooking inside the house causes indoor pollution. Compounds released from fuel stations and nitrogen and hydrocarbon released from airports cause air pollution.  Carbon dioxide other greenhouse gases in the air causes an increase of people with respiratory issues.

text: The

text: World Health Organization

text: reports of the need to intervene when more than one third of the total Disability Adjusted Life Years was lost as a result of exposure to indoor air pollution in Africa. Fuel is needed to power lights at night. The fuel being burned causes great emissions of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Because of the increased

text: urbanization

text: in Africa, people are burning more and more fuel and using more vehicles for

text: transportation

text: . The rise in

text: vehicle emissions

text: and the trend towards greater

text: industrialization

text: means the urban

text: air quality

text: in the continent is worsening. In many countries, the use of

text: leaded gasoline

text: is still widespread, and vehicle emission controls are nonexistent.

text: Indoor air pollution

text: is widespread, mostly from the burning of coal in the kitchen for cooking. Household coal and wood burning for cooking inside the house causes indoor pollution. Compounds released from fuel stations and nitrogen and hydrocarbon released from airports cause air pollution.  Carbon dioxide other greenhouse gases in the air causes an increase of people with respiratory issues.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: indoor air pollution

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: indoor air pollution

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: indoor air pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: leaded

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: fuel being burned

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: burning of coal in the kitchen for cooking.

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: Compounds

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: burning of coal in the kitchen for cooking.

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: leaded

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: wood

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: nitrogen and hydrocarbon

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: fuel stations and nitrogen and hydrocarbon released from airports

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: burning of coal in the kitchen for cooking.

text: Working with Nicholas Muller, this model has been recently been extended to cover all air pollution sources in the United States. The research identifies which sources are causing the greatest damages. By comparing costs and benefits, air pollution regulators can improve the efficiency of current policies by recognizing the importance of location and matching marginal costs to marginal damages. New regulations can be designed to be far more efficient at reducing damages compared to current approaches including cap and trade. Along with William Nordhaus, the model has also been used to construct a green account that measure the role each industry plays in generating air pollution damages and compares these damages to their net value added.

text: Working with Nicholas Muller, this model has been recently been extended to cover all

text: air pollution

text: sources in the United States. The research identifies which sources are causing the greatest damages. By comparing costs and benefits, air pollution regulators can improve the efficiency of current policies by recognizing the importance of location and matching marginal costs to marginal damages. New regulations can be designed to be far more efficient at reducing damages compared to current approaches including cap and trade. Along with William Nordhaus, the model has also been used to construct a green account that measure the role each industry plays in generating air pollution damages and compares these damages to their net value added.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: industry

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: emissions

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: industry

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: cause air pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: Nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burning fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: sources

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: costs

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: all air pollution sources in the United States.

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: air pollution sources in the United States.

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: air pollution sources in the United States.

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: air pollution sources in the United States.

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: air pollution sources

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: air pollution sources in the United States.

text: An evaporator is used in an air-conditioning system to allow a compressed cooling chemical, such as R-22 (Freon) or R-410A, to evaporate from liquid to gas while absorbing heat in the process. It can also be used to remove water or other liquids from mixtures. The process of evaporation is widely used to concentrate foods and chemicals as well as salvage solvents. In the concentration process, the goal of evaporation is to vaporize most of the water from a solution which contains the desired product.  In the case of desalination of sea water or in Zero Liquid Discharge plants, the reverse purpose applies; evaporation removes the desirable drinking water from the undesired product, salt.

text: An evaporator is used in an

text: air-conditioning system

text: to allow a compressed cooling chemical, such as R-22 (Freon) or

text: , to evaporate from liquid to gas while absorbing heat in the process. It can also be used to remove water or other liquids from mixtures. The process of

text: evaporation

text: is widely used to concentrate foods and chemicals as well as salvage

text: solvents

text: . In the concentration process, the goal of evaporation is to

text: vaporize

text: most of the water from a solution which contains the desired product.  In the case of

text: desalination

text: of sea water or in

text: Zero Liquid Discharge

text: plants, the reverse purpose applies; evaporation removes the desirable

text: drinking water

text: from the undesired product, salt.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: foods and chemicals

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: gas

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: desalination

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: radon

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: Zero Liquid Discharge

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: zero liquid discharge

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: foods and chemicals

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: heat

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: chemicals

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: salt.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: salt.

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: An evaporator

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: heat

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: evaporate from liquid to gas

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Zero Liquid Discharge

text: The burning and natural decomposition of biomass and in particular agricultural waste adds large amounts of  to the atmosphere. Biochar that is stable, fixed, and 'recalcitrant' carbon can store large amounts of greenhouse gases in the ground for centuries, potentially reducing or stalling the growth in atmospheric greenhouse gas levels; at the same time its presence in the earth can improve water quality, increase soil fertility, raise agricultural productivity, and reduce pressure on old-growth forests.

text: The burning and natural decomposition of biomass and in particular agricultural waste adds large amounts of  to the atmosphere. Biochar that is stable, fixed, and 'recalcitrant' carbon can store large amounts of greenhouse gases in the ground for centuries, potentially reducing or stalling the growth in atmospheric greenhouse gas levels; at the same time its presence in the earth can improve water quality, increase soil fertility, raise agricultural productivity, and reduce pressure on

text: old-growth forest

text: s.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: agricultural waste

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: greenhouse gases

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: agricultural waste

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: add to the atmosphere

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: biomass

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burning

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: agricultural waste

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: greenhouse gases

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: agricultural waste

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: greenhouse gases

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: carbon can store large amounts of greenhouse gases

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: The burning and natural decomposition of biomass

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burning and natural decomposition of biomass

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: agricultural waste adds large amounts of to the atmosphere.

text: Studies have determined that replacing fossil fuels with renewable energy sources, such as biofuels, have the capability of reducing  emissions by up to 80%.  An algae-based system could capture approximately 80% of the  emitted from a power plant when sunlight is available.  Although this  will later be released into the atmosphere when the fuel is burned, this  would have entered the atmosphere regardless.  The possibility of reducing total  emissions therefore lies in the prevention of the release of  from fossil fuels.  Furthermore, compared to fuels like diesel and petroleum, and even compared to other sources of biofuels, the production and combustion of algal biofuel does not produce any sulfur oxides or nitrous oxides, and produces a reduced amount of carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbons, and reduced emission of other harmful pollutants. Since terrestrial plant sources of biofuel production simply do not have the production capacity to meet current energy requirements, microalgae may be one of the only options to approach complete replacement of fossil fuels.

text: Studies have determined that replacing fossil fuels with renewable energy sources, such as biofuels, have the capability of reducing  emissions by up to 80%.  An algae-based system could capture approximately 80% of the  emitted from a power plant when sunlight is available.  Although this  will later be released into the atmosphere when the fuel is burned, this  would have entered the atmosphere regardless.  The possibility of reducing total  emissions therefore lies in the prevention of the release of  from fossil fuels.  Furthermore, compared to fuels like diesel and petroleum, and even compared to other sources of biofuels, the production and combustion of algal biofuel does not produce any sulfur oxides or nitrous oxides, and produces a reduced amount of carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbons, and reduced emission of other harmful pollutants. Since terrestrial plant sources of biofuel production simply do not have the production capacity to meet current energy requirements, microalgae may be one of the only options to approach complete replacement of fossil fuels.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: emitted

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: have entered the atmosphere regardless

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon monoxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: unburned hydrocarbons

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuels.

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: emitted

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuels.

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: sulfur oxides or nitrous oxides,

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: carbon monoxide,

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: fossil fuels.

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: sulfur oxides or nitrous oxides,

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: when the fuel is burned,

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: sulfur oxides or nitrous oxides,

text: According to the World Health Organization in 2011, urban outdoor air pollution, from the burning of fossil fuels and biomass is estimated to cause 1.3 million deaths worldwide per year and indoor air pollution from biomass and fossil fuel burning is estimated to cause approximately 2 million premature deaths. In 2013 a team of researchers estimated the number of premature deaths caused by particulate matter in outdoor air pollution as 2.1 million, occurring annually.

text: According to the

text: World Health Organization

text: in 2011, urban outdoor air pollution, from the burning of

text: fossil fuel

text: s and

text: biomass

text: is estimated to cause 1.3 million deaths worldwide per year and indoor air pollution from biomass and fossil fuel burning is estimated to cause approximately 2 million premature deaths. In 2013 a team of researchers estimated the number of premature deaths caused by particulate matter in outdoor air pollution as 2.1 million, occurring annually.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuels and biomass

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: particulates

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: indoor air pollution

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: premature deaths

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: fossil fuel burning

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: burning of fossil fuels and biomass

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: particulate matter

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: burning of fossil fuels and biomass

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: 1.3 million deaths worldwide per year

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: particulate matter

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: biomass

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burning of fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: burning of fossil fuels

text: Many states and municipalities have mandated that all gasoline fuel be blended with 10 percent alcohol (usually ethanol) during some or all of the year. This is to reduce pollution and allows these areas to comply with federal pollution limits.  Because alcohol is partially oxygenated, it produces less overall pollution, including ozone. In some areas (California in particular) the regulations may also require other formulations or added chemicals that reduce pollution, but add complexity to the fuel distribution and increase the cost of the fuel.

text: Many states and municipalities have mandated that all gasoline fuel be blended with 10 percent alcohol (usually ethanol) during some or all of the year. This is to reduce pollution and allows these areas to comply with federal pollution limits.  Because alcohol is partially oxygenated, it produces less overall pollution, including

text: ozone

text: . In some areas (California in particular) the regulations may also require other formulations or added chemicals that reduce pollution, but add complexity to the fuel distribution and increase the cost of the fuel.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: gasoline

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: automobiles

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: increase the cost

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: gasoline

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: gasoline fuel

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: alcohol

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: ozone.

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: add complexity to the fuel distribution and increase the cost of the fuel.

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: ozone.

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: gasoline fuel

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: ozone.

text: Annual premature European deaths caused by air pollution are estimated at 430,000.  An important cause of these deaths is nitrogen dioxide and other nitrogen oxides (NOx) emitted by road vehicles.  Across the European Union, air pollution is estimated to reduce life expectancy by almost nine months. Causes of deaths include strokes, heart disease, COPD, lung cancer, and lung infections.

text: Annual premature European deaths caused by air pollution are estimated at 430,000.  An important cause of these deaths is nitrogen dioxide and other nitrogen oxides (NOx) emitted by road vehicles.  Across the

text: European Union

text: , air pollution is estimated to reduce

text: life expectancy

text: by almost nine months. Causes of deaths include

text: stroke

text: s,

text: heart disease

text: , COPD, lung cancer, and lung infections.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: road vehicles

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: NOx

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: road vehicles

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: cause premature European deaths

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: nitrogen oxides

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: road vehicles

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: road vehicles.

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: nitrogen dioxide

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: road vehicles.

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: nitrogen oxides

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: nitrogen oxides (NOx) emitted by road vehicles.

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: nitrogen oxides

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: road vehicles.

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: nitrogen dioxide and other nitrogen oxides

text: As a researcher of the Urban Ecology Laboratory at UNED (Costa Rica), Monge-Nájera has studied air pollution, long term vegetation change in cities, urban corridors and landscape quantification. Using tree trunk lichens as bioindicators, he reported that air pollution decreased after lead was eliminated from gasoline, explaining how topography and wind patterns disperse pollution in predictable routes and developed a new technique that reduces costs in pollution monitoring programs; the method allows citizens (including school children) to identify health risks in their communities. His long term vegetation change study found that after a century, habitat conditions can actually improve thanks to bioalphabetization, and identified changes in the dangers faced by Roman ruins. He also proposed detailed routes for urban corridors to improve cities for plants and animals that live in them, and was among the first ecologists to recognize that road mortality caused by vehicles is much higher among insects and other invertebrates than among mammals. With Zaidett Barrientos he developed a quantitative method for landscape analysis that complements remote sensors at a very low cost and allows quantitative measures of changes through time, and published a route map for ecological restoration of the central region of Costa Rica.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: gasoline

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: lead

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: gasoline

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: lead

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: lead

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: gasoline

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: What was Monge-Nájera studying?

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: gasoline,

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: lead

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: gasoline,

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollution,

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: lead

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: air pollution decreased after lead was eliminated from gasoline,

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: lead

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: gasoline,

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: air pollution,

text: One disadvantage of supercharging is that compressing the air increases its temperature. When a supercharger is used on an internal combustion engine, the temperature of the fuel/air charge becomes a major limiting factor in engine performance. Extreme temperatures will cause detonation of the fuel-air mixture (spark ignition engines) and damage to the engine. In cars, this can cause a problem when it is a hot day outside, or when an excessive level of boost is reached.

text: One disadvantage of supercharging is that compressing the air increases its temperature. When a supercharger is used on an internal combustion engine, the temperature of the fuel/air charge becomes a major limiting factor in engine performance. Extreme temperatures will cause

text: detonation

text: of the fuel-air mixture (spark ignition engines) and damage to the engine. In cars, this can cause a problem when it is a hot day outside, or when an excessive level of boost is reached.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: cars

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: emissions

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: cars

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: detonate

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: supercharging

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: internal combustion engine,

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: compressing the air

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: supercharging

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: detonation of the fuel-air mixture

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: One disadvantage of supercharging is that compressing the air increases its temperature.

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: One disadvantage of supercharging

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: compressing the air increases its temperature.

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: supercharging

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: One disadvantage of supercharging is that compressing the air increases its temperature.

text: The oxides of nitrogen are a natural product of the burning of gas in air and are produced in large quantities by gas-fired furnaces. Some factories in cities with particular air pollution problems will mitigate this by using liquid oxygen, however the logic of this given the cost in carbon of (1) not using regenerators and (2) having to liquefy and transport oxygen is highly questionable.The oxides of sulfur are produced as a result of the glass melting process. Manipulating the batch formula can effect some limited mitigation of this; alternatively exhaust plume scrubbing can be used.

text: The oxides of nitrogen are a natural product of the burning of gas in air and are produced in large quantities by gas-fired furnaces. Some factories in cities with particular air pollution problems will mitigate this by using

text: liquid oxygen

text: , however the logic of this given the cost in carbon of (1) not using regenerators and (2) having to liquefy and transport oxygen is highly questionable.The oxides of sulfur are produced as a result of the glass melting process. Manipulating the batch formula can effect some limited mitigation of this; alternatively exhaust plume scrubbing can be used.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: the burning of gas

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: exhaust plumes

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burning

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: gas-fired furnaces.

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: gas-fired furnaces.

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: The oxides of nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: sulfur

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: The oxides of nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burning of gas

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: The oxides of nitrogen

text: The air in Chillán is the fourth-most polluted in Chile, after Santiago, Temuco, and Concepción. "As in Temuco, the main cause of air pollution in Chillán is the use of wood-burning stoves: about 62% of all households in Chillán use firewood as their main source of heating."

text: The air in Chillán is the fourth-most polluted in Chile, after

text: Santiago

text: Temuco

text: , and

text: Concepción

text: . "As in

text: Temuco

text: , the main cause of air pollution in Chillán is the use of wood-burning stoves: about 62% of all households in Chillán use firewood as their main source of heating."

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: wood burning stoves

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: wood burning stoves

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: wood burning stoves

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: wood-burning stoves:

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: wood-burning stoves:

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: wood-burning stoves:

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: wood-burning stoves:

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: firewood

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: wood-burning stoves:

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: wood-burning stoves:

text: Biodiesel is an alternative fuel that can power diesel engines and can be used for domestic heating. Numerous forms of biomass, including soybeans, peanuts, and algae (which has the highest yield), can be used to make biodiesel. Recycled vegetable oil (from restaurants) can also be converted into biodiesel.	Biogas is another alternative fuel, created from the waste product of animals. Though less practical for most homes, a farm environment provides a perfect place to implement the process. By mixing the waste and water in a tank with space left for air, methane produces naturally in the airspace. This methane can be piped out and burned, and used for a cookfire.

text: Biodiesel

text: is an

text: alternative fuel

text: that can power diesel engines and can be used for domestic heating. Numerous forms of biomass, including soybeans, peanuts, and algae (which has the highest yield), can be used to make biodiesel. Recycled vegetable oil (from restaurants) can also be converted into biodiesel.

text: Biogas

text: is another alternative fuel, created from the waste product of animals. Though less practical for most homes, a farm environment provides a perfect place to implement the process. By mixing the waste and water in a tank with space left for air, methane produces naturally in the airspace. This methane can be piped out and burned, and used for a cookfire.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: diesel engines

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: methane

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: diesel engines

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: can be used for domestic heating

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: methane

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: methane

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Biodiesel

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: animals.

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: methane

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: Biodiesel is an alternative fuel that can power diesel engines

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: cookfire.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: methane

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Biodiesel

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: methane

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: Biogas is another alternative fuel, created from the waste product of animals.

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: methane

text: Tehran is rated as one of the world’s most polluted cities. Parts of the city are often covered by smog, making breathing difficult and causing widespread pulmonary illnesses. It is estimated that about 27 people die each day from pollution-related diseases. According to local officials, 3,600 people died in a single month due to the hazardous air quality. 80% of the city's pollution is due to cars. The remaining 20% is due to industrial pollution. Other estimates suggest that motorcycles alone account for 30% of air and 50% of sound pollution in Tehran.

text: Tehran is rated as one of the world’s most polluted cities. Parts of the city are often covered by

text: smog

text: , making breathing difficult and causing widespread pulmonary illnesses. It is estimated that about 27 people die each day from pollution-related diseases. According to local officials, 3,600 people died in a single month due to the hazardous air quality. 80% of the city's pollution is due to cars. The remaining 20% is due to

text: industrial pollution

text: . Other estimates suggest that motorcycles alone account for 30% of air and 50% of

text: sound pollution

text: in Tehran.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: cars

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: cars

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: smog

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: industrial pollution

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: cars.

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: industrial pollution.

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: cars.

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: smog, making breathing difficult and causing widespread pulmonary illnesses.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: smog,

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: cars.

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: smog,

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: cars.

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: industrial pollution.

text: However, by far the greatest energy fatalities that result from energy generation by humanity, is the creation of air pollution. The most lethal of which, particulate matter, which is primarily generated from the burning of fossil fuels and biomass is(counting outdoor air pollution effects only) estimated to cause 2.1 million deaths annually.

text: However, by far the greatest energy fatalities that result from energy generation by humanity, is the creation of

text: air pollution

text: . The most lethal of which,

text: particulate matter

text: , which is primarily generated from the burning of

text: fossil fuel

text: s and

text: biomass

text: is(counting outdoor air pollution effects only) estimated to cause 2.1 million deaths annually.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: burning of fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: particulates

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: particulate matter

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: cause air pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burning fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: particulate matter

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: the burning of fossil fuels and biomass

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: particulate matter,

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: burning of fossil fuels and biomass

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollution.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: particulate matter,

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: biomass

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: particulate matter,

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burning of fossil fuels and biomass

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: burning of fossil fuels and biomass

text: The legislation applies in cases where there are emissions of smoke, particulate matter, fumes or where there are odours in areas specifically defined in the regulations. Regulation of Solid FuelsThe Air Pollution Act (Marketing, Sale, Distribution and Burning of Specified Fuels) Regulations, 2012 (S.I. No. 326 of 2012), consolidated all previous applicable/associated regulations made under the Air Pollution Act, e.g. Air Pollution (Marketing, Sale and Distribution of Fuel) Regulations 1990.Under Section 6 it is an offence in these regulations for the home owner/occupier of any private dwelling to burn bituminous (smoky) coal. Not only that but is also an offence to market, sell or distribute any fuels specified in the regulations within defined areas of Ireland. Penalties for Non-ComplianceThe Air Pollution Act (Marketing, Sale, Distribution and Burning of Specified Fuels) Regulations, 2012 enable local authorities to take enforcement action against anyone suspected of non-compliance by initiating prosecutions at District Court level. Section 20 of the Environment (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act, 2015 increased the enforcement options for local authorities by amending Section 12A of the Air Pollution Act, 1987 to enable the issuing of fixed penalty notices i.e. on the spot fines. Following the signing into law of the Air Pollution (Fixed Payment Notice) Regulations, 2015 in December 2015, by Minister Alan Kelly, local authorities now have the option of issuing fixed penalty notices for alleged breaches of the 2012 Regulations. (Limerick City Council, 2016)Penalties range from a ceiling of €1000 (marketing, selling or distributing) for on the spot fines or up to €5000 plus costs if court proceedings are instigated.Future DirectionBecause of the failure to meet the objectives of WHO, i.e. clean air is considered to be a basic requirement of human health and the fact that within the EU, “poor air quality is worse than for road traffic accidents, making it the number one environmental cause of premature death in the EU.” (EU, 2015a) that in December 2013, the EU announced a Clean Air Policy Package (after a comprehensive review which began in 2011) to reduce the effect on human health. This package has at its core the following;• A new Clean Air Programme for Europe enabling existing targets are met in a much shorter term with more detailed new air quality objectives for the period up to 2030. Support via research, innovation and probably most important of all, co-operation between all stakeholders will be a factor. • The current National Emission Ceilings Directive will be revised thus ensuring a much more stringent approach to the six main pollutants named above,  • A proposal for a new Directive to reduce pollution from smaller power stations that have not been included heretofore, i.e. combustion plants up to 50MWth (EU, 2015b)Given the fact that in Ireland in 2012 it is estimated that approximately 1200 deaths were attributed to air pollution, as such it is still an issue that requires further measures (EEA, 2014). The EU estimate that the benefits to health, by 2020 and certainly by 2030, will save society in the region of at least €40 billion with even more if the higher productivity brought about by healthier workers (fewer lost working days) was to materialise. Other benefits would be reduced healthcare costs such as lower levels of asthmatics for example. Acid rain, the scourge of many cities because of damaged buildings, would be another benefit if that was to be reduced even further.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: particulate matter

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: solid fuel

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: offence

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: Carbon monoxide

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burning coal

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: odours in areas specifically defined in the regulations

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: road traffic accidents,

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: smoke,

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: road traffic accidents,

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: (smoky)

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: (Lime

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: “poor air quality is worse than for road traffic accidents,

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: Air Pollution

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: smoke,

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: smoke, particulate matter, fumes

text: Fossil fuels are fuels formed by natural processes such as anaerobic decomposition of buried dead organisms, containing energy originating in ancient photosynthesis. The age of the organisms and their resulting fossil fuels is typically millions of years, and sometimes exceeds 650 million years. Fossil fuels contain high percentages of carbon and include petroleum, coal, and natural gas.  Other commonly used derivatives include kerosene and propane. Fossil fuels range from volatile materials with low carbon:hydrogen ratios like methane, to liquids like petroleum, to nonvolatile materials composed of almost pure carbon, like anthracite coal. Methane can be found in hydrocarbon fields either alone, associated with oil, or in the form of methane clathrates.

text: Fossil fuels are

text: fuel

text: s formed by natural processes such as

text: anaerobic decomposition

text: of buried dead

text: organism

text: s, containing energy originating in ancient

text: photosynthesis

text: . The age of the organisms and their resulting fossil fuels is typically millions of years, and sometimes exceeds 650 million years. Fossil fuels contain high percentages of

text: carbon

text: and include

text: petroleum

text: coal

text: , and

text: natural gas

text: .  Other commonly used derivatives include

text: kerosene

text: and

text: propane

text: . Fossil fuels range from

text: volatile

text: materials with low

text: carbon

text: hydrogen

text: ratios like

text: methane

text: , to liquids like petroleum, to nonvolatile materials composed of almost pure carbon, like

text: anthracite

text: coal. Methane can be found in

text: hydrocarbon

text: fields either alone, associated with

text: oil

text: , or in the form of

text: methane clathrates

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: volatile

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: Methane

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: methane

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: buried dead organisms,

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: energy

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: Fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: volatile materials with low carbon:hydrogen ratios

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: methane,

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: photosynthesis.

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Fossil fuels

text: During the drying cycle, the garments are tumbled in a stream of warm air (60–63 °C/140–145 °F) that circulates through the basket, evaporating traces of solvent left after the spin cycle. The air temperature is controlled to prevent heat damage to the garments. The exhausted warm air from the machine then passes through a chiller unit where solvent vapors are condensed and returned to the distilled solvent tank. Modern dry cleaning machines use a closed-loop system in which the chilled air is reheated and recirculated. This results in high solvent recovery rates and reduced air pollution. In the early days of dry cleaning, large amounts of perchlorethylene were vented to the atmosphere because it was regarded as cheap and believed to be harmless.

text: During the drying cycle, the garments are tumbled in a stream of warm air (60–63 °C/140–145 °F) that circulates through the basket, evaporating traces of solvent left after the spin cycle. The air temperature is controlled to prevent heat damage to the garments. The exhausted warm air from the machine then passes through a chiller unit where solvent vapors are condensed and returned to the distilled solvent tank. Modern dry cleaning machines use a closed-loop system in which the chilled air is reheated and recirculated. This results in high solvent recovery rates and reduced air pollution. In the early days of dry cleaning, large amounts of perchlorethylene were vented to the atmosphere because it was regarded as cheap and believed to be harmless.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: dry cleaning machines

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: vapors

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: dry cleaning

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: dry cleaning

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: dry cleaning machines

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: perchlorethylene

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: dry cleaning,

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollution.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: perchlorethylene

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: In the early days of dry cleaning, large amounts of perchlorethylene

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: perchlorethylene

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: perchlorethylene were vented to the atmosphere

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: air pollution.

text: Diesel exhaust has been found to contain a long list of toxic air contaminants. Among these pollutants, fine particle pollution is an important as a cause of diesel's harmful health effects. However, when diesel engines burn their fuel with high oxygen levels, this results in high combustion temperatures and higher efficiency, and these particles tend to burn, but the amount of  pollution tends to increase.

text: Diesel

text: exhaust

text: has been found to contain a

text: long list of toxic air contaminants

text: . Among these pollutants,

text: fine particle pollution

text: is an important as a cause of

text: diesel's harmful health effects

text: . However, when diesel engines burn their fuel with high oxygen levels, this results in high combustion temperatures and higher efficiency, and these particles tend to burn, but the amount of  pollution tends to increase.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: diesel exhaust

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: diesel exhaust

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: diesel

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: toxic air contaminants

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: diesel exhaust

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: Diesel exhaust

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: Diesel exhaust

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: Diesel exhaust

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: toxic air contaminants.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: oxygen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Diesel exhaust

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: high oxygen levels,

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: Diesel exhaust

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: when diesel engines burn their fuel with high oxygen levels,

text: Biomass is composed of organic materials, therefore, large amounts of land are required to produce the fuel. Critics argue that the use of this land should be utilized for food distribution rather than crop degradation. Also, climate changes may cause a harsh season, where the material extracted will need to be swapped for food rather than energy. The assumption is that the production of biomass decreases the food supply, causing an increase in world hunger by extracting the organic materials such as corn and soybeans for fuel rather than food.

text: Biomass is composed of organic materials, therefore, large amounts of land are required to produce the fuel. Critics argue that the use of this land should be utilized for food distribution rather than crop degradation. Also, climate changes may cause a harsh season, where the material extracted will need to be swapped for food rather than energy. The assumption is that the production of biomass decreases the food supply, causing an increase in world hunger by extracting the organic materials such as corn and soybeans for fuel rather than food.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: gas stations

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: biomass

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: increase in world hunger

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: Nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: crop degradation

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: Biomass

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: fuel

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: Biomass

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: climate changes may cause a harsh season,

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: Biomass

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Biomass

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: Biomass is composed of organic materials,

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: Biomass

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: crop degradation.

text: The  Minnesota Pollution Control Agency approved use of biomass fuels, specifically oat hulls in 2006 but the three years necessary for testing and the approval process lost the source of the hulls. General Mills, makers of the oat cereal Cheerios, had signed a contract by then with U.S. Steel for use in their facility on the Iron Range in northern Minnesota.

text: The  Minnesota Pollution Control Agency approved use of

text: biomass

text: fuels, specifically

text: oat

text: hulls in 2006 but the three years necessary for testing and the approval process lost the source of the hulls.

text: General Mills

text: , makers of the oat

text: cereal

text: Cheerios

text: , had signed a contract by then with

text: U.S. Steel

text: for use in their facility on the

text: Iron Range

text: in northern Minnesota.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: lose their source

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: biomass fuels

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: biomass fuels,

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: biomass fuels,

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: biomass fuels,

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: lost the source of the hulls.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: Steel

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: oat hulls

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: biomass fuels,

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: biomass fuels,

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: The Minnesota Pollution Control Agency

text: Evaporation is a type of vaporization of a liquid that occurs from the surface of a liquid into a gaseous phase that is not saturated with the evaporating substance. The other type of vaporization is boiling, which is characterized by bubbles of saturated vapor forming in the liquid phase.  Steam produced in a boiler is another example of evaporation occurring in a saturated vapor phase.  Evaporation that occurs directly from the solid phase below the melting point, as commonly observed with ice at or below freezing or moth crystals (napthalene or paradichlorobenzene), is called sublimation.

text: Evaporation is a type of

text: vaporization

text: of a

text: liquid

text: that occurs from the

text: surface

text: of a liquid into a gaseous phase that is not saturated with the evaporating substance. The other type of vaporization is

text: boiling

text: , which is characterized by bubbles of saturated vapor forming in the liquid phase.  Steam produced in a boiler is another example of evaporation occurring in a saturated vapor phase.  Evaporation that occurs directly from the solid phase below the melting point, as commonly observed with ice at or below freezing or moth crystals (napthalene or

text: paradichlorobenzene

text: ), is called

text: sublimation

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: gases

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: Evaporation

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: napthalene

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: napthalene

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: Evaporation

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: Steam

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: Evaporation

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: Evaporation

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: (napthalene or paradichlorobenzene),

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Evaporation

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: Evaporation

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: Evaporation

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: (napthalene or paradichlorobenzene),

text: The FAA did not consider lightweight inerting systems for commercial jets until the 1996 crash of TWA Flight 800. The crash was blamed on an explosion in the center wing fuel tank of the Boeing 747 used in the flight. This tank is normally used only on very long flights, and little fuel was present in the tank at the time of the explosion. A small amount of fuel in a tank is more dangerous than a large amount, since heat entering the fuel tank with residual fuel causes the fuel to increase in temperature faster and evaporate. This causes the ullage fuel-to-air ratio to increase rapidly and exceed the lower flammability limit. A large quantity of fuel (high mass loading) in the fuel tank can retain the heat energy and slow the fuel evaporation rate.  The explosion of a Thai Airways International Boeing 737 in 2001 and a Philippine Airlines 737 in 1990 also occurred in a tank that had residual fuel. All the above three explosions occurred on a warm day, in the center wing tank (CWT) that is within the contours of the fuselage. These fuel tanks are located in the vicinity of external equipment that heats the fuel tanks.  The National Transportation Safety Board's (NTSB) final report on the crash of TWA 747 concluded “The fuel air vapor in the ullage of the TWA flight 800 CWT was flammable at the time of the accident.” NTSB identified “Elimination of Explosive Mixture in Fuel tanks in Transport Category Aircraft” as Number 1 item on its Most Wanted List in 1997.

text: The FAA did not consider lightweight inerting systems for commercial jets until the 1996 crash of

text: TWA Flight 800

text: . The crash was blamed on an explosion in the center wing fuel tank of the

text: Boeing 747

text: used in the flight. This tank is normally used only on very long flights, and little fuel was present in the tank at the time of the explosion. A small amount of fuel in a tank is more dangerous than a large amount, since heat entering the fuel tank with residual fuel causes the fuel to increase in temperature faster and evaporate. This causes the ullage fuel-to-air ratio to increase rapidly and exceed the lower flammability limit. A large quantity of fuel (high mass loading) in the fuel tank can retain the heat energy and slow the fuel evaporation rate.  The explosion of a

text: Thai Airways International

text: Boeing 737

text: in 2001 and a

text: Philippine Airlines 737 in 1990

text: also occurred in a tank that had residual fuel. All the above three explosions occurred on a warm day, in the center wing tank (CWT) that is within the contours of the fuselage. These fuel tanks are located in the vicinity of external equipment that heats the fuel tanks.  The National Transportation Safety Board's (NTSB) final report on the crash of TWA 747 concluded “The fuel air vapor in the ullage of the TWA flight 800 CWT was flammable at the time of the accident.” NTSB identified “Elimination of Explosive Mixture in Fuel tanks in Transport Category Aircraft” as Number 1 item on its Most Wanted List in 1997.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: commercial jets

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: commercial jets

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: fuel to increase in temperature faster and evaporate

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Which of the following is not an example of slash-and-burn?

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: Fuel tanks in Transport Category Aircraft”

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: heat entering the fuel tank with residual fuel

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: commercial jets

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: flammable

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: fuel

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: 1996 crash of TWA Flight 800.

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: heat energy

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: evaporate.

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: exceed the lower flammability limit.

text: As ambient air becomes hotter, additional evaporation can take place lower in the trachea making its way to the posterior sacs, shunting the lung surface. The trachea acts as a buffer for evaporation because of the length, and the controlled vascularization. The Gular is also heavily vascularized; its purpose is for cooling blood, but also evaporation, as previously stated. Air flowing through the trachea can be either laminar or turbulent depending on the state of the bird. When the ostrich is breathing normally, under no heat stress, air flow is laminar. When the ostrich is experiencing heat stress from the environment the air flow is considered turbulent. This suggests that laminar air flow causes little to no heat transfer, while under heat stress turbulent airflow can cause maximum heat transfer within the trachea.

text: As ambient air becomes hotter, additional evaporation can take place lower in the trachea making its way to the posterior sacs, shunting the lung surface. The trachea acts as a buffer for evaporation because of the length, and the controlled vascularization. The Gular is also heavily vascularized; its purpose is for cooling blood, but also evaporation, as previously stated. Air flowing through the trachea can be either

text: laminar

text: or

text: turbulent

text: depending on the state of the bird. When the ostrich is breathing normally, under no heat stress, air flow is laminar. When the ostrich is experiencing heat stress from the environment the air flow is considered turbulent. This suggests that laminar air flow causes little to no heat transfer, while under heat stress turbulent airflow can cause maximum heat transfer within the trachea.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: the environment

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: heat stress

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: Nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: environment

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: As ambient air

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: As ambient air becomes hotter,

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: turbulent airflow can cause maximum heat transfer

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: shunting the lung surface.

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: under heat stress turbulent airflow

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: As ambient air

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: shunting the lung surface.

text: The discovery of how to make fire for the purpose of burning wood is regarded as one of humanity's most important advances. The use of wood as a fuel source for heating is much older than civilization and is assumed to have been used by Neanderthals. Today, burning of wood is the largest use of energy derived from a solid fuel biomass. Wood fuel can be used for cooking and heating, and occasionally for fueling steam engines and steam turbines that generate electricity. Wood may be used indoors in a furnace, stove, or fireplace, or outdoors in a furnace, campfire, or bonfire.

text: The discovery of how to make

text: fire

text: for the purpose of burning wood is regarded as one of humanity's most important advances. The use of wood as a fuel source for heating is much older than civilization and is assumed to have been used by

text: Neanderthal

text: s. Today,

text: burning

text: of wood is the largest use of

text: energy

text: derived from a

text: solid fuel

text: biomass

text: . Wood fuel can be used for

text: cooking

text: and

text: heating

text: , and occasionally for fueling

text: steam engine

text: s and steam

text: turbines

text: that

text: generate electricity

text: . Wood may be used indoors in a furnace,

text: stove

text: , or

text: fireplace

text: , or outdoors in a furnace,

text: campfire

text: , or

text: bonfire

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: wood

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: emissions

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: wood

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: generate electricity

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burning wood

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: slash-and-burn can lead to these pollutants:

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: burning of wood

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: steam turbines that generate electricity.

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: burning of wood

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: steam engines and steam turbines that generate electricity.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: wood

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: wood

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: wood

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burning wood

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: wood

text: Given the success of the sulfur dioxide emission trading market that was established to combat acid rain, at first glance it seems that this level of success should be easily extended to water quality trading. However, the reason this has not occurred yet comes down to a fundamental difference between water pollution and air pollution, and the process of establishing their respective markets. Establishing an emissions market, in principle, has three steps: (1) set a cap on emissions, (2) allocate portions of the cap to individual firms, and (3) allow each firm to meet its allowance through emission reduction or trade. The difference with water pollution, however, is that the problems that cause local water quality issues differ from those that create regional air pollution problems. Discharges into water are difficult to measure and effects are dependent on a variety of other factors and vary with weather and location.

text: Given the success of the

text: sulfur dioxide emission trading market

text: that was established to combat acid rain, at first glance it seems that this level of success should be easily extended to water quality trading. However, the reason this has not occurred yet comes down to a fundamental difference between water pollution and air pollution, and the process of establishing their respective markets. Establishing an

text: emissions market

text: , in principle, has three steps: (1) set a cap on emissions, (2) allocate portions of the cap to individual firms, and (3) allow each firm to meet its allowance through emission reduction or trade. The difference with water pollution, however, is that the problems that cause local water quality issues differ from those that create regional air pollution problems. Discharges into water are difficult to measure and effects are dependent on a variety of other factors and vary with weather and location.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: water pollution

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: sulfur dioxide

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: water pollution

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: acid rain

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: sulfur dioxide

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: sulfur dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: sulfur dioxide

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: regional

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: sulfur dioxide

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: regional

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: acid rain,

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: sulfur dioxide

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: sulfur dioxide emission trading market that was established to combat acid rain,

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: sulfur dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: air pollution,

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: air pollution problems.

text: In terms of lives lost per unit of energy generated, nuclear power has caused fewer accidental deaths per unit of energy generated than all other major sources of energy generation. Energy produced by coal, petroleum, natural gas and hydropower has caused more deaths per unit of energy generated, from air pollution and energy accidents. This is found in the following comparisons, when the immediate nuclear related deaths from accidents are compared to the immediate deaths from these other energy sources, when the latent, or predicted, indirect cancer deaths from nuclear energy accidents are compared to the immediate deaths from the above energy sources, and when the combined immediate and indirect fatalities from nuclear power and all fossil fuels are compared, fatalities resulting from the mining of the necessary natural resources to power generation and to air pollution. With these data, the use of nuclear power has been calculated to have prevented in the region of 1.8 million deaths between 1971 and 2009, by reducing the proportion of energy that would otherwise have been generated by fossil fuels, and is projected to continue to do so.

text: In terms of lives lost per unit of energy generated, nuclear power has caused fewer accidental deaths per unit of energy generated than all other major sources of energy generation. Energy produced by coal, petroleum, natural gas and

text: hydropower

text: has caused more deaths per unit of energy generated, from air pollution and

text: energy accidents

text: . This is found in the following comparisons, when the immediate nuclear related deaths from accidents are compared to the immediate deaths from these other energy sources, when the latent, or predicted, indirect cancer deaths from nuclear

text: energy accidents

text: are compared to the immediate deaths from the above energy sources, and when the combined immediate and indirect fatalities from nuclear power and all fossil fuels are compared, fatalities resulting from the mining of the necessary natural resources to power generation and to air pollution. With these data, the use of nuclear power has been calculated to have prevented in the region of 1.8 million deaths between 1971 and 2009, by reducing the proportion of energy that would otherwise have been generated by fossil fuels, and is projected to continue to do so.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: What can lead to these pollutants?

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: coal, petroleum, natural gas and hydropower

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: coal, petroleum, natural gas and hydropower

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: coal,

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: coal, petroleum, natural gas and hydropower

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: the mining of the necessary natural resources to power generation and to air pollution.

text: Burning biomass produces many of the same emissions as burning fossil fuels. However, growing biomass captures carbon dioxide out of the air, so that the net contribution to global atmospheric carbon dioxide levels is small.

text: Burning biomass produces many of the same emissions as burning fossil fuels. However, growing biomass captures carbon dioxide out of the air, so that the net contribution to global atmospheric carbon dioxide levels is small.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: emissions

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: burn

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burning biomass

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuels.

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: emissions as burning fossil fuels. However, growing biomass captures carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuels.

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: Burning biomass

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Burning biomass

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: fossil fuels.

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burning fossil fuels.

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Burning biomass produces many of the same emissions as burning fossil fuels.

text: Air pollution sensors can help people control their environments to a certain extent and increase awareness of the pollutants around them. If people are more aware of the contents of the environment, they can change their routines and habits in order to be less effected by air pollution. This can help increase the quality of life and overall health of people at risk. For example, if one bedroom has more pollutants than another the room with less pollutants would be more suitable for infants or the elderly, and anyone else that is at risk. Having the ability to monitor and record air pollution can help shape our daily activities and routines. For example, when planning outdoor activities one might want to go for a run early morning or a particular time in the day where the pollution rating is not so high.  We may pick our transportation routes based on the air pollution rating. Since we often cannot see or detect any slight changes to our environment these sensors can provide a significant amount of information. The air particles are so small, but can have adverse effects on our overall health.

text: Air pollution sensors can help people control their environments to a certain extent and increase awareness of the pollutants around them. If people are more aware of the contents of the environment, they can change their routines and habits in order to be less effected by air pollution. This can help increase the quality of life and overall health of people at risk. For example, if one bedroom has more pollutants than another the room with less pollutants would be more suitable for infants or the elderly, and anyone else that is at risk. Having the ability to monitor and record air pollution can help shape our daily activities and routines. For example, when planning outdoor activities one might want to go for a run early morning or a particular time in the day where the pollution rating is not so high.  We may pick our transportation routes based on the air pollution rating. Since we often cannot see or detect any slight changes to our environment these sensors can provide a significant amount of information. The air particles are so small, but can have adverse effects on our overall health.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: indoors

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: air pollutants

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: increase the quality of life

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: Nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: air pollution.

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: Air pollution sensors

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollution.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: air particles are so small, but can have adverse effects on our overall health.

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Air pollution sensors

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: The air particles

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: air pollution.

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: air particles are so small, but can have adverse effects on our overall health.

text: Whenever a water molecule leaves a surface and diffuses into a surrounding gas, it is said to have evaporated. Each individual water molecule which transitions between a more associated (liquid) and a less associated (vapor/gas) state does so through the absorption or release of kinetic energy. The aggregate measurement of this kinetic energy transfer is defined as thermal energy and occurs only when there is differential in the temperature of the water molecules. Liquid water that becomes water vapor takes a parcel of heat with it, in a process called evaporative cooling. The amount of water vapor in the air determines how fast each molecule will return to the surface. When a net evaporation occurs, the body of water will undergo a net cooling directly related to the loss of water.

text: Whenever a water molecule leaves a surface and diffuses into a surrounding gas, it is said to have

text: evaporated

text: . Each individual water molecule which transitions between a more associated (liquid) and a less associated (vapor/gas) state does so through the absorption or release of

text: kinetic energy

text: . The aggregate measurement of this kinetic energy transfer is defined as thermal energy and occurs only when there is differential in the temperature of the water molecules. Liquid water that becomes water vapor takes a parcel of heat with it, in a process called

text: evaporative cooling

text: . The amount of water vapor in the air determines how fast each molecule will return to the surface. When a net evaporation occurs, the body of water will undergo a net cooling directly related to the loss of water.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: heat

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: evaporate

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: thermal energy

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: water molecule leaves a surface and diffuses into a surrounding gas,

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: kinetic energy.

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: water molecule leaves a surface and diffuses into a surrounding gas,

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: kinetic energy.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: thermal energy

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Whenever

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: kinetic energy.

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: absorption or release of kinetic energy.

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: evaporative cooling.

text: In 1995, due to scientific research showing that mining had caused the pollution of groundwater, Utah passed laws to make Kennecott companies pay $37 million to control water pollution.

text: In 1995, due to scientific research showing that mining had caused the pollution of

text: groundwater

text: , Utah passed laws to make Kennecott companies pay $37 million to control

text: water pollution

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: mining

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: pollute groundwater

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: mercury

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: mining

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: mining

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: pollution.

