text: Another factor limiting the effectiveness of the NSDDB was the often low regard for its leaders at the universities. Many had a reputation of wanting to compensate for their lack of scientific standing and expertise by means of excessive partisan zeal.

text: Another factor limiting the effectiveness of the NSDDB was the often low regard for its leaders at the universities. Many had a reputation of wanting to compensate for their lack of scientific standing and expertise by means of excessive partisan zeal.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: it has enough people

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: dwindle

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overuses resources

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: partisan zeal.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: partisan zeal.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: partisan zeal.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: partisan zeal.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: partisan zeal.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: partisan zeal.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: lack of scientific standing and expertise by means of excessive partisan zeal.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: scientific standing and expertise

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: excessive partisan zeal.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: low regard for its leaders at the universities.

text: In An Essay on the Principle of Population, Thomas Robert Malthus argues that a population will increase exponentially if unchecked, while resources will only increase arithmetically. This is seen graphically in the adjacent image and is commonly referred to as the Malthusian curve. Malthus knew that with limited resources on earth, there would be competition among people to exist and survive. He coined the phrase the Malthusian catastrophe to explain how there were positive checks in human populations like famine and disease that kept the population from rising too quickly. The checks that exist on the human population growth result in a struggle for existence. Malthus also notes that the checks on the human population are more complicated than those on animals and plants. Malthus explains, for example, that a human check on population growth is the conscious decision not to reproduce because of financial burden. Malthus then explains that the main check on population growth is food. In periods of high food availability the population increases, while in periods of food shortages, the population decreases. Thus, "population [growth] tends to oscillate around its means of subsistence." The combination of Malthus' "law of multiplication in geometrical progression" and "the law of limited population" leads to the idea of the struggle for existence. Despite these ideas, Malthus was a religious man and believed in divine laws that governed the natural world.

text: In

entity_name: An Essay on the Principle of Population

text: An Essay on the Principle of Population

entity_name: Thomas Robert Malthus

text: Thomas Robert Malthus

text: argues that a population will increase exponentially if unchecked, while resources will only increase arithmetically. This is seen graphically in the adjacent image and is commonly referred to as the Malthusian curve. Malthus knew that with limited resources on earth, there would be competition among people to exist and survive. He coined the phrase the

entity_name: Malthusian catastrophe

text: Malthusian catastrophe

text: to explain how there were positive checks in human populations like famine and disease that kept the population from rising too quickly. The checks that exist on the human population growth result in a struggle for existence. Malthus also notes that the checks on the human population are more complicated than those on animals and plants. Malthus explains, for example, that a human check on population growth is the conscious decision not to reproduce because of financial burden. Malthus then explains that the main check on population growth is food. In periods of high food availability the population increases, while in periods of food shortages, the population decreases. Thus, "population [growth] tends to oscillate around its means of subsistence." The combination of Malthus' "law of multiplication in geometrical progression" and "the law of limited population" leads to the idea of the struggle for existence. Despite these ideas, Malthus was a religious man and believed in divine laws that governed the natural world.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: periods of food shortages

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: unchecked

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: limited resources

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decreases

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: food

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: decreases

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: limited resources

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: periods of food shortages,

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: a population will increase exponentially if unchecked,

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: limited resources

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: a population will increase exponentially if unchecked,

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: conscious decision not to reproduce because of financial burden.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: food.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: financial burden.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: food availability

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: increase exponentially

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: resources

text: An endomorphism  of a finite dimensional vector space over a field  is diagonalizable if and only if its minimal polynomial factors completely over  into distinct linear factors. The fact that there is only one factor  for every eigenvalue  means that the generalized eigenspace for  is the same as the eigenspace for : every Jordan block has size . More generally, if  satisfies a polynomial equation  0}} where  factors into distinct linear factors over , then it will be diagonalizable: its minimal polynomial is a divisor of  and therefore also factors into distinct linear factors. In particular one has:

text: An

entity_name: Endomorphism

text: endomorphism

text: of a finite dimensional vector space over a field  is

entity_name: Diagonalizable matrix

text: diagonalizable

text: if and only if its minimal polynomial factors completely over  into distinct linear factors. The fact that there is only one factor  for every eigenvalue  means that the

entity_name: Generalized eigenvector

entity_section: Overview and definition

text: generalized eigenspace

text: for  is the same as the

entity_name: Eigenvalues and eigenvectors

entity_section: Overview

text: eigenspace

text: for : every Jordan block has size . More generally, if  satisfies a polynomial equation  0}} where  factors into distinct linear factors over , then it will be diagonalizable: its minimal polynomial is a divisor of  and therefore also factors into distinct linear factors. In particular one has:

method: Bert-ConvKNRM

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: it has a large population

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: eigenvalues

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: change a population

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: their habitat can support

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: nutrient

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: consumes more resources than it is replenished

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: eigenvalue

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: An endomorphism

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: its minimal polynomial factors completely over into distinct linear factors.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: distinct linear factors.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: diagonalizable

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: 0<unk> where factors into distinct linear factors

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: size.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: divisor

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: size.

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: diagonalizable

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: size.

text: An important concept in population ecology is the r/K selection theory. The first variable is r (the intrinsic rate of natural increase in population size, density independent) and the second variable is K (the carrying capacity of a population, density dependent).An r-selected species (e.g., many kinds of insects, such as aphids) is one that has high rates of fecundity, low levels of parental investment in the young, and high rates of mortality before individuals reach maturity. Evolution favors productivity in r-selected species. In contrast, a K-selected species (such as humans) has low rates of fecundity, high levels of parental investment in the young, and low rates of mortality as individuals mature. Evolution in K-selected species favors efficiency in the conversion of more resources into fewer offspring.

text: An important concept in population ecology is the

entity_name: R/K selection theory

text: r/K selection

text: theory. The first variable is r (the intrinsic rate of natural increase in population size, density independent) and the second variable is K (the carrying capacity of a population, density dependent).An r-selected species (e.g., many kinds of insects, such as aphids) is one that has high rates of fecundity, low levels of parental investment in the young, and high rates of mortality before individuals reach maturity. Evolution favors productivity in r-selected species. In contrast, a K-selected species (such as humans) has low rates of fecundity, high levels of parental investment in the young, and low rates of mortality as individuals mature. Evolution in K-selected species favors efficiency in the conversion of more

entity_name: Resource (biology)

text: resources

text: into fewer offspring.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: as individuals mature

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: density is low

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: density

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: low rates of parental investment in the young

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: r

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: r-selected

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: density

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: as individuals mature.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: density

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: density independent)

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: fewer offspring.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: r/K selection theory.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: density

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: Evolution favors productivity

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: density

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: fewer offspring.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: density

text: where N is the number of individuals measured as biomass density, a is the maximum per-capita rate of change, and K is the carrying capacity of the population. The formula states that the rate of change in population size (dN/dT) is equal to growth (aN) that is limited by carrying capacity (1 – N/K).

text: where N is the number of individuals measured as

entity_name: Biomass (ecology)

text: biomass

text: density, a is the maximum per-capita rate of change, and K is the

entity_name: Carrying capacity

text: carrying capacity

text: of the population. The formula states that the rate of change in population size (dN/dT) is equal to growth (aN) that is limited by carrying capacity (1 – N/K).

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: limited by carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: aN is equal to aN

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: reaches its capacity

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: growth (aN) that is limited by carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: (1 – N/K).

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: rate of change

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: (1 – N/K).

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: N

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: growth (aN) that is limited by carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: growth (aN) that is limited by carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: growth (aN) that is limited by carrying capacity

text: Directly related to maintaining the health of the human population is water supply, and it is one of the resources that experience the biggest strain. With the global population at about 7.5 billion, and each human theoretically needing 2 liters of drinking water, there is a demand for 15 billion liters of water each day to meet the minimum requirement for healthy living (United). Weather patterns, elevation, and climate all contribute to uneven distribution of fresh drinking water. Without clean water, good health is not a viable option. Besides drinking, water is used to create sanitary living conditions and is the basis of creating a healthy environment fit to hold human life. In addition to drinking water, water is also used for bathing, washing clothes and dishes, flushing toilets, a variety of cleaning methods, recreation, watering lawns, and farm irrigation.Irrigation poses one of the largest problems, because without sufficient water to irrigate crops, the crops die and then there is the problem of food rations and starvation. In addition to water needed for crops and food, there is limited land area dedicated to food production, and not much more that is suitable to be added. Arable land, needed to sustain the growing population, is also a factor because land being under or over cultivated easily upsets the delicate balance of nutrition supply. There are also problems with location of arable land with regard to proximity to countries and relative population (Bashford 240). Access to nutrition is an important limiting factor in population sustainability and growth. No increase in arable land added to the still increasing human population will eventually pose a serious conflict. Only 38% of the land area of the globe is dedicated to agriculture, and there is not room for much more. Although plants produce 54 billion metric tons of carbohydrates per year, when the population is expected to grow to 9 billion by 2050, the plants may not be able to keep up (Biello). Food supply is a primary example of how a resource reacts when its carrying capacity is exceeded. By trying to grow more and more crops off of the same amount of land, the soil becomes exhausted. Because the soil is exhausted, it is then unable to produce the same amount of food as before, and is overall less productive. Therefore, by using resources beyond a sustainable level, the resource become nullified and ineffective, which further increases the disparity between the demand for a resource and the availability of a resource. There must be a shift to provide adequate recovery time to each one of the supplies in demand to support contemporary human lifestyles.

method: ICT-DRMMTKS

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: the population increases

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: its carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: food production

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: has a problem

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: water is used to create sanitary living conditions and is the basis of creating a healthy environment fit to hold human life

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: by using resources beyond a sustainable level,

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: exceeded.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: exceeded.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Arable land,

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: Access to nutrition

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: limited land area dedicated to food production,

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: Arable land,

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: its carrying capacity is exceeded.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: Access to nutrition

text: Population size varies over time.  Suppose there are t non-overlapping generations, then effective population size is given by the harmonic mean of the population sizes:

text: Population size varies over time.  Suppose there are t non-overlapping

entity_name: Generation

text: generation

text: s, then effective population size is given by the

entity_name: Harmonic mean

text: harmonic mean

text: of the population sizes:

method: UvABottomUpChangeOrder

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: over time

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: it has enough people

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: the number of generations

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: population size varies

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: consumes more resources

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: time.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: effective population size

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: the harmonic mean of the population sizes:

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: Population size

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Population size varies over time.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: Population size varies over time.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: Population size varies over time.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: time.

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: effective population size

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: effective population size

text: Demographic analysis includes the sets of methods that allow us to measure the dimensions and dynamics of populations.   These methods have primarily been developed to study human populations, but are extended to a variety of areas where researchers want to know how populations of social actors can change across time through processes of birth, death, and migration.   In the context of human biological populations, demographic analysis uses administrative records to develop an independent estimate of the population. Demographic analysis estimates are often considered a reliable standard for judging the accuracy of the census information gathered at any time.  In the labor force, demographic analysis is used to estimate sizes and flows of populations of workers; in population ecology the focus is on the birth, death, migration and immigration of individuals in a population of living organisms, alternatively, in social human sciences could involve movement of firms and institutional forms. Demographic analysis is used in a wide variety of contexts. For example, it is often used in business plans, to describe the population connected to the geographic location of the business. Demographic analysis is usually abbreviated as DA. For the 2010 U.S. Census, The U.S. Census Bureau has expanded its DA categories. Also as part of the 2010 U.S. Census, DA now also includes comparative analysis between independent housing estimates, and census address lists at different key time points.

text: Demographic analysis includes the sets of methods that allow us to measure the dimensions and

entity_name: Population dynamics

text: dynamics

text: of populations.   These methods have primarily been developed to study human populations, but are extended to a variety of areas where researchers want to know how populations of

entity_name: Social actions

text: social actors

text: can change across time through processes of birth, death, and

entity_name: Human migration

text: migration

text: .   In the context of

entity_name: Human

text: human

text: biological populations, demographic analysis uses

entity_name: Public records

text: administrative records

text: to develop an independent

entity_name: Approximation

text: estimate

text: of the population.

entity_name: Demography

text: Demographic

text: analysis estimates are often considered a reliable standard for judging the accuracy of the

entity_name: Census

text: census

text: information gathered at any time.  In the

entity_name: Workforce

text: labor force

text: , demographic analysis is used to estimate sizes and flows of populations of workers; in

entity_name: Population ecology

text: population ecology

text: the focus is on the birth, death, migration and immigration of individuals in a population of living organisms, alternatively, in social human sciences could involve movement of firms and

entity_name: Institution

text: institution

text: al forms. Demographic analysis is used in a wide variety of contexts. For example, it is often used in business plans, to describe the population connected to the geographic location of the business. Demographic analysis is usually abbreviated as DA. For the 2010 U.S. Census, The

entity_name: United States Census Bureau

text: U.S. Census Bureau

text: has expanded its DA categories. Also as part of the 2010 U.S. Census, DA now also includes comparative analysis between independent housing estimates, and census address lists at different key time points.

method: UNH-ecn

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: death

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population is too small

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: population ecology

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: population ecology

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: has a high population density

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: population ecology

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: birth, death,

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: populations.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: birth, death, migration and immigration of individuals

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: migration.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: migration.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: geographic location

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: birth, death, migration and immigration

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: birth, death, migration and immigration

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: migration.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: living organisms,

text: This is a consistent estimator (it converges in probability to the population value as the number of samples goes to infinity), and is the maximum-likelihood estimate when the population is normally distributed. However, this is a biased estimator, as the estimates are generally too low. The bias decreases as sample size grows, dropping off as 1/n, and thus is most significant for small or moderate sample sizes; for

text: This is a

entity_name: Consistent estimator

text: consistent estimator

text: (it converges in probability to the population value as the number of samples goes to infinity), and is the

entity_name: Maximum likelihood estimation

text: maximum-likelihood estimate

text: when the population is normally distributed. However, this is a

entity_name: Bias of an estimator

text: biased estimator

text: , as the estimates are generally too low. The bias decreases as sample size grows, dropping off as 1/n, and thus is most significant for small or moderate sample sizes; for

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: small or moderate sample sizes

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: it has enough people

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: the number of samples

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: sample size

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: is overconsumption

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: limiting factor

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: small or moderate sample sizes;

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: the population is normally distributed.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: maximum-likelihood estimate when the population is normally distributed.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: 1/n, and thus is most significant for small or moderate sample sizes;

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: 1/n, and thus is most significant for small or moderate sample sizes;

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: small or moderate sample sizes;

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: maximum-likelihood estimate when the population is normally distributed.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: sample size

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: maximum-likelihood estimate when the population is normally distributed.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: small or moderate sample sizes;

text: Aside from traditional IQ tests like Raven's and WAIS, researchers have also used other tests that tap more into the Cattell-Horn-Caroll theory of intelligence in relation to gender. For example, a 2008 study by researcher Timothy Z. Keith on 25 subtests of Woodcock-Johnson Tests of Cognitive abilities, along with a sample of 6,818 adults and children from 6 to 59 found females scoring higher on the latent processing speed (Gs)factor, a small male advantage on the latent comprehension–knowledge (Gc) factor, higher male score on the latent visual–spatial reasoning (Gv)and higher male latent quantitative reasoning (RQ) factor. The study found no difference in latent long-term retrieval (Glr, short-term memory (Gsm), auditory processing (Ga)  and fluid intelligence(Gf) factors. However the sex difference in general intelligence (g-factor) was inconsistent in children with small higher female g factor during adolescence, and consistent higher female latent g factor during adulthood. The finding of the study confirmed Lynn's theory that males develop slower, but did not replicate results that males after 16 years old should have higher g factor. Lead researcher Timothy Keith suggests past researchers like Lynn's had used emergent scores to calculate g factor which is not accurate since most intelligent theories define g factor as a latent variable and not an emergent one. Researcher Timothy Z Keith replicated the same results again in the same year when he conducted a study of 3,025 6-18 year old participants with higher female latent g factor at all ages. In 2006, researchers Stephen Camarata and Richard Woodcock also replicated exactly the same results in sample of 4,253 children and adults but found no sex differences in g factor. In 2011, researcher Timothy Z. Keith also found no significant sex differences in latent g factor among participants of 5- to 17-year-olds on a different IQ test known as the Differential Ability Scales.

text: Aside from traditional IQ tests like

entity_name: Raven's Progressive Matrices

text: Raven's

text: and

entity_name: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale

text: WAIS

text: , researchers have also used other tests that tap more into the

entity_name: Cattell–Horn–Carroll theory

text: Cattell-Horn-Caroll theory

text: of intelligence in relation to gender. For example, a 2008 study by researcher

entity_name: Timothy Z. Keith

text: Timothy Z. Keith

text: on 25 subtests of

entity_name: Woodcock–Johnson Tests of Cognitive Abilities

text: Woodcock-Johnson Tests of Cognitive abilities

text: , along with a sample of 6,818 adults and children from 6 to 59 found females scoring higher on the latent

entity_name: Processing fluency

text: processing speed

text: (Gs)factor, a small male advantage on the

entity_name: Latent variable

text: latent

text: comprehension–knowledge (Gc) factor, higher male score on the latent visual–spatial reasoning (Gv)and higher male latent quantitative reasoning (RQ) factor. The study found no difference in latent

entity_name: Long-term memory

text: long-term retrieval

text: (Glr,

entity_name: Short-term memory

text: short-term memory

text: (Gsm), auditory processing (Ga)  and

entity_name: Fluid and crystallized intelligence

text: fluid intelligence

text: (Gf) factors. However the sex difference in

entity_name: G factor (psychometrics)

text: general intelligence

text: (g-factor) was inconsistent in children with small higher female

text: g factor

text: during adolescence, and consistent higher female

text: latent g factor

text: during adulthood. The finding of the study confirmed Lynn's theory that males develop slower, but did not replicate results that males after 16 years old should have higher g factor. Lead researcher

text: Timothy Keith

text: suggests past researchers like Lynn's had used emergent scores to calculate g factor which is not accurate since most intelligent theories define

text: g factor

text: as a

text: latent variable

text: and not an emergent one. Researcher Timothy Z Keith replicated the same results again in the same year when he conducted a study of 3,025 6-18 year old participants with higher female latent g factor at all ages. In 2006, researchers Stephen Camarata and Richard Woodcock also replicated exactly the same results in sample of 4,253 children and adults but found no sex differences in g factor. In 2011, researcher

text: Timothy Z. Keith

text: also found no significant sex differences in latent g factor among participants of 5- to 17-year-olds on a different IQ test known as the

entity_name: Differential Ability Scales

text: Differential Ability Scales

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: it has enough people

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: population size

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: lessen

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: has a depleted resource

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: during adulthood.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: higher female latent g factor

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: latent g factor during adulthood.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: higher female latent g factor during adulthood.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: consistent higher female latent g factor during adulthood.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: higher female latent g factor during adulthood.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: higher female latent g factor during adulthood.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: female latent g factor

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: males develop slower,

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: higher female latent g factor during adulthood.

text: Individuals can compete for food, water, space, light, mates or any other resource which is required for survival or reproduction. The resource must be limited for competition to occur; if every member of the species can obtain a sufficient amount of every resource then individuals do not compete and the population grows exponentially. Exponential growth is very rare in nature because resources are finite and so not every individual in a population can survive, leading to intraspecific competition for the scarce resources.

text: Individuals can compete for

text: food, water, space, light, mates or any other resource which is required for survival

text: or reproduction. The resource must be limited for competition to occur; if every member of the species can obtain a sufficient amount of every resource then individuals do not compete and the population grows exponentially.

text: Exponential growth

text: is very rare in nature because resources are finite and so not every individual in a population can survive, leading to intraspecific competition for the scarce resources.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population grows exponentially

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: resources

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: resources are finite

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: The resource must be limited

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: grows exponentially

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: resources are finite

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: if every member of the species can obtain a sufficient amount of every resource

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: if every member of the species can obtain a sufficient amount of every resource

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: resources are finite

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: individuals do not compete and the population grows exponentially.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Individuals can compete for food, water, space, light, mates

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: resources are finite

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: resources are finite

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: if every member of the species can obtain a sufficient amount of every resource

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: grows exponentially.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: resources are finite

text: In statistics (hypothesis testing), the "size" of the test refers to the rate of false positives, denoted by α. In astronomy, the magnitude of brightness or intensity of a star is measured on a logarithmic scale. Such a scale is also used to measure the intensity of an earthquake, and this intensity is often referred to as the "size" of the event. In computing, file size is a measure of the size of a computer file, typically measured in bytes. The actual amount of disk space consumed by the file depends on the file system. The maximum file size a file system supports depends on the number of bits reserved to store size information and the total size of the file system in terms of its capacity to store bits of information.

text: In

text: statistics

text: hypothesis testing

text: ), the "size" of the test refers to the rate of

text: false positives

text: , denoted by α. In

text: astronomy

text: , the

text: magnitude

text: of brightness or intensity of a star is measured on a

text: logarithmic scale

text: . Such a scale is also used to measure the intensity of an

text: earthquake

text: , and this intensity is often referred to as the "size" of the event. In computing,

text: file size

text: is a measure of the size of a

text: computer

text: file

text: , typically measured in

text: byte

text: s. The actual amount of

text: disk space

text: consumed by the file depends on the

text: file system

text: . The maximum file size a file system supports depends on the number of

text: bit

text: s reserved to store size information and the total size of the file system in terms of its capacity to store bits of information.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: it has enough space

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: size

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: size

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: size

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: "size" of the test refers to the rate of false positives,

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: "size"

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: rate of false positives,

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: "size" of the test refers to the rate of false positives,

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: "size"

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: "size" of the test refers to the rate of false positives,

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: "size" of the test refers to the rate of false positives,

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: "size" of the test refers to the rate of false positives,

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: "size"

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: "size"

text: Overpopulation does not depend only on the size or density of the population, but on the ratio of population to available sustainable resources. It also depends on how resources are managed and distributed throughout the population.

text: Overpopulation does not depend only on the size or density of the population, but on the ratio of population to available sustainable resources. It also depends on how resources are managed and distributed throughout the population.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: overpopulation occurs

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: population to available sustainable resources

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: overpopulation

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: sustainable resources

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overpopulation

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: Overpopulation

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: ratio of population to available sustainable resources.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: the ratio of population to available sustainable resources.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: Overpopulation

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Overpopulation

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: ratio of population to available sustainable resources.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: the ratio of population to available sustainable resources.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: available sustainable resources.

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: Overpopulation

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: the ratio of population to available sustainable resources.

text: In biology five factors are known to contribute to bimodal distributions of population sizes:

text: In biology five factors are known to contribute to bimodal distributions of population sizes:

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: eugenics

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: it has a high population density

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: biotic and abiotic factors

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: population size

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: bimodal distribution

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: natural resources

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: has a bimodal distribution

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: population size

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: bimodal distributions

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population sizes:

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: five factors

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: bimodal distributions of population sizes:

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: five factors are known to contribute to bimodal distributions of population sizes:

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: five factors are known to contribute to bimodal distributions

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: bimodal distributions of population sizes:

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: five factors

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: bimodal

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: five factors are known to contribute to bimodal distributions of population sizes:

text: The University of Essex has made available population reports from the UK, 1801 - 1937. The reports, drawn from census and other related information, includes information on births, deaths, marriages, housing, religion and other social factors relating to the UK population. The resource is freely available.

text: The

text: University of Essex

text: has made available population reports from the UK, 1801 - 1937. The reports, drawn from census and other related information, includes information on births, deaths, marriages, housing, religion and other social factors relating to the UK population. The resource is freely available.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population is increasing

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: social factors

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: lessen

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overpopulation

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: deaths,

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: census and other related information,

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: 1937.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: marriages,

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: 1937.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: births,

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: housing, religion

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: 1801 - 1937.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: population reports from the UK, 1801 - 1937.

text: In 2004, it was proposed that Maximum likelihood or Bayesian approaches that estimate the migration rates and population sizes using coalescent theory can use datasets which contain a population that has no data. This is referred to as a "ghost population". The manipulation allows exploration in the effects of missing populations on the estimation of population sizes and migration rates between two specific populations. The biases of the inferred population parameters depend on the magnitude of the migration rate from the unknown populations. The technique for deriving ghost populations attracted criticism because ghost populations were the result of statistical models, along with their limitations.

text: In 2004, it was proposed that

text: Maximum likelihood

text: or

text: Bayesian

text: approaches that estimate the migration rates and population sizes using

text: coalescent theory

text: can use datasets which contain a population that has no data. This is referred to as a "ghost population". The manipulation allows exploration in the effects of missing populations on the estimation of population sizes and migration rates between two specific populations. The biases of the inferred population parameters depend on the magnitude of the migration rate from the unknown populations. The technique for deriving ghost populations attracted criticism because ghost populations were the result of statistical models, along with their limitations.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: migration

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: migration rates are low

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: migration rates

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: migration rates

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: migrates

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: migration rate

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population sizes

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: migration rates

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: "ghost population".

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: migration rates

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: migration rate

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: migration rate

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: migration rates

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: "ghost population".

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: migration rate

text: The small size has forced many species to sacrifice some of their anatomy, like the heart, crop and gizzard. While the exoskeleton and respiration system of the insects seems to be the major limiting factors regarding how large they can get, the limit for how small they can become appears to be related to the space required for their nervous and reproductive systems.

text: The small size has forced many species to sacrifice some of their anatomy, like the heart, crop and gizzard. While the exoskeleton and respiration system of the insects seems to be the major limiting factors regarding how large they can get, the limit for how small they can become appears to be related to the space required for their nervous and reproductive systems.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: it is too small

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: how large they can get

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: space

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: can become too small

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: space required for their nervous and reproductive systems.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: how large they can get,

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: the space required for their nervous and reproductive systems.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: The small size has forced many species to sacrifice some of their anatomy,

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: The small size has forced many species to sacrifice some of their anatomy,

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: the exoskeleton and respiration system

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: The small size

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: space required for their nervous and reproductive systems.

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: The small size has forced many species to sacrifice some of their anatomy,

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: exoskeleton and respiration system

text: Most populations do not grow exponentially, rather they follow a logistic model. Once the population has reached its carrying capacity, it will stabilize and the exponential curve will level off towards the carrying capacity, which is usually when a population has depleted most its natural resources.

text: Most populations do not grow exponentially, rather they follow a

text: logistic model

text: . Once the population has reached its

text: carrying capacity

text: , it will stabilize and the exponential curve will level off towards the carrying capacity, which is usually when a population has depleted most its

text: natural resource

text: s.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: once the population has reached its carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population has depleted most its natural resources

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: deplete

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: depleted most its natural resources

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: natural resources

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: depletes its natural resources

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: natural resources

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: when a population has depleted most its natural resources.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: a population has depleted most its natural resources.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: carrying capacity,

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: Once the population has reached its carrying capacity,

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Most populations do not grow exponentially, rather they follow a logistic model.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: natural resources.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: a population has depleted most its natural resources.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: natural resources.

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: depleted most its natural resources.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: depleted most its natural resources.

text: In some applications, and in particular in Pollard's rho algorithm for integer factorization, the algorithm has much more limited access to  and to . In Pollard's rho algorithm, for instance,  is the set of integers modulo an unknown prime factor of the number to be factorized, so even the size of  is unknown to the algorithm.To allow cycle detection algorithms to be used with such limited knowledge, they may be designed based on the following capabilities. Initially, the algorithm is assumed to have in its memory an object representing a pointer to the starting value . At any step, it may perform one of three actions: it may copy any pointer it has to another object in memory, it may apply  and replace any of its pointers by a pointer to the next object in the sequence, or it may apply a subroutine for determining whether two of its pointers represent equal values in the sequence. The equality test action may involve some nontrivial computation: for instance, in Pollard's rho algorithm, it is implemented by testing whether the difference between two stored values has a nontrivial greatest common divisor with the number to be factored. In this context, by analogy to the pointer machine model of computation, an algorithm that only uses pointer copying, advancement within the sequence, and equality tests may be called a pointer algorithm.

text: In some applications, and in particular in

text: Pollard's rho algorithm

text: for

text: integer factorization

text: , the algorithm has much more limited access to  and to . In Pollard's rho algorithm, for instance,  is the set of integers modulo an unknown prime factor of the number to be factorized, so even the size of  is unknown to the algorithm.To allow cycle detection algorithms to be used with such limited knowledge, they may be designed based on the following capabilities. Initially, the algorithm is assumed to have in its memory an object representing a

text: pointer

text: to the starting value . At any step, it may perform one of three actions: it may copy any pointer it has to another object in memory, it may apply  and replace any of its pointers by a pointer to the next object in the sequence, or it may apply a subroutine for determining whether two of its pointers represent equal values in the sequence. The equality test action may involve some nontrivial computation: for instance, in Pollard's rho algorithm, it is implemented by testing whether the difference between two stored values has a nontrivial

text: greatest common divisor

text: with the number to be factored. In this context, by analogy to the

text: pointer machine

text: model of computation, an algorithm that only uses pointer copying, advancement within the sequence, and equality tests may be called a pointer algorithm.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: cycle detection

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: a region has a large enough population

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: the amount of available resources

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: change a population

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: natural disasters

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: cycles

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: limiting factor

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: cycle detection

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: two of its pointers represent equal values in the sequence.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: unknown to the algorithm.To

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: unknown to the algorithm.To

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Pollard's rho algorithm for integer factorization,

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: unknown prime factor

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: size of is unknown to the algorithm.To

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: cycle detection algorithms

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: cycle detection

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: unknown prime factor

text: Some other limiting factors in biology include temperature and other weather related factors.

text: Some other limiting factors in biology include

text: temperature

text: and other

text: weather

text: related factors.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: in hotter climates

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: temperature is too low

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: climatic conditions

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: limiting factors

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: is overpopulating

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: temperature and other weather related factors.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: temperature and other weather related factors.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: temperature and other weather related factors.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: temperature and other weather related factors.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: temperature and other weather related factors.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: temperature and other weather related factors.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: temperature and other weather related factors.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: limiting factors

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: temperature and other weather related factors.

text: where n is the sample size, N is the population size, m is the mean of the variate x, s and s are the sample variances of the x and y variates respectively and ρ is the sample correlation between the x and y variates.

text: where n is the sample size, N is the population size, m is the mean of the variate x, s and s are the sample

text: variance

text: s of the x and y variates respectively and ρ is the sample correlation between the x and y variates.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: when the sample size decreases

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: m is greater than n

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: n

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: s

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: population size

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: population size

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: population size

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: uses resources faster than they are being replenished

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: population size

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: n is the sample size,

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population size,

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: sample size,

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: N

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: N

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: N is the population size,

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: population size,

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: sample size,

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: N is the population size,

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: N is the population size,

text: Flasks are usually (though not always) the property of the foundry making the casting.  The number of available flasks of a given size can be a limiting factor in the overall production rate.

text: Flasks are usually (though not always) the property of the foundry making the casting.  The number of available flasks of a given size can be a limiting factor in the overall production rate.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: no flasks are available

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: the availability of resources

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: decreases

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: Flasks

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: The number of available flasks

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: The number of available flasks

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: Flasks

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: The number of available flasks

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: The number of available flasks

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: The number of available flasks

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: The number of available flasks

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: limiting factor in the overall production rate.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: The number of available flasks

text: , is assumed to be normal. By the central limit theorem, if the sampling of the parent population is independent then the sample means will be approximately normal. (The degree of approximation will depend on how close the parent population is to a normal distribution and the sample size, n.)

text: , is assumed to be normal. By the

text: central limit theorem

text: , if the sampling of the parent population is independent then the sample means will be approximately normal. (The degree of approximation will depend on how close the parent population is to a normal distribution and the sample size, n.)

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: it has enough people

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: a normal distribution

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: change a population

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: a normal distribution

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: natural selection

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: consumes more resources

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: the number of offspring

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: how close the parent population is to a normal distribution and the sample size,

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: if the sampling of the parent population

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: how close the parent population is to a normal distribution and the sample size,

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: normal.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: By the central limit theorem,

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: if the sampling of the parent population is independent

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: if the sampling of the parent population

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: the sampling of the parent population is independent

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: normal. By the central limit theorem,

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: central limit theorem,

text: The Exceptional Service Award is presented to Civil Air Patrol members who provide "exceptionally outstanding service to CAP...while serving in any capacity with CAP." The award regulations do make clear that the duty should carry the responsibility for completion of a major project at the region level or wing level. Any CAP member may nominate another cadet or officer for the exceptional service award, but the duty must involve the fulfillment of a duty that greatly benefits the region or wing. All nominations must be approved by the region commander<ref name='CAPR 39-3 Section B Decorations'/> This award does not come with a full-sized medal. It consists of a ribbon and a certificate that accompanies the decoration. A miniature medal is available for senior members to wear on their mess dress uniforms.

text: The Exceptional Service Award is presented to Civil Air Patrol members who provide "exceptionally outstanding service to CAP...while serving in any capacity with CAP." The award regulations do make clear that the duty should carry the responsibility for completion of a major project at the region level or wing level. Any CAP member may nominate another cadet or officer for the exceptional service award, but the duty must involve the fulfillment of a duty that greatly benefits the region or wing. All nominations must be approved by the region commander<ref name='CAPR 39-3 Section B Decorations'/> This award does not come with a full-sized medal. It consists of a ribbon and a certificate that accompanies the decoration. A miniature medal is available for senior members to wear on their mess dress uniforms.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: all nominations must be approved

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: abiotic factors

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: no longer exist

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overconsumes

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: The Exceptional Service Award

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: wing

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: All nominations must be approved by the region commander

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: Exceptional Service Award

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: The Exceptional Service Award

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: All nominations must be approved by the region commander

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: Exceptional Service Award

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: Exceptional Service Award

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: The Exceptional Service Award

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: Exceptional Service Award

text: Selection on development time is often sexually antagonistic. In seed beetles, populations differed in development time and growth rate between sexes. Population fitness is not significant to either body size or growth rate, but variation in development time was significantly related to population fitness. In females, genes associated with long development time lead to high fecundity and mate immediately upon eclosion. Males have shorter development time and emerge early (protandry) resulting in greater fertilization opportunities.

text: Selection on

text: development time

text: is often sexually antagonistic. In seed beetles, populations differed in development time and growth rate between sexes.

text: Population fitness

text: is not significant to either body size or growth rate, but variation in development time was significantly related to population fitness. In females, genes associated with long development time lead to high

text: fecundity

text: and mate immediately upon

text: eclosion

text: . Males have shorter development time and emerge early (

text: protandry

text: ) resulting in greater fertilization opportunities.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: population fitness

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population fitness is not significant

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: development time

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: males have shorter development time and emerge early

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: fertilization opportunities

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: is less likely to be healthy

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: eclosion.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: Population fitness

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: Population fitness

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: Selection on development time is often sexually antagonistic.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: populations differed in development time and growth rate between sexes.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: Population fitness

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: greater fertilization opportunities.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: variation in development time

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: Population fitness

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: development time

text: Because of the readily available trade resources and local merchants in most of the Maya territory, small towns did not need to take part in long-distance trading and limited trade to local exchange. Despite the fact that the area was rich in resources, even the most self-sufficient farm families, which were the vast majority of the population, still had to participate in exchanges in order to obtain the necessities (the necessities would generally include some pottery, bronze or copper tools, salt, and imported fish for inland areas). As craftsmen in small cities began to specialize and the cities began to grow, so did the need for increased trade. Cities such as Tikal and El Mirador are two such examples. Tikal, specifically, had a population somewhere in the range of 60,000–120,000 people, which means it would have needed to get food and other goods from up to 100 km away. Because of the size of these, they would have also needed a larger amount of control from the Rulers to oversee it. Eventually the increased trade, and growing cities gave the Rulers more power over their territory and their subjects.

text: Because of the readily available trade resources and local merchants in most of the Maya territory, small towns did not need to take part in long-distance trading and limited trade to local exchange. Despite the fact that the area was rich in resources, even the most self-sufficient farm families, which were the vast majority of the population, still had to participate in exchanges in order to obtain the necessities (the necessities would generally include some pottery, bronze or copper tools, salt, and imported fish for inland areas). As craftsmen in small cities began to specialize and the cities began to grow, so did the need for increased trade. Cities such as

text: Tikal

text: and

text: El Mirador

text: are two such examples. Tikal, specifically, had a population somewhere in the range of 60,000–120,000 people, which means it would have needed to get food and other goods from up to 100 km away. Because of the size of these, they would have also needed a larger amount of control from the Rulers to oversee it. Eventually the increased trade, and growing cities gave the Rulers more power over their territory and their subjects.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population increases

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: need for increased trade

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: lessen

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: readily available trade resources

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: need for increased trade

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: population

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: 60,000–120,000 people,

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: 60,000–120,000 people,

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: trade.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: 60,000–120,000

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: small towns did not need to take part in long-distance trading

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: trade resources

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: readily available trade resources

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: increased trade.

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: still had to participate in exchanges

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: 60,000–120,000 people,

text: Malthus argued in his Essay (1798) that population growth generally expanded in times and in regions of plenty until the size of the population relative to the primary resources caused distress:

text: Malthus argued in his Essay (1798) that population growth generally expanded in times and in regions of plenty until the size of the population relative to the primary resources caused distress:

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: until the size of the population relative to the primary resources caused distress

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: distress is caused

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: primary resources

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: population growth

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: plenty

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: distress

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: until the size of the population relative to the primary resources caused distress:

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: the size of the population relative to the primary resources caused distress:

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: primary resources

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: distress:

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: population growth

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: primary resources

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: population growth generally expanded in times and in regions of plenty

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: plenty

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: distress:

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: primary resources

text: An alternative framework has more recently been put forward by Wilken and Ma (2004) who suggest that apparent capacity limitations in VSTM are caused by a monotonic decline in the quality of the internal representations stored (i.e., monotonic increase in noise) as a function of set-size. In this conception capacity limitations in memory are not caused by a limit on the number of things that can be encoded, but by a decline in the quality of the representation of each thing as more things are added to memory. In their 2004 experiments, they varied color, spatial frequency, and orientation of objects stored in VSTM using a signal detection theory approach (see also the closely related work by Palmer, 1990). The participants were asked to report differences between the visual stimuli presented to them in consecutive order. The investigators found that different stimuli were encoded independently and in parallel, and that the major factor limiting report performance was neuronal noise (which is a function of visual set-size).

text: An alternative framework has more recently been put forward by

text: Wilken

text: and Ma (2004) who suggest that apparent capacity limitations in VSTM are caused by a monotonic decline in the quality of the internal representations stored (i.e., monotonic increase in noise) as a function of set-size. In this conception capacity limitations in memory are not caused by a limit on the number of things that can be encoded, but by a decline in the quality of the representation of each thing as more things are added to memory. In their 2004 experiments, they varied color, spatial frequency, and orientation of objects stored in VSTM using a signal detection theory approach (see also the closely related work by Palmer, 1990). The participants were asked to report differences between the visual stimuli presented to them in consecutive order. The investigators found that different stimuli were encoded independently and in parallel, and that the major factor limiting report performance was

text: neuronal noise

text: (which is a function of visual set-size).

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: set-size

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: set-size

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: set-size

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: declines in quality

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: more things are added to memory.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: more things are added to memory.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: set-size.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: monotonic increase in noise) as a function of set-size.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: An alternative framework has more recently been put forward by Wilken and Ma

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: neuronal noise

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: more things are added to memory.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: set-size.

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: capacity limitations

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: monotonic increase in noise) as a function of set-size.

text: This strategy is effective against a number of retinal diseases that have been studied, including neovascular diseases that are features of age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy and retinopathy of prematurity. Since the regulation of vascularization in the mature retina involves a balance between endogenous positive growth factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and inhibitors of angiogenesis, such as pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF), rAAV-mediated expression of PEDF, angiostatin, and the soluble VEGF receptor sFlt-1, which are all antiangiogenic proteins, have been shown to reduce aberrant vessel formation in animal models. Since specific gene therapies cannot readily be used to treat a significant fraction of patients with retinal dystrophy, there is a major interest in developing a more generally applicable survival factor therapy. Neurotrophic factors have the ability to modulate neuronal growth during development to maintain existing cells and to allow recovery of injured neuronal populations in the eye. AAV encoding neurotrophic factors such as fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family members and GDNF either protected photoreceptors from apoptosis or slowed down cell death.

text: This strategy is effective against a number of retinal diseases that have been studied, including neovascular diseases that are features of

text: age-related macular degeneration

text: diabetic retinopathy

text: and

text: retinopathy of prematurity

text: . Since the regulation of vascularization in the mature retina involves a balance between endogenous positive

text: growth factors

text: , such as

text: vascular endothelial growth factor

text: (VEGF) and inhibitors of

text: angiogenesis

text: , such as pigment epithelium-derived factor (

text: PEDF

text: ), rAAV-mediated expression of PEDF, angiostatin, and the soluble VEGF receptor sFlt-1, which are all antiangiogenic proteins, have been shown to reduce aberrant vessel formation in animal models. Since specific gene therapies cannot readily be used to treat a significant fraction of patients with retinal dystrophy, there is a major interest in developing a more generally applicable survival factor therapy.

text: Neurotrophic factors

text: have the ability to modulate neuronal growth during development to maintain existing cells and to allow recovery of injured neuronal populations in the eye. AAV encoding neurotrophic factors such as fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family members and GDNF either protected photoreceptors from apoptosis or slowed down cell death.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: during development

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: endogenous positive growth factors

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: population size

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: is in a declining state

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: apoptosis

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: a balance between endogenous positive growth factors,

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: balance between endogenous positive growth factors,

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: retinopathy of prematurity.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: survival factor therapy. Neurotrophic factors

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: vascular endothelial growth factor

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: Neurotrophic factors

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: survival factor therapy. Neurotrophic factors

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: survival factor therapy. Neurotrophic factors

text: Hardee's IcePlex is a 2,200-seat multi-purpose arena in Chesterfield, Missouri. The  facility is the largest ice skating facility in Missouri. Hardee's IcePlex has two regulation National Hockey League size rinks (85’ x 200’) with 600 seat capacities each. The facility's main rink is Olympic regulation size rink (100’ x 200’). The Olympic rink has a seating capacity of 2,200. The IcePlex also has a Total Hockey franchise inside the arena as well as a restauant.

text: Hardee's IcePlex is a 2,200-seat multi-purpose

text: arena

text: in

text: Chesterfield, Missouri

text: . The  facility is the largest ice skating facility in Missouri. Hardee's IcePlex has two regulation

text: National Hockey League

text: size rinks (85’ x 200’) with 600 seat capacities each. The facility's main rink is Olympic regulation size rink (100’ x 200’). The Olympic rink has a

text: seating capacity

text: of 2,200. The IcePlex also has a Total Hockey franchise inside the arena as well as a restauant.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: it has two regulation National Hockey League size rinks

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: population size

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: habitat is limited

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overpopulation

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: 2,200.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: 2,200.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: 2,200.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: 2,200.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: 2,200-seat multi-purpose arena in Chesterfield, Missouri.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: 2,200.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: 2,200.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: ice skating facility

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: 2,200.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: 2,200.

text: Indeed, a thorough reading of historical newspaper articles and historical government reports reveals that the whole history of wild Murray cod between the mid–1800s and the mid–1900s was one of citizen agitation, government inaction, and ongoing stock decline. For decade after decade, riverside residents, commercial fishermen, recreational fishermen, local fisheries inspectors, fish retailers, and others agitated in newspapers and other fora about the evidently, continuously declining Murray cod stocks, to be met in turn either with government denials, or conversely, with various ineffective inquiries into Murray cod stocks and fisheries, and various ineffective control measures. For decade after decade, debate about excessive fishing pressure, number of fishermen, number of nets, net mesh size, bag limits, minimum size limits and take of small cod, closed seasons and the taking of spawning cod full of eggs during spring, and other sundry issues, raged on and on without proper resolution, with fishing regulations either not amended, or amended and largely unenforced and completely ignored, and with heavy commercial, recreational and illegal fishing pressure continuing unrelenting and unabated. The end result was a Murray cod population, initially unimaginably abundant, continually fished down and down and down without pause, until in the early to mid 20th century a number of other factors such as river regulation (listed below) emerged to drive the species even further into decline. All of these drivers of decline have left this iconic Australian fish in a perilous situation. There are now grave concerns for the long-term survival of wild Murray cod populations.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: continually fished down and down and down without pause

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: unimaginably abundant

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: long-term survival

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: river regulation

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: decline

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: early to mid 20th century

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: continually fished down and down and down without pause,

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: river regulation

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: whole history of wild Murray cod

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: river regulation

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: river regulation

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: excessive fishing pressure,

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: river regulation

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: decline.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: river regulation

text: The only morphological difference between the three is their size. Body length, wing length and size of beak all increase at higher latitudes. For example, a puffin from northern Iceland (subspecies naumanii) weighs about  and has a wing length of  while one from the Faroes (subspecies grabae) weighs  and has a wing length of . Individuals from southern Iceland (subspecies arctica) are intermediate between the other two in size. Ernst Mayr has argued that the differences in size are clinal and are typical of variations found in peripheral population and that no subspecies should be recognised.

text: The only

text: morphological

text: difference between the three is their size. Body length, wing length and size of beak all increase at higher latitudes. For example, a puffin from northern Iceland (subspecies naumanii) weighs about  and has a wing length of  while one from the

text: Faroes

text: (subspecies grabae) weighs  and has a wing length of . Individuals from southern Iceland (subspecies arctica) are intermediate between the other two in size.

text: Ernst Mayr

text: has argued that the differences in size are

text: clinal

text: and are typical of variations found in peripheral population and that no subspecies should be recognised.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: higher latitudes

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: clinal

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: variations found in peripheral population

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overpopulation

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: higher latitudes.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: higher latitudes.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: higher latitudes.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: increase at higher latitudes.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: peripheral population

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: size.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: higher latitudes.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: higher latitudes.

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: peripheral population

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: size.

text: In response to the argument that a cell phone has a much larger storage capacity than any item that Diaz could have carried on his person, the Court asserted that there was no evidence that Diaz's phone had a significant storage capacity. Even if it did have a large storage capacity, the Court reasoned, the size of an item shouldn't be relevant in the sense that it would make it increasingly difficult for law enforcement to uphold the law when such distinctions in container size could be made.

text: In response to the argument that a cell phone has a much larger storage capacity than any item that Diaz could have carried on his person, the Court asserted that there was no evidence that Diaz's phone had a significant storage capacity. Even if it did have a large storage capacity, the Court reasoned, the size of an item shouldn't be relevant in the sense that it would make it increasingly difficult for law enforcement to uphold the law when such distinctions in container size could be made.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: unspecified

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: may become depleted

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: cell phone has a much larger storage capacity

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: item that Diaz could have carried on his person,

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: the size of an item shouldn't be relevant

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: larger storage capacity than any item that Diaz could have carried on his person,

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: a cell phone has a much larger storage capacity

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: law when such distinctions in container size could be made.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: a cell phone has a much larger storage capacity

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: cell phone has a much larger storage capacity

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: increasingly difficult for law enforcement to uphold the law

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: the size of an item shouldn't be relevant

text: Consider a community with multiple species.  We will assume that each species competes for a single resource, and ignore the effects of interference or apparent competition.  Each population increases by consuming resources, and declines when resources are too scarce.  For example, we could model their population dynamics as

text: Consider a community with multiple species.  We will assume that each species competes for a single resource, and ignore the effects of interference or apparent competition.  Each population increases by consuming resources, and declines when resources are too scarce.  For example, we could model their population dynamics as

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: resources are too scarce

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: resources are plentiful

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: resource use

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: consuming resources

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: resources

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: declines

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: resources are scarce

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: when resources are too scarce.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: resources are too scarce.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: consuming resources,

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: declines

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Each population increases by consuming resources,

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: single resource,

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: consuming resources,

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: consuming resources,

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: declines

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: resources are too scarce.

text: In 1975, Sebastian von Hoerner proposed a formula for population growth which represented hyperbolic growth with an infinite population in 2025. The hyperbolic growth of the world population observed until the 1970s was later correlated to a non-linear second order positive feedback between demographic growth and technological development. This feedback can be described as follows: technological advance → increase in the carrying capacity of land for people → demographic growth → more people → more potential inventors → acceleration of technological advance → accelerating growth of the carrying capacity → faster population growth → accelerating growth of the number of potential inventors → faster technological advance → hence, the faster growth of the Earth's carrying capacity for people, and so on. The transition from hyperbolic growth to slower rates of growth is related to the demographic transition.

text: In 1975,

text: Sebastian von Hoerner

text: proposed a formula for population growth which represented

text: hyperbolic growth

text: with an infinite population in 2025. The hyperbolic growth of the world population observed until the 1970s was later correlated to a non-linear second order positive feedback between demographic growth and technological development. This feedback can be described as follows: technological advance → increase in the

text: carrying capacity

text: of land for people → demographic growth → more people → more potential inventors → acceleration of technological advance → accelerating growth of the carrying capacity → faster population growth → accelerating growth of the number of potential inventors → faster technological advance → hence, the faster growth of the Earth's carrying capacity for people, and so on. The transition from hyperbolic growth to slower rates of growth is related to the

text: demographic transition

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: technological advance

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: technological advance

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: technological advance

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: hyperbolic growth

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: technological advance

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: slower rates of growth

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: technological advance <unk> increase in the carrying capacity of land for people

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: technological development.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: technological advance <unk> increase in the carrying capacity of land for people

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: population growth which represented hyperbolic growth with an infinite population in 2025.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: carrying capacity of land

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: demographic growth

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: carrying capacity of land

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: faster population growth

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: land for people

text: When choosing file size, the limiting factor is the size of the media to be used (such as 700MB for CD-R). The standards are designed such that a certain amount of content will fit on each piece of media, with the best possible quality in terms of size. If more discs are required for sufficient quality, the standard will define the circumstances where it is acceptable to expand to a second or third disc. Newer video standards moved away from the size constraints and replaced them with a quality based alternative such as the use of CRF.

text: When choosing file size, the limiting factor is the size of the media to be used (such as 700MB for

text: CD-R

text: ). The standards are designed such that a certain amount of content will fit on each piece of media, with the best possible quality in terms of size. If more discs are required for sufficient quality, the standard will define the circumstances where it is acceptable to expand to a second or third disc. Newer video standards moved away from the size constraints and replaced them with a quality based alternative such as the use of

text: CRF

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: no more discs are required

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: limiting factor

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: no longer exist

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: consumes too much

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: If more discs are required for sufficient quality,

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: If more discs are required for sufficient quality,

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: size of the media to be used

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: 700MB for CD-R).

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: When choosing file size,

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: size of the media to be used

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: size of the media to be used

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: size of the media to be used

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: If more discs are required for sufficient quality,

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: size of the media to be used

text: In these formulae, N is the population size, t is time, K is the carrying capacity, r is the intrinsic rate of increase and α and β are the relative competition coefficients. The results show the effect that the other species has on the species being calculated. The results can be graphed to show a trend and possible prediction for the future of the species. One problem with this model is that certain assumptions must be made for the calculation to work. These include the lack of migration and constancy of the carrying capacities and competition coefficients of both species. The complex nature of ecology determines that these assumptions are rarely true in the field but the model provides a basis for improved understanding of these important concepts.

text: In these formulae, N is the population size, t is time, K is the carrying capacity, r is the intrinsic rate of increase and α and β are the relative competition coefficients. The results show the effect that the other species has on the species being calculated. The results can be graphed to show a trend and possible prediction for the future of the species. One problem with this model is that certain assumptions must be made for the calculation to work. These include the lack of

text: migration

text: and constancy of the carrying capacities and competition coefficients of both species. The complex nature of ecology determines that these assumptions are rarely true in the field but the model provides a basis for improved understanding of these important concepts.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: r is constant

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: time

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: competition coefficients

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: has a low carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: K

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: time,

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: K is the carrying capacity, r is the intrinsic rate of increase

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: N

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: K

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: migration

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: other species

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: intrinsic rate of increase

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: carrying capacity,

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: r is the intrinsic rate of increase

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: K is the carrying capacity, r is the intrinsic rate of increase

text: As day length increases the size of the clutch also increase. Generally, a longer day enables parents to find more food per day and thus, sustain more offspring at one time. Several studies have found convincing evidence to support this observation. A study that looked at the geographical trends in breeding parameters of Pied Flycatcher (Ficedula hypoleuca) in the western Palaearctic found that the latitudinal clutch size variation depends on the duration of the working day and the energy requirement of the chicks. However, the energy requirement of the brood and parents could generate the latitudinal clutch size pattern in Ficedula hypoleuca as long as temperature and working day effects were considered. If photoperiod were a factor in the determination of clutch size in every avian species then nocturnal owls should show the opposite trend. Namely, their clutch size should decrease as day length increases. A field study was performed to examine nesting provisioning rates of Tengmalm’s Owls in two populations at different latitudes (Finland 63 degrees N and Czech Republic 50 degrees N) and thus different day lengths. The study suggested that nocturnal owl species clutch size at higher latitudes were constrained by short nights during the breeding season which limited the number of offspring they could raise. Furthermore, owls at northern latitudes were constrained by the yearly fluctuation of resources. Both of these factors are likely to influence the reproductive investment in owl species. However, other studies have not shown that photoperiod is a factor in determining nocturnal avian species clutch size. Therefore, further studies regarding clutch size in nocturnal species are needed as it still remains unclear how latitude is linked with parental investment.

text: As

text: day length

text: increases the size of the clutch also increase. Generally, a longer day enables parents to find more food per day and thus, sustain more offspring at one time. Several studies have found convincing evidence to support this observation. A study that looked at the geographical trends in breeding parameters of Pied Flycatcher (

text: Ficedula hypoleuca

text: ) in the western

text: Palaearctic

text: found that the latitudinal clutch size variation depends on the duration of the working day and the energy requirement of the chicks. However, the energy requirement of the brood and parents could generate the latitudinal clutch size pattern in Ficedula hypoleuca as long as temperature and working day effects were considered. If

text: photoperiod

text: were a factor in the determination of clutch size in every avian species then

text: nocturnal

text: owls should show the opposite trend. Namely, their clutch size should decrease as day length increases. A field study was performed to examine nesting provisioning rates of

text: Tengmalm’s Owls

text: in two populations at different latitudes (Finland 63 degrees N and Czech Republic 50 degrees N) and thus different day lengths. The study suggested that nocturnal owl species clutch size at higher latitudes were constrained by short nights during the breeding season which limited the number of offspring they could raise. Furthermore, owls at northern latitudes were constrained by the yearly fluctuation of resources. Both of these factors are likely to influence the reproductive investment in owl species. However, other studies have not shown that photoperiod is a factor in determining nocturnal avian species clutch size. Therefore, further studies regarding clutch size in nocturnal species are needed as it still remains unclear how latitude is linked with parental investment.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: day length increases

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: day length

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: longer day enables parents to find more food per day

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: day length

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: fluctuation of resources

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: breeding season

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: sustain more offspring at one time.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: short nights during the breeding season

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: nocturnal owls

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: yearly fluctuation of resources.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: clutch size

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: a longer day enables parents to find more food per day

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: a longer day enables parents to find more food per day

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: limited the number of offspring they could raise.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: short nights during the breeding season

text: The reason for some limits of ext2 are the file format of the data and the operating system's kernel. Mostly these factors will be determined once when the file system is built. They depend on the block size and the ratio of the number of blocks and inodes.In Linux the block size is limited by the architecture page size.

text: The reason for some limits of ext2 are the file format of the data and the operating system's kernel. Mostly these factors will be determined once when the file system is built. They depend on the block size and the ratio of the number of blocks and inodes.In Linux the block size is limited by the architecture

text: page size

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: block size is limited

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: abiotic factors

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: no longer exist

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: consumes more resources

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: once when the file system is built.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: block size and the ratio of the number of blocks and inodes.In

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: block size and the ratio of the number of blocks and inodes.In

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: block size and the ratio of the number of blocks and inodes.In

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Mostly these factors will be determined once when the file system is built.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: determined once when the file system is built.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: number of blocks and inodes.In

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: block size and the ratio of the number of blocks and inodes.In

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: ratio of the number of blocks and inodes.In

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: block size and the ratio of the number of blocks and inodes.In

text: In the absence of predators, animal species are bound by the resources they can find in their environment, but this does not necessarily control overpopulation. In fact, an abundant supply of resources can produce a population boom that ends up with more individuals than the environment can support. In this case, starvation, thirst, and sometimes violent competition for scarce resources may effect a sharp reduction in population, and in a very short lapse, a population crash. Lemmings, as well as other less popular species of rodents, are known to have such cycles of rapid population growth and subsequent decrease.

text: In the absence of predators, animal species are bound by the resources they can find in their environment, but this does not necessarily control overpopulation. In fact, an abundant supply of resources can produce a population boom that ends up with more individuals than the environment can support. In this case, starvation, thirst, and sometimes violent competition for scarce resources may effect a sharp reduction in population, and in a very short lapse, a population crash.

text: Lemming

text: s, as well as other less popular species of rodents, are known to have such cycles of rapid population growth and subsequent decrease.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: an abundance of resources

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: less individuals than the environment can support

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: resources

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: lessen

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: an abundant supply of resources

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: an abundant supply of resources

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: crash

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: the environment can support

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: starvation, thirst, and sometimes violent competition for scarce resources

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: more individuals than the environment can support.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: the resources they can find in their environment,

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: population crash.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: an abundant supply of resources can produce a population boom

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: resources they can find in their environment,

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: an abundant supply of resources

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: abundant supply of resources

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: a population crash.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: resources they can find in their environment,

text: Depending on the quantity of interest, effective population size can be defined in several ways. Ronald Fisher and Sewall Wright originally defined it as "the number of breeding individuals in an idealised population that would show the same amount of dispersion of allele frequencies under random genetic drift or the same amount of inbreeding as the population under consideration". More generally, an effective population size may be defined as the number of individuals in an idealised population that has a value of any given population genetic quantity that is equal to the value of that quantity in the population of interest. The two population genetic quantities identified by Wright were the one-generation increase in variance across replicate populations (variance effective population size) and the one-generation change in the inbreeding coefficient (inbreeding effective population size). These two are closely linked, and derived from F-statistics, but they are not identical.

text: Depending on the quantity of interest, effective population size can be defined in several ways.

text: Ronald Fisher

text: and

text: Sewall Wright

text: originally defined it as "the number of breeding individuals in an

text: idealised population

text: that would show the same amount of dispersion of

text: allele frequencies

text: under random

text: genetic drift

text: or the same amount of

text: inbreeding

text: as the population under consideration". More generally, an effective population size may be defined as the number of individuals in an idealised population that has a value of any given population genetic quantity that is equal to the value of that quantity in the population of interest. The two population genetic quantities identified by Wright were the one-generation increase in variance across replicate populations (variance effective population size) and the one-generation change in the inbreeding coefficient (inbreeding effective population size). These two are closely linked, and derived from

text: F-statistics

text: , but they are not identical.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: effective population size

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: quantity of interest

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: lessen

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: random genetic drift

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: inbreeding

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: inbreeding

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: inbreeding

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: random genetic drift or the same amount of inbreeding

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: effective population size

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: random genetic drift

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: inbreeding

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: random genetic drift or the same amount of inbreeding

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: random genetic drift or the same amount of inbreeding

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: random genetic drift

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: random genetic drift

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: inbreeding

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: inbreeding

text: Such decreases are limited due to the amount of data in the stack or heap.  The stack, for example, is typically limited to  and grows to much less; this allows for at most , although a more conservative estimate would be around 8– corresponding to 4– of stack stuffing.  The heap on the other hand is limited by the behavior of the memory allocator; in the case of glibc, allocations above 128 KB are created using mmap, limiting attackers to 5 bits of reduction.  This is also a limiting factor when brute forcing; although the number of attacks to perform can be reduced, the size of the attacks is increased enough that the behavior could in some circumstances become apparent to intrusion detection systems. attempts on  bits of entropy.

text: Such decreases are limited due to the amount of data in the stack or heap.  The stack, for example, is typically limited to  and grows to much less; this allows for at most , although a more conservative estimate would be around 8– corresponding to 4– of stack stuffing.  The heap on the other hand is limited by the behavior of the memory allocator; in the case of

text: glibc

text: , allocations above 128 KB are created using

text: mmap

text: , limiting attackers to 5 bits of reduction.  This is also a limiting factor when brute forcing; although the number of attacks to perform can be reduced, the size of the attacks is increased enough that the behavior could in some circumstances become apparent to

text: intrusion detection system

text: s. attempts on  bits of entropy.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: it has too much data

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: entropy

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: decreases

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: decreases are limited due to the amount of data in the stack or heap.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: grows to much less;

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: amount of data

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: 8– corresponding to 4– of stack stuffing.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Such decreases

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: behavior of the memory allocator;

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: decreases are limited due to the amount of data in the stack or heap.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: amount of data

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: decreases

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: decreases are limited due to the amount of data

text: Malthus regarded ideals of future improvement in the lot of humanity with skepticism, considering that throughout history a segment of every human population seemed relegated to poverty. He explained this phenomenon by arguing that population growth generally expanded in times and in regions of plenty until the size of the population relative to the primary resources caused distress:

text: Malthus regarded ideals of future improvement in the lot of humanity with skepticism, considering that throughout history a segment of every human population seemed relegated to poverty. He explained this phenomenon by arguing that population growth generally expanded in times and in regions of plenty until the size of the population relative to the primary resources caused distress:

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: the size of the population relative to the primary resources caused distress

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: the population is too large

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: primary resources

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: no longer exist

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: population growth

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: plenty

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: causes distress

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: until the size of the population relative to the primary resources caused distress:

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: the size of the population relative to the primary resources caused distress:

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: primary resources

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: distress:

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: population growth

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: primary resources

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: population growth generally expanded in times and in regions of plenty

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: plenty

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: distress:

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: primary resources

text: However, larger cranial capacity is not always indicative of a more intelligent organism, since larger capacities are required for controlling a larger body, or in many cases are an adaptive feature for life in a colder environment. For instance, among modern Homo Sapiens, northern populations have a 20% larger visual cortex than those in the southern latitude populations, and this potentially explains the population differences in brain size (and roughly cranial capacity). Neurological functions are determined more by the organization of the brain rather than the volume. Individual variability is also important when considering cranial capacity, for example the average Neanderthal cranial capacity for females was 1300 cm and 1600 cm for males

text: However, larger cranial capacity is not always indicative of a more intelligent organism, since larger capacities are required for controlling a larger body, or in many cases are an adaptive feature for life in a colder environment. For instance, among modern Homo Sapiens, northern populations have a 20% larger visual cortex than those in the southern latitude populations, and this potentially explains the population differences in brain size (and roughly cranial capacity). Neurological functions are determined more by the organization of the brain rather than the volume. Individual variability is also important when considering cranial capacity, for example the average Neanderthal cranial capacity for females was 1300 cm and 1600 cm for males

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: larger capacities are required

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: cranial capacity

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: lessen

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: adaptive feature

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: Individual variability

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: may become overpopulated

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: colder environment.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: larger capacities are required for controlling a larger body,

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: Neurological functions

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: larger capacities are required for controlling a larger body,

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: larger cranial capacity is not always indicative of a more intelligent organism,

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: colder environment.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: adaptive feature for life in a colder environment.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: Individual variability

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: larger cranial capacity is not always indicative of a more intelligent organism,

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: colder environment.

text: In stable or predictable environments, K-selection predominates as the ability to compete successfully for limited resources is crucial and populations of K-selected organisms typically are very constant in number and close to the maximum that the environment can bear (unlike r-selected populations, where population sizes can change much more rapidly).

text: In stable or predictable environments, K-selection predominates as the ability to

text: compete

text: successfully for limited resources is crucial and populations of K-selected organisms typically are very constant in number and close to the maximum that the environment can bear (unlike r-selected populations, where population sizes can change much more rapidly).

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: K-selected organisms are present

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: K-selection

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: K-selection

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: limited resources

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: r-selected

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: r-selected populations,

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: populations of K-selected organisms

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: the environment can bear

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: close to the maximum that the environment can bear

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: r-selected populations,

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: limited resources

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: ability to compete successfully for limited resources

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: ability to compete successfully for limited resources

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: r-selected populations,

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: resources

text: For a given species in a given environment, available resources will limit the amount of individuals that can survive indefinitely. This is the carrying capacity. Upon reaching this threshold, individuals may find it easier to gather resources in the poorer yet less exploited peripheral environment than in the preferred habitat. Homo habilis could have developed some baseline behavioural flexibility prior to its expansion into the peripheries (such as encroaching into the predatory guild). This flexibility could then have been positively selected and amplified, leading to Homo erectus’ adaptation to the peripheral open habitats. A new and environmentally flexible hominin population could have come back to the old niche and replace the ancestral population. Moreover, some step-wise shrinking of the woodland and the associated reduction of hominin carrying capacity in the woods around 1.8 Ma, 1.2 Ma, and 0.6 Ma would have stressed the carrying capacity’s pressure for adapting to the open grounds.

text: For a given species in a given environment, available resources will limit the amount of individuals that can survive indefinitely. This is the

text: carrying capacity

text: . Upon reaching this threshold, individuals may find it easier to gather resources in the poorer yet less exploited peripheral environment than in the preferred habitat. Homo habilis could have developed some baseline behavioural flexibility prior to its expansion into the peripheries (such as encroaching into the predatory guild). This flexibility could then have been positively selected and amplified, leading to Homo erectus’ adaptation to the peripheral open habitats. A new and environmentally flexible hominin population could have come back to the old niche and replace the ancestral population. Moreover, some step-wise shrinking of the woodland and the associated reduction of hominin carrying capacity in the woods around 1.8 Ma, 1.2 Ma, and 0.6 Ma would have stressed the carrying capacity’s pressure for adapting to the

text: open grounds

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: Upon reaching this threshold

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: available resources will limit the amount of individuals that can survive

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: available resources

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: available resources

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: available resources

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: available resources

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: 1.8 Ma, 1.2 Ma, and 0.6 Ma

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: available resources will limit the amount of individuals that can survive indefinitely.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: available resources

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: available resources will limit the amount of individuals that can survive indefinitely.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: available resources will limit the amount of individuals that can survive indefinitely.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: carrying capacity.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: available resources will limit the amount of individuals that can survive indefinitely.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: behavioural flexibility

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: carrying capacity.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: available resources

text: However, many-digit numbers that do not have factors in the small primes can require days or months to factor with trial division. In such cases other methods are used such as the quadratic sieve and the general number field sieve (GNFS). Because these methods also have superpolynomial time growth a practical limit of n digits is reached very quickly. For this reason, in public key cryptography, values for a are chosen to have large prime factors of similar size so that they cannot be factored by any publicly known method in a useful time period on any available computer system or computer cluster such as supercomputers and computer grids. The largest cryptography-grade number that has been factored is RSA-768, using the GNFS and a network of hundreds of computers. The running time was approximately 2 years.

text: However, many-digit numbers that do not have factors in the small primes can require days or months to factor with trial division. In such cases other methods are used such as the

text: quadratic sieve

text: and the

text: general number field sieve

text: (GNFS). Because these methods also have superpolynomial time growth a practical limit of n digits is reached very quickly. For this reason, in

text: public key cryptography

text: , values for a are chosen to have large prime factors of similar size so that they cannot be factored by any publicly known method in a useful time period on any available computer system or computer cluster such as

text: supercomputer

text: s and

text: computer grids

text: . The largest cryptography-grade number that has been factored is

text: , using the GNFS and a network of hundreds of computers. The running time was approximately 2 years.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: n digits

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: population size

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: no longer exist

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overconsumes

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: n digits is reached very quickly.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: n digits

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: large prime factors of similar size

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: n digits is reached very quickly.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: many-digit numbers that do not have factors in the small primes

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: n digits

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: many-digit numbers that do not have factors in the small primes

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: supercomputers

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: a practical limit of n digits is reached very quickly.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: large prime factors of similar size

text: A smaller national population can also have geo-strategic effects, but the correlation between population and power is a tenuous one.  Technology and resources often play more significant roles.

text: A smaller national population can also have geo-strategic effects, but the correlation between population and

text: power

text: is a tenuous one.  Technology and resources often play more significant roles.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: in times of war

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population is too high

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: power

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: natural selection

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: Technology

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: power is tenuous

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: national population

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: smaller national population

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: Technology and resources

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: smaller national population

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: A smaller national population can also have geo-strategic effects,

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: Technology and resources

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: Technology and resources

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: Technology and resources

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: Technology

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: Technology and resources

text: Homo neanderthalensis, alternatively designated as Homo sapiens neanderthalensis, lived in Europe and Asia from 400,000 to about 28,000 years ago. There are a number of clear anatomical differences between anatomically modern humans (AMH) and Neanderthal populations.  Many of these relate to the superior adaption to cold environments possessed by the Neanderthal populations.  Their surface to volume ratio is an extreme version of that found amongst Inuit populations, indicating that they were less inclined to lose body heat than were AMH.  From brain Endocasts, Neanderthals also had significantly larger brains.  This would seem to indicate that the intellectual superiority of AMH populations may be questionable.  More recent research by Eiluned Pearce, Chris Stringer, R. I. M. Dunbar, however, have shown important differences in Brain architecture.  For example, in both the orbital chamber size and in the size of the occipital lobe, the larger size suggests that the Neanderthal had a better visual acuity than modern humans.  This would give a superior vision in the inferior light conditions found in Glacial Europe.  It also seems that the higher body mass of Neanderthals had a correspondingly larger brain mass required for body care and control.  The Neanderthal populations seems to have been physically superior to AMH populations.  These differences may have been sufficient to give Neanderthal populations an environmental superiority to AMH populations from 75 to 45,000 years BP.  With these differences, Neanderthal brains show a smaller area was available for social functioning.  Plotting group size possible from endocrainial volume, suggests that AMH populations (minus occipital lobe size), had a Dunbars number of 144 possible relationships.  Neanderthal populations seem to have been limited to about 120 individuals.  This would show up in a larger number of possible mates for AMH humans, with increased risks of inbreeding amongst Neanderthal populations.  It also suggests that humans had larger trade catchment areas than Neanderthals (confirmed in the distribution of stone tools).  With larger populations, social and technological innovations were easier to fix in human populations, which may have all contributed to the fact that modern Homo sapiens replaced the Neanderthal populations by 28,000 BP.

text: Homo neanderthalensis, alternatively designated as Homo sapiens neanderthalensis, lived in Europe and Asia from 400,000 to about 28,000 years ago. There are a number of clear anatomical differences between

text: anatomically modern humans

text: (AMH) and Neanderthal populations.  Many of these relate to the superior adaption to cold environments possessed by the Neanderthal populations.  Their

text: surface to volume ratio

text: is an extreme version of that found amongst

text: Inuit

text: populations, indicating that they were less inclined to lose body heat than were AMH.  From brain Endocasts, Neanderthals also had significantly larger brains.  This would seem to indicate that the intellectual superiority of AMH populations may be questionable.  More recent research by Eiluned Pearce, Chris Stringer, R. I. M. Dunbar, however, have shown important differences in Brain architecture.  For example, in both the orbital chamber size and in the size of the

text: occipital lobe

text: , the larger size suggests that the Neanderthal had a better visual acuity than modern humans.  This would give a superior vision in the inferior light conditions found in Glacial Europe.  It also seems that the higher body mass of Neanderthals had a correspondingly larger brain mass required for body care and control.  The Neanderthal populations seems to have been physically superior to AMH populations.  These differences may have been sufficient to give Neanderthal populations an environmental superiority to AMH populations from 75 to 45,000 years BP.  With these differences, Neanderthal brains show a smaller area was available for social functioning.  Plotting group size possible from endocrainial volume, suggests that AMH populations (minus occipital lobe size), had a

text: Dunbars number

text: of 144 possible relationships.  Neanderthal populations seem to have been limited to about 120 individuals.  This would show up in a larger number of possible mates for AMH humans, with increased risks of inbreeding amongst Neanderthal populations.  It also suggests that humans had larger trade catchment areas than Neanderthals (confirmed in the distribution of stone tools).  With larger populations, social and technological innovations were easier to fix in human populations, which may have all contributed to the fact that modern Homo sapiens replaced the Neanderthal populations by 28,000 BP.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: 45,000 years BP

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: with larger populations

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: endocrainial volume

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: lessen

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: The Neanderthal populations seems to have been physically superior to AMH populations

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: larger brain mass required for body care and control

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: trade catchment areas

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: inbreeding

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: The Neanderthal populations seems to have been physically superior to AMH populations.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: 75 to 45,000 years BP.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: larger populations,

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: environmental superiority

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: 144

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: 144

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: heat

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: inbreeding

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: mates

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: inbreeding

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: Neanderthal brains show a smaller area was available for social functioning.

text: Guidance for how data should be transformed, or whether a transformation should be applied at all, should come from the particular statistical analysis to be performed.  For example, a simple way to construct an approximate 95% confidence interval for the population mean is to take the sample mean plus or minus  standard error units.  However, the constant factor 2 used here is particular to the normal distribution, and is only applicable if the sample mean varies approximately normally.  The central limit theorem states that in many situations, the sample mean does vary normally if the sample size is reasonably large.  However, if the population is substantially skewed and the sample size is at most moderate, the approximation provided by the central limit theorem can be poor, and the resulting confidence interval will likely have the wrong coverage probability.  Thus, when there is evidence of substantial skew in the data, it is common to transform the data to a symmetric distribution before constructing a confidence interval.  If desired, the confidence interval can then be transformed back to the original scale using the inverse of the transformation that was applied to the data.

text: Guidance for how data should be transformed, or whether a transformation should be applied at all, should come from the particular statistical analysis to be performed.  For example, a simple way to construct an approximate 95%

text: confidence interval

text: for the population mean is to take the

text: sample mean

text: plus or minus

text: standard error

text: units.  However, the constant factor 2 used here is particular to the

text: normal distribution

text: , and is only applicable if the sample mean varies approximately normally.  The

text: central limit theorem

text: states that in many situations, the sample mean does vary normally if the sample size is reasonably large.  However, if the

text: population

text: is substantially

text: skewed

text: and the sample size is at most moderate, the approximation provided by the central limit theorem can be poor, and the resulting confidence interval will likely have the wrong

text: coverage probability

text: .  Thus, when there is evidence of substantial skew in the data, it is common to transform the data to a

text: symmetric

text: distribution

text: before constructing a confidence interval.  If desired, the confidence interval can then be transformed back to the original scale using the inverse of the transformation that was applied to the data.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: it has enough water

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: skewed distribution

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: condense

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: context:

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: skewed

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: The central limit theorem

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: if the population is substantially skewed

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: if the sample size is reasonably large.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: central limit theorem

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: symmetric distribution

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: particular statistical analysis

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: the constant factor 2 used here is particular to the normal distribution,

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: skewed

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: sample size is reasonably large.

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: skewed

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: central limit theorem

text: Test locations are randomly selected in each state and each nation, and divided into groups by population size, with each population-based group given equal weighting.

text: Test locations are randomly selected in each state and each nation, and divided into groups by population size, with each population-based group given equal weighting.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: in a natural disaster

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: it has enough people

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: population size

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: natural selection

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: natural disasters

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: is overpopulating

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: population size

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: population size,

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population size,

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: population size,

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: divided into groups by population size,

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: population size,

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: population size,

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: population size,

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: Test locations

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: population size, with each population-based group given equal weighting.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: population size,

text: This large milkweed bug is a hemimetabolous insect, meaning it grows in stages called instars and goes through incomplete metamorphisis exhibiting small changes throughout development such as coloration changes, development of wings and genitalia. O. fasciatus begins as an egg and experiences 4 nymphal stages over 28–30 days before moulting to adulthood. Females become sexually receptive within a few days of adulthood. Geographic location has a large effect on egg production rate and clutch size, although the intrinsic increase in reproduction depends on what the individual is acclimated to. For example, two close populations (60 km apart) residing on a sharp incline have differing optimal reproduction temperatures where the cooler (higher) adapted populations is at 23 °C and the warmer (lower) population is adapted to 27 °C. Highest clutch size occurs in Puerto Rico, Florida and Texas populations at 30-50 eggs per clutch. Lowest clutch size was found in California at 25-30 eggs per clutch. Iowa and Maryland (northern populations) exhibited a clutch size in between the two extremes from 25-35 eggs per clutch.

text: This large milkweed bug is a

text: hemimetabolous

text: insect, meaning it grows in stages called

text: instar

text: s and goes through incomplete

text: metamorphisis

text: exhibiting small changes throughout development such as coloration changes, development of wings and genitalia. O. fasciatus begins as an egg and experiences 4

text: nymphal

text: stages over 28–30 days before

text: moulting

text: to adulthood. Females become sexually receptive within a few days of adulthood. Geographic location has a large effect on egg production rate and

text: clutch size

text: , although the intrinsic increase in reproduction depends on what the individual is acclimated to. For example, two close populations (60 km apart) residing on a sharp incline have differing optimal reproduction temperatures where the cooler (higher) adapted populations is at 23 °C and the warmer (lower) population is adapted to 27 °C. Highest clutch size occurs in Puerto Rico, Florida and Texas populations at 30-50 eggs per clutch. Lowest clutch size was found in California at 25-30 eggs per clutch. Iowa and Maryland (northern populations) exhibited a clutch size in between the two extremes from 25-35 eggs per clutch.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: instars

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: the population is acclimated to

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: geographic location

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: Geographic location

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: Geographic location

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: can become overpopulated

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: geographic location

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: 25-30 eggs per clutch.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: 30-50 eggs per clutch.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: Geographic location

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: 25-30 eggs per clutch.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Geographic location

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: Geographic location

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: what the individual is acclimated to.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: Geographic location

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: Lowest clutch size was found in California at 25-30 eggs per clutch.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: Geographic location

text: In July 2014, ORBCOMM launched the first 6 OG2 satellites aboard a Spacex Falcon 9 rocket from Cape Canaveral, Florida. Each OG2 satellite carries an AIS receiver payload. All 6 OG2 satellites were successfully deployed into orbit and started sending telemetry to ORBCOMM soon after launch. In December 2015, the company launched eleven additional AIS-enabled OG2 satellites aboard the SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket. This dedicated launch marked ORBCOMM’s second and final OG2 mission to complete its next generation satellite constellation. Compared to its current OG1 satellites, ORBCOMM’s OG2 satellites are designed for faster message delivery, larger message sizes and better coverage at higher latitudes, while increasing network capacity.

text: In July 2014, ORBCOMM launched the first 6 OG2 satellites aboard a Spacex Falcon 9 rocket from Cape Canaveral, Florida. Each OG2 satellite carries an AIS receiver payload. All 6 OG2 satellites were successfully deployed into orbit and started sending telemetry to ORBCOMM soon after launch. In December 2015, the company launched eleven additional AIS-enabled

text: OG2 satellites

text: aboard the

text: SpaceX

text: Falcon 9

text: rocket. This dedicated launch marked ORBCOMM’s second and final OG2 mission to complete its next generation satellite constellation. Compared to its current OG1 satellites, ORBCOMM’s OG2 satellites are designed for faster message delivery, larger message sizes and better coverage at higher latitudes, while increasing network capacity.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: satellites are launched

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: population size

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: no longer exist

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: satellites

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overpopulation

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: 2014,

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: better coverage at higher latitudes,

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: AIS receiver payload.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: OG2 satellites are designed for faster message delivery, larger message sizes

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Spacex Falcon 9 rocket from Cape Canaveral, Florida.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: higher latitudes,

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: faster message delivery, larger message sizes and better coverage at higher latitudes,

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: AIS receiver payload.

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: increasing network capacity.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: capacity.

text: Recruitment is defined as the number of young fish that live to adulthood. Lakes with 20 to 40% coverage of aquatic plants usually have high bass recruitment, whereas lakes with little shoreline cover often have low to intermediate recruitment.If a lake has a high recruitment, this is a good situation for a state to use the slot limit because it will help control the number of small fish in a population. When the recruitment is low, this is where a state would use the minimum-size limit to control the fish population.

text: Recruitment

text: is defined as the number of young fish that live to adulthood. Lakes with 20 to 40% coverage of aquatic plants usually have high bass recruitment, whereas lakes with little shoreline cover often have low to intermediate recruitment.If a lake has a high recruitment, this is a good situation for a state to use the slot limit because it will help control the number of small fish in a population. When the recruitment is low, this is where a state would use the minimum-size limit to control the fish population.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: when the recruitment is low

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: a state uses the slot limit

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: minimum-size limit

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: aquatic plants

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overpopulation

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: When the recruitment is low,

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: minimum-size limit to control the fish population.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: Recruitment is defined as the number of young fish that live to adulthood.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: slot limit

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Recruitment is defined as the number of young fish that live to adulthood.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: minimum-size limit

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: Recruitment is defined as the number of young fish that live to adulthood.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: aquatic plants

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: slot limit

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: minimum-size limit

text: As of the 2007 ACS Census Update, the city limits population was estimated at 27,868 people, 7,880 families within the city, and an average citizen age of 33.2 years old. The city limits population density was 1,504.2 people per square mile (29.18 km2), there were 11,218 total available housing units with 10,876 of them occupied (total households). The racial makeup of the city was 82.0% White, 2.8% Black or African American, 1.1% Native American, 2.0% Asian, 0.08% Pacific Islander, 12.1% from other races, and 3.5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 32.9% of the population.  There were 10,876 households out of which 33.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.6% were married couples living together, 14.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.5% were non-families. 20.7% of all households were made up of individuals and 8.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.56 and the average family size was 2.96.In the city the population was spread out with 27.7% under the age of 18, 10.7% from 18 to 24, 25.7% from 25 to 44, 23.9% from 45 to 64, and 11.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33.2 years.The median income for a household in the city was $51,172, and the median income for a family was $57,114. Males had a median income of $42,357 versus $29,311 for females. The per capita income for the city was $23,544. About 11.4% of families and 13.5% of the population as a whole were below the poverty line, including 18.2% of those under age 18 and 12.2% of those age 65 or over.

text: As of the 2007 ACS Census Update, the city limits population was estimated at 27,868 people, 7,880 families within the city, and an average citizen age of 33.2 years old. The city limits population density was 1,504.2 people per square mile (29.18 km2), there were 11,218 total available housing units with 10,876 of them occupied (total households). The racial makeup of the city was 82.0%

entity_name: Race and ethnicity in the United States Census

text: White

text: , 2.8%

text: Black

text: or

text: African American

text: , 1.1%

text: Native American

text: , 2.0%

text: Asian

text: , 0.08%

text: Pacific Islander

text: , 12.1% from

text: other races

text: , and 3.5% from two or more races.

text: Hispanic

text: or

text: Latino

text: of any race were 32.9% of the population.  There were 10,876 households out of which 33.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.6% were

text: married couples

text: living together, 14.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.5% were non-families. 20.7% of all households were made up of individuals and 8.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.56 and the average family size was 2.96.In the city the population was spread out with 27.7% under the age of 18, 10.7% from 18 to 24, 25.7% from 25 to 44, 23.9% from 45 to 64, and 11.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33.2 years.The median

text: income

text: for a household in the city was $51,172, and the median income for a family was $57,114. Males had a median income of $42,357 versus $29,311 for females. The

text: per capita income

text: for the city was $23,544. About 11.4% of families and 13.5% of the population as a whole were below the

text: poverty line

text: , including 18.2% of those under age 18 and 12.2% of those age 65 or over.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: under age 18

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: a region has enough people

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: population density

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: lessen

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: average citizen age

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: under the poverty line

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: population density

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: 56

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population density was 1,504.2 people per square mile

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: population density was 1,504.2 people per square mile

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: 11.7%

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: 11.7%

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: 11.7%

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: 65 years of age or older.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: average citizen age of 33.2 years old.

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: below the poverty line,

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: 65 years of age or older.

text: O. fasciatus can be separated into migrators and non-migrators. Palmer and Dingle showed that northern populations such as the one in Iowa show the greatest tendency for long distance flight and are highly migratory. Oppositely, southern populations such as those in Puerto Rico show the lowest tendency and are sedentary. South populations grow seasonally as migrants first appear in late spring and mid-summer. A migratory syndrome has been described in the northern population, meaning that traits such as wing length, fecundity, developmental time and flight duration are all genetically correlated. Groeters and Dingle suggested that selection is specific to the populations environment due to the small correlations between life history strategies across geographic ranges. A trade-off between migration and life history traits may be the causation of such a wide geological distribution. Attisano suggested that genetic factors as well as environmental cues trigger migration in some individuals. Since long duration flights decrease with decreasing latitude, temperature is a strong factor influencing the migration. Also, this movement correlates with flowering of milkweeds which provides further evidence that environmental triggers relate to migration. Larger females are thought to allocate resources to migration simply because they have more to spare. Smaller individuals are thought to deploy alternative mechanisms; one being the reabsorption of oocytes for energy. The fact that these insects return to northern environments after migration could be the influence of a genetic predisposition or selected for due to crowding and increased intraspecific competition for resources in the southern areas

text: O. fasciatus can be separated into migrators and non-migrators. Palmer and Dingle showed that northern populations such as the one in Iowa show the greatest tendency for long distance flight and are highly

text: migratory

text: . Oppositely, southern populations such as those in Puerto Rico show the lowest tendency and are sedentary. South populations grow seasonally as migrants first appear in late spring and mid-summer. A migratory syndrome has been described in the northern population, meaning that traits such as wing length, fecundity, developmental time and flight duration are all genetically correlated. Groeters and Dingle suggested that selection is specific to the populations environment due to the small correlations between life history strategies across geographic ranges. A

text: trade-off

text: between migration and life history traits may be the causation of such a wide geological distribution. Attisano suggested that genetic factors as well as environmental cues trigger migration in some individuals. Since long duration flights decrease with decreasing latitude, temperature is a strong factor influencing the migration. Also, this movement correlates with

text: flowering

text: of milkweeds which provides further evidence that environmental triggers relate to migration. Larger females are thought to allocate resources to migration simply because they have more to spare. Smaller individuals are thought to deploy alternative mechanisms; one being the reabsorption of oocytes for energy. The fact that these insects return to northern environments after migration could be the influence of a

text: genetic predisposition

text: or selected for due to crowding and increased

text: intraspecific competition

text: for resources in the southern areas

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: seasonally

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: it has enough resources

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: genetic predisposition

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: larger females are thought to allocate resources to migration

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: crowding

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: crowding

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: seasonally

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: crowding and increased intraspecific competition for resources

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: selection is specific to the populations environment

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: crowding

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: migratory.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: selection is specific to the populations environment

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: they have more to spare.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: intraspecific competition

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: intraspecific competition for resources

text: The Ten Million Club (Dutch: ‘’De Club van Tien Miljoen’’) wants to match the population size of the Netherlands with the carrying capacity of the area.

text: The Ten Million Club (Dutch: ‘’De Club van Tien Miljoen’’) wants to match the population size of the Netherlands with the

text: carrying capacity

text: of the area.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: it has enough people

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: no longer exist

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overpopulation

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population size

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: carrying capacity of the area.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: carrying capacity of the area.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: carrying capacity

text: Resources are generally limited. Therefore, investment in one trait (e.g. virulence or immunity) limits investment in other life-history traits (e.g. reproductive rate). Moreoever, genes often have pleiotropic effects. Thus, a change in a pleiotropic immunity or virulence gene may automatically affect other traits. There is thus a trade-off between benefits and costs of the adaptive changes that then may prevent the host population to become fully resistant or the parasite population to express very high pathogenicity.

text: Resources are generally limited. Therefore, investment in one trait (e.g.

text: virulence

text: or

text: immunity

text: ) limits investment in other life-history traits (e.g. reproductive rate). Moreoever, genes often have pleiotropic effects. Thus, a change in a pleiotropic immunity or virulence gene may automatically affect other traits. There is thus a trade-off between benefits and costs of the adaptive changes that then may prevent the host population to become fully resistant or the parasite population to express very high pathogenicity.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: it has enough resources

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: resources

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: resources are generally limited

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: reproductive rate

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: may become fully resistant

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: resources

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: Resources are generally limited.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: resistant

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: Resources

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: resistant

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Resources

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: Resources

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: Resources are generally limited.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: reproductive rate).

