text: Following her residency in pediatrics and a fellowship in pediatric infectious disease at Johns Hopkins, O'Brien joined the bacterial Respiratory Diseases Branch at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention as an Epidemic Intelligence Officer.  She returned to Johns Hopkins in 1998 to join the Center for American Indian Health where she leads the Center’s Infectious Disease group conducting clinical trials of vaccines for diseases of importance to American Indian tribes; she also serves as the Deputy Director of Research for PneumoADIP which aims to accelerate the development and introduction of pneumococcal vaccines for children globally.  She has also worked on rotavirus disease, conducting a large phase III trial of rotavirus vaccine among American Indian children.  Most recently she has completed a 6-year trial of a monoclonal antibody, motavizumab, against RSV lower and upper respiratory infections among otherwise healthy American Indian infants who are known to be a significantly increased risk of RSV hospitalization than children in the general US population.  During the PneumoADIP from 2004 to 2009, she focused on strategic issues of the pneumococcal research agenda and providing leadership to special studies such as the Pneumococcal Global Serotype Project (GSP) and the Hib and Pneumococcal Global Disease Burden Project (Hib/SP GDB). The GSP elucidates the role that different serotypes of S.pneumoniae play in causing pneumococcal disease in different regions around the world.  This research is critical to understanding pneumococcal vaccine needs and potential efficacy in different regions.  The Hib/SP GDP established far more reliable estimates of the burden of disease of both S.pneumoniae and H.influenzae on a country level globally.  This research is essential to understanding the scope of these diseases which are the leading causes of pneumonia, an illness that kills approximately 2 million children under five each and every year. Since 2009, she has served as the Deputy Director of IVAC, providing strategic direction and a leading role in projects such as the PERCH study which aims to establish pneumonia etiology among children less than 5 years of age in seven countries around the world, the PCV Dosing Landscape Project which aims to evaluate the relative impact of various PCV dosing regimens on disease, immunogenicity and colonization and to thereby provide guidance to WHO for vaccine schedule decisions, and the PCV Serotype Replacement Project aiming to more fully understand the evidence on serotype replacement following PCV implementation.

text: Following her residency in pediatrics and a fellowship in pediatric infectious disease at Johns Hopkins, O'Brien joined the bacterial Respiratory Diseases Branch at the

entity_name: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

text: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

text: as an Epidemic Intelligence Officer.  She returned to Johns Hopkins in 1998 to join the Center for American Indian Health where she leads the Center’s Infectious Disease group conducting clinical trials of vaccines for diseases of importance to American Indian tribes; she also serves as the Deputy Director of Research for PneumoADIP which aims to accelerate the development and introduction of pneumococcal vaccines for children globally.  She has also worked on

entity_name: Rotavirus

text: rotavirus

method: UNH-qee

method: ICT-DRMMTKS

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: RSV

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: H.influenzae

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: pneumonia

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: RSV

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: pneumonia

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: rotavirus

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: rotavirus

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: RSV

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: pneumonia

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: rotavirus

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Schistosoma

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Escherichia coli

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which of the following is not a human viral infection?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do if you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: RSV

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: O'Brien

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: virus

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: monoclonal antibody

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vaccines

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: rotavirus

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: rotavirus

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: rotavirus

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Hib

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: bacterial

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Respiratory Diseases

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: S.pneumoniae and H.influenzae

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: rotavirus

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: H.influenzae

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: rotavirus

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: rotavirus

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: H.influenzae

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: pneumococcal

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: pneumococcal

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: PERCH

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: S.pneumoniae

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: rotavirus

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: H.influenzae

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: PERCH

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: PERCH

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: PERCH

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Pneumococcal Global Serotype Project

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: RSV

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: O'Brien

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: pneumococcal vaccines

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Deputy Director of IVAC,

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: rotavirus

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: bacterial

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: monoclonal antibody,

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vaccine

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: rotavirus

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: bacterial

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: rotavirus

text: Since opportunistic infections can cause severe disease, much emphasis is placed on measures to prevent infection. Such a strategy usually includes restoration of the immune system as soon as possible, avoiding exposures to infectious agents, and using antimicrobial medications ("prophylactic medications") directed against specific infections.

text: Since opportunistic infections can cause severe disease, much emphasis is placed on measures to prevent infection. Such a strategy usually includes restoration of the immune system as soon as possible, avoiding exposures to infectious agents, and using antimicrobial medications ("prophylactic medications") directed against specific infections.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: opportunistic

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious agents

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious agents

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: pneumonia

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: infectious agent

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: infectious agents

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Escherichia coli

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: opportunistic infections

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: avoiding exposures to infectious agents

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious agents contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: avoiding exposures to infectious agents

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious agents

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious agents

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antimicrobial medications

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: antimicrobial medications

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious agents

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious agents

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: opportunistic infections

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: opportunistic infections

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: opportunistic infections

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: opportunistic infections

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: opportunistic infections

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: opportunistic infections

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: opportunistic

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: infectious agents,

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: infectious agents,

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: opportunistic infections

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: opportunistic infections

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: infectious agents,

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: avoiding exposures to infectious agents,

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: antimicrobial medications

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: antimicrobial medications ("prophylactic medications") directed against specific infections.

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: antimicrobial medications

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: avoiding exposures to infectious agents,

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: avoiding exposures to infectious agents,

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: avoiding exposures to infectious agents,

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: infectious agents,

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: avoiding exposures to infectious agents,

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: antimicrobial medications

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: antimicrobial medications ("prophylactic medications") directed against specific infections.

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: antimicrobial medications

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious agents,

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: opportunistic infections

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: antimicrobial medications

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: opportunistic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: opportunistic infections

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: opportunistic infections

text: Some diseases are hereditary and run in families; others, such as infectious diseases, are caused by the environment. Other diseases come from a combination of genes and the environment. Genetic disorders are diseases that are caused by a single allele of a gene and are inherited in families. These include Huntington's disease, Cystic fibrosis or Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Cystic fibrosis, for example, is caused by mutations in a single gene called CFTR and is inherited as a recessive trait.

text: Some diseases are hereditary and run in families; others, such as

entity_name: Infection

text: infectious disease

text: s, are caused by the environment. Other diseases come from a combination of genes and the environment.

entity_name: Genetic disorder

text: Genetic disorder

text: s are diseases that are caused by a single allele of a gene and are inherited in families. These include

entity_name: Huntington's disease

text: Huntington's disease

entity_name: Cystic fibrosis

text: Cystic fibrosis

text: or

entity_name: Duchenne muscular dystrophy

text: Duchenne muscular dystrophy

text: . Cystic fibrosis, for example, is caused by mutations in a single gene called

entity_name: Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator

text: CFTR

text: and is inherited as a recessive trait.

method: Bert-ConvKNRM

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: hereditary

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: the environment

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Huntington's disease

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: chickenpox

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: The common cold can be spread by pathogens

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: a vector

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: are caused by the environment

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: hereditary

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do when you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: hereditary

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: hereditary

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: strep throat

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: the environment

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vaccine

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: CFTR

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: hereditary

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious diseases, are caused by the environment.

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: environment.

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Genetic disorders

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Huntington's disease,

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Some diseases are hereditary

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: hereditary

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: infectious diseases, are caused by the environment.

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: infectious diseases, are caused by the environment.

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Some diseases are hereditary

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: infectious diseases, are caused by the environment.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: infectious diseases, are caused by the environment.

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: the environment.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: infectious diseases, are caused by the environment.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Some diseases are hereditary

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: the environment.

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: CFTR

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: environment.

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: infectious diseases, are caused by the environment.

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious diseases,

text: The success of vaccines and anti-virus software in preventing major outbreaks relies on the mechanism of herd immunity, also known as community immunity, where the immunization of individuals provides protection for not only the individuals, but also the community at large. In cases of biological contagions such as influenza, measles, and chicken pox, immunizing a critical community size can provide protection against the disease for members who cannot be vaccinated themselves (infants, pregnant women, and immunocompromised individuals). Often however these vaccine programmes require the immunization of a large majority of the population to provide herd immunity. A few successful vaccine programmes have led to the eradication of infectious diseases like small pox and rinderpest, and the near eradication of polio, which plagued the world before the second half of the 20th century.

text: The success of

entity_name: Vaccine

text: vaccines

text: and

entity_name: Antivirus software

text: anti-virus software

text: in preventing major outbreaks relies on the mechanism of

entity_name: Herd immunity

text: herd immunity

text: , also known as community immunity, where the immunization of individuals provides protection for not only the individuals, but also the community at large. In cases of biological contagions such as

entity_name: Influenza

text: influenza

entity_name: Measles

text: measles

text: , and

entity_name: Chickenpox

text: chicken pox

text: , immunizing a

entity_name: Critical community size

text: critical community size

text: can provide protection against the disease for members who cannot be vaccinated themselves (infants, pregnant women, and

entity_name: Immunodeficiency

text: immunocompromised

text: individuals). Often however these vaccine programmes require the immunization of a large majority of the population to provide herd immunity. A few successful vaccine programmes have led to the

entity_name: Eradication of infectious diseases

text: eradication of infectious diseases

text: like

entity_name: Smallpox

text: small pox

text: and

entity_name: Rinderpest

text: rinderpest

text: , and the near eradication of

entity_name: Poliomyelitis

text: polio

text: , which plagued the world before the second half of the 20th century.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: biological contagions

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: chicken pox

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: measles

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: chicken pox

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: virus

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: measles

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: polio

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: polio

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: In cases of biological contagions

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: contagious

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: contagions

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: measles

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vaccines

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: small pox

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: contagions

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: virus

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: biological contagions

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: biological contagions

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: influenza, measles, and chicken pox,

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: influenza, measles, and chicken pox,

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: influenza, measles, and chicken pox,

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: chicken pox,

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: biological

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: chicken pox,

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: influenza, measles, and chicken pox,

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: polio,

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: influenza, measles, and chicken pox,

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: influenza,

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: herd immunity,

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: influenza, measles, and chicken pox,

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: influenza,

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: influenza, measles, and chicken pox,

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: influenza, measles, and chicken pox,

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: immunizing a critical community size

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: influenza, measles, and chicken pox,

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: biological contagions

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: influenza,

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: herd immunity,

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: influenza, measles, and chicken pox,

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: influenza, measles, and chicken pox,

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: biological contagions

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: biological contagions

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: vaccines

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vaccines

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: biological contagions

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: biological contagions

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: anti-virus

text: The main concern addressed by this rule is the spread of infectious diseases like Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Hepatitis, and other diseases that can be spread through the contact of blood.

text: The main concern addressed by this rule is the spread of

text: infectious diseases

text: like

entity_name: HIV

text: Human immunodeficiency virus

text: (HIV),

entity_name: Hepatitis

text: Hepatitis

text: , and other diseases that can be spread through the contact of blood.

method: UNH-tfidf-stem

method: UNH-tfidf-ptsim

method: UNH-tfidf-lem

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: HIV

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Hepatitis

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Hepatitis

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Hepatitis

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Hepatitis

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: HIV

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: Human immunodeficient virus

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Hepatitis

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Hepatitis

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: HIV

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Hepatitis

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Hepatitis

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Hepatitis

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Hepatitis

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Hepatitis

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: The main concern addressed by this rule is the spread of infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: strep throat

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Hepatitis

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: HIV

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: HIV

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: HIV

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: HIV

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: HIV

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Hepatitis,

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Hepatitis,

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Hepatitis,

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Hepatitis,

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: Human immunodeficiency virus

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: blood.

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Hepatitis,

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Hepatitis,

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Human immunodeficiency virus

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: through the contact of blood.

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: blood.

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Hepatitis,

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV),

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Hepatitis,

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: The main concern addressed by this rule is the spread of infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: blood.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV),

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: blood.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: blood.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: The main concern addressed by this rule is the spread of infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV),

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV),

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: blood.

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Hepatitis,

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: immunodeficiency virus

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Human immunodeficiency virus

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: Human immunodeficiency virus

text: The word infection can denote any presence of a particular pathogen at all (no matter how little) but also is often used in a sense implying a clinically apparent infection (in other words, a case of infectious disease). This fact occasionally creates some ambiguity or prompts some usage discussion. To get around the usage annoyance, it is common for health professionals to speak of colonization (rather than infection) when they mean that some of the pathogens are present but that no clinically apparent infection (no disease) is present.

text: The word infection can

entity_name: Denotation

text: denote

text: any presence of a particular pathogen at all (no matter how little) but also is often used in a

entity_name: Word sense

text: sense

text: implying a clinically apparent infection (in other words, a case of infectious disease). This fact occasionally creates some

entity_name: Ambiguity

text: ambiguity

text: or prompts some

entity_name: Usage

text: usage

text: discussion. To get around the usage annoyance, it is common for

entity_name: Health professional

text: health professional

text: s to speak of

entity_section: Colonization

text: colonization

text: (rather than infection) when they mean that some of the pathogens are present but that no clinically apparent infection (no disease) is present.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: colonization

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Infection

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: colonization

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: It can be spread by pathogens

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: a vector

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: human viral infections

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: genital herpes

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: hand

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: infection

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: It is common for health professionals to speak of colonization

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: infection

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: infection

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: colonization

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotic

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious disease).

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious disease).

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: colonization

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious disease).

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious disease).

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious disease).

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: colonization

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: infectious disease).

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: infection

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: infection

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: infection

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: The word infection

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: The word infection

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: The word infection

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: colonization

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: colonization

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: The word infection

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: colonization

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: colonization

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: infection

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: colonization

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: The word infection

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: colonization

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: colonization

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infection

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: infectious disease).

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: colonization

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogen

text: Formerly rare infectious diseases have spread in rebel-held areas brought on by poor sanitation and deteriorating living conditions. The diseases have primarily affected children. These include measles, typhoid, hepatitis, dysentery, tuberculosis, diphtheria, whooping cough and the disfiguring skin disease leishmaniasis. Of particular concern is the contagious and crippling Poliomyelitis. As of late 2013 doctors and international public health agencies have reported more than 90 cases. Critics of the government complain that, even before the uprising, it contributed the spread of disease by purposefully restricting access to vaccination, sanitation and access to hygienic water in "areas considered politically unsympathetic".

text: Formerly rare

text: infectious disease

text: s have spread in rebel-held areas brought on by poor

entity_name: Sanitation

text: sanitation

text: and deteriorating living conditions. The diseases have primarily affected children. These include

text: measles

entity_name: Typhoid fever

text: typhoid

text: hepatitis

entity_name: Dysentery

text: dysentery

entity_name: Tuberculosis

text: tuberculosis

entity_name: Diphtheria

text: diphtheria

entity_name: Pertussis

text: whooping cough

text: and the disfiguring

entity_name: Cutaneous condition

text: skin disease

entity_name: Leishmaniasis

text: leishmaniasis

text: . Of particular concern is the contagious and crippling

text: Poliomyelitis

text: . As of late 2013 doctors and international public health agencies have reported more than 90 cases. Critics of the government complain that, even before the uprising, it contributed the spread of disease by purposefully restricting access to

entity_name: Vaccination

text: vaccination

text: , sanitation and access to hygienic water in "areas considered politically unsympathetic".

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Which of the following is not an infectious disease: measles, typhoid, hepatitis, dysentery, tuberculosis, diphtheria, whooping cough or Poliomyelitis?

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: poliomyelitis

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: typhoid

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Poliomyelitis

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Poliomyelitis

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Whooping cough

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which of the following is not a human viral infection: typhoid, hepatitis, dysentery, tuberculosis, diphtheria, whooping cough and the disfiguring skin disease leishmaniasis?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do if you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: contagious

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vaccination

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: tuberculous

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: leishmaniasis

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: rare infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: whooping cough

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: measles, typhoid,

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: tuberculosis,

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: measles, typhoid,

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: tuberculosis,

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: tuberculosis,

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: children.

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: tuberculosis,

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Poliomyelitis.

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Poliomyelitis.

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: whooping cough

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: leishmaniasis.

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: tuberculosis,

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: typhoid,

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: leishmaniasis.

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: whooping cough

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: vaccination, sanitation and access to hygienic water

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: dysentery,

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: crippling Poliomyelitis.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: whooping cough

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: hygienic water

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: whooping cough

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: measles, typhoid,

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: contagious

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: tuberculosis,

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: tuberculosis,

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vaccination,

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: tuberculosis,

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: leishmaniasis.

text: Avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV)  is a coronavirus which infects chickens, causing the associated disease, infectious bronchitis (IB). It is a highly infectious avian pathogen which affects the respiratory tract, gut, kidney and reproductive systems of chickens.

text: Avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV)  is a

entity_name: Coronavirus

text: coronavirus

text: which infects

entity_name: Chicken

text: chicken

text: s, causing the associated disease,

entity_name: Avian infectious bronchitis

text: infectious bronchitis

text: (IB). It is a highly infectious avian pathogen which affects the

entity_name: Respiratory tract

text: respiratory tract

entity_name: Gastrointestinal tract

text: gut

entity_name: Kidney

text: kidney

text: and

entity_name: Reproductive system

text: reproductive system

text: s of

text: chicken

text: s.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: coronavirus

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: coronavirus

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious bronchitis

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious bronchitis

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: avian

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: coronavirus

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: IBV

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: coronavirus

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which of the following is not a human viral infection: tetanus or measles?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Which is not a common human fungal infection?

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do if you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why is Avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) associated with chickens?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: virus

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotic

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vaccine

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: Coronavirus

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Avian infectious bronchitis virus

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Avian infectious bronchitis virus

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Avian infectious bronchitis virus

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious bronchitis

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Avian infectious bronchitis virus

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious bronchitis

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: coronavirus

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: avian

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Avian infectious bronchitis virus

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Avian infectious bronchitis virus

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Avian infectious bronchitis

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Avian infectious bronchitis virus

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Avian infectious bronchitis virus

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Avian infectious bronchitis virus

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Avian infectious bronchitis virus

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Avian infectious bronchitis virus

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Avian infectious bronchitis virus

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: Avian infectious bronchitis virus

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Avian infectious bronchitis virus

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Avian infectious bronchitis virus

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: Avian infectious bronchitis virus

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Avian infectious bronchitis virus

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: infectious bronchitis

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Avian infectious bronchitis virus

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: coronavirus

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: avian

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: coronavirus

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: coronavirus

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: avian pathogen

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: coronavirus

text: Medical anthropologist, epidemiologists, and clinical researchers are just beginning to understand the nature of syndemics.  There is a critical need for new research in this area. Important arenas of inquiry include the following: First, there is a need for studies that examine the processes by which syndemics emerge, including the specific sets of health and social conditions that foster the occurrence of multiple epidemics in a population and how syndemics function to produce specific kinds of health outcomes in populations.  Second, there is a need to better understand processes of interaction between specific diseases with each other and with health-related factors like malnutrition, structural violence, discrimination, stigmatization, and toxic environmental exposure that reflect oppressive social relationships.  Specifically, there is a need to identify all of the ways, directly and indirectly, that diseases can interact and have, as a result, enhanced impact on human health. Third there is a need for the development of an eco-syndemic understanding of the ways in which global warming is contributing to the spread of diseases to new areas and to the potential for new disease interactions. Already it is clear that as a result of global warming infectious diseases such as West Nile Virus are spreading to new places.  Similarly malaria is now found in new places because it is spread by particular mosquito species that are migrating to new locations as a result of changing climates.  As a consequence, diseases that did not often interact in the past---through co-infection of the same individuals within a population---may begin interacting more regularly. Finally, there is a need for a better understanding of how the public health systems and communities can best respond to and limit the health consequences of syndemics. Systems are needed to monitor the emergence of syndemics and to allow early-bird medical and public health responses designed to lessen their impact. Systematic ethno-epidemiological surveillance with populations subject to multiple social stressors must be one component of such a monitoring system. Current efforts by researchers at the CDC to expand the discussion of syndemics in public health discourse is an important step in the development of a funded research agenda that addresses these research needs. Given the nature of syndemics, this research requires a bio-cultural/social approach that attends to both clinical and social processes.

text: Medical anthropologist, epidemiologists, and clinical researchers are just beginning to understand the nature of syndemics.  There is a critical need for new research in this area. Important arenas of inquiry include the following: First, there is a need for studies that examine the processes by which syndemics emerge, including the specific sets of health and social conditions that foster the occurrence of multiple epidemics in a population and how syndemics function to produce specific kinds of health outcomes in populations.  Second, there is a need to better understand processes of interaction between specific diseases with each other and with health-related factors like malnutrition, structural violence, discrimination, stigmatization, and toxic environmental exposure that reflect oppressive social relationships.  Specifically, there is a need to identify all of the ways, directly and indirectly, that diseases can interact and have, as a result, enhanced impact on human health. Third there is a need for the development of an eco-syndemic understanding of the ways in which

entity_name: Global warming

text: global warming

text: is contributing to the spread of diseases to new areas and to the potential for new disease interactions. Already it is clear that as a result of global warming infectious diseases such as

entity_name: West Nile fever

text: West Nile Virus

text: are spreading to new places.  Similarly malaria is now found in new places because it is spread by particular mosquito species that are migrating to new locations as a result of changing climates.  As a consequence, diseases that did not often interact in the past---through co-infection of the same individuals within a population---may begin interacting more regularly. Finally, there is a need for a better understanding of how the public health systems and communities can best respond to and limit the health consequences of syndemics. Systems are needed to monitor the emergence of syndemics and to allow early-bird medical and public health responses designed to lessen their impact. Systematic ethno-epidemiological surveillance with populations subject to multiple social stressors must be one component of such a monitoring system. Current efforts by researchers at the CDC to expand the discussion of syndemics in public health discourse is an important step in the development of a funded research agenda that addresses these research needs. Given the nature of syndemics, this research requires a bio-cultural/social approach that attends to both clinical and social processes.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Syndemic

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: West Nile Virus

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: West Nile Virus

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: West Nile Virus, West Nile Virus, West Nile Virus, and West Nile Virus.

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: West Nile virus

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: West Nile

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: This article is part of the "Syndemics" series.

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: Mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: West Nile

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Malaria

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: West Nile

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: The common cold can be spread by pathogens

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: What is Schistosoma?

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Escherichia coli

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: This article is part of the "Syndemics in Public Health" series.

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: What is a common human fungal infection?

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do when you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: What is the best way to prevent diseases spread by vectors to is avoid contact with the vectors?

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: What is the proper way to wash your hands?

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: strep throat

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Athletes foot

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: West Nile virus

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: CDC

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: mosquito species

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: Syndemic

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: West Nile

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: ethno-epidemiological

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: co-infection of the same individuals within a population---may

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: West Nile Virus

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: West Nile Virus

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: West Nile Virus

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: West Nile Virus

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: West Nile Virus

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: disease interactions.

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: West Nile Virus

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: ethno-epidemiological

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: global warming

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: spreading to new places.

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: West Nile Virus

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: global warming

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: global warming

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: early-bird medical and public health responses designed to lessen their impact.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: diseases that did not often interact in the past---through

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: past---through co-infection of the same individuals within a population---may

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: global warming

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: early-bird medical and public health responses designed to lessen their impact.

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: early-bird medical and public health responses designed to lessen their impact.

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: global warming

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: mosquito species

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: early-bird medical and public health responses

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: toxic environmental exposure

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: mosquito species

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: syndemics.

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: West Nile Virus

text: Stringent requirements of 1 in a million may not be technologically feasible or may be so prohibitively expensive as to render the risk-causing activity unsustainable, resulting in the optimal degree of intervention being a balance between risks vs. benefit. For example, emissions from hospital incinerators result in a certain number of deaths per year. However, this risk must be balanced against the alternatives.  There are public health risks, as well as economic costs, associated with all options. The risk associated with no incineration is potential spread of infectious diseases, or even no hospitals. Further investigation identifies options such as separating noninfectious from infectious wastes, or air pollution controls on a medical incinerator.

text: Stringent requirements of 1 in a million may not be technologically feasible or may be so prohibitively expensive as to render the risk-causing activity unsustainable, resulting in the optimal degree of intervention being a balance between risks vs. benefit. For example, emissions from hospital incinerators result in a certain number of deaths per year. However, this risk must be balanced against the alternatives.  There are public health risks, as well as economic costs, associated with all options. The risk associated with no

entity_name: Incineration

text: incineration

text: is potential spread of infectious diseases, or even no hospitals. Further investigation identifies options such as separating noninfectious from infectious wastes, or air pollution controls on a medical incinerator.

method: Bert-DRMMTKS

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: noninfectious

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: incineration

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: risk associated with no incineration is potential spread of infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Escherichia coli

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: tetanus and measles

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: The risk associated with no incineration is potential spread of infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: no hospitals

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: potential spread of infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: strep throat

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: incineration

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: noninfectious

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: 1 in a million

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: 1 in a million

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: diseases,

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Stringent requirements of 1 in a million

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: 1 in a million

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: diseases,

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Stringent requirements of 1 in a million

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: a balance between risks vs. benefit.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Stringent requirements of 1 in a million

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: The risk associated with no incineration is potential spread of infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Stringent requirements of 1 in a million

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: diseases,

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: noninfectious

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: noninfectious

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious diseases,

text: Kalaupapa, a small Hawaiian Island was a legally mandated place of banishment for citizens with leprosy. “It became so after 1865, when the Kingdom of Hawaii passed “An Act to Prevent the Spread of Leprosy” and effectively defined people diagnosed with leprosy as criminals. The State of Hawaii did not repeal the law until 1969.”*2 The historian Carolyn Strange argues that the history of this island with its forced segregation, stigma and death contrasted with its present state as a tourist destination and as a sacred place for Christian pilgrimages which makes this island a symbol for human rights struggles and integration.*2  By recognizing the issues and the rights of those who were cast as criminals for simply being ill with an infectious disease and segregated against their will, it can aid present society with the future handling of people with infectious diseases; a main theme when discussing the stigmas attached to Leprosy colonies.

text: Kalaupapa

text: , a small Hawaiian Island was a legally mandated place of banishment for citizens with leprosy. “It became so after 1865, when the Kingdom of Hawaii passed “An Act to Prevent the Spread of Leprosy” and effectively defined people diagnosed with leprosy as criminals. The State of Hawaii did not repeal the law until 1969.”*2 The historian Carolyn Strange argues that the history of this island with its forced segregation, stigma and death contrasted with its present state as a tourist destination and as a sacred place for Christian pilgrimages which makes this island a symbol for human rights struggles and integration.*2  By recognizing the issues and the rights of those who were cast as criminals for simply being ill with an infectious disease and segregated against their will, it can aid present society with the future handling of people with infectious diseases; a main theme when discussing the stigmas attached to Leprosy colonies.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: leprosy

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: leprosy

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: leprosy

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: leprosy

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: leprosy

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: viral

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: leprosy

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: polio

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: leprosy

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Which of the following is not an example of an infectious disease?

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Which of the following is not true of Schistosoma?

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Which of the following is not a bacterium that may cause human disease?

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which of the following is not a viral infection: tetanus, measles, or leprosy?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Which is not a common human fungal infection?

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do when you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why were people cast as criminals for simply being ill with an infectious disease?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: What is the proper way to wash your hands?

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: leprosy

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Which of the following is not a common infectious disease caused by protozoa?

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: leprosy

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: leprosy

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: leprosy

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: leprosy

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: leprosy.

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: leprosy.

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: ill with an infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: leprosy.

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: leprosy.

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: leprosy.

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: leprosy.

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: leprosy.

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: leprosy.

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Kalaupapa,

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: leprosy.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Christian pilgrimages

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Kalaupapa,

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: leprosy.

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: Christian

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: leprosy.

text: FI’s Drug Project (initiated in 1998) is one of the only holistic approaches for drug using youth in Cambodia. It provides a set of prevention and harm reduction services to drug using street children and youth as well as high quality services to help them recover from addictions and return to normal life through rehabilitation with family/school reintegration, and training and job placement. The Drug Project was the first established in Cambodia  to respond to the growing need for drug programs specifically targeting street youth. Currently FI is one of only three organizations in Cambodia licensed by the government to implement needle and syringe exchange programs. In 2013, 150 children/youth went through voluntary detoxification and 100,000 clean syringes were provided to drug users to prevent the spread of infectious diseases.

text: FI’s Drug Project (initiated in 1998) is one of the only holistic approaches for drug using youth in Cambodia. It provides a set of prevention and harm reduction services to drug using street children and youth as well as high quality services to help them recover from addictions and return to normal life through rehabilitation with family/school reintegration, and training and job placement. The Drug Project was the first established in Cambodia  to respond to the growing need for drug programs specifically targeting street youth. Currently FI is one of only three organizations in Cambodia licensed by the government to implement needle and syringe exchange programs. In 2013, 150 children/youth went through voluntary detoxification and 100,000 clean syringes were provided to drug users to prevent the spread of infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Infections

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: drug

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: drug using youth

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: HIV

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: polio

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: In 2013, 150 children/youth went through voluntary detoxification

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: In 2013, 150 children/youth went through voluntary detoxification

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do if you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: In 2013, 150 children/youth went through voluntary detoxification

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: syringes

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: FI

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: needle

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: 100,000 clean syringes

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: diseases.

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: 100,000 clean syringes

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: 100,000 clean syringes

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: diseases.

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: needle and syringe exchange programs.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: 100,000 clean syringes

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: 2013,

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: 100,000 clean syringes

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: needle and syringe exchange programs.

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: 100,000 clean syringes

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: syringes

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: syringes

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious diseases.

text: At present, these components of hygiene tend to be regarded as separate issues, although all are based on the same underlying microbiological principles. Preventing the spread of infectious diseases means breaking the chain of infection transmission. The simple principle is that, if the chain of infection is broken, infection cannot spread. In response to the need for effective codes of hygiene in home and everyday life settings the International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene has developed a risk-based approach  based on Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP), which has come to be known as "targeted hygiene". Targeted hygiene is based on identifying the  routes of spread of pathogens in the home, and applying hygiene procedures at critical points at appropriate times to break the chain of infection.

text: At present, these components of hygiene tend to be regarded as separate issues, although all are based on the same underlying microbiological principles. Preventing the spread of infectious diseases means breaking the chain of infection transmission. The simple principle is that, if the chain of infection is broken, infection cannot spread. In response to the need for effective codes of hygiene in home and everyday life settings the International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene has developed a

text: risk-based approach

text: based on Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (

entity_name: Hazard analysis and critical control points

text: HACCP

text: ), which has come to be known as "targeted hygiene". Targeted hygiene is based on identifying the  routes of spread of pathogens in the home, and applying hygiene procedures at critical points at appropriate times to break the chain of infection.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: HACCP

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: HACCP

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: microbiological

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: E. coli

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: HACCP

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Which of the following is not a pathogen?

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: tetanus and measles

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: preventing the spread of infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: strep throat

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: HACCP

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: HACCP

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: microbiological

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: diseases

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: diseases

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: breaking the chain of infection transmission.

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Preventing the spread of infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: "targeted hygiene".

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: "targeted hygiene".

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: breaking the chain of infection transmission.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: "targeted hygiene".

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: breaking the chain of infection transmission.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: breaking the chain of infection transmission.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: "targeted hygiene".

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Preventing the spread of infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: "targeted hygiene".

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: transmission.

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: (HACCP),

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: breaking the chain of infection transmission.

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: microbiological

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogens

text: Biological invasions and the spread of pathogens and diseases are two mechanisms that spread both inadvertently and purposefully. Biological invasions begin with introductions of foreign species or biota into an already existing environment. They can be spread by stowaways on ships or even as weapons in warfare. In some cases a new species may wreak havoc on a landscape, causing the loss of native species and destruction of the landscape. In other cases, the new species may fill a previously empty niche, and play a positive role. The spread of new pathogens, viruses, and diseases rarely have any positive effects; new pathogens and viruses sometimes destroy populations lacking immunities to those diseases. Some pathogens have the ability to transfer from one species to another, and may be spread as a secondary effect of a biological invasion.

text: Biological invasions

text: and the spread of

text: pathogen

text: s and

text: disease

text: s are two mechanisms that spread both inadvertently and purposefully. Biological invasions begin with introductions of foreign species or biota into an already existing environment. They can be spread by stowaways on ships or even as weapons in warfare. In some cases a new species may wreak havoc on a landscape, causing the loss of native species and destruction of the landscape. In other cases, the new species may fill a previously empty niche, and play a positive role. The spread of new pathogens, viruses, and diseases rarely have any positive effects; new pathogens and viruses sometimes destroy populations lacking immunities to those diseases. Some pathogens have the ability to transfer from one species to another, and may be spread as a secondary effect of a biological invasion.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: foreign species

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: inadvertently and purposefully

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: purposefully

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: tetanus and measles

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: inadvertently

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do when you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: purposefully

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: strep throat

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: inadvertently

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: immunities

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vaccines

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Biological invasions and the spread of pathogens

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: viruses,

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: viruses,

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: new pathogens and viruses sometimes destroy populations lacking immunities

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: viruses,

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: viruses sometimes destroy populations lacking immunities to those diseases.

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: viruses,

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: viruses,

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: viruses,

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: diseases.

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: viruses,

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: may be spread as a secondary effect of a biological invasion.

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: stowaways on ships

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: inadvertently and purposefully.

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: viruses sometimes destroy populations lacking immunities to those diseases.

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: viruses, and diseases rarely have any positive effects; new pathogens

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Biological invasions

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: stowaways on ships or even as weapons in warfare.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: stowaways on ships

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: inadvertently and purposefully.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: inadvertently and purposefully.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Biological invasions

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: new pathogens and viruses sometimes destroy populations lacking immunities

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: inadvertently and purposefully.

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: viruses,

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: new pathogens and viruses sometimes destroy populations lacking immunities

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: immunities

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: immunities

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: viruses,

text: It has been suggested that poor water quality due to excess nutrients encourages the spread of infectious diseases among corals. In general, the Great Barrier Reef is considered to have low incidences of coral diseases. Skeletal Eroding Band, a disease of bony corals caused by the protozoan Halofolliculina corallasia, affects 31 species of corals from six families on the reef. The long-term monitoring program has found an increase in incidences of coral disease in the period 1999-2002, although they dispute the claim that on the Great Barrier Reef, coral diseases are caused by anthropogenic pollution.

text: It has been suggested that poor water quality due to excess nutrients encourages the spread of

text: infectious disease

text: s among corals. In general, the Great Barrier Reef is considered to have low

text: incidences

text: of coral diseases.

text: Skeletal Eroding Band

text: , a disease of bony corals caused by the

text: protozoan

text: Halofolliculina corallasia

text: , affects 31 species of corals from six families on the reef. The long-term monitoring program has found an increase in incidences of coral disease in the period 1999-2002, although they dispute the claim that on the Great Barrier Reef, coral diseases are caused by

text: anthropogenic

text: pollution.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: protozoans

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Skeletal Eroding Band

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Skeletal Eroding Band

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: protozoan

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: anthropogenic pollution

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: anthropogenic pollution

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Skeletal Eroding Band

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do when you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: protozoan

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotic

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: nutrient

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: protozoans

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: protozoan

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Skeletal Eroding Band,

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: anthropogenic pollution.

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Skeletal Eroding Band,

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Skeletal Eroding Band,

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Skeletal Eroding Band,

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: protozoan

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: protozoan

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Halofolliculina corallasia,

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Skeletal Eroding Band,

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Halofolliculina corallasia,

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: poor water quality due to excess nutrients

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Halofolliculina corallasia,

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: poor water quality due to excess nutrients

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: poor water quality due to excess nutrients

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Halofolliculina corallasia,

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: poor water quality due to excess nutrients

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: poor water quality

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Halofolliculina corallasia,

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: poor water quality due to excess nutrients

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: poor water quality due to excess nutrients encourages the spread of infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: increase in incidences of coral disease in the period 1999-2002,

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Skeletal Eroding Band,

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Skeletal Eroding Band,

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: protozoan

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: nutrients

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: anthropogenic pollution.

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: protozoan

text: The CDC also works on non-infectious diseases, including chronic diseases caused by obesity, physical inactivity and tobacco-use.

text: The CDC also works on non-infectious diseases, including chronic diseases caused by obesity, physical inactivity and tobacco-use.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: non-infectious

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: non-infectious

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: obesity

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Tobacco

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: obesity

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: obesity

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: non-infectious

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: non-infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: non-infectious

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: tobacco

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: Tobacco

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: non-infectious

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: non-infectious

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: non-infectious

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: non-infectious

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: chronic diseases caused by obesity, physical inactivity and tobacco-use.

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: non-infectious

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: non-infectious

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: tobacco-use.

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: tobacco-use.

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: obesity, physical inactivity and tobacco-use.

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: tobacco-use.

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: non-infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: The CDC also works on non-infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: non-infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: CDC also works on non-infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: CDC also works on non-infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: The CDC also works on non-infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: chronic diseases caused by obesity, physical inactivity and tobacco-use.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: The CDC also works on non-infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: non-infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: non-infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: CDC also works on non-infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: non-infectious

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: CDC also works on non-infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: non-infectious

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: non-infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: non-infectious

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: tobacco-use.

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: non-infectious

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: non-infectious

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: tobacco-use.

text: Merle Sande(September 2, 1939 – November 4, 2007) was a leading American infectious-diseases expert whose early recognition of the looming public health crisis posed by AIDS led to the development of basic protocols for how to handle infected patients. He graduated from Washington State University and received his MD degree from the University of Washington, School of Medicine in Seattle.Sande was a professor of Internal Medicine from 1971–1980 at the University of Virginia, where he performed research in mice on bacterial meningitis therapies such as novel antibiotics and corticosteroids. Dr Sande was Chief of Medical Services at San Francisco General Hospital in 1981 when he recognized a pattern of gay men being admitted with the rare pneumocystis pneumonia. His efforts on behalf of these patients resulted in the formation of an AIDS ward at San Francisco General Hospital and later an AIDS outpatient clinic. Teaming with such experts as Julie Gerberding and Paul Volberding he helped to craft what became known as the San Francisco model of AIDS therapy, a comprehensive, rational approach to care that avoided the fear and paranoia surrounding the disease at that time. The model addressed a need for infection-control guidelines, clinical studies and research financing and became a template for AIDS centers nationwide. Sande helped found to the Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, which performed trials on some of the first anti-retrovirals such as zidovudine. He also helped to found the Infectious Diseases Institute at the Makerere University College of Health Sciences in Kampala, Uganda a major center for HIV education and research in Africa. Sande was a professor of Medicine at University of California, San Francisco from 1980–1996, chairman of the department internal medicine at University of Utah from 1996–2005 and Professor of medicine at University of Washington from 2005 until his death and president of the Infectious Diseases Society of America from 1993–4. He was also the editor of two highly regarded medical references "The Medical Management of AIDS." and "The Sanford Guide to Antimicrobial Therapy". He also gave the always popular and well attended annual update in Infectious Diseases at the American College of Physicians annual meeting as well as the clinical case presentations at the Infectious Diseases Society of America annual meeting.Sande died from complications of Multiple Myeloma in 2007.

text: Merle Sande(September 2, 1939 – November 4, 2007) was a leading American infectious-diseases expert whose early recognition of the looming public health crisis posed by

text: AIDS

text: led to the development of basic protocols for how to handle infected patients. He graduated from

text: Washington State University

text: and received his MD degree from the

text: University of Washington

text: , School of Medicine in Seattle.Sande was a professor of Internal Medicine from 1971–1980 at the

text: University of Virginia

text: , where he performed research in mice on bacterial

text: meningitis

text: therapies such as novel antibiotics and corticosteroids. Dr Sande was Chief of Medical Services at

text: San Francisco General Hospital

text: in 1981 when he recognized a pattern of gay men being admitted with the rare

text: pneumocystis

text: pneumonia. His efforts on behalf of these patients resulted in the formation of an AIDS ward at

text: San Francisco General Hospital

text: and later an AIDS outpatient clinic. Teaming with such experts as

text: Julie Gerberding

text: and

text: Paul Volberding

text: he helped to craft what became known as the San Francisco model of AIDS therapy, a comprehensive, rational approach to care that avoided the fear and paranoia surrounding the disease at that time. The model addressed a need for infection-control guidelines, clinical studies and research financing and became a template for AIDS centers nationwide. Sande helped found to the Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, which performed trials on some of the first anti-retrovirals such as

text: zidovudine

text: . He also helped to found the

text: Infectious Diseases Institute

text: at the

text: Makerere University

text: College of Health Sciences in

text: Kampala

text: , Uganda a major center for HIV education and research in Africa. Sande was a professor of Medicine at

text: University of California, San Francisco

text: from 1980–1996, chairman of the department internal medicine at

text: University of Utah

text: from 1996–2005 and Professor of medicine at

text: University of Washington

text: from 2005 until his death and president of the

text: Infectious Diseases Society of America

text: from 1993–4. He was also the editor of two highly regarded medical references "The Medical Management of AIDS." and "The Sanford Guide to Antimicrobial Therapy". He also gave the always popular and well attended annual update in Infectious Diseases at the

text: American College of Physicians

text: annual meeting as well as the clinical case presentations at the

text: Infectious Diseases Society of America

text: annual meeting.Sande died from complications of

text: Multiple Myeloma

text: in 2007.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: AIDS

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: bacterial meningitis

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Bacteria

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: meningitis

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: AIDS

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: bacterial meningitis

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: retrovirus

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: AIDS

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: AIDS

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: AIDS

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Merle Sande

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Schistosoma

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: None of the above choices are relevant

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Merle Sande

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Merle Sande

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: infected patients

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: infected patients

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: AIDS

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: strep throat

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: retrovirus

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: antimicrobial therapy

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: bacterial

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: HIV

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Infectious Diseases Society of America

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Internal Medicine

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: bacterial meningitis

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: meningitis

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: AIDS

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: bacterial meningitis

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: anti-retrovirals

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mice

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: bacterial meningitis

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: AIDS

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: AIDS

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Infectious Diseases Society of America

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Infectious Diseases Society of America

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: bacterial meningitis

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: AIDS

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: pneumocystis pneumonia.

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Infectious Diseases Society of America

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: AIDS therapy,

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: AIDS

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: AIDS

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: pneumocystis pneumonia.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Merle Sande(September

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: bacterial meningitis

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Infectious Diseases Society of America

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: anti-retrovirals

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious-diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: anti-retrovirals

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infection-control

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: anti-retrovirals

text: Airborne transmission of disease depends on several physical variables endemic to the infectious particle. Environmental factors influence the efficacy of airborne disease transmission; the most evident environmental conditions are temperature and relative humidity. The sum of all the factors that influence temperature and humidity, either meteorological (outdoor) or human (indoor), as well as other circumstances influencing the spread of the droplets containing the infectious particles, as winds, or human behavior, sum up the factors influencing the transmission of airborne diseases.

text: Airborne transmission of disease depends on several physical variables endemic to the infectious particle. Environmental factors influence the efficacy of airborne disease transmission; the most evident environmental conditions are temperature and relative humidity. The sum of all the factors that influence temperature and humidity, either meteorological (outdoor) or human (indoor), as well as other circumstances influencing the spread of the droplets containing the infectious particles, as winds, or human behavior, sum up the factors influencing the transmission of airborne diseases.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Airborne

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: airborne

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: airborne

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: airborne

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: airborne diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious particle

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: diphtheria

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: airborne

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: physical variables

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: physical variables endemic to the infectious particle

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: measles

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: the sum of all the factors that influence temperature and humidity

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: human

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: physical variables endemic to the infectious particle

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: 20 seconds

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: physical variables endemic to the infectious particle

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious particle

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Airborne

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vaccine

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious particle

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: airborne diseases.

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Airborne transmission of disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious particle.

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: airborne diseases.

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: winds, or human behavior,

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Airborne transmission of disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: Airborne

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: infectious particle.

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: winds,

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Airborne transmission

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Airborne transmission of disease

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Airborne transmission of disease

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: winds, or human behavior,

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: infectious particle.

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Airborne transmission of disease

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: temperature and relative humidity.

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Airborne transmission of disease

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: human behavior, sum up the factors influencing the transmission of airborne diseases.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Airborne transmission of disease

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: infectious particle.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: infectious particle.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: meteorological (outdoor) or human (indoor),

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Airborne transmission of disease

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: temperature and relative humidity.

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious particle.

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: airborne

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: infectious particle.

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: infectious particle.

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: infectious particle.

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious particle.

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious

text: The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) publishes a journal Emerging Infectious Diseases that identifies the following factors contributing to disease emergence:

text: The U.S.

text: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

text: (CDC) publishes a journal

text: Emerging Infectious Diseases

text: that identifies the following factors contributing to disease emergence:

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: a sexually transmitted disease

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: staph

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: swine flu

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: viral

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: E. coli

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Ebola

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Influenza

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Schistosoma

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: tetanus

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: genital herpes

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: The CDC publishes a journal Emerging Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: CDC

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: the CDC

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Which of the following is not the cause of infectious diseases?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: CDC

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: CDC

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Factors contributing to disease emergence

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: vector

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: CDC

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Emerging Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Emerging Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Emerging Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Emerging Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Emerging Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: Emerging Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Emerging Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: disease emergence:

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Emerging Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Emerging Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Emerging Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Emerging Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Emerging Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Emerging Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Emerging Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: Emerging Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Emerging Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Emerging Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: Emerging Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Emerging Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Emerging Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Emerging Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: Disease Control and Prevention

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: Infectious Diseases

text: Infectious diseases continue to be a leading cause of illness and death in the Greator Mekong Subregion (GMS-Thailand, Cambodia, Lao PDR, Vietnam, Burma and Southern China) countries, threatening sustainable development. The recent emergence of infectious diseases such as highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 and multi-drug resistant malaria require innovative measures to strengthen public health systems while providing the general public with the necessary tools to proactively protect their health and the health of their communities. Kenan’s public health activities emphasizes health diplomacy for cross-border collaboration on surveillance of, and response to, significant and emerging human and zoonotic infectious diseases, preparedness for pandemic influenza, control and elimination of multidrug resistant malaria, life skills-based behavior change communication and healthy tourism initiatives.

text: Infectious diseases continue to be a leading cause of illness and death in the Greator Mekong Subregion (GMS-Thailand, Cambodia, Lao PDR, Vietnam, Burma and Southern China) countries, threatening sustainable development. The recent emergence of infectious diseases such as highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 and multi-drug resistant malaria require innovative measures to strengthen public health systems while providing the general public with the necessary tools to proactively protect their health and the health of their communities. Kenan’s public health activities emphasizes health diplomacy for cross-border collaboration on surveillance of, and response to, significant and emerging human and zoonotic infectious diseases, preparedness for pandemic influenza, control and elimination of multidrug resistant malaria, life skills-based behavior change communication and healthy tourism initiatives.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: zoonotic

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: zoonotic infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: highly pathogenic avian influenza

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: malaria

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: zoonotic

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: avian

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: highly pathogenic avian influenza

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: multi-drug resistant malaria

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: pandemic influenza

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: HPAI H5N1

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: zoonotic infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: human viral infections include tetanus and measles

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do when you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: multi-drug resistant malaria

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: zoonotic

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: multi-drug

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: drug

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: zoonotic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: HPAI

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: zoonotic infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: highly pathogenic avian influenza

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: highly pathogenic avian influenza

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: highly pathogenic avian influenza

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: malaria

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: highly pathogenic avian influenza

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: avian

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: avian influenza

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: multidrug resistant malaria,

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: influenza,

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: avian influenza

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: multi-drug resistant malaria

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: significant and emerging human and zoonotic infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: influenza (HPAI) H5N1

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: malaria

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: multi-drug resistant malaria

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: healthy tourism

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: highly pathogenic avian influenza

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Lao PDR, Vietnam, Burma and Southern China)

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: multi-drug resistant malaria

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: zoonotic

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: multi-drug resistant malaria

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: multi-drug

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: multi-drug resistant

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: zoonotic

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: influenza

text: Levofloxacin is recommended by the Pediatric Infectious Disease Society and the Infectious Disease Society of America as a first-line treatment for pediatric pneumonia caused by penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, and as a second-line agent for the treatment of penicillin-sensitive cases.

text: Levofloxacin is recommended by the Pediatric Infectious Disease Society and the Infectious Disease Society of America as a first-line treatment for pediatric pneumonia caused by penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, and as a second-line agent for the treatment of penicillin-sensitive cases.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Streptococcus pneumoniae

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Streptococcus pneumoniae

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: pneumonia

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: levofloxacin

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: pneumonia

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: Streptococcus pneumoniae

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Streptococcus pneumonia

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: levofloxacin

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Streptococcus

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: penicillin

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: penicillin

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Streptococcus pneumoniae

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: Streptococcus pneumoniae

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Levofloxacin

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: pneumonia

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae,

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: pediatric pneumonia

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: pneumonia

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: pediatric pneumonia

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: penicillin-resistant

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: Streptococcus pneumoniae,

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Streptococcus pneumoniae,

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae,

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: pneumonia

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae,

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Levofloxacin

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae,

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Levofloxacin

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Streptococcus pneumoniae,

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Levofloxacin

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: Levofloxacin

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Levofloxacin

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae,

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: Streptococcus pneumoniae,

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Levofloxacin

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: pneumonia

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Streptococcus pneumoniae,

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: penicillin-resistant

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: penicillin-resistant

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: penicillin-resistant

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: penicillin-resistant

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae,

text: Globalization, the flow of information, goods, capital and people across political and geographic boundaries, has helped spread some of the deadliest infectious diseases known to humans. The spread of diseases across wide geographic scales has increased through history.  Early diseases that spread from Asia to Europe were bubonic plague, influenza of various types, and similar infectious diseases.

text: Globalization

text: , the flow of information, goods, capital and people across political and geographic boundaries, has helped spread some of the deadliest infectious diseases known to humans. The spread of diseases across wide geographic scales has increased through history.  Early diseases that spread from Asia to Europe were bubonic plague, influenza of various types, and similar infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: deadly

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: bubonic plague

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: bubonic plague

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: people

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: bubonic plague

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: bubonic plague

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Globalization

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: deadliest infectious diseases known to humans

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which of the following is not an infectious disease?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do when you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vaccine

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: bubonic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: bubonic

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: bubonic plague, influenza

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: bubonic plague,

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: bubonic plague,

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: bubonic plague,

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: people

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: deadliest infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Globalization,

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Globalization,

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: bubonic plague,

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Globalization,

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: Globalization,

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Globalization,

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Globalization,

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Globalization,

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Globalization,

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Globalization,

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: goods,

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: influenza of various types,

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: bubonic plague,

text: On the morning of 7 October 2000, Lukwiya received a phone call from Opira informing him that a mysterious illness had killed two of the hospital's student nurses, all of whom had begun bleeding or vomiting blood.  Opira asked Lukwiya for help and he arrived that evening, in time to witness the death of a third nursing student, Daniel Ayella.   He had head nurse Sister Maria Di Santo bring him the charts of all unusual deaths in the past two weeks and identified 17 cases with similar symptoms.  Lukwiya and Sr. Maria spent most of that night reading reports from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the World Health Organization (WHO) on infectious diseases that caused bleeding.  By the end of their review, they suspected Ebola.  The literature on Ebola, largely based on a 1995 outbreak in Kikwit, Congo that had killed four (4) out of five (5) patients, stated that the sicker a patient, the more infectious they became.  Dead bodies themselves were highly contagious. Lukwiya immediately recognised this as a particular problem in Acholiland, where the traditional practice was for the bereaved family to wash the body of the deceased before burial.

text: On the morning of 7 October 2000, Lukwiya received a phone call from Opira informing him that a mysterious illness had killed two of the hospital's student nurses, all of whom had begun bleeding or vomiting blood.  Opira asked Lukwiya for help and he arrived that evening, in time to witness the death of a third nursing student, Daniel Ayella.   He had head nurse Sister Maria Di Santo bring him the charts of all unusual deaths in the past two weeks and identified 17 cases with similar symptoms.  Lukwiya and Sr. Maria spent most of that night reading reports from the US

text: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

text: (CDC) and the

text: World Health Organization

text: (WHO) on

text: infectious disease

text: s that caused bleeding.  By the end of their review, they suspected

text: Ebola

text: .  The literature on Ebola, largely based on a 1995 outbreak in

text: Kikwit

text: Congo

text: that had killed four (4) out of five (5) patients, stated that the sicker a patient, the more infectious they became.  Dead bodies themselves were highly contagious. Lukwiya immediately recognised this as a particular problem in Acholiland, where the traditional practice was for the bereaved family to wash the body of the deceased before burial.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Ebola

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Which of the following is not an infectious disease that caused bleeding: Ebola or the common cold?

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Ebola

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Ebola

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Ebola

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Ebola

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: Ebola

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: dead body

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Ebola

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Ebola

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Ebola

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Which of the following is not true of Ebola?

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which of the following is not a human viral infection: tetanus, measles or Ebola?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Which of the following is not a traditional practice in Acholiland?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: dead bodies themselves

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why were dead bodies highly contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: dead bodies themselves

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: contagious

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: Ebola

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: (CDC)

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: Ebola

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Ebola.

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Ebola.

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Ebola.

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Ebola.

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Ebola.

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Ebola.

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: Ebola.

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: Dead bodies

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Ebola.

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Ebola.

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Ebola.

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Ebola.

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Ebola.

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Ebola.

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Ebola.

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Ebola.

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Ebola.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: Dead bodies themselves were highly contagious.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Ebola.

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Dead bodies

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: Ebola.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Ebola.

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Ebola.

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Ebola.

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: contagious.

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: Ebola.

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: Ebola,

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Ebola.

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: Ebola.

text: In 1959, a system for reporting infectious diseases was established. Data collected at the village level are reported to prevention units in township hospitals. From the prevention units, data are transmitted through county health and epidemic-prevention stations to provincial centers and then on to the Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine. Since 1977, the Ministry of Public Health has convened annual meetings to analyze these data on the morbidity and mortality associated with infectious diseases.

text: In 1959, a system for reporting infectious diseases was established. Data collected at the village level are reported to prevention units in township hospitals. From the prevention units, data are transmitted through county health and epidemic-prevention stations to provincial centers and then on to the

text: Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine

text: . Since 1977, the

entity_name: Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China

text: Ministry of Public Health

text: has convened annual meetings to analyze these data on the morbidity and mortality associated with infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: cholera

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: rabies

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: The common cold can be spread by pathogens

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: The Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: the Ministry of Public Health

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which of the following is not a human viral infection: tetanus, measles or tetanus?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Which of the following is not a common human fungal infection?

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do when you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: strep throat

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: The Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: epidemic

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: Preventive Medicine

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: medicine

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: hospitals.

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: morbidity and mortality associated with infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: epidemic-prevention

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine.

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine.

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine.

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine.

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine.

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine.

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine.

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: epidemic-prevention

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine.

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: Preventive Medicine.

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious diseases

text: The disease theory is also a contender as a factor in the Classic Maya Collapse. Widespread disease could explain some rapid depopulation, both directly through the spread of infection itself and indirectly as an inhibition to recovery over the long run. According to Dunn (1968) and Shimkin (1973), infectious diseases spread by parasites are common in tropical rainforest regions, such as the Maya lowlands. Shimkin specifically suggests that the Maya may have encountered endemic infections related to American trypanosomiasis, Ascaris, and some enteropathogens that cause acute diarrheal illness. Furthermore, some experts believe that, through development of their civilization (that is, development of agriculture and settlements), the Maya could have created a "disturbed environment," in which parasitic and pathogen-carrying insects often thrive. Among the pathogens listed above, it is thought that those that cause the acute diarrheal illnesses would have been the most devastating to the Maya population. This is because such illness would have struck a victim at an early age, thereby hampering nutritional health and the natural growth and development of a child. This would have made them more susceptible to other diseases later in life.  Such ideas as this could explain the role of disease as at least a possible partial reason for the Classic Maya Collapse.

text: The

text: disease

text: theory is also a contender as a factor in the Classic Maya Collapse. Widespread disease could explain some rapid depopulation, both directly through the spread of infection itself and indirectly as an inhibition to recovery over the long run. According to Dunn (1968) and Shimkin (1973), infectious diseases spread by parasites are common in tropical rainforest regions, such as the Maya lowlands. Shimkin specifically suggests that the Maya may have encountered endemic infections related to American

text: trypanosomiasis

text: Ascaris

text: , and some

text: enteropathogen

text: s that cause acute diarrheal illness. Furthermore, some experts believe that, through development of their civilization (that is, development of agriculture and settlements), the Maya could have created a "disturbed environment," in which parasitic and pathogen-carrying insects often thrive. Among the pathogens listed above, it is thought that those that cause the acute diarrheal illnesses would have been the most devastating to the Maya population. This is because such illness would have struck a victim at an early age, thereby hampering nutritional health and the natural growth and development of a child. This would have made them more susceptible to other diseases later in life.  Such ideas as this could explain the role of disease as at least a possible partial reason for the Classic Maya Collapse.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: American trypanosomiasis

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: American trypanosomiasis

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: enteropathogens

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: enteropathogens that cause acute diarrheal illness

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: American trypanosomiasis

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: acute diarrheal illness

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: parasites

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: parasite

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: enteropathogens

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Ascaris

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: According to Dunn (1968) and Shimkin (1973),

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Shimkin

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: enteropathogens

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you cover your mouth and nose with your hand

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unseen

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: parasites

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: acute diarrheal illnesses

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: enteropathogens

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: nutritional health

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: parasites

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases spread by parasites

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: enteropathogens

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: acute diarrheal illness.

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: parasites

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: American trypanosomiasis,

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: enteropathogens

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: parasites

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: American trypanosomiasis,

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: American trypanosomiasis,

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: trypanosomiasis,

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: parasites

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: insects

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: enteropathogens

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: trypanosomiasis,

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: trypanosomiasis,

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: disease could explain some rapid depopulation,

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: infectious diseases spread by parasites

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: enteropathogens

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: parasites

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: parasites

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: The disease theory

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: American trypanosomiasis,

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: parasites

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: insects

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: enteropathogens that cause acute diarrheal illness.

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: enteropathogens

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: nutritional health

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasites

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: parasites

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: parasites

text: Although the program was discontinued in 1973, human use research for biodefense purposes is still conducted at the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID) at Fort Detrick and at other government and civilian research institutes. However, these post-Whitecoat studies are rarely, if ever, human use challenge studies, in which a person is inoculated with a known pathogen to determine how effective an investigational treatment will be.

text: Although the program was discontinued in 1973,

text: human use research

text: for biodefense purposes is still conducted at the

entity_name: United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases

text: U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases

text: (USAMRIID) at Fort Detrick and at other government and civilian research institutes. However, these post-Whitecoat studies are rarely, if ever,

text: human use

text: challenge studies, in which a person is inoculated with a known

text: pathogen

text: to determine how effective an investigational treatment will be.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: human use challenge studies

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: human

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: inoculated with a known pathogen

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: inoculated with a known pathogen

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: a person

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Infectious diseases are contagious because they are caused by

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: investigational treatment

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: biodefense

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: human use challenge studies,

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: known pathogen

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: a person is inoculated with a known pathogen

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: human use challenge studies,

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: inoculated with a known pathogen

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: human use challenge studies,

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: human use challenge studies,

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: a known pathogen

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: human use challenge studies,

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: human use challenge studies,

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: human use challenge studies,

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: inoculated with a known pathogen

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: inoculated with a known pathogen

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: 1973,

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: investigational treatment

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: biodefense

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogen

text: Biosecurity has multiple meanings and is defined differently according to various disciplines. The original definition of biosecurity started out as a set of preventive measures designed to reduce the risk of transmission of infectious diseases in crops and livestock, quarantined pests, invasive alien species, and living modified organisms (Koblentz, 2010). The term was first used by the agricultural and environmental communities. Starting from the late 1990s in response to the threat of biological terrorism, biosecurity encompasses the prevention of the intentional removal (theft) of biological materials from research laboratories. These preventative measures are a combination of systems and practices put into its place at bioscience laboratories to prevent the use of dangerous pathogens and toxins for malicious use, as well as by customs agents and agricultural and natural resource managers to prevent the spread of these biological agents.

text: Biosecurity has multiple meanings and is defined differently according to various disciplines. The original definition of biosecurity started out as a set of preventive measures designed to reduce the risk of transmission of

text: infectious disease

text: s in crops and livestock, quarantined pests,

text: invasive alien species

text: , and living modified organisms (Koblentz, 2010). The term was first used by the agricultural and environmental communities. Starting from the late 1990s in response to the threat of

text: biological terrorism

text: , biosecurity encompasses the prevention of the intentional removal (theft) of biological materials from research laboratories. These preventative measures are a combination of systems and practices put into its place at bioscience laboratories to prevent the use of dangerous pathogens and toxins for malicious use, as well as by customs agents and agricultural and natural resource managers to prevent the spread of these

text: biological agent

text: s.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: toxins

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: biological

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: invasive alien species

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: invasive alien species

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: invasive alien species

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Biosecurity encompasses the prevention of the intentional removal of biological materials from research laboratories

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: biosecurity encompasses the prevention of the intentional removal

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: pathogens and toxins

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: biosecurity started out as a set of preventive measures designed to reduce the risk of transmission

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: avoid the spread of these biological agents

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: strep throat

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: biosecurity encompasses the prevention of the intentional removal (theft) of biological materials from research laboratories

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: toxins

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: toxins

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: toxins

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: biological

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: pests,

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: living modified organisms

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: diseases

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: toxins

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Biosecurity

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Biosecurity

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Biosecurity

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Biosecurity

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: preventive measures designed to reduce the risk of transmission of infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: diseases

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: toxins

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: transmission of infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Biosecurity

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Biosecurity

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Biosecurity

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: invasive alien species,

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: toxins

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: toxins

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: living modified organisms

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: invasive alien species,

text: Its main goal is to protect public health and safety through the control and prevention of disease, injury, and disability. The CDC focuses national attention on developing and applying disease control and prevention. It especially focuses its attention on infectious disease, food borne pathogens, environmental health, occupational safety and health, health promotion, injury prevention and educational activities designed to improve the health of United States citizens. In addition, the CDC researches and provides information on non-infectious diseases such as obesity and diabetes and is a founding member of the International Association of National Public Health Institutes.

text: Its main goal is to protect

text: public health

text: and safety through the control and prevention of disease, injury, and disability. The CDC focuses national attention on developing and applying disease control and prevention. It especially focuses its attention on

text: infectious disease

text: food borne pathogens

text: environmental health

text: occupational safety and health

text: health promotion

text: injury prevention

text: and educational activities designed to improve the health of

text: United States citizens

text: . In addition, the CDC researches and provides information on

text: non-infectious diseases

text: such as

text: obesity

text: and

text: diabetes

text: and is a founding member of the

entity_name: International Association of National Public Health Institutes

text: International Association of National Public Health Institutes

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: food borne pathogens

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: obesity and diabetes

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: food borne

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: food

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: food borne

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: obesity

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: food

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: The CDC

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Escherichia coli

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: CDC researches and provides information on non-infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What does the CDC research and provide information on?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: strep throat

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: CDC

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: food borne pathogens,

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: food borne

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: food borne pathogens,

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: food

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: obesity and diabetes

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: food borne pathogens,

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: CDC

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: infectious disease, food borne pathogens,

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: food borne pathogens,

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: CDC focuses national attention on developing and applying disease control and prevention.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: CDC focuses national attention on developing and applying disease control and prevention.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: food borne pathogens,

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: food borne pathogens,

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: food borne pathogens,

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: CDC focuses national attention on developing and applying disease control and prevention.