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: mining

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: pollution of groundwater,

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: groundwater,

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: mining had caused the pollution of groundwater,

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: mining had caused the pollution of groundwater,

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: mining had caused the pollution of groundwater,

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: mining had caused the pollution of groundwater,

text: Mobile source air pollution includes any air pollution emitted by motor vehicles, airplanes, locomotives, and other engines and equipment that can be moved from one location to another. Many of these pollutants contribute to environmental degradation and have negative effects on human health. To prevent unnecessary damage to human health and the environment, environmental regulatory agencies such as the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency have established policies to minimize air pollution from mobile sources. Similar agencies exist at the state level. Due to the large number of mobile sources of air pollution, and their ability to move from one location to another, mobile sources are regulated differently from stationary sources, such as power plants. Instead of monitoring individual emitters, such as an individual vehicle,  mobile sources are often regulated more broadly through design and fuel standards. Examples of this include corporate average fuel economy standards and laws that ban leaded gasoline in the United States.  The increase in the number of motor vehicles driven in the U.S. has made efforts to limit mobile source pollution challenging. As a result, there have been a number of different regulatory instruments implemented to reach the desired emissions goals.

text: Mobile source air pollution includes any

text: air pollution

text: emitted by

text: motor vehicles

text: airplanes

text: locomotives

text: , and other

text: engines

text: and equipment that can be moved from one location to another. Many of these pollutants contribute to

text: environmental degradation

text: and have negative effects on human health. To prevent unnecessary damage to human health and the environment, environmental regulatory agencies such as the

text: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

text: have established policies to minimize air pollution from mobile sources. Similar agencies exist at the state level. Due to the large number of mobile sources of air pollution, and their ability to move from one location to another, mobile sources are regulated differently from stationary sources, such as

text: power plants

text: . Instead of monitoring individual emitters, such as an individual vehicle,  mobile sources are often regulated more broadly through design and fuel standards. Examples of this include

text: corporate average fuel economy

text: standards and laws that ban

text: lead

text: ed gasoline in the United States.  The increase in the number of motor vehicles driven in the U.S. has made efforts to limit mobile source pollution challenging. As a result, there have been a number of different regulatory instruments implemented to reach the desired emissions goals.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: mobile sources

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: stationary sources

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: mobile sources

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: contribute to environmental degradation

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: leaded gasoline

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: Mobile source air pollution

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: motor vehicles,

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: stationary sources,

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: Mobile source air pollution includes any air pollution emitted by motor vehicles,

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: leaded

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: leaded gasoline

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Mobile source air pollution

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: Mobile source air pollution

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: motor vehicles,

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Mobile source air pollution

text: , the average life expectancy at birth in China is 75 years, and the infant mortality rate is 12 per thousand. Both have improved significantly since the 1950s. Rates of stunting, a condition caused by malnutrition, have declined from 33.1% in 1990 to 9.9% in 2010. Despite significant improvements in health and the construction of advanced medical facilities, China has several emerging public health problems, such as respiratory illnesses caused by widespread air pollution, hundreds of millions of cigarette smokers, and an increase in obesity among urban youths. China's large population and densely populated cities have led to serious disease outbreaks in recent years, such as the 2003 outbreak of SARS, although this has since been largely contained. In 2010, air pollution caused 1.2 million premature deaths in China.

text: , the average life expectancy at birth in China is 75 years, and the

text: infant mortality

text: rate is 12 per thousand. Both have improved significantly since the 1950s. Rates of

text: stunting

text: , a condition caused by

text: malnutrition

text: , have declined from 33.1% in 1990 to 9.9% in 2010. Despite significant improvements in health and the construction of advanced medical facilities, China has several emerging public health problems, such as respiratory illnesses caused by

text: widespread air pollution

text: , hundreds of millions of

text: cigarette smokers

text: , and an increase in

text: obesity

text: among urban youths. China's large population and densely populated cities have led to serious disease outbreaks in recent years, such as the 2003 outbreak of

text: SARS

text: , although this has since been largely contained. In 2010, air pollution caused 1.2 million premature deaths in China.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: cigarette

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: cigarette smoking

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: cause respiratory illnesses

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: smoking

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: cigarette smokers,

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air pollution,

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: cigarette smokers,

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollution,

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: air pollution,

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: air pollution,

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: air pollution,

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: cigarette smokers,

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: respiratory illnesses caused by widespread air pollution,

text: The use of biomass briquettes has been steadily increasing as industries realize the benefits of decreasing pollution through the use of biomass briquettes. Briquettes provide higher calorific value per dollar than coal when used for firing industrial boilers. Along with higher calorific value, biomass briquettes on average saved 30–40% of boiler fuel cost. But other sources suggest that cofiring is more expensive due to the widespread availability of coal and its low cost. However, in the long run, briquettes can only limit the use of coal to a small extent, but it is increasingly being pursued by industries and factories all over the world. Both raw materials can be produced or mined domestically in the United States, creating a fuel source that is free from foreign dependence and less polluting than raw fossil fuel incineration.

text: The use of biomass briquettes has been steadily increasing as industries realize the benefits of decreasing

text: pollution

text: through the use of biomass briquettes. Briquettes provide higher

text: calorific

text: value per dollar than

text: coal

text: when used for firing industrial

text: boilers

text: . Along with higher calorific value, biomass briquettes on average saved 30–40% of boiler fuel cost. But other sources suggest that cofiring is more expensive due to the widespread availability of coal and its low cost. However, in the long run, briquettes can only limit the use of coal to a small extent, but it is increasingly being pursued by industries and factories all over the world. Both raw materials can be produced or mined domestically in the United States, creating a fuel source that is free from foreign dependence and less polluting than raw fossil fuel incineration.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: polluting

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: polluting

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: incineration

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Raw fossil fuel incineration

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: raw fossil fuel incineration.

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: raw fossil fuel incineration.

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: polluting

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: less polluting than raw fossil fuel incineration.

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: fossil fuel

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: raw fossil fuel incineration.

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: raw fossil fuel incineration.

text: Crops do not end up using all of the synthetic fertilizer it is fed. The remainder ends up polluting surrounding land. Some of it will evaporate into the air where it will acidify the rain and produce greenhouse gases. It will also seep into the groundwater or run off into nearby bodies of water, thus polluting the drinking water of nearby communities. Poor soil health resulting from overproduction, excessive fertilizer use and inappropriate application of fertilizer causes runoff and leaching. Runoff into forests or marine areas can alter the ecosystem by fertilizing some plan species and poisoning others. The result of toxic runoff from commodity agriculture surrounding the Mississippi River can be seen at the hypoxic zone where the river meets the Gulf of Mexico. Here, algae grow rampant as a result of nitrogen fertilizer runoff thereby suffocating the animal life. This area has not reduced in size despite previous action plans for reduction made by the Mississippi River/Gulf of Mexico Watershed Nutrient Task Force. This hypoxic zone threatens the $2.8 billion fishing industry that depends on the northern part of the Gulf, which could affect the economy at large.

text: Crops do not end up using all of the synthetic fertilizer it is fed. The remainder ends up polluting surrounding land. Some of it will

text: evaporate

text: into the air where it will

text: acidify the rain

text: and produce

text: greenhouse gas

text: es. It will also seep into the

text: groundwater

text: or run off into nearby bodies of water, thus polluting the

text: drinking water

text: of nearby communities. Poor

text: soil health

text: resulting from overproduction, excessive fertilizer use and inappropriate application of fertilizer causes runoff and

text: leaching

text: . Runoff into forests or marine areas can alter the ecosystem by fertilizing some plan species and poisoning others. The result of toxic runoff from commodity agriculture surrounding the

text: Mississippi River

text: can be seen at the

text: hypoxic zone

text: where the river meets the

text: Gulf of Mexico

text: . Here,

text: algae

text: grow rampant as a result of nitrogen fertilizer runoff thereby

text: suffocating

text: the animal life. This area has not reduced in size despite previous action plans for reduction made by the Mississippi River/Gulf of Mexico Watershed Nutrient Task Force. This hypoxic zone threatens the $2.8 billion

text: fishing industry

text: that depends on the northern part of the Gulf, which could affect the

text: economy

text: at large.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: surrounding land

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: greenhouse gases

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: agriculture

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: pollute surrounding land

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: synthetic fertilizer

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: slash-and-burn can lead to these pollutants

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: Crops do not end up using all of the synthetic fertilizer

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: greenhouse gases.

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: Crops do not end up using all of the synthetic fertilizer

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: acidify the rain and produce greenhouse gases.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: greenhouse gases.

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: forests

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: synthetic fertilizer

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: evaporate

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Poor soil health

text: A solar cooker is a device which uses the energy of direct sunlight to heat, cook or  pasteurise drink. Many solar cookers currently in use are relatively inexpensive, low-tech devices, although some are as powerful or as expensive as traditional stoves, and advanced, large-scale solar cookers can cook for hundreds of people. Because they use no fuel and cost nothing to operate, many nonprofit organizations are promoting their use worldwide in order to help reduce fuel costs (especially where monetary reciprocity is low) and air pollution, and to slow down the deforestation and desertification caused by gathering firewood for cooking. Solar cooking is a form of outdoor cooking and is often used in situations where minimal fuel consumption is important, or the danger of accidental fires is high, and the health and environmental consequences of alternatives are severe.

text: A solar cooker is a device which uses the energy of direct sunlight to heat, cook or  pasteurise drink. Many solar cookers currently in use are relatively inexpensive,

text: low-tech

text: devices, although some are as powerful or as expensive as traditional stoves, and advanced, large-scale solar cookers can cook for hundreds of people. Because they use no fuel and cost nothing to operate, many nonprofit organizations are promoting their use worldwide in order to help reduce fuel costs (especially where monetary reciprocity is low) and air pollution, and to slow down the

text: deforestation

text: and

text: desertification

text: caused by gathering firewood for cooking. Solar cooking is a form of

text: outdoor cooking

text: and is often used in situations where minimal fuel consumption is important, or the danger of accidental fires is high, and the health and environmental consequences of alternatives are severe.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fuel

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fuel

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: gathering firewood

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: deforestation

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fuel costs

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air pollution,

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fuel costs

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollution,

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: air pollution,

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: firewood

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: deforestation and desertification

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: air pollution,

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: deforestation and desertification caused by gathering firewood for cooking.

text: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are aromatic hydrocarbons that consist of fused aromatic rings and do not contain heteroatoms or carry substituents. Naphthalene is the simplest example of a PAH.  PAHs occur in oil, coal, and tar deposits, and are produced as byproducts of fuel burning (whether fossil fuel or biomass). As pollutants, they are of concern because some compounds have been identified as carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic. PAHs are also found in cooked foods. Studies have shown that high levels of PAHs are found, for example, in meat cooked at high temperatures such as grilling or barbecuing, and in smoked fish.

text: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon

text: s (PAHs) are aromatic hydrocarbons that consist of fused

text: aromatic

text: rings

text: and do not contain

text: heteroatom

text: s or carry

text: substituent

text: s.

text: Naphthalene

text: is the simplest example of a PAH.  PAHs occur in

text: oil

text: coal

text: , and

text: tar

text: deposits, and are produced as byproducts of fuel burning (whether fossil fuel or biomass). As pollutants, they are of concern because some compounds have been identified as

text: carcinogen

text: ic,

text: mutagen

text: ic, and

text: teratogen

text: ic. PAHs are also found in cooked foods. Studies have shown that high levels of PAHs are found, for example, in meat cooked at high temperatures such as grilling or barbecuing, and in smoked fish.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fuel burning

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fuel burning

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: byproducts

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: PAHs

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: fuel burning

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fuel burning

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: byproducts of fuel burning

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fuel burning

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: Naphthalene

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: biomass).

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: fuel burning

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: fuel burning

text: More recently the concept of leapfrogging is being used in the context of sustainable development for developing countries as a theory of development which may accelerate development by skipping inferior, less efficient, more expensive or more polluting technologies and industries and move directly to more advanced ones.[The mobile phone is also a wonderful example of a “leapfrog” technology: it has enabled developing countries to skip the fixed-line technology of the 20th century and move straight to the mobile technology of the 21st. ] It is proposed that through leapfrogging developing countries can avoid environmentally harmful stages of development and do not need to follow the polluting development trajectory of industrialized countries. The adoption of solar energy technologies in developing countries are examples of where countries do not repeat the mistakes of highly industrialized countries in creating an energy infrastructure based on fossil fuels, but "jump" directly into the Solar Age.

text: More recently the concept of leapfrogging is being used in the context of

text: sustainable development

text: for

text: developing countries

text: as a

text: theory of development

text: which may accelerate development by skipping inferior, less efficient, more expensive or more polluting technologies and industries and move directly to more advanced ones.[The mobile phone is also a wonderful example of a “leapfrog” technology: it has enabled developing countries to skip the fixed-line technology of the 20th century and move straight to the mobile technology of the 21st. ] It is proposed that through leapfrogging developing countries can avoid environmentally harmful stages of development and do not need to follow the polluting development trajectory of

text: industrialized countries

text: . The adoption of solar energy technologies in developing countries are examples of where countries do not repeat the mistakes of highly industrialized countries in creating an energy infrastructure based on fossil fuels, but "jump" directly into the Solar Age.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: industrialized countries

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: polluting

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: industrialized countries

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: more polluting

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: industrialized countries.

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: polluting

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: industrialized countries.

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: polluting

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: fossil fuels,

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: fossil fuels, but "jump" directly into the Solar Age.

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: fossil fuels,

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: fossil fuels,

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: fossil fuels,

text: One popular use of HYSPLIT is to establish whether high levels of air pollution at one location are caused by transport of air contaminants from another location.  HYSPLIT's back trajectories, combined with satellite images (for example, from NASA's MODIS    satellites), can provide insight into whether high air pollution levels are caused by local air pollution sources or whether an air pollution problem was blown in on the wind.

text: One popular use of HYSPLIT is to establish whether high levels of air pollution at one location are caused by transport of air contaminants from another location.  HYSPLIT's back trajectories, combined with satellite images (for example, from NASA's

text: MODIS

text: satellites), can provide insight into whether high air pollution levels are caused by local air pollution sources or whether an air pollution problem was blown in on the wind.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: other location

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air contaminants

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: local air pollution sources

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollutants

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: air pollutants

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: transport

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: high levels of air pollution

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: local

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air contaminants

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: blown in on the wind.

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air contaminants

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: HYSPLIT

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: air contaminants

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: blown in on the wind.

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: blown in on the wind.

text: In addition to air pollution problems, a 2007 study finds that discharge of untreated sewage is single most important cause for pollution of surface and ground water in India. There is a large gap between generation and treatment of domestic wastewater in India. The problem is not only that India lacks sufficient treatment capacity but also that the sewage treatment plants that exist do not operate and are not maintained. Majority of the government-owned sewage treatment plants remain closed most of the time in part because of the lack of reliable electricity supply to operate the plants. The wastewater generated in these areas normally percolates in the soil or evaporates. The uncollected wastes accumulate in the urban areas cause unhygienic conditions, release heavy metals and pollutants that leaches to surface and groundwater. Almost all rivers, lakes and water bodies are severely polluted in India. Water pollution also adversely impacts river, wetland and ocean life. Reliable generation and supply of electricity is essential for addressing India's water pollution and associated environmental issues.

text: In addition to air pollution problems, a 2007 study finds that discharge of untreated sewage is single most important cause for pollution of surface and ground water in India. There is a large gap between generation and treatment of domestic wastewater in India. The problem is not only that India lacks sufficient treatment capacity but also that the sewage treatment plants that exist do not operate and are not maintained. Majority of the government-owned sewage treatment plants remain closed most of the time in part because of the lack of reliable electricity supply to operate the plants. The wastewater generated in these areas normally percolates in the soil or evaporates. The uncollected wastes accumulate in the urban areas cause unhygienic conditions, release heavy metals and pollutants that leaches to surface and groundwater. Almost all rivers, lakes and water bodies are severely polluted in India. Water pollution also adversely impacts river, wetland and ocean life. Reliable generation and supply of electricity is essential for addressing India's water pollution and associated environmental issues.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: untreated sewage

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: untreated sewage

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: leaches to surface and groundwater

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: heavy metals

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: untreated sewage

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: None of the above choices .

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: discharge of untreated sewage

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: discharge of untreated sewage

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: heavy metals and pollutants that leaches to surface and groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: heavy metals

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: discharge of untreated sewage

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: heavy metals

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: discharge of untreated sewage

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: heavy metals and pollutants that leaches to surface and groundwater.

text: Huge quantity of imported coal is being used in pulverised coal-fired power stations. Raw biomass is not suitable for use in the pulverised coal mills as they are difficult to grind into fine powder due to its caking problem. However 100% biomass can be fired after Torrefaction in the pulverised coal mills for replacing imported coal. Torrefied biomass plants can be integrated with existing pulverised coal-fired power stations using the available hot flue gas as heat source. Cofiring dry biomass up to 20% heat input with coal is possible directly in pulverised coal-fired power stations without facing caking problem. North west and southern regions can replace imported coal use with biomass where surplus agriculture/crop residue biomass is burnt in the fields causing pollution problems.

text: Huge quantity of imported coal is being used in

text: pulverised coal-fired power stations

text: . Raw biomass is not suitable for use in the pulverised coal mills as they are difficult to

text: grind

text: into fine powder due to its

text: caking

text: problem. However 100% biomass can be fired after

text: Torrefaction

text: in the pulverised coal mills for replacing imported coal. Torrefied biomass plants can be integrated with existing pulverised coal-fired power stations using the available hot flue gas as heat source.

text: Cofiring

text: dry biomass up to 20% heat input with coal is possible directly in pulverised coal-fired power stations without facing caking problem. North west and southern regions can replace imported coal use with biomass where surplus agriculture/crop residue biomass is burnt in the fields causing pollution problems.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: power stations

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: flue gas

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: power stations

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: caking problem

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: biomass burning

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: agriculture/crop residue biomass is burnt in the fields

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: flue gas

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: imported coal

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: pollution problems.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: hot flue gas

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Raw biomass

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: pollution problems.

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burnt

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: surplus agriculture/crop residue biomass

text: Although widely employed, the scientific community is still unsure of the physical phenomena underpinning biofilter operation, and information about the microorganisms involved continues to be developed. A biofilter/bio-oxidation system is a fairly simple device to construct and operate and offers a cost-effective solution provided the pollutant is biodegradable within a moderate time frame (increasing residence time = increased size and capital costs), at reasonable concentrations (and lb/hr loading rates) and that the airstream is at an organism-viable temperature.  For large volumes of air, a biofilter may be the only cost-effective solution. There is no secondary pollution (unlike the case of incineration where additional CO and NO are produced from burning fuels) and degradation products form additional biomass, carbon dioxide and water. Media irrigation water, although many systems recycle part of it to reduce operating costs, has a moderately high biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and may require treatment before disposal. However, this "blowdown water", necessary for proper maintenance of any bio-oxidation system, is generally accepted by municipal publicly owned treatment works without any pretreatment.

text: Although widely employed, the scientific community is still unsure of the physical phenomena underpinning biofilter operation, and information about the microorganisms involved continues to be developed. A biofilter/bio-oxidation system is a fairly simple device to construct and operate and offers a cost-effective solution provided the pollutant is biodegradable within a moderate time frame (increasing residence time = increased size and capital costs), at reasonable concentrations (and lb/hr loading rates) and that the airstream is at an organism-viable temperature.  For large volumes of air, a biofilter may be the only cost-effective solution. There is no secondary pollution (unlike the case of

text: incineration

text: where additional CO and NO are produced from burning fuels) and degradation products form additional biomass, carbon dioxide and water. Media irrigation water, although many systems recycle part of it to reduce operating costs, has a moderately high

text: biochemical oxygen demand

text: (BOD) and may require treatment before disposal. However, this "blowdown water", necessary for proper maintenance of any bio-oxidation system, is generally accepted by municipal

text: publicly owned treatment works

text: without any pretreatment.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: incineration

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: CO and NO

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: incineration

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: require treatment before disposal

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: CO and NO

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: incineration

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: CO and NO

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: incineration

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: CO and NO

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: incineration

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: incineration

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: CO and NO

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: CO and NO

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: CO and NO

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: incineration

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: CO and NO are produced from burning fuels)

text: An air quality index (AQI) is a number used by government agencies  to communicate to the public how polluted the air currently is or how polluted it is forecast to become. As the AQI increases, an increasingly large percentage of the population is likely to experience increasingly severe adverse health effects. Different countries have their own air quality indices, corresponding to different national air quality standards. Some of these are the Air Quality Health Index (Canada), the Air Pollution Index (Malaysia), and the Pollutant Standards Index (Singapore).

text: An air quality index (AQI) is a number used by

text: government agencies

text: to communicate to the public how

text: polluted

text: the air currently is or how polluted it is forecast to become. As the AQI increases, an increasingly large percentage of the population is likely to experience increasingly severe adverse health effects. Different countries have their own air quality indices, corresponding to different national air quality standards. Some of these are the

text: Air Quality Health Index (Canada)

text: , the

text: Air Pollution Index

text: (Malaysia), and the

text: Pollutant Standards Index

text: (Singapore).

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: Malaysia

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: adverse health effects

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: Nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: Air Pollution

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Air Pollution Index (Malaysia)

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: population

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: Pollutant

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: (Malaysia),

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: increasingly severe adverse health effects.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: Pollutant

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: An air quality index (AQI)

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: air quality index

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: air quality index

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: increasingly severe adverse health effects.

text: The methanol economy is a synfuel production energy plan which may begin with hydrogen production. Hydrogen in a full "hydrogen economy" was initially suggested as a way to make renewable energy, in non-polluting form, available to automobiles. However, a theoretical alternative to address the same problem is to produce hydrogen centrally and immediately use it to make liquid fuels from a CO source. This would eliminate the requirement to transport and store the hydrogen. The source could be CO that is produced by fuel-burning power plants. In order to be greenhouse-neutral, the source for CO in such a plan would need to be from air, biomass, or other source of CO which is already in, or to be released into, the air.  Direct methanol fuel cells are in commercial use, though as of August 2011 they are not efficient.

text: The methanol economy is a synfuel production energy plan which may begin with hydrogen production. Hydrogen in a full "hydrogen economy" was initially suggested as a way to make

text: renewable energy

text: , in non-polluting form, available to automobiles. However, a theoretical alternative to address the same problem is to produce hydrogen centrally and immediately use it to make liquid fuels from a CO source. This would eliminate the requirement to transport and store the hydrogen. The source could be CO that is produced by fuel-burning power plants. In order to be greenhouse-neutral, the source for CO in such a plan would need to be from air, biomass, or other source of CO which is already in, or to be released into, the air.

text: Direct methanol fuel cell

text: s are in commercial use, though as of August 2011 they are not efficient.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: automobiles

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: CO

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: greenhouse-neutral

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: CO

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: CO

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: greenhouse-neutral

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: greenhouse-neutral

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fuel-burning power plants.

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: CO

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fuel-burning power plants.

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: greenhouse-neutral,

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: CO

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: biomass,

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: CO

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: fuel-burning power plants.

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: greenhouse-neutral,

text: Atmospheric particulate matter is part of air pollution. Particulate matter is produced mainly by car traffic, overland traffic (trucks), industrial production facilities, and cigarette smoking. More and more data were gathered in recent years. The data showed that particulate matter can be a major cause of cardiovascular disease, and can also cause pulmonary toxicity. As a consequence, laws, by-laws and guidelines that regulate the amount of particulate matter that can be emitted in a given time period were issued in the European Union.

text: Atmospheric particulate matter

text: is part of

text: air pollution

text: . Particulate matter is produced mainly by car traffic, overland traffic (trucks), industrial production facilities, and cigarette smoking. More and more data were gathered in recent years. The data showed that particulate matter can be a major cause of cardiovascular disease, and can also cause pulmonary toxicity. As a consequence, laws, by-laws and guidelines that regulate the amount of particulate matter that can be emitted in a given time period were issued in the European Union.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: car traffic

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: car traffic

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: cause pulmonary toxicity

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: cigarette smoking

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: car traffic,

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: particulate matter

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: cigarette smoking.

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: pulmonary toxicity.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: cigarette smoking.

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Atmospheric particulate matter

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: particulate matter

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: cigarette smoking.

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Atmospheric particulate matter

text: A range of chemical processes may be used to convert biomass into other forms, such as to produce a fuel that is more conveniently used, transported or stored, or to exploit some property of the process itself. Many of these processes are based in large part on similar coal-based processes, such as Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, methanol production, olefins (ethylene and propylene), and similar chemical or fuel feedstocks. In most cases, the first step involves gasification, which step generally is the most expensive and involves the greatest technical risk.Biomass is more difficult to feed into a pressure vessel than coal or any liquid. Therefore, biomass gasification is frequently done at atmospheric pressure and causes combustion of biomass to produce a combustible gas consisting of carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and traces of methane. This gas mixture, called a producer gas, can provide fuel for various vital processes, such as internal combustion engines, as well as substitute for furnace oil in direct heat applications. Because any biomass material can undergo gasification, this process is far more attractive than ethanol or biomass production, where only particular biomass materials can be used to produce a fuel. In addition, biomass gasification is a desirable process due to the ease at which it can convert solid waste (such as wastes available on a farm) into producer gas, which is a very usable fuel.

text: A range of chemical processes may be used to convert biomass into other forms, such as to produce a fuel that is more conveniently used, transported or stored, or to exploit some property of the process itself. Many of these processes are based in large part on similar coal-based processes, such as

text: Fischer-Tropsch synthesis

text: , methanol production, olefins (ethylene and propylene), and similar chemical or fuel feedstocks. In most cases, the first step involves gasification, which step generally is the most expensive and involves the greatest technical risk.Biomass is more difficult to feed into a pressure vessel than coal or any liquid. Therefore, biomass

text: gasification

text: is frequently done at atmospheric pressure and causes combustion of biomass to produce a combustible gas consisting of

text: carbon monoxide

text: hydrogen

text: , and traces of

text: methane

text: . This gas mixture, called a

text: producer gas

text: , can provide fuel for various vital processes, such as

text: internal combustion engines

text: , as well as substitute for furnace oil in direct heat applications. Because any biomass material can undergo gasification, this process is far more attractive than ethanol or biomass production, where only particular biomass materials can be used to produce a fuel. In addition, biomass gasification is a desirable process due to the ease at which it can convert solid waste (such as wastes available on a farm) into producer gas, which is a very usable fuel.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: CO2

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: traces of methane

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: carbon monoxide

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon monoxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: biomass gasification

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Carbon monoxide

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: coal-based

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and traces of methane.

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: coal-based

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and traces of methane.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: carbon monoxide,

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: carbon monoxide,

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon monoxide,

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: biomass gasification

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and traces of methane.

text: Generally, the cost of electrical energy produced by non fossil fuel burning power plants is greater than that produced by burning fossil fuels. This statement however only includes the cost to produce the electrical energy and does not take into account indirect costs associated with the many pollutants created by burning fossil fuels (e.g. increased hospital admissions due respiratory diseases caused by fine smoke particles).

text: Generally, the cost of electrical energy produced by non fossil fuel burning power plants is greater than that produced by burning fossil fuels. This statement however only includes the cost to produce the electrical energy and does not take into account indirect costs associated with the many pollutants created by burning fossil fuels (e.g. increased hospital admissions due respiratory diseases caused by fine smoke particles).

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: fine smoke particles

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: increase hospital admissions

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: fossil fuel burning

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: burning fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: burning fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: smoke particles).

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burning fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: burning fossil fuels

text: While the financial incentive of burning fossil fuels to create energy is certainly there, there are many negatives associated with it.  A very large argument against the use of fossil fuels is uncertainty.  There is a large debate about how much is left in the Earth’s fossil fuel reserves.  It is estimated that by 2042 and 2112, the planet will be completely out of oil and coal, respectively.  When the Earth eventually runs out of fossil fuels, we will be forced into using strictly renewable sources of energy.  The pending depletion of fossil fuels is a large argument to invest in renewables, because at some point we will need to or it will be too late.  Another argument against using fossils fuels is the level of efficiency.  It is estimated 29% more energy to create a gallon of ethanol than there is energy in a gallon of ethanol.  This level of inefficiency seems very impractical when trying to decide on a method on energy production for the future.  Efficiency and cost aside, it is well documented that the burning of fossil fuels is very bad for the environment.  The burning of fossil fuels releases many harmful chemicals into the air that can lead to air pollution and the deterioration of the atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: harmful chemicals

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: lead to air pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: harmful chemicals

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burning fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: slash-and-burn

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: The burning of fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: chemicals

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: The burning of fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollution and the deterioration of the atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: chemicals

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: The burning of fossil fuels releases many harmful chemicals

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: chemicals

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: The burning of fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: The burning of fossil fuels releases many harmful chemicals into the air

text: In 2010, Ma, addressing air pollution particularly in the wake of efforts made at the time of the Beijing Olympics, "said many of the government’s efforts to curtail pollution had been offset by the number of construction projects that spit dust into the air and the surge in private car ownership."

text: In 2010, Ma, addressing

text: air pollution

text: particularly in the wake of efforts made at the time of the

entity_name: Concerns and controversies at the 2008 Summer Olympics

text: Beijing Olympics

text: , "said many of the government’s efforts to curtail pollution had been offset by the number of construction projects that spit dust into the air and the surge in private car ownership."

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: construction projects

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: dust

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: private car ownership

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: spit dust

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: dust

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: construction

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: construction projects

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: dust

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: construction projects

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: spit dust into the air

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: dust

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: dust into the air and the surge in private car ownership."

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: dust

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: construction projects

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: construction projects

text: A mechanical direct evaporative cooler unit uses a fan to draw air through a wetted membrane, or pad, which provides a large surface area for the evaporation of water into the air. Water is sprayed at the top of the pad so it can drip down into the membrane and continually keep the membrane saturated. Any excess water that drips out from the bottom of the membrane is collected in a pan and recirculated to the top. Single stage direct evaporative coolers are typically small in size as it only consists of the membrane, water pump, and centrifugal fan. The mineral content of the municipal water supply will cause scaling on the membrane, which will lead to clogging over the life of the membrane. Depending on this mineral content and the evaporation rate, regular cleaning and maintenance is required to ensure optimal performance. Generally, supply air from the single-stage evaporative cooler will need to be exhausted directly (one-through flow) because the high humidity of the supply air. Few design solutions have been conceived to utilize the energy in the air like directing the exhaust air through two sheets of double glazed windows, thus reducing the solar energy absorbed through the glazing. Compared to energy required to achieve the equivalent cooling load with a compressor, single stage evaporative coolers consume less energy.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: exhaust air

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: cause scaling on the membrane

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: direct evaporative cooler

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: municipal water supply

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: exhaust air

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: municipal water supply

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: clogging over the life of the membrane.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: water

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: directing the exhaust air through two sheets of double glazed windows,

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: solar energy

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: evaporation of water

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: solar energy

text: Acid mine drainage- Acid rain- Adsorption Method for Sampling of Dioxins and Furans- Aegean Sea (oil spill)- Agency of Nuclear Projects- Agenda 21- Agreed Measures for the Conservation of Antarctic Fauna and Flora- Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures- Agreement on the Conservation of Albatrosses and Petrels- Agricultural biodiversity- Forestry- Air engine- Air pollution- Air Quality Index- Alarmism- Alternative fuel- Alternative fuel vehicle- An Essay on the Principle of Population- An Inconvenient Truth- Ancient Woodland- Antarctic Treaty System- Arctic Climate Impact Assessment- Arctic National Wildlife Refuge- Arctic Refuge drilling controversy- Arctic Waters Pollution Prevention Act- Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty- Asian brown cloud- Association for the Study of Peak Oil and Gas- Atmospheric dispersion modeling- Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project- Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki- Automobile emissions control- Aviation and climate change- Aviation and the environment- Aviation Environment Federation- Aytzim: Ecological Judaism

text: Acid mine drainage

text: Acid rain

entity_name: Adsorption Method for Sampling of Dioxins and Furans

text: Adsorption Method for Sampling of Dioxins and Furans

text: Aegean Sea (oil spill)

text: Agency of Nuclear Projects

text: Agenda 21

entity_name: Agreed Measures for the Conservation of Antarctic Fauna and Flora

text: Agreed Measures for the Conservation of Antarctic Fauna and Flora

entity_name: Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures

text: Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures

entity_name: Agreement on the Conservation of Albatrosses and Petrels

text: Agreement on the Conservation of Albatrosses and Petrels

text: Agricultural biodiversity

text: Forestry

text: Air engine

text: Air pollution

text: Air Quality Index

text: Alarmism

text: Alternative fuel

text: Alternative fuel vehicle

text: An Essay on the Principle of Population

text: An Inconvenient Truth

text: Ancient Woodland

text: Antarctic Treaty System

text: Arctic Climate Impact Assessment

text: Arctic National Wildlife Refuge

text: Arctic Refuge drilling controversy

text: Arctic Waters Pollution Prevention Act

text: Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty

text: Asian brown cloud

text: Association for the Study of Peak Oil and Gas

text: Atmospheric dispersion modeling

entity_name: Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project

text: Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project

entity_name: Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

text: Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

text: Automobile emissions control

text: Aviation and climate change

text: Aviation and the environment

text: Aviation Environment Federation

text: Aytzim: Ecological Judaism

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: automobiles

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: Air pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: automobile emissions control

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: Air pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: Dioxin

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Forestry

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: Air pollution

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Agricultural biodiversity

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: Agricultural biodiversity- Forestry- Air engine-

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: Air pollution-

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: Automobile emissions control-

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: Air pollution-

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: Furans-

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Forestry-

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: Air pollution-

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: Acid rain-

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Air pollution-

text: The prevalence of respiratory diseases and cancers in Iran is increasing at a significant rate, also because of air pollution in Tehran. It is estimated that 5 million Iranian children suffer from asthma. The World Bank estimates losses inflicted on Iran’s economy as a result of deaths caused by air pollution at $640 million, which is equal to 5.1 trillion rials or 0.57 percent of GDP. Substandard gasoline and imported car brakes are also a reported health hazard/air pollutant according to the authorities.

text: The prevalence of respiratory diseases and cancers in Iran is increasing at a significant rate, also because of

text: air pollution in Tehran

text: . It is estimated that 5 million Iranian children suffer from asthma. The

text: World Bank

text: estimates losses inflicted on

text: Iran’s economy

text: as a result of deaths caused by air pollution at $640 million, which is equal to 5.1 trillion rials or 0.57 percent of

text: GDP

entity_name: National Iranian Oil Refining and Distribution Company

text: Substandard gasoline

text: and

text: imported car brakes

text: are also a reported health hazard/air pollutant according to the authorities.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: Substandard gasoline

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air pollutants

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: Substandard gasoline

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollutant

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: Substandard gasoline

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: Substandard gasoline and imported car brakes

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: Tehran.

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: health hazard/air pollutant

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: gasoline

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Substandard gasoline

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: gasoline and imported car brakes

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Substandard gasoline and imported car brakes

text: The act goes on to state that the Administrator of the EPA may take no action involving the consideration of Greenhouse gases as pollutants or contributing factors to climate change.  It also states that, “[nothing] shall cause a greenhouse gas to be subject to part C of title I …or considered an air pollutant for purposes of title V...” This means that, as greenhouse gases would no longer be considered to degrade the quality of air, sources would not be required to ascertain a permit to emit.  These permits require sources of pollution to complete a registration process in order to lawfully be able to emit anything considered to be a pollutant.  Going along with this, it would no longer be required to report emissions of greenhouse gases." The Energy Tax Prevention act of 2011 also lists a number of prior agency actions that would be, "...repealed and shall have no legal effect."." Essentially this Act would reverse the decision rendered in Massachusetts, et al., v. Environmental Protection Agency, et al..

text: The act goes on to state that the Administrator of the

text: EPA

text: may take no action involving the consideration of

text: Greenhouse gas

text: es as pollutants or contributing factors to climate change.  It also states that, “[nothing] shall cause a greenhouse gas to be subject to part C of title I …or considered an air pollutant for purposes of title V...” This means that, as greenhouse gases would no longer be considered to degrade the quality of air, sources would not be required to ascertain a permit to emit.  These permits require sources of pollution to complete a registration process in order to lawfully be able to emit anything considered to be a pollutant.  Going along with this, it would no longer be required to report emissions of greenhouse gases." The Energy Tax Prevention act of 2011 also lists a number of prior agency actions that would be, "...repealed and shall have no legal effect."." Essentially this Act would reverse the decision rendered in

entity_name: Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency

text: Massachusetts, et al., v. Environmental Protection Agency, et al.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: greenhouse gases

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: emissions

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: greenhouse gases

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: pollute the air

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: Nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: greenhouse gases

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Greenhouse gases

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: Greenhouse gases

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: Greenhouse gases

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: greenhouse gases."

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: Greenhouse gases as pollutants or contributing factors to climate change.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: Greenhouse gases

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Greenhouse gases

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: climate change.

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: Greenhouse gases

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Greenhouse gases

text: The condensed and pressurized liquid refrigerant is next routed through a thermal expansion valve where it undergoes an abrupt reduction in pressure. That pressure reduction results in flash evaporation of a part of the liquid refrigerant, lowering its temperature. The cold refrigerant is then routed through the evaporator coil in the passenger compartment. The air (which is to be cooled) blows across the evaporator, causing the liquid part of the cold refrigerant mixture to evaporate as well, further lowering the temperature. The warm air is therefore cooled.

text: The condensed and pressurized liquid refrigerant is next routed through a

text: thermal expansion valve

text: where it undergoes an abrupt reduction in pressure. That pressure reduction results in

text: flash evaporation

text: of a part of the liquid refrigerant, lowering its temperature. The cold refrigerant is then routed through the

text: evaporator coil

text: in the passenger compartment. The air (which is to be cooled) blows across the evaporator, causing the liquid part of the cold refrigerant mixture to evaporate as well, further lowering the temperature. The warm air is therefore cooled.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: emissions

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: automobiles

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: cause global warming

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: The condensed and pressurized liquid refrigerant

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: The condensed and pressurized liquid refrigerant

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: refrigerant

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: lowering its temperature.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: The condensed and pressurized liquid refrigerant

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: The condensed and pressurized liquid refrigerant

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: The condensed and pressurized liquid refrigerant

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: flash evaporation

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: The condensed and pressurized liquid refrigerant

text: Endorheic lakes are usually in the interior of a landmass, far from an ocean in areas of relatively low rainfall. Their watersheds are often confined by natural geologic land formations such as a mountain range, cutting off water egress to the ocean. The inland water flows into dry watersheds where the water evaporates, leaving a high concentration of minerals and other inflow erosion products. Over time this input of erosion products can cause the endorheic lake to become relatively saline (a "salt lake"). Since the main outflow pathways of these lakes are chiefly through evaporation and seepage, endorheic lakes are usually more sensitive to environmental pollutant inputs than water bodies that have access to oceans, as pollution can be trapped in them and accumulate over time.

text: Endorheic lakes are usually in the interior of a landmass, far from an ocean in areas of relatively low rainfall. Their watersheds are often confined by natural geologic land formations such as a mountain range, cutting off water egress to the ocean. The inland water flows into dry watersheds where the water evaporates, leaving a high concentration of minerals and other inflow erosion products. Over time this input of erosion products can cause the endorheic lake to become relatively saline (a "salt lake"). Since the main outflow pathways of these lakes are chiefly through evaporation and seepage, endorheic lakes are usually more sensitive to environmental pollutant inputs than water bodies that have access to oceans, as pollution can be trapped in them and accumulate over time.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: endorheic lakes

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: endorheic lakes

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: saline

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: oceans,

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: pollutant

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: Endorheic lakes

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: "salt lake").

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: endorheic lakes are usually more sensitive to environmental pollutant

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: endorheic lakes

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: pollutant

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: evaporation and seepage,

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: pollution can be trapped in them and accumulate over time.

text: The use of hydrogen cars has been proposed as a means to reduce local air pollution and carbon emissions because hydrogen fuel cell cars emit clean exhaust. Hydrogen can be produced from natural gas, coal and renewable energy. However, as long as the majority of hydrogen continues to be produced by burning fossil fuels and transported in trucks, pollution is emitted by the hydrogen manufacturing process.

text: The use of

text: hydrogen cars

text: has been proposed as a means to reduce local

text: air pollution

text: and

text: carbon emissions

text: because hydrogen fuel cell cars emit clean exhaust. Hydrogen can be produced from natural gas, coal and renewable energy. However, as long as the majority of hydrogen continues to be produced by burning

text: fossil fuels

text: and transported in trucks, pollution is emitted by the

text: hydrogen manufacturing process

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: pollute

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: carbon emissions because hydrogen fuel cell cars emit clean exhaust.

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: pollution is emitted

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burning fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: pollution is emitted by the hydrogen manufacturing process.

text: The World Health Organization estimated in 2014 that every year air pollution causes the premature death of some 7 million people worldwide. India has the highest death rate due to air pollution. India also has more deaths from asthma than any other nation according to the World Health Organization. In December 2013 air pollution was estimated to kill 500,000 people in China each year. There is a positive correlation between pneumonia-related deaths and air pollution from motor vehicle emissions.

text: The

text: World Health Organization

text: estimated in 2014 that every year air pollution causes the premature death of some 7 million people worldwide. India has the highest death rate due to air pollution. India also has more deaths from asthma than any other nation according to the World Health Organization. In December 2013 air pollution was estimated to kill 500,000 people in China each year. There is a positive correlation between

text: pneumonia

text: -related deaths and air pollution from motor vehicle emissions.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: motor vehicle emissions

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: motor vehicles

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: premature death

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: automobile emissions

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: motor vehicle emissions.

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: emissions.

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: motor vehicle emissions.

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: pneumonia-related

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: motor vehicle emissions.

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: motor vehicle emissions.

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: motor vehicle emissions.

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: motor vehicle emissions.

text: Evaporation of liquid film in film evaporators is very important in order to cool the flowing liquid and the surface on which the liquid flows. It can also increase the concentration of the components in the liquid. The climbing/falling film plate evaporator is specifically designed to produce a thin film during both the climbing and falling phases. For the climbing film evaporators, the feed is introduced at the bottom of the tubes. Evaporation causes the vapor to expand thus causing a thin film of liquid to rise along the tubes. The vapor shear will push the thin film to climb up the wall of the tubes. The feed for the falling film evaporator on the other hand is introduced at the top of the tubes. The liquid flows down the tubes and it will get evaporated as it descends. The flow of the liquid down the tubes is driven by the vapor shear stress and the gravitational forces. The effect of the vapor shear and the gravity will lead to a higher flow rates and shorter residence time. The flow of the thin liquid film in the falling film evaporator is possible in two ways: cocurrent and countercurrent. It is cocurrent if the vapor is drawn from the top to the bottom of the tubes and vice versa for the countercurrent flow. The cocurrent flow will increase the flow rates resulting in a shorter residence time. The type of flow can be described in figure 2.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: emissions

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: CO2

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: increase the concentration of components

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: Nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: The answer: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: Evaporation of liquid film in film evaporators

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: vapor

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: Evaporation of liquid film in film evaporators

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: increase the concentration of the components in the liquid.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: Evaporation

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: vapor shear stress and the gravitational forces.

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: Evaporation

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: Evaporation

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: increase the concentration of the components in the liquid.

text: South Korea and Taiwan experienced similar growth in industrialization from 1965-1990 with few environmental controls. South Korea's Han River and Nakdong River were so polluted by unchecked dumping of industrial waste that they were close to being classified as biologically dead. Taiwan's formula for balanced growth was to prevent industrial concentration and encourage manufacturers to set up in the countryside. This led to 20% of the farmland being polluted by industrial waste and 30% of the rice grown on the island was contaminated with heavy metals. Both countries had spontaneous environmental movements drawing participants from different classes. Their demands were linked with issues of employment, occupational health, and agricultural crisis. They were also quite militant; the people learned that protesting can bring results. The polluting factories were forced to make immediate improvements of the conditions or pay compensation to victims. Some were even forced to shut down or move locations. The people were able to force the government to come out with new restrictive rules on toxins, industrial waste, and air pollution. All of these new regulations caused the migration of those polluting industries from Taiwan and South Korea to China and other countries in Southeast Asia with more relaxed environmental laws.

text: South Korea and Taiwan experienced similar growth in industrialization from 1965-1990 with few environmental controls. South Korea's

text: Han River

text: and

text: Nakdong River

text: were so polluted by unchecked dumping of industrial waste that they were close to being classified as biologically dead. Taiwan's formula for balanced growth was to prevent industrial concentration and encourage manufacturers to set up in the countryside. This led to 20% of the farmland being polluted by industrial waste and 30% of the rice grown on the island was contaminated with heavy metals. Both countries had spontaneous environmental movements drawing participants from different classes. Their demands were linked with issues of employment, occupational health, and agricultural crisis. They were also quite militant; the people learned that protesting can bring results. The polluting factories were forced to make immediate improvements of the conditions or pay compensation to victims. Some were even forced to shut down or move locations. The people were able to force the government to come out with new restrictive rules on toxins, industrial waste, and air pollution. All of these new regulations caused the migration of those polluting industries from Taiwan and South Korea to China and other countries in Southeast Asia with more relaxed environmental laws.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: industrial waste

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: toxins

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: industrial waste

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: polluted

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: toxins

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: toxins

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: industrial waste

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: What was the formula for balanced growth?

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: industrial waste

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: toxins,

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: industrial waste

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: biologically dead.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: heavy metals.

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: 30% of the rice grown on the island was contaminated with heavy metals.

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: toxins,

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: dumping of industrial waste

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: unchecked dumping of industrial waste

text: Biodilution is the decrease in concentration of an element or pollutant with an increase in trophic level. This effect is primarily caused by the observed trend that an increase in algal biomass will reduce the overall concentration of a pollutant per cell, which ultimately contributes to a lower dietary input to grazers (and higher-level aquatic organisms).

text: Biodilution is the decrease in concentration of an

text: element

text: or

text: pollutant

text: with an increase in

text: trophic level

text: . This effect is primarily caused by the observed trend that an increase in algal biomass will reduce the overall concentration of a pollutant per cell, which ultimately contributes to a lower dietary input to

text: grazers

text: (and higher-level aquatic organisms).