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: Resources are generally limited.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: Resources

text: Sporting success predictions and ratings can be univariate, i.e. based on one independent variable, such as a country's population size and the number of medals is divided by the population of the country, or multivariate, where resources-per-person in the form of GDP per capita and other variables are included.

text: Sporting success predictions and ratings can be

text: univariate

text: , i.e. based on one independent variable, such as a country's population size and the number of medals is divided by the population of the country, or

text: multivariate

text: , where resources-per-person in the form of GDP per capita and other variables are included.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: univariate

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: one independent variable

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: univariate

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: Sporting success predictions and ratings can be univariate,

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population size and the number of medals is divided by the population

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: one independent variable,

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: univariate,

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: multivariate,

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: population size

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: resources-per-person

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: resources-per-person in the form of GDP per capita

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: multivariate,

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: population size

text: In 2006 the system came in tenth place for libraries serving comparably sized populations, according to Hennen's American Public Library Ratings (HAPLR).

text: In 2006 the system came in tenth place for libraries serving comparably sized populations, according to Hennen's American Public Library Ratings (HAPLR).

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population increases

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: comparably

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: dwindle

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: public library

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overuses resources

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: comparably sized populations,

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: populations,

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: comparably sized populations,

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: tenth place for libraries serving comparably sized populations,

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: tenth place for libraries serving comparably sized populations,

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: comparably sized populations,

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: comparably sized populations,

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: Public Library Ratings

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: tenth place for libraries serving comparably sized populations,

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: tenth place for libraries serving comparably sized populations,

text: Many quantitative studies have estimated the world's carrying capacity for humans, that is, a limit to the world population. A meta-analysis of 69 such studies suggests a point estimate of the limit to be 7.7 billion people, while lower and upper meta-bounds for current technology are estimated as 0.65 and 98 billion people, respectively. They conclude: "recent predictions of stabilized world population levels for 2050 exceed several of our meta-estimates of a world population limit".

text: Many quantitative studies have estimated the world's carrying capacity for humans, that is, a limit to the world population. A meta-analysis of 69 such studies suggests a point estimate of the limit to be 7.7 billion people, while lower and upper meta-bounds for current technology are estimated as 0.65 and 98 billion people, respectively. They conclude: "recent predictions of stabilized world population levels for 2050 exceed several of our meta-estimates of a world population limit".

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: 2050

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: 98 billion people

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: current technology

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: reaches its carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: 2050

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: a limit to the world population.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: humans,

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Many quantitative studies have estimated the world's carrying capacity for humans,

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: a limit to the world population.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: technology

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: a limit to the world population.

text: During the last three decades of the twentieth century there was a progressive trend towards large vessels carrying greater numbers of animals. Prior to that, a significant limitation had been fresh water storage capacity on ships.To maintain condition, average-sized cattle require at least forty litres of water per head, per day. Sheep require at least four litres per head - per day.Developments in water production technology (salt water evaporators or reverse-osmosis systems) eventually led to livestock carriers with equipment capable of producing up to 600 tonnes of fresh water per day.Sheep and cattle also require fodder amounting to at least 2% of their body weight per day. Livestock carriers are required to carry sufficient feedstuffs for the maximum length of the voyage plus adequate reserves for emergencies.

text: During the last three decades of the twentieth century there was a progressive trend towards large vessels carrying greater numbers of animals. Prior to that, a significant limitation had been fresh water storage capacity on ships.To maintain condition, average-sized cattle require at least forty litres of water per head, per day. Sheep require at least four litres per head - per day.Developments in water production technology (salt water evaporators or reverse-osmosis systems) eventually led to livestock carriers with equipment capable of producing up to 600 tonnes of fresh water per day.Sheep and cattle also require fodder amounting to at least 2% of their body weight per day. Livestock carriers are required to carry sufficient feedstuffs for the maximum length of the voyage plus adequate reserves for emergencies.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: Livestock carriers with equipment capable of producing up to 600 tonnes of fresh water per day

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: fresh water storage capacity

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: lessen

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: to maintain condition

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: fodder

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overconsumes

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: fresh water

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: last three decades of the twentieth century

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: large vessels carrying greater numbers of animals.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: fresh water storage capacity

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: four litres per head - per day.Developments

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: animals.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: fresh water storage capacity

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: fresh water storage capacity

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: water production technology

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: a significant limitation had been fresh water storage capacity

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: fresh water storage capacity

text: Populations of some species tend to initially show a lack of response to density-dependent factors that limit population size as it nears carrying capacity. The exhibition of Malthusian growth is dependent on a number of elements including resource availability, degree of both interspecific and intraspecific completion, and strength of predator-prey relationships.

text: Populations of some species tend to initially show a lack of response to density-dependent factors that limit population size as it nears carrying capacity. The exhibition of Malthusian growth is dependent on a number of elements including resource availability, degree of both interspecific and intraspecific completion, and strength of

text: predator-prey

text: relationships.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: it nears carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population size

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: density-dependent factors

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: limit

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: density-dependent factors

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: resource availability

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: as it nears carrying capacity.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population size

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: density-dependent factors

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: limit population size

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: density-dependent factors that limit population size as it nears carrying capacity.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: density-dependent factors

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: density-dependent factors

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: resource availability,

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: limit population size as it nears carrying capacity.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: density-dependent factors

text: A limiting factor of a system, is an input or variable such that a small change in it from the present value would cause a non-negligible change in an output or other measure of the system. A factor which is not limiting over a certain domain of starting conditions may yet be limiting over another domain of starting conditions, including that of the factor in question. Energy can not be destroyed.

text: A limiting factor of a system, is an input or variable such that a small change in it from the present value would cause a non-negligible change in an output or other measure of the system. A factor which is not limiting over a certain

text: domain

text: of starting conditions may yet be limiting over another domain of starting conditions, including that of the factor in question. Energy can not be destroyed.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: it has enough water

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: a limiting factor

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: change a population

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: energy can not be destroyed

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: energy

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: limiting factor

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: Energy can not be destroyed.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: Energy can not be destroyed.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: limiting factor

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: Energy can not be destroyed.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: A limiting factor of a system,

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: A factor which is not limiting over a certain domain of starting conditions

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: Energy can not be destroyed.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: Energy

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: limiting factor

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: Energy can not be destroyed.

text: For terrestrial applications, the principal limiting factors are:

text: For terrestrial applications, the principal limiting factors are:

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: in a confined area

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: it has enough water

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: climatic conditions

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: asexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: natural resources

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: consumes too much

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: climatic conditions

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: For terrestrial applications,

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: limiting factors

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: limiting factors

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: the principal limiting factors

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: limiting factors

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: the principal limiting factors

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: the principal limiting factors

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: limiting factors

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: limiting factors

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: the principal limiting factors

text: Sample size determination is the act of choosing the number of observations or replicates to include in a statistical sample. The sample size is an important feature of any empirical study in which the goal is to make inferences about a population from a sample. In practice, the sample size used in a study is determined based on the expense of data collection, and the need to have sufficient statistical power. In complicated studies there may be several different sample sizes involved in the study: for example, in a stratified survey there would be different sample sizes for each stratum. In a census, data are collected on the entire population, hence the sample size is equal to the population size. In experimental design, where a study may be divided into different treatment groups, there may be different sample sizes for each group.

text: Sample size determination is the act of choosing the number of observations or

text: replicates

text: to include in a

text: statistical sample

text: . The sample size is an important feature of any empirical study in which the goal is to make

text: inferences

text: about a

text: population

text: from a sample. In practice, the sample size used in a study is determined based on the expense of data collection, and the need to have sufficient

text: statistical power

text: . In complicated studies there may be several different sample sizes involved in the study: for example, in a

text: stratified

text: survey

text: there would be different sample sizes for each stratum. In a

text: census

text: , data are collected on the entire population, hence the sample size is equal to the population size. In

text: experimental design

text: , where a study may be divided into different

text: treatment group

text: s, there may be different sample sizes for each group.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population is too small

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: sample size

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: the need to have sufficient statistical power

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: needs more resources

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: census,

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: census, data are collected on the entire population,

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: expense of data collection, and the need to have sufficient statistical power.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: expense of data collection, and the need to have sufficient statistical power.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Sample

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: expense of data collection, and the need to have sufficient statistical power.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: expense of data collection, and the need to have sufficient statistical power.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: Sample size

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: Sample size

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: expense of data collection, and the need to have sufficient statistical power.

text: Three areas fall within a race's economic settings: colonist resources, factories, and mines.  Colonist resources determine the pre-factory resources, which are most useful for getting a colony on its feet. Factory settings include resource cost, efficiency, maximum factories per population size, and the "G box".  The "G box" is a checkbox that lowers the germanium cost of factories from four germanium each to three each, and is highly recommended.  Mines settings are also based on resource cost, efficiency, and maximum per population size.  It's recommended to lower racial mine cost from five to three.

text: Three areas fall within a race's economic settings: colonist resources, factories, and mines.  Colonist resources determine the pre-factory resources, which are most useful for getting a colony on its feet. Factory settings include resource cost, efficiency, maximum factories per population size, and the "G box".  The "G box" is a checkbox that lowers the germanium cost of factories from four germanium each to three each, and is highly recommended.  Mines settings are also based on resource cost, efficiency, and maximum per population size.  It's recommended to lower racial mine cost from five to three.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: maximum factories per population size

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: resource cost

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: mines

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: has a shortage

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: pre-factory resources,

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: maximum factories per population size,

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: Factory settings include resource cost, efficiency, maximum factories per population size,

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: five to three.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Three areas fall within a race's economic settings:

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: Three areas fall within a race's economic settings:

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: Three areas fall within a race's economic settings:

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: pre-factory resources,

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: "G box".

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: maximum factories per population size,

text: As in any statistical setting, effect sizes are estimated with sampling error, and may be biased unless the effect size estimator that is used is appropriate for the manner in which the data were sampled and the manner in which the measurements were made.  An example of this is publication bias, which occurs when scientists only report results when the estimated effect sizes are large or are statistically significant.  As a result, if many researchers carry out studies with low statistical power, the reported effect sizes will tend to be larger than the true (population) effects, if any. Another example where effect sizes may be distorted is in a multiple trial experiment, where the effect size calculation is based on the averaged or aggregated response across the trials.

text: As in any statistical setting, effect sizes are estimated with sampling error, and may be biased unless the effect size estimator that is used is appropriate for the manner in which the data were

text: sampled

text: and the manner in which the measurements were made.  An example of this is

text: publication bias

text: , which occurs when scientists only report results when the estimated effect sizes are large or are statistically significant.  As a result, if many researchers carry out studies with low statistical power, the reported effect sizes will tend to be larger than the true (population) effects, if any. Another example where effect sizes may be distorted is in a multiple trial experiment, where the effect size calculation is based on the averaged or aggregated response across the trials.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: it has enough people

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: effect sizes

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: low statistical power

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: population effects

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overconsumes resources

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: (population) effects,

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: (population) effects,

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: effects,

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: effect sizes are estimated with sampling error,

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: effect sizes are estimated with sampling error,

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: (population) effects,

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: publication bias,

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: effects,

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: publication bias,

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: effect sizes are estimated with sampling error,

text: The regulations required a vessel of 10,000 tons or more to carry 16 lifeboats with a total capacity of , sufficient for 960 people. Titanic actually carried four more lifeboats than she needed under the regulations. Her total lifeboat capacity was , which was theoretically capable of taking 1,178 people. The regulations required that lifeboats should measure between  with a minimum capacity of  each. The cubic capacity divided by ten indicated the approximate number of people that could be carried safely in each boat and also dictated the size of the airtight buoyancy tanks incorporated into the boats' hulls, with each person corresponding to  of tank capacity.

text: The regulations required a vessel of 10,000 tons or more to carry 16 lifeboats with a total capacity of , sufficient for 960 people. Titanic actually carried four more lifeboats than she needed under the regulations. Her total lifeboat capacity was , which was theoretically capable of taking 1,178 people. The regulations required that lifeboats should measure between  with a minimum capacity of  each. The cubic capacity divided by ten indicated the approximate number of people that could be carried safely in each boat and also dictated the size of the airtight buoyancy tanks incorporated into the boats' hulls, with each person corresponding to  of tank capacity.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: 960 people

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: population size

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overcrowds

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: ten

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: The cubic capacity divided by ten

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: The cubic capacity divided by ten

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: 960 people.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: 960 people.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: ten

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: airtight buoyancy tanks

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: airtight buoyancy tanks

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: 960

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: The cubic capacity divided by ten

text: While the frequency distribution of urban hierarchies is empirically simple, the set of factors that create it are complex and no individual explanation can account for the distribution. The unequal distribution of city sizes and lack of convergence on one equilibrium size are relatively well understood. Henderson's model of urban system relies on three sets of factors that influence the size of cities: land inputs, labor, and capital. The model formally relates the benefits of economies of agglomeration and congestion cost. Cities benefit from economies of scale that attract firms and workers, making them larger. But, the limited supply of land means that the price of locating near the center of production increases as the population size increases. Eventually, the greater costs lead to diminishing returns to scale and cities tend towards an optimal equilibrium size, assuming they all share the same attributes. Henderson relaxed the assumption of identical cities to explore the implications of a diversified economy of traded goods. The extension of the model underlies the urban system literature and gives rise to the finding that cities will differ in size to account for the factor rewards associated with traded goods of varying degrees of return to scale and intensity of land use.

text: While the frequency distribution of urban hierarchies is empirically simple, the set of factors that create it are complex and no individual explanation can account for the distribution. The unequal distribution of city sizes and lack of convergence on one equilibrium size are relatively well understood. Henderson's model of urban system relies on three sets of factors that influence the size of cities: land inputs, labor, and capital. The model formally relates the benefits of

text: economies of agglomeration

text: and congestion cost. Cities benefit from economies of scale that attract firms and workers, making them larger. But, the limited supply of land means that the price of locating near the center of production increases as the population size increases. Eventually, the greater costs lead to diminishing returns to scale and cities tend towards an optimal equilibrium size, assuming they all share the same attributes. Henderson relaxed the assumption of identical cities to explore the implications of a diversified economy of

text: traded goods

text: . The extension of the model underlies the urban system literature and gives rise to the finding that cities will differ in size to account for the factor rewards associated with traded goods of varying degrees of return to scale and intensity of land use.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: diminishing returns to scale

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: diminishing returns to scale

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: limited supply of land

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: diminish

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: limited supply of land

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: limited supply of land

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: diminishes

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: limited supply of land

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: diminishing returns to scale and cities tend towards an optimal equilibrium size,

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: optimal equilibrium size,

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: limited supply of land

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: cities will differ in size

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Cities benefit from economies of scale that attract firms and workers,

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: limited supply of land

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: limited supply of land

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: economies of scale

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: diminishing returns to scale

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: limited supply of land

text: Some newer mosquito traps or known mosquito attractants emit a plume of carbon dioxide together with other mosquito attractants such as sugary scents, lactic acid, octenol, warmth, water vapor and sounds. By mimicking a mammal’s scent and outputs, the trap draws female mosquitoes toward it, where they are typically sucked into a net or holder by an electric fan where they are collected. According to the American Mosquito Control Association, the trap will kill  some mosquitoes, but their effectiveness in any particular case will depend on a number of factors such as the size and species of the mosquito population and the type and location of the breeding habitat.  They are useful in specimen collection studies to determine the types of mosquitoes prevalent in an area but are typically far too inefficient to be useful in reducing mosquito populations.

text: Some newer mosquito traps or known mosquito attractants emit a plume of carbon dioxide together with other mosquito attractants such as sugary scents,

text: lactic acid

text: octenol

text: , warmth, water vapor and sounds. By mimicking a mammal’s scent and outputs, the trap draws female mosquitoes toward it, where they are typically sucked into a net or holder by an electric fan where they are collected. According to the American Mosquito Control Association, the trap will kill  some mosquitoes, but their effectiveness in any particular case will depend on a number of factors such as the size and species of the mosquito population and the type and location of the breeding habitat.  They are useful in specimen collection studies to determine the types of mosquitoes prevalent in an area but are typically far too inefficient to be useful in reducing mosquito populations.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: mosquitoes are abundant

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: species

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: no longer exist

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: breeding habitat

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: inefficient

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: breeding habitat.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: size and species of the mosquito population

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: species of the mosquito population and the type and location of the breeding habitat.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: far too inefficient to be useful in reducing mosquito populations.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Some newer mosquito traps

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: type and location of the breeding habitat.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: type and location of the breeding habitat.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: breeding habitat.

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: reducing mosquito populations.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: size and species of the mosquito population

text: Major differences between the eastern coastal populations and the Murray-Darling population are that the eastern coastal populations display a far smaller average and maximum size (15 and 20 cm respectively) and are reported to have one less vertebra than the Murray-Darling species.  Recent evidence suggest the Shoalhaven population is now extinct after a rapid decline due to damming of their habitat and subsequent encroachment of legally and illegally stocked fish species.  The Hawkesbury-Nepean population appears to be threatened by introduced trout and other exotic fish, river damming and regulation, siltation, and urban encroachment, but does not appear to be as threatened as the Murray-Darling species.  Information on this page relates primarily to the Murray-Darling population.

text: Major differences between the eastern coastal populations and the Murray-Darling population are that the eastern coastal populations display a far smaller average and maximum size (15 and 20 cm respectively) and are reported to have one less vertebra than the Murray-Darling species.  Recent evidence suggest the Shoalhaven population is now extinct after a rapid decline due to damming of their habitat and subsequent encroachment of legally and illegally stocked fish species.  The Hawkesbury-Nepean population appears to be threatened by introduced trout and other exotic fish, river damming and regulation, siltation, and urban encroachment, but does not appear to be as threatened as the Murray-Darling species.  Information on this page relates primarily to the Murray-Darling population.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: rapid decline

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: damming of their habitat

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: habitat

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: extinct

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: damming

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: declines

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: rapid decline

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: extinct

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: habitat

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: extinct

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: introduced trout and other exotic fish,

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: damming

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: damming

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: fish species.

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: decline

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: damming of their habitat

text: The sport is regulated by most natural resource agencies. Management may include the use of quotas and length limits to ensure that populations are not over-exploited.  As one example, in the state of Michigan, walleye of under 15" may not be legally kept, except from Lake St. Clair, Saginaw Bay and the St. Clair River]], where walleye of 13" are legal to take. Many states also issue slot regulations on walleye.  This is where you can keep fish below a certain size and others above.  The slot limit protects the medium-sized fish, which can be considered to be at prime sexual maturity.

text: The sport is regulated by most natural resource agencies.

text: Management

text: may include the use of quotas and length limits to ensure that populations are not

text: over-exploited

text: .  As one example, in the state of

text: Michigan

text: , walleye of under 15" may not be legally kept, except from

text: Lake St. Clair, Saginaw Bay

text: and the St. Clair River]], where walleye of 13" are legal to take. Many states also issue slot regulations on walleye.  This is where you can keep fish below a certain size and others above.  The

text: slot limit

text: protects the medium-sized fish, which can be considered to be at prime sexual maturity.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: over-exploited

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: over-exploited

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: over-exploited

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: over-exploited

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: over-exploited.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: over-exploited.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: over-exploited.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: over-exploited.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Management may include the use of quotas

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: quotas

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: over-exploited.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: quotas and length limits

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: over-exploited.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: quotas and length limits

text: A machine with 10,000 wheels would work as well as a machine with two wheels because each wheel is independent of the other. When it is time to propagate a carry, the sautoir, under the sole influence of gravity, is thrown toward the next wheel without any contact between the wheels. During its free fall the sautoir behaves like an acrobat jumping from one trapeze to the next without the trapezes touching each other ("sautoir" comes from the French verb sauter, which means to jump). All the wheels (including gears and sautoir) have therefore the same size and weight independently of the capacity of the machine.

text: A machine with 10,000 wheels would work as well as a machine with two wheels because each wheel is independent of the other. When it is time to propagate a carry, the sautoir, under the sole influence of gravity, is thrown toward the next wheel without any contact between the wheels. During its free fall the sautoir behaves like an acrobat jumping from one trapeze to the next without the trapezes touching each other ("sautoir" comes from the French verb sauter, which means to jump). All the wheels (including gears and sautoir) have therefore the same size and weight independently of the capacity of the machine.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: all the wheels are independent of the capacity

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: gravity

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: gravity

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: consumes more resources

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: When it is time to propagate a carry,

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: When it is time to propagate a carry,

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: gravity,

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: 10,000 wheels would work as well as a machine with two wheels

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: A machine with 10,000 wheels

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: gravity,

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: gravity,

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: gravity,

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: two wheels

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: gravity,

text: Resource availability is obviously essential for the unimpeded growth of a population. Ideally, when resources in the habitat are unlimited, each species has the ability to realise fully its innate potential to grow in number, as Charles Darwin observed while developing his theory of natural selection.

text: Resource availability is obviously essential for the unimpeded growth of a population. Ideally, when resources in the habitat are unlimited, each species has the ability to realise fully its innate potential to grow in number, as

text: Charles Darwin

text: observed while developing his theory of

text: natural selection

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unimpeded growth

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: resources in the habitat are unlimited

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: resource availability

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: resource availability

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: Resource availability

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: unimpeded growth

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: growth

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: unlimited,

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: Resource availability

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: grow in number,

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Resource availability is obviously essential for the unimpeded growth of a population.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: Resource availability

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: natural selection.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: Resource availability

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: unimpeded growth

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: Resource availability

text: Each model of Dell's Optiplex line of computers typically includes an Ultra-Small Form Factor (USFF) chassis option. In the Core 2 era, these machines used 3.5" desktop hard drives and external power supplies, like the Optiplex 745 and 755. More recent units use 2.5" laptop hard drives and have integrated power supplies, like the Optiplex 990 USFF. The compact size comes at the cost of restricted expandability, as USFF models have no PCI or PCIe slots and may have limited CPU and memory options.

text: Each model of Dell's

text: Optiplex

text: line of computers typically includes an Ultra-Small Form Factor (USFF) chassis option. In the

text: Core 2

text: era, these machines used 3.5" desktop hard drives and external power supplies, like the Optiplex 745 and 755. More recent units use 2.5" laptop hard drives and have integrated power supplies, like the Optiplex 990 USFF. The compact size comes at the cost of restricted expandability, as USFF models have no PCI or PCIe slots and may have limited CPU and memory options.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: dwindle

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: consumes more resources

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: Ultra-Small Form Factor

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: expandability,

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: The compact size comes at the cost of restricted expandability,

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: expandability,

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: The compact size comes at the cost of restricted expandability,

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: expandability,

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: compact size

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: The compact size

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: expandability,

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: expandability,

text: This Canary Islands stonechat is now considered Endangered, as construction, mainly tourism-related, encroaches upon the best habitat (Illera et al., 2006). The population is hard to estimate, but most probably between 1300 and 1700 mature birds (BirdLife International 2004), and recognisably in decline. In particular, heavy land clearance on the Jandía peninsula is isolating the local subpopulation and making it vulnerable to adverse effects of small population size.

text: This Canary Islands stonechat is now considered

text: Endangered

text: , as construction, mainly

text: tourism

text: -related, encroaches upon the best habitat (Illera et al., 2006). The population is hard to estimate, but most probably between 1300 and 1700 mature birds (BirdLife International 2004), and recognisably in decline. In particular, heavy land clearance on the

text: Jandía

text: peninsula is isolating the local subpopulation and making it vulnerable to adverse effects of

text: small population size

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: in decline

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: adverse effects

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: small population size

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: heavy land clearance

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: decline

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: heavy land clearance

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: small population size.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: heavy land clearance

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: 1700

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: heavy land clearance

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: construction,

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: tourism-related,

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: land clearance

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: Endangered,

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: small population size.

text: For the human population, more complex variables such as sanitation and medical care are sometimes considered as part of the necessary establishment. As population density increases, birth rate often decreases and death rate typically increases. The difference between the birth rate and the death rate is the "natural increase". The carrying capacity could support a positive natural increase, or could require a negative natural increase. Thus, the carrying capacity is the number of individuals an environment can support without significant negative impacts to the given organism and its environment. Below carrying capacity, populations typically increase, while above, they typically decrease. A factor that keeps population size at equilibrium is known as a regulating factor. Population size decreases above carrying capacity due to a range of factors depending on the species concerned, but can include insufficient space, food supply, or sunlight. The carrying capacity of an environment may vary for different species and may change over time due to a variety of factors, including: food availability, water supply, environmental conditions and living space.The origins of the term "carrying capacity" are uncertain, with researchers variously stating that it was used "in the context of international shipping" or that it was first used during 19th-century laboratory experiments with micro-organisms. A recent review finds the first use of the term in an 1845 report by the US Secretary of State to the US Senate.

text: For the

text: human population

text: , more complex variables such as

text: sanitation

text: and

text: medical care

text: are sometimes considered as part of the necessary establishment. As population density increases,

text: birth rate

text: often decreases and

text: death rate

text: typically increases. The difference between the birth rate and the death rate is the "natural increase". The carrying capacity could support a positive natural increase, or could require a negative natural increase. Thus, the carrying capacity is the number of individuals an environment can support without significant negative impacts to the given organism and its environment. Below carrying capacity, populations typically increase, while above, they typically decrease. A factor that keeps population size at equilibrium is known as a

text: regulating factor

text: Population size decreases

text: above carrying capacity due to a range of factors depending on the

text: species

text: concerned, but can include insufficient

text: space

text: food supply

text: , or

text: sunlight

text: . The carrying capacity of an

text: environment

text: may vary for different species and may change over time due to a variety of factors, including:

text: food availability

text: water supply

text: , environmental conditions and living space.The origins of the term "carrying capacity" are uncertain, with researchers variously stating that it was used "in the context of international

text: shipping

text: " or that it was first used during 19th-century laboratory experiments with micro-organisms. A recent review finds the first use of the term in an 1845 report by the

text: US Secretary of State

text: to the

text: US Senate

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: above carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: Population size decreases above carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: natural increase

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: food supply

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: decreases

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: above,

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: Below carrying capacity, populations typically increase, while above, they typically decrease.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: Below carrying capacity,

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: Below carrying capacity, populations typically increase, while above, they typically decrease.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: As population density increases,

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: insufficient space, food supply, or sunlight.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: insufficient space, food supply, or sunlight.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: regulating factor.

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: Below carrying capacity, populations typically increase, while above, they typically decrease.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: regulating factor.

text: The size of a population depends on how much and how many resources are able to support it. For the population to remain the same size year after year, there must be an equilibrium, or balance between the population size and available resources. Since organisms produce more offspring than their environment can support, not all individuals can survive out of each generation. There must be a competitive struggle for resources that aid in survival. As a result, Darwin realised that it was not chance alone that determined survival. Instead, survival of an organism depends on the differences of each individual organism, or "traits," that aid or hinder survival and reproduction. Well-adapted individuals are likely to leave more offspring than their less well-adapted competitors. Traits that hinder survival and reproduction would disappear over generations. Traits that help an organism survive and reproduce would accumulate over generations. Darwin realised that the unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce could cause gradual changes in the population and used the term natural selection to describe this process.

text: The size of a population depends on how much and how many resources are able to support it. For the population to remain the same size year after year, there must be an equilibrium, or balance between the population size and available resources. Since organisms produce more offspring than their environment can support, not all individuals can survive out of each generation. There must be a competitive struggle for resources that aid in survival. As a result, Darwin realised that it was not chance alone that determined survival. Instead, survival of an organism depends on the differences of each individual organism, or "traits," that aid or hinder survival and reproduction. Well-adapted individuals are likely to leave more offspring than their less well-adapted competitors. Traits that hinder survival and reproduction would disappear over generations. Traits that help an organism survive and reproduce would accumulate over generations. Darwin realised that the unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce could cause gradual changes in the population and used the term natural selection to describe this process.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: balance between the population size and available resources

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: resources

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: competitive struggle for resources

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: resources

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: unbalanced

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: how many resources are able to support

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: year after year,

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: equilibrium, or balance between the population size and available resources.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: how much and how many resources are able to support it.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: less well-adapted competitors.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: natural selection

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: how much and how many resources

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: not all individuals can survive out of each generation.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: resources

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: gradual changes in the population

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: how much and how many resources are able to support it.

text: The HS2000, except for the XD-S variant, is fed by staggered-column (otherwise known as "double-stack") detachable box magazines that are made of polished stainless steel with a polymer basepad. The empty weight of a standard-sized HS2000 box magazine is . The Springfield Armory XDM .45 ACP is offered in three different models with 3.8, 4.5, and 5.25 inch barrels. Each of these models has a 13 + 1 capacity, while the highest capacity is 19 + 1 for the 9mm model. The  model is also available with a compact magazine that holds 9 rounds that reduces grip length by one inch for a more comfortable conceal carry option.

text: The HS2000, except for the XD-S variant, is fed by staggered-column (otherwise known as "double-stack") detachable

text: box magazines

text: that are made of polished stainless steel with a polymer basepad. The empty weight of a standard-sized HS2000 box magazine is . The Springfield Armory XDM .45 ACP is offered in three different models with 3.8, 4.5, and 5.25 inch barrels. Each of these models has a 13 + 1 capacity, while the highest capacity is 19 + 1 for the 9mm model. The  model is also available with a compact magazine that holds 9 rounds that reduces grip length by one inch for a more comfortable conceal carry option.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: 19 + 1 for the 9mm model

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: abiotic factors

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: not be enough

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overpopulation

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: "double-stack")

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: 13 + 1

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: 13 + 1 capacity, while the highest capacity is 19 + 1

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: 13 + 1 capacity, while the highest capacity is 19 + 1

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: The HS2000,

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: 13 + 1 capacity, while the highest capacity is 19 + 1

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: "double-stack")

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: "double-stack")

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: 13 + 1 capacity, while the highest capacity is 19 + 1

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: 13 + 1 capacity, while the highest capacity is 19 + 1

text: If a population is lognormally distributed then the harmonic mean of the population size (H) is related to the arithmetic mean (m)

text: If a population is

text: lognormally distributed

text: then the

text: harmonic mean

text: of the population size (H) is related to the

text: arithmetic mean

text: (m)

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: lognormal distribution

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population size is lognormally distributed

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: lognormal distribution

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: swell

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: the harmonic mean

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: population size

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: lognormal distribution

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: lognormal distribution

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: has a lognormal distribution

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: lognormal distribution

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: lognormally distributed

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: If a population is lognormally distributed

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: lognormally distributed

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: the harmonic mean

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: If a population is lognormally distributed then the harmonic mean

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: If a population is lognormally distributed

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: lognormally distributed

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: lognormally distributed

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: lognormally distributed

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: If a population is lognormally distributed

text: As mentioned earlier, the central premise behind the factorization approach is that a measurement matrix P is rank limited. Further, it is possible to factor P into two sub-matrices: a motion and a shape matrix, M and S of size 2F × r and N × r respectively.

text: As mentioned earlier, the central premise behind the factorization approach is that a measurement matrix P is rank limited. Further, it is possible to factor P into two sub-matrices: a motion and a shape matrix, M and S of size 2F × r and N × r respectively.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: N  r

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: a measurement matrix

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: rank limited

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: has a high resource use rate

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: 2F <unk> r and N <unk> r

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: 2F <unk> r and N <unk> r

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: a measurement matrix P is rank limited.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: rank limited.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: 2F <unk> r and N <unk> r

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: rank limited.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: rank limited.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: measurement matrix P is rank limited.

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: rank limited.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: rank limited.

text: Many famines are caused by imbalance of food production compared to the large populations of countries whose population exceeds the regional carrying capacity. Historically, famines have occurred from agricultural problems such as drought, crop failure, or pestilence. Changing weather patterns, the ineffectiveness of medieval governments in dealing with crises, wars, and epidemic diseases such as the Black Death helped to cause hundreds of famines in Europe during the Middle Ages, including 95 in Britain and 75 in France. In France, the Hundred Years' War, crop failures and epidemics reduced the population by two-thirds.

text: Many famines are caused by imbalance of food production compared to the large populations of countries whose

text: population exceeds the regional carrying capacity

text: . Historically, famines have occurred from agricultural problems such as

text: drought

text: , crop failure, or

text: pestilence

text: . Changing weather patterns, the ineffectiveness of medieval governments in dealing with crises, wars, and

text: epidemic diseases

text: such as the

text: Black Death

text: helped to cause hundreds of famines in

text: Europe

text: during the

text: Middle Ages

text: , including 95 in Britain and 75 in France. In France, the

text: Hundred Years' War

text: , crop failures and epidemics reduced the population by two-thirds.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: population exceeds the regional carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: regional carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: lessen

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: food production

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: exceeds the regional carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: exceeds the regional carrying capacity.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population exceeds the regional carrying capacity.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: regional carrying capacity.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: population exceeds the regional carrying capacity.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: population exceeds the regional carrying capacity.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: population exceeds the regional carrying capacity.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: imbalance of food production

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: food production

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: famines

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: regional carrying capacity.

text: While the use of advanced molecular analysis techniques within the field of molecular epidemiology is providing the larger field of epidemiology with greater means of analysis, Miquel Porta identified several challenges that the field of molecular epidemiology faces, particularly selecting and incorporating requisite applicable data in an unbiased manner.  Limitations of molecular epidemiological studies are the similar in nature to those of generic epidemiological studies, that is, samples of convenience - both of the target population and genetic information, small sample sizes, inappropriate statistical methods, poor quality control, and poor definition of target populations.

text: While the use of advanced molecular analysis techniques within the field of molecular epidemiology is providing the larger field of epidemiology with greater means of analysis,

text: Miquel Porta

text: identified several challenges that the field of molecular epidemiology faces, particularly selecting and incorporating requisite applicable data in an unbiased manner.  Limitations of molecular epidemiological studies are the similar in nature to those of generic epidemiological studies, that is, samples of convenience - both of the target population and genetic information, small sample sizes, inappropriate statistical methods, poor quality control, and poor definition of target populations.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population is growing

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: small sample sizes

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: has a resource scarcity problem

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: target population and genetic information, small sample sizes,

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: target population

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: genetic information,

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: small sample sizes,

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: molecular epidemiology

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: samples of convenience - both of the target population and genetic information,

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: genetic information,

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: genetic information,

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: small sample sizes,

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: genetic information,

text: The different needs and abilities of all students were taken into consideration when the building was designed. The building included 39 classrooms, 9 vocational areas, an auditorium that seated 1,242, a gymnasium with a 2,200 seating capacity, cafeteria, band and chorus rooms, and a large modern library. The original building and grounds occupied a  area. The size and capacity of the senior high school were determined by a review of the student population of 1952 and a projected six-year enrollment. The new building accommodated 1,200 pupils. The Board of Education recognized potential growth and included provisions for additions to meet future needs.  Finally, the school opened September 5, 1956, with an enrollment of 1,037 students in grades 10, 11, and 12. Currently there are 3,500 enrolled. Although the entire building was not completed, sufficient sections were available to begin the school year.

text: The different needs and abilities of all

text: student

text: s were taken into consideration when the building was designed. The building included 39

text: classroom

text: s, 9

text: vocational

text: areas, an

text: auditorium

text: that seated 1,242, a

text: gym

text: nasium with a 2,200

text: seating capacity

text: cafeteria

text: band

text: and

text: chorus

text: rooms, and a large modern

text: library

text: . The original building and grounds occupied a  area. The size and capacity of the senior high school were determined by a review of the student

text: population

text: of 1952 and a projected six-year enrollment. The new building accommodated 1,200 pupils. The Board of Education recognized potential growth and included provisions for additions to meet future needs.  Finally, the school opened September 5, 1956, with an enrollment of 1,037 students in grades 10, 11, and 12. Currently there are 3,500 enrolled. Although the entire building was not completed, sufficient sections were available to begin the

text: school year

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: presently there are 3,500 enrolled

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: population size

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: not enough space

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: a large modern library

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: needs more resources

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: 1952

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: potential growth

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: review of the student population of 1952 and a projected six-year enrollment.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: 2,200 seating capacity,

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: 3,500 enrolled.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: a 2,200 seating capacity,

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: potential growth

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: additions

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: growth and included provisions for additions to meet future needs.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: student population

text: List of medium-sized cities (population between 100,000 and 250,000) with a Cambodian-American population in excess of one percent of the total population.

text: List of medium-sized cities (population between 100,000 and 250,000) with a Cambodian-American population in excess of one percent of the total population.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population is too high

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: population density

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: be reduced

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: natural selection

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overpopulation

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: one percent of the total population.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: total population.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: total population.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: one percent of the total population.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Cambodian-American population in excess of one percent of the total population.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: Cambodian-American population in excess of one percent of the total population.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: population.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: medium-sized cities

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: one percent of the total population.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: Cambodian-American population in excess of one percent of the total population.

text: The exponential growth model makes a number of assumptions, many of which often do not hold. For example, many factors affect the intrinsic growth rate and is often not time-invariant. A simple modification of the exponential growth is to assume that the intrinsic growth rate varies with population size. This is reasonable: the larger the population size, the fewer resources available, which can result in a lower birth rate and higher death rate. Hence, we can replace the time-invariant r with r’(t) = (b –a*N(t)) – (d + c*N(t)), where a and c are constants that modulate birth and death rates in a population dependent manner (e.g. intraspecific competition). Both a and c will depend on other environmental factors which, we can for now, assume to be constant in this approximated model. The differential equation is now:

text: The exponential growth model makes a number of assumptions, many of which often do not hold. For example, many factors affect the intrinsic growth rate and is often not time-invariant. A simple modification of the exponential growth is to assume that the intrinsic growth rate varies with population size. This is reasonable: the larger the population size, the fewer resources available, which can result in a lower birth rate and higher death rate. Hence, we can replace the time-invariant r with r’(t) = (b –a*N(t)) – (d + c*N(t)), where a and c are constants that modulate birth and death rates in a population dependent manner (e.g.

text: intraspecific competition

text: ). Both a and c will depend on other environmental factors which, we can for now, assume to be constant in this approximated model. The differential equation is now:

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: time-invariant

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: it has enough resources

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: fewer resources

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: larger the population size, the fewer resources available

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: intraspecific competition

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: decreases

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: population size

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: lower birth rate and higher death rate.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: (d + c*N(t)),

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: fewer resources available,

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: (b –a*N(t))

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: (d + c*N(t)),

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: (d + c*N(t)),

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: the larger the population size, the fewer resources available,

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: intraspecific competition).

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: lower birth rate and higher death rate.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: population size.

text: Hippocampus capensis is closely related to the Indian Ocean population of the widespread Indo-Pacific seahorse H. kuda. The Knysna seahorse's smaller size, shorter snout, and reduced coronet are likely adaptations to improve manoeuvrability in the dense seagrass habitats typical of South African estuaries.

text: Hippocampus capensis is closely related to the

text: Indian Ocean

text: population of the widespread

text: Indo-Pacific

text: seahorse

text: H. kuda

text: . The Knysna seahorse's smaller size, shorter snout, and reduced

text: coronet

text: are likely adaptations to improve manoeuvrability in the dense seagrass habitats typical of South African estuaries.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: in dense seagrass habitats

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: it is overpopulated

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: population size

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: adaptations to improve manoeuvrability

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: adaptations

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overpopulation

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: improve manoeuvrability in the dense seagrass habitats

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: dense seagrass habitats

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: adaptations

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: improve manoeuvrability in the dense seagrass habitats

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Indo-Pacific seahorse H. kuda.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: dense seagrass

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: adaptations to improve manoeuvrability

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: adaptations

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: Indo-Pacific seahorse H. kuda.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: dense seagrass habitats

text: The rule of thumb to determine the slowest shutter speed possible for hand-holding without noticeable blur due to camera shake is to take the reciprocal of the 35 mm equivalent focal length of the lens, also known as the "1/mm rule". For example, at a focal length of 125 mm on a 35 mm camera, vibration or camera shake could affect sharpness if the shutter speed was slower than 1/125 second. As a result of the 2–4.5 stops slower shutter speeds allowed by IS, an image taken at 1/125 second speed with an ordinary lens could be taken at 1/15 or 1/8 second with an IS-equipped lens and produce almost the same quality. The sharpness obtainable at a given speed can increase dramatically.When calculating the effective focal length, it is important to take into account the image format a camera uses. For example, many digital SLR cameras use an image sensor that is 2/3, 5/8, or 1/2 the size of a 35 mm film frame. This means that the 35 mm frame is 1.5, 1.6, or 2 times the size of the digital sensor. The latter values are referred to as the crop factor, field-of-view crop factor, focal-length multiplier, or format factor. On a 2x crop factor camera, for instance, a 50 mm lens produces the same field of view as a 100 mm lens used on a 35 mm film camera, and can typically be handheld at 1/100 of a second.

text: The

text: rule of thumb

text: to determine the slowest shutter speed possible for hand-holding without noticeable blur due to camera shake is to take the

text: reciprocal

text: of the

text: 35 mm equivalent

text: focal length of the lens, also known as the "1/mm rule". For example, at a focal length of 125 mm on a 35 mm camera, vibration or camera shake could affect sharpness if the shutter speed was slower than 1/125 second. As a result of the 2–4.5 stops slower shutter speeds allowed by IS, an image taken at 1/125 second speed with an ordinary lens could be taken at 1/15 or 1/8 second with an IS-equipped lens and produce almost the same quality. The sharpness obtainable at a given speed can increase dramatically.When calculating the effective focal length, it is important to take into account the image format a camera uses. For example, many digital SLR cameras use an image sensor that is 2/3, 5/8, or 1/2 the size of a 35 mm film frame. This means that the 35 mm frame is 1.5, 1.6, or 2 times the size of the digital sensor. The latter values are referred to as the

text: crop factor

text: , field-of-view crop factor, focal-length multiplier, or format factor. On a 2x crop factor camera, for instance, a 50 mm lens produces the same field of view as a 100 mm lens used on a 35 mm film camera, and can typically be handheld at 1/100 of a second.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: a region is full

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: population size

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: lessen

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overpopulation

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: "1/mm rule".

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: 1/125 second.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: 35 mm equivalent focal length

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: "1/mm rule".

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: "1/mm rule".

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: 35 mm equivalent focal length

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: 2–4.5 stops slower shutter speeds

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: crop factor,

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: 1/125 second.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: crop factor,

text: Suppose we have a random sample of size n from a population,

text: Suppose we have a random sample of size n from a population,

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: when the population size decreases

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: it has a population of n

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: abiotic factors

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Changes in births and deaths

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: population size

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: they are greedy

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: abiotic factors

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: consumes more resources

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: the population size

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: n

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: n

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: n

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: size n

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: n

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: size n

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: n

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: size n

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: size n

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: n

text: M. arvalis maintains aboveground runways, which expand like a railway-system through the entire home range. Voles are seldom seen outside these runways, which enable a faster and safer locomotion and easier orientation. The climbing ability of the common vole is very poor. Underground nests are dug 30 to 40 cm deep into the ground and are used for food storage, offspring raising, and as a place for rest and sleep. Nests can be shared and defended by up to five females with juveniles that are related in most cases. Females are territorial and an overlap of occupied areas does not occur. Hence, the number of colonies increases with individual number (i.e. population density). As common voles have a polygynous mating system the males do not maintain territories and move as so-called "floaters" between several females’ territories in order to mate as often as possible. They can show overlap in territories. These findings are supported by the different home range sizes of males (1200–1500 m) and females (300–400 m) that can decrease in both males and females as population density rises. Another response to population growth is to leave the original habitat and move towards another one. Males predominantly conduct dispersal, being most often caused by the competition for mates.

text: M. arvalis maintains aboveground runways, which expand like a

text: railway

text: -system through the entire home range. Voles are seldom seen outside these runways, which enable a faster and safer locomotion and easier orientation. The climbing ability of the common vole is very poor. Underground nests are dug 30 to 40 cm deep into the ground and are used for food storage, offspring raising, and as a place for rest and sleep. Nests can be shared and defended by up to five females with juveniles that are related in most cases. Females are territorial and an overlap of occupied areas does not occur. Hence, the number of colonies increases with individual number (i.e. population density). As common voles have a

text: polygynous

text: mating system the males do not maintain territories and move as so-called "floaters" between several females’ territories in order to mate as often as possible. They can show overlap in territories. These findings are supported by the different home range sizes of males (1200–1500 m) and females (300–400 m) that can decrease in both males and females as population density rises. Another response to population growth is to leave the original habitat and move towards another one. Males predominantly conduct dispersal, being most often caused by the competition for mates.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population density rises

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: population density

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: females are territorial and an overlap of occupied areas does not occur

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: population density

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: dispersal

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: population density

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: population density rises.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population density rises.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: population density).

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: dispersal,

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: leave the original habitat and move towards another one.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: population density).

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: competition for mates.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: leave the original habitat and move towards another one.

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: leave the original habitat and move towards another one.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: population density).

text: On 17 December 2007, Syria and Iraq agreed to rehabilitate the pipeline. The pipeline was to be reconstructed by Stroytransgaz, a subsidiary of Gazprom.  However, Stroytransgaz failed to start the rehabilitation and the contract was nullified in April 2009.  As the rehabilitation of the existing pipeline occurred to be more costly than building a new pipeline, in September 2010 Iraq and Syria agreed to build two new Kirkuk–Baniyas pipelines.  One pipeline with capacity of  would carry heavier crude oil while another pipeline capacity of  would carry lighter crude oil.

text: On 17 December 2007, Syria and Iraq agreed to rehabilitate the pipeline. The pipeline was to be reconstructed by

text: Stroytransgaz

text: , a subsidiary of

text: Gazprom

text: .  However, Stroytransgaz failed to start the rehabilitation and the contract was nullified in April 2009.  As the rehabilitation of the existing pipeline occurred to be more costly than building a new pipeline, in September 2010 Iraq and Syria agreed to build two new Kirkuk–Baniyas pipelines.  One pipeline with capacity of  would carry heavier crude oil while another pipeline capacity of  would carry lighter crude oil.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: pipelines are built

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: population size

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: lighter crude oil

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: crude oil

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overconsumes

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: April 2009.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: heavier crude oil while another pipeline capacity of would carry lighter crude oil.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: capacity of would carry heavier crude oil

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: lighter crude oil.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: On 17 December 2007,

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: more costly

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: more costly than building a new pipeline,

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: pipeline.

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: building a new pipeline,

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: lighter crude oil.

text: is the population size after a generation, then

text: is the population size after a generation, then

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: after a generation

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: it has a stable population

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: a natural process

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: natural selection

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: is growing

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: after a generation,

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population size after a generation,

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: after a generation,

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: population size after a generation,

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: is the population size after a generation,

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: population size after a generation,

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: population size after a generation,

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: generation,

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: population size after a generation,

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: population size after a generation,

text: As already mentioned, both day-length restrictions and the presence of oxalates can also be considered limiting factors. Scientists work with specific breeding, selection, and virus cleaning programs on these purposes.

text: As already mentioned, both day-length restrictions and the presence of oxalates can also be considered limiting factors. Scientists work with specific breeding, selection, and virus cleaning programs on these purposes.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: oxalates are present

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: limiting factors

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: day-length restrictions

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: day-length restrictions

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: can be considered limiting

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: day-length restrictions

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: day-length restrictions and the presence of oxalates

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: limiting factors.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: limiting factors.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: day-length restrictions and the presence of oxalates

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: day-length restrictions and the presence of oxalates

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: day-length restrictions and the presence of oxalates

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: breeding, selection,

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: limiting factors.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: day-length restrictions and the presence of oxalates

text: After dividing both sides of the equation by the population size N, in the logistic growth the left hand side of the equation represents the per capita population growth rate, which is dependent on the population size N, and decreases with increasing N throughout the entire range of population sizes. In contrast, when there is an Allee effect the per-capita growth rate increases with increasing N over some range of population sizes [0, N].

text: After dividing both sides of the equation by the population size N, in the logistic growth the left hand side of the equation represents the per capita population growth rate, which is dependent on the population size N, and decreases with increasing N throughout the entire range of population sizes. In contrast, when there is an Allee effect the per-capita growth rate increases with increasing N over some range of population sizes [0, N].

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: with increasing N

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population growth rate increases with increasing N

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: N

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: Allee effect

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: growth rate decreases

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: population size

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: increasing N

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: increasing N

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: N,

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decreases with increasing N throughout the entire range of population sizes.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: population growth rate,

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: population size N,

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: Allee effect

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: Allee effect

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: Allee effect

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: population size N,

text: The term van may also refer to a minivan. However, minivans are usually distinguished by their smaller size and traditionally front wheel drive powertrain, although many now are being equipped with four wheel drive.  Minivans typically offer seven or eight passenger seating capacity (similar to the smallest full-sized vans), and better fuel economy than full-sized vans, at the expense of power, cargo space, and towing capacity. In addition, many new minivans have dual side sliding doors.

text: The term van may also refer to a

text: minivan

text: . However, minivans are usually distinguished by their smaller size and traditionally

text: front wheel drive

text: powertrain, although many now are being equipped with

text: four wheel drive

text: .  Minivans typically offer seven or eight passenger

text: seating capacity

text: (similar to the smallest full-sized vans), and better fuel economy than full-sized vans, at the expense of power, cargo space, and towing capacity. In addition, many new minivans have dual side sliding doors.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: towing capacity

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: population size

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: fewer

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overpopulation

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: The term van may also refer to a minivan.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: cargo space, and towing capacity.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: fuel economy

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: cargo space, and towing capacity.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Minivans

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: power, cargo space, and towing capacity.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: better fuel economy

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: fuel economy

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: Minivans

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: power, cargo space, and towing capacity.

text: Economic relations between China and Africa, one part of more general Africa–China relations, began centuries ago and continue through the present day. Nowadays, China seeks resources for its growing population, and African countries seek funds to develop their infrastructures.

text: Economic relations between China and Africa, one part of more general

text: Africa–China relations

text: , began centuries ago and continue through the present day. Nowadays, China seeks resources for its growing population, and African countries seek funds to develop their infrastructures.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: growing population

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: resources

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: no longer exist

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: resources

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: is growing

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: growing population,

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: growing population,

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: resources

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: China seeks resources for its growing population,

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: China seeks resources for its growing population,

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: China seeks resources for its growing population,

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: growing population,

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: resources

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: growing population,

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: growing population,

text: Despite the fact that Canada's population density is low, many regions in the south such as Southern Ontario, have population densities higher than several European countries. The large size of Canada's north which is not arable, and thus cannot support large human populations, significantly lowers the carrying capacity. Therefore, the population density of the habitable land in Canada can be modest to high depending on the region.

text: Despite the fact that Canada's

entity_name: List of countries and territories by population density

text: population density

text: is low, many regions in the south such as

text: Southern Ontario

text: , have population densities higher than several

entity_name: List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe

text: European countries

text: . The large size of Canada's north which is not

text: arable

text: , and thus cannot support large human populations, significantly lowers the

text: carrying capacity

text: . Therefore, the population density of the habitable land in Canada can be modest to high depending on the region.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: significantly lower

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: arable

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: carrying capacity.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: the population density of the habitable land in Canada can be modest to high

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: carrying capacity.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: lowers the carrying capacity.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: population densities higher than several European countries.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: The large size of Canada's north which is not arable,

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: The large size of Canada's north which is not arable,

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: arable,

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: carrying capacity.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: The large size of Canada's north

text: The rapid increase in the global population of the past century exemplifies Malthus's predicted population patterns, whereby expansion of food supply has encouraged population growth. "Neo-Malthusianism" may be used as a label for those who are concerned that overpopulation may increase resource depletion or environmental degradation to a degree that is not sustainable. Many in environmental movements express concern over the potential dangers of population growth.  In 1968, ecologist Garrett Hardin published an influential essay in Science that drew heavily from Malthusian theory. His essay, "The Tragedy of the Commons," argued that "a finite world can support only a finite population" and that "freedom to breed will bring ruin to all." The Club of Rome published a famous book entitled The Limits to Growth in 1972. Paul R. Ehrlich is a prominent neo-Malthusians who first raised concerns in 1968 with the publication of The Population Bomb.

text: The rapid increase in the global population of the past century exemplifies Malthus's predicted population patterns, whereby expansion of food supply has encouraged population growth. "Neo-Malthusianism" may be used as a label for those who are concerned that

text: overpopulation

text: may increase

text: resource depletion

text: or

text: environmental degradation

text: to a degree that is not

text: sustainable

text: . Many in

text: environmental movements

text: express concern over the potential dangers of population growth.  In 1968, ecologist Garrett Hardin published an influential essay in Science that drew heavily from Malthusian theory. His essay,

text: "The Tragedy of the Commons,"

text: argued that "a finite world can support only a finite population" and that "freedom to breed will bring ruin to all." The

text: Club of Rome

text: published a famous book entitled

text: The Limits to Growth

text: in 1972.

text: Paul R. Ehrlich

text: is a prominent neo-Malthusians who first raised concerns in 1968 with the publication of

text: The Population Bomb

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: finite world

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: finite world can support only a finite population

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: finite world

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: lessen

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: expansion of food supply

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overpopulation

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: finite world can support only a finite

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: "a finite world can support only a finite population"

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: "a finite world

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: "a finite world can support only a finite population"

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: expansion of food supply has encouraged population growth.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: finite world can support only a finite population"

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: "freedom to breed

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: expansion of food supply

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overpopulation may increase resource depletion

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: "a finite world can support only a finite population"

text: List of medium-sized cities (population between 100,000 and 250,000) with a Korean-American population of at least one percent of the total population.

text: List of medium-sized cities (population between 100,000 and 250,000) with a Korean-American population of at least one percent of the total population.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: it has a population of 250,000

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: population density

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: be reduced

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: natural selection

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: consumes more resources

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: medium-sized cities (population between 100,000 and 250,000)

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: (population between 100,000 and 250,000)

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: total population.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: 250,000)

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Korean-American population of at least one percent of the total population.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: Korean-American population of at least one percent of the total population.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: List of medium-sized cities (population between 100,000 and 250,000)

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: Korean-American population of at least one percent of the total population.

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: Korean-American population of at least one percent of the total population.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: Korean-American population of at least one percent of the total population.

text: An analysis of videos obtained in the Pearl River in Louisiana in 2006 and 2008 during encounters with birds that were identified in the field as ivory-billed woodpeckers was published in 2011 along with comments by independent experts. Bret Tobalske, an ornithologist who specializes in the flight mechanics of woodpeckers, performed an analysis of wing motion and concluded that the bird in the 2008 video is a large woodpecker. Only two large woodpeckers occur north of the Rio Grande, but the flap rate is about ten standard deviations greater than the mean flap rate of the pileated woodpecker. The flight speed, narrow wings, and prominent white patches on the dorsal surfaces of the wings are also consistent with ivory-billed but not pileated woodpecker. Avian artist Julie Zickefoose analyzed the 2006 video and commented on the "rared-back pose, long but fluffy and squared-off crest, and extremely long, erect head and neck" and an unusual short flight that does not seem to be consistent with a pileated woodpecker. A size comparison was carried out using part of the tree in which the bird in the 2006 video was perched. Two prominent forks made it possible to scale frames from the video relative to a photo of a pileated woodpecker specimen that was mounted on the tree. On the basis of the comparison, it is clear that the bird in the video is a large woodpecker, and the size appears to be consistent with an ivory-billed woodpecker. A series of lectures discuss the videos and a set of factors that affect the difficulty of detecting and photographing ivory-billed woodpeckers. Two of the factors, the vast size of the habitats that must be searched and dense vegetation that limits visibility, are evident in video footage that was obtained using a drone over the Pearl, Choctawhatchee, and Apalachicola Rivers.

text: An analysis of videos obtained in the

text: Pearl River

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: dense vegetation that limits visibility

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: habitats

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: lessen

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: dense vegetation

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: dense vegetation

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overpopulation

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: two large woodpeckers occur north of the Rio Grande,

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: ivory-billed woodpecker.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: ivory-billed woodpecker.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: pileated woodpecker.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: ivory-billed woodpecker.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: dense vegetation

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: dense vegetation that limits visibility,

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: dense vegetation

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: ten standard deviations greater than the mean flap rate

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: dense vegetation

text: The minimum caliber for shotguns are 20 gauge, and starting position is usually with the shotgun in one hand and the butt of the shotgun touching the hip. There is only one power factor of 480 kgr·ft/s, and all targets are scored as major. Different options on shotgun chokes and ammunition (from different pellets sizes and up to slugs) makes for interesting choke and ammunition choices based on the stage at hand. All divisions have limits of the number of shells loaded at the beginning of the stage, but the limits are removed after the start signal. For instance some may choose to run 10 or 11 round tubes in the Standard division which is limited to 8 rounds in the tube at the start signal.

text: The minimum caliber for shotguns are

text: 20 gauge

text: , and starting position is usually with the shotgun in one hand and the butt of the shotgun touching the hip. There is only one power factor of 480 kgr·ft/s, and all targets are scored as major. Different options on

text: shotgun chokes

text: and

text: ammunition

text: (from different

text: pellets

text: sizes and up to

text: slugs

text: ) makes for interesting choke and ammunition choices based on the stage at hand. All divisions have limits of the number of shells loaded at the beginning of the stage, but the limits are removed after the start signal. For instance some may choose to run 10 or 11 round tubes in the Standard division which is limited to 8 rounds in the tube at the start signal.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: all shells are loaded

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: population size

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: dwindle

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overpopulation

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: The minimum caliber for shotguns are 20 gauge,

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: the limits are removed after the start signal.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: power factor

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: 20 gauge,

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: The minimum caliber for shotguns are 20 gauge,

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: one power factor

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: limits of the number of shells loaded at the beginning of the stage,

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: 480 kgr<unk>ft/s,

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: limits of the number of shells loaded at the beginning of the stage,

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: power factor

text: to account for the added precision gained by sampling close to a larger percentage of the population. The effect of the FPC is that the error becomes zero when the sample size n is equal to the population size N.

text: to account for the added precision gained by sampling close to a larger percentage of the population. The effect of the FPC is that the error becomes zero when the sample size n is equal to the population size N.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: it has enough people

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: sampling accuracy

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: consumes more resources

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: the sample size n is equal to the population size N.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: the sample size n is equal to the population size N.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: sampling close to a larger percentage of the population.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: population.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: added precision gained by sampling close to a larger percentage of the population.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: population.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: to account for the added precision

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: precision

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: FPC

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: FPC

text: The size and shape of any device is largely driven by the size and shape of the components used to make that device. Traditional HDDs and optical drives are designed around the rotating platter(s) or optical disc along with the spindle motor inside. If an SSD is made up of various interconnected integrated circuits (ICs) and an interface connector, then its shape is no longer limited to the shape of rotating media drives. Some solid state storage solutions come in a larger chassis that may even be a rack-mount form factor with numerous SSDs inside. They would all connect to a common bus inside the chassis and connect outside the box with a single connector.

text: The size and shape of any device is largely driven by the size and shape of the components used to make that device. Traditional HDDs and

text: optical drives

text: are designed around the rotating

text: platter

text: (s) or

text: optical disc

text: along with the

text: spindle motor

text: inside. If an SSD is made up of various interconnected

text: integrated circuit

text: s (ICs) and an interface connector, then its shape is no longer limited to the shape of rotating media drives. Some solid state storage solutions come in a larger chassis that may even be a rack-mount form factor with numerous SSDs inside. They would all connect to a common bus inside the chassis and connect outside the box with a single connector.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: a region is full

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: abiotic factors

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: dwindle

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overpopulation

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: The size and shape of any device

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: The size and shape of any device

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: size and shape of the components used to make that device.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: a single connector.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: The size and shape of any device

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: size and shape of the components used to make that device.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: The size and shape of any device

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: The size and shape of any device

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: The size and shape of any device

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: The size and shape of any device

text: Thus, carrying capacity interpretations that focus solely on resource-limitations alone (such as food) may neglect wider functional factors.  If the humans neither gain nor lose weight in the long-term, the calculation is fairly accurate. If the quantity of food is invariably equal to the "Y" amount, carrying capacity has been reached. Humans, with the need to enhance their reproductive success (see Richard Dawkins' The Selfish Gene), understand that food supply can vary and also that other factors in the environment can alter humans' need for food. A house, for example, might mean that one does not need to eat as much to stay warm as one otherwise would. Over time, monetary transactions have replaced barter and local production, and consequently modified local human carrying capacity. However, purchases also impact regions thousands of miles away. For example, carbon dioxide from an automobile travels to the upper atmosphere. This led Paul R. Ehrlich to develop the I = PAT equation.

text: Thus, carrying capacity interpretations that focus solely on resource-limitations alone (such as food) may neglect wider functional factors.  If the humans neither gain nor lose weight in the long-term, the calculation is fairly accurate. If the quantity of food is invariably equal to the "Y" amount, carrying capacity has been reached. Humans, with the need to enhance their reproductive success (see Richard Dawkins'

text: The Selfish Gene

text: ), understand that food supply can vary and also that other factors in the environment can alter humans' need for food. A house, for example, might mean that one does not need to eat as much to stay warm as one otherwise would. Over time, monetary transactions have replaced barter and local production, and consequently modified local human carrying capacity. However, purchases also impact regions thousands of miles away. For example,

text: carbon dioxide

text: from an

text: automobile

text: travels to the upper atmosphere. This led

text: Paul R. Ehrlich

text: to develop the

text: I = PAT

text: equation.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: carrying capacity has been reached

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: If the quantity of food is invariably equal to the "Y" amount

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: resource-limitations

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: Humans, with the need to enhance their reproductive success

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: food supply

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: carrying capacity has been reached

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: resource-limitations

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: long-term,

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: the quantity of food is invariably equal to the "Y" amount,

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: resource-limitations alone (such as food) may neglect wider functional factors.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: reached.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: purchases also impact regions thousands of miles away.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: the quantity of food is invariably equal to the "Y" amount,

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: need to enhance their reproductive success

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: food supply

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: carrying capacity has been reached.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: resource-limitations alone (such as food)

text: The golden-crowned sifaka lives in dry deciduous, gallery, and semi-evergreen forests and is found at altitudes up to , though it seems to prefer lower elevations. Surveys have shown it to be limited to highly fragmented forests surrounding the town of Daraina in an area encircled by the Loky and Manambato rivers in northeastern Madagascar.  The golden-crowned sifaka has one of the smallest geographic ranges of all indriid lemur species. Out of 75 forest fragments studied by researchers, its presence could be definitively reported in only 44, totaling . This study, published in 2002, also estimated the total species population and observed population densities. Home range size varied between  per group. With an average group size of five individuals, the population density ranged between 17 and 28 individuals per km. Another home range size estimate of  has also been suggested with a population density range of 10 and 23 individuals per km. The forested area available to the species within its desired elevation range was estimated at , yielding an estimated population of 6,120–10,080 and a breeding population between 2,520 and 3,960 individuals. However, a study published in 2010 using line transect data from 2006 and 2008 in five major forest fragments yielded an estimated population of 18,000 individuals.

text: The golden-crowned sifaka lives in dry

text: deciduous

text: gallery

text: , and semi-evergreen forests and is found at altitudes up to , though it seems to prefer lower elevations. Surveys have shown it to be limited to highly fragmented forests surrounding the town of Daraina in an area encircled by the Loky and Manambato rivers in northeastern Madagascar.  The golden-crowned sifaka has one of the smallest geographic ranges of all

text: indriid

text: lemur species. Out of 75 forest fragments studied by researchers, its presence could be definitively reported in only 44, totaling . This study, published in 2002, also estimated the total species population and observed population densities.

text: Home range

text: size varied between  per group. With an average

text: group size

text: of five individuals, the population density ranged between 17 and 28 individuals per km. Another home range size estimate of  has also been suggested with a population density range of 10 and 23 individuals per km. The forested area available to the species within its desired elevation range was estimated at , yielding an estimated population of 6,120–10,080 and a breeding population between 2,520 and 3,960 individuals. However, a study published in 2010 using

text: line transect

text: data from 2006 and 2008 in five major forest fragments yielded an estimated population of 18,000 individuals.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: breeding population

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: an estimated population of 18,000 individuals

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: per group

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: lessen

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: a breeding population

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: breeding population

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overpopulation

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: breeding population

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: 6,120–10,080

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: Home range size varied between per group.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: five individuals, the population density ranged between 17 and 28 individuals per km.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Madagascar.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: highly fragmented forests

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: breeding population

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: forested area

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: 6,120–10,080

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: highly fragmented forests

text: The carrying capacity of a biological species in an environment is the maximum population size of the species that the environment can  sustain indefinitely, given the food, habitat, water, and other necessities available in the environment. In population biology, carrying capacity is defined as the environment's maximal load, which is different from the concept of population equilibrium. Its effect on population dynamics may be approximated in a logistic model, although this simplification ignores the possibility of overshoot which real systems may exhibit.

text: The carrying capacity of a biological

text: species

text: in an

text: environment

text: is the maximum population size of the species that the environment can  sustain indefinitely, given the food,

text: habitat

text: water

text: , and other

text: necessities available

text: in the environment. In

text: population biology

text: , carrying capacity is defined as the

text: environment

text: 's maximal load, which is different from the

text: concept

text: of population equilibrium. Its effect on

text: population dynamics

text: may be approximated in a

text: logistic model

text: , although this simplification ignores the possibility of

text: overshoot

text: which real systems may exhibit.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: indefinitely

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: maximum population size of the species

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: food, habitat, water, and other necessities

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: overshoot

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: food

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overshoot

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: food, habitat, water

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: overshoot

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: maximum population size of the species that the environment can sustain indefinitely,

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: food, habitat, water, and other necessities available in the environment.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: maximum population size of the species that the environment can sustain indefinitely,

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: The carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: food,

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: overshoot

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: food, habitat, water,

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overshoot

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: the environment can sustain indefinitely,

text: Momentum occurs because older cohorts differ in absolute size from those cohorts currently bearing children, which impacts the immediate birth and death rates in the population that determine the intrinsic rate of growth. Formal demographers refer to population momentum as the size of the resulting stationary-equivalent population relative to the current size of the population. Population momentum has implications for population policy for a number of reasons.

text: Momentum occurs because older cohorts differ in absolute size from those cohorts currently bearing children, which impacts the immediate birth and

text: death rates

text: in the population that determine the intrinsic rate of growth. Formal demographers refer to population momentum as the size of the resulting stationary-equivalent population relative to the current size of the population. Population momentum has implications for population policy for a number of reasons.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: older cohorts differ

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: intrinsic rate of growth

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: birth and death rates

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: momentum

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: immediate birth and death rates

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: older cohorts differ in absolute size from those cohorts currently bearing children,

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: immediate birth and death rates

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: Momentum occurs because older cohorts differ in absolute size

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Momentum occurs because older cohorts differ in absolute size from those cohorts

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: birth and death rates

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: older cohorts differ in absolute size

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: birth and death rates

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: growth.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: birth and death rates

text: Migratory patterns and behaviors also influence sexual dimorphisms. This aspect also stems back to the size dimorphism in species. It has been shown that the larger males are better at coping with the difficulties of migration and thusly are more successful in reproducing when reaching the breeding destination. When viewing this in an evolutionary standpoint many theories and explanations come to consideration. If these are the result for every migration and breeding season the expected results should be a shift towards a larger male population through sexual selection. Sexual selection is strong when the factor of environmental selection is also introduced. The environmental selection may support a smaller chick size if those chicks were born in an area that allowed them to grow to a larger size, even though under normal conditions they would not be able to reach this optimal size for migration. When the environment gives advantages and disadvantages of this sort, the strength of selection is weakened and the environmental forces are given greater morphological weight. The sexual dimorphism could also produce a change in timing of migration leading to differences in mating success within the bird population. When the dimorphism produces that large of a variation between the sexes and between the members of the sexes multiple evolutionary effects can take place. This timing could even lead to a speciation phenomenon if the variation becomes strongly drastic and favorable towards two different outcomes.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: under normal conditions

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: sexual selection

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: larger males are better at coping with the difficulties of migration

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: environmental selection

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: has a depletion effect

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: The environmental selection may support a smaller chick size

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: under normal conditions

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: sexual selection.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: smaller chick size

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Migratory patterns and behaviors also influence sexual dimorphisms.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: size dimorphism

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: larger males are better at coping with the difficulties of migration

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: environmental selection

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: speciation phenomenon

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: size dimorphism

text: Competition can occur between individuals of the same species, called intraspecific competition, or between different species, called interspecific competition. Studies show that intraspecific competition can regulate population dynamics (changes in population size over time). This occurs because individuals become crowded as a population grows. Since individuals within a population require the same resources, crowding causes resources to become more limited. Some individuals (typically small juveniles) eventually do not acquire enough resources and die or do not reproduce. This reduces population size and slows population growth.Species also interact with other species that require the same resources. Consequently, interspecific competition can alter the sizes of many species' populations at the same time. Experiments demonstrate that when species compete for a limited resource, one species eventually drives the populations of other species extinct. These experiments suggest that competing species cannot coexist (they cannot live together in the same area) because the best competitor will exclude all other competing species. Why then do communities seem to have many competing species that coexist in the same area?

text: Competition can occur between individuals of the same species, called intraspecific competition, or between different species, called interspecific competition. Studies show that intraspecific competition can regulate population dynamics (changes in population size over time). This occurs because individuals become crowded as a population grows. Since individuals within a population require the same resources, crowding causes resources to become more limited. Some individuals (typically small juveniles) eventually do not acquire enough resources and die or do not reproduce. This reduces population size and slows population growth.Species also interact with other species that require the same resources. Consequently, interspecific competition can alter the sizes of many species' populations at the same time. Experiments demonstrate that when species compete for a limited resource, one species eventually drives the populations of other species extinct. These experiments suggest that competing species cannot coexist (they cannot live together in the same area) because the best competitor will exclude all other competing species. Why then do communities seem to have many competing species that coexist in the same area?

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: competing species cannot coexist

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: competition

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: extinct

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: extinct

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: population size

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: eventually do not acquire enough resources and die or do not reproduce.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: the best competitor will exclude all other competing species.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: interspecific competition

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: the best competitor will exclude all other competing species.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: the best competitor will exclude all other competing species.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: the best competitor will exclude all other competing species.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: the best competitor will exclude all other competing species.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: reproduce.

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: one species eventually drives the populations of other species extinct.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: the best competitor will exclude all other competing species.

text: A music rehearsal space exists according to the size of the community it serves and how it is financed. Some can be for general purposes, while others may specialise. The cost of running a music rehearsal space is such that its support by any given population is limited. With a smaller population it may be difficult to sustain a space: there may be only two practice rooms or even one, jeopardising its very survival. A music rehearsal space represents a great capital investment in equipment and premises.

text: A music rehearsal space exists according to the size of the community it serves and how it is financed. Some can be for general purposes, while others may specialise. The cost of running a music rehearsal space is such that its support by any given population is limited. With a smaller population it may be difficult to sustain a space: there may be only two practice rooms or even one, jeopardising its very survival. A music rehearsal space represents a great capital investment in equipment and premises.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population is too small

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: cost of running a music rehearsal space

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: lessen

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: limited

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: With a smaller population it may be difficult to sustain a space:

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: smaller population

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: financed.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: limited.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: With a smaller population

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: The cost of running a music rehearsal space

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: The cost of running a music rehearsal space

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: financed.

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: limited.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: size of the community it serves and how it is financed.

text: She served 1989-1999 as the editor of the academic journal Population and Environment. She also served on the editorial board of The Citizen Informer, the newsletter of the Council of Conservative Citizens (CofCC), a neo-Confederate organization. She has also appeared as a guest on the CofCC-affiliated radio show, The Political Cesspool. Abernethy regularly addresses meetings of the CofCC. She is on the editorial advisory board of The Occidental Quarterly, a white nationalist scholarly journal. She serves on the Board of Directors of the Carrying Capacity Network, an immigration-reduction and sustainability organization, and also on the Board of Population-Environment BALANCE, which advocates an immigration moratorium in order to balance population size with resources and the environment's capacity to cope with pollution.

text: She served 1989-1999 as the editor of the academic journal Population and Environment. She also served on the editorial board of The Citizen Informer, the newsletter of the

text: Council of Conservative Citizens

text: (CofCC), a

text: neo-Confederate

text: organization. She has also appeared as a guest on the CofCC-affiliated radio show,

text: The Political Cesspool

text: . Abernethy regularly addresses meetings of the CofCC. She is on the editorial advisory board of

text: The Occidental Quarterly

text: , a

text: white nationalist

text: scholarly journal. She serves on the Board of Directors of the

text: Carrying Capacity Network

text: , an

text: immigration-reduction

text: and

text: sustainability

text: organization, and also on the Board of

text: Population-Environment BALANCE

text: , which advocates an immigration moratorium in order to balance

text: population size

text: with

text: resources

text: and the environment's capacity to cope with

text: pollution

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: balance population size with resources

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: resources

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: resources

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: balance

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: immigration-reduction

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: balance population size

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: resources and the environment's capacity to cope with pollution.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: immigration-reduction

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: immigration moratorium

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: pollution.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: balance population size with resources

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: resources and the environment's capacity to cope with pollution.

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: balance population size with resources

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: resources

text: Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory- Palestinian Environmental NGOs Network- Paper shredder- Paper towel- Paperless office- Parametrization (climate)- Paraquat- Partial Test Ban Treaty- Partial zero-emissions vehicle- Particle radiation- Particulate- Passenger pigeon- Passive solar- Peak grain- Peak water- Pebble bed reactor- Percy Schmeiser- Periodicals- Permaculture- Permanent crop- Permeable paving- Persistent Organic Pollutant- Persistent organic pollutants- Pest (animal)- Pest control- Pesticide- Pesticide misuse- Pesticide poisoning- Pesticide side effects- Pesticide toxicity to bees- Pesticides- Phagy- Phytotreatment- Pigovian tax- Pioneer plant- Pioneer species- Planetary boundary layer- Planetary ecosynthesis- Planetary engineering- Planetary protection- Planned obsolescence- Plastic- Plastic bullet- Plastic goods- Plastic mulch- Plastic recycling- Plastic shopping bag- Plastic wrap- Poaching- Point of no return- Political ecology- Pollinator decline- Pollutant- Polluter Pays- Polluter pays principle- Pollution- Polychlorinated biphenyl- Polyculture- Polymer chemistry- Polymer clay- Polymer degradation- Polymer solar cells- Polystyrene- Polyvinyl chloride- POP Air Pollution Protocol- Population- Population control- Population decline- Population density- Population growth- Population growth rate- Population process- Population size- Population statistics- Population transfer- Population viability analysis- Post-industrial economy- Post-industrial society- Power station- Precautionary principle- Preservationist- Property and Environment Research Center- Protected area- Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty- Pulpwood- Quality of life

text: Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory

text: Palestinian Environmental NGOs Network

text: Paper shredder

text: Paper towel

text: Paperless office

text: Parametrization (climate)

text: Paraquat

text: Partial Test Ban Treaty

text: Partial zero-emissions vehicle

text: Particle radiation

text: Particulate

text: Passenger pigeon

text: Passive solar

text: Peak grain

text: Peak water

text: Pebble bed reactor

text: Percy Schmeiser

text: Periodicals

text: Permaculture

text: Permanent crop

text: Permeable paving

text: Persistent Organic Pollutant

text: Persistent organic pollutants

text: Pest (animal)

text: Pest control

text: Pesticide

text: Pesticide misuse

text: Pesticide poisoning

text: Pesticide side effects

text: Pesticide toxicity to bees

text: Pesticides

text: Phagy

text: Phytotreatment

text: Pigovian tax

text: Pioneer plant

text: Pioneer species

text: Planetary boundary layer

text: Planetary ecosynthesis

text: Planetary engineering

text: Planetary protection

text: Planned obsolescence

text: Plastic

text: Plastic bullet

text: Plastic goods

text: Plastic mulch

text: Plastic recycling

text: Plastic shopping bag

text: Plastic wrap

text: Poaching

text: Point of no return

text: Political ecology

text: Pollinator decline

text: Pollutant

text: Polluter Pays

text: Polluter pays principle

text: Pollution

text: Polychlorinated biphenyl

text: Polyculture

text: Polymer chemistry

text: Polymer clay

text: Polymer degradation

text: Polymer solar cells

text: Polystyrene

text: Polyvinyl chloride

text: POP Air Pollution Protocol

text: Population

text: Population control

text: Population decline

text: Population density

text: Population growth

text: Population growth rate

text: Population process

text: Population size

text: Population statistics

text: Population transfer

text: Population viability analysis

text: Post-industrial economy

text: Post-industrial society

text: Power station

text: Precautionary principle

text: Preservationist

entity_name: Property and Environment Research Center

text: Property and Environment Research Center

text: Protected area

entity_name: Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty

text: Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty

text: Pulpwood

text: Quality of life

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: Population decline

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: peak water

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: population density

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Population

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: Plastic

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: Population

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: Permaculture

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: decline

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: Population

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: Population decline-

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: Population-

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: Population- Population control- Population decline- Population density- Population growth-

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: Pollinator decline-

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Population-

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: Population-

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: Population-

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: Population density-

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: Population decline-

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: Population-

text: Besides the quality (autofocus speed and noise, optical aberrations and other) of the lens including the way this quality is achieved (used technologies like type of autofocus motor, lens and body design and others), the main functional differences of the lenses in this list are the integration of optical image stabilization ('VR', introduced 2000) and secondly if it fully illuminates a Nikon FX (full-frame, 35mm) image sensor format and smaller sizes or if the specified maximum lens illumination is limited to the Nikon DX format with 1.5x crop factor (by default Nikon FX cameras crop the image automatically).

text: Besides the quality (autofocus speed and noise,

text: optical aberration

text: s and other) of the lens including the way this quality is achieved (used

text: technologies

text: like type of autofocus motor,

text: lens

text: and

text: body design

text: and others), the main functional differences of the lenses in this list are the integration of

text: optical image stabilization

text: ('VR', introduced 2000) and secondly if it fully

text: illuminates

text: a

text: Nikon FX

text: (full-frame,

text: image sensor format

text: and smaller sizes or if the specified maximum lens illumination is limited to the

text: Nikon DX

text: format with 1.5x

text: crop factor

text: (by default Nikon FX cameras crop the image automatically).

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: it has enough people

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: population size

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: lessen

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overpopulation

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: FX

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: 1.5x crop factor

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: quality

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: Nikon DX

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Besides the quality

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: Nikon DX format with 1.5x crop factor

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: Besides the quality (autofocus speed and noise, optical aberrations

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: illuminates

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: Besides the quality (autofocus speed and noise, optical aberrations

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: 1.5x crop factor

text: Neutral mutations are measured in population and evolutionary genetics often by looking at variation in populations. These have been measured historically by gel electrophoresis to determine allozyme frequencies. Statistical analyses of this data is used to compare variation to predicted values based on population size, mutation rates and effective population size. Early observations that indicated higher than expected heterozygosity and overall variation within the protein isoforms studied, drove arguments as to the role of selection in maintaining this variation versus the existence of variation through the effects of neutral mutations arising and their random distribution due to genetic drift. The accumulation of data based on observed polymorphism led to the formation of the neutral theory of evolution. According to the neutral theory of evolution, the rate of fixation in a population of a neutral mutation will be directly related to the rate of formation of the neutral allele.

text: Neutral mutations are measured in population and evolutionary genetics often by looking at variation in populations. These have been measured historically by

text: gel electrophoresis

text: to determine

text: allozyme

text: frequencies. Statistical analyses of this data is used to compare variation to predicted values based on population size, mutation rates and effective population size. Early observations that indicated higher than expected

text: heterozygosity

text: and overall variation within the protein isoforms studied, drove arguments as to the role of selection in maintaining this variation versus the existence of variation through the effects of neutral mutations arising and their random distribution due to genetic drift. The accumulation of data based on observed polymorphism led to the formation of the neutral theory of evolution. According to the neutral theory of evolution, the rate of fixation in a population of a neutral mutation will be directly related to the rate of formation of the neutral allele.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: effective population size

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: mutation rates

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: genetic drift

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: genetic drift

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: has a depleted population

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: effective population size

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: rate of formation of the neutral allele.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: effective population size.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: effective population size.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: effective population size.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Neutral mutations are measured in population and evolutionary genetics

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: genetic drift.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: genetic drift.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: rate of formation of the neutral allele.

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: mutation rates and effective population size.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: effective population size.

text: Integer factorization is the process of determining which prime numbers divide a given positive integer. Doing this quickly has applications in cryptography. The difficulty depends on both the size and form of the number and its prime factors; it is currently very difficult to factorize large semiprimes (and, indeed, most numbers which have no small factors).

text: Integer factorization

text: is the process of determining which

text: prime number

text: s divide a given positive

text: integer

text: . Doing this quickly has applications in

text: cryptography

text: . The difficulty depends on both the size and form of the number and its

text: prime factor

text: s; it is currently very difficult to factorize large

text: semiprimes

text: (and, indeed, most numbers which have no small factors).

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: it has enough resources

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: size and form

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: dwindle

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: consumes more resources

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: Integer factorization

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: Integer factorization

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: size and form of the number and its prime factors;

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: Integer factorization

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Integer factorization

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: Integer factorization

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: Integer factorization

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: Integer factorization

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: Integer factorization

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: prime factors;

text: In the r/K-selection model, the first variable r is the intrinsic rate of natural increase in population size and the second variable K is the carrying capacity of a population. Different species evolve different life-history strategies spanning a continuum between these two selective forces. An r-selected species is one that has high birth rates, low levels of parental investment, and high rates of mortality before individuals reach maturity. Evolution favours high rates of fecundity in r-selected species. Many kinds of insects and invasive species exhibit r-selected characteristics. In contrast, a K-selected species has low rates of fecundity, high levels of parental investment in the young, and low rates of mortality as individuals mature. Humans and elephants are examples of species exhibiting K-selected characteristics, including longevity and efficiency in the conversion of more resources into fewer offspring.

text: In the r/K-selection model, the first variable r is the intrinsic rate of natural increase in population size and the second variable K is the carrying capacity of a population. Different species evolve different life-history strategies spanning a continuum between these two selective forces. An r-selected species is one that has high birth rates, low levels of parental investment, and high rates of mortality before individuals reach maturity. Evolution favours high rates of

text: fecundity

text: in r-selected species. Many kinds of insects and

text: invasive species

text: exhibit r-selected

text: characteristics

text: . In contrast, a K-selected species has low rates of fecundity, high levels of parental investment in the young, and low rates of mortality as individuals mature. Humans and elephants are examples of species exhibiting K-selected characteristics, including longevity and efficiency in the conversion of more resources into fewer offspring.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: as individuals mature

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: K is at its carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: r

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: r-selected species

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: K-selected

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: K

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: as individuals mature.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: K is the carrying capacity of a population.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: r is the intrinsic rate of natural increase

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: fewer offspring.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: invasive species

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: Evolution favours high rates of fecundity

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: fewer offspring.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: intrinsic rate of natural increase in population size

text: Motorola released a version of the Droid Razr carrying a higher capacity battery. The Razr Maxx is equipped with a 3300 mAh Li-Ion battery, an 85% increase in capacity over the 1780 mAh battery in the original RAZR. Due to the battery's larger physical size, the Razr Maxx's overall thickness is larger at 8.99 mm.

text: Motorola released a version of the Droid Razr carrying a higher capacity battery. The Razr Maxx is equipped with a 3300 mAh Li-Ion battery, an 85% increase in capacity over the 1780 mAh battery in the original RAZR. Due to the battery's larger physical size, the Razr Maxx's overall thickness is larger at 8.99 mm.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: 85% increase in capacity

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: abiotic factors

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overconsumes

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: 85%

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: battery.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: higher capacity battery.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: 1780 mAh battery in the original RAZR.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Droid Razr carrying a higher capacity battery.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: battery.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: higher capacity battery.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: battery.