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: CDC

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: food borne

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: food borne pathogens,

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: food borne pathogens,

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: food borne pathogens,

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious disease, food borne pathogens,

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogens,

text: The UK statutory notification system for infectious diseases (also called Notifications of Infectious Diseases or NOIDS) is a system whereby doctors are required to notify a "Proper Officer" of the local authority (such as a Consultant in Communicable Disease Control) if they are presented with a case of a serious infectious disease such as diphtheria or measles. The Proper Officer then sends a report to the Centre for Infections of the Health Protection Agency (HPA) in Colindale, north London.

text: The UK statutory notification system for infectious diseases (also called Notifications of Infectious Diseases or NOIDS) is a system whereby doctors are required to notify a "Proper Officer" of the local authority (such as a

text: Consultant in Communicable Disease Control

text: ) if they are presented with a case of a serious infectious disease such as

text: diphtheria

text: or

text: measles

text: . The Proper Officer then sends a report to the Centre for Infections of the

text: Health Protection Agency

text: (HPA) in

text: Colindale

text: , north

text: London

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Communicable Disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: diphtheria

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: diphtheria

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: diphtheria

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: diphtheria

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: diphtheria

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: diphtheria

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: diphtheria

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: diphtheria

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Escherichia coli

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which is not a serious infectious disease such as diphtheria or measles?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you cover your mouth and nose with?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: communicable disease

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: diphtheria

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: diphtheria

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: bacterium

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: serious infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Communicable Disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: diphtheria or measles.

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: diphtheria or measles.

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: diphtheria or measles.

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: diphtheria

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: diphtheria

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: diphtheria

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: diphtheria

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: diphtheria

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: diphtheria

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: diphtheria

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: The UK statutory notification system for infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: The UK statutory notification system for infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: diphtheria

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: diphtheria

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: The UK statutory notification system for infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: The UK statutory notification system for infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: The UK statutory notification system for infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: The UK statutory notification system for infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: diphtheria

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: The UK statutory notification system for infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: diphtheria

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: diphtheria

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: Communicable Disease Control)

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: diphtheria

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: Communicable Disease Control)

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Communicable Disease Control)

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: diphtheria

text: On April 9, 1 cow was confirmed with having oral inflammation in Tsuno town. Junichi Aoki, a private veterinarian, asked Miyazaki Livestock Hygiene Service Center for authentication of symptoms. When a veterinarian and health officials from the Infectious Disease Prevention Dept. examined the animals, there was only one cow found with symptoms. For fast-spreading infectious diseases such as FMD, there was not enough evidence to confirm the disease. Consequently, this case was treated as a "wait-and-see" case. No public report was made. Details on what diagnosis was made are unknown.  In this case, the cattle had slight dribbling saliva, an ulcerous scab, and fever. Poor appetite and fever were present only for a day. In addition, four days had already passed since the recovery from one-day fever. FMD cattle usually have blisters or heavy saliva dribbling. The incubation period for FMD is about 1 week in cattle. The vet had checked the farm daily until April 12, but no cattle with symptoms were reported.　  On April 16, there was another case reported to be found on the same farm.  On April 17, after inspecting the farm, 2 more cases with the same symptoms were found. Authentication was started. According to the Prevention of Epidemics Guideline, Miyazaki Livestock Hygiene Service Center must be notified immediately when more than 2 cases are present. For that reason, Metro medias criticized the farm's delay for neglect. Some reports say 4 cattle appeared to be infected and were showing symptoms by May 31 - but this has never been confirmed.  On April 19, after the elimination of possible diagnosis for Ibaraki Disease and other disease, the samples were sent to NIAH(National Institute of Animal Health, Epidemiological Research Team ) in Kodaira City, Tokyo to confirm for FMD. It is possible the AFF was notified at this point.

text: On April 9, 1 cow was confirmed with having oral inflammation in

text: Tsuno town

text: Kodaira City

text: , Tokyo to confirm for FMD. It is possible the AFF was notified at this point.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Ibaraki Disease

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Which of the following is not an infectious disease: Ibaraki Disease or FMD?

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Infectious Disease Prevention Dept

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: FMD cattle usually have blisters or heavy saliva dribbling

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: FMD

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Ibaraki Disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: cattle

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: FMD

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Ibaraki Disease

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: rabies

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Which happened first, 1 cow was confirmed with having oral inflammation in Tsuno town or 2 more cases with the same symptoms were found?

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Which of the following is not an example of a bacterium that may cause human disease?

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which of the following is not a type of viral infection: tetanus or measles?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Which is not the common human fungal infection?

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Which of the following is not a reason to cover your mouth and nose with your hand?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: What is the best way to prevent diseases spread by vectors to is avoid contact with the vectors?

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: How many cattle appeared to be infected?

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: What is the incubation period for FMD

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: How many days had already passed since the recovery from one-day fever?

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Which disease can potentially be cured with antibiotics?

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Which of the following is not a common infectious disease caused by protozoa?

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: FMD

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: FMD

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Ibaraki Disease

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: FMD

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: FMD.

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Ibaraki Disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: FMD,

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Ibaraki Disease

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: FMD,

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Ibaraki Disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: FMD.

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: 4 cattle

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: FMD,

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Ibaraki Disease

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: FMD,

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: FMD,

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: 2 more cases with the same symptoms were found.

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: cattle with symptoms were reported. On April 16,

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: FMD,

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: FMD,

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: 2 more cases

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: 2 more cases with the same symptoms were found.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: 2 more cases with the same symptoms were found.

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: fast-spreading infectious diseases such as FMD,

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: 4 cattle appeared to be infected and were showing symptoms by May 31

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: 2

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: 2

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: 2 more cases

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: fast-spreading infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: FMD,

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: Ibaraki Disease

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: Livestock Hygiene

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: fast-spreading infectious diseases such as FMD,

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: FMD,

text: Acute diarrheal disease, intestinal infectious diseases, perinatal infections, malnutrition and acute respiratory infections are among the leading causes of infant death in Haiti. Infectious diseases and parasitic diseases are the most common causes of death in young children. Adolescent death is often a result of HIV/AIDS, violence, tuberculosis, typhoid and maternal death. AIDS, intestinal infections and complications during pregnancy are responsible for most maternal deaths.

text: Acute diarrheal disease, intestinal infectious diseases, perinatal infections, malnutrition and acute respiratory infections are among the leading causes of infant death in Haiti. Infectious diseases and parasitic diseases are the most common causes of death in young children. Adolescent death is often a result of HIV/AIDS, violence, tuberculosis, typhoid and maternal death. AIDS, intestinal infections and complications during pregnancy are responsible for most maternal deaths.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: HIV/AIDS

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: respiratory infections

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: parasitic diseases

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: acute respiratory infections

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: diarrheal disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: parasite

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Typhoid

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: HIV/AIDS

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Parasites

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Infectious diseases and parasitic diseases

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which diseases are the most common causes of death in young children?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do when you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: strep throat

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: What is the most common cause of death in young children?

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: parasite

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: HIV/AIDS

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: HIV/AIDS

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: parasitic diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: acute respiratory infections

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Infectious diseases and parasitic diseases

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Acute diarrheal disease, intestinal infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: acute respiratory infections

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: diarrheal disease,

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: tuberculosis,

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: HIV/AIDS,

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: HIV/AIDS,

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: parasitic diseases

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: HIV/AIDS,

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Acute diarrheal disease, intestinal infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: HIV/AIDS,

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: tuberculosis,

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: acute respiratory infections

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: Infectious diseases and parasitic diseases

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Acute diarrheal disease,

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Infectious diseases and parasitic diseases

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: acute respiratory infections

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: HIV/AIDS,

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: parasitic diseases

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: tuberculosis,

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: HIV/AIDS,

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: parasitic

text: Three hypotheses of how the chytrid fungus could have caused the extinction of the golden toad were reviewed by Rohr et al. They include the spatiotemporal-spread hypothesis, the climate-linked-epidemic hypothesis, and the chytrid-thermal-optimum hypothesis. The spatiotemporal-spread hypothesis claims that B. dendrobatidis related decreases in population are a result of the introduction and spread of B. dendrobatidis, independent of climate changes. The climate-linked-epidemic hypothesis says the decline was a result of a climate change interacting with a pathogen. This hypothesis leads to a paradox because B. dendrobatidis is a cold-tolerant pathogen. The chytrid-thermal-optimum hypothesis proposes that global warming increased cloud cover in warm years, resulting in the concurrence of daytime cooling and nighttime warming, temperatures that are the optimal thermal temperature for B. dendrobatidis growth. This theory is controversial.

text: Three hypotheses of how the chytrid fungus could have caused the extinction of the golden toad were reviewed by Rohr et al. They include the spatiotemporal-spread hypothesis, the climate-linked-epidemic hypothesis, and the chytrid-thermal-optimum hypothesis. The spatiotemporal-spread hypothesis claims that B. dendrobatidis related decreases in population are a result of the introduction and spread of B. dendrobatidis, independent of climate changes. The climate-linked-epidemic hypothesis says the decline was a result of a climate change interacting with a pathogen. This hypothesis leads to a paradox because B. dendrobatidis is a cold-tolerant pathogen. The chytrid-thermal-optimum hypothesis proposes that global warming increased cloud cover in warm years, resulting in the concurrence of daytime cooling and nighttime warming, temperatures that are the optimal thermal temperature for B. dendrobatidis growth. This theory is controversial.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: a form of cancer

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: B. dendrobatidis

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: chytrid fungus

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: B. dendrobatidis

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: chytrid fungus

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: chytrid fungus

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: cold-tolerant

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: chytrid

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: B. dendrobatidis

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: chytrid fungus

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: chytrid fungus

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: B. dendrobatidis

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Schistosoma

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which of the following is not a human viral infection?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: chytrid fungus

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do when you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: This theory is controversial.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: chytrid fungus

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: The spatiotemporal-spread hypothesis claims that B. dendrobatidis related decreases in population

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: chytrid

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: chytrid fungus

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: fungus

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: fungus

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: B. dendrobatidis

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: cold-tolerant

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: cold-tolerant

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: B. dendrobatidis

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: chytrid fungus

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: B. dendrobatidis

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: cold-tolerant

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: chytrid fungus

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: chytrid fungus

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: golden toad

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: B. dendrobatidis

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: cold-tolerant

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: B. dendrobatidis

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: B. dendrobatidis

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: chytrid-thermal-optimum hypothesis.

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: chytrid fungus

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: chytrid-thermal-optimum hypothesis.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: chytrid-thermal-optimum hypothesis.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: B. dendrobatidis

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: climate-linked-epidemic hypothesis

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: B. dendrobatidis is a cold-tolerant

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: chytrid-thermal-optimum hypothesis.

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: B. dendrobatidis

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: B. dendrobatidis

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: chytrid fungus

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: cold-tolerant

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: pathogen.

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: pathogen.

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: cold-tolerant

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogen.

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogen.

text: Today, Its main goal is to protect public health and safety through the control and prevention of disease, injury, and disability. The Agency (FMBA) focuses national attention on developing and applying disease control and prevention. It especially focuses its attention on infectious disease, food borne pathogens, environmental health, occupational safety and health, health promotion, injury prevention and educational activities designed to improve the health of Russian citizens. In addition, the FMBA researches and provides information on non-infectious diseases. The Agency is also responsible for the Russian blood bank.

text: Today, Its main goal is to protect

text: public health

text: and safety through the control and prevention of disease, injury, and disability. The Agency (FMBA) focuses national attention on developing and applying disease control and prevention. It especially focuses its attention on

text: infectious disease

text: food borne pathogens

text: environmental health

text: occupational safety and health

text: health promotion

text: injury prevention

text: and educational activities designed to improve the health of

text: Russian citizens

text: . In addition, the FMBA researches and provides information on

text: non-infectious diseases

text: . The Agency is also responsible for the Russian

text: blood bank

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: food borne

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: non-infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: food borne

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: foodborne pathogens

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: disability

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: chickenpox

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: food borne pathogens

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: food borne pathogens

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: non-infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do when you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: strep throat

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: None of the above choices

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: borne pathogens

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: blood

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: food borne pathogens,

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: food borne

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: food borne pathogens,

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: food

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: non-infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: food borne pathogens,

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: food borne pathogens,

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: infectious disease, food borne pathogens,

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: food borne pathogens,

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Russian blood bank.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: prevention.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: food borne pathogens,

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: food borne pathogens,

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: food borne pathogens,

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: infectious disease, food borne pathogens,

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: food borne

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: infectious disease, food borne pathogens,

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: food borne pathogens,

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: food borne pathogens,

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogens,

text: Koch accepted a position as government advisor with the Imperial Department of Health in 1880. During his time as government advisor, he published a report in which he stated the importance of pure cultures in isolating disease-causing organisms and explained the necessary steps to obtain these cultures, methods which are summarized in Koch’s four postulates. Koch’s discovery of the causative agent of anthrax led to the formation of a generic set of postulates which can be used in the determination of the cause of most infectious diseases. These postulates, which not only outlined a method for linking cause and effect of an infectious disease but also established the significance of laboratory culture of infectious agents, are listed here:

text: Koch accepted a position as government advisor with the Imperial Department of Health in 1880. During his time as government advisor, he published a report in which he stated the importance of pure cultures in isolating disease-causing organisms and explained the necessary steps to obtain these cultures, methods which are summarized in

text: Koch’s four postulates

text: . Koch’s discovery of the causative agent of anthrax led to the formation of a generic set of postulates which can be used in the determination of the cause of most infectious diseases. These postulates, which not only outlined a method for linking cause and effect of an infectious disease but also established the significance of laboratory culture of infectious agents, are listed here:

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: causative agent

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: anthrax

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: anthrax

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: anthrax

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: anthrax

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: anthrax

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: anthrax

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: anthrax

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: anthrax

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: anthrax

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: What can be spread by pathogens?

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: context: Schistosoma

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Escherichia coli

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which of the following is not a viral infection: tetanus or measles?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Which is not a common human fungal infection?

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do when you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Koch’s four postulates

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: how can you pick up the virus

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: how long should you scrub

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: most infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Koch’s four postulates

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: anthrax

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: anthrax

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: anthrax

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: anthrax

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious agents

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: anthrax

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Imperial Department of Health in 1880.

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: anthrax

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: anthrax

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: anthrax

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: anthrax

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: anthrax

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: anthrax

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: anthrax

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: anthrax

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: anthrax

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: anthrax

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Koch’s four postulates.

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: disease-causing organisms

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: anthrax

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: anthrax

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Koch’s four postulates.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: Koch’s four postulates.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: anthrax

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: disease-causing organisms

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: anthrax

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Koch’s four postulates.

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: anthrax

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: causative agent

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: anthrax

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: anthrax

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pure cultures

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: anthrax

text: While referred to as a therapeutic vaccine rather than a preventive vaccine that prevents infectious disease, sipuleucel-T is instead an immunostimulant.

text: While referred to as a

text: therapeutic vaccine

text: rather than a preventive vaccine that prevents infectious disease, sipuleucel-T is instead an

text: immunostimulant

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: swine flu

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: immune

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: cholera

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: sipuleucel-T

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: immunostimulant

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: preventive vaccine

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: immunostimulant.

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: a therapeutic vaccine rather than a preventive vaccine that prevents infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: sipuleucel-T

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: preventive vaccine that prevents infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: sipuleucel-T

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: sipuleucel-T

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: sipuleucel-T

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: sipuleucel-T

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: sipuleucel-T

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: preventive vaccine that prevents infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: sipuleucel-T

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: sipuleucel-T

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: preventive vaccine that prevents infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: sipuleucel-T

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: sipuleucel-T

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: immunostimulant.

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: preventive vaccine

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: sipuleucel-T

text: Like most Verticillium spp., Verticillium longisporum is a fungus that primarily lives in the soil. The life cycle of V. longisporum is very similar to that of V. dahliae. V. longisporum is able to survive using overwintering structures that can survive in the soil, called microsclerotia. Microsclerotia are masses of hyphae that are produced in the dying part of the plant and are used to infect healthy plants. When a canola root is near the microsclerotia, the fungi will grow towards it. Root exudates cause the microsclerotia to germinate. Once the fungus has entered the root, it will produce hyphae to move through the plant. The fungi also use conidia to transport. Once the fungi reaches the xylem, it can quickly colonize the plant. This causes the plant to start slowly dying. This is due to fungal growth and plant defenses clogging the xylem, so the plant cannot take up nutrients in this area. Once there is enough dead plant tissue, the fungus will produce more microsclerotia. The process will then continue to repeat. This is the only known life cycle of V. longisporum. The pathogen is only known to cause asexual disease. The fungus is primarily spread via soil cultivation, harvesting, or any action that causes movement of the soil.Verticillium spp. do a spectacular job of being able to germinate, spread within the plant, and reproduce in most weather types. With this, water is usually necessary for the germination of the resting spore to first affect plants. This causes the disease to be most infectious during the spring when there is a lot of water in the ground and new, young plants are present.

text: Like most Verticillium spp., Verticillium longisporum is a fungus that primarily lives in the soil. The life cycle of V. longisporum is very similar to that of

text: V. dahliae

text: . V. longisporum is able to survive using overwintering structures that can survive in the soil, called

text: microsclerotia

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Which of the following is not a type of disease?

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Verticillium

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Which of the following is not a fungus: V. longisporum, V. dahliae, or V. dahliae?

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: V. dahliae

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Verticillium longisporum

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: Canola root

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: V. dahliae

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Verticillium longisporum

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Which of the following is not a pathogen?

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which of the following is not a human viral infection?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do when you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: What can you pick up the virus that causes the common cold from

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: conidia

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: asexual disease

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Verticillium

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: spore

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: asexual

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: xylem,

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: asexual

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: asexual disease.

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: soil.Verticillium spp.

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: V. longisporum.

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: asexual disease.

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: soil cultivation, harvesting, or any action that causes movement of the soil.Verticillium

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: soil.Verticillium

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: plant defenses clogging the xylem,

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: V. longisporum.

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: soil cultivation, harvesting, or any action that causes movement of the soil.Verticillium

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: soil cultivation, harvesting, or any action that causes movement of the soil.Verticillium

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: asexual disease.

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: asexual disease.

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: asexual disease. The fungus is primarily spread via soil cultivation,

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: asexual disease.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: soil cultivation, harvesting, or any action that causes movement of the soil.Verticillium

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: fungus

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: asexual disease.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: dead plant tissue,

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: xylem,

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: asexual disease.

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: soil.Verticillium spp.

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: soil cultivation, harvesting, or any action that causes movement of the soil.Verticillium

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: asexual

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: asexual disease. The fungus is primarily spread via soil cultivation,

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: plant defenses

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: soil.Verticillium spp.

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: fungus

text: Infectious diseases arranged by name.

text: Infectious disease

text: s arranged by name.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: genital

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: The common cold

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: bacteria and viruses.

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: strep throat

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: mumps

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: staph

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: virus

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito.

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: staph

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: mumps

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: diphtheria

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: The common cold is an infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Schistosoma

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Escherichia coli

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Tetanus

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: genital herpes

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: strep throat

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: Infectious diseases arranged by name

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Infectious diseases arranged by name.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: Infectious diseases arranged by name.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: The proper way is to scrub with soap for at least 20 seconds.

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: strep throat

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Athletes foot

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotic

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vaccine

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Infectious diseases arranged by name.

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Infectious diseases arranged by name.

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: name.

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: name.

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Infectious diseases arranged by name.

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Infectious diseases arranged by name.

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Infectious diseases arranged by name.

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Infectious diseases arranged by name.

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Infectious diseases arranged by name.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: Infectious diseases arranged by name.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Infectious diseases arranged by name.

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Infectious diseases arranged by name.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: Infectious diseases arranged by name.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Infectious diseases arranged by name.

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Infectious diseases arranged by name.

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: Infectious diseases arranged by name.

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: Infectious diseases

text: The polycyclic disease cycle of L. taurica is similar to that of other powdery mildew species. It overwinters (as chasmothecia) in crop residues above the soil surface. Under favorable climatic conditions, the chasmothecia open and release ascospores, which are wind-dispersed. The ascospores enter the host through its stomata, germinate, and colonize the host’s tissues with its mycelia. The pathogen then begins to produce its asexual conidia, either singly or on branched conidiophores. The conidia exit through the host’s stomata and serve as a secondary inoculum to spread disease after initial infection. In the fall, the pathogen undergoes sexual reproduction and again produces chasmothecia, its dormant, overwintering structure.

text: The polycyclic disease cycle of L. taurica is similar to that of other

text: powdery mildew

text: species. It overwinters (as

text: chasmothecia

text: ) in crop residues above the soil surface. Under favorable climatic conditions, the chasmothecia open and release

text: ascospores

text: , which are wind-dispersed. The ascospores enter the host through its stomata, germinate, and colonize the host’s tissues with its mycelia. The pathogen then begins to produce its asexual

text: conidia

text: , either singly or on branched conidiophores. The conidia exit through the host’s stomata and serve as a secondary inoculum to spread disease after initial infection. In the fall, the pathogen undergoes sexual reproduction and again produces chasmothecia, its dormant, overwintering structure.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: L. taurica

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: powdery mildew

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: powdery mildew

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: powdery mildew

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: powdery mildew

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: L. taurica

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: powdery mildew

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: powdery mildew

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: L. taurica

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: powdery mildew

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: What does L. taurica overwinter as?

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which of the following is not a viral infection?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do when you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: secondary inoculum

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: powdery mildew

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: mildew

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: mildew

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: powdery mildew

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: powdery mildew

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: powdery mildew

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: powdery mildew

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: powdery mildew

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: powdery mildew

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: asexual conidia,

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: conidia,

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: L. taurica

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: L. taurica

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: powdery mildew

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: asexual conidia,

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: The ascospores

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: asexual conidia,

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: L. taurica

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: powdery mildew

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: stomata,

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: The ascospores

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: asexual conidia,

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: asexual conidia,

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: ascospores,

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: stomata,

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: powdery mildew

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: L. taurica

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: secondary inoculum

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: powdery mildew

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: ascospores, which are wind-dispersed.

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: crop residues

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: asexual conidia,

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: asexual conidia,

text: Feline infectious anemia (FIA) is an infectious disease found in felines, causing anemia and other symptoms. The disease is caused by a variety of infectious agents, most commonly Mycoplasma haemofelis (which used to be called haemobartonella). Haemobartonella and eperythrozoon species were reclassified as mycoplasmas. Coinfection often occurs with other infectious agents, including: feline leukemia virus (FeLV), feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), ehrlichia species, anaplasma phagocytophilum, and Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum.

text: Feline infectious anemia (FIA) is an

text: infectious disease

text: found in

text: felines

text: , causing

text: anemia

text: and other symptoms. The disease is caused by a variety of

text: infectious agent

text: s, most commonly

text: Mycoplasma haemofelis

text: (which used to be called haemobartonella). Haemobartonella and

text: eperythrozoon

text: species were reclassified as

text: mycoplasma

text: s.

text: Coinfection

text: often occurs with other infectious agents, including:

text: feline leukemia virus

text: (FeLV),

text: feline immunodeficiency virus

text: (FIV),

text: ehrlichia

text: species,

text: anaplasma phagocytophilum

text: , and

text: Candidatus

text: Mycoplasma haemominutum.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Mycoplasmas

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Feline infectious anemia

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Feline infectious anemia

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Feline infectious anemia

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: mycoplasmas

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: feline

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: eperythrozoon species

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: FIA

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: immunodeficiency virus

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Mycoplasma

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do when you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious agent

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: immunodeficiency virus

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: immunodeficiency virus

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: mycoplasmas

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious agents

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: eperythrozoon

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Feline infectious anemia

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Feline infectious anemia

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Mycoplasma haemofelis

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Mycoplasma haemofelis

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: feline leukemia virus

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Feline infectious anemia

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: feline immunodeficiency virus

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: feline leukemia virus

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: ehrlichia species, anaplasma phagocytophilum,

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Feline infectious anemia

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: immunodeficiency

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: feline leukemia virus

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Mycoplasma haemofelis

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Mycoplasma haemofelis

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: feline leukemia virus

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: ehrlichia species, anaplasma phagocytophilum,

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Mycoplasma haemofelis

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: Mycoplasma haemofelis

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Mycoplasma haemofelis

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: infectious agents,

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: Mycoplasma haemofelis

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Mycoplasma haemofelis

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Feline infectious anemia

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Mycoplasma haemofelis

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious agents,

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: immunodeficiency virus

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: immunodeficiency virus

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: mycoplasmas.

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious agents,

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum.

text: Unlike animals, plants lack phagocytic cells, but many plant immune responses involve systemic chemical signals that are sent through a plant. Individual plant cells respond to molecules associated with pathogens known as Pathogen-associated molecular patterns or PAMPs. When a part of a plant becomes infected, the plant produces a localized hypersensitive response, whereby cells at the site of infection undergo rapid apoptosis to prevent the spread of the disease to other parts of the plant. Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is a type of defensive response used by plants that renders the entire plant resistant to a particular infectious agent. RNA silencing mechanisms are particularly important in this systemic response as they can block virus replication.

text: Unlike animals, plants lack phagocytic cells, but many plant immune responses involve systemic chemical signals that are sent through a plant. Individual plant cells respond to molecules associated with pathogens known as

text: Pathogen-associated molecular patterns

text: or PAMPs. When a part of a plant becomes infected, the plant produces a localized

text: hypersensitive response

text: , whereby cells at the site of infection undergo rapid

text: apoptosis

text: to prevent the spread of the disease to other parts of the plant.

text: Systemic acquired resistance

text: (SAR) is a type of defensive response used by plants that renders the entire plant

entity_name: Disease resistance in fruit and vegetables

text: resistant

text: to a particular infectious agent.

text: RNA silencing

text: mechanisms are particularly important in this systemic response as they can block virus replication.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Systemic acquired resistance

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: virus

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: rabies

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: rabies

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: pathogen-associated molecular patterns

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: tetanus and measles

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do when you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Systemic acquired resistance (SAR)

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious agent

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: SAR

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: plants lack phagocytic cells,

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: virus

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: virus replication.

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Pathogen-associated molecular patterns

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Pathogen-associated molecular patterns

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: virus

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: virus

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: animals,

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: virus

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: plants lack phagocytic cells,

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: virus

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Pathogen-associated molecular patterns or PAMPs.

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: plants lack phagocytic cells,

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: plants lack phagocytic cells,

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Unlike animals, plants lack phagocytic cells,

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Unlike animals, plants lack phagocytic cells,

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Unlike animals, plants lack phagocytic cells,

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: plants lack phagocytic cells,

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: plants lack phagocytic cells,

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Pathogen-associated molecular patterns or PAMPs.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: plants lack phagocytic cells,

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: plants lack phagocytic cells,

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Unlike animals, plants lack phagocytic cells,

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: plants lack phagocytic cells,

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: animals,

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Pathogen-associated molecular patterns or PAMPs.

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: Pathogen-associated molecular patterns

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: Systemic acquired resistance

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: virus

text: In medicine, public health, and biology, transmission is the passing of a pathogen causing communicable disease from an infected host individual or group to a particular individual or group, regardless of whether the other individual was previously infected.

text: In

text: medicine

text: public health

text: , and

text: biology

text: , transmission is the passing of a pathogen causing

text: communicable disease

text: from an infected

text: host

text: individual or group to a particular individual or group, regardless of whether the other individual was previously infected.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: communicable

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: communicable

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: communicable disease

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: communicable diseases

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: communicable disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: virus

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: swine flu

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: transmission

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: communicable disease

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: transmission

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: transmission

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: transmission

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: transmission

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: transmission

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: prevent transmission

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: the vectors

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: transmission

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: transmission

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: transmission

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: transmission

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: transmission

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: communicable

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotic

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vaccine

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: communicable disease

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: communicable disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: communicable disease

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: communicable

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: transmission is the passing of a pathogen causing communicable disease

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: communicable disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: communicable disease

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: infected host

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: communicable disease

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: transmission

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: transmission

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: transmission is the passing of a pathogen causing communicable disease

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: transmission

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: transmission is the passing of a pathogen causing communicable disease

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: transmission is the passing of a pathogen causing communicable disease

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: transmission is the passing of a pathogen causing communicable disease

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: transmission

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: transmission

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: transmission is the passing of a pathogen causing communicable disease

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: transmission

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: transmission

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: transmission is the passing of a pathogen causing communicable disease

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: transmission is the passing of a pathogen causing communicable disease

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: transmission

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: transmission

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: communicable

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: communicable disease

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: transmission is the passing of a pathogen

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogen

text: Finlay’s lab is based in Vancouver, Canada in the Michael Smith Laboratories at the University of British Columbia, and involves a multidisciplinary research program exploring how microbes contribute to both human health and disease. The lab specifically focuses on type III secreted virulence factors from Salmonella and pathogenic E. coli, how microbiota influence infectious diarrhea outcomes, and the role of the microbiota in asthma, malnutrition, and environmental enteropathy.

text: Finlay’s lab is based in Vancouver, Canada in the Michael Smith Laboratories at the

text: University of British Columbia

text: , and involves a multidisciplinary research program exploring how microbes contribute to both human health and disease. The lab specifically focuses on type III secreted virulence factors from Salmonella and pathogenic E. coli, how microbiota influence infectious diarrhea outcomes, and the role of the microbiota in asthma, malnutrition, and environmental enteropathy.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: human

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: E. coli

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Salmonella

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: asthma

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diarrhea

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: type III

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: E. coli

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: E. coli

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: E. coli

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: diarrhea

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: E. coli

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Schistosoma

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: pathogenic

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which of the following is not a human viral infection: tetanus or measles?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do when you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: microbes

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: What does Finlay's lab specifically focus on?

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: microbiota

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: enteropathy

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: E. coli

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: Salmonella

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: type III

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogenic

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: Salmonella

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: microbes

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: disease.

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Salmonella and pathogenic E. coli,

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: asthma, malnutrition, and environmental enteropathy.

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: asthma, malnutrition, and environmental enteropathy.

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diarrhea

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: type III

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: microbes

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: E. coli,

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Salmonella

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: diarrhea

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: E. coli,

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Michael Smith Laboratories at the University of British Columbia,

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: pathogenic E. coli,

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Michael Smith Laboratories at the University of British Columbia,

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Salmonella

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Michael Smith Laboratories at the University of British Columbia,

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: Salmonella and pathogenic E. coli,

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Salmonella

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: microbes

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: Salmonella

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Michael Smith Laboratories at the University of British Columbia,

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Salmonella

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Salmonella

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: microbes

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: asthma, malnutrition, and environmental enteropathy.

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: type III

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: asthma,

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: type III

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: microbes

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: microbes

text: Eppig, Fincher, and Thornhill (2010) state that the distance from Africa, temperature, and most importantly by a large margin, the prevalence of infectious disease predict national IQs. Education, literacy, GDP, and nutrition were not important as independent factors (although the prevalence of infectious diseases is likely greatly affected by these factors). The authors argue that "from an energetics standpoint, a developing human will have difficulty building a brain and fighting off infectious diseases at the same time, as both are very metabolically costly tasks" and that "the Flynn effect may be caused in part by the decrease in the intensity of infectious diseases as nations develop."

text: Eppig, Fincher, and Thornhill (2010) state that the distance from Africa, temperature, and most importantly by a large margin, the prevalence of

text: infectious disease

text: predict national IQs. Education, literacy, GDP, and nutrition were not important as independent factors (although the prevalence of infectious diseases is likely greatly affected by these factors). The authors argue that "from an energetics standpoint, a developing human will have difficulty building a brain and fighting off infectious diseases at the same time, as both are very metabolically costly tasks" and that "the Flynn effect may be caused in part by the decrease in the intensity of infectious diseases as nations develop."

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: virus

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: malaria

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Escherichia coli

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: the prevalence of infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: None

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: strep throat

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: nutrition

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: Africa,

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Africa,

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Eppig, Fincher, and Thornhill

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: the prevalence of infectious disease predict national IQs.

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Africa,

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Eppig, Fincher, and Thornhill

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: Eppig, Fincher, and Thornhill

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Eppig, Fincher, and Thornhill

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Eppig, Fincher, and Thornhill

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Eppig, Fincher, and Thornhill

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: fighting off infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: nutrition

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Africa,

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious disease

text: Initially established in 1958 with 60 beds to provide basic health facilities to the government employees, the hospital has expanded considerably and has been totally transformed over the years. This change started when it was declared as a teaching hospital attached to AIMC in 1977. Today its 1196 beds are located in 31 departments, with 27 major operation theaters and 8 minor OTs and an out patient attendance of 700 patients (on an average) per day. Fiscal constraints have led to seeking out alternative avenues of funding including philanthropic support. Changing the emphasis to preventive work is encouraged notably in the Paediatrics department to avert unnecessary infant and child deaths due to pneumonia, malnutrition, diarrhea or vaccine-preventable illnesses. Major effort is made to control major communicable diseases such as Tuberculosis, Malaria, viral Hepatitis B & C, HIV/AIDS and Dengue with the help of department of infectious diseases headed by Prof. Sobia Qazi (Diplomat American Board of Infectious diseases). Attempts are being made to keep the services of this tertiary care institution in line with the latest technological advances while keeping the demands within the tight fiscal resources. If financial autonomy is given in the true sense, service delivery is likely to improve further. Sophisticated laboratory and radiographical procedures, investigations and examinations are performed totally free for all the patients admitted in the hospital and in A&E department.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: HIV/AIDS

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: HIV/AIDS

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Tuberculous

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: viral

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: Dengue

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Dengue

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: HIV/AIDS

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Dengue

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Dengue

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which of the following is not a virus: Hepatitis B & C, HIV/AIDS or Dengue?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Dengue

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do if you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: dengue

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: communicable diseases

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: communicable diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vaccine

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Dengue

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: communicable diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: HIV/AIDS

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: communicable diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: communicable diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Tuberculosis, Malaria,

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Tuberculosis,

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Dengue

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Tuberculosis,

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: HIV/AIDS

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: Dengue

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Malaria,

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: HIV/AIDS and Dengue

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Malaria,

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Dengue

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Dengue

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Tuberculosis,

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Hepatitis B & C, HIV/AIDS and Dengue

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Malaria,

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Tuberculosis, Malaria,

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: Dengue

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Changing the emphasis to preventive work

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: communicable diseases

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: HIV/AIDS and Dengue

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: philanthropic support.

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: communicable diseases

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Dengue

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: communicable diseases

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: communicable

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: Tuberculosis,

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vaccine-preventable

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: communicable diseases

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: communicable

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: HIV/AIDS

text: The PPPS is a sophisticated variety of personal protective equipment (PPE), a type of  hazmat suit, which is air-tight and designed for positive pressure to prevent contamination to the wearer even if the suit becomes damaged. BSL-4 cabinets and "Suit Laboratories" have special engineering and design features to prevent hazardous microorganisms from being disseminated into the outside environment.  These biosafety suites, where PPPSs are used, are suites of laboratory rooms which are essentially equivalent to large Class III biosafety cabinets in which the interiors of the PPPSs serve as the "outside" environment for workers. Examples include the biocontainment suites at the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID) at Fort Detrick, Maryland and the Maximum Containment Facility (MCF) of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in Atlanta, Georgia.

text: The PPPS is a sophisticated variety of

text: personal protective equipment

text: (PPE), a type of

text: hazmat suit

text: , which is air-tight and designed for

text: positive pressure

text: to prevent contamination to the wearer even if the suit becomes damaged. BSL-4 cabinets and "Suit Laboratories" have special engineering and design features to prevent hazardous microorganisms from being disseminated into the outside environment.  These

text: biosafety suites

text: , where PPPSs are used, are suites of laboratory rooms which are essentially equivalent to large Class III

text: biosafety cabinet

text: s in which the interiors of the PPPSs serve as the "outside" environment for workers. Examples include the biocontainment suites at the

text: U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases

text: (USAMRIID) at

text: Fort Detrick, Maryland

text: and the

text: Maximum Containment Facility

text: (MCF) of the

text: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

text: (CDC) in

text: Atlanta, Georgia

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: microorganisms

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: microorganisms

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: BSL-4 cabinets

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: PPPS

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Influenza

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: BSL-4 cabinets

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Escherichia coli

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which of the following is not a type of hazmat suit: BSL-4 cabinets and "Suit Laboratories"?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do when you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: microorganisms

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: biosafety

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: microorganisms

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: microorganism

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: hazmat suit,

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: hazardous microorganisms

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: microorganisms

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: microorganisms

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: microorganisms

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: microorganisms

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: PPPS

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: microorganisms

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: The PPPS

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: hazardous microorganisms

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: hazmat suit,

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: hazmat suit,

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: hazmat suit,

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: wearer

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: hazmat suit,

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: hazardous microorganisms

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: microorganisms

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: The PPPS

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: The PPPS

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: hazmat suit,

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: microorganisms

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: PPPS

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: microorganisms

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: microorganisms

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: microorganisms

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: microorganisms

text: For higher classes with greater amount of wealth, it is naturally assumed that they will have less of a chance of acquiring infectious diseases because they have the money to stop the spread of such diseases. Meanwhile, lower classes with less wealth will not be able to afford treatments to stop the spread of diseases and might even not be knowledgeable about dangerous diseases that they might be catching, so they are at a higher likelihood of catching and spreading various diseases.

text: For higher classes with greater amount of wealth, it is naturally assumed that they will have less of a chance of acquiring infectious diseases because they have the money to stop the spread of such diseases. Meanwhile, lower classes with less wealth will not be able to afford treatments to stop the spread of diseases and might even not be knowledgeable about dangerous diseases that they might be catching, so they are at a higher likelihood of catching and spreading various diseases.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: lower classes with less wealth

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: viral

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: swine flu

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: lower classes with greater wealth

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: chickenpox

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: lower classes with less wealth

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: lower classes

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: lower classes

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: lower classes

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: lower classes with less wealth

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: lower classes with less wealth

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: lower classes

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: lower classes

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: lower classes

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: higher classes

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: lower classes with less wealth

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: treatments

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: lower classes

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: acquiring infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: acquiring infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: lower classes with less wealth

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: lower classes with less wealth

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: acquiring infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: lower classes with less wealth

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: lower classes with less wealth

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: lower classes with less wealth

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: lower classes with less wealth

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: lower classes with less wealth

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: lower classes with less wealth

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: lower classes with less wealth

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: treatments

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious diseases

text: Longini studies stochastic processes applied to epidemiological problems. He has specialized in the mathematical and statistical theory of epidemics, which involves constructing and analyzing mathematical models of disease transmission, disease progression and the analysis of infectious disease data based on these models.  He designs and analyses vaccine and infectious disease prevention trials and observational studies.  He has worked on the analysis of epidemics of influenza, HIV, tuberculosis, cholera, dengue fever, malaria, rhinovirus, rotavirus, measles and other infectious agents.

text: Longini studies

text: stochastic process

text: es applied to epidemiological problems. He has specialized in the mathematical and statistical theory of epidemics, which involves constructing and analyzing mathematical models of disease transmission, disease progression and the analysis of infectious disease data based on these models.  He designs and analyses vaccine and infectious disease prevention trials and observational studies.  He has worked on the analysis of epidemics of influenza, HIV, tuberculosis, cholera, dengue fever, malaria, rhinovirus, rotavirus, measles and other infectious agents.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: rotavirus

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: cholera

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: HIV

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: rhinovirus

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: cholera

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: dengue fever

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: rotavirus

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Longini

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: tetanus and measles

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why does Longini study stochastic processes?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: strep throat

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Longini has worked on the analysis of epidemics

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: virus

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious agents

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: cholera

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vaccine

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious agents

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: rotavirus

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: influenza,

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: influenza, HIV,

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: cholera,

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: rhinovirus, rotavirus, measles

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: cholera,

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: HIV,

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: rhinovirus,

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: cholera,

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: HIV,

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: rotavirus, measles

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: influenza,

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: malaria,

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: influenza, HIV, tuberculosis, cholera,

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: rhinovirus, rotavirus,

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: cholera,

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Longini

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: vaccine and infectious disease prevention trials and observational studies.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: cholera,

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: disease transmission,

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: influenza,

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Longini

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: cholera,

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: influenza, HIV, tuberculosis, cholera,

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: transmission,

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: tuberculosis,

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vaccine

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: rhinovirus, rotavirus,

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious agents.

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: rotavirus,

text: Furthermore, the central government revised the law on the control of infectious diseases in March 2004. The revision provides instructions to tackle infectious-disease outbreaks, improve the reporting of infectious diseases, implement interventions to control the spread of such diseases, provide clinical services, and fund the control of infectious diseases. This law directly benefited tuberculosis control by addressing the under-reporting of tuberculosis by health facilities. Tuberculosis now has to be reported to local public-health authorities within 24 hours. Because failure to report is now a crime, hospitals have begun to take the reporting of tuberculosis very seriously.

text: Furthermore, the central government revised the law on the control of infectious diseases in March 2004. The revision provides instructions to tackle infectious-disease outbreaks, improve the reporting of infectious diseases, implement interventions to control the spread of such diseases, provide clinical services, and fund the control of infectious diseases. This law directly benefited tuberculosis control by addressing the under-reporting of tuberculosis by health facilities. Tuberculosis now has to be reported to local public-health authorities within 24 hours. Because failure to report is now a

text: crime

text: , hospitals have begun to take the reporting of tuberculosis very seriously.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: tuberculose

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which of the following is not a viral infection: tetanus, measles, or tuberculosis?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What does the law on the control of infectious diseases require?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: tuberculous

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: tuberculous

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: 2004.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: the central government revised the law on the control of infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: 2004.

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: 2004.

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: tuberculosis

text: Although most bacteria are harmless or often beneficial, several are pathogenic. One of the bacterial diseases with the highest disease burden is tuberculosis, caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which kills about 2 million people a year, mostly in sub-Saharan Africa. Pathogenic bacteria contribute to other globally important diseases, such as pneumonia, which can be caused by bacteria such as Streptococcus and Pseudomonas, and foodborne illnesses, which can be caused by bacteria such as Shigella, Campylobacter, and Salmonella. Pathogenic bacteria also cause infections such as tetanus, typhoid fever, diphtheria, syphilis, and leprosy. Pathogenic bacteria are also the cause of high infant mortality rates in developing countries.

text: Although most bacteria are harmless or often beneficial, several are

text: pathogenic

text: . One of the bacterial

text: disease

text: s with the highest

text: disease burden

text: is

text: tuberculosis

text: , caused by the bacterium

text: Mycobacterium tuberculosis

text: , which kills about 2 million people a year, mostly in sub-Saharan Africa. Pathogenic bacteria contribute to other globally important diseases, such as

text: pneumonia

text: , which can be caused by bacteria such as

text: Streptococcus

text: and

text: Pseudomonas

text: , and

text: foodborne illness

text: es, which can be caused by bacteria such as

text: Shigella

text: Campylobacter

text: , and

text: Salmonella

text: . Pathogenic bacteria also cause infections such as

text: tetanus

text: typhoid fever

text: diphtheria

text: syphilis

text: , and

text: leprosy

text: . Pathogenic bacteria are also the cause of high

text: infant mortality

text: rates in developing countries.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: pathogenic

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: pathogenic bacteria

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Mycobacterium tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: foodborne illnesses

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: leprosy

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: pathogenic bacteria

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Salmonella

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: leprosy

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: tetanus

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: What can be caused by bacteria such as Streptococcus?

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: What is Schistosoma?

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Mycobacterium tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do when you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: foodborne illnesses

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: foodborne illnesses

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: bacterial diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogenic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogenic

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogenic

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: bacterial diseases with the highest disease burden is tuberculosis,

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Pathogenic bacteria

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: pneumonia,

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: pneumonia,

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: foodborne illnesses,

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: tuberculosis,

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: Mycobacterium tuberculosis,

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Shigella, Campylobacter, and Salmonella.

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: tuberculosis,

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: tuberculosis,

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: pneumonia,

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: tuberculosis,

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Mycobacterium tuberculosis,

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: typhoid fever,

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Shigella, Campylobacter, and Salmonella.

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: pneumonia,

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: foodborne illnesses,

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Shigella, Campylobacter, and Salmonella.

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: foodborne illnesses,

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: foodborne illnesses,

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: tuberculosis,

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: pneumonia,

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Shigella, Campylobacter, and Salmonella.

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: foodborne

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: pneumonia,

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: Pseudomonas,

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: foodborne illnesses,

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Pathogenic bacteria

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: bacterial

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: bacteria

text: – Infectious diseases

text: – Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: a respiratory infection.

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: bacteria, viruses, and parasites.

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: strep throat, pneumonia, and gonorrhea

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: swine flu

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: staph

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: viral

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: a virus

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: polio

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: diphtheria

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Viruses

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: What is Schistosoma?

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Escherichia coli is a bacterium that may cause human disease

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which of the following is an example of a viral infection?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Which of the following is an example of a fungal infection?

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: When you cough or sneeze, cover your mouth and nose with your hand.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: Viruses

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: How does protozoa cause diarrhea?

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Which of the following is not a pathogen?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: Which of the following is the most likely source of the common cold virus?

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: How long should you wash your hands?

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: strep throat is a disease that can potentially be cured with antibiotics.

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Athletes foot is caused by protozoa.

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vaccine

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: – Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: – Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: – Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: – Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: – Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: – Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: Infectious diseases

text: In March 2013, James Vaughan, the developer of Plague Inc., was invited to talk at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) about Plague Inc. He spoke about how he had modeled the spread of infectious disease inside the game as well as how games like Plague Inc. can be used to inform and educate the public.

text: In March 2013, James Vaughan, the developer of Plague Inc., was invited to talk at the

text: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

text: (CDC) about Plague Inc. He spoke about how he had modeled the spread of infectious disease inside the game as well as how games like Plague Inc. can be used to inform and educate the public.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Plague

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Plague

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Plague

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Plague

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Plague

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: Plague

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Plague

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Plague

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Plague

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Plague Inc.

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Plague Inc

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What does Plague Inc. stand for?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: (CDC)

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why did James Vaughan model the spread of infectious disease inside the game?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: Plague

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: CDC

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: Plague

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Plague

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Plague

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: Plague

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Plague

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Plague

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Plague

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: In March 2013,

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: In March 2013,

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Plague Inc.,

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: In March 2013,

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: In March 2013,

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: 2013,

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: In March 2013,

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: James Vaughan,

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: spread of infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: Disease Control and Prevention

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: Disease Control and Prevention

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: Plague

text: The conformationally altered form of PrP is PrP. Some groups believe PrP is the infectious agent (prion agent) in TSEs, while other groups do not. PrP could be a neuropathological product of the disease process, a component of the infectious agent, the infectious agent itself, or something else altogether. Regardless of what its actual function in the disease state is, PrP is clearly specifically associated with the disease process, and detection of it indicates infection with the agent causing prion diseases.

text: The conformationally altered form of PrP is PrP. Some groups believe PrP is the infectious agent (prion agent) in TSEs, while other groups do not. PrP could be a

text: neuropathological

text: product of the disease process, a component of the infectious agent, the infectious agent itself, or something else altogether. Regardless of what its actual function in the disease state is, PrP is clearly specifically associated with the disease process, and detection of it indicates infection with the agent causing prion diseases.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: PrP

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: PrP

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: prion

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: TSEs

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: TSEs

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: prion

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: TSE

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: TSEs

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: PrP

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: TSEs

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: PrP

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious agent

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: TSEs

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: prion

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: PrP

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: prion

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious agent

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: TSEs

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: TSEs,

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious agent

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: prion

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: TSEs,

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: TSEs,

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: TSEs,

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: (prion agent)

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: (prion agent)

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: TSEs,

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: PrP

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: TSEs,

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: TSEs,

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: TSEs,

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: prion diseases.

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: TSEs,

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: TSEs,

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: The conformationally altered form of PrP

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: TSEs,

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: TSEs,

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: infectious agent

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: prion diseases.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: PrP is the infectious agent

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: TSEs,

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: TSEs,

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious agent

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: prion diseases.

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: The conformationally altered form of PrP

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: PrP

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: prion

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious agent

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: (prion agent)

text: There is some debate among the WHO, CDC, and infectious disease experts over which diseases are classified as neglected tropical diseases.  Feasey, a researcher in neglected tropical diseases, notes 13 neglected tropical diseases: ascariasis, Buruli ulcer, Chagas disease, dracunculiasis, hookworm infection, human African trypanosomiasis, Leishmaniasis, leprosy, lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis, schistosomiasis, trachoma, and trichuriasis.   Fenwick recognizes 12 "core" neglected tropical diseases: ascariasis, Buruli ulcer, Chagas disease, dracunculiasis, human African trypanosomiasis, Leishmaniasis, leprosy, lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis, schistosomiasis, trachoma, and trichuriasis.

text: There is some debate among the

text: WHO

text: CDC

text: , and infectious disease experts over which diseases are classified as neglected tropical diseases.  Feasey, a researcher in neglected tropical diseases, notes 13 neglected tropical diseases:

text: ascariasis

text: Buruli ulcer

text: Chagas disease

text: dracunculiasis

text: hookworm

text: infection, human

text: African trypanosomiasis

text: Leishmaniasis

text: leprosy

text: lymphatic filariasis

text: onchocerciasis

text: schistosomiasis

text: trachoma

text: , and

text: trichuriasis

text: .   Fenwick recognizes 12 "core" neglected tropical diseases:

text: ascariasis

text: Buruli ulcer

text: Chagas disease

text: dracunculiasis

text: , human

text: African trypanosomiasis

text: Leishmaniasis

text: leprosy

text: lymphatic filariasis

text: onchocerciasis

text: schistosomiasis

text: trachoma

text: , and

text: trichuriasis

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: ascariasis

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: neglected tropical diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Leishmaniasis

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: ascariasis

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: trichuriasis

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Buruli ulcer

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: Leishmaniasis

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: ascariasis

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Leishmaniasis

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: trichuriasis

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: trichuriasis

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Leishmaniasis

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: trichuriasis

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: trichuriasis

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: strep throat

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: Lymphatic filariasis

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: trichuriasis

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: Lymphatic filariasis

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Leishmaniasis

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: Leishmaniasis

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: hookworm infection,

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious disease experts over which diseases are classified as neglected tropical diseases.

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: hookworm infection,

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: hookworm infection,

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: hookworm infection,

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: hookworm infection,

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: Leishmaniasis,

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: trypanosomiasis,

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: hookworm infection,

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: hookworm infection,

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: African trypanosomiasis,

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: hookworm infection,

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: schistosomiasis,

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: hookworm infection,

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: hookworm infection,

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Leishmaniasis,

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: 13

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: 13

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: hookworm infection,

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: hookworm infection,

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: hookworm infection,

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: 13

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: hookworm infection,

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: hookworm infection,

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: hookworm

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: lymphatic filariasis,

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: hookworm infection,

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: human African trypanosomiasis,

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: hookworm infection,

text: Only some diseases such as influenza are contagious and commonly believed infectious. The micro-organisms that cause these diseases are known as pathogens and include varieties of bacteria, viruses, protozoa and fungi. Infectious diseases can be transmitted, e.g. by hand-to-mouth contact with infectious material on surfaces, by bites of insects or other carriers of the disease, and from contaminated water or food (often via fecal contamination), etc.  In addition, there are sexually transmitted diseases. In some cases, microorganisms that are not readily spread from person to person play a role, while other diseases can be prevented or ameliorated with appropriate nutrition or other lifestyle changes.

text: Only some diseases such as

text: influenza

text: are contagious and commonly believed infectious. The micro-organisms that cause these diseases are known as pathogens and include varieties of bacteria, viruses, protozoa and fungi.

text: Infectious disease

text: s can be transmitted, e.g. by hand-to-mouth contact with infectious material on surfaces, by bites of

text: insects or other carriers

text: of the disease, and from contaminated water or food (often via

text: fecal

text: contamination), etc.  In addition, there are

text: sexually transmitted disease

text: s. In some cases,

text: microorganism

text: s that are not readily spread from person to person play a role, while other diseases can be prevented or ameliorated with appropriate

text: nutrition

text: or other lifestyle changes.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: sexually transmitted

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: bacteria, viruses, protozoa

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: insects

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: by hand-to-mouth contact with infectious material

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: by bites of insects

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which diseases can be prevented or ameliorated with appropriate nutrition or other lifestyle changes?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: fungi

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: hand-to-mouth contact with infectious material on surfaces

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: by bites of insects

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why is influenza contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: contact with infectious material on surfaces

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: strep throat

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: what is the most common infectious disease caused by protozoa

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: carriers

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: nutrition

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: sexually transmitted diseases.

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: influenza are contagious

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: bacteria, viruses, protozoa and fungi.

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: viruses,

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: insects

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: bacteria,

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: insects

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: fungi.

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: hand-to-mouth

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: appropriate nutrition or other lifestyle changes.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: The micro-organisms

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: hand-to-mouth contact with infectious material

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: bacteria, viruses, protozoa and fungi.

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: other diseases can be prevented or ameliorated with appropriate nutrition or other lifestyle changes.

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: insects

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: nutrition

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: nutrition

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: viruses,

text: The family and CDC Filoviridae (members are called Filovirus) is the taxonomic home of several related viruses that form filamentous infectious viral particles (virions), and encode their genome in the form of single-stranded negative-sense RNA. Two members of the family that are commonly known are Ebola virus and Marburg virus. Both viruses, and some of their lesser known relatives, cause severe disease in humans and nonhuman primates in the form of viral hemorrhagic fevers. All ebolaviruses and marburgviruses are Select Agents, World Health Organization Risk Group 4 Pathogens (requiring Biosafety Level 4-equivalent containment), National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Category A Priority Pathogens, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Category A Bioterrorism Agents, and listed as Biological Agents for Export Control by the Australia Group. It is expected that cuevaviruses  will be classified in a similar way in the near future.

text: The

entity_name: International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses

text: family

text: and CDC Filoviridae (members are called Filovirus) is the

text: taxonomic

text: home of several related

text: virus

text: es that form filamentous infectious viral particles (

text: virion

text: s), and encode their genome in the form of

entity_section: Group V.E2.80.94negative-sense ssRNA viruses

text: single-stranded negative-sense RNA

text: . Two members of the family that are commonly known are

text: Ebola virus

text: and

text: Marburg virus

text: . Both viruses, and some of their lesser known relatives, cause severe

text: disease

text: in

text: human

text: s and nonhuman

text: primates

text: in the form of

text: viral hemorrhagic fever

text: s. All

text: ebolavirus

text: es and

text: marburgvirus

text: es are

text: Select Agent

text: s,

text: World Health Organization

text: Risk Group 4 Pathogens (requiring

text: Biosafety Level 4-equivalent containment

text: National Institutes of Health

entity_name: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases

text: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases

text: Category A Priority Pathogens,

text: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

text: Category A Bioterrorism Agents

text: , and listed as Biological Agents for Export Control by the

text: Australia Group

text: . It is expected that

text: cuevavirus

text: es  will be classified in a similar way in the near future.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Filoviridae

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Ebola virus and Marburg virus

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Ebola virus

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Ebola virus

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: Filoviridae

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: nonhuman primates

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Ebola virus

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Ebola virus

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Ebola virus

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Filoviridae

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which is not a member of the family that are commonly known are Ebola virus and Marburg virus?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do when you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are pathogens contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: filovirus

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: virions

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Select Agents

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: Bioterrorism Agents

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Filoviridae

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: Pathogens

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: viral

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: viral hemorrhagic fevers.

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Ebola virus and Marburg virus.

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: viral hemorrhagic fevers.

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: viral hemorrhagic fevers.

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Ebola

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: Ebola virus

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: Ebola virus

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Ebola virus

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Bioterrorism

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Ebola

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Filoviridae

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Ebola virus and Marburg virus.

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Ebola virus and Marburg virus.

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Ebola virus and Marburg virus.

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Ebola virus and Marburg virus.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: Ebola virus and Marburg virus.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: cuevaviruses

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: Ebola virus

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Ebola virus and Marburg virus.

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Ebola virus and Marburg virus.

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Ebola virus and Marburg virus.

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: Biological Agents

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Select Agents,

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: Biological Agents for Export Control by the Australia Group.

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: Bioterrorism Agents,

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Filoviridae

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: Select Agents,

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: (virions),

text: Pathogens are often spread from wastewater reused for irrigation, from live animals in close proximity to dense human populations, and the disposal or sale of manure. Crops are an opportunity to reuse urban waste productively, and wastewater as an irrigation source in particular has been explored by some cities to conserve water. If not treated properly before application, this wastewater can contaminate crops or surrounding vegetation with pathogens that make them unsafe for human consumption.  This is a food safety concern especially in markets with unlicensed vendors and missing enforcement of safety regulations, which are common venues for small urban and peri-urban farmers.

text: Pathogens

text: are often spread from wastewater reused for

text: irrigation

text: , from live animals in close proximity to dense human populations, and the disposal or sale of manure. Crops are an opportunity to reuse urban waste productively, and

text: wastewater

text: as an

text: irrigation

text: source in particular has been explored by some cities to conserve water. If not treated properly before application, this wastewater can contaminate crops or surrounding vegetation with pathogens that make them unsafe for human consumption.  This is a food safety concern especially in markets with unlicensed vendors and missing enforcement of safety regulations, which are common venues for small urban and peri-urban farmers.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: live animals

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: swine flu

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: live animals

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: live animal

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: manure

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: rabies

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: rabies

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: from wastewater reused for irrigation

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Escherichia coli

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: tetanus and measles

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do if you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are pathogens spread from wastewater reused for irrigation, from live animals in close proximity to dense human populations, and the disposal or sale of manure?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: doorknob

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: live animals

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: human consumption

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotic

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: Pathogens

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Pathogens

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Pathogens

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: live animals in close proximity to dense human populations,

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Pathogens

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Pathogens

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Pathogens

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: wastewater reused for irrigation, from live animals

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: live animals

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: live animals in close proximity to dense human populations,

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Pathogens

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Pathogens

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: live animals in close proximity to dense human populations,

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: wastewater reused for irrigation, from live animals

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: pathogens that make them unsafe for human consumption.

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: wastewater reused for irrigation,

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: wastewater

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Pathogens

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: live animals in close proximity to dense human populations,

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Pathogens

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: live animals in close proximity to dense human populations,

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: Pathogens are often spread from wastewater

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Pathogens

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Pathogens

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: wastewater

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: live animals

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: human consumption.

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: Pathogens

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: Pathogens

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Pathogens

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: Pathogens

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: Pathogens

text: There has also been a recent push by the PDES community into the realm of continuous simulation.  For example, Fujimoto and Perumalla, working with Tang et al. have implemented an RC model of particle-in-cell and demonstrated excellent speedup over continuous simulation for models of light as a particle.  Bauer and Page demonstrated excellent speedup for an RC Transmission Line Matrix model (P.B. Johns, 1971), modeling light as a wave at microwave frequencies.  Bauer also created an RC variant of SEIR that generates enormous improvement over continuous models in the area of infectious disease spread.  In addition, the RC SEIR model is capable of modeling multiple diseases efficiently, whereas the continuous model explodes exponentially with respect to the number of combinations of diseases possible throughout the population.

text: There has also been a recent push by the PDES community into the realm of continuous simulation.  For example, Fujimoto and Perumalla, working with Tang et al. have implemented an RC model of particle-in-cell and demonstrated excellent speedup over continuous simulation for models of light as a particle.  Bauer and Page demonstrated excellent speedup for an RC Transmission Line Matrix model (P.B. Johns, 1971), modeling light as a wave at microwave frequencies.  Bauer also created an RC variant of

text: SEIR

text: that generates enormous improvement over continuous models in the area of infectious disease spread.  In addition, the RC SEIR model is capable of modeling multiple diseases efficiently, whereas the continuous model explodes exponentially with respect to the number of combinations of diseases possible throughout the population.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious disease spread

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: PDES

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: virus

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: the continuous model

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Bauer also created an RC variant of SEIR

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: RC variant of SEIR

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: human viral infections

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unknown

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are pathogens contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious disease spread

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotic

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: SEIR

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: a wave

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: continuous simulation.

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: diseases

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: infectious disease spread.

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: RC model of particle-in-cell

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: RC Transmission Line Matrix model

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: RC model of particle-in-cell

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: infectious disease spread.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: infectious disease spread.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: RC model of particle-in-cell

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: RC model of particle-in-cell

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious disease spread.

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: RC

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: microwave frequencies. Bauer also created an RC variant of SEIR

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: light

text: PulseNet is a network run by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) which brings together public health and food regulatory agency laboratories around the United States. Through the network, cooperating groups can share pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) results which act as fingerprints to distinguish strains of organisms such as E. coli (O157:H7 and non O157), Salmonella, Shigella, Listeria, Campylobacter, Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Yersinia pestis. In this way, efforts to combat infectious disease outbreaks are strengthened. Specifically, by sharing results, it is easier to identify large scale outbreaks. For example, if an outbreak of E. coli occurred in two distant parts of the country, PulseNet might help prove a link between the two. In such a case, the pathogen would have the same genetic fingerprint at both locations.

text: PulseNet is a network run by the

text: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

text: (CDC) which brings together

text: public health

text: and food regulatory agency laboratories around the

text: United States

text: . Through the network, cooperating groups can share

text: pulsed field gel electrophoresis

text: (PFGE) results which act as

text: fingerprints

text: to distinguish strains of organisms such as

text: E. coli

text: (O157:H7 and non O157),

text: Salmonella

text: Shigella

text: Listeria

text: Campylobacter

text: Vibrio cholerae

text: Vibrio parahaemolyticus

text: and

text: Yersinia pestis

text: . In this way, efforts to combat

text: infectious disease

text: outbreak

text: s are strengthened. Specifically, by sharing results, it is easier to identify large scale outbreaks. For example, if an outbreak of E. coli occurred in two distant parts of the country, PulseNet might help prove a link between the two. In such a case, the

text: pathogen

text: would have the same genetic fingerprint at both locations.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Listeria

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: E. coli

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: E. coli (O157:H7 and non O157)

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Yersinia pestis

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Yersinia pestis

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: Yersinia pestis

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: Yersinia pestis

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Vibrio cholerae

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Yersinia pestis

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Yersinia pestis

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Vibrio parahaemolyticus

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: PulseNet

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: O157:H7 and non O157

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: human viral infections include tetanus and measles

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Yersinia pestis

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do when you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Vibrio cholerae

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Which of the following is not an organism: Salmonella, Shigella, Listeria, Campylobacter, Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Yersinia pestis?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: PFGE

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Yersinia pestis

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Vibrio parahaemolyticus

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: Vibrio cholerae

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: cholerae

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: CDC

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Yersinia pestis

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: Yersinia pestis

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Vibrio cholerae,

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: E. coli

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: E. coli

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Yersinia pestis.

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Salmonella,

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: Yersinia pestis.

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: Yersinia pestis.

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Salmonella,

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Yersinia pestis.

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Vibrio cholerae,

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Yersinia pestis.

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: PulseNet

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: E. coli (O157:H7 and non O157),

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: E. coli

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Yersinia pestis.

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: PulseNet

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: Yersinia pestis.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Yersinia pestis.

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: the pathogen would have the same genetic fingerprint at both locations.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: fingerprints

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: PulseNet

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Yersinia pestis.

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Yersinia pestis.

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: Campylobacter,

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: Yersinia pestis.

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: pulsed field gel electrophoresis

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Yersinia pestis.

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: Yersinia pestis.

text: From 1983 to 1994 Nash served as Vice President for infectious disease and oncology at Schering Plough Research Institute. During that time, he was involved in the discovery and development of numerous biological agents, antibiotics, and antifungals. Previously, he was Head of Biological Research at Sterling Drug, Head of Infectious Disease at SmithKline Beecham, and Head of Fermentation Technology Group at Eli Lilly.

text: From 1983 to 1994 Nash served as Vice President for infectious disease and oncology at

text: Schering Plough

text: Research Institute. During that time, he was involved in the discovery and development of numerous biological agents, antibiotics, and antifungals. Previously, he was Head of Biological Research at

text: Sterling Drug

text: , Head of Infectious Disease at

text: SmithKline Beecham

text: , and Head of Fermentation Technology Group at

text: Eli Lilly

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: oncology

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: biological agents

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: biological

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: parasite

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: antifungals

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: AIDS

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Nash

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Schistosoma

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: tetanus and measles

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unknown

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: Nash

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: strep throat

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: biological

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: oncology

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious disease and oncology

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: biological agents, antibiotics, and antifungals.