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: algal biomass

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: gas stations

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: biodilution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: biodilution

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: algal

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: pollutant

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: Biodilution

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: Biodilution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: Biodilution

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Biodilution

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: Biodilution

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: Biodilution

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Biodilution

text: Most transport media in use today are generally fossil fuel powered. The reason for this is the ease of use and the existence of mature technologies harnessing this fuel source. Fossil fuels represent a concentrated, relatively compact source of energy. The drawbacks of such transportation media are that they are heavily polluting, and rely on limited energy sources.Many ideas exist which try to either harness renewable forms of energy, more efficiently use fossil fuel, or use human power, or some hybrid of these, to move people and things.

text: Most

text: transport

text: media in use today are generally fossil fuel powered. The reason for this is the ease of use and the existence of mature technologies harnessing this fuel source. Fossil fuels represent a concentrated, relatively compact source of energy. The drawbacks of such transportation media are that they are heavily polluting, and rely on limited energy sources.Many ideas exist which try to either harness renewable forms of energy, more efficiently use fossil fuel, or use human power, or some hybrid of these, to move people and things.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: polluting

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: pollute

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuel

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: polluting,

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuel

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: polluting,

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: polluting,

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: renewable forms of energy,

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: polluting,

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: fossil fuel

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Fossil fuels

text: Acacia macradenia is a shrub that grows preferably in cool climate to warm climate by sandy or gravelly areas near creeks. The cold temperature prepares and enhances a stronger flowering effect of the seeds when temperatures increase.  Acacia macradenia can adapt to areas affected by air pollution. In an experiment, Acacia macradenia seeds were placed in environments with different concentrations of air pollution and results show stable photosynthetic and transpiration rate relative to a non-polluted environment.

text: Acacia macradenia is a shrub that grows preferably in cool climate to warm climate by sandy or gravelly areas near creeks. The cold temperature prepares and enhances a stronger flowering effect of the seeds when temperatures increase.

text: Acacia

text: macradenia can adapt to areas affected by air pollution. In an experiment,

text: Acacia

text: macradenia seeds were placed in environments with different concentrations of air pollution and results show stable photosynthetic and transpiration rate relative to a non-polluted environment.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollute

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: creeks.

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air pollution.

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: Acacia macradenia

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollution.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: air pollution.

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Acacia macradenia can adapt to areas affected by air pollution.

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: air pollution.

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: air pollution.

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: air pollution.

text: Outdoor fossil fuel and biomass pollution, from particulate matter alone, kill more people than is popularly know, approximately 1 million people every year according to the World Health Organization. The level of atmospheric particulate matter, small enough to enter and cause damage to the lungs –is 13 micrograms per cubic metre in France, cleaner than the air in Germany, where the particulate air pollution is higher at 16 micrograms per cubic metre.

text: Outdoor fossil fuel and biomass pollution, from

text: particulate matter

text: alone, kill more people than is popularly know, approximately 1 million people every year according to the

text: World Health Organization

text: . The level of atmospheric particulate matter, small enough to enter and cause damage to the lungs –is 13 micrograms per cubic metre in France, cleaner than the air in Germany, where the particulate air pollution is higher at 16 micrograms per cubic metre.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: Outdoor fossil fuel

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: particulate matter

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: kill more people

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: Outdoor fossil fuel and biomass

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: particulate matter

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuel and biomass

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: kill more people

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: particulate matter

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Outdoor fossil fuel and biomass

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: fossil fuel

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: fossil fuel

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Outdoor fossil fuel and biomass pollution,

text: Though desert birds lack sweat glands, they can still take advantage of evaporative cooling by panting, which cools the trachea and lungs, and gular flapping, which consists of rapidly fluttering the gular skin to move air over the inner mouth and throat. Kangaroo rats and other small mammals use evaporative cooling in a similar way. When air is respired, water evaporates from the nose, cooling the surface of the nasal passages to approximately . The low temperature causes moisture to condense, partially making up for the water that was lost. The process, called respiratory heat exchange, works best when the walls of the nasal passage have a large surface area.

text: Though desert birds lack

text: sweat glands

text: , they can still take advantage of evaporative cooling by panting, which cools the

text: trachea

text: and

text: lungs

text: , and gular flapping, which consists of rapidly fluttering the

text: gular skin

text: to move air over the inner mouth and throat. Kangaroo rats and other small mammals use evaporative cooling in a similar way. When air is

text: respired

text: , water evaporates from the nose, cooling the surface of the

text: nasal passages

text: to approximately . The low temperature causes moisture to condense, partially making up for the water that was lost. The process, called respiratory heat exchange, works best when the walls of the nasal passage have a large surface area.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: emissions

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: cause global warming

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: Nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: rats

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: water

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: desert birds

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: desert birds lack sweat glands,

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: desert birds lack sweat glands,

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: desert birds lack sweat glands,

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: heat

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: respired,

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: desert birds lack sweat glands,

text: The Letsatsi Solar Park is a 75-megawatt (MW) solar photovoltaic power station in Bloemfontein, Free State, South Africa.  The solar park uses 277,632 conventional, multicrystalline silicon PV solar panels and went fully on line in May 2014. Its annual generation will be about 150 gigawatt-hours, enough to supply electricity for about 50,000 to 60,000 homes, while reducing the use of pollution-generating fossil fuels. The Letsatsi Solar Park cost $487 million and is operated by the Letsatsi Solar Energy Ltd., which plans to operate the solar park for at least 20 years.

text: The Letsatsi Solar Park is a 75-

text: megawatt

text: (MW) solar

text: photovoltaic power station

text: in

text: Bloemfontein

text: Free State

text: South Africa

text: .  The solar park uses 277,632 conventional,

text: multicrystalline silicon

text: PV

text: solar panel

text: s and went fully on line in May 2014. Its annual generation will be about 150

text: gigawatt-hours

text: , enough to supply electricity for about 50,000 to 60,000 homes, while reducing the use of pollution-generating

text: fossil fuels

text: . The Letsatsi Solar Park cost $487 million and is operated by the Letsatsi Solar Energy Ltd., which plans to operate the solar park for at least 20 years.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: pollute

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuels.

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: pollution-generating fossil fuels.

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuels.

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: pollution-generating

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: pollution-generating

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: fossil fuels.

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: pollution-generating fossil fuels.

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: pollution-generating fossil fuels.

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: fossil fuels.

text: The Air Quality Health Index  or  (AQHI) is a scale designed to help understand the impact of air quality on health. It is a health protection tool used to make decisions to reduce short-term exposure to air pollution by adjusting activity levels during increased levels of air pollution. The Air Quality Health Index also provides advice on how to improve air quality by proposing behavioral change to reduce the ecological footprint. This index pays particular attention to people who are sensitive to air pollution. It  provides them with advice on how to protect their health during air quality levels associated with low, moderate, high and very high health risks.

text: The Air Quality Health Index  or  (AQHI) is a scale designed to help understand the impact of

text: air quality

text: on health. It is a health protection tool used to make decisions to reduce short-term exposure to air pollution by adjusting activity levels during increased levels of air pollution. The Air Quality Health Index also provides advice on how to improve air quality by proposing behavioral change to reduce the

text: ecological footprint

text: . This index pays particular attention to people who are sensitive to air pollution. It  provides them with advice on how to protect their health during air quality levels associated with low, moderate, high and very high health risks.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: human activities

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: ecological footprint

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: air pollutants

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: Nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: behavioral change to reduce the ecological footprint.

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: ecological footprint.

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: reduce the ecological footprint.

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: ecological footprint.

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: adjusting activity levels during increased levels of air pollution.

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: air pollution

text: The technical literature on air pollution dispersion is quite extensive and dates back to the 1930s and earlier. One of the early air pollutant plume dispersion equations was derived by Bosanquet and Pearson. Their equation did not assume Gaussian distribution nor did it include the effect of ground reflection of the pollutant plume.  Sir Graham Sutton derived an air pollutant plume dispersion equation in 1947 which did include the assumption of Gaussian distribution for the vertical and crosswind dispersion of the plume and also included the effect of ground reflection of the plume.  Under the stimulus provided by the advent of stringent environmental control regulations, there was an immense growth in the use of air pollutant plume dispersion calculations between the late 1960s and today. A great many computer programs for calculating the dispersion of air pollutant emissions were developed during that period of time and they were called "air dispersion models". The basis for most of those models was the Complete Equation For Gaussian Dispersion Modeling Of Continuous, Buoyant Air Pollution Plumes  The Gaussian air pollutant dispersion equation requires the input of H which is the pollutant plume's centerline height above ground level—and H is the sum of H (the actual physical height of the pollutant plume's emission source point) plus ΔH (the plume rise due the plume's buoyancy).

text: The technical literature on air pollution dispersion is quite extensive and dates back to the 1930s and earlier. One of the early air pollutant plume dispersion equations was derived by Bosanquet and Pearson. Their equation did not assume

text: Gaussian distribution

text: nor did it include the effect of ground reflection of the pollutant plume.  Sir Graham Sutton derived an air pollutant plume dispersion equation in 1947 which did include the assumption of Gaussian distribution for the vertical and crosswind dispersion of the plume and also included the effect of ground reflection of the plume.  Under the stimulus provided by the advent of stringent

text: environmental control regulations

text: , there was an immense growth in the use of air pollutant plume dispersion calculations between the late 1960s and today. A great many computer programs for calculating the dispersion of air pollutant emissions were developed during that period of time and they were called "air dispersion models". The basis for most of those models was the Complete Equation For Gaussian Dispersion Modeling Of

text: Continuous, Buoyant Air Pollution Plumes

text: The Gaussian air pollutant dispersion equation requires the input of H which is the pollutant plume's centerline height above ground level—and H is the sum of H (the actual physical height of the pollutant plume's emission source point) plus ΔH (the plume rise due the plume's buoyancy).

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: ground

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: pollutant

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: air pollutants

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: ground reflection

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: ground reflection

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: What can lead to these pollutants?

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: emission source point)

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: emission source point)

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: Buoyant Air Pollution Plumes

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollution dispersion

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: air pollution dispersion is quite extensive and dates back to the 1930s

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: The technical literature on air pollution dispersion

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: crosswind

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: air pollution dispersion

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: air pollution dispersion

text: In 1990, Congress amended the Clean Air Act to create new regulations for over 180 different kinds of "hazardous air pollutants" emitted from stationary sources. One of the programs created by the 1990 amendments was the National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants Program, which regulated pollution from "major sources" of air pollution. At the same time, Congress developed a procedure to determine the applicability of the Hazardous Air Pollutants Program to power plants that generated electricity from fossil fuels. These procedures directed the Environmental Protection Agency ("EPA") to study the effects of emissions of hazardous pollutants from these power plants on public health, and to regulate power plants if "regulation is appropriate and necessary after considering the results of the study." When regulating sources, the Clean Air Act states that the EPA must enforce minimum emissions regulations (known as "floor standards") and to consider costs, among other factors, when implementing more stringent emissions standards (known as "beyond-the-floor standards"). The EPA later interpreted the Clean Air Act to mean that "power plants become subject to regulation on the same terms as ordinary major and area sources"

text: In 1990,

text: Congress

text: amended the

text: Clean Air Act

text: to create new regulations for over 180 different kinds of "hazardous air pollutants" emitted from

text: stationary sources

text: . One of the programs created by the 1990 amendments was the National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants Program, which regulated pollution from "major sources" of air pollution. At the same time, Congress developed a procedure to determine the applicability of the Hazardous Air Pollutants Program to power plants that generated electricity from

text: fossil fuels

text: . These procedures directed the Environmental Protection Agency ("EPA") to study the effects of emissions of hazardous pollutants from these power plants on public health, and to regulate power plants if "regulation is appropriate and necessary after considering the results of the study." When regulating sources, the Clean Air Act states that the EPA must enforce minimum emissions regulations (known as "floor standards") and to consider costs, among other factors, when implementing more stringent emissions standards (known as "beyond-the-floor standards"). The EPA later interpreted the Clean Air Act to mean that "power plants become subject to regulation on the same terms as ordinary major and area sources"

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: stationary sources

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: hazardous air pollutants

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: stationary sources

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: regulate power plants

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: mercury

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: stationary sources

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: stationary sources.

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: "hazardous air pollutants"

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: stationary sources.

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: regulate power plants

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: fossil fuels.

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: fossil fuels.

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: fossil fuels.

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: stationary sources.

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: power plants that generated electricity from fossil fuels.

text: The Air and Gas Modeling Group at Alden is responsible for modeling many aspects of fossil fueled power plants and air pollution control systems.  This group also uses both physical and computational models.

text: The Air and Gas Modeling Group at Alden is responsible for modeling many aspects of fossil fueled power plants and air pollution control systems.  This group also uses both physical and computational models.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fueled power plants

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fueled power plants

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollute

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fueled power plants

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fueled power plants

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: fossil fueled power plants

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: fossil fueled power plants

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: fossil fueled power plants

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: fossil fueled power plants

text: The drought situation is not unexpected. São Paulo is experiencing its third consecutive year of diminished rain falls. A drought situation was already experienced in early 2014. Water management is poor, pipes leak, and the infrastructure is old. Past reports by scientists, environmentalists and technical experts were overridden by real estate developers and industrial and agricultural interests. Further, lack of protection of watersheds and reservoirs has polluted water sources and made it difficult to bring usable water to the market. The expansion of deforestation activities into the Amazon basin has been linked to the reduction of rainfall in the south of Brazil. Even if the Amazon's evaporation was enough to generate flying rivers, urban heat islands coupled with a heat wave prevented the arrival of humid air masses that generate rain. In turn, Brazilian regions on the way to the Southeast had an uprise of rain, to the point the Central-West and Southern regions suffered with floods.

text: The drought situation is not unexpected. São Paulo is experiencing its third consecutive year of diminished rain falls. A drought situation was already experienced in early 2014.

text: Water management

text: is poor, pipes leak, and the infrastructure is old. Past reports by scientists, environmentalists and technical experts were overridden by

text: real estate developers

text: and industrial and agricultural interests. Further, lack of protection of watersheds and reservoirs has polluted water sources and made it difficult to bring usable water to the market. The expansion of

text: deforestation

text: activities into the

text: Amazon basin

text: has been linked to the reduction of rainfall in the south of Brazil. Even if the Amazon's evaporation was enough to generate

text: flying river

text: s,

text: urban heat island

text: s coupled with a

text: heat wave

text: prevented the arrival of humid air masses that generate rain. In turn, Brazilian regions on the way to the Southeast had an uprise of rain, to the point the

text: Central-West

text: and

text: Southern

text: regions suffered with floods.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: urban heat islands

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: polluting

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: urban heat islands

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: pollute water sources

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: Nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: urban heat islands

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Lack of protection of watersheds and reservoirs has polluted water sources

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: industrial and agricultural interests.

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: flying rivers,

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: urban heat islands

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: polluted water sources

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: 2014.

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: deforestation

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: deforestation

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: deforestation

text: On August 11, 2005 a state of emergency was announced for the world's 13th largest port, Port Klang and the district of Kuala Selangor after air pollution there reached dangerous levels (defined as a value greater than 500 on the Air Pollution Index or API).

text: On August 11, 2005 a state of emergency was announced for the world's 13th largest

text: port

text: Port Klang

text: and the

text: district

text: of

text: Kuala Selangor

text: after air pollution there reached dangerous levels (defined as a value greater than 500 on the

text: Air Pollution Index

text: or API).

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: port

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: Kuala Selangor

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: pollute the air

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: mercury

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: port,

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: port,

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollution there reached dangerous levels

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: air pollution there reached dangerous levels

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: Air Pollution Index

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: air pollution there reached dangerous levels

text: Simply due to the high number of microorganism in MBRs, the pollutants uptake rate can be increased. This leads to better degradation in a given time span or to smaller required reactor volumes. In comparison to the conventional activated sludge process (ASP) which typically achieves 95 percent, COD removal can be increased to 96 to 99 percent in MBRs (see table,). COD and BOD5 removal are found to increase with MLSS concentration. Above 15 g/L COD removal becomes almost independent of biomass concentration at >96 percent. Arbitrary high MLSS concentrations are not employed, however, as oxygen transfer is impeded due to higher and non-Newtonian fluid viscosity. Kinetics may also differ due to easier substrate access. In ASP, flocs may reach several 100 μm in size. This means that the substrate can reach the active sites only by diffusion which causes an additional resistance and limits the overall reaction rate (diffusion controlled). Hydrodynamic stress in MBRs reduces floc size (to 3.5 μm in sidestream MBRs) and thereby increases the apparent reaction rate. Like in the conventional ASP, sludge yield is decreased at higher SRT or biomass concentration. Little or no sludge is produced at sludge loading rates of 0.01 kgCOD/(kgMLSS d). Because of the imposed biomass concentration limit, such low loading rates would result in enormous tank sizes or long HRTs in conventional ASP.

text: Simply due to the high number of microorganism in MBRs, the pollutants uptake rate can be increased. This leads to better degradation in a given time span or to smaller required reactor volumes. In comparison to the conventional activated sludge process (ASP) which typically achieves 95 percent, COD removal can be increased to 96 to 99 percent in MBRs (see table,). COD and BOD5 removal are found to increase with MLSS concentration. Above 15 g/L COD removal becomes almost independent of biomass concentration at >96 percent. Arbitrary high MLSS concentrations are not employed, however, as oxygen transfer is impeded due to higher and

text: non-Newtonian fluid

text: viscosity. Kinetics may also differ due to easier substrate access. In ASP, flocs may reach several 100 μm in size. This means that the substrate can reach the active sites only by diffusion which causes an additional resistance and limits the overall reaction rate (diffusion controlled). Hydrodynamic stress in MBRs reduces floc size (to 3.5 μm in sidestream MBRs) and thereby increases the apparent reaction rate. Like in the conventional ASP, sludge yield is decreased at higher SRT or biomass concentration. Little or no sludge is produced at sludge loading rates of 0.01 kgCOD/(kgMLSS d). Because of the imposed biomass concentration limit, such low loading rates would result in enormous tank sizes or long HRTs in conventional ASP.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: COD

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: sludge

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: COD

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: MBRs

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: COD and BOD5

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: activated sludge

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: activated sludge

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: pollutants uptake rate

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: BOD5

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: 96 to 99 percent

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: biomass

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: diffusion

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: COD and BOD5

text: Many of the factories in Ramat Hovav use hazardous materials and evaporation ponds that pollute the air and leach cancer-causing chemicals into the soil and water. Initially, the toxic waste facility was privately run. According to Israeli environmentalist Alon Tal, the waste was not pretreated before transport to the site. Storage facilities were weak, barrels often rusted, toxic residues were unlabeled and reactive materials were stored near containers of cyanide. The facility was closed down repeatedly in the wake of accidents.

text: Many of the factories in Ramat Hovav use hazardous materials and

text: evaporation pond

text: s that pollute the air and leach cancer-causing chemicals into the soil and water. Initially, the toxic waste facility was privately run. According to Israeli environmentalist

text: Alon Tal

text: , the waste was not pretreated before transport to the site. Storage facilities were weak, barrels often rusted, toxic residues were unlabeled and reactive materials were stored near containers of cyanide. The facility was closed down repeatedly in the wake of accidents.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: factories

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: chemicals

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: factories

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: cancer-causing chemicals

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: cyanide

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: factories

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: chemicals

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: factories

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: leach cancer-causing chemicals

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: cyanide.

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: cancer-causing chemicals

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: cancer-causing chemicals

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: evaporation ponds

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: leach cancer-causing chemicals into the soil and water.

text: The incomplete combustion of fossil fuels (such as diesel) and wood releases black carbon into the air. Though black carbon, most of which is soot, is an extremely small component of air pollution at land surface levels, the phenomenon has a significant heating effect on the atmosphere at altitudes above two kilometers (6,562 ft). Also, it dims the surface of the ocean by absorbing solar radiation.

text: The incomplete combustion of fossil fuels (such as

text: diesel

text: ) and wood releases

text: black carbon

text: into the air. Though black carbon, most of which is

text: soot

text: , is an extremely small component of air pollution at land surface levels, the phenomenon has a significant heating effect on the atmosphere at altitudes above two kilometers (6,562 ft). Also, it dims the surface of the ocean by absorbing solar radiation.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: black carbon

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: release black carbon

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: black carbon

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: incomplete combustion

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: black carbon

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: black carbon into the air.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: black carbon

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: wood

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: black carbon

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: incomplete combustion of fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: The incomplete combustion of fossil fuels

text: India has major water pollution issues. Discharge of untreated  sewage is the single most important cause for pollution of surface and ground water in India. There is a large gap between generation and treatment of domestic waste water in India. The problem is not only that India lacks sufficient treatment capacity but also that the sewage treatment plants that exist do not operate and are not maintained. The majority of the government-owned sewage treatment plants remain closed most of the time due to improper design or poor maintenance or lack of reliable electricity supply to operate the plants, together with absentee employees and poor management. The waste water generated in these areas normally percolates in the soil or evaporates. The uncollected wastes accumulate in the urban areas cause unhygienic conditions and release pollutants that leaches to surface and groundwater.

text: India has major

text: water pollution

text: issues. Discharge of untreated  sewage is the single most important cause for pollution of surface and ground water in India. There is a large gap between generation and treatment of domestic waste water in India. The problem is not only that India lacks sufficient treatment capacity but also that the sewage treatment plants that exist do not operate and are not maintained. The majority of the government-owned sewage treatment plants remain closed most of the time due to improper design or poor maintenance or lack of reliable electricity supply to operate the plants, together with absentee employees and poor management. The waste water generated in these areas normally percolates in the soil or evaporates. The uncollected wastes accumulate in the urban areas cause unhygienic conditions and release pollutants that leaches to surface and groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: untreated sewage

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: urban areas

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: uncollected wastes

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: untreated sewage

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: untreated sewage

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: pollutants that leaches to surface and groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: pollutants that leaches to surface and groundwater.

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Discharge of untreated sewage

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: evaporates.

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: The uncollected wastes accumulate in the urban areas

text: Detailed studies of evaporation involve boundary layer considerations as well as momentum, heat flux and energy budgets.

text: Detailed studies of evaporation involve boundary layer considerations as well as momentum, heat flux and energy budgets.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: emissions

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: coal burning

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: evaporate

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: Evaporation

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: heat flux

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: Detailed studies of evaporation

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Detailed studies of evaporation

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: heat flux

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: momentum, heat flux and energy budgets.

text: The emergence of great factories and consumption of immense quantities of coal gave rise to unprecedented air pollution and the large volume of industrial chemical discharges added to the growing load of untreated human waste. Chicago and Cincinnati were the first two American cities to enact laws ensuring cleaner air in 1881. Pollution became a major issue in the United States in the early twentieth century, as progressive reformers took issue with air pollution caused by coal burning, water pollution caused by bad sanitation, and street pollution caused by the 3 million horses who worked in American cities in 1900, generating large quantities of urine and manure.  As historian Martin Melosi notes, The generation that first saw automobiles replacing the horses saw cars as "miracles of cleanliness.".  By the 1940s, however, automobile-caused smog was a major issue in Los Angeles.

text: The emergence of great factories and consumption of immense quantities of coal gave rise to unprecedented

text: air pollution

text: and the large volume of industrial chemical discharges added to the growing load of untreated human waste. Chicago and Cincinnati were the first two American cities to enact laws ensuring cleaner air in 1881. Pollution became a major issue in the United States in the early twentieth century, as

text: progressive reformers

text: took issue with air pollution caused by coal burning, water pollution caused by bad sanitation, and street pollution caused by the 3 million horses who worked in American cities in 1900, generating large quantities of urine and manure.  As historian Martin Melosi notes, The generation that first saw automobiles replacing the horses saw cars as "miracles of cleanliness.".  By the 1940s, however, automobile-caused smog was a major issue in Los Angeles.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: coal burning

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: chemical discharges

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: coal burning

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: chemical

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: coal burning

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: untreated human waste

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: coal burning,

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: chemical discharges

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: coal burning,

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: chemical

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: coal burning,

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: chemical discharges

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: coal burning,

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: coal burning,

text: For example, the manufacturing cost of a car (i.e., the costs of buying inputs, land tax rates for the car plant, overhead costs of running the plant and labor costs) reflects the private cost for the manufacturer (in some ways, normal profit can also be seen as a cost of production; see, e.g., Ison and Wall, 2007, p. 181). The polluted waters or polluted air also created as part of the process of producing the car is an external cost borne by those who are affected by the pollution or who value unpolluted air or water. Because the manufacturer does not pay for this external cost (the cost of emitting undesirable waste into the commons), and does not include this cost in the price of the car (a Kaldor-Hicks compensation), they are said to be external to the market pricing mechanism. The air pollution from driving the car is also an externality produced by the car user in the process of using his good. The driver does not compensate for the environmental damage caused by using the car.

text: For example, the manufacturing cost of a car (i.e., the costs of buying inputs, land tax rates for the car plant, overhead costs of running the plant and labor costs) reflects the private cost for the manufacturer (in some ways, normal profit can also be seen as a cost of production; see, e.g., Ison and Wall, 2007, p. 181). The polluted waters or polluted air also created as part of the process of producing the car is an external cost borne by those who are affected by the pollution or who value unpolluted air or water. Because the manufacturer does not pay for this external cost (the cost of emitting undesirable waste into the commons), and does not include this cost in the price of the car (a Kaldor-Hicks compensation), they are said to be external to the market pricing mechanism. The air pollution from driving the car is also an externality produced by the car user in the process of using his good. The driver does not compensate for the environmental damage caused by using the car.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: driving the car

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: undesirable waste

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: driving

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: external cost

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: undesirable waste

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: driving the car

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: slash-and-burn can lead to these pollutants

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: driving the car

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: undesirable waste

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: driving the car

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: polluted waters or polluted air

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: polluted waters

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: polluted air

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: undesirable waste

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: driving the car

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: The polluted waters or polluted air

text: Others argue that alleged concern over pollution from fireworks constitutes a red herring, since the amount of contamination from fireworks is minuscule in comparison to emissions from sources such as the burning of fossil fuels. In the US some states and local governments restrict the use of fireworks in accordance with the Clean Air Act which allows laws relating to the prevention and control of outdoor air pollution to be enacted. Few governmental entities, by contrast, effectively limit pollution from burning fossil fuels such as diesel fuel or coal. Coal fueled electricity generation alone is a much greater source of heavy metal contamination in the environment than fireworks.

text: Others argue that alleged concern over pollution from fireworks constitutes a red herring, since the amount of contamination from fireworks is minuscule in comparison to emissions from sources such as the burning of fossil fuels. In the US some states and local governments restrict the use of fireworks in accordance with the

text: Clean Air Act

text: which allows laws relating to the prevention and control of outdoor air pollution to be enacted. Few governmental entities, by contrast, effectively limit pollution from burning fossil fuels such as diesel fuel or coal. Coal fueled electricity generation alone is a much greater source of heavy metal contamination in the environment than fireworks.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: burning fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: heavy metal contamination

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: burning fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: heavy metal contamination

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: mercury

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: heavy metals

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: burning fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: burning of fossil fuels.

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: heavy metal

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: burning of fossil fuels.

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: heavy metal contamination

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: heavy metal

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Coal fueled electricity

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: heavy metal

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burning of fossil fuels.

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: burning of fossil fuels.

text: Surprising discoveries from recent satellite observations of several hundred ship tracks revealed that approximately 25% had a lower cloud albedo (reflectivity) than the surrounding unpolluted clouds. These dimmer ship tracks tended to have significantly less water despite the strong suppression of precipitation by the aerosol plume.  Dimmer ship tracks are hypothesized to occur when the air above the cloud tops is sufficiently dry. Smaller droplets in polluted clouds enhance cloud-top evaporation and entrainment. The polluted clouds thus engulf more of the overlying dry air causing them to rigorously evaporate and thin under dry meteorological conditions. Under a moist/unstable atmosphere the entrainment effect is smaller and the pollutants from the ship cause the clouds to thicken and the albedo to increase.

text: Surprising discoveries from recent satellite observations of several hundred ship tracks revealed that approximately 25% had a lower cloud

text: albedo

text: (reflectivity) than the surrounding unpolluted clouds. These dimmer ship tracks tended to have significantly less water despite the strong suppression of precipitation by the aerosol plume.  Dimmer ship tracks are hypothesized to occur when the air above the cloud tops is sufficiently dry. Smaller droplets in polluted clouds enhance cloud-top evaporation and entrainment. The polluted clouds thus engulf more of the overlying dry air causing them to rigorously evaporate and thin under dry meteorological conditions. Under a moist/unstable atmosphere the entrainment effect is smaller and the pollutants from the ship cause the clouds to thicken and the albedo to increase.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: ship tracks

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: Ships

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: polluted clouds

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: Nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: aerosols

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: ship tracks

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: ship

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: ship

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: the pollutants from the ship cause the clouds to thicken

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: aerosol plume.

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: ship tracks revealed that approximately 25% had a lower cloud albedo

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: ship tracks

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Under a moist/unstable atmosphere

text: Historically, humans have harnessed biomass-derived energy since the time when people began burning wood to make fire. Even today, biomass is the only source of fuel for domestic use in many developing countries. Biomass is all biologically-produced matter based in carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. The estimated biomass production in the world is 104.9 petagrams (104.9 * 10 g – about 105 billion metric tons) of carbon per year, about half in the ocean and half on land.

text: Historically, humans have harnessed biomass-derived energy since the time when people began burning wood to make fire. Even today, biomass is the only source of fuel for domestic use in many developing countries. Biomass is all biologically-produced matter based in carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. The estimated biomass production in the world is 104.9 petagrams (104.9 * 10 g – about 105 billion metric tons) of carbon per year, about half in the ocean and half on land.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: biomass

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: the ocean

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: biomass

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burning wood

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: biomass-derived energy since the time when people began burning wood

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: ocean and half on land.

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: biomass-derived energy since the time when people began burning wood to make fire.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: carbon,

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: wood

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burning wood to make fire.

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: wood

text: Mexico City is vulnerable to severe air pollution problems due to its altitude, its being surrounded by mountains and the winds patterns of the area. The altitude, with its low oxygen levels, makes for poor combustion of fossil fuels leading to unsafe levels of nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, and carbon monoxide. The valley is surrounded by mountain ranges with one small opening to the north. The surrounding mountains and climate patterns here make it difficult to clear out the smog produced. The valley has internal wind patterns which circulate around the valley without a prevailing wind to push contaminants in a single direction. The most significant climatic phenomena here is "thermal inversion," which is prevalent in the winter months when the cooler air of the valley is trapped by relatively warmer air above. Adding to this is that prevailing winds outside the valley move from north to south, in through the Valley's one opening, where incidentally most of the region's industry is located. These factors diminish in the summer and the situation is helped by the arrival of the rainy season,  but the valley's southern latitude and the abundance of sunlight allows for dangerous levels of ozone and other dangerous compounds.

text: Mexico City is

text: vulnerable to severe air pollution problems

text: due to its altitude, its being surrounded by mountains and the winds patterns of the area. The altitude, with its low oxygen levels, makes for poor combustion of

text: fossil fuel

text: s leading to unsafe levels of

text: nitrogen oxide

text: s,

text: hydrocarbons

text: , and

text: carbon monoxide

text: . The valley is surrounded by mountain ranges with one small opening to the north. The surrounding mountains and climate patterns here make it difficult to clear out the smog produced. The valley has internal wind patterns which circulate around the valley without a prevailing wind to push contaminants in a single direction. The most significant climatic phenomena here is "thermal inversion," which is prevalent in the winter months when the cooler air of the valley is trapped by relatively warmer air above. Adding to this is that prevailing winds outside the valley move from north to south, in through the Valley's one opening, where incidentally most of the region's industry is located. These factors diminish in the summer and the situation is helped by the arrival of the rainy season,  but the valley's southern latitude and the abundance of sunlight allows for dangerous levels of

text: ozone

text: and other dangerous compounds.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: nitrogen oxides

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: unsafe levels

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: carbon monoxide

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon monoxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: poor combustion

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: What is the most significant climatic phenomena here?

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: nitrogen oxides,

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: unsafe levels of nitrogen oxides,

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: carbon monoxide.

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: nitrogen oxides,

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: poor combustion of fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: poor combustion of fossil fuels

text: Energy statistics refers to collecting, compiling, analyzing and disseminating data on commodities such as coal, crude oil, natural gas, electricity, or renewable energy sources (biomass, geothermal, wind or solar energy), when they are used for the energy they contain. Energy is the capability of some substances, resulting from their physico-chemical properties, to do work or produce heat. Some energy commodities, called fuels, release their energy content as heat when they burn. This heat could be used to run an internal or external combustion engine.

text: Energy statistics refers to collecting, compiling, analyzing and disseminating data on commodities such as

text: coal

text: crude oil

text: natural gas

text: electricity

text: , or renewable energy sources (

text: biomass

text: geothermal

text: wind

text: or

text: solar energy

text: ), when they are used for the energy they contain.

text: Energy

text: is the capability of some substances, resulting from their physico-chemical properties, to do

text: work

text: or produce

text: heat

text: . Some energy commodities, called

text: fuels

text: , release their energy content as heat when they

text: burn

text: . This heat could be used to run an

text: internal

text: or

text: external combustion engine

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: heat

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: release their energy content

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: heat

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burning

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: coal,

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: heat

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: coal,

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: release their energy content as heat when they burn.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: oil,

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: renewable energy sources

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: heat

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: when they burn.

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: coal,

text: As with many other countries air pollution is a problem in metropolitan areas. The air pollutants are from cars and wood burning. The common measured air pollutants are Carbon Monoxide and Sulfur Dioxide.See article Pollution in Canada

text: As with many other countries air pollution is a problem in metropolitan areas. The air pollutants are from cars and wood burning. The common measured air pollutants are

text: Carbon Monoxide

text: and

text: Sulfur Dioxide

text: .See article

text: Pollution in Canada

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: cars

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: carbon monoxide

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: wood burning

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollute

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: Carbon Monoxide

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: wood burning

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Wood burning

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: cars and wood burning.

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: Carbon Monoxide

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: cars and wood burning.

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: Carbon Monoxide

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: wood burning.

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: Carbon Monoxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: cars and wood burning.

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: wood burning.

text: In October 2003, SembCorp applied to the Environment Agency for permission to burn 110,000 tonnes of cow fat (tallow) from the carcasses of animals slaughtered during the BSE Crisis of 1996. The tallow bought was a large portion of the 200,000 tonne stockpile stored on farms in Merseyside and near London. The tallow was brought to the station by road tanker from Merseyside. At the power station it was stored in a tanker, awaiting burning. Following consultation and a 10,000 tonne trial burn between March and May 2004, permission for the burning of the tallow was granted in August 2004. Following a £55 million boiler overhaul in 2005, the station began co-firing biomass.

text: In October 2003, SembCorp applied to the

text: Environment Agency

text: for permission to burn 110,000 tonnes of

text: cow fat

text: (tallow) from the carcasses of animals slaughtered during the

text: BSE Crisis

text: of 1996. The tallow bought was a large portion of the 200,000 tonne stockpile stored on farms in

text: Merseyside

text: and near

text: London

text: . The tallow was brought to the station by road tanker from Merseyside. At the power station it was stored in a tanker, awaiting burning. Following consultation and a 10,000 tonne trial burn between March and May 2004, permission for the burning of the tallow was granted in August 2004. Following a £55 million boiler overhaul in 2005, the station began co-firing

text: biomass

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: animals

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: emissions

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: cause climate change

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burning

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: farms

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: cow fat

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: cow fat

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: BSE Crisis

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: BSE

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: biomass.

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: biomass.

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burn 110,000 tonnes of cow fat

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: BSE Crisis

text: Fossil fuel phase out is the proposed energy transition beyond fossil fuels through multiple means, including transport electrification, fossil fuel divestment, decommissioning of operating fossil fuel-fired power plants and prevention of the construction of new fossil fuel-fired power stations. Its purpose is to reduce air pollution, mining tragedies, and greenhouse gas emissions which cause climate change. A move to the many forms of renewable energy or nuclear energy is involved in shifting away from fossil fuels.

text: Fossil fuel phase out is the proposed

text: energy transition

text: beyond

text: fossil fuels

text: through multiple means, including

text: transport electrification

text: fossil fuel divestment

text: , decommissioning of operating

text: fossil fuel-fired power plants

text: and prevention of the construction of new fossil fuel-fired power stations. Its purpose is to reduce

text: air pollution

text: mining tragedies

text: , and

text: greenhouse gas emissions

text: which cause

text: climate change

text: . A move to the many forms of

text: renewable energy

text: or nuclear energy is involved in shifting away from fossil fuels.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: greenhouse gas

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: greenhouse gas emissions

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Fossil fuel phase out

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuels.

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air pollution,

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuels.

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollution,

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: greenhouse gas

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: renewable energy or nuclear energy is involved in shifting away from fossil fuels.

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: climate change.

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: greenhouse gas emissions

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: air pollution,

text: The annual crop burning practice in northwest India, north India and eastern Pakistan, after monsoons, from October to December, are a major seasonal source of air pollution. Approximately 500 million tons of crop residue is burnt in open, releasing smoke, soot, NOx, SOx, PAHs and particulate matter into the air. This burning has been found to be a leading cause of smog and haze problems through the winter over Punjab, cities such as Delhi, and major population centers along the rivers through West Bengal. In other states of India, rice straw and other crop residue burning in open is a major source of air pollution.

text: The annual crop burning practice in northwest

text: India

text: , north India and eastern

text: Pakistan

text: , after monsoons, from October to December, are a major seasonal source of air pollution. Approximately 500 million tons of crop residue is burnt in open, releasing smoke, soot, NOx, SOx, PAHs and particulate matter into the air. This burning has been found to be a leading cause of smog and haze problems through the winter over Punjab, cities such as Delhi, and major population centers along the rivers through West Bengal. In other states of India, rice straw and other crop residue burning in open is a major source of air pollution.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: crop burning

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: soot

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: crop burning

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: particulate matter

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: crop burning

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NOx, SOx, PAHs and particulate matter

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: crop burning

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: smoke,

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: crop burning

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollution.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: NOx, SOx,

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: smoke, soot, NOx, SOx, PAHs

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: smoke, soot, NOx, SOx, PAHs

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: crop residue is burnt in open,

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: smog and haze problems

text: If the surface water source is also subject to substantial evaporation, a groundwater source may become saline.  This situation can occur naturally under endorheic bodies of water, or artificially under irrigated farmland.  In coastal areas, human use of a groundwater source may cause the direction of seepage to ocean to reverse which can also cause soil salinization.  Humans can also cause groundwater to be "lost" (i.e. become unusable) through pollution.  Humans can increase the input to a groundwater source by building reservoirs or detention ponds.

text: If the surface water source is also subject to substantial evaporation, a groundwater source may become

text: saline

text: .  This situation can occur naturally under

text: endorheic

text: bodies of water, or artificially under

text: irrigated

text: farmland.  In coastal areas, human use of a groundwater source may cause the direction of seepage to ocean to reverse which can also cause

text: soil salinization

text: .  Humans can also cause groundwater to be "lost" (i.e. become unusable) through pollution.  Humans can increase the input to a groundwater source by building reservoirs or detention ponds.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: emissions

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: human activities

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: unusable

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: Nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: human activities

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: groundwater to be "lost"

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: Humans

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: pollution.

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: Humans

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: a groundwater source may become saline.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: If the surface water source is also subject to substantial evaporation,

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: If the surface water source is also subject to substantial evaporation,

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: evaporation,

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: evaporation,

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Humans can also cause groundwater to be "lost"

text: At last, environmental factors are becoming more and more important nowadays. They regard natural resources and the basis of human life. Among those, the availability of raw materials and energy is the main topic. As the availability of fossil fuels, like oil or coal, gets worse within the next decades, the dependency on those fuels stays pretty risky. Moreover, to show an ecological responsibility, companies should assess and reduce their ecological damage. Through rare raw materials and increasing pollution, an environmentally friendly management gets spotlighted more and more by the public interest. Consequently, eco-friendly products or technologies can even signify a competitive advantage.

text: At last, environmental factors are becoming more and more important nowadays. They regard

text: natural resources

text: and the basis of human life. Among those, the availability of raw materials and energy is the main topic. As the availability of fossil fuels, like oil or coal, gets worse within the next decades, the dependency on those fuels stays pretty risky. Moreover, to show an ecological responsibility, companies should assess and reduce their ecological damage. Through rare raw materials and increasing pollution, an environmentally friendly management gets spotlighted more and more by the public interest. Consequently, eco-friendly products or technologies can even signify a competitive advantage.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: dependency on those fuels stays pretty risky

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: Nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: polluting

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: slash-and-burn can lead to these pollutants

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuels,

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: pollution,

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuels,

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: the dependency on those fuels stays pretty risky.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: oil

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: fossil fuels,

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: pollution,

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: pollution,

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Through rare raw materials

text: Evaporation is an endothermic process, in that heat is absorbed during evaporation.

text: Evaporation is an

text: endothermic

text: process, in that heat is absorbed during evaporation.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: human activities

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: heat

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: absorb heat

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: heat

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: Evaporation

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: Evaporation

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: heat

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: Evaporation

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: heat is absorbed

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: heat

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Evaporation is an endothermic process,

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: heat

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: Evaporation

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: heat

text: Using biomass as a fuel produces air pollution in the form of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, NOx (nitrogen oxides), VOCs (volatile organic compounds), particulates and other pollutants at levels above those from traditional fuel sources such as coal or natural gas  in some cases (such as with indoor heating and cooking). Utilization of wood biomass as a fuel can also produce fewer particulate and other pollutants than open burning as seen in wildfires or direct heat applications. Black carbon – a pollutant created by combustion of fossil fuels, biofuels, and biomass – is possibly the second largest contributor to global warming. In 2009 a Swedish study of the giant brown haze that periodically covers large areas in South Asia determined that it had been principally produced by open burning of biomass, and to a lesser extent by fossil-fuel burning. Researchers measured a significant concentration of C (Carbon-14), which is associated with recent plant life rather than with fossil fuels.

text: Using biomass as a fuel produces

text: air pollution

text: in the form of

text: carbon monoxide

text: carbon dioxide

text: NOx

text: (nitrogen oxides), VOCs (

text: volatile organic compound

text: s), particulates and other pollutants at levels above those from traditional fuel sources such as

text: coal

text: or

text: natural gas

text: in some cases (such as with indoor heating and cooking). Utilization of wood biomass as a fuel can also produce fewer particulate and other pollutants than open burning as seen in wildfires or direct heat applications.

text: Black carbon

text: – a pollutant created by combustion of fossil fuels, biofuels, and biomass – is possibly the second largest contributor to global warming. In 2009 a Swedish study of the

text: giant brown haze

text: that periodically covers large areas in South Asia determined that it had been principally produced by open burning of biomass, and to a lesser extent by fossil-fuel burning. Researchers measured a significant concentration of

text: C

text: (Carbon-14), which is associated with recent plant life rather than with fossil fuels.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: traditional fuel sources

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: NOx

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: pollutant

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: Using biomass

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: traditional fuel sources

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: (nitrogen oxides),

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: biomass

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: Black carbon

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: Black carbon

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: biomass

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: Black carbon

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: Using biomass as a fuel

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: wildfires or direct heat applications.

text: Icing occurs when the atmospheric air contains significant levels of water vapor; as the air is drawn into the engine through a carburetor it is cooled sufficiently to cause that vapor to condense out and freeze on the butterfly valve.  This cooling has two causes: the air pressure drops due to the expansion caused by engine suction and the increase in speed through the butterfly valve (in part-throttle operation) which drops the air temperature; and the liquid gasoline being introduced into the airstream must evaporate, and the heat of evaporation is extracted from the airstream, cooling it.  The temperature in the carburetor can drop below the freezing point of water, and if the air is humid, ice can form inside the carburetor.  As the ice builds up, less air can pass through the carburetor, causing a drop in power and, in severe cases, the engine will eventually stall.

text: Icing occurs when the

text: atmospheric air

text: contains significant levels of

text: water vapor

text: ; as the air is drawn into the engine through a carburetor it is cooled sufficiently to cause that vapor to condense out and freeze on the

text: butterfly valve

text: .  This cooling has two causes: the air pressure drops due to the expansion caused by engine suction and the increase in speed through the butterfly valve (in part-throttle operation) which drops the air temperature; and the liquid gasoline being introduced into the airstream must

text: evaporate

text: , and the

text: heat of evaporation

text: is extracted from the airstream, cooling it.  The temperature in the carburetor can drop below the

text: freezing point

text: of water, and if the air is

text: humid

text: ice

text: can form inside the carburetor.  As the ice builds up, less air can pass through the carburetor, causing a drop in power and, in severe cases, the engine will eventually stall.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: gas stations

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: fuel

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: gas stations

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: stall

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: liquid gasoline

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: gasoline

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: gasoline

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: gasoline

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: Icing

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: Icing

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Icing

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: Icing occurs when the atmospheric air contains significant levels of water vapor;

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: liquid gasoline

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Icing

text: Run-off of fertilizers from agricultural land is a major source of pollution in some areas and the discharge of raw sewage has a similar effect. The extra nutrients provided by these sources can cause excessive plant growth. Nitrogen is often the limiting factor in marine systems and the addition of nitrogen sparks algal blooms and red tides, which then may lower the oxygen level of the water to the point where it kills marine animals. Such events have created dead zones in the Baltic Sea and the Gulf of Mexico. Some algal blooms are caused by cyanobacteria that make shellfish that filter feed on them toxic, harming animals like sea otters. Nuclear facilities too can pollute. The Irish Sea was contaminated by radioactive caesium-137 from the former Sellafield nuclear fuel processing plant and nuclear accidents sometimes cause radioactive material to seep into the sea, as at the Fukushima in 2011.

text: Run-off of

text: fertilizer

text: s from agricultural land is a major source of pollution in some areas and the discharge of raw

text: sewage

text: has a similar effect. The extra nutrients provided by these sources can cause

text: excessive plant growth

text: . Nitrogen is often the limiting factor in marine systems and the addition of nitrogen sparks algal blooms and

text: red tide

text: s, which then may lower the oxygen level of the water to the point where it kills marine animals. Such events have created dead zones in the Baltic Sea and the Gulf of Mexico. Some

text: algal bloom

text: s are caused by

text: cyanobacteria

text: that make

text: shellfish

text: that

text: filter feed

text: on them toxic, harming animals like

text: sea otter

text: s. Nuclear facilities too can pollute. The Irish Sea was contaminated by radioactive

text: from the former

text: Sellafield

text: nuclear fuel processing plant and nuclear accidents sometimes cause radioactive material to seep into the sea, as at the

text: Fukushima

text: in 2011.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: agricultural land

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: radioactive material

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: nuclear facilities

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: contaminate

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: run-off

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: agricultural land

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: Run-off of fertilizers from agricultural land

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: caesium-137

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Run-off of fertilizers

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: The extra nutrients provided by these sources can cause excessive plant growth. Nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: Run-off of fertilizers

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Run-off of fertilizers from agricultural land

text: A clean-burning stove is a stove with reduced toxic emissions. The term commonly refers to wood-burning stoves for domestic heating, although it is also applied to cooking stoves. It is distinct from a clean-burning-fuel stove, which typically burns clean fuels such as ethanol, biogas, LPG, or kerosene. Studies into clean-burning stoves have shown that they reduce the emissions of dangerous particulates and carbon monoxide significantly, use less fuel than regular stoves, and result in fewer burn injuries. However, the emissions they produce are still much greater than the safe limits, and they do not appear to be effective at reducing illnesses such as pneumonia induced by breathing polluted air, which may have many sources.

text: A clean-burning stove is a

text: stove

text: with reduced toxic emissions. The term commonly refers to

text: wood-burning stove

text: s for domestic heating, although it is also applied to cooking stoves. It is distinct from a clean-burning-fuel stove, which typically burns

text: clean fuel

text: s such as ethanol, biogas, LPG, or kerosene. Studies into clean-burning stoves have shown that they reduce the emissions of dangerous

text: particulates

text: and

text: carbon monoxide

text: significantly, use less fuel than regular stoves, and result in fewer

text: burn injuries

text: . However, the emissions they produce are still much greater than the safe limits, and they do not appear to be effective at reducing illnesses such as

text: pneumonia

text: induced by breathing polluted air, which may have many sources.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: may have many sources

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: toxic emissions

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: have many sources.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: carbon monoxide

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: toxic emissions

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: breathing polluted air

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: particulates and carbon monoxide

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: many sources.