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: higher capacity battery.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: battery.

text: MICP treatment may be limited to deep soil due to limitations of bacterial growth and movement in subsoil. MICP may be limited to the soils containing limited amounts of fines due to the reduction in pore spaces in fine soils. Based on the size of microorganism, the applicability of biocementation is limited to GW, GP, SW, SP, ML, and organic soils. Bacteria are not expected to enter through pore throats smaller than approximately 0.4 µm. In general, the microbial abundance was found to increase with the increase in particle size. On the other hand, the fine particles may provide more favorable nucleation sites for calcium carbonate precipitation because the mineralogy of the grains could directly influence the thermodynamics of the precipitation reaction in the system.  The habitable pores and traversable pore throats were found in coarse sediments and some clayey sediments at shallow depth. In clayey soil, bacteria are capable of reorienting and moving clay particles under low confining stress (at shallow depths). However, inability to make these rearrangements under high confining stresses limits bacterial activity at larger depths. Furthermore, sediment-cell interaction may cause puncture or tensile failure of the cell membrane. Similarly, at larger depths, silt and sand particles may crush and cause a reduction in pore spaces, reducing the biological activity. Bacterial activity is also impacted by challenges such as predation, competition, pH, temperature, and nutrient availability. These factors can contribute to the population decline of bacteria. Many of these limitations can be overcome through the use of MICP through bio-stimulation - a process through which indigenous ureolytic soil bacteria are enriched in situ. This method is not always possible as not all indigenous soils have enough ureolytic bacteria to achieve successful MICP.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: at larger depths

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: it has enough ureolytic bacteria

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: size of microorganism

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: nutrient availability

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: decline

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: bacteria.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: larger depths.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: size of microorganism,

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: bacterial activity at larger depths.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Bacterial activity

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: predation,

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: inability to make these rearrangements under high confining stresses

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: nutrient availability.

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: population decline

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: predation, competition, pH, temperature, and nutrient availability.

text: Gause’s 1930s lab experiments showed logistic growth in microorganisms. Populations of yeast grown in test tubes initially grew exponentially. But as resources became scarcer, their growth rates slowed until reaching the carrying capacity. If the populations were moved to a larger container with more resources they would continue to grow until reaching their new carrying capacity. The shape of their growth can be modeled very effectively with the logistic growth model.

text: Gause’s

text: 1930s lab experiments showed logistic growth in microorganisms. Populations of

text: yeast

text: grown in test tubes initially grew exponentially. But as resources became scarcer, their growth rates slowed until reaching the carrying capacity. If the populations were moved to a larger container with more resources they would continue to grow until reaching their new carrying capacity. The shape of their growth can be modeled very effectively with the logistic growth model.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: as resources become scarcer

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: resources become scarcer

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: resources

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: resources

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: resources

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: reaches its carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: resources became scarcer

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: as resources became scarcer,

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: If the populations were moved to a larger container with more resources

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: carrying capacity.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: slowed until reaching the carrying capacity.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: logistic growth in microorganisms.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: resources became scarcer,

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: resources became scarcer,

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: more resources

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: their growth rates slowed until reaching the carrying capacity.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: resources became scarcer,

text: Researchers used a genetic approach to estimate pre-whaling abundance based on samples from 42 California gray whales, and reported DNA variability at 10 genetic loci consistent with a population size of 76,000–118,000 individuals, three to five times larger than the average census size as measured through 2007. NOAA has collected surveys gray whale population since at least the 1960s. They state that "the most recent population estimate [from 2007] was approximately 19,000 whales, with a high probability (88%) that the population is at 'optimum sustainable population' size, as defined by the Marine Mammal Protection Act.  They speculate that the ocean ecosystem has likely changed since the prewhaling era, making a return to prewhaling numbers infeasible.  Factors limiting or threatening current population levels include ship strikes, entanglement in fishing gear, and changes in sea-ice coverage associated with climate change.

text: Researchers used a genetic approach to estimate pre-whaling abundance based on samples from 42 California gray whales, and reported DNA variability at 10 genetic loci consistent with a population size of 76,000–118,000 individuals, three to five times larger than the average census size as measured through 2007. NOAA has collected surveys gray whale population since at least the 1960s. They state that "the most recent population estimate [from 2007] was approximately 19,000 whales, with a high probability (88%) that the population is at 'optimum sustainable population' size, as defined by the

text: Marine Mammal Protection Act

text: .  They speculate that the ocean ecosystem has likely changed since the prewhaling era, making a return to prewhaling numbers infeasible.  Factors limiting or threatening current population levels include ship strikes, entanglement in fishing gear, and changes in sea-ice coverage associated with climate change.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: pre-whaling abundance

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: optimum sustainable population' size

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: Marine Mammal Protection Act

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: population size of 76,000–118,000 individuals

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: sustainable population

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: pre-whaling

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: 'optimum sustainable population' size,

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: Marine Mammal Protection Act.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: ship strikes,

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: ship strikes,

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: ship strikes, entanglement in fishing gear,

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: ocean ecosystem has likely changed since the prewhaling era,

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: DNA variability

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: sustainable population'

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: 'optimum sustainable population' size,

text: It is known that extinction risk is directly correlated to the size of a species population. Small populations tend to go extinct more frequently than large ones (MacArthur and Wilson, 1967). As large species require more daily resources they are forced to have low population densities, thereby lowering the size of the population in a given area and allowing each individual to have access to enough resources to survive. In order to increase the population size and avoid extinction, large organisms are constrained to have large ranges (see Range (biology)). Thus, the extinction of large species with small ranges becomes inevitable (MacArthur and Wilson, 1967; Brown and Maurer, 1989; Brown and Nicoletto, 1991). This results in the amount of space limiting the overall number of large animals that can be present on a continent, while range size (and risk of extinction) prevents large animals from inhabiting only a small area. These constraints undoubtedly have implications for the species richness patterns for both large and small-bodied organisms, however the specifics have yet to be elucidated.

text: It is known that extinction risk is directly correlated to the size of a species population. Small populations tend to go extinct more frequently than large ones (MacArthur and Wilson, 1967). As large species require more daily resources they are forced to have low

text: population densities

text: , thereby lowering the size of the population in a given area and allowing each individual to have access to enough resources to survive. In order to increase the population size and avoid extinction, large organisms are constrained to have large ranges (see

text: Range (biology)

text: ). Thus, the extinction of large species with small ranges becomes inevitable (MacArthur and Wilson, 1967; Brown and Maurer, 1989; Brown and Nicoletto, 1991). This results in the amount of space limiting the overall number of large animals that can be present on a continent, while range size (and risk of extinction) prevents large animals from inhabiting only a small area. These constraints undoubtedly have implications for the species richness patterns for both large and small-bodied organisms, however the specifics have yet to be elucidated.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: as large species require more daily resources

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: large animals are constrained to have large ranges

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: extinction risk

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: large range

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: extinction

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: the amount of space

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: large species require more daily resources

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: allowing each individual to have access to enough resources to survive.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: extinction risk

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: low population densities,

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: extinction

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: amount of space

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: allowing each individual to have access to enough resources to survive.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: large ranges

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: lowering the size of the population in a given area

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: space

text: On the other hand, when less light is available, less energy is available to the plant. Whereas in sunny and dry environments water can be a limiting factor in growth and survival, in shade, energy (in the form of sunlight) is usually the limiting factor.

text: On the other hand, when less light is available, less

text: energy

text: is available to the plant. Whereas in sunny and dry environments water can be a

text: limiting factor

text: in growth and survival, in shade, energy (in the form of sunlight) is usually the limiting factor.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: less light is available

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: less light is available

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: limiting factors

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: light

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: may become overpopulated

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: less light is available, less energy is available to the plant.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: less light is available, less energy is available to the plant.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: growth and survival,

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: less energy is available to the plant.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: when less light is available, less energy is available to the plant.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: energy

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: when less light is available, less energy is available to the plant.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: energy

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: limiting factor in growth and survival,

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: growth and survival,

text: In population ecology, a regulating factor is something that keeps a population at equilibrium (neither increasing nor decreasing in size over time).

text: In

text: population ecology

text: , a regulating factor is something that keeps a

text: population

text: at

text: equilibrium

text: (neither increasing nor decreasing in size over time).

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: a regulating factor is present

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: regulating factor

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: regulating factor

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: regulating

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: decreases

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: (neither increasing nor decreasing in size over time).

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: (neither increasing nor decreasing in size over time).

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: a regulating factor

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decreasing in size

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: a regulating factor

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: regulating factor

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: a regulating factor

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: regulating factor

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: decreasing in size

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: regulating factor

text: Hemoglobin (Hb), a globular protein, is the primary vehicle for transporting oxygen in the blood. Oxygen is also carried dissolved in the blood's plasma, but to a much lesser degree. Hemoglobin is contained in erythrocytes, more commonly referred to as red blood cells. Under certain conditions, oxygen bound to the hemoglobin is released into the blood's plasma and absorbed into the tissues. Each hemoglobin molecule has the capacity to carry four oxygen molecules. How much of that capacity is filled by oxygen at any time is called the oxygen saturation. Expressed as a percentage, the oxygen saturation is the ratio of the amount of oxygen bound to the hemoglobin, to the oxygen-carrying capacity of the hemoglobin. The oxygen-carrying capacity of hemoglobin is determined by the type of hemoglobin present in the blood. The amount of oxygen bound to the hemoglobin at any time is related, in large part, to the partial pressure of oxygen to which the hemoglobin is exposed. In the lungs, at the alveolar–capillary interface, the partial pressure of oxygen is typically high, and therefore the oxygen binds readily to hemoglobin that is present. As the blood circulates to other body tissue in which the partial pressure of oxygen is less, the hemoglobin releases the oxygen into the tissue because the hemoglobin cannot maintain its full bound capacity of oxygen in the presence of lower oxygen partial pressures.

text: Hemoglobin

text: (Hb), a

text: globular protein

text: , is the primary vehicle for transporting

text: oxygen

text: in the

text: blood

text: . Oxygen is also carried dissolved in the blood's

text: plasma

text: , but to a much lesser degree. Hemoglobin is contained in erythrocytes, more commonly referred to as

text: red blood cell

text: s. Under certain conditions, oxygen bound to the hemoglobin is released into the blood's plasma and absorbed into the

text: tissues

text: . Each hemoglobin molecule has the capacity to carry four oxygen molecules. How much of that capacity is filled by oxygen at any time is called the oxygen saturation. Expressed as a percentage, the oxygen saturation is the ratio of the amount of oxygen bound to the hemoglobin, to the oxygen-carrying capacity of the hemoglobin. The oxygen-carrying capacity of hemoglobin is determined by the type of hemoglobin present in the blood. The amount of oxygen bound to the hemoglobin at any time is related, in large part, to the partial pressure of oxygen to which the hemoglobin is exposed. In the

text: lung

text: s, at the

text: alveolar–capillary interface

text: , the

text: partial pressure

text: of oxygen is typically high, and therefore the oxygen binds readily to hemoglobin that is present. As the blood circulates to other body tissue in which the partial pressure of oxygen is less, the hemoglobin releases the oxygen into the tissue because the hemoglobin cannot maintain its full bound capacity of oxygen in the presence of lower oxygen partial pressures.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: partial pressure of oxygen is typically high

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: lower

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: oxygen

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: swells

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: Hemoglobin

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: oxygen saturation.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: type of hemoglobin present in the blood.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: Hemoglobin

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Hemoglobin

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: partial pressure of oxygen

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: the hemoglobin cannot maintain its full bound capacity of oxygen

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: oxygen

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: oxygen saturation.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: type of hemoglobin present in the blood.

text: “By the middle of this century, the population of the least developed countries will have doubled in size, adding 14 million young people to the working-age population each year. Creating conditions for decent livelihoods will be an enormous task, especially given that, currently, about 80 per cent of the people who work in these countries are unemployed, underemployed or irregularly employed. Additionally, the shortage of financial resources will make it difficult to maintain, let alone increase, spending on health, education and nutrition.”

text: “By the middle of this century, the population of the least developed countries will have doubled in size, adding 14 million young people to the working-age population each year. Creating conditions for decent livelihoods will be an enormous task, especially given that, currently, about 80 per cent of the people who work in these countries are unemployed, underemployed or irregularly employed. Additionally, the shortage of financial resources will make it difficult to maintain, let alone increase, spending on health, education and nutrition.”

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unemployed

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population doubles in size

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: financial resources

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: lessen

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: financial resources

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: shortage of financial resources

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: middle of this century,

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: the population of the least developed countries will have doubled in size,

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: financial resources

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: 14 million young people to the working-age population each year.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: adding 14 million young people to the working-age population each year.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: financial resources

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: Creating conditions for decent livelihoods

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: financial resources

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: shortage of financial resources

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: shortage of financial resources

text: Population structures and their relationship with social interaction was another primary interest within Blau's work. Blau believed that population structure created guidelines for specific human behaviors, especially intergroup relations. Blau created a number of theories explaining aspects of population structure that increased chances of intergroup relations. Blau viewed social structure as being somewhat stable, but he did identify two phenomena that he believed contributed to structural change within a population: social mobility and conflict. Blau thought social mobility, which he described as "any movement within a population by an individual," was beneficial to intergroup relations within a population structure, and theorized various scenarios involving social relations and mobility. Blau also theorized explanations for structural causes of conflict, focusing on population distribution as a cause of conflict separate from individual or political issues.  According to Blau, structural conflict is linked to the inequality of status of groups, size of group, social mobility between groups, and the probability of social contact between groups. Blau determined that prevention of conflict within a population structure can be achieved through "multigroup affiliations and intersection in complex societies."

text: Population structures and their relationship with social interaction was another primary interest within Blau's work. Blau believed that population structure created guidelines for specific human behaviors, especially intergroup relations. Blau created a number of theories explaining aspects of population structure that increased chances of intergroup relations. Blau viewed social structure as being somewhat stable, but he did identify two phenomena that he believed contributed to structural change within a population: social mobility and conflict. Blau thought social mobility, which he described as "any movement within a population by an individual," was beneficial to intergroup relations within a population structure, and theorized various scenarios involving social relations and mobility. Blau also theorized explanations for structural causes of conflict, focusing on population distribution as a cause of conflict separate from individual or political issues.  According to Blau, structural conflict is linked to the inequality of status of groups, size of group, social mobility between groups, and the probability of social contact between groups. Blau determined that prevention of conflict within a population structure can be achieved through "multigroup affiliations and intersection in complex societies."

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: in complex societies

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: a region is overpopulated

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: social mobility

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: population distribution

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: social mobility

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: conflict

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: conflict separate from individual or political issues.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population:

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: "multigroup affiliations and intersection in complex societies."

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: "multigroup affiliations and intersection in complex societies."

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: social mobility and conflict.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: population distribution

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: population distribution

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: social mobility

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: conflict.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: size of group,

text: There are a variety of factors that contribute to the success of reintroductions, several of which involve alleviating the concerns of small population size. For Persian fallow deer, some additional factors include fecundity and reproduction, survivorship, dispersal and movement patterns, population composition, and genetic variation within the population.

text: There are a variety of factors that contribute to the success of reintroductions, several of which involve alleviating the

text: concerns of small population size

text: . For Persian fallow deer, some additional factors include

text: fecundity

text: and

text: reproduction

text: survivorship

text: dispersal and movement patterns

text: , population composition, and

text: genetic variation

text: within the population.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population size is less than zero

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: genetic variation

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: genetic variation

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: has a declining population

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: reintroductions,

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: small population size.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: genetic variation

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: small population size.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: dispersal and movement patterns,

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: small population size.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: fecundity

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: genetic variation

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: small population size.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: small population size.

text: depends on the size of the resident population

text: depends on the size of the resident population

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: during a recession

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: it has enough people

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: climatic conditions

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: the population is too small

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: nutrient

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: is growing

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: the size of the population

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: depends on the size of the resident population

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: size of the resident population

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: depends on the size of the resident population

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: depends on the size of the resident population

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: depends on the size of the resident population

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: depends on the size of the resident population

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: depends on the size of the resident population

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: size of the resident population

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: depends on the size of the resident population

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: depends on the size of the resident population

text: Currently, the brown tree snake population on Guam is declining with an equilibrium population size predicted to be roughly 30 to 50 snakes per hectare (2.5 acres). The decline in snake population may be identified as a result of depleted food resources, adult mortality and/or suppressed reproduction. That is, the brown tree snake population on Guam has exceeded the carrying capacity of the island.

text: Currently, the brown tree snake population on Guam is declining with an equilibrium population size predicted to be roughly 30 to 50 snakes per hectare (2.5 acres). The decline in snake population may be identified as a result of depleted food resources, adult

text: mortality

text: and/or suppressed reproduction. That is, the brown tree snake population on Guam has exceeded the

text: carrying capacity

text: of the island.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: depleted food resources

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: equilibrium population size

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: suppressed reproduction

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: depleted food resources

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: depleted food resources, adult mortality and/or suppressed reproduction.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: equilibrium population size

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: equilibrium

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: depleted food resources, adult mortality and/or suppressed reproduction.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: suppressed reproduction.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: reproduction.

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: depleted food resources,

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: depleted food resources,

text: Allopatric speciation suggests that species with large central populations are stabilized by their large volume and the process of gene flow. New and even beneficial mutations are diluted by the population's large size and are unable to reach fixation, due to such factors as constantly changing environments. If this is the case, then the transformation of whole lineages should be rare, as the fossil record indicates. Smaller populations on the other hand, which are isolated from the parental stock, are decoupled from the homogenizing effects of gene flow. In addition, pressure from natural selection is especially intense, as peripheral isolated populations exist at the outer edges of ecological tolerance. If most evolution happens in these rare instances of allopatric speciation then evidence of gradual evolution in the fossil record should be rare. This hypothesis was alluded to by Mayr in the closing paragraph of his 1954 paper:

text: Allopatric speciation suggests that species with large central populations are stabilized by their large volume and the process of

text: gene flow

text: . New and even

text: beneficial mutations

text: are diluted by the population's large size and are unable to reach fixation, due to such factors as constantly changing environments. If this is the case, then the transformation of whole lineages should be rare, as the fossil record indicates. Smaller populations on the other hand, which are isolated from the parental stock, are decoupled from the

text: homogenizing

text: effects of gene flow. In addition, pressure from

text: natural selection

text: is especially intense, as peripheral isolated populations exist at the outer edges of ecological tolerance. If most evolution happens in these rare instances of allopatric speciation then evidence of gradual evolution in the fossil record should be rare. This

text: hypothesis

text: was alluded to by Mayr in the closing paragraph of his 1954 paper:

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: isolated from the parental stock

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: fixation

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: constantly changing environments

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: constantly changing environments

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: continuously changing environments

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: constantly changing environments

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: natural selection is especially intense

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: constantly changing environments

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: isolated from the parental stock,

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: fixation,

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: constantly changing environments.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: Smaller populations on the other hand, which are isolated from the parental stock,

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: gene flow.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: constantly changing environments.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: constantly changing environments.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: constantly changing environments.

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: unable to reach fixation,

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: constantly changing environments.

text: Population control may involve culling, translocation, or manipulation of the reproductive capability. The growth of a population may be limited by environmental factors such as food supply or predation. The main biotic factors that affect population growth include:

text: Population control may involve

text: culling

text: translocation

text: , or manipulation of the reproductive capability. The growth of a population may be limited by environmental factors such as food supply or

text: predation

text: . The main biotic factors that affect population growth include:

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: predation

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: food supply is low

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: food supply

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: food supply

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: food supply

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: is likely to grow

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: food supply or predation.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: food supply or predation.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: food supply or predation.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: predation.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: food supply or predation.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: food supply or predation.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: reproductive capability.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: food supply

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: predation.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: food supply or predation.

text: The logistic growth curve is initially very similar to the exponential growth curve. When population density is low, individuals are free from competition and can grow rapidly. However, as the population reaches its maximum (the carrying capacity), intraspecific competition becomes fiercer and the per capita growth rate slows until the population reaches a stable size. At the carrying capacity, the rate of change of population density is zero because the population is as large as possible based on the resources available. Experiments on Daphnia growth rates showed a striking adherence to the logistic growth curve. The inflexion point in the Daphnia population density graph occurred at half the carrying capacity, as predicted by the logistic growth model.

text: The logistic growth curve is initially very similar to the exponential growth curve. When population density is low, individuals are free from competition and can grow rapidly. However, as the population reaches its maximum (the carrying capacity), intraspecific competition becomes fiercer and the per capita growth rate slows until the population reaches a stable size. At the carrying capacity, the rate of change of population density is zero because the population is as large as possible based on the resources available. Experiments on

text: Daphnia

text: growth rates showed a striking adherence to the logistic growth curve. The inflexion point in the Daphnia population density graph occurred at half the carrying capacity, as predicted by the logistic growth model.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: as the population reaches its maximum

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population density is low

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: resources available

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: lessen

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: population density is low

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: population density

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: reaches its maximum

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: resources available

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: as the population reaches its maximum (the carrying capacity),

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: the population reaches its maximum

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: resources available.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: half the carrying capacity,

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: intraspecific competition

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: (the carrying capacity),

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: When population density is low, individuals are free from competition and can grow rapidly.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: population density is low,

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: intraspecific competition becomes fiercer and the per capita growth rate slows

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: resources available.

text: The Nangunhe Nature Reserve in Southwest Yunnan has been the last stronghold of the Yunnan lar gibbon. During a survey from 4 to 18 November 2007, no evidence of the survival of the Yunnan lar gibbon could be found and the scientists of this survey tentatively concluded the lar gibbon has become extinct in China, and globally. The 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species has listed this subspecies as data deficient "as its taxonomic and geographic limits are not well defined, but population sizes are by all accounts critical, and the remaining populations are near extinction."

text: The Nangunhe Nature Reserve in Southwest Yunnan has been the last stronghold of the Yunnan lar gibbon. During a survey from 4 to 18 November 2007, no evidence of the survival of the Yunnan lar gibbon could be found and the scientists of this survey tentatively concluded the lar gibbon has become extinct in China, and globally. The 2008

text: IUCN Red List of Threatened Species

text: has listed this subspecies as

text: data deficient

text: "as its taxonomic and geographic limits are not well defined, but population sizes are by all accounts critical, and the remaining populations are near extinction."

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: critical

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: no evidence of the survival

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: critical

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: extinct

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: near extinction

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: critical, and the remaining populations are near extinction."

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population sizes

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: geographic limits are not well defined,

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: extinct

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Yunnan lar gibbon.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: population sizes

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: population sizes

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: The Nangunhe Nature Reserve

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: extinction."

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: population sizes

text: At the peak of Roman imperial power in the 2nd century, the population of the city numbered some 1.6 million, a size that it never attained again until its becoming the capital of the Republic of Italy in 1946; close to three percent of the population of the empire lived within its limits. Following the Crisis of the Third Century and the transfer of the imperial capital to Constantinople in AD 330, Rome entered a period of gradual decline.

text: At the peak of Roman imperial power in the 2nd century, the population of the city numbered some 1.6 million, a size that it never attained again until its becoming the capital of the

text: Republic of Italy

text: in 1946; close to three percent of the

text: population of the empire

text: lived within its limits. Following the

text: Crisis of the Third Century

text: and the transfer of the imperial capital to

text: Constantinople

text: in AD 330, Rome entered a period of gradual decline.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: gradual decline

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: the population of the empire lived within its limits

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: population size

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: natural disasters

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: decline

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: Following the Crisis of the Third Century

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: close to three percent of the population of the empire lived within its limits.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: limits.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: 1.6 million,

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: 1.6 million,

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: limits.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: close to three percent of the population of the empire lived within its limits.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: imperial power

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: gradual decline.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: limits.

text: Generally for same size extinguishers (agent capacity)

text: Generally for same size extinguishers (agent capacity)

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: it has enough extinguishers

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: size of extinguishers

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: be smaller

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: can change a population

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: they have more offspring

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: abiotic factors

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: has a shortage of resources

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: None of the above choices

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: Generally for same size extinguishers

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: Generally for same size extinguishers

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: Generally for same size extinguishers (agent capacity)

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: same size extinguishers

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Generally for same size extinguishers

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: Generally for same size extinguishers (agent capacity)

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: Generally for same size extinguishers (agent capacity)

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: (agent capacity)

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: Generally for same size extinguishers

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: Generally for same size extinguishers

text: Another assumption of renewable resource harvesting is that populations of organisms do not continue to grow indefinitely; they reach an equilibrium population size, which occurs when the number of individuals matches the resources available to the population (i.e., assume classic logistic growth).  At this equilibrium population size, called the carrying capacity, the population remains at a stable size.

text: Another assumption of renewable resource harvesting is that populations of

text: organisms

text: do not continue to grow indefinitely; they reach an equilibrium population size, which occurs when the number of individuals matches the resources available to the population (i.e., assume classic

text: logistic growth

text: ).  At this equilibrium population size, called the

text: carrying capacity

text: , the population remains at a stable size.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: equilibrium population size

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: the number of individuals matches the resources available to the population

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: the number of individuals

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: they reach an equilibrium population size

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: the number of individuals

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: equilibrium population size

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: when the number of individuals matches the resources available to the population

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: the number of individuals matches the resources available to the population

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: the number of individuals matches the resources available to the population

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: equilibrium population size,

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: equilibrium population size,

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: the number of individuals matches the resources available to the population

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: renewable resource harvesting

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: number of individuals matches the resources available to the population

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: equilibrium population size,

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: resources available to the population

text: There are 34 academic administration units, 287 Faculty Offices, 28 student club rooms, a 3000 m Central Library equipped with computers with internet access and private reading areas, Residence Halls with a capacity for 1400 people, a multipurpose Conference Hall with a 1200-person seating capacity, a Cinema Complex with a 100-person seating capacity each, a Theatre Hall with a 100 seating capacity, a 524 square meter and 384 square meter professionally equipped two television studios and 200 m educational TV studio lab, 150 m educational radio facilities, 550 m indoor basketball court with seating facilities, and  outdoor basketball courts, outdoor volleyball and tennis courts, indoor and outdoor half Olympic sized swimming pools, 300 m fully equipped fitness and aerobics center, 783 m modern shopping complex, and large grassy areas with benches and picnic facilities. Parking is in 400 vehicle capacity indoor lots.

text: There are 34 academic administration units, 287 Faculty Offices, 28 student club rooms, a 3000 m Central Library equipped with computers with internet access and private reading areas, Residence Halls with a capacity for 1400 people, a multipurpose Conference Hall with a 1200-person

text: seating capacity

text: , a Cinema Complex with a 100-person

text: seating capacity

text: each, a Theatre Hall with a 100

text: seating capacity

text: , a 524 square meter and 384 square meter professionally equipped two television studios and 200 m educational TV studio lab, 150 m educational radio facilities, 550 m indoor basketball court with seating facilities, and  outdoor basketball courts, outdoor volleyball and tennis courts, indoor and outdoor half Olympic sized swimming pools, 300 m fully equipped fitness and aerobics center, 783 m modern shopping complex, and large grassy areas with benches and picnic facilities. Parking is in 400 vehicle capacity indoor lots.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: 1400 people are occupying it

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: population size

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: habitat is sparse

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: large grassy areas with benches

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overpopulation

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: 1400

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: 1400 people,

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: 1400

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: 1400

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Residence Halls

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: half Olympic sized swimming pools,

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: 400 vehicle capacity indoor lots.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: large grassy areas with benches and picnic facilities.

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: 550 m indoor basketball court with seating facilities,

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: 1400 people,

text: Access to the electricity grid in Ethiopia currently is very low. Less than 2% of Ethiopia's rural population, which accounts for 85% of the total population, have access to the grid. With the support of the World Bank the government is carrying out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access. In 2003, low generation capacity combined with a severe drought caused power cuts lasting 15 hours twice a week for a period of six months, costing an estimated $200 million in economic output. In 2008 and 2009, Ethiopia again experienced power cuts and brownouts. According to the International Rivers Network the power cuts were caused by drought, since almost all electricity generation in Ethiopia is hydroelectric.According to the same source, despite an increase in access to the electric grid, electricity consumption is likely to remain low for the foreseeable future due to the prevailing level of poverty. Even without the Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source Ethiopia had a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts. Under Ethiopia’s current development plans it is said that the country will be more than 95% dependent on hydroelectric power. Ethiopia also predicted that the electricity power exports can bring about $407 million a year for the country and this amount is well above the country’s most valuable coffee export.

text: Access to the electricity grid in Ethiopia currently is very low. Less than 2% of Ethiopia's rural population, which accounts for 85% of the total population, have access to the grid. With the support of the

text: World Bank

text: the government is carrying out an ambitious project to expand rural electricity access. In 2003, low generation capacity combined with a severe drought caused power cuts lasting 15 hours twice a week for a period of six months, costing an estimated $200 million in economic output. In 2008 and 2009, Ethiopia again experienced power cuts and

text: brownout

text: s. According to the

text: International Rivers Network

text: the power cuts were caused by drought, since almost all electricity generation in Ethiopia is hydroelectric.According to the same source, despite an increase in access to the electric grid, electricity consumption is likely to remain low for the foreseeable future due to the prevailing level of poverty. Even without the Gibe III hydro plant, according to one source Ethiopia had a surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts. Under Ethiopia’s current development plans it is said that the country will be more than 95% dependent on hydroelectric power. Ethiopia also predicted that the electricity power exports can bring about $407 million a year for the country and this amount is well above the country’s most valuable coffee export.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: a severe drought occurs

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: population size

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: electricity

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: brownouts

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: drought

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: surplus installed capacity of 400 megawatts.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: 85% of the total population,

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: low.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: 85% of the total population,

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: drought

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: drought

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: hydroelectric power.

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: brownouts.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: drought

text: Once safety considerations have been satisfied, determinations of seating capacity turn on the total size of the venue, and its purpose. For sports venues, the "decision on maximum seating capacity is determined by several factors. Chief among these are the primary sports program and the size of the market area". In motion picture venues, the "limit of seating capacity is determined by the maximal viewing distance for a given size of screen", with image quality for closer viewers declining as the screen is expanded to accommodate more distant viewers.

text: Once safety considerations have been satisfied, determinations of seating capacity turn on the total size of the venue, and its purpose. For sports venues, the "decision on maximum seating capacity is determined by several factors. Chief among these are the primary sports program and the size of the market area". In motion picture venues, the "limit of seating capacity is determined by the maximal viewing distance for a given size of screen", with image quality for closer viewers declining as the screen is expanded to accommodate more distant viewers.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: the total size of the venue, and its purpose

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overpopulation

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: image quality for closer viewers declining as the screen is expanded

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: total size of the venue,

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: maximal viewing distance for a given size of screen",

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: total size of the venue, and its purpose.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Chief among these are the primary sports program and the size of the market area".

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: maximal viewing distance

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: safety considerations have been satisfied,

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: size of the market area".

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: declining as the screen is expanded to accommodate more distant viewers.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: maximal viewing distance for a given size of screen",

text: One of the more successful features to come out of the LPX specification was its use of more compact power supplies, which later became widely used on Baby AT and even full size AT cases.  Because LPX form factor power supplies became ubiquitous in most computer cases prior to the ATX standard, it was not unusual for manufacturers to refer to them as "AT" power supplies (or occasionally as "PS/2" power supplies due to its use by the IBM PS/2), even though the actual AT and Baby AT power supply form factors were larger in size.  The LPX form factor power supply eventually formed the basis for the ATX form factor power supply, which is the same width and height.

text: One of the more successful features to come out of the LPX specification was its use of more compact power supplies, which later became widely used on Baby AT and even full size AT cases.  Because LPX form factor power supplies became ubiquitous in most computer cases prior to the ATX standard, it was not unusual for manufacturers to refer to them as "AT" power supplies (or occasionally as "PS/2" power supplies due to its use by the

text: IBM PS/2

text: ), even though the actual AT and Baby AT power supply form factors were larger in size.  The LPX form factor power supply eventually formed the basis for the ATX form factor power supply, which is the same width and height.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: its carrying capacity is exceeded

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: size

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: dwindle

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overconsumes

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: One of the more successful features to come out of the LPX

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: LPX specification was its use of more compact power supplies,

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: LPX specification was its use of more compact power supplies,

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: LPX

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: One

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: LPX specification was its use of more compact power supplies,

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: LPX specification was its use of more compact power supplies,

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: compact power supplies,

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: LPX specification was its use of more compact power supplies,

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: LPX specification was its use of more compact power supplies,

text: Migration is not limited between rural and urban locations but can also happen between countries, creating issues relating to cultural integration. People will migrate for numerous reasons often linked with finding a better quality of life either through superior employment prospects, escaping war or poverty, or even to enjoy a better climate. This can create problems for locations which become exposed to increases in population, decreases in population, or a shift in the demographic composition of a population. Places subsequently act as focal points for the occurrence of phenomena such as globalisation and the clash of civilisations.

text: Migration is not limited between rural and urban locations but can also happen between countries, creating issues relating to cultural integration. People will migrate for numerous reasons often linked with finding a better quality of life either through superior employment prospects, escaping war or poverty, or even to enjoy a better climate. This can create problems for locations which become exposed to increases in population, decreases in population, or a shift in the demographic composition of a population. Places subsequently act as focal points for the occurrence of phenomena such as

text: globalisation

text: and the

text: clash of civilisations

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: increases in population

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: demographic composition

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decreases

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: climate

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: decreases

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: increases in population, decreases in population,

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: increases in population,

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: demographic composition

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: increases in population,

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: shift in the demographic composition of a population.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: Migration

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: finding a better quality of life

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: climate.

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: decreases in population,

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: increases in population,

text: Population projections are produced in advance of the date they are for. They use time series analysis of existing census data and other sources of population information to forecast the size of future populations. Because there are unknown factors that may affect future population changes, population projections often incorporate high and low as well as expected values for future populations. Population projections are often recomputed after a census has been conducted. It depends on how conjusted the area is in the particular demarcation.

text: Population projections are produced in advance of the date they are for. They use time series analysis of existing census data and other sources of population information to forecast the size of future populations. Because there are unknown factors that may affect future population changes, population projections often incorporate high and low as well as expected values for future populations. Population projections are often recomputed after a census has been conducted. It depends on how conjusted the area is in the particular demarcation.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: It depends on how conjusted the area is in the particular demarcation

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: unknown factors

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overpopulation

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: future population changes,

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: how conjusted the area is in the particular demarcation.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: how conjusted the area is in the particular demarcation.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: recomputed after a census has been conducted.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Population projections

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: how conjusted the area is in the particular demarcation.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unknown factors

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: how conjusted the area is in the particular demarcation.

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: Population projections

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: unknown factors

text: In order to design to these loads, one would need to convert them to design loads by applying Load factors or, more generally, a form of safety factors to them.  In the case of limit states design, the resulting factored load is then called a Design load.  Note that in this case of Limit states design, we would refer to the factor as a load factor rather than a safety factor to try to eliminate possible confusion between Limit states design and the older Allowable stress design.

text: In order to design to these loads, one would need to convert them to

text: design load

text: s by applying

text: Load factor

text: s or, more generally, a form of

text: safety factor

text: s to them.  In the case of limit states design, the resulting factored load is then called a

text: Design load

text: .  Note that in this case of Limit states design, we would refer to the factor as a load factor rather than a safety factor to try to eliminate possible confusion between

text: Limit states design

text: and the older

text: Allowable stress design

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: load is too heavy

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: abiotic factors

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: natural selection

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: is in a depletion state

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: limit states

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: Load factors

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: Load factors

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: Load factors

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Load factors

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: load factor rather than a safety factor

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: Load factors

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: Load factors

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: limit states

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: Load factors

text: An important model related to carrying capacity (K), is the logistic growth curve. The logistic growth curve depicts a more realistic version of how population growth rate, available resources, and the carrying capacity are inter-connected. As illustrated in the logistic growth curve model, when the population size is small and there are many resources available, population overtime increases and so does the growth rate. However, as population size nears the carrying capacity and resources become limited, the growth rate decreases and population starts to level out at K. This model is based on the assumption that carrying capacity does not change. One thing to keep in mind, however, is that carrying capacity of a population can increase or decrease and there are various factors that affect it. For instance, an increase in the population growth can lead to over exploitation of necessary natural resources and therefore decrease the overall carrying capacity of that environment.

text: An important model related to carrying capacity (K), is the logistic growth curve. The logistic growth curve depicts a more realistic version of how population growth rate, available resources, and the carrying capacity are inter-connected. As illustrated in the logistic growth curve model, when the population size is small and there are many resources available, population overtime increases and so does the growth rate. However, as population size nears the carrying capacity and resources become limited, the growth rate decreases and population starts to level out at K. This model is based on the assumption that carrying capacity does not change. One thing to keep in mind, however, is that carrying capacity of a population can increase or decrease and there are various factors that affect it. For instance, an increase in the population growth can lead to over exploitation of necessary natural resources and therefore decrease the overall carrying capacity of that environment.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: as population size nears the carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: growth rate decreases

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: increase in the population growth

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: natural resources

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: level out at K

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: resources

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: as population size nears the carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: as population size nears the carrying capacity and resources become limited,

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease the overall carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: carrying capacity of a population can increase or decrease

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: natural resources

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: increase in the population growth can lead to over exploitation of necessary natural resources

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: many resources available,

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: decrease the overall carrying capacity of that environment.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: resources

text: In his work Das Gesetz der Bevölkerungskonzentration ("The Law of Population Concentration") Auerbach describes a law relating to the wide distribution of city sizes, which is now known as Zipf's law.

text: In his work Das Gesetz der Bevölkerungskonzentration ("The Law of Population Concentration") Auerbach describes a law relating to the wide distribution of city sizes, which is now known as

text: Zipf's law

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: when the population is concentrated

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population is too high

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: population concentration

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: Zipf's law

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: wide distribution of city sizes

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: Zipf's law

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: wide distribution of city sizes,

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: Population Concentration")

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: Population Concentration")

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: Zipf's law.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Zipf's law.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: wide distribution of city sizes,

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: wide distribution of city sizes,

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: wide distribution of city sizes,

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: Concentration")

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: Zipf's law.

text: The English army was led by Edward III; it mainly comprised English and Welsh troops along with allied Breton and German mercenaries. The exact size and composition of the English force is not known. Andrew Ayton suggests a figure of around 2,500 men-at-arms: nobles and knights, heavily armoured and armed men, accompanied by their retinues. The army contained around 5,000 longbowmen, 3,000 hobelars (light cavalry and mounted archers) and 3,500 spearmen. Clifford Rodgers suggests 2,500 men-at-arms, 7,000 longbowmen, 3,250 hobelars and 2,300 spearmen. Jonathon Sumption believes the force was somewhat smaller, based on calculations of the carrying capacity of the transport fleet that was assembled to ferry the army to the continent. Based on this, he has put his estimate at around 7,000–10,000.

text: The English army was led by

text: Edward III

text: ; it mainly comprised English and Welsh troops along with allied Breton and German mercenaries. The exact size and composition of the English force is not known. Andrew Ayton suggests a figure of around 2,500

text: men-at-arms

text: : nobles and knights, heavily armoured and armed men, accompanied by their retinues. The army contained around 5,000 longbowmen, 3,000

text: hobelar

text: s (light cavalry and mounted archers) and 3,500 spearmen. Clifford Rodgers suggests 2,500 men-at-arms, 7,000 longbowmen, 3,250 hobelars and 2,300 spearmen. Jonathon Sumption believes the force was somewhat smaller, based on calculations of the carrying capacity of the transport fleet that was assembled to ferry the army to the continent. Based on this, he has put his estimate at around 7,000–10,000.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: 7,000–10,000

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: transport fleet

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overpopulation

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: 7,000–10,000.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: 7,000–10,000.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: 7,000–10,000.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: allied Breton and German mercenaries.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: carrying capacity of the transport fleet

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: 7,000–10,000.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: transport fleet

text: Knowledge of the volume of the cranial cavity can be important information for the study of different populations with various differences like geographical, racial, or ethnic origin. Other things can also affect cranial capacity such as nutrition. It is also used to study correlating between cranial capacity with other cranial measurements and in comparing skulls from different beings. It is commonly used to study abnormalities of cranial size and shape or aspects of growth and development of the volume of the brain.  Cranial capacity is an indirect approach to test the size of the brain. A few studies on cranial capacity have been done on living beings through linear dimensions.

text: Knowledge of the volume of the cranial cavity can be important information for the study of different populations with various differences like geographical, racial, or ethnic origin. Other things can also affect cranial capacity such as nutrition. It is also used to study correlating between cranial capacity with other cranial measurements and in comparing skulls from different beings. It is commonly used to study abnormalities of cranial size and shape or aspects of growth and development of the volume of the brain.  Cranial capacity is an indirect approach to test the size of the brain. A few studies on cranial capacity have been done on living beings through linear dimensions.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: it is full of people

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: cranial capacity

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: nutrition

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: nutrition

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: consumes too much

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: growth

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: growth and development

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: geographical, racial, or ethnic origin.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: Cranial capacity

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: geographical, racial, or ethnic origin.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: geographical, racial, or ethnic origin.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: nutrition.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: nutrition.

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: abnormalities

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: nutrition.

text: There could be various factors limiting movement for a short while, such as:

text: There could be various factors limiting movement for a short while, such as:

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: it is flooded

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: climatic conditions

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: be limited

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: a recession

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: natural selection

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: habitat loss

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: has a shortage of resources

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: There could be various factors limiting movement for a short while,

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: There could be various factors limiting movement for a short while,

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: factors

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: There could be various factors limiting movement for a short while,

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: There could be various factors limiting movement for a short while,

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: various factors

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: There could be various factors limiting movement for a short while,

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: movement

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: factors limiting movement for a short while,

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: factors limiting movement for a short while,

text: A small form factor (SFF) is a computer form factor designed to minimize the volume of a desktop computer. For comparison purposes, the size of an SFF case is usually measured in litres. SFFs are available in a variety of sizes and shapes, including shoeboxes, cubes, and book-sized PCs. Their smaller and often lighter construction has made them popular as home theater PCs and as gaming computers for attending LAN parties. Manufacturers also emphasize the aesthetic and ergonomic design of SFFs since users are more likely to place them on top of a desk or carry them around. Advancements in component technology together with reductions in size means a powerful computer is no longer restricted to the huge towers of old.

text: A small form factor (SFF) is a

text: computer form factor

text: designed to minimize the

text: volume

text: of a

text: desktop computer

text: . For comparison purposes, the size of an SFF case is usually measured in

text: litre

text: s. SFFs are available in a variety of sizes and shapes, including shoeboxes, cubes, and book-sized PCs. Their smaller and often lighter construction has made them popular as

text: home theater PC

text: s and as

text: gaming computer

text: s for attending

text: LAN parties

text: . Manufacturers also emphasize the

text: aesthetic

text: and

text: ergonomic

text: design of SFFs since users are more likely to place them on top of a desk or carry them around. Advancements in component technology together with reductions in size means a powerful computer is no longer restricted to the huge towers of old.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: no more people live there

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: population size

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: dwindle

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overpopulation

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: A small form factor

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: huge towers

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: Advancements in component technology

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: A small form factor

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: A small form factor

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: size of an SFF case is usually measured in litres.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: A small form factor

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: Advancements in component technology

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: A small form factor

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: A small form factor

text: Population ecology or autecology is a sub-field of ecology that deals with the dynamics of species populations and how these populations interact with the environment. It is the study of how the population sizes of species change over time and space. The term population ecology is often used interchangeably with population biology or population dynamics.

text: Population ecology or autecology is a sub-field of

text: ecology

text: that deals with the dynamics of

text: species

text: population

text: s and how these populations interact with the

text: environment

text: . It is the study of how the

text: population size

text: s of species change over time and space. The term population ecology is often used interchangeably with

text: population biology

text: or

text: population dynamics

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: over time and space

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population sizes of species change

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: time and space

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: environment

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: has a depletion effect

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: over time and space.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population sizes of species change over time and space.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: change over time and space.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: the population sizes of species change over time and space.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Population ecology

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: environment.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: dynamics of species populations and how these populations interact with the environment.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: environment.

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: Population ecology

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: environment.

text: Over the millennia, technology has dramatically increased the distances across which water can be relocated, but the availability of clean and fresh water remains a limiting factor on the size and density of population centers, and is expected to remain so into the foreseeable future.

text: Over the millennia, technology has dramatically increased the distances across which water can be relocated, but the availability of clean and fresh water remains a limiting factor on the size and density of population centers, and is expected to remain so into the foreseeable future.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population centers are too large

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: clean and fresh water

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: clean and fresh water

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overpopulation

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: size and density of population centers,

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: size and density of population centers,

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: availability of clean and fresh water

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: the availability of clean and fresh water

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: size and density of population centers,

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: the availability of clean and fresh water

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: the availability of clean and fresh water

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: the availability of clean and fresh water

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: size and density of population centers,

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: the availability of clean and fresh water

text: In the context of tourism in wildlife sanctuaries Singh (2013) writes, ‘carrying capacity’ is a concept to be thought about when we intend for ‘sustainable versus full harvest/utilization of resource for a purpose’. In wildlife sanctuaries ‘full utilization of infrastructure or resource for tourism’ is a remote mandate, unthinkable. Hence, instead of ‘carrying capacity’ it is recommended to have a set of guidelines for regulating tourism without much disturbing the wildlife. That will perhaps be sustainable for both wildlife conservation and tourism industry.

text: In the context of tourism in wildlife sanctuaries Singh (2013) writes, ‘carrying capacity’ is a concept to be thought about when we intend for ‘sustainable versus full harvest/utilization of resource for a purpose’. In wildlife sanctuaries ‘full utilization of infrastructure or resource for tourism’ is a remote mandate, unthinkable. Hence, instead of ‘carrying capacity’ it is recommended to have a set of guidelines for regulating tourism without much disturbing the wildlife. That will perhaps be sustainable for both wildlife conservation and tourism industry.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: full harvest

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: unthinkable

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: ‘sustainable versus full harvest/utilization

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: full harvest/utilization of resource for a purpose’.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: ‘sustainable versus full harvest/utilization of resource for a purpose’.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: unthinkable.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: In the context of tourism in wildlife sanctuaries

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: ‘full utilization of infrastructure

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: ‘carrying capacity’

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: ‘sustainable versus full harvest/utilization of resource

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: ‘carrying capacity’

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: ‘sustainable versus full harvest/utilization of resource for a purpose’.

text: The effective population size is the number of individuals that an idealised population would need to have, in order for some specified quantity of interest to be the same in the idealised population as in the real population. Idealised populations are based on unrealistic but convenient simplifications such as random mating, simultaneous birth of each new generation, constant population size, and equal numbers of children per parent. While in some simple scenarios, the effective population size can be equal to the number of breeding individuals in the population, for most quantities of interest and most real populations, the census population size N of a real population is usually larger than the effective population size N. The same population may have multiple effective population sizes, for different properties of interest, including for different genetic loci.

text: The effective population size is the number of individuals that an

text: idealised population

text: would need to have, in order for some specified quantity of interest to be the same in the idealised population as in the real population. Idealised populations are based on unrealistic but convenient simplifications such as random mating, simultaneous birth of each new generation, constant population size, and equal numbers of children per parent. While in some simple scenarios, the effective population size can be equal to the number of breeding individuals in the population, for most quantities of interest and most real populations, the

text: census population size

text: N of a real population is usually larger than the effective population size N. The same population may have multiple effective population sizes, for different properties of interest, including for different genetic loci.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: effective population size is equal to the number of breeding individuals

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: The effective population size

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: genetic loci

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: can be larger than the effective population size

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: birth of each new generation,

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: The effective population size

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: different properties of interest,

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: the census population size N of a real population is usually larger

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: The effective population size

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: the census population size N

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: random mating,

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: random mating, simultaneous birth of each new generation,

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: the census population size N

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: The effective population size

text: The Memory Stick Duo was developed in response to Sony's need for a smaller flash memory card for pocket-sized digital cameras, cell phones and the PlayStation Portable. It is slightly smaller than the competing Secure Digital (SD) format and roughly two thirds the length of the standard Memory Stick form factor, but costs more. Memory Stick Duos are available with the same features as the larger standard Memory Stick, available with and without high speed mode, and with and without MagicGate support. The Memory Stick PRO Duo has replaced the Memory Stick Duo due to its 128 MB size limitation, but has kept the same form factor as the Duo.

text: The Memory Stick Duo was developed in response to Sony's need for a smaller flash memory card for pocket-sized digital cameras, cell phones and the

text: PlayStation Portable

text: . It is slightly smaller than the competing

text: Secure Digital

text: (SD) format and roughly two thirds the length of the standard Memory Stick form factor, but costs more. Memory Stick Duos are available with the same features as the larger standard Memory Stick, available with and without high speed mode, and with and without

text: MagicGate

text: support. The Memory Stick PRO Duo has replaced the Memory Stick Duo due to its 128 MB size limitation, but has kept the same form factor as the Duo.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: 128 MB size limitation

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: abiotic factors

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: dwindle

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overpopulation

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: The Memory Stick Duo

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: 128 MB

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: costs more.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: The Memory Stick Duo

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: The Memory Stick Duo

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: 128 MB size

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: The Memory Stick Duo

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: flash memory card

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: The Memory Stick Duo

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: 128 MB

text: Each indicator is assigned a percent corresponding to the percent of time that the resource was available or percent of the target population to which the indicator applied. These measures are then displayed as a line graph, arranged hierarchically with availability of resources at the bottom and effective coverage at the top. By looking at the angle of the line, as it tilts from high levels of availability (lower right) to lower levels of effective coverage (upper right), viewers can determine which components of a service are inhibiting the target population from benefiting.  A problem or "bottleneck" exists when the curve angles steeply to the left (lower percentage) between indicators.  This indicates there has been a drop of coverage. Thus, the use of the Monitoring Curve will help to monitor some proxy indicators of quality of care, alert us to the existence of problems, and pinpoint the problems.

text: Each indicator is assigned a percent corresponding to the percent of time that the resource was available or percent of the target population to which the indicator applied. These measures are then displayed as a line graph, arranged hierarchically with availability of resources at the bottom and effective coverage at the top. By looking at the angle of the line, as it tilts from high levels of availability (lower right) to lower levels of effective coverage (upper right), viewers can determine which components of a service are inhibiting the target population from benefiting.  A problem or "bottleneck" exists when the curve angles steeply to the left (lower percentage) between indicators.  This indicates there has been a drop of coverage. Thus, the use of the Monitoring Curve will help to monitor some proxy indicators of quality of care, alert us to the existence of problems, and pinpoint the problems.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: A problem or "bottleneck" exists

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: percent of time

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: availability of resources

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: bottleneck

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: "bottleneck"

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: high levels of availability

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: percent of time that the resource was available or percent of the target population

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: "bottleneck"

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: percent of the target population

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: availability of resources

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: percent of time that the resource was available or percent of the target population

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: time that the resource was available

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: "bottleneck"

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: "bottleneck"

text: The application of the concept of carrying capacity for the human population has been criticized for not successfully capturing the multi-layered processes between humans and the environment, which have a nature of fluidity and non-equilibrium, and for sometimes being employed in a blame-the-victim framework.

text: The application of the concept of carrying capacity for the

text: human population

text: has been criticized for not successfully capturing the multi-layered processes between humans and the environment, which have a nature of fluidity and

text: non-equilibrium

text: , and for sometimes being employed in a

text: blame-the-victim

text: framework.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population is too high

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: environment

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: human population

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: blame-the-victim framework.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: The application of the concept of carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: environment,

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: fluidity and non-equilibrium,

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: environment,

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: multi-layered processes between humans and the environment,

text: Historical demography is the quantitative study of human population in the past. It is concerned with population size, with the three basic components of population change--fertility, mortality, and  migration, and with population characteristics related to those components, such as marriage, socioeconomic status, and the configuration of families.

text: Historical demography is the

text: quantitative study

text: of

text: human population

text: in the past. It is concerned with population size, with the three basic components of population change--

text: fertility

text: mortality

text: , and

text: migration

text: , and with population characteristics related to those components, such as marriage,

text: socioeconomic status

text: , and the configuration of families.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: mortality

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population is too small

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: Population size

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: fertility

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: has a growing population

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: change--fertility, mortality,

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population size,

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: change--fertility, mortality, and migration,

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: change--fertility, mortality, and migration,

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: migration,

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: change--fertility, mortality, and migration,

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: change--fertility,

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: change--fertility,

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: population change--fertility, mortality, and migration,

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: change--fertility, mortality, and migration,

text: Five regional sub-populations of Ussuri brown bears are now recognized in Hokkaido. Of these, the small size and isolation of the western Ishikari subpopulation has warranted its listing as an endangered species in Japan’s Red Data Book. 90 to 152 brown bears are thought to dwell in the West Ishikari Region and from 84 to 135 in the Teshio-Mashike mountains. Their habitat has been severely limited by human activities, especially forestry practices and road construction. Excessive harvesting is also a major factor in limiting their population.

text: Five regional sub-populations of Ussuri brown bears are now recognized in Hokkaido. Of these, the small size and isolation of the western

text: Ishikari

text: subpopulation has warranted its listing as an

text: endangered species

text: in Japan’s Red Data Book. 90 to 152 brown bears are thought to dwell in the West Ishikari Region and from 84 to 135 in the Teshio-Mashike mountains. Their habitat has been severely limited by human activities, especially forestry practices and road construction. Excessive harvesting is also a major factor in limiting their population.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: an endangered species

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: Excessive harvesting

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: human activities

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: lessen

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: human activities

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: habitat

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: endangered

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: Excessive harvesting

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: Excessive harvesting

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: human activities,

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: Excessive harvesting

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Excessive harvesting

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: human activities,

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: human activities,

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: forestry practices and road construction. Excessive harvesting

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: limiting their population.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: Excessive harvesting

text: However, there are a number of factors that limit the parcel size :

text: However, there are a number of factors that limit the parcel size :

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: a parcel is too large

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: the size of the parcel

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: be limited

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: their offspring are too large

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: nutrient

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: limits the parcel size

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: a number of factors that limit the parcel size

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: a number of factors that limit the parcel size

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: factors that limit the parcel size

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: a number of factors that limit the parcel size

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: factors that limit the parcel size

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: a number of factors

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: a number of factors that limit the parcel size

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: parcel size

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: limit the parcel size

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: factors that limit the parcel size

text: ), which is the population size that produces the maximum growth rate.  With logistic growth, this point, called the maximum sustainable yield, is where the population size is half the carrying capacity (or

text: ), which is the population size that produces the maximum growth rate.  With logistic growth, this point, called the maximum sustainable yield, is where the population size is half the carrying capacity (or

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: the population size is half the carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population size is half the carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: population size

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: the population size is too large

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: abiotic factors

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: is growing too fast

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: the population size

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: half the carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: maximum sustainable yield, is where the population size is half the carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: half the carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: maximum sustainable yield, is where the population size is half the carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: half the carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: growth rate.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: maximum sustainable yield,

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: ), which is the population size that produces the maximum growth rate.

text: = carrying capacity of the population; defined by ecologists as the maximum population size that a particular environment can sustain.

text: = carrying capacity of the population; defined by ecologists as the maximum population size that a particular environment can sustain.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: when it reaches its carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: it can support a large population

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: climatic conditions

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: a population size

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: population size

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: a large number of offspring

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: nutrients

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: is overpopulating

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: climatic conditions

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: maximum population size that a particular environment can sustain.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: maximum population size that a particular environment can sustain.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: the maximum population size that a particular environment can sustain.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: maximum population size that a particular environment can sustain.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: carrying capacity of the population;

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: carrying capacity of the population;

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: the maximum population size that a particular environment can sustain.

text: Any conception of an optimum population level must lie between a minimum viable population of the human species and the maximum level of population that can be sustained by the carrying capacity of the planet Earth.

text: Any conception of an optimum population level must lie between a

text: minimum viable population

text: of the human species and the maximum level of population that can be sustained by the

text: carrying capacity

text: of the planet

text: Earth

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: maximum level of population is sustained

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: dwindle

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: reaches an optimum level

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: optimum population level must lie between a minimum viable population

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: maximum level of population

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: carrying capacity of the planet Earth.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: Earth.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: optimum population level must lie between a minimum viable population of the human species

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: carrying capacity of the planet Earth.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: carrying capacity of the planet Earth.

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: optimum population level must lie between a minimum viable population

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: the planet Earth.

text: Although only peripherally related to the issue of global labor arbitrage but very much related to the issue of the economic prosperity and well being of non-immigrants, mass immigration can result in a population explosion which can negatively affect the well being of native people.  Logically, after a nation's population has reached a certain size relative to its amount of useful land, an increasing population results in crowding (higher real estate costs and less open-space per person), a greater strain on the environment (increased environmental degradation), and increasing costs of living (fewer natural resources available per capita).  Consequently, when considered in that context, it might be possible to also regard immigration as a form of "environmental arbitrage" where people flow from areas of high population density to areas of lower population density.

text: Although only peripherally related to the issue of global labor arbitrage but very much related to the issue of the economic prosperity and well being of non-immigrants, mass immigration can result in a population explosion which can negatively affect the well being of native people.  Logically, after a nation's population has reached a certain size relative to its amount of useful land, an increasing population results in crowding (higher real estate costs and less open-space per person), a greater strain on the environment (increased environmental degradation), and increasing costs of living (fewer natural resources available per capita).  Consequently, when considered in that context, it might be possible to also regard immigration as a form of "environmental arbitrage" where people flow from areas of high population density to areas of lower population density.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population has reached a certain size

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: its amount of useful land

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: lessen

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: mass immigration

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: crowding

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: a certain size relative to its amount of useful land,

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population has reached a certain size relative to its amount of useful land,

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: its amount of useful land,

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: crowding

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: mass immigration

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: amount of useful land,

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: population explosion

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: amount of useful land,

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: (fewer natural resources available per capita).

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: amount of useful land,

text: In combat, a pilot is faced with a variety of limiting factors. Some limitations are constant, such as gravity, structural integrity, and thrust-to-weight ratio. Other limitations vary with speed and altitude, such as turn radius, turn rate, and the specific energy of the aircraft. The fighter pilot uses BFM to turn these limitations into tactical advantages. A faster, heavier aircraft may not be able to evade a more maneuverable aircraft in a turning battle, but can often choose to break off the fight and escape by diving or using its thrust to provide a speed advantage. A lighter, more maneuverable aircraft can not usually choose to escape, but must use its smaller turning radius at higher speeds to evade the attacker's guns, and to try to circle around behind the attacker.

text: In combat, a pilot is faced with a variety of limiting factors. Some limitations are constant, such as

text: gravity

text: structural integrity

text: , and

text: thrust-to-weight ratio

text: . Other limitations vary with speed and altitude, such as

text: turn radius

text: , turn rate, and the specific energy of the aircraft. The fighter pilot uses BFM to turn these limitations into tactical advantages. A faster, heavier aircraft may not be able to evade a more maneuverable aircraft in a turning battle, but can often choose to break off the fight and escape by diving or using its thrust to provide a speed advantage. A lighter, more maneuverable aircraft can not usually choose to escape, but must use its smaller turning radius at higher speeds to evade the attacker's guns, and to try to circle around behind the attacker.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: limiting factors

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: lessen

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: non-specific

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: can not usually choose to escape

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: In combat,

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: speed and altitude,

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: speed and altitude,

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: lighter, more maneuverable aircraft

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: In combat,

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: constant,

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: gravity, structural integrity, and thrust-to-weight ratio.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: gravity, structural integrity, and thrust-to-weight ratio.

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: limiting factors.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: gravity, structural integrity, and thrust-to-weight ratio.

text: As brutal as they were, famines were a frequent occurrence throughout the civilized world from prehistoric times onward. Most famines from the Middle Ages until the 19th century occurred in the following a manner - first, (an) external factor(s) such as a sustained change in weather patterns disrupted food production and reduced the carrying capacity of a particular region to below its then-present population. Then, after whatever (usually meagre) reserve food supplies were consumed, mass starvation would ensue until the population fell to at or below the reduced carrying capacity of the region. Eventually, whatever factor(s) were depressing food production would usually disappear, then, provided the survivors were disproportionately able-bodied adults and adolescents (which was almost always the case), it was usually possible to restore food production to levels comparable to those prior to the famine within a few years of the famine's conclusion. With a relatively abundant supply of food to feed a reduced population, death rates and in particular child mortality rates would plummet, often to levels considerably below those present in the years immediately prior to the famine, while the birth rate would rise to at or above pre-famine levels. Provided most of the survivors lacked the will and the means to leave the affected region, under such conditions its population would rebound quickly and could reach pre-famine levels in less than a generation.

text: As brutal as they were, famines were a frequent occurrence throughout the civilized world from prehistoric times onward. Most famines from the

text: Middle Ages

text: until the 19th century occurred in the following a manner - first, (an) external factor(s) such as a sustained change in weather patterns disrupted food production and reduced the

text: carrying capacity

text: of a particular region to below its then-present population. Then, after whatever (usually meagre) reserve food supplies were consumed, mass starvation would ensue until the population fell to at or below the reduced carrying capacity of the region. Eventually, whatever factor(s) were depressing food production would usually disappear, then, provided the survivors were disproportionately able-bodied adults and adolescents (which was almost always the case), it was usually possible to restore food production to levels comparable to those prior to the famine within a few years of the famine's conclusion. With a relatively abundant supply of food to feed a reduced population, death rates and in particular

text: child mortality

text: rates would plummet, often to levels considerably below those present in the years immediately prior to the famine, while the

text: birth rate

text: would rise to at or above pre-famine levels. Provided most of the survivors lacked the will and the means to leave the affected region, under such conditions its population would rebound quickly and could reach pre-famine levels in less than a generation.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: under its then-present population

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: pre-famine levels

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: reduce

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: pre-famine levels

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: abundant supply of food

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: famine

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: at or below the reduced carrying capacity of the region.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: pre-famine levels

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: below its then-present population.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: the birth rate would rise to at or above pre-famine levels.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: external factor(s) such as a sustained change in weather patterns

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: disproportionately able-bodied

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: abundant supply of food

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: mass starvation

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: external factor(s) such as a sustained change in weather patterns

text: What is this Thing Called Carrying Capacity?

text: What is this Thing Called Carrying Capacity?

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: Population shrinkage occurs when a population reaches a point where it is no longer sustainable.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: a region is able to support the amount of people living there

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: be reduced

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Population density

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: habitat

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: Adaptation

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: Carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: reaches its carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: limiting factor

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: Carrying Capacity?

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: Carrying Capacity?

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: Carrying Capacity?

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: Carrying Capacity?

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Carrying Capacity?

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: Carrying Capacity?

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: Carrying Capacity?

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: Carrying Capacity?

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: Carrying Capacity?

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: Carrying Capacity?

text: In the wild, these birds live in the semi-desert and dry regions of eastern Africa They are found in a band between 10°N and 20°N from the western coast to Sudan, Ethiopia and Somalia in the East and south 10°N through East Africa and on to the Eastern Zaire borders.This species has an extremely large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criterion (Extent of Occurrence <20,000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent/quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population trend criterion (>30% decline over ten years or three generations). The population size has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criterion (<10,000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be >10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). For these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern.

text: In the wild, these birds live in the semi-desert and dry regions of eastern Africa They are found in a band between 10°N and 20°N from the western coast to Sudan, Ethiopia and Somalia in the East and south 10°N through East Africa and on to the Eastern Zaire borders.This species has an extremely large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criterion (Extent of Occurrence <20,000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent/quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population trend criterion (>30% decline over ten years or three generations). The population size has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criterion (<10,000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be >10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). For these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: under the population size criterion

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population size criterion

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: population size

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: habitat

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: Vulnerable

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: population size

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: (>30% decline over ten years or three generations).

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: <unk>10,000 mature individuals

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: <unk>10,000 mature individuals

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: severe fragmentation).

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Africa

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent/quality, or population size

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: declining or fluctuating range size,

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: habitat extent/quality,

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: Vulnerable

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: population size

text: The timing of the reproductive cycle and the litter size of this species vary according to location: in some parts of Costa Rica, for example, it is more prolific than in others. Reproduction is highly seasonal and in Costa Rica, reproductive cycles are tightly related to rainfall patterns. The timing of breeding differs between populations in the Caribbean and Pacific lowlands. On the Pacific side, mating took place between September and November, with females giving birth between April and June. The average number of offspring was 18.6 (five to 40) in this population. Neonates ranged in total length from  and in weight from . On the Atlantic side, mating was observed in March, and births occurred between September and November. The average number of offspring was 41.1 (14–86), whereas the total length of neonates ranged from , and weighed from . In both populations, gestation time ranged from six to eight months, and the size of a litter correlated significantly with the size of the female. This species is considered to be the most prolific of all snakes in the Americas.

text: The timing of the reproductive cycle and the litter size of this species vary according to location: in some parts of Costa Rica, for example, it is more prolific than in others. Reproduction is highly seasonal and in Costa Rica, reproductive cycles are tightly related to rainfall patterns. The timing of breeding differs between populations in the Caribbean and Pacific lowlands. On the Pacific side, mating took place between September and November, with females giving birth between April and June. The average number of offspring was 18.6 (five to 40) in this population. Neonates ranged in total length from  and in weight from . On the Atlantic side, mating was observed in March, and births occurred between September and November. The average number of offspring was 41.1 (14–86), whereas the total length of neonates ranged from , and weighed from . In both populations, gestation time ranged from six to eight months, and the size of a litter correlated significantly with the size of the female. This species is considered to be the most prolific of all snakes in the Americas.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: reproductive cycles are tightly related to rainfall patterns

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: location

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: lessen

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: Reproduction is highly seasonal

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: rainfall patterns

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overpopulation

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: rainfall patterns.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: rainfall patterns.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: location:

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: 41.1 (14–86),

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: it is more prolific than in others.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: rainfall patterns.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: Reproduction is highly seasonal

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: rainfall patterns.

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: prolific than in others.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: rainfall patterns.

text: Left unfettered, the trend of ever-larger size would produce organisms of gargantuan proportions. Therefore, some factors must limit this process.At one level, it is possible that the clade's increased vulnerability to extinction, as its members become larger, means that no taxon survives long enough for individuals to reach huge sizes. There are probably also physically imposed limits to the size of some organisms; for instance, insects must be small enough for oxygen to diffuse to all parts of their bodies, flying birds must be light enough to fly, and the length of giraffes' necks may be limited by the amount of pressure it is possible for their hearts to generate. Finally, there may be a competitive element, in that changes in size are necessarily accompanied by changes in ecological niche. For example, terrestrial carnivores over 21 kg almost always prey on organisms larger, not smaller, than themselves. If such a niche is already occupied, competitive pressure may oppose the directional selection. The three Canidae clades show a trend towards larger size before becoming extinct.

text: Left unfettered, the trend of ever-larger size would produce organisms of gargantuan proportions. Therefore, some factors must limit this process.At one level, it is possible that the clade's increased vulnerability to extinction, as its members become larger, means that no taxon survives long enough for individuals to reach huge sizes. There are probably also physically imposed limits to the size of some organisms; for instance, insects must be small enough for oxygen to diffuse to all parts of their bodies, flying birds must be light enough to fly, and the length of giraffes' necks may be limited by the amount of pressure it is possible for their hearts to generate. Finally, there may be a competitive element, in that changes in size are necessarily accompanied by changes in ecological niche. For example, terrestrial carnivores over 21 kg almost always prey on organisms larger, not smaller, than themselves. If such a niche is already occupied, competitive pressure may oppose the directional selection. The three

text: Canidae

text: clades show a trend towards larger size before becoming extinct.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: extinction

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: a niche is already occupied

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: competitive element

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: unfettered

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: competitive element

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: extinction

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: extinction,

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: If such a niche is already occupied,

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: changes in ecological niche.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: extinction,

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: changes in ecological niche.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: extinction,

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: physically imposed limits to the size of some organisms;

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: oxygen to diffuse to all parts of their bodies,

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: extinction,

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: insects must be small enough for oxygen to diffuse to all parts of their bodies,

text: A fundamental effect of overconsumption is a reduction in the planet's carrying capacity. Excessive unsustainable consumption will exceed the long term carrying capacity of its environment (ecological overshoot) and subsequent resource depletion, environmental degradation and reduced ecological health.

text: A fundamental effect of overconsumption is a reduction in the planet's

text: carrying capacity

text: . Excessive unsustainable consumption will exceed the long term carrying capacity of its environment (

text: ecological overshoot

text: ) and subsequent resource depletion,

text: environmental degradation

text: and reduced

text: ecological health

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: overconsumption

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: unsustainable consumption is stopped

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: overshoot

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: ecological overshoot

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overshoot

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: overconsumption

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: long term carrying capacity of its environment

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: long term carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: (ecological overshoot)

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: A fundamental effect of overconsumption

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: long term carrying capacity of its environment

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: (ecological overshoot)

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: carrying capacity.

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: resource depletion,

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: overconsumption

text: Typical rolling-element bearings range in size from 10 mm diameter to a few metres diameter, and have load-carrying capacity from a few tens of grams to many thousands of tonnes.

text: Typical rolling-element bearings range in size from 10 mm diameter to a few metres diameter, and have load-carrying capacity from a few tens of grams to many thousands of tonnes.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: loads are too heavy

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: abiotic factors

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: is growing

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: a few metres diameter, and have load-carrying

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: a few tens of grams to many thousands of tonnes.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: size

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: a few tens of grams to many thousands of tonnes.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: a few tens of grams to many thousands of tonnes.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: Typical rolling-element bearings range in size

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: Typical rolling-element bearings

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: Typical rolling-element bearings range in size

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: load-carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: size

text: He studied architecture from 1918 to 1922 at the Academy of San Carlos before it became part of the National Autonomous University, where he eventually chaired the Faculty of Architecture. Villagán García was one of many young architects employed during the presidency of Alvaro Obregón (1920-24), following the Mexican Revolution 1910-1920. Obregón's Minister of Public Education José Vasconcelos, who insisted that Mexican architecture carry meaning. Villagrán García designed the huge National Stadium in Mexico City as a neo-Colonial structure, with a seating capacity of least 30,000. Given the size, it needed to be of concrete. However, the concrete also contained stone and volcanic tezontle, in a revival of the eighteenth-century style.

text: He studied architecture from 1918 to 1922 at the

text: Academy of San Carlos

text: before it became part of the National Autonomous University, where he eventually chaired the Faculty of Architecture. Villagán García was one of many young architects employed during the presidency of

text: Alvaro Obregón

text: (1920-24), following the

text: Mexican Revolution

text: 1910-1920. Obregón's Minister of Public Education

text: José Vasconcelos

text: , who insisted that Mexican architecture carry meaning. Villagrán García designed the huge National Stadium in Mexico City as a neo-Colonial structure, with a seating capacity of least 30,000. Given the size, it needed to be of concrete. However, the concrete also contained stone and volcanic tezontle, in a revival of the eighteenth-century style.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: following the Mexican Revolution

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: seating capacity of least 30,000

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: population size

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overpopulation

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: Mexican Revolution

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: 30,000.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: 30,000.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: 30,000.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Mexican Revolution

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: size, it needed to be of concrete.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: Mexican Revolution

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: volcanic tezontle,

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: Mexican Revolution 1910-1920.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: 30,000.

text: .  One then picks many prime numbers q of an appropriate size, usually just above the factor base limit, and proceeds by

text: .  One then picks many prime numbers q of an appropriate size, usually just above the

text: factor base

text: limit, and proceeds by

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: in a recession

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: it has enough people

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: abiotic factors

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: swell

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: the number of prime numbers

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: their offspring are more intelligent than their parents

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: nutrient

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: consumes more resources

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: the number of eggs

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: just above the factor base limit,

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: just above the factor base limit,

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: factor base limit,

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: q of an appropriate size,

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: prime numbers

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: prime numbers

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: just above the factor base limit,

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: prime numbers

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: factor base limit,

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: factor base limit,

text: , the harvesting would exceed the population’s capacity to replace itself at any population size (

text: , the harvesting would exceed the population’s capacity to replace itself at any population size (

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: harvesting would exceed the population’s capacity to replace itself

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: it has enough people to sustain itself

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: capacity to replace itself

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: a natural selection process

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: natural selection

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overpopulates

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: the population size

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: the harvesting

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: the harvesting would exceed the population’s capacity to replace itself

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: the harvesting would exceed the population’s capacity to replace itself

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: the harvesting would exceed the population’s capacity to replace itself

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: the harvesting would exceed the population’s capacity to replace itself

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: harvesting

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: the harvesting

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: harvesting

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: the harvesting would exceed the population’s capacity to replace itself

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: the harvesting

text: Since the 1960s, the Miskito have used free-diving techniques to harvest lobsters as their primary source of income. In the early years of the lobster boom, large and plentiful lobster were found close to shore in shallow waters, and could be accessed easily by free-diving. Lobster production peaked, however, around 1985, and these resources, were quickly depleted.  Scuba diving techniques were introduced around 1980 to enable the Miskito to expand their area for harvesting into deeper waters . Declining returns have forced divers to dive more often, deeper, and for longer, using pressurized tanks to maintain their income.  In response to declining lobster populations, the governments of Honduras and Nicaragua implemented a fishing season - restricting lobster exploitation to between March 1 and July 30. The goal is to reduce pressure on lobster populations, but the result has also increased pressure on lobster divers. It is not uncommon for divers to make 12-16 dives per day to depths of 100–120 ft. in an effort to maintain their incomes. The result has been an increase in the number of cases of decompression sickness and decompression related deaths. In 2012 Honduras had the highest number of decompression related deaths and sickness in the world.

text: Since the 1960s, the Miskito have used free-diving techniques to

text: harvest

text: lobster

text: s as their primary source of income. In the early years of the lobster boom, large and plentiful lobster were found close to shore in shallow waters, and could be accessed easily by

text: free-diving

text: . Lobster production peaked, however, around 1985, and these resources, were quickly depleted.

text: Scuba diving

text: techniques were introduced around 1980 to enable the Miskito to expand their area for harvesting into deeper waters . Declining returns have forced divers to dive more often, deeper, and for longer, using pressurized tanks to maintain their income.  In response to declining lobster populations, the governments of Honduras and Nicaragua implemented a fishing season - restricting lobster exploitation to between March 1 and July 30. The goal is to reduce pressure on lobster populations, but the result has also increased pressure on lobster divers. It is not uncommon for divers to make 12-16 dives per day to depths of 100–120 ft. in an effort to maintain their incomes. The result has been an increase in the number of cases of

text: decompression sickness

text: and decompression related deaths. In 2012 Honduras had the highest number of decompression related deaths and sickness in the world.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: Lobster production peaked

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: depleted

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: pressure

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: lessen

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: a fishing season

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: depletes

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: lobster populations,

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: depleted.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: pressure

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: lobsters

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Since the 1960s,

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: resources, were quickly depleted.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: divers to dive more often, deeper, and for longer,

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: fishing season

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: depleted.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: pressure

text: A long-term, concurrent confocal microscopy and electrophysiology investigation conducted on cortical rat in-vitro neural networks (age > 3 weeks in-vitro) growing on Multi Electrode Arrays examined the correlation between network activity levels and changes in the sizes of individual synapses. Specifically, long-term fluorescent microscopy was used to track changes in the quantity (fluorescence) of PSD-95 molecules at individual synapses over timescales of several days. Since PSD-95 molecules anchor post-synaptic AMPA and NMDA receptors, they serve as reliable quantitative markers for post-synaptic transmembrane glutamate receptors. This investigation consisted of two sets of experiments. In the first set, synapse-morphology and spontaneous neural activity were monitored for about 90 hours (i.e. no external stimuli or pharmaceutical manipulations were used to perturb the neuronal networks). During this period, the sizes of individual synapses were observed to fluctuate considerably; yet distributions of synaptic sizes as well as average synaptic size values remained remarkably constant. It was found that ongoing activity acted to constrain synaptic sizes by increasing the tendency of large synapses to shrink and increasing the tendency of small synapses to grow. Thus, activity acted to maintain distributions of synaptic sizes (at the population level) within certain limits. In the second set of experiments the same analysis was performed after the addition of TTX to block all spontaneous activity. This led to a broadening of synaptic size distributions and to increases in average synaptic size values. When individual synapses were followed over time, their sizes were still found to fluctuate significantly, however now, no relationships were found between the extent or direction of size changes and initial synaptic size. In particular, no evidence was found that changes in synaptic size scaled with initial synaptic size. This indicated that the homeostatic growth in AMPA receptor content associated with the suppression of activity is a population phenomenon, that results from the loss of activity-dependent constraints, not from the scaling of AMPA receptor content at individual synapses.

text: A long-term, concurrent

text: confocal microscopy

text: and

text: electrophysiology

text: investigation conducted on cortical rat in-vitro neural networks (age > 3 weeks in-vitro) growing on

text: Multi Electrode Arrays

text: examined the correlation between network activity levels and changes in the sizes of individual synapses. Specifically, long-term fluorescent microscopy was used to track changes in the quantity (fluorescence) of

text: molecules at individual synapses over timescales of several days. Since PSD-95 molecules anchor post-synaptic AMPA and NMDA receptors, they serve as reliable quantitative markers for post-synaptic transmembrane glutamate receptors. This investigation consisted of two sets of experiments. In the first set, synapse-morphology and spontaneous neural activity were monitored for about 90 hours (i.e. no external stimuli or pharmaceutical manipulations were used to perturb the neuronal networks). During this period, the sizes of individual synapses were observed to fluctuate considerably; yet distributions of synaptic sizes as well as average synaptic size values remained remarkably constant. It was found that ongoing activity acted to constrain synaptic sizes by increasing the tendency of large synapses to shrink and increasing the tendency of small synapses to grow. Thus, activity acted to maintain distributions of synaptic sizes (at the population level) within certain limits. In the second set of experiments the same analysis was performed after the addition of

text: TTX

text: to block all spontaneous activity. This led to a broadening of synaptic size distributions and to increases in average synaptic size values. When individual synapses were followed over time, their sizes were still found to fluctuate significantly, however now, no relationships were found between the extent or direction of size changes and initial synaptic size. In particular, no evidence was found that changes in synaptic size scaled with initial synaptic size. This indicated that the homeostatic growth in AMPA receptor content associated with the suppression of activity is a population phenomenon, that results from the loss of activity-dependent constraints, not from the scaling of AMPA receptor content at individual synapses.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: no external stimuli are used

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: activity

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: increase

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: A long-term, concurrent confocal microscopy and electrophysiology investigation conducted on cortical rat in-vitro neural networks (age > 3 weeks in-vitro) growing on Multi Electrode Arrays examined the correlation between network activity levels and changes in the sizes of individual synapses.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no evidence was found that changes in synaptic size scaled with initial synaptic size

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: activity

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: swells

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: ongoing activity

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: ongoing activity acted to constrain synaptic sizes

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: ongoing activity

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: initial synaptic size.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: initial synaptic size.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: activity

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: ongoing activity

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: suppression of activity

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: shrink and increasing the tendency of small synapses to grow.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: ongoing activity

text: When first constructed, the capacity of the system was 360 TJ/day. A $150m enhancement carried out in 1991 increased the capacity to 450 TJ/day. The current capacity of the pipeline is approximately 785 TJ/day.  The pipeline is currently undergoing a series of significant expansions in its capacity which are intended to increase the maximum throughput of the pipeline to 895 TJ/day. The expansion project consists of two types of upgrade. Several of the pipeline's compressor stations will be upgraded with higher capacity gas turbines, thus increasing the actual pressure of the gas inside the line.  In addition, the expansion involves a process of 'looping' the pipeline. This is the installation of additional lengths of pipe alongside, and connected to, the existing pipeline. The effect of looping is to provide additional capacity at critical sections of the main trunkline, thus increasing the total possible throughput.

text: When first constructed, the capacity of the system was 360 TJ/day. A $150m enhancement carried out in 1991 increased the capacity to 450 TJ/day. The current capacity of the pipeline is approximately 785 TJ/day.  The pipeline is currently undergoing a series of significant expansions in its capacity which are intended to increase the maximum throughput of the pipeline to 895 TJ/day. The expansion project consists of two types of upgrade. Several of the pipeline's compressor stations will be upgraded with higher capacity gas turbines, thus increasing the actual pressure of the gas inside the line.  In addition, the expansion involves a process of 'looping' the pipeline. This is the installation of additional lengths of pipe alongside, and connected to, the existing pipeline. The effect of looping is to provide additional capacity at critical sections of the main trunkline, thus increasing the total possible throughput.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: 895 TJ/day

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: capacity

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: no longer exist

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overpopulation

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: TJ/day.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: 450 TJ/day.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: capacity of the system was 360 TJ/day.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: 450 TJ/day.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: 450 TJ/day.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: pressure of the gas

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: 450 TJ/day.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: pressure of the gas

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: 450 TJ/day.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: pressure

text: The size of the Parthian army is unknown, as is the size of the empire's overall population. However, archaeological excavations in former Parthian urban centers reveal settlements which could have sustained large populations and hence a great resource in manpower. Dense population centers in regions like Babylonia were no doubt attractive to the Romans, whose armies could afford to live off the land.

text: The size of the Parthian army is unknown, as is the size of the empire's overall population. However, archaeological excavations in former Parthian urban centers reveal settlements which could have sustained large populations and hence a great resource in manpower. Dense population centers in regions like Babylonia were no doubt attractive to the Romans, whose armies could afford to live off the land.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: large populations are present

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: manpower

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overpopulation

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: live off the land.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: large populations

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: land.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: large populations and hence a great resource in manpower.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: large populations

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: population.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: Dense population centers

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: manpower.

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: manpower.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: large populations

text: 27 cities and 4 counties of Gyeonggi-do. Below are seven of the largest cities, sorted by their population size:

text: 27 cities and 4 counties of Gyeonggi-do. Below are seven of the largest cities, sorted by their population size:

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: during a recession

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: it has enough people

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: climatic conditions

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: dwindle

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: population size

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: natural selection

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: climate

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overpopulation

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: population size

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: size:

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population size:

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: 27 cities and 4 counties of Gyeonggi-do.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: 27 cities and 4 counties of Gyeonggi-do.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: 27 cities and 4 counties of Gyeonggi-do.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: population size:

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: population size:

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: 27 cities and 4 counties of Gyeonggi-do.