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: biological

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: biological agents, antibiotics, and antifungals.

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: antifungals.

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Fermentation

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: antibiotics, and antifungals.

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: biological agents, antibiotics, and antifungals.

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Schering Plough Research Institute.

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: antibiotics, and antifungals.

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: infectious disease and oncology at Schering Plough Research Institute.

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: antifungals.

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: SmithKline Beecham,

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: biological agents, antibiotics, and antifungals.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: biological agents, antibiotics, and antifungals.

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: biological agents, antibiotics, and antifungals.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: biological agents, antibiotics, and antifungals.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: discovery and development of numerous biological agents, antibiotics, and antifungals.

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: antibiotics, and antifungals.

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: antifungals.

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: antibiotics,

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics,

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: antibiotics,

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: biological

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: antibiotics,

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: oncology

text: A natural reservoir or nidus (the latter from the Latin word for "nest") is the long-term host of a pathogen of an infectious disease. Hosts often do not get the disease carried by the pathogen, or it is carried as a subclinical infection and so is asymptomatic and non-lethal. Once discovered, natural reservoirs elucidate the complete life cycle of infectious diseases, providing effective prevention and control.

text: A natural reservoir or nidus (the latter from the Latin word for "nest") is the long-term

text: host

text: of a

text: pathogen

text: of an

text: infectious disease

text: . Hosts often do not get the disease carried by the pathogen, or it is carried as a

text: subclinical infection

text: and so is

text: asymptomatic

text: and non-lethal. Once discovered, natural reservoirs elucidate the complete life cycle of infectious diseases, providing effective

text: prevention

text: and control.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: natural reservoirs

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: natural reservoir

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: natural reservoir

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: swine flu

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: natural reservoirs

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: natural reservoirs

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: natural reservoir

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: tetanus

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What is the last word in the passage?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: subclinical infection

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: natural reservoirs

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: natural reservoir

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: natural reservoirs

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: natural reservoir

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: natural reservoir

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: natural reservoir

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: pathogen,

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: natural reservoir

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Hosts often do not get the disease carried by the pathogen,

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Hosts often do not get the disease carried by the pathogen,

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: elucidate the complete life cycle of infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: A natural reservoir or nidus

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: natural reservoirs

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Hosts often do not get the disease carried by the pathogen,

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Hosts often do not get the disease carried by the pathogen,

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: Hosts often do not get the disease carried by the pathogen,

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: A natural reservoir or nidus

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: natural reservoirs elucidate the complete life cycle of infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: natural reservoir

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: natural reservoir or nidus

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: natural reservoirs

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogen

text: In disease biology, pathogens are said to generate infectious propagules, the units that transmit a disease. These can refer to bacteria, viruses, fungi, or protists, and can be contained within host material. For instance, for influenza, the infectious propagules are carried in droplets of host saliva or mucus that are expelled during coughing or sneezing.

text: In disease biology,

text: pathogen

text: s are said to generate infectious propagules, the units that transmit a

text: disease

text: . These can refer to

text: bacteria

text: viruses

text: fungi

text: , or

text: protists

text: , and can be contained within host material. For instance, for

text: influenza

text: , the infectious propagules are carried in droplets of host

text: saliva

text: or

text: mucus

text: that are expelled during coughing or sneezing.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: fungi

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: droplets

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: protists

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: propagules

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious propagules,

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: viruses,

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: bacteria, viruses, fungi, or protists,

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: influenza,

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: influenza,

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: influenza,

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: viruses,

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: bacteria, viruses, fungi, or protists,

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: influenza,

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: influenza,

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: influenza,

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: influenza,

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: infectious propagules,

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: pathogens are said to generate infectious propagules,

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: influenza,

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: fungi,

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: influenza,

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: infectious propagules,

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: protists,

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: infectious propagules,

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: influenza,

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: infectious propagules,

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: influenza,

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: protists,

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious propagules,

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: influenza,

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: bacteria, viruses, fungi, or protists,

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: host material.

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: bacteria, viruses, fungi, or protists,

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: viruses, fungi, or protists,

text: Humans have inhabited what is now Upshur county since at least 10,000 years ago.  The Caddoan people lived in this area, but were driven out about 1750, probably due to losses from new infectious diseases.

text: Humans have inhabited what is now Upshur county since at least 10,000 years ago.  The

text: Caddoan

text: people lived in this area, but were driven out about 1750, probably due to losses from new infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: staph

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: viral

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: cholera

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Caddoan people

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: chickenpox

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Schistosoma

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: The Caddoan people were driven out about 1750

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: c).

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why were the Caddoan people driven out?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: strep throat

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Athletes foot

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: Virus

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: Humans

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: new infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: new infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Upshur county

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Upshur county

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: The Caddoan people

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: driven out about 1750,

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: new infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: 1750,

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: The Caddoan people

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious diseases.

text: Infectious Disease

text: Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: a disease caused by viruses

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: bacteria, viruses, and parasites

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: staph infections

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: swine flu

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: staph

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: staph

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: swine flu

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: polio

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: diphtheria

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: The common cold can be spread by bacteria

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: What is Schistosoma?

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Which of the following is an example of a bacteria that may cause human disease?

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which of the following is not an example of a viral infection?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Which of the following is not a fungal infection?

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: When you cough or sneeze, you should cover your mouth and nose with your hand.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: The best way to prevent diseases spread by vectors to is avoid contact with the vectors

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Which of the following is not a protozoan?

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of infectious diseases?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: What is the best way to treat the common cold?

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: The proper way to wash your hands is to scrub with soap for at least 20 seconds.

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: strep throat can be cured with antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Which of the following is not a type of infectious disease?

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: Infectious Disease

text: The virulence of the pathogen implies the production of polysaccharide capsular layer, and extracellular products, and is also depending on iron availability (Lopez-Doriga et al., 2000). The bacteria spreads via infected phagocytes, mainly macrophages. This spread can be rapid, and lethal effects may occur within a few days of challenge, affecting tissues containing large numbers of the pathogens (Evelyn, 1996).

text: The virulence of the pathogen implies the production of polysaccharide capsular layer, and extracellular products, and is also depending on iron availability (Lopez-Doriga et al., 2000). The bacteria spreads via infected phagocytes, mainly macrophages. This spread can be rapid, and lethal effects may occur within a few days of challenge, affecting tissues containing large numbers of the pathogens (Evelyn, 1996).

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: lethal effects

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: bacterial

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: phagocytes

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: iron availability

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: lethal effects

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: How does the bacteria spread?

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: lethal effects may occur within a few days

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do if you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: phagocytes

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: lethal effects

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: lethal

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: The bacteria spreads via infected phagocytes,

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: lethal effects

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: The bacteria spreads via infected phagocytes,

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: The bacteria

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: infected phagocytes, mainly macrophages.

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: The bacteria spreads via infected phagocytes,

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: The bacteria

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: The bacteria spreads via infected phagocytes,

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: infected phagocytes, mainly macrophages.

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: The bacteria spreads via infected phagocytes,

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: 2000). The bacteria spreads via infected phagocytes,

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: The bacteria spreads via infected phagocytes,

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: The bacteria spreads via infected phagocytes,

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: The bacteria spreads via infected phagocytes,

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: The bacteria spreads via infected phagocytes,

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: The bacteria spreads via infected phagocytes,

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: The bacteria spreads via infected phagocytes,

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: 2000). The bacteria spreads via infected phagocytes,

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: The bacteria spreads via infected phagocytes,

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: The bacteria spreads via infected phagocytes,

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: phagocytes,

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: The bacteria

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: polysaccharide

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: iron

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: bacteria

text: Infection in childcare is the spread of infection during childcare, typically because of contact among children in daycare or school. This happens when groups of children meet in a childcare environment, and there any individual with an infectious disease may spread it to the entire group. Commonly spread diseases include influenza-like illness and enteric illnesses, such as diarrhea among babies using diapers. It is uncertain how these diseases spread, but hand washing reduces some risk of transmission and increasing hygiene in other ways also reduces risk of infection.

text: Infection in childcare is the spread of

text: infection

text: during

text: childcare

text: , typically because of contact among children in

text: daycare

text: or

text: school

text: . This happens when groups of children meet in a childcare environment, and there any individual with an infectious disease may spread it to the entire group. Commonly spread diseases include

text: influenza-like illness

text: and enteric illnesses, such as diarrhea among babies using diapers. It is uncertain how these diseases spread, but

text: hand washing

text: reduces some risk of transmission and increasing hygiene in other ways also reduces risk of infection.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: influenza-like illness

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: influenza-like illness

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: influenza-like illness

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: influenza-like illness

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: diarrhea

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: enteric

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: influenza-like illness

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: enteric illnesses

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: It is uncertain how these diseases spread

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: What is Schistosoma?

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which of the following is not a common spread disease?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do when you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: None of the above choices are suitable choices

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: enteric

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: hand washing

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: enteric

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: influenza-like illness

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: influenza-like illness and enteric illnesses,

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: influenza-like illness and enteric illnesses,

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: influenza-like illness and enteric illnesses,

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: diarrhea

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: individual

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: diarrhea

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: influenza-like illness and enteric illnesses,

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: influenza-like

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: influenza-like illness

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: hand washing

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: hand washing

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: influenza-like illness

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: influenza-like illness

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: hand washing

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: hand washing

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: enteric illnesses, such as diarrhea among babies using diapers.

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: any individual with an infectious disease may spread it to the entire group.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: influenza-like

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: hand washing

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: hand washing

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: influenza-like illness and enteric illnesses,

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: individual

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: enteric illnesses, such as diarrhea among babies using diapers.

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: hand washing

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious disease

text: The statutory requirement for the notification of certain infectious diseases first came into being with the Infectious Diseases (Notification) Act in 1899, which was compulsory in London and optional in the provinces. Cases of smallpox, cholera, diphtheria, membranous croup. erysipelas, scarlatina or scarlet fever, typhus fever, typhoid fever, enteric fever, relapsing fever, continued fever and puerperal fever had to be reported by the household head or attending doctor to the local authority. The system spread to the rest of England and Wales in 1899 with the Infectious Diseases (Extension) Act. Householders or general practitioners who failed to notify a case of one of these diseases was liable to a fine of up to forty shillings. Following receipt of a notification certificate, the local sanitary authority could pursue existing public health laws, such as the Public Health Act 1875, to isolate patients in hospital, disinfect property and belongings, suspend schooling, and temporarily close businesses.

text: The statutory requirement for the notification of certain infectious diseases first came into being with the Infectious Diseases (Notification) Act in 1899, which was compulsory in

text: London

text: and optional in the provinces. Cases of

text: smallpox

text: cholera

text: diphtheria

text: , membranous croup.

text: erysipelas

text: scarlatina

text: or

text: scarlet fever

text: typhus fever

text: typhoid fever

text: enteric fever

text: relapsing fever

text: , continued fever and

text: puerperal fever

text: had to be reported by the household head or attending doctor to the local authority. The system spread to the rest of England and Wales in 1899 with the Infectious Diseases (Extension) Act. Householders or general practitioners who failed to notify a case of one of these diseases was liable to a fine of up to forty shillings. Following receipt of a notification certificate, the local sanitary authority could pursue existing public health laws, such as the

text: Public Health Act 1875

text: , to isolate patients in hospital, disinfect property and belongings, suspend schooling, and temporarily close businesses.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: smallpox

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: smallpox

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: typhoid

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: smallpox

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: smallpox

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: enteric

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: smallpox

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: smallpox

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: puerperal fever

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: smallpox

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: smallpox

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: smallpox

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: smallpox

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: smallpox

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: enteric

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: typhoid

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: disinfectant

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: enteric

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: smallpox

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: erysipelas,

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: membranous croup.

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: smallpox, cholera, diphtheria,

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: smallpox, cholera, diphtheria,

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: smallpox, cholera, diphtheria,

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: smallpox, cholera,

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: typhoid fever, enteric fever,

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: patients

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: cholera,

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: puerperal fever

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: smallpox,

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: typhus fever,

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Infectious Diseases (Extension) Act.

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: smallpox, cholera, diphtheria,

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: smallpox,

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: erysipelas,

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Infectious Diseases (Notification) Act in 1899,

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: smallpox, cholera, diphtheria,

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: cholera,

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: smallpox, cholera, diphtheria,

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: typhus fever,

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Infectious Diseases (Notification) Act in 1899,

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: erysipelas,

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: erysipelas,

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: erysipelas,

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: cholera,

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: disinfect

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: erysipelas,

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: smallpox,

text: Partner services are important because in some cases a person's health problems are partially caused or sustained by other people.  A common example would be that a person visits a doctor because he has an infectious disease.  If that disease is also contagious, then that person's close associates may also have the disease.  If a physician were to only treat the person who initially requests treatment, then the disease may remain in the community.  Instead, principles of partner services dictate that health care should treat all members of a group which transmits infection.

text: Partner services are important because in some cases a person's health problems are partially caused or sustained by other people.  A common example would be that a person visits a doctor because he has an

text: infectious disease

text: .  If that disease is also contagious, then that person's close associates may also have the disease.  If a

text: physician

text: were to only treat the person who initially requests treatment, then the disease may remain in the community.  Instead, principles of partner services dictate that health care should treat all members of a group which transmits infection.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: contagious

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: contagious

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: contagious

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: an infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: close associate

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: an infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: contagious

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: If a person visits a doctor because he has an infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: health care should treat all members

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Escherichia coli

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: If a physician were to only treat the person who initially requests treatment, then the disease may

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: health care should treat all members of a group which transmits infection

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do if you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: that person's close associates

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: strep throat

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: health care should treat all members of a group which transmits infection

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: contagious

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotic

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: partner services

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: contagious

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: contagious,

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: contagious,

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: contagious,

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: group

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: contagious,

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: contagious,

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: that person's close associates may also have the disease.

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: that person's close associates may also have the disease.

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: health care should treat all members of a group which transmits infection.

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: that person's close associates may also have the disease.

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Partner services

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: health care should treat all members of a group which transmits infection.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Partner services

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: that person's close associates may also have the disease.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: contagious,

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Partner services

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: that person's close associates may also have the disease.

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: transmits infection.

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: infectious disease. If that disease is also contagious,

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: doctor

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: contagious,

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious disease.

text: People with neglected tropical diseases reside almost entirely in developing countries, resulting in limited profit incentives for private developed-country drug companies to invest in treatment candidates.  Some infectious diseases are only sporadic threats, providing little opportunity for profit in advances of an outbreak, but necessitating immediate response when one occurs.  Pointing out these market failures and access problems created by patent monopolies, some critics have proposed patent reforms or replacement funding mechanisms such as prizes as an alternative to patents.  A similar funding mechanism is a guaranteed-purchase announcement, or stockpiling as with the U.S. Strategic National Stockpile.  Infectious diseases that pose an international threat as natural epidemics or bioweapons, such as Ebola or anthrax receive government funding to develop vaccines and respond to outbreaks, either through grants to independent labs or through agencies like the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.  Neglected diseases and others of concern to developing countries receive direct research and production funding through international aid programs like the U.S. President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief, donations from pharmaceutical companies, and non-profits like the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the Carter Center, the Schistosomiasis Control Initiative, and the International Trachoma Initiative.

text: People with

text: neglected tropical diseases

text: reside almost entirely in developing countries, resulting in limited profit incentives for private developed-country drug companies to invest in treatment candidates.  Some infectious diseases are only sporadic threats, providing little opportunity for profit in advances of an outbreak, but necessitating immediate response when one occurs.  Pointing out these market failures and access problems created by patent monopolies, some critics have proposed patent reforms or replacement funding mechanisms such as

text: prizes as an alternative to patents

text: .  A similar funding mechanism is a guaranteed-purchase announcement, or stockpiling as with the U.S.

text: Strategic National Stockpile

text: .  Infectious diseases that pose an international threat as natural epidemics or bioweapons, such as

text: Ebola

text: or

text: anthrax

text: receive government funding to develop vaccines and respond to outbreaks, either through grants to independent labs or through agencies like the U.S.

text: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

text: .  Neglected diseases and others of concern to developing countries receive direct research and production funding through international aid programs like the U.S.

entity_name: President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief

text: President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief

text: , donations from pharmaceutical companies, and non-profits like the

text: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

text: , the

text: Carter Center

text: , the

text: Schistosomiasis Control Initiative

text: , and the

text: International Trachoma Initiative

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: neglected tropical diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Ebola or anthrax

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Ebola or anthrax

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Ebola or anthrax

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: neglected tropical diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: neglected tropical diseases

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: Ebola

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Ebola

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Ebola

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Ebola

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Ebola or anthrax

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: bioweapons

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you cover your mouth and nose with your hand?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: the International Trachoma Initiative

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: Ebola

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: anthrax

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vaccines

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: tropical

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: Ebola

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: neglected tropical diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Ebola or anthrax

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Schistosomiasis

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Ebola or anthrax

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Ebola

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: bioweapons,

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: Ebola

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Ebola

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Ebola or anthrax

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Ebola

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Ebola or anthrax receive government funding to develop vaccines

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Schistosomiasis

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Ebola or anthrax

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Ebola

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Schistosomiasis

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: People with neglected tropical diseases

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: vaccines

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Schistosomiasis

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: bioweapons,

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: Ebola

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: People with neglected tropical diseases reside almost entirely in developing countries,

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: International Trachoma Initiative.

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Schistosomiasis

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: bioweapons,

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: vaccines

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vaccines

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: tropical

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: bioweapons, such as Ebola or anthrax

text: Chytridiomycosis is an infectious disease in amphibians, caused by the chytrid Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, a nonhyphal zoosporic fungus.  Chytridiomycosis has been linked to dramatic population declines or even extinctions of amphibian species in western North America, Central America, South America, eastern Australia, and Dominica and Montserrat in the Caribbean. Much of the New World is also at risk of the disease arriving within the coming years. The fungus is capable of causing sporadic deaths in some amphibian populations and 100% mortality in others.  No effective measure is known for control of the disease in wild populations.  Various  clinical signs are seen by individuals affected by the disease.  A number of options are possible for controlling this disease-causing fungus, though none has proved to be feasible on a large scale.  The disease has been proposed as a contributing factor to a global decline in amphibian populations that apparently has affected about 30% of the amphibian species of the world.

text: Chytridiomycosis is an

text: infectious disease

text: in

text: amphibians

text: , caused by the

text: chytrid

text: Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis

text: , a nonhyphal zoosporic

text: fungus

text: .  Chytridiomycosis has been linked to dramatic population

text: declines

text: or even extinctions of amphibian species in western

text: North America

text: Central America

text: South America

text: , eastern

text: Australia

text: , and

text: Dominica

text: and

text: Montserrat

text: in the

text: Caribbean

text: . Much of the New World is also at risk of the disease arriving within the coming years. The fungus is capable of causing sporadic deaths in some amphibian populations and 100% mortality in others.  No effective measure is known for control of the disease in wild populations.  Various  clinical signs are seen by individuals affected by the disease.  A number of options are possible for controlling this disease-causing fungus, though none has proved to be feasible on a large scale.  The disease has been proposed as a contributing factor to a global

text: decline in amphibian populations

text: that apparently has affected about 30% of the amphibian species of the world.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: zoosporic fungus

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Chytridiomycosis

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Chytridiomycosis

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why is Chytridiomycosis contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: zoosporic

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: nonhyphal

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: effective measure

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: zoosporic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: zoosporic

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Chytridiomycosis

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Chytridiomycosis is an infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: zoosporic fungus.

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Chytridiomycosis

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Chytridiomycosis

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Chytridiomycosis

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: zoosporic fungus.

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: fungus.

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: zoosporic fungus.

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Chytridiomycosis

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Chytridiomycosis

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Chytridiomycosis

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Chytridiomycosis

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis,

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Chytridiomycosis

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Chytridiomycosis

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: chytrid Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis,

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: No effective measure is known for control of the disease in wild populations.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Chytridiomycosis

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: fungus.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: Chytridiomycosis

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: chytrid Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis,

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Chytridiomycosis

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Chytridiomycosis

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: zoosporic

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: zoosporic fungus.

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: effective measure

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: zoosporic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: zoosporic

text: The Infectious Diseases Programs leads APHL’s efforts on HIV, tuberculosis, sexually transmitted diseases, and influenza.  When new infectious diseases emerge, like the 2009 spread of H1N1, APHL supports crisis response by facilitating rapid transfer of credible information, and technical guidance from federal agencies to state and local laboratories.

text: The Infectious Diseases Programs leads APHL’s efforts on

text: HIV

text: tuberculosis

text: sexually transmitted diseases

text: , and

text: influenza

text: .  When new infectious diseases emerge, like the 2009 spread of

text: , APHL supports crisis response by facilitating rapid transfer of credible information, and technical guidance from federal agencies to state and local laboratories.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: sexually transmitted diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: H1N1

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: H1N1

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: H1N1

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: tuberculoses

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: HIV

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: sexually transmitted diseases

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: H1N1

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: HIV

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: HIV

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: HIV, tuberculosis, sexually transmitted diseases, and influenza

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: H1N1

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: How are infectious diseases transmitted?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: H1N1

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: transmitte

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: tuberculose

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: HIV

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: HIV

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: HIV

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: sexually transmitted diseases,

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: influenza.

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: HIV,

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: tuberculosis,

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: influenza.

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: tuberculosis,

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: tuberculosis,

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: sexually transmitted diseases,

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: tuberculosis,

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: H1N1,

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: influenza.

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: influenza.

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: HIV, tuberculosis, sexually transmitted diseases,

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: HIV,

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: HIV,

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: HIV, tuberculosis,

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: influenza.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: HIV, tuberculosis, sexually transmitted diseases,

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: HIV, tuberculosis, sexually transmitted diseases,

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: HIV, tuberculosis, sexually transmitted diseases,

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: influenza.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: influenza.

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: HIV, tuberculosis, sexually transmitted diseases,

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: HIV,

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: sexually transmitted diseases,

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: tuberculosis,

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: tuberculosis,

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: HIV,

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: HIV,

text: The Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy (CIDRAP) is a center within the University of Minnesota that focuses on addressing public health preparedness and emerging infectious disease response. It was founded in 2001 by Michael Osterholm, PhD, MPH, in order to "prevent illness and death from infectious diseases through epidemiological research and rapid translation of scientific information into real-world practical applications and solutions".

text: The Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy (CIDRAP) is a center within the

text: University of Minnesota

text: that focuses on addressing public health preparedness and emerging infectious disease response. It was founded in 2001 by

text: Michael Osterholm

text: , PhD, MPH, in order to "prevent illness and death from infectious diseases through epidemiological research and rapid translation of scientific information into real-world practical applications and solutions".

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: AIDS

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: E. coli

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: rabies

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: CIDRAP

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: CIDRAP

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Escherichia coli

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which of the following is not a human viral infection: tetanus or measles?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Infectious Disease Research and Policy

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: The Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: The Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy (CIDRAP)

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vaccine

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: emerging infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: emerging infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: death from infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: illness and death

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: The Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: emerging infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: The Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: "prevent illness and death from infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Michael Osterholm, PhD, MPH,

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: infectious disease response.

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: epidemiological

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: scientific information into real-world practical applications and solutions".

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: emerging infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious disease

text: St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research (SVI) is an independent Australian medical research institute located in , Melbourne, Victoria. The Institute conducts medical research into the cause, prevention and treatment of diseases that are common and have serious effects on health. These include type 1 diabetes, obesity, heart disease and type 2 diabetes, arthritis and osteoporosis, cancer and the spread of cancer, infectious diseases such as hepatitis and AIDS and Alzheimer's disease and other neurological disorders.

text: St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research (SVI) is an independent Australian

text: medical research

text: institute

text: located in ,

text: Melbourne

text: Victoria

text: . The Institute conducts medical research into the cause, prevention and treatment of diseases that are common and have serious effects on health. These include

text: type 1 diabetes

text: obesity

text: heart disease

text: and

text: type 2 diabetes

text: arthritis

text: and

text: osteoporosis

text: cancer

text: and the spread of cancer, infectious diseases such as

text: hepatitis

text: and

text: AIDS

text: and

text: Alzheimer's disease

text: and other neurological disorders.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: cancer

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: hepatitis

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: hepatitis

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: hepatitis

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Hepatitis

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Alzheimer's disease

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: AIDS

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Escherichia coli

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What does SVI stand for?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: AIDS

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: strep throat

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: AIDS

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: AIDS

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: AIDS

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: AIDS

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: AIDS

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: hepatitis and AIDS

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: hepatitis and AIDS

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: hepatitis and AIDS

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: hepatitis and AIDS

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: hepatitis

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: hepatitis and AIDS

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Alzheimer's disease

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: AIDS

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: AIDS

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: infectious diseases such as hepatitis and AIDS

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: AIDS

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: AIDS

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: hepatitis and AIDS

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: hepatitis and AIDS

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: hepatitis and AIDS

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: hepatitis and AIDS

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: hepatitis and AIDS

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: AIDS

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: AIDS

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: hepatitis and AIDS

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: AIDS

text: The gut is home to an extremely complex microbiome of healthy and unhealthy bacteria. The immune system’s primary home is in the gut; so gastrointestinal microbiota has a direct effect on the body’s immune responses. Without a regular microbiota, the body is more susceptible to infectious and non-infectious diseases. A great diversity of symbiotic bacteria is necessary for animals to have fundamental nutrients, digest certain compounds, protect against outside pathogens, and create a healthy intestinal structure. An equilibrium of symbionts and pathobionts is critical to fight off outside pathogens and avoid inflammatory bowel disease. As we understand more about the roles of microbes in the gut, researchers will be able to discover more treatments like probiotics that can fill in niches of good bacteria to increase intestinal health and improve the immune system. Heightening the robustness and diversity of bacteria flora in the gut aids in averting allergies, autoimmune disease, and cancer. There is still much to learn about the details of interactions between microbes and hosts in the gastrointestinal tract, but research on symbionts like Lactobacillus reuteri help us understand how changes in the gastrointestinal microbiome can promote health.

text: The gut is home to an extremely complex

text: microbiome

text: of healthy and unhealthy

text: bacteria

text: . The immune system’s primary home is in the gut; so gastrointestinal

text: microbiota

text: has a direct effect on the body’s immune responses. Without a regular microbiota, the body is more susceptible to infectious and non-infectious

text: diseases

text: . A great diversity of symbiotic bacteria is necessary for animals to have fundamental

text: nutrients

text: , digest certain compounds, protect against outside

text: pathogens

text: , and create a healthy intestinal structure. An equilibrium of

text: symbionts

text: and

text: pathobionts

text: is critical to fight off outside pathogens and avoid

text: inflammatory bowel disease

text: . As we understand more about the roles of

text: microbes

text: in the gut, researchers will be able to discover more treatments like

text: probiotics

text: that can fill in niches of good bacteria to increase intestinal health and improve the

text: immune system

text: . Heightening the robustness and diversity of bacteria flora in the gut aids in averting

text: allergies

text: autoimmune disease

text: , and

text: cancer

text: . There is still much to learn about the details of interactions between microbes and hosts in the

text: gastrointestinal tract

text: , but research on symbionts like

text: Lactobacillus reuteri

text: help us understand how changes in the gastrointestinal

text: microbiome

text: can promote health.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: cancer

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: non-infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: inflammatory bowel

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: inflammatory bowel disease

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: pathobiont

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Bacteria

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: cancer

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Without a regular microbiota, the body is more

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which of the following is not a non-infectious disease?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do when you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: without a regular microbiota

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: What is the proper way to wash your hands?

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Which is not a common infectious disease caused by protozoa?

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: pathobionts

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: inflammatory bowel

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: probiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: probiotics

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: inflammatory bowel disease.

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious and non-infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious and non-infectious

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: inflammatory bowel disease.

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: allergies,

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: inflammatory bowel disease.

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: outside

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: outside pathogens,

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: inflammatory bowel disease.

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: cancer.

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: inflammatory bowel disease.

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: outside pathogens,

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: inflammatory bowel disease.

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: inflammatory bowel disease.

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: infectious and non-infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: inflammatory bowel disease.

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: inflammatory bowel disease.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: inflammatory bowel disease.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: inflammatory bowel disease.

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: outside pathogens,

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: The gut is home to an extremely complex microbiome

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: inflammatory bowel disease.

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: probiotics

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: inflammatory bowel disease.

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: pathobionts

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: inflammatory bowel disease.

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: probiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: probiotics

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: outside pathogens,

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogens,

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogens,

text: P. acidilactici can function as an immune modulator. Animals fed with P. acidilactici have shown enhanced immune responses against infectious coccidioidal diseases.

text: P. acidilactici can function as an immune modulator. Animals fed with P. acidilactici have shown enhanced immune responses against infectious coccidioidal diseases.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: coccidioidal

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: coccidioidal

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: coccidioidal diseases

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: coccidioidal diseases

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Coccidioidal diseases

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: coccidioidal diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: coccidioidal

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: coccidioidal

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: coccidioidal diseases

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: P. acidilactici

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: coccidioidal diseases

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: P. acidilactici

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which of the following is not a type of viral infection: tetanus, measles or viruses?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do if you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: c).

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: It is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: coccidioidal

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: immune modulator

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: coccidioidal diseases

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: coccidioidal

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: coccidioidal

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious coccidioidal

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious coccidioidal diseases.

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious coccidioidal

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: coccidioidal

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: coccidioidal

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious coccidioidal

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: coccidioidal

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: coccidioidal

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: coccidioidal diseases.

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: P. acidilactici

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: coccidioidal

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: coccidioidal diseases.

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: P. acidilactici

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: P. acidilactici

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: infectious coccidioidal diseases.

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: P. acidilactici

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: P. acidilactici

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: coccidioidal diseases.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: coccidioidal diseases.

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: P. acidilactici

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: P. acidilactici

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: P. acidilactici

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: infectious coccidioidal diseases.

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: coccidioidal diseases.

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: coccidioidal

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious coccidioidal

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: immune modulator.

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: immune modulator.

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: coccidioidal

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious coccidioidal

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: coccidioidal

text: Transmission-based precautions are additional infection control precautions in health care, and the latest routine infection prevention and control practices applied for patients who are known or suspected to be infected or colonized with infectious agents, including certain epidemiologically important pathogens. The latter require additional control measures to effectively prevent transmission.

text: Transmission-based precautions are additional

text: infection control

text: precautions in health care, and the latest routine infection prevention and control practices applied for patients who are known or suspected to be infected or colonized with infectious agents, including certain

text: epidemiologically

text: important

text: pathogen

text: s. The latter require additional control measures to effectively prevent transmission.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Transmission-based

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: transmission-based precautions

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: transmission-based precaution

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: transmission-based precautions

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infected

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious agents

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: E. coli

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: rabies

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Transmission-based precautions

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: transmission

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: transmission-based precautions

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: transmission-based precautions

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: transmission-based precautions

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: prevent transmission

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: transmission-based precautions

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: transmission

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious agents

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious agents,

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious agents,

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: epidemiologically important pathogens.

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: certain epidemiologically important pathogens.

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: certain epidemiologically important pathogens.

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infection

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: pathogens.

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: infectious agents,

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: certain epidemiologically important pathogens.

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: transmission.

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: certain epidemiologically important pathogens.

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Transmission-based precautions

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: epidemiologically important pathogens.

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Transmission-based precautions

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Transmission-based precautions

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Transmission-based precautions

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: Transmission-based precautions

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Transmission-based precautions

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: infectious agents,

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: Transmission-based precautions

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Transmission-based precautions

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Transmission-based precautions

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Transmission-based precautions

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: transmission.

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious agents,

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: Transmission-based precautions

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: Transmission-based precautions

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: infectious agents, including certain epidemiologically important pathogens.

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogens.

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogens.

text: Sphaceloma perseae is a plant-pathogenic fungus in the Ascomycota phylum. It infects the avocado plant (Persea americana), a tree native to Central America and Mexico. Currently there are three cultivars of avocados in large-scale agricultural production: Guatemalan, Mexican, and West Indian. The pathogen is currently limited to the P. Americana species but is able to infect all three cultivars. The resulting disease is known as avocado scab for the symptoms which are present on the fruit of the avocado tree. It is believed that the disease developed in Florida in the early twentieth century and is related to citrus scab, Elsinoe fawcetti. Since then, S.perseae has spread to many regions worldwide that support cultivation of the avocado tree. This pathogen threatens the global avocado market, including both importers and exporters of the crop. Countries which import avocados, including the United States, have experienced a rising demand over the past decade which is projected to continue for years to come. An understanding of avocado scab characteristics and feasible prevention methods is essential to maintenance of cultures and economies influenced by the avocado fruit.

text: Sphaceloma perseae is a plant-pathogenic

text: fungus

text: in the

text: Ascomycota

text: phylum. It infects the

text: avocado

text: plant (Persea americana), a tree native to Central America and Mexico. Currently there are three

text: cultivar

text: s of avocados in large-scale agricultural production: Guatemalan, Mexican, and West Indian. The pathogen is currently limited to the P. Americana species but is able to infect all three cultivars. The resulting disease is known as avocado scab for the symptoms which are present on the fruit of the avocado tree. It is believed that the disease developed in Florida in the early twentieth century and is related to citrus scab,

text: Elsinoe fawcetti

text: . Since then, S.perseae has spread to many regions worldwide that support cultivation of the avocado tree. This pathogen threatens the global avocado market, including both importers and exporters of the crop. Countries which import avocados, including the United States, have experienced a rising demand over the past decade which is projected to continue for years to come. An understanding of avocado scab characteristics and feasible prevention methods is essential to maintenance of cultures and economies influenced by the avocado fruit.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Sphaceloma

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Ascomycota

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: avocado scab

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: avocado scab

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: avocado scab

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Elsinoe fawcetti

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: avocado scab

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Which of the following is not a pathogen: Sphaceloma perseae, citrus scab, or avocado scab?

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which of the following is not a fungus: Sphaceloma perseae, tetanus, or measles?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What is the best title for this passage?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Which of the following is not a pathogen: Sphaceloma perseae, avocado scab or Elsinoe fawcetti?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: Ascomycota

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: avocado scab

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vaccine

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Ascomycota

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: Ascomycota

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Elsinoe fawcetti.

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Sphaceloma perseae

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: plant-pathogenic fungus

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: citrus scab,

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: citrus scab,

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: avocado scab

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: fungus

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: fungus

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Elsinoe fawcetti.

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Sphaceloma perseae

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: citrus scab,

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Sphaceloma perseae

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Sphaceloma perseae

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Elsinoe fawcetti.

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: avocado scab

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Sphaceloma perseae

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Sphaceloma perseae

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: avocado scab

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Sphaceloma perseae

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: fungus

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: Elsinoe fawcetti.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: citrus scab,

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: avocado scab

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: citrus scab,

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: Ascomycota

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: citrus scab,

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: Elsinoe fawcetti.

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: avocado scab characteristics and feasible prevention methods

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Ascomycota

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: plant-pathogenic

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: fungus

text: Another effective way to decrease the transmission rate of infectious diseases is to recognize the effects of small-world networks. In epidemics, there are often extensive interactions within hubs or groups of infected individuals and other interactions within discrete hubs of susceptible individuals. Despite the low interaction between discrete hubs, the disease can jump to and spread in a susceptible hub via a single or few interactions with an infected hub. Thus, infection rates in small-world networks can be reduced somewhat if interactions between individuals within infected hubs are eliminated (Figure 1). However, infection rates can be drastically reduced if the main focus is on the prevention of transmission jumps between hubs. The use of needle exchange programs in areas with a high density of drug users with HIV is an example of the successful implementation of this treatment method.  Another example is the use of ring culling or vaccination of potentially susceptible livestock in adjacent farms to prevent the spread of the foot-and-mouth virus in 2001.

text: Another effective way to decrease the transmission rate of infectious diseases is to recognize the effects of

text: small-world networks

text: . In epidemics, there are often extensive interactions within hubs or groups of infected individuals and other interactions within discrete hubs of susceptible individuals. Despite the low interaction between discrete hubs, the disease can jump to and spread in a susceptible hub via a single or few interactions with an infected hub. Thus, infection rates in small-world networks can be reduced somewhat if interactions between individuals within infected hubs are eliminated (Figure 1). However, infection rates can be drastically reduced if the main focus is on the prevention of transmission jumps between hubs. The use of needle exchange programs in areas with a high density of drug users with HIV is an example of the successful implementation of this treatment method.  Another example is the use of ring culling or vaccination of potentially susceptible livestock in adjacent farms to prevent the spread of the

text: foot-and-mouth

text: virus in 2001.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: foot-and-mouth virus

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: foot and mouth virus

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: HIV

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: needle

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: foot-and-mouth virus

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: foot-and-mouth virus

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: foot-and-mouth

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Small-world networks can be reduced somewhat if interactions between individuals within infected hubs are eliminated

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: context: Another effective way to decrease the transmission rate of infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: transmission jumps between hubs

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: human viral infections include tetanus and measles

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do if you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: What is the common infectious disease caused by protozoa?

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: transmission

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: HIV

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vaccination

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: HIV

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: HIV

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: HIV

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: HIV

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: foot-and-mouth virus

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: foot-and-mouth virus

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: HIV

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: drug users with HIV

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: infected individuals

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: foot-and-mouth virus

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: HIV

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: foot-and-mouth virus

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: the disease can jump to and spread in a susceptible hub

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: the disease can jump to and spread in a susceptible hub

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: small-world networks.

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: foot-and-mouth virus

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: foot-and-mouth virus

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: needle exchange programs

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: interactions between individuals within infected hubs are eliminated

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: interactions between individuals within infected hubs are eliminated (Figure 1).

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: small-world networks.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: foot-and-mouth virus

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: needle exchange programs

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: HIV

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: foot-and-mouth virus

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: transmission

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: HIV

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vaccination

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: HIV

text: The island was the site of an infectious diseases hospital until the end of the twentieth century.

text: The island was the site of an infectious diseases hospital until the end of the twentieth century.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: swine flu

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: swine flu

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: virus

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: a virus

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: cholera

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: chickenpox

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Escherichia coli

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: None of the above choices .

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: it is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vaccine

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: infectious diseases hospital until the end of the twentieth century.

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: The island

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: infectious diseases hospital until the end of the twentieth century.

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: infectious diseases hospital until the end of the twentieth century.

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: infectious diseases hospital until the end of the twentieth century.

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: infectious diseases hospital until the end of the twentieth century.

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: The island was the site of an infectious diseases hospital

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: infectious diseases hospital until the end of the twentieth century.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: infectious diseases hospital until the end of the twentieth century.

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: infectious diseases hospital until the end of the twentieth century.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: infectious diseases hospital until the end of the twentieth century.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: infectious diseases hospital until the end of the twentieth century.

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: infectious diseases hospital until the end of the twentieth century.

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: infectious diseases hospital until the end of the twentieth century.

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: infectious diseases hospital until the end of the twentieth century.

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious diseases

text: 9. Infectious Diseases

text: 9. Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: a viral infection

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: bacteria, viruses, and parasites

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: strep throat

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: swine flu

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: staph

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: staph

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: swine flu

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: polio

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: diphtheria

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: The common cold can be spread by bacteria

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: What is Schistosoma?

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Which of the following is an example of a bacteria that may cause human disease?

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which of the following is an example of a viral infection?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: genital herpes virus

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do when you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Which of the following is an example of a protozoan?

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of infectious diseases?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: Which of the following is not a type of infectious disease?

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: scrubbing with soap for at least 20 seconds

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Which disease can potentially be cured with antibiotics?

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Athletes foot is a common infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vaccine

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: 9. Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: 9. Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: 9. Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: 9. Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: 9. Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: 9. Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: 9. Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: 9. Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: 9. Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: 9. Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: 9. Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: Infectious Diseases

text: Since allergies and other chronic inflammatory diseases are largely diseases of the last 100 years or so, the "hygiene" revolution of the last 200 years came under scrutiny as a possible cause. During the 1800s radical improvements to sanitation and water quality occurred in Europe and North America. The introduction of toilets and sewer systems and the cleanup of city streets, and cleaner food were part of this program. This in turn led to a rapid decline in infectious diseases, particularly during the period 1900-1950, through reduced exposure to infectious agents.

text: Since allergies and other chronic inflammatory diseases are largely diseases of the last 100 years or so, the "hygiene" revolution of the last 200 years came under scrutiny as a possible cause. During the 1800s radical improvements to sanitation and water quality occurred in Europe and North America. The introduction of toilets and sewer systems and the cleanup of city streets, and cleaner food were part of this program. This in turn led to a rapid decline in infectious diseases, particularly during the period 1900-1950, through reduced exposure to infectious agents.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious agents

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious agents

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: infectious agent

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: infectious agents

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Allergies

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: through reduced exposure to infectious agents

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: infectious agents

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: tetanus and measles

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: This is part of the introduction of toilets and sewer systems

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious agents

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: sanitation

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious agents

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious agents

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: chronic inflammatory diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: allergies

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: allergies

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: allergies

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: allergies

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: infectious agents.

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: allergies

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: allergies and other chronic inflammatory diseases

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: allergies

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: infectious agents.

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: "hygiene" revolution

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: reduced exposure to infectious agents.

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: 1900-1950,

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: "hygiene"

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: reduced exposure to infectious agents.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: reduced exposure to infectious agents.

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: infectious agents.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: reduced exposure to infectious agents.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: radical improvements to sanitation and water quality occurred in Europe and North America.

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: reduced exposure to infectious agents.

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious agents.

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: infectious agents.

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: "hygiene"

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: infectious agents.

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious agents.

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious agents.

text: Hygiene in home and everyday life settings plays an important part in preventing spread of infectious diseases. It includes procedures used in a variety of domestic situations such as hand hygiene, respiratory hygiene, food and water hygiene, general home hygiene (hygiene of environmental sites and surfaces), care of domestic animals, and home healthcare (the care of those who are at greater risk of infection).

text: Hygiene in home and everyday life settings plays an important part in preventing spread of infectious diseases. It includes procedures used in a variety of domestic situations such as hand hygiene, respiratory hygiene, food and water hygiene, general home hygiene (hygiene of environmental sites and surfaces), care of domestic animals, and home healthcare (the care of those who are at greater risk of infection).

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: respiratory hygiene

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: domestic animal

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: rabies

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Hygiene

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Hygiene

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: food and water hygiene

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: tetanus

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: genital herpes

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: prevent spread of infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: a).

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: Hygiene

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: hand hygiene

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: strep throat

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: general home hygiene

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: Hygiene

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: domestic animals,

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Hygiene

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: respiratory hygiene,

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Hygiene

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Hygiene

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Hygiene

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: food and water hygiene,

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: respiratory hygiene,

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: Hygiene

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Hygiene

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Hygiene

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: Hygiene

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Hygiene

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Hygiene

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: spread of infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: Hygiene

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: Hygiene

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious diseases.

text: CODE 23		Infectious disease.

text: CODE 23		Infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: a viral infection

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: bacteria and viruses

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: swine flu

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: swine flu

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: staph

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: staph

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: E. coli

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: polio

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: diphtheria

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: The common cold can be spread by bacteria

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: bacteria that may cause human disease is Escherichia coli

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Viruses

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: genital herpes virus

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: When you cough or sneeze, you should cover your mouth

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: Viruses

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Diseases of the digestive system

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of infectious diseases?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: The common cold is caused by bacteria.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: strep throat

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Athletes foot

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: Infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: Infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: CODE 23 Infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: CODE 23 Infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: Infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: 23

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: Infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: Infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: Infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: Infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: Infectious disease.

text: Copenhagen disease, sometimes known as Copenhagen Syndrome, refers to progressive non-infectious anterior vertebral fusion, a rare childhood disease of unknown aetiology.

text: Copenhagen disease, sometimes known as Copenhagen Syndrome, refers to progressive non-infectious anterior

text: vertebra

text: l fusion, a rare childhood disease of unknown

text: aetiology

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: non-infectious

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Copenhagen Syndrome

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Copenhagen disease

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Copenhagen disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Copenhagen disease

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Schistosoma

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do if you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: the vectors

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotic

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vaccine

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: viral

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Copenhagen disease,

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: non-infectious

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: unknown aetiology.

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Copenhagen disease,

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Copenhagen disease,

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Copenhagen disease,

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: unknown aetiology.

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: unknown aetiology.

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Copenhagen disease,

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Copenhagen disease,

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Copenhagen disease,

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: unknown aetiology.

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: unknown aetiology.

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: unknown aetiology.

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Copenhagen disease,

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Copenhagen disease,

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Copenhagen disease,

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unknown aetiology.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unknown aetiology.

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: unknown aetiology.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unknown aetiology.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Copenhagen disease,

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Copenhagen disease,

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Copenhagen disease,

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: aetiology.

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: unknown aetiology.

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: non-infectious

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: non-infectious anterior vertebral fusion,

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: unknown aetiology.

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: aetiology.

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: Copenhagen Syndrome, refers to progressive non-infectious

text: The migratory nature of birds poses a distinct danger for the spreading of diseases. Without being affected by the infectious agent, birds can act as vectors in spreading psittacosis, salmonellosis, campylobacteriosis, mycobacteriosis, avian influenza, giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis. These zoonotic diseases can be transmitted to humans.In the case of avian influenza (H5N1 strain), water birds can be infected with the low pathogenic form or the high pathogenic form. The former induces mild symptoms such as a drop in egg production, ruffled feathers and mild effects on the avian respiratory tract. The highly pathogenic form spreads much more rapidly and can infect multiple tissues and organs. Massive internal bleeding and hemorrhaging follow and this has earned the H5N1 virus the moniker “chicken ebola.”

text: The migratory nature of birds poses a distinct danger for the spreading of diseases. Without being affected by the infectious agent, birds can act as vectors in spreading

text: psittacosis

text: salmonellosis

text: campylobacteriosis

text: mycobacteriosis

text: avian influenza

text: giardiasis

text: and

text: cryptosporidiosis

text: . These

text: zoonotic diseases

text: can be transmitted to humans.In the case of

text: avian influenza

text: strain), water birds can be infected with the low pathogenic form or the high pathogenic form. The former induces mild symptoms such as a drop in egg production, ruffled feathers and mild effects on the avian respiratory tract. The highly pathogenic form spreads much more rapidly and can infect multiple tissues and organs. Massive internal bleeding and

text: hemorrhaging

text: follow and this has earned the H5N1 virus the moniker “chicken ebola.”

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: zoonotic

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: avian influenza

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: zoonotic diseases

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: salmonellosis

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: psittacosis

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: salmonellosis

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: zoonotic

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: birds

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: salmonellosis

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: chicken ebola

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: avian influenza

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: without being affected by the infectious agent

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which of the following is not a zoonotic disease: avian influenza, giardiasis or cryptosporidiosis?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do when you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: vector

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: zoonotic

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: mycobacteriosis

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: avian influenza

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: avian influenza

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious agent

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: cryptosporidiosis

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: humans.In

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: humans.In

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: zoonotic diseases

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: psittacosis, salmonellosis,

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: avian influenza,

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: avian influenza,

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: highly pathogenic

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: birds

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: avian influenza

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: “chicken ebola.”

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: avian influenza,

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: avian influenza,

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: birds

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: avian influenza,

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: avian influenza,

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: avian influenza,

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: avian influenza,

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: humans.In

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: avian influenza,

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: birds can act as vectors

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: birds

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: psittacosis, salmonellosis,

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: avian influenza,

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: avian influenza,

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: vectors

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: zoonotic

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: mycobacteriosis,

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: birds

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: zoonotic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: zoonotic

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious agent,

text: ) is the rate at which susceptible individuals acquire an infectious disease. Because it takes account of susceptibility it can be used to compare the rate of transmission between different groups of the population for the same infectious disease, or even between different infectious diseases. That is to say,

text: ) is the rate at which

text: susceptible

text: individuals acquire an

text: infectious disease

text: . Because it takes account of susceptibility it can be used to compare the

text: rate of transmission

text: between different

text: groups

text: of the

text: population

text: for the same infectious disease, or even between different infectious diseases. That is to say,

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: transmissible

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: the rate at which susceptible individuals acquire influenza

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: bacteria, viruses, and parasites

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: swine flu

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: swine flu

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: virus

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: cholera

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: polio

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: chickenpox

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: a parasite

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: tetanus

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: genital herpes

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Your hand should cover your mouth and nose with your hand

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: uninfected individuals

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: it is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: The answer: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: a doorknob

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: it is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: strep throat

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: the rate at which susceptible individuals acquire

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: transmission

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vaccine

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: ) is the rate at which susceptible individuals acquire an infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: ) is the rate at which susceptible individuals acquire an infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: ) is the rate at which susceptible individuals acquire an infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: same infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: ) is the rate at which susceptible individuals acquire an infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: ) is the rate at which susceptible individuals acquire an infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: ) is the rate at which susceptible individuals acquire an infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: ) is the rate at which susceptible individuals acquire an infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: ) is the rate at which susceptible individuals acquire an infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: ) is the rate at which susceptible individuals acquire an infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: ) is the rate at which susceptible individuals acquire an infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: ) is the rate at which susceptible individuals acquire an infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: ) is the rate at which susceptible individuals acquire an infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: ) is the rate at which susceptible individuals acquire an infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: ) is the rate at which susceptible individuals acquire an infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: ) is the rate at which susceptible individuals acquire an infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: ) is the rate at which susceptible individuals acquire an infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: transmission

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: ) is the rate at which susceptible individuals acquire an infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: ) is the rate at which susceptible individuals acquire an infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: ) is the rate at which susceptible individuals acquire an infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious disease.

text: Each branch of the U.S. military is represented among Fort Detrick’s 7,800 military, federal and contractor employees.  Four cabinet-level agencies are represented by activities on the garrison: The U.S. Department of Homeland Security, the U.S. Department of Agriculture, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, and the U.S. Department of Defense.  The offices and laboratories include the Agriculture Department's Foreign Disease and Weed Science Research Institute, the National Cancer Institute, the Naval Medical Logistics Command and the Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center.  Currently under construction is a biotechnology campus that will house civilian and military research centers including units of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), as well as USAMRIID.

text: Each branch of the U.S. military is represented among Fort Detrick’s 7,800 military, federal and contractor employees.  Four cabinet-level agencies are represented by activities on the garrison: The

entity_name: United States Department of Homeland Security

text: U.S. Department of Homeland Security

text: , the

text: U.S. Department of Agriculture

text: , the

entity_name: United States Department of Health and Human Services

text: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services

text: , and the

text: U.S. Department of Defense

text: .  The offices and laboratories include the Agriculture Department's Foreign Disease and Weed Science Research Institute, the National Cancer Institute, the

text: Naval Medical Logistics Command

text: and the

entity_name: Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center (United States Army)

text: Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center

text: .  Currently under construction is a biotechnology campus that will house civilian and military research centers including units of the

text: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

text: (CDC), the

text: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases

text: (NIAID), as well as USAMRIID.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: National Cancer Institute

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Weed

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: Weed

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Weed

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: the National Cancer Institute

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Allergy

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Foreign Disease and Weed Science Research Institute

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: the U.S. Department of Agriculture

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Infectious Diseases (NIAID), as well as USAMRIID

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do when you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: NIAID

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: NIAID

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: NIAID

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: NIAID

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: NIAID

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: Cancer

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Foreign Disease and Weed Science Research Institute, the National Cancer Institute,

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Weed

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Cancer Institute,

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: National Cancer Institute,

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Cancer

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: biotechnology

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: Weed

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Weed

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Cancer Institute,

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Allergy

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Foreign Disease and Weed Science Research Institute,

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Foreign Disease and Weed Science Research Institute,

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Foreign Disease and Weed Science Research Institute,

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Weed Science Research Institute,

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services,

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: Foreign Disease and Weed Science Research Institute,

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Foreign Disease and Weed Science Research Institute,

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: Foreign Disease and Weed Science Research Institute,

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services,

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Foreign Disease and Weed Science Research Institute,

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Foreign Disease and Weed Science Research Institute,

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: Foreign Disease and Weed

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: Weed

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Weed

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: Cancer

text: In Guatemala, communicable diseases for which treatment exists are still one of the major causes of death. Wealthy, more industrialized developed nations have been able to eliminate communicable diseases due to an epidemiological transition, in which death rates due to degenerative diseases have surpassed those of communicable and infectious diseases. The opposite is apparent in Guatemala. The high mortality rate for infants is a direct result of communicable and infectious diseases. Similarly, the epidemiological profile of Guatemala shows that some of the most prevalent infectious diseases, like diarrhea and acute respiratory infections, are a direct result of poverty. In Guatemala, 56 percent of the population lives below the poverty line. Poverty levels are greatest in the indigenous communities of Guatemala, which account for about 81 percent of those living in poverty, and make up about 43 percent of Guatemala's total population. High levels of poverty make the population more vulnerable to communicable diseases, which is why government funding of health care is necessary for the rural areas of Guatemala.

text: In Guatemala, communicable diseases for which treatment exists are still one of the major causes of death. Wealthy, more industrialized developed nations have been able to eliminate communicable diseases due to an

text: epidemiological transition

text: , in which death rates due to degenerative diseases have surpassed those of communicable and infectious diseases. The opposite is apparent in Guatemala. The high mortality rate for infants is a direct result of communicable and infectious diseases. Similarly, the epidemiological profile of Guatemala shows that some of the most prevalent infectious diseases, like

text: diarrhea

text: and

text: acute respiratory infections

text: , are a direct result of poverty. In Guatemala, 56 percent of the population lives below the poverty line. Poverty levels are greatest in the indigenous communities of Guatemala, which account for about 81 percent of those living in poverty, and make up about 43 percent of Guatemala's total population. High levels of poverty make the population more vulnerable to communicable diseases, which is why government funding of health care is necessary for the rural areas of Guatemala.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: communicable diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: communicable diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: communicable

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: diarrhea and acute respiratory infections

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Acute respiratory infections

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: diarrhea

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: communicable

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: diarrhea

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: degenerative diseases

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: diarrhea

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: In Guatemala, 56 percent of the population lives below the poverty line

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: high mortality rate for infants

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: In Guatemala, 56 percent of the population lives below the poverty line

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do when you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: high mortality rate for infants

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: communicable diseases

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: communicable diseases

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: communicable diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vaccine

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: communicable diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: degenerative diseases

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: communicable diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: communicable diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: communicable diseases

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: diarrhea and acute respiratory infections,

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: diarrhea and acute respiratory infections,

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: diarrhea

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: communicable diseases

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: communicable diseases

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: diarrhea

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: poverty.

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: diarrhea

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: diarrhea and acute respiratory infections,

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: High levels of poverty

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: communicable diseases

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: diarrhea and acute respiratory infections,

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: diarrhea and acute respiratory infections,

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: 56 percent of the population lives below the poverty line.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: High levels of poverty

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: some of the most prevalent infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: poverty.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: diarrhea and acute respiratory infections,

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: 56 percent of the population lives below the poverty line.

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: communicable diseases

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: diarrhea and acute respiratory infections,

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: communicable diseases

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: communicable diseases

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: treatment

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: communicable diseases

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: degenerative diseases

text: In a document written in 833, leprosy was described as "caused by a parasite that eats five organs of the body. The eyebrows and eyelashes come off, and the nose is deformed. The disease brings hoarseness, and necessitates amputations of the fingers and toes. Do not sleep with the patients, as the disease is transmittable to those nearby." This was the first document concerning believed infectious aspect of the disease.  Japan passed leprosy prevention laws in 1907, 1931, and 1953 that were based on segregation of persons with the disease; this approach intensified leprosy stigma. Lepers were seen as being incurable and infectious. Males admitted to leprosaria in Japan were sterilized, and females found to be pregnant were forced to have abortions. These extreme actions were done to prevent children of diseased parents from being born lest they carry the disease. Doctors during this time still mistakenly believed that leprosy was a hereditary disease. The 1953 law was abrogated in 1996. More than a decade later, in 2008 there were 2717 ex-patients in 13 national sanatoria and two private hospitals.

text: In a document written in 833, leprosy was described as "caused by a parasite that eats five organs of the body. The eyebrows and eyelashes come off, and the nose is deformed. The disease brings hoarseness, and necessitates amputations of the fingers and toes. Do not sleep with the patients, as the disease is transmittable to those nearby." This was the first document concerning believed infectious aspect of the disease.  Japan passed leprosy prevention laws in 1907,

entity_name: No Leprosy Patients in Our Prefecture Movement

text: , and 1953 that were based on segregation of persons with the disease; this approach intensified

text: leprosy stigma

text: . Lepers were seen as being incurable and infectious. Males admitted to leprosaria in Japan were sterilized, and females found to be pregnant were forced to have abortions. These extreme actions were done to prevent children of diseased parents from being born lest they carry the disease. Doctors during this time still mistakenly believed that leprosy was a hereditary disease. The 1953 law was abrogated in 1996. More than a decade later, in 2008 there were 2717 ex-patients in 13 national sanatoria and two private hospitals.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: What was the first document concerning believed infectious aspect of the disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: parasite

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: leprosy

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: leprosy

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: parasite

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: parasite

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: leprosy

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: leprosy

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: leprosy

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: In a document written in 833, leprosy was described as

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which of the following is not a disease: leprosy, tetanus, or measles?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do if you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why is leprosy contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: parasite

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: parasite

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: sterilization

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasite

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: parasite

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: parasite

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: leprosy

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: leprosy

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: parasite

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: leprosy

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: leprosy

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: leprosy

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: parasite

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: parasite

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: leprosy

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: leprosy

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: leprosy

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: leprosy

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: the disease is transmittable to those nearby."

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: leprosy

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: leprosy

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: leprosy

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Do not sleep with the patients,

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: Do not sleep with the patients,

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: leprosy

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: the disease is transmittable to those nearby."

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: transmittable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: In a document written in 833,

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: leprosy

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: leprosy

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: parasite

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: leprosy

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: leprosy was described as "caused by a parasite

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: sterilized,

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasite

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: parasite

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: parasite

text: Some viruses can cause lifelong or chronic infections, where the viruses continue to replicate in the body despite the host's defence mechanisms. This is common in hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus infections. People chronically infected are known as carriers, as they serve as reservoirs of infectious virus. In populations with a high proportion of carriers, the disease is said to be endemic.

text: Some viruses can cause lifelong or

text: chronic

text: infections, where the viruses continue to replicate in the body despite the host's defence mechanisms. This is common in hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus infections. People chronically infected are known as carriers, as they serve as reservoirs of infectious virus. In populations with a high proportion of carriers, the disease is said to be

text: endemic

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: endemic

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Hepatitis

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: chronic infections

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: carrier

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Hepatitis

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: endemic

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Hepatitis

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do if you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: endemic

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: carriers

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infections

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: antiviral

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious virus

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: viral

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: endemic.

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: hepatitis B

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: hepatitis B

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: hepatitis B virus

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: hepatitis B

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: hepatitis B

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus infections.

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: hepatitis B

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Some viruses can cause lifelong or chronic infections,

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: carriers,

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: hepatitis B

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: carriers, as they serve as reservoirs of infectious virus.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Some viruses can cause lifelong or chronic infections,

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: hepatitis B

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: endemic.

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: reservoirs

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infections,

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: hepatitis B

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: defence mechanisms.

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infections,

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: viruses

text: The mechanisms for infection, proliferation, and persistence of a virus in cells of the host are crucial for its survival. For example, some diseases such as measles employ a strategy whereby it must spread to a series of hosts. In these forms of viral infection, the illness is often treated by the body's own immune response, and therefore the virus is required to disperse to new hosts before it is destroyed by immunological resistance or host death.  In contrast, some infectious agents such as the Feline leukemia virus, are able to withstand immune responses and are capable of achieving long-term residence within an individual host, whilst also retaining the ability to spread into successive hosts.

text: The mechanisms for infection, proliferation, and persistence of a virus in cells of the host are crucial for its survival. For example, some diseases such as

text: measles

text: employ a strategy whereby it must spread to a series of hosts. In these forms of viral infection, the illness is often treated by the

text: body's own immune response

text: , and therefore the virus is required to disperse to new hosts before it is destroyed by

text: immunological resistance

text: or host death.  In contrast, some infectious agents such as the

text: Feline leukemia virus

text: , are able to withstand immune responses and are capable of achieving long-term residence within an individual host, whilst also retaining the ability to spread into successive hosts.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: viral infection

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: a virus

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: viral infection

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: measles

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: measles

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: measles

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: virus

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: Feline

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: measles

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Feline leukemia

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: measles

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: a virus

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: tetanus

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do when you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: the illness is often treated by the body's own immune response

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: virus

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: viral infection

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vaccine

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: virus

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious agents

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: virus

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: virus

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: virus

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: virus

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: measles

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: measles

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: measles

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: virus

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: virus

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: measles

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Feline leukemia virus,

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: measles

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: virus

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: The mechanisms for infection, proliferation, and persistence of a virus

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Feline leukemia virus, are able to withstand immune responses

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: measles

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Feline leukemia virus,

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: The mechanisms for infection, proliferation, and persistence of a virus

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: hosts.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Feline leukemia virus,

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: virus

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: measles

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: The mechanisms for infection, proliferation, and persistence of a virus

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: the illness is often treated by the body's own immune response,

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Feline leukemia virus, are able to withstand immune responses

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious agents

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: measles

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: immune response,

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: immune response,

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: virus

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious agents

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: virus

text: In addition to the natural factors that make measuring true pathogen risk and prevalence difficult (mentioned above) are behaviors like mate selection, stress-hormone levels, degree of promiscuity in a group, and diet ,.Consideration of the effects humans have had on animal populations, both directly and indirectly, are paramount to understanding the spread of pathogens. Altizer et al. (2003) mention habitat fragmentation, crowding of animals onto wildlife reserves, and encroachment upon formerly wild lands that leads to increases in contact between wildlife and domesticated species as well as humans. More generally, Daszak et al. (2000) would include climate change as a tremendous confounding factor. We might furthermore speculate that certainly tourism and poaching have contributed their own to the contagion paradigm.

text: In addition to the natural factors that make measuring true pathogen risk and prevalence difficult (mentioned above) are behaviors like mate selection, stress-hormone levels, degree of promiscuity in a group, and diet ,.Consideration of the effects humans have had on animal populations, both directly and indirectly, are paramount to understanding the spread of pathogens. Altizer et al. (2003) mention habitat fragmentation, crowding of animals onto wildlife reserves, and encroachment upon formerly wild lands that leads to increases in contact between wildlife and domesticated species as well as humans. More generally, Daszak et al. (2000) would include climate change as a tremendous confounding factor. We might furthermore speculate that certainly tourism and poaching have contributed their own to the contagion paradigm.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: swine flu

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: swine flu

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: rabies

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: contagion

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: E. coli

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: rabies

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Influenza

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Altizer et al. (2003)

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Consideration of the effects humans have had on animal populations

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: tetanus

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: This is incorrect

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: When you cough or sneeze, you should cover your mouth and nose with your hand.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: Consideration of the effects humans have had on animal populations, both directly and indirectly

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: strep throat

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Consideration of the effects humans have had on animal populations

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: contagion

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: contagion

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotic

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: mate selection, stress-hormone levels,

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: tourism and poaching

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: tourism and poaching

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: pathogens.

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: stress-hormone

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: humans.

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: mate selection, stress-hormone levels,

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: mate selection, stress-hormone levels,

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: humans have had on animal populations,

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: tourism and poaching

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: tourism and poaching

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: tourism and poaching

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: tourism and poaching

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: tourism and poaching

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: humans.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: tourism and poaching

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: tourism and poaching

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: spread of pathogens.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: tourism and poaching

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: mate selection, stress-hormone levels,

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: tourism and poaching

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: contagion

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: pathogen risk and prevalence

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: stress-hormone

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: diet,.Consideration

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogens.