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: toxic emissions.

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: clean-burning stove

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: pneumonia induced by breathing polluted air,

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: carbon monoxide

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: wood-burning stoves for domestic heating,

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: dangerous particulates

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: breathing polluted air,

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: pneumonia induced by breathing polluted air,

text: Release of industrial waste and human effluents into rivers have caused significant damages to species that reside in rivers and riverbanks. Air pollution is also a significant cause of concern in metros like Bangalore where it has been found that air pollution is discolouring foliage including those of ornamental plants. A comparison of the lichen flora of the garden Lal Bagh in Bangalore has revealed that 18 of the 22 species noted in 1980 were no longer present in 1997. Pollution in rivers like Kabini, Kaveri and Ghataprabha has caused sharp reduction in populations of bird species, including beneficial insectivorous birds like drongos, as well as honeybees.

text: Release of industrial waste and human effluents into rivers have caused significant damages to species that reside in rivers and riverbanks. Air pollution is also a significant cause of concern in metros like Bangalore where it has been found that air pollution is discolouring foliage including those of ornamental plants. A comparison of the lichen flora of the garden

text: Lal Bagh

text: in

text: Bangalore

text: has revealed that 18 of the 22 species noted in 1980 were no longer present in 1997. Pollution in rivers like

text: Kabini

text: Kaveri

text: and

text: Ghataprabha

text: has caused sharp reduction in populations of bird species, including beneficial insectivorous birds like drongos, as well as honeybees.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: industrial waste

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: industrial waste

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: industrial waste

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: damage species

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: industrial waste

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: industrial waste

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: industrial waste and human effluents

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: waste

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: industrial waste and human effluents

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: damages to species that reside in rivers and riverbanks. Air pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: Air pollution

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: air pollution is discolouring foliage including those of ornamental plants.

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: Air pollution

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: human effluents

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Air pollution

text: Fossil fuels were rapidly adopted during the industrial revolution, because they were more concentrated and flexible than traditional energy sources, such as water power. They have become a pivotal part of our contemporary society, with most countries in the world burning fossil fuels in order to produce power.

text: Fossil fuels were rapidly adopted during the industrial revolution, because they were more concentrated and flexible than traditional energy sources, such as water power. They have become a pivotal part of our contemporary society, with most countries in the world burning fossil fuels in order to produce power.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: have a negative impact on the environment

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: Fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: burning fossil fuels in order to produce power.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: Fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: Fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burning fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: most countries in the world burning fossil fuels

text: Biomass, such as wood chips, can be used as the fuel for a thermal oxidizer. The biomass is then gasified and the stream with hazardous gases is mixed with the biomassgas in a firing box. Sufficient turbulence, retention time, oxygen content and temperature will ensure destruction of the VOC's. Such biomass fired thermal oxidizer has been installed at Warwick Mills, New Hampshire. The inlet concentrations are between 3000-10.000 ppm VOC. The outlet concentration of VOC are below 3 ppm, thus having a VOC destruction efficiency of 99.8%-99.9%.

text: Biomass

text: , such as wood chips, can be used as the fuel for a thermal oxidizer. The biomass is then

text: gasified

text: and the stream with hazardous gases is mixed with the biomassgas in a firing box. Sufficient turbulence, retention time, oxygen content and temperature will ensure destruction of the VOC's. Such biomass fired thermal oxidizer has been installed at Warwick Mills,

text: New Hampshire

text: . The inlet concentrations are between 3000-10.000 ppm VOC. The outlet concentration of VOC are below 3 ppm, thus having a VOC destruction efficiency of 99.8%-99.9%.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: wood chips

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: hazardous gases

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: VOC

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: gasify

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: hazardous gases

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: hazardous gases

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: Biomass,

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: hazardous gases

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: hazardous gases

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: hazardous gases

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: VOC's.

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Biomass,

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: hazardous gases

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: hazardous gases

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: VOC's.

text: Once fossil fuels or precious metals are discovered and either burned or milled, the sulfur become a waste product which must be dealt with properly or it can become a pollutant.  There has been a great increase in the amount of sulfur in our present day atmosphere because of the burning of fossil fuels.  Sulfur acts as a pollutant and an economic resource at the same time.

text: Once fossil fuels or precious metals are discovered and either burned or milled, the sulfur become a waste product which must be dealt with properly or it can become a pollutant.  There has been a great increase in the amount of sulfur in our present day atmosphere because of the burning of fossil fuels.  Sulfur acts as a pollutant and an economic resource at the same time.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: pollutant

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burning fossil fuel

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: burning of fossil fuels.

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: sulfur

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuels.

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: pollutant.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: sulfur

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: sulfur in our present day atmosphere because of the burning of fossil fuels.

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: sulfur

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burning of fossil fuels.

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: burning of fossil fuels.

text: Environmental chemistry is the study of chemical alterations in the environment. Principal areas of study include soil contamination and water pollution. The topics of analysis include chemical degradation in the environment, multi-phase transport of chemicals (for example, evaporation of a solvent containing lake to yield solvent as an air pollutant), and chemical effects upon biota.

text: Environmental chemistry is the study of chemical alterations in the environment. Principal areas of study include

text: soil contamination

text: and water pollution. The topics of analysis include chemical degradation in the environment, multi-phase transport of chemicals (for example, evaporation of a

text: solvent

text: containing lake to yield solvent as an air pollutant), and chemical effects upon biota.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: solvent

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air pollutants

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: soil contamination

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: contamination

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: soil contamination

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: soil contamination and water pollution.

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air pollutant),

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: soil contamination and water pollution.

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: soil contamination and water pollution.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: solvent as an air pollutant),

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Environmental chemistry

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: chemical degradation in the environment, multi-phase transport of chemicals

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: soil contamination and water pollution.

text: The widespread use of ethanol brought several environmental benefits to urban centers regarding air pollution. Lead additives to gasoline were reduced through the 1980s as the amount of ethanol blended in the fuel was increased, and these additives were completely eliminated by 1991. The addition of ethanol blends instead of lead to gasoline lowered the total carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons, sulfur emissions, and particulate matter significantly. The use of ethanol-only vehicles has also reduced CO emissions drastically. Before the Pró-Álcool Program started, when gasoline was the only fuel in use, CO emissions were higher than 50 g/km driven; they had been reduced to less than 5.8 g/km in 1995. Several studies have also shown that São Paulo has benefit with significantly less air pollution thanks to ethanol's cleaner emissions. Furthermore, Brazilian flex-fuel engines are being designed with higher compression ratios, taking advantage of the higher ethanol blends and maximizing the benefits of the higher oxygen content of ethanol, resulting in lower emissions and improving fuel efficiency.

text: The widespread use of ethanol brought several environmental benefits to urban centers regarding

text: air pollution

text: Lead additives to gasoline

text: were reduced through the 1980s as the amount of ethanol blended in the fuel was increased, and these additives were completely eliminated by 1991. The addition of ethanol blends instead of lead to gasoline lowered the total

text: carbon monoxide

text: (CO),

text: hydrocarbon

text: s,

text: sulfur

text: emissions, and

text: particulate matter

text: significantly. The use of ethanol-only vehicles has also reduced CO emissions drastically. Before the Pró-Álcool Program started, when gasoline was the only fuel in use, CO emissions were higher than 50 g/km driven; they had been reduced to less than 5.8 g/km in 1995. Several studies have also shown that

text: São Paulo

text: has benefit with significantly less air pollution thanks to ethanol's cleaner emissions. Furthermore, Brazilian

text: flex-fuel

text: engines are being designed with higher

text: compression ratio

text: s, taking advantage of the higher ethanol blends and maximizing the benefits of the higher oxygen content of ethanol, resulting in lower emissions and improving fuel efficiency.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: urban centers

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: urban centers

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: hydrocarbons

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: hydrocarbons

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: slash-and-burn can lead to these pollutants

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: Lead additives to gasoline

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: sulfur emissions,

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: ethanol

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollution.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: sulfur

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: ethanol

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: sulfur

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: gasoline

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: carbon monoxide

text: Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) regulations outline specific classification and disposal requirements for products and wastes that contain mercury. In general, RCRA regulations are waste-specific, not source-specific, and thus may apply to any facility that generates mercury-containing wastes. RCRA regulations assign specific waste codes to five types of wastes that are either "characteristic" wastes or "listed" wastes. Mercury is both a characteristic and a listed waste under RCRA. RCRA regulations describe specific disposal requirements for individual waste codes. All mercury-bearing wastes (wastewaters and nonwastewaters) are subject to land disposal restrictions. RCRA regulations also influence product disposal and recycling options for mercury containing products  On February 23, 2011, following ten years of litigation, the EPA released scaled-back air emission rules for industrial boilers and solid waste incinerators. The recently released final rules address hazardous air pollutant (“HAP”) emission standards for industrial, commercial and institutional boilers and process heaters (the Boiler Maximum Achievable Control Techcnology or "Boiler MACT" rule) and commercial and industrial solid waste incineration units (the “CISWI” rule). Industrial boilers and process heaters burn fuels such as natural gas, biomass, coal and oil to produce heat or electricity; CISWIs burn solid waste. The Boiler MACT rules create emission limits for mercury, particulate matter and carbon monoxide for all new coal-fired boilers with heat input greater than 10 million Btu per hour and particulate matter emission limits for new biomass and oil-fired boilers.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: coal and oil

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: natural gas

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: HAP

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: contain mercury

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: mercury

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: mercury

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burning fuels

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: What can lead to these pollutants?

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: any facility that generates mercury-containing wastes.

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: mercury, particulate matter and carbon monoxide

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: industrial boilers and solid waste incinerators.

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: natural gas, biomass, coal and oil to produce heat or electricity;

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: carbon monoxide

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: biomass,

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: mercury, particulate matter and carbon monoxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: industrial boilers and solid waste incinerators.

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: mercury, particulate matter and carbon monoxide

text: In Australia, evaporative air conditioners are known to ignite from ember attack. Ember attack causes the filter pads from evaporative AC to ignite, and the fire spreads through the roof space destroying the home. Ember Guards also known as Ash Screens are recommended to protect your aircon from Ember Attack.

text: In Australia, evaporative air conditioners are known to ignite from ember attack. Ember attack causes the filter pads from evaporative AC to ignite, and the fire spreads through the roof space destroying the home. Ember Guards also known as Ash Screens are recommended to protect your aircon from Ember Attack.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: nonrenewable resources

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: emissions

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: air conditioners

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: cause fires

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: decomposition

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: evaporative air conditioners

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: Ash Screens

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: evaporative air conditioners

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: ember attack.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: Ash

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: evaporative air conditioners are known to ignite from ember attack.

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: fire

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: ember attack.

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: evaporative air conditioners are known to ignite from ember attack.

text: Unlike burning fossil fuels, geothermal energy emits no greenhouse gases, pollution or hazardous wastes.

text: Unlike burning

text: fossil fuels

text: , geothermal energy emits no greenhouse gases, pollution or hazardous wastes.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuel

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: greenhouse gases

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: pollute

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: mercury

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burning fossil fuel

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuels,

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: greenhouse gases,

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuels,

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: pollution or hazardous wastes.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: greenhouse gases,

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Unlike burning fossil fuels,

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: pollution or hazardous wastes.

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burning fossil fuels,

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: greenhouse gases,

text: Over the past several decades, there have been numerous studies investigating the air pollution generated by traditional household solid fuel combustion for space heating, lighting, and cooking in developing countries. It is now well established that, throughout much of the developing world, indoor burning of solid fuels (biomass, coal, etc.) by inefficient, often insufficiently vented, combustion devices results in elevated exposures to household air pollutants. This is due to the poor combustion efficiency of the combustion devices and the elevated nature of the emissions. In addition, they are often released directly into living areas. Smoke from traditional household solid fuel combustion commonly contains a range of incomplete combustion products, including both fine and coarse particulate matter (e.g., PM, PM), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO), sulfur dioxide (SO), and a variety of organic air pollutants (e.g., formaldehyde, 1,3-butadiene, benzene, acetaldehyde, acrolein, phenols, pyrene, benzopyrene, benzo(a)pyrene, dibenzopyrenes, dibenzocarbazoles, and cresols). In a typical solid fuel stove, about 6–20% of the solid fuel is converted into toxic emissions (by mass). The exact quantity and relative composition is determined by factors such as the fuel type and moisture content, stove type and operation influencing the amount.

text: Over the past several decades, there have been numerous studies investigating the air pollution generated by traditional household solid fuel combustion for space heating, lighting, and cooking in developing countries. It is now well established that, throughout much of the developing world, indoor burning of solid fuels (biomass, coal, etc.) by inefficient, often insufficiently vented, combustion devices results in elevated exposures to household air pollutants. This is due to the poor combustion efficiency of the combustion devices and the elevated nature of the emissions. In addition, they are often released directly into living areas. Smoke from traditional household solid fuel combustion commonly contains a range of incomplete

text: combustion products

text: , including both fine and coarse particulate matter (e.g.,

text: PM

text: PM

text: carbon monoxide

text: (CO),

text: nitrogen dioxide

text: (NO),

text: sulfur dioxide

text: (SO), and a variety of organic air pollutants (e.g.,

text: formaldehyde

text: benzene

text: acetaldehyde

text: acrolein

text: phenols

text: pyrene

text: benzopyrene

text: benzo(a)pyrene

text: dibenzopyrenes

text: dibenzocarbazole

text: s, and

text: cresols

text: ). In a typical solid fuel stove, about 6–20% of the solid fuel is converted into toxic emissions (by mass). The exact quantity and relative composition is determined by factors such as the fuel type and moisture content, stove type and operation influencing the amount.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: traditional household solid fuel combustion

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: emissions

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: elevated exposures to household air pollutants

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: formaldehyde

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: solid fuels

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: insufficiently vented

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: insufficiently vented

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: traditional household solid fuel combustion

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: sulfur dioxide

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: traditional household solid fuel combustion

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: incomplete combustion products,

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: carbon monoxide

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: solid fuels

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: sulfur dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: Smoke

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: inefficient, often insufficiently vented,

text: For example, if the temperature in the evaporator increases, the pressure in the diaphragm increases causing the needle to lower. Lowering the needle allows more of the working fluid into the evaporator to absorb heat. The pressure at the inlet of the evaporator affects the position of the needle and prevents the working fluid from flowing back into the compressor. Since the pressure before the valve is higher than the pressure after the valve, the working fluid naturally flows into the evaporator. The pressure at the inlet of the evaporator acts on the diaphragm. There is also a spring providing a constant pressure closing the valve needle. The spring constantly restricts the amount of working fluid entering the evaporator.

text: For example, if the temperature in the evaporator increases, the pressure in the diaphragm increases causing the needle to lower. Lowering the needle allows more of the working fluid into the evaporator to absorb heat. The pressure at the inlet of the evaporator affects the position of the needle and prevents the working fluid from flowing back into the compressor. Since the pressure before the valve is higher than the pressure after the valve, the working fluid naturally flows into the evaporator. The pressure at the inlet of the evaporator acts on the diaphragm. There is also a spring providing a constant pressure closing the valve needle. The spring constantly restricts the amount of working fluid entering the evaporator.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: cars

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: emissions

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: automobiles

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: absorb heat

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: Nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: decomposition

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: heat.

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: heat.

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: heat.

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: heat.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: heat.

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: heat.

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: heat.

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: heat.

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: heat.

text: Based on the source of biomass, biofuels are classified broadly into two major categories. First-generation biofuels are derived from sources such as sugarcane and corn starch. Sugars present in this biomass are fermented to produce bioethanol, an alcohol fuel which can be used directly in a fuel cell to produce electricity or serve as an additive to gasoline. However, utilizing food-based resources for fuel production only aggravates the food shortage problem. Second-generation biofuels, on the other hand, utilize non-food-based biomass sources such as agriculture and municipal waste. These biofuels mostly consist of lignocellulosic biomass, which is not edible and is a low-value waste for many industries. Despite being the favored alternative, economical production of second-generation biofuel is not yet achieved due to technological issues. These issues arise mainly due to chemical inertness and structural rigidity of lignocellulosic biomass.

text: Based on the source of biomass, biofuels are classified broadly into two major categories.

text: First-generation biofuels

text: are derived from sources such as sugarcane and

text: corn

text: starch. Sugars present in this biomass are fermented to produce

text: bioethanol

text: , an alcohol fuel which can be used directly in a

text: fuel cell

text: to produce electricity or serve as an additive to gasoline. However, utilizing food-based resources for fuel production only aggravates the food shortage problem.

text: Second-generation biofuels

text: , on the other hand, utilize non-food-based biomass sources such as agriculture and municipal waste. These biofuels mostly consist of

text: lignocellulosic biomass

text: , which is not edible and is a low-value waste for many industries. Despite being the favored alternative, economical production of second-generation biofuel is not yet achieved due to technological issues. These issues arise mainly due to chemical inertness and structural rigidity of

text: lignocellulosic biomass

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: industries

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: electricity

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: low-value waste for many industries

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: methyl

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: agriculture and municipal waste

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: slash-and-burn can lead to these pollutants

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: agriculture and municipal waste.

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: gasoline.

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: agriculture and municipal waste.

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: low-value waste for many industries.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: aggravates the food shortage problem.

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: aggravates the food shortage problem.

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: food shortage problem.

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: gasoline.

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: aggravates the food shortage problem.

text: The University of Kansas Sustainable Automotive Energy Infrastructure Initiative, or more commonly referred to as the KU Ecohawks (short for Ecofriendly Jayhawks) is an ongoing project that works to promote sustainability in the automotive sector. Founded during the beginning of the Automotive industry crisis of 2008–2010 in the U.S., the group recycles old vehicles to run on community wastes and renewables, especially on the University of Kansas campus (and adjoining localities) and not rely on conventional fossil fuel sources that pollute the local and global environment.

text: The

text: University of Kansas

text: Sustainable Automotive Energy Infrastructure Initiative, or more commonly referred to as the

text: KU

text: Ecohawks (short for

text: Eco

text: friendly

text: Jay

text: hawks

text: ) is an ongoing project that works to promote

text: sustainability

text: in the

text: automotive sector

text: . Founded during the beginning of the

text: Automotive industry crisis of 2008–2010

text: in the U.S., the group recycles old vehicles to run on community wastes and

text: renewables

text: , especially on the

text: University of Kansas

text: campus (and adjoining localities) and not rely on conventional fossil fuel sources that pollute the local and global environment.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: conventional fossil fuel sources

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: fossil fuel

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: conventional fossil fuel sources

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: pollute

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: conventional fossil fuel sources

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: conventional fossil fuel sources

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuel sources

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: fossil fuel

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuel

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: pollute the local and global environment.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: fossil fuel sources that pollute the local and global environment.

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: fossil fuel sources

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: fossil fuel

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: fossil fuel sources

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: conventional fossil fuel sources that pollute the local and global environment.

text: A common example is a burn ban. Residential and commercial burning of wood materials may be restricted during times of poor air quality, eliminating the immediate emission of particulate matter and requiring use of non-polluting heating methods. A more significant example is the widespread ban on the manufacture of dichlorodifluoromethane (Freon)), formerly the standard refrigerant in automobile air conditioning systems. This substance, often released into the atmosphere unintentionally as a result of refrigerant system leaks, was determined to have a significant ozone depletion potential, and its widespread use to pose a significant threat to the Earth's ozone layer. Its manufacture was prohibited as part of a suite of restrictions adopted internationally in the Montreal Protocol to the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer. Still another example is the ban on use of asbestos in building construction materials, to eliminate future exposure to carcinogenic asbestos fibers when the building materials are disturbed.

text: A common example is a burn ban. Residential and commercial burning of wood materials may be restricted during times of poor air quality, eliminating the immediate emission of particulate matter and requiring use of non-polluting heating methods. A more significant example is the widespread ban on the manufacture of

text: dichlorodifluoromethane

text: Freon

text: )), formerly the standard refrigerant in automobile air conditioning systems. This substance, often released into the atmosphere unintentionally as a result of refrigerant system leaks, was determined to have a significant

text: ozone depletion potential

text: , and its widespread use to pose a significant threat to the Earth's

text: ozone layer

text: . Its manufacture was prohibited as part of a suite of restrictions adopted internationally in the

text: Montreal Protocol

text: to the

entity_name: Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer

text: Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer

text: . Still another example is the ban on use of

text: asbestos

text: in building construction materials, to eliminate future exposure to carcinogenic asbestos fibers when the building materials are disturbed.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: wood materials

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: emission

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: automobiles

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: ozone depletion potential

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: asbestos

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: particulate matter

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: refrigerant system leaks

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: particulate matter

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: burning of wood materials

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: particulate matter

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: burning of wood materials

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: ozone depletion potential,

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: asbestos

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: particulate matter

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: particulate matter

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: unintentionally

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: particulate matter

text: Chitemene (also spelled citemene), from the ciBemba word meaning “place where branches have been cut for a garden”, is a system of slash and burn agriculture practiced throughout northern Zambia. It involves coppicing or pollarding of standing trees in a primary or secondary growth Miombo woodland, stacking of the cut biomass, and eventual burning of the cut biomass in order to create a thicker layer of ash than would be possible with in situ burning. Crops such as maize, finger millet, sorghum, or cassava are then planted in the burned area.

text: Chitemene (also spelled citemene), from the

text: ciBemba

text: word meaning “place where branches have been cut for a garden”, is a system of

text: slash and burn agriculture

text: practiced throughout northern

text: Zambia

text: . It involves

text: coppicing

text: or

text: pollarding

text: of standing trees in a primary or secondary growth

text: Miombo

text: woodland, stacking of the cut

text: biomass

text: , and eventual burning of the cut biomass in order to create a thicker layer of ash than would be possible with in situ burning. Crops such as

text: maize

text: finger millet

text: sorghum

text: , or

text: cassava

text: are then planted in the burned area.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: agriculture

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: emissions

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: Chitemene

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: burn

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: ash

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: polluting

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: ash

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: slash and burn agriculture

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: ash

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: Chitemene

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: a thicker layer of ash

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: ash

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: coppicing or pollarding of standing trees

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: ash

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burning

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: ash

text: Air pollution, or suspended particulate matter locally generated from the increased number of automobiles in the area, from point sources such as factories, dust carried into the air by construction activity, and the contribution of similar pollutants from the Los Angeles area has regularly caused the Inland Empire to be at, or near, the bottom of many air quality ratings. In 2004, the EPA rated the San Bernardino-Riverside area as having the worst particulate air pollution in the United States, (although the San Joaquin Valley in central California had the worst overall air pollution). Air pollution in the Los Angeles region is still an issue, although improvements have been made over the years. But the problem is exacerbated in the Inland Empire, which is surrounded by mountains on the north and the east. Prevailing winds move bad air eastward from Los Angeles, but once the pollution reaches the Inland Empire it cannot be carried further east as it becomes trapped by the mountains surrounding the region.

text: Air pollution, or

text: suspended particulate matter

text: locally generated from the increased number of automobiles in the area, from point sources such as factories, dust carried into the air by construction activity, and the contribution of similar pollutants from the Los Angeles area has regularly caused the Inland Empire to be at, or near, the bottom of many air quality ratings. In 2004, the

text: EPA

text: rated the

text: San Bernardino

text: Riverside

text: area as having the worst

text: particulate

text: air pollution in the United States, (although the

text: San Joaquin Valley

text: in central California had the worst overall air pollution). Air pollution in the Los Angeles region is still an issue, although improvements have been made over the years. But the problem is exacerbated in the Inland Empire, which is surrounded by mountains on the north and the east. Prevailing winds move bad air eastward from Los Angeles, but once the pollution reaches the Inland Empire it cannot be carried further east as it becomes trapped by the mountains surrounding the region.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: automobiles

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: point sources

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: automobiles

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: point sources

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: automobiles

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: dust

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: automobiles

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: Air pollution,

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: Air pollution, or suspended particulate matter

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Air pollution,

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: suspended particulate matter

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: construction activity,

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: construction activity,

text: The factory faced many protests as it turned out to be a heavily polluting unit. The management avoided the use of any pollution control measures, citing profitability concerns.  A large quantity of pollutants produced by Grasim ended up in the Chaliyar river which flows beside the factory. The thick effluents recklessly released by the factory have been identified as poisonous. Besides the water pollution, the factory was also a serious air polluter. The impact of the pollution could be seen in the every aspect of the town. Cases of asthma and other respiratory diseases shot up. There was a marked decline in the fish population. Thousands of dead fishes and other aquatic forms surfaced from Chaliyar river. Environmental organizations started agitations focusing on this aspect of the factory. E N Peethambaran master was a significant figure who worked for restoration of the environmental cleanliness, as well as ensuring justice to the workers of the factory. A series of labour strikes and heightened trade union was also witnessed at the plant.  All these factors contributed to the shut down of Gwalior Rayons in 2001.  (See also The First Environmental Movement In Kerala.)  The closure of factory caused loss of employment around 3000 people.

text: The factory faced many protests as it turned out to be a heavily polluting unit. The management avoided the use of any pollution control measures, citing profitability concerns.  A large quantity of pollutants produced by Grasim ended up in the Chaliyar river which flows beside the factory. The thick effluents recklessly released by the factory have been identified as poisonous. Besides the water pollution, the factory was also a serious air polluter. The impact of the pollution could be seen in the every aspect of the town. Cases of asthma and other respiratory diseases shot up. There was a marked decline in the fish population. Thousands of dead fishes and other aquatic forms surfaced from Chaliyar river. Environmental organizations started agitations focusing on this aspect of the factory. E N Peethambaran master was a significant figure who worked for restoration of the environmental cleanliness, as well as ensuring justice to the workers of the factory. A series of labour strikes and heightened trade union was also witnessed at the plant.  All these factors contributed to the shut down of Gwalior Rayons in 2001.  (See also

text: The First Environmental Movement In Kerala

text: .)  The closure of factory caused loss of employment around 3000 people.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: Grasim

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: pollutant

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: Grasim

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollute

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: air pollutants

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: Grasim

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: The thick effluents recklessly released

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: Grasim

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: Grasim

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: poisonous.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: asthma

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Chaliyar river

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: air polluter.

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: air polluter.

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: The thick effluents

text: Section 202(a)(1) of the Clean Air Act (CAA), 42 U.S.C. § 7521(a)(1), requires the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency to set emission standards for "any air pollutant" from motor vehicles or motor vehicle engines "which in his judgment cause[s], or contribute[s] to, air pollution which may reasonably be anticipated to endanger public health or welfare."

text: Section 202(a)(1) of the

text: Clean Air Act

text: (CAA), 42 U.S.C. § 7521(a)(1), requires the

entity_name: Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency

text: Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency

text: to set

text: emission standard

text: s for "any air pollutant" from motor vehicles or motor vehicle engines "which in his judgment cause[s], or contribute[s] to,

text: air pollution

text: which may reasonably be anticipated to endanger public health or welfare."

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: motor vehicles

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: pollutant

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: motor vehicles

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: cause air pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: motor vehicle engines

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: motor vehicles or motor vehicle engines

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air pollutant"

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: motor vehicles

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollution which may reasonably be anticipated to endanger public health or welfare."

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: motor vehicles

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: motor vehicles

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: motor vehicles

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: motor vehicles or motor vehicle engines

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: air pollution which may reasonably be anticipated to endanger public health or welfare."

text: Chemical Valley and the surrounding area are home to 62 facilities and refineries.  These industrial complexes are the heart of Sarnia's infrastructure and economy.  They directly employ nearly 8,000, and contribute to almost 45,000 additional jobs in the area. In 1971, the Canadian government deemed this area so important to the economic development of the country that it printed an image of a Sarnia Oil Refinery on the reverse of the Canadian $10 note. The huge industrial area is the cause of significant air and water pollution. The Canada Wide Daily Standard for airborne particulate matter and ozone pollution, regulation PM2.5, is 30 micrograms per cubic metre. Forty-five percent of this particulate air pollution in Sarnia comes from Chemical Valley, and the rest drifts over the St. Clair River from the neighbouring United States in the form of what is known as "Transboundary Air Pollution."

text: Chemical Valley and the surrounding area are home to 62 facilities and refineries.  These industrial complexes are the heart of Sarnia's infrastructure and economy.  They directly employ nearly 8,000, and contribute to almost 45,000 additional jobs in the area. In 1971, the Canadian government deemed this area so important to the economic development of the country that it printed an image of a Sarnia Oil Refinery on the reverse of the

text: Canadian $10 note

text: . The huge industrial area is the cause of significant air and water pollution. The Canada Wide Daily Standard for airborne particulate matter and ozone pollution, regulation PM2.5, is 30 micrograms per cubic metre. Forty-five percent of this particulate air pollution in Sarnia comes from Chemical Valley, and the rest drifts over the St. Clair River from the neighbouring United States in the form of what is known as "Transboundary Air Pollution."

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: Chemical Valley

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: emissions

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: Chemical Valley

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air and water pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: particulate matter

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: particulate matter

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: Chemical Valley,

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: particulate matter

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: Chemical Valley,

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air and water pollution.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: "Transboundary Air Pollution."

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: particulate matter

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: Chemical Valley,

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: "Transboundary Air Pollution."

text: In the United States, for various complex economic and political reasons, the construction of new refineries came to a virtual stop in about the 1980s. However, many of the existing refineries in the United States have revamped many of their units and/or constructed add-on units in order to: increase their crude oil processing capacity, increase the octane rating of their product gasoline, lower the sulfur content of their diesel fuel and home heating fuels to comply with environmental regulations and comply with environmental air pollution and water pollution requirements.

text: In the United States, for various complex economic and political reasons, the construction of new refineries came to a virtual stop in about the 1980s. However, many of the existing refineries in the United States have revamped many of their units and/or constructed add-on units in order to: increase their crude oil processing capacity, increase the

text: octane

text: rating of their product gasoline, lower the

text: sulfur

text: content of their diesel fuel and home heating fuels to comply with environmental regulations and comply with environmental air pollution and water pollution requirements.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: diesel fuel

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: diesel fuel

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: comply with environmental air pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: sulfur

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: diesel fuel

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: refineries

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: refineries

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollution and water pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: sulfur

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: 1980s.

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: sulfur content

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: air pollution and water pollution

text: Although many of the environmental effects of pottery production have existed for millennia, some of these have been amplified with modern technology and scales of production. The principal factors for consideration fall into two categories: (a) effects on workers, and (b) effects on the general environment. Within the effects on workers, chief impacts are indoor air quality, sound levels and possible over-illumination. Regarding the general environment, factors of interest are fuel consumption, off-site water pollution, air pollution and disposal of hazardous materials.

text: Although many of the environmental effects of pottery production have existed for millennia, some of these have been amplified with modern technology and scales of production. The principal factors for consideration fall into two categories: (a) effects on workers, and (b) effects on the general environment. Within the effects on workers, chief impacts are indoor

text: air quality

text: sound levels

text: and possible

text: over-illumination

text: . Regarding the general environment, factors of interest are fuel consumption, off-site

text: water pollution

text: air pollution

text: and disposal of

text: hazardous materials

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fuel consumption

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fuel consumption

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: mercury

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: off-site water pollution

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fuel consumption,

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: hazardous materials.

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: fuel consumption, off-site water pollution, air pollution

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: disposal of hazardous materials.

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: off-site water pollution, air pollution and disposal of hazardous materials.

text: Thick haze and smoke, originating from burning biomass in northeastern India and air pollution from large industrial cities in northern India, often concentrate inside the Ganges Basin. Prevailing westerlies carry aerosols along the southern margins of the steep-faced Tibetan Plateau to eastern India and the Bay of Bengal. Dust and black carbon, which are blown towards higher altitudes by winds at the southern faces of the Himalayas, can absorb shortwave radiation and heat the air over the Tibetan Plateau. The net atmospheric heating due to aerosol absorption causes the air to warm and convect upwards, increasing the concentration of moisture in the mid-troposphere and providing positive feedback that stimulates further heating of aerosols.

text: Thick haze and smoke, originating from burning biomass in northeastern India and air pollution from large industrial cities in northern India, often concentrate inside the

text: Ganges Basin

text: . Prevailing westerlies carry aerosols along the southern margins of the steep-faced Tibetan Plateau to eastern India and the Bay of Bengal. Dust and

text: black carbon

text: , which are blown towards higher altitudes by winds at the southern faces of the Himalayas, can absorb shortwave radiation and heat the air over the Tibetan Plateau. The net atmospheric heating due to aerosol absorption causes the air to warm and

text: convect

text: upwards, increasing the concentration of moisture in the mid-

text: troposphere

text: and providing positive feedback that stimulates further heating of aerosols.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: large industrial cities

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: smoke

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: large industrial cities

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: aerosols

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burning biomass

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Thick haze and smoke

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: large industrial cities in northern India,

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: smoke,

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: large industrial cities

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: Dust and black carbon,

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: biomass

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: biomass

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: Prevailing westerlies

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: burning biomass

text: Air pollution costs the world economy $5 trillion per year as a result of productivity losses and degraded quality of life, according to a joint study by the World Bank and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) at the University of Washington These productivity losses are caused by deaths due to diseases caused by air pollution. One out of ten deaths in 2013 was caused by diseases associated with air pollution and the problem is getting worse. The problem is even more acute in the developing world. "Children under age 5 in lower-income countries are more than 60 times as likely to die from exposure to air pollution as children in high-income countries." The report states that additional economic losses caused by air pollution, including health costs and the adverse effect on agricultural and other productivity were not calculated in the report, and thus the actual costs to the world economy are far higher than $5 trillion.

text: Air pollution costs the world economy $5 trillion per year as a result of productivity losses and degraded quality of life, according to a joint study by the

text: World Bank

text: and the

entity_name: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation

text: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation

text: (IHME) at the

text: University of Washington

text: These productivity losses are caused by deaths due to diseases caused by air pollution. One out of ten deaths in 2013 was caused by diseases associated with air pollution and the problem is getting worse. The problem is even more acute in the

text: developing world

text: . "Children under age 5 in lower-income countries are more than 60 times as likely to die from exposure to air pollution as children in high-income countries." The report states that additional economic losses caused by air pollution, including health costs and the adverse effect on agricultural and other productivity were not calculated in the report, and thus the actual costs to the world economy are far higher than $5 trillion.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: the developing world

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: the developing world

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: deaths due to diseases caused by air pollution.

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air pollution.

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: developing world.

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollution.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: Air pollution

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Air pollution

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: Air pollution

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: air pollution.

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Air pollution

text: Evaporation generally deals with evaporation of water from a mixture or solution, containing another liquid or fine solids.  This concentrated stream is in most cases the product and as such the only waste stream is pure water, which poses no risk to the environment and may be disposed into the stormwater/ sewage system. For the case where the concentrate is the waste stream, such as in evaporation of saltwater to produce potable water, the salt concentrate should be dispersed back into the oceans, or further dried and sent off for disposal/ use in other operations. For most cases, there are no hazardous waste streams associated with natural and forced circulation evaporators.

text: Evaporation generally deals with evaporation of water from a mixture or solution, containing another liquid or fine solids.  This concentrated stream is in most cases the product and as such the only waste stream is pure water, which poses no risk to the environment and may be disposed into the stormwater/ sewage system. For the case where the concentrate is the waste stream, such as in evaporation of saltwater to produce potable water, the salt concentrate should be dispersed back into the oceans, or further dried and sent off for disposal/ use in other operations. For most cases, there are no hazardous waste streams associated with natural and forced circulation evaporators.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: evaporators

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: waste streams

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: automobiles

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: disposed into the stormwater/ sewage system

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: slash-and-burn

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: Evaporation

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: hazardous waste streams

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: Evaporation

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: the salt concentrate should be dispersed back into the oceans,

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: salt concentrate should be dispersed back into the oceans,

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Evaporation

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: Evaporation

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: Evaporation

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: hazardous waste streams

text: Air pollution is the introduction into the atmosphere of chemicals, particulate matter or biological materials that cause harm or discomfort to organisms. Stratospheric ozone depletion is caused by air pollution, chiefly from chlorofluorocarbons and other ozone-depleting substances.

text: Air pollution is the introduction into the atmosphere of

text: chemical

text: s,

text: particulate matter

text: or

text: biological materials

text: that cause harm or discomfort to organisms.

text: Stratospheric

text: ozone depletion

text: is caused by air pollution, chiefly from

text: chlorofluorocarbons

text: and other ozone-depleting substances.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: chlorofluorocarbons

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: chemicals

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: chlorofluorocarbon

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: particulate matter

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: chlorofluorocarbons

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: chemicals, particulate matter

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: chlorofluorocarbons

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: Air pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: chlorofluorocarbons

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Air pollution

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: Air pollution

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: Air pollution

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Air pollution

text: While overall pollution levels have dropped, it was found that oil sands pollution has increased by 20% since 2009. According to a 2009 study, Alberta’s oil sands are one of the major causes of air pollution in Canada. Tar sands facilities were found to be among the top four highest polluters of volatile organic compounds (VOCs)- a major air contaminant. VOCs and other air contaminants are set to increase in the future as a result of continued output from the oil sands. Oil sands pollution is not only set to increase VOCs, but also, acid rain. Acid rain is rain that has been contaminated by airborne chemicals, making it acidic. Two major causes of acid rain are sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide. Acid rain can cause damage to soil, water, wildlife, plants and buildings. Additionally, the airborne particles that cause acid rain can also contribute to smog. In recent years progress has been made in reducing acid rain, however, Alberta's oil sands may soon set back this progress.

text: While overall pollution levels have dropped, it was found that

text: oil sands

text: pollution has increased by 20% since 2009. According to a 2009 study, Alberta’s oil sands are one of the major causes of air pollution in Canada. Tar sands facilities were found to be among the top four highest polluters of

text: volatile organic compounds

text: (VOCs)- a major air contaminant. VOCs and other air contaminants are set to increase in the future as a result of continued output from the oil sands. Oil sands pollution is not only set to increase VOCs, but also,

text: acid rain

text: . Acid rain is rain that has been contaminated by airborne chemicals, making it

text: acidic

text: . Two major causes of acid rain are

text: sulphur dioxide

text: and

text: nitrogen oxide

text: . Acid rain can cause damage to soil, water, wildlife, plants and buildings. Additionally, the airborne particles that cause acid rain can also contribute to smog. In recent years progress has been made in reducing acid rain, however, Alberta's oil sands may soon set back this progress.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: oil sands

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: nitrogen oxide

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: oil sands

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: contribute to smog

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: nitrogen oxides

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: Tar sands facilities

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: Alberta’s oil sands

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: volatile organic compounds

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: Alberta’s oil sands

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: acid rain.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: nitrogen oxide.

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: volatile organic compounds

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: acid rain.

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: airborne chemicals,

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: acid rain.

text: Coal is the most abundant fossil fuel on the planet. It is a relatively cheap fuel, with some of the largest deposits in regions that are relatively stable politically, such as China, India and the United States. This contrasts with natural gas and petroleum, the largest deposits of which are located in the politically volatile Persian Gulf. Solid coal cannot directly replace natural gas or petroleum in most applications, petroleum is mostly used for transportation and the natural gas not used for electricity generation is used for space, water and industrial heating. Coal can be converted to gas or liquid fuel, but the efficiencies and economics of such processes can make them unfeasible. Vehicles or heaters may require modification to use coal-derived fuels. Coal can produce more pollution than petroleum or natural gas.

text: Coal is the most abundant

text: fossil fuel

text: on the planet. It is a relatively cheap fuel, with some of the largest deposits in regions that are relatively stable politically, such as

text: China

text: India

text: and the

text: United States

text: . This contrasts with

text: natural gas

text: and

text: petroleum

text: , the largest deposits of which are located in the politically volatile

text: Persian Gulf

text: . Solid coal cannot directly replace natural gas or petroleum in most applications, petroleum is mostly used for

text: transportation

text: and the natural gas not used for

text: electricity generation

text: is used for

text: space

text: water

text: and industrial heating. Coal can be converted to gas or liquid fuel, but the efficiencies and economics of such processes can make them unfeasible. Vehicles or heaters may require modification to use coal-derived fuels. Coal can produce more

text: pollution

text: than petroleum or natural gas.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: produce more pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: Coal

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Coal can produce more pollution than petroleum or natural gas

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: Coal

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: Coal

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: Coal can produce more pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: Coal can produce more pollution

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Coal

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: Coal

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Coal can produce more pollution than petroleum or natural gas.

text: On a large scale, the use of biomass takes agricultural land out of food production, reduces the carbon sequestration capacity of forests, and extracts nutrients from the soil. Combustion of biomass creates air pollutants and adds significant quantities of carbon to the atmosphere that may not be returned to the soil for many decades.

text: On a large scale, the use of biomass takes agricultural land out of food production, reduces the carbon sequestration capacity of forests, and extracts nutrients from the soil. Combustion of biomass creates air pollutants and adds significant quantities of carbon to the atmosphere that may not be returned to the soil for many decades.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: biomass

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air pollutants

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: biomass

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: not be returned to the soil for many decades

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: air pollutants

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: Combustion

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: Combustion of biomass

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: biomass

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollutants

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Combustion of biomass

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: air pollutants

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: Combustion of biomass

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Combustion of biomass creates air pollutants

text: Steam is passed through a vacuum ejector of high efficiency to exhaust a separate, closed vessel which forms part of a cooling water circuit. The partial vacuum in the vessel causes some of the water to evaporate, thus giving up heat through evaporative cooling. The chilled water is pumped through the circuit to air coolers, while the evaporated water from the ejector is recovered in separate condensers and returned to the cooling circuit.

text: Steam is passed through a

text: vacuum ejector

text: of high efficiency to exhaust a separate, closed vessel which forms part of a cooling water circuit. The partial vacuum in the vessel causes some of the water to evaporate, thus giving up heat through

text: evaporative cooling

text: . The chilled water is pumped through the circuit to air coolers, while the evaporated water from the ejector is recovered in separate

text: condensers

text: and returned to the cooling circuit.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: nonrenewable resources

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: heat

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: automobiles

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: give up heat

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: air coolers,

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: Steam

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: air coolers,

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: heat through evaporative cooling.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: Steam

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Steam is passed through a vacuum ejector

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: heat

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: air coolers,

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: heat through evaporative cooling.

text: Clean Air Act standards. Under the Clean Air Act, the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) are developed by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for six common air pollutants, also called "criteria pollutants": particulates; smog and  ground-level ozone; carbon monoxide; sulfur oxides; nitrogen oxides; and lead. The National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants are additional emission standards that are set by EPA for toxic air pollutants.

text: Clean Air Act standards. Under the

text: Clean Air Act

text: , the

text: National Ambient Air Quality Standards

text: (NAAQS) are developed by the

text: Environmental Protection Agency

text: (EPA) for six common air pollutants, also called "criteria pollutants":

text: particulates

text: smog

text: and

text: ground-level ozone

text: carbon monoxide

text: sulfur oxide

text: s;

text: nitrogen oxide

text: s; and

text: lead

text: . The

text: National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants

text: are additional emission standards that are set by EPA for toxic air pollutants.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: particulates

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: toxic air pollutants

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: particulates

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: smog

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: lead

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: sulfur oxides

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: particulates

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: particulates; smog and ground-level ozone;

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: carbon monoxide; sulfur oxides; nitrogen oxides;

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: lead.