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: Gyeonggi-do.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: population size:

text: In Eurasia, the size of bears roughly increases from the west to the east, with the largest bears there native to eastern Russia. Even in the nominate subspecies size increases in the eastern limits, with mature male bears in Arkhangelsk Oblast and Bashkortostan commonly exceeding . Other bears of intermediate size may occur in inland races of Russia. Much like the grizzly and Eurasian brown bear, populations of the Ussuri brown bear (U. a. lasiotus) and the East Siberian brown bear (U. a. collaris) may vary widely in size. In some cases, the big adult males of these races may have matched the Kodiak bear in size. East Siberian brown bears from outside the sub-Arctic and mainland Ussuri brown bears average about the same size as the largest-bodied populations of grizzly bear, i.e. those of similar latitude in Alaska, and have been credited with weights ranging from  throughout the seasons. On the other hand, the Ussuri brown bears found in the insular population of Hokkaido are usually quite small, usually weighing less than , exactly half the weight reported for male Ussuri brown bears from Khabarovsk Krai. This is due presumably to the enclosed mixed forest habitat of Hokkaido. A similarly diminished size has been reported in east Siberian brown bears from Yakutia, as even adult males average around , thus about 40% less than the average weight of male bears of this race from central Siberia and the Chukchi Peninsula.

text: In

text: Eurasia

text: , the size of bears roughly increases from the west to the east, with the largest bears there native to eastern

text: Russia

text: . Even in the

text: nominate subspecies

text: size increases in the eastern limits, with mature male bears in

text: Arkhangelsk Oblast

text: and

text: Bashkortostan

text: commonly exceeding . Other bears of intermediate size may occur in inland races of

text: Russia

text: . Much like the grizzly and Eurasian brown bear, populations of the

text: Ussuri brown bear

text: (U. a. lasiotus) and the

text: East Siberian brown bear

text: (U. a. collaris) may vary widely in size. In some cases, the big adult males of these races may have matched the Kodiak bear in size.

text: East Siberian brown bear

text: s from outside the sub-Arctic and mainland

text: Ussuri brown bear

text: s average about the same size as the largest-bodied populations of grizzly bear, i.e. those of similar latitude in Alaska, and have been credited with weights ranging from  throughout the seasons. On the other hand, the

text: Ussuri brown bear

text: s found in the insular population of

text: Hokkaido

text: are usually quite small, usually weighing less than , exactly half the weight reported for male Ussuri brown bears from

text: Khabarovsk Krai

text: . This is due presumably to the enclosed mixed forest habitat of

text: Hokkaido

text: . A similarly diminished size has been reported in

text: east Siberian brown bear

text: s from

text: Yakutia

text: , as even adult males average around , thus about 40% less than the average weight of male bears of this race from

text: central Siberia

text: and the

text: Chukchi Peninsula

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: the size of bears roughly increases from the west to the east

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: latitude

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: enclosed mixed forest habitat of Hokkaido

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: enclosed mixed forest habitat

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: may become overpopulated

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: habitat

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: throughout the seasons.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: mature male bears

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: enclosed mixed forest habitat

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: throughout the seasons.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: throughout the seasons.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: enclosed mixed forest

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: enclosed mixed forest habitat

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: enclosed mixed forest habitat

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: east Siberian brown bears from Yakutia,

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: enclosed mixed forest habitat

text: Food distribution, density, and accessibility can determine population density and territory size in blue tangs. Territories with low biogenic structure are larger than those of higher biogenic structure. Since the algal food resources are less dense in low-biogenic structured areas, these territories would have to be larger in order to include the necessary amount of food. This is in accordance with the Ideal free distribution model.  This model states that competitors should adjust their distribution in accordance with habitat quality such that each individual will gain the same amount of resources.

text: Food distribution, density, and accessibility can determine population density and territory size in blue tangs. Territories with low

text: biogenic

text: structure are larger than those of higher biogenic structure. Since the algal food resources are less dense in low-biogenic structured areas, these territories would have to be larger in order to include the necessary amount of food. This is in accordance with the

text: Ideal free distribution

text: model.  This model states that competitors should adjust their distribution in accordance with habitat quality such that each individual will gain the same amount of resources.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population density is low

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: food distribution

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: competition

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: habitat quality

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: has a low biogenic structure

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: habitat quality

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: habitat quality

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: food.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: Food distribution, density, and accessibility

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: larger than those of higher biogenic structure.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: population density and territory size in blue tangs.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: each individual will gain the same amount of resources.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: algal food resources are less dense in low-biogenic structured areas,

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: Food distribution, density, and accessibility

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: larger in order to include the necessary amount of food.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: Food distribution, density, and accessibility

text: A population ecology concept is r/K selection theory, one of the first predictive models in ecology used to explain life-history evolution. The premise behind the r/K selection model is that natural selection pressures change according to population density. For example, when an island is first colonized, density of individuals is low. The initial increase in population size is not limited by competition, leaving an abundance of available resources for rapid population growth. These early phases of population growth experience density-independent forces of natural selection, which is called r-selection. As the population becomes more crowded, it approaches the island's carrying capacity, thus forcing individuals to compete more heavily for fewer available resources. Under crowded conditions, the population experiences density-dependent forces of natural selection, called K-selection.

text: A population ecology concept is r/K selection theory, one of the first predictive models in ecology used to explain

text: life-history evolution

text: . The premise behind the r/K selection model is that natural selection pressures change according to

text: population density

text: . For example, when an island is first colonized, density of individuals is low. The initial increase in population size is not limited by competition, leaving an abundance of available

text: resources

text: for rapid population growth. These early phases of

text: population growth

text: experience density-independent forces of natural selection, which is called r-selection. As the population becomes more crowded, it approaches the island's carrying capacity, thus forcing individuals to compete more heavily for fewer available resources. Under crowded conditions, the population experiences density-dependent forces of natural selection, called K-selection.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: it approaches the island's carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population becomes more crowded

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: population density

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: lessen

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: an abundance of available resources

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: abundance of available resources

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: more crowded

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: competition

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: As the population becomes more crowded,

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: As the population becomes more crowded,

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: population density.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: fewer available resources.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: natural selection pressures change according to population density.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: competition,

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: abundance of available resources for rapid population growth.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: available resources

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: crowded,

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: competition,

text: "Tourism Carrying Capacity" is defined by the World Tourism Organisation as “The maximum number of people that may visit a tourist destination at the same time, without causing destruction of the physical, economic, socio-cultural environment and an unacceptable decrease in the quality of visitors' satisfaction”.   Whereas Middleton and Hawkins Chamberlain (1997) define it as “the level of human activity an area can accommodate without the area deteriorating, the resident community being adversely affected or the quality of visitors experience declining” what both these definitions pick up on is carrying capacity is the point at which a destination or attraction starts experiencing adverse as a result of the number of visitors.

text: "Tourism Carrying Capacity" is defined by the

text: World Tourism Organisation

text: as “The maximum number of people that may visit a tourist destination at the same time, without causing destruction of the physical, economic, socio-cultural environment and an unacceptable decrease in the quality of visitors' satisfaction”.   Whereas Middleton and Hawkins Chamberlain (1997) define it as “the level of human activity an area can accommodate without the area deteriorating, the resident community being adversely affected or the quality of visitors experience declining” what both these definitions pick up on is carrying capacity is the point at which a destination or attraction starts experiencing adverse as a result of the number of visitors.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: adversely affected

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: start experiencing adverse as a result of the number of visitors

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: human activity

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: starts experiencing adverse as a result of the number of visitors.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: “the level of human activity

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: adverse

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: "Tourism Carrying Capacity"

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: number of visitors.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: "Tourism Carrying Capacity"

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: “the level of human activity

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: number of visitors.

text: Canis mosbachensis lived in the middle to late Pleistocene in Eurasia. The holotype of the Mosbach wolf C. mosbachensis (Soergel, 1925) was found in Jockgrim, (Germany). In 2010, a study found that the diversity of the Canis group decreased by the end of the Early Pleistocene to Middle Pleistocene and was limited in Eurasia to the small wolves of the C. mosbachensis–C. variabilis group that were a comparable size to the extant Indian wolf (Canis lupus pallipes), and the large hypercarnivorous Canis (Xenocyon) lycaonoides that was comparable in size to extant northern gray wolves. C. mosbachensis occurred between C. etruscus in the Early Pleistocene and the modern C. lupus. C. mosbachensis was smaller than most North American wolf populations and smaller than C. rufus, and has been described by Kurten as being similar in size to Canis papilles. As wolves continue to evolve they become bigger. It was still living in Europe at a time coinciding with the North American Early Rancholabrean and had grown in size by the Late Rancholabrean. Nowak proposed that C. mosbachensis was the ancestor of Eurasian and North American wolves, and that one population of C. mosbachensis invaded North America where it became isolated by the later glaciation and there gave rise to C. rufus. Another population of C. mosbachensis remained in Eurasia and evolved into C. lupus, from where it invaded North America.

text: Canis mosbachensis lived in the middle to late Pleistocene in Eurasia. The

text: holotype

text: of the

text: Mosbach

text: wolf C. mosbachensis (Soergel, 1925) was found in Jockgrim, (Germany). In 2010, a study found that the diversity of the Canis group decreased by the end of the

text: Early Pleistocene

text: to

text: Middle Pleistocene

text: and was limited in Eurasia to the small wolves of the C. mosbachensis–C. variabilis group that were a comparable size to the extant

text: Indian wolf

text: (Canis lupus pallipes), and the large hypercarnivorous

text: Canis (Xenocyon) lycaonoides

text: that was comparable in size to extant northern gray wolves. C. mosbachensis occurred between C. etruscus in the

text: Early Pleistocene

text: and the modern C. lupus. C. mosbachensis was smaller than most North American wolf populations and smaller than C. rufus, and has been described by Kurten as being similar in size to Canis papilles. As wolves continue to evolve they become bigger. It was still living in Europe at a time coinciding with the North American Early Rancholabrean and had grown in size by the Late Rancholabrean. Nowak proposed that C. mosbachensis was the ancestor of Eurasian and North American wolves, and that one population of C. mosbachensis invaded North America where it became isolated by the later glaciation and there gave rise to C. rufus. Another population of C. mosbachensis remained in Eurasia and evolved into C. lupus, from where it invaded North America.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: end of the Early Pleistocene

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: wolves continue to evolve

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: evolution

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: as wolves continue to evolve

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: is overpopulating

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: Early Pleistocene to Middle Pleistocene

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: wolves continue to evolve they become bigger.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: As wolves continue to evolve

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: Mosbach wolf

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: C. mosbachensis–C. variabilis

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: a comparable size

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: As wolves continue to evolve they become bigger.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: glaciation

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: isolated by the later glaciation

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: size

text: A polymer electrolyte must be able to penetrate the anode's finest pores to form a complete, homogeneous layer, because only anode oxide sections covered by the electrolyte contribute to the capacitance. For this the precursors of the polymer has to consist of very small base materials that can penetrate even the smallest pores. The size of this precursors are the limiting factor in the size of the pores in the etched aluminum anode foils or of the size of tantalum powder. The rate of polymerization must be controlled for capacitor manufacturing. Too rapid polymerization does not lead to a complete anode coverage, while too slow polymerization increases production costs. Neither the precursors nor the polymer or its residues may attack the anodes oxide chemically or mechanically. The polymer electrolyte must have high stability over a wide temperature range over long times. The polymer film is not only the counter electrode of the e-cap it also protects the dielectric even against external influences such as the direct contact of graphite in this capacitors, which are provided with a cathode contact via graphite and silver.

text: A polymer electrolyte must be able to penetrate the anode's finest pores to form a complete, homogeneous layer, because only anode oxide sections covered by the electrolyte contribute to the capacitance. For this the precursors of the polymer has to consist of very small base materials that can penetrate even the smallest pores. The size of this precursors are the limiting factor in the size of the pores in the etched aluminum anode foils or of the size of tantalum powder. The rate of polymerization must be controlled for capacitor manufacturing. Too rapid polymerization does not lead to a complete anode coverage, while too slow polymerization increases production costs. Neither the precursors nor the polymer or its residues may attack the anodes oxide chemically or mechanically. The polymer electrolyte must have high stability over a wide temperature range over long times. The polymer film is not only the counter electrode of the e-cap it also protects the dielectric even against external influences such as the direct contact of graphite in this capacitors, which are provided with a cathode contact via graphite and silver.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: it is covered by the electrolyte

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: size of this precursors

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: no longer exist

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: not enough food

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: increases production costs

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: too slow polymerization increases production costs.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: only anode oxide sections covered by the electrolyte

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: precursors

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: layer,

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: A polymer electrolyte

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: The size of this precursors

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: A polymer electrolyte

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: The size of this precursors

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: increases production costs.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: The size of this precursors

text: At one point it is estimated that the Roman Empire had a population of 60 million people, and an estimated one million or more in Rome alone (a population that was not matched in size in Europe until London in the 19th century). With such a large population increase, coupled with an enhancement of exuberant lifestyles and a high standard of living for the urbanized communities of the Roman world, resource consumption became exponentially extensive.

text: At one point it is estimated that the Roman Empire had a population of 60 million people, and an estimated one million or more in Rome alone (a

entity_name: List of largest cities throughout history

text: population that was not matched in size

text: in

text: Europe

text: until

text: London

text: in the 19th century). With such a large population increase, coupled with an enhancement of exuberant lifestyles and a high standard of living for the urbanized communities of the Roman world, resource consumption became exponentially extensive.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: resource consumption becomes exponentially extensive

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: resource consumption

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: dwindle

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: high standard of living

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: exponentially extensive

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: 19th century). With such a large population increase,

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: resource consumption became exponentially extensive.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: resource consumption

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: 60 million

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: With such a large population increase,

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: resource consumption

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: a large population increase, coupled with an enhancement of exuberant lifestyles

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: high standard of living

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: exponentially extensive.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: resource consumption

text: For example, whether a number is rising or falling may not be the key factor. More important may be the number relative to another number, such as the size of government revenue or spending relative to the size of the economy (GDP) or the amount of cost relative to revenue in corporate financial statements. This numerical technique is referred to as normalization or common-sizing. There are many such techniques employed by analysts, whether adjusting for inflation (i.e., comparing real vs. nominal data) or considering population increases, demographics, etc. Analysts apply a variety of techniques to address the various quantitative messages described in the section above.

text: For example, whether a number is rising or falling may not be the key factor. More important may be the number relative to another number, such as the size of government revenue or spending relative to the size of the economy (GDP) or the amount of cost relative to revenue in corporate financial statements. This numerical technique is referred to as normalization or common-sizing. There are many such techniques employed by analysts, whether adjusting for inflation (i.e., comparing real vs. nominal data) or considering population increases, demographics, etc. Analysts apply a variety of techniques to address the various quantitative messages described in the section above.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population increases

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: adjusting for inflation

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: is growing

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: the number relative to another number

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: increases,

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population increases,

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: population increases, demographics,

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: More important may be the number relative to another number,

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: population increases, demographics,

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: whether a number is rising or falling may not be the key factor.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: population increases,

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: size of government revenue or spending

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: population increases,

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: More important may be the number relative to another number,

text: where n is the sample size, N is the population size and ρ is the correlation coefficient between the x and y variates.

text: where n is the sample size, N is the population size and ρ is the correlation coefficient between the x and y variates.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: when the sample size is too small

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: x and y are correlated

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: n

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: n = 2

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: population size

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: population size is too small

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: natural selection

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: uses resources more quickly than they are being replenished

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: population size

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: n is the sample size,

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: N is the population size

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: <unk> is the correlation coefficient between the x and y variates.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: N is the population size

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: n is the sample size, N

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: <unk> is the correlation coefficient between the x and y variates.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: population size

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: correlation coefficient

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: N is the population size

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: N is the population size

text: For example, it is estimated that the combined technological capacity of the world to store information provides 1,300 exabytes of hardware digits in 2007. However, when this storage space is filled and the corresponding content is optimally compressed, this only represents 295 exabytes of information. When optimally compressed, the resulting carrying capacity approaches Shannon information or information entropy.

text: For example, it is estimated that the combined technological capacity of the world to store information provides 1,300

text: exabytes

text: of hardware digits in 2007. However, when this storage space is filled and the corresponding content is optimally compressed, this only represents 295

text: exabytes

text: of information. When optimally compressed, the resulting carrying capacity approaches

text: Shannon information

text: or

text: information entropy

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: When optimally compressed

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: entropy

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: when this storage space is filled

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: when this storage space is filled

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: combined technological capacity

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: Shannon information or information entropy.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: 1,300 exabytes of hardware digits in 2007.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: storage space is filled

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: when this storage space is filled

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: technological capacity of the world to store information

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: Shannon information or information entropy.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: storage space is filled

text: Genetic diversity is often lost within captive populations due to the founder effect and subsequent small population sizes.  Minimizing the loss of genetic diversity within the captive population is an important component of ex situ conservation and is critical for successful reintroductions and the long term success of the species, since more diverse populations have higher adaptive potential. The loss of genetic diversity due to the founder effect can be minimized by ensuring that the founder population is large enough and genetically representative of the wild population.  This is often difficult because removing large numbers of individuals from the wild populations may further reduce the genetic diversity of a  species that is already of conservation concern.  Maximizing the captive population size and the effective population size can decrease the loss of genetic diversity by minimizing the random loss of alleles due to genetic drift .  Minimizing the number of generations in captivity is another effective method for reducing the loss of genetic diversity in captive populations.

text: Genetic diversity is often lost within captive populations due to the

text: founder effect

text: and subsequent small population sizes.  Minimizing the loss of genetic diversity within the captive population is an important component of ex situ conservation and is critical for successful reintroductions and the long term success of the species, since more diverse populations have higher

text: adaptive

text: potential. The loss of genetic diversity due to the founder effect can be minimized by ensuring that the founder population is large enough and genetically representative of the wild population.  This is often difficult because removing large numbers of individuals from the wild populations may further reduce the genetic diversity of a  species that is already of conservation concern.  Maximizing the captive population size and the

text: effective population size

text: can decrease the loss of genetic diversity by minimizing the random loss of alleles due to

text: genetic drift

text: .  Minimizing the number of generations in captivity is another effective method for reducing the loss of genetic diversity in captive populations.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: founder effect

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: the founder population is large enough

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: genetic diversity

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: lessen

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: founder effect and subsequent small population sizes

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: genetic diversity

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: founder effect

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: founder effect

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: large enough and genetically representative of the wild population.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: genetically representative of the wild population.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: removing large numbers of individuals from the wild populations may further reduce the genetic diversity

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: removing large numbers of individuals from the wild populations

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: small population sizes.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: founder effect and subsequent small population sizes.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: diverse

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: founder effect

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: small population sizes.

text: In this field she has proposed one of the most convincing mathematical explanations for von Foerster's Doomsday Equation. In collaboration with her colleagues, Artemy Malkov and Andrey Korotayev, she has shown that till the 1970s the hyperbolic growth of the world population was accompanied by quadratic-hyperbolic growth of the world GDP, and developed a number of mathematical models describing both this phenomenon, and the World System withdrawal from the blow-up regime observed in the recent decades. The hyperbolic growth of the world population and quadratic-hyperbolic growth of the world GDP observed till the 1970s have been correlated by him and his colleagues to a non-linear second order positive feedback between the demographic growth and technological development that can be spelled out as follows: technological growth – increase in the carrying capacity of land for people – demographic growth – more people – more potential inventors – acceleration of technological growth – accelerating growth of the carrying capacity – the faster population growth – accelerating growth of the number of potential inventors – faster technological growth – hence, the faster growth of the Earth's carrying capacity for people, and so on.

text: In this field she has proposed one of the most convincing mathematical explanations for

text: von Foerster's

text: Doomsday Equation

text: . In collaboration with her colleagues, Artemy Malkov and

text: Andrey Korotayev

text: , she has shown that till the 1970s the

text: hyperbolic

text: growth of the

text: world population

text: was accompanied by

text: quadratic

text: -hyperbolic growth of the world

text: GDP

text: , and developed a number of

text: mathematical model

text: s describing both this phenomenon, and the

text: World System

text: withdrawal from the blow-up regime observed in the recent decades. The hyperbolic growth of the

text: world population

text: and quadratic-hyperbolic growth of the world GDP observed till the 1970s have been correlated by him and his colleagues to a non-linear second order

text: positive feedback

text: between the

text: demographic

text: growth and technological development that can be spelled out as follows: technological growth – increase in the

text: carrying capacity

text: of land for people – demographic growth – more people – more potential inventors – acceleration of technological growth – accelerating growth of the carrying capacity – the faster

text: population growth

text: – accelerating growth of the number of potential inventors – faster technological growth – hence, the faster growth of the Earth's carrying capacity for people, and so on.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: technological growth

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: technological growth

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: technological growth

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: technological development

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: blows up

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: technological growth

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: Doomsday

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: technological growth – increase in the carrying capacity of land for people

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: technological development

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: accelerating growth of the carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: hyperbolic growth

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: carrying capacity of land for people

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: acceleration of technological growth

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: carrying capacity of land

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: the faster population growth

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: land for people

text: Wastewater reuse is often used synonymously with the terms wastewater recycling and wastewater reclamation and can be defined as the use of reclaimed water for beneficial purposes, such as agricultural, landscape and field irrigation, industrial processes, toilet flushing, fire protection, and replenishing of surface water and groundwater (the latter referred to as groundwater recharge). Water/wastewater reuse is integral to sustainable water management because it allows water to remain in the environment and be preserved for future uses while meeting the water requirements of the present.Water and wastewater reuse is a long-established practice used for irrigation especially in arid countries. The World Health Organization  has recognized the principal driving forces for global wastewater reuse as the (i) increasing water scarcity and stress, (ii) increasing populations and related food security issues, (iii) increasing environmental pollution from improper wastewater disposal, and (iv) the increasing recognition of the resource value of wastewater, excreta and greywater.Water is a limiting resource, and the pressure exerted on surface and groundwater resources should be reduced or at best maintained, rather than increased, as the human population and industrial development increase. Water recycling and reuse is thus of increasing importance, not only in arid regions but also in cities and contaminated environments. Already, groundwater aquifers used by over half of the world population are being over-drafted. As a result, it is no longer advisable to use water once and dispose of it; it is important to identify ways to reuse water. Reuse will continue to increase as the world’s population becomes increasingly urbanized and concentrated near coastlines, where local freshwater supplies are limited or are available only with large capital expenditure. Large quantities of freshwater can be saved by wastewater reuse and recycling, lowering costs, reducing environmental pollution and improving carbon footprint; since reuse is a sustainable and cost-effective alternative water supply.

text: Wastewater

text: reuse is often used synonymously with the terms

text: wastewater recycling

text: and

text: wastewater reclamation

text: and can be defined as the use of

text: reclaimed water

text: for beneficial purposes, such as agricultural, landscape and field irrigation, industrial processes, toilet flushing, fire protection, and replenishing of

text: surface water

text: and

text: groundwater

text: (the latter referred to as

text: groundwater recharge

text: ). Water/wastewater reuse is integral to

text: sustainable

text: water management

text: because it allows water to remain in the environment and be preserved for future uses while meeting the water requirements of the present.

text: Water

text: and wastewater reuse is a long-established practice used for irrigation especially in

text: arid

text: countries. The

text: World Health Organization

text: has recognized the principal driving forces for global wastewater reuse as the (i) increasing water scarcity and stress, (ii) increasing populations and related food security issues, (iii) increasing environmental pollution from improper wastewater disposal, and (iv) the increasing recognition of the resource value of wastewater, excreta and greywater.Water is a limiting resource, and the pressure exerted on surface and groundwater resources should be reduced or at best maintained, rather than increased, as the

text: human population

text: and industrial development increase. Water recycling and reuse is thus of increasing importance, not only in arid regions but also in cities and contaminated environments. Already, groundwater

text: aquifers

text: used by over half of the world population are being over-drafted. As a result, it is no longer advisable to use water once and dispose of it; it is important to identify ways to reuse water. Reuse will continue to increase as the world’s population becomes increasingly urbanized and concentrated near coastlines, where local

text: freshwater

text: supplies are limited or are available only with large

text: capital expenditure

text: . Large quantities of freshwater can be saved by wastewater reuse and recycling, lowering costs, reducing

text: environmental pollution

text: and improving

text: carbon footprint

text: ; since reuse is a sustainable and cost-effective alternative

text: water supply

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: over-drafted

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: as the human population

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: food security

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: over-drafted

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: the world’s population becomes increasingly urbanized and concentrated near coastlines,

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: industrial development increase.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: population and industrial development increase.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: increased,

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: maintained, rather than increased,

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: greywater.Water

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: as the human population and industrial development increase.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: food security

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: over-drafted.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: local freshwater supplies

text: The Marine Corps eventually concluded that both the RON, and the competing Hiller ROE were too heavy and too difficult to fly and abandoned the project. The United States Navy, however, had noticed the compact size and high load-carrying capacity of the RON, and in 1960 awarded a contract to Gyrodyne to produce a radio-controlled drone version of the Rotorcycle, to be used as an Anti-Submarine Warfare (ASW) platform. Using the dynamic components of the RON, this was eventually developed as the Gyrodyne QH-50.

text: The Marine Corps eventually concluded that both the RON, and the competing

text: Hiller ROE

text: were too heavy and too difficult to fly and abandoned the project. The

text: United States Navy

text: , however, had noticed the compact size and high load-carrying capacity of the RON, and in 1960 awarded a contract to Gyrodyne to produce a radio-controlled drone version of the Rotorcycle, to be used as an Anti-Submarine Warfare (ASW) platform. Using the dynamic components of the RON, this was eventually developed as the

text: Gyrodyne QH-50

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: population size

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: not enough food

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overconsumes

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: The Marine Corps

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: load-carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: size and high load-carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: RON,

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: The Marine Corps

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: heavy and too difficult to fly

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: compact size and high load-carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: compact size and high load-carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: Gyrodyne QH-50.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: load-carrying capacity

text: A minibus, microbus, or minicoach is a passenger carrying motor vehicle that is designed to carry more people than a multi-purpose vehicle or minivan, but fewer people than a full-size bus. In the United Kingdom, the word "minibus" is used to describe any full-sized passenger carrying van. Minibuses have a seating capacity of between 8 and 30 seats. Larger minibuses may be called midibuses. Minibuses are typically front-engined step-entrance vehicles, although low floor minibuses do exist.

text: A minibus, microbus, or minicoach is a passenger carrying

text: motor vehicle

text: that is designed to carry more people than a

text: multi-purpose vehicle or minivan

text: , but fewer people than a

text: full-size bus

text: . In the

text: United Kingdom

text: , the word "minibus" is used to describe any full-sized passenger carrying van. Minibuses have a

text: seating capacity

text: of between 8 and 30 seats. Larger minibuses may be called

text: midibus

text: es. Minibuses are typically

text: front-engined

text: step-entrance vehicles, although

text: low floor

text: minibuses do exist.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: between 8 and 30 seats

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: population size

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: less than 8

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: natural disasters

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overpopulation

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: A minibus,

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: A minibus,

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: passenger carrying motor vehicle

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: fewer people than a full-size bus.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: A minibus, microbus, or minicoach

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: low floor minibuses

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: A minibus,

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: passenger carrying motor vehicle

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: A minibus, microbus, or minicoach

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: 8 and 30 seats.

text: Analysis of algorithms typically focuses on the asymptotic performance, particularly at the elementary level, but in practical applications constant factors are important, and real-world data is in practice always limited in size. The limit is typically the size of addressable memory, so on 32-bit machines 2 = 4 GiB (greater if segmented memory is used) and on 64-bit machines 2 = 16 EiB. Thus given a limited size, an order of growth (time or space) can be replaced by a constant factor, and in this sense all practical algorithms are O(1) for a large enough constant, or for small enough data.

text: Analysis of algorithms typically focuses on the asymptotic performance, particularly at the elementary level, but in practical applications constant factors are important, and real-world data is in practice always limited in size. The limit is typically the size of addressable memory, so on 32-bit machines 2 = 4 GiB (greater if

text: segmented memory

text: is used) and on 64-bit machines 2 = 16 EiB. Thus given a limited size, an order of growth (time or space) can be replaced by a constant factor, and in this sense all practical algorithms are O(1) for a large enough constant, or for small enough data.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: limited in size

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: a region is at its carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: time or space

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: constant factors

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: O(1)

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: (time

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: small enough data.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: (time or space) can be replaced by a constant factor,

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: O(1)

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: constant factors

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: size of addressable memory,

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: constant factors

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: constant factors

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: growth

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: size of addressable memory,

text: Factors that may limit the applicability and effectiveness of the process include:

text: Factors that may limit the applicability and effectiveness of the process include:

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: it is overpopulated

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: climatic conditions

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: habitat

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: asexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: nutrients

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: consumes more resources

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: climatic conditions

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: Factors that may limit the applicability and effectiveness of the process

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: Factors that may limit the applicability and effectiveness of the process

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: Factors that may limit the applicability and effectiveness of the process

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: Factors that may limit the applicability and effectiveness of the process

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Factors

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: Factors

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: Factors

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: Factors that may limit the applicability and effectiveness of the process

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: effectiveness of the process

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: Factors

text: The EAC-SADC-COMESA Summit is considered historic because for the first time, since the birth of the African Union, several key building blocks of the AEC have met on how to integrate territories and moving towards deepening and widening integration within the overall Abuja Treaty for the establishment of the AEC. Further, for the first time a truly transcontinental union came into being, ranging from the north to the south of the continent. The AFTZ (EAC, COMESA and SADC) currently have a combined population of 527 million and combined GDP of US$625 billion. In size and capacity, the AFTZ rivals most trade blocks.

text: The

text: EAC-SADC-COMESA Summit

text: is considered historic because for the first time, since the birth of the

text: African Union

text: , several key building blocks of the AEC have met on how to integrate territories and moving towards deepening and widening integration within the overall

text: Abuja Treaty

text: for the establishment of the AEC. Further, for the first time a truly transcontinental union came into being, ranging from the north to the south of the continent. The AFTZ (EAC, COMESA and SADC) currently have a combined population of 527 million and combined GDP of US$625 billion. In size and capacity, the AFTZ rivals most trade blocks.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: 527 million

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: population

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: uninhabitable

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: GDP

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overpopulation

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: 527 million

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population of 527 million

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: GDP of US$625 billion. In size and capacity,

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: 527 million

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: 527 million

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: population of 527 million

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: 527 million

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: GDP

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: 527 million and combined GDP of US$625 billion.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: 527 million

text: Fish capacity is a function of aquarium size. Limiting factors include the availability of oxygen in the water and the rate at which the filter can process waste. Aquarists apply rules of thumb estimating appropriate population size; the examples below are for small freshwater fish. Larger freshwater fish and most marine fishes need much more generous allowances. Some aquarists claim that increasing water depth beyond some relatively shallow minimum does not affect capacity.

text: Fish capacity is a function of aquarium size.

text: Limiting factor

text: s include the availability of

text: oxygen

text: in the water and the rate at which the

text: filter

text: can process waste. Aquarists apply rules of thumb estimating appropriate population size; the examples below are for small freshwater fish. Larger freshwater fish and most marine fishes need much more generous allowances. Some aquarists claim that increasing water depth beyond some relatively shallow minimum does not affect capacity.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: not enough space

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: it has enough fish

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: aquarium size

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: consumes more resources

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: rate at which the filter can process waste.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: increasing water depth

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: aquarium size.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: Fish capacity is a function of aquarium size.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: increasing water depth

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: availability of oxygen in the water

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: Larger freshwater fish and most marine fishes

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: rate at which the filter can process waste.

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: Limiting factors

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: availability of oxygen in the water

text: 'Medium'-sized vessels with capacity for about 30,000 to 40,000 sheep (or 3000 to 4000 head of cattle) are a common size for this type of ship. However, during the last two decades of the twentieth century there were a small number of sheep carriers which had capacity for 130,000 sheep. There were at least two other large livestock carriers which specialised in combined cargoes of cattle and sheep. One had capacity for about 7,000 cattle plus 70,000 sheep and the other could carry 14,000 cattle plus 20,000 sheep.In 2007 the livestock carrier Deneb Prima was loading cargoes amounting to 20,000 cattle plus 2000 sheep.

text: 'Medium'-sized vessels with capacity for about 30,000 to 40,000 sheep (or 3000 to 4000 head of cattle) are a common size for this type of ship. However, during the last two decades of the twentieth century there were a small number of sheep carriers which had capacity for 130,000 sheep. There were at least two other large livestock carriers which specialised in combined cargoes of cattle and sheep. One had capacity for about 7,000 cattle plus 70,000 sheep and the other could carry 14,000 cattle plus 20,000 sheep.In 2007 the livestock carrier Deneb Prima was loading cargoes amounting to 20,000 cattle plus 2000 sheep.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: 30,000 to 40,000 sheep

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: capacity

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: 40,000 sheep

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: livestock

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overpopulation

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: last two decades of the twentieth century

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: 30,000 to 40,000 sheep

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: capacity

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: 30,000 to 40,000 sheep

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: 30,000 to 40,000 sheep

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: 30,000 to 40,000 sheep

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: 30,000 to 40,000 sheep

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: capacity

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: 30,000 to 40,000 sheep

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: 30,000 to 40,000 sheep

text: The effective population size is most commonly measured with respect to the coalescence time. In an idealised diploid population with no selection at any locus, the expectation of the coalescence time in generations is equal to twice the census population size. The effective population size is measured as within-species genetic diversity divided by four times the mutation rate, because in such an idealised population, the heterozygosity is equal to

text: The effective population size is most commonly measured with respect to the

text: coalescence time

text: . In an idealised diploid population with no selection at any locus, the expectation of the

text: coalescence time

text: in generations is equal to twice the census population size. The effective population size is measured as within-species

text: genetic diversity

text: divided by four times the

text: mutation rate

text: , because in such an idealised population, the

text: heterozygosity

text: is equal to

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: coalescence time

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population size is less than the population size

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: coalescence time

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: effective population size

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: genetic diversity

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: is overpopulating

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: effective population size

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: coalescence time.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: twice the census population size.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: within-species genetic diversity divided by four times the mutation rate,

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: twice the census population size.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: four times the mutation rate,

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no selection at any locus,

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: no selection at any locus,

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: coalescence time.

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: The effective population size

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: four times the mutation rate,

text: Payload is the carrying capacity of an aircraft or launch vehicle, usually measured in terms of weight. Depending on the nature of the flight or mission, the payload of a vehicle may include cargo, passengers, flight crew, munitions, scientific instruments or experiments, or other equipment. Extra fuel, when optionally carried, is also considered part of the payload. In a commercial context (i.e., an airline or air freight carrier), payload may refer only to revenue-generating cargo or paying passengers.

text: Payload is the carrying capacity of an

text: aircraft

text: or

text: launch vehicle

text: , usually measured in terms of weight. Depending on the nature of the flight or mission, the payload of a vehicle may include

text: cargo

text: passenger

text: s,

text: flight crew

text: munition

text: s, scientific instruments or experiments, or other equipment. Extra fuel, when optionally carried, is also considered part of the payload. In a commercial context (i.e., an

text: airline

text: or

text: air freight carrier

text: ), payload may refer only to revenue-generating cargo or paying passengers.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: payload is at its carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: population size

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overconsumes

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: Payload

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: Payload

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: Payload

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: Payload

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Payload

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: weight.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: Payload

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: Payload

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: Payload

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: weight.

text: As an example of genetic purging, consider a large population where there are recessive lethal alleles segregating at very low frequency in many loci, so that each individual carries on the average one of these alleles. Although about 63% of the individuals carry at least one of these lethal alleles, almost none carry two copies of the same lethal. Therefore, since lethals are considered completely recessive (i.e., they are harmless in heterozygosis), they cause almost no deaths. Now assume that population size reduces to a small value (say N=10), and remains that small for many generations. As inbreeding increases, the probability of being homozygous for one (or more) of these lethal alleles also increases, causing fitness to decline. However, as those lethals begin to occur in homozygosis, natural selection begins purging them. The figure to the right gives the expected decline of fitness against the number of generations, taking into account just the increase in inbreeding  (red line), or both inbreeding and purging (blue line, computed using the purged inbreeding coefficient ). This example shows that purging can be very efficient preventing inbreeding depression. However, for non-lethal deleterious alleles, the efficiency of purging would be smaller, and it can require larger populations to overcome genetic drift.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: inbreeding

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: inbreeding increases

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: natural selection

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: natural selection

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: inbreeding

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: many generations.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: N=10),

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: N=10), and remains that small for many generations.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: N=10),

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: population size reduces to a small value (say N=10),

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: inbreeding

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: inbreeding

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: genetic drift.

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: genetic purging,

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: inbreeding

text: By the beginning of the reign of James I, the church had become inadequate for the size of its congregation, due to the great increase in population in the area.  In 1606 the king granted an acre of ground to the west of St. Martin's Lane for a new churchyard, and the building was enlarged eastwards over the old burial ground, increasing the length of the church by about half. At the same time the church was, in the phrase of the time, thoroughly "repaired and beautified". Later in the 17th century capacity was further increased with the addition of galleries. The creation of the new parishes of St Anne, Soho, and St James, Piccadilly, and the opening of a chapel in Oxenden Street also relieved some of the pressure on space.

text: By the beginning of the reign of

text: James I

text: , the church had become inadequate for the size of its congregation, due to the great increase in population in the area.  In 1606 the king granted an acre of ground to the west of St. Martin's Lane for a new churchyard, and the building was enlarged eastwards over the old burial ground, increasing the length of the church by about half. At the same time the church was, in the phrase of the time, thoroughly "repaired and beautified". Later in the 17th century capacity was further increased with the addition of galleries. The creation of the new parishes of

entity_name: St Anne Within the Liberty of Westminster

text: St Anne, Soho

text: , and

text: St James, Piccadilly

text: , and the opening of a chapel in Oxenden Street also relieved some of the pressure on space.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: size of its congregation

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: pressure on space

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: increase

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: increase in population

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: increase in population

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: inadequate for the size of its congregation,

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: increase in population

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: population

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: great increase in population

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: acre of ground

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: the church had become inadequate for the size of its congregation,

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: population

text: Inland canals have often had boats specifically built for them. An example of this is the British narrowboat, which is up to  long and  wide and was primarily built for British Midland canals. In this case the limiting factor was the size of the locks. This is also the limiting factor on the Panama canal where Panamax ships are limited to a length of  and a beam of . For the lockless Suez Canal the limiting factor for Suezmax ships is generally draft, which is limited to . At the other end of the scale, tub-boat canals such as the Bude Canal were limited to boats of under 10 tons for much of their length due to the capacity of their inclined planes or boat lifts. Most canals have a limit on height imposed either by bridges or by tunnels.

text: Inland canals have often had boats specifically built for them. An example of this is the British

text: narrowboat

text: , which is up to  long and  wide and was primarily built for British Midland canals. In this case the limiting factor was the size of the locks. This is also the limiting factor on the Panama canal where

text: Panamax

text: ships are limited to a length of  and a beam of . For the lockless Suez Canal the limiting factor for

text: Suezmax

text: ships is generally draft, which is limited to . At the other end of the scale, tub-boat canals such as the

text: Bude Canal

text: were limited to boats of under 10 tons for much of their length due to the capacity of their inclined planes or boat lifts. Most canals have a limit on height imposed either by bridges or by tunnels.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: a region is at its carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: limiting factor

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overpopulation

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: Inland canals

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: limit on height imposed either by bridges or by tunnels.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: size of the locks.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: 10 tons

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: size of the locks.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: size of the locks.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: size of the locks.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: size of the locks.

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: limiting factor was the size of the locks.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: size of the locks.

text: Numerous limiting factors influence the population dynamics of the capercaillie throughout its range, including habitat degradation, loss, and fragmentation (Storch 2000, p. 83; 2007, p. 96). Forest structure plays an important role in determining habitat suitability and occupancy. Quevedo et al. (2006) found that open forest structure with well-distributed bilberry shrubs were the preferred habitat type of Cantabrian capercaillie. Management of forest resources for timber production has caused and continues to cause significant changes in forest structure such as: species composition, density and height of trees, forest patch size, and understory vegetation.

text: Numerous limiting factors influence the population dynamics of the capercaillie throughout its range, including habitat degradation, loss, and fragmentation (Storch 2000, p. 83; 2007, p. 96). Forest structure plays an important role in determining habitat suitability and occupancy. Quevedo et al. (2006) found that open forest structure with well-distributed bilberry shrubs were the preferred habitat type of Cantabrian capercaillie. Management of forest resources for timber production has caused and continues to cause significant changes in forest structure such as: species composition, density and height of trees, forest patch size, and understory vegetation.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: habitat degradation

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: habitat suitability and occupancy

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: limiting factors

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: Multiples limiting factors

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: Forest structure

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: fragmentation

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: habitat degradation,

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: 96).

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: limiting factors

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: habitat degradation, loss, and fragmentation

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: habitat degradation, loss, and fragmentation

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: habitat degradation, loss, and fragmentation

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: limiting factors

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: Forest structure

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: habitat degradation, loss, and fragmentation

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: habitat degradation, loss, and fragmentation

text: Population turnover is a related statistic that measures gross moves in relation to the size of the population, for example movement of residents into and out of a geographic location between census counts.

text: Population turnover is a related statistic that measures gross moves in relation to the size of the population, for example movement of residents into and out of a geographic location between

text: census

text: counts.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: between census counts

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population turnover is low

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: population turnover

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: turnover is high

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: between census counts.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: Population turnover

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: gross moves

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: Population turnover

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Population turnover

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: size of the population,

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: Population turnover

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: movement of residents into and out of a geographic location

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: Population turnover

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: Population turnover

text: Due to population density, dispersal may relieve pressure for resources in an ecosystem, and competition for these resources may be a selection factor for dispersal mechanisms.

text: Due to population density, dispersal may relieve pressure for resources in an ecosystem, and competition for these resources may be a selection factor for dispersal mechanisms.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: dispersal

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: it is overpopulated

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: density

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: population density

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: dispersal

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: disperses

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: density,

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population density,

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: density,

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: dispersal

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: dispersal may relieve pressure for resources in an ecosystem,

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: competition

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: population density,

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: competition for these resources

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: dispersal may relieve pressure for resources

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: competition for these resources

text: DNA barcoding is based on a relatively simple concept. All eukaryote cells contain mitochondria, and animal mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has a relatively fast mutation rate, resulting in the generation of diversity within and between populations over relatively short evolutionary timescales (thousands of generations). Typically, in animals, a single mtDNA genome is transmitted to offspring by each breeding female, and the genetic effective population size is proportional to the number of breeding females. This contrasts with the nuclear genome, which is around 100 000 times larger, where males and females each contribute two full genomes to the gene pool and effective size is therefore proportional to twice the total population size. This reduction in effective population size leads to more rapid sorting of mtDNA gene lineages within and among populations through time, due to variance in fecundity among individuals (the principle of coalescence). The combined effect of higher mutation rates and more rapid sorting of variation usually results in divergence of mtDNA sequences among species and a comparatively small variance within species. A 658-bp region (the Folmer region) of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene was proposed as a potential 'barcode'.

text: DNA barcoding is based on a relatively simple concept. All

text: eukaryote

text: cells contain

text: mitochondria

text: , and animal mitochondrial DNA (

text: mtDNA

text: ) has a relatively fast

text: mutation

text: rate, resulting in the generation of diversity within and between populations over relatively short evolutionary timescales (thousands of generations). Typically, in animals, a single mtDNA genome is transmitted to offspring by each breeding female, and the genetic

text: effective population size

text: is

text: proportional

text: to the number of breeding females. This contrasts with the

text: nuclear genome

text: , which is around 100 000 times larger, where males and females each contribute two full genomes to the

text: gene pool

text: and effective size is therefore proportional to twice the total population size. This reduction in

text: effective population size

text: leads to more rapid sorting of mtDNA gene lineages within and among populations through time, due to variance in

text: fecundity

text: among individuals (the principle of

text: coalescence

text: ). The combined effect of higher mutation rates and more rapid sorting of variation usually results in divergence of mtDNA sequences among species and a comparatively small variance within species. A 658-

text: bp

text: region (the Folmer region) of the

text: mitochondrial

text: cytochrome c oxidase

text: subunit I (COI) gene was proposed as a potential 'barcode'.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: due to variance in fecundity among individuals

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: proportional to the number of breeding females

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: the number of breeding females

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: genetic effective population size is proportional to the number of breeding females

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: number of breeding females

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: reduced in effective population size

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: number of breeding females

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: variance in fecundity among individuals

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: effective population size is proportional to the number of breeding females.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: number of breeding females.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: proportional to the number of breeding females.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: diversity within and between populations over relatively short evolutionary timescales

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: number of breeding females.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: genetic effective population size is proportional to the number of breeding females.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: number of breeding females.

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: reduction in effective population size

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: number of breeding females.

text: MTE has profound implications for the interpretation of population growth and community diversity.  Classically, species are thought of as being either r selected (where populations tend to grow exponentially, and are ultimately limited by extrinsic factors) or K selected (where population size is limited by density-dependence and carrying capacity).  MTE explains this diversity of reproductive strategies as a consequence of the metabolic constraints of organisms.  Small organisms and organisms that exist at high body temperatures tend to be r selected, which fits with the prediction that r selection is a consequence of metabolic rate.  Conversely, larger and cooler bodied animals tend to be K selected.  The relationship between body size and rate of population growth has been demonstrated empirically, and in fact has been shown to scale to M across taxonomic groups.  The optimal population growth rate for a species is therefore thought to be determined by the allometric constraints outlined by the MTE, rather than strictly as a life history trait that is selected for based on environmental conditions.

text: MTE has profound implications for the interpretation of population growth and community diversity.  Classically, species are thought of as being either r selected (where populations tend to grow exponentially, and are ultimately limited by extrinsic factors) or K selected (where population size is limited by density-dependence and carrying capacity).  MTE explains this diversity of reproductive strategies as a consequence of the metabolic constraints of organisms.  Small organisms and organisms that exist at high body temperatures tend to be r selected, which fits with the prediction that r selection is a consequence of metabolic rate.  Conversely, larger and cooler bodied animals tend to be K selected.  The relationship between body size and rate of population growth has been demonstrated empirically, and in fact has been shown to scale to M across taxonomic groups.  The optimal population growth rate for a species is therefore thought to be determined by the allometric constraints outlined by the MTE, rather than strictly as a life history trait that is selected for based on environmental conditions.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: K selected

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: extrinsic factors

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: K selected

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: metabolic constraints

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: allometric constraints

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: K selected

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: K selected

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: density-dependence and carrying capacity).

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: K selected

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: allometric constraints outlined by the MTE,

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: K selected

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: MTE has profound implications for the interpretation of population growth

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: extrinsic factors)

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: metabolic constraints of organisms.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: body size

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: r selected

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: K selected

text: Population biology is the study of populations of organisms, especially the growth and regulation of population size, population genetics, demography and life history evolution, and interactions among species. A population is a group of individuals of the same species that have a high probability of interacting with each other. A simple example would be trout in a lake, or moose on Isle Royale, although in many cases the boundaries delineating a population are not as clear cut. The term population biology is often used interchangeably with population ecology and population genetics.

text: Population biology is the study of populations of organisms, especially the growth and regulation of population size, population genetics, demography and life history evolution, and interactions among species. A population is a group of individuals of the same species that have a high probability of interacting with each other. A simple example would be trout in a lake, or moose on Isle Royale, although in many cases the boundaries delineating a population are not as clear cut. The term population biology is often used interchangeably with

text: population ecology

text: and population genetics.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: in many cases

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population size is too large

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: population genetics

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: population genetics

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: is overpopulating

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: growth and regulation of population size,

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: growth and regulation of population size,

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: interactions among species.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: trout in a lake,

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Population biology

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: the boundaries delineating a population are not as clear cut.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: the boundaries delineating a population are not as clear cut.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: demography and life history evolution,

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: growth and regulation of population size,

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: population size,

text: For many species, interspecific competition is an important limiting factor of population size, biomass, species richness, and home range sizes. Given the limited distribution of P. hubrichti, it is important to recognize how it may be affected by interspecific competition. The red-backed salamander (P. cinereus), a much more widespread Plethodon, surrounds most of the range of P. hubrichti. Interspecific competition between the Peaks of Otter salamander and the red-backed salamander has generally been considered to limit the distribution of P. hubrichti, since the two species are considered to be equal competitors.

text: For many species,

text: interspecific competition

text: is an important limiting factor of population size, biomass, species richness, and home range sizes. Given the limited distribution of P. hubrichti, it is important to recognize how it may be affected by interspecific competition. The red-backed salamander (P. cinereus), a much more widespread Plethodon, surrounds most of the range of P. hubrichti. Interspecific competition between the Peaks of Otter salamander and the red-backed salamander has generally been considered to limit the distribution of P. hubrichti, since the two species are considered to be equal competitors.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: interspecific competition

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population size is an important limiting factor

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: interspecific competition

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: interspecific competition

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: interspecific competition

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: interspecific competition

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population size,

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: interspecific competition

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: interspecific competition

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: interspecific competition

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: interspecific competition

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: interspecific competition

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: interspecific competition is an important limiting factor of population size, biomass,

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: interspecific competition

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: interspecific competition is an important limiting factor of population size,

text: The ICC is financed by contributions from the states parties. The amount payable by each state party is determined using the same method as the United Nations: each state's contribution is based on the country's capacity to pay, which reflects factors such as a national income and population. The maximum amount a single country can pay in any year is limited to 22% of the Court's budget; Japan paid this amount in 2008.

text: The ICC is financed by contributions from the states parties. The amount payable by each state party is determined using the same method as the United Nations: each state's contribution is based on the country's capacity to pay, which reflects factors such as a national income and population. The maximum amount a single country can pay in any year is limited to 22% of the Court's budget; Japan paid this amount in 2008.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: population

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: capacity to pay

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: year

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: a national income and population.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: factors such as a national income and population.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: population.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: population.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: a national income and population.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: a national income and population.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: national income

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: capacity to pay,

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: a national income and population.

text: Competition between members of a species ("intraspecific") for resources such as food, water, territory, and sunlight may result in an increase in the frequency of a variant of the species best suited for survival and reproduction until its fixation within a population. However, competition among resources also has a strong tendency for diversification between members of the same species, resulting in coexistence of competitive and non-competitive strategies or cycles between low and high competitiveness. Third parties within a species often favour highly competitive strategies leading to species extinction when environmental conditions are harsh (evolutionary suicide).

text: Competition between members of a species ("intraspecific") for resources such as

text: food

text: water

text: territory

text: , and

text: sunlight

text: may result in an increase in the frequency of a variant of the species best suited for survival and reproduction until its fixation within a population. However, competition among resources also has a strong tendency for diversification between members of the same species, resulting in coexistence of competitive and non-competitive strategies or cycles between low and high

text: competitiveness

text: . Third parties within a species often favour highly competitive strategies leading to species extinction when environmental conditions are harsh (

text: evolutionary suicide

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: species extinction

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: environmental conditions

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: extinction

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: Competition

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: sunlight

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: species extinction

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: environmental conditions

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: when environmental conditions are harsh

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: fixation within a population.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: Competition between members of a species ("intraspecific") for resources

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: species extinction

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Competition

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: Competition

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: Competition

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: sunlight

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: species extinction

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: Competition

text: Some have argued that the most important human population problem for the world is not the high rate of population increase in certain Third World countries, but rather the "increase in total human impact." The per-capita impact - the resources consumed and the wastes created by each person - is varied globally; the highest in the First World and the lowest in the Third World: inhabitants of the U.S., Western Europe and Japan consume 32 times as many resources and put out 32 times as much waste as those in the Third World.However, China leads the world in total emissions, but its large population skews its per-capita statistic lower than those of more developed nations.

text: Some have argued that the most important human population problem for the world is not the high rate of population increase in certain Third World countries, but rather the "increase in total human impact." The per-capita impact - the resources consumed and the wastes created by each person - is varied globally; the highest in the First World and the lowest in the Third World: inhabitants of the U.S., Western Europe and Japan consume 32 times as many resources and put out 32 times as much waste as those in the Third World.However, China leads the world in total emissions, but its large population skews its per-capita statistic lower than those of more developed nations.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population decreases

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: per-capita impact

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: population increase

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: increase

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: increase

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population increase

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: resources consumed and the wastes created by each person

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: "increase in total human impact."

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: population increase

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: the resources consumed and the wastes created by each person

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: "increase in total human impact."

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: resources consumed and the wastes created by each person

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: The per-capita impact

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: the resources consumed and the wastes created by each person

text: Captive populations are subject to problems such as inbreeding depression, loss of genetic diversity and adaptations to captivity.  It is important to manage captive populations in a way that minimizes these issues so that the individuals to be introduced will resemble the original founders as closely as possible, which will increase the chances of successful reintroductions.  During the initial growth phase, the population size is rapidly expanded until a target population size is reached.  The target population size is the number of individuals that are required to maintain appropriate levels of genetic diversity, which is generally considered to by 90% of the current genetic diversity after 100 years. The number of individuals required to meet this goal varies based on potential growth rate, effective size, current genetic diversity, and generation time. Once the target population size is reached, the focus shifts to maintaining the population and avoiding genetic issues within the captive population.

text: Captive populations are subject to problems such as

text: inbreeding depression

text: , loss of

text: genetic diversity

text: and adaptations to captivity.  It is important to manage captive populations in a way that minimizes these issues so that the individuals to be introduced will resemble the original founders as closely as possible, which will increase the chances of successful

text: reintroductions

text: .  During the initial growth phase, the population size is rapidly expanded until a target population size is reached.  The target population size is the number of individuals that are required to maintain appropriate levels of genetic diversity, which is generally considered to by 90% of the current genetic diversity after 100 years. The number of individuals required to meet this goal varies based on potential growth rate, effective size, current genetic diversity, and generation time. Once the target population size is reached, the focus shifts to maintaining the population and avoiding genetic issues within the captive population.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: target population size is reached

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: The number of individuals required to meet this goal

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: inbreeding depression

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: genetic diversity

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: inbreeding

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: target population size

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: initial growth phase,

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: target population size

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: potential growth rate, effective size, current genetic diversity, and generation time.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: inbreeding depression, loss of genetic diversity

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Captive populations

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: diversity,

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: potential growth rate,

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: resemble the original founders

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: inbreeding depression,

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: potential growth rate,

text: When the level of depensation is high enough that the population is no longer able to sustain itself, it is said to be a critical depensation. This occurs when the population size has a tendency to decline when the population drops below a certain level (known as the "Critical depensation level"). Ultimately this may lead to the population or fishery's collapse (resource depletion), or even local extinction.

text: When the level of depensation is high enough that the population is no longer able to sustain itself, it is said to be a critical depensation. This occurs when the population size has a tendency to decline when the population drops below a certain level (known as the "Critical depensation level"). Ultimately this may lead to the population or fishery's collapse (

text: resource depletion

text: ), or even

text: local extinction

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: when the population drops below a certain level

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population is no longer able to sustain itself

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: level of depensation

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: no longer able to sustain itself

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: resource depletion

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: when the population drops below a certain level

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: the population is no longer able to sustain itself,

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: sustain itself,

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: extinction.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: critical depensation.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: (resource depletion),

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: critical depensation.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: (resource

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: collapse

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: (resource depletion),

text: The population model below can be manipulated to mathematically infer certain properties of geometric populations. A population with a size that increases geometrically is a population where generations of reproduction do not overlap. In each generation there is an effective population size denoted as

text: The population model below can be manipulated to mathematically infer certain properties of

text: geometric

text: populations. A population with a size that increases geometrically is a population where generations of reproduction do not overlap. In each generation there is an

text: effective population size

text: denoted as

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: when generations of reproduction overlap

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: effective population size is less than the population size

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: generation of reproduction

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: population size

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: generations of reproduction do not overlap

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: reproduction

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: increases geometrically

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: effective population size

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: generations of reproduction do not overlap.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: generations of reproduction do not overlap.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: generations of reproduction do not overlap.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: overlap.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: effective population size

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: generations of reproduction do not overlap.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: generations of reproduction do not overlap.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: generations of reproduction do not overlap.

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: effective population size

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: effective population size

text: Genetic distance is a measure used to compare the genetic relationship between populations. It is based on the principle that populations that share similar frequencies of a trait are more closely related than populations that have different frequencies of a trait. The genetic distance between two populations increases linearly with the geographic distance between them, due to isolation by distance and serial founder effects. Genetic admixture increases the genetic diversity of a population. When admixture occurs between populations, the genetic distance between the two populations is reduced.

text: Genetic distance

text: is a measure used to compare the genetic relationship between populations. It is based on the principle that populations that share similar frequencies of a trait are more closely related than populations that have different frequencies of a trait. The genetic distance between two populations increases linearly with the geographic distance between them, due to

text: isolation by distance

text: and serial founder effects.

text: Genetic admixture

text: increases the genetic diversity of a population. When admixture occurs between populations, the genetic distance between the two populations is reduced.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: isolation by distance

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: genetic diversity is reduced

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: genetic diversity

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: serial founder effects

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: genetic diversity

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: has a population growth rate

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: serial founder effects.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: Genetic admixture increases the genetic diversity of a population.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: geographic distance between them,

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: The genetic distance

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Genetic admixture

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: geographic distance between them, due to isolation by distance and serial founder effects.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: serial founder effects.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: Genetic admixture

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: serial founder effects.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: Genetic distance

text: TIA also is estimated from population density data by estimating the population in an area of interest and using regression equations to calculate the associated TIA. Population-density data are used because nationally consistent census-block data are available in GIS formats for the entire United States. Population-density methods also can be used for predicting potential effects of future development. Although there may be substantial variation in relations between population density and TIA the accuracy of such estimates tend to improve with increasing drainage area as local variations are averaged out. Granato (2010) provides a table with 8 population-density relations from the literature and a new equation developed by using data from 6,255 stream basins in the USGS GAGESII dataset.  Granato (2010) also provides 4 equations to estimate TIA from housing density, which is related to population density.

text: TIA also is estimated from population density data by estimating the population in an area of interest and using regression equations to calculate the associated TIA. Population-density data are used because nationally consistent census-block data are available in GIS formats for the entire United States. Population-density methods also can be used for predicting potential effects of future development. Although there may be substantial variation in relations between population density and TIA the accuracy of such estimates tend to improve with increasing drainage area as local variations are averaged out. Granato (2010) provides a table with 8 population-density relations from the literature and a new equation developed by using data from 6,255 stream basins in the USGS GAGESII dataset.  Granato (2010) also provides 4 equations to estimate TIA from housing density, which is related to population density.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: drainage area is increased

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: TIA

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: population density

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: drainage area

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: tia

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: increasing drainage area

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: increasing drainage area

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: population density data

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: TIA also is estimated from population density data

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: TIA also is estimated from population density data

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: population

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: local variations are averaged out.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: drainage area

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: TIA.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: TIA

text: The accumulation of mutations in small populations can be divided into three phases. In the second phase a population starts in mutation/selection equilibrium, mutations are fixed at a constant rate through time, and the population size is constant because the fecundity exceeds mortality. However, after a sufficient number of mutations have been fixed in the population, the birth rate is slightly less than the death rate, and the population size begins to decrease. The smaller population size allows for a more rapid fixation of deleterious mutations, and a more rapid decline of population size, etc.

text: The accumulation of mutations in small populations can be divided into three phases. In the second phase a population starts in mutation/selection equilibrium, mutations are fixed at a constant rate through time, and the population size is constant because the fecundity exceeds mortality. However, after a sufficient number of mutations have been fixed in the population, the birth rate is slightly less than the death rate, and the population size begins to decrease. The smaller population size allows for a more rapid fixation of deleterious mutations, and a more rapid decline of population size, etc.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: after a sufficient number of mutations have been fixed

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: fecundity exceeds mortality

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: mortality

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: mortality

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: the fecundity exceeds mortality

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: fecundity

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: decreases

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: mortality

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: after a sufficient number of mutations have been fixed in the population,

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: fecundity exceeds mortality.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: fecundity exceeds mortality.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: a more rapid decline of population size,

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: the birth rate is slightly less than the death rate,

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: mortality.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: fecundity exceeds mortality.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: fecundity exceeds mortality.

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: decline of population size,

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: mortality.

text: Microwaves propagate entirely by line of sight; groundwave and skywave ("skip") propagation do not occur.  Although in some cases they can penetrate building walls enough for useful reception, unobstructed rights of way cleared to the first Fresnel zone are usually required.  Wavelengths are small enough that they can be focused into narrow beams by parabolic and horn antennas from a half meter to five meters in diameter.  Therefore, they are used in point-to-point terrestrial communications links limited by the visual horizon (about 40 miles).  Such high gain antennas allow frequency reuse by nearby transmitters.  The size of SHF waves allow large reflections from metal objects the size of automobiles, aircraft, and ships, and other vehicles.  Thus, the narrow beamwidths possible with high gain antennas and the low atmospheric attenuation as compared with higher frequencies make SHF the main frequencies used in radar.  Attenuation and scattering by moisture in the atmosphere is a factor at the high end of the band.

text: Microwaves propagate entirely by

text: line of sight

text: groundwave

text: and

text: skywave

text: ("skip") propagation do not occur.  Although in some cases they can penetrate building walls enough for useful reception, unobstructed rights of way cleared to the first

text: Fresnel zone

text: are usually required.  Wavelengths are small enough that they can be focused into narrow beams by

text: parabolic

text: and

text: horn antenna

text: s from a half meter to five meters in diameter.  Therefore, they are used in

text: point-to-point

text: terrestrial communications links limited by the visual horizon (about 40 miles).  Such

text: high gain antenna

text: s allow

text: frequency reuse

text: by nearby transmitters.  The size of SHF waves allow large reflections from metal objects the size of automobiles, aircraft, and ships, and other vehicles.  Thus, the narrow

text: beamwidth

text: s possible with high gain antennas and the low atmospheric attenuation as compared with higher frequencies make SHF the main frequencies used in

text: radar

text: .  Attenuation and scattering by moisture in the atmosphere is a factor at the high end of the band.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: Attenuation

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: the visual horizon

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: lessen

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: moisture

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: may become overpopulation

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: Microwaves

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: nearby transmitters.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: moisture

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: Microwaves propagate entirely by line of sight;

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Microwaves

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: visual horizon

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: Microwaves propagate entirely by line of sight;

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: moisture

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: frequency reuse by nearby transmitters.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: visual horizon

text: Pacific salmon are harvested throughout the world as a source of food in countries ranging from the United States to South Korea. Over the past century, pacific salmon have been extensively fished through both recreational, artisan and commercial fishing. In fact, since the 1970s there has been a nearly threefold increase in catch of pacific salmon. As this catch has increased, a selection of reduced body size has been observed. In Japanese Chum Salmon, for example, between 1970 and 1988 there has been a continuous decrease in body weight averaging between 11 and 32 percent. In part, this decline in body weight has been related to the size selective effect of fishing gear used in the harvesting of salmon populations. Salmon of larger body weight are more apt to be caught during fishing efforts, causing lower body weight to be a beneficial character trait for survival. Thus, pacific salmon have become continuously smaller in body size. However, studies have also shown that for pacific salmon a larger mean size at the time of reproduction increases the survival of offspring. The life history of salmon favors delayed reproduction because fecundity increased with body size. Consequently, the smaller body size of salmon results in a negative impact on population growth by decreasing the survivability of progeny, and thus decreasing the growth rate of populations. This reduction of productivity in pacific salmon is, in part, seeded in the overfishing and has caused a reduction in population sizes throughout pacific salmon species. Today, it seems that population numbers of pacific salmon are on the rise, however the consequences from the overfishing in the 70s and 80s are still being reflected with the average body size of salmon being smaller than before the event of overfishing.

text: Pacific salmon are harvested throughout the world as a source of food in countries ranging from the United States to South Korea. Over the past century, pacific salmon have been extensively fished through both

text: recreational

text: artisan

text: and

text: commercial fishing

text: . In fact, since the 1970s there has been a nearly threefold increase in catch of pacific salmon. As this catch has increased, a selection of reduced body size has been observed. In Japanese

text: Chum Salmon

text: , for example, between 1970 and 1988 there has been a continuous decrease in body weight averaging between 11 and 32 percent. In part, this decline in body weight has been related to the size selective effect of fishing gear used in the harvesting of salmon populations. Salmon of larger body weight are more apt to be caught during fishing efforts, causing lower body weight to be a beneficial character trait for survival. Thus, pacific salmon have become continuously smaller in body size. However, studies have also shown that for pacific salmon a larger mean size at the time of reproduction increases the survival of

text: offspring

text: . The

text: life history

text: of salmon favors delayed reproduction because

text: fecundity

text: increased with body size. Consequently, the smaller body size of salmon results in a negative impact on population growth by decreasing the survivability of progeny, and thus decreasing the growth rate of populations. This reduction of productivity in pacific salmon is, in part, seeded in the overfishing and has caused a reduction in population sizes throughout pacific salmon species. Today, it seems that population numbers of pacific salmon are on the rise, however the consequences from the overfishing in the 70s and 80s are still being reflected with the average body size of salmon being smaller than before the event of overfishing.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: overfishing

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: overfishing

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: overfishing

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: smaller body size

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: larger mean size at the time of reproduction

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overfishing

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: overfishing

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: overfishing

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: overfishing

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: cundity increased with body size.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decreasing the survivability of progeny,

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: smaller body size of salmon results in a negative impact on population growth

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: overfishing

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: delayed reproduction

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: survivability of progeny,

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overfishing

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: overfishing

text: Globally, the production of food is unequal. This is because there are two main components involved in sustenance production that are also distributed irregularly. These components are the environmental capacity of the area, and the human capacity. Environmental capacity is its ability ‘to accommodate a particular activity or rate of an activity without unacceptable impact’. The climate, soil types, and availability of water affect it. Human capacity, in relation to food production, is the size of the population and the amount of agricultural skill within that population. When these two are at ideal levels and partnered with financial capital, the creation of intense agricultural infrastructure is possible, as the Green Revolution clearly portrays.

text: Globally, the production of food is unequal. This is because there are two main components involved in sustenance production that are also distributed irregularly. These components are the

text: environmental capacity

text: of the area, and the human capacity. Environmental capacity is its ability ‘to accommodate a particular activity or rate of an activity without unacceptable impact’. The climate, soil types, and availability of water affect it. Human capacity, in relation to food production, is the size of the population and the amount of agricultural skill within that population. When these two are at ideal levels and partnered with financial capital, the creation of intense agricultural infrastructure is possible, as the

text: Green Revolution

text: clearly portrays.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: when these two are at ideal levels

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: Human capacity

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: financial capital

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: unacceptable impact

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: environmental capacity

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: a particular activity or rate of an activity without unacceptable impact’.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: When these two are at ideal levels and partnered with financial capital,

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: Human capacity,

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: unacceptable impact’.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Human capacity,

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: environmental capacity of the area, and the human capacity.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: Environmental capacity

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: financial capital,

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: unacceptable impact’.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: The climate, soil types, and availability of water

text: In biology, common limiting factor resources are environmental conditions that limit the growth, abundance, or distribution of an organism or a population of organisms in an ecosystem. The concept of limiting factors is based on Liebig's Law of the Minimum, which states that growth is controlled not by the total amount of resources available, but by the scarcest resource. In other words, a factor is limiting if a change in the factor produces increased growth, abundance or distribution of an organism, when other factors necessary to the organisms life do not. Limiting factors may be physical or biological.

text: In biology, common limiting factor

text: resources

text: are environmental conditions that limit the growth, abundance, or distribution of an organism or a population of organisms in an ecosystem. The concept of limiting factors is based on

text: Liebig's Law

text: of the Minimum, which states that growth is controlled not by the total amount of resources available, but by the scarcest resource. In other words, a factor is limiting if a change in the factor produces increased growth, abundance or distribution of an organism, when other factors necessary to the organisms life do not. Limiting factors may be physical or biological.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: when other factors necessary to the organisms life

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: scarcest resource

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: common limiting factor

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: scarcest resource

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: scarcest resource

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: limiting

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: if a change in the factor produces increased growth,

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: when other factors necessary to the organisms life do not.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: scarcest resource.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: limit the growth, abundance, or distribution

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: population of organisms in an ecosystem.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: scarcest resource.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: when other factors necessary to the organisms life do not.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: scarcest resource.

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: limiting

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: growth, abundance, or distribution

text: Technology can play a role in the dynamics of carrying capacity and while this can sometimes be positive, in other cases its influence can be problematic. For example, it has been suggested that in the past that the Neolithic revolution increased the carrying capacity of the world relative to humans through the invention of agriculture.  In a similar way, viewed from the perspective of foods, the use of fossil fuels has been alleged to artificially increase the carrying capacity of the world by the use of stored sunlight, even though that food production does not guarantee the capacity of the Earth's climatic and biospheric life-support systems to withstand the damage and wastes arising from such fossil fuels.  Again, however, such interpretations presume the continued and uninterrupted functioning of all other critical components of the global system.  It has also been suggested that other technological advances that have increased the carrying capacity of the world relative to humans are: polders, fertilizer, composting, greenhouses, land reclamation, and fish farming. In an adverse way, however, many technologies enable economic entities and individual humans to inflict far more damage and eradication, far more quickly, efficiently, and on a wider-scale than ever. (Machine guns, chain saws, earth-movers, and the capacity of industrialized fishing fleets to capture and harvest targeted fish species faster than the fish themselves can reproduce are examples of such problematic outcomes of technology.)

text: Technology can play a role in the dynamics of carrying capacity and while this can sometimes be positive, in other cases its influence can be problematic. For example, it has been suggested that in the past that the

text: Neolithic

text: revolution increased the carrying capacity of the world relative to humans through the invention of agriculture.  In a similar way, viewed from the perspective of foods, the use of

text: fossil fuel

text: s has been alleged to artificially increase the carrying capacity of the world by the use of stored sunlight, even though that food production does not guarantee the capacity of the Earth's climatic and biospheric life-support systems to withstand the damage and wastes arising from such fossil fuels.  Again, however, such interpretations presume the continued and uninterrupted functioning of all other critical components of the global system.  It has also been suggested that other technological advances that have increased the carrying capacity of the world relative to humans are:

text: polder

text: s,

text: fertilizer

text: composting

text: greenhouse

text: s,

text: land reclamation

text: , and

text: fish farming

text: . In an adverse way, however, many technologies enable economic entities and individual humans to inflict far more damage and eradication, far more quickly, efficiently, and on a wider-scale than ever. (Machine guns, chain saws, earth-movers, and the capacity of industrialized fishing fleets to capture and harvest targeted fish species faster than the fish themselves can reproduce are examples of such problematic outcomes of technology.)

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: eradication

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: technology is not used

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: agriculture

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: inflict more damage

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: reproduce

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: Technology

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: inflict far more damage and eradication,

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Technology

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: reproduce

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: reproduce

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: agriculture.

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: inflict far more damage and eradication,

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: Technology

text: The factors mentioned above may either cause an increase or a decrease in population size, depending on the organism. For example, rainfall may encourage the growth of new plants, but too much of it may cause flooding, which may drastically decrease the population size.

text: The factors mentioned above may either cause an increase or a decrease in population size, depending on the organism. For example, rainfall may encourage the growth of new plants, but too much of it may cause flooding, which may drastically decrease the population size.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: flooding

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: increase in population

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: factors

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: rainfall

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: flooding,

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: increase or a decrease in population size,

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: factors

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: increase or a decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: increase or a decrease in population size,

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: rainfall

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: rainfall may encourage the growth of new plants,

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: rainfall

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: too much of it may cause flooding, which may drastically decrease the population size.

text: There are 481 Beds and has a passenger capacity of 691 persons. There are a combination of interior and exterior cabins of varying sizes and passenger capacities. There are also a small selection of suites available. Each standard cabin (non-suite) is equipped with either two or three single beds (not movable) and a private washroom with shower, sink, and toilet. Suite cabins have a small lounge area with a table, sofa, and chair. They also feature a double or queen-sized bed, a TV, a desk, and a minibar.

text: There are 481 Beds and has a passenger capacity of 691 persons. There are a combination of interior and exterior cabins of varying sizes and passenger capacities. There are also a small selection of suites available. Each standard cabin (non-suite) is equipped with either two or three single beds (not movable) and a private washroom with shower, sink, and toilet. Suite cabins have a small lounge area with a table, sofa, and chair. They also feature a double or queen-sized bed, a TV, a desk, and a

text: minibar

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: 691 persons

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: population size

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: no longer exist

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: habitat

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overpopulation

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: 691

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: 691 persons.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: passenger capacity

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: 691

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: 691

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: varying sizes

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: There are 481 Beds and has a passenger capacity of 691

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: suites

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: 691

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: 691 persons.

text: logy to estimate an animal population's size. A portion of the population is captured, marked, and released. Later, another portion is captured and the number of marked individuals within the sample is counted. Since the number of marked individuals within the second sample should be proportional to the number of marked individuals in the whole population, an estimate of the total population size can be obtained by dividing the number of marked individuals by the proportion of marked individuals in the second sample. The method is most useful when it is not practical to count all the individuals in the population. Other names for this method, or closely related methods, include capture-recapture, capture-mark-recapture, mark-recapture, sight-resight, mark-release-recapture, multiple systems estimation, band recovery, the Petersen method, and the Lincoln method.

text: l

text: ogy

text: to estimate an animal

text: population

text: 's size. A portion of the population is captured, marked, and released. Later, another portion is captured and the number of marked individuals within the sample is counted. Since the number of marked individuals within the second sample should be proportional to the number of marked individuals in the whole population, an estimate of the total population size can be obtained by dividing the number of marked individuals by the proportion of marked individuals in the second sample. The method is most useful when it is not practical to count all the individuals in the population. Other names for this method, or closely related methods, include capture-recapture, capture-mark-recapture, mark-recapture, sight-resight, mark-release-recapture, multiple systems estimation, band recovery, the Petersen method, and the Lincoln method.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: it has enough people

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: dividing the number of marked individuals

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: has a depleted population

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: it is not practical to count all the individuals in the population.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: proportional to the number of marked individuals in the whole population,

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: dividing the number of marked individuals by the proportion of marked individuals

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: released.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: animal population's size.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: number of marked individuals in the whole population,

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: it is not practical to count all the individuals in the population.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: captured, marked, and released.

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: Lincoln method.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: proportional to the number of marked individuals in the whole population,

text: Sometimes the term underpopulation is applied to a specific economic system. It does not refer to carrying capacity, and is not a term in opposition to overpopulation, which deals with the total possible population that can be sustained by available food, water, sanitation and other infrastructure.  "Underpopulation" is usually defined as a state in which a country's population has declined too much to support its current economic system. Thus the term has nothing to do with the biological aspects of carrying capacity, but is an economic term employed to imply that the transfer payment schemes of some developed countries might fail once the population declines to a certain point. An example would be if retirees were supported through a social security system which does not invest savings, and then a large emigration movement occurred. In this case, the younger generation may not be able to support the older generation.

text: Sometimes the term underpopulation is applied to a specific economic system. It does not refer to carrying capacity, and is not a term in opposition to

text: overpopulation

text: , which deals with the total possible population that can be sustained by available food, water, sanitation and other infrastructure.  "Underpopulation" is usually defined as a state in which a country's population has declined too much to support its current economic system. Thus the term has nothing to do with the biological aspects of

text: carrying capacity

text: , but is an economic term employed to imply that the

text: transfer payment

text: schemes of some developed countries might fail once the population declines to a certain point. An example would be if retirees were supported through a

text: social security

text: system which does not invest savings, and then a large emigration movement occurred. In this case, the younger generation may not be able to support the older generation.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: to a certain point

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: overpopulation

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: underpopulation

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: too much to support its current economic system.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: overpopulation,

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: available food, water, sanitation and other infrastructure.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: overpopulation,

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: emigration

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: overpopulation,

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: biological aspects of carrying capacity,

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: available food,

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: "Underpopulation"

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: overpopulation,

text: S. gracilis was the smallest species, estimated at  in weight, about the size of a jaguar. It was similar to its predecessor Megantereon of the same size, but its dentition and skull were more advanced, approaching S. fatalis. S. fatalis was intermediate in size between S. gracilis and S. populator. It ranged from . and reached a shoulder height of  and body length of . It was similar to a lion in dimensions, but was more robust and muscular, and therefore had a larger body mass. Its skull was also similar to that of Megantereon, though more massive and with larger canines. S. populator was perhaps the largest known felid, with a body mass range of , and one estimate suggesting up to . It stood at a shoulder height of . Compared to S. fatalis, S. populator was more robust and had a more elongated and narrow skull with a straighter upper profile, higher positioned nasal bones, a more vertical occiput, more massive metapodials and slightly longer forelimbs relative to hindlimbs. Large tracks from Argentina (for which the ichnotaxon name Smilodonichium has been proposed) have been attributed to S. populator, and measure  cm by  cm. This is larger than tracks of the Bengal tiger, to which the footprints have been compared.

text: S. gracilis was the smallest species, estimated at  in weight, about the size of a

text: jaguar

text: . It was similar to its predecessor Megantereon of the same size, but its dentition and skull were more advanced, approaching S. fatalis. S. fatalis was intermediate in size between S. gracilis and S. populator. It ranged from . and reached a shoulder height of  and body length of . It was similar to a

text: lion

text: in dimensions, but was more robust and muscular, and therefore had a larger body mass. Its skull was also similar to that of Megantereon, though more massive and with larger canines. S. populator was perhaps

text: the largest known felid

text: , with a body mass range of , and one estimate suggesting up to . It stood at a shoulder height of . Compared to S. fatalis, S. populator was more robust and had a more elongated and narrow skull with a straighter upper profile, higher positioned

text: nasal bones

text: , a more vertical

text: occiput

text: , more massive

text: metapodials

text: and slightly longer forelimbs relative to hindlimbs. Large tracks from Argentina (for which the

text: ichnotaxon

text: name Smilodonichium has been proposed) have been attributed to S. populator, and measure  cm by  cm. This is larger than tracks of the

text: Bengal tiger

text: , to which the footprints have been compared.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: extinction

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: it is overpopulated

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: species

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: lessen

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: large body mass

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overpopulation

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: body mass

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: larger body mass.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: a larger body mass.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: body mass.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: about the size of a jaguar.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Argentina

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: larger body mass.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: more robust and muscular, and therefore had a larger body mass.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: body mass.

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: larger body mass.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: larger body mass.

text: 2014 Waste Atlas report is dedicated to the unsound disposal and particular in dumpsites. The 50 biggest dumpsites around the world are listed with their most important information related to their operation and visualized in a unified way. Data related to the amount and the type of waste disposed in place, the size, the waste concentration, the number of informal waste pickers , the population and the natural resources within a radius of 10 km and the distance of the nearest settlements are presented. The research relied on crowd-sourcing 59,000 files from 25 countries. The results of the report highlight the health and environmental impacts of dumpsites  and show that the 50 biggest active dumpsites affect daily lives of 64 million people, a figure almost equal to the population of France, their total waste volume is 0.6-0.8 m almost 200-300 times the volume of the Great Pyramid of Giza. The statistical analysis showed that a typical waste covers an area of 24 ha equal to around 29 big international football fields.

text: 2014 Waste Atlas report is dedicated to the unsound disposal and particular in dumpsites. The 50 biggest dumpsites around the world are listed with their most important information related to their operation and visualized in a unified way. Data related to the amount and the type of waste disposed in place, the size, the waste concentration, the number of

text: informal waste pickers

text: , the population and the natural resources within a radius of 10 km and the distance of the nearest settlements are presented. The research relied on crowd-sourcing 59,000 files from 25 countries. The results of the report highlight the health and environmental impacts of dumpsites  and show that the 50 biggest active dumpsites affect daily lives of 64 million people, a figure almost equal to the

text: population of France

text: , their total waste volume is 0.6-0.8 m almost 200-300 times the volume of the

text: Great Pyramid of Giza

text: . The statistical analysis showed that a typical waste covers an area of 24 ha equal to around 29 big international

text: football fields

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unsound disposal

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population is at its carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: a radius of 10 km

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: natural resources

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overpopulation

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: France,

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: 10 km

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: natural resources within a radius of 10 km

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: 29 big international football fields.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: France,

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: natural resources

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unsound disposal and particular in dumpsites.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: natural resources

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: 64 million people, a figure almost equal to the population of France,

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: 200-300 times the volume of the Great Pyramid of Giza.

text: It does this by supporting a variety of algorithms and choosing the one (a particular decomposition of the transform into smaller transforms) it estimates or measures to be preferable in the particular circumstances. It works best on arrays of sizes with small prime factors, with powers of two being optimal and large primes being worst case (but still O(n log n)). To decompose transforms of composite sizes into smaller transforms, it chooses among several variants of the Cooley–Tukey FFT algorithm (corresponding to different factorizations and/or different memory-access patterns), while for prime sizes it uses either Rader's or Bluestein's FFT algorithm. Once the transform has been broken up into subtransforms of sufficiently small sizes, FFTW uses hard-coded unrolled FFTs for these small sizes that were produced (at compile time, not at run time) by code generation; these routines use a variety of algorithms including Cooley–Tukey variants, Rader's algorithm, and prime-factor FFT algorithms.

text: It does this by supporting a variety of algorithms and choosing the one (a particular decomposition of the transform into smaller transforms) it

text: estimates

text: or measures to be preferable in the particular circumstances. It works best on arrays of sizes with small

text: prime factor

text: s, with

text: powers of two

text: being optimal and large

text: prime

text: s being worst case (but still

text: O

text: n log n

text: )). To decompose transforms of

text: composite

text: sizes into smaller transforms, it chooses among several variants of the

text: Cooley–Tukey FFT algorithm

text: (corresponding to different factorizations and/or different memory-access patterns), while for prime sizes it uses either

text: Rader's

text: or

text: Bluestein's FFT algorithm

text: . Once the transform has been broken up into subtransforms of sufficiently small sizes, FFTW uses

text: hard-coded

text: unrolled

text: FFTs for these small sizes that were produced (at

text: compile time

text: , not at

text: run time

text: ) by

text: code generation

text: ; these routines use a variety of algorithms including Cooley–Tukey variants, Rader's algorithm, and

text: prime-factor FFT algorithm

text: s.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: O(n log n)

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: a variety of algorithms

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: consumes more resources

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: (at compile time, not at run time)

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: small prime factors,

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: circumstances.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: small prime factors,

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: It works best on arrays of sizes with small prime factors,

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: prime factors,

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: circumstances.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: small prime factors,

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: It works best on arrays of sizes with small prime factors,

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: prime factors,

text: These factors are not absolute and other factors that the court may deem necessary may also be taken into account. When the nature of the right is considered, the courts will have to take into account the content of the right, the importance of the right and the interest which is protected. It is, for instance, very difficult to justifiably limit the right to life as the Constitutional Court held in S v Makwanyane where capital punishment was abolished. The promotion and protection of a permissible or lawful public interest will be important when considering the limitation and its purpose. Further, the Constitution requires a less restrictive means to be considered, rather than limiting the rights of an individual, in achieving that purpose.

text: These factors are not absolute and other factors that the court may deem necessary may also be taken into account. When the nature of the right is considered, the courts will have to take into account the content of the right, the importance of the right and the interest which is protected. It is, for instance, very difficult to justifiably limit the right to life as the Constitutional Court held in

text: S v Makwanyane

text: where capital punishment was abolished. The promotion and protection of a permissible or lawful public interest will be important when considering the limitation and its purpose. Further, the Constitution requires a less restrictive means to be considered, rather than limiting the rights of an individual, in achieving that purpose.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: it is overpopulated

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: the amount of available food

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: consumes more resources

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: life

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: account.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: factors that the court may deem necessary may also be taken into account.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: very difficult to justifiably limit the right to life

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: other factors that the court may deem necessary may also be taken into account.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: absolute

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: very difficult to justifiably limit the right to life

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: capital punishment

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: limiting the rights of an individual,

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: life

text: While the urban population is estimated  to consist of 23.453 citizens, the rural population lives in 77 villages with a total number of 65.046 residents. From the overall population, Albanians are 87.523, Ashkali 680, Roma 75, Bosniaks 33, Serbs 12, Turks 5, Egyptians 2 and the other 43 and not specified.  The city faces a low ratio of internal migration  but a high rate of commuting.  98% of the residents are Muslim. The  illiteracy  ratio is lower than 5%. The average years of schooling is 9.0 to 9.2. Labor force is smaller than 40.1%  and the employment rate is lower than 20.1% while the unemployment rate is between 45 and 51%. The average size of the households is between 6  and 7%. The usage of internet is Between 50.1%  and 57%.

text: While the urban population is estimated  to consist of 23.453 citizens, the rural population lives in 77 villages with a total number of 65.046 residents. From the overall population, Albanians are 87.523, Ashkali 680, Roma 75, Bosniaks 33, Serbs 12, Turks 5, Egyptians 2 and the other 43 and not specified.  The city faces a low ratio of internal migration  but a high rate of commuting.  98% of the residents are Muslim. The  illiteracy  ratio is lower than 5%. The average years of schooling is 9.0 to 9.2. Labor force is smaller than 40.1%  and the employment rate is lower than 20.1% while the unemployment rate is between 45 and 51%. The average size of the households is between 6  and 7%. The usage of internet is Between 50.1%  and 57%.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: internal migration

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: a region is at its carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: population density

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: no longer exist

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: habitat is limited

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: high rate of commuting

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: commuting

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: internal migration

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: 65.046

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: The average size of the households is between 6 and 7%.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: 65.046

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: internal migration

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: internal migration but a high rate of commuting.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: low ratio of internal migration but a high rate of commuting.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: commuting.