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogens.

text: Although resistant pathogens (such as HA-MRSA) are most commonly traced to health care environments, the new community-acquired MRSA (CA-MRSA) strains are now being found in schools, universities, athletic settings, and elsewhere. Hospitals, ambulances, nursing homes, public waiting areas, and food processing plants are just a few of the places that disease-causing bacteria and viruses are known to colonize. Carbon dioxide is a viable alternative to oxidizing sanitizers, such as bleach and other commercial products. Because CO is gas at room temperature, liquid alcohol evaporates from any surfaces within minutes of application. Therefore, the surfaces do not require wiping. This reduces the spread of pathogens on cloth and other cleaning materials. Also, alcohol and CO are inexpensive and supplies are readily available.

text: Although resistant pathogens (such as HA-MRSA) are most commonly traced to health care environments, the new community-acquired MRSA (CA-MRSA) strains are now being found in schools, universities, athletic settings, and elsewhere. Hospitals, ambulances, nursing homes, public waiting areas, and food processing plants are just a few of the places that disease-causing bacteria and viruses are known to colonize. Carbon dioxide is a viable alternative to

text: oxidizing sanitizers

text: , such as

text: bleach

text: and other commercial products. Because CO is gas at room temperature, liquid alcohol evaporates from any surfaces within minutes of application. Therefore, the surfaces do not require wiping. This reduces the spread of pathogens on cloth and other cleaning materials. Also, alcohol and CO are inexpensive and supplies are readily available.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: causing bacteria and viruses

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: bacteria and viruses

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Which of the following is not a place that disease-causing bacteria are known to colonize?

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: MRSA

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: MRSA

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: virus

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: MRSA

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: MRSA

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: MRSA

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Which is not a place that disease-causing bacteria and viruses are known to colonize?

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: HA-MRSA

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which of the following is not a place that disease-causing bacteria and viruses are known to colonize?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do when you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Which of the following is not a place that disease-causing bacteria and viruses are known to colonize?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: bacteria and viruses

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: strep throat

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: CA-MRSA

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: HA-MRSA

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: Sanitizers

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: CA-MRSA

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: community-acquired MRSA

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: bacteria and viruses

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: HA-MRSA)

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: HA-MRSA)

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: HA-MRSA)

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: resistant

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: bacteria and viruses

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: HA-MRSA)

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: HA-MRSA)

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: HA-MRSA)

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: HA-MRSA)

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: HA-MRSA)

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: Carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: Carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: HA-MRSA)

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: liquid alcohol

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: sanitizers,

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: resistant pathogens

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: viruses

text: The discovery of disease-causing pathogens is an important activity in the field of medical science, as many viruses, bacteria, protozoa, fungi, helminthes and prions are identified as a confirmed or potential pathogen. A Centers for Disease Control program begun in 1995 identified over a hundred patients, with life-threatening illnesses which were considered to be of an infectious cause, but could not be linked to a known pathogen.  The association of pathogens with disease can be a complex and controversial process, in some cases requiring decades or even centuries to achieve.

text: The discovery of

text: disease

text: -causing

text: pathogen

text: s is an important activity in the field of medical science, as many

text: virus

text: es,

text: bacteria

text: protozoa

text: fungi

text: helminthes

text: and

text: prion

text: s are identified as a confirmed or potential pathogen. A

text: Centers for Disease Control

text: program begun in 1995 identified over a hundred patients, with life-threatening illnesses which were considered to be of an

text: infectious

text: cause, but could not be linked to a known pathogen.  The association of pathogens with disease can be a complex and controversial process, in some cases requiring decades or even centuries to achieve.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: viruses, bacteria

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: helminthes

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: protozoa

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: fungi

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: prions

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: fungi

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: helminthes

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: protozoa

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: prions

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious cause,

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: viruses,

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: viruses, bacteria,

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: life-threatening illnesses

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: viruses,

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: viruses, bacteria,

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: viruses,

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: viruses, bacteria,

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: bacteria,

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: disease-causing pathogens

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: viruses,

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: viruses,

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: The discovery of disease-causing pathogens

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: confirmed or potential pathogen.

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: viruses,

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: fungi,

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: The discovery of disease-causing pathogens

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: The discovery of disease-causing pathogens

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: viruses, bacteria, protozoa,

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: The association of pathogens

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: viruses,

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: The discovery of disease-causing pathogens

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: The discovery of disease-causing pathogens

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: The discovery of disease-causing pathogens

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: fungi, helminthes and prions

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: viruses,

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: infectious cause, but could not be linked to a known pathogen.

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: fungi, helminthes and prions

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: viruses, bacteria,

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: prions

text: PKIDs’ mission is to educate the public about infectious diseases, the methods of prevention and transmission, and the latest advances in medicine; to eliminate the social stigma borne by the infected; and to assist the families of children living with HIV/AIDS, hepatitis, or other chronic, viral infectious diseases with emotional, financial, and informational support.

text: PKIDs’ mission is to educate the public about infectious diseases, the methods of prevention and transmission, and the latest advances in medicine; to eliminate the social stigma borne by the infected; and to assist the families of children living with

text: HIV/AIDS

text: hepatitis

text: , or other chronic, viral

text: infectious diseases

text: with emotional, financial, and informational support.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: viral infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: viral

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: HIV/AIDS

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: hepatitis

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: HIV/AIDS

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: viral

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: HIV/AIDS

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: HIV/AIDS

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: HIV/AIDS

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: HIV/AIDS

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: PKIDs

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: PKIDs

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: other chronic, viral infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: hepatitis

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: the latest advances in medicine

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: the latest advances in medicine

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: HIV/AIDS

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: HIV/AIDS

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: viral

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: HIV/AIDS

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: viral

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: viral

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: HIV/AIDS, hepatitis,

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: HIV/AIDS, hepatitis,

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: hepatitis,

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: HIV/AIDS,

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: viral

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: hepatitis,

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: HIV/AIDS, hepatitis,

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: HIV/AIDS, hepatitis,

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: viral infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: PKIDs’

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: PKIDs’ mission is to educate the public about infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: viral infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: hepatitis,

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: PKIDs’

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: PKIDs’ mission is to educate the public about infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: PKIDs’

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: viral infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: viral infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: PKIDs’

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: PKIDs’ mission is to educate the public about infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: PKIDs’

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: transmission,

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: HIV/AIDS, hepatitis,

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: hepatitis,

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: viral

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: HIV/AIDS,

text: The focus of a public health intervention is to prevent and manage diseases, injuries and other health conditions through surveillance of cases and the promotion of healthy behaviors, communities and environments. Many diseases are preventable through simple, non-medical methods. For example, research has shown that the simple act of hand washing with soap can prevent many contagious diseases. In other cases, treating a disease or controlling a pathogen can be vital to preventing its spread to others, such as during an outbreak of infectious disease, or contamination of food or water supplies. Public health communications programs, vaccination programs, and distribution of condoms are examples of common public health measures. Measures such as these have contributed greatly to the health of populations and increases in life expectancy.

text: The focus of a public health intervention is to prevent and manage diseases, injuries and other health conditions through surveillance of cases and the

text: promotion of healthy behaviors

text: communities

text: and

text: environments

text: . Many diseases are preventable through simple, non-medical methods. For example, research has shown that the simple act of

text: hand washing

text: with soap can prevent many contagious diseases. In other cases, treating a disease or controlling a

text: pathogen

text: can be vital to preventing its spread to others, such as during an outbreak of

text: infectious disease

text: , or

text: contamination of food

text: or

text: water

text: supplies.

text: Public health communications programs

text: vaccination

text: programs, and distribution of

text: condom

text: s are examples of common public health measures. Measures such as these have contributed greatly to the health of populations and increases in life expectancy.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: contagious

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: contagious

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: contagious diseases

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: contagious

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: contagious

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: contagious diseases

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: What can be prevented through simple, non-medical methods

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: hand washing with soap can prevent many contagious diseases

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: tetanus

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: many contagious diseases

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: preventable through simple, non-medical methods

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Which of the following is not a pathogen: bacteria, viruses, or bacteria?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: many contagious diseases

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: many contagious diseases

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: many contagious diseases

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vaccines

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: contagious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious disease, or contamination of food or water supplies.

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: hand washing with soap can prevent many contagious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: vaccination programs, and distribution of condoms

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: controlling a pathogen can be vital to preventing its spread to others,

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: hand washing with soap can prevent many contagious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: controlling a pathogen can be vital to preventing its spread to others,

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: vaccination programs,

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: soap can prevent many contagious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: hand washing with soap can prevent many contagious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: others,

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: the simple act of hand washing with soap can prevent many contagious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: controlling a pathogen can be vital to preventing its spread to others,

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: Many diseases are preventable through simple, non-medical methods.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: hand washing with soap can prevent many contagious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: treating a disease or controlling a pathogen

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Many diseases are preventable through simple, non-medical methods.

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: contagious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: vaccination

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: soap

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogen

text: She was awarded a fellowship by the Infectious Disease Society of America, "an advocacy group of infectious disease specialists based in Arlington, Virginia". She became a member of the Western Association of Physicians in 1990, and in 1995 she became a member of the Association of American Physicians. She was named a fellow of the American Academy of Microbiology in 1997, "the world's oldest and largest group devoted to a single life science". In 1998 she was named a fellow of the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology in America (SHEA), whose "mission is to prevent and control infections in healthcare settings". In 2001, she was chosen to be a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). The fellowship is "an honor bestowed upon members of the association by their peers" and only select persons are chosen each year.

text: She was awarded a fellowship by the

text: Infectious Disease Society of America

text: , "an advocacy group of infectious disease specialists based in Arlington, Virginia". She became a member of the

text: Western Association of Physicians

text: in 1990, and in 1995 she became a member of the

text: Association of American Physicians

text: . She was named a fellow of the

text: American Academy of Microbiology

text: in 1997, "the world's oldest and largest group devoted to a single life science". In 1998 she was named a fellow of the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology in America (SHEA), whose "mission is to prevent and control infections in healthcare settings". In 2001, she was chosen to be a fellow of the

entity_name: American Association for the Advancement of Science

text: American Association for the Advancement of Science

text: (AAAS). The fellowship is "an honor bestowed upon members of the association by their peers" and only select persons are chosen each year.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Microbiology

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: Microbiology

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: AIDS

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Influenza

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Infectious Disease Society

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Escherichia coli

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: Microbiology

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: Epidemiology

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Microbiology

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infections

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Microbiology

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: Microbiology

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: Microbiology

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Microbiology

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: infections

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Infectious Disease Society of America,

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Infectious Disease Society of America,

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Infectious Disease Society of America,

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Infectious Disease Society of America,

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: American Academy of Microbiology

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Infectious Disease Society of America,

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: Infectious Disease Society of America,

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: American Academy of Microbiology

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Infectious Disease Society of America,

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: Infectious Disease Society of America,

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Infectious Disease Society of America,

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Infectious Disease Society of America,

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Infectious Disease Society of America,

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: Microbiology

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: Microbiology

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: control infections

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Microbiology

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: Microbiology

text: Citrus Black Spot was first found in Sydney, Australia in 1879 and then appeared in South Africa along the coast of Natal in 1929. It can be found in many countries around the world. These countries include: Argentina, Australia, Brazil, China, Ghana, Mozambique, Philippines, South Africa, Sub-Saharan Africa, Taiwan, The United States and Uruguay. Whether or not Citrus Black Spot is present in Japan and New Zealand is controversial. In both countries the fungus was thought to have been found, but after further testing it was identified as the non-pathogenic strain, Guignardia mangiferae, rather than the pathogenic strain Guignardia citricarpa which causes Citrus Black Spot. This disease is relatively new to North America; it was first seen in Southern Florida March, 2010. Though Florida has taken measures to try to control this disease it is expected to rapidly spread to other areas over the next few years.

text: Citrus Black Spot was first found in

text: Sydney, Australia

text: in 1879 and then appeared in South Africa along the coast of

text: Natal

text: in 1929. It can be found in many countries around the world. These countries include: Argentina, Australia, Brazil, China, Ghana, Mozambique, Philippines, South Africa, Sub-Saharan Africa, Taiwan, The United States and Uruguay. Whether or not Citrus Black Spot is present in Japan and New Zealand is controversial. In both countries the fungus was thought to have been found, but after further testing it was identified as the

text: non-pathogenic strain

text: , Guignardia mangiferae, rather than the pathogenic strain Guignardia citricarpa which causes Citrus Black Spot. This disease is relatively new to North America; it was first seen in Southern Florida March, 2010. Though Florida has taken measures to try to control this disease it is expected to rapidly spread to other areas over the next few years.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Guignardia

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Which disease was first seen in Southern Florida March, 2010?

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Citrus Black Spot

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Citrus Black Spot

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: fungus

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Guignardia

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Citrus Black Spot

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Citrus Black Spot

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Which of the following is not a disease: Citrus Black Spot, Guignardia mangiferae, or the common cold?

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do if you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: pathogenic

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: pathogenic strain

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: fungus

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vaccine

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogenic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogenic

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogenic strain

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Citrus Black Spot

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Citrus Black Spot

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Guignardia citricarpa

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Guignardia citricarpa

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Citrus Black Spot

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Citrus Black Spot

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: Guignardia citricarpa

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: fungus

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Guignardia citricarpa

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Citrus Black Spot

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Citrus Black Spot

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Citrus Black Spot

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Citrus Black Spot was first found in Sydney, Australia in 1879

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Guignardia mangiferae,

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Citrus Black Spot was first found in Sydney, Australia in 1879

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Citrus Black Spot

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Citrus Black Spot was first found in Sydney, Australia in 1879

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: Citrus Black Spot was first found in Sydney, Australia in 1879

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Guignardia mangiferae,

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Citrus Black Spot was first found in Sydney, Australia in 1879

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: Citrus Black Spot was first found in Sydney, Australia in 1879

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Citrus Black Spot was first found in Sydney, Australia in 1879

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Citrus Black Spot

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Citrus Black Spot

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: pathogenic strain Guignardia citricarpa

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Guignardia citricarpa

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: pathogenic strain Guignardia citricarpa

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: fungus

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: non-pathogenic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: non-pathogenic

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: Guignardia citricarpa

text: Hypoxylon canker of shade trees has three primary species, through which the pathogen can infect a variety of hardwood shade trees. Hypoxylon atropunctatum is most commonly found on oak, Hypoxylon mammatum is a significant pathogen on aspen trees, and Hypoxylon tinctor infects sycamore trees (2,3,16). In order to tell if the pathogen is affecting the tree, the bark must be closely examined, but the symptoms are distinct. Early stages of the disease show a light brown and tan color that looks dry and dusty. Later on, as the pathogen goes through the sexual stage, the bark will turn to a dark grey color. The bark becomes brittle and flakes off (2) and black and grey cankers will appear (3). Because these changes are indications of a disease, these are symptoms. They demonstrate that the pathogen is present and infecting or has already infested the host. Hypoxylon also produces characteristic signs, which are either going to be direct products of the pathogen or the appearance of the pathogen itself. The signs we can see from Hypoxylon are conidia and ascospores. Conidia are produced during the asexual stage, while ascospores are produced during the sexual stage (4,7). You can sometimes see the conidia with the naked eye if they are structuralized, but it is much easier to see them under a dissecting microscope. When looking underneath a compound microscope, you will be able to see the ascospores. They will be located on perithecia. The microscopic signs of the perithecium are the flask-shaped sexual fruiting body that contains ascospores. Lastly, the pathogen is going to be found primarily just beneath the bark of the trees, located throughout the tree and if the pathogen spreads. The pathogen can also spread to the bark of surrounding trees (3). If you start to see symptoms on the main trunk, the tree is likely too diseased to save, since the trunk is the spot where the nutrients and water are transported. Once Hypoxylon is active on the main trunk, there is no other way for the water and nutrients to get to the rest of the tree and thus it dies. Fortunately, if Hypoxylon is found on the branches or limbs there is a good chance the tree will live if the fungus does not spread. Pruning out the limbs and branches that look like they have the disease on it or are dying will solve the problem (2).

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Hypoxylon canker

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: a disease caused by

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: hypoxylon

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Hypoxylon canker

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Hypoxylon canker

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Hypoxylon canker

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: Which of the following is not a type of parasite?

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Hypoxylon tinctor

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Hypoxylon tinctor

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: What is Schistosoma?

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Which of the following is not an example of a bacterium that may cause human disease?

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which of the following is not a human viral infection?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Context: Which of the following is not a common human fungal infection?

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Understand the pathogen. Examine the bark of the tree. Look for conidia and ascospores. Examine the bark of surrounding trees.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Which of the following is not a symptom of Hypoxylon canker of shade trees?

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: What can you pick up from an object such as a doorknob?

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: What is the proper way to wash your hands?

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Which of the following is not a disease that can potentially be cured with antibiotics?

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Which of the following is not a common infectious disease caused by protozoa?

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: asexual

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Hypoxylon canker

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: tinctor

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: tinctor

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: asexual

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: nutrients

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Hypoxylon

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Hypoxylon

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Hypoxylon

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Hypoxylon

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Hypoxylon canker

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: Hypoxylon

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: Hypoxylon

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Hypoxylon

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: the appearance of the pathogen itself.

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Hypoxylon

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: nutrients

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Hypoxylon

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: beneath the bark of the trees,

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: signs we can see from Hypoxylon

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Hypoxylon

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: trunk,

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: Hypoxylon

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Hypoxylon

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Hypoxylon

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: beneath the bark of the trees,

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Hypoxylon

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Hypoxylon

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Hypoxylon

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: Hypoxylon

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Hypoxylon canker

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: Hypoxylon

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: Hypoxylon

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Hypoxylon

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: Hypoxylon

text: A number of infectious diseases can be transmitted either congenitally or in early childhood, and can cause serious neurodevelopmental disorders, such as schizophrenia. Congenital toxoplasmosis may result in formation of cysts in the brain and other organs, causing a variety of neurological deficits. Congenital syphilis may progress to neurosyphilis if it remains untreated. Measles can progress to subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. Congenital rubella syndrome can produce schizophrenia in addition to multiple other symptoms.

text: A number of infectious diseases can be transmitted either congenitally or in early childhood, and can cause serious neurodevelopmental disorders, such as schizophrenia. Congenital

text: toxoplasmosis

text: may result in formation of cysts in the brain and other organs, causing a variety of neurological deficits.

text: Congenital syphilis

text: may progress to

text: neurosyphilis

text: if it remains untreated.

text: Measles

text: can progress to

text: subacute sclerosing panencephalitis

text: Congenital rubella syndrome

text: can produce

text: schizophrenia

text: in addition to multiple other symptoms.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: congenital

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: toxoplasmosis

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: toxoplasmosis

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: toxoplasmosis

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: toxoplasmosis

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: toxoplasmosis

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: toxoplasmosis

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: congenital rubella syndrome

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Measles

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: congenitally

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: congenitally

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which disease can progress to subacute sclerosing panencephalitis?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Congenital rubella syndrome can produce schizophrenia in addition to multiple other symptoms

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: congenitally

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: strep throat

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: congenitally

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: syphilis

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vaccine

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: congenital

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: syphilis

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Measles

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: schizophrenia.

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Congenital syphilis

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious diseases can be transmitted either congenitally

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: rubella

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Measles

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: schizophrenia.

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Measles

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: congenitally or in early childhood,

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: congenitally or in early childhood,

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: congenitally or in early childhood,

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Measles

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: rubella

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Congenital rubella syndrome

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: congenitally or in early childhood,

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Congenital rubella syndrome

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: congenitally or in early childhood,

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: congenitally or in early childhood,

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: congenitally or in early childhood,

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: infectious diseases can be transmitted either congenitally or in early childhood,

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: congenitally or in early childhood,

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: transmitted

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: syphilis may progress to neurosyphilis

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: toxoplasmosis

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: toxoplasmosis

text: In September 1991 the Report of the Review of Infectious Diseases in Victoria recommended the relocation of HIV/AIDS services to The Alfred Hospital. Other infectious disease patients were to be cared for by the Royal Melbourne Hospital.  In the 1990s, the Victorian Liberal Government of Jeff Kennett pursued the rationalisation of hospital services. Despite strong protests, the specialised functions of the hospital were transferred to other hospitals and on 30 June 1996 Fairfield Infectious Diseases Hospital closed down.

text: In September 1991 the Report of the Review of Infectious Diseases in Victoria recommended the relocation of HIV/AIDS services to

text: The Alfred Hospital

text: . Other infectious disease patients were to be cared for by the

text: Royal Melbourne Hospital

text: .  In the 1990s, the Victorian Liberal Government of

text: Jeff Kennett

text: pursued the rationalisation of hospital services. Despite strong protests, the specialised functions of the hospital were transferred to other hospitals and on 30 June 1996 Fairfield Infectious Diseases Hospital closed down.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: HIV/AIDS

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: HIV/AIDS

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: HIV/AIDS

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: HIV/AIDS

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: HIV/AIDS

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: HIV

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: HIV/AIDS

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: HIV/AIDS

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: HIV/AIDS

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: HIV/AIDS

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Escherichia coli

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What is the last sentence of the passage?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why were the specialised functions of the hospital transferred to other hospitals?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: HIV/AIDS

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: AIDS

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: HIV/AIDS

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: HIV/AIDS

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: HIV/AIDS

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: HIV/AIDS

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: HIV/AIDS

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: HIV/AIDS

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: HIV/AIDS

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: HIV/AIDS

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: HIV/AIDS

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: HIV/AIDS

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: HIV/AIDS

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: HIV/AIDS

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: In September 1991 the Report of the Review of Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: HIV/AIDS

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: HIV/AIDS

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Royal Melbourne Hospital.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: Report of the Review of Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: In September 1991 the Report of the Review of Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: HIV/AIDS

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: In September 1991

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Royal Melbourne Hospital.

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: HIV/AIDS

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: HIV/AIDS

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: HIV/AIDS

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: HIV/AIDS

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: HIV/AIDS

text: MRC (visions and missions) are to transform the treatment of expensive epidemic diseases, including Rapid Test for Infectious Diseases, Chemicals (Solution and Powder), and antimicrobial susceptibility testing system (Antibiotic Discs) … others.It is to provide the affordable high quality products to help fighting diseases and illicit substance abuse. And also it is a uniquely positioned to achieve goals by providing innovative solutions that reduce the economic burden of costly diseases on health care system in Sudan and provide improved outcomes for medical institutions with good price.

text: MRC (visions and missions) are to transform the treatment of expensive epidemic

text: diseases

text: , including Rapid Test for

text: Infectious Diseases

text: Chemical

text: s (

text: Solution

text: and

text: Powder

text: ), and

text: antimicrobial

text: susceptibility

text: testing system (

text: Antibiotic

text: Discs) … others.It is to provide the affordable high

text: quality

text: products to help fighting

text: diseases

text: and illicit substance abuse. And also it is a uniquely positioned to achieve

text: goal

text: s by providing innovative solutions that reduce the economic burden of costly

text: diseases

text: on

text: health care system

text: in

text: Sudan

text: and provide improved outcomes for medical institutions with good price.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: costly diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: swine flu

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: illicit substance abuse

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: a vector

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: antibiotic Discs

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: measles

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: None

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: None

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: strep throat

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: Antibiotic

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: Antibiotic

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: viral

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: epidemic diseases,

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: epidemic diseases,

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Infectious Diseases,

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Infectious Diseases,

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Infectious Diseases,

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: (Antibiotic Discs)...

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: (Antibiotic

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: antimicrobial susceptibility testing system (Antibiotic Discs)...

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: MRC

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: antimicrobial susceptibility testing system (Antibiotic Discs)...

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Infectious Diseases,

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: (Antibiotic Discs)...

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: MRC

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: Infectious Diseases,

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: (Antibiotic Discs)...

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: epidemic diseases, including Rapid Test for Infectious Diseases,

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: Infectious Diseases,

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: MRC

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: (Antibiotic Discs)...

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Rapid Test for Infectious Diseases,

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: (Antibiotic Discs)...

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: (Antibiotic Discs)...

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: antimicrobial

text: Some people who have had an infectious disease such as tuberculosis never completely recover and continue to carry the infection, whilst not suffering the disease themselves. They may then move back into the infectious compartment and suffer symptoms (as in tuberculosis) or they may continue to infect others in their carrier state, while not suffering symptoms. The most famous example of this is probably Mary Mallon, who infected 22 people with typhoid fever. The carrier compartment is labelled C.

text: Some people who have had an infectious disease such as

text: tuberculosis

text: never completely recover and continue to

text: carry

text: the infection, whilst not suffering the disease themselves. They may then move back into the infectious compartment and suffer symptoms (as in tuberculosis) or they may continue to infect others in their carrier state, while not suffering symptoms. The most famous example of this is probably

text: Mary Mallon

text: , who infected 22 people with

text: typhoid fever

text: . The carrier compartment is labelled C.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: tuberculose

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which of the following is not a type of viral infection?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: What is the most common human fungal infection?

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do when you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: carrier

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: tuberculous

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious disease such as tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: people

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: typhoid fever.

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: tuberculosis never completely recover and continue to carry the infection,

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: typhoid fever.

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: C.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: continue to carry the infection, whilst not suffering the disease themselves.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: C.

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: infect others

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: carry the infection,

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: infectious compartment

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: carrier

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: tuberculosis

text: In certain cases, infectious diseases may be asymptomatic for much or even all of their course in a given host. In the latter case, the disease may only be defined as a "disease" (which by definition means an illness) in hosts who secondarily become ill after contact with an asymptomatic carrier. An infection is not synonymous with an infectious disease, as some infections do not cause illness in a host.

text: In certain cases, infectious diseases may be

text: asymptomatic

text: for much or even all of their course in a given host. In the latter case, the disease may only be defined as a "disease" (which by definition means an illness) in hosts who secondarily become ill after contact with an asymptomatic carrier. An infection is not synonymous with an infectious disease, as some infections do not cause illness in a host.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Infection

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: carrier

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: carrier

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Influenza

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: asymptomatic

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: an infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: tetanus

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: secondarily

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: asymptomatic

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: disease

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: carrier

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vaccine

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infection

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: asymptomatic carrier.

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: carrier.

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: infectious diseases may be asymptomatic

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: infection

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: asymptomatic carrier.

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: An infection is not synonymous with an infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: some infections do not cause illness in a host.

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: An infection is not synonymous with an infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: some infections do not cause illness in a host.

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: In certain cases, infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: host.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: An infection is not synonymous with an infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: An infection

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: asymptomatic carrier.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: In certain cases, infectious diseases may be asymptomatic

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: An infection is not synonymous with an infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: carrier.

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: asymptomatic carrier.

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: carrier.

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious diseases

text: The Conference is aimed at junior and senior experts from in all fields of communicable disease surveillance, prevention and control. This includes epidemiologists, microbiologists, clinicians, public health experts, and veterinary and environmental health experts with a professional and scientific interest in applied infectious disease epidemiology.The Conference brings together several groups of people involved in these areas including representatives from EU/EEA National Public Health Institutes, members of disease-specific surveillance networks, and EPIET/FETP/EUPHEM fellows and alumni. The audience also includes governmental, NGO and academic researchers from across Europe and the globe with an interest in infectious disease prevention and control.The Conference aims to expand its audience and include policy and decision makers but also experts from related disciplines, such as bioinformatics and modelling.

text: The Conference is aimed at junior and senior experts from in all fields of communicable disease surveillance, prevention and control. This includes epidemiologists, microbiologists, clinicians, public health experts, and veterinary and environmental health experts with a professional and scientific interest in applied infectious disease epidemiology.The Conference brings together several groups of people involved in these areas including representatives from EU/EEA National Public Health Institutes, members of disease-specific surveillance networks, and EPIET/

text: FETP

text: /EUPHEM fellows and alumni. The audience also includes governmental, NGO and academic researchers from across Europe and the globe with an interest in infectious disease prevention and control.The Conference aims to expand its audience and include policy and decision makers but also experts from related disciplines, such as bioinformatics and modelling.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: communicable disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: microbiologists

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: communicable diseases

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: microbiologists

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: avian influenza

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: rabies

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: communicable

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Microbiologists

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Schistosoma

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: microbiologists

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: human viral infections

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Microbiologists

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: The Conference aims to expand its audience and include policy and decision makers but also experts in related disciplines

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: microbiologists

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: microbiologists

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: epidemiologists, microbiologists

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: microbiologists

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vaccine

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: microbiologists

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: communicable

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: communicable disease

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: communicable disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: microbiologists,

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: communicable disease

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: communicable disease

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: microbiologists,

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: microbiologists,

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: microbiologists,

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: disease

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: communicable disease

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: communicable disease

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: EU/EEA National Public Health Institutes,

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: infectious disease epidemiology.The

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: infectious disease epidemiology.The

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: microbiologists,

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: EU/EEA National Public Health Institutes,

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: control.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: EU/EEA National Public Health Institutes,

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: communicable disease

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: microbiologists,

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: EU/EEA National Public Health Institutes,

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: infectious disease epidemiology.The

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: EU/EEA National Public Health Institutes,

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: microbiologists,

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: communicable

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: veterinary

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: veterinary

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: microbiologists,

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: communicable

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: microbiologists,

text: The Department of Parasitology conducts internationally rated basic research on tropical parasites such as malaria, lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis, soil transmitted helminths, schistosomiasis, trypanosomiasis and leishmaniasis as well as research into snakebite and neglected tropical diseases.  Housed in LSTM’s Centre for Tropical and Infectious Disease the Department is a global leader in drug and diagnostics discovery and disease pathogenesis.

text: The Department of Parasitology conducts internationally rated basic research on tropical parasites such as malaria,

text: lymphatic filariasis

text: , onchocerciasis, soil transmitted

text: helminths

text: schistosomiasis

text: trypanosomiasis

text: and

text: leishmaniasis

text: as well as research into

text: snakebite

text: and

text: neglected tropical diseases

text: .  Housed in LSTM’s Centre for Tropical and Infectious Disease the Department is a global leader in drug and diagnostics discovery and disease pathogenesis.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: parasites

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: parasite

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: parasites

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: schistosomiasis

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: malaria

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: malaria

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: parasites

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: snake

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: leishmaniasis

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: leishmaniasis

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: malaria

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: parasites

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: schistosomiasis

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: disease pathogenesis

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which of the following is not a human viral infection: tetanus, measles or malaria?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: schistosomiasis

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do when you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: snakebite

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Which of the following is not a disease pathogen: parasites, snakebite, or malaria?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: strep throat

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: schistosomiasis

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: parasites

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: drug

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasites

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: parasites

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: leishmaniasis

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: tropical parasites

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: tropical parasites

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: tropical parasites

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: schistosomiasis,

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: soil transmitted helminths,

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: leishmaniasis

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: tropical parasites

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: soil transmitted helminths,

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: soil transmitted helminths,

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: snakebite and neglected tropical diseases.

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: malaria,

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: soil transmitted helminths,

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: schistosomiasis,

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: tropical parasites

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: malaria,

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: leishmaniasis

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: LSTM’s Centre for Tropical and Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: soil transmitted helminths,

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: schistosomiasis,

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: parasites

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: soil transmitted helminths,

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: LSTM’s Centre for Tropical and Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: schistosomiasis,

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: schistosomiasis,

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: soil transmitted helminths,

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: pathogenesis.

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: drug and diagnostics discovery and disease pathogenesis.

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: drug

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: tropical parasites

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: parasites

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: parasites

text: There are various ways to manage the disease Uromyces viciae-fabae var. viciae-fabae, however because the spores of the fungus can travel long distances to infect a new crop prevention can be difficult. First, using clean seed to plant the beans is best to prevent the spread of the pathogen. Using contaminated seeds from plots where the disease was is a easy way to spread the disease to other locations. Secondly, spores that land on volunteer plants, which are plants that grow on their own from seeds floating by wind or birds, can be spread long distances by wind increasing the spread of the disease. These volunteer plants should be controlled early in the season often by the use of herbicides to kill the faba bean plant completely. Another way to control disease is to rotate crops; crops should be rotated about 500 meters from where the faba beans were last planted as a preventative measure. Since they are host specific if there are still spores present in that area they will not be able to infect the new crop planted.  Resistance is another control method. Resistance is the most desired means of rust control. Planting a variety that is resistant to rust is helpful in preventing disease. Foliar fungicides are another way of control; recommended fungicides need to be applied before severe symptoms are seen.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Which of the following is not a disease?

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Uromyces

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Uromyces viciae-fabae

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: fungus

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: rust

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: fungus

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: birds

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Uromyces

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: rust

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Which of the following is not a host specific pathogen?

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which of the following is not a human viral infection: tetanus or measles?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do if you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: spore

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: fungus

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: herbicides

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: herbicides

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: Uromyces

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Uromyces viciae-fabae

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: birds,

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: rust control. Planting a variety that is resistant to rust

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: rust

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: volunteer plants,

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Uromyces viciae-fabae

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: Uromyces

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: birds,

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Uromyces

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: rust

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: rust

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: wind

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: wind or birds,

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: contaminated seeds

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: spores that land on volunteer plants,

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Uromyces

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: spores that land on volunteer plants,

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: using clean seed

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: spores that land on volunteer plants,

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: spores

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: contaminated seeds

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: contaminated seeds

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: herbicides

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Uromyces viciae-fabae

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: wind or birds,

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: rust

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: fungicides

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: herbicides

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: host specific

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogen.

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: spores of the fungus

text: Plant pathogens can spread rapidly over great distances, vectored by water, wind, insects, and humans. Across large regions and many crop species, it is estimated that diseases typically reduce plant yields by 10% every year in more developed nations or agricultural systems, but yield loss to diseases often exceeds 20% in less developed settings, an estimated 15% of global crop production.

text: Plant pathogens can spread rapidly over great distances, vectored by water, wind, insects, and humans. Across large regions and many crop species, it is estimated that diseases typically reduce plant yields by 10% every year in more developed nations or agricultural systems, but yield loss to diseases often exceeds 20% in less developed settings, an estimated 15% of global crop production.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Plant pathogens

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Plant

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Plant pathogens

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: insects

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: fungus

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: insect-borne

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: plant pathogens

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: tetanus and measles

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do if you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Plant pathogens can spread rapidly over great distances

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unknown

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: vector

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: plant

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Plant pathogens

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: humans.

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Plant pathogens

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Plant pathogens

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Plant pathogens

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: insects, and humans.

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Plant pathogens

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: Plant

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: insects,

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Plant pathogens

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: humans.

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Plant pathogens

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Plant pathogens can spread rapidly over great distances,

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: humans.

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: humans.

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Plant pathogens

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Plant pathogens

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: yield loss to diseases often exceeds 20% in less developed settings,

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: humans.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Plant pathogens

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Plant pathogens can spread rapidly over great distances,

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: insects, and humans.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: yield loss to diseases often exceeds 20% in less developed settings,

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: diseases typically reduce plant yields by 10%

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: yield loss to diseases often exceeds 20% in less developed settings,

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: insects, and humans.

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Plant

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: Plant pathogens

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: Plant pathogens

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Plant pathogens

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: Plant pathogens

text: A non-communicable disease (NCD) is a medical condition or disease that is not caused by infectious agents (non-infectious or non-transmissible). NCDs can refer to chronic diseases which last for long periods of time and progress slowly. Sometimes, NCDs result in rapid deaths such as seen in certain diseases such as autoimmune diseases, heart diseases, stroke, cancers, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, osteoporosis, Alzheimer's disease, cataracts, and others. While sometimes referred to as synonymous with "chronic diseases", NCDs are distinguished only by their non-infectious cause, not necessarily by their duration, though Some chronic diseases of long duration, such as HIV/AIDS, may caused by infections. Chronic diseases require chronic care management as do all diseases that are slow to develop and of long duration.

text: A non-communicable disease (NCD) is a medical condition or disease that is not caused by infectious agents (non-infectious or non-

text: transmissible

text: ). NCDs can refer to chronic diseases which last for long periods of time and progress slowly. Sometimes, NCDs result in rapid deaths such as seen in certain diseases such as

text: autoimmune disease

text: s,

text: heart disease

text: s,

text: stroke

text: cancer

text: s,

text: diabetes

text: chronic kidney disease

text: osteoporosis

text: Alzheimer's disease

text: cataract

text: s, and others. While sometimes referred to as synonymous with "

text: chronic diseases

text: ", NCDs are distinguished only by their non-infectious cause, not necessarily by their duration, though Some chronic diseases of long duration, such as

text: HIV/AIDS

text: , may caused by

text: infection

text: s. Chronic diseases require

text: chronic care management

text: as do all diseases that are slow to develop and of long duration.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: non-communicable

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: non-infectious

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: non-infectious

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: HIV/AIDS

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: HIV/AIDS

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: infectious agent

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: HIV/AIDS

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: HIV/AIDS

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: HIV/AIDS

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: non-infectious

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: non-communicable disease

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: infectious agents

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: non-communicable disease

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: if you cough or sneeze

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: non-infectious

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: strep throat

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious agents

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: HIV/AIDS

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: HIV/AIDS

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious agents

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: cancers

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: non-communicable disease

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious agents

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious agents

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: HIV/AIDS,

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Alzheimer's disease, cataracts,

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: HIV/AIDS,

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infections.

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: infectious agents

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: HIV/AIDS,

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: HIV/AIDS,

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: HIV/AIDS,

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: infectious agents

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: non-communicable disease

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: infectious agents

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: HIV/AIDS,

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: HIV/AIDS,

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: non-communicable disease

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: non-communicable disease

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: non-communicable disease

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: non-communicable disease

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: infectious agents

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: non-communicable disease

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: non-communicable disease

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: HIV/AIDS,

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious agents

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: non-communicable disease

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: (non-infectious or non-transmissible).

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: autoimmune diseases, heart diseases, stroke, cancers, diabetes,

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious agents

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: HIV/AIDS,

text: Climate change may lead to dramatic increases in prevalence of a variety of infectious diseases. Beginning in the mid-'70s, there has been an “emergence, resurgence and redistribution of infectious diseases”. Reasons for this are likely multicausal, dependent on a variety of social, environmental and climatic factors, however, many argue that the “volatility of infectious disease may be one of the earliest biological expressions of climate instability”. Though many infectious diseases are affected by changes in climate, vector-borne diseases, such as malaria, dengue fever and leishmaniasis, present the strongest causal relationship. Observation and research detect a shift of pests and pathogens in the distribution away from the equator and towards Earth's poles.

text: Climate change may lead to dramatic increases in prevalence of a variety of infectious diseases. Beginning in the mid-'70s, there has been an “emergence, resurgence and redistribution of infectious diseases”. Reasons for this are likely multicausal, dependent on a variety of social, environmental and climatic factors, however, many argue that the “volatility of infectious disease may be one of the earliest biological expressions of climate instability”. Though many infectious diseases are affected by changes in climate, vector-borne diseases, such as malaria,

text: dengue fever

text: and leishmaniasis, present the strongest

text: causal relationship

text: . Observation and research detect a shift of pests and pathogens in the distribution away from the equator and towards Earth's poles.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: vector-borne

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: pathogen-borne

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: vector-borne

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: malaria

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: malaria

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: vector-borne

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: malaria

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: malaria

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: leishmaniasis

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: vector-borne diseases

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: vector-borne diseases

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which of the following is not a vector-borne disease: malaria, dengue fever or measles?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do when you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: vector-borne diseases

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: climate instability

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: vector

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: vector-borne diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: malaria

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: vector

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: vector-borne diseases,

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: malaria, dengue fever and leishmaniasis,

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: malaria, dengue fever and leishmaniasis,

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: leishmaniasis,

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: vector-borne

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: pests

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: malaria, dengue fever and leishmaniasis,

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: malaria, dengue fever and leishmaniasis,

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: malaria, dengue fever and leishmaniasis,

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: vector-borne diseases,

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: malaria, dengue fever and leishmaniasis,

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Climate change

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: malaria, dengue fever and leishmaniasis,

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: leishmaniasis,

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Climate change

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: vector-borne diseases,

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: vector-borne diseases,

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: vector-borne diseases,

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: vector-borne

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Climate change

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: vector-borne diseases,

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: malaria, dengue fever and leishmaniasis,

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: vector-borne

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: vector-borne diseases,

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: vector-borne

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogens

text: Li Shizhen quotes Chen Cangqi's explanation (tr. Luo 2003: 4180) that when a piece of skull is cleaned, simmered in a young boy's urine, and then buried in a pit, "This will infuse the drug with a soul". Li also quotes Yang Shiying that the shizhu disease "is caused by a ghost that hides within a person's body and does not come out. So the disease is a prolonged one. When treated with human skull top, the ghost's soul will be dispelled from the person's body and the syndrome may subside." Cooper & Sivin (1973: 251) note that the guzheng "bone-steaming disease" or chuanshi "cadaver vector disease", "passes from one member of a family to another, sapping their strength and killing them in turn. The name comes from the patient's feeling of feverishness ("steaming") in the marrow of his bones. The syndrome as described in classic medical works corresponds on the whole to that of pulmonary tuberculosis." However, they also (1973: 257) say that whether this demon disease really meant pulmonary tuberculosis or some other debilitating infectious disease is really not pertinent "because bone would be ineffective in the treatment of any infectious process."

text: Li Shizhen quotes Chen Cangqi's explanation (tr. Luo 2003: 4180) that when a piece of skull is cleaned, simmered in a young boy's urine, and then buried in a pit, "This will infuse the drug with a soul". Li also quotes Yang Shiying that the shizhu disease "is caused by a ghost that hides within a person's body and does not come out. So the disease is a prolonged one. When treated with human skull top, the ghost's soul will be dispelled from the person's body and the syndrome may subside." Cooper & Sivin (1973: 251) note that the guzheng "bone-steaming disease" or chuanshi "cadaver vector disease", "passes from one member of a family to another, sapping their strength and killing them in turn. The name comes from the patient's feeling of feverishness ("steaming") in the marrow of his bones. The syndrome as described in classic medical works corresponds on the whole to that of pulmonary tuberculosis." However, they also (1973: 257) say that whether this demon disease really meant

text: pulmonary tuberculosis

text: or some other debilitating infectious disease is really not pertinent "because bone would be ineffective in the treatment of any infectious process."

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: guzheng

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious process

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: cadaver

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: guzheng

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: cadaver vector disease

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: cadaver

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: vector

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious process

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: cadaver

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: cadaver vector

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious process

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: cadaver vector

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: pulmonary tuberculosis."

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: pulmonary tuberculosis."

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: pulmonary tuberculosis."

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: pulmonary tuberculosis."

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: pulmonary tuberculosis."

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: pulmonary tuberculosis."

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: pulmonary tuberculosis."

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: "cadaver

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: pulmonary tuberculosis."

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: pulmonary tuberculosis."

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: pulmonary tuberculosis."

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: pulmonary tuberculosis."

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: "cadaver vector disease",

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: pulmonary tuberculosis."

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: pulmonary tuberculosis."

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: pulmonary tuberculosis."

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: pulmonary tuberculosis."

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: "cadaver vector disease",

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: pulmonary tuberculosis."

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: "passes from one member of a family to another,

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: pulmonary tuberculosis."

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Li Shizhen quotes Chen Cangqi's

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: pulmonary tuberculosis."

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: pulmonary tuberculosis."

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: "cadaver vector

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: bone would be ineffective in the treatment of any infectious process."

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: human skull top,

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: "cadaver vector

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious process."

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: "cadaver vector

text: Globalization has increased the spread of infectious diseases from South to North, but also the risk of non-communicable diseases by transmission of culture and behavior from North to South. It is important to target and reduce the spread of infectious diseases in developing countries.  However, addressing the risk factors of non-comunicable diseases and lifestyle risks in the South that cause disease, such as use or consumption of tobacco, alcohol, and unhealthy foods, is important as well.

text: Globalization has increased the spread of infectious diseases from South to North, but also the risk of non-communicable diseases by transmission of culture and behavior from North to South. It is important to target and reduce the spread of infectious diseases in developing countries.  However, addressing the risk factors of non-comunicable diseases and lifestyle risks in the South that cause disease, such as use or consumption of tobacco, alcohol, and unhealthy foods, is important as well.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: non-communicable

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: non-communicable

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: communicable

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Tobacco

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: tobacco

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: from South to North

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: non-communicable diseases

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Escherichia coli

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: non-communicable diseases

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: non-communicable diseases

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do if you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: North to South

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: communicable

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: tobacco

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: communicable

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: non-communicable diseases

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: Globalization has increased the spread of infectious diseases from South to North,

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: non-communicable diseases

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: non-communicable diseases

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: infectious diseases from South to North,

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Globalization has increased the spread of infectious diseases from South to North,

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Globalization has increased the spread of infectious diseases from South to North,

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Globalization has increased the spread of infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: North,

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Globalization has increased the spread of infectious diseases from South to North,

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: Globalization has increased the spread of infectious diseases from South to North,

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Globalization has increased the spread of infectious diseases from South to North,

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Globalization

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: Globalization has increased the spread of infectious diseases from South to North,

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Globalization has increased the spread of infectious diseases from South to North,

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Globalization has increased the spread of infectious diseases from South to North,

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: non-communicable

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: non-communicable diseases

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: tobacco, alcohol,

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: non-communicable diseases

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious diseases

text: Questions often range from being very broad to being very focused. For example; What is honour? What is beauty? What are the elements of successful habitat restoration? How can we manage infectious disease outbreaks?

text: Questions often range from being very broad to being very focused. For example; What is honour? What is beauty? What are the elements of successful habitat restoration? How can we manage infectious disease outbreaks?

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: sexually transmitted

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: How can you manage infectious disease outbreaks?

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: viruses and bacteria

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: swine flu

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: swine flu

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: pneumonia

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: Which type of pathogen causes HIV

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: cholera

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: polio

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Influenza

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: How can we manage infectious disease outbreaks?

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: How can we manage infectious disease outbreaks?

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: How can we manage infectious disease outbreaks?

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: How can we manage infectious disease outbreaks?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: How can you manage infectious disease outbreaks?

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do if you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: How can we manage infectious disease outbreaks?

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: How can you manage infectious disease outbreaks?

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: How can we manage infectious disease outbreaks?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: How can you manage infectious disease outbreaks?

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: How can we manage infectious disease outbreaks?

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: How can we manage infectious disease outbreaks?

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: How can we manage infectious disease outbreaks?

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious disease outbreak

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotic

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vaccine

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasites

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious disease outbreaks?

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: How can we manage infectious disease outbreaks?

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: How can we manage infectious disease outbreaks?

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: How can we manage infectious disease outbreaks?

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: How can we manage infectious disease outbreaks?

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: How can we manage infectious disease outbreaks?

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: How can we manage infectious disease outbreaks?

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: How can we manage infectious disease outbreaks?

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: How can we manage infectious disease outbreaks?

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: How can we manage infectious disease outbreaks?

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: How can we manage infectious disease outbreaks?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: How can we manage infectious disease outbreaks?

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: How can we manage infectious disease outbreaks?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: How can we manage infectious disease outbreaks?

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: broad to being very focused.

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: How can we manage infectious disease outbreaks?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: How can we manage infectious disease outbreaks?

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: broad to being very focused.

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: How can we manage infectious disease outbreaks?

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: How can we manage infectious disease outbreaks?

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious disease outbreaks?

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: infectious disease outbreaks?

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: How can we manage infectious disease outbreaks?

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious disease

text: Bundibugyo virus (BDBV) is a close relative of the much more commonly known Ebola virus (EBOV). BDBV causes severe disease in humans and (experimentally) in nonhuman primates, the Ebola hemorrhagic fever. BDBV is a Select Agent, World Health Organization Risk Group 4 Pathogen (requiring Biosafety Level 4-equivalent containment), National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Category A Priority Pathogen, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Category A Bioterrorism Agent, and is listed as a Biological Agent for Export Control by the Australia Group.

text: Bundibugyo virus (BDBV) is a close relative of the much more commonly known

text: Ebola virus

text: (EBOV). BDBV causes severe

text: disease

text: in

text: human

text: s and (experimentally) in nonhuman

text: primates

text: , the

text: Ebola

text: hemorrhagic fever

text: . BDBV is a

text: Select Agent

text: World Health Organization

text: Risk Group 4 Pathogen (requiring

text: Biosafety Level 4-equivalent containment

text: National Institutes of Health

text: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases

text: Category A Priority Pathogen,

text: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

text: Category A Bioterrorism Agent

text: , and is listed as a Biological Agent for Export Control by the

text: Australia Group

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Ebola virus

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Ebola

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Ebola

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Ebola

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: Ebola virus

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: Ebola

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Ebola

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Ebola

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Ebola

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Bundibugyo virus

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which of the following is not a human viral infection: tetanus or measles?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do if you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why is Bundibugyo virus a Select Agent?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: Biological Agent

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: Ebola

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: Bioterrorism Agent

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: Pathogen

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: Ebola virus

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Bundibugyo virus

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Bundibugyo virus

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Bundibugyo virus

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Ebola hemorrhagic fever.

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Ebola virus

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Ebola hemorrhagic fever.

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: Ebola virus

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: Ebola virus

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Ebola virus

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Ebola virus

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Ebola

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Bundibugyo virus

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Bundibugyo virus

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Ebola virus

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Bundibugyo virus

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Bundibugyo virus

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: World Health Organization Risk Group 4 Pathogen

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Bundibugyo virus

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Ebola virus

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: Bundibugyo virus

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: World Health Organization Risk Group 4 Pathogen

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Health/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Bundibugyo virus

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: Bioterrorism

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Infectious Diseases Category A Priority Pathogen,

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: Biological

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: Bioterrorism

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Ebola virus

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: Pathogen

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: Ebola virus

text: Etiology, the modern branch of science that deals with the causes of infectious disease, recognizes five major modes of disease transmission: airborne, waterborne, bloodborne, by direct contact, and through vector (insects or other creatures that carry germs from one species to another). As humans began traveling over seas and across lands which were previously isolated, research suggests that diseases have been spread by all five transmission modes.

text: Etiology

text: , the modern branch of

text: science

text: that deals with the causes of

text: infectious disease

text: , recognizes five major modes of disease transmission: airborne, waterborne, bloodborne, by direct contact, and through

text: vector

text: insect

text: s or other creatures that carry germs from one species to another). As humans began traveling over seas and across lands which were previously isolated, research suggests that diseases have been spread by all five transmission modes.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: bloodborne

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: airborne

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: airborne

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: bloodborne

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: vector

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: insects

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: E. coli

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: bloodborne

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: by direct contact

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: by direct contact

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: by direct contact

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: bloodborne

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: by direct contact

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: airborne

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: by direct contact

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: waterborne

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: by direct contact

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: by direct contact

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: by direct contact

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: by direct contact

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: by direct contact

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: vector

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: Etiology

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: vector

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: germs

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: vector

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: airborne, waterborne, bloodborne,

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: airborne, waterborne, bloodborne,

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: airborne,

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: vector

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: (insects

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: waterborne,

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: bloodborne,

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: bloodborne,

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: vector

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: (insects

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: diseases have been spread by all five transmission modes.

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Etiology,

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: airborne, waterborne, bloodborne,

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Etiology,

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: direct contact,

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: diseases have been spread by all five transmission modes.

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: vector

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: vector

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: five major modes of disease transmission: airborne, waterborne, bloodborne,

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Etiology,

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: airborne, waterborne, bloodborne,

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: vector

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: bloodborne,

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: Etiology,

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: (insects

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: vector

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: vector

text: Globalization increases the likelihood that an infectious disease appearing in one area of the world will spread rapidly to another. Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a recent example of this. Within weeks in the beginning of 2003, SARS had quickly spread from the Guangdong province of China to infect people in over 20 countries around the world. Approximately 15% of patients affected required artificial ventilation. There was also a relatively high death rate. By late March, hundreds of people were infected, with cases reported in China, Singapore, Canada, United States and Thailand. The WHO (World Health Organization) then took the rare step of issuing a worldwide alert. SARS was first reported in the United Kingdom newspapers early March of that year. Reviewing the many reports of the new infectious diseases in the newspapers, highlighted larger public anxieties, in particular anxieties about the insufficiency of technology and medicine that does not have the capacity for new threats as well as moral panic over globalization. Globalization has many definitions: It can be the spread of information, trends, technologies, culture and lifestyles but primarily it is an economic force. One of many consequences of an economic globalization is the quick, cheap access for the mobility of people of all walks of life. Another consequence is larger awareness of global threats and in particular the threat of global epidemics.

text: Globalization increases the likelihood that an infectious disease appearing in one area of the world will spread rapidly to another. Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a recent example of this. Within weeks in the beginning of 2003, SARS had quickly spread from the

text: Guangdong province

text: of China to infect people in over 20 countries around the world. Approximately 15% of patients affected required artificial ventilation. There was also a relatively high death rate. By late March, hundreds of people were infected, with cases reported in China, Singapore, Canada, United States and Thailand. The WHO (World Health Organization) then took the rare step of issuing a worldwide alert. SARS was first reported in the United Kingdom newspapers early March of that year. Reviewing the many reports of the new infectious diseases in the newspapers, highlighted larger public anxieties, in particular anxieties about the insufficiency of technology and medicine that does not have the capacity for new threats as well as moral panic over globalization. Globalization has many definitions: It can be the spread of information, trends, technologies, culture and lifestyles but primarily it is an economic force. One of many consequences of an economic globalization is the quick, cheap access for the mobility of people of all walks of life. Another consequence is larger awareness of global threats and in particular the threat of global epidemics.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Which of the following is not an example of an infectious disease?

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: SARS

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Severe acute respiratory syndrome

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: SARS

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: SARS

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: non-human

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: SARS

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: SARS

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: SARS

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Which disease can be spread by pathogens?

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: SARS

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which of the following is not an example of an infectious disease appearing in one area of the world will spread rapidly to another?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do if you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: What is the most common infectious disease caused by protozoa?

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: medicine

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: SARS

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Globalization increases the likelihood that an infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Globalization

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Severe acute respiratory syndrome

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Severe acute respiratory syndrome

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Severe acute respiratory syndrome

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: Globalization

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Severe acute respiratory syndrome

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Globalization

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Severe acute respiratory syndrome

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Globalization increases the likelihood that an infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Globalization

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Severe acute respiratory syndrome

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Severe acute respiratory syndrome

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Severe acute respiratory syndrome

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Globalization

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: Globalization

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Globalization

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Globalization

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: Globalization

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Globalization

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Globalization

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Globalization

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: epidemics.

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: Globalization

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: medicine

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Globalization

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious disease

text: An infectious disease agent can be transmitted in two ways: as  disease agent transmission from one individual to another in the same generation (peers in the same age group).  by either direct contact (licking, touching, biting), or indirect contact air – cough or sneeze (vectors or fomites that allow the transmission of the agent causing the disease without physical contact).or by vertical disease transmission, passing the agent causing the disease from parent to offspring, such as in prenatal or perinatal transmission.

text: An

text: infectious disease

text: agent can be transmitted in two ways: as  disease agent transmission from one individual to another in the same generation (peers in the same age group).  by either direct contact (licking, touching, biting), or indirect contact air – cough or sneeze (

text: vectors

text: or

text: fomites

text: that allow the transmission of the agent causing the disease without physical contact).or by

text: vertical disease transmission

text: , passing the agent causing the disease from parent to offspring, such as in prenatal or

text: perinatal transmission

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: vertical disease transmission

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: vertical disease transmission

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: cough or sneeze

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: cough or sneeze

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: direct contact

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: cough

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: swine flu

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: sneeze

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: sneeze

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: directly contact (licking, touching, biting)

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: indirectly contact air

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: direct contact

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: direct contact

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: direct contact

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: direct contact

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: direct contact

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: direct contact

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: indirectly contact air

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: direct contact

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: direct contact

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: vertical disease transmission

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: vectors

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotic

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vaccine

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: agent

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: indirect contact air

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: direct contact (licking, touching, biting), or indirect contact air

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: cough or sneeze

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: cough or sneeze

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: vertical disease transmission,

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: cough or sneeze

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: cough or sneeze

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: cough or sneeze

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: cough or sneeze

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: indirect contact air

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: indirect contact air – cough or sneeze

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: direct contact (licking, touching, biting), or indirect contact air

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: cough or sneeze

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: cough or sneeze

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: indirect contact air

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: indirect contact air

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: vertical disease transmission,

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: direct contact (licking, touching, biting), or indirect contact air

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: direct contact (licking, touching, biting), or indirect contact air

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: direct contact (licking, touching, biting), or indirect contact air

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: cough or sneeze

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: direct contact (licking, touching, biting),

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: (vectors or fomites

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: cough or sneeze

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: air

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: infectious disease agent

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious disease agent

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious disease agent

text: Even though Guatemala has improved its health care system substantially since the end of the Guatemalan Civil War, mortality rates for communicable diseases still show that considerable progress needs to be made  to remove the burden of infectious diseases on the population. In a country like Guatemala, water is poor and frequently contaminated. In order to decrease common communicable diseases like diarrhea, tuberculosis, pneumonia, and respiratory disease, clean water and sanitation are necessary. With the health care system's provision of both clean water and food, the incidence of infectious and communicable diseases will decrease.

text: Even though Guatemala has improved its health care system substantially since the end of the Guatemalan Civil War, mortality rates for communicable diseases still show that considerable progress needs to be made  to remove the burden of infectious diseases on the population. In a country like Guatemala, water is poor and frequently contaminated. In order to decrease common communicable diseases like diarrhea,

text: tuberculosis

text: pneumonia

text: , and respiratory disease, clean water and sanitation are necessary. With the health care system's provision of both clean water and food, the incidence of infectious and communicable diseases will decrease.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: communicable diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: communicable diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: communicable diseases

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: __.

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: respiratory disease

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: diarrhea

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: flies

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: tuberculose

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: respiratory disease

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Which of the following is not a communicable disease?

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: information not available

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: tetanus

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do if you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of infectious diseases: pathogens, water, or food?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: contaminated

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: strep throat

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: communicable diseases

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: sanitation

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: tuberculous

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: communicable diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: communicable diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: diarrhea, tuberculosis, pneumonia, and respiratory disease,

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: diarrhea, tuberculosis, pneumonia, and respiratory disease,

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: diarrhea, tuberculosis, pneumonia, and respiratory disease,

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: tuberculosis,

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: tuberculosis,

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: water is poor and frequently contaminated.

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: tuberculosis,

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Guatemalan Civil War,

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: tuberculosis,

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: diarrhea, tuberculosis, pneumonia, and respiratory disease,

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Guatemalan Civil War,

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: diarrhea, tuberculosis, pneumonia, and respiratory disease,

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: diarrhea, tuberculosis, pneumonia, and respiratory disease,

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: tuberculosis,

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: diarrhea, tuberculosis, pneumonia, and respiratory disease,

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: clean water and sanitation

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: diarrhea,

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: diarrhea, tuberculosis, pneumonia, and respiratory disease,

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: communicable diseases

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: poor and frequently contaminated. In order to decrease common communicable diseases

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: communicable diseases

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: diarrhea, tuberculosis, pneumonia, and respiratory disease,

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: communicable diseases

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: communicable

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: tuberculosis,

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: sanitation

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: tuberculosis,

text: Communicable diseases are increased due to many pathogens and bacteria that are being transported by the water. In floods where there are many fatalities in the water there is a hygienic problem with the handling of bodies, due to the panic stricken mode that comes over a town in distress.  There are many water contaminated diseases such as cholera, hepatitis A, hepatitis E and diarrheal diseases, to mention a few. There are certain diseases that are directly correlated with floods they include any dermatitis and any wound, nose, throat or ear infection. Gastrointestinal disease and diarrheal diseases are very common due to a lack of clean water during a flood. Most of clean water supplies are contaminated when flooding occurs. Hepatitis A and E are common because of the lack of sanitation in the water and in living quarters depending on where the flood is and how prepared the community is for a flood.

text: Communicable diseases

text: are increased due to many

text: pathogens

text: and

text: bacteria

text: that are being transported by the

text: water

text: . In floods where there are many fatalities in the water there is a

text: hygienic

text: problem with the handling of bodies, due to the

text: panic

text: stricken mode that comes over a town in distress.  There are many water

text: contaminated

text: diseases such as

text: cholera

text: hepatitis A

text: hepatitis E

text: and

text: diarrheal diseases

text: , to mention a few. There are certain diseases that are directly correlated with floods they include any

text: dermatitis

text: and any

text: wound

text: nose

text: throat

text: or

text: ear infection

text: Gastrointestinal disease

text: and diarrheal diseases are very common due to a lack of clean water during a flood. Most of clean water supplies are contaminated when flooding occurs. Hepatitis A and E are common because of the lack of

text: sanitation

text: in the water and in living quarters depending on where the flood is and how prepared the

text: community

text: is for a flood.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: a type of

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Which of the following is not a communicable disease?

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: cholera

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: cholera

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: hepatitis A

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: cholera

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: cholera

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Hepatitis A

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: hepatitis A

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Which of the following is not a communicable disease?

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: water contaminated diseases

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which of the following is not a type of virus: tetanus, measles, or cholera?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Which of the following is not a common human fungal infection?

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do when you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: d).

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are pathogens and bacteria being transported by the water?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: What is the proper way to wash your hands?

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: what is the first disease mentioned?

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Which of the following is not a common infectious disease caused by protozoa?

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Communicable diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: cholera

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: sanitation

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Communicable diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: dermatitis and any wound, nose, throat or ear infection.

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Communicable diseases

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: cholera,

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: cholera,

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: cholera,

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: hepatitis A,

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: cholera,

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: hepatitis A, hepatitis E

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Communicable diseases

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: dermatitis and any wound, nose, throat or ear infection.

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Communicable diseases

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: cholera,

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: hepatitis A, hepatitis E

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: dermatitis

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: wound, nose, throat or ear infection.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: Communicable diseases

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: diarrheal diseases,

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Communicable diseases

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: Communicable diseases

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Communicable diseases

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: wound, nose, throat or ear infection.

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: cholera,

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: bacteria that are being transported by the water.

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Communicable

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: hepatitis A, hepatitis E

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: sanitation

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: Communicable

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: bacteria

text: Global Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology Online Network (GIDEON) is a web-based program for decision support and informatics in the fields of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine.  As of 2005, more than 300 generic infectious diseases occur haphazardly in time and space and are challenged by over 250 drugs and vaccines. 1,500 species of pathogenic bacteria, viruses, parasites and fungi have been described. Printed media can no longer follow the dynamics of diseases, outbreaks and epidemics in "real time."

text: Global Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology Online Network (GIDEON) is a web-based program for decision support and

text: informatics

text: in the fields of

text: Infectious Diseases

text: and

text: Geographic Medicine

text: .  As of 2005, more than 300 generic infectious diseases occur haphazardly in time and space and are challenged by over 250 drugs and vaccines. 1,500 species of pathogenic

text: bacteria

text: virus

text: es,

text: parasites

text: and

text: fungi

text: have been described. Printed media can no longer follow the dynamics of diseases, outbreaks and epidemics in "real time."

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: GIDEON

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: fungi

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: pathogenic bacteria

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: fungi

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: parasite

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: fungi

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: GIDEON

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: 1,500 species of pathogenic bacteria

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: fungi

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What is the best way to protect yourself from germs?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: 250 drugs and vaccines

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: GIDEON

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: parasites

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: generic

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vaccines

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasites

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogenic bacteria

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: parasites

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: viruses,

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: bacteria, viruses, parasites and fungi

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: 1,500 species of pathogenic bacteria,

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: pathogenic bacteria, viruses, parasites and fungi

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: viruses,

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: parasites

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: bacteria, viruses, parasites and fungi

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: 250 drugs

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: viruses,

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: bacteria, viruses, parasites and fungi

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: 1,500

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: 1,500 species of pathogenic bacteria,

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: 1,500 species of pathogenic bacteria, viruses,

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: fungi

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Printed media

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: 250 drugs and vaccines.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: 1,500 species of pathogenic bacteria,

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: 1,500 species of pathogenic bacteria,

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: 1,500 species of pathogenic bacteria,

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Printed media

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: over 250 drugs and vaccines.