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: toxic air pollutants.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: lead.

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: carbon monoxide; sulfur oxides; nitrogen oxides; and lead.

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: sulfur oxides; nitrogen oxides;

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: carbon monoxide; sulfur oxides; nitrogen oxides; and lead.

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: carbon monoxide; sulfur oxides; nitrogen oxides; and lead.

text: The AQI can increase due to an increase of air emissions (for example, during rush hour traffic or when there is an upwind forest fire) or from a lack of dilution of air pollutants. Stagnant air, often caused by an anticyclone, temperature inversion, or low wind speeds lets air pollution remain in a local area, leading to high concentrations of pollutants, chemical reactions between air contaminants and hazy conditions.

text: The AQI can increase due to an increase of air emissions (for example, during rush hour traffic or when there is an upwind forest fire) or from a lack of dilution of air pollutants.

text: Stagnant air

text: , often caused by an

text: anticyclone

text: temperature inversion

text: , or low

text: wind

text: speeds lets air pollution remain in a local area, leading to high concentrations of pollutants, chemical reactions between air contaminants and

text: hazy

text: conditions.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: rush hour traffic

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air pollutants

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: air emissions

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: lead to high concentrations of pollutants

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: air pollutants

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: upwind forest fire

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: air emissions

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: emissions

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: rush hour traffic

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: dilution of air pollutants.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: pollutants.

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: upwind forest fire)

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: air emissions

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: air emissions

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: high concentrations of pollutants,

text: In 2006, Blunt signed legislation requiring gasoline sold in Missouri to contain 10% ethanol. Blunt has supported the development of biomass, biofuels, wind power and solar energy as alternative energy sources. Air quality continues to be a problem for the state, which has a high rate of air pollution due to burning of coal.

text: In 2006, Blunt signed legislation requiring gasoline sold in Missouri to contain 10%

text: ethanol

text: . Blunt has supported the development of

text: biomass

text: biofuels

text: wind power

text: and

text: solar energy

text: as alternative energy sources. Air quality continues to be a problem for the state, which has a high rate of air pollution due to burning of coal.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burning coal

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: burning of coal.

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: coal.

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: burning of coal.

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: Air quality

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: coal.

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: coal.

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burning of coal.

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: burning of coal.

text: Although in many ways fossil fuels provide a simple, easy to use energy source that powered the industrialization of most modern nations, the issues associated with the widespread use of fossil fuels are now numerous, consisting of some of the world's most difficult and large scale global political, economic, health and environmental problems. The looming energy crisis results from consuming these fossil fuels at a rate which is unsustainable, with the global demand for fossil fuels expected to increase every year for the next several decades, compounding existing problems.

text: Although in many ways

text: fossil fuels

text: provide a simple, easy to use energy source that powered the industrialization of most modern nations, the issues associated with the widespread use of fossil fuels are now numerous, consisting of some of the world's most difficult and large scale global political, economic, health and environmental problems. The looming

text: energy crisis

text: results from consuming these fossil fuels at a rate which is unsustainable, with the global demand for fossil fuels expected to increase every year for the next several decades, compounding existing problems.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuel

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: unsustainable

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: environmental problems.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: health and environmental problems.

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: global political, economic, health and environmental problems.

text: People who live in areas where particulate matter (PM) air pollution is higher tend to have more health problems across the board. Short-term and long-term effects of ambient air pollution are associated with an increased mortality rate, including infant mortality. Air pollution is consistently associated with post neonatal mortality due to respiratory effects and sudden infant death syndrome. Specifically, air pollution is highly associated with SIDs in the United States during the post-neonatal stage. High infant mortality is exacerbated because newborns are a vulnerable subgroup that is affected by air pollution. Newborns who were born into these environments are no exception. Women who are exposed to greater air pollution on a daily basis who are pregnant should be closely watched by their doctors, as well as after the baby is born. Babies who live in areas with less air pollution have a greater chance of living until their first birthday. As expected, babies who live in environments with more air pollution are at greater risk for infant mortality. Areas that have higher air pollution also have a greater chance of having a higher population density, higher crime rates and lower income levels, all of which can lead to higher infant mortality rates.

text: People who live in areas where

text: particulate matter

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: human activities

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: PM

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: increase infant mortality

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: particulate matter

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: slash-and-burn

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: particulate matter

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: particulate matter

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: particulate matter

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: sudden infant death syndrome.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: particulate matter

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: particulate matter (PM) air pollution

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: particulate matter

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: particulate matter

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: higher population density, higher crime rates and lower income levels,

text: Air pollution is caused predominantly from, burning fossil fuels, cars and much more. Natural sources of air pollution include forest fires, volcanic eruptions, wind erosion, pollen dispersal, evaporation of organic compounds, and natural radioactivity. These natural sources of pollution often soon disperses and thins settling near its locale. However, major natural events such as volcanic activity can convey throughout the air spreading, thinning and settling over continents. Fossil fuel burning for heating, electrical generation, and in motor vehicles are responsible for about 90% of all air pollution in the United States.

text: Air pollution is caused predominantly from, burning fossil fuels, cars and much more. Natural sources of air pollution include forest fires, volcanic eruptions, wind erosion, pollen dispersal, evaporation of organic compounds, and natural radioactivity. These natural sources of pollution often soon disperses and thins settling near its locale. However, major natural events such as volcanic activity can convey throughout the air spreading, thinning and settling over continents.

text: Fossil fuel

text: burning for heating, electrical generation, and in motor vehicles are responsible for about 90% of all air pollution in the United States.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: burning fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuel burning

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: natural sources of pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: radioactivity

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: burning fossil fuels, cars

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: Air pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: Fossil fuel burning

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: Air pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: radioactivity.

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Natural sources of air pollution include forest fires,

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: fires,

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Natural sources of air pollution include forest fires,

text: Another source from which pollutants originate is fossil-fuel combustion. The organic pollutants and trace metals released into the air from this combustion end up in the oceans and influence the chemistry of the ocean. One specific process that has a great impact on the global nitrogen cycle which affects ocean climate, the Haber-Bosch process, is used for an agricultural fertilizer.

text: Another source from which pollutants originate is

text: fossil-fuel

text: combustion. The

text: organic pollutants

text: and

text: trace metal

text: s released into the air from this combustion end up in the oceans and influence the chemistry of the ocean. One specific process that has a great impact on the global

text: nitrogen cycle

text: which affects ocean climate, the

text: Haber-Bosch process

text: , is used for an agricultural fertilizer.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil-fuel combustion

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: organic pollutants

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil-fuel combustion

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: pollute the oceans

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: organic pollutants

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: fossil-fuel combustion

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil-fuel combustion.

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: pollutants originate is fossil-fuel combustion. The organic pollutants and trace metals

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil-fuel combustion.

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: trace metals

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: fossil-fuel combustion.

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: organic pollutants and trace metals

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: fossil-fuel combustion.

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: fossil-fuel combustion.

text: Aethalometers are now constructed to perform their optical analyses simultaneously at multiple wavelengths, typically spanning the range from 370 nm (near-ultraviolet) to 950 nm (near-infrared).  In the absence of aromatic components, the aethalometer data for black carbon concentration is identical at all wavelengths, after factoring in the standard λ response for ‘resistive’ gray materials. The angstrom exponent of the attenuation for these materials is 1. If aromatic components are present, they will contribute increased absorption at shorter wavelengths. The aethalometer data will increase at shorter wavelengths, and the apparent angstrom exponent will increase. Measurements of pure biomass smoke may show data represented by an angstrom exponent as large as 2. Many areas of the world are impacted by emissions both from high-temperature fossil fuel combustion, such as diesel exhaust, which has a gray or black color and is characterized by an angstrom exponent of 1; together with emissions from biomass burning such as wood smoke, which is characterized by a larger value of angstrom exponent. These two sources of pollution may have different geographic origins and temporal patterns, but maybe co-mingled at the point of measurement. Real-time aethalometer measurements at multiple wavelengths are claimed to separate these different contributions and can apportion the total impact to different categories of sources. This analysis is an essential input to the design of effective and acceptable public policy and regulation.

text: Aethalometers are now constructed to perform their optical analyses simultaneously at multiple wavelengths, typically spanning the range from 370 nm (near-ultraviolet) to 950 nm (near-infrared).  In the absence of aromatic components, the aethalometer data for black carbon concentration is identical at all wavelengths, after factoring in the standard λ response for ‘resistive’ gray materials. The angstrom exponent of the attenuation for these materials is 1. If aromatic components are present, they will contribute increased absorption at shorter wavelengths. The aethalometer data will increase at shorter wavelengths, and the apparent angstrom exponent will increase. Measurements of pure biomass smoke may show data represented by an angstrom exponent as large as 2. Many areas of the world are impacted by emissions both from high-temperature

text: fossil fuel

text: combustion, such as

text: diesel exhaust

text: , which has a gray or black color and is characterized by an angstrom exponent of 1; together with emissions from biomass burning such as wood smoke, which is characterized by a larger value of angstrom exponent. These two sources of pollution may have different geographic origins and temporal patterns, but maybe co-mingled at the point of measurement. Real-time aethalometer measurements at multiple wavelengths are claimed to separate these different contributions and can apportion the total impact to different categories of sources. This analysis is an essential input to the design of effective and acceptable

text: public policy and regulation

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuel combustion

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: diesel exhaust

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: diesel exhaust

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: have different geographic origins and temporal patterns

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: black carbon

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: diesel exhaust

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: emissions from biomass burning

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: high-temperature fossil fuel combustion,

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: diesel exhaust,

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: high-temperature fossil fuel combustion,

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: aromatic components are present, they will contribute increased absorption at shorter wavelengths.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: black carbon

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: biomass burning

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: wood smoke,

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: high-temperature fossil fuel combustion,

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: biomass burning

text: Furthermore, the completion of the dock will allow the world's container ships to have direct connections to the northern half of the UK and Ireland, and is estimated to receive up to 4 million containers per year. The expansion of the Bootle Docks is expected to make a significant contribution to the community by adding £5 billion to the local economy and bringing an influx of employment opportunities. Liverpool Community College and Mersey Maritime have signed partnerships with Peel Port to perform job skills training, 5,000 direct and indirect jobs will be created, of which 4,000 will be at the Liverpool Port.However, along with the benefits, the expansion of the port will have a severe impact on the environment and local communities. Through the construction of the docks, a large number of vehicles will emit significant amounts of air pollutants leading to pollutant concentration in a small area. In addition to air pollution, increasing noise nuisance and vibrations are other problems causing concern. Once completed, the operation of the port will mean a considerably increase of road traffic, rail traffic and shipping, leading to reduced air quality and various issues affecting the health of the community.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: road traffic

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air pollutants

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: road traffic

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: reduce air quality

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: construction

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: vehicles

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air pollutants

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: road traffic,

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: pollutant concentration in a small area.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: pollutant

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: reduced air quality

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: air pollutants

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: a large number of vehicles will emit significant amounts of air pollutants

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: pollutant concentration in a small area.

text: The rotary kiln consists of a tube made from steel plate, and lined with firebrick.  The tube slopes slightly (1–4°) and slowly rotates on its axis at between 30 and 250 revolutions per hour.  Rawmix is fed in at the upper end, and the rotation of the kiln causes it gradually to move downhill to the other end of the kiln.  At the other end fuel, in the form of gas, oil, or pulverized solid fuel, is blown in through the "burner pipe", producing a large concentric flame in the lower part of the kiln tube.  As material moves under the flame, it reaches its peak temperature, before dropping out of the kiln tube into the cooler.  Air is drawn first through the cooler and then through the kiln for combustion of the fuel.  In the cooler the air is heated by the cooling clinker, so that it may be 400 to 800 °C before it enters the kiln, thus causing intense and rapid combustion of the fuel.

text: The rotary kiln consists of a tube made from steel plate, and lined with

text: firebrick

text: .  The tube slopes slightly (1–4°) and slowly rotates on its axis at between 30 and 250 revolutions per hour.  Rawmix is fed in at the upper end, and the rotation of the kiln causes it gradually to move downhill to the other end of the kiln.  At the other end fuel, in the form of gas,

text: oil

text: , or pulverized solid fuel, is blown in through the "burner pipe", producing a large concentric flame in the lower part of the kiln tube.  As material moves under the flame, it reaches its peak temperature, before dropping out of the kiln tube into the cooler.  Air is drawn first through the cooler and then through the kiln for combustion of the fuel.  In the cooler the air is heated by the cooling clinker, so that it may be 400 to 800 °C before it enters the kiln, thus causing intense and rapid combustion of the fuel.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: coal burning

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: pulverized

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burning

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: combustion of the fuel.

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: Air

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: rotary kiln

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: pulverized solid fuel,

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: steel plate, and lined with firebrick.

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: rotary kiln

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: gas, oil, or pulverized solid fuel,

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: blown in through the "burner pipe",

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Rawmix

text: Similar to other darters, fantail darters have several predators. They are also well-colored for their habitats, and they blend in easily with the surrounding stream bed and rocks.  Depending on the size of the specific darter, they can eat anything from tiny insects to larger insects and midge larve. Their food sources can include mayflies, caddisflies, dipterans, copepods, cladocerans, amphipods, isopods, and gastropods. The larger fantail darters can include the larger type of insects, including mayfly and midge larvae. Fantail darters are primarily benthic invertivores, so inhabit shallow, high-velocity microhabitats of the streams - riffles. If the microhabitat is destroyed or all the resources are used up, the fantail darter will simply move to another, where more food can be found. During the summer months, the water temperatures of streams rise significantly, causing the water to have a lower oxygen level.  Fantail darters have a good tolerance for this temperature change and low oxygen levels.  With higher temperatures, water in the streams will evaporate quickly. The fantail darter has actually adapted to this, and is sometimes found to evacuate a drying riffle. Though the fantail darter has a fairly good low-oxygen tolerance, there comes a point when too little oxygen is harmful. Without oxygen in the water, the fish will die out eventually. Low oxygen levels can also be caused by pollution of the stream. Pollution can also kill off the small invertebrates the fantail darter consumes.

text: Similar to other darters, fantail darters have several predators. They are also well-colored for their habitats, and they blend in easily with the surrounding stream bed and rocks.  Depending on the size of the specific darter, they can eat anything from tiny insects to larger insects and midge larve. Their food sources can include

text: mayflies

text: caddisflies

text: dipterans

text: copepods

text: cladocerans

text: amphipods

text: isopods

text: , and

text: gastropods

text: . The larger fantail darters can include the larger type of insects, including mayfly and midge

text: larvae

text: . Fantail darters are primarily benthic invertivores, so inhabit shallow, high-velocity microhabitats of the streams -

text: riffle

text: s. If the

text: microhabitat

text: is destroyed or all the resources are used up, the fantail darter will simply move to another, where more food can be found. During the summer months, the water temperatures of streams rise significantly, causing the water to have a lower oxygen level.  Fantail darters have a good tolerance for this temperature change and low oxygen levels.  With higher temperatures, water in the streams will evaporate quickly. The fantail darter has actually adapted to this, and is sometimes found to evacuate a drying riffle. Though the fantail darter has a fairly good low-oxygen tolerance, there comes a point when too little oxygen is harmful. Without oxygen in the water, the fish will die out eventually. Low oxygen levels can also be caused by pollution of the stream. Pollution can also kill off the small invertebrates the fantail darter consumes.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: not enough oxygen

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: pollute the stream

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: polluting

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: pollution of the stream.

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: oxygen

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fantail darters

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: too little oxygen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: low oxygen levels. With higher temperatures,

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: low oxygen levels. With higher temperatures,

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Low oxygen levels

text: Tentative evidence supports an increased risk of lung cancer from indoor air pollution related to the burning of wood, charcoal, dung or crop residue for cooking and heating. Women who are exposed to indoor coal smoke have about twice the risk and a number of the by-products of burning biomass are known or suspected carcinogens. This risk affects about 2.4 billion people globally, and is believed to account for 1.5% of lung cancer deaths.

text: Tentative evidence supports an increased risk of lung cancer from

text: indoor air pollution

text: related to the burning of wood, charcoal, dung or crop residue for cooking and heating. Women who are exposed to indoor coal smoke have about twice the risk and a number of the by-products of burning

text: biomass

text: are known or suspected carcinogens. This risk affects about 2.4 billion people globally, and is believed to account for 1.5% of lung cancer deaths.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: burning of wood

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: coal smoke

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: indoor

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: carcinogens

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burning biomass

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: indoor coal smoke

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: burning of wood, charcoal, dung or crop residue

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: smoke

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: burning of wood, charcoal, dung or crop residue

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: carcinogens.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: carcinogens.

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: wood, charcoal, dung or crop residue

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: biomass

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burning of wood, charcoal, dung or crop residue

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: burning of wood, charcoal, dung or crop residue

text: Along with adiabatic cooling that requires a lifting agent, there are three other main mechanisms for lowering the temperature of the air to its dew point, all of which occur near surface level and do not require any lifting of the air. Conductive, radiational, and evaporative cooling can cause condensation at surface level resulting in the formation of fog.  Conductive cooling takes place when air from a relatively mild source area comes into contact with a colder surface, as when mild marine air moves across a colder land area. Radiational cooling occurs due to the emission of infrared radiation, either by the air or by the surface underneath. This type of cooling is common during the night when the sky is clear. Evaporative cooling happens when moisture is added to the air through evaporation, which forces the air temperature to cool to its wet-bulb temperature, or sometimes to the point of saturation.

text: Along with adiabatic cooling that requires a lifting agent, there are three other main mechanisms for lowering the temperature of the air to its dew point, all of which occur near surface level and do not require any lifting of the air. Conductive, radiational, and evaporative cooling can cause condensation at surface level resulting in the formation of

text: fog

text: .  Conductive cooling takes place when air from a relatively mild source area comes into contact with a colder surface, as when mild marine air moves across a colder land area. Radiational cooling occurs due to the emission of

text: infrared radiation

text: , either by the air or by the surface underneath. This type of cooling is common during the night when the sky is clear. Evaporative cooling happens when moisture is added to the air through evaporation, which forces the air temperature to cool to its

text: wet-bulb temperature

text: , or sometimes to the point of saturation.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: a relatively mild source area

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: radiational cooling

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: infrared radiation

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: formation of fog

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: infrared

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: marine air moves across a colder land area.

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: infrared radiation,

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: marine air moves across a colder land area.

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: fog.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: infrared radiation,

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: adiabatic cooling

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: infrared radiation,

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: evaporation,

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: fog.

text: More than 3 billion people cook with wood fire worldwide. Approximately 60% of African families cook with traditional biomass, a percentage that increases to 90% for Sub-Saharan Africa. Smoke and gaseous emissions pour out of burning wood, animal dung, or crop residues, leading to lung disease and respiratory illnesses in women and children. Traditional biomass fuels release emissions that contain pollutants dangerous to health, such as small particles, carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide, butadiene, formaldehyde, and carcinogens such as benzopyrene and benzene. The World Health Organization estimates that more than 4 million people die each year from household air pollution generated by cooking with solid fuels in poorly ventilated spaces. 500,000 of these deaths are from childhood pneumonia. Indoor air pollution is especially deadly for children; it is responsible for nearly 50% of pneumonia deaths in children under the age of five.

text: More than 3 billion people cook with wood fire worldwide. Approximately 60% of African families cook with traditional biomass, a percentage that increases to 90% for Sub-Saharan Africa. Smoke and gaseous emissions pour out of burning wood, animal dung, or crop residues, leading to lung disease and respiratory illnesses in women and children. Traditional biomass fuels release emissions that contain pollutants dangerous to health, such as small particles,

text: carbon monoxide (CO)

text: nitrogen dioxide

text: butadiene

text: formaldehyde

text: , and carcinogens such as

text: benzopyrene

text: and

text: benzene

text: . The

text: World Health Organization

text: estimates that more than 4 million people die each year from household air pollution generated by cooking with solid fuels in poorly ventilated spaces. 500,000 of these deaths are from childhood pneumonia. Indoor air pollution is especially deadly for children; it is responsible for nearly 50% of pneumonia deaths in children under the age of five.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: wood fire

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: gaseseous emissions

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: carcinogens

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: benzene

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon monoxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burning wood

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: cooking with solid fuels

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: Smoke and gaseous emissions

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: Indoor air pollution

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: pollutants dangerous to health,

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: carbon monoxide

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Traditional biomass

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: Smoke and gaseous emissions

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burning wood, animal dung, or crop residues,

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: cooking with solid fuels in poorly ventilated spaces.

text: Christchurch often has temperature inversions which trap pollutants causing air quality issues. Ecan set up the Clean Heat Project in 2002 and it ran until 2011 to assist with cleaner burning home heating and extra home insulation.

text: Christchurch often has

text: temperature inversion

text: s which trap pollutants causing

text: air quality

text: issues. Ecan set up the Clean Heat Project in 2002 and it ran until 2011 to assist with cleaner burning home heating and extra home insulation.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: home heating

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: pollutant

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: inversions

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: trap pollutants

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: mercury

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: temperature inversions

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: temperature inversions

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: pollutants causing air quality issues.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: 2011 to assist with cleaner burning home heating

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: temperature inversions

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: temperature inversions which trap pollutants causing air quality issues.

text: Fossil-fuel consumption subsidies were $409 billion in 2010, oil products being half of it. Renewable-energy subsidies were $66 billion in 2010 and will reach $250 billion by 2035, according to IEA. Renewable energy is subsidized in order to compete in the market, increase their volume and develop the technology so that the subsidies become unnecessary with the development. Eliminating fossil-fuel subsidies could bring economic and environmental benefits. Phasing out fossil-fuel subsidies by 2020 would cut primary energy demand 5%. Since the start of 2010, at least 15 countries have taken steps to phase out fossil-fuel subsidies.  According to IEA onshore wind may become competitive around 2020 in the European Union.

text: Fossil-fuel consumption subsidies were $409 billion in 2010, oil products being half of it. Renewable-energy subsidies were $66 billion in 2010 and will reach $250 billion by 2035, according to IEA. Renewable energy is subsidized in order to compete in the market, increase their volume and develop the technology so that the subsidies become unnecessary with the development. Eliminating fossil-fuel subsidies could bring economic and environmental benefits. Phasing out fossil-fuel subsidies by 2020 would cut primary energy demand 5%. Since the start of 2010, at least 15 countries have taken steps to phase out fossil-fuel subsidies.  According to IEA onshore wind may become competitive around 2020 in the European Union.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: oil products

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: oil products

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: cut primary energy demand

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: fossil-fuel consumption

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: oil products

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: oil products

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: oil products

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: Eliminating fossil-fuel subsidies could bring economic and environmental benefits.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: oil

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Fossil-fuel consumption subsidies were $409 billion

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: oil products

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: 2035,

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Eliminating fossil-fuel subsidies could bring economic and environmental benefits.

text: Another example of evaporation is in the recovery of sodium hydroxide in kraft pulping. Cutting down waste-handling cost is another major reason for large companies to use evaporation applications. Legally, all producers of waste must dispose of waste using methods compatible with environmental guidelines; these methods are costly.  By removing moisture through vaporization, industry can greatly reduce the amount of waste product that must be processed.

text: Another example of evaporation is in the recovery of sodium hydroxide in

text: kraft pulping

text: . Cutting down waste-handling cost is another major reason for large companies to use evaporation applications. Legally, all producers of waste must dispose of waste using methods compatible with environmental guidelines; these methods are costly.  By removing moisture through vaporization, industry can greatly reduce the amount of waste product that must be processed.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: industry

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: industry

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: costly

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: producers of waste

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: moisture

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: waste

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: evaporation is in the recovery of sodium hydroxide

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: sodium hydroxide

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: costly.

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: moisture

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: all producers of waste must dispose of waste using methods compatible with environmental guidelines;

text: Cities with slow air exchange (inversion) and high emission figures (particulate matter PM, PM, NO, Ozone) caused by diesel-powered vehicles, need a way to reduce big pollution sources. Commercial diesel-fueled vehicles are prime targets because of their high NO and PM emissions caused by the lack of sufficient pollution controls.

text: Cities with slow air exchange (inversion) and high emission figures (

text: particulate matter

text: PM, PM, NO, Ozone) caused by diesel-powered vehicles, need a way to reduce big pollution sources. Commercial diesel-fueled vehicles are prime targets because of their high NO and PM emissions caused by the lack of sufficient pollution controls.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: diesel-fueled vehicles

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: NO

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: diesel-powered vehicles

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: pollute the air

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: diesel-powered vehicles

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: diesel-powered vehicles,

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: (particulate matter

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: diesel-powered vehicles,

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: Ozone)

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: diesel-fueled vehicles

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: (particulate matter PM, PM, NO, Ozone)

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: diesel-powered vehicles,

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: (particulate matter PM, PM, NO, Ozone)

text: In a cooling condensation type atmospheric water generator, a compressor circulates refrigerant through a condenser and then an evaporator coil which cools the air surrounding it.  This lowers the air temperature to its dew point, causing water to condense.  A controlled-speed fan pushes filtered air over the coil.  The resulting water is then passed into a holding tank with purification and filtration system to help keep the water pure and reduce the risk posed by viruses and bacteria which may be collected from the ambient air on the evaporator coil by the condensing water.

text: In a cooling condensation type atmospheric water generator, a

text: compressor

text: circulates

text: refrigerant

text: through a condenser and then an evaporator coil which cools the air surrounding it.  This lowers the air temperature to its

text: dew point

text: , causing water to condense.  A controlled-speed fan pushes filtered air over the coil.  The resulting water is then passed into a holding tank with purification and filtration system to help keep the water pure and reduce the risk posed by viruses and bacteria which may be collected from the ambient air on the evaporator coil by the condensing water.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: nonrenewable resources

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: risk posed by viruses

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: condensation

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: viruses and bacteria

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: refrigerant

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: cooling condensation type atmospheric water generator,

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: viruses and bacteria

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: viruses and bacteria

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: In a cooling condensation type atmospheric water generator,

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: In a cooling condensation type atmospheric water generator,

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: cooling condensation type atmospheric water generator,

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: viruses and bacteria

text: Urban runoff from roads and other impervious surfaces is a major source of water pollution. Rainwater and snowmelt running off of roads tends to pick up gasoline, motor oil, heavy metals, trash and other pollutants.  Road runoff is a major source of nickel, copper, zinc, cadmium, lead and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which are created as combustion byproducts of gasoline and other fossil fuels.

text: Urban runoff

text: from roads and other

text: impervious surface

text: s is a major source of

text: water pollution

text: Rainwater

text: and

text: snowmelt

text: running off of roads tends to pick up

text: gasoline

text: motor oil

text: heavy metals

text: trash

text: and other pollutants.  Road runoff is a major source of

text: nickel

text: copper

text: zinc

text: cadmium

text: lead

text: and

text: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon

text: s (PAHs), which are created as

text: combustion

text: byproducts of gasoline and other

text: fossil fuel

text: s.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: urban runoff

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: urban runoff

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: byproducts

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: lead

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: road runoff

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: Urban runoff from roads and other impervious surfaces

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: gasoline,

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: Urban runoff from roads and other impervious surfaces

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: combustion byproducts

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: cadmium,

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Road runoff

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: combustion byproducts

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: combustion byproducts of gasoline and other fossil fuels.

text: Lomborg considers pollution from different angles. He notes that air pollution in wealthy nations has steadily decreased in recent decades. He finds that air pollution levels are highly linked to economic development, with moderately developed countries polluting most. Again, Lomborg argues that faster growth in emerging countries would help them reduce their air pollution levels. Lomborg suggests that devoting resources to reduce the levels of specific air pollutants would provide the greatest health benefits and save the largest number of lives (per amount of money spent), continuing an already decades-long improvement in air quality in most developed countries.  Concerning water pollution, Lomborg notes again that it is connected with economic progress. He also notes that water pollution in major Western rivers decreased rapidly after the use of sewage systems became widespread. Concerning waste, Lomborg notes once again that fears are overblown, as the entire waste produced by the United States in the 21st century could fit into a square 100 feet thick and 28 km along each side, or 0.009% of the total surface of the United States.

text: Lomborg considers pollution from different angles. He notes that air pollution in wealthy nations has steadily decreased in recent decades. He finds that air pollution levels are highly linked to economic development, with moderately developed countries polluting most. Again, Lomborg argues that faster growth in emerging countries would help them reduce their air pollution levels. Lomborg suggests that devoting resources to reduce the levels of specific air pollutants would provide the greatest health benefits and save the largest number of lives (per amount of money spent), continuing an already decades-long improvement in air quality in most developed countries.  Concerning

text: water pollution

text: , Lomborg notes again that it is connected with economic progress. He also notes that water pollution in major Western rivers decreased rapidly after the use of sewage systems became widespread. Concerning

text: waste

text: , Lomborg notes once again that fears are overblown, as the entire waste produced by the United States in the 21st century could fit into a square 100 feet thick and 28 km along each side, or 0.009% of the total surface of the United States.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: economically developed countries

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air pollutants

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: moderately developed countries

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: slash-and-burn

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: moderately developed countries

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: moderately developed countries

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: polluting most.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: air pollutants

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: air pollution levels are highly linked to economic development,

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: waste,

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: moderately developed countries

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: water pollution,

text: Currently, the locality presents serious pollution problems [1]. As a university city, and capital of the region, there is a large presence of private cars and transportation vehicles. Such vehicles are often second-hand and / or ought to be in disuse. In this way, air pollution is a major problem affecting the inhabitants of the area. In the area of Xalapa and Banderilla as well as in other municipalities of the state there have been numerous cases of people who have come to suffer from congenital (birth) diseases as well as health alterations linked to cancer. Similarly, a large name of inhabitants burn waste and debris affecting air quality causing even more pollution problems with consequences to the health of citizens. The lack of potable water in drought seasons as well as the lack of environmental education is a situation that generates serious problems to the inhabitants of Xalapa and the environs. Based on data from the Mexican Social Security Institute, there are evidences and registered cases of numerous people affected by Skin Cancer, Down Syndrome and Autism.

text: Currently, the locality presents serious pollution problems [1]. As a university city, and capital of the region, there is a large presence of private cars and transportation vehicles. Such vehicles are often second-hand and / or ought to be in disuse. In this way, air pollution is a major problem affecting the inhabitants of the area. In the area of Xalapa and Banderilla as well as in other municipalities of the state there have been numerous cases of people who have come to suffer from congenital (birth) diseases as well as health alterations linked to cancer. Similarly, a large name of inhabitants burn waste and debris affecting air quality causing even more pollution problems with consequences to the health of citizens. The lack of potable water in drought seasons as well as the lack of environmental education is a situation that generates serious problems to the inhabitants of Xalapa and the environs. Based on data from the Mexican Social Security Institute, there are evidences and registered cases of numerous people affected by Skin Cancer, Down Syndrome and Autism.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: private cars

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: private cars

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: congenital (birth) diseases

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: waste and debris

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burning waste and debris

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: a large name of inhabitants burn waste

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: private cars and transportation vehicles.

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: burn waste and debris

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: cancer.

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: waste and debris

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: waste and debris

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burn waste and debris

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: a large name of inhabitants burn waste and debris

text: Phytoremediation was used at Greenwich Peninsula Ecology Park to extract and degrade pollutants. Many willows (genus Salix) of various species and life stages are grown in the park. These deciduous plants are tolerant of toxins and pollutants and are hyperaccumulators, making them well-suited to phytoremediation. Willows can phytoremediate silver, chromium, mercury, lead, selenium, zinc and several other heavy metals and organic contaminants. Toxins and pollutants which exist in high concentrations in the soil pose a threat of leaking into water sources and causing health problems if not remedied. Willows were planted in Greenwich Peninsula Ecology Park with the goal of having their roots reach the water table to bioaccumulate (via osmosis) these hydrocarbons and other contaminants. Small contaminant molecules such as 1,4-dioxane are evaporated to the atmosphere where ultraviolet light breaks down the compound into harmless chemical. With good management, phytoremediation is an economical, effective and environmental friendly way to quickly remove contaminants in soil and water.

text: Phytoremediation

text: was used at Greenwich Peninsula Ecology Park to extract and degrade pollutants. Many willows (

text: genus

text: Salix) of various

text: species

text: and

text: life stages

text: are grown in the park. These

text: deciduous

text: plants are tolerant of

text: toxin

text: s and pollutants and are

text: hyperaccumulators

text: , making them well-suited to phytoremediation. Willows can phytoremediate

text: silver

text: chromium

text: mercury

text: lead

text: selenium

text: zinc

text: and several other

text: heavy metals

text: and

text: organic

text: contaminants. Toxins and pollutants which

text: exist in high concentrations in the soil

text: pose a threat of leaking into water sources and causing health problems if not remedied. Willows were planted in Greenwich Peninsula Ecology Park with the goal of having their

text: root

text: s reach the

text: water table

text: to

text: bioaccumulate

text: (via

text: osmosis

text: ) these

text: hydrocarbon

text: s and other contaminants. Small contaminant

text: molecule

text: s such as

text: are evaporated to the

text: atmosphere

text: where

text: ultraviolet

text: light

text: breaks down the compound into harmless chemical. With good management, phytoremediation is an economical, effective and

text: environmental friendly

text: way to quickly remove contaminants in soil and water.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: soil

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: heavy metals

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: causing health problems

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: mercury

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: hydrocarbons

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: osmosis

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: soil

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: pollutants.

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: soil

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: causing health problems

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: mercury,

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: willows

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: hydrocarbons

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: evaporated

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: leaking into water sources and causing health problems if not remedied.

text: Biofuels are different from fossil fuels in regard to net greenhouse gases but are similar to fossil fuels in that biofuels contribute to air pollution. Burning produces airborne carbon particulates, carbon monoxide and nitrous oxides.

text: Biofuels are different from fossil fuels in regard to net greenhouse gases but are similar to fossil fuels in that biofuels contribute to

text: air pollution

text: . Burning produces airborne carbon

text: particulate

text: s,

text: carbon monoxide

text: and

text: nitrous oxide

text: s.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: biofuels

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: nitrous oxides

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: biofuels

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: contribute to air pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: nitrous oxides

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burning

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: Burning

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: carbon particulates, carbon monoxide and nitrous oxides.

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: Biofuels

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollution.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: nitrous oxides.

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Biofuels

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon particulates, carbon monoxide and nitrous oxides.

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: Burning

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: carbon particulates, carbon monoxide and nitrous oxides.

text: Indoor air pollution is a problem in Mongolia, due to the burning of coal and biomass as fuels within homes, and improper ventilation. Because of Mongolia's very cold winters (that have temperatures averaging below 0 from November to March) and often cold nights, Mongolians need a lot of energy for heating in addition to the energy needed for cooking. In the gers (traditional Mongolian dwellings), coal is the most used form of fuel, and the burning of coal and other biomass (such as wood, crop residue etc.) in simple stoves causes the air within the living spaces to have elevated levels of Carbon Monoxide and particulate matter.

text: Indoor air pollution is a problem in Mongolia, due to the burning of coal and biomass as fuels within homes, and improper ventilation. Because of Mongolia's very cold winters (that have temperatures averaging below 0 from November to March) and often cold nights, Mongolians need a lot of energy for heating in addition to the energy needed for cooking. In the gers (traditional Mongolian dwellings), coal is the most used form of fuel, and the burning of coal and other biomass (such as wood, crop residue etc.) in simple stoves causes the air within the living spaces to have elevated levels of

text: Carbon Monoxide

text: and particulate matter.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: the burning of coal

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: particulate matter

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: indoor

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: particulate matter

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: CO2

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: Carbon Monoxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burning coal and biomass

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: burning of coal and biomass as fuels within homes,

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: Carbon Monoxide and particulate matter.

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: Indoor

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: Indoor air pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: Carbon Monoxide

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Carbon Monoxide and particulate matter.

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: Carbon Monoxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burning

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Carbon Monoxide and particulate matter.

text: During winter, temperature inversions are a common problem, causing air pollution in the valley. The inversion will trap pollutants, moisture, and cold temperatures in the valley while the surrounding mountains enjoy warm temperatures and clear skies. This can cause some melting snow in the mountains and unhealthy air quality and low visibility in the valley. This weather event lasts from a few days to up to a month in extreme cases, and is caused when a very strong high pressure positions over the Great Basin.

text: During winter,

text: temperature inversion

text: s are a common problem, causing air pollution in the valley. The inversion will trap pollutants, moisture, and cold temperatures in the valley while the surrounding mountains enjoy warm temperatures and clear skies. This can cause some melting snow in the mountains and unhealthy air quality and low visibility in the valley. This weather event lasts from a few days to up to a month in extreme cases, and is caused when a very strong high pressure positions over the

text: Great Basin

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: the valley

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: inversions

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: trap pollutants

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: temperature inversion

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: temperature inversions

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: pollutants,

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: temperature inversions

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: pollutants,

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: temperature inversions are a common problem, causing air pollution

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: pollutants, moisture,

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: temperature inversions

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: temperature inversions

text: Biomass energy can be produced from combustion of waste green material to heat water into steam and drive a steam turbine. Bioenergy can also be processed through a range of temperatures and pressures in gasification, pyrolysis or torrefaction reactions. Depending on the desired end product, these reactions create more energy-dense products (syngas, wood pellets, biocoal) that can then be fed into an accompanying engine to produce electricity at a much lower emission rate when compared with open burning.

text: Biomass

text: energy can be produced from combustion of waste green material to heat water into steam and drive a steam turbine. Bioenergy can also be processed through a range of temperatures and pressures in

text: gasification

text: pyrolysis

text: or

text: torrefaction

text: reactions. Depending on the desired end product, these reactions create more energy-dense products (

text: syngas

text: wood pellets

text: biocoal

text: ) that can then be fed into an accompanying engine to produce electricity at a much lower emission rate when compared with open burning.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: open burning

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: less emission

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: open burning

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: lower emission rate

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: waste green material

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: open burning

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: open burning.

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: emission rate

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: open burning.

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: open burning.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: biocoal)

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: open burning.

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: emission rate

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: open burning.

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: open burning.

text: The soil in Uzbekistan is also polluted by industrial waste. The improper handling and disposal of industrial waste has polluted the land in Uzbekistan and other countries in Central Asia.  The evaporation of the Aral Sea exposed the “Vozrozhdeniya Island”, also known as Resurrection Island, to the land and environment in Uzbekistan when the island transformed into a large peninsula.  At Resurrection Island, the land and soil was polluted with weaponized and genetically modified pathogens due to a secret biological weapons program carried out by the Soviet military. The island was decontaminated by the Russian military, Government of Uzbekistan, and U.S. experts because of the health and environmental dangers it could have caused with its new connection to the land.

text: The soil in Uzbekistan is also polluted by industrial waste. The improper handling and disposal of industrial waste has polluted the land in Uzbekistan and other countries in Central Asia.  The evaporation of the Aral Sea exposed the “Vozrozhdeniya Island”, also known as Resurrection Island, to the land and environment in Uzbekistan when the island transformed into a large peninsula.  At Resurrection Island, the land and soil was polluted with weaponized and genetically modified pathogens due to a secret biological weapons program carried out by the Soviet military. The island was decontaminated by the Russian military, Government of Uzbekistan, and U.S. experts because of the health and environmental dangers it could have caused with its new connection to the land.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: industrial waste

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: industrial waste

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: Uzbekistan

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: polluted

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: industrial waste.

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: industrial waste.

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: industrial waste.

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: weaponized and genetically modified pathogens

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: genetically modified pathogens

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: industrial waste.

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: industrial waste.

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: evaporation of the Aral Sea

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: The improper handling and disposal of industrial waste

text: The first among the countries to be affected by severe climate change is Bangladesh. Its sea level, temperature and evaporation are increasing, and the changes in precipitation and cross boundary river flows are already beginning to cause drainage congestion. There is a reduction in fresh water availability, disturbance of morphologic processes and a higher intensity of flooding and other such disasters. Bangladesh only contributes 0.1% of the world’s emissions yet it has 2.4% of the world’s population. In contrast, the United States makes up about 5 percent of the world's population, yet they produce approximately 25 percent of the pollution that causes global warming.

text: The first among the countries to be affected by severe climate change is Bangladesh. Its sea level, temperature and evaporation are increasing, and the changes in precipitation and cross boundary river flows are already beginning to cause drainage congestion. There is a reduction in fresh water availability, disturbance of morphologic processes and a higher intensity of flooding and other such disasters. Bangladesh only contributes 0.1% of the world’s emissions yet it has 2.4% of the world’s population. In contrast, the United States makes up about 5 percent of the world's population, yet they produce approximately 25 percent of the pollution that causes global warming.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: United States

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: United States

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: cause global warming

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: slash-and-burn

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: United States

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: United States

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: pollution that causes global warming.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: global warming.

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: the United States

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: precipitation and cross boundary river flows

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: 25 percent of the pollution that causes global warming.

text: A standard two staged cycle of this kind will possess an expansion valve that expands and modulates the amount of refrigerant incoming at the interstage. As the fluid arriving to the interstage expands, it will tend to evaporate, producing an overall temperature drop and cooling the second compressor’s suction when mixing with the fluid discharged by the first compressor. This kind of set up may have a heat exchanger between the expansion and the interstage, situation in which that second evaporator may serve to produce refrigeration as well, though not as cool as the main evaporator (for example to produce air conditioning or for keeping fresh products). A two staged system is said to be set up in a booster display with subcooling, if the refrigerant arriving to the interstage passes through a subcooling heat exchanger that subcools the main liquid line arriving to the main evaporator of the same system.

text: A standard two staged cycle of this kind will possess an

text: expansion valve

text: that expands and modulates the amount of

text: refrigerant

text: incoming at the interstage. As the fluid arriving to the interstage expands, it will tend to

text: evaporate

text: , producing an overall temperature drop and cooling the second compressor’s suction when mixing with the fluid discharged by the first compressor. This kind of set up may have a

text: heat exchanger

text: between the expansion and the interstage, situation in which that

text: second evaporator

text: may serve to produce refrigeration as well, though not as cool as the main evaporator (for example to produce

text: air conditioning

text: or for keeping fresh products). A two staged system is said to be set up in a booster display with

text: subcooling

text: , if the refrigerant arriving to the interstage passes through a

text: subcooling heat exchanger

text: that

text: subcools

text: the

text: main liquid line

text: arriving to the

text: main evaporator

text: of the same system.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: automobiles

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: subcooling

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: Nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: refrigerant

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: refrigerant

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: two staged cycle

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air conditioning or for keeping fresh products).

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: refrigerant

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: A standard two staged cycle

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: expansion valve that expands and modulates the amount of refrigerant

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: expansion valve that expands and modulates the amount of refrigerant

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: expansion valve that expands and modulates the amount of refrigerant

text: Prior to the Air Pollution Control Act of 1955, little headway was made to initiate this air pollution reform. U.S. cities Chicago and Cincinnati first established smoke ordinances in 1881. In 1904, Philadelphia passed an ordinance limiting the amount of smoke in flues, chimneys, and open spaces. The ordinance imposed a penalty if not all smoke inspections were passed. It was not until 1947 that California authorized the creation of Air Pollution Control Districts in every county of the state.

text: Prior to the Air Pollution Control Act of 1955, little headway was made to initiate this air pollution reform. U.S. cities Chicago and Cincinnati first established smoke ordinances in 1881. In 1904, Philadelphia passed an ordinance limiting the amount of smoke in flues, chimneys, and open spaces. The ordinance imposed a penalty if not all smoke inspections were passed. It was not until 1947 that California authorized the creation of Air Pollution Control Districts in every county of the state.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: chimneys

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: smoke

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: coal burning

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: chimneys

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: smoke

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: smoke

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: smoke in flues, chimneys, and open spaces.