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: commuting.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: low ratio of internal migration but a high rate of commuting.

text: Population change is analyzed by measuring the change between one population size to another. Global population continues to rise, which makes population change an essential component to demographics. This is calculated by taking one population size minus the population size in an earlier census.  The best way of measuring population change is using the intercensal percentage change.  The intercensal percentage change is the absolute change in population between the censuses divided by the population size in the earlier census. Next, multiply this a hundredfold to receive a percentage.  When this statistic is achieved, the population growth between two or more nations that differ in size, can be accurately measured and examined.

text: Population change is analyzed by measuring the change between one population size to another.

text: Global population

text: continues to rise, which makes population change an essential component to demographics. This is calculated by taking one population size minus the population size in an earlier

text: census

text: .  The best way of measuring population change is using the intercensal percentage change.  The intercensal percentage change is the

text: absolute change

text: in population between the censuses divided by the population size in the earlier census. Next, multiply this a hundredfold to receive a

text: percentage

text: .  When this statistic is achieved, the

text: population growth

text: between two or more

text: nation

text: s that differ in size, can be accurately measured and examined.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population change is analyzed

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: population change

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: is growing

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: earlier census.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: one population size minus the population size in an earlier census.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: one population size minus the population size in an earlier census.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: intercensal percentage change.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Population change

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: two or more nations that differ in size,

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: Global population continues to rise,

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: Global population continues to rise, which makes population change

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: population change an essential component to demographics.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: Population change

text: There are strong links between weed invasion of natural areas and the proximity and density of housing. The size and duration of the community have a direct relation to the density of weed infestation. Of the various means in which migration of exotic species from gardens take place, such as vegetative dispersal of runners, wind born and fallen seed, garden waste dumping can play a significant role. The results of one North German study found that of the problematic population of Fallopia, app. 29% originated from garden waste. Of a population of Heracleum mantegazzianum, 18% was found by Schepker to be generated by garden waste (as cited by Kowarik & von der Lippe, 2008) pg 24-25.

text: There are strong links between weed invasion of natural areas and the proximity and density of housing. The size and duration of the community have a direct relation to the density of weed infestation. Of the various means in which migration of exotic species from gardens take place, such as vegetative dispersal of runners, wind born and fallen seed, garden waste dumping can play a significant role. The results of one North German study found that of the problematic population of

text: Fallopia

text: , app. 29% originated from garden waste. Of a population of

text: Heracleum mantegazzianum

text: , 18% was found by Schepker to be generated by garden waste (as cited by Kowarik & von der Lippe, 2008) pg 24-25.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: density of weed infestation

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: density of weed infestation

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: density

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: migration of exotic species from gardens

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: garden waste

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: has a problem

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: the density of weed infestation.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: density of weed infestation.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: the density of weed infestation.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: vegetative dispersal

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: migration of exotic species

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: density of weed infestation.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: garden waste.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: garden waste dumping

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: problematic population of Fallopia, app. 29% originated from garden waste.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: density of weed infestation.

text: Heat capacity is an extensive property of matter, meaning it is proportional to the size of the system. When expressing the same phenomenon as an intensive property, the heat capacity is divided by the amount of substance, mass, or volume, thus the quantity is independent of the size or extent of the sample.  The molar heat capacity is the heat capacity per unit amount (SI unit: mole) of a pure substance and the specific heat capacity, often called simply specific heat, is the heat capacity per unit mass of a material. Nonetheless some authors use the term specific heat to refer to the ratio of the specific heat capacity of a substance at any given temperature, to the specific heat capacity of another substance at a reference temperature, much in the fashion of specific gravity. In some engineering contexts, the volumetric heat capacity is used.

text: Heat capacity is an

text: extensive property

text: of matter, meaning it is proportional to the size of the system. When expressing the same phenomenon as an

text: intensive property

text: , the heat capacity is divided by the amount of substance, mass, or volume, thus the quantity is independent of the size or extent of the sample.  The molar heat capacity is the heat capacity per unit amount (SI unit:

text: mole

text: ) of a pure substance and the specific heat capacity, often called simply specific heat, is the heat capacity per unit mass of a material. Nonetheless some authors use the term specific heat to refer to the ratio of the specific heat capacity of a substance at any given temperature, to the specific heat capacity of another substance at a reference temperature, much in the fashion of

text: specific gravity

text: . In some engineering contexts, the

text: volumetric heat capacity

text: is used.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: temperature is at its carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: heat capacity

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: dwindle

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: consumes more resources

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: Heat capacity

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: temperature,

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: Heat capacity

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: proportional to the size of the system.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Heat capacity

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: size of the system.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: Heat capacity

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: Heat capacity

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: Heat capacity

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: Heat capacity

text: Jupiter captures a population of irregular satellites and the relative size of Saturn's population is increased.During gravitational encounters between planets, the hyperbolic orbits of unbound planetesimals around one giant planet are perturbed by the presence of the other. If the geometry and velocities are right, these three-body interactions leave the planetesimal in a bound orbit when planets separate. Although this process is reversible, loosely bound satellites including possible primordial satellites can also escape during these encounters, tightly bound satellites remain and the number of irregular satellites increases over a series of encounters. Following the encounters, the satellites with inclinations between 60° and 130° are lost due the Kozai resonance and the more distant prograde satellites are lost to the evection resonance. Collisions among the satellites result in the formation of families, in a significant loss of mass, and in a shift of their size distribution. The populations and orbits of Jupiter's irregular satellites captured in simulations are largely consistent with observations. Himalia, which has a spectra similar to asteroids in the middle of the asteroid belt, is somewhat larger than the largest captured in simulations. If it was a primordial object its odds of surviving the series of gravitational encounters range from 0.01 - 0.3, with the odds falling as the number increases. Saturn has more frequent encounters with the ice giant in the jumping-Jupiter scenario, and Uranus and Neptune have a reduce number of encounters if that was a fifth giant planet. This increases the size of Saturn's population relative to Uranus and Neptune when compared to the original Nice model, producing a closer match with observations.

text: Jupiter captures a population of irregular satellites and the relative size of Saturn's population is increased.During gravitational encounters between planets, the hyperbolic orbits of unbound planetesimals around one giant planet are perturbed by the presence of the other. If the geometry and velocities are right, these three-body interactions leave the planetesimal in a bound orbit when planets separate. Although this process is reversible, loosely bound satellites including possible primordial satellites can also escape during these encounters, tightly bound satellites remain and the number of irregular satellites increases over a series of encounters. Following the encounters, the satellites with inclinations between 60° and 130° are lost due the Kozai resonance and the more distant prograde satellites are lost to the evection resonance. Collisions among the satellites result in the formation of families, in a significant loss of mass, and in a shift of their size distribution. The populations and orbits of Jupiter's irregular satellites captured in simulations are largely consistent with observations.

text: Himalia

text: , which has a spectra similar to asteroids in the middle of the asteroid belt, is somewhat larger than the largest captured in simulations. If it was a primordial object its odds of surviving the series of gravitational encounters range from 0.01 - 0.3, with the odds falling as the number increases. Saturn has more frequent encounters with the ice giant in the jumping-Jupiter scenario, and Uranus and Neptune have a reduce number of encounters if that was a fifth giant planet. This increases the size of Saturn's population relative to Uranus and Neptune when compared to the original Nice model, producing a closer match with observations.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: a population is too large

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: gravitational encounters

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: Collisions

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: gravitational encounters

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: decreases

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: size distribution

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: increases.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: closer match with observations.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: observations.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: falling as the number increases.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: irregular satellites captured in simulations are largely consistent with observations.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: gravitational encounters

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: Collisions among the satellites

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: more frequent encounters

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: increases the size of Saturn's population

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: Nice model,

text: Where other designs emphasised large air groups as the primary means of defence, the Illustrious class relied on their anti-aircraft armament and the passive defence provided by an armoured flight deck for survival; resulting in a reduced aircraft complement. Other carriers had armour carried on lower decks (e.g. the hangar deck or main deck); the unprotected flight deck and the hangar below it formed part of the superstructure, and were unprotected against even small bombs. However, the hangar could be made larger and thus more aircraft could be carried, but the differences in aircraft capacity between these carriers and their United States Navy (USN) counterparts is largely due to the USN's operational doctrine, which allowed for a permanent deck park of aircraft to augment their hangar capacity. Illustrious's hangar was 82% as large as USS Enterprise's but Enterprise typically carried 30% of her aircraft capacity in her deck park. Indomitable's two hangars were actually larger than Enterprise's but she carried fewer aircraft because she did not have a large permanent deck park. In 1944/45 RN carriers began to carry a permanent deck park of similar size to their USN counterparts and this increased their aircraft complement to an eventual 57 aircraft in the single hangar carriers and up to 81 in the double hangar, 23,400 ton Implacable design, compared to 90–110 for the 27,500 ton US Essex class.

text: Where other designs emphasised large air groups as the primary means of defence, the Illustrious class relied on their

text: anti-aircraft armament

text: and the passive defence provided by an

text: armoured

text: flight deck

text: for survival; resulting in a reduced aircraft complement. Other carriers had armour carried on lower decks (e.g. the hangar deck or main deck); the unprotected flight deck and the hangar below it formed part of the

text: superstructure

text: , and were unprotected against even small bombs. However, the hangar could be made larger and thus more aircraft could be carried, but the differences in aircraft capacity between these carriers and their United States Navy (USN) counterparts is largely due to the USN's operational doctrine, which allowed for a permanent deck park of aircraft to augment their hangar capacity. Illustrious's hangar was 82% as large as

text: USS Enterprise

text: 's but Enterprise typically carried 30% of her aircraft capacity in her deck park. Indomitable's two hangars were actually larger than Enterprise's but she carried fewer aircraft because she did not have a large permanent deck park. In 1944/45 RN carriers began to carry a permanent deck park of similar size to their USN counterparts and this increased their aircraft complement to an eventual 57 aircraft in the single hangar carriers and up to 81 in the double hangar, 23,400 ton

text: Implacable

text: design, compared to 90–110 for the 27,500 ton US Essex class.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: unprotected

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: population size

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: unprotected

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overpopulation

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: 1944/45

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: the hangar could be made larger and thus more aircraft could be carried,

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: USN's operational doctrine,

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: reduced aircraft complement.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Where other designs emphasised large air groups as the primary means of defence,

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: USN's operational doctrine,

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: survival;

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: armoured flight deck

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: reduced aircraft complement.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: USN's operational doctrine,

text: Today, the effective population size is usually estimated empirically with respect to the sojourn or coalescence time, estimated as the within-species genetic diversity divided by the mutation rate, yielding a coalescent effective population size. Another important effective population size is the selection effective population size 1/s, where s is the critical value of the selection coefficient at which selection becomes more important than genetic drift.

text: Today, the effective population size is usually estimated empirically with respect to the

text: sojourn

text: or

text: coalescence time

text: , estimated as the within-species

text: genetic diversity

text: divided by the

text: mutation rate

text: , yielding a coalescent effective population size. Another important effective population size is the selection effective population size 1/s, where s is the critical value of the

text: selection coefficient

text: at which selection becomes more important than

text: genetic drift

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: selection becomes more important than genetic drift

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: sojourn or coalescence time

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: genetic diversity

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: effective population size

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: coalescence time,

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: coalescence time,

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: within-species genetic diversity divided by the mutation rate,

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: coalescent effective population size.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Today, the effective population size

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: genetic drift.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: mutation rate,

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: selection coefficient

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: effective population size

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: mutation rate,

text: Tanzania, officially known as the United Republic of Tanzania, is a mid-sized country in southeastern Africa bordering the Indian Ocean. It is home to a population of about 43.1 million people. Since gaining its independence from the United Kingdom in 1961, Tanzania has been continuously developing in terms of its economy and modern industry. However, the country’s economic success has been limited. Environmental obstacles, such as the mismanagement of natural resources and industrial waste, have been contributing factors and results of the relatively low economic status of the country. Tanzania’s annual output still falls below the average world GDP. In 2010, the GDP for Tanzania was US $23.3 billion and the GDP per capita was US $1,515. Comparatively, the GDP for the United States was $15.1 trillion and the GDP per capita was approximately $47,153. Eighty percent of the workers accounting for this annual output in Tanzania work in agriculture, while the remaining 20% work in industry, commerce, and government organizations. Such a heavy reliance on agriculture has placed a huge amount of strain on an already limited supply of viable land.

text: Tanzania, officially known as the

text: United Republic of Tanzania

text: , is a mid-sized country in southeastern

text: Africa

text: bordering the

text: Indian Ocean

text: . It is home to a population of about 43.1 million people. Since gaining its independence from the

text: United Kingdom

text: in 1961, Tanzania has been continuously developing in terms of its economy and modern industry. However, the country’s economic success has been limited. Environmental obstacles, such as the mismanagement of natural resources and industrial waste, have been contributing factors and results of the relatively low economic status of the country. Tanzania’s annual output still falls below the average world

text: GDP

text: . In 2010, the GDP for Tanzania was US $23.3 billion and the GDP per capita was US $1,515. Comparatively, the GDP for the United States was $15.1 trillion and the GDP per capita was approximately $47,153. Eighty percent of the workers accounting for this annual output in Tanzania work in agriculture, while the remaining 20% work in industry, commerce, and government organizations. Such a heavy reliance on agriculture has placed a huge amount of strain on an already limited supply of viable land.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: a heavy reliance on agriculture

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: natural resources

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: lessen

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: limited supply of viable land

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: natural resources

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: strains resources

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: 43.1 million

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: limited supply of viable land.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: mismanagement of natural resources

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: limited supply of viable land.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: 43.1 million people.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: supply of viable land.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: limited supply of viable land.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: mismanagement of natural resources

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: limited supply of viable land.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: viable land.

text: Firstly, the formula for the population standard deviation (of a finite population) can be applied to the sample, using the size of the sample as the size of the population (though the actual population size from which the sample is drawn may be much larger). This estimator, denoted by s, is known as the uncorrected sample standard deviation, or sometimes the standard deviation of the sample (considered as the entire population), and is defined as follows:

text: Firstly, the formula for the population standard deviation (of a finite population) can be applied to the sample, using the size of the sample as the size of the population (though the actual population size from which the sample is drawn may be much larger). This estimator, denoted by s, is known as the uncorrected sample standard deviation, or sometimes the standard deviation of the sample (considered as the entire population), and is defined as follows:

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: it has enough people to sustain itself

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: the size of the sample

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: population standard deviation

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: consumes more resources

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: finite population)

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: finite population)

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: the size of the sample

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: uncorrected sample standard deviation,

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: population standard deviation

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: size of the sample as the size of the population

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: finite population)

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: the size of the sample

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: population standard deviation

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: population standard deviation

text: Returning to the concept of residential segregation, it is known that affluence and poverty have become both highly segregated and concentrated in relation to race and location. Residential segregation and poverty concentration is most markedly seen in the comparison between urban and suburban populations in which suburbs consist of majority White populations and inner-cities consist of majority minority populations. According to Barnhouse-Walters (2001), the concentration of poor minority populations in inner-cities and the concentration of affluent White populations in the suburbs, "is the main mechanism by which racial inequality in educational resources is reproduced."

text: Returning to the concept of residential segregation, it is known that affluence and poverty have become both highly segregated and concentrated in relation to race and location. Residential segregation and poverty concentration is most markedly seen in the comparison between urban and suburban populations in which suburbs consist of majority White populations and inner-cities consist of majority minority populations. According to Barnhouse-Walters (2001), the concentration of poor minority populations in inner-cities and the concentration of affluent White populations in the suburbs, "is the main mechanism by which racial inequality in educational resources is reproduced."

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population is too high

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: location

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: dwindle

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: educational resources

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: segregated and concentrated

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: residential segregation,

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: residential segregation,

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: race and location.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: Returning to the concept of residential segregation,

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: race and location.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: race and location.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: racial inequality in educational resources is reproduced."

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: educational resources

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: racial inequality in educational resources is reproduced."

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: residential segregation,

text: Noting that population size is generally inversely proportional to generation time, Tomoko Ohta proposed that if most amino acid substitutions are slightly deleterious, this would increase the rate of effectively neutral mutation rate in small populations, which could offset the effect of long generation times. However, because noncoding DNA substitutions tend to be more neutral, independent of population size, their rate of evolution is correctly predicted to depend on population size / generation time, unlike the rate of non-synonymous changes.

text: Noting that population size is generally inversely proportional to generation time, Tomoko Ohta proposed that if most

text: amino acid

text: substitutions are slightly deleterious, this would increase the rate of effectively neutral mutation rate in small populations, which could offset the effect of long generation times. However, because

text: noncoding DNA

text: substitutions tend to be more neutral, independent of population size, their rate of evolution is correctly predicted to depend on population size / generation time, unlike the rate of non-synonymous changes.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: generation time

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population size is inversely proportional

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: generation time

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: inversely proportional to generation time

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: long generation times

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: inversely proportional to generation time

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: generation time,

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population size is generally inversely proportional to generation time,

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: generation time,

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: population size is generally inversely proportional to generation time,

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: population size is generally inversely proportional to generation time,

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: population size is generally inversely proportional to generation time,

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: long generation times.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: mutation rate

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: long generation times.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: population size

text: Under the system applied in the IUCN Red List database, species are classified in nine categories, set through criteria such as rate of decline, population size, area of geographic distribution, and degree of population and distribution fragmentation.

text: Under the system applied in the

text: IUCN Red List

text: database, species are classified in nine categories, set through criteria such as rate of decline, population size, area of geographic distribution, and degree of population and distribution fragmentation.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: rate of decline

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population size is low

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: rate of decline

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: rate of decline

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: population size

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: rate of decline

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: rate of decline,

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: rate of decline, population size,

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: rate of decline,

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: degree of population and distribution fragmentation.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: rate of decline,

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: rate of decline,

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: rate of decline,

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: area of geographic distribution,

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: rate of decline,

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: rate of decline, population size,

text: Stream capacity is often mistaken for the stream competency, which is a measure of  the maximum size of the particles that the stream can transport, or for the total load, which is the load that a stream actually carries.

text: Stream capacity is often mistaken for the

text: stream competency

text: , which is a measure of  the maximum size of the particles that the stream can transport, or for the

text: total load

text: , which is the load that a stream actually carries.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: total load is at its carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: Stream capacity

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: Stream capacity

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: consumes more resources

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: Stream capacity

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: total load,

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: Stream capacity

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: Stream capacity

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Stream capacity

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: Stream capacity

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: Stream capacity

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: Stream capacity

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: Stream capacity

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: Stream capacity

text: Increasingly, exosomes are being recognized as potential therapeutics as they have the ability to elicit potent cellular responses in vitro and in vivo. Exosomes mediate regenerative outcomes in injury and disease that recapitulate observed bioactivity of stem cell populations. Mesenchymal stem cell exosomes were found to activate several signaling pathways important in wound healing (Akt, ERK, and STAT3) and induce the expression of a number of growth factors (hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1), nerve growth factor (NGF), and stromal-derived growth factor-1 (SDF1)). Exosomes secreted by human circulating fibrocytes, a population of mesenchymal progenitors involved in normal wound healing via paracrine signaling, exhibited in-vitro proangiogenic properties, activated diabetic dermal fibroblasts, induced the migration and proliferation of diabetic keratinocytes, and accelerated wound closure in diabetic mice in vivo. Important components of the exosomal cargo were heat shock protein-90α, total and activated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, proangiogenic (miR-126, miR-130a, miR-132) and anti-inflammatory (miR124a, miR-125b) microRNAs, and a microRNA regulating collagen deposition (miR-21).  Exosomes can be considered a promising carrier for effective delivery of small interfering RNA due to their existence in body’s endogenous system and high tolerance. Patient-derived exosomes have been employed as a novel cancer immunotherapy in several clinical trials.

text: Increasingly, exosomes are being recognized as potential therapeutics as they have the ability to elicit potent cellular responses in vitro and in vivo. Exosomes mediate regenerative outcomes in injury and disease that recapitulate observed bioactivity of

text: stem cell

text: populations.

text: Mesenchymal stem cell

text: exosomes were found to activate several

text: signaling pathways

text: important in

text: wound

text: healing (

text: Akt

text: ERK

text: , and

text: ) and induce the expression of a number of growth factors (

text: hepatocyte growth factor

text: (HGF),

text: insulin-like growth factor-1

text: nerve growth factor

text: (NGF), and

text: stromal-derived growth factor-1

text: (SDF1)). Exosomes secreted by human circulating fibrocytes, a population of mesenchymal progenitors involved in normal wound healing via

text: paracrine signaling

text: , exhibited in-vitro proangiogenic properties, activated diabetic dermal fibroblasts, induced the migration and proliferation of diabetic keratinocytes, and accelerated wound closure in diabetic mice in vivo. Important components of the exosomal cargo were

entity_name: Heat shock protein 90kDa alpha (cytosolic), member A1

text: heat shock protein-90α

text: , total and activated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, proangiogenic (miR-126, miR-130a, miR-132) and anti-inflammatory (miR124a, miR-125b)

text: microRNA

text: s, and a microRNA regulating

text: collagen

text: deposition (miR-21).  Exosomes can be considered a promising carrier for effective delivery of

text: small interfering RNA

text: due to their existence in body’s endogenous system and high tolerance. Patient-derived exosomes have been employed as a novel cancer immunotherapy in several clinical trials.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: in vivo

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: a region is at its carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: population size

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: no longer exist

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: exosomes

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: consumes more resources

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: vivo.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: Exosomes

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: diabetic mice in vivo.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: accelerated wound closure in diabetic mice in vivo.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: accelerated wound closure in diabetic mice in vivo.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: accelerated wound closure in diabetic mice

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: stem cell populations.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: (hepatocyte growth factor

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: accelerated wound closure in diabetic mice in vivo.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: Exosomes

text: The way in which resources are partitioned by organisms also varies and can be split into scramble and contest competition. Scramble competition involves a relatively even distribution of resources among a population as all individuals exploit a common resource pool. In contrast, contest competition is the uneven distribution of resources and occurs when hierarchies in a population influence the amount of resource each individual receives. Organisms in the most prized territories or at the top of the hierarchies obtain a sufficient quantity of the resources, whereas individuals without a territory don’t obtain any of the resource.

text: The way in which resources are partitioned by organisms also varies and can be split into

text: scramble

text: and contest competition. Scramble competition involves a relatively even distribution of resources among a population as all individuals exploit a common resource pool. In contrast, contest competition is the uneven distribution of resources and occurs when

text: hierarchies

text: in a population influence the amount of resource each individual receives. Organisms in the most prized

text: territories

text: or at the top of the hierarchies obtain a sufficient quantity of the resources, whereas individuals without a territory don’t obtain any of the resource.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unspecified

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: a sufficient quantity of resources

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: resources

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: resources

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: contest competition

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: resources

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: contest competition.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: Organisms in the most prized territories

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: resources are partitioned by organisms

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: contest competition

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: The way in which resources are partitioned by organisms

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: all individuals exploit a common resource pool.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: Organisms in the most prized territories

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: even distribution of resources

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: contest competition

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: contest competition

text: Two other physical factors tend to limit the city's population. It is impossible to increase the amount of land available for building by reclaiming land from the sea; a new national law governing coastal development thwarts this possibility. Also, because Cádiz is built on a sandspit, it is a costly proposition to sink foundations deep enough to support the high-rise buildings that would allow for a higher population density. As it stands, the city's skyline is not substantially different from in medieval times. A 17th-century watchtower, the Tavira Tower, still commands a panoramic view of the city and the bay despite its relatively modest  height. (See below.)

text: Two other physical factors tend to limit the city's population. It is impossible to increase the amount of land available for building by reclaiming land from the sea; a new national law governing coastal development thwarts this possibility. Also, because Cádiz is built on a

text: sandspit

text: , it is a costly proposition to sink foundations deep enough to support the

text: high-rise

text: buildings that would allow for a higher population density. As it stands, the city's

text: skyline

text: is not substantially different from in

text: medieval times

text: . A 17th-century watchtower, the Tavira Tower, still commands a panoramic view of the city and the bay despite its relatively modest  height. (See below.)

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population is too high

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: physical factors

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: lessen

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: high-rise buildings

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: limits

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: population

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: physical factors tend to limit the city's population.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: physical factors

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: population.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: physical factors

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: land available for building by reclaiming land from the sea;

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: physical factors tend to limit the city's population.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: high-rise buildings

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: limit the city's population.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: physical factors tend to limit the city's population.

text: Species can compete with each other for finite resources. It is considered to be an important limiting factor of population size, biomass and species richness. Many types of competition have been described, but proving the existence of these interactions is a matter of debate. Direct competition has been observed between individuals, populations and species, but there is little evidence that competition has been the driving force in the evolution of large groups.

text: Species can

text: compete

text: with each other for finite

text: resources

text: . It is considered to be an important limiting factor of

text: population size

text: biomass

text: and

text: species richness

text: . Many types of competition have been described, but proving the existence of these interactions is a matter of debate. Direct competition has been observed between individuals, populations and species, but there is little evidence that competition has been the driving force in the evolution of large groups.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: species compete with each other

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: competition

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: compete

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: finite resources.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population size,

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: Species can compete with each other for finite resources.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: limiting factor of population size,

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Species can compete with each other for finite resources.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: compete with each other for finite resources.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: Species can compete with each other for finite resources.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: biomass

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: Species can compete with each other for finite resources.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: finite resources.

text: The next stage of EDAs development was the use of multivariate factorizations. In this case, the joint probability distribution is usually factorized in a number of components of limited size

text: The next stage of EDAs development was the use of multivariate factorizations. In this case, the joint probability distribution is usually factorized in a number of components of limited size

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: it has enough water

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: multivariate factorization

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: consumes more resources

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: a number of components of limited size

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: limited size

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: components of limited size

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: limited size

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: multivariate factorizations.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: size

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: limited size

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: size

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: limited size

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: limited size

text: The IUCN lists the California sea lion as Least Concern due to "its large and increasing population size." The estimated population is 238,000–241,000 for the U.S. or Pacific Temperate stock, 75,000–85,000 for the Western Baja California or Pacific Tropical stock, and 31,393 for the population in the Gulf of California. Off the Pacific coast of the United States, sea lions are so numerous that they are close to carrying capacity, while the Gulf of California population declined by 20% by 2008. Sea lions may be killed when in conflict with fishermen, by poaching, and by entanglements in man-made garbage. They are also threatened by pollutants like DDT and PCB which accumulate in the marine food chain.

text: The

entity_name: International Union for Conservation of Nature

text: IUCN

text: lists the California sea lion as Least Concern due to "its large and increasing population size." The estimated population is 238,000–241,000 for the U.S. or Pacific Temperate stock, 75,000–85,000 for the Western Baja California or Pacific Tropical stock, and 31,393 for the population in the Gulf of California. Off the

text: Pacific coast of the United States

text: , sea lions are so numerous that they are close to

text: carrying capacity

text: , while the Gulf of California population declined by 20% by 2008. Sea lions may be killed when in conflict with

text: fishermen

text: , by

text: poaching

text: , and by entanglements in man-made garbage. They are also threatened by pollutants like

text: DDT

text: and

text: PCB

text: which accumulate in the marine food chain.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: 20% by 2008

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: sea lions are so numerous

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: population size

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: large and increasing population size

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: population size

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: 2008.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: sea lions are so numerous

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: carrying capacity,

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: sea lions

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: the Gulf of California population declined by 20% by 2008.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: carrying capacity,

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: sea lions are so numerous that they are close to carrying capacity,

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: marine food chain.

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: carrying capacity,

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: population size."

text: The disk's size was stored and calculated as a 16-bit count of sectors, which limited the size to 32 MiB for a logical sector size of 512 bytes. FAT12 was used by several manufacturers with different physical formats, but a typical floppy disk at the time was 5.25-inch (130 mm), single-sided, 40 tracks, with 8 sectors per track, resulting in a capacity of 160 KiB for both the system areas and files. The FAT12 limitations exceeded this capacity by a factor of ten or more. (NB. The 32 MiB limit was later circumvented using logical sectored FATs with logical sector sizes larger than 512 bytes in some OEM versions of MS-DOS 3.x, but this fell into disuse when FAT16B became available with DOS 3.31, which supported 32-bit sector numbers and thereby further lifted the limits.)

text: The disk's size was stored and calculated as a 16-bit count of

text: sectors

text: , which limited the size to 32 MiB for a logical sector size of 512 bytes. FAT12 was used by several manufacturers with different physical formats, but a typical floppy disk at the time was 5.25-inch (130 mm), single-sided, 40

text: tracks

text: , with 8 sectors per track, resulting in a capacity of 160 KiB for both the system areas and files. The FAT12 limitations exceeded this capacity by a factor of ten or more. (NB. The 32 MiB limit was later circumvented using

text: logical sectored FAT

text: s with logical sector sizes larger than 512 bytes in some OEM versions of MS-DOS 3.x, but this fell into disuse when

text: became available with DOS 3.31, which supported

text: sector numbers and thereby further lifted the limits.)

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: 160 KiB

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: population size

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: decreases

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: ten

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: 160 KiB

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: 16-bit count of sectors,

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: ten

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: 512 bytes.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: 16-bit count of sectors, which limited the size to 32 MiB

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: ten

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: The disk's size

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: ten

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: 16-bit count of sectors, which limited the size to 32 MiB

text: Declines in the abundance of wild salmon due to over fishing placed greater pressure on hatcheries to increase production and restore the wild salmon stock to supply fisheries. The problem is that hatcheries can never truly replicate the environment of wild salmon, an issue which often results in physiological and behavioral differences between wild salmon and those reared in hatcheries. These differences are often the product of genetic changes associated with inbreeding, artificial selection, and natural selection as well as different environmental pressures acting on hatchery fish than wild populations. Due to the size selective nature of fishing favoring larger fish, a reduction in average size of the adult salmon has been observed over time. The smaller salmon make a greater proportion of the remaining individuals continuing the population, and problems arise when these hatchery-reared fish are introduced into the wild populations. Unlike wild salmon, larger salmon are selected for in hatcheries and are typically much larger than wild salmon. The result is that hatchery-produced salmon tend to out-compete wild salmon for space, food, and other resources. Some salmon species in hatcheries exhibit predatory behavior toward wild salmon because they grow to be much larger. Regardless of whether predation is observed, natural social interactions are disturbed by the release of large numbers of hatchery-reared salmon where wild populations are low because salmon in hatcheries naturally have a higher propensity towards aggressive behavior. Overall, natural salmon populations are put at risk when hatchery-reared salmon populations are introduced due to competition for resources, predation by larger individuals, and negative social interactions that upset the natural order observed in wild salmon populations. As a result, wild salmon populations are steadily dropping as the pressure to continue breeding salmon in hatcheries increases. Conservation efforts that work to place limitations on hatcheries to increase the wild salmon populations are hindered by financial pressures because hatcheries effectively support many states economically by accounting for over 70% of the salmon harvested for recreational and commercial purposes.

text: Declines in the abundance of wild salmon due to over fishing placed greater pressure on hatcheries to increase production and restore the wild salmon stock to supply fisheries. The problem is that hatcheries can never truly replicate the environment of

text: wild salmon

text: , an issue which often results in physiological and behavioral differences between wild salmon and those reared in hatcheries. These differences are often the product of genetic changes associated with

text: inbreeding

text: artificial selection

text: , and

text: natural selection

text: as well as different environmental pressures acting on hatchery fish than wild populations. Due to the size selective nature of fishing favoring larger fish, a reduction in average size of the adult salmon has been observed over time. The smaller salmon make a greater proportion of the remaining individuals continuing the population, and problems arise when these hatchery-reared fish are introduced into the wild populations. Unlike wild salmon, larger salmon are selected for in hatcheries and are typically much larger than wild salmon. The result is that hatchery-produced salmon tend to out-compete wild salmon for space, food, and other resources. Some salmon species in hatcheries exhibit

text: predatory behavior

text: toward wild salmon because they grow to be much larger. Regardless of whether predation is observed, natural

text: social interactions

text: are disturbed by the release of large numbers of hatchery-reared salmon where wild populations are low because salmon in hatcheries naturally have a higher propensity towards

text: aggressive behavior

text: . Overall, natural salmon populations are put at risk when hatchery-reared salmon populations are introduced due to competition for resources, predation by larger individuals, and negative social interactions that upset the natural order observed in wild salmon populations. As a result, wild salmon populations are steadily dropping as the pressure to continue breeding salmon in hatcheries increases.

text: Conservation efforts

text: that work to place limitations on hatcheries to increase the wild salmon populations are hindered by financial pressures because hatcheries effectively support many states

text: economically

text: by accounting for over 70% of the salmon harvested for

text: recreational

text: and

text: commercial

text: purposes.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: pressure to continue breeding salmon in hatcheries increases

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: over fishing

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: genetic changes

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: the size selective nature of fishing favoring larger fish

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: inbreeding

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overfishing

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: over fishing

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: as the pressure to continue breeding salmon in hatcheries increases.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: over fishing

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: natural selection

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: natural salmon populations are put at risk

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: natural social interactions

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: hatcheries can never truly replicate the environment of wild salmon,

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: The smaller salmon

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: food,

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: competition for resources,

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: fishing

text: In 2000, Clemson University Department of Crop, Soil and Environmental Sciences conducted a study on mountain biking and the sustainability of the sport as it relates to the natural environment and social confines. Matthew Symmonds and research associates outlines four capacities that must be met in order to sustain a trail or trail system: Physical Capacity, the amount of space a given activity demands, Ecological Capacity, how much damage the environment can withstand before detrimental effect, Facility Capacity, what a given population needs in order to enjoy such recreational areas; and Social Capacity, the point at which one decides how many users the trail can accommodate comfortably at any one time. Mountain biking is a sustainable sport in that once a trail or trail system is made, it can be used for many years, but like accommodating for specific carrying capacities, there are many concerns in maintenance and use. Resource managers, typically employed by private or federal agencies, are in position to make judgment on how and when trail maintenance needs to be done. Resource managers take care of outstanding trail conditions such as the following: erosion control, trail widening and or rutting, shortcuts, soil decomposition, damage to drainage structures, damage to flora, fauna and water structures. In order to preserve the sustainability and progress the mountain biking community has seen in the most recent of years, trail maintenance must be continual, from being proactive in legislation, to environmental awareness in physical maintenance.

text: In 2000,

text: Clemson University

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: insufficient information

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: Ecological Capacity

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: Facility Capacity

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: Ecological

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: facility capacity

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: Facility Capacity

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: detrimental effect, Facility Capacity,

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: how much damage the environment can withstand before detrimental effect,

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: how much damage the environment can withstand before detrimental effect,

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: withstand before detrimental effect, Facility Capacity,

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Clemson University Department of Crop, Soil and Environmental Sciences

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: how much damage the environment can withstand before detrimental effect,

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: Ecological Capacity,

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: Facility Capacity,

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: detrimental effect, Facility Capacity,

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: how much damage the environment can withstand before detrimental effect,

text: The definitions of carrying capacity need to be considered as processes within a planning process for tourism development which involves:

text: The definitions of carrying capacity need to be considered as processes within a planning process for tourism development which involves:

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: it has enough people to sustain itself

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: be reduced

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: natural selection

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: natural disasters

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: reaches its capacity

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: climatic conditions

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: tourism development

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: The definitions of carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: The definitions of carrying capacity

text: In the year 1950,  were approximately 2.5 billion (2,500 million) humans alive in this world. By 1960, the number had reached 3 billion, and by 1975 was at 4 billion. The 5 billion mark was reached around 1987, and in 1993, at the New Delhi meeting, academics estimated the population to be 5.5 billion. For some time, world food production had been able to roughly match population growth, meaning that starvation was a regional and distributional problem, rather than one based on a total shortage of food. The scientists noted that increased food production on land and on sea in the previous decade was less than the population increase over the same period. Moreover, by increased food production and otherwise, the population growth was contributing to a loss of biodiversity, deforestation and loss of topsoil, and shortages of water and fuel. The academics noted that the complex relationships between population size and various environmental effects were not fully understood, but that "there is no doubt that the threat to the ecosystem is linked to population size and resource use". They were aware of the problems with increasing greenhouse emissions and other environmental threats, and found these linked to the population growth.

text: In the year 1950,  were approximately 2.5

text: billion

text: (2,500 million) humans alive in this world. By 1960, the number had reached 3 billion, and by 1975 was at 4 billion. The 5 billion mark was reached around 1987, and in 1993, at the New Delhi meeting, academics estimated the population to be 5.5 billion. For some time, world food production had been able to roughly match population growth, meaning that

text: starvation

text: was a regional and distributional problem, rather than one based on a total shortage of food. The scientists noted that increased food production on land and on sea in the previous decade was less than the population increase over the same period. Moreover, by increased food production and otherwise, the population growth was contributing to a loss of

text: biodiversity

text: deforestation

text: and loss of

text: topsoil

text: , and shortages of

text: water

text: and fuel. The academics noted that the complex relationships between population size and various environmental effects were not fully understood, but that "there is no doubt that the threat to the ecosystem is linked to population size and resource use". They were aware of the problems with increasing

text: greenhouse

text: emissions and other environmental threats, and found these linked to the population growth.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: starvation

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: resource use

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: lessen

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: population growth

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: food production

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: threat to the ecosystem

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: population size

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: population growth

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: starvation

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: resource use".

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: starvation was a regional and distributional problem,

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: world food production had been able to roughly match population growth,

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: food.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: the population growth was contributing to a loss of biodiversity,

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: world food production

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: the threat to the ecosystem

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: total shortage of food.

text: The Uyghurs are a Eurasian population with Eastern and Western Eurasian anthropometric and genetic traits. Uyghurs are thus one of the many populations of Central Eurasia that can be considered to be genetically related to European and East Asian populations.  However, various scientific studies differ on the size of each component. One study, using samples from Hetian (Hotan) only, found that Uyghurs have 60% European ancestry and 40% East Asian ancestry.  A further study showed slightly greater European component (52% European) in the Uyghur population in southern Xinjiang, but slightly greater East Asian component (47% European) in the northern Uyghur population.  Another study used a larger sample of individuals from a wider area, and found only about 30% European component to the admixture.  A study on mitochondrial DNA (therefore the matrilineal genetic contribution) found the frequency of western Eurasian-specific haplogroup in Uyghurs to be 42.6%, and east-Asian haplogroup to be 57.4%  A further study shows that the western-Eurasian patrilineal Y-DNA haplogroup in Uyghurs is around 65% to 70%, and east-Asian Y-DNA haplogroup around 30% to 35%.

text: The Uyghurs are a

text: Eurasian

text: population with Eastern and Western Eurasian anthropometric and genetic traits. Uyghurs are thus one of the many populations of Central Eurasia that can be considered to be genetically related to European and East Asian populations.  However, various scientific studies differ on the size of each component. One study, using samples from Hetian (

text: Hotan

text: ) only, found that Uyghurs have 60% European ancestry and 40% East Asian ancestry.  A further study showed slightly greater European component (52% European) in the Uyghur population in southern Xinjiang, but slightly greater East Asian component (47% European) in the northern Uyghur population.  Another study used a larger sample of individuals from a wider area, and found only about 30% European component to the admixture.  A study on

text: mitochondrial DNA

text: (therefore the matrilineal genetic contribution) found the frequency of western Eurasian-specific haplogroup in Uyghurs to be 42.6%, and east-Asian haplogroup to be 57.4%  A further study shows that the western-Eurasian patrilineal Y-DNA haplogroup in Uyghurs is around 65% to 70%, and east-Asian Y-DNA haplogroup around 30% to 35%.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: 65% to 70%

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: various scientific studies

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: lessen

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: lack of resources

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: genetic traits

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overpopulation

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: a larger sample of individuals from a wider area,

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: 65% to 70%,

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: various scientific studies

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: The Uyghurs

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: genetic traits.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: size of each component.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: mitochondrial DNA

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: mitochondrial DNA

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: 65% to 70%,

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: size of each component.

text: This ability to selectively control power factor can be exploited for power factor correction of the power system to which the motor is connected. Since most power systems of any significant size have a net lagging power factor, the presence of overexcited synchronous motors moves the system's net power factor closer to unity, improving efficiency. Such power-factor correction is usually a side effect of motors already present in the system to provide mechanical work, although motors can be run without mechanical load simply to provide power-factor correction. In large industrial plants such as factories the interaction between synchronous motors and other, lagging, loads may be an explicit consideration in the plant's electrical design.

text: This ability to selectively control power factor can be exploited for

entity_section: Power factor correction (PFC) in non-linear loads

text: power factor correction

text: of the power system to which the motor is connected. Since most power systems of any significant size have a net lagging power factor, the presence of overexcited synchronous motors moves the system's net power factor closer to unity, improving efficiency. Such power-factor correction is usually a side effect of motors already present in the system to provide mechanical work, although motors can be run without mechanical load simply to provide power-factor correction. In large industrial plants such as factories the interaction between synchronous motors and other, lagging, loads may be an explicit consideration in the plant's electrical design.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: the amount of available resources

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: natural resources

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: lags

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: significant size

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: motors can be run without mechanical load

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: power systems of any significant size have a net lagging power factor,

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: overexcited synchronous motors

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: This ability to selectively control power factor

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: lagging power factor,

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: overexcited synchronous motors

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: efficiency.

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: lagging power factor,

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: lagging power factor,

text: In 2001, Helen Newing’s study in West Africa on the interactions of duikers found that body size, “habitat preference, and activity patterns” were the main differentiating factors among the seven species of duikers. These differences specific to each species of duiker allow them to coexist by "limiting niche overlap". However, although some species are yet to be considered ‘endangered’, because of the repeated damage and fragment of their habitat by human activities, such specialization of the niches are gradually becoming impaired and are contributing to the significant decrease in population.

text: In 2001, Helen Newing’s study in

text: West Africa

text: on the interactions of duikers found that body size, “habitat preference, and activity patterns” were the main differentiating factors among the seven species of duikers. These differences specific to each species of duiker allow them to coexist by "limiting niche overlap". However, although some species are yet to be considered ‘endangered’, because of the repeated damage and

text: fragment

text: of their habitat by human activities, such specialization of the niches are gradually becoming impaired and are contributing to the significant decrease in population.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: because of the repeated damage and fragment of their habitat

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: significant decrease in population

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: habitat fragmentation

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: habitat preference

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: decreases

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: damage and fragment of their habitat by human activities,

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: decrease in population.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: human activities,

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease in population.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: human activities,

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: "limiting niche overlap".

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: repeated damage and fragment of their habitat by human activities,

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: body size, “habitat preference, and activity patterns”

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: decrease in population.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: "limiting niche overlap".

text: One set of characteristics relate to body size and temperature. The metabolic theory of ecology provides a predictive qualitative set of relationships between an organism’s body size and temperature and metabolic processes. In general, smaller, warmer organisms have higher metabolic rates and this results in a variety of predictions regarding individual somatic growth rates, reproduction and population growth rates, population size, and resource uptake rates.

text: One set of characteristics relate to body size and temperature. The

text: metabolic theory of ecology

text: provides a predictive qualitative set of relationships between an organism’s body size and temperature and metabolic processes. In general, smaller, warmer organisms have higher metabolic rates and this results in a variety of predictions regarding individual somatic growth rates, reproduction and population growth rates, population size, and resource uptake rates.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population size is high

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: body size and temperature

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: smaller, warmer organisms have higher metabolic rates

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: smaller, warmer organisms

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: resource uptake rates

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: population size

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: reproduction

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: smaller, warmer organisms have higher metabolic rates

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: smaller, warmer organisms have higher metabolic rates

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: smaller, warmer organisms have higher metabolic rates

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: reproduction and population growth rates,

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: temperature.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: smaller, warmer organisms have higher metabolic rates

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: smaller, warmer organisms have higher metabolic rates

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: resource uptake rates.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: body size and temperature.

text: The term human overpopulation often refers to the relationship between the entire human population and its environment: the Earth, or to smaller geographical areas such as countries. Overpopulation can result from an increase in births, a decline in mortality rates, an increase in immigration, or an unsustainable biome and depletion of resources. It is possible for very sparsely populated areas to be overpopulated if the area has a meagre or non-existent capability to sustain life (e.g. a desert). Advocates of population moderation cite issues like quality of life, carrying capacity and risk of starvation as a basis to argue against continuing high human population growth and for population decline. In either case, a consideration is that any population crash be nonviolent.

text: The term human overpopulation often refers to the relationship between the

text: entire human population

text: and its

text: environment

text: : the Earth, or to smaller geographical areas such as countries. Overpopulation can result from an increase in

entity_name: List of sovereign states and dependent territories by fertility rate

text: births

text: , a decline in

text: mortality rate

text: s, an increase in

text: immigration

text: , or an

text: unsustainable

text: biome

text: and depletion of resources. It is possible for very sparsely populated areas to be overpopulated if the area has a meagre or non-existent capability to sustain life (e.g. a

text: desert

text: ). Advocates of population moderation cite issues like

text: quality of life

text: carrying capacity

text: and risk of

text: starvation

text: as a basis to argue against continuing high human population growth and for

text: population decline

text: . In either case, a consideration is that any

text: population crash

text: be nonviolent.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: nonviolent

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: overpopulated

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: overpopulation

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unsustainable biome and depletion of resources

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: unsustainable biome

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overpopulated

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: nonviolent.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: continuing high human population growth and for population decline.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: unsustainable biome

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: starvation

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: immigration,

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: resources.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: Overpopulation can result from an increase in births,

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: immigration,

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: Overpopulation

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: resources.

text: Limiting factors restrict the student acceptance rate due to the following situations:

text: Limiting factors restrict the student acceptance rate due to the following situations:

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: in a recession

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: it has too many people

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: abiotic factors

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no habitat

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: asexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: natural resources

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: consumes more resources

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: the population is too small

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: Limiting factors

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: Limiting factors

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: Limiting factors

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: Limiting factors restrict the student acceptance rate

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Limiting factors

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: Limiting factors

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: Limiting factors

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: Limiting factors restrict the student acceptance rate

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: Limiting factors

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: Limiting factors

text: The peak in dog whelk population density is approximately coincidental with the mid-tidal zone.  It lives in the middle shore. In general it can be said that at high vertical heights on the shoreline the dog whelk is most threatened by biotic factors such as predation from birds and interspecific competition for food, but abiotic factors are the primary concern, creating a harsh environment in which it is difficult to survive. At low vertical heights it is biotic factors, such as predation from crabs and intraspecific competition, which cause problems. The upper limit of the range in which the dog whelk is generally found is approximately coincidental with the mean high water neap tide line, and the lower limit of the range is approximately coincidental with the mean low water neap tide line, so that the vast majority of dog whelks are found on the mid-tidal zone.

text: The peak in dog whelk

text: population density

text: is approximately coincidental with the mid-

text: tidal zone

text: .  It lives in the middle shore. In general it can be said that at high vertical heights on the shoreline the dog whelk is most threatened by

text: biotic

text: factors such as predation from birds and

text: interspecific competition

text: for food, but

text: abiotic

text: factors are the primary concern, creating a harsh environment in which it is difficult to survive. At low vertical heights it is biotic factors, such as predation from crabs and

text: intraspecific competition

text: , which cause problems. The upper limit of the range in which the dog whelk is generally found is approximately coincidental with the mean high water

text: neap tide

text: line, and the lower limit of the range is approximately coincidental with the mean low water

text: neap tide

text: line, so that the vast majority of dog whelks are found on the mid-

text: tidal zone

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: the lower limit of the range

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population density is approximately coincidental

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: density

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: is overpopulating

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: low water neap tide line,

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: The peak in dog whelk population density

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: biotic factors

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: predation from birds

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: biotic factors such as predation from birds and interspecific competition for food,

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: mean high water neap tide line,

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: biotic factors such as predation from birds and interspecific competition for food,

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: predation from birds and interspecific competition for food,

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: harsh environment in which it is difficult to survive.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: abiotic factors

text: This lack of policy direction from the top meant that Nazi politicians concerned with representing Germany's interests and relations with Canada had to resort to an improvised line of policy which they believed to be in accordance with Hitler's wishes. The country was noted for its abundance of natural resources, and because of its great geographic size coupled with a low population density was characterized as "a country without people", in contrast to Germany which was considered "a people without space". In his 1934 travelogue account of Canada, Zwischen USA und dem Pol (Between the USA and the North Pole), German journalist Colin Ross described Canadian society as artificial because it was composed of many different parts that weren't tied together by either blood or long-standing traditions (highlighting the differences between the French and English Canadians in particular), and that for this reason one could not speak of either a Canadian nation or Volk. As a result the country's political system was also considered mechanic and non-organic, and that Ottawa did not constitute "the heart of the nation". Because of both these factors the Canadians were deemed incapable of comprehending "true culture", and German immigration in Canada was considered a mistake because they would be forced to live in an "empty civilization".

text: This lack of policy direction from the top meant that Nazi politicians concerned with representing Germany's interests and relations with Canada had to resort to an improvised line of policy which they believed to be in accordance with Hitler's wishes. The country was noted for its abundance of natural resources, and because of its great geographic size coupled with a low population density was characterized as "a country without people", in contrast to Germany which was considered "

text: a people without space

text: ". In his 1934 travelogue account of Canada, Zwischen USA und dem Pol (Between the USA and the

text: North Pole

text: ), German journalist Colin Ross described Canadian society as artificial because it was composed of many different parts that weren't tied together by either blood or long-standing traditions (highlighting the differences between the

text: French

text: and

text: English Canadians

text: in particular), and that for this reason one could not speak of either a Canadian nation or

text: Volk

text: . As a result the country's political system was also considered mechanic and non-organic, and that Ottawa did not constitute "the heart of the nation". Because of both these factors the Canadians were deemed incapable of comprehending "true culture", and German immigration in Canada was considered a mistake because they would be forced to live in an "empty civilization".

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: low population density

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population density is low

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: population density

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: lessen

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: low population density

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: natural resources

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: a country without people

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: population density

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: low population density

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population density

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: density

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: low population density

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: immigration

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: low population density

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: abundance of natural resources,

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: natural resources,

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: low population density

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: population density

text: The increasing availability of DNA sequencing since the late 1990s has allowed estimates on Paleolithic effective population sizes.Such models suggest a human effective population size of the order of 10,000 individuals for the Late Pleistocene. This includes only the breeding population that produced descendants over the long term, and the actual population may have been substantially larger (in the six digits).Sherry et al. (1997) based on Alu elements estimated a roughly constant effective population size of the order of 18,000 individuals for the population of Homo ancestral to modern humans over the past one to two million years. For the time of speciation of Homo sapiens, ca. 130,000 years ago, Sjödin et al. (2012) estimate an effective population size of the order of 10,000  to 30,000 individuals, and infer an actual "census population"  of early Homo sapiens of roughly 100,000 to 300,000 individuals.The authors also note that their model disfavours the assumption of an early (pre-Out-of-Africa) population bottleneck affecting all of Homo sapiens.

text: The increasing availability of

text: DNA sequencing

text: since the late 1990s has allowed estimates on Paleolithic

text: effective population size

text: s.Such models suggest a human effective population size of the order of 10,000 individuals for the

text: Late Pleistocene

text: . This includes only the breeding population that produced descendants over the long term, and the actual population may have been substantially larger (in the six digits).Sherry et al. (1997) based on

text: Alu element

text: s estimated a roughly constant effective population size of the order of 18,000 individuals for the population of

text: Homo

text: ancestral to modern humans over the past one to two million years. For the time of speciation of

text: Homo sapiens

text: , ca. 130,000 years ago, Sjödin et al. (2012) estimate an effective population size of the order of 10,000  to 30,000 individuals, and infer an actual "census population"  of early Homo sapiens of roughly 100,000 to 300,000 individuals.The authors also note that their model disfavours the assumption of an early (pre-

text: Out-of-Africa

text: ) population bottleneck affecting all of Homo sapiens.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: pre-Out-of-Africa

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: effective population size of the order of 18,000 individuals

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: effective population size

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: population bottleneck

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: DNA sequencing

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: bottleneck

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: population bottleneck

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: (pre-Out-of-Africa) population bottleneck

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population bottleneck

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: DNA sequencing

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: 10,000 individuals for the Late Pleistocene.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: breeding population

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: population bottleneck

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: breeding population

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: breeding population

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: bottleneck

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: population bottleneck

text: For applications of DFS in relation to specific domains, such as searching for solutions in artificial intelligence or web-crawling, the graph to be traversed is often either too large to visit in its entirety or infinite (DFS may suffer from non-termination). In such cases, search is only performed to a limited depth; due to limited resources, such as memory or disk space, one typically does not use data structures to keep track of the set of all previously visited vertices. When search is performed to a limited depth, the time is still linear in terms of the number of expanded vertices and edges (although this number is not the same as the size of the entire graph because some vertices may be searched more than once and others not at all) but the space complexity of this variant of DFS is only proportional to the depth limit, and as a result, is much smaller than the space needed for searching to the same depth using breadth-first search. For such applications, DFS also lends itself much better to heuristic methods for choosing a likely-looking branch. When an appropriate depth limit is not known a priori, iterative deepening depth-first search applies DFS repeatedly with a sequence of increasing limits. In the artificial intelligence mode of analysis, with a branching factor greater than one, iterative deepening increases the running time by only a constant factor over the case in which the correct depth limit is known due to the geometric growth of the number of nodes per level.

text: For applications of DFS in relation to specific domains, such as searching for solutions in

text: artificial intelligence

text: or web-crawling, the graph to be traversed is often either too large to visit in its entirety or infinite (DFS may suffer from

text: non-termination

text: ). In such cases, search is only performed to a

text: limited depth

text: ; due to limited resources, such as memory or disk space, one typically does not use data structures to keep track of the set of all previously visited vertices. When search is performed to a limited depth, the time is still linear in terms of the number of expanded vertices and edges (although this number is not the same as the size of the entire graph because some vertices may be searched more than once and others not at all) but the space complexity of this variant of DFS is only proportional to the depth limit, and as a result, is much smaller than the space needed for searching to the same depth using breadth-first search. For such applications, DFS also lends itself much better to

text: heuristic

text: methods for choosing a likely-looking branch. When an appropriate depth limit is not known a priori,

text: iterative deepening depth-first search

text: applies DFS repeatedly with a sequence of increasing limits. In the artificial intelligence mode of analysis, with a

text: branching factor

text: greater than one, iterative deepening increases the running time by only a constant factor over the case in which the correct depth limit is known due to the geometric growth of the number of nodes per level.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: iterative deepening increases the running time

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: a priori

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: limited resources

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: may suffer from non-termination

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: geometric growth

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: infinite

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: limited resources,

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: infinite (DFS may suffer from non-termination).

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: For applications of DFS

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: infinite

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: limited resources,

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: number of nodes per level.

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: limited resources,

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: limited resources, such as memory or disk space,

text: Secure Digital includes four card families available in three different sizes. The four families are the original Standard-Capacity (SDSC), the High-Capacity (SDHC), the eXtended-Capacity (SDXC), and the SDIO, which combines input/output functions with data storage. The three form factors are the original size, the mini size, and the micro size. Electrically passive adapters allow a smaller card to fit and function in a device built for a larger card. The SD card's small footprint is an ideal storage medium for smaller, thinner and more portable electronic devices.

text: Secure Digital includes four card families available in three different sizes. The four families are the original Standard-Capacity (SDSC), the High-Capacity (SDHC), the eXtended-Capacity (

text: SDXC

text: ), and the

text: SDIO

text: , which combines

text: input/output

text: functions with data storage. The

text: three form factors

text: are the original size, the mini size, and the micro size. Electrically passive adapters allow a smaller card to fit and function in a device built for a larger card. The SD card's small footprint is an ideal storage medium for smaller, thinner and more portable electronic devices.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: SDHC

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: abiotic factors

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: electrically passive adapters

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overpopulation

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: smaller, thinner and more portable electronic devices.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: eXtended-Capacity

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: Electrically passive adapters

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: (SDSC),

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Electrically passive adapters

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: Electrically passive adapters

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: Electrically passive adapters

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: Electrically passive adapters

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: Electrically passive adapters

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: Electrically passive adapters

text: Murdoch's main research studies focus on understanding what regulates populations in abundance. He is interested in the mechanisms that maintain the stability of interacting consumer and resource populations when the consumer keeps the resource population far below the level set by its resources. His research objective is to develop models of particular systems, do experiments to understand these systems and test these models, as well as to develop more general theory. Two experimental systems are used in Murdoch's research: the Aphytis-California Red Scale and daphnia-algae systems. Murdoch's work in biological control has been instrumental in demonstrating that stability of parasitoid-host interactions in pest control can be achieved by non-equilibrium mechanisms. For example, his examination of the parasitoid-host relationship between Aphytis and the California red scale has elucidated that stability does not arise from metapopulation dynamics and that the regulating mechanism may, instead, lie in size-related interactions, in small-scale spatial heterogeneity, or mixtures of these mechanisms.

text: Murdoch's main research studies focus on understanding what regulates populations in abundance. He is interested in the mechanisms that maintain the stability of interacting consumer and resource populations when the consumer keeps the resource population far below the level set by its resources. His research objective is to develop models of particular systems, do experiments to understand these systems and test these models, as well as to develop more general theory. Two experimental systems are used in Murdoch's research: the Aphytis-California Red Scale and daphnia-algae systems. Murdoch's work in

text: biological control

text: has been instrumental in demonstrating that stability of parasitoid-host interactions in pest control can be achieved by non-equilibrium mechanisms. For example, his examination of the parasitoid-host relationship between

text: Aphytis

text: and the

text: California red scale

text: has elucidated that stability does not arise from

text: metapopulation

text: dynamics and that the regulating mechanism may, instead, lie in size-related interactions, in small-scale spatial heterogeneity, or mixtures of these mechanisms.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: far below the level set by its resources

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: resource population far below the level set by its resources

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: resources

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: in small-scale spatial heterogeneity

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: resources

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: far below the level set by its resources

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: its resources

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: the consumer keeps the resource population far below the level set by its resources.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: the consumer keeps the resource population far below the level set by its resources.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: its resources.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: the consumer keeps the resource population far below the level set by its resources.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: populations

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: resources.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: the consumer keeps the resource population far below the level set by its resources.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: resources.

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: the consumer keeps the resource population far below the level set by its resources.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: resources.

text: A pony bottle is a small diving cylinder which is fitted with an independent regulator, and carried by a scuba diver as an extension to the scuba set. In an emergency, such as depletion of the diver's main air supply, it can be used as an alternate air source or bailout bottle to allow a normal ascent in place of a controlled emergency swimming ascent.  The key attribute of a pony bottle is that it provides a totally independent and redundant source of breathing gas for the diver. The name pony is due to the smaller size, often of only a few litres capacity.

text: A pony bottle is a small

text: diving cylinder

text: which is fitted with an independent

text: regulator

text: , and carried by a scuba diver as an extension to the

text: scuba set

text: . In an emergency, such as depletion of the

text: diver's

text: main air supply, it can be used as an

text: alternate air source

text: or

text: bailout bottle

text: to allow a normal ascent in place of a

entity_section: Controlled emergency swimming ascent (CESA)

text: controlled emergency swimming ascent

text: .  The key attribute of a pony bottle is that it provides a totally independent and

text: redundant

text: source of breathing gas for the diver. The name

text: pony

text: is due to the smaller size, often of only a few litres capacity.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: depletion

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: depletion

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: deplete

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: air supply

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: depletes

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: emergency,

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: depletion of the diver's main air supply,

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: depletion of the diver's main air supply,

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: a few litres

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: A pony bottle

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: depletion of the diver's main air supply,

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: depletion of the diver's main air supply,

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: breathing gas

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: depletion

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: a few litres

text: Limiting factors are things that prevent a population from growing any larger.In the design of chemical reactions to produce a chemical product, one of the reagents may be consumed by the reaction before the others. The amount of product will be limited by the supply of this reagent. The theoretical yield of the reaction is determined by this limiting factor.

text: Limiting factors are things that prevent a population from growing any larger.In the design of

text: chemical reaction

text: s to produce a chemical product, one of the reagents may be consumed by the reaction before the others. The amount of product will be limited by the supply of this reagent. The theoretical yield of the reaction is determined by this limiting factor.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: a population is too large

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: limiting factors

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: limiting factors

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: can not grow

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: Limiting factors

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: Limiting factors are things that prevent a population from growing any larger.In

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: Limiting factors

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: Limiting factors are things that prevent a population from growing any larger.In

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Limiting factors

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: Limiting factors are things that prevent a population from growing any larger.In

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: Limiting factors

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: Limiting factors

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: Limiting factors are things that prevent a population from growing any larger.In

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: Limiting factors are things that prevent a population from growing any larger.In

text: Hunting is claimed to give resource managers an important tool in managing populations that might exceed the carrying capacity of their habitat and threaten the well-being of other species, or, in some instances, damage human health or safety. However, in most circumstances carrying capacity is determined by a combination habitat and food availability, and hunting for 'population control' has no effect on the annual population of species. In some cases, it can increase the population of predators such as coyotes by removing territorial bounds that would otherwise be established, resulting in excess neighbouring migrations into an area, thus artificially increasing the population. Hunting advocates assert that hunting reduces intraspecific competition for food and shelter, reducing mortality among the remaining animals. Some environmentalists assert that (re)introducing predators would achieve the same end with greater efficiency and less negative effect, such as introducing significant amounts of free lead into the environment and food chain.

text: Hunting is claimed to give

text: resource managers

text: an important tool in managing populations that might exceed the

text: carrying capacity

text: of their

text: habitat

text: and threaten the well-being of other species, or, in some instances, damage human health or safety. However, in most circumstances carrying capacity is determined by a combination habitat and food availability, and hunting for 'population control' has no effect on the annual population of species. In some cases, it can increase the population of predators such as coyotes by removing territorial bounds that would otherwise be established, resulting in excess neighbouring migrations into an area, thus artificially increasing the population. Hunting advocates assert that hunting reduces

text: intraspecific competition

text: for food and shelter, reducing mortality among the remaining animals. Some

text: environmentalist

text: s assert that (re)introducing

text: predator

text: s would achieve the same end with greater efficiency and less negative effect, such as introducing significant amounts of free

text: lead

text: into the environment and

text: food chain

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: in most circumstances

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: artificially increasing

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: food availability

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: exceed the carrying capacity of their habitat

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: habitat

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: annual

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: a combination habitat and food availability,

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: a combination habitat and food availability,

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: artificially increasing the population.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: migrations

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: habitat and food availability,

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: Hunting

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: excess neighbouring migrations

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: exceed the carrying capacity of their habitat

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: habitat and food availability,

text: The total population is poorly surveyed, and no study has been made of the rate of its decline. This is partly due to the inaccessibility of the region, a factor that may help the preservation of the species. The conservation status of Morelia oenpelliensis is listed by the Northern Territory Government as vulnerable to extinction. This has been evaluated by known threatening factors, such as altered land use and fire regimes, and population inferred from the relative abundance of its prey. This is estimated to be below 10,000, which is inferred from several factors. As a large predator, the species is particularly vulnerable to declines in available prey. These larger mammals are more susceptible to changes in land use and threats such as introduced species. Suitable habitat is also limited in the distribution range of the species. The species is known to be illegally collected for private use, which is likely to impact on some subpopulations. This threat is limited by the inaccessibility of its habitat, the same factor that has restricted study of the species. Variation and decline in subpopulations has not been fully evaluated. It is found within a conservation reserve known as Kakadu National Park.

text: The total population is poorly surveyed, and no study has been made of the rate of its decline. This is partly due to the inaccessibility of the region, a factor that may help the preservation of the species. The conservation status of Morelia oenpelliensis is listed by the Northern Territory Government as vulnerable to extinction. This has been evaluated by known threatening factors, such as altered land use and fire regimes, and population inferred from the relative abundance of its prey. This is estimated to be below 10,000, which is inferred from several factors. As a large predator, the species is particularly vulnerable to declines in available prey. These larger mammals are more susceptible to changes in land use and threats such as introduced species. Suitable habitat is also limited in the distribution range of the species. The species is known to be illegally collected for private use, which is likely to impact on some subpopulations. This threat is limited by the inaccessibility of its habitat, the same factor that has restricted study of the species. Variation and decline in subpopulations has not been fully evaluated. It is found within a conservation reserve known as

text: Kakadu National Park

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: vulnerable to extinction

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: relative abundance of its prey

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: extinction

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: inaccessibility of the region

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: extinction

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: Suitable habitat

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: extinction.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: 10,000,

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: relative abundance of its prey.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: declines in available prey.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: introduced species.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: inaccessibility

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: more susceptible to changes in land use and threats such as introduced species.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: inaccessibility

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: extinction.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: Suitable habitat

text: Typically offering a faster and more efficient transportation solution due to their small size, limited carrying capacity, frequency and diverse range of routes, although they are generally slightly more expensive than standard buses, minibuses carry a maximum of 16 seated passengers. Standing passengers are not allowed.

text: Typically offering a faster and more efficient transportation solution due to their small size, limited carrying capacity, frequency and diverse range of routes, although they are generally slightly more expensive than standard buses, minibuses carry a maximum of 16 seated passengers.

text: Standing passenger

text: s are not allowed.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: standing passengers are not allowed

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: limited carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: limited

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overpopulation

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: faster and more efficient transportation solution due to their small size, limited carrying capacity,

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: 16

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: limited carrying capacity,

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: limited carrying capacity,

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: limited carrying capacity, frequency and diverse range of routes,

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: small size, limited carrying capacity,

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: small size, limited carrying capacity,

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: frequency

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: efficient

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: small size,

text: The document sought to impose upon UN member states an obligation to consider the impact of their actions on other states with an interest in a water resource and to equitably share the resource, mindful of variant factors such as population size and availability of other resources.

text: The document sought to impose upon

text: UN member states

text: an obligation to consider the impact of their actions on other states with an interest in a water resource and to equitably share the resource, mindful of variant factors such as population size and availability of other resources.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population size and availability of other resources

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: variant factors

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: be reduced

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: equitably share

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: population size

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population size

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: availability of other resources.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: population size

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: population size and availability of other resources.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: population size

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: population size

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: availability of other resources.

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: equitably share the resource,

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: population size

text: Ergonomics and Human Factors concerns are important in the design of modern cockpits. The layout and function of cockpit displays controls are designed to increase pilot situation awareness without causing information overload. In the past, many cockpits, especially in fighter aircraft, limited the size of the pilots that could fit into them. Now, cockpits are being designed to accommodate from the 1st percentile female physical size and the 99th percentile male size.

text: Ergonomics and Human Factors

text: concerns are important in the design of modern cockpits. The layout and function of cockpit displays controls are designed to increase pilot

text: situation awareness

text: without causing information overload. In the past, many cockpits, especially in fighter aircraft, limited the size of the pilots that could fit into them. Now, cockpits are being designed to accommodate from the 1st

text: percentile

text: female physical size and the 99th percentile male size.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: it has enough people

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: population size

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: dwindle

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: Ergonomics

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overpopulation

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: 1st

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: 99th percentile male size.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: 1st percentile female physical size

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: cockpits.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Ergonomics and Human Factors

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: 1st

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: limited the size of the pilots that could fit into them.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: Ergonomics and Human Factors

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overload.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: size of the pilots that could fit into them.

text: The A address would be the first word in the buffer for that read or write operation. It was normal to use two buffers for each device so that reading or writing could run in parallel with processing. This is called double-buffering. Buffer size was a limiting factor in the size of “records” (blocks) because core memory was limited.

text: The A address would be the first word in the buffer for that read or write operation. It was normal to use two buffers for each device so that reading or writing could run in parallel with processing. This is called

text: double-buffering

text: . Buffer size was a limiting factor in the size of “records” (blocks) because core memory was limited.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: buffer size is limited

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: abiotic factors

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: no longer exist

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: has a resource crunch

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: double-buffering.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: Buffer size

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: Buffer size

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: double-buffering.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: double-buffering.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: Buffer size

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: double-buffering.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: Buffer size

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: double-buffering.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: Buffer size

text: Depending on the type and size of independently owned operation, some limiting factors are:

text: Depending on the type and size of independently owned operation, some limiting factors are:

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unsustainable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: its population is too large

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: abiotic factors

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: natural selection

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: fertilizer

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: consumes too much

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: Depending on the type and size of independently owned operation,

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: Depending on the type and size of independently owned operation, some limiting factors

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: limiting factors

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: limiting factors

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: limiting factors

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: Depending on the type and size of independently owned operation,

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: limiting factors

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: limiting factors

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: limiting factors

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: Depending on the type and size of independently owned operation, some limiting factors

text: Discheramocephalus minutissimus is a species of feather-winged beetle, the smallest beetles on earth, first found in Indonesia. This species' adults have a body length of approximately 400 to 426µm. According to Grebennikov, the main factor limiting miniaturisation of female insects is an egg size significant enough in size to produce viable larvae. This size threshold is sometimes overcome, reaching limits of 180 and 130 µm in females and males, respectively, according to the author. Brain size is possibly the second most important factor limiting miniaturisation in this class.

text: Discheramocephalus minutissimus is a species of

text: feather-winged beetle

text: , the smallest beetles on earth, first found in Indonesia. This species' adults have a body length of approximately 400 to 426

text: µm

text: . According to Grebennikov, the main factor limiting

text: miniaturisation

text: of female insects is an

text: egg

text: size significant enough in size to produce viable

text: larva

text: e. This size threshold is sometimes overcome, reaching limits of 180 and 130 µm in females and males, respectively, according to the author.

text: Brain size

text: is possibly the second most important factor limiting miniaturisation in this

text: class

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unspecified

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: This size threshold is sometimes overcome

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: population size

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overpopulation

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: miniaturisation

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: 180 and 130 <unk>m

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: egg size significant enough in size to produce viable larvae.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: 400 to 426<unk>m. According to Grebennikov,

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Brain size

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: egg size significant enough in size to produce viable larvae.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: egg size

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: egg size

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: miniaturisation

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: egg size significant enough in size to produce viable larvae.

text: Figure 3 shows how growth rate varies with population density.  For low densities (far from carrying capacity), there is little addition (or "recruitment") to the population, simply because there are few organisms to give birth.  At high densities, though, there is intense competition for resources, and growth rate is again low because the death rate is high.  In between these two extremes, the population growth rate rises to a maximum value (

text: Figure 3 shows how growth rate varies with population density.  For low densities (far from carrying capacity), there is little addition (or "recruitment") to the population, simply because there are few organisms to give birth.  At high densities, though, there is intense competition for resources, and growth rate is again low because the death rate is high.  In between these two extremes, the population growth rate rises to a maximum value (

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: at high densities

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: low densities

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: population density

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: the death rate is high

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: population density

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: death rate is high

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: population density

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: low densities (far from carrying capacity),

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: In between these two extremes, the population growth rate

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: population density. For low densities (far from carrying capacity),

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: low densities

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Figure 3

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: carrying capacity),

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: there are few organisms to give birth.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: population density.

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: growth rate

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: population density.

text: The latitudinal variation in clutch size is influenced by the food abundance per unit area of habitat. More specifically, during the reproductive season, clutch size and food abundance are directly proportional to one another relative to the density of bird populations (abundance per unit area of habitat). If food resources are not abundant during the reproductive season, then natural selection would not favour large clutches since food for the offspring would be a limiting resource. However, if food resources were abundant during the breeding season, and everything else stayed constant, raising a larger clutch would be possible. Clutch size depends on the relative, not absolute, level of resource availability during the breeding season. Since at higher latitudes, there is a large increase in resource productivity during the spring and summer in comparison to the equatorial tropical regions, localities near the poles should theoretically have larger clutch sizes. According to Ashmole’s hypothesis, there should be uniformity of clutch size within a region since the seasonality of resource production should have the same effect on all the bird species in that particular locality. Most importantly, under Ashmole’s hypothesis, average avian clutch size should decrease as resource productivity increases during the non-breeding season. Namely, the higher the productivity during the non-breeding season, the smaller the clutch size. A study by Koenig (1984) supports this observation. The study tabulated the sizes of 411 clutches of Northern Flickers (Colaptes auratus) across a wide range of localities in North America. The study found that as the localities become more resource abundant in the winter, clutch size significantly declines. As predicted by Ashmole’s hypothesis, the study also found that Colaptes auratus clutch size is unaffected by the absolute resource productivity during the breeding season. Avian clutch size should be proportional to breeding season resource productivity per breeding pair of birds. This relationship has been found in a series of studies from Alaska and Costa Rica.

text: The latitudinal variation in clutch size is influenced by the food abundance per unit area of habitat. More specifically, during the reproductive season, clutch size and food abundance are directly proportional to one another relative to the density of bird populations (abundance per unit area of habitat). If food resources are not abundant during the reproductive season, then

text: natural selection

text: would not favour large clutches since food for the offspring would be a

text: limiting resource

text: . However, if food resources were abundant during the breeding season, and everything else stayed constant, raising a larger clutch would be possible. Clutch size depends on the relative, not absolute, level of resource availability during the breeding season. Since at higher latitudes, there is a large increase in resource productivity during the spring and summer in comparison to the equatorial tropical regions, localities near the poles should theoretically have larger clutch sizes. According to Ashmole’s hypothesis, there should be uniformity of clutch size within a region since the seasonality of resource production should have the same effect on all the bird species in that particular locality. Most importantly, under Ashmole’s hypothesis, average avian clutch size should decrease as resource productivity increases during the non-breeding season. Namely, the higher the productivity during the non-breeding season, the smaller the clutch size. A study by Koenig (1984) supports this observation. The study tabulated the sizes of 411 clutches of Northern Flickers (

text: Colaptes auratus

text: ) across a wide range of localities in North America. The study found that as the localities become more resource abundant in the winter, clutch size significantly declines. As predicted by Ashmole’s hypothesis, the study also found that Colaptes auratus clutch size is unaffected by the absolute resource productivity during the breeding season. Avian clutch size should be proportional to breeding season resource productivity per

text: breeding pair

text: of birds. This relationship has been found in a series of studies from Alaska and Costa Rica.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: during the non-breeding season

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: food resources are not abundant during the reproductive season

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: food abundance

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: food resources are not abundant during the reproductive season

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: food abundance

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: limiting resource

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: food

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: non-breeding season.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: resource productivity increases during the non-breeding season.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: resource productivity increases during the non-breeding season.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: the smaller the clutch size.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: resource productivity increases during the non-breeding season.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: food

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: food for the offspring would be a limiting resource.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: resource abundant

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: the smaller the clutch size.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: food

text: Immigration reductionists differ on the ideal level of immigration they would like to see into the United States.  Some believe the numbers should be set each year at whatever level would, in conjunction with the current fertility rate and emigration from the U.S., maintain zero population growth in the country.  The most prominent immigration reductionist in government today is U.S. Congressman Tom Tancredo R-CO. Tancredo has authored a bill that calls for limiting annual immigration to between 30,000 and 300,000. The organization, Population-Environment Balance (PEB), has issued a Immigration Moratorium Action Plan  calling for a "non-piercable" cap of 100,000 persons annually, which would be a 95% cut from current levels. Carrying Capacity Network (CCN), another small reductionist group closely related to PEB, shares that goal while repeating that it is not opposed to immigration.

text: Immigration reductionists differ on the ideal level of immigration they would like to see into the United States.  Some believe the numbers should be set each year at whatever level would, in conjunction with the current

text: fertility rate

text: and emigration from the U.S., maintain zero population growth in the country.  The most prominent immigration reductionist in government today is U.S. Congressman

text: Tom Tancredo

text: R-CO. Tancredo has authored a bill that calls for limiting annual immigration to between 30,000 and 300,000. The organization,

text: Population-Environment Balance

text: (PEB), has issued a Immigration Moratorium Action Plan  calling for a "non-piercable" cap of 100,000 persons annually, which would be a 95% cut from current levels.

text: Carrying Capacity Network

text: (CCN), another small reductionist group closely related to PEB, shares that goal while repeating that it is not opposed to immigration.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: zero population growth

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: zero population growth

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: population growth

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: fertility rate

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: population growth

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: zero population growth

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: zero population growth

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: current fertility rate

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: 30,000 and 300,000.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: emigration from the U.S., maintain zero population growth

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: current fertility rate

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: fertility rate

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: fertility rate

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: zero population growth

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: current fertility rate

text: The carrying capacity of a farm is commonly determined in Australia by expressing the number of stock carried during a period of feed shortage in terms of their DSEs.

text: The carrying capacity of a farm is commonly determined in Australia by expressing the number of stock carried during a period of feed shortage in terms of their DSEs.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: during a period of feed shortage

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: it has enough stock

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: no longer exist

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: feed shortage

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: has a shortage

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: a period of feed shortage

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: during a period of feed shortage

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: expressing the number of stock carried during a period of feed shortage

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: feed shortage

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: The carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: feed shortage

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: feed shortage

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: feed shortage

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: feed shortage

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: feed shortage

text: Recovery objectives include maintaining at least three naturally reproducing populations. When this objective is met, the species will be classified as stable. Actions include seed collection for genetic storage, fencing select patches of plants within populations for short-term protection, surveying for populations in historical sites and suitable habitat, studying D. herbstobatae populations with regard to population size and structure, geographical distribution, flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, limiting factors and threats, and reintroducing individuals into suitable habitat.

text: Recovery objectives include maintaining at least three naturally reproducing populations. When this objective is met, the species will be classified as stable. Actions include seed collection for genetic storage,

text: fencing

text: select patches of plants within populations for short-term protection, surveying for populations in historical sites and suitable habitat, studying D. herbstobatae populations with regard to population size and structure, geographical distribution, flowering cycles,

text: pollination

text: vectors,

text: seed dispersal

text: agents, longevity, specific environmental requirements, limiting factors and threats, and reintroducing individuals into suitable habitat.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: when this objective is met

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: at least three naturally reproducing populations

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: limiting factors

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: natural reproducing populations

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: specific environmental requirements

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: limiting factors

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: short-term protection,

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: three naturally reproducing populations.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: specific environmental requirements,

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: limiting factors and threats,

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Recovery objectives include maintaining at least three naturally reproducing populations.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: threats,

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: limiting factors and threats,

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: seed dispersal agents,

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: limiting factors and threats,

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: limiting factors

text: As a result of a ground sharing agreement, Pittodrie was used by Inverness Caledonian Thistle for their home matches during the early part of the 2004–05 season. This was required because Inverness CT's own Caledonian Stadium did not meet the requirements for entry into the Scottish Premier League until improvements were carried out and the seating capacity increased. In 2005 the stadium size criterion for entry to the SPL was reduced to 6,000, thereby allowing Inverness Caledonian Thistle to return to their home stadium partway during the season.

text: As a result of a

text: ground sharing

text: agreement, Pittodrie was used by

text: Inverness Caledonian Thistle

text: for their home matches during the early part of the

text: 2004–05 season

text: . This was required because Inverness CT's own

text: Caledonian Stadium

text: did not meet the requirements for entry into the

text: Scottish Premier League

text: until improvements were carried out and the

text: seating capacity

text: increased. In 2005 the stadium size criterion for entry to the SPL was reduced to 6,000, thereby allowing Inverness Caledonian Thistle to return to their home stadium partway during the season.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: seating capacity increased

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: size criterion

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overpopulation

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: 6,000,

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: 6,000,

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: 6,000,

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: 6,000,

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: 2004–05

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: the seating capacity

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: 6,000,

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: ground sharing agreement,

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: 6,000,

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: 6,000,

text: Malthus wrote that all life forms, including humans, have a propensity to exponential population growth when resources are abundant but that actual growth is limited by available resources:

text: Malthus wrote that all life forms, including humans, have a propensity to exponential population growth when resources are abundant but that actual growth is limited by available resources:

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: when resources are scarce

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: it has no resources

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: resources

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: resources are plentiful

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: resources are abundant

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: exponentially grows

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: population growth when resources are abundant

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: resources are abundant but that actual growth is limited by available resources:

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: available resources:

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: limited by available resources:

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: exponential population growth

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: available resources:

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: resources are abundant

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: resources are abundant

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: actual growth is limited by available resources:

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: available resources:

text: Marx argued that there are no substantive laws of population that hold good for all time; instead, each specific mode of production has its own specific demographic laws. If there was "overpopulation" in capitalist society, it was overpopulation relative to the requirements of capital accumulation. Consequently, demography could not simply just count people in various ways, it also had to study the social relations between them as well. If there are enough resources on the planet to provide all people with a decent life, the argument that there are "too many people" is rather dubious.

text: Marx argued that there are no substantive laws of population that hold good for all time; instead, each specific

text: mode of production

text: has its own specific demographic laws. If there was "

text: overpopulation

text: " in capitalist society, it was overpopulation relative to the requirements of

text: capital accumulation

text: . Consequently, demography could not simply just count people in various ways, it also had to study the

text: social relations

text: between them as well. If there are enough resources on the planet to provide all people with a decent life, the argument that there are "too many people" is rather dubious.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: overpopulation

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: each specific mode of production

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: resources

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overpopulation

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: resources

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: relative to the requirements of capital accumulation.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: enough resources on the planet to provide all people with a decent life,

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: requirements of capital accumulation.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: "overpopulation"

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: each specific mode of production has its own specific demographic laws.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: each specific mode of production has its own specific demographic laws.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: overpopulation relative to the requirements of capital accumulation.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: enough resources

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: "overpopulation"

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: resources

text: Socioeconomic characteristics and the size of the population of people that make up a municipality can be encouraging factors for local government officials to engage in corrupt practices. Patterns of political corruption can be found in places that have a similar demographic make-up. Demographic factors that have been known to lead to or increase the likelihood of corruption in a local government system are religion, race, class, size of the municipality, local economic conditions, education, political culture, and gender. Some factors are interrelated or can lead to other factors which may cause more corruption.

text: Socioeconomic characteristics and the size of the population of people that make up a municipality can be encouraging factors for local government officials to engage in corrupt practices. Patterns of political corruption can be found in places that have a similar demographic make-up. Demographic factors that have been known to lead to or increase the likelihood of corruption in a local government system are religion, race, class, size of the municipality, local economic conditions, education, political culture, and gender. Some factors are interrelated or can lead to other factors which may cause more corruption.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unspecified

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: size of the municipality

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: local economic conditions

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: may become corrupt

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: economic conditions,

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: size of the population of people

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: local economic conditions,

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: corruption can be found in places that have a similar demographic make-up.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Demographic factors

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: Socioeconomic characteristics

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: Socioeconomic characteristics

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: local economic conditions,

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: corrupt practices.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: Socioeconomic characteristics

text: The dust is constantly being removed from the main ring by a combination of Poynting–Robertson drag and electromagnetic forces from the Jovian magnetosphere. Volatile materials, for example ices, evaporate quickly. The lifetime of dust particles in the ring is from 100 to 1000 years, so the dust must be continuously replenished in the collisions between large bodies with sizes from 1 cm to 0.5 km and between the same large bodies and high velocity particles coming from outside the Jovian system. This parent body population is confined to the narrow—about 1000 km—and bright outer part of the main ring, and includes Metis and Adrastea. The largest parent bodies must be less than 0.5 km in size. The upper limit on their size was obtained by New Horizons spacecraft. The previous upper limit, obtained from HST and Cassini observations, was near 4 km. The dust produced in collisions retains approximately the same orbital elements as the parent bodies and slowly spirals in the direction of Jupiter forming the faint (in back-scattered light) innermost part of the main ring and halo ring. The age of the main ring is currently unknown, but it may be the last remnant of a past population of small bodies near Jupiter.

text: The dust is constantly being removed from the main ring by a combination of

text: Poynting–Robertson drag

text: and electromagnetic forces from the

text: Jovian magnetosphere

text: . Volatile materials, for example ices, evaporate quickly. The lifetime of dust particles in the ring is from 100 to 1000 years, so the dust must be continuously replenished in the collisions between large bodies with sizes from 1 cm to 0.5 km and between the same large bodies and high velocity particles coming from outside the Jovian system. This parent body population is confined to the narrow—about 1000 km—and bright outer part of the main ring, and includes Metis and Adrastea. The largest parent bodies must be less than 0.5 km in size. The upper limit on their size was obtained by

text: New Horizons

text: spacecraft. The previous upper limit, obtained from

text: HST

text: and

text: Cassini

text: observations, was near 4 km. The dust produced in collisions retains approximately the same orbital elements as the parent bodies and slowly spirals in the direction of

text: Jupiter

text: forming the faint (in back-scattered light) innermost part of the main ring and halo ring. The age of the main ring is currently unknown, but it may be the last remnant of a past population of small bodies near

text: Jupiter

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: dust is constantly being removed from the main ring

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: the size of the parent bodies

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: The lifetime of dust particles in the ring is from 100 to 1000 years

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: dust

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: decreases

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: 100 to 1000 years,

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: The largest parent bodies must be less than 0.5 km in size.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: The largest parent bodies must be less than 0.5 km in size.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: 100 to 1000 years,

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: outside the Jovian system.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: The largest parent bodies must be less than 0.5 km in size.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: Volatile materials, for example ices, evaporate quickly.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: the dust

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: Volatile materials, for example ices, evaporate quickly.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: The largest parent bodies must be less than 0.5 km in size.

text: Normal coagulation is initiated by the release of tissue factor from damaged tissue. Tissue factor binds to circulating factor VIIa. The combination activates factor X to factor Xa and factor IX to factor IXa. Factor Xa (in the presence of factor V) activates prothrombin into thrombin. Thrombin is a central enzyme in the coagulation process: it generates fibrin from fibrinogen, and activates a number of other enzymes and cofactors (factor XIII, factor XI, factor V and factor VIII, TAFI) that enhance the fibrin clot. The process is inhibited by TFPI (which inactivates the first step catalyzed by factor VIIa/tissue factor), antithrombin (which inactivates thrombin, factor IXa, Xa and XIa), protein C (which inhibits factors Va and VIIIa in the presence of protein S), and protein Z (which inhibits factor Xa).

text: Normal coagulation is initiated by the release of

text: tissue factor

text: from damaged tissue. Tissue factor binds to circulating

text: factor VII

text: a. The combination activates

text: factor X

text: to factor Xa and

text: factor IX

text: to factor IXa. Factor Xa (in the presence of

text: factor V

text: ) activates

text: prothrombin

text: into thrombin. Thrombin is a central enzyme in the coagulation process: it generates fibrin from

text: fibrinogen

text: , and activates a number of other enzymes and cofactors (

text: factor XIII

text: factor XI

text: , factor V and

text: factor VIII

text: , TAFI) that enhance the fibrin clot. The process is inhibited by TFPI (which inactivates the first step catalyzed by factor VIIa/tissue factor), antithrombin (which inactivates thrombin, factor IXa, Xa and XIa), protein C (which inhibits factors Va and VIIIa in the presence of protein S), and

text: protein Z

text: (which inhibits factor Xa).

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: factor VIII, TAFI

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: population size

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: stalls

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: Normal coagulation

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: Normal coagulation

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: Normal coagulation is initiated by the release of tissue factor from damaged tissue.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: TFPI

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Normal coagulation

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: TFPI

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: Normal coagulation is initiated by the release of tissue factor from damaged tissue.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: tissue factor

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: Normal coagulation

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: Normal coagulation is initiated by the release of tissue factor from damaged tissue.

text: Supporters of the concept argue that the idea of a limited carrying capacity is just as valid when applied to humans as when applied to any other species. Animal population size, living standards, and resource depletion vary, but the concept of carrying capacity still applies. The carrying capacity of Earth has been studied by computer simulation models like World3.

text: Supporters of the concept argue that the idea of a limited carrying capacity is just as valid when applied to humans as when applied to any other species. Animal population size, living standards, and resource depletion vary, but the concept of carrying capacity still applies. The carrying capacity of Earth has been studied by computer simulation models like

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: limited carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: resource depletion

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: resource depletion

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: living standards

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: depletes

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: resource depletion

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: resource depletion

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: living standards, and resource depletion vary,

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: limited carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Animal population size,

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: Animal population size, living standards, and resource depletion

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: living standards, and resource depletion

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: living standards,

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: resource depletion

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: Animal population size, living standards, and resource depletion

text: . This equation shows that the effect of genetic drift is heavily dependent on population size, defined as the actual number of individuals in an idealised population. Genetic draft results in similar behavior to the equation above, but with an effective population size that may have no relationship to the actual number of individuals in the population. Instead, the effective population size may depend on factors such as the recombination rate and the frequency and strength of beneficial mutations. The increase in variance between replicate populations due to drift is independent, whereas with draft it is autocorrelated, i.e. if an allele frequency goes up because of genetic drift, that contains no information about the next generation, whereas if it goes up because of genetic draft, it is more likely to go up than down in the next generation. Genetic draft generates a different allele frequency spectrum to genetic drift.

text: . This equation shows that the effect of genetic drift is heavily dependent on population size, defined as the actual number of individuals in an

text: idealised population

text: . Genetic draft results in similar behavior to the equation above, but with an

text: effective population size

text: that may have no relationship to the actual number of individuals in the population. Instead, the effective population size may depend on factors such as the recombination rate and the frequency and strength of beneficial mutations. The increase in variance between replicate populations due to drift is independent, whereas with draft it is autocorrelated, i.e. if an allele frequency goes up because of genetic drift, that contains no information about the next generation, whereas if it goes up because of genetic draft, it is more likely to go up than down in the next generation. Genetic draft generates a different

text: allele frequency spectrum

text: to genetic drift.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: genetic drift

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population size is too small

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: actual number of individuals

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: genetic drift

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: beneficial mutations

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: dwindles

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: population size

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: recombination rate

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: actual number of individuals in an idealised population.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: actual number of individuals in an idealised population.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: genetic drift is heavily dependent on population size,

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: genetic drift is heavily dependent on population size,

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: population size,

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: genetic drift

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: recombination rate and the frequency and strength of beneficial mutations.