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: 1,500 species of pathogenic bacteria,

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: viruses, parasites

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: 250

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vaccines.

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogenic bacteria,

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogenic bacteria,

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: parasites

text: The European Society for Paediatric Infectious Diseases (ESPID) is a non-profit medical association registered in Germany that focuses on paediatric infectious diseases. Since its founding in 1983, it has grown to include over 1000 members, from all over Europe and beyond. ESPID forms the basis for European clinicians and scientists interested in all aspects of infectious diseases in children and their prevention. The society is engaged in a number of activities including the organization of multicentre trials, international exchange of paediatric infectious disease fellows, educational activities, and an annual scientific conference.

text: The European Society for Paediatric Infectious Diseases (ESPID) is a

text: non-profit

text: medical association

text: registered in

text: Germany

text: that focuses on

text: paediatric

text: infectious disease

text: s. Since its founding in 1983, it has grown to include over 1000 members, from all over

text: Europe

text: and beyond. ESPID forms the basis for European

text: clinic

text: ians and scientists interested in all aspects of infectious diseases in children and their prevention. The society is engaged in a number of activities including the organization of multicentre trials, international exchange of paediatric infectious disease fellows, educational activities, and an annual scientific conference.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: ESPID

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: E. coli

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: paediatric infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: ESPID

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Schistosoma

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Escherichia coli

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: tetanus and measles

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: ESPID

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What does ESPID stand for?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: doorknob

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: strep throat

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: ESPID

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vaccine

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: paediatric infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: multicentre trials, international exchange of paediatric infectious disease fellows,

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: The European Society for Paediatric Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: The European Society for Paediatric Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: The European Society for Paediatric Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: The European Society for Paediatric Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: The European Society for Paediatric Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: The European Society for Paediatric Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: The European Society for Paediatric Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: The European Society for Paediatric Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: The European Society for Paediatric Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: The European Society for Paediatric Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: The European Society for Paediatric Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: The European Society for Paediatric Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: The European Society for Paediatric Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: The European Society for Paediatric Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: multicentre trials,

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: multicentre trials,

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious diseases

text: Since 1995, SOD has been confirmed from southern Mendocino County to Big Sur, and is particularly severe in Marin, Santa Cruz, and Monterey Counties.  Dying trees have been observed in urban and rural forests and woodlands.  The main species of affected overstory plants are coast live oak, California black, and tanoak.  The disease has also spread to Shreve's oak, California laurel, California buckeye, bigleaf maple, toyon, huckleberry, honeysuckle, rhododendrons, and arrowroot.  Concern now exists that the pathogen may spread throughout California oak forests, be transported to the forests of other western states and even to the eastern United States.  In fact SOD was discovered in Southern Oregon through aerial survey work in 2001.  With the discovery of the pathogen on rhododendrons, there exists a much greater risk of human transport of the disease via ornamental plants.  The actual current geographic range of SOD Phytophthera is unknown.<ref>Agricultural Research Initiative. Rep. Jan. & feb. 1993. California Polytechnic State University. 9 Feb. 2009

text: Since 1995, SOD has been confirmed from southern Mendocino County to Big Sur, and is particularly severe in Marin, Santa Cruz, and Monterey Counties.  Dying trees have been observed in urban and rural forests and woodlands.  The main species of affected overstory plants are coast live oak, California black, and tanoak.  The disease has also spread to Shreve's oak, California laurel, California buckeye, bigleaf maple, toyon, huckleberry, honeysuckle, rhododendrons, and arrowroot.  Concern now exists that the pathogen may spread throughout California oak forests, be transported to the forests of other western states and even to the eastern United States.  In fact SOD was discovered in Southern Oregon through aerial survey work in 2001.  With the discovery of the pathogen on rhododendrons, there exists a much greater risk of human transport of the disease via ornamental plants.  The actual current geographic range of SOD Phytophthera is unknown.<ref>Agricultural Research Initiative. Rep. Jan. & feb. 1993. California Polytechnic State University. 9 Feb. 2009

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: SOD

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: The common cold is a common cold.

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Phytophthera

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: SOD Phytophthera

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: SOD

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: SOD

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: Phytophthera

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: Phytophthera

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Phytophthera

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: SOD

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: SOD

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: SOD Phytophthera

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: human viral infections

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do when you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: What is the proper way to wash your hands?

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: human

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: SOD

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: doxycycline

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Phytophthera

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: Phytophthera

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: SOD

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: SOD

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Phytophthera

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: SOD

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: SOD

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: SOD

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: Phytophthera

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: human

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Phytophthera

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: SOD

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: SOD

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: human transport of the disease via ornamental plants.

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: human transport of the disease via ornamental plants.

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: human transport of the disease via ornamental plants.

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: SOD has been confirmed from southern Mendocino County to Big Sur,

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: SOD has been confirmed from southern Mendocino County to Big Sur,

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: SOD has been confirmed from southern Mendocino County to Big Sur,

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: human transport of the disease via ornamental plants.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: SOD has been confirmed from southern Mendocino County to Big Sur,

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: human transport of the disease via ornamental plants.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: human transport of the disease via ornamental plants.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: SOD has been confirmed from southern Mendocino County to Big Sur,

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: SOD has been confirmed from southern Mendocino County to Big Sur,

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: SOD has been confirmed from southern Mendocino County to Big Sur,

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: human transport

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Phytophthera

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: Phytophthera

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: ref>Agricultural Research Initiative.

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Phytophthera

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: Phytophthera

text: The 100K Pathogen Genome Project was launched in July 2012 by Bart Weimer (UC Davis) as an academic, public, and private partnership. It aims to sequence the genomes of 100,000 infectious microorganisms to create a database of bacterial genome sequences for use in public health, outbreak detection, and bacterial pathogen detection. This will speed up the diagnosis of foodborne illnesses and shorten infectious disease outbreaks.

text: The 100K Pathogen Genome Project was launched in July 2012 by Bart Weimer (UC Davis) as an academic, public, and private partnership. It aims to sequence the genomes of 100,000 infectious microorganisms to create a database of bacterial genome sequences for use in public health, outbreak detection, and bacterial pathogen detection. This will speed up the diagnosis of

text: foodborne illness

text: es and shorten infectious disease outbreaks.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: bacterial pathogen

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: bacterial

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: bacterial

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: foodborne illnesses

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: bacterial

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: bacterial

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: microorganism

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: foodborne illnesses

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: foodborne illnesses

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: foodborne illnesses

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Schistosoma

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: UC Davis

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: tetanus

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: This will speed up the diagnosis of foodborne illnesses and shorten infectious disease outbreaks

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: doorknob

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: strep throat

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: 100K Pathogen Genome Project

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vaccine

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: The 100K Pathogen Genome Project was launched in July 2012

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: bacterial

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: bacterial

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: foodborne illnesses

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: foodborne illnesses

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: bacterial

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: bacterial

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: bacterial

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: foodborne illnesses

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: foodborne illnesses

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: foodborne illnesses

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: foodborne illnesses

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: The 100K Pathogen Genome Project was launched in July 2012

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: bacterial pathogen detection.

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: The 100K Pathogen Genome Project was launched in July 2012

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: The 100K Pathogen Genome Project was launched in July 2012

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: The 100K Pathogen Genome Project was launched in July 2012

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: The 100K Pathogen Genome Project

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: The 100K Pathogen Genome Project

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: The 100K Pathogen Genome Project

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: foodborne illnesses

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: The 100K Pathogen Genome Project was launched in July 2012

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: The 100K Pathogen Genome Project was launched in July 2012

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: The 100K Pathogen Genome Project

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: microorganisms

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: foodborne illnesses

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: foodborne illnesses

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: foodborne

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: bacterial

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: microorganisms

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: bacterial

text: In epidemiology, an outbreak is a sudden increase in occurrences of a disease in a particular time and place. It may affect a small and localized group or impact upon thousands of people across an entire continent.  Two linked cases of a rare infectious disease may be sufficient to constitute an outbreak. Outbreaks include epidemics, which term is normally only used for infectious diseases, as well as diseases with an environmental origin, such as a water or foodborne disease.  They may affect a region in a country or a group of countries. Pandemics are near-global disease outbreaks.

text: In

text: epidemiology

text: , an outbreak is a sudden increase in occurrences of a

text: disease

text: in a particular time and place. It may affect a small and localized group or impact upon thousands of people across an entire continent.  Two linked cases of a rare

text: infectious disease

text: may be sufficient to constitute an outbreak. Outbreaks include

text: epidemic

text: s, which term is normally only used for

text: infectious disease

text: s, as well as diseases with an environmental origin, such as a water or

text: foodborne disease

text: .  They may affect a region in a country or a group of countries.

text: Pandemic

text: s are near-global disease outbreaks.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Outbreaks

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Outbreaks

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Outbreaks

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: foodborne disease

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: environmental origin

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: foodborne disease

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: pandemics

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: chickenpox

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Outbreaks

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Outbreaks are near-global disease outbreaks

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Escherichia coli

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Outbreaks include epidemics, which term is normally only used for infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Outbreaks include epidemics, which term is normally only used for infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do if you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: Outbreaks

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: proper way

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: outbreaks include epidemics, which term is normally only used for infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Outbreaks include epidemics

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: foodborne disease

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vaccine

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pandemic

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: a water or foodborne disease.

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: a water or foodborne disease.

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: a water or foodborne disease.

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: rare infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: environmental origin,

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: foodborne disease.

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: foodborne disease.

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Pandemics

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: rare infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: foodborne disease.

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: outbreak

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Pandemics

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Two linked cases of a rare infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: a water or foodborne disease.

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Pandemics

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: outbreak

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Pandemics

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Pandemics

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: foodborne

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Pandemics

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Two linked cases of a rare infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Pandemics

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: foodborne

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: water or foodborne disease.

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: foodborne disease.

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: environmental origin,

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: Pandemics

text: Exposure to respiratory infectious diseases like tuberculosis (caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis) and influenza can be reduced with the use of respirators; this exposure is a significant occupational hazard for health care professionals. Exposure to dangerous chemicals, including chemotherapy drugs, is another potential occupational risk. These drugs can cause cancer and other health conditions. Healthcare workers are also at risk for diseases that are contracted through extended contact with a patient, including scabies. Health professionals are also at risk for contracting blood-borne diseases like hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and HIV/AIDS through needlestick injuries or through contact with bodily fluids. This risk can be mitigated with vaccination when there is a vaccine available, like with hepatitis B. In epidemic situations, such as the 2014-2016 West African Ebola virus epidemic or the 2003 SARS outbreak, healthcare workers are at even greater risk, and were disproportionately affected in both the Ebola and SARS outbreaks. In general, appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) is the first-line mode of protection for healthcare workers from infectious diseases. For it to be effective against highly contagious diseases, personal protective equipment must be watertight and prevent the skin and mucous membranes from contacting infectious material. Different levels of personal protective equipment created to unique standards are used in situations where the risk of infection is different. Practices such as triple gloving and multiple respirators do not provide a higher level of protection and present a burden to the worker, who is additionally at increased risk of exposure when removing the PPE. Compliance with appropriate personal protective equipment rules may be difficult in certain situations, such as tropical environment or low-resource settings. A 2016 Cochrane systematic review found low quality evidence that using more breathable fabric in PPE, double gloving, and active training reduce the risk of contamination.

text: Exposure to respiratory infectious diseases like

text: tuberculosis

text: (caused by

text: Mycobacterium tuberculosis

text: ) and

text: influenza

text: can be reduced with the use of

text: respirator

text: s; this exposure is a significant occupational hazard for health care professionals. Exposure to dangerous chemicals, including

text: chemotherapy

text: drugs, is another potential occupational risk. These drugs can cause cancer and other health conditions. Healthcare workers are also at risk for diseases that are contracted through extended contact with a patient, including

text: scabies

text: . Health professionals are also at risk for contracting blood-borne diseases like

text: hepatitis B

text: hepatitis C

text: , and

text: HIV/AIDS

text: through

text: needlestick injuries

text: or through contact with bodily fluids. This risk can be mitigated with vaccination when there is a vaccine available, like with hepatitis B. In epidemic situations, such as the 2014-2016

text: West African Ebola virus epidemic

text: or the

text: 2003 SARS outbreak

text: , healthcare workers are at even greater risk, and were disproportionately affected in both the Ebola and SARS outbreaks. In general, appropriate

text: personal protective equipment

text: (PPE) is the first-line mode of protection for healthcare workers from infectious diseases. For it to be effective against highly contagious diseases, personal protective equipment must be watertight and prevent the skin and mucous membranes from contacting infectious material. Different levels of personal protective equipment created to unique standards are used in situations where the risk of infection is different. Practices such as triple gloving and multiple respirators do not provide a higher level of protection and present a burden to the worker, who is additionally at increased risk of exposure when removing the PPE. Compliance with appropriate personal protective equipment rules may be difficult in certain situations, such as tropical environment or low-resource settings. A 2016 Cochrane systematic review found low quality evidence that using more breathable fabric in PPE, double gloving, and active training reduce the risk of contamination.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: scabies

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: respiratory infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: scabies

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: blood-borne

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: Ebola virus

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: scabies

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: scabies

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: hepatitis

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Mycobacterium tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Mycobacterium tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which diseases are contracted through extended contact with a patient?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do when you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: strep throat

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: What is the common infectious disease caused by protozoa?

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: blood-borne

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: scabies

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: respirators

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Ebola virus

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: Ebola virus

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: scabies.

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: personal protective equipment

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: personal protective equipment

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: blood-borne

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: Ebola virus

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: personal protective equipment

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: personal protective equipment

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: hepatitis B.

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: appropriate personal protective equipment

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Mycobacterium tuberculosis)

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: personal protective equipment

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: personal protective equipment

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: triple gloving

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: personal protective equipment

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: personal protective equipment

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: personal protective equipment

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: infectious material.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: personal protective equipment

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: personal protective equipment

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: personal protective equipment

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: blood-borne

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: chemotherapy

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: personal protective equipment

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: highly contagious

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: Ebola virus

text: The infectious isoform of PrP, known as PrP, is able to convert normal PrP proteins into the infectious isoform by changing their conformation, or shape; this, in turn, alters the way the proteins interconnect. PrP always causes prion disease. Although the exact 3D structure of PrP is not known, it has a higher proportion of β-sheet structure in place of the normal α-helix structure. Aggregations of these abnormal isoforms form highly structured amyloid fibers, which accumulate to form plaques. It is unclear as to whether these aggregates are the cause of cell damage or are simply a side-effect of the underlying disease process. The end of each fiber acts as a template onto which free protein molecules may attach, allowing the fiber to grow. Under most circumstances, only PrP molecules with an identical amino acid sequence to the infectious PrP are incorporated into the growing fiber. However, rare cross-species transmission is also possible.

text: The infectious

text: isoform

text: of PrP, known as PrP, is able to convert normal PrP proteins into the infectious isoform by changing their

text: conformation

text: , or shape; this, in turn, alters the way the proteins interconnect. PrP always causes prion disease. Although the exact 3D structure of PrP is not known, it has a higher proportion of

text: β-sheet

text: structure in place of the normal

text: α-helix

text: structure. Aggregations of these abnormal isoforms form highly structured

text: amyloid

text: fibers, which accumulate to form plaques. It is unclear as to whether these aggregates are the cause of cell damage or are simply a side-effect of the underlying disease process. The end of each fiber acts as a template onto which free protein molecules may attach, allowing the fiber to grow. Under most circumstances, only PrP molecules with an identical amino acid sequence to the infectious PrP are incorporated into the growing fiber. However, rare cross-species transmission is also possible.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: PrP

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: PrP

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: PrP

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: prion disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: prion

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: PrP

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: PrP

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: PrP

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: prion disease

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: cross-species

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: unknown

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: i.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: transmission

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: prion

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: prion

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: prion

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: prion

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: prion

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: PrP

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: PrP,

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: PrP,

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: PrP,

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: prion disease.

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: prion disease.

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: prion disease.

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: PrP,

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: PrP,

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: PrP,

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: PrP,

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: prion disease.

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: rare cross-species

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: rare cross-species transmission

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: rare cross-species transmission

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: The infectious isoform of PrP,

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: PrP,

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: The infectious isoform of PrP,

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: rare cross-species transmission

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: rare cross-species

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: rare cross-species transmission

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: rare cross-species transmission

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: The infectious isoform of PrP,

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: rare cross-species transmission

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: PrP,

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: cross-species transmission

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: PrP always causes prion disease.

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: <unk>-helix structure.

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: The infectious isoform of PrP,

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: cross-species

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: cross-species

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: PrP,

text: Diagnosis codes track diseases and other health conditions, inclusive of chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus and heart disease, and infectious diseases such as norovirus, the flu, and athlete's foot. Procedure codes track interventions performed. These diagnosis and procedure codes are used by health care providers, government health programs, private health insurance companies, workers' compensation carriers, software developers, and others for a variety of applications in medicine, public health and medical informatics, including:

text: Diagnosis code

text: s track

text: disease

text: s and other health conditions, inclusive of chronic diseases such as

text: diabetes mellitus

text: and

text: heart disease

text: , and infectious diseases such as

text: norovirus

text: , the

text: flu

text: , and

text: athlete's foot

text: Procedure code

text: s track interventions performed. These diagnosis and procedure codes are used by health care providers, government health programs, private health insurance companies, workers' compensation carriers, software developers, and others for a variety of applications in

text: medicine

text: public health

text: and

text: medical informatics

text: , including:

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: diagnosis

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: diagnosis code

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: norovirus

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: athlete's foot

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: norovirus

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: norovirus

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: viral

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: norovirus

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: norovirus

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: the flu

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: norovirus

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Context: Schistosoma is a parasite that is spread by a vector.

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: diagnosis codes

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Diagnosis codes track diseases

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Context: Diagnosis codes track diseases

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: context: Diagnosis codes track diseases and other health conditions, inclusive of chronic diseases such as norovirus, the flu, and athlete's foot. Procedure codes track interventions performed. These diagnosis and procedure codes are used by health care providers, government health programs, private health insurance companies, workers' compensation carriers, software developers, and others for a variety of applications in medicine, public health and medical informatics, including:

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: description

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: diagnosis codes

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: context: Procedure codes track interventions performed

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: diagnosis codes

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: diagnosis codes

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: virus

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotic

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: norovirus

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: virus

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: norovirus, the flu, and athlete's foot.

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: norovirus, the flu, and athlete's foot.

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: norovirus, the flu, and athlete's foot.

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: athlete's foot.

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious diseases such as norovirus,

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: norovirus,

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: norovirus,

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: norovirus, the flu, and athlete's foot.

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: the flu,

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: norovirus,

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: norovirus,

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: norovirus, the flu, and athlete's foot.

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: athlete's foot.

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Diagnosis codes

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: norovirus,

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: norovirus, the flu, and athlete's foot.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: norovirus, the flu, and athlete's foot.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Diagnosis codes

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: athlete's foot.

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious diseases such as norovirus,

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: diabetes mellitus

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: athlete's foot.

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: infectious diseases such as norovirus,

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: norovirus,

text: The best way to control the virus is to plant with clean seed, since the virus is spread though infected seed.  BMSV is also spread through mechanical transfer of the virus; reducing handling and movement through infected areas will help contain the disease. Sterilization of all tools and machinery, specifically irrigation systems,  used in fields will reduce the spread of BMSV. Quaternary ammonium salts and hydrogen dioxides are two common commercial products used for sterilization of horticulture tools and machinery.   Removal of infected plants can help reduce the spread of the virus.  In fields where the disease has gone unnoticed, allowing the virus to spread, it is important to prevent spread to other fields and prevent seeds from infected plants from being planted the next year, as they too are likely infected with virus.

text: The best way to control the virus is to plant with clean seed, since the virus is spread though infected seed.  BMSV is also spread through mechanical transfer of the virus; reducing handling and movement through infected areas will help contain the disease. Sterilization of all tools and machinery, specifically irrigation systems,  used in fields will reduce the spread of BMSV. Quaternary ammonium salts and hydrogen dioxides are two common commercial products used for sterilization of horticulture tools and machinery.   Removal of infected plants can help reduce the spread of the virus.  In fields where the disease has gone unnoticed, allowing the virus to spread, it is important to prevent spread to other fields and prevent seeds from infected plants from being planted the next year, as they too are likely infected with virus.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: BMSV

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: BMSV

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: BMSV

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: BMSV

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: BMSV

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: BMSV

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: virus

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: BMSV

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: BMSV

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: BMSV

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: infected seed

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: BMSV

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do if you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: BMSV

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: mechanical transfer

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: BMSV

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: hydrogen dioxides

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: Quaternary ammonium salts

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: BMSV

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: virus

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: BMSV

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: BMSV

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: BMSV

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: BMSV

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: BMSV

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: BMSV

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: BMSV

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: infected seed.

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: irrigation systems,

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: BMSV

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: BMSV

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: infected seed.

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: infected seed.

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Removal of infected plants

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: BMSV

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: BMSV

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: The best way to control the virus is to plant with clean seed,

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: reducing handling and movement through infected areas

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Removal of infected plants

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: infected seed.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: infected seed.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: The best way to control the virus is to plant with clean seed,

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Removal of infected plants

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: BMSV

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: mechanical transfer

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: BMSV

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: hydrogen dioxides

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: Quaternary ammonium salts and hydrogen dioxides

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: infected seed. BMSV

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: BMSV

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: BMSV

text: In the 5th century BCE, Hippocrates described a disease like TSE in cattle and sheep, which he believed also occurred in man. Publius Flavius Vegetius Renatus records cases of a disease with similar characteristics in the 4th and 5th centuries AD. In 1755, an outbreak of scrapie was discussed in the British House of Commons and may have been present in Britain for some time before that. Although there were unsupported claims in 1759 that the disease was contagious, in general it was thought to be due to inbreeding and countermeasures appeared to be successful. Early-20th-century experiments failed to show transmission of scrapie between animals, until extraordinary measures were taken such as the intra-ocular injection of infected nervous tissue. No direct link between scrapie and disease in man was suspected then or has been found since. TSE was first described in man by Alfons Maria Jakob in the 1921. Daniel Carleton Gajdusek's discovery that Kuru was transmitted by cannibalism accompanied by the finding of scrapie-like lesions in the brains of Kuru victims strongly suggested an infectious basis to TSE.  The priority given the search for a viral infectious agent almost cost Stanley Prusiner tenure when his research showed that a protein transferred the disease. A paradigm shift to a non-nucleic infectious entity was required when the results were validated with an explanation of how a prion protein might transmit spongiform encephalopathy. It wasn't until 1988 that the neuropathology of spongiform encephalopathy was properly described in cows. The alarming amplification of BSE in the British cattle herd heightened fear of transmission to humans and reinforced the belief in the infectious nature of TSE. This was confirmed with the identification of a Kuru-like disease, called new variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease, in humans exposed to BSE. Although the infectious disease model of TSE has been questioned in favour of a prion transplantation model that explains why cannibalism favours transmission, the search for a viral agent is being continued in some laboratories.

text: In the 5th century

text: BCE

text: Hippocrates

text: described a disease like TSE in cattle and sheep, which he believed also occurred in man.

text: Publius Flavius Vegetius Renatus

text: records cases of a disease with similar characteristics in the 4th and 5th centuries AD. In 1755, an outbreak of

text: scrapie

text: was discussed in the British House of Commons and may have been present in Britain for some time before that. Although there were unsupported claims in 1759 that the disease was contagious, in general it was thought to be due to inbreeding and countermeasures appeared to be successful. Early-20th-century experiments failed to show transmission of

text: scrapie

text: between animals, until extraordinary measures were taken such as the intra-ocular injection of infected nervous tissue. No direct link between

text: scrapie

text: and disease in man was suspected then or has been found since. TSE was first described in man by

text: Alfons Maria Jakob

text: in the 1921.

text: Daniel Carleton Gajdusek

text: 's discovery that Kuru was transmitted by cannibalism accompanied by the finding of scrapie-like lesions in the brains of Kuru victims strongly suggested an infectious basis to TSE.  The priority given the search for a viral infectious agent almost cost

text: Stanley Prusiner

text: tenure when his research showed that a protein transferred the disease. A paradigm shift to a non-nucleic infectious entity was required when the results were validated with an explanation of how a

text: prion

text: protein might transmit spongiform encephalopathy. It wasn't until 1988 that the neuropathology of spongiform encephalopathy was properly described in cows. The alarming amplification of

text: BSE

text: in the British cattle herd heightened fear of transmission to humans and reinforced the belief in the infectious nature of TSE. This was confirmed with the identification of a Kuru-like disease, called new variant

text: Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease

text: , in humans exposed to

text: BSE

text: . Although the infectious disease model of TSE has been questioned in favour of a

text: prion

text: transplantation model that explains why cannibalism favours transmission, the search for a viral agent is being continued in some laboratories.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: viral infectious agent

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: viral infectious agent

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Which disease is not caused by bacteria?

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: scrapie

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: scrapie

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: viral

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: BSE

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: TSE

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: TSE

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Which disease was first described in man by Alfons Maria Jakob in the 1921

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Schistosoma

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: TSE may refer to:

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which disease was first described in man by Alfons Maria Jakob in the 1921?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: TSE was first described in man by Alfons Maria Jakob

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why was it thought to be due to inbreeding?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: viral infectious agent

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: prion

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: BSE

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: viral

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious agent

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: prion

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: TSE

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: viral

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: viral

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: TSE

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: BSE

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: TSE

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: non-nucleic

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: protein

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: TSE

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: TSE.

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: TSE

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: BSE

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: viral infectious agent

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: TSE

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: TSE

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: TSE

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: viral infectious agent

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: The priority given the search for a viral infectious agent

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: TSE.

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: viral infectious agent

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: viral infectious agent

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: The priority given the search for a viral infectious agent

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: TSE

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: The priority given the search for a viral infectious agent

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: viral infectious agent

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: non-nucleic infectious entity

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: non-nucleic infectious entity

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: countermeasures

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: viral

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious agent

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: prion

text: The main diseases that cause an increased excretion of faecal calprotectin are  inflammatory bowel diseases, coeliac disease, infectious colitis, necrotizing enterocolitis, intestinal cystic fibrosis and colorectal cancer.

text: The main diseases that cause an increased excretion of faecal calprotectin are

text: inflammatory bowel diseases

text: coeliac disease

text: infectious colitis

text: necrotizing enterocolitis

text: , intestinal

text: cystic fibrosis

text: and

text: colorectal cancer

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: inflammatory bowel diseases

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: inflammatory bowel diseases

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: inflammatory bowel diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Coeliac disease

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: colorectal cancer

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: inflammatory bowel diseases

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: c.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: pathogenic

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious colitis

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: calprotectin

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: disease

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: colorectal cancer

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: inflammatory bowel diseases,

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: inflammatory bowel diseases,

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: inflammatory bowel diseases,

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: inflammatory bowel diseases,

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: inflammatory bowel diseases,

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious colitis,

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: inflammatory bowel diseases,

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: faecal calprotectin are inflammatory bowel diseases,

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: infectious colitis,

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: colorectal cancer.

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: inflammatory bowel diseases, coeliac disease, infectious colitis,

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: inflammatory bowel diseases,

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: inflammatory bowel diseases,

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: inflammatory bowel diseases,

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: inflammatory bowel diseases,

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: inflammatory bowel diseases,

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: inflammatory bowel diseases,

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: inflammatory bowel diseases,

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: inflammatory bowel diseases,

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: inflammatory bowel diseases,

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: inflammatory bowel diseases,

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: inflammatory bowel diseases,

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: inflammatory bowel diseases,

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: inflammatory bowel diseases,

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: inflammatory bowel diseases,

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: inflammatory bowel diseases,

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: faecal calprotectin

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: faecal calprotectin

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: inflammatory bowel diseases,

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: cancer.

text: Yellow fever causes 200,000 infections and 30,000 deaths every year, with nearly 90% of these occurring in Africa. Nearly a billion people live in an area of the world where the disease is common. It is common in tropical areas of South America and Africa, but not in Asia. Since the 1980s, the number of cases of yellow fever has been increasing. This is believed to be due to fewer people being immune, more people living in cities, people moving frequently, and changing climate. The disease originated in Africa, from where it spread to South America through the slave trade in the 17th century. Since the 17th century, several major outbreaks of the disease have occurred in the Americas, Africa, and Europe. In the 18th and 19th centuries, yellow fever was seen as one of the most dangerous infectious diseases. In 1927 yellow fever virus became the first human virus to be isolated.

text: Yellow fever causes 200,000 infections and 30,000 deaths every year, with nearly 90% of these occurring in Africa. Nearly a billion people live in an area of the world where the disease is common. It is common in

text: tropical

text: areas of

text: South America

text: and

text: Africa

text: , but not in

text: Asia

text: . Since the 1980s, the number of cases of yellow fever has been increasing. This is believed to be due to fewer people being immune, more people living in cities, people moving frequently, and

text: changing climate

text: . The disease originated in Africa, from where it spread to South America through the

text: slave trade

text: in the 17th century. Since the 17th century, several major

text: outbreaks

text: of the disease have occurred in the Americas, Africa, and Europe. In the 18th and 19th centuries, yellow fever was seen as one of the most dangerous

text: infectious disease

text: s. In 1927 yellow fever virus became the first human virus to be isolated.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Yellow fever

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Which disease is not seen as one of the most dangerous infectious diseases?

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: yellow fever virus

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Which of the following is not a disease caused by bacteria: yellow fever, yellow fever virus, or malaria?

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: yellow fever

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: yellow fever

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: human virus

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: unspecified

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Yellow fever

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Yellow fever

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: yellow fever

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Which happened first, yellow fever virus became the first human virus to be isolated, or the slave trade in the 17th century?

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which of the following is not a human viral infection: tetanus, measles, or yellow fever?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do when you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of yellow fever: fewer people being immune, people moving frequently, or changing climate?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: What is the proper way to wash your hands?

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: virus

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: immunoglobulin

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: virus

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Yellow fever

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Yellow fever

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: yellow fever virus

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Yellow fever

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Yellow fever

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Yellow fever

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: human virus

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: slave trade

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Yellow fever

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Asia.

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Yellow fever

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Yellow fever

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: slave trade

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Yellow fever

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Yellow fever

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Yellow fever

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: yellow fever virus became the first human virus to be isolated.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: slave trade

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Asia.

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: slave trade

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: yellow fever virus became the first human virus to be isolated.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: yellow fever virus became the first human virus to be isolated.

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Yellow fever

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Yellow fever

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: slave trade

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: Yellow fever

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: immune,

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: human virus

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: yellow fever virus

text: Transmission-based precautions remain in effect for limited periods of time (i.e., while the risk for transmission of the infectious agent persists or for the duration of the illness (Appendix A). For most infectious diseases, this duration reflects known patterns of persistence and shedding of infectious agents associated with the natural history of the infectious process and its treatment. For some diseases (e.g., pharyngeal or cutaneous diphtheria, RSV), transmission-based precautions remain in effect until culture or antigen-detection test results document eradication of the pathogen and, for RSV, symptomatic disease is resolved. For other diseases, (e.g., M. tuberculosis) state laws and regulations, and healthcare facility policies, may dictate the duration of precautions12). In immunocompromised patients, viral shedding can persist for prolonged periods of time (many weeks to months) and transmission to others may occur during that time; therefore, the duration of contact and/or droplet precautions may be prolonged for many weeks. The duration of contact precautions for patients who are colonized or infected with MDROs remains undefined. MRSA is the only MDRO for which effective decolonization regimens are available. However, carriers of MRSA who have negative nasal cultures after a course of systemic or topical therapy may resume shedding MRSA in the weeks that follow therapy. Although early guidelines for VRE suggested discontinuation of contact precautions after three stool cultures obtained at weekly intervals proved negative, subsequent experiences have indicated that such screening may fail to detect colonization that can persist for >1 year. Likewise, available data indicate that colonization with VRE, MRSA, and possibly MDR-GNB, can persist for many months, especially in the presence of severe underlying disease, invasive devices, and recurrent courses of antimicrobial agents. It may be prudent to assume that MDRO carriers are colonized permanently and manage them accordingly. Alternatively, an interval free of hospitalizations, antimicrobial therapy, and invasive devices (e.g., 6 or 12 months) before reculturing patients to document clearance of carriage may be used. Determination of the best strategy awaits the results of additional studies. See the 2006 HICPAC/CDC MDRO guideline  for discussion of possible criteria to discontinue contact precautions for patients colonized or infected with MDROs.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: MRSA

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: RSV

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: M. tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: M. tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: M. tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: MRSA

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: MRSA

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: MRSA

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: RSV

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: diphtheria

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: diphtheria

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: RSV

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: transmission-based precautions

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: M. tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: In immunocompromised patients, viral shedding can persist for prolonged periods of time

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: What is the most common human fungal infection?

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Cough or sneeze

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: The best way to prevent diseases spread by vectors to is avoid contact with the vectors.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: undefined

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: transmission-based precautions remain in effect for limited periods

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: MRSA

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Transmission-based precautions remain in effect for limited periods of time

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: MDR-GNB

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: most infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: antimicrobial agents

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: MRSA

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: MRSA

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: MDROs

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: pharyngeal or cutaneous diphtheria,

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: pharyngeal or cutaneous diphtheria, RSV),

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: MRSA

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: MRSA

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: MDROs remains undefined. MRSA

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: RSV),

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: MRSA

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: MRSA

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: RSV),

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: MDRO carriers are colonized permanently

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: M. tuberculosis)

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: pharyngeal or cutaneous diphtheria, RSV),

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: MRSA

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: The duration of contact precautions

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: The duration of contact precautions

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: MRSA

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: shedding of infectious agents

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: undefined.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Transmission-based precautions

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: MRSA

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: 6 or 12 months)

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: MDROs

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antimicrobial agents.

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: antimicrobial agents.

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: MDROs

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: MDROs

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: MRSA

text: Vaccines have historically been the most effective means to fight and eradicate infectious diseases. Limitations to their effectiveness, nevertheless, exist. Sometimes, protection fails because the host's immune system simply does not respond adequately or at all. Lack of response commonly results from clinical factors such as diabetes, steroid use, HIV infection or age. It also might fail for genetic reasons if the host's immune system includes no strains of B cells that can generate antibodies suited to reacting effectively and binding to the antigens associated with the pathogen.

text: Vaccines have historically been the most effective means to fight and eradicate infectious diseases. Limitations to their effectiveness, nevertheless, exist. Sometimes, protection fails because the host's immune system simply does not respond adequately or at all. Lack of response commonly results from clinical factors such as

text: diabetes

text: , steroid use,

text: HIV infection

text: or age. It also might fail for genetic reasons if the host's immune system includes no strains of

text: B cell

text: s that can generate

text: antibodies

text: suited to reacting effectively and binding to the

text: antigen

text: s associated with the

text: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: antigens

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: HIV infection

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: HIV infection

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: HIV

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: HIV

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: HIV

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: HIV

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: HIV

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Lack of response

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: HIV infection

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: HIV infection

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: HIV infection

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do if you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: lack of response

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Lack of response

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: steroid

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: Vaccines

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: HIV

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: HIV infection

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: HIV

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: HIV infection

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: HIV

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: HIV

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: HIV infection

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: diabetes, steroid use, HIV infection

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: HIV infection

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Vaccines

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Vaccines

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Vaccines

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: HIV

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: HIV infection

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Vaccines

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: Vaccines

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Vaccines

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Vaccines

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: HIV

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Vaccines

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Vaccines

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Vaccines

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: HIV infection

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: Vaccines

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: Vaccines

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogen.

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogen.

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: HIV

text: Halloran studies causal inference and the biostatistics of infectious diseases. She is a long-term collaborator with University of Florida researcher Ira Longini, with whom she studies the spread of influenza. She has also been quoted as an expert on the mortality rates of other diseases such as ebola and cholera, and the factors influencing those rates.

text: Halloran studies

text: causal inference

text: and the biostatistics of

text: infectious disease

text: s. She is a long-term collaborator with

text: University of Florida

text: researcher

text: Ira Longini

text: , with whom she studies the spread of

text: influenza

text: . She has also been quoted as an expert on the mortality rates of other diseases such as

text: ebola

text: and

text: cholera

text: , and the factors influencing those rates.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: cholera

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: cholera

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: viral

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: cholera

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: ebola

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Ira Longini

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Schistosoma

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Escherichia coli

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Halloran studies causal inference and the biostatistics of infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Ira Longini

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: cholera

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Halloran studies causal inference and the biostatistics of infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: cholera

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: Ebola

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: influenza.

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: ebola and cholera,

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: influenza.

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: cholera,

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: ebola

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: ebola

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: cholera,

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: ebola

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: influenza.

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: influenza.

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Ira Longini,

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: ebola and cholera,

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: influenza.

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: influenza.

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Halloran

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: influenza.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: cholera,

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: influenza.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: influenza.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Halloran

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Halloran

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: spread of influenza.

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: cholera,

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: influenza.

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: ebola

text: Emerging Infectious Diseases (EID) is an open-access, peer-reviewed journal published by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). EID is a public domain journal and covers global instances of new and reemerging infectious diseases, putting greater emphasis on disease emergence, prevention, control, and elimination. According to Journal Citation Reports, the journal’s 2016 impact factor is 6.99, ranking it 4th out of 82 journals in the infectious disease category. The journal also has a 2016 Google Scholar h5-index score of 79, ranking it 2nd in both the epidemiology category  and among open-access epidemiological journals, as well as 4th in the communicable diseases category and 1st among open-access communicable disease journals.

text: Emerging Infectious Diseases (EID) is an

text: open-access

text: peer-reviewed journal

text: published by the

text: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

text: (CDC). EID is a

text: public domain

text: journal and covers global instances of new and reemerging

text: infectious diseases

text: , putting greater emphasis on disease emergence,

text: prevention

text: , control, and elimination. According to

text: Journal Citation Reports

text: , the journal’s 2016

text: impact factor

text: is 6.99, ranking it 4th out of 82 journals in the infectious disease category. The journal also has a 2016

text: Google Scholar

text: score of 79, ranking it 2nd in both the

text: epidemiology

text: category  and among open-access epidemiological journals, as well as 4th in the

text: communicable diseases

text: category and 1st among open-access communicable disease journals.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: communicable diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: EID

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Bacteria

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: EID

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Emerging Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: What is Schistosoma?

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: What bacterium may cause human disease is Escherichia coli

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Human viral infections include tetanus

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do when you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: What disease can potentially be cured with antibiotics?

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: What is the most common infectious disease caused by protozoa?

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: communicable diseases

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: CDC

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: viral

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: new and reemerging infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: 79,

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: elimination.

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Emerging Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: 79,

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: 79,

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: 79,

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: 79,

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: 79,

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: disease emergence, prevention, control, and elimination.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: 79,

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: communicable diseases

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: 79,

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: 79,

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: 79,

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: 79,

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: communicable

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: h5-index score of 79,

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: control, and elimination.

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious diseases,

text: Dissemination of the pathogen is restricted to the movements of infected leaf debris via equipment, people, animals, wind, or water. When environmental conditions become favorable for pathogen activity (warm, humid, high moisture in canopy), the dormant mycelia and stromata on the infected debris resume growing on the plant tissues. If moisture is sufficient in the turf canopy, mycelium can begin to penetrate new leaves and new host, causing infection.

text: Dissemination of the pathogen is restricted to the movements of infected leaf debris via equipment, people, animals, wind, or water. When environmental conditions become favorable for pathogen activity (warm, humid, high moisture in canopy), the dormant mycelia and stromata on the infected debris resume growing on the plant tissues. If moisture is sufficient in the turf canopy, mycelium can begin to penetrate new leaves and new host, causing infection.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: mycelium

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: mycelium

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: leaf debris

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infection

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: mycelium

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: animals

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: mycelium

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: mycelium

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: swine flu

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: infected leaf debris

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do when you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: people

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: infection

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: animals

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infection

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: people, animals, wind, or water.

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Dissemination of the pathogen

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: the dormant mycelia

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infection.

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: wind, or water.

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infection.

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: mycelium

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: infected leaf debris via equipment, people, animals,

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: leaf debris

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: equipment, people,

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Dissemination of the pathogen

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: equipment, people, animals, wind, or water.

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: equipment, people, animals, wind, or water.

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: people, animals, wind, or water.

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: equipment, people, animals, wind, or water.

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: the dormant mycelia

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Dissemination of the pathogen

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: people, animals, wind, or water.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: mycelium can begin to penetrate new leaves and new host,

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: equipment, people, animals, wind, or water.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: infected leaf debris

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: water.

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Dissemination of the pathogen

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: mycelium

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: animals,

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infection.

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: Dissemination of the pathogen

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: equipment,

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: mycelia

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: mycelium

text: An infectious disease is caused by the presence of organisms such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites (either animalian or protozoan).  Most of these diseases are spread directly from dog to dog, while others require a vector such as a tick or mosquito.  Certain infectious diseases are a concern from a public health standpoint because they are zoonoses (transmittable to humans).

text: An infectious disease is caused by the presence of organisms such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites (either animalian or

text: protozoa

text: n).  Most of these diseases are spread directly from dog to dog, while others require a

text: vector

text: such as a

text: tick

text: or

text: mosquito

text: .  Certain infectious diseases are a concern from a public health standpoint because they are

text: zoonoses

text: (transmittable to humans).

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: parasites

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: zoonoses

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: strep throat

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: tick or mosquito

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: fungi

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: parasites

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: chickenpox

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: tick

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: tetanus and measles

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: fungi

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do when you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: a tick

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: vector

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vaccine

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasites

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: parasite

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: tick or mosquito.

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: viruses,

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito.

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: tick or mosquito.

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: zoonoses

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: zoonoses

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: tick or mosquito.

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: zoonoses

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: (transmittable to humans).

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: fungi,

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: zoonoses

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: tick or mosquito.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: parasites

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: Most of these diseases are spread directly from dog to dog,

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: An infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: parasites

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: vector

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: animalian or protozoan).

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: tick or mosquito.

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: animalian or protozoan).

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: parasites

text: The genus Marburgvirus is the taxonomic home of one species, Marburg marburgvirus, whose members are the two known marburgviruses, Marburg virus (MARV) and Ravn virus (RAVV). Both viruses cause Marburg virus disease in humans and nonhuman primates, a form of viral hemorrhagic fever, and both are Select Agents, World Health Organization Risk Group 4 Pathogens (requiring Biosafety Level 4-equivalent containment), National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Category A Priority Pathogens, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Category A Bioterrorism Agents, and are listed as a Biological Agents for Export Control by the Australia Group.

text: The

text: genus

text: Marburgvirus is the

text: taxonomic

text: home of one

text: species

text: Marburg marburgvirus

text: , whose members are the two known marburgviruses,

text: Marburg virus (MARV)

text: and

text: Ravn virus (RAVV)

text: . Both viruses cause

text: Marburg virus disease

text: in

text: human

text: s and nonhuman

text: primates

text: , a form of

text: viral hemorrhagic fever

text: , and both are

text: Select Agent

text: s,

text: World Health Organization

text: Risk Group 4 Pathogens (requiring

text: Biosafety Level 4-equivalent containment

text: National Institutes of Health

text: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases

text: Category A Priority Pathogens,

text: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

text: Category A Bioterrorism Agents

text: , and are listed as a Biological Agents for Export Control by the

text: Australia Group

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Marburg virus

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Marburg virus disease

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Marburg virus

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Marburg virus disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: Marburgvirus

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: Marburg virus

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Marburg virus

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Ravn virus

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Marburg virus disease

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Marburg virus

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: None of the above choices

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you cover your mouth and nose with?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are Infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Marburg virus disease

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: Bioterrorism

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: Pathogens

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: Marburg virus

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: viral hemorrhagic fever,

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: viral hemorrhagic fever,

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Select Agents,

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: viral hemorrhagic fever,

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: viral hemorrhagic fever,

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: viral hemorrhagic fever,

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: viral hemorrhagic fever, and both are Select Agents,

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: Marburgvirus

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Marburgvirus

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Bioterrorism

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: viral hemorrhagic fever,

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: viral hemorrhagic fever,

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Both viruses cause Marburg virus disease in humans and nonhuman primates,

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Marburg virus disease in humans and nonhuman primates,

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Marburg virus disease

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Marburg virus disease

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Biosafety Level 4-equivalent containment),

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: humans and nonhuman primates,

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Marburg virus disease in humans and nonhuman primates,

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: viruses cause Marburg virus disease in humans and nonhuman primates,

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: viral hemorrhagic fever,

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Biosafety Level 4-equivalent

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: viral hemorrhagic fever,

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Marburg virus disease in humans and nonhuman primates,

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: Biological Agents

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Select Agents,

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: Biological

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: Bioterrorism

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Select Agents,

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: Select Agents,

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: Bioterrorism

text: There have been cases of independent groups being diagnosed with infectious, contagious, rare, and in cases deadly diseases. When the happens there has to be immediate action taken from the government or approved medical personnel. When one person is sick, what usually happens is that a family member or friend might try taking care of their loved one, and slowly that is how the disease starts spreading to other people within the same community. Death rates increase and the cure to the illness is non existent. That is when the enclosure of all indisposed people occurs, they put all the sick people in a contained area to further examine the symptoms and to prevent outspread. The people residing in this closed community are revised constantly and given vacciens, treatments, remedies, some natural and some made in laboratories. Usually the awareness of such communities come through the word "quarantine" being said on the news, or fictional horror movies and shows.

text: There have been cases of independent groups being diagnosed with infectious, contagious, rare, and in cases deadly diseases. When the happens there has to be immediate action taken from the government or approved medical personnel. When one person is sick, what usually happens is that a family member or friend might try taking care of their loved one, and slowly that is how the disease starts spreading to other people within the same community. Death rates increase and the cure to the illness is non existent. That is when the enclosure of all indisposed people occurs, they put all the sick people in a contained area to further examine the symptoms and to prevent outspread. The people residing in this closed community are revised constantly and given vacciens, treatments, remedies, some natural and some made in laboratories. Usually the awareness of such communities come through the word "

text: quarantine

text: " being said on the news, or fictional horror movies and shows.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: deadly

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: contagious

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: pathogens that cause human diseases

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: contagious

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: contagious

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: family member

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: contagious

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: deadly diseases

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: deadly diseases

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: a family member or friend might try taking care of their loved one

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: the cure to the illness is non existent

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which of the following is not a viral infection: tetanus or measles?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do if you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: None of the above choices are true

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: contagious

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: vacciens

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vacciens

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious, contagious,

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious, contagious,

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious, contagious,

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious, contagious,

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious, contagious,

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious, contagious,

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious,

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: a family member or friend

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: infectious, contagious, rare, and in cases deadly diseases.

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: deadly

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: infectious, contagious, rare, and in cases deadly diseases.

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: a family member or friend might try taking care of their loved one,

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: a family member or friend might try taking care of their loved one,

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: the disease starts spreading to other people within the same community.

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: infectious, contagious, rare, and in cases deadly diseases.

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: "quarantine"

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: "quarantine"

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: other people within the same community.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Death rates increase and the cure to the illness is non existent.

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: the disease starts spreading to other people within the same community.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: Death rates increase and the cure to the illness is non existent.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: immediate action taken from the government or approved medical personnel.

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: the cure to the illness is non existent.

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Death rates increase and the cure to the illness is non existent.

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: contagious,

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious,

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: vacciens,

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vacciens,

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: infectious,

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious,

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious, contagious, rare, and in cases deadly diseases.

text: To those in close contact with the dead, such as rescue workers, there is a health risk from chronic infectious diseases which those killed may have been suffering from and which spread by direct contact, including hepatitis B and hepatitis C, HIV, enteric intestinal pathogens, tuberculosis, cholera and others.

text: To those in close contact with the dead, such as rescue workers, there is a health risk from chronic infectious diseases which those killed may have been suffering from and which spread by direct contact, including hepatitis B and hepatitis C, HIV, enteric intestinal pathogens, tuberculosis, cholera and others.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: cholera

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: enteric intestinal pathogens

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: enteric

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: hepatitis C

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: enteric intestinal pathogens

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do when you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: enteric intestinal

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: tuberculose

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: HIV

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: enteric intestinal pathogen

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: HIV

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: chronic infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: chronic infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: enteric intestinal pathogens,

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: tuberculosis, cholera

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: hepatitis B and hepatitis C, HIV,

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: tuberculosis,

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: enteric intestinal

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: HIV, enteric intestinal pathogens,

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: cholera

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: HIV,

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: HIV,

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: enteric intestinal pathogens,

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: direct contact,

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: cholera

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: HIV,

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: cholera

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: To those in close contact with the dead,

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: those in close contact with the dead,

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: cholera

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: direct contact,

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: direct contact,

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: chronic infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: chronic infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: hepatitis B and hepatitis C,

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: enteric intestinal pathogens,

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: enteric intestinal

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: tuberculosis,

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: HIV,

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: enteric intestinal pathogens,

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogens,

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: HIV,

text: A pit latrine or pit toilet is a type of toilet that collects human feces in a hole in the ground. They use either no water or one to three liters per flush with pour-flush pit latrines. When properly built and maintained they can decrease the spread of disease by reducing the amount of human feces in the environment from open defecation. This decreases the transfer of pathogens between feces and food by flies. These pathogens are major causes of infectious diarrhea and intestinal worm infections. Infectious diarrhea resulted in about 700,000 deaths in children under five years old in 2011 and 250 million lost school days. Pit latrines are the lowest cost method of separating feces from people.

text: A pit latrine or pit toilet is a type of

text: toilet

text: that collects

text: human feces

text: in a hole in the ground. They use either no

text: water

text: or one to three liters per flush with pour-flush pit latrines. When properly built and maintained they can decrease the spread of disease by reducing the amount of human feces in the environment from

text: open defecation

text: . This decreases the transfer of

text: pathogens

text: between feces and food by

text: flies

text: . These pathogens are major causes of

text: infectious diarrhea

text: and

text: intestinal worm infections

text: . Infectious diarrhea resulted in about 700,000 deaths in children under five years old in 2011 and 250 million lost school days. Pit latrines are the lowest cost method of separating feces from people.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: flies

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Infectious diarrhea

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Infectious diarrhea

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Infectious diarrhea

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: flies

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: flies

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: infectious diarrhea

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: intestinal worm infections

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Which of the following is not a major cause of infectious diarrhea?

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which is not a type of toilet that collects human feces in a hole in the ground?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do if you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diarrhea and intestinal worm infections contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: strep throat

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Which is not a common infectious disease caused by protozoa?

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: flies

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Infectious diarrhea

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: worm

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: pit latrine

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: flies

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: intestinal worm infections.

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diarrhea and intestinal worm infections.

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: flies.

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious diarrhea and intestinal worm infections.

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious diarrhea and intestinal worm infections.

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diarrhea

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: flies.

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: flies.

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: flies.

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: infectious diarrhea and intestinal worm infections.

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: infectious diarrhea

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: flies. These pathogens are major causes of infectious diarrhea

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: flies.

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: infectious diarrhea and intestinal worm infections.

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: infectious diarrhea and intestinal worm infections.

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: intestinal worm infections.

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: A pit latrine

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: flies.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: flies.

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: infectious diarrhea and intestinal worm infections.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: flies.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: A pit latrine

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: intestinal worm infections.

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: intestinal worm infections.

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: flies.

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diarrhea

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: worm infections.

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: flies.

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: flies.

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: worm

text: Thus both infectious diseases and populations tend to evolve towards an equilibrium in which the common diseases are non-symptomatic, mild or manageably chronic.  When a population that has been relatively isolated is exposed to new diseases, it has no resistance to the new diseases (the population is "biologically naive").  These people die at a much higher rate, resulting in what is known as a "virgin soil" epidemic.  Before the European arrival, the Americas had been isolated from the Eurasian-African landmass.  The peoples of the Old World had had thousands of years for their populations to accommodate to their common diseases.

text: Thus both infectious diseases and populations tend to evolve towards an equilibrium in which the common diseases are non-symptomatic, mild or manageably chronic.  When a population that has been relatively isolated is exposed to new diseases, it has no resistance to the new diseases (the population is "biologically naive").  These people die at a much higher rate, resulting in what is known as a

text: "virgin soil" epidemic

text: .  Before the European arrival, the Americas had been isolated from the Eurasian-African landmass.  The peoples of the Old World had had thousands of years for their populations to accommodate to their common diseases.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: non-symptomatic

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: virgin soil

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: swine flu

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: new diseases

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: Insect

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Viral soil

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: "virgin soil" epidemic

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: What can be spread by pathogens?

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: What is a vector?

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Escherichia coli

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: what is known as a "virgin soil" epidemic

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you cover your mouth and nose with your hand?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: avoid contact with the vectors

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: mild or manageably chronic

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vaccine

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: viral

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: non-symptomatic, mild or manageably chronic.

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: new diseases,

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: "virgin soil"

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: "virgin soil"

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: chronic.

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: chronic.

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: non-symptomatic, mild or manageably chronic.

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: When a population that has been relatively isolated is exposed to new diseases,

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: a "virgin soil" epidemic.

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: a "virgin soil" epidemic.

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: chronic.

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: chronic.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: isolated is exposed to new diseases, it has no resistance to the new diseases

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: non-symptomatic, mild or manageably chronic.

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: When a population that has been relatively isolated is exposed to new diseases,

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: "virgin soil" epidemic.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: it has no resistance to the new diseases

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: the common diseases are non-symptomatic, mild or manageably chronic.

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: non-symptomatic, mild or manageably chronic.

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: chronic.

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: resistance

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: "virgin soil"

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: diseases,

text: The International Journal of Infectious Diseases (IJID) is an open-access, peer-reviewed monthly journal that serves to convey information on the epidemiology, clinical evaluation, diagnosis, treatment, and control of infections. The journal’s primary audience includes infectious disease researchers and clinicians throughout the world. The Journal seeks to enhance the reader's understanding of the medical and cultural factors that affect infectious diseases in different regions, particularly those of under-resourced countries. This approach provides insight into outbreak characteristics with the opportunity to prevent morbidity and mortality associated with infectious diseases.

text: The International Journal of Infectious Diseases (IJID) is an open-access, peer-reviewed monthly journal that serves to convey information on the

text: epidemiology

text: , clinical evaluation, diagnosis, treatment, and control of infections. The journal’s primary audience includes infectious disease researchers and clinicians throughout the world. The Journal seeks to enhance the reader's understanding of the medical and cultural factors that affect infectious diseases in different regions, particularly those of under-resourced countries. This approach provides insight into outbreak characteristics with the opportunity to prevent morbidity and mortality associated with infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: swine flu

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: The International Journal of Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: The International Journal of Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Escherichia coli

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: The International Journal of Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: The International Journal of Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do when you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: The International Journal of Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: The International Journal of Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: The International Journal of Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: control

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infections.

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infections.

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infections.

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infections.

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infections.

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: The International Journal of Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: morbidity and mortality associated with infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: mortality

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: infections.

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: The International Journal of Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: The International Journal of Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: The International Journal of Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: The International Journal of Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: The International Journal of Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: morbidity and mortality associated with infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: The International Journal of Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: infections.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: infections.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: The International Journal of Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: infections.

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: The International Journal of Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infections.

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infections.

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: infections.

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: morbidity and mortality

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infections.

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infections.

text: The establishment and spread of infectious diseases is a complex phenomenon with many interacting factors, e.g., the environment in which the pathogen and hosts are situated, the population(s) it is exposed to, and the intra- and inter-dynamics of the population it is exposed to. The role of mathematical epidemiology is to model the establishment and spread of pathogens. A predominant method of doing so, is to use the notion of abstracting the population into compartments under certain assumptions, which represent their health status with respect to the pathogen in the system. One of the cornerstone works to achieve success in this method was done by Kermack and McKendrick in the early 1900s.

text: The establishment and spread of infectious diseases is a complex phenomenon with many interacting factors, e.g., the environment in which the pathogen and hosts are situated, the population(s) it is exposed to, and the intra- and inter-dynamics of the population it is exposed to. The role of mathematical epidemiology is to model the establishment and spread of pathogens. A predominant method of doing so, is to use the notion of abstracting the population into compartments under certain

entity_name: Mathematical modelling of infectious disease

text: assumptions

text: , which represent their health status with respect to the pathogen in the system. One of the cornerstone works to achieve success in this method was done by Kermack and McKendrick in the early 1900s.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: AIDS

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: hosts

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: E. coli

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Influenza

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: What is the role of mathematical epidemiology?

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: the environment in which the pathogen and hosts are situated

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Escherichia coli

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: tetanus

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: genital herpes

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What is the role of mathematical epidemiology?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: doorknob

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: the environment in which the pathogen and hosts are situated

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vaccine

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: hosts

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: hosts

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: diseases

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: diseases

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: The establishment and spread of infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: The establishment and spread of infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: The establishment and spread of infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Kermack and McKendrick

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Kermack and McKendrick

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: The establishment and spread of infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: The establishment and spread of infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: The establishment and spread of infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: The establishment and spread of infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Kermack and McKendrick

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Kermack and McKendrick in the early 1900s.

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: hosts

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: mathematical epidemiology

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogens.

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogen

text: Unlike other kinds of infectious disease, which are spread by microbes, the infectious agent in TSEs is believed to be a type of protein, called the prion protein. Misshapen prion proteins carry the disease between individuals and cause deterioration of the brain. TSEs are unique diseases in that their aetiology may be genetic, sporadic, or infectious via ingestion of infected foodstuffs and via iatrogenic means (e.g., blood transfusion). Most TSEs are sporadic and occur in an animal with no prion protein mutation. Inherited TSE occurs in animals carrying a rare mutant prion allele, which expresses prion proteins that contort by themselves into the disease-causing conformation. Transmission occurs when healthy animals consume tainted tissues from others with the disease. In recent times, a type of TSE called bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) spread in cattle in an epidemic fashion. This occurred because cattle were fed the processed remains of other cattle, a practice now banned in many countries.

text: Unlike other kinds of infectious disease, which are spread by

text: microbe

text: s, the infectious agent in TSEs is believed to be a type of

text: protein

text: , called the

text: prion

text: protein. Misshapen prion proteins carry the disease between individuals and cause deterioration of the

text: brain

text: . TSEs are unique diseases in that their

text: aetiology

text: may be genetic, sporadic, or infectious via ingestion of infected foodstuffs and via

text: iatrogenic

text: means (e.g., blood transfusion). Most TSEs are sporadic and occur in an animal with no prion protein mutation. Inherited TSE occurs in animals carrying a rare

text: mutant

text: prion

text: allele

text: , which expresses prion proteins that contort by themselves into the disease-causing

text: conformation

text: . Transmission occurs when healthy animals consume tainted tissues from others with the disease. In recent times, a type of TSE called

text: bovine spongiform encephalopathy

text: (BSE) spread in

text: cattle

text: in an epidemic fashion. This occurred because cattle were fed the processed remains of other cattle, a practice now banned in many countries.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: microbes

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Infectious disease, which are spread by microbes, are spread by what?

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: prion

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: microbes

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: prion

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: BSE

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: TSEs

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: microbes

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do when you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: microbes

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: microbes

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vaccine

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: microbes

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious agent

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: prion

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious disease, which are spread by microbes,

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: microbes,

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: TSEs

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: TSEs

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: prion protein.

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: prion protein.

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: blood transfusion).

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: TSEs

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: TSEs

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: microbes,

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: healthy animals consume tainted tissues from others with the disease.

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: prion protein.

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Unlike other kinds of infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: bovine spongiform encephalopathy

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: prion protein.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: ingestion of infected foodstuffs

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: prion protein.

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: microbes,

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: microbes,

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: prion protein.

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Unlike other kinds of infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: bovine spongiform encephalopathy

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: microbes,

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: blood transfusion).

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: blood transfusion).

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: microbes,

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: prion protein.

text: An infectious disease is said to be endemic when it can be sustained in a population without the need for external inputs. This means that, on average, each infected person is infecting exactly one other person (any more and the number of people infected will grow exponentially and there will be an epidemic, any less and the disease will die out). In mathematical terms, that is:

text: An infectious disease is said to be

text: endemic

text: when it can be sustained in a population without the need for external inputs. This means that, on average, each infected person is infecting exactly one other person (any more and the number of people infected will

text: grow exponentially

text: and there will be an

text: epidemic

text: , any less and the disease will die out). In mathematical terms, that is:

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: endemic

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: endemic

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: external inputs

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: swine flu

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: swine flu

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: viral

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: cholera

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: endemic

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: endemic

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: external inputs

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: An infectious disease is said to be endemic when it can be sustained in a population without the need for external inputs

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Escherichia coli

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: tetanus and measles

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: endemic

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: when you cough or sneeze, you should cover your mouth and nose with your hand

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: an endemic disease

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: you can pick up the virus that causes the common cold

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: for at least 20 seconds

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: the number of people infected will grow exponentially

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: endemic

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: external inputs

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: external inputs

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: external inputs

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: endemic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious disease is said to be endemic

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: endemic

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: external inputs.

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious disease is said to be endemic

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: infected person

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: endemic

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: endemic

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: each infected person is infecting exactly one other person

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: each infected person is infecting exactly one other person

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: each infected person is infecting exactly one other person

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: each infected person is infecting exactly one other person

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: each infected person is infecting exactly one other person

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: each infected person is infecting exactly one other person

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: each infected person is infecting exactly one other person

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: each infected person is infecting exactly one other person

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: each infected person is infecting exactly one other person

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: each infected person is infecting exactly one other person

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: each infected person is infecting exactly one other person

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: each infected person is infecting exactly one other person

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: each infected person is infecting exactly one other person

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: external inputs.

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: external inputs.

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: external inputs.

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: external inputs.

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious disease

text: A gene for the normal protein has been identified: the PRNP gene. In all inherited cases of prion disease, there is a mutation in the PRNP gene.  Many different PRNP mutations have been identified and these proteins are more likely to fold into abnormal prion. Although this discovery puts a hole in the general prion hypothesis, that prions can aggregate only proteins of identical amino acid make-up.  These mutations can occur throughout the gene. Some mutations involve expansion of the octapeptide repeat region at the N-terminal of PrP. Other mutations that have been identified as a cause of inherited prion disease occur at positions 102, 117 & 198 (GSS), 178, 200, 210 & 232 (CJD) and 178 (Fatal Familial Insomnia, FFI).  The cause of prion disease can be sporadic, genetic, or infectious, or a combination of these factors. For example, to have scrapie, both an infectious agent and a susceptible genotype must be present.

text: A

text: gene

text: for the normal protein has been identified: the

text: PRNP

text: gene. In all inherited cases of prion disease, there is a

text: mutation

text: in the PRNP gene.  Many different PRNP mutations have been identified and these proteins are more likely to fold into abnormal prion. Although this discovery puts a hole in the general prion hypothesis, that prions can aggregate only proteins of identical amino acid make-up.  These mutations can occur throughout the gene. Some mutations involve expansion of the octapeptide repeat region at the N-terminal of PrP. Other mutations that have been identified as a cause of inherited prion disease occur at positions 102, 117 & 198 (GSS), 178, 200, 210 & 232 (CJD) and 178 (

text: Fatal Familial Insomnia

text: , FFI).  The cause of prion disease can be

text: sporadic

text: genetic

text: , or

text: infectious

text: , or a combination of these factors. For example, to have scrapie, both an infectious agent and a susceptible genotype must be present.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: CJD

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: an infectious agent

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: scrapie

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: scrapie

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: scrapie

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: parasite

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: scrapie

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: scrapie

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: scrapie

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Which of the following is not an infectious agent?