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: penalty

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: smoke

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Air Pollution Control Act of 1955,

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: smoke

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: smoke

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Air Pollution Control Act of 1955,

text: In response to the Great Smog of 1952, the British Parliament introduced the Clean Air Act 1956. This act legislated for zones where smokeless fuels had to be burnt and relocated power stations to rural areas. The Clean Air Act 1968 introduced the use of tall chimneys to disperse air pollution for industries burning coal, liquid or gaseous fuels.The Clean Air Act was updated in 1993 and can be reviewed online legislation Clean Air Act 1993. The biggest domestic impact comes from Part III, Smoke Control Areas, which are designated by local authorities and can vary by street in large towns.

text: In response to the

text: Great Smog of 1952

text: , the

text: British Parliament

text: introduced the

text: Clean Air Act 1956

text: . This act legislated for zones where

text: smokeless fuel

text: s had to be burnt and relocated power stations to rural areas. The Clean Air Act 1968 introduced the use of tall chimneys to

text: disperse air pollution

text: for industries burning coal, liquid or gaseous fuels.The Clean Air Act was updated in 1993 and can be reviewed online legislation Clean Air Act 1993. The biggest domestic impact comes from Part III, Smoke Control Areas, which are designated by local authorities and can vary by street in large towns.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: The biggest domestic impact

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: chimneys

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: the biggest domestic impact

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burning coal

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Slash-and-burn can lead to these pollutants

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: Smoke Control Areas,

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: tall chimneys

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: Smoke Control Areas,

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: coal,

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: smokeless fuels had to be burnt

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: smokeless fuels

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burning coal, liquid or gaseous fuels.The

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: industries burning coal, liquid or gaseous fuels.The

text: Increases in rates of asthma have occurred despite improvements in air quality produced by the passage and enforcement of clean air legislation, such as both the Clean Air Act of 1963 and the Clean Air Act of 1990 in the United States.  In other words, existing legislation and regulation have not kept pace with changing climatic conditions and their health consequences.  Compounding the problem of air quality is the fact that air-borne pollens have been found to attach themselves to diesel particles from truck or other vehicular exhaust floating in the air, resulting in heightened rates of asthma in areas where busy roads bisect densely populated areas, most notably in poorer inner city areas. Research by the American Cancer Society found that a six percent increase in cardiopulmonary deaths occurs for every elevation of 10 μg/m3 in particulate matter concentration in the air.  Exhaust from the burning of diesel fuel is a complex mixture of vapors, gases, and fine particles, including over 40 known pollutants like nitrogen oxide and known or suspected carcinogenic substances such as benzene, arsenic, and formaldehyde.  Exposure to diesel exhaust irritates the eyes, nose, throat and lungs, causing coughs, headaches, light headedness and nausea, while causing people with allergies to be more susceptible allergy triggers like dust or pollen. Many particles in disease fuel are so tiny they are able to penetrate deep into the lungs when inhaled.  Importantly, diesel fuel particles appear to have even greater immunologic effects in the presence of environmental allergens than they do alone.  According to Robert Pandya and co-workers who are studying the role of diesel fuel in asthma, "This immunologic evidence may help explain the epidemiologic studies indicating that children living along major trucking thoroughfares are at increased risk for asthmatic and allergic symptoms and are more likely to have objective evidence of respiratory dysfunction."

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: the burning of diesel fuel

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: nitrogen oxide

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: diesel fuel

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: carcinogenic

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: nitrogen oxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: diesel fuel

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: slash and burn

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: burning of diesel fuel

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: diesel exhaust

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: diesel fuel

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: formaldehyde.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: benzene,

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: diesel exhaust

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: diesel exhaust

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: diesel exhaust

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Exhaust from the burning of diesel fuel

text: Two thirds of house holds in India use biomass and charcoal for cooking purpose. As traditional use of biomass is being replaced by LPG in rural areas at faster pace, biomass burning in agriculture fields would become major source for causing higher level air pollution. According to the International Energy Agency, 819 million Indians, or 63% of the total population, rely on traditional uses of biomass.

text: Two thirds of house holds in India use biomass and charcoal for cooking purpose. As traditional use of biomass is being replaced by

text: LPG

text: in rural areas at faster pace, biomass burning in agriculture fields would become major source for causing higher level air pollution. According to the

text: International Energy Agency

text: , 819 million Indians, or 63% of the total population, rely on traditional uses of biomass.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: biomass burning

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: biomass

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: biomass burning

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: biomass burning in agriculture fields

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air pollution.

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: biomass burning in agriculture fields

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: causing higher level air pollution.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: LPG

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: biomass

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: air pollution.

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: biomass burning

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: biomass burning in agriculture fields

text: Fossil fuels make up the bulk of the world's current primary energy sources. The technology and infrastructure already exist for the use of fossil fuels. Petroleum energy density in terms of volume (cubic space) and mass (weight) ranks currently above that of  alternative energy sources (or energy storage devices, like a battery). Fossil fuels are currently economical, and suitable for decentralised energy use.

text: Fossil fuels make up the bulk of the world's current

text: primary energy

text: sources. The

text: technology

text: and

text: infrastructure

text: already exist for the use of fossil fuels.

text: Petroleum

text: energy density

text: in terms of volume (cubic space) and mass (weight) ranks currently above that of

text: alternative energy

text: sources (or

text: energy storage

text: devices, like a

text: battery

text: ). Fossil fuels are currently economical, and suitable for decentralised energy use.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuel

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: decentralised energy use

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: Fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: fossil fuels.

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: Fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: alternative energy sources

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: Fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: Fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: Fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Fossil fuels

text: Opponents of dam removal state that the estimated demolition cost of $3–10 billion is a poor investment, especially in regards of the resulting loss of renewable hydroelectric power, which would have to be replaced by polluting fossil fuel generation. Although there are several options available to replace San Francisco's water, none are of the purity currently supplied by Hetch Hetchy. There is also no guarantee that the valley can be successfully restored, as the original valley floor was actually the product of thousands of years of intensive controlled burning and management by the native Paiute and Miwok peoples that once lived in the area. Without this intervention, a forest would grow in the place of the valley's renowned meadows. Finally, the increased pressure of new tourism could cause its own environmental damage, as has been demonstrated in the crowded Yosemite Valley.

text: Opponents of dam removal state that the estimated demolition cost of $3–10 billion is a poor investment, especially in regards of the resulting loss of renewable hydroelectric power, which would have to be replaced by polluting fossil fuel generation. Although there are several options available to replace San Francisco's water, none are of the purity currently supplied by Hetch Hetchy. There is also no guarantee that the valley can be successfully restored, as the original valley floor was actually the product of thousands of years of intensive controlled burning and management by the native

text: Paiute

text: and

text: Miwok

text: peoples that once lived in the area. Without this intervention, a forest would grow in the place of the valley's renowned meadows. Finally, the increased pressure of new tourism could cause its own environmental damage, as has been demonstrated in the crowded Yosemite Valley.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuel generation

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: polluting

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: polluting

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: polluting

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: slash-and-burn

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuel

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: polluting fossil fuel

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuel

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: polluting

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: polluting

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: burning

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: fossil fuel

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: fossil fuel generation.

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: fossil fuel generation.

text: In pollution scrubbers, sometimes hot exhaust gas is quenched, or cooled by water sprays, before entering the scrubber proper. Hot gases (those above ambient temperature) are often cooled to near the saturation level. If not cooled, the hot gas stream can evaporate a large portion of the scrubbing liquor, adversely affecting collection efficiency and damaging scrubber internal parts. If the gases entering the scrubber are too hot, some liquid droplets may evaporate before they have a chance to contact pollutants in the exhaust stream, and others may evaporate after contact, causing captured particles to become reentrained. In some cases, quenching can actually save money. Cooling the gases reduces the temperature and, therefore, the volume of gases, permitting the use of less expensive construction materials and a smaller scrubber vessel and fan.

text: In pollution

text: scrubber

text: s, sometimes hot exhaust gas is quenched, or cooled by water sprays, before entering the scrubber proper. Hot gases (those above ambient temperature) are often cooled to near the

text: saturation

text: level. If not cooled, the hot gas stream can evaporate a large portion of the scrubbing liquor, adversely affecting collection efficiency and damaging scrubber internal parts. If the gases entering the scrubber are too hot, some liquid droplets may evaporate before they have a chance to contact

text: pollutant

text: s in the exhaust stream, and others may evaporate after contact, causing captured particles to become reentrained. In some cases, quenching can actually save money. Cooling the gases reduces the temperature and, therefore, the volume of gases, permitting the use of less expensive construction materials and a smaller scrubber vessel and fan.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: hot exhaust gas

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: exhaust gas

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: damage scrubber internal parts

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: exhaust gas

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: exhaust stream,

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: hot exhaust gas

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: hot exhaust gas

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: evaporate a large portion of the scrubbing liquor,

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: cooled to near the saturation level.

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: pollutants in the exhaust stream,

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: adversely affecting collection efficiency and damaging scrubber internal parts.

text: In 2013 the burning of fossil fuels produced around 32 billion tonnes (32 gigatonnes) of carbon dioxide and additional air pollution. This caused negative externalities of $4.9 trillion due to global warming and health problems (> 150 $/ton carbon dioxide). Carbon dioxide is one of the greenhouse gases that enhances radiative forcing and contributes to global warming, causing the average surface temperature of the Earth to rise in response, which climate scientists agree will cause major adverse effects.

text: In 2013 the burning of fossil fuels produced around 32 billion

text: tonnes

text: gigatonne

text: s) of

text: carbon dioxide

text: and additional

text: air pollution

text: . This caused negative

text: externalities

text: of $4.9 trillion due to global warming and health problems (> 150 $/ton carbon dioxide). Carbon dioxide is one of the

text: greenhouse gas

text: es that enhances

text: radiative forcing

text: and contributes to

text: global warming

text: , causing the

text: average surface temperature

text: of the Earth to rise in response, which

text: climate scientists

text: agree will cause major adverse

text: effects

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: contribute to global warming

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burning fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollution.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: radiative forcing

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burning of fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: burning of fossil fuels

text: The combustion of fossil fuels produces greenhouse gases and other air pollutants as by-products. Pollutants include nitrogen oxides, sulphur dioxide, volatile organic compounds and heavy metals.

text: The combustion of fossil fuels produces

text: greenhouse gases

text: and other air pollutants as by-products. Pollutants include

text: nitrogen oxide

text: s,

text: sulphur dioxide

text: volatile organic compound

text: s and

text: heavy metals

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: greenhouse gases

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: produce greenhouse gases

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: heavy metals

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: nitrogen oxides

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: combustion of fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: greenhouse gases

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: greenhouse gases and other air pollutants as by-products.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: heavy metals.

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: The combustion of fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: nitrogen oxides,

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: combustion of fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: The combustion of fossil fuels

text: In arriving at the final work, Lomborg has used a similar approach in each of his work's main areas and subtopics. He progresses from the general to the specific, starting with a broad concern, such as pollution or energy, dividing it into subtopics (e.g. air pollution; fossil fuel depletion), and then identifying one or more widely held fears and their source (e.g. our air is growing increasingly toxic, by X measure, according to Y). From there, Lomborg chooses data that he considers to be the most reliable and reasonable available. He then analyzes that data to prove or disprove his selected proposition. In every case, his calculations find that the claim is not substantiated, and is either an exaggeration, or a completely reversed portrayal of an improving situation, rather than a deteriorating one. Having established what he calls "the true state of the world", for each topic and subtopic, Lomborg examines a variety of theories, technologies, implementation strategies and costs, and suggests alternative ways to improve not-so-dire situations, or advance in other areas not currently considered as pressing.

text: In arriving at the final work, Lomborg has used a similar approach in each of his work's main areas and subtopics. He progresses from the general to the specific, starting with a broad concern, such as

text: pollution

text: or energy, dividing it into subtopics (e.g.

text: air pollution

text: fossil fuel depletion

text: ), and then identifying one or more widely held fears and their source (e.g. our air is growing increasingly toxic, by X measure, according to Y). From there, Lomborg chooses data that he considers to be the most reliable and reasonable available. He then analyzes that data to prove or disprove his selected proposition. In every case, his calculations find that the claim is not substantiated, and is either an exaggeration, or a completely reversed portrayal of an improving situation, rather than a deteriorating one. Having established what he calls "the true state of the world", for each topic and subtopic, Lomborg examines a variety of theories, technologies, implementation strategies and costs, and suggests alternative ways to improve not-so-dire situations, or advance in other areas not currently considered as pressing.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuel

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: disprove

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: fossil fuel depletion

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuel

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air pollution;

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuel

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollution;

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: substantiated,

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: fossil fuel

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: fossil fuel

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: air pollution;

text: Scientific studies conclude biomass combustion in India is the country's dominant source of carbonaceous aerosols, emitting 0.25 teragram per year of black carbon into air, 0.94 teragram per year of organic matter, and 2.04 teragram per year of small particulates with diameter less than 2.5 µm. Biomass burning, as domestic fuel in India, accounts for about 3 times as much black carbon air pollution as all other sources combined, including vehicles and industrial sources.

text: Scientific studies conclude biomass combustion in India is the country's dominant source of carbonaceous aerosols, emitting 0.25 teragram per year of black carbon into air, 0.94 teragram per year of organic matter, and 2.04 teragram per year of small particulates with diameter less than 2.5

text: µm

text: . Biomass burning, as domestic fuel in India, accounts for about 3 times as much black carbon air pollution as all other sources combined, including vehicles and industrial sources.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: biomass combustion

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: black carbon

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: biomass burning

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: black carbon

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: biomass combustion

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: Biomass burning,

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: black carbon

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: Biomass burning,

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: carbonaceous aerosols,

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: black carbon

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Biomass burning,

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: black carbon

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: biomass combustion

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Biomass burning,

text: Pollution is another crucial influencer on the threatening of animal life, and human life, across the world. Every form of pollution has an effect on wildlife, whether it be through the air, water, or ground. While sometimes the origin and form of pollution is visible and easy to determine, other times it can be a mystery as to what exactly is causing the death of animals. Through constant and consistent observation of habitat analysis, humans can help prevent the loss of animal life by recognizing the early signs of pollution before the problem becomes too large.

text: Pollution

text: is another crucial influencer on the threatening of animal life, and human life, across the world. Every form of pollution has an effect on wildlife, whether it be through the air, water, or ground. While sometimes the origin and form of pollution is visible and easy to determine, other times it can be a mystery as to what exactly is causing the death of animals. Through constant and consistent observation of habitat analysis, humans can help prevent the loss of animal life by recognizing the early signs of pollution before the problem becomes too large.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: human

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: human activities

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: cause the death of animals

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: Nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: human

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: human

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: air,

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Pollution

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: Pollution

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: air, water, or ground.

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: air, water, or ground.

text: During excessive heat plants shut their leaf pores (stomata), a protective mechanism to conserve water but also curtails plants' absorption capabilities. Thus, leaving more pollution and ozone in the air, which leads to a higher mortality in the population. It has been estimated that extra pollution during the hot summer 2006 in the UK, cost 460 lives. The European heat waves from summer 2003 are estimated to have caused 30,000 excess deaths, due to heat stress and air pollution.

text: During excessive heat plants shut their leaf pores (

text: stomata

text: ), a protective mechanism to conserve water but also curtails plants' absorption capabilities. Thus, leaving more pollution and ozone in the air, which leads to a higher mortality in the population. It has been estimated that extra pollution during the hot summer 2006 in the UK, cost 460 lives. The European heat waves from summer 2003 are estimated to have caused 30,000 excess deaths, due to heat stress and air pollution.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: plants

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: higher mortality in the population

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: excessive heat

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: excessive heat

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: During excessive heat

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: pollution and ozone

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: During excessive heat

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: leaving more pollution and ozone in the air,

text: Indoor air pollution and urban air quality are listed as two of the world's worst toxic pollution problems in the 2008 Blacksmith Institute World's Worst Polluted Places report. According to the 2014 WHO report, air pollution in 2012 caused the deaths of around 7 million people worldwide, an estimate roughly matched by the International Energy Agency.

text: Indoor air pollution and urban air quality are listed as two of the world's worst toxic pollution problems in the 2008

text: Blacksmith Institute

text: World's Worst Polluted Places report. According to the 2014

text: WHO

text: report, air pollution in 2012 caused the deaths of around 7 million people worldwide, an estimate roughly matched by the

text: International Energy Agency

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: indoors

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: indoors

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: cause deaths of around 7 million people

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: indoor air pollution

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: Indoor

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: toxic pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: Indoor air pollution and urban

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: toxic pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: Indoor air pollution

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Indoor air pollution

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: Indoor air pollution

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: Indoor air pollution

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Indoor air pollution

text: By contrast, Fossil-fuel consumption subsidies were $409 billion in 2010, oil products ca half of it. Renewable-energy subsidies were $66 billion in 2010 and will reach according to IEA $250 billion by 2035. Renewable energy is subsidized in order to compete in the market, increase their volume and develop the technology so that the subsidies become unnecessary with the development. Eliminating fossil-fuel subsidies could bring economic and environmental benefits. Phasing out fossil-fuel subsidies by 2020 would cut primary energy demand 5%. Since the start of 2010, at least 15 countries have taken steps to phase out fossil-fuel subsidies.  According to IEA onshore wind may become competitive around 2020 in the European Union.

text: By contrast, Fossil-fuel consumption subsidies were $409 billion in 2010, oil products ca half of it. Renewable-energy subsidies were $66 billion in 2010 and will reach according to IEA $250 billion by 2035. Renewable energy is subsidized in order to compete in the market, increase their volume and develop the technology so that the subsidies become unnecessary with the development. Eliminating fossil-fuel subsidies could bring economic and environmental benefits. Phasing out fossil-fuel subsidies by 2020 would cut primary energy demand 5%. Since the start of 2010, at least 15 countries have taken steps to phase out fossil-fuel subsidies.  According to IEA onshore wind may become competitive around 2020 in the European Union.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil-fuel consumption

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: oil products

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: renewable energy

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burning fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: slash-and-burn

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: oil products

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: oil products

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: oil products

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: Fossil-fuel consumption subsidies

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: oil

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Fossil-fuel consumption subsidies were $409 billion in 2010,

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: oil products

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: 2035.

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Fossil-fuel consumption subsidies were $409 billion in 2010,

text: The majority of electrical power generation, in the United States, comes from combustion of fossil fuels, which releases carbon dioxide and other pollutants into the atmosphere.  45% of power generation comes from coal, 23% from natural gas, and 1% from petroleum. This totals to about 70% of American electrical consumption being produced from fossil fuels.  In the previous section it was discussed that in 2010 3.6 quadrillion BTU's were saved by from the implementation of energy standards.  This equates to about 2.52 quadrillion BTU's of energy produced from fossil fuels being abated every year because of these performance standards, or  750,000,000,000 kWh.  Production of electricity from coal creates 2.095 pounds of carbon dioxide per kWh, from natural gas 1.321 pounds of carbon dioxide per kWh, and from petroleum 1.969 pounds of carbon dioxide per kWh. This equates to about 500 million tons of carbon dioxide from coal, 160 million tons of carbon dioxide from natural gas, and 10 million tons of carbon dioxide from petroleum.  For a total of about 670 million tons of carbon dioxide emissions abated in 2010 alone because of these energy performance standards.  Other environmentally degrading emission include sulfur and nitrogen oxides which contribute to acid rain. These emissions are mitigated by energy standards the same way carbon dioxide is as previously shown.

text: The majority of electrical power generation, in the United States, comes from combustion of

text: fossil fuel

text: s, which releases carbon dioxide and other pollutants into the atmosphere.  45% of power generation comes from coal, 23% from natural gas, and 1% from petroleum. This totals to about 70% of American electrical consumption being produced from fossil fuels.  In the previous section it was discussed that in 2010 3.6 quadrillion BTU's were saved by from the implementation of energy standards.  This equates to about 2.52 quadrillion BTU's of energy produced from fossil fuels being abated every year because of these performance standards, or  750,000,000,000 kWh.  Production of electricity from coal creates 2.095 pounds of carbon dioxide per kWh, from natural gas 1.321 pounds of carbon dioxide per kWh, and from petroleum 1.969 pounds of carbon dioxide per kWh. This equates to about 500 million tons of carbon dioxide from coal, 160 million tons of carbon dioxide from natural gas, and 10 million tons of carbon dioxide from petroleum.  For a total of about 670 million tons of carbon dioxide emissions abated in 2010 alone because of these energy performance standards.  Other environmentally degrading emission include sulfur and nitrogen oxides which contribute to

text: acid rain

text: . These emissions are mitigated by energy standards the same way carbon dioxide is as previously shown.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: carbon dioxide and other pollutants

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: sulfur

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burning fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: What does slash-and-burn mean?

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuels,

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: coal,

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: sulfur and nitrogen oxides

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: fossil fuels,

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: sulfur and nitrogen oxides which contribute to acid rain.

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: combustion of fossil fuels,

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: sulfur and nitrogen oxides

text: The pollutant species black carbon appears gray or black due to the absorption of electromagnetic energy by partially mobile electrons in the graphitic microstructure of the black carbon particles. This absorption is purely ‘resistive’ and displays no resonant bands: consequently, the material appears gray rather than colored. The attenuation of light transmitted through a deposit of these particles increases linearly with the frequency of the electromagnetic radiation, i.e. inversely with respect to wavelength. Aethalometer measurements of optical attenuation on a filter deposit will increase at shorter wavelengths as λ where the parameter α (the Angstrom exponent) has the value α = 1 for ‘gray’ or ‘black’ materials. However, other species may be co-mingled with the black carbon particles.  Aromatic organic compounds associated with tobacco smoke and biomass smoke from wood-burning are known to have increased optical absorption at shorter wavelengths in the yellow, blue and near-ultraviolet portions of the spectrum.

text: The pollutant species black carbon appears gray or black due to the absorption of electromagnetic energy by partially mobile electrons in the

text: graphitic microstructure

text: of the black carbon particles. This absorption is purely ‘resistive’ and displays no resonant bands: consequently, the material appears gray rather than colored. The attenuation of light transmitted through a deposit of these particles increases linearly with the frequency of the electromagnetic radiation, i.e. inversely with respect to

text: wavelength

text: . Aethalometer measurements of optical attenuation on a filter deposit will increase at shorter wavelengths as λ where the parameter α (the

text: Angstrom exponent

text: ) has the value α = 1 for ‘gray’ or ‘black’ materials. However, other species may be co-mingled with the black carbon particles.

text: Aromatic organic compounds

text: associated with

text: tobacco smoke

text: and

text: biomass

text: smoke from wood-burning

text: are known to have increased optical absorption at shorter wavelengths in the yellow, blue and near-ultraviolet portions of the spectrum.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: tobacco smoke

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: black carbon

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: tobacco smoke

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: co-mingled

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: biomass smoke

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: tobacco smoke

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: wood-burning

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: tobacco smoke

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: light

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: black carbon

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: co-mingled with the black carbon particles.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: black carbon

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: wood-burning

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: biomass smoke

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: tobacco smoke and biomass smoke from wood-burning

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: wood-burning

text: Non-point source (NPS) pollution includes both water and air pollution from diffuse sources. Non-point source water pollution affects a water body from sources such as polluted runoff from agricultural areas draining into a river, or wind-borne debris blowing out to sea. Non-point source air pollution affects air quality from sources such as smokestacks or car tailpipes. Although these pollutants have originated from a point source, the long-range transport ability and multiple sources of the pollutant make it a non-point source of pollution. Non-point source pollution can be contrasted with point source pollution, where discharges occur to a body of water or into the atmosphere at a single location.

text: Non-point source (NPS) pollution includes both

text: water

text: and

text: air pollution

text: from diffuse sources. Non-point source water pollution affects a water body from sources such as polluted

text: runoff

text: from

text: agricultural

text: areas draining into a river, or wind-borne

text: debris

text: blowing out to sea. Non-point source air pollution affects air quality from sources such as

text: smokestack

text: s or car

text: tailpipe

text: s. Although these pollutants have originated from a point source, the long-range transport ability and multiple sources of the pollutant make it a non-point source of pollution. Non-point source pollution can be contrasted with

text: point source pollution

text: , where discharges occur to a body of water or into the atmosphere at a single location.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: non-point source

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: point source

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: non-point source

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: point source

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: non-point source

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: smokestacks

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Non-point source air pollution

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: a point source,

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: Non-point source air pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: point source,

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: polluted runoff

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: Non-point source air pollution

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Non-point source air pollution

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: Non-point source

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: smokestacks or car tailpipes.

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: polluted runoff from agricultural areas

text: A tax credit created by the U.S. Congress in 2005 as part of the 2005 Highway Bill to reward and support the use of liquid alternative fuel derived from hydrocarbons in the transportation sector was expanded in 2007 to include non-mobile uses of liquid alternative fuel derived from biomass.  This change meant that, in addition to fish processors, animal renderers and meat packers, kraft pulp producers became eligible for the tax credit as a result of their generation and use of black liquor to make energy.  For one large company (International Paper) this could amount to as much as $3.7 billion in benefits.  Weyerhaeuser announced in May 2009 that it was also pursuing the tax credit. While some have criticized the paper industry's eligibility for the alternative fuel mix tax credit on the grounds that it is increasing fossil fuel use, the industry has countered that adding a fossil fuel is actually a requirement of the law and that, regardless, this does not result in a net increase in fossil fuel use since companies are merely replacing the existing fossil fuel they already mix with black liquor—natural gas—with one of the three fuels specified by the law: gasoline, kerosene or diesel. The bio-fuel credit for Black Liquor ended on Jan 1, 2010.

text: A tax credit created by the U.S. Congress in 2005 as part of the

entity_name: Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users

text: 2005 Highway Bill

text: to reward and support the use of liquid

text: alternative fuel

text: derived from hydrocarbons in the transportation sector was expanded in 2007 to include non-mobile uses of liquid alternative fuel derived from biomass.  This change meant that, in addition to fish processors, animal renderers and meat packers, kraft pulp producers became eligible for the tax credit as a result of their generation and use of black liquor to make energy.  For one large company (

text: International Paper

text: ) this could amount to as much as $3.7 billion in benefits.

text: Weyerhaeuser

text: announced in May 2009 that it was also pursuing the tax credit. While some have criticized the paper industry's eligibility for the alternative fuel mix tax credit on the grounds that it is increasing fossil fuel use, the industry has countered that adding a fossil fuel is actually a requirement of the law and that, regardless, this does not result in a net increase in fossil fuel use since companies are merely replacing the existing fossil fuel they already mix with black liquor—natural gas—with one of the three fuels specified by the law: gasoline, kerosene or diesel. The bio-fuel credit for Black Liquor ended on Jan 1, 2010.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: natural gas

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: natural gas

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: mix with black liquor

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: natural gas

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuel

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: liquor—natural gas—with

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuel

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: increasing fossil fuel use,

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: fossil fuel

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: biomass.

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: fossil fuel

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: liquor—natural gas—with

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: fossil fuel use,

text: Aid initiatives and emergency response projects rarely provide energy for cooking, focusing instead on food rations and necessary cookware.  Occasionally the UNHCR purchases and provides biomass and transports it to communities where it is desperately needed.  When aid projects do involve stoves, many undertake the dissemination of improved biomass stoves. These burn biomass fuel more efficiently but do not eliminate the household need for biomass nor eliminate indoor air pollution.

text: Aid initiatives and emergency response projects rarely provide energy for cooking, focusing instead on food rations and necessary cookware.  Occasionally the UNHCR purchases and provides biomass and transports it to communities where it is desperately needed.  When aid projects do involve stoves, many undertake the dissemination of improved biomass stoves. These burn biomass fuel more efficiently but do not eliminate the household need for biomass nor eliminate indoor air pollution.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: indoor

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: indoor

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: indoor air pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: indoor air pollution

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: indoor air pollution

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: indoor air pollution

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: indoor

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air pollution.

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: indoor

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: indoor air pollution.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: indoor air pollution.

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: indoor air pollution.

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: indoor air pollution.

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: indoor air pollution.

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: indoor air pollution.

text: Atikokan's main employers are the Atikokan Generating Station located 20 kilometres north of the community, the general hospital, Quetico Provincial Park and (collectively) its canoeing outfitters. Ontario Power Generation (OPG) has been one of Atikokan's main employers since the early 1980s. Constructed as a fossil-fuel burning facility, the Atikokan Generating Station burned coal shipped from Saskatchewan until 2012. It was then converted to a biomass plant, re-opening in 2014. Formerly, Fibretech, a fibre board processing plant in Atikokan closed, but was converted by Rentech Inc. to produce wood pellets to supply the newly converted biomass generating station.

text: Atikokan's main employers are the

text: Atikokan Generating Station

text: located 20 kilometres north of the community, the general hospital, Quetico Provincial Park and (collectively) its canoeing outfitters.

text: Ontario Power Generation

text: (OPG) has been one of Atikokan's main employers since the early 1980s. Constructed as a fossil-fuel burning facility, the Atikokan Generating Station burned coal shipped from Saskatchewan until 2012. It was then converted to a biomass plant, re-opening in 2014. Formerly, Fibretech, a fibre board processing plant in Atikokan closed, but was converted by Rentech Inc. to produce wood pellets to supply the newly converted biomass generating station.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil-fuel burning

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: Ontario Power Generation

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: canoeing

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burning coal

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil-fuel burning facility,

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil-fuel burning facility,

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: Constructed as a fossil-fuel burning facility,

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: fibre board

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: wood pellets

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: fossil-fuel

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: fossil-fuel burning facility,

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: fossil-fuel burning facility,

text: A biomass cook stove is heated by burning wood, charcoal, animal dung or crop residue. Cook stoves are commonly used for cooking and heating food in developing countries.

text: A biomass cook stove is heated by burning

text: wood

text: charcoal

text: animal dung

text: or

text: crop residue

text: . Cook stoves are commonly used for cooking and heating food in

text: developing countries

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: burning wood

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: burning wood

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: heat food

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burning wood

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: animal dung or crop residue.

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: wood, charcoal, animal dung or crop residue.

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: biomass cook stove

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: crop residue.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: animal dung or crop residue.

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: wood,

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: crop residue.

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burning wood, charcoal, animal dung or crop residue.

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: crop residue.

text: Atmospheric pollution is pollution that falls from the sky and comes to rest back on earth in the water table and in the lakes and oceans. This air pollution usually comes from smoke and chemicals being thrown into the air from smoke stacks and hospitals. One of the most troubling facts about atmospheric pollution is that it usually falls hundreds of miles away from its source and therefore is difficult to track and locate, but it is a major contributor to the pollution of not only the Great Lakes but all over the world. Pollution from one country can be hurting another. The best-known type of atmospheric pollution is acid rain. One of the biggest contributors to acid rain is the burning of coal and fossil fuels.

text: Atmospheric pollution is pollution that falls from the sky and comes to rest back on earth in the water table and in the lakes and oceans. This air pollution usually comes from smoke and chemicals being thrown into the air from smoke stacks and hospitals. One of the most troubling facts about atmospheric pollution is that it usually falls hundreds of miles away from its source and therefore is difficult to track and locate, but it is a major contributor to the pollution of not only the Great Lakes but all over the world. Pollution from one country can be hurting another. The best-known type of atmospheric pollution is

text: acid rain

text: . One of the biggest contributors to acid rain is the burning of coal and fossil fuels.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: smoke stacks and hospitals

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: chemicals

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: hospitals

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: acid rain

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: smoke stacks

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: smoke and chemicals being thrown into the air from smoke stacks and hospitals.

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: smoke and chemicals

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: smoke and chemicals being thrown into the air from smoke stacks and hospitals.

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: acid rain.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: acid rain.

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: acid rain.

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: smoke stacks and hospitals.

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: burning of coal and fossil fuels.

text: Energy created by burning biomass is particularly suited for countries where the fuel wood grows more rapidly, e.g. tropical countries. There are a number of other less common, more experimental or proprietary thermal processes that may offer benefits such as hydrothermal upgrading (HTU) and hydroprocessing. Some have been developed for use on high moisture content biomass, including aqueous slurries, and allow them to be converted into more convenient forms. Some of the applications of thermal conversion are combined heat and power (CHP) and co-firing. In a typical dedicated biomass power plant, efficiencies range from 20–27% (higher heating value basis). Biomass cofiring with coal, by contrast, typically occurs at efficiencies near those of the coal combustor (30–40%, higher heating value basis).

text: Energy created by burning biomass is particularly suited for countries where the fuel wood grows more rapidly, e.g. tropical countries. There are a number of other less common, more experimental or proprietary thermal processes that may offer benefits such as hydrothermal upgrading (HTU) and

text: hydroprocessing

text: . Some have been developed for use on high moisture content biomass, including aqueous slurries, and allow them to be converted into more convenient forms. Some of the applications of thermal conversion are combined heat and power (CHP) and

text: co-firing

text: . In a typical dedicated biomass power plant, efficiencies range from 20–27% (

text: higher heating value

text: basis). Biomass cofiring with coal, by contrast, typically occurs at efficiencies near those of the coal combustor (30–40%, higher heating value basis).

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: biomass cofiring with coal

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: biomass

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burning biomass

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: biofuels

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: burning biomass

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: Energy

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: biomass

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: hydrothermal upgrading (HTU) and hydroprocessing.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: coal combustor

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: biomass

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: Energy created by burning biomass

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burning biomass

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Energy created by burning biomass is particularly suited for countries where the fuel wood

text: Drive Clean's impact on air pollution in Ontario has been contested. Since its creation in 1999 the Ontario Medical Association and the Canadian Medical Association have each released estimates of the number of illnesses caused by air pollution in Ontario. The Ontario Medical Association estimated in 2005 that total air pollution (from all sources) would cause some 5,800 deaths and 17,000 hospital admissions that year. It also estimated that the direct health care costs of air pollution in Ontario were about $507 million, and the total economic cost of air pollution to be about $7.8 billion. However, three years later the Canadian Medical Association released a report that estimated that in 2008 there would be 4,597 hospital admissions in Ontario caused by air pollution, of which around 1,178 would result in acute premature death. It also suggested that in the year 2031 there would be 2,222 deaths in Ontario caused by air pollution, compared to 7,774 hospital admissions. In addition, the number of smog advisory days in Ontario peaked in 2005 at 53 days. In 2013, there were only two smog advisory days in Ontario.

text: Drive Clean's impact on

text: air pollution

text: in

text: Ontario

text: has been contested. Since its creation in 1999 the

text: Ontario Medical Association

text: and the

text: Canadian Medical Association

text: have each released estimates of the number of illnesses caused by air pollution in Ontario. The

text: Ontario Medical Association

text: estimated in 2005 that total air pollution (from all sources) would cause some 5,800 deaths and 17,000 hospital admissions that year. It also estimated that the direct health care costs of air pollution in Ontario were about $507 million, and the total economic cost of air pollution to be about $7.8 billion. However, three years later the Canadian Medical Association released a report that estimated that in 2008 there would be 4,597 hospital admissions in Ontario caused by air pollution, of which around 1,178 would result in acute premature death. It also suggested that in the year 2031 there would be 2,222 deaths in Ontario caused by air pollution, compared to 7,774 hospital admissions. In addition, the number of smog advisory days in Ontario peaked in 2005 at 53 days. In 2013, there were only two smog advisory days in Ontario.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: all sources

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: Drive Clean

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: slash-and-burn can lead to these pollutants

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: all sources)

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: all sources)

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: acute premature death.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: smog

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: $7.8 billion.

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: (from all sources)

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: smog advisory days

text: Evaporation is a phase transition from the liquid phase to vapor (a state of  substance below critical temperature) that occurs at temperatures below the boiling temperature at a given pressure. Evaporation occurs on the surface. Evaporation only occurs when the partial pressure of vapor of a substance is less than the equilibrium vapor pressure.

text: Evaporation is a phase transition from the liquid phase to vapor (a state of  substance below critical temperature) that occurs at temperatures below the

text: boiling temperature

text: at a given pressure. Evaporation occurs on the surface. Evaporation only occurs when the

text: partial pressure

text: of

text: vapor

text: of a substance is less than the

text: equilibrium vapor pressure

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: vapor

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: Evaporation

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: Evaporation

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: Evaporation

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: Evaporation

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: Evaporation

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: Evaporation

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: Evaporation

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Evaporation

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: Evaporation

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: Evaporation

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Evaporation

text: Rural Kenya has been the site of various applied research projects to determine the intensity of emissions that commonly occur from use of biomass fuels, particularly wood, dung, and crop residue. Smoke is the result of the incomplete combustion of solid fuel which women and children are exposed to up to seven hours each day in closed environments.These emissions vary from day to day, season to season and with changes in the amount of airflow within the residence. Exposure in poor homes far exceeds accepted safety levels by as much as one hundred times over. Because many Kenyan women utilize a three-stone fire, the worst offender, one kilogram of burning wood produces tiny particles of soot which can clog and irritate the bronchial pathways. The smoke also contains various poisonous gases such as aldehydes, benzene, and carbon monoxide. Exposure to IAP from combustion of solid fuels has been implicated, with varying degrees of evidence, as a causal agent of several diseases.  Acute lower respiratory infections (ALRI) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are the leading causes of disease and death from exposure to smoke. Cataracts and blindness, lung cancer, tuberculosis, premature births and low birth weight are also suspected of being caused by IAP.

text: Rural Kenya has been the site of various applied research projects to determine the intensity of emissions that commonly occur from use of biomass fuels, particularly wood, dung, and crop residue.

text: Smoke

text: is the result of the incomplete

text: combustion

text: of

text: solid fuel

text: which women and children are exposed to up to seven hours each day in closed environments.These emissions vary from day to day, season to season and with changes in the amount of airflow within the residence. Exposure in poor homes far exceeds accepted safety levels by as much as one hundred times over. Because many Kenyan women utilize a three-stone fire, the worst offender, one kilogram of burning wood produces tiny particles of soot which can clog and irritate the bronchial pathways. The smoke also contains various poisonous gases such as

text: aldehydes

text: benzene

text: , and

text: carbon monoxide

text: . Exposure to IAP from combustion of solid fuels has been implicated, with varying degrees of evidence, as a causal agent of several diseases.  Acute lower respiratory infections (ALRI) and

text: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

text: (COPD) are the leading causes of disease and death from exposure to smoke.

text: Cataracts

text: and

text: blindness

text: lung cancer

text: tuberculosis

text: , premature births and low birth weight are also suspected of being caused by IAP.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: biomass fuels

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: gases

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: biomass fuels

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: Smoke

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: benzene

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: soot

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: incomplete combustion

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Smoke is the result of the incomplete combustion of solid fuel

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: biomass fuels,

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: poisonous gases

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: biomass fuels,

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: Smoke

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: carbon monoxide.

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: wood

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: tiny particles of soot

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: use of biomass fuels,

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Smoke

text: Claims exist that the problems of nuclear waste do not come anywhere close to approaching the problems of fossil fuel waste. A 2004 article from the BBC states: "The World Health Organization (WHO) says 3 million people are killed worldwide by outdoor air pollution annually from vehicles and industrial emissions, and 1.6 million indoors through using solid fuel." In the U.S. alone, fossil fuel waste kills 20,000 people each year. A coal power plant releases 100 times as much radiation as a nuclear power plant of the same wattage. It is estimated that during 1982, US coal burning released 155 times as much radioactivity into the atmosphere as the Three Mile Island incident. In addition, fossil fuel waste causes global warming, which leads to increased deaths from hurricanes, flooding, and other weather events. The World Nuclear Association provides a comparison of deaths due to accidents among different forms of energy production. In their comparison, deaths per TW-yr of electricity produced (in UK and USA) from 1970 to 1992 are quoted as 885 for hydropower, 342 for coal, 85 for natural gas, and 8 for nuclear.

text: Claims exist that the problems of nuclear waste do not come anywhere close to approaching the problems of fossil fuel waste. A 2004 article from the BBC states: "The

text: World Health Organization

text: (WHO) says 3 million people are killed worldwide by outdoor air pollution annually from vehicles and industrial emissions, and 1.6 million indoors through using solid fuel." In the U.S. alone, fossil fuel waste kills 20,000 people each year. A coal power plant releases 100 times as much radiation as a nuclear power plant of the same wattage. It is estimated that during 1982, US coal burning released 155 times as much radioactivity into the atmosphere as the

entity_name: Three Mile Island Nuclear Generating Station

text: Three Mile Island

text: incident. In addition, fossil fuel waste causes

text: global warming

text: , which leads to increased deaths from hurricanes, flooding, and other weather events. The

text: World Nuclear Association

text: provides a comparison of deaths due to accidents among different forms of energy production. In their comparison, deaths per TW-yr of electricity produced (in UK and USA) from 1970 to 1992 are quoted as 885 for hydropower, 342 for coal, 85 for natural gas, and 8 for nuclear.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: vehicles and industrial emissions

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: radioactivity

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: vehicles and industrial emissions

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: cause global warming

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: radioactivity

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: radioactivity

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: industrial emissions

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: slash-and-burn

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: vehicles and industrial emissions,

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: radiation

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuel waste.

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: global warming,

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: radiation

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: fossil fuel waste.

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: 155 times as much radioactivity

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: vehicles and industrial emissions,

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: fossil fuel waste causes global warming,

text: The RV Fridge condenser needs two requirements meet in order for it to sustain the refrigeration cycle. The first is the condenser environment temperature must remain below the condensation temperature of ammonia  at the system pressure, otherwise the ammonia will remain in a gaseous state. Therefore, the condenser requires proper air circulation. The second factor for proper operation is that the condenser is level such that the liquid ammonia will flow into the evaporator. When the fridge is operated off-level the ammonia will pool in the condenser. This pooling results in Q4 flow cessation and thus stops the refrigeration process because the ammonia cannot enter the evaporator for cooling of the fridge. In addition, the pooling of ammonia in the condenser prevents the ammonia from returning to the boiler causing complete cessation of the boiler function. When the boiler function stops overheating of the boiler follows.

text: The RV Fridge condenser needs two requirements meet in order for it to sustain the refrigeration cycle. The first is the condenser environment temperature must remain below the condensation temperature of ammonia  at the system pressure, otherwise the ammonia will remain in a gaseous state. Therefore, the condenser requires proper air circulation. The second factor for proper operation is that the condenser is level such that the liquid ammonia will flow into the evaporator. When the fridge is operated off-level the ammonia will pool in the condenser. This pooling results in Q4 flow cessation and thus stops the refrigeration process because the ammonia cannot enter the evaporator for cooling of the fridge. In addition, the pooling of ammonia in the condenser prevents the ammonia from returning to the boiler causing complete cessation of the boiler function. When the boiler function stops overheating of the boiler follows.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: nonrenewable resources

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: gases

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: automobiles

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: overheat

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: Nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: gaseous

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: ammonia

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: ammonia

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: ammonia

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: overheating

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: ammonia

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: The RV Fridge

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: ammonia

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: air circulation.

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Q4 flow cessation

text: An air pollution episode is an unusual combination of emissions and meteorology that gives rise to high levels of air pollution over a large area.  Examples of air pollution episodes include:

text: An air pollution episode is an unusual combination of emissions and

text: meteorology

text: that gives rise to high levels of air pollution over a large area.  Examples of air pollution episodes include:

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: emissions

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: emissions

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: coal burning

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollute

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: emissions and meteorology

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: emissions

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: An air pollution episode

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: An air pollution episode

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: An air pollution episode

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: emissions

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: emissions

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: air pollution episode

text: Cofiring is the combustion of two different types of materials at the same time. One of the advantages of cofiring is that an existing plant can be used to burn a new fuel, which may be cheaper or more environmentally friendly. For example, biomass is sometimes cofired in existing coal plants instead of new biomass plants. Cofiring can also be used to improve the combustion of fuels with low energy content. For example, landfill gas contains a large amount of carbon dioxide, which is non-combustible. If the landfill gas is burned without removing the carbon dioxide, the equipment may not perform properly or emissions of pollutants may increase. Cofiring it with natural gas increases the heat content of the fuel and improves combustion and equipment performance. As long as the electricity or heat produced with the biomass and landfill gas was otherwise going to be produced with non-renewable fuels, the benefits are essentially equivalent whether they are cofired or combusted alone. Also, cofiring can be used to lower the emission of some pollutants. For example, cofiring biomass with coal results in less sulfur emissions than burning coal by itself.

text: Cofiring is the

text: combustion

text: of two different types of materials at the same time. One of the advantages of cofiring is that an existing plant can be used to burn a new fuel, which may be cheaper or more environmentally friendly. For example,

text: biomass

text: is sometimes cofired in existing

text: coal

text: plants instead of new biomass plants. Cofiring can also be used to improve the combustion of fuels with low energy content. For example,

text: landfill gas

text: contains a large amount of

text: carbon dioxide

text: , which is non-combustible. If the

text: landfill gas

text: is burned without removing the carbon dioxide, the equipment may not perform properly or emissions of pollutants may increase. Cofiring it with

text: natural gas

text: increases the

text: heat content

text: of the fuel and improves combustion and equipment performance. As long as the

text: electricity

text: or

text: heat

text: produced with the

text: biomass

text: and

text: landfill gas

text: was otherwise going to be produced with non-renewable fuels, the benefits are essentially equivalent whether they are cofired or combusted alone. Also, cofiring can be used to lower the emission of some

text: pollutants

text: . For example, cofiring biomass with coal results in less

text: sulfur

text: emissions than burning coal by itself.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: increase

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: sulfur

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: landfill gas

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Cofiring can be used to lower the emission of some pollutants

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: non-renewable fuels,

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: landfill gas

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: emissions of pollutants may increase.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: sulfur

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: non-renewable fuels,

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: sulfur emissions

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burned

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: sulfur emissions

text: When water is chilled below the atmospheric dewpoint, atmospheric water will condense onto it faster than water evaporates from it.  Spray dehumidifiers mix sprays of chilled water and air to capture atmospheric moisture.  They also capture pollutants and contaminants like pollen, for which purpose they are sometimes called "air washers".

text: When water is chilled below the atmospheric

text: dewpoint

text: , atmospheric water will condense onto it faster than water evaporates from it.  Spray dehumidifiers mix sprays of chilled water and air to capture atmospheric moisture.  They also capture pollutants and contaminants like pollen, for which purpose they are sometimes called "air washers".

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: pollen

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: pollen

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: pollute

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: Nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: pollen

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: pollen,

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: Spray dehumidifiers

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: pollutants and contaminants

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: pollutants and contaminants like pollen,

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Spray dehumidifiers

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: atmospheric moisture.