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: Genetic draft

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: population size,

text: Population growth that exceeds the carrying capacity of an area or environment results in overpopulation. Spikes in human population can cause problems such as pollution, water crisis, and poverty. World population has grown from 1.6 billion in 1900 to an estimated 7 billion in 2011. In Mexico alone, population has grown from 13.6 million in 1900 to 107 million in 2007. Virginia Abernethy notes that immigration is a road that provides a "relief valve" to overpopulation that stops a population from addressing the consequences of its overpopulation and that exports this overpopulation to another location or country.

text: Population growth

text: that exceeds the

text: carrying capacity

text: of an area or environment results in

text: overpopulation

text: . Spikes in human population can cause problems such as

text: pollution

text: water crisis

text: , and

text: poverty

text: World population

text: has grown from 1.6 billion in 1900 to an estimated

text: 7 billion in 2011

text: . In Mexico alone, population has grown from 13.6 million in 1900 to 107 million in 2007. Virginia Abernethy notes that immigration is a road that provides a "relief valve" to overpopulation that stops a population from addressing the consequences of its overpopulation and that exports this overpopulation to another location or country.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: overpopulate

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: overpopulation

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: immigration

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overpopulation

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: Spikes

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: Population growth

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: overpopulation.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: exports this overpopulation to another location or country.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: Population growth

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: immigration

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overpopulation.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: Population growth that exceeds the carrying capacity of an area or environment

text: Climate factors that affect trees include temperature, precipitation, sunlight, and wind.  To differentiate among these factors, scientists collect information from "limiting stands."  An example of a limiting stand is the upper elevation treeline: here, trees are expected to be more affected by temperature variation (which is "limited") than precipitation variation (which is in excess).  Conversely, lower elevation treelines are expected to be more affected by precipitation changes than temperature variation.  This is not a perfect work-around as multiple factors still impact trees even at the "limiting stand," but it helps.  In theory, collection of samples from nearby limiting stands of different types (e.g. upper and lower treelines on the same mountain) should allow mathematical solution for multiple climate factors.  However, this method is rarely used.

text: Climate factors that affect trees include temperature, precipitation, sunlight, and wind.  To differentiate among these factors, scientists collect information from "limiting stands."  An example of a limiting stand is the upper elevation treeline: here, trees are expected to be more affected by temperature variation (which is "limited") than precipitation variation (which is in excess).  Conversely, lower elevation treelines are expected to be more affected by precipitation changes than temperature variation.  This is not a perfect work-around as multiple factors still impact trees even at the "limiting stand," but it helps.  In theory, collection of samples from nearby limiting stands of different types (e.g. upper and lower treelines on the same mountain) should allow mathematical solution for multiple climate factors.  However, this method is rarely used.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: limiting stands

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: climate factors

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: limiting

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: "limiting stands."

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: "limiting stands."

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: Climate factors

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: "limiting stands."

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Climate factors

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: multiple factors still impact trees even at the "limiting stand,"

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: "limiting stands."

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: sunlight,

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: "limiting stands."

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: "limiting stands."

text: The shiner is critically endangered due to its small population size and threats to its habitat from dam construction and pollution. It was first recognized as threatened in 1987. The species has since undergone a successful captive breeding program and its status has been a significant factor in the destruction of a dam that destroyed part of the shiner's habitat. However, the species is still limited to just five populations in the wild and some experts believe that a single toxic chemical spill into the Cape Fear River could wipe out the entire wild population.

text: The shiner is

text: critically endangered

text: due to its small population size and threats to its

text: habitat

text: from

text: dam

text: construction and pollution. It was first recognized as threatened in 1987. The species has since undergone a successful captive breeding program and its status has been a significant factor in the destruction of a dam that destroyed part of the shiner's habitat. However, the species is still limited to just five populations in the wild and some experts believe that a single toxic chemical spill into the Cape Fear River could wipe out the entire wild population.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: critically endangered

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: unsustainable

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: population size

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: wipe out

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: small population size

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: captive breeding program

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: critically endangered

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: endangered

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: toxic chemical spill into the Cape Fear River could wipe out the entire wild population.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: habitat

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: wipe out the entire wild population.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: pollution.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: dam construction and pollution.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: captive breeding

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: captive breeding program

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: endangered

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: five populations

text: where r is the maximum growth rate of the population (N), K is the carrying capacity of its local environmental setting, and the notation dN/dt stands for the derivative of N with respect to t (time). Thus, the equation relates the rate of change of the population N to the current population size and expresses the effect of the two parameters.

text: where r is the maximum

text: growth rate

text: of the

text: population

text: (N), K is the

text: carrying capacity

text: of its local environmental setting, and the notation dN/dt stands for the

text: derivative

text: of N with respect to t (

text: time

text: ). Thus, the equation relates the rate of change of the population N to the current population size and expresses the effect of the two parameters.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: r is the maximum growth rate

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: its local environmental setting

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: is growing too fast

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: local environmental setting

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: t (time).

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: K is the carrying capacity of its local environmental setting,

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: K is the carrying capacity of its local environmental setting,

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: K

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: r is the maximum growth rate of the population

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: K is the carrying capacity of its local environmental setting,

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: maximum growth rate

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: carrying capacity of its local environmental setting,

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: growth rate

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: local environmental setting,

text: is the size of the sample obtained from the population.

text: is the size of the sample obtained from the population.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: when the population size decreases

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: a population is too large

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: a sampling error

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: lessen

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: the size of the sample

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: population size

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: asexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: size of the sample

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: has a small sample size

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: a population size

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: size of the sample obtained from the population.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: size of the sample obtained from the population.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: size of the sample obtained from the population.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: size of the sample obtained from the population.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: size of the sample obtained from the population.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: size of the sample obtained from the population.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: size of the sample obtained from the population.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: size of the sample obtained from the population.

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: size of the sample obtained from the population.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: the size of the sample obtained from the population.

text: When resources are limited, an increase in population size reduces the quantity of resources available for each individual, reducing the per capita fitness in the population. As a result, the growth rate of a population slows as intraspecific competition becomes more intense, making it a negatively density dependent process. The falling population growth rate as population increases can be modeled effectively with the logistic growth model. The rate of change of population density eventually falls to zero, the point ecologists have termed the carrying capacity (K). The carrying capacity of a population is the maximum number of individuals that can live in a population stably; numbers larger than this will suffer a negative population growth until eventually reaching the carrying capacity, whereas populations smaller than the carrying capacity will grow until they reach it.

text: When resources are limited, an increase in population size reduces the quantity of resources available for each individual, reducing the per capita fitness in the population. As a result, the growth rate of a population slows as intraspecific competition becomes more intense, making it a

text: negatively density dependent

text: process. The falling population growth rate as population increases can be modeled effectively with the

text: logistic growth model

text: . The rate of change of population density eventually falls to zero, the point ecologists have termed the

text: carrying capacity

text: (K). The carrying capacity of a population is the maximum number of individuals that can live in a population stably; numbers larger than this will suffer a negative population growth until eventually reaching the carrying capacity, whereas populations smaller than the carrying capacity will grow until they reach it.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population density falls to zero

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: resources

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: resources are limited

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: per capita fitness

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: decreases in size

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: resources

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: When resources are limited,

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: zero,

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: density

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: grow

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: an increase in population size reduces the quantity of resources available for each individual,

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: resources

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: resources are limited,

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: fitness

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: negative population growth

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: resources

text: Kin selection (commonly referred to as altruism, even though it is just a sub-type) is an example of an adaptive behavior that directly influences the genetic composition of a population. It involves evolutionary strategies that favour the persistence of an organism's relatives, often at the cost of their own survival and reproduction. This will result in population gene frequency variation over successive generations, based on the interactions between related individuals. The probability of altruism increases when the cost is low for the donor, or when there is a high level of gain for the beneficiary. In addition, individuals often display altruistic behaviors when the relative is genetically similar to them. This means offspring or siblings are more likely to benefit from altruism than someone more distantly related, such as a cousin, aunt, or uncle.Kin selection has played a large role in the evolution of social and adaptive behaviors in chimpanzees. Closely related chimpanzees will form a kin group that cooperates to protect a territory, thereby increasing their access to females and resources. By working together with close relatives, they can ensure that their genes will persist in the next generation, even if circumstances make them unable to reproduce themselves. This behavioral adaptation coincides with chimpanzee's ability to distinguish kin from non-kin (referred to as visual kin selection). This allows chimpanzees to formulate large, complex societies, where they use altruistic methods to ensure their genes persist in future generations.  A wide variety of species have displayed kin selection as an adaptive behavior. Examples include lions, honeybees, and insects.

text: Kin selection

text: (commonly referred to as

text: altruism

text: , even though it is just a sub-type) is an example of an adaptive behavior that directly influences the genetic composition of a population. It involves evolutionary strategies that favour the persistence of an organism's relatives, often at the cost of their own survival and

text: reproduction

text: . This will result in population gene

text: frequency

text: variation over successive generations, based on the interactions between related individuals. The probability of altruism increases when the

text: cost

text: is low for the donor, or when there is a high level of gain for the beneficiary. In addition, individuals often display altruistic behaviors when the relative is genetically similar to them. This means offspring or siblings are more likely to benefit from altruism than someone more distantly related, such as a cousin, aunt, or uncle.Kin selection has played a large role in the evolution of social and adaptive behaviors in chimpanzees. Closely related chimpanzees will form a kin group that cooperates to protect a territory, thereby increasing their access to females and resources. By working together with close relatives, they can ensure that their genes will persist in the next generation, even if circumstances make them unable to reproduce themselves. This behavioral adaptation coincides with chimpanzee's ability to distinguish kin from non-kin (referred to as visual kin selection). This allows chimpanzees to formulate large, complex societies, where they use altruistic methods to ensure their genes persist in future generations.  A wide variety of species have displayed kin selection as an adaptive behavior. Examples include lions, honeybees, and insects.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: altruism increases

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: Kin selection

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: altruism

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: altruism

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: altruism

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: reproduction. This will result in population gene frequency variation over successive generations,

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population gene frequency variation over successive generations,

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: Kin selection

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: increasing their access to females

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: increasing their access to females and resources.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: survival and reproduction.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: altruistic behaviors when the relative is genetically similar to them.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: Kin selection

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: access to females

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: Kin selection

text: The theory of Durham (1908) and Pickering and Norris (1996) report that the decline of two endemic rats may be attributed to the infection of the Christmas Island shrew, according to local researchers. This forest dwelling mammal was at first thought to have vanished by 1908, probably due to a trypanosoma disease carried by introduced black rats, which is also considered a likely cause of the extinctions of Maclear's rat and the bulldog rat. The initial drop in C. trichura’s population size occurred around the same time as the introduction of the Rattus rattus (the black rat), which carried a murid trypanosome. Evidence of the black rat and/or the parasite causing the Christmas Island shrew’s population decline is not solid.

text: The theory of Durham (1908) and Pickering and Norris (1996) report that the decline of two endemic rats may be attributed to the infection of the Christmas Island shrew, according to local researchers. This forest dwelling mammal was at first thought to have vanished by 1908, probably due to a

text: trypanosoma

text: disease carried by introduced

text: black rat

text: s, which is also considered a likely cause of the extinctions of

text: Maclear's rat

text: and the

text: bulldog rat

text: . The initial drop in C. trichura’s population size occurred around the same time as the introduction of the Rattus rattus (the black rat), which carried a murid trypanosome. Evidence of the black rat and/or the parasite causing the Christmas Island shrew’s population decline is not solid.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: around the same time as the introduction

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population decline is not solid

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: population size

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: population decline

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: parasite

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: extinction

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: around the same time

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: Rattus rattus

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: introduction of the Rattus rattus

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: vanished by 1908,

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: introduced black rats,

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: introduction of the Rattus rattus

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: trypanosoma disease

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: forest dwelling mammal

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: extinctions

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: extinctions

text: Tony Naughton made contributions to several areas of finance. Starting with asset pricing, he wrote an article on the Taiwan stock market in which he developed a multifactor asset pricing model incorporating a price limit factor to explain the cross section of asset returns following closely the mimicking portfolio Fama-French methodology. The findings showed that the overall market factor, firm size and price limits capture a cross section of average stock returns in a meaningful manner. In an article on China he compared the performance of the traditional CAPM with the multifactor model of Fama and French for equities listed in the Shanghai Stock Exchange. He also investigated the explanatory power of idiosyncratic volatility and responded to the claim that multifactor model findings can be explained by the turn of the year effect. He conducted  further work on Indonesia, Singapore and Taiwan to examine the proposition that the beta in the capital asset pricing model (CAPM) was lacking in cross-sectional explanatory power. By incorporating the two most commonly used additional explanatory factors (size and book to market equity) he tested for evidence of multifactor risk premia. The results showed that the overall market factor was highly significant in all of the markets and that the magnitude of significance of the other two factors (size and book to market equity) varied across countries. He rejected the claim that the multifactor model findings could be explained by the turn of the year effect.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: a region is overpopulated

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: book to market equity

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overconsumes

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: turn of the year effect.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: turn of the year effect.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: (size and book to market equity) varied across countries.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: turn of the year effect.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Tony Naughton

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: price limit factor

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: idiosyncratic volatility

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: overall market factor,

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: idiosyncratic volatility

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: price limit factor

text: The argument can always be made as to whether siding capacity is the issue or would it be train size. Previously, in some parts of Canada, the trains were made to fit the sidings and the sidings were equidistant from each other. This meant more trains were operated but overall with fewer delays. The increasing length of freight trains resulted in the extending of selected sidings on each subdivision. This could be a tricky exercise in some instances as different barriers would have to be considered. There could be physical barriers such as rock or water which had limited the placement and size of the original siding. There could be population growth or infrastructure projects in place that would impede any alteration to an existing siding.

text: The argument can always be made as to whether siding capacity is the issue or would it be train size. Previously, in some parts of Canada, the trains were made to fit the sidings and the sidings were equidistant from each other. This meant more trains were operated but overall with fewer delays. The increasing length of freight trains resulted in the extending of selected sidings on each subdivision. This could be a tricky exercise in some instances as different barriers would have to be considered. There could be physical barriers such as rock or water which had limited the placement and size of the original siding. There could be population growth or infrastructure projects in place that would impede any alteration to an existing siding.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population growth

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: population growth

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: be limited

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: population growth

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: infrastructure projects

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overpopulation

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: physical barriers

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: growth

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population growth

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: population growth

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: train size.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: population growth

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: siding capacity

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: population growth

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: infrastructure projects

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: population growth

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: population growth

text: There are two ways of determining the Wyoming Rule size of the House. One is by dividing the total population of the United States by the population of the smallest unit, which is then rounded to the nearest whole number, and this number of seats will be divided proportionally between states. The other method is dividing the populations of individual states by the population of the smallest one and then rounding those numbers to the nearest whole number. In this article, the latter method will be used unless otherwise specified.

text: There are two ways of determining the Wyoming Rule size of the House. One is by dividing the total population of the United States by the population of the smallest unit, which is then rounded to the nearest whole number, and this number of seats will be divided proportionally between states. The other method is dividing the populations of individual states by the population of the smallest one and then rounding those numbers to the nearest whole number. In this article, the latter method will be used unless otherwise specified.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population of the smallest unit

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: population of the smallest unit

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: natural disasters

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: is growing

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: smallest unit,

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: dividing the total population

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: smallest unit,

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: dividing the total population of the United States

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: dividing the total population of the United States

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: population of the smallest unit,

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: population of the smallest unit,

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: smallest unit,

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: Wyoming Rule

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: dividing the total population

text: ). The average pairwise difference within a population can be calculated as the sum of the pairwise differences divided by the number of pairs. However, this estimator is biased when sample sizes are small or if they vary between populations. Therefore, more elaborate methods are used to compute F in practice. Two of the most widely used procedures are the estimator by Weir & Cockerham (1984), or performing an Analysis of molecular variance. A list of implementations is available at the end of this article.

text: ). The average pairwise difference within a population can be calculated as the sum of the pairwise differences divided by the number of pairs. However, this estimator is biased when sample sizes are small or if they vary between populations. Therefore, more elaborate methods are used to compute F in practice. Two of the most widely used procedures are the estimator by Weir & Cockerham (1984), or performing an

text: Analysis of molecular variance

text: . A list of implementations is available at the end of this article.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: a population is large enough

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: population size

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: has a resource scarcity problem

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: sample sizes are small

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: The average pairwise difference within a population

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: number of pairs.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: Analysis of molecular variance.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: The average pairwise difference within a population

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: pairs.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: sample sizes are small or if they vary between populations.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: average pairwise difference

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: The average pairwise difference

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: The average pairwise difference within a population

text: For a single-digit multiply the working variables must be able to hold the value (base-1)² + carry, where the maximum value of the carry is (base-1). Similarly, the variables used to index the digit array are themselves limited in width. A simple way to extend the indices would be to deal with the bignumber's digits in blocks of some convenient size so that the addressing would be via (block i, digit j) where i and j would be small integers, or, one could escalate to employing bignumber techniques for the indexing variables. Ultimately, machine storage capacity and execution time impose limits on the problem size.

text: For a single-digit multiply the working variables must be able to hold the value (base-1)² + carry, where the maximum value of the carry is (base-1). Similarly, the variables used to index the digit array are themselves limited in width. A simple way to extend the indices would be to deal with the bignumber's digits in blocks of some convenient size so that the addressing would be via (block i, digit j) where i and j would be small integers, or, one could escalate to employing bignumber techniques for the indexing variables. Ultimately, machine storage capacity and execution time impose limits on the problem size.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: (base-1)2 + carry

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: abiotic factors

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: be limited

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: machine storage capacity

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: has a shortage

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: machine storage capacity

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: machine storage capacity and execution time

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: (base-1).

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: machine storage capacity and execution time

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: (base-1).

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: For a single-digit multiply

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: machine storage capacity and execution time

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: machine storage capacity and execution time

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: machine storage capacity

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: machine storage capacity and execution time impose limits on the problem size.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: (base-1).

text: The problem is to estimate separately the number of numbers ≤ x with no prime divisors ≤ x, that have an even (or an odd) number of prime factors. It can be shown that, no matter what the choice of weights in a Brun- or Selberg-type sieve, the upper bound obtained will be at least (2 + o(1)) x / ln x for both problems. But in fact the set with an even number of factors is empty and so has size 0. The set with an odd number of factors is just the primes between x and x, so by the prime number theorem its size is (1 + o(1)) x / ln x. Thus these sieve methods are unable to give a useful upper bound for the first set, and overestimate the upper bound on the second set by a factor of 2.

text: The problem is to estimate separately the number of numbers ≤ x with no prime divisors ≤ x, that have an even (or an odd) number of

text: prime factors

text: . It can be shown that, no matter what the choice of weights in a

text: Brun

text: - or

text: Selberg

text: -type sieve, the upper bound obtained will be at least (2 + o(1)) x / ln x for both problems. But in fact the set with an even number of factors is empty and so has size 0. The set with an odd number of factors is just the

text: prime

text: s between x and x, so by the

text: prime number theorem

text: its size is (1 + o(1)) x / ln x. Thus these sieve methods are unable to give a useful upper bound for the first set, and overestimate the upper bound on the second set by a factor of 2.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: it has a population of 1

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: the number of dominant species

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: migration can change a population

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: consumes more resources

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: even number of factors is empty and so has size 0.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: 0.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: prime number theorem

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: 0.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: x with no prime divisors <unk> x,

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: prime divisors <unk> x,

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: even (or an odd) number of prime factors.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: prime divisors <unk> x,

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: 2.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: prime divisors <unk> x,

text: GRPs are simply total impressions related to the size of the target population:

text: GRPs are simply total impressions related to the size of the target population:

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: it has enough people

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: gps

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: reproduction

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: consumes more resources

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: GRPs are simply total impressions

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: size of the target population:

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: GRPs are simply total impressions

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: GRPs are simply total impressions

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: GRPs

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: size of the target population:

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: total impressions related to the size of the target population:

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: GRPs

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: GRPs are simply total impressions

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: size of the target population:

text: A basic definition of population ecology is a study of the distribution and abundance of organisms.  As it relates to organizations and demography, organizations go through various liabilities to their continued survival.  Hospitals, like all other large and complex organizations are impacted in the environment they work. For example, a study was done on the closure of acute care hospitals in Florida between a particular time.  The study examined effect size, age, and niche density of these particular hospitals. A population theory says that organizational outcomes are mostly determined by environmental factors.  Among several factors of the theory, there are four that apply to the hospital closure example: size, age, density of niches in which organizations operate, and density of niches in which organizations are established.

text: A basic definition of population ecology is a study of the distribution and abundance of organisms.  As it relates to organizations and demography, organizations go through various

text: liabilities

text: to their continued survival.  Hospitals, like all other large and complex organizations are impacted in the environment they work. For example, a study was done on the closure of acute care hospitals in Florida between a particular time.  The study examined effect size, age, and niche density of these particular hospitals. A population theory says that organizational outcomes are mostly determined by

text: environmental factor

text: s.  Among several factors of the theory, there are four that apply to the hospital closure example: size, age, density of niches in which organizations operate, and density of niches in which organizations are established.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population is too small

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: abundance

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: abundance

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: closes

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: age,

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: abundance of organisms.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: environmental factors.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: distribution and abundance of organisms.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: size, age, and niche density

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: size, age, and niche density

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: abundance of organisms.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: abundance

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: liabilities to their continued survival.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: size, age, and niche density of these particular hospitals. A population theory

text: Largely due to the loss and degradation of the tallgrass prairie landscape, violet plant density tends to be limited or far reduced in certain areas. This has been shown to have a rather negative impact on regal fritillary populations. A study conducted by Kelly and Debinski (1998) looked at how larval food source limitations may be a factor in the declining regal fritillary populations. In the study, they correlated violet plant density to population size and weights of regal fritillary butterflies. It was found that prairies with significantly lower violet densities had smaller populations of S. idalia. Butterfly weights were also slightly lower in areas with low violet density (Kelly and Debinski 1998). As a result, a number of concerns have been raised regarding the health of the regal fritillary. Areas with few or no violets can be detrimental to female fecundity because there are few suitable places for the eggs to be laid (Kelly and Debinski 1998). Also, smaller fragmented populations are susceptible to restricted gene flow and reduced genetic variability (Williams et al. 2003). This study also showed that habitat quality for the regal fritillary is just as important as the amount of habitat available. Increased violet density and nectar availability are essential to maintaining healthy populations (Kelly and Debinski 1998).

text: Largely due to the loss and degradation of the tallgrass prairie landscape, violet plant density tends to be limited or far reduced in certain areas. This has been shown to have a rather negative impact on regal fritillary populations. A study conducted by Kelly and Debinski (

text: ) looked at how larval food source limitations may be a factor in the declining regal fritillary populations. In the study, they correlated violet plant density to population size and weights of regal fritillary butterflies. It was found that prairies with significantly lower violet densities had smaller populations of S. idalia. Butterfly weights were also slightly lower in areas with low violet density (

text: Kelly and Debinski 1998

text: ). As a result, a number of concerns have been raised regarding the health of the regal fritillary. Areas with few or no violets can be detrimental to female

text: fecundity

text: because there are few suitable places for the eggs to be laid (

text: Kelly and Debinski 1998

text: ). Also, smaller fragmented populations are susceptible to restricted

text: gene flow

text: and reduced

text: genetic variability

text: Williams et al. 2003

text: ). This study also showed that habitat quality for the regal fritillary is just as important as the amount of habitat available. Increased violet density and nectar availability are essential to maintaining healthy populations (

text: Kelly and Debinski 1998

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: smaller fragmented populations

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: no violets are present

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: violet plant density

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: habitat quality

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: declines

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: restricted gene flow and reduced genetic variability

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: Increased violet density

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: violet plant density

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: few suitable places for the eggs to be laid

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: restricted gene flow

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: food source

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: smaller fragmented populations are susceptible to restricted gene flow and reduced genetic variability

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: habitat quality

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: restricted gene flow and reduced genetic variability

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: larval food source limitations

text: Certain factors may affect the confidence interval size including size of sample, level of confidence, and population variability. A larger sample size normally will lead to a better estimate of the population parameter.

text: Certain factors may affect the confidence interval size including size of sample, level of confidence, and population variability. A larger sample size normally will lead to a better estimate of the population parameter.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: it has enough people

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: size of sample

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: is overconsumption

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: population variability. A larger sample size

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population variability. A larger sample size

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: size of sample, level of confidence, and population variability.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: larger sample size

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: population variability.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: size of sample,

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: population variability.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: larger sample size

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: population variability.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: larger sample size

text: r-strategist species have variable population sizes and are more likely to exhibit irruptive growth than K-strategist species, whose populations are usually constant and remain at or close to the carrying capacity of the environment. r-selection leads to high productivity, while K-selection leads to high efficiency. Productivity refers to the number of offspring produced, whereas efficiency refers to the quality and the probability of survival of individual offspring.

text: r-strategist species have variable population sizes and are more likely to exhibit irruptive growth than K-strategist species, whose populations are usually constant and remain at or close to the carrying capacity of the environment. r-selection leads to high productivity, while K-selection leads to high efficiency. Productivity refers to the number of offspring produced, whereas efficiency refers to the quality and the probability of survival of individual offspring.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: irruptive growth

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: K-strategist species

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: K

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: irruptive growth

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: carrying capacity of the environment

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: irruptive growth

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: environment

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: irruptive growth

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: K-strategist species,

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: carrying capacity of the environment.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: K-strategist species,

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: r-strategist species have variable population sizes

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: irruptive growth

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: carrying capacity of the environment. r-selection

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: irruptive growth

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: the environment.

text: In Kimura’s original calculations, mutations with |2 Ns|<1 or |s|≤1/(2N) are defined as neutral. In this equation, N is the effective population size and is a quantitative measurement of the ideal population size that assumes such constants as equal sex ratios and no emigration, migration, mutation nor selection. Conservatively, it is often assumed that effective population size is approximately one fifth of the total population size. s is the selection coefficient and is a value between 0 and 1.  It is a measurement of the contribution of a genotype to the next generation where a value of 1 would be completely selected against and make no contribution and 0 is not selected against at all. This definition of neutral mutation has been criticized due to the fact that very large effective population sizes can make mutations with small selection coefficients appear non neutral.  Additionally, mutations with high selection coefficients can appear neutral in very small populations.  The testable hypothesis of Kimura and others showed that polymorphism within species are approximately that which would be expected in a neutral evolutionary model.

text: In Kimura’s original calculations, mutations with |2 Ns|<1 or |s|≤1/(2N) are defined as neutral. In this equation, N is the

text: effective population size

text: and is a quantitative measurement of the ideal population size that assumes such constants as equal sex ratios and no emigration, migration, mutation nor selection. Conservatively, it is often assumed that effective population size is approximately one fifth of the total population size. s is the

text: selection coefficient

text: and is a value between 0 and 1.  It is a measurement of the contribution of a genotype to the next generation where a value of 1 would be completely selected against and make no contribution and 0 is not selected against at all. This definition of neutral mutation has been criticized due to the fact that very large effective population sizes can make mutations with small selection coefficients appear non neutral.  Additionally, mutations with high selection coefficients can appear neutral in very small populations.  The testable hypothesis of Kimura and others showed that polymorphism within species are approximately that which would be expected in a neutral evolutionary model.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: N is equal to 1

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: effective population size

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: equal sex ratios

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: is overpopulating

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: effective population size

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: emigration,

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: ideal population size

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: N is the effective population size

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: selected against

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: emigration,

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: equal sex ratios

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: effective population size

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: selection coefficient

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: neutral. In this equation, N is the effective population size

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: effective population size

text: Several estimates of the carrying capacity have been made with a wide range of population numbers. A 2001 UN report said that two-thirds of the estimates fall in the range of 4 billion to 16 billion with unspecified standard errors, with a median of about 10 billion. More recent estimates are much lower, particularly if non-renewable resource depletion and increased consumption are considered.

text: Several estimates of the carrying capacity have been made with a wide range of population numbers. A 2001 UN report said that two-thirds of the estimates fall in the range of 4 billion to 16 billion with unspecified standard errors, with a median of about 10 billion. More recent estimates are much lower, particularly if

text: non-renewable resource depletion

text: and

text: increased consumption

text: are considered.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unspecified standard errors

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: 4 billion to 16 billion

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: lower

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unspecified standard errors

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: depletion

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: non-renewable resource depletion and increased consumption

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population numbers.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: 4 billion to 16 billion

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: non-renewable resource depletion and increased consumption

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: non-renewable resource depletion and increased consumption

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: non-renewable resource depletion and increased consumption

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: non-renewable resource depletion and increased consumption

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: non-renewable resource depletion

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: non-renewable resource depletion and increased consumption

text: As contest competition allows the monopolization of resources, offspring will typically always be produced and survive until adulthood independent of the population size. This results in stable population dynamics, in stark contrast to scramble competition which can result in periodic or chaotic population dynamics. The Beverton-Holt model is often used to represent population dynamics arising from contest competition. This model, and a few other well-known population models, can be explicitly derived from individual-level processes assuming contest competition and a random distribution of individuals among resources.

text: As contest competition allows the monopolization of resources, offspring will typically always be produced and survive until adulthood independent of the population size. This results in stable

text: population dynamics

text: , in stark contrast to scramble competition which can result in periodic or chaotic population dynamics. The

text: Beverton-Holt model

text: is often used to represent population dynamics arising from contest competition. This model, and a few other well-known population models, can be explicitly derived from individual-level processes assuming contest competition and a

text: random distribution

text: of individuals among resources.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: periodic

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: stable population dynamics

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: contest competition

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: increase

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: monopolization of resources

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: resources

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: scramble competition

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: periodic

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population size.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: contest competition allows the monopolization of resources,

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: chaotic population dynamics.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: scramble competition which can result in periodic or chaotic population dynamics.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: population size.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: contest competition allows the monopolization of resources,

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: contest competition allows the monopolization of resources,

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: scramble competition which can result in periodic or chaotic population dynamics.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: population size.

text: Species are classified in four groups, set through criteria such as rate of decline, population size, area of geographic distribution, and degree of population and distribution fragmentation.

text: Species are classified in four groups, set through criteria such as rate of decline, population size, area of geographic distribution, and degree of population and distribution fragmentation.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: rate of decline

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population size is low

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: rate of decline

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: population size

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: nutrient

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: rate of decline

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: population size

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: rate of decline,

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population size,

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: rate of decline,

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: rate of decline, population size,

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: rate of decline, population size,

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: rate of decline,

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: rate of decline,

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: area of geographic distribution,

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: rate of decline,

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: rate of decline, population size,

text: The distinction between the two terms lies on the scale of the Allee effect: the presence of a demographic Allee effect suggests the presence of at least one component Allee effect, while the presence of a component Allee effect does not necessarily result in a demographic Allee effect. For example, cooperative hunting and the ability to more easily find mates, both influenced by population density, are component Allee effects, as they influence individual fitness of the population. At low population density, these component Allee effects would add up to produce an overall demographic Allee effect (increased fitness with higher population density). When population density reaches a high number, negative density dependence often offsets the component Allee effects through resource competition, thus erasing the demographic Allee effect. It is important to note that Allee effects might occur even at high population density for some species.

text: The distinction between the two terms lies on the scale of the Allee effect: the presence of a demographic Allee effect suggests the presence of at least one component Allee effect, while the presence of a component Allee effect does not necessarily result in a demographic Allee effect. For example, cooperative hunting and the ability to more easily find mates, both influenced by population density, are component Allee effects, as they influence individual fitness of the population. At low population density, these component Allee effects would add up to produce an overall demographic Allee effect (increased fitness with higher population density). When population density reaches a high number, negative density dependence often offsets the component Allee effects through resource competition, thus erasing the demographic Allee effect. It is important to note that Allee effects might occur even at high population density for some species.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: negative density dependence

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: high population density

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: population density

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: population density

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: resource competition

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: population density

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: When population density reaches a high number,

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population density reaches a high number,

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: population density,

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: resource competition,

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Allee effect:

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: resource competition,

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: cooperative hunting and the ability to more easily find mates,

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: population density,

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: resource competition,

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: resource competition,

text: The coalescent effective size may have little relationship to the number of individuals physically present in a population. Measured coalescent effective population sizes vary between genes in the same population, being low in genome areas of low recombination and high in genome areas of high recombination. Sojourn times are proportional to N in neutral theory, but for alleles under selection, sojourn times are proportional to log(N). Genetic hitchhiking can cause neutral mutations to have sojourn times proportional to log(N): this may explain the relationship between measured effective population size and the local recombination rate.

text: The coalescent effective size may have little relationship to the number of individuals physically present in a population. Measured coalescent effective population sizes vary between genes in the same population, being low in genome areas of low recombination and high in genome areas of high recombination. Sojourn times are proportional to N in neutral theory, but for alleles under selection, sojourn times are proportional to log(N).

text: Genetic hitchhiking

text: can cause neutral mutations to have sojourn times proportional to log(N): this may explain the relationship between measured effective population size and the local recombination rate.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: low recombination

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: high recombination

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: recombination

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: sojourn times are proportional to log(N)

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: the number of individuals physically present

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: has a high recombination rate

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: genome areas of low recombination

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: high recombination.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: genes

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: high in genome areas of high recombination.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: The coalescent effective size may have little relationship to the number of individuals

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: number of individuals physically present in a population.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: Genetic hitchhiking

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: number of individuals physically present

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: high recombination.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: number of individuals physically present in a population.

text: Rolling-element bearings have the advantage of a good tradeoff between cost, size, weight, carrying capacity, durability, accuracy, friction, and so on.Other bearing designs are often better on one specific attribute, but worse in most other attributes, although fluid bearings can sometimes simultaneously outperform on carrying capacity, durability, accuracy, friction, rotation rate and sometimes cost. Only plain bearings are used as widely as rolling-element bearings.

text: Rolling-element bearings have the advantage of a good tradeoff between cost, size, weight, carrying capacity, durability, accuracy, friction, and so on.Other bearing designs are often better on one specific attribute, but worse in most other attributes, although

text: fluid bearing

text: s can sometimes simultaneously outperform on carrying capacity, durability, accuracy, friction, rotation rate and sometimes cost. Only

text: plain bearing

text: s are used as widely as rolling-element bearings.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: rolling-element bearings

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: a tradeoff

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: worse

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: consumes more resources

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: Rolling-element bearings

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: fluid bearings

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: a good tradeoff between cost, size, weight, carrying capacity,

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: fluid bearings

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: fluid bearings

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: cost,

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: a good tradeoff

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: carrying capacity,

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: fluid bearings

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: fluid bearings

text: is the rate of population growth per unit time, r is the maximum per capita growth rate, and N is the population size.

text: is the rate of population growth per unit time, r is the maximum per capita growth rate, and N is the population size.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: when the population size decreases

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: r is less than n

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: r

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: r

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: r

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: population size

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: their population size is too small

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: natural disasters

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: r

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: population size

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: growth per unit time,

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: r is the maximum per capita growth rate, and N

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: N

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: N

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: r is the maximum per capita growth rate,

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: N is the population size.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: population growth

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: N is the population size.

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: r is the maximum per capita growth rate,

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: N is the population size.

text: The Romans emulated many of the Greek bathing practices. Romans surpassed the Greeks in the size and complexity of their baths.  This came about by many factors: the larger size and population of Roman cities, the availability of running water following the building of aqueducts, and the invention of cement, which made building large edifices easier, safer, and cheaper.  As in Greece, the Roman bath became a focal center for social and recreational activity. As the Roman Empire expanded, the idea of the public bath spread to all parts of the Mediterranean and into regions of Europe and North Africa. With the construction of the aqueducts, the Romans had enough water not only for domestic, agricultural, and industrial uses, but also for their leisurely pursuits. The aqueducts provided water that was later heated for use in the baths. Today, the extent of the Roman bath is revealed at ruins and in archaeological excavations in Europe, Africa, and the Middle East.

text: The Romans emulated many of the Greek bathing practices. Romans surpassed the Greeks in the size and complexity of their baths.  This came about by many factors: the larger size and population of Roman cities, the availability of running water following the building of

text: aqueduct

text: s, and the invention of

text: cement

text: , which made building large edifices easier, safer, and cheaper.  As in Greece, the Roman bath became a focal center for social and recreational activity. As the

text: Roman Empire

text: expanded, the idea of the public bath spread to all parts of the Mediterranean and into regions of Europe and North Africa. With the construction of the

text: aqueduct

text: s, the Romans had enough water not only for domestic, agricultural, and industrial uses, but also for their leisurely pursuits. The aqueducts provided water that was later heated for use in the baths. Today, the extent of the Roman bath is revealed at ruins and in archaeological excavations in Europe, Africa, and the Middle East.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population increases

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: population of Roman cities

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: availability of running water

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overpopulation

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: larger size and population of Roman cities,

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: Roman cities,

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: surpassed the Greeks in the size and complexity of their baths.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: larger size and population of Roman cities,

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: the larger size and population of Roman cities, the availability of running water

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: availability of running water

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: enough water

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: population

text: It is  in size, with a population of 558.

text: It is  in size, with a population of 558.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: during a recession

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: it has enough people

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: abiotic factors

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: swell

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: they have more offspring

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: natural disasters

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: dwindles

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: population size

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: 558.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population of 558.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: 558.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: 558.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: 558.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: size,

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: 558.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: size, with a population of 558.

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: 558.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: 558.

text: In winter, seed resources are most likely to be a key limiting factor. At this time of year, individuals in a flock form linear dominance hierarchies, but there is no strong relation between the size of the throat patch and position in that hierarchy. This is in contrast to the house sparrow; in that species, fights to establish dominance are reduced by the display of the throat patch, the size of which acts as a signalling "badge" of fitness.

text: In winter, seed resources are most likely to be a key limiting factor. At this time of year, individuals in a flock form linear

text: dominance hierarchies

text: , but there is no strong relation between the size of the throat patch and position in that hierarchy. This is in contrast to the house sparrow; in that species, fights to establish dominance are reduced by the display of the throat patch, the size of which acts as a

text: signalling

text: "badge" of

text: fitness

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: in winter

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: seed resources are key limiting factor

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: seed resources

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: seed resources

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: seed resources

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: key limiting factor

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: winter,

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: seed resources

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: seed resources

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: seed resources are most likely to be a key limiting factor.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: seed resources are most likely to be a key limiting factor.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: seed resources

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: seed resources

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: seed resources

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: limiting factor.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: seed resources

text: Plants, like most life forms, require relatively few basic elements: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulphur; hence they are known as CHNOPS life forms. There are also lesser elements needed as well, frequently termed micronutrients, such as magnesium and sodium. When plants grow in close proximity, they may deplete supplies of these elements and have a negative impact upon neighbours. Competition for resources vary from complete symmetric (all individuals receive the same amount of resources, irrespective of their size) to perfectly size symmetric (all individuals exploit the same amount of resource per unit biomass) to absolutely size-asymmetric (the largest individuals exploit all the available resource). The degree of size asymmetry has major effects on the structure and diversity of ecological communities.In many cases (perhaps most) the negative effects upon neighbours arise from size asymmetric competition for light. In other cases, there may be competition below ground for water, nitrogen, or phosphorus. To detect and measure competition, experiments are necessary; these experiments require removing neighbours, and measuring responses in the remaining plants.  Many such studies are required before useful generalizations can be drawn.

text: Plants, like most life forms, require relatively few basic elements: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulphur; hence they are known as CHNOPS life forms. There are also lesser elements needed as well, frequently termed micronutrients, such as magnesium and sodium. When plants grow in close proximity, they may deplete supplies of these elements and have a negative impact upon neighbours. Competition for resources vary from

text: complete symmetric

text: (all individuals receive the same amount of resources, irrespective of their size) to

text: perfectly size symmetric

text: (all individuals exploit the same amount of resource per unit biomass) to absolutely

text: size-asymmetric

text: (the largest individuals exploit all the available resource). The degree of size asymmetry has major effects on the structure and diversity of ecological communities.In many cases (perhaps most) the negative effects upon neighbours arise from size asymmetric competition for light. In other cases, there may be competition below ground for water, nitrogen, or phosphorus. To detect and measure competition, experiments are necessary; these experiments require removing neighbours, and measuring responses in the remaining plants.  Many such studies are required before useful generalizations can be drawn.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: When plants grow in close proximity

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: absolutely size-asymmetric

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: Competition for resources

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: Competition for resources

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: competition for resources

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: absolutely size-asymmetric

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: Competition for resources

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: When plants grow in close proximity,

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: (the largest individuals exploit all the available resource).

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: Competition for resources

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: deplete supplies of these elements and have a negative impact upon neighbours.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Plants,

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: Competition for resources

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: size asymmetric competition for light.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: size asymmetry

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: negative impact upon neighbours.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: Competition for resources

text: The scrolling screen takes much longer to scroll. The in-game controls were modified. As in the previous SimCity title, there is no SNES Mouse support. Riots and volcanoes were removed. The game has fewer songs than the original PC version. Also, the SNES port omits the cheat codes, limits the city maps to six, has no difficulty setting and only includes five generic scenarios. There is only one newspaper for the whole city, no matter what size that the city is. In addition, the stock photographs were replaced with more Japanese anime/manga-like pictures. This is the only port of the game to feature such pictures. All team names, city names, and mayor names were limited to 8 characters, whereas the PC version allows for up to 32 characters. There are additional gifts: a bigger city hall at 1,000,000 population, a TV station at 2,000,000 population, and a rocket launching pad at 3,000,000 population. The player can see an actual launch of a single launch arco by achieving 5,000,000 population in the last scenario.

text: The scrolling screen takes much longer to scroll. The in-game controls were modified. As in the previous SimCity title, there is no SNES Mouse support. Riots and volcanoes were removed. The game has fewer songs than the original PC version. Also, the SNES port omits the cheat codes, limits the city maps to six, has no difficulty setting and only includes five generic scenarios. There is only one newspaper for the whole city, no matter what size that the city is. In addition, the stock photographs were replaced with more Japanese anime/manga-like pictures. This is the only port of the game to feature such pictures. All team names, city names, and mayor names were limited to 8 characters, whereas the PC version allows for up to 32 characters. There are additional gifts: a bigger city hall at 1,000,000 population, a TV station at 2,000,000 population, and a rocket launching pad at 3,000,000 population. The player can see an actual launch of a single launch arco by achieving 5,000,000 population in the last scenario.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: at 1,000,000 population

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: 5,000,000 population

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: population

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: dwindle

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: rocket launching pad

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: has a higher population

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: 1,000,000

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: 5,000,000 population

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: 1,000,000

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: six,

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Riots and volcanoes

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: 5,000,000 population

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: six,

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: rocket launching pad

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: 5,000,000

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: 5,000,000 population

text: The work is also important for the early history of perception. Ptolemy combined the mathematical, philosophical and physiological traditions. He held an extramission-intromission theory of vision: the rays (or flux) from the eye formed a cone, the vertex being within the eye, and the base defining the visual field. The rays were sensitive, and conveyed information back to the observer’s intellect about the distance and orientation of surfaces. Size and shape were determined by the visual angle subtended at the eye combined with perceived distance and orientation. This was one of the early statements of size-distance invariance as a cause of perceptual size and shape constancy, a view supported by the Stoics. Ptolemy offered explanations for many phenomena concerning illumination and colour, size, shape, movement and binocular vision. He also divided illusions into those caused by physical or optical factors and those caused by judgemental factors. He offered an obscure explanation of the sun or moon illusion (the enlarged apparent size on the horizon) based on the difficulty of looking upwards.

text: The work is also important for the early history of perception. Ptolemy combined the mathematical, philosophical and physiological traditions. He held an extramission-intromission theory of vision: the rays (or flux) from the eye formed a cone, the vertex being within the eye, and the base defining the visual field. The rays were sensitive, and conveyed information back to the observer’s intellect about the distance and orientation of surfaces. Size and shape were determined by the visual angle subtended at the eye combined with perceived distance and orientation. This was one of the early statements of size-distance invariance as a cause of perceptual size and shape constancy, a view supported by the Stoics. Ptolemy offered explanations for many phenomena concerning illumination and colour, size, shape, movement and binocular vision. He also divided illusions into those caused by physical or optical factors and those caused by judgemental factors. He offered an obscure explanation of the sun or

text: moon illusion

text: (the enlarged apparent size on the horizon) based on the difficulty of looking upwards.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: invariance

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: rays are sensitive

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: visual angle subtended

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: lack of sunlight

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: consumes more resources

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: physical or optical factors

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: the difficulty of looking upwards.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: size-distance invariance

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: visual angle subtended at the eye combined with perceived distance and orientation.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: Ptolemy

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Ptolemy

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: size-distance invariance

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: difficulty of looking upwards.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: physical or optical factors

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: size-distance invariance

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: size-distance invariance

text: ) is one-fourth the maximum population or carrying capacity (

text: ) is one-fourth the maximum population or carrying capacity (

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: during a natural disaster

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: it has one-fourth of its maximum population

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: the amount of available food

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: lessen

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: the population size

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: asexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: natural resources

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: is growing

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: climatic conditions

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: one-fourth the maximum population or carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: one-fourth the maximum population

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: one-fourth

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: one-fourth the maximum population or carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: one-fourth the maximum population or carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: one-fourth the maximum population

text: Actigraph units vary widely in size and features and can be expanded to include additional measurements. However, there are a number of limiting factors:

text: Actigraph units vary widely in size and features and can be expanded to include additional measurements. However, there are a number of limiting factors:

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: it has enough water

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: climatic conditions

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: consumes too much

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: there are a number of limiting factors:

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: limiting factors:

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: limiting factors:

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: limiting factors:

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: limiting factors:

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: a number of limiting factors:

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: limiting factors:

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: Actigraph units

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: limiting factors:

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: limiting factors:

text: Nonetheless, the Mayanist knew the limitations of archaeological research. One of Thompson's later articles Estimates of Maya Population: Deranging Factors is an attempt to identify deranging factors for population estimates of the ancient Maya. Determining population sizes is still an issue that plagues archaeologists (214). He draws attention to the ancient Maya tendency to "abandon" a hut after the death of its owner which may invariably skew population estimates. Additionally, Thompson writes about the mobilizing capabilities of the ancient Maya and their long-standing tradition of moving from site to site in order to exploit local resources. Using the modern Maya as an example, he urged other archaeologists to consider hut-abandonment, and movement as major issues. In fact, determining whether or not a site is continuously occupied is still a huge part of archaeological limits today. Moreover, Thompson contends that house-moving was not a major issues for the Maya since building materials were abundant (215). In his conclusion he feels that mounds also may be an indication of decreased population sizes and a time of "growing unrest."

text: Nonetheless, the Mayanist knew the limitations of archaeological research. One of Thompson's later articles Estimates of Maya Population: Deranging Factors is an attempt to identify deranging factors for population estimates of the ancient Maya. Determining population sizes is still an issue that plagues archaeologists (214). He draws attention to the ancient Maya tendency to "abandon" a hut after the death of its owner which may invariably skew population estimates. Additionally, Thompson writes about the mobilizing capabilities of the ancient Maya and their long-standing tradition of moving from site to site in order to exploit local resources. Using the modern Maya as an example, he urged other archaeologists to consider hut-abandonment, and movement as major issues. In fact, determining whether or not a site is continuously occupied is still a huge part of archaeological limits today. Moreover, Thompson contends that house-moving was not a major issues for the Maya since building materials were abundant (215). In his conclusion he feels that mounds also may be an indication of decreased population sizes and a time of "growing unrest."

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: invariably skew population estimates

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: determining whether or not a site is continuously occupied

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: Deranging Factors

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: local resources

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: decreases

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: "growing unrest."

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: a site is continuously occupied

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: local resources.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decreased population sizes

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: moving from site to site in order to exploit local resources.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: determining whether or not a site is continuously occupied

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: moving from site to site in order to exploit local resources.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: local resources.

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: decreased population sizes

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: Deranging Factors is an attempt to identify deranging factors

text: There were internal changers the size of a standard 5.25" drive that carried as few as 6 discs and external changers with capacity ranging from 50 discs to 200.

text: There were internal changers the size of a standard 5.25" drive that carried as few as 6 discs and external changers with capacity ranging from 50 discs to 200.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: it has enough discs

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: abiotic factors

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: dwindle

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: no answer

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: consumes too much

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: as few as 6 discs

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: 50 discs to 200.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: capacity ranging from 50 discs to 200.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: 50 discs to 200.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: 50 discs to 200.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: internal changers

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: There were internal changers

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: capacity

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: 50 discs to 200.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: 50 discs to 200.

text: The impact of sensor size on field of view is referred to as the "crop factor" or "focal length multiplier", which is a factor by which a lens focal length can be multiplied to give the full-frame-equivalent focal length for a lens. Typical APS-C sensors have crop factors of 1.5 to 1.7, so a lens with a focal length of 50 mm will give a field of view equal to that of a 75 mm to 85 mm lens on a 35 mm camera. The smaller sensors of Four Thirds System cameras have a crop factor of 2.0.

text: The impact of sensor size on field of view is referred to as the "

text: crop factor

text: " or "focal length multiplier", which is a factor by which a lens focal length can be multiplied to give the full-frame-equivalent focal length for a lens. Typical

text: APS-C

text: sensors have crop factors of 1.5 to 1.7, so a lens with a focal length of 50 mm will give a field of view equal to that of a 75 mm to 85 mm lens on a

text: 35 mm

text: camera. The smaller sensors of Four Thirds System cameras have a crop factor of 2.0.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: a crop factor of 2.0

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: population size

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: lessen

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overpopulation

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: The impact of sensor size

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: 2.0.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: "crop factor" or "focal length multiplier",

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: 1.7,

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: The impact of sensor size

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: The impact of sensor size

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: The impact of sensor size

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: sensor size

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: "crop factor" or "focal length multiplier",

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: "crop factor"

text: In the study by Herrera, cluster analysis was employed to ascertain relative gene flow and/or differences in effective population size among the four groups of Maya. The Buctzotz and the Campeche reported a higher than average gene flow and/or effective population size. The Cakchiquel and the Quiche indicated by Herrera et al. display a lower than average gene flow and/or effective population size. The Buctzotz and Quiche were listed as being outliers. An AMOVA (Analysis of Molecular Variance) relates a “correlation or parallelism between genetic differentiation on one hand and geographical categories or linguistic types on the other.” The AMOVA compared inter-population and intra-population affinities. The only significant differences among the populations were in linguistics and genetics. "The high allelic frequency levels at or near fixation is the result of genetic drift, bottle neck events and/or the founder effect.” The founder effect was defined for the low heterozygosity amongst the Quiche and Cakchiquel. The Yucatán Mayans exhibited greater heterozygosity. This effect “was due to the extensive commerce and interaction with technologically advanced neighbors and compared with their southern counterparts was the accessibility to travel.” Both instances of variability among the Mayan groups suggest their genetic diversity and uniqueness. All pair-wise combinations display proportionate genetic differences. “The data may be indicative of the lack of genetic homogeneity among the four Mayan groups, especially when comparing the Guatemalan to the Yucatecan.”

text: In the study by Herrera,

text: cluster analysis

text: was employed to ascertain relative

text: gene flow

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: effective population size

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: effective population size

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: gene flow

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: the founder effect

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: access to travel

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: bottle neck events

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: effective population size

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: fixation

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: fixation

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: effective population size

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: lack of genetic homogeneity

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: gene flow

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: genetic homogeneity

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: genetic drift, bottle neck events and/or the founder effect.”

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: accessibility to travel.”

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: bottle neck events and/or the founder effect.”

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: bottle neck events

text: Since the 1960s, the interannual population size has fluctuated from less than 1,000 birds to over 3,000, and appears to be gradually increasing. Biannual surveys conducted by the Hawaiian Department of Land and Natural Resource’s Division of Forestry and Wildlife (DOFAW) found that between 1998 and 2003 the inter-island coot population averaged 2,100 birds, ranging between 1,500 and 3,000 birds.<ref>United States Fish and Wildlife Service. 2005. Draft Revised Recovery Plan for Hawaiian Waterbirds, Second Draft of Second Revision, Portland, Oregon, 155 pp. Available online at

text: Since the 1960s, the interannual population size has fluctuated from less than 1,000 birds to over 3,000, and appears to be gradually increasing. Biannual surveys conducted by the Hawaiian Department of Land and Natural Resource’s Division of Forestry and Wildlife (DOFAW) found that between 1998 and 2003 the inter-island coot population averaged 2,100 birds, ranging between 1,500 and 3,000 birds.<ref>United States Fish and Wildlife Service. 2005. Draft Revised Recovery Plan for Hawaiian Waterbirds, Second Draft of Second Revision, Portland, Oregon, 155 pp. Available online at

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: interannual

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: a population reaches a certain number

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: interannual

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: population increase

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: recovery plan

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overpopulation

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: population size

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: interannual

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: 3,000,

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: Biannual surveys conducted by the Hawaiian Department of Land and Natural Resource’s

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: 3,000,

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Since the 1960s,

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: ref>United States Fish and Wildlife Service.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: increasing.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: Forestry and Wildlife

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: increasing.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: population size has fluctuated from less than 1,000 birds to over 3,000,

text: As a result of small population sizes and haplodiploidy, B. muscorum has an increased susceptibility to inbreeding. As sex is determined at a single locus, the overall fitness of a population is directly related to the number of different alleles at the sex locus, which in turn is related to the size and isolation of the population. When drones mate with related queens, diploid males with reduced fertility and immune response are produced. 10 out of 14 B. muscorum populations in the Hebrides showed significant signs of recent bottlenecking. In recent years, diploid males have come to represent a considerable proportion of males within populations in the British Isles, suggesting an increase in inbreeding among populations.

text: As a result of small population sizes and haplodiploidy, B. muscorum has an increased susceptibility to inbreeding. As sex is determined at a single locus, the overall fitness of a population is directly related to the number of different alleles at the sex locus, which in turn is related to the size and isolation of the population. When drones mate with related queens, diploid males with reduced fertility and immune response are produced. 10 out of 14 B. muscorum populations in the

text: Hebrides

text: showed significant signs of recent

text: bottlenecking

text: . In recent years, diploid males have come to represent a considerable proportion of males within populations in the British Isles, suggesting an increase in inbreeding among populations.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: recent bottlenecking

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: bottlenecking

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: sex

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: bottlenecking

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: bottlenecking

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: number of different alleles

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: bottlenecking

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: bottlenecking

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: bottlenecking.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: bottlenecking.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: sex is determined at a single locus,

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: bottlenecking.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: inbreeding.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: number of different alleles at the sex locus,

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: small population sizes and haplodiploidy,

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: number of different alleles at the sex locus,

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: bottlenecking.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: the size and isolation of the population.

text: Here x is the size of the population at a given time, r is inherent per-capita growth rate, and K is the carrying capacity.

text: Here x is the size of the population at a given time, r is inherent per-capita growth rate, and K is the

text: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: at a given time

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: x is larger than r

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: inherent per capita growth rate

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: inherent per-capita growth rate

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: is growing too fast

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: x

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: a given time,

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: K

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: inherent per-capita growth rate,

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: K

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: r is inherent per-capita growth rate,

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: carrying capacity.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: inherent per-capita growth rate,

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: carrying capacity.

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: r is inherent per-capita growth rate,

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: inherent per-capita growth rate,

text: The naval war will take up most of players' time during the game, the explicit idea being that a major Pacific naval battle will take as long to resolve as an armour offensive on the Eastern Front. Players still have generic naval factors as in the European game, but also have separate named aircraft carriers, normally of two (CVL) or three (CV) factors. The former are much easier to sink, and take a year to rebuild (CVs take two years). The US also has some optional four factor carriers (CVB) which did not see service in the actual war. Each carrier factor can base a single Naval Air Squadron (NAS) - one third of the size of an Army Air Factor, but equal for combat strength if fighting "over water" (although, because of the size differential, three losses would need to be inflicted to destroy a single AAF). Naval Air Squadrons may also base at cities, and one squadron and/or 9 naval factors may base on a one-hex island.

text: The naval war will take up most of players' time during the game, the explicit idea being that a major Pacific naval battle will take as long to resolve as an armour offensive on the Eastern Front. Players still have generic naval factors as in the European game, but also have separate named aircraft carriers, normally of two (CVL) or three (CV) factors. The former are much easier to sink, and take a year to rebuild (CVs take two years). The US also has some optional four factor carriers (CVB) which did not see service in the actual war. Each carrier factor can base a single Naval Air Squadron (NAS) - one third of the size of an Army Air Factor, but equal for combat strength if fighting "over water" (although, because of the size differential, three losses would need to be inflicted to destroy a single AAF). Naval Air Squadrons may also base at cities, and one squadron and/or 9 naval factors may base on a one-hex island.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: a major Pacific naval battle

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: Naval Air Squadrons may also base at cities

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: population size

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: lessen

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: naval factors

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: has a shortage

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: The naval war

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: equal for combat strength if fighting "over water"

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: three losses

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: equal for combat strength

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: The naval war

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: equal for combat strength if fighting "over water"

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: much easier to sink,

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: cities,

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: sink,

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: equal for combat strength

text: is defined to be the limit of the partial products aa...a as n increases without bound.  The product is said to converge when the limit exists and is not zero. Otherwise the product is said to diverge.  A limit of zero is treated specially in order to obtain results analogous to those for infinite sums. Some sources allow convergence to 0 if there are only a finite number of zero factors and the product of the non-zero factors is non-zero, but for simplicity we will not allow that here. If the product converges, then the limit of the sequence a as n increases without bound must be 1, while the converse is in general not true.

text: is defined to be the

text: limit

text: of the

text: partial products

text: aa...a as n increases without bound.  The product is said to

text: converge

text: when the limit exists and is not zero. Otherwise the product is said to diverge.  A limit of zero is treated specially in order to obtain results analogous to those for

text: infinite sums

text: . Some sources allow convergence to 0 if there are only a finite number of zero factors and the product of the non-zero factors is non-zero, but for simplicity we will not allow that here. If the product converges, then the limit of the sequence a as n increases without bound must be 1, while the converse is in general not true.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: it has enough water

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: the number of competing species

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: zero

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: diverges

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: limit of zero

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: n increases without bound.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: 1,

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: n increases without bound.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: 1,

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: n increases without bound.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: zero.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: n increases without bound.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: n increases without bound.

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: diverge.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: n increases without bound.

text: The Republic of Poland is predominantly a Roman Catholic state with approximately 89 percent of the population Roman Catholic. Groups that constitute less than 5 percent of the population include Polish Orthodox, Jehovah’s Witnesses, Lutherans, Greek Catholics, Pentecostals, and others. The remainder of the state encompasses more than 151 churches or other religious organizations. Freedom of religion is guaranteed by the Polish Constitution and major international conventions and agreements related to religion. Most of these have been signed and ratified by Poland. The Constitution provides, without any exception, separation of church and state, freedom of faith and religion, and equal rights for churches and other religious organizations. After registration, churches and other religious organizations may enjoy their rights provided by various laws. The relations between the State and the Roman Catholic Church are determined by the Concordat Between the Holy See and the Republic of Poland and by other laws. The relations between the State and other major churches and religious organizations are determined by laws adopted pursuant to agreements concluded between their appropriate representatives and the Council of Ministers.

text: The Republic of Poland is predominantly a Roman Catholic state with approximately 89 percent of the population Roman Catholic. Groups that constitute less than 5 percent of the population include Polish Orthodox, Jehovah’s Witnesses, Lutherans, Greek Catholics, Pentecostals, and others. The remainder of the state encompasses more than 151 churches or other religious organizations. Freedom of religion is guaranteed by the Polish Constitution and major international conventions and agreements related to religion. Most of these have been signed and ratified by Poland. The Constitution provides, without any exception, separation of church and state, freedom of faith and religion, and equal rights for churches and other religious organizations. After registration, churches and other religious organizations may enjoy their rights provided by various laws. The relations between the State and the Roman Catholic Church are determined by the Concordat Between the Holy See and the Republic of Poland and by other laws. The relations between the State and other major churches and religious organizations are determined by laws adopted pursuant to agreements concluded between their appropriate representatives and the Council of Ministers.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population increases

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: population

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: lessen

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: food

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overconsumes

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: 5 percent

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: 89 percent of the population

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: agreements concluded between their appropriate representatives and the Council of Ministers.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: 89 percent of the population Roman Catholic.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: The Republic of Poland

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: separation of church and state,

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: The Republic of Poland is predominantly a Roman Catholic state

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: Freedom of religion

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: The Republic of Poland

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: 5 percent of the population

text: Bush carried 230 of Texas's 254 counties. He racked up big margins in the Texas Panhandle, East Texas, the Permian Basin, the Texas Hill Country, and the Gulf Coast. He won every major and mid-sized city with the exceptions of El Paso, Laredo, Brownsville, McAllen, and Beaumont, all of which were carried by Vice President Al Gore. Two thinly populated counties, Glasscock and Ochiltree, gave Bush over 90% of the vote, with the former being the strongest Republican voting county in 2000. This marked the first time since the 1956 election that a Republican candidate won any of Texas's counties with over 90% of the vote.

text: Bush carried 230 of Texas's 254 counties. He racked up big margins in the

text: Texas Panhandle

text: , East Texas, the

text: Permian Basin

text: , the

text: Texas Hill Country

text: , and the Gulf Coast. He won every major and mid-sized city with the exceptions of

text: El Paso

text: Laredo

text: Brownsville

text: McAllen

text: , and

text: Beaumont

text: , all of which were carried by Vice President Al Gore. Two thinly populated counties,

text: Glasscock

text: and

text: Ochiltree

text: , gave Bush over 90% of the vote, with the former being the strongest Republican voting county in 2000. This marked the first time since the

entity_name: United States presidential election, 1956

text: 1956 election

text: that a Republican candidate won any of Texas's counties with over 90% of the vote.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: thinly

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: thinly populated

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: thinness

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: lessen

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: thinly populated

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: pollination

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: thinly populated

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: thinly populated counties,

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: populated

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: thinly populated counties,

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: Vice President Al Gore.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Bush

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: populated counties,

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: thinly populated

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: vote,

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: thinly populated counties,

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: populated

text: The genetic population structure and sociogenetic organization of F. truncorum were compared between monogynous and polygynous colonies by using allele frequency differences between the populations and estimates of relatedness between different subsets of the colony population. The allele frequency differences between subpopulations were significant in the polygynous colonies but not detectable between the subpopulations of the monogynous colonies. This makes sense because the polygynous colonies would be expected to have multiple reproducing females from different genetic backgrounds, which would lead to differences in the allele frequencies of the workers that made up the population. Also, the polygynous colonies usually had queens that were related to their male mates, which was not the case in the monogynous colonies, suggesting a difference in dispersal between the two types. Based on this data, polygynous colonies have limited dispersal and will usually mate within the colony, while the monogynous colonies rely on outbreeding and a higher degree of dispersal.

text: The genetic population structure and sociogenetic organization of F. truncorum were compared between monogynous and polygynous colonies by using

text: allele frequency

text: differences between the populations and estimates of relatedness between different subsets of the colony population. The allele frequency differences between subpopulations were significant in the polygynous colonies but not detectable between the subpopulations of the monogynous colonies. This makes sense because the polygynous colonies would be expected to have multiple reproducing females from different genetic backgrounds, which would lead to differences in the allele frequencies of the workers that made up the population. Also, the polygynous colonies usually had queens that were related to their male mates, which was not the case in the monogynous colonies, suggesting a difference in dispersal between the two types. Based on this data, polygynous colonies have limited dispersal and will usually mate within the colony, while the monogynous colonies rely on outbreeding and a higher degree of dispersal.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: outbreeding

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: polygynous colonies have limited dispersal

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: allele frequencies

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: polygynous colonies have limited dispersal

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: outbreeding

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: dispersal

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: outbreeding

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: multiple reproducing females

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: multiple reproducing females from different genetic backgrounds,

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: polygynous colonies have limited dispersal

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: multiple reproducing females from different genetic backgrounds,

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: outbreeding

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: multiple reproducing females from different genetic backgrounds,

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: multiple reproducing females from different genetic backgrounds,

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: higher degree of dispersal.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: polygynous colonies have limited dispersal

text: Population Matters, formerly known as the Optimum Population Trust, is a UK-based charity that addresses population size and its effects on environmental sustainability. It considers population growth as a major contributor to environmental degradation, resource depletion, conflict and involuntary migration and societal problems such as housing scarcity and transport congestion.

text: Population Matters, formerly known as the Optimum Population Trust, is a UK-based charity that addresses population size and its effects on

text: environmental sustainability

text: . It considers population growth as a major contributor to

text: environmental degradation

text: resource depletion

text: , conflict and involuntary migration and societal problems such as housing scarcity and transport congestion.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population growth

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: sustainability

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: deplete

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: depletion

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: growth

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population growth

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: environmental sustainability.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: housing scarcity and transport congestion.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: involuntary migration

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: resource depletion,

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: population growth

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: resource depletion, conflict and involuntary migration

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: resource depletion,

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: resource depletion,

text: The population is over 600. The village is divided between a large Catholic community and an equally sized Muslim community. Relations between the two are incredibly warm and good with both sides interacting without prejudice as far as celebrating each parties religious holidays respectfully and in many cases together. The village remains however geographically segregated in two portions with one being predominantly Catholic whilst the other Muslim. The reasons for this are unsure but due to the pleasant relations between them, it appears to be as a result of the fact that the Muslim quarter is populated by around 5 large family groupings all tracing their descent to a common ancestor of the Cokaj clan hailing from Koplik I Siper with rumoured roots in the town of Kuci, Montenegro (a testament to the various migratory patterns by Alba-phone and Slavonic peoples during times of conflict in this border region). Intermarriage within the village is almost unheard of due to possible patrilinial blood relations within the Muslim community as well as the religious divide exacerbated by the affluence of traditional arranged marriages being conducted that do not favor inter marriage within the same village.

text: The population is over 600. The village is divided between a large Catholic community and an equally sized Muslim community. Relations between the two are incredibly warm and good with both sides interacting without prejudice as far as celebrating each parties religious holidays respectfully and in many cases together. The village remains however geographically segregated in two portions with one being predominantly Catholic whilst the other Muslim. The reasons for this are unsure but due to the pleasant relations between them, it appears to be as a result of the fact that the Muslim quarter is populated by around 5 large family groupings all tracing their descent to a common ancestor of the Cokaj clan hailing from Koplik I Siper with rumoured roots in the town of Kuci, Montenegro (a testament to the various migratory patterns by Alba-phone and Slavonic peoples during times of conflict in this border region). Intermarriage within the village is almost unheard of due to possible patrilinial blood relations within the Muslim community as well as the religious divide exacerbated by the affluence of traditional arranged marriages being conducted that do not favor inter marriage within the same village.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: during times of conflict

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population is over 600

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: geographical segregation

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: migratory patterns

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overpopulation

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: times of conflict

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: The population is over 600.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: migratory patterns

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: Intermarriage

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: migratory patterns

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: migratory patterns

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: migratory patterns

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: migratory patterns

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: geographically segregated

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: The population is over 600.

text: Luxembourg also participated in the negotiations for putting the Marshall Plan into effect, through the framework of the Organisation for European Economic Co-operation (OEEC). It was one of the 16 European governments that met in Paris on 12 July 1947 to respond to the American Secretary of State's offer of aid. American aid was granted to the UEBL, within which it was then divided up in proportion to size of population and economic capacity. The Luxembourgish government profited from the OEEC in order to realise several large-scale projects such as the hydroelectric development of the Sûre and the Our.

text: Luxembourg also participated in the negotiations for putting the

text: Marshall Plan

text: into effect, through the framework of the

entity_name: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

text: Organisation for European Economic Co-operation

text: (OEEC). It was one of the 16 European governments that met in Paris on 12 July 1947 to respond to the American Secretary of State's offer of aid. American aid was granted to the UEBL, within which it was then divided up in proportion to size of population and economic capacity. The Luxembourgish government profited from the OEEC in order to realise several large-scale projects such as the hydroelectric development of the Sûre and the Our.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population increases

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: economic capacity

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: lessen

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: size of population

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: economic capacity

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: has a shortage

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: American aid

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: size of population and economic capacity.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: economic capacity.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: population and economic capacity.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: American aid

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: size of population and economic capacity.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: size of population and economic capacity.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: hydroelectric

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: American aid

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: size of population and economic capacity.

text: The populations and demographics of male and female inmate populations in the US are very different from one another. These differences factor heavily into theories on prisoner social organization. The most significant difference is in the relative size of  male and female populations; in 2014 there were approximately 1,440,000 male and 112,000 female prisoners in the United States. The much larger size of the male prison population causes major differences in the institutions in which male and female inmates serve their time. Another significant factor in prisoner social structure is the differences in arrest factors for male and female prison populations; higher proportion of female inmates are incarcerated due to a property or drug charge than are their male counterparts, a higher proportion of whom have been arrested for a violent offence.

text: The populations and

text: demographics

text: of male and female inmate populations in the US are very different from one another. These differences factor heavily into theories on prisoner social organization. The most significant difference is in the relative size of  male and female populations; in 2014 there were approximately 1,440,000 male and 112,000 female prisoners in the United States. The much larger size of the male prison population causes major differences in the institutions in which male and female inmates serve their time. Another significant factor in prisoner social structure is the differences in arrest factors for male and female prison populations; higher proportion of female inmates are incarcerated due to a property or drug charge than are their male counterparts, a higher proportion of whom have been arrested for a

text: violent offence

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: in 2014 there were approximately 1,440,000

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: relative size

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: lessen

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: has a depleted resource

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: relative size

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: 1,440,000 male and 112,000 female prisoners in the United States.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: differences in arrest factors

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: 1,440,000 male and 112,000 female prisoners in the United States.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: The populations and demographics

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: size

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: relative size

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: differences in arrest factors

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: prisoner social organization.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: size

text: Crowdworkers are a nonrandom sample of the population. Many researchers use crowdsourcing to quickly and cheaply conduct studies with larger sample sizes than would be otherwise achievable. However, due to limited access to the Internet, participation in low developed countries is relatively low. Participation in highly developed countries is similarly low, largely because the low amount of pay is not a strong motivation for most users in these countries. These factors lead to a bias in the population pool towards users in medium developed countries, as deemed by the human development index.

text: Crowdworkers are a nonrandom sample of the population. Many researchers use crowdsourcing to quickly and cheaply conduct studies with larger sample sizes than would be otherwise achievable. However, due to limited access to the Internet, participation in low developed countries is relatively low. Participation in highly developed countries is similarly low, largely because the low amount of pay is not a strong motivation for most users in these countries. These factors lead to a bias in the population pool towards users in medium developed countries, as deemed by the

text: human development index

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: low developed countries

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population is too low

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: Crowdworkers

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: dwindle

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: low amount of pay

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overconsumes

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: Crowdworkers are a nonrandom sample of the population.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: medium developed countries, as deemed by the human development index.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: human development index.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: low.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Crowdworkers

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: limited access to the Internet,

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: Crowdworkers are a nonrandom sample of the population.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: low amount of pay

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: bias in the population pool towards users in medium developed countries,

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: limited access to the Internet,

text: Foundry ladles are normally rated by their working capacity rather than by their physical size. Hand-held ladles are typically known as handshank ladles and are fitted with a long handle to keep the heat of the metal away from the person holding it. Their capacity is limited to what a man can safely handle. Larger ladles are usually referred to as geared crane ladles. Their capacity is usually determined by the ladle function. Small hand-held ladles might also be crucibles that are fitted with carrying devices. However, in most foundries, the foundry ladle refers to a steel vessel that has a lifting bail fitted so that the vessel can be carried by an overhead crane or monorail system and is also fitted with a mechanical means for rotating the vessel, usually in the form of a gearbox. The gearbox can either be manually operated or powered operation. (See the paragraph below for further details).

text: Foundry ladles are normally rated by their working capacity rather than by their physical size. Hand-held ladles are typically known as handshank ladles and are fitted with a long handle to keep the heat of the metal away from the person holding it. Their capacity is limited to what a man can safely handle. Larger ladles are usually referred to as geared crane ladles. Their capacity is usually determined by the ladle function. Small hand-held ladles might also be crucibles that are fitted with carrying devices. However, in most foundries, the foundry ladle refers to a steel vessel that has a lifting bail fitted so that the vessel can be carried by an overhead crane or monorail system and is also fitted with a mechanical means for rotating the vessel, usually in the form of a gearbox. The gearbox can either be manually operated or powered operation. (See the paragraph below for further details).

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: a man can safely handle

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: their working capacity

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: unaffected

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: natural disasters

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overpopulation

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: Foundry ladles

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: size.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: size.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: size.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Foundry ladles

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: what a man can safely handle.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: size.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: physical size.

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: Foundry ladles are normally rated by their working capacity

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: what a man can safely handle.

text: Ever since major development occurred in Limón, an undercurrent of political resentment has been felt between limonenses and the central government.  This is especially true for the Afro-Caribbean population, who, until 1948, had to obtain legal permission to leave Limón province, and were not recognized as citizens.  Roads and electricity were slow to come to most of the province (the latter did not arrive to Cahuita until late 1976), and the traditional disparity of resources – along with racism – created resentment among some of the Limón population.  Recent major investment initiatives are a break with the past, and may help to improve relations between the Caribbean district and the central valley (see "Economy").

text: Ever since major development occurred in Limón, an undercurrent of political resentment has been felt between limonenses and the central government.  This is especially true for the Afro-Caribbean population, who, until 1948, had to obtain legal permission to leave Limón province, and were not recognized as citizens.  Roads and electricity were slow to come to most of the province (the latter did not arrive to Cahuita until late 1976), and the traditional disparity of resources – along with racism – created resentment among some of the Limón population.  Recent major investment initiatives are a break with the past, and may help to improve relations between the Caribbean district and the central valley (see "Economy").

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: major development occurs

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: resources

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: dwindle

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: lack of resources

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: economic

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: disparity of resources

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: resources

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: 1948,

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: major development

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: resources

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: Ever since major development occurred in Limón,

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Afro-Caribbean population,

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: disparity of resources

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: disparity of resources

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: investment initiatives

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: resentment

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: resources

text: On the far side of the morainic zone is the gravel outwash plain, which was piled up by the meltwaters of the ice mass. Those waters usually came from glacier caves whose former location is still recognisable today from the dips in the level of the terminal moraines. Often the gravel plains are markedly terraced; younger outlets have cut so-called little trumpet-shaped valleys in the older gravel plains. The material of the outwash plans is glacial till. The transport capacity of the meltwater is considerably less than that of the glacier, so that larger rocks cannot be carried out of the Zungenbecken. By contrast, elements with smaller grain size, like clays and sands can be transported much further, which is why they are rarely found in the gravel plains.

text: On the far side of the morainic zone is the gravel

text: outwash plain

text: , which was piled up by the meltwaters of the ice mass. Those waters usually came from

text: glacier cave

text: s whose former location is still recognisable today from the dips in the level of the terminal moraines. Often the gravel plains are markedly terraced; younger outlets have cut so-called little trumpet-shaped valleys in the older gravel plains. The material of the outwash plans is glacial till. The transport capacity of the meltwater is considerably less than that of the glacier, so that larger rocks cannot be carried out of the Zungenbecken. By contrast, elements with smaller

text: grain size

text: , like

text: clay

text: s and

text: sand

text: s can be transported much further, which is why they are rarely found in the gravel plains.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: larger rocks cannot be carried

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: transport capacity

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: transport capacity

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overpopulation

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: meltwaters of the ice mass.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: glacier,

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: meltwaters of the ice mass.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: larger rocks cannot be carried out of the Zungenbecken.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: younger outlets

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: glacier,

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: transport capacity of the meltwater is considerably less than that of the glacier,

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: meltwaters of the ice mass.

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: piled up by the meltwaters of the ice mass.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: glacier,

text: After the crash, the goat population once again grew, this time more slowly, until it had reached the new, lower carrying capacity at maybe 10,000–20,000 in modern times. The island had been a nature conservancy area since August 16, 1928, making it one of the oldest reserves in Mexico. Eradication of the goats was long envisioned, but logistical difficulties such as island size and lack of suitable spots for landing and encamping hunters and material prevented this. As of June 2005, after many years of false starts, the Mexican government has almost completed a round-up and evacuation of the remaining goat population and Guadalupe has been designated a biosphere reserve.

text: After the crash, the goat population once again grew, this time more slowly, until it had reached the new, lower

text: carrying capacity

text: at maybe 10,000–20,000 in modern times. The island had been a nature conservancy area since August 16, 1928, making it one of the oldest reserves in Mexico. Eradication of the goats was long envisioned, but logistical difficulties such as island size and lack of suitable spots for landing and encamping hunters and material prevented this. As of June 2005, after many years of false starts, the Mexican government has almost completed a round-up and evacuation of the remaining goat population and Guadalupe has been designated a

text: biosphere

text: reserve

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: lower carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: 20,000 in modern times

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: fewer

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: lower carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: lower carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: lower carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: 10,000–20,000 in modern times.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: 10,000–20,000

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: 10,000–20,000

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: lower carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: lower carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: 10,000–20,000

text: Some aspects of a system's carrying capacity may involve matters such as available supplies of food, water, raw materials, and/or other similar "resources". In addition, there are other factors that govern carrying capacity which may be less-instinctive or less-intuitive in nature, such as ever-increasing and/or ever-accumulating levels of wastes, damage, and/or eradication of essential components of any complex functioning system.  Eradication of, for example, large or critical portions of any complex system (envision a space vehicle, for instance, or an airplane, or an automobile, or computer code, or the body components of a living vertebrate) can interrupt essential processes and dynamics in ways that induce systems-failures or unexpected collapse. (As an example of these latter factors, the "carrying capacity" of a complex system such an airplane is more than a matter of available food, or water, or available seating, but also reflects total weight carried and presumes that its passengers do not damage, destroy, or eradicate parts, doors, windows, wings, engine parts, fuel, and oil, and so forth.) Thus, on a global scale, food and similar resources may affect planetary carrying capacity to some extent so long as Earth's human passengers do not dismantle, eradicate, or otherwise destroy critical biospheric life-support capacities for essential processes of self-maintenance, self-perpetuation, and self-repair.

text: Some aspects of a system's carrying capacity may involve matters such as available supplies of

text: food

text: water

text: , raw materials, and/or other similar "resources". In addition, there are other factors that govern carrying capacity which may be less-instinctive or less-intuitive in nature, such as ever-increasing and/or ever-accumulating levels of

text: waste

text: s,

text: damage

text: , and/or eradication of essential components of any complex functioning system.  Eradication of, for example, large or critical portions of any

text: complex system

text: (envision a space vehicle, for instance, or an airplane, or an automobile, or computer code, or the body components of a living vertebrate) can interrupt essential processes and dynamics in ways that induce systems-failures or unexpected collapse. (As an example of these latter factors, the "carrying capacity" of a complex system such an airplane is more than a matter of available food, or water, or available seating, but also reflects total weight carried and presumes that its passengers do not damage, destroy, or eradicate parts,

text: doors

text: , windows, wings, engine parts, fuel, and oil, and so forth.) Thus, on a global scale, food and similar resources may affect planetary carrying capacity to some extent so long as Earth's human passengers do not dismantle, eradicate, or otherwise destroy critical

text: biospheric

text: life-support capacities for essential processes of self-maintenance,

text: self-perpetuation

text: , and

text: self-repair

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: eradication

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: its passengers do not damage, destroy, or eradicate parts

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: eradicate

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: ever-increasing and/or ever-accumulating levels

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: food

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: eradication of essential components

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: available supplies of food

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: self-repair.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: total weight carried

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: available supplies of food,

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: destroy

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Some aspects of a system's carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: ever-increasing

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: ever-increasing

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: food,

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: ever-increasing and/or ever-accumulating levels

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: eradication of essential components

text: Woolley, Chabris, Pentland, Hashmi, & Malone (2010), the originators of this scientific understanding of collective intelligence, found a single statistical factor for collective intelligence in their research across 192 groups with people randomly recruited from the public. In Woolley et al.'s two initial studies, groups worked together on different tasks from the McGrath Task Circumplex, a well-established taxonomy of group tasks. Tasks were chosen from all four quadrants of the circumplex and included visual puzzles, brainstorming, making collective moral judgments, and negotiating over limited resources. The results in these tasks were taken to conduct a factor analysis. Both studies showed support for a general collective intelligence factor c underlying differences in group performance with an initial eigenvalue accounting for 43% (44% in study 2) of the variance, whereas the next factor accounted for only 18% (20%). That fits the range normally found in research regarding a general individual intelligence factor g typically accounting for 40% to 50% percent of between-individual performance differences on cognitive tests.Afterwards, a more complex criterion task was absolved by each group measuring whether the extracted c factor had predictive power for performance outside the original task batteries. Criterion tasks were playing checkers (draughts) against a standardized computer in the first and a complex architectural design task in the second study. In a regression analysis using both individual intelligence of group members and c to predict performance on the criterion tasks, c had a significant effect, but average and maximum individual intelligence had not. While average (r=0.15, P=0.04) and maximum intelligence (r=0.19, P=0.008) of individual group members were moderately correlated with c, c was still a much better predictor of the criterion tasks. According to Woolley et al., this supports the existence of a collective intelligence factor c, because it demonstrates an effect over and beyond group members' individual intelligence and thus that c is more than just the aggregation of the individual IQs or the influence of the group member with the highest IQ.

text: Woolley, Chabris, Pentland, Hashmi, & Malone (2010), the originators of this scientific understanding of collective intelligence, found a single statistical factor for collective intelligence in their research across 192 groups with people randomly recruited from the public. In Woolley et al.'s two initial studies, groups worked together on different tasks from the

text: McGrath Task Circumplex

text: , a well-established taxonomy of group tasks. Tasks were chosen from all four quadrants of the circumplex and included visual puzzles, brainstorming, making collective moral judgments, and negotiating over limited resources. The results in these tasks were taken to conduct a

text: factor analysis

text: . Both studies showed support for a general collective intelligence factor c underlying differences in group performance with an initial eigenvalue accounting for 43% (44% in study 2) of the variance, whereas the next factor accounted for only 18% (20%). That fits the range normally found in research regarding a

text: general individual intelligence factor g

text: typically accounting for 40% to 50% percent of between-individual performance differences on cognitive tests.Afterwards, a more complex criterion task was absolved by each group measuring whether the extracted c factor had predictive power for performance outside the original task batteries. Criterion tasks were playing

text: checkers (draughts)

text: against a standardized computer in the first and a complex architectural design task in the second study. In a

text: regression analysis

text: using both individual intelligence of group members and c to predict performance on the criterion tasks, c had a significant effect, but average and maximum individual intelligence had not. While average (r=0.15, P=0.04) and maximum intelligence (r=0.19, P=0.008) of individual group members were moderately correlated with c, c was still a much better predictor of the criterion tasks. According to Woolley et al., this supports the existence of a collective intelligence factor c, because it demonstrates an effect over and beyond group members' individual intelligence and thus that c is more than just the aggregation of the individual IQs or the influence of the group member with the highest IQ.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: limited resources are available

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: limited resources

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: collective intelligence

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: limited resources

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: (r=0.15, P=0.04)

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: limited resources.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: limited resources.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: 50% percent of between-individual performance differences on cognitive tests.Afterwards,

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: 50% percent of between-individual performance differences on cognitive tests.Afterwards,

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: individual intelligence factor g

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: limited resources.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: differences on cognitive tests.Afterwards,

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: negotiating over limited resources.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: limited resources.

text: In line with widely differing estimates of home range size, population density figures are divergent, from one to 38 bobcats per  in one survey. The average is estimated at one bobcat per . A link has been observed between population density and sex ratio. One study noted a dense, unhunted population in California had a sex ratio of 2.1 males per female. When the density decreased, the sex ratio skewed to 0.86 males per female. Another study observed a similar ratio, and suggested the males may be better able to cope with the increased competition, and this helped limit reproduction until various factors lowered the density.

text: In line with widely differing estimates of home range size, population density figures are divergent, from one to 38 bobcats per  in one survey. The average is estimated at one bobcat per . A link has been observed between population density and sex ratio. One study noted a dense, unhunted population in California had a sex ratio of 2.1 males per female. When the density decreased, the sex ratio skewed to 0.86 males per female. Another study observed a similar ratio, and suggested the males may be better able to cope with the increased competition, and this helped limit reproduction until various factors lowered the density.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: when the density decreased

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population density decreases

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: home range size

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: sex ratio

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: unhunted

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: swells

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: When the density decreased,

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: lowered the density.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: sex ratio.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: lowered the density.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: A link has been observed between population density and sex ratio.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: increased competition,

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: increased competition,

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: sex ratio.