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which of the following is not a type of viral infection?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do when you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of scrapie: an infectious agent and a susceptible genotype?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious agent

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotic

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: scrapie

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious agent

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: prion

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: (Fatal Familial Insomnia,

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious,

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious,

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: scrapie,

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: scrapie,

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: scrapie,

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious,

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: infectious agent

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: scrapie,

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: scrapie,

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: scrapie,

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: scrapie,

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: infectious,

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: infectious,

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: scrapie,

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: scrapie,

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: A gene for the normal protein has been identified: the PRNP gene.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: sporadic, genetic, or infectious,

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: 198

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: infectious agent

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: infectious,

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: A gene for the normal protein has been identified: the PRNP gene.

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: scrapie,

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: scrapie,

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious,

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: scrapie,

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: scrapie, both an infectious agent and a susceptible genotype

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: infectious,

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious,

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: prion.

text: On April 10, Dr. Jim Hughes, the head of infectious disease at the CDC, confirming the warnings of Hong Kong health officials, claimed that he believed that SARS could no longer be eradicated in the Far East.  However, he remained hopeful that it could be prevented from spreading widely in North America.

text: On April 10, Dr. Jim Hughes, the head of infectious disease at the

text: CDC

text: , confirming the warnings of Hong Kong health officials, claimed that he believed that SARS could no longer be eradicated in the Far East.  However, he remained hopeful that it could be prevented from spreading widely in North America.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: SARS

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: SARS

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: SARS

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: SARS

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: SARS

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: SARS

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: SARS

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: SARS

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: SARS

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: SARS

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: SARS

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: SARS

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: SARS

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: what is the first place mentioned?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: what is the second to last word in the passage?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: SARS

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: CDC

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: SARS

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: SARS

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: North America.

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: SARS

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: SARS

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: SARS

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: SARS

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: SARS

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: SARS

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: SARS

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: SARS

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: SARS

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: North America.

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: SARS

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: SARS

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: SARS

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: North America.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: North America.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: SARS could no longer be eradicated in the Far East.

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: SARS could no longer be eradicated in the Far East.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: SARS could no longer be eradicated in the Far East.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: SARS could no longer be eradicated in the Far East.

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: SARS

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: SARS

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: SARS

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: CDC,

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: SARS

text: Jonathan Juliano has led research efforts in infectious diseases and genetics, with the goal of improving our understanding of how infections cause disease, how infectious agents evolve, and how the genetic diversity impacts our understanding of drug resistance. His work has focused on malaria; however he has worked with other agents as well. In particular, he is interested in understanding within host genetic diversity of malaria infections, as each infection may contain multiple genetically different parasite strains, and the impact of this diversity on drug and vaccine efficacy. His work in this area has called into question some of the current practices of how clinical trials for malaria are conducted. He has been the recipient of several awards including the Merle A. Sande/Pfizer Fellowship Award in International Diseases and the Terry Lee Award from the North Carolina Infectious Disease Society. He has also authored articles and a book chapter concerning the clinical care of malaria.Dr. Jonathan Juliano collaborates with Dr. Carla Cerami at the University of North Carolina and with Dr. Steve M. Taylor at Duke University School of Medicine.

text: Jonathan Juliano has led research efforts in infectious diseases and genetics, with the goal of improving our understanding of how infections cause disease, how infectious agents evolve, and how the genetic diversity impacts our understanding of drug resistance. His work has focused on malaria; however he has worked with other agents as well. In particular, he is interested in understanding within host genetic diversity of malaria infections, as each infection may contain multiple genetically different parasite strains, and the impact of this diversity on drug and vaccine efficacy. His work in this area has called into question some of the current practices of how clinical trials for malaria are conducted. He has been the recipient of several awards including the Merle A. Sande/Pfizer Fellowship Award in International Diseases and the Terry Lee Award from the North Carolina Infectious Disease Society. He has also authored articles and a book chapter concerning the clinical care of malaria.Dr. Jonathan Juliano collaborates with Dr.

text: Carla Cerami

text: at the

text: University of North Carolina

text: and with Dr.

text: Steve M. Taylor

text: at

text: Duke University School of Medicine

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: parasites

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: malaria

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: malaria

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: malaria

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: parasite

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: parasite

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: malaria

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: malaria

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: malaria

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Jonathan Juliano has led research efforts in infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: What is Schistosoma?

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Escherichia coli

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which of the following is not a human viral infection: tetanus, measles or malaria?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Which of the following is not a common human fungal infection?

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What does Jonathan Juliano's work have called into question?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: What does Jonathan Juliano's work have focused on?

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: What is the goal of Jonathan Juliano's research?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: strep throat

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: What does Jonathan Juliano's work focus on?

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: parasite

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: Pfizer

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vaccine

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasite

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious agent

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: parasite

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: malaria;

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: malaria;

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: malaria;

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: malaria;

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: malaria;

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: malaria;

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: parasite

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: malaria;

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: malaria;

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: malaria;

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: malaria;

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: malaria;

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: malaria;

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: malaria;

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: malaria;

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Jonathan Juliano has led research efforts in infectious diseases and genetics,

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: malaria;

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: malaria;

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: infections cause disease,

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: malaria;

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Jonathan Juliano has led research efforts in infectious diseases and genetics,

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: malaria;

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: malaria;

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious agents

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: drug resistance.

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vaccine

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: multiple genetically different parasite strains,

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infections

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: parasite

text: Dr. Eugene "Gene" Johnson is an American virologist who specializes in filoviruses like Ebola, and Marburg. Formerly of USAMRIID, the United States Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Disease, he is currently on staff at the Armed Forces Medical Intelligence Center. While at USAMRIID, Johnson coordinated the first efforts to identify the vector for Marburg virus in Kitum cave, Kenya. He also participated in the joint Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/USAMRIID containment of the 1989 Reston Ebola outbreak near Washington DC.

text: Dr. Eugene "Gene" Johnson is an American

text: virologist

text: who specializes in

text: filoviruses

text: like

text: Ebola

text: , and

text: Marburg

text: . Formerly of

text: USAMRIID

text: , the United States Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Disease, he is currently on staff at the

entity_name: National Center for Medical Intelligence

text: Armed Forces Medical Intelligence Center

text: . While at USAMRIID, Johnson coordinated the first efforts to identify the vector for Marburg virus in

text: Kitum cave

text: Kenya

text: . He also participated in the joint

text: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

text: /USAMRIID containment of the 1989

text: Reston Ebola outbreak

text: near

text: Washington DC

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: filovirus

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: filovirus

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: filovirus

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Ebola

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Ebola

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Ebola

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: filoviruses

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: filovirus

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Ebola

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Ebola

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Ebola

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Ebola

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which of the following is not a human viral infection: tetanus or measles?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What does Dr. Eugene "Gene" Johnson specialize in?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: vector

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: Prevention

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: filovirus

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: filovirus

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: filoviruses

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: filoviruses

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: filoviruses

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: filoviruses

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: filoviruses

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Ebola,

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: filoviruses

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: filoviruses

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Ebola,

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Ebola,

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Ebola,

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: filoviruses

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: filoviruses

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: filoviruses

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: filoviruses

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Marburg.

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Armed Forces Medical Intelligence Center.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: filoviruses

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: filoviruses

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: vector

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: filoviruses

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Armed Forces Medical Intelligence Center.

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: filoviruses

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: filoviruses

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: vector

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: filoviruses

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: Prevention/USAMRIID

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: filoviruses

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: filoviruses

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: filoviruses

text: Natural Resistance-Associated Macrophage Proteins (NRAMPs) are members of the Metal Ion (Mn-iron) Transporter (NRAMP) Family (TC# 2.A.55). The NRAMP family is a member of the large APC Superfamily of secondary carriers. Homologues of this family are found in various yeasts, plants, animals, archaea, and Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria termed "natural resistance-associated" macrophage proteins because one of the animal homologues plays a role in resistance to intracellular bacterial pathogens such as Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, Leishmania donovani and Mycobacterium bovis. The natural history of SLC11 genes in vertebrates has been discussed by Neves et al. (2011). Proposed to be a distant member of the APC Superfamily, several human pathologies may result from defects in NRAMP-dependent Fe or Mn transport, including iron overload, neurodegenerative diseases and innate susceptibility to infectious diseases.

text: Natural Resistance-Associated Macrophage Proteins (NRAMPs) are members of the Metal Ion (Mn-iron) Transporter (NRAMP) Family (TC# 2.A.55). The NRAMP family is a member of the large

text: APC Superfamily

text: of secondary carriers. Homologues of this family are found in various

text: yeast

text: s,

text: plant

text: s,

text: animal

text: s,

text: archaea

text: , and

text: Gram-negative

text: and

text: Gram-positive bacteria

text: termed "natural resistance-associated"

text: macrophage

text: proteins because one of the animal homologues plays a role in resistance to intracellular bacterial

text: pathogen

text: s such as Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium,

text: Leishmania donovani

text: and

text: Mycobacterium bovis

text: . The natural history of SLC11 genes in vertebrates has been discussed by Neves et al. (2011). Proposed to be a distant member of the

text: APC Superfamily

text: , several human pathologies may result from defects in NRAMP-dependent Fe or Mn transport, including iron overload, neurodegenerative diseases and innate susceptibility to infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: human

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: innate susceptibility to infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Mycobacterium bovis

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: Mycobacterium bovis

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: Macrophage

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Leishmania donovani

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Mycobacterium bovis

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Mycobacterium bovis

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Mycobacterium bovis

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: To answer the above question, the relevant sentence is: The NRAMP family is a member of the large APC Superfamily of secondary carriers.

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: What is the most common viral infection in humans?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do when you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: Mycobacterium bovis

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Which disease is caused by protozoa?

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: secondary carriers

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: Gram-negative

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: NRAMPs

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: intracellular bacterial pathogens

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium,

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: neurodegenerative diseases and innate susceptibility to infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: neurodegenerative diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: intracellular bacterial

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: Macrophage Proteins

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium,

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: neurodegenerative diseases

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium,

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium,

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Natural Resistance-Associated Macrophage Proteins

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium,

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: innate susceptibility to infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Leishmania donovani

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Natural Resistance-Associated Macrophage Proteins

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: innate susceptibility to infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium,

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: innate susceptibility to infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium,

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: 2.A.55).

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium,

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium,

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: secondary carriers.

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium,

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: Fe or Mn transport, including iron overload,

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: intracellular bacterial

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: bacterial pathogens

text: An important question in the field of immunology is how the immunosuppressive activity of regulatory T cells is modulated during the course of an ongoing immune response.  While the immunosuppressive function of regulatory T cells prevents the development of autoimmune disease, it is not desirable during immune responses to infectious microorganisms. Current hypotheses suggest that, upon encounter with infectious microorganisms, the activity of regulatory T cells may be downregulated, either directly or indirectly, by other cells to facilitate elimination of the infection. Experimental evidence from mouse models suggests that some pathogens may have evolved to manipulate regulatory T cells to immunosuppress the host and so potentiate their own survival. For example, regulatory T cell activity has been reported to increase in several infectious contexts, such as retroviral infections (the most well-known of which is HIV), mycobacterial infections (like tuberculosis), and various parasitic infections including Leishmania and malaria.

text: An important question in the field of immunology is how the immunosuppressive activity of regulatory T cells is modulated during the course of an ongoing immune response.  While the immunosuppressive function of regulatory T cells prevents the development of autoimmune disease, it is not desirable during immune responses to infectious microorganisms. Current hypotheses suggest that, upon encounter with infectious microorganisms, the activity of regulatory T cells may be downregulated, either directly or indirectly, by other cells to facilitate elimination of the infection. Experimental evidence from mouse models suggests that some pathogens may have evolved to manipulate regulatory T cells to immunosuppress the host and so potentiate their own survival. For example, regulatory T cell activity has been reported to increase in several infectious contexts, such as

text: retroviral

text: infections (the most well-known of which is

text: HIV

text: ), mycobacterial infections (like

text: tuberculosis

text: ), and various parasitic infections including

text: Leishmania

text: and

text: malaria

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: autoimmune disease

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: retroviral infections

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: leishmania and malaria

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: retrovirus

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: mycobacterial infections

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: HIV

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: HIV

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: HIV

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: immunosuppressive function of regulatory T cells

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: retrovirus

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Leishmania

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: context: While the immunosuppressive function of regulatory T cells prevents the development of autoimmune disease, it is not desirable during immune responses to infectious microorganisms

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: pathogens may have evolved to manipulate regulatory T cells to immunosuppress the host

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: pathogens may have evolved to manipulate regulatory T cells

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: immunosuppressive function of regulatory T cells

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: infectious microorganisms

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: immunosuppressive function of regulatory T cells

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: parasitic infections

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: mycobacterial infections

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: immunosuppressive

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: autoimmune disease,

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious microorganisms.

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Leishmania and malaria.

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: tuberculosis),

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Leishmania and malaria.

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: tuberculosis),

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: retroviral

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: parasitic infections including Leishmania

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: tuberculosis),

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: autoimmune disease,

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: autoimmune

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: infectious microorganisms.

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Leishmania and malaria.

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: infectious microorganisms.

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: HIV),

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Leishmania

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: infectious microorganisms.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: infectious microorganisms.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Leishmania and malaria.

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: infectious microorganisms.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: HIV),

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: the activity of regulatory T cells

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: elimination of the infection.

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Leishmania

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: autoimmune

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: tuberculosis),

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: immunosuppressive function of regulatory T cells

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious microorganisms.

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogens

text: Foot-and-mouth disease or hoof-and-mouth disease (Aphthae epizooticae) is an infectious and sometimes fatal viral disease that affects cloven-hoofed animals, including domestic and wild bovids. The virus causes a high fever for approximately two to six days, followed by  blisters inside the mouth and on the feet that may rupture and cause lameness.

text: Foot-and-mouth disease or hoof-and-mouth disease (Aphthae epizooticae) is an

text: infectious

text: and sometimes fatal

text: viral

text: disease

text: that affects

text: cloven-hoof

text: ed

text: animals

text: , including domestic and wild

text: bovid

text: s. The virus causes a high fever for approximately two to six days, followed by

text: blisters

text: inside the mouth and on the feet that may rupture and cause

text: lameness

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: viral

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: viral

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Foot-and-mouth disease

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Foot-and-mouth disease

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: foot-and-mouth disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: viral

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: wild bovid

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: foot-and-mouth disease

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: foot-and-mouth disease

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do if you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: b).

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why is foot-and-mouth disease contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: virus

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: viral

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotic

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vaccine

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: viral

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: viral disease

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: viral disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: viral

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Foot-and-mouth disease

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Foot-and-mouth disease

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Foot-and-mouth disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: viral

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: domestic and wild bovids.

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Foot-and-mouth disease

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Foot-and-mouth disease

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Foot-and-mouth disease

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Foot-and-mouth disease

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Foot-and-mouth disease

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Foot-and-mouth disease

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Foot-and-mouth disease

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Foot-and-mouth disease

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Foot-and-mouth disease

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: Foot-and-mouth disease

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Foot-and-mouth disease

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Foot-and-mouth disease

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: Foot-and-mouth disease

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Foot-and-mouth disease

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Foot-and-mouth disease

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Foot-and-mouth disease

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: epizooticae)

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: viral

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: Foot-and-mouth disease

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: Foot-and-mouth disease

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: viral

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: viral

text: Foodborne and infectious diseases can result in malnutrition, and malnutrition exacerbates infectious disease. Poor nutrition leaves children and adults more susceptible to contracting life-threatening diseases such as diarrheal infections and respiratory infections. According to the WHO, in 2011, 6.9 million children died of infectious diseases like pneumonia, diarrhea, malaria, and neonatal conditions, of which at least one third were associated with undernutrition.

text: Foodborne and infectious diseases can result in malnutrition, and malnutrition exacerbates infectious disease. Poor nutrition leaves children and adults more susceptible to contracting life-threatening diseases such as diarrheal infections and respiratory infections. According to the WHO, in 2011, 6.9 million children died of infectious diseases like pneumonia, diarrhea, malaria, and neonatal conditions, of which at least one third were associated with undernutrition.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: respiratory infections

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Foodborne

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: respiratory infections

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: diarrhea

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: diarrhea

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: malaria

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: malaria

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: foodborne

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: respiratory infections

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: undernutrition

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: respiratory infections

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: 6.9 million

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: Foodborne

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: malaria

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: malaria

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: malaria

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: respiratory infections.

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Foodborne

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: pneumonia, diarrhea, malaria,

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: respiratory infections.

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: diarrhea, malaria,

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: malaria,

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: Foodborne

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: malaria,

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Foodborne and infectious diseases can result in malnutrition,

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: pneumonia, diarrhea, malaria,

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: respiratory infections.

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Foodborne and infectious diseases can result in malnutrition,

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: malnutrition exacerbates infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: malaria,

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: diarrheal infections and respiratory infections.

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: malnutrition exacerbates infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: malnutrition exacerbates infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: 6.9 million children died of infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Foodborne and infectious diseases can result in malnutrition,

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: Foodborne

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: 6.9 million children died of infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: malnutrition exacerbates infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: malnutrition exacerbates infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: Foodborne

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: pneumonia, diarrhea, malaria,

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: nutrition

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Foodborne

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: malaria,

text: An individual may only develop signs of an infection after a period of subclinical infection, a duration that  is called the incubation period. This is the case, for example, for subclinical sexually transmitted diseases such as AIDS and genital warts.  Individuals with such subclinical infections, and those that never develop overt illness, creates a reserve of individuals that can transmit an infectious agent to infect other individuals. Because such cases of infections do not come to clinical attention, health statistics can often fail to measure the true prevalence of an infection in a population, and this prevents the accurate modeling of its infectious transmission.

text: An individual may only develop signs of an infection after a period of subclinical infection, a duration that  is called the

text: incubation period

text: . This is the case, for example, for subclinical

text: sexually transmitted disease

text: s such as

text: AIDS

text: and

text: genital warts

text: .  Individuals with such subclinical infections, and those that never develop overt illness, creates a reserve of individuals that can

text: transmit

text: an

text: infectious agent

text: to

text: infect

text: other individuals. Because such cases of infections do not come to clinical attention,

text: health statistics

text: can often fail to measure the true

text: prevalence

text: of an infection in a

text: population

text: , and this prevents the accurate

text: modeling of its infectious transmission

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: sexually transmitted diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: subclinical

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: sexually transmitted diseases

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: genital warts

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: genital warts

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: genital warts

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: sexually transmitted diseases

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: subclinical sexually transmitted diseases

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: genital warts

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: AIDS

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: AIDS

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: subclinical sexually transmitted diseases

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: subclinical sexually transmitted diseases

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: subclinical sexually transmitted diseases

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: subclinical sexually transmitted diseases

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: avoid the spread of germs

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: subclinical

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: incubation period

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: strep throat

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: incubation period

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious agent

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: sexually transmitted

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: AIDS

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: AIDS

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: sexually transmitted

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious agent

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: AIDS

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: subclinical sexually transmitted diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: subclinical sexually transmitted diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: AIDS and genital warts.

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: AIDS and genital warts.

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: AIDS and genital warts.

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: AIDS

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: subclinical sexually transmitted diseases

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: individuals that can transmit an infectious agent to infect other individuals.

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: AIDS and genital warts.

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: AIDS

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: AIDS

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: infectious agent to infect other individuals.

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: transmit an infectious agent to infect other individuals.

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: AIDS and genital warts.

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: AIDS and genital warts.

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: genital warts.

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: incubation period.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: transmit an infectious agent to infect other individuals.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: AIDS and genital warts.

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: transmit an infectious agent to infect other individuals.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: transmit an infectious agent to infect other individuals.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: incubation period.

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: AIDS and genital warts.

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: AIDS and genital warts.

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: transmit an infectious agent

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: sexually transmitted diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: AIDS and genital warts.

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: AIDS

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: infectious agent

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious agent

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious agent

text: There would be billions of disease carrying vectors, in the form of city residents, lying deceased in cities caused by the direct nuclear weapons effects alone, with the surviving few billion people spread out in rural communities living agrarian lifestyles, with the survivors therefore posing a way of living far less prone to creating the crowded slum living conditions required for infectious diseases to spread. Moreover, as reported in a paper published in the journal Public Health Reports, it is also one of a number of prevalent myths that infectious diseases always occur after a disaster in cities.

text: There would be billions of disease carrying

text: vectors

text: , in the form of city residents, lying deceased in cities caused by the direct nuclear weapons effects alone, with the surviving few billion people spread out in rural communities living agrarian lifestyles, with the survivors therefore posing a way of living far less prone to creating the crowded

text: slum

text: living conditions required for infectious diseases to spread. Moreover, as reported in a paper published in the journal Public Health Reports, it is also one of a number of prevalent myths that infectious diseases always occur after a disaster in cities.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: vectors

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: vectors

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: city resident

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: swine flu

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: nuclear weapons effects

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: chickenpox

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: vectors

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Escherichia coli

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: human viral infections

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What would be billions of disease carrying vectors

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: vectors

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vaccine

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: vectors

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: vectors

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: vector

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: city residents,

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: nuclear weapons

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: disease carrying vectors,

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: disease carrying vectors,

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: disease carrying vectors,

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Public Health Reports,

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: There would be billions of disease carrying vectors,

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: spread out in rural communities living agrarian lifestyles,

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: disease carrying vectors,

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: disease carrying vectors,

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: There would be billions of disease carrying vectors,

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: agrarian lifestyles,

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: vectors,

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: Public Health Reports,

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: nuclear weapons

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: vectors,

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: vectors,

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: vectors,

text: Xenodiagnosis is a diagnostic method used to document the presence of infectious disease microorganisms or pathogens by exposing possibly infected tissue to a vector and then examining the vector for the presence of the microorganisms or pathogens it may have ingested.

text: Xenodiagnosis is a

text: diagnostic method

text: used to document the presence of

text: infectious disease

text: microorganisms or

text: pathogen

text: s by exposing possibly infected

text: tissue

text: to a

text: vector

text: and then examining the vector for the presence of the microorganisms or pathogens it may have ingested.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: microorganisms

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: strep throat

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: ingested

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: E. coli

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: swine flu

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: chickenpox

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: microorganisms

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Xenodiagnosis

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Xenodiagnosis

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: tetanus

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Xenodiagnosis

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: protozoa

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: vector

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vaccine

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: microorganisms

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: vector

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: Xenodiagnosis

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Xenodiagnosis

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Xenodiagnosis

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Xenodiagnosis

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Xenodiagnosis

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Xenodiagnosis

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Xenodiagnosis

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Xenodiagnosis

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Xenodiagnosis

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: Xenodiagnosis

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Xenodiagnosis

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Xenodiagnosis

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: Xenodiagnosis

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Xenodiagnosis

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Xenodiagnosis

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Xenodiagnosis

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: vector

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: Xenodiagnosis

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: Xenodiagnosis

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: microorganisms or pathogens

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogens

text: Louis Pasteur was unable to find a causative agent for rabies and speculated about a pathogen too small to be detected using a microscope. In 1884, the French microbiologist Charles Chamberland invented a filter (known today as the Chamberland filter or the Pasteur-Chamberland filter) with pores smaller than bacteria. Thus, he could pass a solution containing bacteria through the filter and completely remove them from the solution. In 1892, the Russian biologist Dmitri Ivanovsky used this filter to study what is now known as the tobacco mosaic virus. His experiments showed that crushed leaf extracts from infected tobacco plants remain infectious after filtration. Ivanovsky suggested the infection might be caused by a toxin produced by bacteria, but did not pursue the idea. At the time it was thought that all infectious agents could be retained by filters and grown on a nutrient medium – this was part of the germ theory of disease. In 1898, the Dutch microbiologist Martinus Beijerinck repeated the experiments and became convinced that the filtered solution contained a new form of infectious agent. He observed that the agent multiplied only in cells that were dividing, but as his experiments did not show that it was made of particles, he called it a contagium vivum fluidum (soluble living germ) and re-introduced the word virus. Beijerinck maintained that viruses were liquid in nature, a theory later discredited by Wendell Stanley, who proved they were particulate. In the same year Friedrich Loeffler and Paul Frosch passed the first animal virus – agent of foot-and-mouth disease (aphthovirus) – through a similar filter.

text: Louis Pasteur

text: was unable to find a causative agent for

text: rabies

text: and speculated about a pathogen too small to be detected using a microscope. In 1884, the French

text: microbiologist

text: Charles Chamberland

text: invented a filter (known today as the

text: Chamberland filter

text: or the Pasteur-Chamberland filter) with pores smaller than bacteria. Thus, he could pass a solution containing bacteria through the filter and completely remove them from the solution. In 1892, the Russian biologist Dmitri Ivanovsky used this filter to study what is now known as the

text: tobacco mosaic virus

text: . His experiments showed that crushed leaf extracts from infected tobacco plants remain infectious after filtration. Ivanovsky suggested the infection might be caused by a

text: toxin

text: produced by bacteria, but did not pursue the idea. At the time it was thought that all infectious agents could be retained by filters and grown on a nutrient medium – this was part of the

text: germ theory of disease

text: . In 1898, the Dutch microbiologist

text: Martinus Beijerinck

text: repeated the experiments and became convinced that the filtered solution contained a new form of infectious agent. He observed that the agent multiplied only in cells that were dividing, but as his experiments did not show that it was made of particles, he called it a

text: contagium vivum fluidum

text: (soluble living germ) and re-introduced the word virus. Beijerinck maintained that viruses were liquid in nature, a theory later discredited by

text: Wendell Stanley

text: , who proved they were particulate. In the same year

text: Friedrich Loeffler

text: and Paul Frosch passed the first animal virus – agent of

text: foot-and-mouth disease

text: aphthovirus

text: ) – through a similar filter.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: germ theory of disease

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: a virus

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: rabies

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: rabies

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: aphthovirus

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: rabies

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: soluble living germ

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: Tobacco plants

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: foot-and-mouth disease

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: rabies

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: rabies

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Which happened first, Louis Pasteur was unable to find a causative agent for rabies and speculated about a pathogen too small to be detected using a microscope

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: aphthovirus

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which of the following is not a human viral infection: tetanus or measles?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: what is the first animal virus?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: What is the germ theory of disease?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Which happened first, the French microbiologist Charles Chamberland invented a filter or the Pasteur-Chamberland filter?

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: soluble living germ

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: germ theory

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: toxin

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: toxin

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: virus

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Beijerinck

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: virus.

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: virus.

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: rabies

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: rabies

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: foot-and-mouth disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: virus.

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: virus.

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: (aphthovirus)

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: rabies

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: rabies

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Beijerinck

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Beijerinck

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: agent of foot-and-mouth disease

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Beijerinck

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Beijerinck

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Martinus Beijerinck

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: Beijerinck

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Beijerinck

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Beijerinck

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: agent of foot-and-mouth disease

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Beijerinck

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Beijerinck

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Beijerinck

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: germ theory

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: germ theory

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: (soluble living germ)

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: filter

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: (soluble living germ)

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious agent.

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: contagium vivum fluidum

text: The rites of all religious faiths were claimed to be linked with spreading diseases. Jewish and Muslim circumcision was claimed to cause gangrene, leading to fatalities. The Orthodox tradition of mass kissing of icons, crucifixes and relics was treated with long discourses on how this spread infectious diseases. Communion using a shared chalice was also given such treatment. The same was true with regard to the sacrament of baptism. Full immersion baptism was alleged to lead to colds, influenzas and pneumonias, especially in infants and especially in the winter months, which sometimes led to fatalities. The overcrowding of churches was also alleged to result in spreading infectious diseases (never, however, did the propaganda also admit in the same context that the mass Soviet closure of churches or other institutions had resulted in the overcrowding).

text: The rites of all religious faiths were claimed to be linked with spreading diseases. Jewish and Muslim

text: circumcision

text: was claimed to cause

text: gangrene

text: , leading to fatalities. The Orthodox tradition of mass kissing of icons, crucifixes and relics was treated with long discourses on how this spread infectious diseases. Communion using a shared

text: chalice

text: was also given such treatment. The same was true with regard to the sacrament of baptism. Full immersion baptism was alleged to lead to colds,

text: influenza

text: s and

text: pneumonia

text: s, especially in infants and especially in the winter months, which sometimes led to fatalities. The overcrowding of churches was also alleged to result in spreading infectious diseases (never, however, did the propaganda also admit in the same context that the mass Soviet closure of churches or other institutions had resulted in the overcrowding).

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: What did the Orthodox tradition of mass kissing of icons, crucifixes and relics spread?

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: influenzas

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: colds, influenzas and pneumonias

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: colds, influenzas and pneumonias

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: pneumonias

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: influenzas

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: gangrene

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: influenzas

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Which of the following is not a pathogen: influenzas or pneumonias?

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: what was claimed to cause gangrene?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What was claimed to be linked with spreading diseases?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: religious faiths

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why was the Orthodox tradition of mass kissing of icons, crucifixes and relics treated with long discourses on how this spread infectious diseases?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: influenzas

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vaccine

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: viral

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: circumcision

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Full immersion baptism

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: colds, influenzas and pneumonias,

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: colds, influenzas and pneumonias,

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: colds, influenzas and pneumonias,

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: gangrene,

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: circumcision

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: influenzas and pneumonias,

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: circumcision

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: influenzas

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Full immersion baptism

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: circumcision

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: circumcision

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: influenzas and pneumonias,

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Jewish and Muslim circumcision

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Full immersion baptism

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: circumcision

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Full immersion baptism

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: kissing of icons, crucifixes and relics

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: Full immersion baptism

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: circumcision

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Jewish and Muslim circumcision

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Jewish and Muslim circumcision was claimed to cause gangrene,

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: diseases. Jewish and Muslim circumcision was claimed to cause gangrene,

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: baptism. Full immersion baptism

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: diseases.

text: In contrast, the diseases of poverty tend to be largely infectious diseases,  or the result of poor living conditions.  These include tuberculosis, asthma, and intestinal diseases.  Increasingly, research is finding that diseases thought to be diseases of affluence also appear in large part in the poor.  These diseases include obesity and cardiovascular disease and, coupled with infectious diseases, these further increase global health inequalities.

text: In contrast, the diseases of poverty tend to be largely

text: infectious disease

text: s,  or the result of poor living conditions.  These include tuberculosis, asthma, and intestinal diseases.  Increasingly, research is finding that diseases thought to be diseases of affluence also appear in large part in the poor.  These diseases include obesity and cardiovascular disease and, coupled with infectious diseases, these further increase global

text: health inequalities

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: obesity and cardiovascular disease

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: tuberculoses

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: tuberculose

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: obesity

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do when you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: tuberculosis, asthma, and intestinal diseases.

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: tuberculosis, asthma, and intestinal diseases.

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: tuberculosis, asthma, and intestinal diseases.

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: tuberculosis,

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: tuberculosis,

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: tuberculosis,

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: obesity and cardiovascular disease

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: tuberculosis,

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: tuberculosis, asthma, and intestinal diseases.

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: tuberculosis, asthma, and intestinal diseases.

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: tuberculosis, asthma, and intestinal diseases.

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: tuberculosis,

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: tuberculosis, asthma, and intestinal diseases.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: tuberculosis, asthma, and intestinal diseases.

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: tuberculosis, asthma, and intestinal diseases.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: tuberculosis, asthma, and intestinal diseases.

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: tuberculosis, asthma, and intestinal diseases.

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: tuberculosis,

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: asthma,

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: tuberculosis,

text: An analysis of the official data from the late 1980s showed that after worsening in the late 1970s and the early 1980s, the situation for adult mortality began to improve again.  Referring to data for the two decades ending in 1989-1990, while noting some abatement in adult mortality rates in the Soviet republics in the 1980s, Ward Kingkade and Eduardo Arriaga characterized this situation as follows:  "All of the former Soviet countries have followed the universal tendency for mortality to decline as infectious diseases are brought under control while death rates from degenerative diseases rise. What is exceptional in the former Soviet countries and some of their East European neighbors is that a subsequent increase in mortality from causes other than infectious disease has brought about overall rises in mortality from all causes combined. Another distinctive characteristic of the former Soviet case is the presence of unusually high levels of mortality from accidents and other external causes, which are typically associated with alcoholism."

text: An analysis of the official data from the late 1980s showed that after worsening in the late 1970s and the early 1980s, the situation for adult mortality began to improve again.  Referring to data for the two decades ending in 1989-1990, while noting some abatement in adult mortality rates in the Soviet republics in the 1980s, Ward Kingkade and Eduardo Arriaga characterized this situation as follows:  "All of the former Soviet countries have followed the universal tendency for mortality to decline as infectious diseases are brought under control while death rates from degenerative diseases rise. What is exceptional in the former Soviet countries and some of their East European neighbors is that a subsequent increase in mortality from causes other than infectious disease has brought about overall rises in mortality from all causes combined. Another distinctive characteristic of the former Soviet case is the presence of unusually high levels of mortality from accidents and other external causes, which are typically associated with alcoholism."

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: degenerative diseases

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: degenerative diseases

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unknown

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: degenerative diseases

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: degenerative diseases

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: worsening in the late 1970s and the early 1980s,

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: infectious diseases are brought under control while death rates from degenerative diseases

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: 1989-1990,

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: An analysis of the official data from the late 1980s

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: infectious diseases are brought under control while death rates from degenerative diseases

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: infectious diseases are brought under control while death rates from degenerative diseases

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: alcoholism."

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: degenerative diseases

text: Several human activities have led to the emergence of zoonotic human pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, protozoa, and rickettsia, and spread of vector-borne diseases, see also Globalization and Disease and Wildlife disease:

text: Several human activities have led to the emergence of

text: zoonotic

text: human pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, protozoa, and rickettsia, and spread of

text: vector-borne

text: diseases, see also

text: Globalization and Disease

text: and

text: Wildlife disease

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: vector-borne diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: rickettsia

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: rickettsia

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: rickettsia

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: vector-borne diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: parasite

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: protozoa

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: vector-borne diseases

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: vaccine-borne diseases

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: vector-borne diseases

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Schistosoma

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Escherichia coli

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: tetanus and measles

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: rickettsia

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: rickettsia

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: vector-borne diseases

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: strep throat

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: protozoa

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: vector

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: vector-borne diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vaccine

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: vector-borne

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: virus

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: zoonotic human pathogens,

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: viruses,

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: zoonotic

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: rickettsia,

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: vector-borne diseases,

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Wildlife disease:

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: zoonotic

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: rickettsia,

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: rickettsia,

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Wildlife disease:

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: viruses,

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: zoonotic human pathogens,

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: vector-borne diseases,

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: zoonotic human pathogens,

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: zoonotic human pathogens,

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: rickettsia,

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: zoonotic human pathogens,

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: vector-borne diseases,

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: zoonotic human pathogens,

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: zoonotic human pathogens,

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: zoonotic human pathogens,

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: zoonotic human pathogens,

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: zoonotic human pathogens,

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: zoonotic human pathogens,

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: vector-borne

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: zoonotic

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: rickettsia,

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: rickettsia,

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: zoonotic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: zoonotic human pathogens,

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: viruses,

text: Additionally, malnutrition and infectious disease have a synergistic relationship that can lead to spiraling health deterioration. According to Allen, the incidence of infectious disease does not vary significantly between MMM and adequately nourished populations, but the duration and severity of disease episodes is greater for MMM populations.  A key reason for this disparity is that infectious disease often results in poor food intake and nutrient absorption. Not only do sick people generally eat little, but what they do eat is often of minimal benefit due to nausea and diarrhea.

text: Additionally, malnutrition and

text: infectious disease

text: have a synergistic relationship that can lead to spiraling health deterioration. According to Allen, the incidence of infectious disease does not vary significantly between MMM and adequately nourished populations, but the duration and severity of disease episodes is greater for MMM populations.  A key reason for this disparity is that infectious disease often results in poor food intake and nutrient absorption. Not only do sick people generally eat little, but what they do eat is often of minimal benefit due to nausea and diarrhea.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: diarrhea

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: MMM

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: diarrhea

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: MMM

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: tetanus and measles

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: MMM

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do when you cough or sneeze

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotic

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: nutrient

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: malnutrition and infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: diarrhea.

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: diarrhea.

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: malnutrition and infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: malnutrition and infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: malnutrition and infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: adequately nourished populations,

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: malnutrition and infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: adequately nourished populations,

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: malnutrition and infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: nutrient absorption.

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: nutrient

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious disease

text: Although the final result of ultrasonic scalers can be produced by using hand scalers, ultrasonic scalers are sometimes faster and less irritating to the client. Ultrasonic scalers do create aerosols which can spread pathogens when a client carries an infectious disease. Research shows no difference in effectiveness between ultrasonic scalers and hand instruments. Of particular importance to dentists themselves is that the use of an ultrasonic scaler may reduce the risk of repetitive stress injury, because ultrasonic scalers require less pressure and repetition compared to hand scalers.

text: Although the final result of ultrasonic scalers can be produced by using hand scalers, ultrasonic scalers are sometimes faster and less irritating to the client. Ultrasonic scalers do create aerosols which can spread pathogens when a client carries an infectious disease. Research shows no difference in effectiveness between ultrasonic scalers and hand instruments. Of particular importance to dentists themselves is that the use of an ultrasonic scaler may reduce the risk of repetitive stress injury, because ultrasonic scalers require less pressure and repetition compared to hand scalers.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: aerosols

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: client

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: an infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: hand scalers

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: When a client carries an infectious disease, what can Ultrasonic scalers do?

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are pathogens contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: aerosols

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: aerosols

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Ultrasonic scalers do create aerosols

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: aerosols

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: ultrasonic scalers

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: repetitive stress injury,

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Ultrasonic scalers do create aerosols

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Ultrasonic scalers do create aerosols

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Ultrasonic scalers do create aerosols

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: ultrasonic scalers are sometimes faster and less irritating to the client.

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: ultrasonic scalers are sometimes faster and less irritating to the client.

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: ultrasonic scalers are sometimes faster and less irritating to the client.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: Ultrasonic scalers do create aerosols

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: ultrasonic scalers are sometimes faster and less irritating to the client.

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Ultrasonic scalers do create aerosols

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: Ultrasonic scalers do create aerosols

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: ultrasonic scalers are sometimes faster and less irritating to the client.

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: ultrasonic scalers are sometimes faster and less irritating to the client.

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Ultrasonic scalers do create aerosols

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: ultrasonic scalers

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: aerosols

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogens

text: Prions are infectious forms of proteins. In general, proteins fold into discrete units that perform distinct cellular functions, but some proteins are also capable of forming an infectious conformational state known as a prion. Although often viewed in the context of infectious disease, prions are more loosely defined by their ability to catalytically convert other native state versions of the same protein to an infectious conformational state. It is in this latter sense that they can be viewed as epigenetic agents capable of inducing a phenotypic change without a modification of the genome.

text: Prion

text: s are

text: infectious

text: forms of

text: protein

text: s. In general, proteins fold into discrete units that perform distinct cellular functions, but some proteins are also capable of forming an infectious conformational state known as a prion. Although often viewed in the context of

text: infectious disease

text: , prions are more loosely defined by their ability to catalytically convert other native state versions of the same protein to an infectious conformational state. It is in this latter sense that they can be viewed as epigenetic agents capable of inducing a phenotypic change without a modification of the genome.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Prions

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Prions

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Prions

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: Prions

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: prion

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: prion

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: prion

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: prions

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Prions

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: description

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: prion

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: tetanus

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: what should you cover your mouth and nose with your hand?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: prion

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: prion

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: epigenetic agents

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: Prions

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: prion

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: prions

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Prions

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: Prions

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: Prions

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Prions

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Prions

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Prions

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Prions

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Prions

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Prions are infectious forms of proteins.

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Prions are infectious forms of proteins.

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Prions are infectious forms of proteins.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: Prions

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Prions are infectious forms of proteins.

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: prions

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: Prions

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Prions are infectious forms of proteins.

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: prions

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: epigenetic agents

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: Prions

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: modification of the genome.

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Prions

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: Prions

text: Burnet Institute has particular expertise in infectious diseases (especially HIV, hepatitis viruses, influenza and malaria) and in understanding the immune responses to these infections. Their work also focuses on sexual health, drug and alcohol use, both in risky behaviours associated with infectious diseases and as major health problems in their own right. Translating new knowledge into tangible and practical health outcomes is also a major focus of the Institute.

text: Burnet Institute has particular expertise in infectious diseases (especially HIV, hepatitis viruses, influenza and malaria) and in understanding the immune responses to these infections. Their work also focuses on sexual health, drug and alcohol use, both in risky behaviours associated with infectious diseases and as major health problems in their own right. Translating new knowledge into tangible and practical health outcomes is also a major focus of the Institute.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: sexual health

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: influenza and malaria

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: malaria

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: malaria

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: malaria

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: HIV

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Schistosoma

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: hepatitis viruses

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: strep throat

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: HIV

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: HIV

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: HIV

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: HIV, hepatitis viruses, influenza and malaria)

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: influenza and malaria)

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: influenza and malaria)

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: malaria)

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious diseases (especially HIV, hepatitis viruses,

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: viruses,

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: hepatitis viruses, influenza and malaria)

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: HIV, hepatitis viruses, influenza and malaria)

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Burnet Institute has particular expertise in infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Burnet Institute has particular expertise in infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: HIV, hepatitis viruses, influenza and malaria)

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: malaria)

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Burnet Institute has particular expertise in infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: HIV, hepatitis viruses, influenza and malaria)

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Burnet Institute has particular expertise in infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: HIV, hepatitis viruses, influenza and malaria)

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Burnet Institute has particular expertise in infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: HIV, hepatitis viruses, influenza and malaria)

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: viruses,

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: HIV, hepatitis viruses,

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: drug and alcohol

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: malaria)

text: It is capable of causing infectious disease in humans

text: It is capable of causing infectious disease in humans

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: a virus

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: swine flu

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: strep throat

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: viral

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: rabies

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: chickenpox

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: The common cold can be spread by bacteria

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Schistosoma

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: E. coli

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: a virus

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: fungi

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Coughing and sneezing are infectious

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: c).

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: protozoa

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: a doorknob

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: The answer: soap.

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: protozoa

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: viral

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious disease in humans

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: It is capable of causing infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: It is capable of causing infectious disease in humans

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: It is capable of causing infectious disease in humans

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: It is capable of causing infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: It is capable of causing infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: It is capable of causing infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: It is capable of causing infectious disease in humans

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: It is capable of causing infectious disease in humans

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: It is capable of causing infectious disease in humans

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: It is capable of causing infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: It is capable of causing infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: It is capable of causing infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: It is capable of causing infectious disease in humans

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: It is capable of causing infectious disease in humans

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: It is capable of causing infectious disease in humans

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: It is capable of causing infectious disease in humans

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: It is capable of causing infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: It is capable of causing infectious disease in humans

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: It is capable of causing infectious disease in humans

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: It is capable of causing infectious disease in humans

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: It is capable of causing infectious disease in humans

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: It is capable of causing infectious disease in humans

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious disease

text: There are several conditions that favor disease development and spread.  Heart rot fungi, including P. pini, enter trees as mycelium or basidiospores through branch stubs, tree stumps, damaged roots, dead branches, and wounds in general and go on to infect the heartwood of the tree.  Fire and cutting operations cause the most common points of entry for the fungus.  Moist environments also facilitate fungal growth. Spores blown by the wind land and germinate on wounds, so in managed forests, care should be taken to prevent any injury to trees during harvest or other activities.  This disease is most common in the Pacific Northwest, where cool wet weather greatly facilitates the pathogen.

text: There are several conditions that favor disease development and spread.

text: Heart rot

text: fungi, including P. pini, enter trees as mycelium or basidiospores through branch stubs, tree stumps, damaged roots, dead branches, and wounds in general and go on to infect the heartwood of the tree.  Fire and cutting operations cause the most common points of entry for the fungus.  Moist environments also facilitate fungal growth. Spores blown by the wind land and germinate on wounds, so in managed forests, care should be taken to prevent any injury to trees during harvest or other activities.  This disease is most common in the Pacific Northwest, where cool wet weather greatly facilitates the pathogen.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: fungi

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Heart rot

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Heart rot

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: fungus

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Heart rot fungi

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: P. pini

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Which disease is most common in the Pacific Northwest?

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which of the following is not an example of a viral infection?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do when you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: basidiospore

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Heart rot

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotic

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: fungicide

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: basidiospore

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Heart rot fungi,

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Heart rot fungi,

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Heart rot fungi,

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Heart rot fungi,

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Heart rot fungi,

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Heart rot

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: Heart rot fungi,

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: fungi,

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Heart rot fungi,

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Heart rot fungi, including P. pini,

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Heart rot

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Heart rot fungi,

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Spores blown by the wind

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Heart rot fungi, including P. pini,

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Heart rot fungi, including P. pini,

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Heart rot fungi,

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Heart rot fungi, including P. pini,

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: Fire and cutting operations

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Heart rot fungi,

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Heart rot fungi,

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: Spores

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Moist environments also facilitate fungal growth.

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Heart rot

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Heart rot fungi, including P. pini,

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: basidiospores

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Heart rot

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: Heart rot fungi, including P. pini,

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: managed forests,

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Heart rot fungi,

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogen.

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: basidiospores

text: Throughout history, disease has been proven to cause  panic in societies when individuals are faced with something they cannot explain. This fear of disease and spread of panic dates back to many centuries ago, and continues into the 21st century with diseases such as AIDS, Ebola, H1N1, Zika and SARS.  Comparing Cohan’s idea of the ‘folk devils’ with disease as an epidemic plays the same role of spreading mass panic and fear concerning the spread of an infectious illness. This intense concentration on hygiene emerged, before the 20th century, with a medical belief referred to as miasma. The miasma theory, states that disease was the direct result of the polluting emanations of filth: sewer gas, garbage fumes, and stenches that polluted air and water, which results in an epidemic. The idea of cleanliness was a socially constructed belief that linked race, gender, and sexuality with ideas that made people feel uncomfortable.  It is argued that a moral panic is constructed when “patterns of behaviour, whether private or public, come to be selected by the mass media as a threat to the fabric of society.”

text: Throughout history, disease has been proven to cause  panic in societies when individuals are faced with something they cannot explain. This fear of disease and spread of panic dates back to many centuries ago, and continues into the 21st century with diseases such as

text: AIDS

text: Ebola

text: Zika

text: and

text: SARS

text: .  Comparing Cohan’s idea of the ‘folk devils’ with disease as an epidemic plays the same role of spreading mass panic and fear concerning the spread of an infectious illness. This intense concentration on hygiene emerged, before the 20th century, with a medical belief referred to as

text: miasma

text: . The

text: miasma theory

text: , states that disease was the direct result of the polluting emanations of filth: sewer gas, garbage fumes, and stenches that polluted air and water, which results in an epidemic. The idea of cleanliness was a socially constructed belief that linked race, gender, and sexuality with ideas that made people feel uncomfortable.  It is argued that a moral panic is constructed when “patterns of behaviour, whether private or public, come to be selected by the mass media as a threat to the fabric of society.”

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: AIDS

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: H1N1

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: H1N1

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Zika and SARS

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Zika

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: AIDS

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: AIDS

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: Zika

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Zika

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Zika

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Zika

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: H1N1

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Zika

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: H1N1

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: H1N1

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Zika

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: H1N1

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: Ebola

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious illness

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: AIDS

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: hygiene

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Ebola

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious illness

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: Ebola

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: AIDS,

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: AIDS, Ebola, H1N1, Zika and SARS.

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: AIDS, Ebola, H1N1, Zika and SARS.

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: AIDS, Ebola, H1N1, Zika and SARS.

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: AIDS,

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: Ebola,

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: filth:

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Ebola,

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: AIDS, Ebola, H1N1, Zika and SARS.

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: AIDS,

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: infectious illness.

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: AIDS, Ebola, H1N1, Zika and SARS.

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: AIDS, Ebola, H1N1, Zika and SARS.

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: AIDS, Ebola, H1N1, Zika and SARS.

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: AIDS, Ebola, H1N1, Zika

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: miasma.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: AIDS, Ebola, H1N1, Zika and SARS.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: AIDS, Ebola, H1N1,

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: disease was the direct result of the polluting emanations of filth:

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: H1N1,

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: miasma.

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: AIDS, Ebola, H1N1, Zika and SARS.

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: AIDS, Ebola, H1N1, Zika and SARS.

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: AIDS, Ebola,

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: AIDS,

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: AIDS, Ebola, H1N1,

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: hygiene

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: filth:

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious illness.

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: AIDS, Ebola,

text: An emerging infectious disease (EID) is an infectious disease whose incidence has increased in the past 20 years and could increase in the near future. Emerging infections account for at least 12% of all human pathogens. EIDs are caused by newly identified species or strains (e.g. Severe acute respiratory syndrome, HIV/AIDS) that may have evolved from a known infection (e.g. influenza) or spread to a new population (e.g. West Nile fever) or to an area undergoing ecologic transformation (e.g. Lyme disease), or be reemerging infections, like drug resistant tuberculosis. Nosocomial (hospital-acquired) infections, such as Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus are emerging in hospitals, and extremely problematic in that they are resistant to many antibiotics. Of growing concern are adverse synergistic interactions between emerging diseases and other infectious and non-infectious conditions leading to the development of novel syndemics.  Many emerging diseases are zoonotic - an animal reservoir incubates the organism, with only occasional transmission into human populations.

text: An emerging infectious disease (EID) is an

text: infectious disease

text: whose incidence has increased in the past 20 years and could increase in the near future. Emerging infections account for at least 12% of all human

text: pathogen

text: s. EIDs are caused by newly identified species or strains (e.g.

text: Severe acute respiratory syndrome

text: HIV/AIDS

text: ) that may have

text: evolved

text: from a known infection (e.g.

text: influenza

text: ) or spread to a new population (e.g.

text: West Nile fever

text: ) or to an area undergoing ecologic transformation (e.g.

text: Lyme disease

text: ), or be reemerging infections, like

text: drug resistant

text: tuberculosis

text: . Nosocomial (hospital-acquired) infections, such as

text: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

text: are emerging in hospitals, and extremely problematic in that they are resistant to many antibiotics. Of growing concern are adverse synergistic interactions between emerging diseases and other infectious and

text: non-infectious conditions

text: leading to the development of novel

text: syndemic

text: s.  Many emerging diseases are

text: zoonotic

text: - an animal reservoir incubates the organism, with only occasional transmission into human populations.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: EID

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: EID

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: emerging infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: West Nile fever

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Staphylococcus aureus

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: EIDs

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: animal

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: West Nile fever

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: HIV/AIDS

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: EIDs are caused by newly identified species or strains

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Many emerging diseases are zoonotic

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: EIDs are caused by newly identified species or strains

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: EIDs are caused by newly identified species or strains

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: human populations

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: EIDs

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: animal reservoir

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: emerging infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: zoonotic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: HIV/AIDS

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: emerging infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: known infection

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Emerging infections

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: drug resistant tuberculosis.

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: West Nile fever)

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: HIV/AIDS)

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: animal

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: West Nile fever)

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: HIV/AIDS)

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: influenza)

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: influenza)

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: zoonotic

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: reemerging infections, like drug resistant tuberculosis.

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: influenza)

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Lyme disease),

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: emerging infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: human populations.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: newly identified species or strains

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: animal reservoir incubates the organism, with only occasional transmission into human populations.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: influenza)

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: 12% of all human pathogens.

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: 12% of all human pathogens.

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: zoonotic

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Emerging infections

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics.

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: antibiotics.

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: zoonotic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: zoonotic

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: zoonotic

text: This disease is considered to be a zoonosis (an infectious disease that is naturally transmissible from vertebrate animals to humans), with the exception of Leishmania tropica — which is often an anthroponotic disease (an infectious disease that is naturally transmissible from humans to vertebrate animals).

text: This disease is considered to be a

text: zoonosis

text: (an infectious disease that is naturally transmissible from vertebrate animals to humans), with the exception of

text: Leishmania tropica

text: — which is often an

text: anthroponotic disease

text: (an infectious disease that is naturally transmissible from humans to vertebrate animals).

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: zoonosis

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: zoonosis

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Leishmania

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Leishmania

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Leishmania tropica

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Leishmania tropica

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: zoonotic

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Leishmania tropica

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Leishmania tropica

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Leishmania tropica

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Leishmania

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: zoonosis

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: leishmania tropica

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do if you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: zoonosis

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: anthroponotic

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: anthroponotic

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: Leishmania tropica

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: leishmania

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: anthroponotic

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: Leishmania

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: zoonosis

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: zoonosis

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: zoonosis

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Leishmania tropica

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Leishmania tropica

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Leishmania tropica

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: zoonosis

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: vertebrate animals

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Leishmania tropica

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Leishmania tropica

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Leishmania tropica

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: zoonosis

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: zoonosis

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: zoonosis

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Leishmania tropica

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Leishmania tropica

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Leishmania tropica

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: humans),

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Leishmania tropica

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: zoonosis

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: zoonosis

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Leishmania tropica

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Leishmania tropica

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Leishmania tropica

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: zoonosis

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: zoonosis

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: zoonosis

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: zoonosis

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: zoonosis

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: Leishmania

text: Increasing bacterial antibiotic resistance to other commonly used agents, such as fluoroquinolones and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, has led to increased interest in using nitrofurantoin. Several trials comparing nitrofurantoin to other commonly used agents have shown this drug results in similar cure rates for uncomplicated UTIs. The efficacy of nitrofurantoin in treating UTIs combined with a low rate of bacterial resistance to this agent makes it one of the first-line agents for treating uncomplicated UTIs as recommended by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the European Society for Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.

text: Increasing bacterial antibiotic resistance to other commonly used agents, such as

text: fluoroquinolones

text: and

text: trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole

text: , has led to increased interest in using nitrofurantoin. Several trials comparing nitrofurantoin to other commonly used agents have shown this drug results in similar cure rates for uncomplicated UTIs. The efficacy of nitrofurantoin in treating UTIs combined with a low rate of bacterial resistance to this agent makes it one of the first-line agents for treating uncomplicated UTIs as recommended by the

text: Infectious Diseases Society of America

text: and the European Society for Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: bacterial

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: bacterial

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: UTIs

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: UTIs

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: bacterial

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: UTIs

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: UTIs

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: UTIs

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: What is the common cold spread by?

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do when you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: bacterial

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotic

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: antibiotic

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: bacterial

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: bacterial

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: bacterial

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: UTIs.

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: UTIs.

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: bacterial

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: UTIs.

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: UTIs.

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: uncomplicated UTIs.

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: bacterial

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: bacterial

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: bacterial

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: nitrofurantoin.

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: UTIs.

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: UTIs.

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: nitrofurantoin.

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Increasing bacterial antibiotic resistance

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: UTIs.

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: UTIs.

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: nitrofurantoin.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: nitrofurantoin.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: UTIs.

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Increasing bacterial antibiotic resistance

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: UTIs.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: fluoroquinolones

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: uncomplicated UTIs.

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: UTIs.

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: bacterial

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotic

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: antibiotic

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: bacterial

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: Infectious Diseases.

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: bacterial

text: The germ theory of disease states that some diseases are caused by microorganisms. These small organisms, too small to see without magnification,  invade humans, animals, and other living hosts. Their growth and reproduction within their hosts can cause a disease. "Germ" may refer to not just a bacterium but to any type of microorganisms, especially one which causes disease, such as protist, fungus, virus, prion, or viroid. Microorganisms that cause disease are called pathogens, and the diseases they cause are called infectious diseases. Even when a pathogen is the principal cause of a disease, environmental and hereditary factors often influence the severity of the disease, and whether a particular host individual becomes infected when exposed to the pathogen.

text: The germ theory of disease states that some

text: disease

text: s are caused by

text: microorganism

text: s. These small organisms, too small to see without magnification,  invade humans, animals, and other living hosts. Their growth and reproduction within their hosts can cause a disease. "Germ" may refer to not just a

text: bacterium

text: but to any type of microorganisms, especially one which causes disease, such as

text: protist

text: fungus

text: virus

text: prion

text: , or

text: viroid

text: . Microorganisms that cause disease are called

text: pathogen

text: s, and the diseases they cause are called

text: infectious disease

text: s. Even when a pathogen is the principal cause of a disease, environmental and hereditary factors often influence the severity of the disease, and whether a particular host individual becomes infected when exposed to the pathogen.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: protist

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Germ

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: virus

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: prion

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: prion

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: prion

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: What is the germ theory of disease?

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: fungus

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: viroid

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: prion

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Microorganisms

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: prion, or viroid.

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: virus, prion, or viroid.

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: fungus,

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: some diseases are caused by microorganisms.

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: pathogen.

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: pathogens, and the diseases they cause are called infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: "Germ"

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: virus, prion, or viroid.

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: fungus,

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: pathogens, and the diseases they cause are called infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: humans, animals, and other living hosts.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: "Germ"

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: microorganisms.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: pathogens, and the diseases they cause are called infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: The germ theory of disease

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: "Germ"

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: virus, prion, or viroid.

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: viroid.

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: environmental and hereditary factors

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogens,

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogens,

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: prion, or viroid.

text: An infectious disease is caused by the presence of organisms such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites (either animalian or protozoan).  Most of these diseases can spread from cat to cat via airborne pathogens or through direct or indirect contact, while others require a vector such as a tick or mosquito. Certain infectious diseases are a concern from a public health standpoint because they are zoonoses (transmittable to humans). Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is a genetic relative of HIV.

text: An

text: infectious disease

text: is caused by the presence of organisms such as

text: virus

text: es,

text: bacteria

text: fungi

text: , or

text: parasite

text: s (either

text: animal

text: ian or

text: protozoa

text: n).  Most of these diseases can spread from cat to cat via airborne pathogens or through direct or indirect contact, while others require a

text: vector

text: such as a tick or mosquito. Certain infectious diseases are a concern from a

text: public health

text: standpoint because they are

text: zoonoses

text: (transmittable to humans).

text: Feline immunodeficiency virus

text: (FIV) is a genetic relative of

text: HIV

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: viruses, bacteria

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: zoonoses

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: bacterial

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: fungi

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: HIV

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: HIV

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: tick or mosquito

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which is not a vector such as a tick or mosquito?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do if you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: direct or indirect contact

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: vector

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vaccine

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasites

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: parasite

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: viruses,

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: cat to cat

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Feline immunodeficiency virus

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: viruses,

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito.

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: bacteria,

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: HIV.

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: HIV.

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: airborne pathogens

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: tick or mosquito.

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: (transmittable to humans).

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: HIV.

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: HIV.

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: An infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: tick or mosquito.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: parasites

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Most of these diseases can spread from cat to cat

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: airborne pathogens or through direct or indirect contact,

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: An infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: parasites

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: vector

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: airborne pathogens

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: tick or mosquito.

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: animalian or protozoan).

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: parasites

text: With the move to the ithree institute, Harry shifted some of her fundamental research focus on bacterial cell division toward bacteria that cause infectious disease, such as Staphylococcus aureus and Acinetobacter baumannii, and antibacterial discovery. Professor Harry has worked with industry in antibacterial discovery research for the development of novel antibiotics that target this process in pathogens, and to examine how natural products function as effective therapeutics for infectious disease.

text: With the move to the ithree institute, Harry shifted some of her fundamental research focus on bacterial cell division toward bacteria that cause

text: infectious disease

text: , such as

text: Staphylococcus aureus

text: and

text: Acinetobacter baumannii

text: , and antibacterial discovery. Professor Harry has worked with industry in antibacterial discovery research for the development of novel

text: antibiotics

text: that target this process in pathogens, and to examine how natural products function as effective therapeutics for infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Staphylococcus

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: bacteria that cause infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Acinetobacter baumannii

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: bacteria that cause infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: Acinetobacter

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Acinetobacter baumannii

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: bacteria that cause infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Staphylococcus aureus

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: bacteria that cause infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Schistosoma

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Staphylococcus aureus

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: bacteria that cause infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: bacteria that cause infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Staphylococcus aureus

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Staphylococcus aureus

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Staphylococcus aureus

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: Staphylococcus aureus

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Staphylococcus aureus

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: bacteria that cause infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Staphylococcus aureus

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: bacteria that cause infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: bacteria that cause infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Staphylococcus aureus

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: bacterial cell division toward bacteria that cause infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Acinetobacter baumannii,

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: ithree institute,

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: bacteria that cause infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Acinetobacter baumannii,

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: bacteria that cause infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: bacteria that cause infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: bacterial cell division toward bacteria that cause infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: novel antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Acinetobacter baumannii,

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: natural products

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Staphylococcus aureus

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogens,

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogens,

text: Hygiene is a concept related to cleanliness, health and medicine, as well as to personal and professional care practices related to most aspects of living. In medicine and in home (domestic) and everyday life settings, hygiene practices are employed as preventative measures to reduce the incidence and spreading of disease. In the manufacture of food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic and other products, good hygiene is a key part of quality assurance i.e.  ensuring that the product complies with microbial specifications appropriate to its use.  The terms cleanliness (or cleaning) and hygiene are often used interchangeably, which can cause confusion. In general, hygiene mostly means practices that prevent spread of disease-causing organisms. Since cleaning processes (e.g., hand washing) remove infectious microbes as well as dirt and soil, they are often the means to achieve hygiene. Other uses of the term appear in phrases including: body hygiene, personal hygiene, sleep hygiene, mental hygiene, dental hygiene, and occupational hygiene, used in connection with public health. Hygiene is also the name of a branch of science that deals with the promotion and preservation of health, also called hygienic. Hygiene practices vary widely, and what is considered acceptable in one culture might not be acceptable in another.

text: Hygiene is a concept related to cleanliness, health and medicine, as well as to personal and professional care practices related to most aspects of living. In medicine and in home (domestic) and everyday life settings, hygiene practices are employed as preventative measures to reduce the incidence and spreading of disease. In the manufacture of food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic and other products, good hygiene is a key part of

text: quality assurance

text: i.e.  ensuring that the product complies with microbial specifications appropriate to its use.  The terms

text: cleanliness

text: (or cleaning) and hygiene are often used interchangeably, which can cause confusion. In general, hygiene mostly means practices that prevent spread of disease-causing organisms. Since cleaning processes (e.g., hand washing) remove infectious microbes as well as dirt and soil, they are often the means to achieve hygiene. Other uses of the term appear in phrases including: body hygiene, personal hygiene,

text: sleep hygiene

text: mental hygiene

text: dental hygiene

text: , and

text: occupational hygiene

text: , used in connection with

text: public health

text: . Hygiene is also the name of a branch of science that deals with the promotion and preservation of health, also called hygienic. Hygiene practices vary widely, and what is considered acceptable in one

text: culture

text: might not be acceptable in another.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: disease-causing

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: disease-causing organisms

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: microbes

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: In general, hygiene mostly means practices that prevent spread of what?

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Hygiene

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: microbes

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: microbe

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: dental hygiene

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: hygiene mostly means practices that prevent spread

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: hygiene mostly means practices that prevent spread of disease-causing organisms

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: hygiene mostly means practices that prevent spread

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: hygiene mostly means practices that prevent spread of disease-causing organisms

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: hygiene mostly means practices that prevent spread of disease

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Hygiene

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: avoid contact with the vectors

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: In general, hygiene mostly means practices that prevent spread of disease-causing organisms

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: hygiene

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Hygiene

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: hygiene mostly means practices that prevent spread of disease

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: microbes

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: disease-causing organisms

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: pharmaceutical

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: microbes

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: microbes

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: disease-causing

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: disease-causing

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Hygiene

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: disease-causing organisms.

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious microbes

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: hand washing) remove infectious microbes

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: disease-causing organisms.

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: disease.

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious microbes

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: microbes

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: infectious microbes

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Hygiene

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: disease.

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: disease-causing organisms.

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Hygiene

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: hygiene mostly means practices that prevent spread of disease-causing organisms.

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Hygiene

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: disease.