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: pollen,

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: pollen,

text: The species is threatened by the degradation and destruction of its favoured habitats by anthropogenic causes which are very wide and varied including impoundment, drainage, pollution and mismanagement. The introduction of non-native species has also caused habitat degradation, e.g. the stocking of lakes with and accidental introduction of grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella has caused reductions in plant and animal biomass available for the ducks to feed on. In addition, the increased threat of drought due to climate change may pose a threat to the species in the drier parts of its range. Increased disturbance by fishing boats and anglers among marginal vegetation could cause abandonment of the breeding sites or disrupt the timing of breeding particularly in populated areas, e.g. western Europe. Ferruginous ducks are also threatened by hunting and large numbers are shot on passage in the autumn and in the wintering areas. Although protected in most European countries illegal and accidental hunting persists. It is one of the species to which the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA) applies.

text: The species is threatened by the degradation and destruction of its favoured habitats by anthropogenic causes which are very wide and varied including impoundment, drainage, pollution and mismanagement. The introduction of non-native species has also caused habitat degradation, e.g. the stocking of lakes with and accidental introduction of

text: grass carp

text: Ctenopharyngodon idella has caused reductions in plant and animal biomass available for the ducks to feed on. In addition, the increased threat of drought due to climate change may pose a threat to the species in the drier parts of its range. Increased disturbance by fishing boats and anglers among marginal vegetation could cause abandonment of the breeding sites or disrupt the timing of breeding particularly in populated areas, e.g. western Europe. Ferruginous ducks are also threatened by hunting and large numbers are shot on passage in the autumn and in the wintering areas. Although protected in most European countries illegal and accidental hunting persists. It is one of the species to which the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (

entity_name: Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds

text: AEWA

text: ) applies.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: anthropogenic causes

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: anthropogenic causes

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: pollute

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: anthropogenic

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: anthropogenic

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Ferruginous ducks

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: drought

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: impoundment, drainage, pollution and mismanagement.

text: In the pharmaceutical industry, the evaporation process is used to eliminate excess moisture, providing an easily handled product and improving product stability.  Preservation of long-term activity or stabilization of enzymes in laboratories are greatly assisted by the evaporation process.

text: In the

text: pharmaceutical

text: industry, the evaporation process is used to eliminate excess moisture, providing an easily handled product and improving product stability.  Preservation of long-term activity or stabilization of

text: enzymes

text: in laboratories are greatly assisted by the evaporation process.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: industrial processes

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: emissions

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: the pharmaceutical industry

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: oxidize

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: pharmaceutical industry,

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: moisture,

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: pharmaceutical industry,

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: Preservation of long-term activity or stabilization of enzymes

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: moisture,

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: In the pharmaceutical industry,

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: excess moisture,

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: evaporation process

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: evaporation process is used to eliminate excess moisture,

text: A heat pump uses an electrically driven compressor to operate a refrigeration cycle that extracts heat energy from outdoor air, the ground or ground water, and moves that heat to the space to be warmed. A liquid contained within the evaporator section of the heat pump boils at low pressure, absorbing heat energy from the outdoor air or the ground. The vapor is then compressed by a compressor and piped into a condensor coil within the building to be heated. The heat from the hot dense gas is absorbed by the air in the building (and sometimes also used for domestic hot water) causing the hot working fluid to condense back into a liquid. From there the high pressure fluid is passed back to the evaporator section where it expands through an orifice and into the evaporator section, completing the cycle. In the summer months, the cycle can be reversed to move heat out of the conditioned space and to the outside air.

text: A heat pump uses an electrically driven compressor to operate a refrigeration cycle that extracts heat energy from outdoor air, the ground or ground water, and moves that heat to the space to be warmed. A liquid contained within the evaporator section of the heat pump boils at low pressure, absorbing heat energy from the outdoor air or the ground. The vapor is then compressed by a compressor and piped into a condensor coil within the building to be heated. The heat from the hot dense gas is absorbed by the air in the building (and sometimes also used for domestic hot water) causing the hot working fluid to condense back into a liquid. From there the high pressure fluid is passed back to the evaporator section where it expands through an orifice and into the evaporator section, completing the cycle. In the summer months, the cycle can be reversed to move heat out of the conditioned space and to the outside air.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: indoors

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: gases

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: ground water

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: outdoor air,

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: gas

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: A heat pump

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: A heat pump

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: A heat pump

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: A heat pump

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: heat energy

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: A heat pump

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: A heat pump

text: Using biomass as a fuel produces air pollution in the form of carbon monoxide, NOx (nitrogen oxides), VOCs (volatile organic compounds), particulates and other pollutants, in some cases at levels above those from traditional fuel sources such as coal or natural gas. Black carbon – a pollutant created by incomplete combustion of fossil fuels, biofuels, and biomass – is possibly the second largest contributor to global warming.  In 2009 a Swedish study of the giant brown haze that periodically covers large areas in South Asia determined that it had been principally produced by biomass burning, and to a lesser extent by fossil-fuel burning.  Researchers measured a significant concentration of C, which is associated with recent plant life rather than with fossil fuels.

text: Using biomass as a fuel produces air pollution in the form of

text: carbon monoxide

text: NOx

text: (nitrogen oxides), VOCs (

text: volatile organic compound

text: s), particulates and other pollutants, in some cases at levels above those from traditional fuel sources such as coal or natural gas.

text: Black carbon

text: – a pollutant created by incomplete combustion of fossil fuels, biofuels, and biomass – is possibly the second largest contributor to global warming.  In 2009 a Swedish study of the giant brown haze that periodically covers large areas in South Asia determined that it had been principally produced by biomass burning, and to a lesser extent by fossil-fuel burning.  Researchers measured a significant concentration of

text: C

text: , which is associated with recent plant life rather than with fossil fuels.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: traditional fuel sources

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: NOx

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: biomass

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: pollutant

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon monoxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: Using biomass

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: biomass

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: NOx (nitrogen oxides),

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: biomass

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: Black carbon

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: Black carbon

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: C, which is associated with recent plant life

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: Black carbon

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: Using biomass as a fuel

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Black carbon

text: Northern Italy is occupied by the basin of the River Po, which comprises the whole of the broad plain extending from the foot of the Apennines to that of the Alps, together with the valleys and slopes on both sides of it. Throughout its whole course indeed, from its source in Monte Viso to its outflow into the Adriatic Sea—a distance of more than 5 degrees of longitude, or 350 in a direct line—the Po receives all the waters that flow from the Apennines northwards, and all those that descend from the Alps towards the south, till one comes to the Adige, which, after pursuing a parallel course with the Po for a considerable distance, enters the Adriatic by a separate mouth.In 2005, a team of researchers at the Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute reported that Northern Italy was one of Europe's most polluted areas in terms of  smog and air pollution due to its climatic and geographic conditions, which cause the stagnation of  pollutants.

text: Northern Italy is occupied by the basin of the

text: River Po

text: , which comprises the whole of the broad plain extending from the foot of the

text: Apennines

text: to that of the

text: Alps

text: , together with the valleys and slopes on both sides of it. Throughout its whole course indeed, from its source in

text: Monte Viso

text: to its outflow into the

text: Adriatic Sea

text: —a distance of more than 5 degrees of longitude, or 350 in a direct line—the Po receives all the waters that flow from the Apennines northwards, and all those that descend from the Alps towards the south, till one comes to the

text: Adige

text: , which, after pursuing a parallel course with the Po for a considerable distance, enters the Adriatic by a separate mouth.In 2005, a team of researchers at the

entity_name: Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute

text: Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute

text: reported that Northern Italy was one of Europe's most polluted areas in terms of

text: smog

text: and

text: air pollution

text: due to its climatic and geographic conditions, which cause the stagnation of  pollutants.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: climatic and geographic conditions

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: Northern Italy

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: smog

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: smog

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: climatic and geographic conditions,

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: pollutants.

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: Northern Italy

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: smog and air pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: smog

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: smog and air pollution

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: smog

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: smog

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: climatic and geographic conditions, which cause the stagnation of pollutants.

text: The principle is to allow water to evaporate at the top of a tower, either by using evaporative cooling pads or by spraying water. Evaporation cools the incoming air, causing a downdraft of cool air that will bring down the temperature inside the building. Airflow can be increased by using a solar chimney on the opposite side of the building to help in venting hot air to the outside. This concept has been used for the Visitor Center of Zion National Park. The Visitor Center was designed by the High Performance Buildings Research of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL).

text: The principle is to allow water to evaporate at the top of a tower, either by using evaporative cooling pads or by spraying water.

text: Evaporation

text: cools the incoming air, causing a

text: downdraft

text: of cool air that will bring down the temperature inside the building. Airflow can be increased by using a solar chimney on the opposite side of the building to help in venting hot air to the outside. This concept has been used for the Visitor Center of

text: Zion National Park

text: . The Visitor Center was designed by the High Performance Buildings Research of the

text: National Renewable Energy Laboratory

text: (NREL).

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: indoors

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: hot air

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: cause global warming

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: Nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: hot air to the outside.

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: hot air

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: tower,

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: the temperature inside the building.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: evaporative cooling pads

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: evaporative cooling pads

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: hot air

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: evaporative cooling pads

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: evaporative cooling pads

text: Biomass burning emits greater amounts of climate-cooling aerosols and particulate matter than black carbon, resulting in short-term cooling.  However, over the long-term, biomass burning may cause a net warming when CO emissions and deforestation are considered. Reducing biomass emissions would therefore reduce global warming in the long-term and provide co-benefits of reduced air pollution, CO emissions, and deforestation.  It has been estimated that by switching to slash-and-char from slash-and-burn agriculture, which turns biomass into ash using open fires that release black carbon and GHGs, 12% of anthropogenic carbon emissions caused by land use change could be reduced annually, which is approximately 0.66 Gt CO-eq. per year, or 2% of all annual global CO-eq emissions.

text: Biomass burning emits greater amounts of climate-cooling

text: aerosol

text: s and particulate matter than black carbon, resulting in short-term cooling.  However, over the long-term, biomass burning may cause a net warming when CO emissions and deforestation are considered. Reducing biomass emissions would therefore reduce global warming in the long-term and provide co-benefits of reduced air pollution, CO emissions, and deforestation.  It has been estimated that by switching to

text: slash-and-char

text: from

text: slash-and-burn

text: agriculture, which turns biomass into ash using open fires that release black carbon and GHGs, 12% of anthropogenic carbon emissions caused by land use change could be reduced annually, which is approximately 0.66 Gt CO-eq. per year, or 2% of all annual global CO-eq emissions.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: Biomass burning

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: aerosols

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: Biomass burning

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: cause a net warming

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: black carbon

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: aerosols

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: biomass burning

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: black carbon and GHGs

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: Biomass burning

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: black carbon,

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: Biomass burning

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: biomass burning may cause a net warming

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: black carbon,

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Biomass burning

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: black carbon

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: Biomass burning

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: black carbon and GHGs,

text: Water management systems can be used to reduce the effect of pollutants from roads. Rainwater and snowmelt running off of roads tends to pick up gasoline, motor oil, heavy metals, trash and other pollutants and result in Water pollution.  Road runoff is a major source of nickel, copper, zinc, cadmium, lead and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which are created as combustion byproducts of gasoline and other fossil fuels.

text: Water management systems can be used to reduce the effect of pollutants from roads.

text: Rainwater

text: and

text: snowmelt

text: running off of roads tends to pick up

text: gasoline

text: motor oil

text: heavy metals

text: trash

text: and other pollutants and result in

text: Water pollution

text: .  Road runoff is a major source of

text: nickel

text: copper

text: zinc

text: cadmium

text: lead

text: and

text: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon

text: s (PAHs), which are created as

text: combustion

text: byproducts of gasoline and other

text: fossil fuel

text: s.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: byproducts

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: roads

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: byproducts

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: lead

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: road runoff

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: roads.

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: roads.

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: combustion byproducts

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: cadmium,

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Road runoff

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: combustion byproducts of gasoline and other fossil fuels.

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: combustion byproducts of gasoline and other fossil fuels.

text: The adoption of biomass-based energy plants has been a slow but steady process. Between the years of 2002 and 2012 the production of these plants has increased 14%. In the United States, alternative electricity-production sources on the whole generate about 13% of power; of this fraction, biomass contributes approximately 11% of the alternative production. According to a study conducted in early 2012, of the 107 operating biomass plants in the United States, 85 have been cited by federal or state regulators for the violation of clean air or water standards laws over the past 5 years. This data also includes minor infractions.

text: The adoption of biomass-based energy plants has been a slow but steady process. Between the years of 2002 and 2012 the production of these plants has increased 14%. In the United States, alternative electricity-production sources on the whole generate about 13% of power; of this fraction, biomass contributes approximately 11% of the alternative production. According to a study conducted in early 2012, of the 107 operating biomass plants in the United States, 85 have been cited by federal or state regulators for the violation of clean air or water standards laws over the past 5 years. This data also includes minor infractions.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: gas stations

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: emissions

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: violate clean air or water standards laws

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: biomass

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Clean air or water standards laws

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: biomass-based energy plants

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: biomass-based

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: biomass-based energy plants

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: violation of clean air or water standards laws

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: air

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: biomass-based energy plants

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: biomass-based

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: biomass-based energy plants

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: clean air or water standards

text: Specialized "windproof" butane lighters are manufactured for demanding conditions such as shipboard, high altitude, and wet climates. Some dedicated models double as synthetic rope cutters. Such lighters are often far hotter than normal lighters (those that use a "soft flame") and can burn in excess of . Contrary to common misconception, the windproof capabilities are not achieved from "higher pressure" fuel, with lighters using the same fuel (butane) as standard lighters, and therefore developing the same vapour pressure. Instead, windproof lighters mix the fuel with air, and pass the butane/air mixture through a catalytic coil. An electric spark starts the initial flame, and soon after the coil is hot enough to sustain a catalytic reaction and cause the fuel/air mixture to burn on contact.

text: Specialized "windproof" butane lighters are manufactured for demanding conditions such as shipboard, high altitude, and wet climates. Some dedicated models double as synthetic rope cutters. Such lighters are often far hotter than normal lighters (those that use a "soft flame") and can burn in excess of . Contrary to common misconception, the windproof capabilities are not achieved from "higher pressure" fuel, with lighters using the same fuel (butane) as standard lighters, and therefore developing the same vapour pressure. Instead, windproof lighters

text: mix the fuel with air

text: , and pass the butane/air mixture through a catalytic coil. An electric spark starts the initial flame, and soon after the coil is hot enough to sustain a catalytic reaction and cause the fuel/air mixture to burn on contact.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: burn in excess of

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: butane

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: "windproof" butane lighters

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: "higher pressure" fuel,

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: "windproof" butane lighters

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: burn in excess

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: of.

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: "higher pressure" fuel,

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: "higher pressure" fuel,

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: "windproof" butane lighters

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Such lighters are often far hotter than normal lighters

text: Evaporation, especially in production quantities rather than merely for analysis, is now mostly performed in a rotary evaporator. This is preferred because it works much faster and may be used under vacuum, avoiding unwanted reactions with the atmosphere and allowing control of noxious fumes. Evaporation under vacuum also reduces the severity of bumping and violent ebullition.

text: Evaporation, especially in production quantities rather than merely for analysis, is now mostly performed in a

text: rotary evaporator

text: . This is preferred because it works much faster and may be used under vacuum, avoiding unwanted reactions with the atmosphere and allowing control of noxious fumes. Evaporation under vacuum also reduces the severity of

text: bumping

text: and violent ebullition.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: industrial processes

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: noxious fume

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: industrial processes

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: ebullition

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: noxious

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: ebullition

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: noxious fumes.

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: fumes.

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: Evaporation,

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: noxious fumes.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: noxious fumes.

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: noxious fumes.

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: noxious fumes.

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: noxious fumes.

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: noxious fumes.

text: Because a large share of air pollution is caused by combustion of fossil fuels such as coal and oil, the reduction of these fuels can reduce air pollution drastically. Most effective is the switch to clean power sources such as wind power, solar power, hydro power which don't cause air pollution. Efforts to reduce pollution from mobile sources includes primary regulation (many developing countries have permissive regulations), expanding regulation to new sources (such as cruise and transport ships, farm equipment, and small gas-powered equipment such as string trimmers, chainsaws, and snowmobiles), increased fuel efficiency (such as through the use of hybrid vehicles), conversion to cleaner fuels or conversion to electric vehicles.

text: Because a large share of air pollution is caused by combustion of

text: fossil fuels

text: such as

text: coal

text: and

text: oil

text: , the reduction of these fuels can reduce air pollution drastically. Most effective is the switch to clean power sources such as

text: wind power

text: solar power

text: hydro power

text: which don't cause air pollution. Efforts to reduce pollution from mobile sources includes primary regulation (many developing countries have permissive regulations), expanding regulation to new sources (such as cruise and transport ships, farm equipment, and small gas-powered equipment such as

text: string trimmer

text: s,

text: chainsaw

text: s, and

text: snowmobiles

text: ), increased fuel efficiency (such as through the use of

text: hybrid vehicle

text: s), conversion to cleaner fuels or conversion to

text: electric vehicle

text: s.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: cause air pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: combustion

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: combustion of fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air pollution.

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: oil,

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: wind power, solar power, hydro power

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: combustion of fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: combustion of fossil fuels

text: The J8M took to the air for its first powered flight on 7 July 1945, with Lieutenant Commander Toyohiko Inuzuka at the controls; after his "sharp start" rocket-powered takeoff, Inuzuka successfully jettisoned the dolly upon becoming airborne and began to gain speed, climbing skywards at a 45° angle. At an altitude of , the engine stopped abruptly and the J8M1 stalled. Inuzuka managed to glide the aircraft back, but clipped a small building at the edge of the airfield while trying to land, causing the aircraft to burst into flames. Inuzuka died the next day. While Mitsubishi and naval technicians sought to find the cause of the accident, all future flights were grounded. The engine cutout had occurred because the angle of climb, coupled with the fuel tanks being half-filled for this first flight, caused a shifting of the fuel, which in turn caused an auto cutout device to activate because of an air lock in the fuel line. Requests to continue flight testing were denied pending the modification of the fuel pumps in the aircraft. The sixth and seventh prototypes were to be fitted with the modified Ro.2 engine.

text: The J8M took to the air for its first powered flight on 7 July 1945, with

text: Lieutenant Commander

text: Toyohiko Inuzuka at the controls; after his "sharp start" rocket-powered takeoff, Inuzuka successfully jettisoned the dolly upon becoming airborne and began to gain speed, climbing skywards at a 45° angle. At an altitude of , the engine stopped abruptly and the J8M1 stalled. Inuzuka managed to glide the aircraft back, but clipped a small building at the edge of the airfield while trying to land, causing the aircraft to burst into flames. Inuzuka died the next day. While Mitsubishi and naval technicians sought to find the cause of the accident, all future flights were grounded. The engine cutout had occurred because the angle of climb, coupled with the fuel tanks being half-filled for this first flight, caused a shifting of the fuel, which in turn caused an auto cutout device to activate because of an air lock in the

text: fuel line

text: . Requests to continue flight testing were denied pending the modification of the

text: fuel pump

text: s in the aircraft. The sixth and seventh prototypes were to be fitted with the modified Ro.2 engine.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: emissions

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: automobiles

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: fuel tanks being half-filled

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: rocket-powered takeoff

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: building

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: auto cutout device

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: building

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: shifting of the fuel,

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: 1945, with Lieutenant Commander Toyohiko Inuzuka

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: 45° angle.

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: 45° angle.

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: jettisoned the dolly

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: clipped a small building

text: Air pollution dispersion –  distribution of air pollution into the atmosphere. Air pollution is the introduction of particulates, biological molecules, or other harmful materials into Earth's atmosphere, causing disease, death to humans, damage to other living organisms such as food crops, or the natural or built environment. Air pollution may come from anthropogenic or natural sources. Dispersion refers to what happens to the pollution during and after its introduction; understanding this may help in identifying and controlling it.  Air pollution dispersion has become the focus of environmental conservationists and governmental environmental protection agencies (local, state, province and national) of many countries (which have adopted and used much of the terminology of this field in their laws and regulations) regarding air pollution control.

text: Air pollution dispersion –  distribution of air pollution into the atmosphere.

text: Air pollution

text: is the introduction of particulates, biological molecules, or other harmful materials into Earth's atmosphere, causing disease, death to humans, damage to other living organisms such as food crops, or the natural or built environment. Air pollution may come from anthropogenic or natural sources. Dispersion refers to what happens to the pollution during and after its introduction; understanding this may help in identifying and controlling it.  Air pollution dispersion has become the focus of environmental conservationists and governmental environmental protection agencies (local, state, province and national) of many countries (which have adopted and used much of the terminology of this field in their laws and regulations) regarding

text: air pollution control

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: natural sources

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: particulates

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: natural sources

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: cause disease

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: particulates

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: anthropogenic

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: anthropogenic or natural sources.

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: particulates,

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: anthropogenic or natural sources.

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: causing disease, death

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: particulates,

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Air pollution

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: particulates,

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: anthropogenic or natural sources.

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Air pollution may come from anthropogenic or natural sources.

text: There have been several fuel cell powered unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV).  A Horizon fuel cell UAV set the record distance flow for a small UAV in 2007. The military is especially interested in this application because of the low noise, low thermal signature and ability to attain high altitude. In 2009 the Naval Research Laboratory’s (NRL’s) Ion Tiger utilized a hydrogen-powered fuel cell and flew for 23 hours and 17 minutes.  Boeing is completing tests on the Phantom Eye, a high-altitude, long endurance (HALE) to be used to conduct research and surveillance flying at  for up to four days at a time.  Fuel cells are also being used to provide auxiliary power for aircraft, replacing fossil fuel generators that were previously used to start the engines  and power on board electrical needs. Fuel cells can help airplanes reduce CO and other pollutant emissions and noise.

text: There have been several fuel cell powered unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV).  A

text: Horizon

text: fuel cell UAV set the record distance flow for a small UAV in 2007. The military is especially interested in this application because of the low noise, low thermal signature and ability to attain high altitude. In 2009 the Naval Research Laboratory’s (NRL’s) Ion Tiger utilized a hydrogen-powered fuel cell and flew for 23 hours and 17 minutes.  Boeing is completing tests on the Phantom Eye, a high-altitude, long endurance (HALE) to be used to conduct research and surveillance flying at  for up to four days at a time.  Fuel cells are also being used to provide auxiliary power for aircraft, replacing fossil fuel generators that were previously used to start the engines  and power on board electrical needs. Fuel cells can help airplanes reduce CO and other pollutant emissions and noise.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: airplanes

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: CO

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: pollutant emissions

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: CO

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: fuel cells

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: What can help airplanes reduce CO and other pollutant emissions?

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuel generators

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: CO

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuel

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: pollutant emissions and noise.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: CO

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Fuel cells

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: CO

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: Fuel cells can help airplanes reduce CO

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Fuel cells can help airplanes reduce CO

text: Owing to geography and heavy reliance on automobiles, Visalia suffers from air pollution in the form of smog and other particulates. The Visalia area and the rest of the San Joaquin Valley are susceptible to atmospheric inversion, which holds in the exhausts from road vehicles, airplanes, locomotives, manufacturing, and other sources.  Unlike other cities that rely on rain to clear smog, Visalia gets only  of rain each year: pollution accumulates over many consecutive days. Issues of air quality in Visalia and other major cities led to the passage of early national environmental legislation, including the Clean Air Act.  More recently, the state of California has led the nation in working to limit pollution by mandating low emission vehicles. Particulate pollution can also be high during the winter due to frequent low level inversions and during longer periods of dry weather. The same low level inversions that cause high pollution levels in the winter are the reason for the frequent dense fog, locally known as Tule Fog.

text: Owing to geography and heavy reliance on

text: automobile

text: s, Visalia suffers from

text: air pollution

text: in the form of

text: smog

text: and other

text: particulates

text: . The

text: Visalia area

text: and the rest of the

text: San Joaquin Valley

text: are susceptible to

text: atmospheric inversion

text: , which holds in the exhausts from road vehicles, airplanes,

text: locomotive

text: s, manufacturing, and other sources.  Unlike other cities that rely on rain to clear smog, Visalia gets only  of rain each year: pollution accumulates over many consecutive days. Issues of air quality in Visalia and other major cities led to the passage of early national environmental legislation, including the

text: Clean Air Act

text: .  More recently, the state of California has led the nation in working to limit pollution by mandating

text: low emission vehicle

text: s. Particulate pollution can also be high during the winter due to frequent low level inversions and during longer periods of dry weather. The same low level inversions that cause high pollution levels in the winter are the reason for the frequent dense fog, locally known as Tule Fog.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: automobiles

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: exhausts

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: automobiles

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: smog

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: particulates

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: exhausts from road vehicles

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: automobiles,

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: exhausts

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: automobiles,

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: smog

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: smog and other particulates.

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: smog and other particulates.

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: particulates.

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: exhausts

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: frequent low level inversions

text: Pangani, Tanzania, is an area covered in coconut groves.  After harvesting the meat of the coconut, the indigenous people would litter the ground with the husks, believing them to be useless.  The husks later became a profit center after it was discovered that coconut husks are well suited to be the main ingredient in bio briquettes.  This alternative fuel mixture burns incredibly efficiently and leaves little residue, making it a reliable source for cooking in the undeveloped country.  The developing world has always relied on the burning biomass due it its low cost and availability anywhere there is organic material.  The briquette production only improves upon the ancient practice by increasing the efficiency of pyrolysis.

text: Pangani

text: Tanzania

text: , is an area covered in coconut groves.  After harvesting the meat of the coconut, the indigenous people would litter the ground with the husks, believing them to be useless.  The husks later became a profit center after it was discovered that coconut husks are well suited to be the main ingredient in bio briquettes.  This alternative fuel mixture burns incredibly efficiently and leaves little residue, making it a reliable source for cooking in the undeveloped country.  The developing world has always relied on the burning biomass due it its low cost and availability anywhere there is organic material.  The briquette production only improves upon the ancient practice by increasing the efficiency of pyrolysis.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: undeveloped countries

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: undeveloped countries

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: leave little residue

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: mercury

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burning biomass

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Bio briquettes

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: coconut groves.

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: residue,

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: coconut groves.

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: residue,

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: pyrolysis.

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: biomass

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: biomass due it its low cost and availability anywhere there is organic material.

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: coconut groves.

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: litter the ground with the husks,

text: While the norms help in bringing down pollution levels, it invariably results in increased vehicle cost due to the improved technology & higher fuel prices. However, this increase in private cost is offset by savings in health costs for the public, as there is lesser amount of disease causing particulate matter and pollution in the air. Exposure to air pollution can lead to respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, which is estimated to be the cause for 6.2 lakh early deaths in 2010, and the health cost of air pollution in India has been assessed at 3% of its GDP.

text: While the norms help in bringing down pollution levels, it invariably results in increased vehicle cost due to the improved technology & higher fuel prices. However, this increase in private cost is offset by savings in health costs for the public, as there is lesser amount of disease causing

text: particulate matter

text: and

text: pollution in the air

text: . Exposure to air pollution can lead to respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, which is estimated to be the cause for 6.2 lakh early deaths in 2010, and the health cost of air pollution in India has been assessed at 3% of its GDP.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: vehicles

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: India

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: cause respiratory and cardiovascular diseases

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: particulates

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: higher fuel prices

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: vehicle cost due to the improved technology & higher fuel prices.

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: particulate matter

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: vehicle cost due to the improved technology & higher fuel prices.

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: particulate matter

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: increased vehicle cost due to the improved technology & higher fuel prices.

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: particulate matter

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: fuel prices.

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: respiratory and cardiovascular diseases,

text: On public policy, Hansen is critical of what he sees as efforts to mislead the public on the issue of climate change. He points specifically to the Competitive Enterprise Institute's commercials with the tagline "carbon dioxide—they call it pollution, we call it life", and politicians who accept money from fossil-fuel interests and then describe global warming as "a great hoax." He also says that changes needed to reduce global warming do not require hardship or reduction in the quality of life, but will also produce benefits such as cleaner air and water, and growth of high-tech industries. He was a critic of both the Clinton and George W. Bush Administrations' stances on climate change. Addressing the potential effects of climate change, Hansen has stated in an interview in January, 2009, "We cannot now afford to put off change any longer. We have to get on a new path within this new administration. We have only four years left for Obama to set an example to the rest of the world. America must take the lead."

text: On public policy, Hansen is critical of what he sees as efforts to mislead the public on the issue of climate change. He points specifically to the

text: Competitive Enterprise Institute

text: 's commercials with the tagline "carbon dioxide—they call it pollution, we call it life", and politicians who accept money from fossil-fuel interests and then describe global warming as "a great hoax." He also says that changes needed to reduce global warming do not require hardship or reduction in the quality of life, but will also produce benefits such as cleaner air and water, and growth of high-tech industries. He was a critic of both the

text: Clinton

text: and

text: George W. Bush Administration

text: s' stances on climate change. Addressing the potential effects of climate change, Hansen has stated in an interview in January, 2009, "We cannot now afford to put off change any longer. We have to get on a new path within this new administration. We have only four years left for Obama to set an example to the rest of the world. America must take the lead."

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil-fuel

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil-fuel

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: pollute

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: fossil-fuel

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: carbon dioxide—they call it pollution, we call it life

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil-fuel

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: "carbon dioxide—they

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil-fuel

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: pollution,

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: "carbon dioxide—they

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: "carbon dioxide—they

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: "carbon dioxide—they

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: fossil-fuel

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: "carbon dioxide—they

text: Evaporation is an essential part of the water cycle. The sun (solar energy) drives evaporation of water from oceans, lakes, moisture in the soil, and other sources of water. In hydrology, evaporation and transpiration (which involves evaporation within plant stomata) are collectively termed evapotranspiration. Evaporation of water occurs when the surface of the liquid is exposed, allowing molecules to escape and form water vapor; this vapor can then rise up and form clouds.

text: Evaporation is an essential part of the

text: water cycle

text: . The sun (solar energy) drives evaporation of water from oceans, lakes,

text: moisture

text: in the soil, and other sources of water. In

text: hydrology

text: , evaporation and

text: transpiration

text: (which involves evaporation within plant

text: stomata

text: ) are collectively termed

text: evapotranspiration

text: . Evaporation of water occurs when the surface of the liquid is exposed, allowing molecules to escape and form water vapor; this vapor can then rise up and form clouds.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: form clouds

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: Evaporation

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: Evaporation

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: (solar energy)

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: Evaporation

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: Evaporation

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: Evaporation is an essential part of the water cycle.

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: evapotranspiration.

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: Evaporation

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: Evaporation

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: evapotranspiration.

text: Mixing is a critical step in batter preparation since over mixing causes the gluten to develop excessively and create a batter with too high of a viscosity that is difficult to pour and does not expand easily. A thick batter that is difficult spreading in the baking iron has an increased water activity of around 0.85. The increased viscosity made it harder for water to evaporate from the waffle causing an increase in water activity. The control waffles with a softer texture had a water activity of 0.74 after cooking. The Aw is less because the softer texture allows the water to evaporate. With an increased storage time, waffle physical and textural properties changes regardless of the batter viscosity.  Aged waffles shrink because air bubbles leak out and the structure starts to condense. Hardness and viscosity also increases as time goes by. Aged waffle samples displayed a starch retrogradation peak that increased with storage time due to the fact that more crystalline structures were present. Starch retrogradation is mentioned previously in this paper. The enthalpy value for melting of starch crystals increased with storage time as well.

text: Mixing is a critical step in batter preparation since over mixing causes the gluten to develop excessively and create a batter with too high of a viscosity that is difficult to pour and does not expand easily. A thick batter that is difficult spreading in the baking iron has an increased water activity of around 0.85. The increased viscosity made it harder for water to evaporate from the waffle causing an increase in water

text: activity

text: . The control waffles with a softer texture had a water activity of 0.74 after cooking. The Aw is less because the softer texture allows the water to evaporate. With an increased storage time, waffle physical and textural properties changes regardless of the batter viscosity.  Aged waffles shrink because air bubbles leak out and the structure starts to condense. Hardness and viscosity also increases as time goes by. Aged waffle samples displayed a starch

text: retrogradation

text: peak that increased with storage time due to the fact that more crystalline structures were present. Starch retrogradation is mentioned previously in this paper. The enthalpy value for melting of starch crystals increased with storage time as well.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: emissions

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: automobiles

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: age

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: Nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: What is the main idea of this passage?

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: Air Pollution

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: slash-and-burn

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: Mixing

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: 0.85.

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: waffle

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: starch retrogradation

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: gluten

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: over mixing

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: 0.85.

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: over mixing causes the gluten to develop excessively

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: over mixing causes the gluten to develop excessively

text: In economics, an externality is the cost or benefit that affects a party who did not choose to incur that cost or benefit. The cost of the environment is usually termed as the external cost of an enterprise. Air pollution from burning fossil fuels causes damages to crops, (historic) buildings and public health. "Social cost - private cost = External cost". The ideal situation of environmental enterprise is to cut the negative external cost.

text: In economics, an externality is the cost or benefit that affects a party who did not choose to incur that cost or benefit. The cost of the environment is usually termed as the external cost of an enterprise. Air pollution from burning fossil fuels causes damages to crops, (historic) buildings and public health. "Social cost - private cost = External cost". The ideal situation of environmental enterprise is to cut the negative external cost.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: burning fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: cause damages to crops

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burning fossil fuel

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Air pollution from burning fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: burning fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: Air pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: burning fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: Air pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: Air pollution

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burning fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Air pollution from burning fossil fuels

text: Energy development – the effort to provide sufficient primary energy sources and secondary energy forms for supply, cost, impact on air pollution and water pollution, mitigation of climate change with renewable energy.

text: Energy development

text: – the effort to provide sufficient primary energy sources and secondary energy forms for supply, cost, impact on air pollution and water pollution, mitigation of climate change with renewable energy.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: renewable energy

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: renewable energy

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollute

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: Energy development – the effort to provide sufficient primary energy sources

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: Energy development

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollution and water pollution,

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: air pollution and water pollution, mitigation of climate change with renewable energy.

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: air pollution and water pollution,

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: air pollution and water pollution,

text: Environment America works to publicize and gain support for controversial environmental challenges in the United States. Their areas of interest include the use of renewable energy sources, climate change, water pollution, air pollution, fossil fuel dependency,  environmental conservation, and offshore drilling. The organization releases reports on topics such as wind energy policy, the presence of mercury in contaminated fish, companies’ compliance to the Clean Water Act, energy efficient buildings, extreme weather in the U.S., precipitation rates, fuel efficient cars, and levels of carcinogens in waterways.

text: Environment America works to publicize and gain support for controversial environmental challenges in the

text: United States

text: . Their areas of interest include the use of

text: renewable energy

text: sources,

text: climate change

text: water pollution

text: air pollution

text: fossil fuel

text: dependency,

text: environmental conservation

text: , and

text: offshore drilling

text: . The organization releases reports on topics such as wind energy policy, the presence of mercury in contaminated fish, companies’ compliance to the Clean Water Act, energy efficient buildings, extreme weather in the U.S., precipitation rates, fuel efficient cars, and levels of carcinogens in waterways.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: mercury

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuel

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air pollution,

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuel

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: contaminated fish,

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: mercury

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: water pollution, air pollution,

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: fossil fuel

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: fossil fuel

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: water pollution, air pollution,

text: Digestion of organic material to produce methane is becoming an increasingly popular method of biomass energy production. Materials such as waste sludge can be digested to release methane gas that can then be burnt to produce electricity. Methane gas is also a natural by-product of landfills, full of decomposing waste, and can be harnessed here to produce electricity as well. The advantage in burning methane gas is that is prevents the methane from being released into the atmosphere, exacerbating the greenhouse effect. Although this method of biomass energy production is typically large scale (done in landfills), it can be done on a smaller individual or community scale as well.

text: Digestion of organic material to produce methane is becoming an increasingly popular method of biomass energy production. Materials such as waste sludge can be digested to release methane gas that can then be burnt to produce electricity. Methane gas is also a natural by-product of landfills, full of decomposing waste, and can be harnessed here to produce electricity as well. The advantage in burning methane gas is that is prevents the methane from being released into the atmosphere, exacerbating the greenhouse effect. Although this method of biomass energy production is typically large scale (done in landfills), it can be done on a smaller individual or community scale as well.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: landfills

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: methane

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: landfills

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: greenhouse effect

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: methane

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burning methane gas

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Methane gas

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: landfills,

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: methane

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: landfills,

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: exacerbating the greenhouse effect.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: greenhouse effect.

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: exacerbating the greenhouse effect.

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: methane

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burning

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: greenhouse effect.

text: The century saw a major shift in the way that many people lived, with changes in politics, ideology, economics, society, culture, science, technology, and medicine. The 20th century may have seen more technological and scientific progress than all the other centuries combined since the dawn of civilization. Terms like ideology, world war, genocide, and nuclear war entered common usage. Scientific discoveries, such as the theory of relativity and quantum physics, profoundly changed the foundational models of physical science, forcing scientists to realize that the universe was more complex than previously believed, and dashing the hopes (or fears) at the end of the 19th century that the last few details of scientific knowledge were about to be filled in. It was a century that started with horses, simple automobiles, and freighters but ended with high-speed rail, cruise ships, global commercial air travel and the space shuttle. Horses, Western society's basic form of personal transportation for thousands of years, were replaced by automobiles and buses within a few decades. These developments were made possible by the exploitation of fossil fuel resources, which offered energy in an easily portable form, but also caused concern about pollution and long-term impact on the environment. Humans explored space for the first time, taking their first footsteps on the Moon.

text: The century saw a major shift in the way that many people lived, with changes in politics, ideology, economics, society, culture, science, technology, and medicine. The 20th century may have seen more technological and scientific progress than all the other centuries combined since the dawn of civilization. Terms like ideology,

text: world war

text: genocide

text: , and

text: nuclear war

text: entered common usage. Scientific discoveries, such as the

text: theory of relativity

text: and

text: quantum physics

text: , profoundly changed the foundational models of physical science, forcing scientists to realize that the universe was more complex than previously believed, and dashing the hopes (or fears) at the end of the 19th century that the last few details of scientific knowledge were about to be filled in. It was a century that started with horses, simple automobiles, and

text: freighters

text: but ended with

text: high-speed rail

text: cruise ships

text: , global

text: commercial air travel

text: and the

text: space shuttle

text: . Horses, Western society's basic form of personal transportation for thousands of years, were replaced by automobiles and buses within a few decades. These developments were made possible by the exploitation of

text: fossil fuel

text: resources, which offered energy in an easily portable form, but also caused concern about pollution and long-term impact on the

text: environment

text: . Humans explored

text: space

text: for the first time, taking their first footsteps on the

text: Moon

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuel resources

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuel resources

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: cause concern about pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: global commercial air travel

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: slash-and-burn

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuel resources,

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuel resources,

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: fossil fuel

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: fossil fuel

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: fossil fuel resources,

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: exploitation of fossil fuel resources,

text: Market failure occurs when an externality is present and a market will often either under-produce a product with a positive externalisation or overproduce a product that generates a negative externalisation. Air pollution, for instance, is a negative externalisation that cannot be easily incorporated into markets as the world's air is not owned and then sold for use to polluters. So, too much pollution could be emitted and people not involved in the production pay the cost of the pollution instead of the firm that initially emitted the air pollution. Critics of market failure theory, like Ronald Coase, Harold Demsetz, and James M. Buchanan argue that government programs and policies also fall short of absolute perfection. Market failures are often small, and government failures are sometimes large. It is therefore the case that imperfect markets are often better than imperfect governmental alternatives. While all nations currently have some kind of market regulations, the desirable degree of regulation is disputed.

text: Market failure occurs when an

text: externality

text: is present and a market will often either under-produce a product with a positive externalisation or overproduce a product that generates a negative externalisation. Air pollution, for instance, is a negative externalisation that cannot be easily incorporated into markets as the world's air is not owned and then sold for use to polluters. So, too much pollution could be emitted and people not involved in the production pay the cost of the pollution instead of the firm that initially emitted the air pollution. Critics of market failure theory, like

text: Ronald Coase

text: Harold Demsetz

text: , and

text: James M. Buchanan

text: argue that government programs and policies also fall short of absolute perfection. Market failures are often small, and government failures are sometimes large. It is therefore the case that imperfect markets are often better than imperfect governmental alternatives. While all nations currently have some kind of market regulations, the desirable degree of regulation is disputed.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: polluters

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: negative externalisation

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: Nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: negative externalisation

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: polluting

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: a negative externalisation

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: air is not owned and then sold for use to polluters.

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: Air pollution,

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: polluters.

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: Air pollution,

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: Air pollution,

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Air pollution,

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: Air pollution,

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: polluters.

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Air pollution,

text: One of the most important applications of evaporation is in the food and beverage industry. Foods or beverages that need to last for a considerable amount of time or need to have certain consistency, like coffee, go through an evaporation step during processing.

text: One of the most important applications of evaporation is in the food and beverage industry. Foods or beverages that need to last for a considerable amount of time or need to have certain consistency, like

text: coffee

text: , go through an evaporation step during processing.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: food and beverage

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: emissions

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: food and beverage

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: oxidize

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: food and beverage industry.

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: evaporation is in the food and beverage industry.

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: coffee,

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: evaporation is in the food and beverage industry.

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: evaporation is in the food and beverage industry.

text: Environment –  current issues: Natural fresh water resources scarce and polluted in north, inaccessible and poor quality in center and extreme southeast; raw sewage and industrial effluents polluting rivers in urban areas; deforestation; widespread erosion; desertification; serious air pollution in the national capital and urban centers along the US-Mexico border; land subsudence in Valley of Mexico caused by groundwater delpletion.

text: Environment –  current issues: Natural fresh water resources scarce and polluted in north, inaccessible and poor quality in center and extreme southeast; raw sewage and industrial effluents polluting rivers in urban areas;

text: deforestation

text: ; widespread

text: erosion

text: desertification

text: ; serious air pollution in the

text: national capital

text: and urban centers along the

text: US-Mexico border

text: ; land subsudence in Valley of Mexico caused by groundwater delpletion.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: industrial effluents

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: urban areas

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: pollute the environment

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: Nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: deforestation

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: decomposition

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: deforestation

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: industrial effluents

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: industrial effluents

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: desertification;

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: deforestation;

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: erosion;

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: industrial effluents

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: deforestation;

text: When fossil fuels are burned, Nitric oxide and Nitrogen dioxide are produced. These pollutants initiate  reactions which result in production of ozone and acid rain. NOx formation takes place due to (1) High temperature combustion i.e. thermal NOx and (2)Nitrogen bound to fuel i.e. fuel NOx and which is insignificant. In the majority of cases the level of thermal NOx can be reduced by lowering flame temperature. This can be done by modifying the burner to create a larger (hence lower temperature) flame, in turn reducing the NOx formation. The role of CFD analysis is vital for design and analysis of such low NOx burners. Many available CFD tools, such as CFX, Fluent, Star CCM++ with different models as RNG k-ε turbulence models with hybrid and CONDIF upwind differencing schemes has been used for analysis purpose and the data obtained with these analysis helped in modifying the burner design in turn lowering the adverse effect on the environment due to NOx formation during combustion.

text: When

text: fossil fuel

text: s are burned,

text: Nitric oxide

text: and

text: Nitrogen dioxide

text: are produced. These pollutants initiate  reactions which result in production of

text: ozone

text: and

text: acid rain

text: . NOx formation takes place due to (1) High temperature combustion i.e. thermal NOx and (2)Nitrogen bound to fuel i.e. fuel NOx and which is insignificant. In the majority of cases the level of thermal NOx can be reduced by lowering flame temperature. This can be done by modifying the burner to create a larger (hence lower temperature) flame, in turn reducing the NOx formation. The role of CFD analysis is vital for design and analysis of such low NOx burners. Many available CFD tools, such as CFX, Fluent, Star CCM++ with different models as RNG k-ε turbulence models with hybrid and CONDIF upwind differencing schemes has been used for analysis purpose and the data obtained with these analysis helped in modifying the burner design in turn lowering the adverse effect on the environment due to NOx formation during combustion.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: NOx

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: acid rain

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: Nitrogen dioxide

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: Nitrogen dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: Nitrogen dioxide

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: When fossil fuels are burned,

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: Nitric oxide and Nitrogen dioxide

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: acid rain.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: Nitric oxide

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Nitric oxide and Nitrogen dioxide

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: Nitric oxide and Nitrogen dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: fossil fuels are burned,

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Nitric oxide and Nitrogen dioxide

text: Evaporation is an important part of the water cycle. It is partly affected by humidity, which can be measured by a sling psychrometer. It is also affected by the presence of snow, hail and ice and can relate to dew, mist and fog. Hydrology considers evaporation of various forms: from water surfaces; as transpirationfrom plant surfaces in natural and agronomic ecosystems. A direct measurement of evaporation can be obtained using Simon's evaporation pan.

text: Evaporation

text: is an important part of the water cycle. It is partly affected by humidity, which can be measured by a

text: sling psychrometer

text: . It is also affected by the presence of snow, hail and ice and can relate to dew, mist and fog. Hydrology considers evaporation of various forms: from water surfaces; as transpirationfrom plant surfaces in natural and agronomic ecosystems. A direct measurement of evaporation can be obtained using Simon's

text: evaporation pan

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: plant surfaces

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: emissions

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: air pollutants

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: Nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: plant surfaces

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: Evaporation

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: Evaporation

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: Evaporation

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: Evaporation

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: sling psychrometer.