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: limit reproduction until various factors lowered the density.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: lowered the density.

text: All regulating factors are density-dependent, meaning they keep populations at equilibrium by counteracting fluctuations in population size per unit area (or per unit volume for species living within three dimensional environments, such as water).  Other regulating factors of the human population at present are drinking water supply, amount of arable land (obviously a more fundamental term for food), air pollution and prevalence of communicable disease.  The major regulating factor for the human population in current times is inadequacy of safe drinking water, since waterborne disease is the principal environmental cause of mortality.

text: All regulating factors are

text: density

text: -dependent, meaning they keep populations at equilibrium by counteracting fluctuations in population size per unit area (or per unit volume for species living within three dimensional environments, such as water).  Other regulating factors of the human population at present are

text: drinking water

text: supply, amount of arable land (obviously a more fundamental term for food),

text: air pollution

text: and prevalence of communicable disease.  The major regulating factor for the human population in current times is inadequacy of safe

text: drinking water

text: , since waterborne disease is the principal environmental cause of mortality.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population size per unit area

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: density

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: density-dependent

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: food

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: inadequacy

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: fluctuations in population size per unit area

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: equilibrium

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: density-dependent,

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: equilibrium by counteracting fluctuations in population size per unit area

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: air pollution and prevalence of communicable disease.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: density-dependent,

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: density-dependent,

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: amount of arable land

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: inadequacy of safe drinking water,

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: regulating factors are density-dependent,

text: The Hupda share the Uaupés river basin with its other inhabitants, as a common environment, living a lifestyle differentiated from others, in its adaptive form, by ideological factors. These ideological factors are dictated by an interpretation of the world, based on a mythological corpus, that assures them a specific role in social and inter-ethnic relations in a hierarchical system. Thus to characterize them simply as hunters, gatherers, nomads, or semi-nomads to differentiate them from other tribes in the region is only relevant at the first level of analysis, where differences between tribes are established, possibly, based on their individual technical-economic systems. In this model are contained the inter-ethnic relations and the use of the land amongst the human resources necessary for the organization of the land and forest resources, the impact of human activities upon these resources and, most importantly, the maintenance of a balance between the various peoples sharing the region.

text: The Hupda share the Uaupés river basin with its other inhabitants, as a common environment, living a lifestyle differentiated from others, in its adaptive form, by ideological factors. These ideological factors are dictated by an interpretation of the world, based on a

text: mythological

text: corpus, that assures them a specific role in social and inter-ethnic relations in a hierarchical system. Thus to characterize them simply as hunters, gatherers, nomads, or semi-nomads to differentiate them from other tribes in the region is only relevant at the first level of analysis, where differences between tribes are established, possibly, based on their individual technical-economic systems. In this model are contained the inter-ethnic relations and the use of the land amongst the human resources necessary for the organization of the land and forest resources, the impact of human activities upon these resources and, most importantly, the maintenance of a balance between the various peoples sharing the region.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: the various peoples sharing the region

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: human activities

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: balance

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: human activities

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: balance between the various peoples sharing the region.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: human activities

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: hunters, gatherers,

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: inter-ethnic relations in a hierarchical system.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: ideological factors.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: adaptive form, by ideological factors.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: maintenance of a balance

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: balance

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: ideological factors.

text: By the early 20th century, commercial exploitation and unregulated hunting had severely depressed deer populations in much of their range. For example, by about 1930, the U.S. population was thought to number about 300,000. After an outcry by hunters and other conservation ecologists, commercial exploitation of deer became illegal and conservation programs along with regulated hunting were introduced. In 2005, estimates put the deer population in the United States at around 30 million. Conservation practices have proved so successful, in parts of their range, the white-tailed deer populations currently far exceed their cultural carrying capacity and the animal may be considered a nuisance. A reduction in natural predators (which normally cull young, sick, or infirm specimens) has undoubtedly contributed to locally abundant populations.

text: By the early 20th century, commercial exploitation and unregulated

text: hunting

text: had severely depressed deer populations in much of their range. For example, by about 1930, the U.S. population was thought to number about 300,000. After an outcry by hunters and other

text: conservation ecologists

text: , commercial exploitation of deer became illegal and conservation programs along with regulated hunting were introduced. In 2005, estimates put the deer population in the United States at around 30 million. Conservation practices have proved so successful, in parts of their range, the white-tailed deer populations currently far exceed their cultural

text: carrying capacity

text: and the animal may be considered a

text: nuisance

text: . A reduction in natural predators (which normally cull young, sick, or infirm specimens) has undoubtedly contributed to locally abundant populations.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: early 20th century

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: cultural carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: A reduction in natural predators

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: reduction in natural predators

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: exceed their cultural carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: commercial exploitation and unregulated hunting

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: A reduction in natural predators

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: cultural carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: white-tailed deer populations currently far exceed their cultural carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: commercial exploitation and unregulated hunting

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: cultural carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: A reduction in natural predators

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: A reduction in natural predators

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: cultural carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: cultural carrying capacity

text: Another sociological example of positive feedback is the network effect. When more people are encouraged to join a network this increases the reach of the network therefore the network expands ever more quickly. A viral video is an example of the network effect in which links to a popular video are shared and redistributed, ensuring that more people see the video and then re-publish the links. This is the basis for many social phenomena, including Ponzi schemes and chain letters. In many cases population size is the limiting factor to the feedback effect.

text: Another sociological example of positive feedback is the

text: network effect

text: . When more people are encouraged to join a network this increases the reach of the network therefore the network expands ever more quickly. A

text: viral video

text: is an example of the network effect in which

text: links

text: to a popular video are shared and redistributed, ensuring that more people see the video and then re-publish the links. This is the basis for many social phenomena, including

text: Ponzi scheme

text: s and

text: chain letter

text: s. In many cases population size is the limiting factor to the feedback effect.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population size is too small

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: feedback effect

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: population size is the limiting factor to the feedback effect

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: the network effect

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: decreases

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: population size is the limiting factor to the feedback effect.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population size

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: limiting factor to the feedback effect.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: population size

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: network effect.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: population size

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: population size

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: more people are encouraged to join a network

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: population size is the limiting factor to the feedback effect.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: population size

text: The drastic climate change of the Pleistocene era forced a separation of the red Apollo butterfly population. This in turn played a role in creating the distinct colour changes seen in the species. The Parnassius apollo became divided and isolated in the Eurasian region during the glacial period. The large glaciers created a physical barrier between the population, barring interaction between the groups. Still within these isolated populations the butterflies migrated westward into portions of southern Europe where they settled and reproduced. Within all of these particular isolated populations there is also variation in the wing colour allele.There is variation in size between the isolated populations. With the larger separated populations of butterflies these habitats are used to sustain populations with larger amount of resources. These larger populations are called metapopulations and with the smaller separated sub-populations they create a mainland-island system. The Parnassius apollo can migrate from habitats and thus create a variation seen in each isolated population.

text: The drastic climate change of the Pleistocene era forced a separation of the red Apollo butterfly population. This in turn played a role in creating the distinct colour changes seen in the species. The Parnassius apollo became divided and isolated in the Eurasian region during the glacial period. The large glaciers created a physical barrier between the population, barring interaction between the groups. Still within these isolated populations the butterflies migrated westward into portions of southern Europe where they settled and reproduced. Within all of these particular isolated populations there is also variation in the wing colour allele.There is variation in size between the isolated populations. With the larger separated populations of butterflies these habitats are used to sustain populations with larger amount of resources. These larger populations are called metapopulations and with the smaller separated sub-populations they create a mainland-island system. The Parnassius apollo can migrate from habitats and thus create a variation seen in each isolated population.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: during the glacial period

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: with larger separated populations

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: resources

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: larger amount of resources

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: resources

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: metapopulations

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: glacial period.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: larger amount of resources.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: resources.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: butterflies these habitats are used to sustain populations with larger amount of resources.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: migrate from habitats

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: The large glaciers

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: larger amount of resources.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: habitats are used to sustain populations with larger amount of resources.

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: metapopulations

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: resources.

text: Limiting factors are not all limited to the condition of the species. Some factors may be increased or reduced based on circumstances. An example of a limiting factor is sunlight in the rain forest, where growth is limited to all plants on the forest floor unless more light becomes available. This decreases a number of potential factors that could influence a biological process, but only one is in effect at any one place and time. This recognition that there is always a single limiting factor is vital in ecology; and the concept has parallels in numerous other processes. The limiting factor also causes competition between individuals of a species population. For example, space is a limiting factor. Many predators and prey need a certain amount of space for survival: food, water, and other biological needs. If the population of a species is too high, they start competing for those needs. Thus the limiting factors hold down population in an area by causing some individuals to seek better prospects elsewhere and others to stay and starve.

text: Limiting factors are not all limited to the condition of the species. Some factors may be increased or reduced based on circumstances. An example of a limiting factor is

text: sunlight

text: in the

text: rain forest

text: , where growth is limited to all plants on the

text: forest floor

text: unless more light becomes available. This decreases a number of potential factors that could influence a biological process, but only one is in effect at any one place and time. This recognition that there is always a single limiting factor is vital in

text: ecology

text: ; and the concept has parallels in numerous other processes. The limiting factor also causes

text: competition

text: between individuals of a species population. For example,

text: space

text: is a limiting factor. Many predators and prey need a certain amount of space for survival: food, water, and other biological needs. If the population of a species is too high, they start competing for those needs. Thus the limiting factors hold down population in an area by causing some individuals to seek better prospects elsewhere and others to stay and starve.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: limiting factors

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: space is a limiting factor

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: limiting factors

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: starve

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: competing for those needs

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: space

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: starve

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: causing some individuals to seek better prospects elsewhere and others to stay and starve.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: limiting factors hold down population

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: space

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: some individuals to seek better prospects elsewhere and others to stay and starve.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: competition between individuals of a species population.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: there is always a single limiting factor

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: space

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: food, water,

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: causing some individuals to seek better prospects elsewhere and others to stay and starve.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: space

text: This form of the formula is limited to between-subjects analysis with equal sample sizes in all cells. Since it is less biased (although not unbiased), ω is preferable to η; however, it can be more inconvenient to calculate for complex analyses. A generalized form of the estimator has been published for between-subjects and within-subjects analysis, repeated measure, mixed design, and randomized block design experiments. In addition, methods to calculate partial Omega for individual factors and combined factors in designs with up to three independent variables have been published.

text: This form of the formula is limited to between-subjects analysis with equal sample sizes in all cells. Since it is less biased (although not unbiased), ω is preferable to η; however, it can be more inconvenient to calculate for complex analyses. A generalized form of the estimator has been published for between-subjects and within-subjects analysis, repeated measure, mixed design, and randomized block design experiments. In addition, methods to calculate partial Omega for individual factors and combined factors in designs with up to three independent variables have been published.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: is preferable

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: independent variables

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: can be more inconvenient to calculate

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: the carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: equal sample sizes in all cells.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: equal sample sizes in all cells.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: between-subjects analysis with equal sample sizes in all cells.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: equal sample sizes in all cells.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: equal sample sizes in all cells.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: equal sample sizes in all cells.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: equal sample sizes in all cells.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: equal sample sizes

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: equal sample sizes in all cells.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: equal sample sizes in all cells.

text: Modern infantry machine guns often have feed systems allowing the use of linked ammunition or other forms of feed like magazines or drums. In some instances—like the FN MINIMI/M249 SAW and the IMI Negev—the feed system requires no modification to fire with either mechanism. Other designs—like the Heckler and Koch HK21-based designs or MG34—require the exchange of modular parts to allow belt or alternate feeding. Due to the lack of protection provided by the belt, belt-fed infantry weapons typically use a flexible or rigid container to retain the belt on the weapon. In some designs—like the MG3—the belt container appears to be a magazine causing some confusion to people unfamiliar with the design. The capacity of belts and carriers is typically a function of weight and bulk. Their size is limited by caliber and the portability of the combined weapon and ammunition. The most common sizes typically carried on a man-portable weapon run from 50 to 300 rounds.

text: Modern infantry machine guns often have feed systems allowing the use of linked ammunition or other forms of feed like magazines or drums. In some instances—like the

text: FN

text: MINIMI

text: M249 SAW

text: and the

text: IMI Negev

text: —the feed system requires no modification to fire with either mechanism. Other designs—like the

text: Heckler and Koch HK21-based designs

text: or

text: —require the exchange of modular parts to allow belt or alternate feeding. Due to the lack of protection provided by the belt, belt-fed infantry weapons typically use a flexible or rigid container to retain the belt on the weapon. In some designs—like the

text: —the belt container appears to be a magazine causing some confusion to people unfamiliar with the design. The capacity of belts and carriers is typically a function of weight and bulk. Their size is limited by caliber and the portability of the combined weapon and ammunition. The most common sizes typically carried on a man-portable weapon run from 50 to 300 rounds.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: 50 to 300 rounds

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: weight and bulk

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: weight and bulk

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: has a shortage

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: weight and bulk

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: 50 to 300 rounds.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: weight and bulk.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: weight and bulk.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: weight and bulk.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Modern

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: weight and bulk.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: lack of protection provided by the belt,

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: weight and bulk.

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: 50 to 300 rounds.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: weight and bulk.

text: Figure 3 only shows a single E-LAN service and only the tree from one of the members, however very large numbers of E-LAN services with membership from 2 to every node in the network can be supported by advertising the membership, computing the tandem behaviors, manufacturing the known multicast addresses and populating the FIBs. The only real limiting factors are the FIB table sizes and computational power of the individual devices both of which are growing yearly in leaps and bounds.

text: Figure 3 only shows a single E-LAN service and only the tree from one of the members, however very large numbers of E-LAN services with membership from 2 to every node in the network can be supported by advertising the membership, computing the tandem behaviors, manufacturing the known multicast addresses and populating the FIBs. The only real limiting factors are the FIB table sizes and computational power of the individual devices both of which are growing yearly in leaps and bounds.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: nodes in the region can support the number of services

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: FIB table sizes

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: computational power

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: consumes more resources

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: yearly

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: 2 to every node in the network

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: FIB table sizes and computational power of the individual devices

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: Figure 3 only shows a single E-LAN

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Figure 3

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: FIB table sizes and computational power of the individual devices

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: growing yearly in leaps and bounds.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: FIB table sizes and computational power

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: growing yearly in leaps and bounds.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: FIB table sizes and computational power of the individual devices

text: The degree of pathogen removal strongly varies with soil type, aquifer type, distance and other environmental factors. For this reason, it is difficult to estimate the safe distance between a pit latrine or a septic tank and a water source. In any case, such recommendations about the safe distance are mostly ignored by those building pit latrines. In addition, household plots are of a limited size and therefore pit latrines are often built much closer to groundwater wells than what can be regarded as safe. This results in groundwater pollution and household members falling sick when using this groundwater as a source of drinking water.

text: The degree of pathogen removal strongly varies with soil type, aquifer type, distance and other environmental factors. For this reason, it is difficult to estimate the safe distance between a pit latrine or a septic tank and a water source. In any case, such recommendations about the safe distance are mostly ignored by those building pit latrines. In addition, household plots are of a limited size and therefore pit latrines are often built much closer to groundwater wells than what can be regarded as safe. This results in groundwater pollution and household members falling sick when using this groundwater as a source of drinking water.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: groundwater pollution

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: limited size

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: lessen

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: soil type

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overpopulation

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: household plots are of a limited size

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: a limited size

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: soil type, aquifer type, distance and other environmental factors.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: aquifer type, distance and other environmental factors.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: The degree of pathogen removal

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: size

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: household plots are of a limited size

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: soil type,

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: groundwater pollution

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: limited size

text: 3. By coercive population control prior to the human population exceeding the carrying capacity of the Earth.

text: 3. By coercive population control prior to the human population exceeding the carrying capacity of the Earth.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: exceeding the carrying capacity of the Earth

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: human population is less than it can support

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: no longer exist

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: their habitat is too small

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: coercion

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: exceeds the carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: exceeding the carrying capacity of the Earth.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: human population exceeding the carrying capacity of the Earth.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: carrying capacity of the Earth.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: human population exceeding the carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: human population exceeding the carrying capacity of the Earth.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: coercive population control

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: carrying capacity of the Earth.

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: exceeding the carrying capacity of the Earth.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: coercive population control prior to the human population exceeding the carrying capacity

text: Tankers can range in size of capacity from several hundred tons, which includes vessels for servicing small harbours and coastal settlements, to several hundred thousand tons, for long-range haulage. Besides ocean- or seagoing tankers there are also specialized inland-waterway tankers which operate on rivers and canals with an average cargo capacity up to some thousand tons. A wide range of products are carried by tankers, including:

text: Tankers can range in size of capacity from several hundred

text: tons

text: , which includes vessels for servicing small harbours and coastal settlements, to several hundred thousand tons, for long-range haulage. Besides ocean- or seagoing tankers there are also specialized inland-waterway tankers which operate on rivers and canals with an average

text: cargo

text: capacity up to some thousand tons. A wide range of products are carried by tankers, including:

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unspecified

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: its carrying capacity is exceeded

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: abiotic factors

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: fertilizers

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overconsumes

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: small harbours and coastal settlements,

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: several hundred thousand tons,

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: capacity

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: several hundred tons,

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Tankers

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: size of capacity

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: Tankers

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: size of capacity

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: Tankers

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: Tankers

text: Limiting factors include road construction, timber harvest operations, stream gravel removal and chemical treatment of streams. Additional limiting factors and concerns include decreased stream flow, impoundment of water, and interaction with and predation by, introduced exotic fishes. Predation by rainbow trout has been strongly suggested as an important factor in the success and distribution of L. vittata.

text: Limiting factors include road construction, timber harvest operations, stream gravel removal and chemical treatment of streams. Additional limiting factors and concerns include decreased stream flow, impoundment of water, and interaction with and predation by, introduced exotic fishes. Predation by

text: rainbow trout

text: has been strongly suggested as an important factor in the success and distribution of L. vittata.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: predation

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: decreased stream flow

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: limiting factors

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: limiting factors

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: Predation by rainbow trout

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: may become overpopulated

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: Limiting factors include road construction, timber harvest operations,

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: decreased stream flow,

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: Limiting factors

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decreased stream flow,

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: interaction with and predation by, introduced exotic fishes.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: road construction, timber harvest operations, stream gravel removal and chemical treatment of streams.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: Limiting factors

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: Predation by rainbow trout

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: Limiting factors

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: road construction, timber harvest operations, stream gravel removal and chemical treatment of streams.

text: There is limited research on psychopathy in the general work populace, in part because the PCL-R includes antisocial behavior as a significant core factor (obtaining a PCL-R score above the threshold is unlikely without having significant scores on the antisocial-lifestyle factor) and does not include positive adjustment characteristics, and most researchers have studied psychopathy in incarcerated criminals, a relatively accessible population of research subjects. However, psychologists Fritzon and Board, in their study comparing the incidence of personality disorders in business executives against criminals detained in a mental hospital, found that the profiles of some senior business managers contained significant elements of personality disorders, including those referred to as the "emotional components", or interpersonal-affective traits, of psychopathy. Factors such as boldness, low disinhibition, and meanness as defined in the triarchic model, in combination with other advantages such as a favorable upbringing and high intelligence, are thought to correlate with stress immunity and stability, and may contribute to this particular expression. Such individuals are sometimes referred to as "successful psychopaths" or "corporate psychopaths" (among other synonyms), and may not necessarily aways have extensive histories of traditional criminal or antisocial behavior as characteristic of the traditional conceptualization of psychopathy. Robert Hare claims that the prevalence of psychopathic traits is higher in the business world than in the general population, reporting that while about 1% of the general population meet the clinical criteria for psychopathy, figures of around 3-4% have been cited for more senior positions in business.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: population size

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: dwindle

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: not enough resources

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: has a shortage of resources

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: 1%

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: 1%

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: 1%

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: unlikely without having significant scores on the antisocial-lifestyle factor)

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: There is limited research on psychopathy in the general work populace,

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: antisocial-lifestyle factor)

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: stress immunity

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: antisocial-lifestyle factor)

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: 1% of the general population meet the clinical criteria for psychopathy,

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: antisocial-lifestyle factor)

text: in CS (apart from the population size

text: in CS (apart from the population size

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: apoptosis

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: it has enough people

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: abiotic factors

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: change a population

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: climatic conditions

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: asexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: natural resources

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: consumes more resources

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: climatic conditions

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: CS

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population size

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: CS

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: CS

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: CS

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: population size

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: population size

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: population size

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: CS

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: CS (apart from the population size

text: The Mauritius kestrel, F. punctatus, is more distantly related to the preceding two, having diverged from ancestral Madagascar region kestrels some time in the Gelasian (Groombridge et al. 2002). It is found only on Mauritius.  It usually snatches arboreal prey, typically geckos or small birds. Habitat loss and DDT poisoning pushed this species to the brink of extinction, down to possibly as few as six individuals (and an even smaller effective population size) in the mid 1970s.  The conservation effort was initially unsuccessful but results improved when new approaches were tried by Carl Jones in 1979.  Chicks hatched at a sanctuary run by Gerald Durrell were released to new areas, and the population has now almost reached the carrying capacity of the island; intensive conservation activity has ceased for some time, with the last captive bred birds released in 1994.

text: The

text: Mauritius kestrel

text: , F. punctatus, is more distantly related to the preceding two, having diverged from ancestral Madagascar region kestrels some time in the

text: Gelasian

text: (Groombridge et al. 2002). It is found only on

text: Mauritius

text: .  It usually snatches arboreal prey, typically

text: gecko

text: s or small birds. Habitat loss and

text: DDT

text: poisoning pushed this species to the brink of extinction, down to possibly as few as six individuals (and an even smaller

text: effective population size

text: ) in the mid 1970s.  The conservation effort was initially unsuccessful but results improved when new approaches were tried by

text: Carl Jones

text: in 1979.  Chicks hatched at a sanctuary run by

text: Gerald Durrell

text: were released to new areas, and the population has now almost reached the

text: carrying capacity

text: of the island; intensive conservation activity has ceased for some time, with the last captive bred birds released in 1994.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: to the brink of extinction

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population has now almost reached the carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: effective population size

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: Chicks hatched

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: mid 1970s.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: the population has now almost reached the carrying capacity of the island;

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: Habitat loss

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: the population has now almost reached the carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: new areas,

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: Habitat loss and DDT poisoning

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: Habitat loss and DDT poisoning

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: Chicks hatched

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: extinction,

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: Habitat loss

text: The effective population size is commonly lower than the actual population size.

text: The

text: effective population size

text: is commonly lower than the actual population size.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: it has enough people

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: abiotic factors

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: the population size is too small

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: is overpopulation

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: The effective population size is commonly lower than the actual population size.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: actual population size.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: The effective population size is commonly lower than the actual population size.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: The effective population size is commonly lower than the actual population size.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: The effective population size is commonly lower than the actual population size.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: The effective population size is commonly lower than the actual population size.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: The effective population size is commonly lower than the actual population size.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: The effective population size

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: The effective population size is commonly lower than the actual population size.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: The effective population size

text: As a population grows and technology makes it easier to exploit depleting resources, the environment's diminishing returns are hidden from view. Societal complexity is then potentially threatened if it develops beyond what is actually sustainable, and a disorderly reorganization were to follow. The scissors model of Malthusian collapse, where the population grows without limit and resources do not, is the idea of great opposing environmental forces cutting into each other.

text: As a population grows and technology makes it easier to exploit depleting resources, the environment's

text: diminishing returns

text: are hidden from view. Societal

text: complexity

text: is then potentially threatened if it develops beyond what is actually sustainable, and a disorderly reorganization were to follow. The scissors model of

text: Malthusian

text: collapse, where the population grows without limit and resources do not, is the idea of great opposing environmental forces cutting into each other.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: sustainable

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: technology

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: Malthusian collapse

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: As a population grows

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: sustainable,

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: sustainable,

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: sustainable,

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: As a population grows

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: depleting resources,

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: population grows

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: technology

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: Malthusian collapse,

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: sustainable,

text: A distance between populations can be interpreted as measuring the distance between two probability distributions and hence they are essentially measures of distances between probability measures. Where statistical distance measures relate to the differences between random variables, these may have statistical dependence, and hence these distances are not directly related to measures of distances between probability measures.  Again, a measure of distance between random variables may relate to the extent of dependence between them, rather than to their individual values.

text: A distance between populations can be interpreted as measuring the distance between two

text: probability distribution

text: s and hence they are essentially measures of distances between

text: probability measure

text: s. Where statistical distance measures relate to the differences between

text: random variable

text: s, these may have

text: statistical dependence

text: , and hence these distances are not directly related to measures of distances between probability measures.  Again, a measure of distance between random variables may relate to the extent of dependence between them, rather than to their individual values.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population is increasing

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: distances between random variables

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: has a resource scarcity problem

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: distance between two probability distributions

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: A distance between populations

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: distance between two probability distributions

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: distance between two probability distributions

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: A distance between populations

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: distance between two probability distributions

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: statistical dependence,

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: distance between two probability distributions

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: distances between probability measures.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: A distance between populations

text: However, the concept is also applicable to water, soil, and any other aspect of an ecosystem which can be both harvested and renewed—called renewable resources.  The carrying capacity of an ecosystem is reduced over time if more than the amount which is "renewed" (refreshed or regrown or rebuilt) is consumed.

text: However, the concept is also applicable to

text: water

text: soil

text: , and any other aspect of an ecosystem which can be both harvested and renewed—called

text: renewable resource

text: s.  The

text: carrying capacity

text: of an ecosystem is reduced over time if more than the amount which is "renewed" (refreshed or regrown or rebuilt) is consumed.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: more than the amount which is "renewed"

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: renewable resources are not consumed

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: reduce

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: renewable resources

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: reduces

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: if more than the amount which is "renewed"

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: more than the amount which is "renewed"

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: The carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: reduced

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: renewable resources.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: more than the amount which is "renewed"

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: renewable resources.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: renewable resources.

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: The carrying capacity of an ecosystem is reduced over time

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: consumed.

text: In biology and ecology a resource is defined as a substance that is required by a living organism for normal growth, maintenance, and reproduction (see biological resource). The main essential resources for animals are food, water, and territory. For plants key resources include light, nutrients, water, and a place to grow. Resources,can be consumed by an organism and, as a result, become unavailable to other organisms. Competition for resources vary from complete symmetric (all individuals receive the same amount of resources, irrespective of their size) to perfectly size symmetric (all individuals exploit the same amount of resource per unit biomass) to absolutely size-asymmetric (the largest individuals exploit all the available resource). The degree of size asymmetry has major effects on the structure and diversity of ecological communities, e.g. in plant communities size-asymmetric competition for light has stronger effects on diversity compared with competition for soil resources.The degree of size asymmetry has major effects on the structure and diversity of ecological communities.

text: In biology and ecology a resource is defined as a substance that is required by a living organism for normal

text: growth

text: maintenance

text: , and

text: reproduction

text: (see

text: biological resource

text: ). The main essential resources for animals are food, water, and territory. For plants key resources include light, nutrients, water, and a place to grow. Resources,can be consumed by an organism and, as a result, become unavailable to other organisms. Competition for resources vary from

text: complete symmetric

text: (all individuals receive the same amount of resources, irrespective of their size) to

text: perfectly size symmetric

text: (all individuals exploit the same amount of resource per unit biomass) to absolutely

text: size-asymmetric

text: (the largest individuals exploit all the available resource). The degree of size asymmetry has major effects on the structure and diversity of ecological communities, e.g. in plant communities size-asymmetric competition for light has stronger effects on diversity compared with competition for soil resources.The degree of size asymmetry has major effects on the structure and diversity of ecological communities.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: the largest individuals exploit all the available resource

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: competition for resources

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: Competition for resources

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: food

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: size-asymmetric

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: competition for resources

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: Resources,can be consumed by an organism

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: (the largest individuals exploit all the available resource).

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: size asymmetry

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: unavailable to other organisms.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: The degree of size asymmetry

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: (all individuals receive the same amount of resources, irrespective of their size)

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: (the largest individuals exploit all the available resource).

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: resource

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: become unavailable to other organisms.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: Competition for resources

text: The issue of protected slot limits, in some cases, is marked in controversy.  The protected slot limit and the angler’s desire to harvest fish can be in conflict.  The main challenge lies in the economic, ecological, and social factors that fisheries managers must consider when implementing harvest regulations such as protected slot limits.  Take, for example, the situation involving Lake Mille Lacs in central Minnesota.  Anglers spend millions of dollars and travel countless miles to fish for Lake Mille Lacs walleye (Sander vitreus) which is highly sought after for its table fare as well as its sporting qualities.  In the case of Lake Mille Lacs there is a protected slot limit for walleye from 20 inches to 28 inches.  State fishing regulations state that on Lake Mille Lacs an angler can keep 4 walleyes with only 1 walleye over 28 inches allowed and all walleyes within the protected slot limit of 20 to 28 inches must be immediately released.  The protected slot limit has worked so well, in a sense, that anglers are finding it difficult to catch harvestable sizes of walleye and they are catching an overabundance of slot sized fish.  Many anglers have become frustrated by the lack of “eater” sized walleye. The intense protection of this size class of fish caused a sharp decline in the natural available forage base for walleyes.  The result was a large number of unhealthy and underweight slot sized walleyes in the fishery.  This case does represent an exception to the outcomes common to the implementation of protected slot limits.  However, it does illustrate the objectives fisheries managers must consider when devising protected slot limits.  Managers must balance the health of the fishery, trophy fish potential, and desired angler harvest.

text: The issue of protected slot limits, in some cases, is marked in controversy.  The protected slot limit and the angler’s desire to harvest fish can be in conflict.  The main challenge lies in the economic, ecological, and social factors that fisheries managers must consider when implementing harvest regulations such as protected slot limits.  Take, for example, the situation involving

text: Lake Mille Lacs

text: in central

text: Minnesota

text: .  Anglers spend millions of dollars and travel countless miles to fish for Lake Mille Lacs

text: walleye

text: (Sander vitreus) which is highly sought after for its table fare as well as its sporting qualities.  In the case of Lake Mille Lacs there is a protected slot limit for walleye from 20 inches to 28 inches.  State fishing regulations state that on Lake Mille Lacs an angler can keep 4 walleyes with only 1 walleye over 28 inches allowed and all walleyes within the protected slot limit of 20 to 28 inches must be immediately released.  The protected slot limit has worked so well, in a sense, that anglers are finding it difficult to catch harvestable sizes of walleye and they are catching an overabundance of slot sized fish.  Many anglers have become frustrated by the lack of “eater” sized walleye. The intense protection of this size class of fish caused a sharp decline in the natural available forage base for walleyes.  The result was a large number of unhealthy and underweight slot sized walleyes in the fishery.  This case does represent an exception to the outcomes common to the implementation of protected slot limits.  However, it does illustrate the objectives fisheries managers must consider when devising protected slot limits.  Managers must balance the health of the fishery, trophy fish potential, and desired angler harvest.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: it is overfished

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: the health of the fishery

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: forage base

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: declines

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: decline in the natural available forage base

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: overabundance of slot sized fish.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: health of the fishery, trophy fish potential, and desired angler harvest.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: it difficult to catch harvestable sizes of walleye

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: overabundance of slot sized fish.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: slot sized fish.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: The intense protection

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: forage base

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: decline in the natural available forage base

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: slot sized fish.

text: The difference between the size of the population to the end and the beginning of a period.The population change refers to change in the number of people during the specific time. The world population has not been stable. It has increased manifold. This subject is very closely related to demographics, the statistics of how many people there are in a given population.

text: The difference between the size of the population to the end and the beginning of a period.The population change refers to change in the number of people during the specific time. The world population has not been stable. It has increased manifold. This subject is very closely related to

text: demographics

text: , the statistics of how many people there are in a given population.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: it has enough people

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: climatic conditions

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: decreases

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: to the end and the beginning of a period.The

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population to the end and the beginning of a period.The

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: demographics,

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: period.The population change

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: period.The population change

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: period.The population change refers to change in the number of people

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: The world population has not been stable.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: number of people during the specific time.

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: period.The population change

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: demographics,

text: Distinguishing a lupus antibody from a specific coagulation factor inhibitor (e.g.: factor VIII) is normally achieved by differentiating the effects of a lupus anticoagulant on factor assays from the effects of a specific coagulation factor antibody.The lupus anticoagulant will inhibit all the contact activation pathway factors (factor VIII, factor IX, factor XI and factor XII). Lupus anticoagulant will also rarely cause a factor assay to give a result lower than 35 iu/dl (35%) whereas a specific factor antibody will rarely give a result higher than 10 iu/dl (10%).Monitoring IV anticoagulant therapy by the APTT ratio is compromised due to the effects of the lupus anticoagulant and in these situations is generally best performed using a chromogenic assay based on the inhibition of factor Xa by antithrombin in the presence of heparin.

text: Distinguishing a lupus antibody from a specific coagulation factor inhibitor (e.g.:

text: factor VIII

text: ) is normally achieved by differentiating the effects of a lupus anticoagulant on factor assays from the effects of a specific coagulation factor antibody.The lupus anticoagulant will inhibit all the contact activation pathway factors (

text: factor VIII

text: factor IX

text: factor XI

text: and

text: factor XII

text: ). Lupus anticoagulant will also rarely cause a factor assay to give a result lower than 35 iu/dl (35%) whereas a specific factor antibody will rarely give a result higher than 10 iu/dl (10%).Monitoring IV anticoagulant therapy by the

text: APTT ratio

text: is compromised due to the effects of the lupus anticoagulant and in these situations is generally best performed using a chromogenic assay based on the inhibition of

text: factor Xa

text: by

text: antithrombin

text: in the presence of

text: heparin

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: factor Xa

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: abiotic factors

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overconsumes

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: 35 iu/dl

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: 35 iu/dl

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: APTT ratio

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: 35 iu/dl

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Distinguishing

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: coagulation factor

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: lupus anticoagulant

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: coagulation factor

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: compromised due to the effects of the lupus anticoagulant

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: coagulation factor

text: Competition vary from complete symmetric (all individuals receive the same amount of resources, irrespective of their size) to perfectly size symmetric (all individuals exploit the same amount of resource per unit biomass) to absolutely size-asymmetric (the largest individuals exploit all the available resource). The degree of size asymmetry has major effects on the structure and diversity of ecological communities, e.g. in plant communities size-asymmetric competition for light has stronger effects on diversity compared with competition for soil resources.

text: Competition vary from

text: complete symmetric

text: (all individuals receive the same amount of resources, irrespective of their size) to

text: perfectly size symmetric

text: (all individuals exploit the same amount of resource per unit biomass) to absolutely

text: size-asymmetric

text: (the largest individuals exploit all the available resource). The degree of size asymmetry has major effects on the structure and diversity of ecological communities, e.g. in plant communities size-asymmetric competition for light has stronger effects on diversity compared with competition for soil resources.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: in plant communities

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: absolutely size-asymmetric

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: competition

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: absolutely size-asymmetric

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: the largest individuals exploit all the available resource

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: light

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: absolutely size-asymmetric

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: (all individuals receive the same amount of resources, irrespective of their size)

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: (the largest individuals exploit all the available resource).

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: Competition

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: size-asymmetric

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Competition

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: size)

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: (the largest individuals exploit all the available resource).

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: Competition vary from complete symmetric (all individuals receive the same amount of resources,

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: absolutely size-asymmetric

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: size)

text: Surigao Provincial Sports Complex, host to numerous national and regional events, underwent renovation in 2009 at a cost of PP320 million. The complex is situated on the 2-hectare Vasquez field and includes a 3500-person capacity grandstand, a fully air conditioned 3500 seating capacity gymnasium, a brand new amphitheater, an Olympic-size swimming pool and a fully rubberized track and field oval. Surigao Provincial Convention Center, also part of the complex, has a seating capacity of approximately 2500 persons.

text: Surigao Provincial Sports Complex, host to numerous national and regional events, underwent renovation in 2009 at a cost of PP320 million. The complex is situated on the 2-hectare Vasquez field and includes a 3500-person capacity grandstand, a fully air conditioned 3500

text: seating capacity

text: gymnasium, a brand new amphitheater, an Olympic-size swimming pool and a fully rubberized track and field oval. Surigao Provincial Convention Center, also part of the complex, has a seating capacity of approximately 2500 persons.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: 3500 seating capacity gymnasium

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: capacity

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: not enough food

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overcrowds

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: 2009

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: regional events,

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: 2500

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: 2500

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: PP320 million.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: 2-hectare Vasquez field

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: Surigao Provincial Sports Complex,

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: a fully rubberized track and field oval.

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: PP320 million.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: 2500 persons.

text: Mixtures of decimal prefixes and binary sector sizes require care to properly calculate total capacity. Whereas semiconductor memory naturally favors powers of two (size doubles each time an address pin is added to the integrated circuit), the capacity of a disk drive is the product of sector size, sectors per track, tracks per side and sides (which in hard disk drives with multiple platters can be greater than 2). Although other sector sizes have been known in the past, formatted sector sizes are now almost always set to powers of two (256 bytes, 512 bytes, etc.), and, in some cases, disk capacity is calculated as multiples of the sector size rather than only in bytes, leading to a combination of decimal multiples of sectors and binary sector sizes. For example, 1.44 MB 3½-inch HD disks have the "M" prefix peculiar to their context, coming from their capacity of 2,880 512-byte sectors (1,440 KiB), inconsistent with either a decimal megabyte nor a binary mebibyte (MiB). Hence, these disks hold 1.47 MB or 1.41 MiB. Usable data capacity is a function of the disk format used, which in turn is determined by the FDD controller and its settings. Differences between such formats can result in capacities ranging from approximately 1300 to 1760 KiB (1.80 MB) on a "standard" 3½-inch high density floppy (and up to nearly 2 MB with utilities such as 2MGUI). The highest capacity techniques require much tighter matching of drive head geometry between drives, something not always possible and unreliable. For example, the LS-240 drive supports a 32 MB capacity on standard 3½-inch HD disks,  but it is, however, a write-once technique, and requires its own drive.

text: Mixtures

text: of decimal prefixes and binary sector sizes require care to properly calculate total capacity. Whereas semiconductor memory naturally favors powers of two (size doubles each time an address pin is added to the integrated circuit), the capacity of a disk drive is the product of sector size, sectors per track, tracks per side and sides (which in hard disk drives with multiple platters can be greater than 2). Although other sector sizes have been known in the past, formatted sector sizes are now almost always set to powers of two (256 bytes, 512 bytes, etc.), and, in some cases, disk capacity is calculated as multiples of the sector size rather than only in bytes, leading to a combination of decimal multiples of sectors and binary sector sizes. For example, 1.44 MB 3½-inch HD disks have the "M" prefix peculiar to their context, coming from their capacity of 2,880 512-byte sectors (1,440 KiB), inconsistent with either a decimal

text: megabyte

text: nor a binary

text: mebibyte

text: (MiB). Hence, these disks hold 1.47 MB or 1.41 MiB. Usable data capacity is a function of the disk format used, which in turn is determined by the FDD controller and its settings. Differences between such formats can result in capacities ranging from approximately 1300 to 1760 KiB (1.80 MB) on a "standard" 3½-inch high density floppy (and up to nearly 2 MB with utilities such as

text: ). The highest capacity techniques require much tighter matching of drive head geometry between drives, something not always possible and unreliable. For example, the

text: drive supports a 32 MB capacity on standard 3½-inch HD disks,  but it is, however, a write-once technique, and requires its own drive.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: a region is at its carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: Usable data capacity

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: unreliable

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overpopulation

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: 1.41 MiB.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: 1.47 MB or 1.41 MiB.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: LS

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: 1.47 MB or 1.41 MiB.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: 1.47 MB or 1.41 MiB.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: 1.41 MiB.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: The highest capacity techniques require much tighter matching of drive head geometry between drives,

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: Usable data capacity

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: 1300 to 1760 KiB

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: the disk format

text: Early cephalopods are thought to have produced jets by drawing their body into their shells, as Nautilus does today. Nautilus is also capable of creating a jet by undulations of its funnel; this slower flow of water is more suited to the extraction of oxygen from the water.  The jet velocity in Nautilus is much slower than in coleoids, but less musculature and energy is involved in its production. Jet thrust in cephalopods is controlled primarily by the maximum diameter of the funnel orifice (or, perhaps, the average diameter of the funnel) and the diameter of the mantle cavity. Changes in the size of the orifice are used most at intermediate velocities. The absolute velocity achieved is limited by the cephalopod's requirement to inhale water for expulsion; this intake limits the maximum velocity to eight body-lengths per second, a speed which most cephalopods can attain after two funnel-blows. Water refills the cavity by entering not only through the orifices, but also through the funnel.  Squid can expel up to 94% of the fluid within their cavity in a single jet thrust. To accommodate the rapid changes in water intake and expulsion, the orifices are highly flexible and can change their size by a factor of twenty; the funnel radius, conversely, changes only by a factor of around 1.5.

text: Early cephalopods are thought to have produced jets by drawing their body into their shells, as Nautilus does today. Nautilus is also capable of creating a jet by undulations of its funnel; this slower flow of water is more suited to the extraction of oxygen from the water.  The jet velocity in Nautilus is much slower than in

text: coleoid

text: s, but less musculature and energy is involved in its production. Jet thrust in cephalopods is controlled primarily by the maximum diameter of the funnel orifice (or, perhaps, the average diameter of the funnel) and the diameter of the mantle cavity. Changes in the size of the orifice are used most at intermediate velocities. The absolute velocity achieved is limited by the cephalopod's requirement to inhale water for expulsion; this intake limits the maximum velocity to eight body-lengths per second, a speed which most cephalopods can attain after two funnel-blows. Water refills the cavity by entering not only through the orifices, but also through the funnel.  Squid can expel up to 94% of the fluid within their cavity in a single jet thrust. To accommodate the rapid changes in water intake and expulsion, the orifices are highly flexible and can change their size by a factor of twenty; the funnel radius, conversely, changes only by a factor of around 1.5.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: Water refills the cavity

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: a factor of around 1.5

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: lessen

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: to accommodate the rapid changes in water intake

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overpopulation

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: water intake

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: intermediate velocities.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: Water

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: maximum diameter of the funnel orifice

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: 1.5.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Early cephalopods

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: cephalopod's requirement to inhale water for expulsion;

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: the orifices are highly flexible

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: Water refills the cavity

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: cephalopod's requirement to inhale water for expulsion;

text: Size-structured cannibalism is cannibalism in which older, larger, more mature individuals consume smaller, younger conspecifics. In size-structured populations, (where populations are made of individuals of various sizes, ages, and maturities), cannibalism can be responsible for 8% (Belding's ground squirrel) to 95% (dragonfly larvae) of the total mortality, making it a significant and important factor for population and community dynamics.

text: Size-structured cannibalism is cannibalism in which older, larger, more mature individuals consume smaller, younger

text: conspecific

text: s. In size-structured populations, (where populations are made of individuals of various sizes, ages, and maturities), cannibalism can be responsible for 8% (

text: Belding's ground squirrel

text: ) to 95% (

text: dragonfly

text: larva

text: e) of the total mortality, making it a significant and important factor for population and community dynamics.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: cannibalism

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: cannibalism is responsible for 8%

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: ages, maturities

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: cannibalism

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: older, larger, more mature individuals consume smaller, younger conspecifics.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population and community dynamics.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: individuals of various sizes, ages, and maturities),

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: 8% (Belding's ground squirrel) to 95%

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Size-structured cannibalism

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: sizes, ages, and maturities),

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: older, larger, more mature individuals consume smaller, younger conspecifics.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: cannibalism

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: cannibalism

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: cannibalism

text: If only one OST object is associated with an MDT inode, that object contains all the data in the Lustre file. When more than one object is associated with a file, data in the file is "striped" in chunks in a round-robin manner across the OST objects similar to RAID 0. Striping a file over multiple OST objects provides significant performance benefits if there is a need for high bandwidth access to a single large file. When striping is used, the maximum file size is not limited by the size of a single target. Capacity and aggregate I/O bandwidth scale with the number of OSTs a file is striped over. Also, since the locking of each object is managed independently for each OST, adding more stripes (one per OST) scales the file I/O locking capacity of the file proportionately. Each file created in the filesystem may specify different layout parameters, such as the stripe count (number of OST objects making up that file), stripe size (unit of data stored on each OST before moving to the next), and OST selection, so that performance and capacity can be tuned optimally for each file. When many application threads are reading or writing to separate files in parallel, it is optimal to have a single stripe per file, since the application is providing its own parallelism. When there are many threads reading or writing a single large file concurrently, then it is optimal to have one stripe on each OST to maximize the performance and capacity of that file.

text: If only one OST object is associated with an MDT inode, that object contains all the data in the Lustre file. When more than one object is associated with a file, data in the file is "striped" in chunks in a

text: round-robin

text: manner across the OST objects similar to

text: RAID 0

text: . Striping a file over multiple OST objects provides significant performance benefits if there is a need for high bandwidth access to a single large file. When striping is used, the maximum file size is not limited by the size of a single target. Capacity and aggregate I/O bandwidth scale with the number of OSTs a file is striped over. Also, since the locking of each object is managed independently for each OST, adding more stripes (one per OST) scales the file I/O locking capacity of the file proportionately. Each file created in the filesystem may specify different layout parameters, such as the stripe count (number of OST objects making up that file), stripe size (unit of data stored on each OST before moving to the next), and OST selection, so that performance and capacity can be tuned optimally for each file. When many application threads are reading or writing to separate files in parallel, it is optimal to have a single stripe per file, since the application is providing its own parallelism. When there are many threads reading or writing a single large file concurrently, then it is optimal to have one stripe on each OST to maximize the performance and capacity of that file.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: striping is used

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: the number of OST objects

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: dwindle

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: natural disasters

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: consumes more resources

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: If only one OST object is associated with an MDT inode,

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: single stripe per file,

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: size of a single target.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: a single stripe per file,

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: If only one OST object is associated with an MDT inode,

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: size of a single target.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: providing its own parallelism.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: parallelism.

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: RAID 0.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: size of a single target.

text: First of all, the carrying capacity can be the motivation to attract tourists visit the destination. The tourism industry, especially in national parks and protected areas, is subject to the concept of carrying capacity so as to determine the scale of tourist activities which can be sustained at specific times in different places. Various scholar over the years have developed several arguments developed about the definition of carrying capacity. Middleton and Hawkins defined carrying capacity as a measure of the tolerance of a site or building which is open to tourist activities, and the limit beyond which an area may suffer from the adverse impacts of tourism (Middleton & Hawkins, 1998). Chamberlain defined it as the level of human activity which an area can accommodate without either it deteriorating, the resident community being adversely affected or the quality of visitors' experience declining (Chamberlain, 1997).  Clark defined carrying capacity as a certain threshold (level) of tourism activity, beyond which there will be damage to the environment and its natural inhabitants (Clark, 1997).

text: First of all, the carrying capacity can be the motivation to attract tourists visit the destination. The tourism industry, especially in national parks and protected areas, is subject to the concept of carrying capacity so as to determine the scale of tourist activities which can be sustained at specific times in different places. Various scholar over the years have developed several arguments developed about the definition of carrying capacity. Middleton and Hawkins defined carrying capacity as a measure of the tolerance of a site or building which is open to tourist activities, and the limit beyond which an area may suffer from the adverse impacts of tourism (Middleton & Hawkins, 1998). Chamberlain defined it as the level of human activity which an area can accommodate without either it deteriorating, the resident community being adversely affected or the quality of visitors' experience declining (Chamberlain, 1997).  Clark defined carrying capacity as a certain threshold (level) of tourism activity, beyond which there will be damage to the environment and its natural inhabitants (Clark, 1997).

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: limit beyond which an area may suffer from the adverse impacts of tourism

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: unaffected

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: natural inhabitants

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: the resident community being adversely affected

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: beyond which there will be damage to the environment and its natural inhabitants

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: damage to the environment and its natural inhabitants

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: tourists

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: tourism

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: tourism

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: damage to the environment and its natural inhabitants

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: natural inhabitants

text: The ball size increases as the series increases, for any given inner diameter or outer diameter (not both). The larger the ball the greater the load carrying capacity. Series 200 and 300 are the most common.

text: The ball size increases as the series increases, for any given inner diameter or outer diameter (not both). The larger the ball the greater the load carrying capacity. Series 200 and 300 are the most common.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: the ball size increases

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: abiotic factors

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: is overpopulation

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: The ball size increases as the series increases,

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: The larger the ball the greater the load carrying capacity.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: series increases,

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: The larger the ball the greater the load carrying capacity.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: The ball size increases as the series increases,

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: inner diameter or outer diameter (not both).

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: The larger the ball the greater the load carrying capacity.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: The larger the ball the greater the load carrying capacity.

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: The larger the ball the greater the load carrying capacity.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: The larger the ball the greater the load carrying capacity.

text: David Pimentel has stated that "With the imbalance growing between population numbers and vital life sustaining resources, humans must actively conserve cropland, freshwater, energy, and biological resources. There is a need to develop renewable energy resources. Humans everywhere must understand that rapid population growth damages the Earth's resources and diminishes human well-being."

text: David Pimentel

text: has stated that "With the imbalance growing between population numbers and vital life sustaining resources, humans must actively conserve cropland, freshwater, energy, and biological resources. There is a need to develop renewable energy resources. Humans everywhere must understand that rapid population growth damages the Earth's resources and diminishes human well-being."

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: rapid population growth

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: resources

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: rapid population growth

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: renewable energy resources

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: imbalance

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: rapid population growth

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: rapid population growth

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: vital life sustaining resources,

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: conserve cropland, freshwater, energy, and biological resources.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: rapid population growth

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: population numbers and vital life sustaining resources,

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: rapid population growth

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: energy,

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: damages the Earth's resources and diminishes human well-being."

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: life sustaining resources,

text: When aircraft carriers supplanted battleships as the primary fleet capital ship, there were two schools of thought on the question of armor protection being included into the flight deck. The USN initially favored unarmored flight decks because they maximized aircraft carrier hangar and flight deck size, which in turn maximized aircraft capacity in the hangar, and on the flight deck, in the form of a permanent "deck park" for a large proportion of the aircraft carried. In 1936 the Royal Navy developed the armored flight deck aircraft carrier which also enclosed the hangar sides and ends with armor. The addition of armor to the flight deck offered aircraft below some protection against aerial bombs while the armored hangar sides and ends helped to minimize damage and casualties from explosions or fires within or outside the hangar. The addition of armor to the hangar forced a reduction in top-weight, so the hangar height was reduced, and this restricted the types of aircraft that these ships could carry, although the Royal Navy's armored carriers did carry spare aircraft in the hangar overheads. The armor also reduced the length of the flight deck, reducing the maximum aircraft capacity of the armored flight deck aircraft carrier. Additionally, Royal Navy aircraft carriers did not use a permanent deck park until approximately 1943; before then the aircraft capacity of RN aircraft carriers was limited to their hangar capacity. The 23,000 ton British Illustrious-class had a hangar capacity for 36 Swordfish sized aircraft and a single 458 ft x 62 ft x 16 ft ( 140m x 19m x 4.8m) hangar, but carried up to 57 aircraft with a permanent deck park while the 23,400 ton  featured increased hangar capacity with a 458 ft x 62 ft x 14 ft (140m x 19m x 4.3m) upper hangar and the addition of a 208 ft by 62 ft by 14 ft (63m x 19m x 4.3m) lower hangar, forward of the after elevator, which had a total capacity of 52 Swordfish sized aircraft or a mix of 48 late war aircraft in the hangar plus 24 aircraft in a permanent deck park, but carried up to 81 aircraft with a deck park. The 27,500 ton USN Essex class had a 654 ft x 70 ft x 17.5 ft (198m x 21m x 5.3m) hangar that was designed to handle a mix of 72 prewar USN aircraft. but carried up to 104 late war aircraft using both the hangar and a permanent deck park.  The experience of World War II caused the USN to change their design policy in favor of armored flight decks on much larger ships: "The main armor carried on Enterprise is the heavy armored flight deck. This was to prove a significant factor in the catastrophic fire and explosions that occurred on Enterprises flight deck in 1969. The US Navy learned its lesson the hard way during World War II when all its carriers had only armored hangar decks. All attack carriers built since the Midway class have had armored flight decks."

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: with a permanent deck park

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: population size

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: not enough food

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overpopulation

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: hangar capacity

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: armored flight deck

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: 57 aircraft with a permanent deck park

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: 36

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: 36 Swordfish sized aircraft

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: 57

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: Swordfish

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: 36 Swordfish

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: armor

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overheads.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: Swordfish

text: Although angler effects are sometimes disregarded in the overall picture today, recent population studies have shown that while all year classes are well represented up to the minimum legal angling size (now 60 centimetres in most states), above that size, numbers of fish are dramatically reduced almost to the point of non-existence in many waters. Some emphasis has been made of the results of two small surveys which suggested a majority of Murray cod are released by anglers. However, there are valid questions as to the representativeness of these surveys, these surveys do not explain the dramatic disappearance of large numbers of young Murray cod at exactly the minimum size limit, and most importantly, any emphasis on these surveys miss the fundamental point — as a large, long-lived species with relatively low fecundity and delayed sexual maturity wild Murray cod populations are extremely vulnerable to overfishing, even with only modest angler-kill. A tightening of fishing regulations for wild Murray cod, as referred to above, and a switch by fishermen to a largely catch and release approach for wild Murray cod would alleviate this problem. Recognising these issues, in late 2014 the New South Wales and Victorian fishery departments amended their regulations so that a slot limit of 55 to 75 cm now applies in these states. (I.e. Only Murray cod between 55 and 75 cm may be taken; those above and below this size range or "slot" must be released.) This measure should have positive effects for the Murray cod population by protecting and increasing the proportion of large breeding Murray cod.

text: Although angler effects are sometimes disregarded in the overall picture today, recent population studies have shown that while all year classes are well represented up to the minimum legal angling size (now 60 centimetres in most states), above that size, numbers of fish are dramatically reduced almost to the point of non-existence in many waters. Some emphasis has been made of the results of two small surveys which suggested a majority of Murray cod are released by anglers. However, there are valid questions as to the representativeness of these surveys, these surveys do not explain the dramatic disappearance of large numbers of young Murray cod at exactly the minimum size limit, and most importantly, any emphasis on these surveys miss the fundamental point — as a large, long-lived species with relatively low fecundity and delayed sexual maturity wild Murray cod populations are extremely vulnerable to overfishing, even with only modest angler-kill. A tightening of fishing regulations for wild Murray cod, as referred to above, and a switch by fishermen to a largely

text: catch and release

text: approach for wild Murray cod would alleviate this problem. Recognising these issues, in late 2014 the New South Wales and Victorian fishery departments amended their regulations so that a slot limit of 55 to 75 cm now applies in these states. (I.e. Only Murray cod between 55 and 75 cm may be taken; those above and below this size range or "slot" must be released.) This measure should have positive effects for the Murray cod population by protecting and increasing the proportion of large breeding Murray cod.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: above that size

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: overfishing

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: overfishing

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: low fecundity

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: fecundity

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overfishing

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: overfishing,

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: minimum legal angling size

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: overfishing,

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: non-existence

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: angler effects

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: minimum legal angling size

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: relatively low fecundity and delayed sexual maturity

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: large breeding Murray cod.

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overfishing,

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: overfishing,

text: The Allee effect is a phenomenon in biology characterized by a correlation between population size or density and the mean individual fitness (often measured as per capita population growth rate) of a population or species.

text: The Allee effect is a phenomenon in

text: biology

text: characterized by a correlation between population size or density and the mean individual

text: fitness

text: (often measured as

text: per capita

text: population growth rate

text: ) of a population or species.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population size or density

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: the Allee effect

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: the Allee effect

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: individual fitness

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: growth rate decreases

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: mean individual fitness (often measured as per capita population growth rate)

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population size or density and the mean individual fitness

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: mean individual fitness

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: density

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: The Allee effect

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: population size or density and the mean individual fitness

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: individual fitness

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: individual fitness

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: The Allee effect

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: mean individual fitness

text: List of medium-sized cities (population between 100,000 and 250,000) with a Japanese American population of at least 2.0% of the total population.

text: List of medium-sized cities (population between 100,000 and 250,000) with a Japanese American population of at least 2.0% of the total population.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population reaches 250,000

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: population density

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: natural selection

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: consumes more resources

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: medium-sized cities (population between 100,000 and 250,000)

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: 2.0% of the total population.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: total population.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: 2.0% of the total population.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Japanese American population of at least 2.0% of the total population.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: Japanese American population of at least 2.0% of the total population.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: 2.0% of the total population.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: medium-sized cities

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: 2.0% of the total population.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: Japanese American population of at least 2.0% of the total population.

text: A number of factors have contributed to the monkey's endangered status. First, an increase in deforestation has resulted in a significant reduction in resources and habitat; second, it is hunted for meat and pet markets. To counteract the decline in population, various attempts have been made to protect the species. In 1974, specimens were moved to Ngezi Forest on Pemba Island to try to re-establish the monkey's population. It had been found, however, that 20 years after the translocation to the island only one group of Zanzibar red colobus was found and with few sightings and interviews with locals, the population was estimated to be between 15 and 30 individuals. Researchers concluded that the group had certainly survived but did not increase in number possibly due to adverse relations with humans. Some locals in Pemba hold superstitions against the monkey because of the idea that it brings bad luck upon farmers. This may explain the reason that they have not significantly grown in population size.

text: A number of factors have contributed to the monkey's endangered status. First, an increase in

text: deforestation

text: has resulted in a significant reduction in resources and habitat; second, it is hunted for meat and pet markets. To counteract the decline in population, various attempts have been made to protect the species. In 1974, specimens were moved to

text: Ngezi Forest

text: on

text: Pemba Island

text: to try to re-establish the monkey's population. It had been found, however, that 20 years after the translocation to the island only one group of Zanzibar red colobus was found and with few sightings and interviews with locals, the population was estimated to be between 15 and 30 individuals. Researchers concluded that the group had certainly survived but did not increase in number possibly due to adverse relations with humans. Some locals in Pemba hold superstitions against the monkey because of the idea that it brings bad luck upon farmers. This may explain the reason that they have not significantly grown in population size.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: between 15 and 30 individuals

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: adverse relations with humans

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: adverse relations with humans

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: adverse relations with humans

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: endangered

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: population size

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: deforestation

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population size.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: adverse relations with humans.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: humans.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: humans.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: deforestation

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: adverse relations with humans.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: adverse relations with humans.

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: endangered status.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: reduction in resources and habitat;

text: Size and capacity

text: Size and capacity

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: During a natural disaster

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: it is large enough

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: capacity

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: be smaller

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: capacity

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: capacity

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: their reproductive capacity

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: size

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: is growing too fast

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: size

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: Size and capacity

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: Size and capacity

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: Size and capacity

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: Size and capacity

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Size and capacity

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: Size and capacity

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: Size and capacity

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: Size and capacity

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: Size and capacity

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: Size and capacity

text: Each of the current carrying conductors in the "core" is insulated by an individual thermoplastic sheath, coloured to indicate the purpose of the conductor concerned.  The Protective Earth conductor may also be covered with Green/Yellow (or Green only) insulation, although, in some countries, this conductor may be left as bare copper.   With cables where the current carrying conductors are of a large Cross Sectional Area (CSA) and current carrying capacity, the Protective Earth conductor may be found to be of a smaller CSA, with a lower continuous current carrying capacity.  The conductors used may be solid in cross-section or multi-stranded.

text: Each of the current carrying conductors in the "core" is insulated by an individual thermoplastic sheath, coloured to indicate the purpose of the conductor concerned.  The

text: Protective Earth

text: conductor may also be covered with Green/Yellow (or Green only) insulation, although, in some countries, this conductor may be left as bare copper.   With cables where the current carrying conductors are of a large Cross Sectional Area (CSA) and current carrying capacity, the Protective Earth conductor may be found to be of a smaller CSA, with a lower continuous current carrying capacity.  The conductors used may be solid in cross-section or multi-stranded.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: lower continuous current carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: Cross Sectional Area

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: lower

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overpopulation

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: large Cross Sectional Area

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: large Cross Sectional Area

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: Cross Sectional Area

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: lower continuous current carrying capacity.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Each

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: a large Cross Sectional Area

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: large Cross Sectional Area

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: lower continuous current carrying capacity.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: Cross Sectional Area

text: The system was due to have an initial capacity of 10,000 passengers per hour per direction (pphpd) expandable to 30,000 pphpd. In the opening year, the Jakarta Monorail was planned to carry on average 274,000 people per day with plans to scale up capacity size quickly as the design capacity is set to carry 35,000 passengers per hour per direction.

text: The system was due to have an initial capacity of 10,000 passengers per hour per direction (pphpd) expandable to 30,000 pphpd. In the opening year, the Jakarta Monorail was planned to carry on average 274,000 people per day with plans to scale up capacity size quickly as the design capacity is set to carry 35,000 passengers per hour per direction.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: 35,000 passengers per hour per direction

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: capacity

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overpopulation

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: 274,000 people per day

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: 274,000 people per day

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: capacity

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: 30,000 pphpd.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: 274,000 people per day

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: 30,000 pphpd.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: scale up capacity size quickly

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: capacity

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: 274,000 people per day with plans to scale up capacity size quickly

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: 10,000 passengers per hour per direction

text: The males do not show discrete size dimorphism unlike other bees and all are able to fly. The females are bigger than the males with a slightly larger head size. There is no correlation of how big the female bee is compared to the amount of pollen that is being transferred. The carrying capacity is about 6.3 to 37.5% of its own body weight.

text: The males do not show discrete

text: size dimorphism

text: unlike other bees and all are able to fly. The females are bigger than the males with a slightly larger head size. There is no correlation of how big the female bee is compared to the amount of pollen that is being transferred. The carrying capacity is about 6.3 to 37.5% of its own body weight.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: 6.3 to 37.5% of its body weight

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: size dimorphism

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: The females are bigger than the males

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: pollen

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: may become overpopulated

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: pollen that is being transferred.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: 6.3 to 37.5% of its own body weight.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: amount of pollen that is being transferred.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: 6.3 to 37.5% of its own body weight.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: The males do not show discrete size dimorphism

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: 6.3 to 37.5% of its own body weight.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: females are bigger than the males with a slightly larger head size.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: pollen

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: 6.3 to 37.5% of its own body weight.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: 6.3 to 37.5% of its own body weight.

text: The distinction between the two terms is based on whether or not the population in question exhibits a critical population size or density. A population exhibiting a weak Allee effect will possess a reduced per capita growth rate (directly related to individual fitness of the population) at lower population density or size. However, even at this low population size or density, the population will always exhibit a positive per capita growth rate. Meanwhile, a population exhibiting a strong Allee effect will have a critical population size or density under which the population growth rate becomes negative. Therefore, when the population density or size hits a number below this threshold, the population will be destined for extinction without any further aid. A strong Allee effect is often easier to demonstrate empirically using time series data, as one can pinpoint the population size or density at which per capita growth rate becomes negative.

text: The distinction between the two terms is based on whether or not the population in question exhibits a

text: critical population size or density

text: . A population exhibiting a weak Allee effect will possess a reduced per capita growth rate (directly related to individual fitness of the population) at lower population density or size. However, even at this low population size or density, the population will always exhibit a positive per capita growth rate. Meanwhile, a population exhibiting a strong Allee effect will have a critical population size or density under which the population growth rate becomes negative. Therefore, when the population density or size hits a number below this threshold, the population will be destined for extinction without any further aid. A strong Allee effect is often easier to demonstrate empirically using time series data, as one can pinpoint the population size or density at which per capita growth rate becomes negative.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: when the population density or size hits a number below this threshold

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population density or size hits a number below this threshold

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: critical population size or density

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: destined for extinction

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: individual fitness

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: destined for extinction

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: critical population size or density

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: when the population density or size hits a number below this threshold,

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: critical population size or density.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: critical population size or density.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: extinction

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: critical population size or density.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: critical population size or density.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: individual fitness

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: individual fitness

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: extinction

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: critical population size or density.

text: A particularly important case is that of carrying capacity that varies periodically with period T:

text: A particularly important case is that of carrying capacity that varies periodically with period T:

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: periodic with period T

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: it receives a large amount of rainfall

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: period T

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: period T

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: Period T

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: carrying capacity will decrease

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: period T:

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: T:

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: varies periodically with period T:

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: carrying capacity that varies periodically with period T:

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: carrying capacity that varies periodically with period T:

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: carrying capacity that varies periodically with period T:

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: T:

text: Stephen Stepanian filed a patent application for the first truck mixer in 1916.  Trucks weigh , and can carry roughly  of concrete although many varying sizes of Mixer Truck are currently in use. The most common truck capacity is .

text: Stephen Stepanian

text: filed a patent application for the first truck mixer in 1916.  Trucks weigh , and can carry roughly  of concrete although many varying sizes of Mixer Truck are currently in use. The most common truck capacity is .

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: it has a lot of trucks

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: abiotic factors

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: dwindle

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overpopulates

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: Stephen Stepanian

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: Trucks

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: varying sizes

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: concrete

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: truck mixer in 1916.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: Trucks weigh,

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: Stephen Stepanian filed a patent application for the first truck mixer

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: Trucks

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: truck mixer in 1916.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: Trucks weigh,

text: The identification of a factor as limiting is of use only in distinction to one or more other factors which is/are non-limiting. Disciplines differ in their use of the term as to whether they allow the simultaneous existence of more than one limiting factor (which may then be called "co-limiting"), but they all require the existence of at least one non-limiting factor when the terms are used. When all factors are limiting.

text: The identification of a factor as limiting is of use only in distinction to one or more other factors which is/are non-limiting. Disciplines differ in their use of the term as to whether they allow the simultaneous existence of more than one limiting factor (which may then be called "co-limiting"), but they all require the existence of at least one non-limiting factor when the terms are used. When all factors are limiting.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: all factors are limiting

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: limiting factors

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: non-limiting

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: non-limiting

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: limiting

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: When all factors are limiting.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: When all factors are limiting.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: When all factors are limiting.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: non-limiting.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: The identification of a factor as limiting

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: When all factors are limiting.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: existence of more than one limiting factor

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: existence of more than one limiting factor

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: limiting

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: "co-limiting"),

text: The expected number of generations for fixation to occur is proportional to the population size, such that fixation is predicted to occur much more rapidly in smaller populations. Normally the effective population size, which is smaller than the total population, is used to determine these probabilities. The effective population (N) takes into account factors such as the level of inbreeding, the stage of the lifecycle in which the population is the smallest, and the fact that some neutral genes are genetically linked to others that are under selection. The effective population size may not be the same for every gene in the same population.

text: The expected number of generations for fixation to occur is

text: proportional

text: to the population size, such that fixation is predicted to occur much more rapidly in smaller populations. Normally the effective population size, which is smaller than the total population, is used to determine these probabilities. The effective population (N) takes into account factors such as the level of

text: inbreeding

text: , the stage of the lifecycle in which the population is the smallest, and the fact that some neutral genes are genetically linked to others that are under selection. The effective population size may not be the same for every gene in the same population.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: stage of the lifecycle

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population size is proportional to the population size

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: the expected number of generations for fixation to occur

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: the level of inbreeding

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: inbreeding

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: fixation is predicted to occur much more rapidly

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: inbreeding

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: the stage of the lifecycle

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: smaller populations.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: effective population size,

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: fixation is predicted to occur much more rapidly in smaller populations.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: The expected number of generations

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: The effective population size

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: inbreeding,

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: level of inbreeding,

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: fixation is predicted to occur much more rapidly in smaller populations.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: level of inbreeding,

text: The elevation is  above sea level. It is  in size. The population is 104 (INE 2011). The postal code is 33890.

text: The elevation is

text: above sea level

text: . It is  in size. The population is 104 (INE 2011). The postal code is 33890.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: in a small town

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: 104 people live there

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: elevation

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: no longer exist

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: not enough food

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: elevation

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overpopulation

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: 104

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: 104

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: elevation is above sea level.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: 104

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: 104

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: The elevation is above sea level.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: The elevation is above sea level.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: elevation is above sea level.

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: 104

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: 104

text: where u is the mutation rate, and N is the effective population size. The effective number of alleles n maintained in a population is defined as the inverse of the homozygosity, that is

text: where u is the mutation rate, and N is the

text: effective population size

text: . The effective number of alleles n maintained in a population is defined as the inverse of the homozygosity, that is

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: mutation rate

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: it has enough alleles

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: mutation rate

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: changes in population size

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: population size

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: mutation rate

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: mutation rate

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: consumes more resources

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: population size

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: mutation rate,

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: N is the effective population size.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: mutation rate,

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: N is the effective population size.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: inverse of the homozygosity,

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: mutation rate,

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: mutation rate,

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: mutation rate,

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: u is the mutation rate,

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: mutation rate,

text: Establishing plausible relatedness between different surnames data-mined from a database is significantly more difficult.  The researcher must establish that the very nearest member of the population in question, chosen purposely from the population for that reason, would be unlikely to match by accident.  This is more than establishing that a randomly selected member of the population is unlikely to have such a close match by accident.  Because of the difficulty, establishing relatedness between different surnames as in such a scenario is likely to be impossible, except in special cases where there is specific information to drastically limit the size of the population of candidates under consideration.

text: Establishing plausible relatedness between different surnames data-mined from a database is significantly more difficult.  The researcher must establish that the very nearest member of the population in question, chosen purposely from the population for that reason, would be unlikely to match by accident.  This is more than establishing that a randomly selected member of the population is unlikely to have such a close match by accident.  Because of the difficulty, establishing relatedness between different surnames as in such a scenario is likely to be impossible, except in special cases where there is specific information to drastically limit the size of the population of candidates under consideration.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: in special cases

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population is too small

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: specific information

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: has a resource scarcity problem

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: specific information to drastically limit the size of the population of candidates under consideration.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: drastically limit the size

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: specific information

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: impossible,

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Establishing

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: specific information to drastically limit the size

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: specific information

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: relatedness

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: impossible,

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: specific information to drastically limit the size of the population of candidates under consideration.

text: Para Wirra Conservation Park is not only important as an educational resource, but also for its conservation and recreation value. The boundary of the conservation park is contiguous with, and forms part of a  block of native vegetation. As only twenty six percent (26%) of the Mount Lofty Ranges remains uncleared, a block of native vegetation of this size is important in terms of its representativeness of vegetation types, for the maintenance of diversity of animal and plant species, maintenance of water quality, and as a valuable recreational resource for the community. Para Wirra Conservation Park also provides a range of recreation opportunities consistent with its conservation significance and its importance and proximity to the expanding population of the northern metropolitan area.

text: Para Wirra Conservation Park is not only important as an educational resource, but also for its conservation and recreation value. The boundary of the conservation park is contiguous with, and forms part of a  block of native vegetation. As only twenty six percent (26%) of the Mount Lofty Ranges remains uncleared, a block of native vegetation of this size is important in terms of its representativeness of vegetation types, for the maintenance of diversity of animal and plant species, maintenance of water quality, and as a valuable recreational resource for the community. Para Wirra Conservation Park also provides a range of recreation opportunities consistent with its conservation significance and its importance and proximity to the expanding population of the northern metropolitan area.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: expanding population

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: diversity

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: lessen

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: expands

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: expanding population

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: expanding population

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: diversity of animal and plant species,

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: maintenance of diversity of animal and plant species,

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: expanding population of the northern metropolitan area.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: uncleared,

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: expanding population

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: diversity of animal and plant species, maintenance of water quality,

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: expanding population of the northern metropolitan area.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: native vegetation.

text: SD card speed is customarily rated by its sequential read or write speed. The sequential performance aspect is the most relevant for storing and retrieving large files (relative to block sizes internal to the flash memory), such as images and multimedia. Small data (such as file names, sizes and timestamps) falls under the much lower speed limit of random access, which can be the limiting factor in some use cases.

text: SD card speed is customarily rated by its sequential read or write speed. The sequential performance aspect is the most relevant for storing and retrieving large files (relative to block sizes internal to the

text: flash memory

text: ), such as images and multimedia. Small data (such as file names, sizes and timestamps) falls under the much lower

text: speed limit of random access

text: , which can be the limiting factor in some use cases.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: no longer exist

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: can be the limiting factor

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: SD card speed is customarily

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: block sizes internal to the flash memory),

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: sequential read or write speed.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: much lower speed limit of random access,

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: SD

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: random access,

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: random access,

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: SD card speed

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: limiting factor

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: limiting factor

text: Tank trucks are described by their size or volume capacity. Large trucks typically have capacities ranging from . In Australia, road trains up to three cars long (known as A-Triple tankers) carry loads in excess of 100,000 L. Longer road trains transporting liquids are also in use.

text: Tank trucks are described by their size or volume capacity. Large trucks typically have capacities ranging from . In Australia,

text: road train

text: s up to three cars long (known as A-Triple tankers) carry loads in excess of 100,000 L. Longer road trains transporting liquids are also in use.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: loads are too heavy

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: population size

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: no longer exist

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: nutrient

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overconsumes

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: Tank trucks are described by their size or volume capacity.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: Tank trucks are described by their size or volume capacity.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: Tank trucks are described by their size or volume capacity.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: 100,000 L.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Tank trucks are described by their size or volume capacity.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: size or volume capacity.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: Tank trucks are described by their size or volume capacity.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: size or volume capacity.

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: Tank trucks are described by their size or volume capacity.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: size or volume capacity.

text: Boeing has proposed that a larger variant of the X-37B, the X-37C could be built to carry up to six passengers up to LEO.  The spaceplane would also be usable for carrying cargo, with both upmass and downmass (return to Earth) cargo capacity.  The ideal size for the proposed derivative "is approximately 165 to 180 percent of the current X-37B."

text: Boeing has proposed that a larger variant of the X-37B, the X-37C could be built to carry up to six passengers up to

text: LEO

text: .  The spaceplane would also be usable for carrying cargo, with both

text: upmass

text: and

text: downmass

text: (return to Earth) cargo capacity.  The ideal size for the proposed derivative "is approximately 165 to 180 percent of the current X-37B."

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: LEO

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: ideal size

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overpopulation

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: (return to Earth)

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: LEO.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: 165 to 180 percent of the current X-37B."

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: six passengers up to LEO.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Boeing has proposed that a larger variant of the X-37B,

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: upmass and downmass (return to Earth)

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: Boeing has proposed that a larger variant of the X-37B,

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: cargo,

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: X-37B,

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: six passengers up to LEO.

text: Synchronous motors are available in sub-fractional self-excited sizes to high-horsepower industrial sizes. In the fractional horsepower range, most synchronous motors are used where precise constant speed is required. These machines are commonly used in analog electric clocks, timers and other devices where correct time is required.In high-horsepower industrial sizes, the synchronous motor provides two important functions. First, it is a highly efficient means of converting AC energy to work. Second, it can operate at leading or unity power factor and thereby provide power-factor correction.

text: Synchronous motors are available in sub-fractional self-excited sizes to high-horsepower industrial sizes. In the fractional horsepower range, most synchronous motors are used where precise constant speed is required. These machines are commonly used in analog electric clocks, timers and other devices where correct time is required.In high-horsepower industrial sizes, the synchronous motor provides two important functions. First, it is a highly efficient means of converting AC energy to work. Second, it can operate at leading or unity

text: power factor

text: and thereby provide power-factor correction.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: it has enough resources

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: abiotic factors

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: lessen

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: consumes too much

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: Synchronous motors

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: leading or unity power factor

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: converting AC energy

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: Synchronous motors

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Synchronous motors

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: Synchronous motors

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: Synchronous motors

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: converting AC energy

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: Synchronous motors

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: Synchronous motors

text: The neurotrophic theory is the leading hypothesis used to explain the role of programmed cell death in the developing nervous system. It postulates that in order to ensure optimal innervation of targets, a surplus of neurons is first produced which then compete for limited quantities of protective neurotrophic factors and only a fraction survive while others die by programmed cell death. Furthermore, the theory states that predetermined factors regulate the amount of neurons that survive and the size of the innervating neuronal population directly correlates to the influence of their target field.

text: The neurotrophic theory is the leading hypothesis used to explain the role of programmed cell death in the developing nervous system. It postulates that in order to ensure optimal innervation of targets, a surplus of neurons is first produced which then compete for limited quantities of protective

text: neurotrophic factors

text: and only a fraction survive while others die by programmed cell death. Furthermore, the theory states that predetermined factors regulate the amount of neurons that survive and the size of the innervating neuronal population directly correlates to the influence of their target field.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: programmed cell death

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: it has a surplus of neurons

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: predetermined factors

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: to ensure optimal innervation

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: dies

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: die by programmed cell death.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: a surplus of neurons

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: influence of their target field.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: die by programmed cell death.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: The neurotrophic theory

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: target field.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: in order to ensure optimal innervation of targets,

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: influence of their target field.

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: die by programmed cell death.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: predetermined factors regulate the amount of neurons that survive

text: There are three widely recognized design philosophies in advanced race design: hyper-growth (HG), hyper-production (HP), and tri-immune-HE.  HG emphasises empire size, with high population growth rate and high rates of planet habitability.  The Claim Adjuster, Hyper Expansion, and War Monger Primary Racial Traits tend toward HG, although other PRTs may also go the HG route.  HP focuses on maximum potential per planet, with very good factory settings, usually sacrificing population-produced resources and small amounts of population growth rate and habitability (relative to HG).  The Super Stealth PRT has the strongest tendency toward HP, although other PRTs may go the HP route.  The Hyper Expansion PRT with immunity to all three environmental factors and very low population growth rate is the original heavy-hitter of advanced play, earning a perpetual mention in race design discussions.  However, modern HG and HP races have surpassed it in performance, and triple immunity is no longer considered the best approach.

text: There are three widely recognized design philosophies in advanced race design: hyper-growth (HG), hyper-production (HP), and tri-immune-HE.  HG emphasises empire size, with high population growth rate and high rates of planet habitability.  The Claim Adjuster, Hyper Expansion, and War Monger Primary Racial Traits tend toward HG, although other PRTs may also go the HG route.  HP focuses on maximum potential per planet, with very good factory settings, usually sacrificing population-produced resources and small amounts of population growth rate and habitability (relative to HG).  The Super Stealth PRT has the strongest tendency toward HP, although other PRTs may go the HP route.  The Hyper Expansion PRT with immunity to all three environmental factors and very low population growth rate is the original heavy-hitter of advanced play, earning a perpetual mention in race design discussions.  However, modern HG and HP races have surpassed it in performance, and triple immunity is no longer considered the best approach.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: very low population growth

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: HG

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: HG

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: HG

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: hyper-growth

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: environmental factors

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: HP

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: high population growth rate and high rates of planet habitability.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: three environmental factors

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: high population growth rate and high rates of planet habitability.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: hyper-growth

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: immunity to all three environmental factors

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: high population growth rate

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: immunity

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: low population growth rate

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: environmental factors

text: What-kind of net to-be used, depends upon many factors , (such-as the factors that could determine force of the impact) such as falling-objects's speed and mass.  To encounter more-force, a more total-width of the net, is required. The minimum-distance of the spot on net at which object impacted, and the edge of net (nearest-edge), matters, and to be kept more than certain-limit. There is role of materials  used to make the ropes of net (such-as an iron-rod-grid will-not work as-good-as flexible and extensible ropes), and the tension or stretch used to make the net (stored in the ropes), also have  some roles.  The net is to be set at an appropriate height from the hard-ground, so-that the object, along-with the rope, does not clash with the hard-ground. The mesh-hole size should-not be so-big that falling object/people/part-of-it could pass through the holes.

text: What-kind of net to-be used, depends upon many factors , (such-as the factors that could determine force of the impact) such as falling-objects's speed and mass.  To encounter more-force, a more total-width of the net, is required. The minimum-distance of the spot on net at which object impacted, and the edge of net (nearest-edge), matters, and to be kept more than certain-limit. There is role of materials  used to make the ropes of net (such-as an iron-rod-grid will-not work as-good-as flexible and extensible ropes), and the tension or stretch used to make the net (stored in the ropes), also have  some roles.  The net is to be set at an appropriate height from the hard-ground, so-that the object, along-with the rope, does not clash with the hard-ground. The mesh-hole size should-not be so-big that falling object/people/part-of-it could pass through the holes.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: it has a net

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: many factors

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: lessen

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overpopulation

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: falling object/people/part-of-it

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: The mesh-hole size should-not be so-big

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: many factors,

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: The mesh-hole size should-not be so-big

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: The mesh-hole size should-not be so-big

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: hard-ground,

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: certain-limit.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: falling-objects's speed and mass.

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: To encounter more-force,

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: The mesh-hole size should-not be so-big

text: Situated at  above sea level, it is in size, with a population of 6500 (INE 2009).  The postal code is 33430.

text: Situated at

text: above sea level

text: , it is in size, with a population of 6500 (

entity_name: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (Spain)

text: INE

text: 2009).  The postal code is 33430.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: it has enough people

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: location

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: no longer exist

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: habitat is too small

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: above sea level

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overpopulation

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: 6500

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: 6500

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: above sea level,

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: 6500

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: 6500

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: above sea level,

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: above sea level,

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: above sea level,

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: 6500

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: 6500

text: Little is known about territory size and territorial behavior because observation is difficult in the wild.  Males are thought to have home ranges between  and females between  with ranges of the sexes overlapping.  High numbers of mice are attracted to sudden and temporary food supplies (such as ripened berries) but what appears to be a colony established in the vicinity of the food may only be a temporary camp while the supply lasts. The average population density, in favorable habitat, is 7.5 per ha. Population density estimates range though from 0.64 to 59 per ha.

text: Little is known about territory size and territorial behavior because observation is difficult in the wild.  Males are thought to have home ranges between  and females between  with ranges of the sexes overlapping.  High numbers of mice are attracted to sudden and temporary food supplies (such as ripened berries) but what appears to be a colony established in the vicinity of the food may only be a temporary camp while the supply lasts. The average population density, in favorable habitat, is 7.5 per

text: ha

text: . Population density estimates range though from 0.64 to 59 per ha.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: in favorable habitat

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population density is 7.5 per ha

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: habitat

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: habitat is favourable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: habitat

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: is overpopulating

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: population density

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: temporary food supplies

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: The average population density,

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: favorable habitat,

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: 7.5 per ha.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: The average population density,

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: population density,

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: attracted to sudden and temporary food supplies

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: food supplies

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: temporary camp while the supply lasts.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: population density,

text: In population ecology and economics, maximum sustainable yield or MSY is theoretically, the largest yield (or catch) that can be taken from a species' stock over an indefinite period.  Fundamental to the notion of sustainable harvest, the concept of MSY aims to maintain the population size at the point of maximum growth rate by harvesting the individuals that would normally be added to the population, allowing the population to continue to be productive indefinitely.  Under the assumption of logistic growth, resource limitation does not constrain individuals’ reproductive rates when populations are small, but because there are few individuals, the overall yield is small.  At intermediate population densities, also represented by half the carrying capacity, individuals are able to breed to their maximum rate.  At this point, called the maximum sustainable yield, there is a surplus of individuals that can be harvested because growth of the population is at its maximum point due to the large number of reproducing individuals.  Above this point, density dependent factors increasingly limit breeding until the population reaches carrying capacity.  At this point, there are no surplus individuals to be harvested and yield drops to zero.  The maximum sustainable yield is usually higher than the optimum sustainable yield and maximum economic yield.

text: In

text: population ecology

text: and

text: economics

text: , maximum sustainable yield or MSY is theoretically, the largest yield (or catch) that can be taken from a species' stock over an indefinite period.  Fundamental to the notion of

text: sustainable harvest

text: , the concept of MSY aims to maintain the population size at the point of maximum growth rate by harvesting the individuals that would normally be added to the population, allowing the population to continue to be productive indefinitely.  Under the assumption of

text: logistic growth

text: , resource limitation does not constrain individuals’ reproductive rates when populations are small, but because there are few individuals, the overall yield is small.  At intermediate population densities, also represented by half the

text: carrying capacity

text: , individuals are able to breed to their maximum rate.  At this point, called the maximum sustainable yield, there is a surplus of individuals that can be harvested because growth of the population is at its maximum point due to the large number of reproducing individuals.  Above this point, density dependent factors increasingly limit breeding until the population reaches carrying capacity.  At this point, there are no surplus individuals to be harvested and yield drops to zero.  The maximum sustainable yield is usually higher than the

text: optimum sustainable yield

text: and

text: maximum economic yield

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: population reaches carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: no surplus individuals to be harvested and yield drops to zero

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: density dependent factors increasingly limit breeding

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: large number of reproducing individuals

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: reaches carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: density dependent factors

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: the population reaches carrying capacity.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: the population

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: maximum growth rate

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: zero.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: maximum sustainable yield

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: density dependent factors increasingly limit breeding until the population reaches carrying capacity.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: growth of the population is at its maximum point

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: large number of reproducing individuals.

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: density dependent factors increasingly limit breeding until the population reaches carrying capacity.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: density dependent factors

text: -	Contaminants can modify the distribution of individuals in a population, effective population size, mutation rate and migration rate

text: -	Contaminants can modify the distribution of individuals in a population, effective population size, mutation rate and migration rate

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: contaminates

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: contaminant levels are low

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: Contaminants

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: mutation rate

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: mutates

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: Contaminants

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: effective population size, mutation rate and migration rate

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: Contaminants

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: effective population size, mutation rate and migration rate

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: migration rate

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: Contaminants

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: Contaminants

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: effective population size, mutation rate and migration rate

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: effective population size, mutation rate and migration rate

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: effective population size, mutation rate and migration rate

text: RDBPs may be seen (in a wider sense) as so-called controlled controlled branching processes. They were introduced by F. Thomas Bruss (1983)) with the objective to model different society structures and to compare the advantages and disadvantages of different forms of human societies. In these processes individuals have a means of interaction with the society which determines the rules how the current available resources should be distributed among them. This interaction (as e.g. in form of emigration) changes the effective rate of reproduction of the individuals remaining in the society. In that respect RDBPs have some parts in common with so-called population-size dependent BPs (see Klebaner (1984) and Klebaner & Jagers (2000)) in which the law of individual independent reproduction (see Galton-Watson process) is a function of the current population size.

text: RDBPs may be seen (in a wider sense) as so-called controlled controlled branching processes. They were introduced by

text: F. Thomas Bruss

text: (1983)) with the objective to model different society structures and to compare the advantages and disadvantages of different forms of human societies. In these processes individuals have a means of interaction with the society which determines the rules how the current available resources should be distributed among them. This interaction (as e.g. in form of emigration) changes the effective rate of reproduction of the individuals remaining in the society. In that respect RDBPs have some parts in common with so-called population-size dependent BPs (see Klebaner (1984) and Klebaner & Jagers (2000)) in which the law of individual independent reproduction (see

text: Galton-Watson process

text: ) is a function of the current population size.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population-size dependent

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: law of individual independent reproduction

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: emigrates

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: population size

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: emigration)

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: current population size.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: the law of individual independent reproduction

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: emigration)

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: changes the effective rate of reproduction of the individuals remaining in the society.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: current population size.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: emigration)

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: emigration)

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: emigration)

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: current population size.

text: Five years after the pioneering flight of the Wright brothers on 17 December 1903, Thomas Selfridge became the first fatality of powered flight while flying as a passenger with Orville Wright during a demonstration of the Wright Model A at Fort Myer, Virginia, on 17 September 1908. Eugène Lefebvre was the first pilot killed in a power airplane in 1909, while the first fatal mid-air collision occurred on 19 June 1912, near Douai, France, killing the pilot of each aircraft. Since the deaths of these early aviation pioneers, the scale of fatal aircraft accidents has grown parallel to the size and capacity of airplanes (the highest capacity passenger aircraft currently flying is the Airbus A380 which can carry up to 853 passengers).

text: Five years after the pioneering flight of the

text: Wright brothers

text: on 17 December 1903,

text: Thomas Selfridge

text: became the first fatality of powered flight while flying as a passenger with Orville Wright during a demonstration of the

text: Wright Model A

text: at

text: Fort Myer

text: , Virginia, on 17 September 1908.

text: Eugène Lefebvre

text: was the first pilot killed in a power airplane in 1909, while the first fatal mid-air collision occurred on 19 June 1912, near

text: Douai

text: , France, killing the pilot of each aircraft. Since the deaths of these early aviation pioneers, the scale of fatal aircraft accidents has grown parallel to the size and capacity of airplanes (the highest capacity passenger aircraft currently flying is the

text: Airbus A380

text: which can carry up to 853 passengers).