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: what is considered acceptable in one culture might not be acceptable in another.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: hygiene mostly means practices that prevent spread of disease-causing organisms.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: hygiene mostly means practices that prevent spread of disease-causing organisms.

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: disease-causing organisms.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: infectious microbes

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: what is considered acceptable in one culture might not be acceptable in another.

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: hygiene mostly means practices that prevent spread of disease-causing organisms.

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: hygiene mostly means practices that prevent spread of disease-causing organisms.

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: disease-causing organisms.

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: hygiene mostly means practices that prevent spread of disease-causing organisms.

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: pharmaceutical,

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: cleaning processes (e.g., hand washing)

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: infectious microbes

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: microbes

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious microbes

text: For SPF eggs the specific pathogens are: Avian Adenovirus Group I,Avian Adenovirus Group II (HEV), Avian Adenovirus Group III (EDS), Avian Encephalomyelitis, Avian Influenza (Type A), Avian Nephritis Virus, Avian Paramyxovirus Type 2, Avian Reovirus S 1133,Avian Rhinotracheitis Virus; Avian Rotavirus; Avian Tuberculosis M. avium; Chicken Anemia Virus; Endogenous GS Antigen; Fowl Pox; Hemophilus paragallinarum Serovars A,B,C; Infectious Bronchitis - Ark; Infectious Bronchitis - Conn; Infectious Bronchitis - JMK;Infectious Bronchitis - Mass; Infectious Bursal Disease Type 1; Infectious Bursal Disease Type 2; Infectious Laryngotracheitis;  Lymphoid Leukosis A, B; Avian Lymphoid Leukosis Virus; Lymphoid Leukosis Viruses A,B,C,D,E,J; Marek's Disease (Serotypes 1,2, 3); Mycoplasma gallisepticum; Mycoplasma synoviae;  Newcastle Disease LaSota; Reticuloendotheliosis Virus; Salmonella pullorum-gallinarum ;Salmonella species;

text: For SPF eggs the specific pathogens are: Avian Adenovirus Group I,Avian Adenovirus Group II (HEV), Avian Adenovirus Group III (EDS), Avian Encephalomyelitis, Avian Influenza (Type A), Avian Nephritis Virus, Avian Paramyxovirus Type 2, Avian Reovirus S 1133,Avian Rhinotracheitis Virus; Avian Rotavirus; Avian Tuberculosis M. avium; Chicken Anemia Virus; Endogenous GS Antigen; Fowl Pox; Hemophilus paragallinarum Serovars A,B,C; Infectious Bronchitis - Ark; Infectious Bronchitis - Conn; Infectious Bronchitis - JMK;Infectious Bronchitis - Mass; Infectious Bursal Disease Type 1; Infectious Bursal Disease Type 2; Infectious Laryngotracheitis;  Lymphoid Leukosis A, B; Avian Lymphoid Leukosis Virus; Lymphoid Leukosis Viruses A,B,C,D,E,J; Marek's Disease (Serotypes 1,2, 3); Mycoplasma gallisepticum; Mycoplasma synoviae;  Newcastle Disease LaSota; Reticuloendotheliosis Virus; Salmonella pullorum-gallinarum ;Salmonella species;

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Marek's Disease

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Influenza

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Mycoplasma gallisepticum, Mycoplasma synoviae, Newcastle Disease LaSota

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Avian Tuberculosis M. avium

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Marek's Disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: Avian Tuberculosis M. avium

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: Fowl

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Hemophilus paragallinarum

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Fowl Pox

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Mycoplasma gallisepticum

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: It is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Escherichia coli

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: What are the most common viral infections in humans?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: What is the common human fungal infection?

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do when you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: The best way to prevent diseases spread by vectors to is avoid contact with the vectors

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Travelers diarrhea is generally caused by protozoa

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: Avian Influenza (Type A)

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: What is the proper way to wash your hands?

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Infectious Bronchitis - Ark

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: What is the most common infectious disease in humans?

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: virus

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Infectious Bursal Disease Type 1

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: Tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: SPF eggs

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Mycoplasma gallisepticum

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: Adenovirus

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Marek's Disease

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Salmonella pullorum-gallinarum

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Salmonella pullorum-gallinarum

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Salmonella pullorum-gallinarum

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Salmonella pullorum-gallinarum

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Marek's Disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: Reticuloendotheliosis Virus;

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: Avian Adenovirus

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Salmonella pullorum-gallinarum

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Fowl Pox;

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Reticuloendotheliosis

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Salmonella pullorum-gallinarum

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Avian Lymphoid Leukosis Virus;

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Salmonella pullorum-gallinarum

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Salmonella pullorum-gallinarum

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Salmonella pullorum-gallinarum

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Salmonella pullorum-gallinarum

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: Avian Lymphoid Leukosis Virus;

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Salmonella pullorum-gallinarum

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Salmonella pullorum-gallinarum

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: Salmonella pullorum-gallinarum

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Salmonella pullorum-gallinarum

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Salmonella pullorum-gallinarum

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Salmonella pullorum-gallinarum

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: Mycoplasma

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Lymphoid Leukosis

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: Endogenous GS Antigen;

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: Endogenous GS Antigen;

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Salmonella pullorum-gallinarum

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: Rotavirus;

text: The spread of Aedes mosquito-borne Zika virus has been implicated in increasing levels of congenital microcephaly by the International Society for Infectious Diseases and the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Zika can spread from a pregnant woman to her fetus. This can result in other severe brain malformations and birth defects. A study published in The New England Journal of Medicine has documented a case in which they found evidence of the Zika virus in the brain of a fetus that displayed the morphology of microcephaly.

text: The spread of

text: Aedes

text: mosquito

text: -borne

text: Zika virus

text: has been implicated in increasing levels of congenital microcephaly by the

entity_name: International Society for Infectious Diseases

text: International Society for Infectious Diseases

text: and the US

text: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

text: . Zika can spread from a pregnant woman to her fetus. This can result in other severe brain malformations and birth defects. A study published in The New England Journal of Medicine has documented a case in which they found evidence of the Zika virus in the brain of a fetus that displayed the morphology of microcephaly.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Zika virus

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Zika virus

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Zika virus

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Zika virus

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Zika

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Zika

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: Zika virus

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: Aedes

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Zika virus

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Zika

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Zika virus

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Zika

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Zika virus

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which of the following is not a human viral infection?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do if you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotic

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: Zika virus

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Aedes

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: Zika virus

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: Zika virus

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Zika virus

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Zika virus

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Zika virus

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: congenital microcephaly

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Zika virus

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Zika

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: Aedes mosquito-borne Zika virus

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito-borne

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Zika virus

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Zika virus

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Zika

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Zika virus

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Aedes mosquito-borne

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Zika virus

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Zika virus

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Zika virus

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: a pregnant woman to her fetus.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: Aedes mosquito-borne

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: The spread of Aedes mosquito-borne Zika virus

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: spread from a pregnant woman to her fetus.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: Zika virus

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: a pregnant woman to her fetus.

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: The spread of Aedes mosquito-borne Zika virus

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: The spread of Aedes mosquito-borne Zika virus

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: mosquito-borne

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: Disease Control and Prevention.

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Aedes mosquito-borne

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: Zika virus

text: Vectors may be mechanical or biological. A mechanical vector picks up an infectious agent on the outside of its body and transmits it in a passive manner. An example of a mechanical vector is a housefly, which lands on cow dung, contaminating its appendages with bacteria from the feces, and then lands on food prior to consumption. The pathogen never enters the body of the fly. In contrast, biological vectors harbor pathogens within their bodies and deliver pathogens to new hosts in an active manner, usually a bite. Biological vectors are often responsible for serious blood-borne diseases, such as malaria, viral encephalitis, Chagas disease, Lyme disease and African sleeping sickness. Biological vectors are usually, though not exclusively, arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, fleas and lice. Vectors are often required in the life cycle of a pathogen. A common strategy used to control vector borne infectious diseases is to interrupt the life cycle of a pathogen by killing the vector.

text: Vectors may be mechanical or biological. A mechanical vector picks up an infectious agent on the outside of its body and transmits it in a passive manner. An example of a mechanical vector is a

text: housefly

text: , which lands on cow dung, contaminating its appendages with bacteria from the feces, and then lands on food prior to consumption. The pathogen never enters the body of the fly. In contrast, biological vectors harbor pathogens within their bodies and deliver pathogens to new hosts in an active manner, usually a bite. Biological vectors are often responsible for serious

text: blood-borne disease

text: s, such as

text: malaria

text: viral encephalitis

text: Chagas disease

text: Lyme disease

text: and

text: African sleeping sickness

text: . Biological vectors are usually, though not exclusively,

text: arthropod

text: s, such as

text: mosquito

text: es,

text: tick

text: s,

text: flea

text: s and

text: lice

text: . Vectors are often required in the life cycle of a pathogen. A common strategy used to control vector borne infectious diseases is to interrupt the life cycle of a pathogen by killing the vector.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Chagas disease

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: a biological vector

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: parasites

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Lyme disease and African sleeping sickness

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Chagas disease

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Chagas disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: Biological

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: biological vector

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Chagas disease

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Chagas disease

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Chagas disease

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Which of the following is not an example of a mechanical vector?

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: biological

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: biological vectors

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: tetanus and measles

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: genital herpes

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Which of the following is not a type of vector?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Which of the following is not a biological vector?

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: A mechanical vector

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: strep throat

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: vector

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: blood-borne diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: killing the vector

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: arthropods

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Biological vectors are often responsible for serious blood-borne diseases,

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Biological vectors are often responsible for serious blood-borne diseases,

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Biological vectors

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Chagas disease, Lyme disease and African sleeping sickness.

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: African sleeping sickness.

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Lyme disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: biological

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: Biological

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: a housefly,

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: African sleeping sickness.

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Lyme disease

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: biological vectors

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: biological vectors

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: biological vectors

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: malaria, viral encephalitis,

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: malaria, viral encephalitis, Chagas disease, Lyme disease

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: biological vectors

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: killing the vector.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Biological vectors

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: biological vectors

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: mechanical vector is a housefly,

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: biological vectors

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: interrupt the life cycle of a pathogen by killing the vector.

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: biological vectors

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: Vectors

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Biological vectors are often responsible for serious blood-borne diseases,

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: killing the vector.

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: killing the vector.

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Biological vectors

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: Vectors

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: biological

text: Emory University is a global leader in Ebola research and treatment. The university was one of three institutions that successfully treated medical evacuees during the 2014 Ebola Outbreak. In 2015, the United States Department of Health and Human Services named Emory University the lead coordinating center for the National Ebola Training and Education Center (NETEC). The university will collaborate with the University of Nebraska Medical Center, the New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response on the program, which will receive $12 million in funding over the next five years.The program will support training of health care providers and facilities to manage Ebola and other emerging infectious diseases. Its objectives are to develop metrics to measure facility and health care worker readiness to care for Ebola patients, conduct assessments of state and regional Ebola Treatment Centers, create education materials related to care of patients with possible Ebola and other special pathogens and offer technical and training assistance to public health departments and health facilities. The university also received a $10.8 million grant over three years from the U.S. Department of Defense's Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) to lead a 10-institution national team developing improved therapeutics and vaccines for multiple strains of Ebola virus. In 2015, Emory received a three-year, $2.2 million grant from the CDC to prevent the spread of infectious diseases, including Ebola, in health-care facilities.

text: Emory University is a global leader in

text: Ebola

text: research and treatment. The university was one of three institutions that successfully treated

text: medical evacuees

text: during the

text: 2014 Ebola Outbreak

text: . In 2015, the

text: United States Department of Health and Human Services

text: named Emory University the lead coordinating center for the National Ebola Training and Education Center (NETEC). The university will collaborate with the

text: University of Nebraska Medical Center

text: , the

text: New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation

text: , the

text: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

text: and the

entity_name: Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response

text: Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response

text: on the program, which will receive $12 million in funding over the next five years.The program will support training of health care providers and facilities to manage Ebola and other emerging infectious diseases. Its objectives are to develop metrics to measure facility and health care worker readiness to care for Ebola patients, conduct assessments of state and regional Ebola Treatment Centers, create education materials related to care of patients with possible Ebola and other special pathogens and offer technical and training assistance to public health departments and health facilities. The university also received a $10.8 million grant over three years from the

text: U.S. Department of Defense

text: 's

text: Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency

text: (DARPA) to lead a 10-institution national team developing improved therapeutics and vaccines for multiple strains of Ebola virus. In 2015, Emory received a three-year, $2.2 million grant from the

text: CDC

text: to prevent the spread of

text: infectious diseases

text: , including

text: Ebola

text: , in health-care facilities.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Ebola

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Ebola

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Ebola

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Ebola and what?

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Ebola

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Ebola

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: Ebola

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: Ebola

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Ebola

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Ebola

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Ebola

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Which of the following is not a pathogen: Ebola, Ebola Treatment Centers, or Ebola?

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: What is Schistosoma?

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Ebola and other special pathogens

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which of the following is not a human viral infection: tetanus or measles?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Which is not a common human fungal infection?

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do when you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: How are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: What is the proper way to wash your hands?

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Which of the following is not a common infectious disease caused by protozoa?

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: Ebola

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vaccines

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: Ebola virus

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Ebola

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Ebola,

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Ebola,

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Ebola,

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Ebola

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: Ebola

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: Ebola virus.

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Ebola

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Ebola

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Ebola

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Ebola

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Ebola, in health-care facilities.

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Ebola, in health-care facilities.

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Ebola

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Ebola

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Ebola, in health-care facilities.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: health-care facilities.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: 2014 Ebola Outbreak.

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Ebola, in health-care facilities.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: Ebola, in health-care facilities.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: 2014 Ebola Outbreak.

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: improved therapeutics and vaccines

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Ebola, in health-care facilities.

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: Ebola

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: vaccines

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vaccines

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: special pathogens

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: Ebola

text: One way of proving that a given disease is "infectious", is to satisfy Koch's postulates (first proposed by Robert Koch), which demands that the infectious agent be identified only in patients and not in healthy controls, and that patients who contract the agent also develop the disease. These postulates were first used in the discovery that Mycobacteria species cause tuberculosis. Koch's postulates can not be applied ethically for many human diseases because they require experimental infection of a healthy individual with a pathogen produced as a pure culture. Often, even clearly infectious diseases do not meet the infectious criteria. For example, Treponema pallidum, the causative spirochete of syphilis, cannot be cultured in vitro - however the organism can be cultured in rabbit testes. It is less clear that a pure culture comes from an animal source serving as host than it is when derived from microbes derived from plate culture.Epidemiology is another important tool used to study disease in a population. For infectious diseases it helps to determine if a disease outbreak is sporadic (occasional occurrence), endemic (regular cases often occurring in a region), epidemic (an unusually high number of cases in a region), or pandemic (a global epidemic).

text: One way of proving that a given disease is "infectious", is to satisfy

text: Koch's postulates

text: (first proposed by

text: Robert Koch

text: ), which demands that the

text: infectious agent

text: be identified only in patients and not in healthy controls, and that patients who contract the agent also develop the disease. These postulates were first used in the discovery that

text: Mycobacteria

text: species cause

text: tuberculosis

text: . Koch's postulates can not be applied ethically for many human diseases because they require experimental infection of a healthy individual with a pathogen produced as a pure culture. Often, even clearly infectious diseases do not meet the infectious criteria. For example,

text: Treponema pallidum

text: , the causative

text: spirochete

text: of

text: syphilis

text: , cannot be

text: cultured

text: in vitro - however the organism can be cultured in rabbit

text: testes

text: . It is less clear that a pure culture comes from an animal source serving as host than it is when derived from microbes derived from plate culture.

text: Epidemiology

text: is another important tool used to study disease in a population. For infectious diseases it helps to determine if a disease

text: outbreak

text: is sporadic (occasional occurrence),

text: endemic

text: (regular cases often occurring in a region),

text: epidemic

text: (an unusually high number of cases in a region), or

text: pandemic

text: (a global epidemic).

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Mycobacteria species

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: spirochete

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: spirochete

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Mycobacteria

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Koch's postulates

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Koch's postulates can not be applied ethically

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: tetanus and measles

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Treponema pallidum

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: to satisfy Koch's postulates

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: strep throat

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Koch's postulates

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious agent

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Mycobacteria

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: spirochete

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: "infectious",

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: "infectious",

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Mycobacteria

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: tuberculosis.

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: tuberculosis.

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: tuberculosis.

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: Mycobacteria

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: Treponema pallidum,

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Mycobacteria species cause tuberculosis.

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: syphilis,

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: syphilis,

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Koch's postulates

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Koch's postulates

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Mycobacteria species cause tuberculosis.

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Koch's postulates

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Treponema pallidum,

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Koch's postulates

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: Koch's postulates

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Koch's postulates

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: patients who contract the agent also develop the disease.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: Koch's postulates

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Koch's postulates

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Treponema pallidum,

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Koch's postulates

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: microbes

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: "infectious",

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: tuberculosis.

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: culture.Epidemiology

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Mycobacteria

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: "infectious",

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: spirochete

text: Any inflammatory or infectious disease that reaches the brain can result in inducing seizures. the most common inflammatory or infectious diseases which cause seizures in cats include, Feline Infectious Peritonitis, Toxoplasmosis and Cryptococcus.

text: Any inflammatory or infectious disease that reaches the brain can result in inducing seizures. the most common inflammatory or infectious diseases which cause seizures in cats include,

text: Feline Infectious Peritonitis

text: Toxoplasmosis

text: and

text: Cryptococcus

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Cryptococcus

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Cryptococcus

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: fungi

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Toxoplasmosis

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Toxoplasmosis

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Toxoplasmosis

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: Cryptococcus

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: cat

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Toxoplasmosis

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Cryptococcus

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Viruses

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which of the following is not an inflammatory or infectious disease that reaches the brain?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do if you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: c).

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: iii.

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: Cryptococcus

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: Cryptococcus

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Cryptococcus

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: Cryptococcus

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: inflammatory or infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Toxoplasmosis and Cryptococcus.

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Toxoplasmosis and Cryptococcus.

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Toxoplasmosis and Cryptococcus.

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Toxoplasmosis

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: inflammatory or infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: cats

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Cryptococcus.

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Cryptococcus.

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Toxoplasmosis

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: inflammatory or infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Toxoplasmosis and Cryptococcus.

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Toxoplasmosis and Cryptococcus.

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Toxoplasmosis and Cryptococcus.

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Toxoplasmosis and Cryptococcus.

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Toxoplasmosis and Cryptococcus.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: Toxoplasmosis and Cryptococcus.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Cryptococcus.

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: inflammatory or infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: Any inflammatory or infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Toxoplasmosis and Cryptococcus.

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Toxoplasmosis and Cryptococcus.

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Cryptococcus.

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: inflammatory or infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: Cryptococcus.

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: inflammatory

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Toxoplasmosis and Cryptococcus.

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: Cryptococcus.

text: Although the prison was surrounded by forest, very little wood was allowed to the prisoners for warmth or cooking. This and the lack of utensils made it almost impossible for the prisoners to cook the main food they received, poorly milled corn flour. During the summer of 1864, Union prisoners suffered greatly from hunger, exposure and disease. Within seven months, about a third died from what was diagnosed as dysentery and scurvy; they were buried in mass graves, the standard practice by Confederate prison authorities at Andersonville. In 1864 the Confederate Surgeon General asked Joseph Jones, an expert on infectious disease, to investigate the high mortality rate at the camp. He concluded that it was due to "scorbutic dysentery" (bloody diarrhea caused by vitamin C deficiency). In 2010 the historian Drisdelle said that hookworm disease, a condition not recognized or known during the Civil War, was the major cause of much of the mortality.

text: Although the prison was surrounded by forest, very little wood was allowed to the prisoners for warmth or cooking. This and the lack of utensils made it almost impossible for the prisoners to cook the main food they received, poorly milled corn flour. During the summer of 1864, Union prisoners suffered greatly from hunger, exposure and disease. Within seven months, about a third died from what was diagnosed as

text: dysentery

text: and

text: scurvy

text: ; they were buried in mass graves, the standard practice by Confederate prison authorities at Andersonville. In 1864 the Confederate Surgeon General asked Joseph Jones, an expert on infectious disease, to investigate the high mortality rate at the camp. He concluded that it was due to "scorbutic dysentery" (bloody diarrhea caused by vitamin C deficiency). In 2010 the historian Drisdelle said that

text: hookworm

text: disease, a condition not recognized or known during the Civil War, was the major cause of much of the mortality.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Which of the following is not an infectious disease: dysentery, hookworm, or scurvy?

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: hookworm

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: scurvy

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: hookworm disease

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: hookworm disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: hookworm

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: hookworm

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: hookworm

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: hookworm disease

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: disentery

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Joseph Jones

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: disentery

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: hookworm disease

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why were the prisoners buried in mass graves?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: exposed

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: hookworm

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: hookworm

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vitamin C

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: hookworm

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: hookworm

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: hookworm

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: (bloody diarrhea caused by vitamin C deficiency).

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: hookworm

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: dysentery and scurvy;

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: hookworm disease,

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: hookworm

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: hookworm

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: hookworm

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: hookworm

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: hookworm disease,

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: hookworm disease,

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: hookworm disease,

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: hookworm disease,

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: hookworm disease,

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: hookworm disease,

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: hookworm

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: "scorbutic dysentery"

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: hookworm disease,

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: hookworm disease,

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: hookworm disease,

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: hookworm disease,

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: "scorbutic dysentery"

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: "scorbutic dysentery"

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: hookworm disease,

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: hookworm

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: vitamin C

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vitamin C

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: hookworm

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: hookworm

text: The National Microbiology Laboratory (NML) is part of the Infectious Disease Prevention and Control Branch of the Public Health Agency of Canada(PHAC), the agency of the Government of Canada that is responsible for public health, health emergency preparedness and response, and infectious and chronic disease control and prevention.

text: The National Microbiology Laboratory (NML) is part of the Infectious Disease Prevention and Control Branch of the

text: Public Health Agency of Canada

text: (PHAC), the agency of the Government of Canada that is responsible for public health, health emergency preparedness and response, and infectious and chronic disease control and prevention.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: PHAC

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: Microbiology

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Chronic disease

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Influenza

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: The National Microbiology Laboratory

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Escherichia coli

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Infectious Disease Prevention and Control Branch

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: The National Microbiology Laboratory

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: PHAC

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: The National Microbiology Laboratory

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: The National Microbiology Laboratory

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: PHAC

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Microbiology

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Infectious Disease Prevention and Control Branch of the Public Health Agency of Canada(PHAC),

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious and chronic disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious and chronic disease

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious and chronic

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious and chronic disease

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: Microbiology

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: Microbiology

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Disease

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: chronic disease

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: infectious and chronic disease

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Infectious Disease Prevention and Control Branch of the Public Health Agency of Canada(PHAC),

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Infectious Disease Prevention and Control Branch of the Public Health Agency of Canada(PHAC),

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Infectious Disease Prevention and Control Branch of the Public Health Agency of Canada(PHAC),

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: The National Microbiology Laboratory

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Public Health Agency of Canada(PHAC),

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: Infectious Disease Prevention and Control Branch of the Public Health Agency of Canada(PHAC),

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: The National Microbiology Laboratory

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Infectious Disease Prevention and Control Branch of the Public Health Agency of Canada(PHAC),

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: Infectious Disease Prevention and Control Branch of the Public Health Agency of Canada(PHAC),

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: The National Microbiology Laboratory

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Infectious Disease Prevention and Control Branch of the Public Health Agency of Canada(PHAC),

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Infectious Disease Prevention and Control Branch of the Public Health Agency of Canada(PHAC),

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: Microbiology

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: chronic

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: Microbiology

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Microbiology

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: Microbiology

text: It is possible to model the progress of most infectious diseases mathematically to discover the likely outcome of an epidemic or to help manage them by vaccination. This field tries to find parameters for various infectious diseases and to use those parameters to make useful calculations about the effects of a mass vaccination programme.

text: It is possible to model the progress of most infectious diseases mathematically to discover the likely outcome of an

text: epidemic

text: or to help manage them by

text: vaccination

text: . This field tries to find

text: parameter

text: s for various

text: infectious disease

text: s and to use those parameters to make useful calculations about the effects of a mass

text: vaccination

text: programme.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Influenza

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: viral

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: cholera

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: rabies

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: most infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Parameters for various infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: E. coli

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: tetanus

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: genital herpes

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Parameters

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: strep throat

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Parameters for various infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: vaccine

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vaccination

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: vaccination.

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: epidemic

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: most infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: It is possible to model the progress of most infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: It is possible to model the progress of most infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: vaccination.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: It is possible to model the progress of most infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: epidemic

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: It is possible to model the progress of most infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: vaccination.

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: epidemic

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: vaccination.

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vaccination.

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious diseases

text: The first large human social activities, trailed by major disease outbreaks that have been documented occurred by fecal-oral route . Contaminated food or water by fecal matter can cause devastating effects and spread with extreme rapidity. They are, of course, not the only types of infection that threaten large gatherings of people. Respiratory infections, sexually transmitted infections, and measles have all been measured as potential infections resulting from mass gatherings. Social gatherings that have been linked to outbreaks include the 1918 Great Pandemic, the Asian Flu Pandemic of 1957, a 1987 outbreak of multi-drug resistant shigellosis in North Carolina that infected over 50% of event attendees, a 1992 outbreak of Campylobacter in the UK, a 1993 Hepatitis A outbreak at a youth camp in Australia, two separate outbreaks  of meningococcal meningitis at the 2000 and 2001 Hajj, a 2008 influenza outbreak in Sydney, the 2009 H1N1 pandemic (which followed a large Easter gathering in Mexico) , . Rainey et al. (2016) identified a total of 72 mass-gathering related respiratory outbreaks between 2005 and 2014. Many of these outbreaks led to further outbreaks within the cities that infected individuals returned home to after the events. Particularly the epidemiological consequences of the Hajj are notable because of the range of dissemination that attendees have when they return from the pilgrimage. Infected individuals may return to their homes far from the source of the outbreak, and into communities that are especially vulnerable to a disease not characteristic of that community. Health response teams may be less equipped to manage the spread of the foreign pathogen, and the people may be less knowledgeable about risks and symptoms. Diseases such a tuberculosis have long incubation periods, which creates another obstacle since it separates the point of infection from the start of illness and therefore obscures the connection.Intervention and mitigation are possible for such large events, but involve very expensive and complex measures. Vaccinations are highly effective, but it is extremely costly to attempt to vaccinate large hordes of individuals. In a study of livestock populations, Hu et al., 2013 observed important patterns for vaccination efforts. When deaths from infection occur, or a method of culling is used, social networks will alter and individuals will spread out. Because of this, carefully designed vaccination efforts are significantly more effective and cheaper and must be implemented as fast as possible in order to contain the pathogen. Relatively new methods, such as tracking mobile phone data, have been used to glean information on effective strategies for containment in the situation of mass gatherings.Finger et al. (2016) state “human mobility is undisputedly one of the main spreading mechanisms of infectious disease”. In their study, cell phone data was used to track the migration of people for the Grand Magal de Touba, a religious pilgrimage event that occurs in Senegal. Figure 6 illustrates the findings of this study and identifies areas that are paramount for targeting in an epidemiological prevention effort.

text: Hajj

text: are notable because of the range of dissemination that attendees have when they return from the pilgrimage. Infected individuals may return to their homes far from the source of the outbreak, and into communities that are especially vulnerable to a disease not characteristic of that community. Health response teams may be less equipped to manage the spread of the foreign pathogen, and the people may be less knowledgeable about risks and symptoms. Diseases such a

text: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: sexually transmitted

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Respiratory

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: fecal

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: The common cold can be spread by pathogens

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Campylobacter

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unspecified

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Respiratory infections

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: multi-drug

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: Vaccinations

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Campylobacter

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: H1N1

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: communities that are especially vulnerable to a disease not characteristic of that community.

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Respiratory infections,

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Respiratory infections, sexually transmitted infections, and measles

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: foreign

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: fecal matter

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Campylobacter

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Mexico),.

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: foreign pathogen,

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Hajj

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Respiratory infections, sexually transmitted infections, and measles

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Campylobacter

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: 72 mass-gathering related respiratory outbreaks between 2005 and 2014.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: fecal-oral route.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: a disease not characteristic of that community.

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Contaminated food or water by fecal matter

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: influenza outbreak in Sydney, the 2009 H1N1

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: 72 mass-gathering related respiratory outbreaks between 2005 and 2014.

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: 72 mass-gathering related respiratory outbreaks

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: 72 mass-gathering related respiratory outbreaks

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: sexually transmitted infections,

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: multi-drug resistant

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: Vaccinations

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: foreign pathogen,

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogen,

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: tuberculosis

text: Research can be broken into two key areas: inherited disease and infectious disease. Inherited disease research includes genetics, oncology and stem cell. Infectious disease includes bacteriology, virology, immunology and equine epidemiology and disease surveillance.

text: Research can be broken into two key areas: inherited disease and infectious disease. Inherited disease research includes genetics, oncology and stem cell. Infectious disease includes bacteriology, virology, immunology and equine epidemiology and disease surveillance.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: inherited disease

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: virology

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: virology

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: equine

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: bacteriology

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: inherited disease

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: virology

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Virology

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: virology

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: Infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: virology

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: immunology

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: virology

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: virology

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: inherited disease

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: virology, immunology and equine

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: bacteriology,

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: inherited disease

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: bacteriology, virology,

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: Infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: bacteriology, virology, immunology

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: Infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: equine epidemiology and disease surveillance.

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: Infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: immunology

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: immunology

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: oncology and stem cell.

text: Among the many varieties of microorganisms, relatively few cause disease in otherwise healthy individuals. Infectious disease results from the interplay between those few pathogens and the defenses of the hosts they infect. The appearance and severity of disease resulting from any pathogen, depends upon the ability of that pathogen to damage the host as well as the ability of the host to resist the pathogen. However a host's immune system can also cause damage to the host itself in an attempt to control the infection. Clinicians therefore classify infectious microorganisms or microbes according to the status of host defenses - either as primary pathogens or as opportunistic pathogens:

text: Among the many varieties of

text: microorganisms

text: , relatively few cause disease in otherwise healthy individuals. Infectious disease results from the interplay between those few

text: pathogen

text: s and the defenses of the hosts they infect. The appearance and severity of disease resulting from any pathogen, depends upon the ability of that pathogen to damage the host as well as the ability of the host to resist the pathogen. However a host's immune system can also cause damage to the host itself in an attempt to control the infection. Clinicians therefore classify infectious microorganisms or microbes according to the status of host defenses - either as primary pathogens or as

text: opportunistic pathogens

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: opportunistic

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: primary pathogens

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: primary pathogens

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: primary pathogens

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: tetanus

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Context: Among the many varieties of microorganisms, relatively few cause disease

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: the vectors

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: primary pathogens

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: primary pathogens

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: primary pathogens or as opportunistic pathogens:

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: opportunistic

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: microorganisms,

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: opportunistic pathogens:

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Among the many varieties of microorganisms,

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: opportunistic pathogens:

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: opportunistic pathogens:

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: relatively few cause disease in otherwise healthy individuals.

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Among the many varieties of microorganisms,

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: opportunistic pathogens:

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: opportunistic pathogens:

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: Infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: opportunistic pathogens:

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: hosts they infect.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: Among the many varieties of microorganisms,

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Among the many varieties of microorganisms,

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: opportunistic pathogens:

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: opportunistic pathogens:

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: depends upon the ability of that pathogen to damage the host

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: opportunistic pathogens:

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: immune system

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: opportunistic pathogens:

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: Infectious disease results from the interplay between those few pathogens

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: opportunistic pathogens:

text: In addition to eHealth, his current interests include preventable infectious diseases (particularly HIV/AIDS), diseases of an ageing population, and pandemics. Behbehani has worked with the Japanese government to develop Japan’s initiative in the fight against infectious and parasitic diseases, which was brought to the Kyushu-Okinawa G8 Summit in July 2000 by the then Prime Minister Ryutaro Hashimoto.

text: In addition to

text: eHealth

text: , his current interests include preventable infectious diseases (particularly

text: HIV/AIDS

text: ), diseases of an ageing population, and

text: pandemics

text: . Behbehani has worked with the Japanese government to develop Japan’s initiative in the fight against

text: infectious

text: and

text: parasitic diseases

text: , which was brought to the Kyushu-Okinawa

text: G8 Summit

text: in July 2000 by the then Prime Minister

text: Ryutaro Hashimoto

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: HIV/AIDS

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: HIV/AIDS

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: HIV/AIDS

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: HIV/AIDS

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: HIV/AIDS

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: HIV

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: parasite

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: HIV/AIDS

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: HIV/AIDS

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: HIV/AIDS

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Parasites

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: HIV/AIDS

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: HIV/AIDS

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you cover your mouth and nose with your hand?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: parasitic diseases

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: HIV/AIDS

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: HIV/AIDS

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: HIV/AIDS

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: parasitic diseases,

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: HIV/AIDS),

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: HIV/AIDS),

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: HIV/AIDS),

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: HIV/AIDS),

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: HIV/AIDS),

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: HIV/AIDS),

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: HIV/AIDS),

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: parasitic diseases,

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: HIV/AIDS),

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: HIV/AIDS),

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: HIV/AIDS),

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: HIV/AIDS),

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Kyushu-Okinawa G8 Summit in July 2000

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: HIV/AIDS),

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: parasitic diseases,

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: infectious and parasitic diseases,

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: HIV/AIDS),

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: G8 Summit in July 2000

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: parasitic diseases,

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: HIV/AIDS),

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: HIV/AIDS),

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: parasitic

text: No prize was awarded in 1921. Carlos Chagas, who had already been nominated in 1913 and was the recipient of several international awards at the time, was among the nominees. His failure in receiving the award has generated controversy, especially in his homeland, Brazil, proved that Chagas is responsible for one of the most important achievements in the history of parasitology: Chagas alone discovered a new infectious disease, Chagas disease, its pathogen, vector, host, clinical manifestation and epidemology, first describing it in 1909. According to historian Sierra Iglesias, the Nobel Assembly retrieved for Brazilian health authorities’ advice as to Chagas's being worthy the award and received unfavorable answers. It is known that Chagas had several adversaries inside Brazilian governmental health organizations, mainly due to intellectual rivalries; however, Iglesias offers no proof to her claims. It seems substantially more likely that Chagas's not receiving the award was due to the Nobel Committee inability in recognizing the value of Chagas’s findings.

text: No prize was awarded in

text: Carlos Chagas

text: , who had already been nominated in

text: and was the recipient of several international awards at the time, was among the nominees. His failure in receiving the award has generated controversy, especially in his homeland,

text: Brazil

text: , proved that Chagas is responsible for one of the most important achievements in the history of

text: parasitology

text: : Chagas alone discovered a new

text: infectious disease

text: Chagas disease

text: , its

text: pathogen

text: vector

text: host

text: , clinical manifestation and

text: epidemology

text: , first describing it in

text: . According to historian Sierra Iglesias, the

text: Nobel Assembly

text: retrieved for Brazilian health authorities’ advice as to Chagas's being worthy the award and received unfavorable answers. It is known that Chagas had several adversaries inside Brazilian governmental health organizations, mainly due to intellectual rivalries; however, Iglesias offers no proof to her claims. It seems substantially more likely that Chagas's not receiving the award was due to the Nobel Committee inability in recognizing the value of Chagas’s findings.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Chagas disease

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Chagas disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: parasites

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Chagas disease

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Chagas disease

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Chagas disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: parasitology

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: host

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Chagas disease

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Chagas disease

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Chagas disease

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Chagas disease

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Chagas alone discovered a new infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Chagas disease

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Chagas disease

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why is Chagas disease contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: unknown

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: vector

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: Parasite

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: Chagas disease

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Chagas disease,

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: parasitology:

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Chagas disease,

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Chagas disease,

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Chagas disease,

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: parasitology:

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: host,

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Chagas disease,

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Chagas disease,

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Chagas disease,

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Chagas disease,

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Chagas disease,

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Carlos Chagas, who had already been nominated in 1913

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: No prize was awarded in 1921.

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Chagas disease,

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: No prize was awarded in 1921.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: No prize was awarded in 1921.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Chagas disease,

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: vector, host,

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: Chagas disease,

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: No prize was awarded in 1921.

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Chagas disease,

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Chagas disease,

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: vector,

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Chagas disease,

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: No prize was awarded in 1921.

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vector, host,

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasitology:

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogen,

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogen,

text: M. gallisepticum causes respiratory disease and weakens the immune system which makes the bird vulnerable to any disease that they come into contact with. Small bubbles will appear in the corners of the eyes and sinuses will swell up. Once infected, they are carriers for the disease for life. Some birds have good resistance to the disease while others may die; some become ill and recover and others may not show any symptoms at all. There is currently no risk to humans.  For domestic animals, there is a high concern and there should be a prevention of any interaction between wild birds and domestic poultry. Wild bird species affected by the disease are infectious and are often found in close contact with domestic species.

text: M. gallisepticum causes respiratory disease and weakens the immune system which makes the bird vulnerable to any disease that they come into contact with. Small bubbles will appear in the corners of the eyes and sinuses will swell up. Once infected, they are carriers for the disease for life. Some birds have good resistance to the disease while others may die; some become ill and recover and others may not show any symptoms at all. There is currently no risk to humans.  For domestic animals, there is a high concern and there should be a prevention of any interaction between wild birds and domestic poultry. Wild bird species affected by the disease are infectious and are often found in close contact with domestic species.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: M. gallisepticum

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: no risk to humans

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: respiratory disease

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: M. gallisepticum

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: respiratory disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: bird

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: gallisepticum

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: no risk to humans

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: M. gallisepticum

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do if you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why is M. gallisepticum contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: once infected

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: carrier

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: the bird vulnerable to

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: _

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: carrier

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: M. gallisepticum

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: wild birds and domestic poultry.

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: M. gallisepticum causes respiratory disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: no risk to humans.

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: respiratory disease

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: M. gallisepticum causes respiratory disease

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: M. gallisepticum

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: M. gallisepticum

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: wild birds

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: M. gallisepticum

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: M. gallisepticum

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: no risk to humans.

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: M. gallisepticum

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: no risk to humans.

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: no risk to humans.

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: no risk to humans.

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: no risk to humans.

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: humans.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: humans.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: M. gallisepticum

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Once infected, they are carriers for the disease for life.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: M. gallisepticum

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: humans.

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: M. gallisepticum

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: M. gallisepticum

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: carriers

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: vulnerable to any disease that they come into contact with.

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: humans.

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: immune system

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: M. gallisepticum

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: any disease

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: M. gallisepticum

text: Clinical Infectious Diseases is a peer-reviewed medical journal published by Oxford University Press covering research on the pathogenesis, clinical investigation, medical microbiology, diagnosis, immune mechanisms, and treatment of diseases caused by infectious agents. It includes articles on antimicrobial resistance, bioterrorism, emerging infections, food safety, hospital epidemiology, and HIV/AIDS. It also features highly focused brief reports, review articles, editorials, commentaries, and supplements. The journal is published on behalf of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

text: Clinical Infectious Diseases is a

text: peer-reviewed

text: medical journal

text: published by

text: Oxford University Press

text: covering research on the

text: pathogenesis

text: , clinical investigation, medical

text: microbiology

text: diagnosis

text: immune

text: mechanisms, and treatment of diseases caused by infectious agents. It includes articles on

text: antimicrobial resistance

text: bioterrorism

text: , emerging

text: infections

text: food safety

text: , hospital

text: epidemiology

text: , and

text: HIV/AIDS

text: . It also features highly focused brief reports, review articles, editorials, commentaries, and supplements. The journal is published on behalf of the

text: Infectious Diseases Society of America

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: pathogenesis

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious agents

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: HIV/AIDS

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: HIV/AIDS

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious agents

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: infectious agent

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: HIV/AIDS

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: HIV/AIDS

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: HIV/AIDS

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Schistosoma

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: infectious agents

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: HIV/AIDS

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: strep throat

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Clinical Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious agents

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious agents

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: medical microbiology

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious agents

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: HIV/AIDS

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious agents.

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious agents.

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious agents.

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: emerging infections,

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: HIV/AIDS.

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: HIV/AIDS.

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: HIV/AIDS.

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: microbiology,

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: HIV/AIDS.

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: HIV/AIDS.

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: HIV/AIDS.

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: infectious agents.

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Clinical Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: infectious agents.

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: HIV/AIDS.

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: HIV/AIDS.

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Clinical Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: Clinical Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Clinical Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: infectious agents.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: infectious agents.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Clinical Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: treatment of diseases caused by infectious agents.

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Clinical Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious agents.

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious agents.

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: antimicrobial resistance,

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious agents.

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: bioterrorism,

text: Once one is able to model an infectious pathogen with compartmental models, one can predict the various properties of the pathogen spread, for example the prevalence (total number of infected from the epidemic) and the duration of the epidemic. Also, one can understand how different situations may affect the outcome of the epidemic, e.g., what is the best technique for issuing a limited number of vaccines in a given population?

text: Once one is able to model an infectious pathogen with compartmental models, one can predict the various properties of the pathogen spread, for example the prevalence (total number of infected from the epidemic) and the duration of the epidemic. Also, one can understand how different situations may affect the outcome of the epidemic, e.g., what is the best technique for issuing a limited number of vaccines in a given population?

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: bacteria, viruses, and parasites

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Coronary artery disease (CAD)

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: swine flu

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: swine flu

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: E. coli

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: polio

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: diphtheria

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Viruses

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: compartmental models

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Escherichia coli

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: What is the best technique for issuing a limited number of vaccines in a given population?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: genital herpes is a common human fungal infection

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Context: When you cough or sneeze, you should cover your mouth and nose with your hand.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: one can predict the various properties of the pathogen spread

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: you can pick up the virus that causes the common cold

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: This is an example of a compartmental model

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: the disease can potentially be cured with antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: prevalence (total number of infected from the epidemic)

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious pathogen

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotic

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vaccines

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious pathogen

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious pathogen

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: compartmental models,

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: compartmental models,

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: compartmental models,

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious pathogen

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: compartmental models,

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: infectious pathogen with compartmental models,

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: limited number of vaccines in a given population?

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: infectious pathogen

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: compartmental models,

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: compartmental models,

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: compartmental models,

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: compartmental models,

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: compartmental models,

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: vaccines in a given population?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: limited number of vaccines in a given population?

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: compartmental models,

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: compartmental models,

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: compartmental models,

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: limited number of vaccines in a given population?

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: compartmental models,

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: compartmental models,

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: spread,

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: vaccines

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vaccines

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: infectious pathogen

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogen

text: Stopping the spread of infectious disease was of utmost importance for maintaining a healthy society. The outbreak of disease during the Peloponnesian War was recorded by Thucydides who survived the epidemic. From his account it is shown how factors outside the disease itself can affect society. The Athenians were under siege and concentrated within the city. Major city centers were the hardest hit. This made the outbreak even more deadly and with probable food shortages the fate of Athens was inevitable. Approximately 25% of the population died of the disease. Thucydides stated that the epidemic "carried away all alike". The disease attacked people of different ages, sexes and nationalities.

text: Stopping the spread of infectious disease was of utmost importance for maintaining a healthy society. The outbreak of

text: disease

text: during the

text: Peloponnesian War

text: was recorded by

text: Thucydides

text: who survived the

text: epidemic

text: . From his account it is shown how factors outside the disease itself can affect society. The Athenians were under siege and concentrated within the city. Major city centers were the hardest hit. This made the outbreak even more deadly and with probable food shortages the fate of

text: Athens

text: was inevitable. Approximately 25% of the population died of the

text: disease

text: . Thucydides stated that the

text: epidemic

text: "carried away all alike". The

text: disease

text: attacked people of different ages, sexes and nationalities.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: what kind of disease?

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Influenza

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: viral

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: cholera

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: the plague

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Which disease attacked people of different ages, sexes and nationalities?

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Escherichia coli

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which disease attacked people of different ages, sexes and nationalities?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do if you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Which disease attacked people of different ages, sexes and nationalities?

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: people of different ages, sexes and nationalities.

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Peloponnesian War

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: disease

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: attacked people of different ages, sexes and nationalities.

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Thucydides

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Peloponnesian War was recorded by Thucydides

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Thucydides

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: Stopping the spread of infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Thucydides

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: "carried away all alike".

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: Stopping the spread of infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Thucydides

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Stopping the spread of infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Thucydides

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: food

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious disease

text: Scientists are still trying to understand the microorganisms within PM particles and how they are spread through pollutants. Research indicated that many kinds of pathogens and bacteria can be spread through PM smog and cause diseases. For example, smog in Beijing contains significant amounts of inhalable microbial allergens and pathogenic species, which increase the risk of respiratory diseases. The study also reported that among all the microorganisms within PM particles, 86.1% is bacteria, 13% eukaryota, 0.8% archaea, and 0.1% viruses. The smog contains a variety of bacteria such as Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Chloroflexi, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Euryarchaeota. Many of these are not harmful to humans, but some pathogenic microorganisms are carried through smog, and their numbers increase as the pollutant level increases.

text: Scientists are still trying to understand the microorganisms within PM particles and how they are spread through pollutants. Research indicated that many kinds of pathogens and bacteria can be spread through PM smog and cause diseases. For example, smog in Beijing contains significant amounts of inhalable microbial allergens and pathogenic species, which increase the risk of respiratory diseases. The study also reported that among all the microorganisms within PM particles, 86.1% is bacteria, 13%

text: eukaryota

text: , 0.8%

text: archaea

text: , and 0.1% viruses. The smog contains a variety of bacteria such as Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Chloroflexi, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Euryarchaeota. Many of these are not harmful to humans, but some pathogenic microorganisms are carried through smog, and their numbers increase as the pollutant level increases.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: pathogenic

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: eukaryota

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: respiratory diseases

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: respiratory diseases

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: respiratory diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Chloroflexi

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: respiratory diseases

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Which of the following is not harmful to humans: Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Chloroflexi, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, or Euryarchaeota?

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: unknown

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: 86.1% is bacteria

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Which of the following is not harmful to humans?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Which of the following is not a pathogenic microorganism?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: 0.1% viruses

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: pathogenic species

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: respiratory diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: Bacteroid

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogenic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogenic

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: harmful to humans,

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: respiratory diseases.

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: respiratory diseases.

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: respiratory diseases.

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: viruses.

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: pollutants.

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Chloroflexi,

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: viruses.

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: respiratory diseases.

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: bacteria can be spread through PM smog

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: some pathogenic microorganisms are carried through smog,

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: pathogenic microorganisms

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: 0.1%

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: 0.8% archaea,

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: some pathogenic microorganisms are carried through smog,

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: some pathogenic microorganisms

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Proteobacteria,

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: bacteria can be spread through PM smog

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: 0.1% viruses.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: 86.1% is bacteria, 13% eukaryota,

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Actinobacteria,

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Proteobacteria,

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: smog,

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: respiratory diseases.

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: Chloroflexi,

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: microbial allergens

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogenic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: viruses.

text: MVD is clinically indistinguishable from Ebola virus disease (EVD), and it can also easily be confused with many other diseases prevalent in Equatorial Africa, such as other viral hemorrhagic fevers, falciparum malaria, typhoid fever, shigellosis, rickettsial diseases such as typhus, cholera, gram-negative septicemia, borreliosis such as relapsing fever or EHEC enteritis. Other infectious diseases that ought to be included in the differential diagnosis include leptospirosis, scrub typhus, plague, Q fever, candidiasis, histoplasmosis, trypanosomiasis, visceral leishmaniasis, hemorrhagic smallpox, measles, and fulminant viral hepatitis. Non-infectious diseases that can be confused with MVD are acute promyelocytic leukemia, hemolytic uremic syndrome, snake envenomation, clotting factor deficiencies/platelet disorders, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, Kawasaki disease, and even warfarin intoxication. The most important indicator that may lead to the suspicion of MVD at clinical examination is the medical history of the patient, in particular the travel and occupational history (which countries and caves were visited?) and the patient's exposure to wildlife (exposure to bats or bat excrements?). MVD can be confirmed by isolation of marburgviruses from or by detection of marburgvirus antigen or genomic or subgenomic RNAs in patient blood or serum samples during the acute phase of MVD. Marburgvirus isolation is usually performed by inoculation of grivet kidney epithelial Vero E6 or MA-104 cell cultures or by inoculation of human adrenal carcinoma SW-13 cells, all of which react to infection with characteristic cytopathic effects. Filovirions can easily be visualized and identified in cell culture by electron microscopy due to their unique filamentous shapes, but electron microscopy cannot differentiate the various filoviruses alone despite some overall length differences. Immunofluorescence assays are used to confirm marburgvirus presence in cell cultures. During an outbreak, virus isolation and electron microscopy are most often not feasible options. The most common diagnostic methods are therefore RT-PCR in conjunction with antigen-capture ELISA, which can be performed in field or mobile hospitals and laboratories. Indirect immunofluorescence assays (IFAs) are not used for diagnosis of MVD in the field anymore.

text: MVD is clinically indistinguishable from

text: Ebola virus disease (EVD)

text: , and it can also easily be confused with many other diseases prevalent in

text: Equatorial Africa

text: , such as other

text: viral hemorrhagic fever

text: s,

text: falciparum malaria

text: typhoid fever

text: shigellosis

text: rickettsial diseases

text: such as

text: typhus

text: cholera

text: gram-negative

text: septicemia

text: borreliosis

text: such as

text: relapsing fever

text: or

entity_name: Shigatoxigenic and verotoxigenic Escherichia coli

text: EHEC enteritis

text: . Other infectious diseases that ought to be included in the

text: differential diagnosis

text: include

text: leptospirosis

text: scrub typhus

text: plague

text: Q fever

text: candidiasis

text: histoplasmosis

text: trypanosomiasis

text: visceral

text: leishmaniasis

text: , hemorrhagic

text: smallpox

text: measles

text: , and fulminant

text: viral hepatitis

text: . Non-infectious diseases that can be confused with MVD are

text: acute promyelocytic leukemia

text: hemolytic uremic syndrome

text: snake

text: envenomation

text: clotting factor

text: deficiencies/platelet disorders,

text: thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura

text: hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia

text: Kawasaki disease

text: , and even

text: warfarin

text: intoxication. The most important indicator that may lead to the suspicion of MVD at clinical examination is the

text: medical history

text: of the patient, in particular the travel and occupational history (which countries and caves were visited?) and the patient's exposure to wildlife (exposure to bats or bat excrements?). MVD can be confirmed by isolation of marburgviruses from or by detection of marburgvirus antigen or genomic or subgenomic RNAs in patient

text: blood

text: or

text: serum

text: samples during the acute phase of MVD. Marburgvirus isolation is usually performed by

text: inoculation

text: of

text: grivet

text: kidney epithelial

text: Vero E6

text: or MA-104

text: cell culture

text: s or by inoculation of human adrenal carcinoma SW-13 cells, all of which react to infection with characteristic

text: cytopathic effect

text: s. Filovirions can easily be visualized and identified in cell culture by

text: electron microscopy

text: due to their unique filamentous shapes, but electron microscopy cannot differentiate the various filoviruses alone despite some overall length differences.

text: Immunofluorescence assays

text: are used to confirm marburgvirus presence in cell cultures. During an outbreak, virus isolation and electron microscopy are most often not feasible options. The most common diagnostic methods are therefore

entity_name: Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction

text: RT-PCR

text: in conjunction with

text: antigen-capture ELISA

text: , which can be performed in field or mobile hospitals and laboratories.

text: Indirect immunofluorescence assays (IFAs)

text: are not used for diagnosis of MVD in the field anymore.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: non-infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: leptospirosis, scrub typhus, plague, Q fever

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: histoplasmosis

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: leptospirosis

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: leptospirosis

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: Ebola virus

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: bat

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: leptospirosis

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Kawasaki disease

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: smallpox

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Identify the most important indicator that may lead to the suspicion of MVD.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: the patient's exposure to wildlife

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: None of the above choices

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: filovirus

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: rickettsial

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: warfarin

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: falciparum

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: Ebola virus

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: MVD

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: rickettsial diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: warfarin intoxication.

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: typhus, cholera,

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: mic syndrome,

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Kawasaki disease,

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: Ebola virus

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: bats

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: leptospirosis,

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: warfarin intoxication.

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Kawasaki disease,

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: typhus,

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: snake envenomation,

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: EHEC enteritis.

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: hemorrhagic smallpox,

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: visceral leishmaniasis,

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: snake envenomation,

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: snake envenomation,

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: marburgviruses

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: warfarin intoxication.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: Filovirions

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Filovirions

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Filovirions

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Filovirions

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: Filovirions

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: gram-negative septicemia,

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: warfarin

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: marburgviruses

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: Filovirions

text: Eight attempts have been made to date to eradicate infectious diseases: two successful programs targeting smallpox and rinderpest; four ongoing programs targeting poliomyelitis, yaws, dracunculiasis and malaria; and two former programs targeting hookworm and yellow fever. Five more infectious diseases have been identified as of April 2008 as potentially eradicable with current technology by the Carter Center International Task Force for Disease Eradication—measles, mumps, rubella, lymphatic filariasis and cysticercosis.

text: Eight attempts have been made to date to eradicate infectious diseases: two successful programs targeting

text: smallpox

text: and

text: rinderpest

text: ; four ongoing programs targeting

text: poliomyelitis

text: yaws

text: dracunculiasis

text: and

text: malaria

text: ; and two former programs targeting

text: hookworm

text: and

text: yellow fever

text: . Five more infectious diseases have been identified as of April 2008 as potentially eradicable with current technology by the

text: Carter Center

text: International Task Force for Disease Eradication—

text: measles

text: mumps

text: rubella

text: lymphatic filariasis

text: and

text: cysticercosis

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: cysticercosis

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: measles

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: rinderpest

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: smallpox

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: rinderpest

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: cysticercosis

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: lymphatic filariasis

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: parasite

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: rinderpest

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: smallpox

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: smallpox

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: smallpox

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: cysticercosis

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: rinderpest

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: filariasis

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: cysticercosis

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: smallpox

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: filariasis

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: smallpox

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: hookworm

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases:

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: smallpox and rinderpest;

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Eradication—measles, mumps, rubella,

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Eradication—measles, mumps, rubella,

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: cysticercosis.

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: malaria;

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: hookworm

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: hookworm

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: hookworm and yellow fever.

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: smallpox

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Eradication—measles, mumps, rubella,

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: cysticercosis.

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Five more infectious diseases have been identified as of April 2008

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Eradication—measles, mumps, rubella,

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: hookworm

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Eight attempts have been made to date to eradicate infectious diseases:

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: malaria;

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: hookworm

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Eight attempts have been made to date to eradicate infectious diseases:

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: Eradication—measles, mumps, rubella,

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Eight attempts have been made to date to eradicate infectious diseases:

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: cysticercosis.

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: hookworm

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: hookworm

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: cysticercosis.

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: technology

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: infectious diseases:

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases:

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: malaria;

text: Infection is the invasion of an organism's body tissues by disease-causing agents, their multiplication, and the reaction of host tissues to these organisms and the toxins they produce. Infectious disease, also known as transmissible disease or communicable disease, killing more people worldwide than any other single cause. It caused by germs, such as bacteria, viruses, parasites or fungi; Germs are tiny living things that are found everywhere in air, soil and water. You can get infected by touching, eating, drinking or breathing something that contains a germ. Infectious diseases, such as SARS and Ebola, have traveled across the world due to increased world trade and tourism.

text: Infection is the invasion of an organism's body tissues by disease-causing agents, their multiplication, and the reaction of host tissues to these organisms and the toxins they produce. Infectious disease, also known as transmissible disease or communicable disease, killing more people worldwide than any other single cause. It caused by germs, such as bacteria, viruses, parasites or fungi; Germs are tiny living things that are found everywhere in air, soil and water. You can get infected by touching, eating, drinking or breathing something that contains a germ. Infectious diseases, such as SARS and Ebola, have traveled across the world due to increased world trade and tourism.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Ebola

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: SARS

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: parasite

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Ebola

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Ebola

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: SARS

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: What is Schistosoma?

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which of the following is not caused by germs: bacteria, viruses or parasites?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do if you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: c).

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: Germs

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: transmissible disease

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: fungi

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasites

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: Infection

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: parasites

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: germs,

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: bacteria, viruses, parasites or fungi;

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: SARS and Ebola,

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: SARS and Ebola,

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: SARS and Ebola,

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: germs,

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: parasites

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: SARS and Ebola,

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: SARS and Ebola,

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: SARS and Ebola,

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: germs,

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: germs,

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: germs,

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: SARS and Ebola,

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: fungi;

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: germs,

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: touching, eating, drinking or breathing something that contains a germ.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: germs,

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: touching, eating, drinking or breathing something that contains a germ.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: germs,

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: fungi;

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: germs,

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: toxins

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: fungi;

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: germs,

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: germs,

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: parasites

text: The disease overwinters as sclerotia or as mycelium on dead plant tissue. Once spring to early summer arrives, germination phase with hyphae growth continues. Following this, root colonization occurs. In Mid and late summer you begin to see the disease at its infectious stage, which is when you start to observe associated symptoms. The pathogen will penetrate the host, and colonize plant root tissue causing root rot. This initially causes the first symptoms of chlorotic leaves and eventually wilting. The pathogen will then eventually disseminate infecting neighboring plants, with infected plant tissue serving as a secondary inoculum fueling the disease. In situation of high moisture, conidia are produced on spore mats but its role in dispersal is currently unknown since very rarely conidia were found to germinate and facilitate the spread of disease.

text: The disease overwinters as sclerotia or as mycelium on dead plant tissue. Once spring to early summer arrives, germination phase with hyphae growth continues. Following this, root colonization occurs. In Mid and late summer you begin to see the disease at its infectious stage, which is when you start to observe associated symptoms. The pathogen will penetrate the host, and colonize plant root tissue causing root rot. This initially causes the first symptoms of chlorotic leaves and eventually wilting. The pathogen will then eventually disseminate infecting neighboring plants, with infected plant tissue serving as a secondary inoculum fueling the disease. In situation of high moisture, conidia are produced on spore mats but its role in dispersal is currently unknown since very rarely conidia were found to germinate and facilitate the spread of disease.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: sclerotia

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: root rot

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: root rot

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: conidia

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: root rot

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: mycelium

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: conidia

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: conidia

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Which of the following is true of the common cold?

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which of the following is not a human viral infection: tetanus, measles, or rabies?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do when you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: disseminate

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: root rot

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: conidia

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: sclerotia or as mycelium on dead plant tissue.

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: root rot.

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: root rot.

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: root rot.

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: root rot.

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: root rot.

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: root rot.

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: The pathogen will penetrate the host,

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: conidia

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: root rot.

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: root rot.

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: infecting neighboring plants,

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: penetrate the host,

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: root rot.

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: root rot.

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: root rot.

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: The disease overwinters as sclerotia

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: penetrate the host, and colonize plant root tissue causing root rot.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: root rot.

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: infecting neighboring plants,

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: dead plant tissue.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: The disease overwinters as sclerotia

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: root rot.

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: root rot.

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: disseminate

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: root rot.

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: root rot.

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: host,

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogen

text: A field of recent importance for the application of ecological fitting is that of emerging infectious disease: infectious diseases that have emerged or increased incidence in the last 20 years, as a result of evolution, range expansion, or ecological changes.  Climate change represents an ecological perturbation that induces range and phenological shifts in many species, which can encourage parasite transmission and host switching without any evolutionary change occurring. When species begin to infect host species with which they were not previously associated, it may be the result of ecological fitting. Even organisms with complex life histories can switch hosts as long as the resource required by each life stage is phylogenetically conserved and geographically widespread, meaning that it is difficult to predict based on life history complexity or other external factors. This has been used to explain the mysterious appearance of the bullfrog lung trematode Haematoloechus floedae in Costa Rican leopard frogs, even though bullfrogs do not and have never occurred in this area.  When emerging infectious disease is the result of ecological fitting and host specificity is loose, then recurrent host shifts are likely to occur and the difficult task of building a predictive framework for management is necessary.

text: A field of recent importance for the application of ecological fitting is that of

text: emerging infectious disease

text: : infectious diseases that have emerged or increased incidence in the last 20 years, as a result of evolution, range expansion, or ecological changes.  Climate change represents an ecological perturbation that induces range and phenological shifts in many species, which can encourage parasite transmission and host switching without any evolutionary change occurring. When species begin to infect host species with which they were not previously associated, it may be the result of ecological fitting. Even organisms with complex life histories can switch hosts as long as the resource required by each life stage is phylogenetically conserved and geographically widespread, meaning that it is difficult to predict based on life history complexity or other external factors. This has been used to explain the mysterious appearance of the

text: bullfrog

text: lung

text: trematode

text: Haematoloechus floedae in Costa Rican

text: leopard frogs

text: , even though bullfrogs do not and have never occurred in this area.  When

text: emerging infectious disease

text: is the result of ecological fitting and host specificity is loose, then recurrent host shifts are likely to occur and the difficult task of building a predictive framework for management is necessary.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: emerging infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: emerging infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: parasites

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Emerging infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: emerging infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: emerging infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: parasite

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: bullfrog

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: trematode

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: bullfrog lung

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Parasites

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: emerging infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: emerging infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: phylogenetically conserved and geographically widespread

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: parasite

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: management

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasite

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: parasite

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: emerging infectious disease:

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: parasite

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: emerging infectious disease:

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: emerging infectious disease:

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: emerging infectious disease:

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: parasite

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: bullfrog

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Haematoloechus floedae

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: emerging infectious disease:

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: emerging infectious disease:

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: parasite transmission

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Climate change

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: emerging infectious disease:

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: emerging infectious disease:

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: emerging infectious disease:

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: emerging infectious disease:

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: Climate change

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: emerging infectious disease:

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: parasite transmission

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: parasite transmission

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: 20 years,

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: emerging infectious disease:

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: emerging infectious disease:

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: parasite transmission

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: parasite

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: ecological fitting

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: complex life histories

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: parasite

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: parasite

text: Throughout his career, Lipkin has been recognized for his service and ingenuity. He was awarded a NARSAD Young Investigator Award by National Alliance for Research in Schizophrenia and Depression. Lipkin's work has since been recognized with the following honors: NIH Clinical Investigator Development Award; Pew Scholar in the Biomedical Sciences; Japanese Human Science Foundation Visiting Professor; Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons Visiting Bruenn Professor; University of California (UC) Irvine Louise Turner Arnold Chair in the Neurosciences; American Society of Microbiology Foundation Lecturer; UC Irvine Distinguished Lecturer; Ellison Medical Foundation Senior Scholar in Global Infectious Disease; Millennium Commencement Speaker, Sarah Lawrence College; Dalldorf Research Physician NY State Department of Health; Fellow of the NY Academy of Sciences; Distinguished Lecturer of the National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control; Honorary and Founding Director, Beijing Center for Infectious Diseases; Fellow, American Society for Microbiology; Columbia University Jerome L. and Dawn Greene Professor of Epidemiology; Columbia University John Snow Professor of Epidemiology; Scientific American, Top 25 Science Stories of 2007. He was the Founding Chair, Scientific Advisory Board, Cure Autism Now (merged with Autism Speaks, 2007);  Featured Investigator, NIAID Discovery News, 2008  A Microbe Hunter to the World; Distinguished Lecturer, Pennsylvania State University; Distinguished Lecturer, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey; Distinguished Lecturer, Pennsylvania State University; Distinguished Speaker, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research; Kinyoun Lecturer, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD; Distinguished Lecturer, Center for Autism Research, Philadelphia, PA; The Courage Fund Visiting Professorship, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Fellow, Wildlife Conservation Society, 2009; Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Science; Member, Association of American Physicians; Member, National Institutes of Health Advisory Committee to the Director; 2014 Oxford Simonyi Lecturer; 2014 Mendel Medal recipient.

text: Throughout his career, Lipkin has been recognized for his service and ingenuity. He was awarded a NARSAD Young Investigator Award by

text: National Alliance for Research in Schizophrenia and Depression

text: . Lipkin's work has since been recognized with the following honors:

text: NIH Clinical Investigator Development Award

text: ; Pew Scholar in the Biomedical Sciences; Japanese Human Science Foundation Visiting Professor;

entity_name: Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons

text: Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons

text: Visiting Bruenn Professor;

text: University of California

text: (UC)

text: Irvine Louise Turner Arnold Chair in the Neurosciences

text: ; American Society of Microbiology Foundation Lecturer; UC Irvine Distinguished Lecturer;

text: Ellison Medical Foundation

text: Senior Scholar in Global Infectious Disease; Millennium Commencement Speaker,

text: Sarah Lawrence College

text: ; Dalldorf Research Physician NY State Department of Health; Fellow of the NY Academy of Sciences; Distinguished Lecturer of the National Center for Infectious Diseases,

text: Centers for Disease Control

text: ; Honorary and Founding Director,

text: Beijing Center for Infectious Diseases

text: ; Fellow,

text: American Society for Microbiology

text: ; Columbia University Jerome L. and Dawn Greene Professor of Epidemiology; Columbia University John Snow Professor of Epidemiology; Scientific American,

text: Top 25 Science Stories of 2007

text: . He was the Founding Chair, Scientific Advisory Board,

text: Cure Autism Now

text: (merged with

text: Autism Speaks

text: , 2007);  Featured Investigator,

text: NIAID Discovery News

text: , 2008  A Microbe Hunter to the World; Distinguished Lecturer,

text: Pennsylvania State University

text: ; Distinguished Lecturer,

entity_name: University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey

text: University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey

text: ; Distinguished Lecturer, Pennsylvania State University; Distinguished Speaker, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research; Kinyoun Lecturer, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD; Distinguished Lecturer, Center for Autism Research, Philadelphia, PA; The Courage Fund Visiting Professorship, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Fellow, Wildlife Conservation Society, 2009; Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Science; Member, Association of American Physicians; Member, National Institutes of Health Advisory Committee to the Director; 2014 Oxford Simonyi Lecturer; 2014 Mendel Medal recipient.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Microbes

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Autism

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: Microbe

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: Microbe

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Schizophrenia

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Autism

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: autism

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Which of the following is not a pathogen: viruses, bacteria, or fungi?