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: Evaporation

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: transpirationfrom plant surfaces

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: agronomic ecosystems.

text: Mercury pollution created by mining and processing activities during the California Gold Rush still has a profound impact on the Sacramento River’s environment. The toxic substance was widely used by miners to separate gold from the surrounding rocks and dirt, and was disposed of by allowing it to evaporate. Most of the mercury was mined in the Coast Ranges to the west of the Sacramento River; mines in these mountains produced roughly 140,000 tons of mercury to serve the Gold Rush. When the gold rush ended, most of the mines were closed but toxic acidic water and chemicals continue to leak from within, into west-side Sacramento tributaries such as Cache Creek and Putah Creek. In the east, mercury that permeated into the ground has contaminated several aquifers that feed rivers such as the Feather, Yuba and American. Even the evaporated mercury posed problems – so much of it was used that significant concentrations still linger in the air in many places. Mercury pollution continues today and will probably continue for decades or centuries into the future.

text: Mercury

text: pollution created by mining and processing activities during the California Gold Rush still has a profound impact on the Sacramento River’s environment. The toxic substance was widely used by miners to separate gold from the surrounding rocks and dirt, and was disposed of by allowing it to evaporate. Most of the mercury was mined in the Coast Ranges to the west of the Sacramento River; mines in these mountains produced roughly 140,000 tons of mercury to serve the Gold Rush. When the gold rush ended, most of the mines were closed but toxic acidic water and chemicals continue to leak from within, into west-side Sacramento tributaries such as

text: Cache Creek

text: and

text: Putah Creek

text: . In the east, mercury that permeated into the ground has contaminated several aquifers that feed rivers such as the Feather, Yuba and American. Even the evaporated mercury posed problems – so much of it was used that significant concentrations still linger in the air in many places. Mercury pollution continues today and will probably continue for decades or centuries into the future.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: mercury

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: chemicals

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: mercury

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: pollute the environment

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: mercury

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: What can lead to these pollutants

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: mining and processing activities during the California Gold Rush

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: chemicals

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: Mercury pollution created by mining and processing activities during the California Gold Rush

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: Mercury pollution continues today and will probably continue for decades or centuries into the future.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: Mercury

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Mercury pollution

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: chemicals

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: leak from within,

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Mercury pollution created by mining and processing activities during the California Gold Rush

text: According to the polluter pays principle, the polluter has ecological and financial responsibility for the climate change consequences. The climate change is caused cumulatively and today's emissions will have effect for decades forward.

text: According to the

text: polluter pays principle

text: , the polluter has ecological and financial responsibility for the climate change consequences. The climate change is caused cumulatively and today's emissions will have effect for decades forward.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: today's emissions

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: emissions

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: cause climate change

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: polluting

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: polluter

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: emissions

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: polluter

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: climate change consequences.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: polluter pays principle,

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: emissions

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: emissions

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: The climate change

text: The cold mixture is then routed through the coil or tubes in the evaporator.  A fan circulates the warm air in the enclosed space across the coil or tubes carrying the cold refrigerant liquid and vapor mixture.  That warm air evaporates the liquid part of the cold refrigerant mixture. At the same time, the circulating air is cooled and thus lowers the temperature of the enclosed space to the desired temperature.  The evaporator is where the circulating refrigerant absorbs and removes heat which is subsequently rejected in the condenser and transferred elsewhere by the water or air used in the condenser.

text: The cold mixture is then routed through the coil or tubes in the evaporator.  A fan circulates the warm air in the enclosed space across the coil or tubes carrying the cold refrigerant liquid and vapor mixture.  That warm air

text: evaporates

text: the liquid part of the cold refrigerant mixture. At the same time, the circulating air is cooled and thus lowers the temperature of the enclosed space to the desired temperature.  The evaporator is where the circulating refrigerant absorbs and removes heat which is subsequently rejected in the condenser and transferred elsewhere by the water or air used in the condenser.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: indoors

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: heat

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: automobiles

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: cause global warming

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: Nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: airborne emissions

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: warm air in the enclosed space

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: heat

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: evaporator.

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: evaporator.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: cold refrigerant

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: evaporator.

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: warm air

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: A fan circulates the warm air

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: cold refrigerant

text: Where herbicides cannot be used, mowing may be repeated about every three weeks, as it grows back rapidly. In the past, ragweed was usually cut down, left to dry, and then burned. This method is used less often now, because of the pollution caused by smoke. Manually uprooting ragweed is generally ineffective, and skin contact can cause allergic reaction. If uprooting is the method of choice, it should be performed before flowering. There is evidence that mechanical and chemical control methods are actually no more effective in the long run than leaving the weed in place.

text: Where herbicides cannot be used, mowing may be repeated about every three weeks, as it grows back rapidly. In the past, ragweed was usually cut down, left to dry, and then burned. This method is used less often now, because of the

text: pollution

text: caused by smoke. Manually uprooting ragweed is generally ineffective, and skin contact can cause allergic reaction. If uprooting is the method of choice, it should be performed before flowering. There is evidence that mechanical and chemical control methods are actually no more effective in the long run than leaving the weed in place.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: ragweed

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: pollute

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: mercury

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: smoke

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burning

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Smoke

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: smoke.

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: pollution caused by smoke.

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: smoke.

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: pollution caused by smoke.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: smoke.

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: smoke.

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: smoke.

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: smoke.

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: smoke.

text: In practice, most farming operations that incorporate post-harvest crop residues, wastes and byproducts back into the soil provide a carbon storage benefit. This is particularly the case for practices such as field burning of stubble - rather than releasing almost all of the stored  to the atmosphere, tillage incorporates the biomass back into the soil.

text: In practice, most farming operations that incorporate post-harvest crop residues, wastes and byproducts back into the soil provide a carbon storage benefit. This is particularly the case for practices such as field burning of stubble - rather than releasing almost all of the stored  to the atmosphere, tillage incorporates the biomass back into the soil.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: byproducts

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: field burning

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: farming

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: field burning of stubble

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: releasing almost all of the stored to the atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: carbon

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: burning of stubble

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: almost all of the stored to the atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: field burning of stubble

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: releasing almost all of the stored to the atmosphere,

text: Fumifugium, or, The inconveniencie of the aer and smoak of London dissipated together with some remedies humbly proposed by J.E. esq. to His Sacred Majestie, and to the Parliament now assembled is a pamphlet published in London, 1661 (see 1661 in literature), by John Evelyn. It is one of the earliest known works on air pollution and is broken down into three parts which explain the problem, a proposed solution, and a way of improvement upon the air in London. The letter was specifically addressed to King Charles II of England and discussed problems with the capital's air pollution dating back to medieval times. Evelyn refers to Greek philosophers, who once believed that air was the principle of the earth and primary substance of the soul up until the time that air pollution began to cause ill health.

text: Fumifugium, or, The inconveniencie of the aer and smoak of London dissipated together with some remedies humbly proposed by J.E. esq. to His Sacred Majestie, and to the Parliament now assembled is a pamphlet published in

text: London

text: , 1661 (see

text: 1661 in literature

text: ), by

text: John Evelyn

text: . It is one of the earliest known works on

text: air pollution

text: and is broken down into three parts which explain the problem, a proposed solution, and a way of improvement upon the air in London. The letter was specifically addressed to King

text: Charles II of England

text: and discussed problems with the capital's air pollution dating back to medieval times. Evelyn refers to Greek philosophers, who once believed that air was the principle of the earth and primary substance of the soul up until the time that air pollution began to cause ill health.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: London

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: London

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: cause ill health

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: fumifuge

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: slash-and-burn

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: air was the principle of the earth

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: London

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: ill health.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: Fumifugium,

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Fumifugium,

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: Fumifugium,

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: air pollution

text: His major current research focuses on understanding how aging causes increased susceptibility to air pollution, and how oxidative stress contributes to the pathology of sickle cell disease.

text: His major current research focuses on understanding how aging causes increased susceptibility to air pollution, and how

text: oxidative stress

text: contributes to the pathology of

text: sickle cell disease

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: aging

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: aging

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollute

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: aging

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air pollution,

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: aging

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollution,

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: oxidative stress

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: air pollution,

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: oxidative stress

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: aging causes increased susceptibility to air pollution,

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: air pollution,

text: A fossil fuel power station is a power station which burns fossil fuel such as coal, natural gas or petroleum to produce electricity.  Central station fossil fuel power plants are designed on a large scale for continuous operation. In many countries, such plants provide most of the electrical energy used.  Fossil fuel power stations have machinery to convert the heat energy of combustion into mechanical energy, which then operates an electrical generator. The prime mover may be a steam turbine, a gas turbine or, in small plants, a reciprocating internal combustion engine. All plants use the energy extracted from expanding gas, either steam or combustion gases. Very few MHD generators have been built which directly convert the energy of moving hot gas into electricity.

text: A fossil fuel power station is a

text: power station

text: which burns

text: fossil fuel

text: such as

text: coal

text: natural gas

text: or

text: petroleum

text: to produce

text: electricity

text: .  Central station fossil fuel power plants are designed on a large scale for continuous operation. In many countries, such plants provide most of the electrical energy used.  Fossil fuel power stations have machinery to convert the heat energy of

text: combustion

text: into

text: mechanical energy

text: , which then operates an

text: electrical generator

text: . The

text: prime mover

text: may be a

text: steam turbine

text: , a

text: gas turbine

text: or, in small plants, a reciprocating

text: internal combustion

text: engine. All plants use the energy extracted from expanding gas, either steam or combustion gases. Very few

text: MHD generator

text: s have been built which directly convert the energy of moving hot gas into electricity.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuel power stations

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: emissions

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuel

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: natural gas

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burning fossil fuel

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuel power station

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: steam or combustion gases.

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuel power station

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: natural gas

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: coal, natural gas or petroleum

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: fossil fuel power station is a power station which burns fossil fuel

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: fossil fuel

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burns fossil fuel

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: fossil fuel power station is a power station which burns fossil fuel

text: Air pollution is particularly significant in urban areas; the problem is especially acute in Istanbul, Ankara, Erzurum, and Bursa, where the combustion of heating fuels increases particulate density in winter. Especially in Istanbul, increased car ownership causes frequent urban smog conditions. "Air pollution in urban centers, often caused by transport, and the use of small-scale burning of wood or coal, is linked to a range of health problems."  "PM10 levels are 36.7 micrograms per cubic meter, much higher than the OECD average of 20.9 micrograms per cubic meter, and the annual guideline limit of 20 micrograms per cubic meter set by the World Health Organization." Although there is some monitoring of air pollution compared with other European countries, many air pollution indicators are not available. Regulations in Turkey do not contain any restrictions on the pollutant PM 2.5, which causes lung diseases.  Greenpeace Mediterranean claim that the Afşin-Elbistan coal-fired plant is the power plant with the highest health risk in Europe, followed by the Soma coal-fired power plant, also from Turkey.

text: Air pollution

text: is particularly significant in urban areas; the problem is especially acute in

text: Istanbul

text: Ankara

text: Erzurum

text: , and

text: Bursa

text: , where the combustion of heating fuels increases particulate density in winter. Especially in Istanbul, increased car ownership causes frequent urban smog conditions. "Air pollution in urban centers, often caused by transport, and the use of small-scale burning of wood or

text: coal

text: , is linked to a range of health problems."  "PM10 levels are 36.7 micrograms per cubic meter, much higher than the OECD average of 20.9 micrograms per cubic meter, and the annual guideline limit of 20 micrograms per cubic meter set by the World Health Organization." Although there is some monitoring of air pollution compared with other European countries, many air pollution indicators are not available. Regulations in Turkey do not contain any restrictions on the pollutant PM 2.5, which causes lung diseases.  Greenpeace Mediterranean claim that the

text: Afşin

text: Elbistan

text: coal-fired plant

text: is the power plant with the highest health risk in Europe, followed by the

text: Soma

text: coal-fired power plant, also from Turkey.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: urban areas

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: pollutant

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: urban areas

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: cause lung diseases

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: PM2.5

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: particulates

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burning wood or coal

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: small-scale burning of wood or coal, is linked to a range of health problems

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: transport,

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: particulate

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: transport, and the use of small-scale burning of wood or coal,

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: particulate density

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: PM 2.5,

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: wood or coal,

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: PM 2.5,

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: combustion of heating fuels

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: small-scale burning of wood or coal,

text: A one-year study of air pollution inside the church in 2002–03 showed that CO spikes occur during Sunday masses, when large volumes of outside air are admitted, while Elemental Carbon (EC) pollution is primarily caused by candle burning. The effect on the stained glass is not yet understood.

text: A one-year study of air pollution inside the church in 2002–03 showed that CO spikes occur during Sunday masses, when large volumes of outside air are admitted, while Elemental Carbon (EC) pollution is primarily caused by candle burning. The effect on the stained glass is not yet understood.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: candle burning

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: CO

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: candle burning

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: pollute the stained glass

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: candle burning

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: candle burning.

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: Carbon

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: candle burning.

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: Elemental Carbon

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: Elemental Carbon

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Elemental Carbon (EC) pollution is primarily caused by candle burning.

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: Elemental Carbon

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: candle burning.

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Elemental Carbon (EC) pollution is primarily caused by candle burning.

text: In rural populations in developing countries, biomass provides the majority of fuel for heat and cooking. Wood, animal dung and crop residues are commonly burned. Figures from the International Energy Agency (IEA) show that biomass energy provides around 30% of the total primary energy supply in developing countries; over 2 billion people depend on biomass fuels as their primary energy source.

text: In rural populations in developing countries, biomass provides the majority of fuel for heat and cooking. Wood,

text: animal dung

text: and crop residues are commonly burned. Figures from the

text: International Energy Agency

text: (IEA) show that biomass energy provides around 30% of the total primary energy supply in developing countries; over 2 billion people depend on biomass fuels as their primary energy source.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: biomass

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: emissions

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: biomass

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: cause climate change

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burning

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: Wood, animal dung and crop residues

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: biomass

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: biomass

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: burned.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: biomass

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Wood,

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: Wood, animal dung and crop residues

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burned.

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Wood, animal dung and crop residues

text: The United States holds less than 5% of the world's population, but due to large houses and private cars, uses more than a quarter of the world's supply of fossil fuels. In the United States, more than 90% of greenhouse gas emissions come from the combustion of fossil fuels.  Combustion of fossil fuels also produces other air pollutants, such as nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, volatile organic compounds and heavy metals.

text: The United States holds less than 5% of the world's population, but due to large houses and private cars, uses more than a quarter of the world's supply of fossil fuels. In the United States, more than 90% of

text: greenhouse gas emissions

text: come from the combustion of fossil fuels.  Combustion of fossil fuels also produces other air pollutants, such as

text: nitrogen oxides

text: sulfur dioxide

text: volatile organic compounds

text: and

text: heavy metals

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: nitrogen oxides

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: produce other air pollutants

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: air pollutants

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: combustion of fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: combustion of fossil fuels.

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide,

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: combustion of fossil fuels.

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollutants,

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: heavy metals.

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, volatile organic compounds and heavy metals.

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: nitrogen oxides,

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: Combustion of fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, volatile organic compounds and heavy metals.

text: In 2007 the use of coal and biomass (collectively referred to as solid fuels) for domestic purposes was nearly ubiquitous in rural households but declining in urban homes.  At that time, estimates put the number of premature deaths due to indoor air pollution at 420,000 per year, which is even higher than due to outdoor air pollution, estimated at around 300,000 deaths per year.  The specific mechanisms for death cited have been respiratory illnesses, lung cancer, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), weakening of the immune system, and reduction in lung function.  Measured pollution levels in homes using solid fuels generally exceeded China's IAQ air quality standards.  Technologies exist to improve indoor air quality, notably the installation of a chimney and modernized bioenergy but need more support to make a larger difference.

text: In 2007 the use of coal and

text: biomass

text: (collectively referred to as solid fuels) for domestic purposes was nearly ubiquitous in rural households but declining in urban homes.  At that time, estimates put the number of premature deaths due to indoor air pollution at 420,000 per year, which is even higher than due to outdoor air pollution, estimated at around 300,000 deaths per year.  The specific mechanisms for death cited have been respiratory illnesses,

text: lung cancer

text: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

text: (COPD), weakening of the immune system, and reduction in lung function.  Measured pollution levels in homes using solid fuels generally exceeded China's IAQ air quality standards.  Technologies exist to improve indoor air quality, notably the installation of a chimney and modernized bioenergy but need more support to make a larger difference.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: indoor

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: indoor

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: premature deaths

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: indoor air pollution

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: outdoor

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: chimney

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: indoor

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: premature deaths due to indoor air pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: lung cancer,

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: coal and biomass (collectively referred to as solid fuels)

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: premature deaths due to indoor air pollution

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: indoor air pollution

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: premature deaths due to indoor air pollution

text: In deserts, lack of ground and plant moisture that would normally provide evaporative cooling can lead to intense, rapid solar heating of the lower layers of air. The hot air is less dense than surrounding cooler air. This, combined with the rising of the hot air, results in a low-pressure area called a thermal low.  Monsoon circulations are caused by thermal lows which form over large areas of land and their strength is driven by how land heats quicker than the surrounding nearby ocean.  This creates a steady wind blowing toward the land, bringing the moist near-surface air over the oceans with it.  Similar rainfall is caused by the moist ocean air being lifted upwards by mountains, surface heating, convergence at the surface, divergence aloft, or from storm-produced outflows at the surface. However the lifting occurs, the air cools due expansion in lower pressure, which in turn produces condensation.  In winter, the land cools off quickly, but the ocean keeps the heat longer due to its higher specific heat. The hot air over the ocean rises, creating a low-pressure area and a breeze from land to ocean while a large area of drying high pressure is formed over the land, increased by wintertime cooling.  Monsoons are similar to sea and land breezes, a term usually referring to the localized, diurnal (daily) cycle of circulation near coastlines everywhere, but they are much larger in scale also stronger and seasonal.

text: In

text: desert

text: s, lack of ground and plant moisture that would normally provide

text: evaporative cooling

text: can lead to intense, rapid solar heating of the lower layers of air. The hot air is less dense than surrounding cooler air. This, combined with the rising of the hot air, results in a low-pressure area called a thermal low.

text: Monsoon

text: circulations are caused by thermal lows which form over large areas of land and their strength is driven by how land heats quicker than the surrounding nearby ocean.  This creates a steady wind blowing toward the land, bringing the moist near-surface air over the oceans with it.  Similar

text: rainfall

text: is caused by the moist ocean air being lifted upwards by mountains, surface heating, convergence at the surface, divergence aloft, or from storm-produced outflows at the surface. However the lifting occurs, the air cools due expansion in lower pressure, which in turn produces

text: condensation

text: .  In winter, the land cools off quickly, but the ocean keeps the heat longer due to its higher specific heat. The hot air over the ocean rises, creating a low-pressure area and a breeze from land to ocean while a large area of drying high pressure is formed over the land, increased by wintertime cooling.  Monsoons are similar to

text: sea and land breezes

text: , a term usually referring to the localized, diurnal (daily) cycle of circulation near coastlines everywhere, but they are much larger in scale also stronger and seasonal.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: emissions

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: urban areas

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: cause climate change

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: Nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: What is the main reason for burning trees?

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: evaporation

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: What can lead to these pollutants?

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: plant moisture

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: evaporative cooling

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: deserts,

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: intense, rapid solar heating

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: In deserts,

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: thermal low.

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: solar heating

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: solar heating

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: lack of ground and plant moisture

text: Carbon emissions from deforestation is an important issue to look at with the increasing problem of global warming. Currently about 4% of B.C.′s total green house gas (GHG) yearly emissions are from deforestation, which is quite a low percent compared to B.C.'s total GHG emissions, and works out to be about 6,200 hectares of forest land is converted to non-forest use per year. The B.C. forest sector has had a large reduction in the amount of GHG from use of fossil fuels used in deforestation, going down from 4 million tons of carbon emissions in 1990 to 1.8 million tons in 2006. The reduction in deforestation B.C. has had over the years has been favourable to the reduction in carbon emissions, as forests clean the air by collecting both carbon and pollutants.

text: Carbon emissions

text: from deforestation is an important issue to look at with the increasing problem of

text: global warming

text: . Currently about 4% of B.C.′s total

text: green house gas

text: (GHG) yearly emissions are from deforestation, which is quite a low percent compared to B.C.'s total GHG emissions, and works out to be about 6,200 hectares of forest land is converted to non-forest use per year. The B.C. forest sector has had a large reduction in the amount of GHG from use of fossil fuels used in deforestation, going down from 4 million tons of carbon emissions in 1990 to 1.8 million tons in 2006. The reduction in deforestation B.C. has had over the years has been favourable to the reduction in carbon emissions, as forests clean the air by collecting both carbon and

text: pollutants

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: deforestation

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: carbon emissions

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: deforestation

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: deforestation

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: forests

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: pollutants.

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: deforestation

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: pollutants.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: pollutants.

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: forests

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: pollutants.

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: deforestation

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: deforestation

text: Numerous studies have linked lower mercury concentrations in zooplankton found in eutrophic(nutrient-rich and highly productive) as compared to oligotrophic (low nutrient) aquatic environments. Nutrient enrichment (mainly phosphorus and nitrogen) reduce the input of mercury, and other heavy metals, into aquatic food webs through this biodilution effect. Primary producers, such as phytoplankton, uptake these heavy metals and accumulate them into their cells. The higher the population of phytoplankton, the less concentrated these pollutants will be in their cells. Once consumed by primary consumers, such as zooplankton, these phytoplankton-bound pollutants are incorporated into the consumer’s cells. Higher phytoplankton biomass means a lower concentration of pollutants accumulated by the zooplankton, and so on up the food web. This effect causes an overall dilution of the original concentration up the food web. That is, the concentration of a pollutant will be lower in the zooplankton than the phytoplankton in a high bloom condition.

text: Numerous studies have linked lower mercury concentrations in zooplankton found in

text: eutrophic

text: (nutrient-rich and highly productive) as compared to

text: oligotrophic

text: (low nutrient) aquatic environments. Nutrient enrichment (mainly phosphorus and nitrogen) reduce the input of mercury, and other heavy metals, into aquatic food webs through this biodilution effect. Primary producers, such as phytoplankton, uptake these heavy metals and accumulate them into their cells. The higher the population of phytoplankton, the less concentrated these pollutants will be in their cells. Once consumed by primary consumers, such as zooplankton, these phytoplankton-bound pollutants are incorporated into the consumer’s cells. Higher phytoplankton biomass means a lower concentration of pollutants accumulated by the zooplankton, and so on up the food web. This effect causes an overall dilution of the original concentration up the food web. That is, the concentration of a pollutant will be lower in the zooplankton than the phytoplankton in a high bloom condition.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: aquatic environments

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: mercury

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: heavy metals

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: oligotrophic

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: mercury

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: mercury

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: polluting

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: aquatic environments.

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: mercury,

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: oligotrophic (low nutrient) aquatic environments.

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: mercury,

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: mercury,

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: oligotrophic

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: mercury, and other heavy metals,

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: biodilution effect.

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: (low nutrient) aquatic environments.

text: The basic idea of a firing system using pulverised fuel is to use the whole volume of the furnace for the combustion of solid fuels. Coal is ground to the size of a fine grain, mixed with air and burned in the flue gas flow. Biomass and other materials can also be added to the mixture. Coal contains mineral matter which is converted to ash during combustion. The ash is removed as bottom ash and fly ash. The bottom ash is removed at the furnace bottom.

text: The basic idea of a firing system using pulverised fuel is to use the whole volume of the

text: furnace

text: for the combustion of solid fuels. Coal is ground to the size of a fine grain, mixed with air and burned in the flue gas flow. Biomass and other materials can also be added to the mixture. Coal contains mineral matter which is converted to ash during combustion. The ash is removed as bottom ash and fly ash. The bottom ash is removed at the furnace bottom.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: gases

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: coal

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: ash

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burning coal

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: Coal

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: gas

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: Coal

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: mineral matter

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: flue gas

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Biomass

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: Biomass

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: burned in the flue gas flow.

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Biomass and other materials

text: There are now practical alternatives to the three principal causes of air pollution.

text: There are now practical alternatives to the three principal causes of air pollution.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: coal burning

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: no emissions

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: coal burning

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: cause air pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: smog

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: three principal causes

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: pollution.

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: three principal causes

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollution.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: air pollution.

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: There are now practical alternatives to the three principal causes of air pollution.

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: air pollution.

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: causes of air pollution.

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: air pollution.

text: After closing the tram network in the mid-1960s, the people of Istanbul thought this old fashioned  method of smooth city traveling had been removed, and transport within the city would move faster than before, but this proved false some years later. The uncontrolled increase of petrol vehicles such as buses, taxis, and private cars started choking the streets of Istanbul. Turkey suffered many of the problems of developing countries, including pollution, traffic jams, illegal migration, low literacy and rapid increase of population etc. A growing population increased the urbanization of Istanbul, and with it more motor vehicles which increased air and sound pollution, traffic jams and smog. The city became slower than in the tram era. From the early 1970s, these problems increased and by the mid-1980s Istanbulians realized that lack of control of motor vehicles and the closure of the tram network were a great mistake. Due to constantly increasing traffic jams and air pollution, Istanbul became one of the most polluted Eurasian cities during the mid-1980s, which caused not only increasing diseases of citizens, but also lost  tourists. Many cities around the world like Tunis, Sydney, Buenos Aires etc. also understood that error, and like them, Istanbul also planned for the return of trams.

text: After closing the tram network in the mid-1960s, the people of Istanbul thought this old fashioned  method of smooth city traveling had been removed, and transport within the city would move faster than before, but this proved false some years later. The uncontrolled increase of petrol vehicles such as

text: bus

text: es,

text: taxi

text: s, and

text: private cars

text: started choking the streets of Istanbul.

text: Turkey

text: suffered many of the problems of developing countries, including

text: pollution

text: traffic jam

text: s, illegal

text: migration

text: , low

text: literacy

text: and rapid increase of

text: population

text: etc. A growing population increased the

text: urbanization

text: of Istanbul, and with it more

text: motor vehicles

text: which increased air and

text: sound pollution

text: , traffic jams and

text: smog

text: . The city became slower than in the tram era. From the early 1970s, these problems increased and by the mid-1980s Istanbulians realized that lack of control of motor vehicles and the closure of the tram network were a great mistake. Due to constantly increasing traffic jams and air pollution, Istanbul became one of the most polluted

text: Eurasia

text: n cities during the mid-1980s, which caused not only increasing diseases of citizens, but also lost  tourists. Many cities around the world like

text: Tunis

text: Sydney

text: Buenos Aires

text: etc. also understood that error, and like them, Istanbul also planned for the return of trams.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: motor vehicles

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: motor vehicles

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: increase air and sound pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: motor vehicles

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: motor vehicles

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air and sound pollution,

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: petrol vehicles

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: pollution,

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: smog.

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: air and sound pollution,

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: air and sound pollution,

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: motor vehicles which increased air and sound pollution,

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: air and sound pollution, traffic jams and smog.

text: Like the codfish, human-caused pollution can come in different forms. Radiotrophic fungi is a perfect example of natural selection taking place after a chemical accident. Radiotrophic fungi appears to use the pigment melanin to convert gamma radiation into chemical energy for growth and were first discovered in 2007 as black molds growing inside and around the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant. Research at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine showed that three melanin-containing fungi, Cladosporium sphaerospermum, Wangiella dermatitidis, and Cryptococcus neoformans, increased in biomass and accumulated acetate faster in an environment in which the radiation level was 500 times higher than in the normal environment.

text: Like the codfish, human-caused pollution can come in different forms.

text: Radiotrophic fungi

text: is a perfect example of natural selection taking place after a chemical accident. Radiotrophic fungi appears to use the pigment

text: melanin

text: to convert

text: gamma radiation

text: into chemical energy for growth and were first discovered in 2007 as black

text: molds

text: growing inside and around the

text: Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant

text: . Research at the

text: Albert Einstein College of Medicine

text: showed that three melanin-containing fungi,

text: Cladosporium sphaerospermum

text: Wangiella dermatitidis

text: , and

text: Cryptococcus neoformans

text: , increased in

text: biomass

text: and accumulated

text: acetate

text: faster in an environment in which the

text: radiation

text: level was 500 times higher than in the normal environment.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: human

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: chemical energy

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: human

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: human-caused pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: nuclear power plant

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: human-caused

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: human-caused

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: human-caused pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: codfish,

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Radiotrophic fungi

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: pollution can come in different forms. Radiotrophic fungi

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: human-caused pollution

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: human-caused pollution

text: Criteria air contaminants (CAC), or criteria pollutants, are a set of air pollutants that cause smog, acid rain, and other health hazards. CACs are typically emitted from many sources in industry, mining, transportation, electricity generation and agriculture. In most cases they are the products of the combustion of fossil fuels or industrial processes.

text: Criteria air contaminants (CAC), or criteria pollutants, are a set of

text: air pollutants

text: that cause

text: smog

text: acid rain

text: , and other health hazards. CACs are typically emitted from many sources in

text: industry

text: mining

text: transportation

text: electricity generation

text: and

text: agriculture

text: . In most cases they are the products of the

text: combustion

text: of

text: fossil fuels

text: or industrial processes.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: CACs

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: industry

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: cause smog

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: mining

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuels or industrial processes.

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: CACs

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: industry, mining, transportation, electricity generation and agriculture.

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: smog, acid rain,

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: acid rain,

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: In most cases they are the products of the combustion of fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: combustion of fossil fuels or industrial processes.

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: agriculture.

text: According to the director It was a difficult task to convince both families – the wife’s and the dead husband’s – to participate in the film, since the conflict was far from being over. On the other hand, they had never seen a film, and, as I found out as soon as we began shooting, they hadn’t quite realized the purpose of their participation. They simply wanted to seize the opportunity to relive the events in order to get even once and for all. Every time there was a pause in the shooting the conflict would resume on a parallel level, with unpredictable events on both sides. This made me bring a second camera into the scene in order to register such events and those situations in which the main characters would ignore the script and try to introduce other elements, or simply refuse to stick to it. Since it was so closely related to the story, this “making of” became a fundamental element in the dramatic structure of the film.

text: According to the director It was a difficult task to convince both families – the wife’s and the dead husband’s – to participate in the film, since the conflict was far from being over. On the other hand, they had never seen a film, and, as I found out as soon as we began shooting, they hadn’t quite realized the purpose of their participation. They simply wanted to seize the opportunity to relive the events in order to get even once and for all. Every time there was a pause in the shooting the conflict would resume on a parallel level, with unpredictable events on both sides. This made me bring a second camera into the scene in order to register such events and those situations in which the main characters would ignore the script and try to introduce other elements, or simply refuse to stick to it. Since it was so closely related to the story, this “making of” became a fundamental element in the dramatic structure of the film.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: emissions

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: relive the events

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: Nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: families

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: dead husband’s

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: film,

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: unpredictable events on both sides.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: dead husband’s

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: the conflict was far from being over.

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: unpredictable events

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: shooting

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: film,

text: In 1999, he was one of the individuals selected by President Daniel Arap Moi, to "turn the economy around". From 2007 until 2012, he served as group chief executive of Kenya Commercial Bank Group, Kenya's largest banking conglomerate. Between May 2013 until March 2016, he served at Deloitte Kenya, as a senior advisor in the financial services division. In March 2016, he left Deloitte and took up an appointment as a non-executive director of Standard Bank Group, the financial services conglomerate based in South Africa. In August 2016 he founded Leadership Group Limited, a firm that offers coaching to businesses and individuals in the areas of leadership, governance, strategy and execution.

text: In 1999, he was one of the individuals selected by President

text: Daniel Arap Moi

text: , to "turn the economy around". From 2007 until 2012, he served as group chief executive of Kenya Commercial Bank Group, Kenya's largest banking conglomerate. Between May 2013 until March 2016, he served at

text: Deloitte Kenya

text: , as a senior advisor in the financial services division. In March 2016, he left Deloitte and took up an appointment as a non-executive director of

text: Standard Bank Group

text: , the financial services conglomerate based in

text: South Africa

text: . In August 2016 he founded Leadership Group Limited, a firm that offers coaching to businesses and individuals in the areas of leadership, governance, strategy and execution.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: emissions

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: financial services

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: Nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: businesses and individuals

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: Kenya Commercial Bank Group,

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: South Africa.

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: "turn the economy around".

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: Moi,

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Kenya Commercial Bank Group,

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: Kenya Commercial Bank Group,

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: Kenya Commercial Bank Group,

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Kenya Commercial Bank Group,

text: Brothers Keepers has local groups active in information campaigns, presenting teach-ins at schools etc. However the project primarily gained prominence in Germany through the collaborative album, Lightkultur. The title is a pun on conservative politician Günther Beckstein’s term "deutsche Leitkultur" ("German leading culture"), demanding that foreigners subject themselves to the supposed standards of German culture. The album features German musicians such as Torch, Samy Deluxe, Afrob, Denyo from the Beginner and D-Flame. The proceeds of this album went to charity.

text: Brothers Keepers has local groups active in information campaigns, presenting teach-ins at schools etc. However the project primarily gained prominence in Germany through the collaborative album, Lightkultur. The title is a pun on

text: conservative

text: politician

text: Günther Beckstein

text: ’s term "

text: deutsche Leitkultur

text: " ("German leading culture"), demanding that foreigners subject themselves to the supposed standards of German culture. The album features German musicians such as

text: Torch

text: Samy Deluxe

text: Afrob

text: Denyo

text: from the

text: Beginner

text: and

text: D-Flame

text: . The proceeds of this album went to

text: charity

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: foreigners

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: emissions

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: Germany

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: demand foreigners subject themselves

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: mercury

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: foreigners subject themselves to the supposed standards of German culture.

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: Lightkultur.

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: foreigners subject themselves to the supposed standards of German culture.

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: foreigners subject themselves to the supposed standards of German culture.

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: D-Flame.

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Lightkultur.

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: Lightkultur.

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: Brothers Keepers

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Brothers Keepers

text: In 1965, Kron became director of the United States Naval Observatory in Flagstaff, Arizona. He regularly visited Canberra in Australia, where the Mount Stromlo Observatory allowed him to study M-type dwarf stars in the southern sky. He was senior research fellow at the Australian National University in Canberra from 1974 to 1976. He retired in 1985 to live in Honolulu, but moved to Sedona, Arizona, in 1995.

text: In 1965, Kron became director of the

text: United States Naval Observatory

text: in

text: Flagstaff, Arizona

text: . He regularly visited

text: Canberra

text: in Australia, where the

text: Mount Stromlo Observatory

text: allowed him to study

text: M-type dwarf

text: stars in the southern sky. He was senior research fellow at the

text: Australian National University

text: in Canberra from 1974 to 1976. He retired in 1985 to live in

text: Honolulu

text: , but moved to

text: Sedona, Arizona

text: , in 1995.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: emissions

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: Arizona

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: cause global warming

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: Nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: Australia,

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: M-type dwarf stars

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: Australia,

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: M-type dwarf stars

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: M-type dwarf stars

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Kron became director of the United States Naval Observatory

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: M-type dwarf stars

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: Kron became director of the United States Naval Observatory

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: M-type dwarf stars

text: Ill-fated French ocean liner MS Georges Philippar was named after him.

text: Ill-fated French

text: ocean liner

text: MS Georges Philippar

text: was named after him.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: emissions

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: coal burning

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: contaminate the environment

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: mercury

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: French ocean liner MS Georges Philippar

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: Georges Philippar

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: MS Georges Philippar

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: Ill-fated

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: Ill-fated French ocean liner MS Georges Philippar

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Georges Philippar

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: Georges Philippar

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: ocean liner MS Georges Philippar

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Ill-fated French ocean liner MS Georges Philippar

text: A decrease in air pollution occurs when a dam is used in place of thermal power generation, since electricity produced from hydroelectric generation does not give rise to any flue gas emissions from fossil fuel combustion (including sulfur dioxide, nitric oxide and carbon monoxide from coal).

text: A decrease in air pollution occurs when a dam is used in place of

text: thermal power

text: generation, since electricity produced from hydroelectric generation does not give rise to any

text: flue gas emissions from fossil fuel combustion

text: (including

text: sulfur dioxide

text: nitric oxide

text: and

text: carbon monoxide

text: from

text: coal

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuel combustion

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: flue gas

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuel combustion

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollute

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: carbon monoxide

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon monoxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: fossil fuel combustion

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuel combustion

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: flue gas

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuel combustion

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: sulfur dioxide, nitric oxide and carbon monoxide

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: carbon monoxide

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: fossil fuel combustion

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: sulfur dioxide,

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: fossil fuel combustion

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: sulfur dioxide, nitric oxide and carbon monoxide from coal).

text: On 4 November 2014, prosecutors applied to the sentencing judge for permission to appeal the culpable homicide verdict, stating that the five-year prison term was "shockingly light, inappropriate and would not have been imposed by any reasonable court". Judge Thokozile Masipa ruled on 10 December 2014 that the prosecution could challenge her ruling of acquitting Pistorius of premeditated murder and the lesser charge of culpable homicide. However, she ruled that the state could not appeal the length of the sentence. The case was then set for appeal in front of a five-person panel at the Supreme Court of Appeal.

text: On 4 November 2014, prosecutors applied to the sentencing judge for permission to appeal the culpable homicide verdict, stating that the five-year prison term was "shockingly light, inappropriate and would not have been imposed by any reasonable court". Judge Thokozile Masipa ruled on 10 December 2014 that the prosecution could challenge her ruling of acquitting Pistorius of

text: premeditated murder

text: and the lesser charge of

text: culpable homicide

text: . However, she ruled that the state could not appeal the length of the sentence. The case was then set for appeal in front of a five-person panel at the

text: Supreme Court of Appeal

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: emissions

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: premeditated murder

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: culpable homicide

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: culpable homicide

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: Pistorius

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: premeditated murder

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: On 4 November 2014,

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: culpable homicide

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: culpable homicide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: culpable homicide

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: culpable homicide

text: In mathematics, a Whittaker function is a special solution of Whittaker's equation, a modified form of the confluent hypergeometric equation introduced by  to make the formulas involving the solutions more symmetric. More generally,  introduced Whittaker functions of reductive groups over local fields, where the functions studied by Whittaker are essentially the case where the local field is the real numbers and the group is SL(R).

text: In mathematics, a Whittaker function is a special solution of Whittaker's equation, a modified form of the

text: confluent hypergeometric equation

text: introduced by  to make the formulas involving the solutions more symmetric. More generally,  introduced Whittaker functions of

text: reductive group

text: s over

text: local field

text: s, where the functions studied by Whittaker are essentially the case where the local field is the real numbers and the group is SL(R).

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: emissions

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: Whittaker's equation

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: SL(R)

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: Nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: reductive groups

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: SL(R)

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: local fields,

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: SL(R).

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: Whittaker function

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: Whittaker function

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: In mathematics,

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Whittaker function

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: reductive groups

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: Whittaker functions of reductive groups

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: a Whittaker function

text: Singh hails from the OBC Gurjar community. He has previously been elected as a Member of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly for seven terms (1974–77,1980–89,1996-2014). He has also served as a Cabinet Minister in Uttar Pradesh governments under both BJP and the Congress. As a seasoned politician, he commands the respect of Hindus and Muslims in the region.

text: Singh hails from the OBC Gurjar community. He has previously been elected as a Member of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly for seven terms (1974–77,1980–89,1996-2014). He has also served as a

text: Cabinet Minister

text: in Uttar Pradesh governments under both BJP and the Congress. As a seasoned politician, he commands the respect of Hindus and Muslims in the region.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: emissions

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: Uttar Pradesh

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: cause climate change

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: mercury

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: Hindus

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: Hindus and Muslims

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: Uttar Pradesh

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: (1974–77,1980–89,1996-2014).

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: Muslims

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: (1974–77,1980–89,1996-2014).

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: OBC Gurjar

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: (1974–77,1980–89,1996-2014).

text: Strangeways devised and implemented the deception Operation Quicksilver, a significant part of Operation Fortitude, with the intent of fooling the Germans that the Allied invasion would take place in the Pas-de-Calais area. After the Allied landings in Normandy in June 1944, R Force moved to the continent where it operated under the 21st Army Group. It was one of the first units to enter Brussels and Rouen, and later conducted a deception campaign for the crossing of the Rhine River.

text: Strangeways devised and implemented the deception

text: Operation Quicksilver

text: , a significant part of

text: Operation Fortitude

text: , with the intent of fooling the Germans that the Allied invasion would take place in the

text: Pas-de-Calais

text: area. After the

text: Allied landings in Normandy

text: in June 1944, R Force moved to the continent where it operated under the 21st Army Group. It was one of the first units to enter

text: Brussels

text: and

text: Rouen

text: , and later conducted a deception campaign for the

text: crossing of the Rhine River

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: emissions

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: fool the Germans

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: Rhine River

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: Rhine River.

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: Operation Quicksilver,

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: Rhine River.

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: fooling the Germans

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: Quicksilver,

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Operation Quicksilver,

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: Operation Quicksilver,

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: Operation Quicksilver,

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Pas-de-Calais

text: These are the secondary or side effects of mitigation policies, and including them in studies can result in higher or lower mitigation cost estimates (Markandya et al.., 2001:455). Reduced mortality and morbidity costs are potentially a major ancillary benefit of mitigation. This benefit is associated with reduced use of fossil fuels, thereby resulting in less air pollution (Barker et al.., 2001:564). There may also be ancillary costs. In developing countries, for example, if policy changes resulted in a relative increase in electricity prices, this could result in more pollution (Markandya et al.., 2001:462).

text: These are the secondary or side effects of mitigation policies, and including them in studies can result in higher or lower mitigation cost estimates (Markandya et al.., 2001:455). Reduced mortality and morbidity costs are potentially a major ancillary benefit of mitigation. This benefit is associated with reduced use of fossil fuels, thereby resulting in less air pollution (Barker et al.., 2001:564). There may also be ancillary costs. In developing countries, for example, if policy changes resulted in a relative increase in electricity prices, this could result in more pollution (Markandya et al.., 2001:462).

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: Nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuels,

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuels,

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: reduced use of fossil fuels, thereby resulting in less air pollution

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: fossil fuels, thereby resulting in less air pollution

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: fossil fuels,

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: air pollution

text: Monophyly:

text: Monophyly:

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: trees

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: trees

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: contaminate the environment

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: Nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Monophyly

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: decomposition

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: Monophyly:

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: Monophyly:

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: Monophyly:

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: Monophyly:

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: Monophyly:

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Monophyly:

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: Monophyly:

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: Monophyly:

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: Monophyly:

text: Weatherization generally does not cause indoor air problems by adding new pollutants to the air. (There are a few exceptions, such as caulking, that can sometimes emit pollutants.) However, measures such as installing storm windows, weather stripping, caulking, and blown-in wall insulation can reduce the amount of outdoor air infiltrating into a home. Consequently, after weatherization, concentrations of indoor air pollutants from sources inside the home can increase.

text: Weatherization generally does not cause indoor air problems by adding new pollutants to the air. (There are a few exceptions, such as caulking, that can sometimes emit pollutants.) However, measures such as installing storm windows, weather stripping, caulking, and blown-in wall insulation can reduce the amount of outdoor air infiltrating into a home. Consequently, after weatherization, concentrations of indoor air pollutants from sources inside the home can increase.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: indoors

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: sources inside the home

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: increase

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: caulking

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: sources inside the home

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: pollutants.)

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: sources inside the home

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: emit pollutants.)

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: Weatherization

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: pollutants

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: Weatherization

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: concentrations of indoor air pollutants from sources inside the home can increase.

text: Researchers at the University of Massachusetts Amherst have identified Reliant Energy as the 36th-largest corporate producer of air pollution in the United States, with roughly 34 million pounds of toxic chemicals released into the air every year. Major pollutants indicated by the study include sulfuric and hydrochloric acid as well as manganese, chromium, and nickel compounds.

text: Researchers at the

text: University of Massachusetts Amherst

text: have identified Reliant Energy as the 36th-largest corporate producer of

text: air pollution

text: in the United States, with roughly 34 million pounds of toxic chemicals released into the air every year. Major pollutants indicated by the study include

text: sulfuric

text: and

text: hydrochloric acid

text: as well as

text: manganese

text: chromium

text: , and

text: nickel

text: compounds.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: Reliant Energy

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: toxic chemicals

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: toxic chemicals

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: Reliant Energy

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: chemicals

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: Reliant Energy

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: air pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: manganese, chromium, and nickel

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: sulfuric and hydrochloric acid

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: toxic chemicals

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: released into the air every year.

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: manganese, chromium, and nickel compounds.

text: In economic terms, pollution from fossil fuels is regarded as a negative externality. Taxation is considered one way to make societal costs explicit, in order to 'internalize' the cost of pollution. This aims to make fossil fuels more expensive, thereby reducing their use and the amount of pollution associated with them, along with raising the funds necessary to counteract these factors.

text: In economic terms, pollution from fossil fuels is regarded as a negative

text: externality

text: . Taxation is considered one way to make societal costs explicit, in order to 'internalize' the cost of pollution. This aims to make fossil fuels more expensive, thereby reducing their use and the amount of pollution associated with them, along with raising the funds necessary to counteract these factors.

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: negative externality

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: pollute

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: nitrogen

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: no

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: NDQ_003911

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003912

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_003913

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003914

answers: pollution

answers: NDQ_003915

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003917

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003918

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003919

answers: fossil fuels

answers: NDQ_003920

answers: fossil fuels