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: the highest capacity passenger aircraft currently flying is the Airbus A380

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: fatal aircraft accidents

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overpopulation

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: 17 December 1903,

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: fatal aircraft accidents has grown parallel to the size and capacity of airplanes

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: size and capacity of airplanes

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: Airbus A380

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Wright Model A at Fort Myer, Virginia, on 17 September 1908.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: size and capacity of airplanes

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: size and capacity of airplanes

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: size and capacity of airplanes

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: fatality

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: size and capacity of airplanes

text: Relations between the two largest groups, Macedonians and Albanians, are sometimes difficult, as in the rest of the country. Each group tolerate the other but they tend to avoid each other and live in what can appear as two parallel worlds. The Roma minority is on its side very deprived. Its exact size is not known because many Macedonian Roma declare themselves as belonging to other ethnic groups or simply avoid censuses. However, even if official figures are underestimated, Skopje is the city in the world with the largest Roma population.

text: Relations between the two largest groups, Macedonians and Albanians, are sometimes difficult, as in the rest of the country. Each group tolerate the other but they tend to avoid each other and live in what can appear as two parallel worlds. The Roma minority is on its side very deprived. Its exact size is not known because many Macedonian Roma declare themselves as belonging to other ethnic groups or simply avoid censuses. However, even if official figures are underestimated, Skopje is the city in the world with the largest Roma population.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population is too large

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: not known

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: dwindle

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: deprived

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: censuses.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: censuses.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: censuses.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: avoid each other and live in what can appear as two parallel worlds.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Macedonian Roma declare themselves as belonging to other ethnic groups

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: avoid each other

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: avoid censuses.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: censuses.

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: deprived.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: The Roma minority is on its side very deprived. Its exact size

text: Once a city is founded, it will automatically begin extracting resources from surrounding spaces; the amount of spaces it can extract from is determined by the city's population size. The game automatically allocates the spaces a city uses and how its resources are maintained as the city grows, but the player is free to manage the city directly. This feature can be utilized to turn a part of the population into one of several specialized occupations; at the cost of having one less space from the city, these specialists increase gathering and production of the resources of their targeted specializations. If the specialists are assigned to be "idle", they generate the "happiness" resource for a city; a city that is "unhappy" may fall into a brief period of rioting where no production can occur.

text: Once a city is founded, it will automatically begin extracting resources from surrounding spaces; the amount of spaces it can extract from is determined by the city's population size. The game automatically allocates the spaces a city uses and how its resources are maintained as the city grows, but the player is free to manage the city directly. This feature can be utilized to turn a part of the population into one of several specialized occupations; at the cost of having one less space from the city, these specialists increase gathering and production of the resources of their targeted specializations. If the specialists are assigned to be "idle", they generate the "happiness" resource for a city; a city that is "unhappy" may fall into a brief period of rioting where no production can occur.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population size

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: resources

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: resources

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: unhappy

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: population size

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: as the city grows,

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population size.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: surrounding spaces;

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: determined by the city's population size.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: specialized occupations;

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: population size.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: at the cost of having one less space

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: resources from surrounding spaces;

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: rioting

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: population size.

text: A (population) effect size θ based on means usually considers the standardized mean difference between two populations

text: A (population) effect size θ based on means usually considers the standardized mean difference between two populations

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: it has a standardized mean difference between two populations

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: standardized mean differences

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: based on means

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no one

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: population effect size

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: standardized mean difference

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: has an effect size

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no answe

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: standardized mean difference between two populations

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: standardized mean difference between two populations

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: standardized mean difference between two populations

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: standardized mean difference between two populations

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: standardized mean difference between two populations

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: standardized mean difference between two populations

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: (population) effect size

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: standardized mean difference between two populations

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: effect size

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: standardized mean difference between two populations

text: The various factors contributing to the risk of civil war rise increase with population size. The risk of a civil war rises approximately proportionately with the size of a country's population.

text: The various factors contributing to the risk of civil war rise increase with population size. The risk of a civil war rises approximately proportionately with the size of a country's population.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: it has too many people

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: population size

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: risks civil war

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: The various factors contributing to the risk of civil war rise increase with population size.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population size.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: The various factors contributing to the risk of civil war rise increase with population size.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: population size.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: The various factors contributing to the risk of civil war rise increase with population size.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: population size.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: population size.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: risk of civil war rise increase with population size.

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: civil war

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: population size.

text: Originally a Union Steamship Company of British Columbia vessel, she was the smallest ship ever custom ordered for them. She was built 1937 at A. & J. Inglis in Glasgow and originally christened Lady Sylvia when launched in 1937.  The ship was 104.8 feet long, with a 21.2 foot beam and 14.3 depth of hold.  The ship's overall size was 199 gross tons.  The original engines were built by the National Gas and Oil Company, an English firm, and consisted of the main unit, a 220 horsepower diesel engine with a 28-horsepower reserve unit,  The ship's speed was 11.5 knots.   The ship was licensed to carry 130 people in the summer and 70 in the winter.  Cargo capacity was 25 tons.

text: Originally a

entity_name: Union Steamship Company of British Columbia

text: Union Steamship Company of British Columbia

text: vessel, she was the smallest ship ever custom ordered for them. She was built 1937 at

text: A. & J. Inglis

text: in

text: Glasgow

text: and originally christened Lady Sylvia when launched in 1937.  The ship was 104.8 feet long, with a 21.2 foot beam and 14.3 depth of hold.  The ship's overall size was 199 gross tons.  The original engines were built by the National Gas and Oil Company, an English firm, and consisted of the main unit, a 220

text: horsepower

text: diesel engine with a 28-horsepower reserve unit,  The ship's speed was 11.5 knots.   The ship was licensed to carry 130 people in the summer and 70 in the winter.  Cargo capacity was 25 tons.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: winter

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: Cargo capacity is 25 tons

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: population size

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: not enough food

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: Cargo

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overpopulation

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: winter.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: 130 people in the summer and 70 in the winter.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: 130 people in the summer and 70 in the winter.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: 25 tons.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: 130

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: 130 people in the summer and 70 in the winter.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: a 28-horsepower reserve unit,

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: Cargo capacity

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: 130 people in the summer and 70 in the winter.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: Cargo capacity was 25 tons.

text: The Population Council of Japan was a domestic assembly appointed by the Japanese Government that helped to address the imbalance between population and resources that Japan began facing following the post-World War II introduction of Western medicine. Its first major solution was an urging of the Japanese government to make available family size control through contraception, and it emphasized that abortion was not the best solution.

text: The Population Council of Japan was a domestic assembly appointed by the Japanese Government that helped to address the imbalance between population and resources that

text: Japan

text: began facing following the post-World War II introduction of Western medicine. Its first major solution was an urging of the Japanese government to make available family size control through

text: contraception

text: , and it emphasized that

text: abortion

text: was not the best solution.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: post-World War II

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: no resources are available

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: resources

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: dwindle

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: contraception

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: imbalance

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: family size control through contraception,

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population and resources

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: resources

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: abortion

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: The Population Council of Japan

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: resources

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: Western medicine.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: Western medicine.

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: imbalance

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: resources

text: A civil parish can range in size from a large town with a population of around 80,000 to a single village with fewer than a hundred inhabitants.  In a limited number of cases a parish might include a whole city where city status has been granted by the Monarch.  Reflecting this diverse nature, a civil parish may be known as a town, village, neighbourhood or community by resolution of its parish council.  Approximately 35% of the English population live in a civil parish. As of 31 December 2015 there were 10,449 parishes in England.

text: A civil parish can range in size from a large

text: town

text: with a population of around 80,000 to a single

text: village

text: with fewer than a hundred inhabitants.  In a limited number of cases a parish might include a whole city where

text: city status

text: has been granted by the

text: Monarch

text: .  Reflecting this diverse nature, a civil parish may be known as a town, village,

text: neighbourhood

text: or

text: community

text: by resolution of its

text: parish council

text: .  Approximately 35% of the English population live in a civil parish. As of 31 December 2015 there were 10,449 parishes in England.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population of around 80,000

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: population

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: lessen

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: the Monarch

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overpopulation

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: population

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: fewer than a hundred inhabitants.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: a population of around 80,000

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: diverse nature,

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: 80,000 to a single village with fewer than a hundred inhabitants.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: 80,000 to a single village with fewer than a hundred inhabitants.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: size

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: diverse nature,

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: city status has been granted by the Monarch.

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: 80,000 to a single village with fewer than a hundred inhabitants.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: size

text: Current estimates expect the world's total fertility rate to fall below replacement levels by 2050,although population momentum will continue to increase global population for several generations beyond that. The development of the world population is linked with concerns of overpopulation, sustainability and exceeding Earth's carrying capacity.

text: Current estimates expect the world's total fertility rate to fall below replacement levels by 2050,although population momentum will continue to increase global population for several generations beyond that. The development of the world population is linked with concerns of

text: overpopulation

text: sustainability

text: and exceeding Earth's

text: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: by 2050

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: overpopulation

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: Earth's carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: exceed Earth's

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: overpopulation

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overpopulation

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: replacement levels by 2050,although

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: Earth's carrying capacity.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: Earth's carrying capacity.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: exceeding Earth's carrying capacity.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: population momentum will continue to increase global population

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: Earth's carrying capacity.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: overpopulation, sustainability and exceeding Earth's carrying capacity.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: sustainability and exceeding Earth's carrying capacity.

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overpopulation,

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: Earth's carrying capacity.

text: In his article, 123 pages long, Jensen insisted on the accuracy and lack of bias in intelligence tests, stating that the absolute quantity g that they measured, the general intelligence factor, first introduced by the English psychologist Charles Spearman in 1904,  "stood like a Rock of Gibraltar in psychometrics". He stressed the importance of biological considerations in intelligence, commenting that "the belief in the almost infinite plasticity of intellect, the ostrich-like denial of biological factors in individual differences, and the slighting of the role of genetics in the study of intelligence can only hinder investigation and understanding of the conditions, processes, and limits through which the social environment influences human behavior."  He argued at length that, contrary to environmentalist orthodoxy, intelligence was partly dependent on the same genetic factors that influence other physical attributes.  More controversially, he briefly speculated that the difference in performance at school between blacks and whites might have a partly genetic explanation, commenting that there were "various lines of evidence, no one of which is definitive alone, but which, viewed all together, make it a not unreasonable hypothesis that genetic factors are strongly implicated in the average Negro-whiteintelligence difference. The preponderance of the evidence is, in my opinion, less consistent with a strictly environmental hypothesis than with a genetic hypothesis, which, of course, does not exclude the influence of environment or its interaction with genetic factors." He advocated the allocation of educational resources according to merit and insisted on the close correlation between intelligence and occupational status, arguing that "in a society that values and rewards individual talent and merit, genetic factors inevitably take on considerable importance."  Concerned that the average IQ in the USA was inadequate to answer the increasing needs of an industrialised society, he predicted that people with lower IQs would become unemployable while at the same time there would be an insufficient number with higher IQs to fill professional posts. He felt that eugenic reform would prevent this more effectively than compensatory education, surmising that "the technique for raising intelligence per se in the sense of g, probably lie more in the province of biological science than in psychology or education". He pointed out that intelligence and family size were inversely correlated, particularly amongst the black population, so that the current trend in average national intelligence was dysgenic rather than eugenic. As he wrote, "Is there a danger that current welfare policies, unaided by eugenic foresight, could lead to the genetic enslavement of a substantial segment of our population? The fuller consequences of our failure seriously to study these questions may well be judged by future generations as our society's greatest injustice to Negro Americans." He concluded by emphasizing the importance of child-centered education. Although a tradition had developed for the exclusive use of cognitive learning in schools, Jensen argued that it was not suited to "these children's genetic and cultural heritage": although capable of associative learning and memorization ("Level I" ability), they had difficulties with abstract  conceptual reasoning ("Level II" ability). He felt that it in these circumstances the success of education depended on exploiting "the actual potential learning that is latent in these children's patterns of abilities". He suggested that, in order to ensure equality of opportunity, "schools and society must provide a range and diversity of educational methods, programs and goals, and of occupational opportunities, just as wide as the range of human abilities."

text: In his article, 123 pages long, Jensen insisted on the accuracy and lack of bias in intelligence tests, stating that the absolute quantity g that they measured, the

text: general intelligence factor

text: , first introduced by the English psychologist

text: Charles Spearman

text: dysgenic

text: rather than eugenic. As he wrote, "Is there a danger that current welfare policies, unaided by eugenic foresight, could lead to the genetic enslavement of a substantial segment of our population? The fuller consequences of our failure seriously to study these questions may well be judged by future generations as our society's greatest injustice to Negro Americans." He concluded by emphasizing the importance of child-centered education. Although a tradition had developed for the exclusive use of cognitive learning in schools, Jensen argued that it was not suited to "these children's genetic and cultural heritage": although capable of associative learning and memorization ("Level I" ability), they had difficulties with abstract  conceptual reasoning ("Level II" ability). He felt that it in these circumstances the success of education depended on exploiting "the actual potential learning that is latent in these children's patterns of abilities". He suggested that, in order to ensure equality of opportunity, "schools and society must provide a range and diversity of educational methods, programs and goals, and of occupational opportunities, just as wide as the range of human abilities."

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unemployed

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population increases

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: genetic factors

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Jensen

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: Jensen's theory of intelligence

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: intelligence and family size

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: family size

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: is likely to increase in size

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: social environment influences human behavior

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: intelligence and family size

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: intelligence and family size were inversely

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: environment

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: genetic factors are strongly implicated in the average Negro-whiteintelligence difference.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: genetic factors

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: environment

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: intelligence and family size

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: family size

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: unemployable

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: intelligence and family size

text: The rate of adaptive evolution in the human genome has often assumed to be constant over time. For example, the 35% estimate for α calculated by Fay et al. (2001) led them to conclude that there was one adaptive substitution in the human lineage every 200 years since human divergence from old-world monkeys. However, even if the original value of α is accurate for a particular time period, this extrapolation is still invalid. This is because there has been a large acceleration in the amount of positive selection in the human lineage over the last 40,000 years, in terms of the number of genes that have undergone adaptive evolution (Hawks et al. 2007). This agrees with simple theoretical predictions, because the human population size has expanded massively in the last 40,000 years, and with more people, there should be more adaptive substitutions. Hawks et al. (2007) argue that demographic changes (particularly population expansion) may greatly facilitate adaptive evolution, an argument that corroborates somewhat with the positive correlation inferred between population size and amount of adaptive evolution occurring mentioned previously.It has been suggested that cultural evolution may have replaced genetic evolution, and hence slowed the rate of adaptive evolution over the past 10,000 years. However, it is possible that cultural evolution could actually increase genetic adaption. Cultural evolution has vastly increased communication and contact between different populations, and this provides much greater opportunities for genetic admixture between the different populations (Hawks et al. 2007). However, recent cultural phenomena, such as modern medicine and the smaller variation in modern family sizes, may reduce genetic adaption as natural selection is relaxed, overriding the increased potential for adaptation due to greater genetic admixture.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population is too small

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: demographic changes

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: natural selection is relaxed

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: demographic changes

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: has more adaptive substitutions

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: population size

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: modern family sizes,

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: cultural evolution may have replaced genetic evolution,

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: natural selection

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: population size and amount of adaptive evolution

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: demographic changes

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: population size

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: natural selection

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: demographic changes

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: slowed the rate of adaptive evolution

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: natural selection

text: where N is the biomass density, a is the maximum per-capita rate of change, and K is the carrying capacity of the population. The formula can be read as follows: the rate of change in the population (dN/dT) is equal to growth (aN) that is limited by carrying capacity (1-N/K). From these basic mathematical principles the discipline of population ecology expands into a field of investigation that queries the demographics of real populations and tests these results against the statistical models. The field of population ecology often uses data on life history and matrix algebra to develop projection matrices on fecundity and survivorship. This information is used for managing wildlife stocks and setting harvest quotas

text: where N is the biomass density, a is the maximum per-capita rate of change, and K is the

text: carrying capacity

text: of the population. The formula can be read as follows: the rate of change in the population (dN/dT) is equal to growth (aN) that is limited by carrying capacity (1-N/K). From these basic mathematical principles the discipline of population ecology expands into a field of investigation that queries the

text: demographics

text: of real populations and tests these results against the statistical models. The field of population ecology often uses data on life history and matrix algebra to develop projection matrices on fecundity and survivorship. This information is used for managing wildlife stocks and setting harvest quotas

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: harvest quotas

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: K is at its carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: population ecology

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: K

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: growth (aN) that is limited by carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: growth

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: growth (aN) that is limited by carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: (1-N/K).

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: the rate of change in the population

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: growth (aN) that is limited by carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: growth (aN) that is limited by carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: growth

text: The Antioch ordinance had "a large, but not entirely amorphous class of items that can be paraphernalia, and an intent requirement that differentiates innocent transfers of multi-purpose items from illegal transfers of drug paraphernalia," Cummings noted. "That combination satisfies the fair notice aspect of the vagueness test, even in its strictest form." Despite all the precedent he cited, he felt that conclusion required further elucidation:The ordinance's passages on factors that could be considered indicators of intent to use illegally, Cummings found, went from highly probative (statements of intent to use illegally, illegal drug residue on object) to highly relevant (previous drug convictions of defendant, proximity in time and space to illegal use when found) to somewhat relevant (the scope and size of possible legal uses in the community) to two that were not (national and local advertising concerning use and expert testimony concerning use). "Most of these factors are specific and relevant. They constitute effective directions of enforcement activities, and they limit the possibilities of arbitrary enforcement," he wrote. "To the extent that all the factors are not equally relevant and specific, however, the chance that the weaker ones will be relied on is too remote to sustain a facial vagueness attack."

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: a region is at its carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: the amount of available food

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overconsumes

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: too remote to sustain a facial vagueness attack."

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: legal uses in the community)

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: (the scope and size of possible legal uses in the community)

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: too remote

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Cummings

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: arbitrary enforcement,"

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: amorphous class of items that can be paraphernalia,

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: (national and local advertising

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: vagueness attack."

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: arbitrary enforcement,"

text: Secondary crater size is dictated by the size of its parent primary crater. Primary craters can vary from microscopic to thousands of kilometers wide. The morphology of primary craters ranges from bowl-shaped to large, wide basins, where multi-ringed structures are observed. Two factors dominate the morphologies of these craters: material strength and gravity. The bowl-shaped morphology suggests that the topography is supported by the strength of the material, while the topography of the basin-shaped craters is overcome by gravitational forces and collapses toward flatness. The morphology, and size, of secondary craters is limited. Secondary craters exhibit a maximum diameter of < 5% of its parent primary crater. The size of a secondary crater is also dependent on its distance from its primary. The morphology of secondaries is simple but distinctive. Secondaries that form closer to their primaries appear more elliptical with shallower depths. These may form rays or crater chains. The more distant secondaries appear similar in circularity to their parent primaries, but these are often seen in an array of clusters.

text: Secondary crater size is dictated by the size of its parent primary crater. Primary craters can vary from microscopic to thousands of kilometers wide. The morphology of primary craters ranges from bowl-shaped to large, wide basins, where multi-ringed structures are observed. Two factors dominate the morphologies of these craters: material strength and gravity. The bowl-shaped morphology suggests that the topography is supported by the strength of the material, while the topography of the basin-shaped craters is overcome by gravitational forces and collapses toward flatness. The morphology, and size, of secondary craters is limited. Secondary craters exhibit a maximum diameter of < 5% of its parent primary crater. The size of a secondary crater is also dependent on its distance from its primary. The morphology of secondaries is simple but distinctive. Secondaries that form closer to their primaries appear more elliptical with shallower depths. These may form rays or crater chains. The more distant secondaries appear similar in circularity to their parent primaries, but these are often seen in an array of clusters.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: a region is at its carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: secondary crater size

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: lessen

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: may become overpopulated

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: Secondaries that form closer to their primaries

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: <unk> 5% of its parent primary crater.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: size of its parent primary crater.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: <unk> 5% of its parent primary crater.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Secondary

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: size of its parent primary crater.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: Secondaries that form closer to their primaries

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: material strength and gravity.

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: collapses toward flatness.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: size of its parent primary crater.

text: Fenchel's Law is a regularity in population ecology regarding how exponential population growth is related to the body size of the organism. It was first described by the Danish marine ecologist Tom Fenchel. It contends that species with larger body sizes tend to have lower rates of population growth.  More exactly, it states that the maximum rate of reproduction decreases with body size at a power of a quarter of the body mass

text: Fenchel's Law is a regularity in

text: population ecology

text: regarding how exponential population growth is related to the body size of the organism. It was first described by the

text: Danish

text: marine ecologist

text: Tom Fenchel

text: . It contends that species with larger body sizes tend to have lower rates of population growth.  More exactly, it states that the maximum rate of reproduction decreases with body size at a power of a quarter of the body mass

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: larger body sizes tend to have lower rates of population growth

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: a quarter of the body mass

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: Fenchel's Law

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: the maximum rate of reproduction decreases with body size

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: body size

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: Fenchel's Law

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: Fenchel's Law

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: larger body sizes

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: species with larger body sizes tend to have lower rates of population growth.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: the body size of the organism.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: larger body sizes tend to have lower rates of population growth.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Fenchel's Law

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: body size

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: larger body sizes tend to have lower rates of population growth.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: body size

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: lower rates of population growth.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: body size

text: is the density dependence, N is the number in the population, K is the set point for homeostasis and the carrying capacity. In this logistic model, population growth rate is highest at 1/2 K and the population growth rate is zero around K. The optimum harvesting rate is a close rate to 1/2 K where population will grow the fastest. Above K, the population growth rate is negative. The logistic models also show density dependence, meaning the per capita population growth rates decline as the population density increases. In the wild, you can't get these patterns to emerge without simplification. Negative density dependence allows for a population that overshoots the carrying capacity to decrease back to the carrying capacity, K.

text: is the density dependence, N is the number in the population, K is the set point for homeostasis and the carrying capacity. In this

text: logistic model

text: , population growth rate is highest at 1/2 K and the population growth rate is zero around K. The optimum harvesting rate is a close rate to 1/2 K where population will grow the fastest. Above K, the population growth rate is negative. The logistic models also show density dependence, meaning the per capita population growth rates decline as the population density increases. In the wild, you can't get these patterns to emerge without simplification. Negative density dependence allows for a population that overshoots the carrying capacity to decrease back to the carrying capacity, K.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: above the carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: K is not exceeded

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: density

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: Negative density dependence

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: harvesting rate

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overshoots carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: K

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: overshoots the carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: K.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: density dependence,

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: K.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: population growth

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: K is the set point for homeostasis and the carrying capacity.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: Negative density dependence

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: harvesting rate

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overshoots the carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: Negative density dependence

text: This separation reduced the size of the population of actual Z. skinneri to fewer than 500.

text: This separation reduced the size of the population of actual Z. skinneri to fewer than 500.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: it has a large population

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: abiotic factors

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: dwindles

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: separation

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: 500.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: separation

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: Z. skinneri to fewer than 500.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Z. skinneri to fewer than 500.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: separation

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: separation

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: separation

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: fewer than 500.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: 500.

text: , the (population) average size of a gap between samples; compare

text: , the (population) average size of a gap between samples; compare

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: During a recession

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: it has enough people

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: climatic conditions

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: asexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: natural selection

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: decreases in size

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: a gap between samples

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: a gap between samples;

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: average size of a gap between samples;

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: average size of a gap between samples;

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: average size of a gap between samples;

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: the (population) average size of a gap between samples;

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: average size of a gap between samples;

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: the (population)

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: average size of a gap between samples;

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: average size of a gap

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: average size of a gap between samples;

text: A SECU looks like a standard 40-foot ISO Container but is bigger, measuring   and which can carry  of cargo. This is compared to the normal  size and  capacity of an ISO Container.

text: A SECU looks like a standard 40-foot

text: ISO Container

text: but is bigger, measuring   and which can carry  of cargo. This is compared to the normal  size and  capacity of an ISO Container.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: it has a lot of cargo

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: abiotic factors

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: no longer exist

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: consumes more resources

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: A SECU looks like a standard 40-foot

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: cargo.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: size and capacity

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: ISO Container.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: A SECU looks like a standard 40-foot ISO Container

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: size

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: A SECU

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: size and capacity

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: A SECU

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: size

text: Accommodation between individual speakers of different dialects takes place with respect to features that are salient, displaying phonetic or surface phonemic contrasts between the dialects. This process is mostly limited to salient features, geographical (distance), and demographic (population size) factors. Accommodation is not the same thing as levelling, but it can be its short-term preamble.

text: Accommodation between individual speakers of different dialects takes place with respect to features that are salient, displaying phonetic or surface phonemic contrasts between the dialects. This process is mostly limited to salient features, geographical (distance), and demographic (population size) factors. Accommodation is not the same thing as levelling, but it can be its short-term preamble.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population size

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: demographic

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: population size

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: population size

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: is overpopulating

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: population size

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: demographic (population size)

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: (population size)

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: demographic

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: (population size)

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: demographic (population size) factors.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: (distance),

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: geographical (distance), and demographic (population size)

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: demographic (population size)

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: levelling,

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: (population size)

text: The reason for considering carrying capacity as a process, rather than a means of protection of various areas is in spite of the fact that carrying capacity was once a guiding concept in recreation and tourism management literature. Because of its conceptual elusiveness, lack of management utility and inconsistent effectiveness in minimising visitors' impacts, carrying capacity has been largely re-conceptualized into management by objectives approaches, namely: the limits of acceptable change (LAC), and the visitor experience and resource protection (VERP) as the two planning and management decision-making processes based on the new understanding of carrying capacity (Lindberg and McCool, 1998). These two have been deemed more appropriate in the tourism planning processes of protected areas, especially in the United States, and have over the years been adapted and modified for use in sustainable tourism and ecotourism contexts (Wallace, 1993; McCool, 1994; Harroun and Boo, 1995).

text: The reason for considering carrying capacity as a process, rather than a means of protection of various areas is in spite of the fact that carrying capacity was once a guiding concept in recreation and tourism management literature. Because of its conceptual elusiveness, lack of management utility and inconsistent effectiveness in minimising visitors' impacts, carrying capacity has been largely re-conceptualized into management by objectives approaches, namely: the limits of acceptable change (LAC), and the visitor experience and resource protection (VERP) as the two planning and management decision-making processes based on the new understanding of carrying capacity (Lindberg and McCool, 1998). These two have been deemed more appropriate in the tourism planning processes of protected areas, especially in the United States, and have over the years been adapted and modified for use in

text: sustainable tourism

text: and ecotourism contexts (Wallace, 1993; McCool, 1994; Harroun and Boo, 1995).

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: acceptable change (LAC)

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: unaffected

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: sustainable tourism

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: the limits of acceptable change

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: the limits of acceptable change

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: protection

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: The reason for considering carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: change

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: the limits of acceptable change

text: The first generation of Soviet missile tanks started in 1956 when V.A. Malyshev was ordered by Nikita Khrushchev to instill a "new thinking" into the weapons design bureaus. Part of this "new thinking" was the development of missile tanks, including the IT-1 firing the Drakon missile and the Taifun armed Obiekt 297. However, these early tank designs were failures. A purely missile armed tank had a 300-meter deadzone around it, where it could not engage targets—also the size of the early missiles limited the number carried. Hybrid designs compromised both main gun firepower and missile carrying capacity.

text: The first generation of Soviet missile tanks started in 1956 when V.A. Malyshev was ordered by

text: Nikita Khrushchev

text: to instill a "new thinking" into the weapons design bureaus. Part of this "new thinking" was the development of missile tanks, including the

text: firing the Drakon missile and the

text: Taifun

text: armed Obiekt 297. However, these early tank designs were failures. A purely missile armed tank had a 300-meter deadzone around it, where it could not engage targets—also the size of the early missiles limited the number carried. Hybrid designs compromised both main gun firepower and missile carrying capacity.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: size of the early missiles

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overpopulation

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: The first generation of Soviet missile tanks started in 1956

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: Hybrid designs

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: size of the early missiles limited the number carried.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: Hybrid designs compromised both main gun firepower and missile carrying capacity.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: The first generation of Soviet missile tanks

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: targets—also

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: size of the early missiles limited the number carried.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: targets—also

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: Hybrid designs compromised both main gun firepower and missile carrying capacity.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: size of the early missiles limited the number carried.

text: The Steyr M is a series of semi-automatic pistols developed by Steyr Mannlicher GmbH & Co KG of Austria for police services and the civilian shooting market. Design work on the new pistol began in the early 1990s and the final product known as the M9 (adapted to fire the 9×19mm Parabellum cartridge) was officially unveiled in the spring of 1999. The M40 version chambered in .40 S&W was developed before the M9, followed later by the M357 (caliber .357 SIG or 9×22mm) and two smaller variants of the M9 and M40 designated the S9 and S40 respectively. These pistols were developed primarily for concealed carry and have a shortened barrel, slide, smaller frame and a reduced magazine capacity. In 2013 the Steyr M (Medium) and S (Small) form factors were complemented by the L (Large) sized series and the C (Compact) sized  series both available in 9×19mm Parabellum and .40 S&W chamberings as the L9-A1, L40-A1, C9-A1 and C40-A1.

text: The Steyr M is a series of

text: semi-automatic pistol

text: s developed by

text: Steyr Mannlicher GmbH & Co KG

text: of

text: Austria

text: for

text: police

text: services and the civilian shooting market. Design work on the new pistol began in the early 1990s and the final product known as the M9 (adapted to fire the

text: 9×19mm Parabellum

text: cartridge

text: ) was officially unveiled in the spring of 1999. The M40 version chambered in

text: .40 S&W

text: was developed before the M9, followed later by the M357 (caliber

text: .357 SIG

text: or 9×22mm) and two smaller variants of the M9 and M40 designated the S9 and S40 respectively. These pistols were developed primarily for concealed carry and have a shortened barrel,

text: slide

text: , smaller frame and a reduced magazine capacity. In 2013 the Steyr M (Medium) and S (Small) form factors were complemented by the L (Large) sized series and the C (Compact) sized  series both available in 9×19mm Parabellum and .40 S&W chamberings as the L9-A1, L40-A1, C9-A1 and C40-A1.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: reduced magazine capacity

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: abiotic factors

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: lessen

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: natural selection

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overpopulation

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: 2013

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: concealed carry

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: C9-A1 and C40-A1.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: reduced magazine capacity.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: C9-A1 and C40-A1.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: C9-A1 and C40-A1.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: C9-A1 and C40-A1.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: The Steyr M

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: The Steyr M

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: magazine capacity.

text: The container ship MOL Presence has overall length , beam , depth  and summer draft . The large size and the large capacity of the ship form her efficiency and profitability. The deadweight of MOL Presence is  and the gross tonnage is . With this size the ship can carry total 6,350 TEU (2,912 TEU in the holds and 3,438 TEU on the deck).

text: The container ship MOL Presence has overall length , beam , depth  and summer draft . The large size and the large capacity of the ship form her efficiency and profitability. The deadweight of MOL Presence is  and the gross tonnage is . With this size the ship can carry total 6,350 TEU (2,912 TEU in the holds and 3,438 TEU on the deck).

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: it can carry total 6,350 TEU

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: population size

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: not be enough

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: is growing

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: summer

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: 6,350 TEU

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: efficiency and profitability.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: 6,350 TEU

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: 6,350 TEU

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: size

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: The large size and the large capacity

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: The large size

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: efficiency and profitability.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: The deadweight

text: The Q series small sensor size means that it has a crop factor of 5.6× (or 4.7× for the Q7 and Q-S1) and a short flange focal distance (FFD) of 9.2mm. With the 5.6× crop factor, an adapted 100mm lens has the equivalent field of view (FOV) of a 560mm telephoto in the 35mm full-frame format. An additional implication of the 5.6× crop factor is that depth of field (DOF) is increased proportionally for any given aperture setting. This gives the Pentax Q an advantage over larger formats in some situations that can offset the other limitations that arise from its smaller sensor size.

text: The Q series small sensor size means that it has a

text: crop factor

text: of 5.6× (or 4.7× for the Q7 and Q-S1) and a short

text: flange focal distance

text: (FFD) of 9.2mm. With the 5.6× crop factor, an adapted 100mm lens has the equivalent

text: field of view

text: (FOV) of a 560mm telephoto in the 35mm full-frame format. An additional implication of the 5.6× crop factor is that

text: depth of field

text: (DOF) is increased proportionally for any given aperture setting. This gives the Pentax Q an advantage over larger formats in some situations that can offset the other limitations that arise from its smaller sensor size.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: a region is overpopulated

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: a crop factor

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: dwindle

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overpopulation

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: 4.7<unk> for the Q7 and Q-S1)

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: smaller sensor size.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: smaller sensor size.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: Pentax Q an advantage over larger formats

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Q7 and Q-S1)

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: smaller sensor size.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: smaller sensor size.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: The Q series small sensor size

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: 4.7<unk> for the Q7 and Q-S1)

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: smaller sensor size.

text: The 1920 Census was the first one to show a more specific figure about the size of the Italian population in Brazil (558,405). However, since the 20th century the arrival of new Italian immigrants to Brazil was in full decline. The previous censuses of 1890 and 1900 had limited information (in fact, the 1900 Census never existed). In consequence, there are no official figures about the size of the Italian population in Brazil during the mass immigration period (1880–1900). There are estimates available, and the most reliable is the one done by Giorgio Mortara, even though the figures he found may have underestimated the real size of the Italian population. On the other hand, Angelo Trento believes that the Italian estimates are "certainly exaggerated", and "lacking of any foundation", since they found the figure of 1,837,887 Italians in Brazil as of 1927. Another evaluation conducted by Bruno Zuculin found the presence of 997,887 Italians in Brazil as of 1927. Notice that all these figures only include people born in Italy, and not their Brazilian born descendants.

text: The 1920 Census was the first one to show a more specific figure about the size of the Italian population in Brazil (558,405). However, since the 20th century the arrival of new Italian immigrants to Brazil was in full decline. The previous censuses of 1890 and 1900 had limited information (in fact, the 1900 Census never existed). In consequence, there are no official figures about the size of the Italian population in Brazil during the mass immigration period (1880–1900). There are estimates available, and the most reliable is the one done by Giorgio Mortara, even though the figures he found may have underestimated the real size of the Italian population. On the other hand, Angelo Trento believes that the Italian estimates are "certainly exaggerated", and "lacking of any foundation", since they found the figure of 1,837,887 Italians in Brazil as of 1927. Another evaluation conducted by Bruno Zuculin found the presence of 997,887 Italians in Brazil as of 1927. Notice that all these figures only include people born in Italy, and not their Brazilian born descendants.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: since the 20th century

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: the arrival of new Italian immigrants is in full decline

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: population size

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: lessen

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: not enough food

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: new Italian immigrants

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overpopulation

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: 20th century

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: full decline.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: people born in Italy, and not their Brazilian born descendants.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decline.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: new Italian immigrants to Brazil was in full decline.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: people born in Italy,

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: arrival of new Italian immigrants to Brazil was in full decline.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: arrival of new Italian immigrants

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: decline.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: size of the Italian population in Brazil (558,405).

text: The number of deputies elected is proportional to the size of the population of the respective state (or of the Federal District). However, no delegation can be made up of less than eight or more than seventy seats. Thus the least populous state elects eight Federal Deputies and the most populous elects seventy. These restrictions favour the smaller states at the expense of the more populous states and so the size of the delegations is not exactly proportional to population.

text: The number of deputies elected is proportional to the size of the population of the respective state (or of the Federal District). However, no delegation can be made up of less than eight or more than seventy seats. Thus the least populous state elects eight Federal Deputies and the most populous elects seventy. These restrictions favour the smaller states at the expense of the more populous states and so the size of the delegations is not exactly proportional to population.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: populous

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: proportional to population

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: is growing

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: least populous

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: Federal District).

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: seventy seats.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: population of the respective state (or of the Federal District).

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: the size of the delegations is not exactly proportional to population.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: restrictions favour the smaller states

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: The number of deputies elected

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: the size of the delegations is not exactly proportional to population.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: population

text: In the absence of predators, species are bound by the resources they can find in their environment, but this does not necessarily control overpopulation, at least in the short term. An abundant supply of resources can produce a population boom that ends up with more individuals than the environment can support. In this case, starvation, thirst and sometimes violent competition for scarce resources may affect a sharp reduction in population in a very short lapse (a population crash). Lemmings, as well as other species of rodents, are known to have such cycles of rapid population growth and subsequent decrease.

text: In the absence of predators, species are bound by the resources they can find in their environment, but this does not necessarily control overpopulation, at least in the short term. An abundant supply of resources can produce a population boom that ends up with more individuals than the environment can support. In this case, starvation, thirst and sometimes violent competition for scarce resources may affect a sharp reduction in population in a very short lapse (a population crash).

text: Lemming

text: s, as well as other species of

text: rodent

text: s, are known to have such cycles of rapid population growth and subsequent decrease.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: a population crash

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: less individuals than the environment can support

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: resources

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: lessen

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: An abundant supply of resources

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: An abundant supply of resources

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: population crash

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: the environment can support

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: (a population crash).

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: more individuals than the environment can support.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: the resources they can find in their environment,

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: reduction in population

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: An abundant supply of resources can produce a population boom

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: resources they can find in their environment,

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: An abundant supply of resources

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: An abundant supply of resources

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: (a population crash).

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: resources they can find in their environment,

text: where n is the sample size and N is the population size. If the sampling fraction is less than 5% or 0.05, then the finite population multiplier might be ignored.

text: where n is the sample size and N is the population size. If the sampling fraction is less than 5% or 0.05, then the finite population multiplier might be ignored.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: when the sampling fraction is less than 5%

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: n is greater than 0.05

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: n

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: finite population multiplier

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: is finite

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: population size

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: If the sampling fraction is less than 5%

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: finite population multiplier

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: finite population multiplier

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: the finite population multiplier

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: finite population multiplier

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: the finite population multiplier

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: finite population multiplier

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: sample size

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: finite population multiplier

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: finite population multiplier might be ignored.

text: It is  in size, with a population of 226.

text: It is  in size, with a population of 226.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: during a recession

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: it has a population of 226

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: abiotic factors

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: their offspring are more likely to survive

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: nutrient

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: consumes more resources

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: population size

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: 226.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: a population of 226.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: 226.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: 226.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: 226.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: size,

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: 226.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: size,

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: 226.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: 226.

text: An example of a regulating factor would be food supply. If the population increases to a certain size, there will be less food for each organism. This will lead to fewer births (a decrease in fecundity) and more deaths, making a negative growth rate. As there are now fewer animals, the amount of food for each organism will increase, meaning the growth rate will become positive. This would lead to a large population size again, and the cycle would start over. Therefore, food is a regulating factor in this scenario, as food supply keeps the population at relative equilibrium.

text: An example of a regulating factor would be

text: food supply

text: . If the population increases to a certain size, there will be less food for each organism. This will lead to fewer

text: births

text: (a decrease in

text: fecundity

text: ) and more

text: deaths

text: , making a negative

text: growth rate

text: . As there are now fewer

text: animal

text: s, the amount of food for each organism will increase, meaning the growth rate will become positive. This would lead to a large population size again, and the cycle would start over. Therefore, food is a regulating factor in this scenario, as food supply keeps the population at relative equilibrium.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: negative growth rate

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population increases

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: food supply

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: decrease in fecundity

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: food supply

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: negative growth rate

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: If the population increases to a certain size,

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: the population increases to a certain size,

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: food supply.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: less food for each organism.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: fewer births

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: food supply.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: food supply.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: food supply.

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: negative growth rate.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: food supply.

text: Tourism carrying capacity  is a now antiquated approach to managing visitors in protected areas and national parks which evolved out of the fields of range, habitat and wildlife management. In these fields, managers attempted to determine the largest population of a particular species that could be supported by a habitat over a long period of time.  Many authors, such as Buckley, Wagar, Washburne, McCool, and Stankey have critiqued the concept as being fatally flawed in both the conceptual assumptions made and its limited practical application. For example, the notion of a carrying capacity assumes the world, such as the social-ecological systems in which protected areas and tourism destinations are situated, are stable. But we know they are dynamically complex and impossible to predict. We know that to implement a carrying capacity on a practical level, assumes a level of control of entries into a destination or protected area not usually found in the real world. We know that a carrying capacity, if one could be determined, requires considerable financial and technical resources to administer; and we know that when demand exceeds a limit, the ways in which scarce opportunities are allocated are contentious.

text: Tourism carrying capacity  is a now antiquated approach to managing visitors in protected areas and national parks which evolved out of the fields of range, habitat and wildlife management. In these fields, managers attempted to determine the largest population of a particular species that could be supported by a habitat over a long period of time.  Many authors, such as Buckley, Wagar, Washburne, McCool, and Stankey have critiqued the concept as being fatally flawed in both the conceptual assumptions made and its limited practical application. For example, the notion of a carrying capacity assumes the world, such as the social-ecological systems in which protected areas and tourism destinations are situated, are stable. But we know they are dynamically complex and impossible to predict. We know that to implement a carrying capacity on a practical level, assumes a level of control of entries into a destination or protected area not usually found in the real world. We know that a carrying capacity, if one could be determined, requires considerable financial and technical resources to administer; and we know that when demand exceeds a limit, the ways in which scarce opportunities are allocated are contentious.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: demand over a limit

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: dynamically complex

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: habitat

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: demand exceeds a limit

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: demand

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: demand exceeds a limit,

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: demand exceeds a limit,

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: dynamically complex and impossible to predict.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: supported by a habitat over a long period of time.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Tourism carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: demand

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: demand

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: habitat

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: the ways in which scarce opportunities are allocated are contentious.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: demand exceeds a limit,

text: The availability of resources and population size can greatly affect how many matings each individual participates in. Increased population size within a given area with fixed resources can limit how many offspring can survive. Therefore, males must often compete with other males to be the last male that mates with the female, to increase his fertilization rate. By being the last male to mate with a female, it is likely that his ejaculate removed previous ejaculate from previous males, increasing the chances that his sperm fertilizes the female. In fact, in areas with limited resources, higher rates of cannibalism among competitor males can result in an overall decrease in fitness of the population since there is a net decrease in offspring production and survival.

text: The availability of resources and population size can greatly affect how many matings each individual participates in. Increased population size within a given area with fixed resources can limit how many offspring can survive. Therefore, males must often compete with other males to be the last male that mates with the female, to increase his fertilization rate. By being the last male to mate with a female, it is likely that his ejaculate removed previous ejaculate from previous males, increasing the chances that his

text: sperm

text: fertilizes the female. In fact, in areas with limited resources, higher rates of cannibalism among competitor males can result in an overall decrease in fitness of the population since there is a net decrease in offspring production and survival.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: in areas with limited resources

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: increased population size

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: availability of resources

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: increased population size

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: resources

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: decrease in fitness

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: population size

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: in areas with limited resources,

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: Increased population size

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: availability of resources

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: limit how many offspring can survive.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Increased population size

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: Increased population size

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: Increased population size

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: availability of resources

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: decrease in fitness of the population

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: Increased population size

text: K = carrying capacity

text: K = carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: when it reaches its carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: it has enough resources to sustain itself

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: k

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: dwindle

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: k is a number

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: k

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: their offspring are too large

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: K

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: reaches its carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: climatic conditions

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: K = carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: K = carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: K = carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: K = carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: K = carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: K = carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: K = carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: K = carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: K

text: There is evidence to support that antler size influences mate selection in the red deer, and has a heritable component.  Despite this, a 30-year study showed no shift in the median size of antlers in a population of red deer. The lack of response could be explained by environmental covariance, meaning that lifetime breeding success is determined by an unmeasured trait which is phenotypically correlated with antler size but for which there is no genetic correlation of antler growth. Alternatively, the lack of response could be explained by the relationship between heterozygosity and antler size, which states that males heterozygous at multiple loci, including MHC loci, have larger antlers. The evolutionary response of traits that depend on heterozygosity is slower than traits that are dependent on additive genetic components and thus the evolutionary change is slower than expected.  A third possibility is that the costs of having larger antlers (resource use, and mobility detriments, for instance) exert enough selective pressure to offset the benefit of attracting mates; thereby stabilizing antler size in the population.

text: There is evidence to support that antler size influences mate selection in the red deer, and has a heritable component.  Despite this, a 30-year study showed no shift in the median size of antlers in a population of red deer. The lack of response could be explained by environmental covariance, meaning that lifetime breeding success is determined by an unmeasured trait which is phenotypically correlated with antler size but for which there is no

text: genetic correlation

text: of antler growth. Alternatively, the lack of response could be explained by the relationship between heterozygosity and antler size, which states that males heterozygous at multiple loci, including MHC loci, have larger antlers. The evolutionary response of traits that depend on heterozygosity is slower than traits that are dependent on additive genetic components and thus the evolutionary change is slower than expected.  A third possibility is that the costs of having larger antlers (resource use, and mobility detriments, for instance) exert enough selective pressure to offset the benefit of attracting mates; thereby stabilizing antler size in the population.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: antler size

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: environmental covariance

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: environmental covariance

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: has larger antlers

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: lifetime breeding success

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: the costs of having larger antlers

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: environmental covariance,

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: costs of having larger antlers

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: environmental covariance,

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: environmental covariance,

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: costs of having larger antlers

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: attracting mates;

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: the costs of having larger antlers

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: lifetime breeding success

text: Metapopulation structure and the repeated extinctions and recolonizations can significantly affect a population's genetic structure. Recolonization by a few dispersers leads to population bottlenecks which will reduce the effective population size (Ne), accelerate genetic drift, and deplete genetic variation. However, dispersal between populations in the metapopulation can reverse or halt these processes over the long term. Therefore, in order for individual sub-populations to remain healthy, they must either have a large population size or have a relatively high rate of dispersal with other subpopulations. Molecular ecology focuses on using tests to determine the rates of dispersal between populations and can use molecular clocks to determine when historic bottlenecks occurred. As habitat becomes more fragmented, dispersal between populations will become increasingly rare. Therefore, subpopulations that may have historically been preserved by a metapopulation structure may start to decline. Using mitochondrial or nuclear markers to monitor dispersal coupled with population Fst values and allelic richness can provide insight into how well a population is performing and how it will perform into the future.

text: Metapopulation structure and the repeated extinctions and recolonizations can significantly affect a population's genetic structure. Recolonization by a few dispersers leads to

text: population bottlenecks

text: which will reduce the

text: effective population size

text: (Ne), accelerate

text: genetic drift

text: , and deplete genetic variation. However, dispersal between populations in the metapopulation can reverse or halt these processes over the long term. Therefore, in order for individual sub-populations to remain healthy, they must either have a large population size or have a relatively high rate of dispersal with other subpopulations. Molecular ecology focuses on using tests to determine the rates of dispersal between populations and can use

text: molecular clocks

text: to determine when historic bottlenecks occurred. As habitat becomes more fragmented, dispersal between populations will become increasingly rare. Therefore, subpopulations that may have historically been preserved by a metapopulation structure may start to decline. Using mitochondrial or nuclear markers to monitor dispersal coupled with population Fst values and allelic richness can provide insight into how well a population is performing and how it will perform into the future.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: As habitat becomes more fragmented

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population bottlenecks occur

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: effective population size

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: high rate of dispersal

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: bottlenecks

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: effective population size

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: population bottlenecks

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: large population size

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: a relatively high rate of dispersal with other subpopulations.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: reduce the effective population size

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: extinctions and recolonizations

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: large population size

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: habitat becomes more fragmented,

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: high rate of dispersal

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: population bottlenecks

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: population bottlenecks

text: The simplest ballast for alternating current (AC) use is an inductor placed in series, consisting of a winding on a laminated magnetic core. The inductance of this winding limits the flow of AC current. This type is still used, for example, in 120 volt operated desk lamps using relatively short lamps. Ballasts are rated for the size of lamp and power frequency. Where the AC voltage is insufficient to start long fluorescent lamps, the ballast is often a step-up autotransformer with substantial leakage inductance (so as to limit the current flow). Either form of inductive ballast may also include a capacitor for power factor correction.

text: The simplest ballast for

text: alternating current

text: (AC) use is an

text: inductor

text: placed in series, consisting of a winding on a laminated magnetic core. The

text: inductance

text: of this winding limits the flow of AC current. This type is still used, for example, in 120 volt operated desk lamps using relatively short lamps. Ballasts are rated for the size of lamp and power frequency. Where the AC voltage is insufficient to start long fluorescent lamps, the ballast is often a step-up

text: autotransformer

text: with substantial

text: leakage inductance

text: (so as to limit the current flow). Either form of inductive ballast may also include a

text: capacitor

text: for

text: power factor

text: correction.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: leakage inductance

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: size of lamp

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: lessen

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overpopulation

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: short lamps.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: AC voltage is insufficient

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: size of lamp and power frequency.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: a step-up autotransformer with substantial leakage inductance

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: The simplest ballast for alternating current

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: The inductance

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: leakage inductance

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: voltage

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: The inductance of this winding limits the flow of AC current.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: leakage inductance

text: For DEC, none of the three would be favorably received, and the industry instead standardized on Intel 8088-based IBM PC compatibles which were all binary program compatible with each other. In some ways, the PDP-11 microprocessors were technically superior to the Intel-based chips. While the 8088 was restricted to 1MB of memory because of its 20-bit address bus, DEC microprocessors were capable of accessing 4MB with their 22-bit addressing (although direct addressing of memory was limited in both approaches to 64KB segments, limiting the size of individual code and data objects). But other factors would weigh more heavily in the competition, including DEC's corporate culture and business model, which were ill-suited to the rapidly developing consumer market for computers. BYTE in 1984 reported that Venix on the PC outperformed the same operating system on the DEC Professional and PDP-11/23.

text: For DEC, none of the three would be favorably received, and the industry instead standardized on

text: Intel 8088

text: -based

text: IBM PC compatible

text: s which were all binary program compatible with each other. In some ways, the PDP-11 microprocessors were technically superior to the Intel-based chips. While the 8088 was restricted to 1MB of memory because of its 20-bit address bus, DEC microprocessors were capable of accessing 4MB with their 22-bit addressing (although direct addressing of memory was limited in both approaches to 64KB segments, limiting the size of individual code and data objects). But other factors would weigh more heavily in the competition, including DEC's corporate culture and business model, which were ill-suited to the rapidly developing consumer market for computers. BYTE in 1984 reported that

text: Venix

text: on the PC outperformed the same operating system on the DEC Professional and PDP-11/23.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: other factors

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overpopulation

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: rapidly developing consumer market for computers. BYTE in 1984

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: 1MB

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: DEC's corporate culture and business model,

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: none of the three would be favorably received,

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: For DEC,

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: limiting the size of individual code and data objects).

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: ill-suited to the rapidly developing consumer market for computers.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: DEC's corporate culture and business model,

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: DEC's corporate culture and business model,

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: limiting the size of individual code and data objects).

text: HLA-B46 (B46) is an HLA-B serotype. The serotype identifies the gene products of HLA-B*4601 allele.B*4601 resulted from a rare, interlocus, gene conversion between B62, probably B*1501, and a HLA-C allele. B*4601 is the most common HLA-B allele that does not have an origin within Africa, and estimated 400 million people in Eastern Asia carry a B46 allele. When found B*4601 segregates with only 2 HLA-Cw alleles, A limited number of HLA-A and HLA-DRB1 alleles suggesting that the allele recently expanded from a limited sized group within SE Asia. Extremely low frequencies outside of Eastern Asia are indicators of a recent expansion of B46 from a recently small population. The frequency distribution suggests the ancestral B46 population was in SE China, or, potentially Burma (Myanmar or Laos, untested). B46 in Asia correlates with wet-rice farming. The exceptions are notable, it has been found in the Nivkhi on north-eastern Sakalin Island, the Ainu, and the Nivkhi-related (genetically) Tlinglet population of Alaska at trace levels.

text: HLA-B46 (B46) is an

text: HLA

text: B

text: serotype

text: . The serotype identifies the

text: gene product

text: s of HLA-B*4601 allele.B*4601 resulted from a rare, interlocus,

text: gene conversion

text: between

text: , probably B*1501, and a

text: HLA-C

text: allele. B*4601 is the most common HLA-B allele that does not have an origin within Africa, and estimated 400 million people in Eastern Asia carry a B46 allele. When found B*4601 segregates with only 2

text: HLA-C

text: w alleles, A limited number of

text: HLA-A

text: and

text: alleles suggesting that the allele recently expanded from a limited sized group within SE Asia. Extremely low frequencies outside of Eastern Asia are indicators of a recent expansion of B46 from a recently small population. The frequency distribution suggests the ancestral B46 population was in SE China, or, potentially Burma (Myanmar or Laos, untested). B46 in Asia correlates with

text: wet-rice farming

text: . The exceptions are notable, it has been found in the Nivkhi on north-eastern Sakalin Island, the Ainu, and the Nivkhi-related (genetically) Tlinglet population of Alaska at trace levels.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: recently

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: extremely low frequencies outside of Eastern Asia

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: low frequencies outside of Eastern Asia

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: lessen

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: extremely low frequencies outside of Eastern Asia are indicators of a recently small population

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: wet-rice

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overpopulation

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: recently small population.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: recently small population.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: Extremely low frequencies

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: HLA-B46

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: expansion of B46 from a recently small population.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: wet-rice farming.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: recently small population.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: wet-rice farming.

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: recently small population.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: limited sized group

text: Although Mason began life as a physicist studying nuclear fusion, he is best known for his work on cellular immunology. He carried out studies at Oxford University into multiple sclerosis. Mason's most important contributions to immunology are his studies defining the existence, cell surface phenotype and function of regulatory T cells. Mason's studies identified the immuno-regulatory capacity of a population of CD4+ T cells which expressed low levels of OX22 (an isoform of CD45: CD45RC in rats and CD45RB in mice) and their capacity to prevent the pathogenic activity of the OX22hi subset. His work focused mainly on the role of Tregs in the prevention of diabetes and thyroiditis and highlighted the role for the thymus in the development of Tregs,. These were among the earliest demonstrations of the requirement for Treg in restraining the pathogenic activity of CD4+ T cells and prevention of autoimmunity. Prof. Mason retired from research in 1999 and still lives in the Oxford area.

text: Although Mason began life as a physicist studying nuclear fusion, he is best known for his work on cellular immunology. He carried out studies at Oxford University into

text: multiple sclerosis

text: . Mason's most important contributions to immunology are his studies defining the existence, cell surface phenotype and function of

text: regulatory T cell

text: s. Mason's studies identified the immuno-regulatory capacity of a population of CD4+ T cells which expressed low levels of OX22 (an

text: isoform

text: of

text: : CD45RC in rats and CD45RB in mice) and their capacity to prevent the pathogenic activity of the OX22hi subset. His work focused mainly on the role of

text: Tregs

text: in the prevention of diabetes and thyroiditis and highlighted the role for the thymus in the development of

text: Tregs

text: ,. These were among the earliest demonstrations of the requirement for Treg in restraining the pathogenic activity of CD4+ T cells and prevention of

text: autoimmunity

text: . Prof. Mason retired from research in 1999 and still lives in the Oxford area.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: in 1999

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: low levels of OX22

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: population size

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: lessen

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overconsumes

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: 1999

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: low levels of OX22

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: CD4+ T cells which expressed low levels of OX22

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: CD4+ T cells

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: cellular immunology.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: CD4+ T cells which expressed low levels of OX22

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: cellular immunology.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: thymus

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: CD4+ T cells

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: CD4+ T cells which expressed low levels of OX22

text: The formula given above for the standard error assumes that the sample size is much smaller than the population size, so that the population can be considered to be effectively infinite in size.  This is usually the case even with finite populations, because most of the time, people are primarily interested in managing the processes that created the existing finite population;  this is called an analytic study, following W. Edwards Deming.  If people are interested in managing an existing finite population that will not change over time, then it is necessary to adjust for the population size;   this is called an enumerative study.

text: The formula given above for the standard error assumes that the sample size is much smaller than the population size, so that the population can be considered to be effectively infinite in size.  This is usually the case even with finite populations, because most of the time, people are primarily interested in managing the processes that created the existing finite population;  this is called an

entity_name: Analytic and enumerative statistical studies

text: analytic study

text: , following

text: W. Edwards Deming

text: .  If people are interested in managing an existing finite population that will not change over time, then it is necessary to adjust for the population size;   this is called an

text: enumerative study

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: it has a finite population

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: processes

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: finite

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: time,

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: infinite in size.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: infinite

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: infinite in size.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: infinite in size. This is usually the case even with finite populations,

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: infinite in size.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: infinite in size.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: time,

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: infinite in size.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: infinite in size.

text: The time for a neutral allele to become fixed by genetic drift depends on population size, with fixation occurring more rapidly in smaller populations. The number of individuals in a population is not critical, but instead a measure known as the effective population size. The effective population is usually smaller than the total population since it takes into account factors such as the level of inbreeding and the stage of the lifecycle in which the population is the smallest. The effective population size may not be the same for every gene in the same population.

text: The time for a neutral allele to become fixed by genetic drift depends on population size, with fixation occurring more rapidly in smaller populations. The number of individuals in a population is not critical, but instead a measure known as the effective population size. The effective population is usually smaller than the total population since it takes into account factors such as the level of inbreeding and the stage of the lifecycle in which the population is the smallest. The effective population size may not be the same for every gene in the same population.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: stage of the lifecycle

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: inbreeding

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: The time for a neutral allele to become fixed by genetic drift

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: inbreeding

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: inbreeding

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: inbreeding

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: inbreeding

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: stage of the lifecycle

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: smaller populations.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: level of inbreeding

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: fixation occurring more rapidly in smaller populations.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: The time for a neutral allele to become fixed by genetic drift

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: The number of individuals in a population

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: inbreeding

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: level of inbreeding

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: smaller populations.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: level of inbreeding

text: Larger North American pickup trucks are generally the best for carrying a truck camper, although many manufacturers produce units for lighter duty European and Japanese models. The gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) of a truck is the figure used to determine what size camper may be carried. The GVWR, minus the weight of the truck with passengers and fuel is the payload that the truck may legally carry. Stability can be improved by the addition of a sway bar, add-on overload springs or inflatable airbags on the rear suspension. Most campers are rated at their "dry weight" which is the weight of the camper less any fluids like fresh water or sewage, and any possessions or add-ons that may add to the total weight. These need to be taken into account when determining the maximum size camper a truck may carry. Tires and braking capacity are also two important factors when determining maximum payload. It should be noted that the total axle capacity is always higher than the GVWR. Tires and braking are frequently the rate determining factor, from a safety point of view.

text: Larger North American pickup trucks are generally the best for carrying a truck camper, although many manufacturers produce units for lighter duty European and Japanese models. The

text: gross vehicle weight rating

text: (GVWR) of a truck is the figure used to determine what size camper may be carried. The GVWR, minus the weight of the truck with passengers and fuel is the payload that the truck may legally carry. Stability can be improved by the addition of a

text: sway bar

text: , add-on overload springs or inflatable airbags on the rear suspension. Most campers are rated at their "dry weight" which is the weight of the camper less any fluids like fresh water or sewage, and any possessions or add-ons that may add to the total weight. These need to be taken into account when determining the maximum size camper a truck may carry. Tires and braking capacity are also two important factors when determining maximum payload. It should be noted that the total axle capacity is always higher than the GVWR. Tires and braking are frequently the rate determining factor, from a safety point of view.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: a region is at its carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: population size

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overpopulation

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: truck camper,

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: the total axle capacity is always higher than the GVWR.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: gross vehicle weight rating

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: the total axle capacity is always higher than the GVWR.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: European and Japanese models.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: the total axle capacity is always higher than the GVWR.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: safety point of view.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: water

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: Tires and braking are frequently the rate determining factor,

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: rate determining factor,

text: This effectively doubles the number of banks and reduces the minimum data access size by a factor of 4, albeit with the limitation that accesses must be spread uniformly across all 4 quadrants.

text: This effectively doubles the number of banks and reduces the minimum data access size by a factor of 4, albeit with the limitation that accesses must be spread uniformly across all 4 quadrants.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: it has too many banks

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: a factor of 4

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: no longer exist

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: consumes too much

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: 4,

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: 4,

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: a factor of 4,

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: 4,

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: 4,

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: accesses must be spread uniformly across all 4 quadrants.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: 4,

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: banks

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: reduces the minimum data access size by a factor of 4,

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: accesses must be spread uniformly across all 4 quadrants.

text: The AllBusiness.com Business Glossary defines a limiting (constraining) factor as an "item that restricts or limits production or sale of a given product." The examples provided include: "limited machine hours and labor-hours and shortage of materials and skilled labor. Other limiting factors may be cubic feet of display or warehouse space, or working capital." The term is also frequently used in technology literature.

text: The AllBusiness.com Business Glossary defines a limiting (constraining) factor as an "item that restricts or limits production or sale of a given product." The examples provided include: "limited machine hours and labor-hours and shortage of materials and skilled labor. Other limiting factors may be cubic feet of display or warehouse space, or working capital." The term is also frequently used in technology literature.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: a limiting factor

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: limiting factors

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: limit

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: limiting factor

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: limiting (constraining) factor

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: shortage of materials and skilled labor.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: limiting (constraining) factor

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: shortage of materials and skilled labor.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: limiting

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: "item that restricts or limits production or sale of a given product."

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: limiting (constraining) factor

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: skilled labor.

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: limiting (constraining) factor

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: "item that restricts or limits production or sale of a given product."

text: For a single group, M denotes the sample mean, μ the population mean, SD the sample's standard deviation, σ the population's standard deviation, and n is the sample size of the group. The t value is used to test the hypothesis on the difference between the mean and a baseline μ. Usually, μ is zero. In the case of two related groups, the single group is constructed by the differences in pair of samples, while SD and σ denote the sample's and population's standard deviations of differences rather than within original two groups.

text: For a single group, M denotes the sample mean, μ the population mean, SD the sample's standard deviation, σ the population's standard deviation, and n is the sample size of the group. The t value is used to test the hypothesis on the difference between the mean and a baseline μ. Usually, μ is zero. In the case of two related groups, the single group is constructed by the differences in pair of samples, while SD and σ denote the sample's and population's standard deviations of differences rather than within original two groups.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: it has enough people

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: n

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: has a resource crunch

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: zero.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: zero.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: differences in pair of samples,

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: zero.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: SD

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: zero.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: n is the sample size

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: sample size

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: <unk> is zero.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: zero.

text: Starting to harvest a previously unharvested population will always lead to a decrease in the population size.   That is, it is impossible for a harvested population to remain at its original carrying capacity.  Instead, the population will either stabilize at a new lower equilibrium size or, if the harvesting rate is too high, decline to zero.

text: Starting to harvest a previously unharvested population will always lead to a decrease in the population size.   That is, it is impossible for a harvested population to remain at its original carrying capacity.  Instead, the population will either stabilize at a new lower equilibrium size or, if the harvesting rate is too high, decline to zero.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: starting to harvest

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: unharvested

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: equilibrium

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: decline to zero

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: Starting to harvest a previously unharvested population

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: harvested population

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: carrying capacity.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decline to zero.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Starting

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: it is impossible for a harvested population to remain at its original carrying capacity.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: Starting to harvest a previously unharvested

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: carrying capacity.

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: decline to zero.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: Starting to harvest

text: In population dynamics, Nurgaliev's law is an equation that describes the rate of change of the size of a population at a given time, in terms of the current population size. It is a deterministic ordinary differential equation in which the rate of change is expressed as a quadratic function of the population size.

text: In

text: population dynamics

text: , Nurgaliev's law is an equation that describes the rate of change of the size of a population at a given time, in terms of the current population size. It is a deterministic

text: ordinary differential equation

text: in which the rate of change is expressed as a

text: quadratic function

text: of the population size.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: at a given time

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: Nurgaliev's law

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: Nurgaliev's law

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: size will increase

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: a given time,

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: current population size.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: Nurgaliev's law

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: Nurgaliev's law

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Nurgaliev's law

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: current population size.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: population dynamics,

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: rate of change of the size of a population at a given time,

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: Nurgaliev's law

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: Nurgaliev's law

text: The design of a system is governed by multiple criteria, one being cost. If the benefit is fixed, the least cost design results in maximum benefit. However, the least cost approach normally results in a minimum capacity for a water supply network. A minimum cost model usually searches for the least cost solution (in pipe sizes), while satisfying the hydraulic constraints such as: required output pressures, maximum pipe flow rate and pipe flow velocities. The cost is a function of pipe diameters; therefore the optimization problem consists of finding a minimum cost solution by optimising pipe sizes to provide the minimum acceptable capacity.

text: The design of a system is governed by multiple criteria, one being cost. If the benefit is fixed, the

text: least cost

text: design results in maximum benefit. However, the least cost approach normally results in a minimum capacity for a water supply network. A minimum cost model usually searches for the least cost solution (in pipe sizes), while satisfying the hydraulic constraints such as: required output pressures, maximum

text: pipe flow

text: rate and pipe flow velocities. The cost is a function of pipe diameters; therefore the

text: optimization

text: problem consists of finding a minimum cost solution by optimising pipe sizes to provide the minimum acceptable capacity.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: least cost approach results in a minimum capacity

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: cost

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: no longer exist

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: water supply network

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: consumes more resources

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: cost. If the benefit is fixed,

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: the least cost approach

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: cost.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: minimum capacity for a water supply network.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: cost.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: cost.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: cost.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: cost.

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: maximum benefit.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: cost.

text: In population genetics an idealised population is one that can be described using a number of simplifying assumptions. Models of idealised populations are either used to make a general point, or they are fit to data on real populations for which the assumptions may not hold true. For example, coalescent theory is used to fit data to models of idealised populations. The most common idealized population in population genetics is the Fisher-Wright population after R.A. Fisher and Sewall Wright. Wright-Fisher populations have constant size, and their members can mate and reproduce with any other member. Another example is a Moran model, which has overlapping generations, rather than the non-overlapping generations of the Wright-Fisher model. The complexities of real populations can cause their behavior to match an idealised population with an effective population size that is very different from the census population size of the real population. For sexual diploids, idealized populations will have genotype frequencies related to the allele frequencies according to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.

text: In

text: population genetics

text: an idealised population is one that can be described using a number of simplifying assumptions. Models of idealised populations are either used to make a general point, or they are fit to data on real populations for which the assumptions may not hold true. For example,

text: coalescent theory

text: is used to fit data to models of idealised populations. The most common idealized population in population genetics is the

text: Fisher-Wright population

text: after

text: R.A. Fisher

text: and

text: Sewall Wright

text: . Wright-Fisher

text: population

text: s have constant size, and their members can

text: mate

text: and

text: reproduce

text: with any other member. Another example is a

text: Moran model

text: , which has overlapping

text: generation

text: s, rather than the non-overlapping generations of the Wright-Fisher model. The complexities of real populations can cause their behavior to match an idealised population with an

text: effective population size

text: that is very different from the census population size of the real population. For sexual diploids, idealized populations will have genotype frequencies related to the allele frequencies according to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population size of the real population

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: The complexities of real populations

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: The complexities of real populations

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: effective population size

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: effective population size

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: census population size of the real population.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: census population size of the real population.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: complexities of real populations

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: effective population size that is very different from the census population size

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: complexities of real populations

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: constant size,

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: complexities of real populations

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: mate and reproduce with any other member.

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: effective population size

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: complexities of real populations

text: Irruptive growth, sometimes called Malthusian growth, is a growth pattern over time, defined by population explosions and subsequent sharp population crashes, or diebacks. It is an extension of the Malthusian growth model, specifically the growth pattern that causes a Malthusian catastrophe, and can occur when populations overshoot their carrying capacity, a phenomenon typically associated with r-strategists. Populations which exhibit irruptive growth do not stabilize around their carrying capacity, a feature of logistic growth. Irruptive growth occurs when a species reproduces more rapidly than the environment is capable of supporting with the available resources.  Irruptive growth is studied in population ecology.

text: Irruptive growth, sometimes called Malthusian growth, is a growth pattern over time, defined by

text: population explosions

text: and subsequent sharp population crashes, or diebacks. It is an extension of the

text: Malthusian growth model

text: , specifically the growth pattern that causes a

text: Malthusian catastrophe

text: , and can occur when populations overshoot their

text: carrying capacity

text: , a phenomenon typically associated with

text: r-strategists

text: . Populations which exhibit irruptive growth do not stabilize around their carrying capacity, a feature of

text: logistic growth

text: . Irruptive growth occurs when a species reproduces more rapidly than the environment is capable of supporting with the available resources.  Irruptive growth is studied in

text: population ecology

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: overshoot their carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: collapse

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: Irruptive growth

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: available resources

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overshoot their carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: populations overshoot their carrying capacity,

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: logistic growth.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: carrying capacity,

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: overshoot their carrying capacity,

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Irruptive growth,

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: environment is capable of supporting with the available resources.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: reproduces more rapidly

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: resources.

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overshoot their carrying capacity,

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: the environment is capable of supporting with the available resources.

text: The law of large numbers predicts that when the absolute number of copies of the allele is small (e.g., in small populations), the magnitude of drift on allele frequencies per generation is larger. The magnitude of drift is large enough to overwhelm selection at any allele frequency when the selection coefficient is less than 1 divided by the effective population size. Non-adaptive evolution resulting from the product of mutation and genetic drift is therefore considered to be a consequential mechanism of evolutionary change primarily within small, isolated populations. The mathematics of genetic drift depend on the effective population size, but it is not clear how this is related to the actual number of individuals in a population. Genetic linkage to other genes that are under selection can reduce the effective population size experienced by a neutral allele. With a higher recombination rate, linkage decreases and with it this local effect on effective population size. This effect is visible in molecular data as a correlation between local recombination rate and genetic diversity, and negative correlation between gene density and diversity at noncoding DNA regions. Stochasticity associated with linkage to other genes that are under selection is not the same as sampling error, and is sometimes known as genetic draft in order to distinguish it from genetic drift.

text: The

text: law of large numbers

text: predicts that when the absolute number of copies of the allele is small (e.g., in small populations), the magnitude of drift on allele frequencies per generation is larger. The magnitude of drift is large enough to overwhelm selection at any allele frequency when the

text: selection coefficient

text: is less than 1 divided by the effective population size. Non-adaptive evolution resulting from the product of mutation and genetic drift is therefore considered to be a consequential mechanism of evolutionary change primarily within small, isolated populations. The mathematics of genetic drift depend on the effective population size, but it is not clear how this is related to the actual number of individuals in a population.

text: Genetic linkage

text: to other genes that are under selection can reduce the effective population size experienced by a neutral allele. With a higher

text: recombination

text: rate, linkage decreases and with it this local effect on effective population size. This effect is visible in molecular data as a correlation between local recombination rate and

text: genetic diversity

text: , and negative correlation between gene density and diversity at

text: noncoding DNA

text: regions. Stochasticity associated with linkage to other genes that are under selection is not the same as sampling error, and is sometimes known as

text: genetic draft

text: in order to distinguish it from genetic drift.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: primarily within small, isolated populations

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: effective population size is less than 1 divided by the effective population size

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: the law of large numbers

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: the magnitude of drift on allele frequencies per generation is larger

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: genetic diversity

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overpopulation

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: effective population size

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: when the absolute number of copies of the allele is small

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: 1 divided by the effective population size.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: effective population size,

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: 1 divided by the effective population size.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: The law of large numbers

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: effective population size,

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: when the absolute number of copies of the allele is small

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: genetic diversity,

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: genetic drift

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: effective population size.

text: Section 36 provides certain factors that must be taken into account by the courts when determining if a limitation is reasonable and justifiable:

text: Section 36 provides certain factors that must be taken into account by the courts when determining if a limitation is reasonable and justifiable:

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: it receives a lot of rain

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: climatic conditions

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: be limited

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: natural selection

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: nutrients

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: is likely to overpopulate

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: reasonable and justifiable:

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: reasonable and justifiable:

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: reasonable and justifiable:

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: reasonable and justifiable:

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Section 36

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: reasonable and justifiable:

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: reasonable and justifiable:

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: Section 36

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: a limitation is reasonable and justifiable:

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: reasonable and justifiable:

text: A population is a group of individuals which either do or can interbreed or, if incapable of interbreeding, then are recently derived from a single individual (a clonal population). Population ecology considers characteristics that are apparent in populations of individuals but either are not apparent or are much less apparent among individuals. These characteristics include so-called intraspecific interactions, that is between individuals making up the same population, and can include competition as well as cooperation. Competition can be either in terms of rates of population growth (as seen especially at lower population densities in resource-rich environments) or in terms of retention of population sizes (seen especially at higher population densities where individuals are directly competing over limited resources). Respectively, these are population-density independent and dependent effects.

text: A

text: population

text: is a group of

text: individuals

text: which either do or can

text: interbreed

text: or, if incapable of interbreeding, then are recently derived from a single individual (a

text: clonal population

text: Population ecology

text: considers characteristics that are apparent in populations of individuals but either are not apparent or are much less apparent among individuals. These characteristics include so-called intraspecific interactions, that is between individuals making up the same population, and can include

text: competition

text: as well as

text: cooperation

text: . Competition can be either in terms of rates of

text: population growth

text: (as seen especially at lower population densities in resource-rich environments) or in terms of retention of

text: population size

text: s (seen especially at higher population densities where individuals are directly competing over

text: limited resources

text: ). Respectively, these are

text: population-density

text: independent and dependent effects.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: at higher population densities

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: higher population densities

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: densities

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: lower

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: lower population densities

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: resource-rich environments

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: rates of population growth

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: limited resources

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: lower population densities

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: lower population densities

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: limited resources).

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: competition

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: competition

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: limited resources).

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: individuals are directly competing over limited resources).

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: resource-rich environments)

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: Competition

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: resources).

text: Although their numbers were small, a considerable amount of industry in Southern Ireland had been developed indigenously by Southern Unionist supporters. These included Jacob's Biscuits, Bewley's, Beamish and Crawford, Brown Thomas, Cantrell & Cochrane, Jameson's Whiskey, W.P. & R. Odlum, Cleeve's, R&H Hall, Dockrell's, Arnott's, Elverys, Goulding Chemicals, the Irish Times and notably the Guinness brewery, then Ireland's largest company. They controlled financial entities such as the Bank of Ireland and Goodbody Stockbrokers. They were concerned that a new home rule state might create new taxes between them and their markets in Britain and the Empire, that would add to their costs and probably reduce sales and therefore employment. They were all considered to be good employers by contemporary standards.

text: Although their numbers were small, a considerable amount of industry in Southern Ireland had been developed indigenously by Southern Unionist supporters. These included

text: Jacob's Biscuits

text: Bewley's

text: Beamish and Crawford

text: Brown Thomas

text: Cantrell & Cochrane

text: Jameson's Whiskey

text: W.P. & R. Odlum

text: Cleeve's

text: R&H Hall

text: Dockrell's

text: Arnott's

text: Elverys

text: Goulding Chemicals

text: , the

text: Irish Times

text: and notably the

text: Guinness brewery

text: , then Ireland's largest company. They controlled financial entities such as the

text: Bank of Ireland

text: and

text: Goodbody Stockbrokers

text: . They were concerned that a new home rule state might create new taxes between them and their markets in Britain and the Empire, that would add to their costs and probably reduce sales and therefore employment. They were all considered to be good employers by contemporary standards.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: probably reduce sales

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: cost

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: likely reduce

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: industry

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: decreases

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: a new home rule state might create new taxes

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: reduce sales and therefore employment.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: indigenously by Southern Unionist supporters.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: small, a considerable amount of industry in Southern Ireland

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: a considerable amount of industry in Southern Ireland

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: taxes

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: Southern Unionist supporters.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: industry

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: reduce sales and therefore employment.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: taxes

text: The quality factor Q of the cavity, as well as the time duration of the measurement, determines the achievable frequency resolution of a ring to a large extent. The quality factor depends largely on the reflection properties of the mirrors. For high quality rings, reflectivities larger than 99.999% (R = 1-10 ppm) are indispensable.  At this time, the main limitation of mirrors is the extinction coefficient of the evaporated high-index material TiO.  The size and shape of the cavity as well as the presence of interfaces also influence the quality factor.

text: The quality factor Q of the cavity, as well as the time duration of the measurement, determines the achievable frequency resolution of a ring to a large extent. The quality factor depends largely on the reflection properties of the mirrors. For high quality rings, reflectivities larger than 99.999% (R = 1-10 ppm) are indispensable.  At this time, the main limitation of mirrors is the extinction coefficient of the evaporated high-index material TiO.  The size and shape of the cavity as well as the presence of interfaces also influence the quality factor.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: R = 1-10 ppm

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: the quality factor

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: lessen

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: extinction coefficient

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overpopulation

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: time duration of the measurement,

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: 99.999%

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: The quality factor

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: 99.999%

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: The quality

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: extinction coefficient

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: The size and shape of the cavity as well as the presence of interfaces

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: The quality factor

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: frequency resolution of a ring to a large extent.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: extinction coefficient

text: In June Harrity was reprimanded by the ECB for an incident in a second XI match,and this provided the final indignity to a generally miserable couple of seasons in England. Indeed, Harrity has not played top-level cricket since that time.

text: In June Harrity was reprimanded by the

text: ECB

text: for an incident in a second XI match,and this provided the final indignity to a generally miserable couple of seasons in England. Indeed, Harrity has not played top-level cricket since that time.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: no more people live there

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: dwindle

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overpopulation

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: June

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: Harrity was reprimanded by the ECB

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: XI match,and

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: XI match,and

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: England.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: ECB

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: Harrity was reprimanded by the ECB

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: Harrity was reprimanded by the ECB

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: reprimanded by the ECB

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: ECB

text: The shorter internodal time span (T) the more common are incongruent gene trees. The effective population size (N) of the internodal population determines how long genetic lineages are preserved in the population. A higher effective population size causes more incongruent gene trees. Therefore, if the internodal time span is known, the ancestral effective population size of the common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees can be calculated.

text: The shorter internodal time span (T) the more common are incongruent gene trees. The effective population size (N) of the internodal population determines how long genetic lineages are preserved in the population. A higher effective population size causes more incongruent gene trees. Therefore, if the internodal time span is known, the ancestral effective population size of the common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees can be calculated.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: effective population size is low

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: how long genetic lineages are preserved

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: a higher effective population size

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: effective population size

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: incongruent gene trees

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: effective population size

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: internodal time span

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: effective population size

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: how long genetic lineages are preserved in the population.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: higher effective population size causes more incongruent gene trees.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: The shorter internodal time span

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: The effective population size

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: The effective population size

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: effective population size

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: incongruent gene trees.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: The effective population size

text: Rankin's Pass is situated in the Limpopo Province on the road between Thabazimbi and Modimolle (South Africa).

text: Rankin's Pass is situated in the

text: Limpopo

text: Province on the road between

text: Thabazimbi

text: and

text: Modimolle

text: South Africa

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unspecified

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: it has enough people

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: population size

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: no longer exist

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: natural disasters

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: consumes more resources

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: Rankin's Pass is situated in the Limpopo Province

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: Rankin's Pass is situated in the Limpopo Province

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: Rankin's Pass is situated in the Limpopo Province

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: Rankin's Pass is situated in the Limpopo Province

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Rankin's Pass is situated in the Limpopo Province

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: Rankin's Pass is situated in the Limpopo Province

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: Rankin's Pass is situated in the Limpopo Province

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: Rankin's Pass

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: Rankin's Pass

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: Rankin's Pass is situated in the Limpopo Province

text: At the Mainichi Film Awards, Spirited Away won the Animation Film Award and Kujira Tori won the Ōfuji Noburō Award. Internationally, Blood: The Last Vampire was nominated for the Annie Award for Best Animated Feature.

text: At the

text: Mainichi Film Awards

text: Spirited Away

text: won the

entity_name: Mainichi Film Award for Best Animation Film

text: Animation Film Award

text: and Kujira Tori won the

text: Ōfuji Noburō Award

text: . Internationally,

text: Blood: The Last Vampire

text: was nominated for the

text: Annie Award for Best Animated Feature

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: it has enough people

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: abiotic factors

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: no longer exist

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: natural disasters

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: is overpopulating

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: Internationally, Blood: The Last Vampire

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: <unk>fuji Nobur<unk> Award.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: <unk>fuji Nobur<unk> Award.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: Spirited Away

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: <unk>fuji Nobur<unk> Award.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: <unk>fuji Nobur<unk> Award.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: Blood: The Last Vampire

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: Blood: The Last Vampire

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: <unk>fuji Nobur<unk> Award.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: <unk>fuji Nobur<unk> Award.

text: It is also used in flea and tick products for pets.

text: It is also used in flea and tick products for pets.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: it has a lot of people

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: abiotic factors

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: swell

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: asexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: consumes too much

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: It is also used in flea and tick products for pets.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: flea and tick products for pets.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: flea and tick products

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: flea and tick products for pets.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: It is also used in flea and tick products for pets.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: flea and tick products

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: flea and tick products for pets.

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: It is also used in flea and tick products

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: flea and tick products for pets.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: flea and tick products

text: Albuquerque, New Mexico, is home to the National Hispanic Cultural Center which was originally chosen to be built in Washington, DC. The state of New Mexico itself has the highest percentage of Hispanic or Latinos by population in the United States, who in 2013, made up 47.3% of the state's total population.

text: Albuquerque, New Mexico

text: , is home to the

text: National Hispanic Cultural Center

text: which was originally chosen to be built in Washington, DC. The state of

text: New Mexico

text: itself has the highest percentage of Hispanic or Latinos by population in the United States, who in 2013, made up 47.3% of the state's total population.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population increases

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: population density

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: dwindle

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: climate

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overpopulation

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: population.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: The state of New Mexico

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: National Hispanic Cultural Center

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Hispanic or Latinos by population in the United States,

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: Hispanic or Latinos by population in the United States,

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: Albuquerque, New Mexico,

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: National Hispanic Cultural Center

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: 47.3%

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: Washington, DC.

text: In the 1980s, Nespolo made ceramics and blown glass objects, created over fifty posters for exhibitions and other events, did advertising campaigns - the ones for Campari and Azzurra are the most famous - and realised title sequences for shows on the Italian television RAI. In 2002, Nespolo was appointed artistic coordinator for the Metropolitana di Torino, with the aim of realising the first "underground museum of modern art". Several underground stations are decorated with his glass etchings and images.

text: In the 1980s, Nespolo made ceramics and blown glass objects, created over fifty posters for exhibitions and other events, did advertising campaigns - the ones for

text: Campari

text: and

text: Azzurra

text: are the most famous - and realised title sequences for shows on the Italian television

text: RAI

text: . In 2002, Nespolo was appointed artistic coordinator for the

text: Metropolitana di Torino

text: , with the aim of realising the first "underground museum of modern art". Several underground stations are decorated with his glass etchings and images.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: no one lives there

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: population size

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: dwindle

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overpopulation

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: 1980s,

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: Metropolitana di Torino,

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: Metropolitana di Torino,

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: Metropolitana di Torino,

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Nespolo made ceramics and blown glass objects,

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: Metropolitana di Torino,

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: In the 1980s,

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: art".

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: "underground museum of modern art".

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: Nespolo made ceramics and blown glass objects,

text: In 1565 when Vijaynagar Empire fell, Kandavara was apparently a hamlet of a score of dwellings, probably with a population of 150 (household size assumed to be 7). By 1815 it was a village with 80 dwellings, probably with a population of about 600. In 2013 the population was estimated to be 4,400.

text: In 1565 when Vijaynagar Empire fell, Kandavara was apparently a hamlet of a score of dwellings, probably with a population of 150 (household size assumed to be 7). By 1815 it was a village with 80 dwellings, probably with a population of about 600. In 2013 the population was estimated to be 4,400.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: by 1815

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: population is less than it can support

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: population size

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: lessen

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: population increase

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: population density

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: overpopulation

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: 1565

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: 600. In 2013 the population was estimated to be 4,400.

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: (household size assumed to be 7).

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: 600.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: 600.

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: population

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: (household size assumed to be 7).

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: dwellings,

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: 600. In 2013 the population was estimated to be 4,400.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: (household size

text: Any species growing exponentially under unlimited resource conditions can reach enormous population densities in a short time. Darwin showed how even a slow growing animal like the elephant could reach an enormous population if there were unlimited resources for its growth in its habitat.

text: Any species growing exponentially under unlimited resource conditions can reach enormous

text: population densities

text: in a short time. Darwin showed how even a slow growing animal like the

text: elephant

text: could reach an enormous population if there were unlimited resources for its growth in its habitat.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: no resources are available

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: limited resources

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unlimited resource conditions

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: unlimited resource conditions

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: reaches an enormous population

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: a short time.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: unlimited resource conditions

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: unlimited resource conditions

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: enormous population densities in a short time.

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Any species growing exponentially under unlimited resource conditions

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: unlimited resource

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: growing exponentially under unlimited resource conditions

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: unlimited resources

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: unlimited resource conditions can reach enormous population densities in a short time.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: unlimited resource conditions

text: Prey switching is the concept that predators sometimes switch from primary prey to an alternative food source for various reasons. This is related to apostatic selection because when a rare morph is being selected for, it is going to increase in abundance in a specific population until it becomes recognized by a predator. Prey switching, therefore, seems to be a result of apostatic selection. Prey switching is related to prey preference as well as the abundance of the prey.

text: Prey switching

text: is the concept that predators sometimes switch from primary prey to an alternative food source for various reasons. This is related to apostatic selection because when a rare morph is being selected for, it is going to increase in abundance in a specific population until it becomes recognized by a predator. Prey switching, therefore, seems to be a result of apostatic selection. Prey switching is related to prey preference as well as the abundance of the prey.

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: abundance of prey increases

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: abundance

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: abundance

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: decreases in size

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: no

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: until it becomes recognized by a predator.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: apostatic selection

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: apostatic selection

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: Prey switching

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: Prey

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: apostatic selection

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: apostatic selection

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: a rare morph

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: Prey switching

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: apostatic selection

text: where I is the indicator function.  The population analogue of this expression is

text: where I is the

text: indicator function

text: .  The population analogue of this expression is

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: in a recession

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: it has enough people

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: abiotic factors

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: decrease

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: change in population

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: the same

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: asexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: natural resources

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: consumes more resources

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: iii

answers: NDQ_005561

answers: I is the indicator function.

answers: NDQ_005562

answers: I

answers: NDQ_005563

answers: I is the indicator function.

answers: NDQ_005564

answers: I

answers: NDQ_005565

answers: The population

answers: NDQ_005566

answers: I is the indicator function.

answers: NDQ_005567

answers: The population

answers: NDQ_005568

answers: indicator function.

answers: NDQ_005569

answers: I is the indicator function.

answers: NDQ_005570

answers: I is the indicator function.