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: What is Schistosoma?

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: what is the name of the bacterium that may cause human disease

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which of the following is not a human viral infection: tetanus or measles?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: What is the most common human fungal infection?

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do when you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Which of the following is not a type of bacteria: Travelers diarrhea is generally caused by protozoa

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Which disease is contagious because they are caused by pathogens?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: Microbe

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: what is the proper way to wash your hands

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: strep throat

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Which disease is caused by protozoa?

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: microbe

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vaccine

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: microbes

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: Microbe

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: A microbe

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: John Snow Professor of Epidemiology;

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Microbe

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Microbe

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Allergy and Infectious Diseases,

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: John Snow Professor of Epidemiology;

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Autism

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: Microbe

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: Microbe

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Microbe

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Autism

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Allergy

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: John Snow Professor of Epidemiology;

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey;

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Columbia University John Snow Professor of Epidemiology;

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: John Snow Professor of Epidemiology;

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: John Snow Professor of Epidemiology;

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: John Snow Professor of Epidemiology;

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: John Snow Professor of Epidemiology;

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: John Snow Professor of Epidemiology;

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: John Snow Professor of Epidemiology;

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: Microbe Hunter to the World;

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: John Snow Professor of Epidemiology;

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Dawn Greene Professor of Epidemiology;

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Dawn Greene Professor of Epidemiology;

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: Microbe

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: John Snow

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: Microbe

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Microbe

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: Microbe

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: Microbe

text: Strict isolation is used for diseases spread through the air and in some cases by contact Patients must be placed in isolation to prevent the spread of infectious diseases. Those who are kept in strict isolation are often kept in a special room at the facility designed for that purpose. Such rooms are equipped with a special lavatory and caregiving equipment, and a sink and waste disposal are provided for workers upon leaving the area.

text: Strict isolation is used for diseases spread through the air and in some cases by contact Patients must be placed in isolation to prevent the spread of infectious diseases. Those who are kept in strict isolation are often kept in a special room at the facility designed for that purpose. Such rooms are equipped with a special

text: lavatory

text: and caregiving equipment, and a sink and waste disposal are provided for workers upon leaving the area.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Strict isolation

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: contact

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Strict isolation

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: through the air

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: contact

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: tetanus

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: to prevent the spread of infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: contact

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: Strict isolation

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: diseases spread through the air and in some cases by contact

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: contact Patients must be placed in isolation to prevent the spread of infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: contact

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: the air

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: contact Patients must be placed in isolation to prevent the spread of infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Strict isolation

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: diseases.

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: contact

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: contact

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: contact Patients must be placed in isolation to prevent the spread of infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: contact Patients must be placed in isolation to prevent the spread of infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: contact Patients must be placed in isolation to prevent the spread of infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Strict isolation

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: Strict isolation

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Strict isolation is used for diseases spread through the air

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: contact

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: contact

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Patients must be placed in isolation to prevent the spread of infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Patients must be placed in isolation to prevent the spread of infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: contact Patients must be placed in isolation to prevent the spread of infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: contact

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: Strict isolation

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious diseases.

text: The pathogen is known to prefer warm wet weather, and outbreaks typically occur in the early summer months. Most symptoms of the pathogen do not occur until late summer and thus most farmers do not become aware of the diseased crop until harvest.  A combination of environmental factors have been linked to the prevalence of the pathogen such as: presence of host plant, frequent rainfall/irrigation and increased temperatures in spring and summer.  In addition, a reduction of drainage of the soil due to various techniques such as soil compaction are also known to create favorable environments for the pathogen.<ref>["Rhizoctonia Diseases." Michigan Potato Diseases. P.S. Wharton, Michigan State University, 2 May 2011. Web. 04 Oct. 2011.

text: The pathogen is known to prefer warm wet weather, and outbreaks typically occur in the early summer months. Most symptoms of the pathogen do not occur until late summer and thus most farmers do not become aware of the diseased crop until harvest.  A combination of environmental factors have been linked to the prevalence of the pathogen such as: presence of host plant, frequent rainfall/irrigation and increased temperatures in spring and summer.  In addition, a reduction of drainage of the soil due to various techniques such as soil compaction are also known to create favorable environments for the pathogen.<ref>["Rhizoctonia Diseases." Michigan Potato Diseases. P.S. Wharton, Michigan State University, 2 May 2011. Web. 04 Oct. 2011.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Rhizoctonia

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Rhizoctonia

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: potato diseases

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Rhizoctonia

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: potato diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: Rhizoctonia

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: host plant

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Rhizoctonia

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: potato diseases

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: potato diseases

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Rhizoctonia

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: ["Rhizoctonia Diseases." Michigan Potato Diseases. P.S. Wharton, Michigan State University, 2 May 2011. Web. 04 Oct. 2011.

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Web. 04 Oct. 2011.

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: ["Tetanus." Michigan Potato Diseases. P.S. Wharton, Michigan State University, 2 May 2011. Web. 04 Oct. 2011.

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do if you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: ["Michigan Potato Diseases." Michigan Potato Diseases. P.S. Wharton, Michigan State University, 2 May 2011. Web. 04 Oct. 2011.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: strep throat

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: Rhizoctonia

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: potato diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: irrigated

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Rhizoctonia

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: Rhizoctonia

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: ref>["Rhizoctonia Diseases."

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: The pathogen is known to prefer warm wet weather,

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: ref>["Rhizoctonia

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: ref>["Rhizoctonia

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: ref>["Rhizoctonia Diseases."

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: ref>["Rhizoctonia

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: ref>["Rhizoctonia

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: host plant,

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: ref>["Rhizoctonia

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: ref>["Rhizoctonia

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: ref>["Rhizoctonia

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: warm wet weather,

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: The pathogen is known to prefer warm wet weather,

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: The pathogen is known to prefer warm wet weather,

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: ref>["Rhizoctonia Diseases."

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: ref>["Rhizoctonia

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: ref>["Rhizoctonia Diseases."

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: The pathogen is known to prefer warm wet weather,

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: ref>["Rhizoctonia Diseases."

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: The pathogen is known to prefer warm wet weather,

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: The pathogen is known to prefer warm wet weather,

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: 04 Oct. 2011.

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: The pathogen is known to prefer warm wet weather,

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: ref>["Rhizoctonia Diseases."

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: ref>["Rhizoctonia

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: ref>["Rhizoctonia

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: presence of host plant, frequent rainfall/irrigation

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: rainfall/irrigation

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: ref>["Rhizoctonia

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: ref>["Rhizoctonia

text: Taï Forest virus (TAFV) is a close relative of the much more commonly known Ebola virus (EBOV). TAFV causes severe disease in primates, the Ebola hemorrhagic fever. TAFV is a Select Agent, World Health Organization Risk Group 4 Pathogen (requiring Biosafety Level 4-equivalent containment), National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Category A Priority Pathogen, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Category A Bioterrorism Agent, and listed as a Biological Agent for Export Control by the Australia Group.

text: Taï Forest virus (TAFV) is a close relative of the much more commonly known

text: Ebola virus

text: (EBOV). TAFV causes severe

text: disease

text: in

text: primates

text: , the

text: Ebola

text: hemorrhagic fever

text: . TAFV is a

text: Select Agent

text: World Health Organization

text: Risk Group 4 Pathogen (requiring

text: Biosafety Level 4-equivalent containment

text: National Institutes of Health

text: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases

text: Category A Priority Pathogen,

text: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

text: Category A Bioterrorism Agent

text: , and listed as a Biological Agent for Export Control by the

text: Australia Group

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Ebola virus

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Ebola

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Ebola

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: Ebola virus

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Ebola

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Ebola

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Ebola

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Ebola virus

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: What is Schistosoma?

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which of the following is not a human viral infection: tetanus or measles?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Which is not a common human fungal infection?

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What does TAFV mean?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: Biological Agent

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: Biological

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: Bioterrorism Agent

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: Pathogen

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: Ebola virus

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Ta<unk> Forest virus

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Ta<unk> Forest virus

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Ebola virus

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Ebola hemorrhagic fever.

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Ebola virus

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Ebola hemorrhagic fever.

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: Ebola virus

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: Ebola virus

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Ebola virus

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Ebola virus

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Ebola

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Ebola virus

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Ta<unk> Forest virus

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Bioterrorism Agent,

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Ta<unk> Forest virus

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Ta<unk> Forest virus

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: World Health Organization Risk Group 4 Pathogen

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: World Health Organization Risk Group 4 Pathogen

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Ta<unk> Forest virus

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Ebola virus

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: Ta<unk> Forest virus

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: World Health Organization Risk Group 4 Pathogen

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Health/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Ta<unk> Forest virus

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: Biological Agent

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: Biological Agent for Export Control by the Australia Group.

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: Bioterrorism

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Ebola virus

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: Pathogen

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: Ebola virus

text: Vaccination is the administration of antigenic material (a vaccine) to stimulate an individual's immune system to develop adaptive immunity to a pathogen. Vaccines can prevent or ameliorate morbidity from infection. When a sufficiently large percentage of a population has been vaccinated, this results in herd immunity. The effectiveness of vaccination has been widely studied and verified; for example, the influenza vaccine, the HPV vaccine, and the chicken pox vaccine. Vaccination is the most effective method of preventing infectious diseases;<ref>

text: Vaccination is the administration of

text: antigen

text: ic material (a

text: vaccine

text: ) to stimulate an individual's immune system to develop

text: adaptive

text: immunity

text: to a

text: pathogen

text: . Vaccines can prevent or ameliorate

text: morbidity

text: from

text: infection

text: . When a sufficiently large percentage of a population has been vaccinated, this results in

text: herd immunity

text: . The effectiveness of vaccination has been widely studied and verified; for example, the

text: influenza vaccine

text: , the

text: HPV vaccine

text: , and the

text: chicken pox vaccine

text: . Vaccination is the most effective method of preventing infectious diseases;<ref>

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: HPV

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: chicken pox

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: chicken pox

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: HPV

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: HPV

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: chicken pox

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Influenza

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: ref

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: The effectiveness of vaccination has been widely studied and verified

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: HPV

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do when you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: It is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: a vaccine

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: HPV

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: influenza vaccine, the HPV

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: chicken pox

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: influenza vaccine, the HPV vaccine, and the chicken pox

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: chicken pox

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: HPV

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: HPV

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: chicken pox

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: chicken pox

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: influenza vaccine, the HPV vaccine, and the chicken pox

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: influenza vaccine,

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Vaccination

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Vaccination

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: influenza vaccine, the HPV vaccine, and the chicken pox

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: HPV

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Vaccination

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: Vaccination

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Vaccination

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Vaccination is the most effective method of preventing infectious diseases;

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: Vaccination

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Vaccination

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Vaccines

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Vaccination is the most effective method of preventing infectious diseases;

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: pathogen.

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: Vaccines

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: (a vaccine)

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogen.

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogen.

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogen.

text: The bacterium overwinters in diseased plants and thatch and is disseminated by water through rain splash, or mechanically by mowers, hoses, other gardening equipment, and golf shoes. The pathogen can also be present in the host at planting in infected sprigs, sod, or plugs. Unlike fungi, bacterial plant pathogens are unable to wound or mechanically probe plant hosts on their own. Instead, these pathogens enter through wounds inflicted on plants through verticutting, cultivation, sand, or through natural openings such as stomates and hydathodes. Once they have successfully entered and colonized the plant host, bacterial plant pathogens commandeer the nutrient and water supplies of plant cells to aid their own reproduction. In a study conducted by Zhou et al. (2013), the time between inoculation and wilt of host plants was found to depend heavily on temperature, with higher temperatures resulting in more rapid host decline. The researchers report the time between inoculation and wilting of host plants to be between 9–42 days. Bacteria can also spread to the roots of nearby plants underground. Within the plant host itself, bacteria spread by multiplying through binary fission and taking over more and more of the host by simply increasing their numbers.

text: The bacterium overwinters in diseased plants and

text: thatch

text: and is disseminated by water through rain splash, or mechanically by mowers, hoses, other gardening equipment, and golf shoes. The pathogen can also be present in the host at planting in infected sprigs, sod, or plugs. Unlike fungi, bacterial plant pathogens are unable to wound or mechanically probe plant hosts on their own. Instead, these pathogens enter through wounds inflicted on plants through verticutting, cultivation, sand, or through natural openings such as stomates and hydathodes. Once they have successfully entered and colonized the plant host, bacterial plant pathogens commandeer the nutrient and water supplies of plant cells to aid their own reproduction. In a study conducted by Zhou et al. (2013), the time between inoculation and wilt of host plants was found to depend heavily on temperature, with higher temperatures resulting in more rapid host decline. The researchers report the time between inoculation and wilting of host plants to be between 9–42 days. Bacteria can also spread to the roots of nearby plants underground. Within the plant host itself, bacteria spread by multiplying through binary fission and taking over more and more of the host by simply increasing their numbers.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Bacteria that enter through wounds inflicted on plants

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: fungi

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Which of the following is not a pathogen: fungi, stomates, or golf shoes

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: wilt

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: bacterial

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: bacterium

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: rain splash

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: fungi

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Which of the following is not a type of pathogen: bacteria, fungi, or viruses?

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which of the following is not a human viral infection?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do when you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: fungi

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: plant pathogens

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: fungicide

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: fungicide

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: bacterial

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: binary fission

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: golf shoes.

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: fungi,

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: fungi,

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: diseased plants

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: mowers, hoses, other gardening equipment, and golf shoes.

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: diseased plants

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: bacterial plant pathogens

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: bacterial plant pathogens

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: rain splash,

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: fungi,

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: fungi,

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: bacterial plant pathogens

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: mowers, hoses, other gardening equipment, and golf shoes.

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: mowers, hoses, other gardening equipment, and golf shoes.

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: golf shoes.

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: fungi,

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: mowers, hoses, other gardening equipment, and golf shoes.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: mowers, hoses, other gardening equipment, and golf shoes.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: bacterial plant pathogens

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: mowers, hoses, other gardening equipment, and golf shoes.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: mowers, hoses, other gardening equipment, and golf shoes.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: golf shoes.

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: golf shoes.

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: golf shoes.

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: fungi,

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: bacterial plant

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: fungi,

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: fungi,

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: bacterial plant pathogens

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: bacterial plant pathogens

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: binary fission

text: Some habitats are better suited to increase survival probability making relocation a popular and promising method. Although no direct links between infectious diseases and seal mortality rates have been found, unidentified infectious diseases could prove detrimental to relocation strategies.Identification and mitigation of these and other possible factors (e.g., disease) limiting population growth represent ongoing challenges and are the primary objectives of the Hawaiian monk seal conservation and recovery effort.

text: Some habitats are better suited to increase survival probability making relocation a popular and promising method. Although no direct links between infectious diseases and seal mortality rates have been found, unidentified infectious diseases could prove detrimental to relocation strategies.Identification and mitigation of these and other possible factors (e.g., disease) limiting population growth represent ongoing challenges and are the primary objectives of the Hawaiian monk seal conservation and recovery effort.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: unidentified

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: unidentified infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: unidentified infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: unidentified

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: monk seal

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: unidentified infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: unidentified infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do when you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vaccine

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: unidentified

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: unidentified infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: unidentified infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: diseases

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: unidentified infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: unidentified infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: unidentified infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unidentified infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: no direct links between infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: relocation a popular and promising method. Although no direct links between infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: no direct links between infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: unidentified infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: relocation a popular and promising method.

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unidentified infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: Hawaiian monk seal

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious diseases

text: EAST declares its intentions to improve sanitary conditions in rural areas, prevent the spread of infectious diseases, ensure access to safe drinking water. It cooperates with local authorities and services.

text: EAST declares its intentions to improve

text: sanitary

text: conditions in

text: rural

text: areas, prevent the spread of

text: infectious disease

text: s, ensure access to safe drinking water. It cooperates with local authorities and services.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: EAST

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: chickenpox

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: EAST

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: None of the above choices are available

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: None of the above choices are relevant

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of infectious diseases?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Athletes foot

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: safe drinking water

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: EAST

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: diseases, ensure access to safe drinking water.

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: spread of infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: prevent the spread of infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: prevent the spread of infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: diseases,

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: diseases,

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: prevent the spread of infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: prevent the spread of infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: EAST

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: prevent the spread of infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: infectious diseases, ensure access to safe drinking water.

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: safe drinking water.

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious diseases,

text: A British inquiry into BSE concluded that the epidemic was caused by feeding cattle, who are normally herbivores, the remains of other cattle in the form of meat and bone meal (MBM), which caused the infectious agent to spread. The origin of the disease itself remains unknown. The current scientific view is that infectious proteins called prions developed through spontaneous mutation, probably in the 1970s, and there is a possibility that the use of organophosphorus pesticides increased the susceptibility of cattle to the disease. The infectious agent is distinctive for the high temperatures it is able to survive; this contributed to the spread of the disease in Britain, which had reduced the temperatures used during its rendering process. Another contributory factor was the feeding of infected protein supplements to very young calves instead of milk from their mothers.

text: A British inquiry into BSE concluded that the epidemic was caused by feeding cattle, who are normally

text: herbivore

text: s, the remains of other cattle in the form of meat and bone meal (MBM), which caused the infectious agent to spread. The origin of the disease itself remains unknown. The current scientific view is that infectious proteins called

text: prion

text: s developed through spontaneous mutation, probably in the 1970s, and there is a possibility that the use of

text: organophosphorus pesticides

text: increased the susceptibility of cattle to the disease. The infectious agent is distinctive for the high temperatures it is able to survive; this contributed to the spread of the disease in Britain, which had reduced the temperatures used during its

text: rendering

text: process. Another contributory factor was the feeding of infected protein supplements to very young calves instead of milk from their mothers.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Which disease is distinctive for the high temperatures it is able to survive?

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: prions

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: BSE

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: BSE

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: BSE

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: prions

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: cattle

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: BSE

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: BSE

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: BSE

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: BSE

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: (B).

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious proteins called prions unique for the high temperatures it is able to survive?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: prions

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious agent

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: prions

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: pesticides

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: prions

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious agent

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: prions

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: BSE

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious agent

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: prions

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: BSE

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: BSE

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: BSE

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: prions

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: prions

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: prions

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: BSE

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: BSE

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: BSE

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: meat and bone meal

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: high temperatures it is able to survive;

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: BSE

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: BSE

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: meat and bone meal

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: feeding of infected protein supplements

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: BSE

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: infectious agent

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: high temperatures it is able to survive;

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: milk from their mothers.

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: BSE

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: BSE

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: prions

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: prions

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: organophosphorus pesticides

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: pesticides

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: prions

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious agent

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: prions

text: In the second half of the 1800s Louis Pasteur perfected experiments which disproved the then-popular theory of spontaneous generation and from which he derived the modern theory of (infectious) disease. Using experiments based on this theory, which posited that specific microorganisms cause specific diseases, Pasteur isolated the infectious agent from anthrax. He then derived a vaccine by altering the infectious agent so as to make it harmless and then introducing this inactivated form of the infectious agents into farm animals, which then proved to be immune to the disease.<ref>Principles of microbiology

text: In the second half of the 1800s

text: Louis Pasteur

text: perfected experiments which disproved the then-popular theory of

text: spontaneous generation

text: and from which he derived the modern

text: theory

text: of (infectious) disease. Using experiments based on this theory, which posited that specific microorganisms cause specific diseases, Pasteur isolated the infectious agent from

text: anthrax

text: . He then derived a vaccine by altering the infectious agent so as to make it harmless and then introducing this inactivated form of the infectious agents into farm animals, which then proved to be immune to the disease.<ref>Principles of microbiology

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: microorganisms

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: anthrax

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: anthrax

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: anthrax

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: anthrax

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: anthrax

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: anthrax

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: anthrax

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: anthrax

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: microorganisms

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: The answer: a vector.

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which of the following is not a human viral infection: tetanus or measles?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: what should you cover your mouth and nose with your hand?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: the vectors

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious agent

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: vaccine

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vaccine

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: microorganisms

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious agent

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: anthrax

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: (infectious)

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: (infectious) disease.

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: microorganisms

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: anthrax.

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: anthrax.

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: anthrax.

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: anthrax.

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: anthrax.

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: anthrax.

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: anthrax.

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: anthrax.

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: microorganisms

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: ref>Principles of microbiology

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: anthrax.

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: anthrax.

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: anthrax.

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: ref>Principles of microbiology

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: ref>Principles of microbiology

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: ref>Principles of microbiology

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: specific microorganisms

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: anthrax.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: ref>Principles of microbiology

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: immune to the disease.

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: anthrax.

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: microorganisms

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: (infectious)

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: vaccine

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vaccine

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: microorganisms

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: (infectious)

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: anthrax.

text: A vaccine-preventable disease is an infectious disease for which an effective preventive vaccine exists.  If a person acquires a vaccine-preventable disease and dies from it, the death is considered a vaccine-preventable death.

text: A vaccine-preventable disease is an

text: infectious disease

text: for which an effective preventive

text: vaccine

text: exists.  If a person acquires a vaccine-preventable disease and dies from it, the death is considered a vaccine-preventable death.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: vaccine-preventable

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: vaccine-preventable

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Viruses

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: vaccine-preventable diseases

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: swine flu

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: virus

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: E. coli

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: rabies

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: diphtheria

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Schistosoma

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Escherichia coli

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: tetanus

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: genital herpes

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: When you cough or sneeze, cover your mouth and nose with your hand

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: a doorknob

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: It is a vaccine-preventable disease

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: pathogenic

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: vaccine

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vaccine

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: virus

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: vaccine-preventable disease

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: vaccine-preventable disease

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: vaccine-preventable disease

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: vaccine-preventable disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: vaccine-preventable disease

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: A vaccine-preventable disease

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: vaccine-preventable disease

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: vaccine-preventable death.

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: vaccine-preventable disease

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: A vaccine-preventable disease

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: A vaccine-preventable disease

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: A vaccine-preventable disease

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: A vaccine-preventable disease

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: A vaccine-preventable disease

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: A vaccine-preventable disease

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: effective preventive vaccine exists.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: A vaccine-preventable disease

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: A vaccine-preventable disease

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: A vaccine-preventable disease

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: A vaccine-preventable disease

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: vaccine-preventable disease

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: A vaccine-preventable disease

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: preventive vaccine

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vaccine

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious disease

text: Some SNPs are associated with the metabolism of different drugs. The association of a wide range of human diseases like cancer, infectious diseases (AIDS, leprosy, hepatitis, etc.) autoimmune, neuropsychiatric and many other diseases with different SNPs can be made as relevant pharmacogenomic targets for drug therapy.

text: Some SNPs are associated with the metabolism of different drugs. The association of a wide range of human diseases like

text: cancer

text: infectious diseases

text: AIDS

text: leprosy

text: hepatitis

text: , etc.)

text: autoimmune

text: neuropsychiatric

text: and many other diseases with different SNPs can be made as relevant

text: pharmacogenomic

text: targets for drug therapy.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: autoimmune

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: leprosy

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: leprosy

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: leprosy

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: SNP

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: leprosy

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: leprosy

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: AIDS

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: SNPs

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: tetanus

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: AIDS

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do when you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: SNPs

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: SNPs

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: AIDS

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: AIDS

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: AIDS

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: autoimmune

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: cancer, infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: (AIDS, leprosy, hepatitis,

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: cancer, infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: (AIDS, leprosy, hepatitis,

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: SNPs

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: (AIDS, leprosy, hepatitis,

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: cancer,

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: (AIDS, leprosy, hepatitis,

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: cancer, infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: (AIDS, leprosy, hepatitis, etc.)

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: (AIDS, leprosy, hepatitis,

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Some SNPs

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: cancer, infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: (AIDS, leprosy, hepatitis, etc.)

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: cancer, infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Some SNPs

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: (AIDS, leprosy, hepatitis,

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: (AIDS, leprosy, hepatitis,

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: hepatitis,

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: autoimmune,

text: The Virus Pathogen Database and Analysis Resource (ViPR)  is an integrative and comprehensive publicly available database and analysis resource to search, analyze, visualize, save and share data for viral pathogens in the U.S. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Category A-C Priority Pathogen lists for biodefense research, and other viral pathogens causing emerging/reemerging infectious diseases. ViPR is one of the five Bioinformatics Resource Centers (BRC) funded by NIAID, a component of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), which is an agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services.

text: The Virus Pathogen Database and Analysis Resource (ViPR)  is an integrative and comprehensive publicly available database and analysis resource to search, analyze, visualize, save and share data for viral pathogens in the U.S.

text: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases

text: (NIAID) Category A-C Priority Pathogen lists for biodefense research, and other viral pathogens causing emerging/reemerging infectious diseases. ViPR is one of the five

text: Bioinformatics Resource Centers

text: (BRC) funded by

text: NIAID

text: , a component of the

text: National Institutes of Health

text: (NIH), which is an agency of the

text: United States Department of Health and Human Services

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: viral pathogen

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: viral pathogen

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: viral

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: ViPR

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: viral pathogens

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: viral

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: virus

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: ViPR

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: ViPR

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Allergy

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: ViPR

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Schistosoma

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Escherichia coli

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: tetanus and measles

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Virus Pathogen Database and Analysis Resource (ViPR)

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you cover your mouth and nose with?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: ViPR

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: ViPR

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: ViPR

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: biodefense

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: viral

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: viral

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: emerging/reemerging infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: viral pathogens

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: viral

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: emerging/reemerging infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: emerging/reemerging infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: viral

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: viral

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: viral pathogens

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: viral

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: viral pathogens

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: viral

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: viral

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: The Virus Pathogen Database and Analysis Resource

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: viral pathogens causing emerging/reemerging infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: viral pathogens

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: viral pathogens

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: The Virus Pathogen Database and Analysis Resource

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: viral pathogens causing emerging/reemerging infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: viral pathogens

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: viral pathogens

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: The Virus Pathogen Database and Analysis Resource

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: viral pathogens causing emerging/reemerging infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: viral pathogens

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: viral pathogens

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: biodefense

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: viral

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: viral pathogens

text: Sociality, although a very successful way of life, is thought to increase the per-individual risk of acquiring disease, simply because close contact with conspecifics is a key transmission route for infectious diseases. As social organisms are often densely aggregated and exhibit high levels of interaction, pathogens can more easily spread from infectious to susceptible individuals. The intimate interactions often found in social insects, such as the sharing of food through regurgitation, are further possible routes of pathogen transmission. As the members of social groups are typically closely related, they are more likely to be susceptible to the same pathogens. This effect is compounded when overlapping generations are present (such as in social insect colonies and primate groups), which facilitates the horizontal transmission of pathogens from the older generation to the next. In the case of species that live in nests/burrows, stable, homeostatic temperatures and humidity may create ideal conditions for pathogen growth.

text: Sociality, although a very successful way of life, is thought to increase the per-individual risk of acquiring disease, simply because close contact with

text: conspecifics

text: is a key transmission route for

text: infectious diseases

text: . As social organisms are often densely aggregated and exhibit high levels of interaction, pathogens can more easily spread from infectious to susceptible individuals. The intimate interactions often found in social insects, such as the sharing of food through regurgitation, are further possible routes of pathogen transmission. As the members of social groups are typically closely related, they are more likely to be susceptible to the same pathogens. This effect is compounded when overlapping generations are present (such as in social insect colonies and primate groups), which facilitates the

text: horizontal transmission

text: of pathogens from the older generation to the next. In the case of species that live in nests/burrows, stable, homeostatic temperatures and humidity may create ideal conditions for pathogen growth.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: horizontal transmission

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: social insect

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Sociality

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: close contact with conspecifics

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: close contact with conspecifics

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: pathogens can more easily spread from infectious to susceptible individuals

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: close contact with conspecifics

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you cover your mouth and nose with?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: conspecifics

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: close contact with conspecifics

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: close contact with conspecifics

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: horizontal transmission

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogenic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: social insects,

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: insects,

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: regurgitation,

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Sociality,

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: disease,

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: pathogens can more easily spread from infectious to susceptible individuals.

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: social insects,

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: close contact with conspecifics is a key transmission route for infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: close contact with conspecifics is a key transmission route for infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Sociality,

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: close contact with conspecifics

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Sociality,

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: pathogens can more easily spread from infectious to susceptible individuals.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: close contact with conspecifics is a key transmission route for infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Sociality,

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Sociality,

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: close contact with conspecifics

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: horizontal transmission

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: food

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: social

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogens

text: Public health plays an important role in disease prevention efforts in both the developing world and in developed countries, through local health systems and non-governmental organizations. The World Health Organization (WHO) is the international agency that coordinates and acts on global public health issues. Most countries have their own government public health agencies, sometimes known as ministries of health, to respond to domestic health issues. For example, in the United States, the front line of public health initiatives are state and local health departments. The United States Public Health Service (PHS), led by the Surgeon General of the United States, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, headquartered in Atlanta, are involved with several international health activities, in addition to their national duties. In Canada, the Public Health Agency of Canada is the national agency responsible for public health, emergency preparedness and response, and infectious and chronic disease control and prevention. The Public health system in India is managed by the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare of the government of India with state owned health care facilities.

text: Public health plays an important role in disease prevention efforts in both the developing world and in developed countries, through local health systems and

text: non-governmental organization

text: s. The

text: World Health Organization

text: (WHO) is the international agency that coordinates and acts on

text: global public health

text: issues. Most countries have their own government public health agencies, sometimes known as ministries of health, to respond to domestic health issues. For example, in the

text: United States

text: , the front line of public health initiatives are state and local

text: health department

text: s. The

text: United States Public Health Service

text: (PHS), led by the

text: Surgeon General of the United States

text: , and the

text: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

text: , headquartered in

text: Atlanta

text: , are involved with several international health activities, in addition to their national duties. In Canada, the

text: Public Health Agency of Canada

text: is the national agency responsible for public health, emergency preparedness and response, and infectious and

text: chronic disease

text: control and prevention. The

text: Public health system in India

text: is managed by the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare of the government of India with state owned health care facilities.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious and chronic

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious and chronic disease

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: viral

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: HIV

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Influenza

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Schistosoma

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Escherichia coli

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: In Canada, the Public Health Agency of Canada

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do when you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: strep throat

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: The Public Health Agency of Canada

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotic

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vaccine

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: viral

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Public health

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious and chronic disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious and chronic disease

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious and chronic disease

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious and chronic

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: Public health

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: infectious and chronic disease

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: infectious and chronic disease

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: infectious and chronic disease

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Public health

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: The World Health Organization

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: The World Health Organization

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: The World Health Organization

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: The World Health Organization

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Public health

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: Public health

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Public health

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Public health

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: Public health

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: The World Health Organization

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Public health

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: The World Health Organization

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious and chronic disease

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: Public health

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious and chronic disease

text: Native Americans had lived along the waterways for several thousand years. Siouan-speaking tribes were the ones encountered by English colonists. Their numbers were sharply reduced by European infectious diseases to which they had no immunity, which caused widespread social disruption.

text: Native Americans

text: had lived along the waterways for several thousand years.

text: Siouan

text: -speaking tribes were the ones encountered by

text: English colonists

text: . Their numbers were sharply reduced by European

text: infectious diseases

text: to which they had no immunity, which caused widespread social disruption.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: European

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: swine flu

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: European

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: European infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Siouan

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: polio

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: European infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What is the best way to do this?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: c).

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of infectious diseases?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: English colonists

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: immunity

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: European

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: European infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: European infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: English colonists.

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Siouan-speaking tribes

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: European infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: European infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: European infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: European infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: European infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: European infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: they had no immunity,

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: European infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: European infectious diseases to which they had no immunity,

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: European infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: English colonists.

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: European infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: European infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: immunity,

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: immunity,

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: European infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious diseases

text: The film focuses on an outbreak of a fictional Ebola-like virus, Motaba, in Zaire and later in a small town in the United States. It is primarily set in the United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the fictional town of Cedar Creek, California. Outbreak plot speculates how far military and civilian agencies might go to contain the spread of a deadly, contagious disease.

text: The film focuses on an outbreak of a fictional

text: Ebola-like virus

text: , Motaba, in

text: Zaire

text: and later in a small town in the United States. It is primarily set in the

text: United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases

text: and the

text: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

text: and the fictional town of Cedar Creek, California. Outbreak plot speculates how far military and civilian agencies might go to contain the spread of a deadly, contagious disease.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Motaba

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Contagious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Ebola

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Ebola

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Ebola

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: Ebola

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Ebola

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Ebola

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Ebola

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Motaba

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: What is Schistosoma?

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Escherichia coli

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which of the following is not a human viral infection: tetanus, measles or Ebola?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: What is the most common human fungal infection?

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do when you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: The film focuses on an outbreak of a fictional Ebola-like virus

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: How long should you scrub your hands?

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: What is Motaba?

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: contagious

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Ebola

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: Ebola

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: Disease Control and Prevention

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Ebola

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: contagious disease

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: Ebola

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: deadly, contagious disease.

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: contagious disease.

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Ebola-like virus,

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Ebola-like

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Ebola-like

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Ebola-like

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: Ebola-like

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: Ebola-like virus,

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Ebola-like

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Ebola-like

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Ebola-like

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Ebola-like virus,

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Ebola-like

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Ebola-like virus,

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Ebola-like virus,

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Ebola-like virus,

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: Ebola-like virus,

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Ebola-like virus, Motaba, in Zaire

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: deadly, contagious disease.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: Ebola-like virus,

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: contagious

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: contagious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: Ebola-like virus,

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: Disease Control and Prevention

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Ebola-like

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: contagious

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: Ebola-like

text: There are 35 notifiable infectious diseases, which are divided into Classes A, B, and C. The functions of the surveillance include explaining the natural history of infectious diseases, describing the distribution of case occurrence, triggering disease-control effort, monitoring epidemic of infectious diseases during natural disasters, predicting and controlling epidemics and providing the base of policy adjustment.

text: There are 35 notifiable infectious diseases, which are divided into Classes A, B, and C. The functions of the surveillance include explaining the natural history of infectious diseases, describing the distribution of case occurrence, triggering disease-control effort, monitoring epidemic of infectious diseases during

text: natural disasters

text: , predicting and controlling epidemics and providing the base of policy adjustment.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Class A

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Class A

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Class A

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Class A

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Class A

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: C

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: E. coli

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: B

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Class A

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Class A

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Class A

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Class A

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Class A

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Class A

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Class A

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Class A

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: Class A

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Class A

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Class A

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: C

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: notifiable

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Class A

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: Class A

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: notifiable infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Classes A, B, and C.

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Classes A, B, and C.

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Classes A, B, and C.

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: C.

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: natural disasters,

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: C.

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: 35 notifiable infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: 35 notifiable infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: 35 notifiable infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: 35 notifiable infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: C.

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: 35 notifiable infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: 35 notifiable infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: 35 notifiable infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: 35 notifiable infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: 35 notifiable infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: 35 notifiable infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: 35 notifiable infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: 35

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: C.

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: disease-control effort,

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Classes A, B, and C.

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious diseases,

text: Infectious disease, also known as Infectious diseases, infectious medicine, infectious disease medicine or infectiology, is a medical specialty dealing with the diagnosis, control and treatment of infections. An infectious disease (ID) specialist's practice may consist largely of managing nosocomial (hospital-acquired) infections, or it may be out-patient based, in which case it focuses more on community-acquired infections.

text: Infectious disease, also known as Infectious diseases, infectious medicine, infectious disease medicine or infectiology, is a medical specialty dealing with the diagnosis, control and treatment of infections. An infectious disease (ID) specialist's practice may consist largely of managing nosocomial (hospital-acquired) infections, or it may be out-patient based, in which case it focuses more on community-acquired infections.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: nosocomial

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: nosocomial

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: nosocomial

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: chickenpox

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Nosocomial

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Escherichia coli

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: common infectious disease caused by protozoa

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: nosocomial

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infections

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: Infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infections.

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infections.

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infections.

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: community-acquired infections.

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: (hospital-acquired)

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: community-acquired infections.

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: community-acquired infections.

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: Infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: community-acquired infections.

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: community-acquired infections.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: Infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: community-acquired infections.

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: community-acquired infections.

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: Infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: control

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: community-acquired infections.

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infections.

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infections.

text: Some cultural controls include pruning out infectious plant material, planting in pathogen-free fields, and practicing proper sanitation techniques. In the Philippines, pruning and cutting out patches of infected tissue have prevented the spread of the pathogen in the plant during disease outbreaks. General sanitation practices have also reduced the spread of inoculum. When planters failed to maintain sanitary equipment, seeds, and soil, they witnessed severe fruit infections. The more freckles seen on the leaves of the plant, the more the fruit develops symptoms of the disease. Inversely, less freckles corresponded to less disease.

text: Some cultural controls include pruning out infectious plant material, planting in

text: pathogen-free

text: fields, and practicing proper sanitation techniques. In the Philippines, pruning and cutting out patches of infected tissue have prevented the spread of the pathogen in the plant during disease outbreaks. General sanitation practices have also reduced the spread of inoculum. When planters failed to maintain sanitary equipment, seeds, and soil, they witnessed severe fruit infections. The more freckles seen on the leaves of the plant, the more the fruit develops symptoms of the disease. Inversely, less freckles corresponded to less disease.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: what does the passage imply?

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: inoculum

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: fruit infections

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: inoculum

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: inoculum

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: inoculum

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: fruit infections

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Which of the following is not a pathogen?

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which of the following is not a human viral infection: tetanus or measles?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Which of the following is not a common human fungal infection?

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do if you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: What is the most common infectious disease caused by protozoa?

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: inoculum

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: fruit infections

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: sanitation

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: freckles

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: inoculum.

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: fruit infections.

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: fruit infections.

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: fruit infections.

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: inoculum.

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: inoculum.

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: inoculum.

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: fruit infections. The more freckles

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: inoculum.

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: less freckles

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: less freckles

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: less freckles

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: less freckles

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: less freckles

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: less freckles

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: proper sanitation techniques.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: less freckles

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: less freckles corresponded to less disease.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: freckles

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: less freckles

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: less freckles

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: less freckles

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: inoculum.

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: fruit infections.

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: inoculum.

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: cultural controls

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogen-free

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogen-free

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: inoculum.

text: The Journal of Infectious Diseases is a peer-reviewed biweekly medical journal published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. It covers research on the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of infectious diseases, on the microbes that cause them, and on immune system disorders. The editor-in-chief is Martin Hirsch, who succeeded Marvin Turck. The journal was established in 1904 and was a quarterly until 1969 when it became a monthly then in 2001, it began biweekly publication. From 1904 to 2011, the journal was published by the University of Chicago Press.

text: The Journal of Infectious Diseases is a

text: peer-reviewed

text: biweekly

text: medical journal

text: published by

text: Oxford University Press

text: on behalf of the

text: Infectious Diseases Society of America

text: . It covers research on the

text: pathogenesis

text: diagnosis

text: , and

text: treatment

text: of

text: infectious disease

text: s, on the

text: microbes

text: that cause them, and on

text: immune system

text: disorders. The

text: editor-in-chief

text: is Martin Hirsch, who succeeded

text: Marvin Turck

text: . The journal was established in 1904 and was a quarterly until 1969 when it became a monthly then in 2001, it began biweekly publication. From 1904 to 2011, the journal was published by the

text: University of Chicago Press

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: microbes

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: microbes

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: microbe

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Microbes

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: The Journal of Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: The Journal of Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Human viral infections include tetanus and measles.

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: The Journal of Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: The Journal of Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: The Journal of Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: What is the proper way to wash your hands?

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: The Journal of Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: The Journal of Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: microbes

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: immune system disorders

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: microbes

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: microbes

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogenic

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: microbes

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: microbes

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: microbes

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: microbes

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: diseases,

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: immune system disorders.

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: microbes

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: The Journal of Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: microbes

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: The Journal of Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: The Journal of Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: The Journal of Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: The Journal of Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: the microbes

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: microbes

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: microbes

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: The Journal of Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Infectious Diseases Society of America.

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: microbes

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: immune

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: immune system disorders.

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: microbes

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: microbes

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: microbes

text: Tuberculosis is the leading cause of death around the world for an infectious disease. This disease is especially prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa, and the Latin American and Caribbean region.  While the tuberculosis rate is decreasing in the rest of the world, it is increasing by rate of 6 percent per year in Sub-Saharan Africa.  It is the leading cause of death for people with HIV in Africa. Tuberculosis (TB) is closely related to lifestyles of poverty, overcrowded conditions, alcoholism, stress, drug addiction and malnutrition.   This disease spreads quickly among people who are undernourished. According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, in the United States, tuberculosis is more prevalent among foreign born persons, and ethnic minorities.  The rates are especially high among Hispanics, Blacks and Asians.HIV infection and TB are also closely tied.  Being infected with HIV increases the rate of activation of latent TB infections, and having TB, increases the rate of HIV replication, therefore accelerating the progression of AIDS.

text: Tuberculosis

text: is the leading cause of death around the world for an infectious disease. This disease is especially prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa, and the Latin American and Caribbean region.  While the tuberculosis rate is decreasing in the rest of the world, it is increasing by rate of 6 percent per year in Sub-Saharan Africa.  It is the leading cause of death for people with HIV in Africa. Tuberculosis (TB) is closely related to lifestyles of poverty, overcrowded conditions, alcoholism, stress, drug addiction and malnutrition.   This disease spreads quickly among people who are undernourished. According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, in the United States, tuberculosis is more prevalent among foreign born persons, and ethnic minorities.  The rates are especially high among Hispanics, Blacks and Asians.HIV infection and TB are also closely tied.  Being infected with HIV increases the rate of activation of latent TB infections, and having TB, increases the rate of HIV replication, therefore accelerating the progression of AIDS.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Which of the following is not an infectious disease: Tuberculosis, TB or the common cold?

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: TB

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: TB

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: TB

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: HIV

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: TB

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: TB

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: TB

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of death for people with HIV in Africa?

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: what is the leading cause of death for people with HIV in Africa

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which of the following is not a viral infection: tetanus, measles, or tuberculosis?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do when you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why is tuberculosis contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: What is the proper way to wash your hands?

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: HIV

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: TB

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: TB

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: tuberculous

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: HIV

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: Asians.HIV

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: Tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: HIV

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: Tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: tuberculosis is more prevalent among foreign born persons,

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: spreads quickly among people who are undernourished.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: Tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: 6 percent per year in Sub-Saharan Africa.

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: AIDS.

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: drug addiction and malnutrition.

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: AIDS.

text: During the 1960s, two London-based researchers, radiation biologist Tikvah Alper and biophysicist John Stanley Griffith, developed the hypothesis that some transmissible spongiform encephalopathies are caused by an infectious agent consisting solely of proteins. Earlier investigations by E. J. Field into scrapie and kuru had identified the transfer of pathologically inert polysaccharides that only become infectious in the host. Alper and Griffith wanted to account for the discovery that the mysterious infectious agent causing the diseases scrapie and Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease resisted ionizing radiation.  (A single ionizing "hit" normally destroys an entire infectious particle, and the dose needed to hit half the particles depends on the size of the particles. The data suggested that the infectious agent was too small to be a virus.)

text: During the 1960s, two London-based researchers, radiation biologist

text: Tikvah Alper

text: and biophysicist

text: John Stanley Griffith

text: , developed the hypothesis that some

text: transmissible spongiform encephalopathies

text: are caused by an infectious agent consisting solely of proteins. Earlier investigations by

text: E. J. Field

text: into

text: scrapie

text: and

text: kuru

text: had identified the transfer of pathologically inert polysaccharides that only become infectious in the host. Alper and Griffith wanted to account for the discovery that the mysterious infectious agent causing the diseases scrapie and

text: Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease

text: resisted

text: ionizing radiation

text: .  (A single ionizing "hit" normally destroys an entire infectious particle, and the dose needed to hit half the particles depends on the size of the particles. The data suggested that the infectious agent was too small to be a virus.)

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: virus

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: scrapie

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: virus

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: virus

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Viruses

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Escherichia coli

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which is not a human viral infection?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you cover your mouth and nose with your hand?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: the infectious agent was too small to be a virus

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Tikvah Alper

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: transmissible

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: transmissible spongiform

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: ionizing

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vaccine

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious agent

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: virus

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: transmissible spongiform encephalopathies

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: virus.)

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: proteins.

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: scrapie and Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: proteins.

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: virus.)

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: transmissible spongiform encephalopathies

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: pathologically inert polysaccharides

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: transmissible spongiform encephalopathies

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: transmissible spongiform encephalopathies

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: virus.)

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: kuru

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: virus.)

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: host.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: proteins.

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: proteins.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: too small to be a virus.)

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: During the 1960s,

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: scrapie

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: virus.)

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: proteins.

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: ionizing radiation.

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: ionizing radiation.

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: proteins.

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious agent

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: virus.)

text: Prescribing by an infectious disease specialist compared with prescribing by a non-infectious disease specialist decreases antibiotic consumption and reduces costs.

text: Prescribing by an infectious disease specialist compared with prescribing by a non-infectious disease specialist decreases antibiotic consumption and reduces costs.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: antibiotic

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: chickenpox

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: non-infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: non-infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: non-infectious disease specialist

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: non-infectious disease specialist

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: non-infectious disease specialist

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: strep throat

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: non-infectious disease specialist

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotic

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: antibiotic

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: antibiotic

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: antibiotic

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: antibiotic

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious disease specialist

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: antibiotic

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: infectious disease specialist

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: antibiotic

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: antibiotic

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: antibiotic

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: antibiotic consumption

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Prescribing by an infectious disease specialist

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: antibiotic consumption

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Prescribing by an infectious disease specialist

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: non-infectious disease specialist

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Prescribing by an infectious disease specialist

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: Prescribing by an infectious disease specialist

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Prescribing by an infectious disease specialist

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: non-infectious disease specialist decreases antibiotic consumption

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: Prescribing by an infectious disease specialist

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: non-infectious disease specialist

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Prescribing by an infectious disease specialist

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: antibiotic consumption

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: antibiotic

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotic

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: antibiotic

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: antibiotic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: antibiotic

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: antibiotic

text: Viral hemorrhagic fevers such as Ebola Virus Disease, Lassa fever virus, Rift Valley fever, Marburg Virus and Bolivian hemorrhagic fever are highly contagious and deadly diseases, with the theoretical potential to become pandemics. Their ability to spread efficiently enough to cause a pandemic is limited, however, as transmission of these viruses requires close contact with the infected vector, and the vector only has a short time before death or serious illness. Furthermore, the short time between a vector becoming infectious and the onset of symptoms allows medical professionals to quickly quarantine vectors, and prevent them from carrying the pathogen elsewhere. Genetic mutations could occur, which could elevate their potential for causing widespread harm; thus close observation by contagious disease specialists is merited.

text: Viral hemorrhagic fevers such as

text: Ebola Virus Disease

text: Lassa fever virus

text: Rift Valley fever

text: Marburg Virus

text: and

text: Bolivian hemorrhagic fever

text: are highly contagious and deadly diseases, with the theoretical potential to become pandemics. Their ability to spread efficiently enough to cause a pandemic is limited, however, as transmission of these viruses requires close contact with the infected

text: vector

text: , and the vector only has a short time before death or serious illness. Furthermore, the short time between a vector becoming infectious and the onset of symptoms allows medical professionals to quickly

text: quarantine

text: vectors, and prevent them from carrying the pathogen elsewhere. Genetic mutations could occur, which could elevate their potential for causing widespread harm; thus close observation by contagious disease specialists is merited.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Lassa fever virus

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Lassa fever virus

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: Viral

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: infected vector

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Marburg Virus

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Marburg Virus

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Lassa fever virus

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: prevent them from carrying the pathogen elsewhere

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: Virus

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unknown

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: vector

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: contagious disease

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: quarantine

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: Ebola

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Viral hemorrhagic fevers

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Viral hemorrhagic fevers

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Ebola Virus Disease,

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Viral hemorrhagic fevers

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Ebola Virus Disease,

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: Viral hemorrhagic fevers

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: infected vector,

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Lassa fever virus,

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Ebola Virus Disease,

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Ebola Virus Disease,

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: viruses requires close contact with the infected vector,

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: transmission of these viruses requires close contact with the infected vector,

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Viral hemorrhagic fevers

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Viral hemorrhagic fevers

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Virus

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Viral hemorrhagic fevers

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: close contact with the infected vector,

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Viral hemorrhagic fevers

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: viruses requires close contact with the infected vector,

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: close contact with the infected vector,

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Ebola Virus Disease,

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Ebola Virus Disease,

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Bolivian hemorrhagic fever

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: vector,

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: contagious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: quarantine

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Viral hemorrhagic fevers

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: Genetic mutations

text: The Association of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Disease Canada (AMMI Canada) is a Canadian national medical specialty association composed of specialists in infectious diseases and medical microbiology, clinical microbiologists and researchers specializing in preventing, diagnosing, and treating infections. The association is a national specialty society recognized by the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada.The association promotes the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of human infectious diseases through our involvement in education, research, clinical practice and patient advocacy. Position papers and guidelines in support of this mission are published in the official Journal of the Association of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases - JAMMI (an open access journal) and/or posted on the organization's website.  Prior to January 1 2016, these were published in the Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology The annual meeting of the association occurs in the spring at which members present information of mutual interest.

text: The Association of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Disease Canada (AMMI Canada) is a Canadian national medical specialty association composed of specialists in infectious diseases and medical microbiology, clinical microbiologists and researchers specializing in preventing, diagnosing, and treating infections. The association is a national specialty society recognized by the

entity_name: Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada

text: Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada

text: .The association promotes the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of human infectious diseases through our involvement in education, research, clinical practice and patient advocacy. Position papers and guidelines in support of this mission are published in the official Journal of the Association of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases - JAMMI (an

text: open access journal

text: ) and/or posted on the organization's website.  Prior to January 1 2016, these were published in the Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology The annual meeting of the association occurs in the spring at which members present information of mutual interest.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: human infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: human infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: AMMI Canada

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Schistosoma

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Escherichia coli

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Human viral infections include tetanus and measles

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do when you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Infectious Disease Canada

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: The Association of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Disease Canada

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: microbiology

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: medical microbiology

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infections.

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infections.

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infections.

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: Microbiology

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: microbiology,

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: 2016,

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Infectious Disease Canada

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: infections.

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: The Association of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Disease Canada

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Canada.The association promotes the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of human infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: The Association of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Disease Canada

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: human infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: The Association of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Disease Canada

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of human infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: The Association of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Disease Canada

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: infections.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: infections.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: The Association of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Disease Canada

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: The Association of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Disease Canada

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: microbiology,

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: Infectious Disease Canada

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: education,

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: microbiology,

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infections.

text: Another important societal variable for mating strategies is the threat of infectious disease or pathogen prevalence. Since physical attractiveness is thought to signal health and disease resistance, evolutionary psychologists have predicted that, in societies high in pathogen prevalence, people will value attractiveness more in a mate. Indeed, research has confirmed that pathogen prevalence is associated with preferences for attractiveness across nations. Women in nations with high pathogen prevalence also show greater preferences for facial masculinity. Researchers have also reasoned that sexual contact with multiple individuals increases the risk of disease transmission, thereby increasing the costs of pursuing a short-term mating strategy. Consistent with this reasoning, higher pathogen prevalence is associated with lower national SOI scores. Finally, several studies have found that experimentally manipulating disease salience has a causal influence on attractiveness preferences and SOI scores in predicted directions.

text: Another important societal variable for mating strategies is the threat of infectious disease or pathogen prevalence. Since physical attractiveness is thought to signal health and disease resistance, evolutionary psychologists have predicted that, in societies high in pathogen prevalence, people will value attractiveness more in a mate. Indeed, research has confirmed that pathogen prevalence is associated with preferences for attractiveness across nations. Women in nations with high pathogen prevalence also show greater preferences for facial masculinity. Researchers have also reasoned that sexual contact with multiple individuals increases the risk of disease transmission, thereby increasing the costs of pursuing a short-term mating strategy. Consistent with this reasoning, higher pathogen prevalence is associated with lower national SOI scores. Finally, several studies have found that experimentally manipulating disease salience has a causal influence on attractiveness preferences and SOI scores in predicted directions.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: swine flu

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: sexually transmitted

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Which of the following is not a societal variable for mating strategies?

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: pathogen prevalence

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: pathogen prevalence

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: pathogen prevalence

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Which of the following is NOT true?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: sexual contact

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: pathogen prevalence

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: pathogen prevalence

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: pathogen prevalence

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: sexual contact with multiple individuals

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: disease

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: disease

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Another important societal variable for mating strategies is the threat of infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: pathogen prevalence.

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Another important societal variable for mating strategies is the threat of infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: sexual contact with multiple individuals increases the risk of disease transmission,

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: sexual contact with multiple individuals increases the risk of disease transmission,

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Another important societal variable for mating strategies is the threat of infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: higher pathogen prevalence is associated with lower national SOI scores.

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: disease transmission,

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: physical attractiveness

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogen

text: Island biogeography theory also led to the development of wildlife corridors as a conservation tool to increase connectivity between habitat islands. Wildlife corridors can increase the movement of species between parks and reserves and therefore increase the number of species that can be supported, but they can also allow for the spread of disease and pathogens between populations, complicating the simple proscription of connectivity being good for biodiversity.

text: Island biogeography theory also led to the development of

text: wildlife corridor

text: s as a conservation tool to increase connectivity between habitat islands. Wildlife corridors can increase the movement of species between parks and reserves and therefore increase the number of species that can be supported, but they can also allow for the spread of disease and pathogens between populations, complicating the simple proscription of connectivity being good for biodiversity.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: non-human

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: chickenpox

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: wildlife corridors

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: disease and pathogens

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: What can increase the movement of species between parks and reserves?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: wildlife corridors

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: the spread of disease

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Wildlife corridors

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Wildlife corridors

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: disease and pathogens

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: disease

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: Wildlife corridors

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: disease

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Wildlife corridors

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: disease

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Wildlife corridors

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Wildlife corridors

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Wildlife corridors

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Wildlife corridors

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: disease and pathogens

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Island biogeography theory also led to the development of wildlife corridors

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: Wildlife corridors

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Wildlife corridors

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Wildlife corridors

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: spread of disease and pathogens

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Island biogeography theory also led to the development of wildlife corridors

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Wildlife corridors

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Wildlife corridors

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: spread of disease

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Wildlife corridors

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogens

text: Plant breeders emphasize selection and development of disease-resistant plant lines. Plant diseases can also be partially controlled by use of pesticides and by cultivation practices such as crop rotation, tillage, planting density, disease-free seeds and cleaning of equipment, but plant varieties with inherent (genetically determined) disease resistance are generally preferred. Breeding for disease resistance began when plants were first domesticated. Breeding efforts continue because pathogen populations are under selection pressure for increased virulence, new pathogens appear, evolving cultivation practices and changing climate can reduce resistance and/or strengthen pathogens, and plant breeding for other traits can disrupt prior resistance. A plant line with acceptable resistance against one pathogen may lack resistance against others.

text: Plant breeders emphasize selection and development of disease-resistant plant lines. Plant diseases can also be partially controlled by use of

text: pesticides

text: and by cultivation practices such as

text: crop rotation

text: , tillage, planting density, disease-free seeds and cleaning of equipment, but plant varieties with inherent (genetically determined) disease resistance are generally preferred. Breeding for disease resistance began when plants were first domesticated. Breeding efforts continue because pathogen populations are under

text: selection pressure

text: for increased virulence, new pathogens appear, evolving cultivation practices and changing climate can reduce resistance and/or strengthen pathogens, and plant breeding for other traits can disrupt prior resistance. A plant line with acceptable resistance against one pathogen may lack resistance against others.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: genetically determined

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: virulence

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: plant diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: virulent

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Bacteria

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: plant varieties with inherent disease resistance

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Plant diseases can also be partially controlled by use of pesticides

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: a vector

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Plant breeders emphasize selection and development of disease-resistant plant lines

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: plant varieties with inherent (genetically determined) disease resistance

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do when you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: plant varieties with inherent (genetically determined) disease resistance

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are pathogen populations under selection pressure for increased virulence?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: doorknob

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: strep throat

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: plant varieties with inherent (genetically determined) disease resistance are generally preferred

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Plant diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: pesticides

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: pesticides

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Plant diseases can also be partially controlled by use of pesticides

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: disease-resistant plant lines. Plant diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: virulence,

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Plant diseases

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: pesticides

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Plant diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: virulence,

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: pesticides

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: pesticides

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: disease-resistant plant lines.

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: pathogen populations are under selection pressure for increased virulence,

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Plant breeders emphasize selection and development of disease-resistant plant lines.

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: plant varieties with inherent (genetically determined) disease resistance

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: disease-resistant plant lines.

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: plant varieties with inherent (genetically determined) disease resistance

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Plant breeders emphasize selection and development of disease-resistant plant lines.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: plant varieties with inherent (genetically determined) disease resistance

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: plant varieties with inherent (genetically determined) disease resistance

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: pathogen populations are under selection pressure for increased virulence,

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: Plant breeders emphasize selection and development of disease-resistant plant lines.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Plant breeders emphasize selection and development of disease-resistant plant lines.

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Plant diseases

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: plant varieties with inherent (genetically determined) disease resistance

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: pathogen populations

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Plant diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: pesticides

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: pesticides

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogen

text: Non-traumatic causes are less common. These include infectious diseases, medical procedures such as colonoscopy, haematological diseases, medications, and pregnancy.

text: Non-traumatic causes are less common. These include infectious diseases, medical procedures such as colonoscopy, haematological diseases, medications, and pregnancy.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: non-traumatic

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Non-traumatic causes are less common

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Haematological diseases

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: colonoscopy

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: chickenpox

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: non-traumatic causes

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: non-traumatic causes

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do if you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: non-traumatic causes

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: medications

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: haematological diseases

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: Non-traumatic causes are less common. These include infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: haematological diseases,

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: pregnancy.

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: haematological diseases,

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Non-traumatic causes are less common. These include infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Non-traumatic causes are less common. These include infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Non-traumatic causes are less common.

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Non-traumatic causes are less common.

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Non-traumatic causes are less common.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: Non-traumatic causes are less common.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Non-traumatic causes are less common.

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Non-traumatic causes are less common.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: Non-traumatic causes are less common.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Non-traumatic causes are less common.

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Non-traumatic causes are less common.

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: medications,

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: medications,

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: haematological diseases,

text: This development would lead to the development of an algorithm which would help to identify the conserved regions of pathogen sequences and in turn would be useful for vaccine development. This would be helpful in limiting the spread of infectious disease. These examples illustrate the power of immunoinformatics' application to complex problems in public health. Immunoinformatics could accelerate the discovery process dramatically and potentially shorten the time required for vaccine development.

text: This development would lead to the development of an algorithm which would help to identify the conserved regions of pathogen sequences and in turn would be useful for vaccine development. This would be helpful in limiting the spread of infectious disease. These examples illustrate the power of immunoinformatics' application to complex problems in public health. Immunoinformatics could accelerate the discovery process dramatically and potentially shorten the time required for vaccine development.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Influenza

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: HIV

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: parasite

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: E. coli

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: rabies

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: pathogens can be spread by

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Schistosoma

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: tetanus and measles

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: genital herpes virus

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do if you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: What is the most common cause of travelers diarrhea?

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: You can pick up the virus that causes the common cold from an object such as a door knob

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: strep throat

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: pathogen sequences

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: vaccine

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vaccine

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: vaccine

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: limiting the spread of infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: limiting the spread of infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: limiting the spread of infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: pathogen sequences

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: limiting the spread of infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: limiting the spread of infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: limiting the spread of infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: limiting the spread of infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: limiting the spread of infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: limiting the spread of infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: limiting the spread of infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: vaccine development. This would be helpful in limiting the spread of infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: limiting the spread of infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: spread of infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: vaccine

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vaccine

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogen

text: “It is important to note that dead whales that have been washed ashore in Ghana were in a decomposed state and, therefore, samples could not be taken for laboratory analysis to ascertain the cause of death,” the Ministry of Fisheries and the Fisheries Commission said in a joint statement signed by the sector Minister, Mr Nayon Bilijo. The Fisheries Commission said: “The cause of death of the whales is not due to negligence or inaction on the part of competent authorities responsible for the regulation and management of the Ghanaian marine waters”. It explained that the death of a whale could be due to ageing, infectious disease related to bacterial, fungal, viral and parasitic infection or non-infectious diseases related to failure of internal organs.

text: “It is important to note that dead whales that have been washed ashore in Ghana were in a decomposed state and, therefore, samples could not be taken for laboratory analysis to ascertain the cause of death,” the Ministry of Fisheries and the Fisheries Commission said in a joint statement signed by the sector Minister, Mr

text: Nayon Bilijo

text: . The Fisheries Commission said: “The cause of death of the whales is not due to negligence or inaction on the part of competent authorities responsible for the regulation and management of the Ghanaian marine waters”. It explained that the death of a whale could be due to ageing, infectious disease related to bacterial, fungal, viral and parasitic infection or non-infectious diseases related to failure of internal organs.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: viral

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: bacterial

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: bacterial

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: bacterial

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: viral

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: whale

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: bacterial

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: parasitic infection

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: viral

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: viral

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of death of the whales?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotic

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: bacterial, fungal, viral and parasitic infection

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: viral and parasitic infection

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: bacterial, fungal, viral and parasitic infection

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious disease related to bacterial, fungal, viral and parasitic infection

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: bacterial, fungal, viral and parasitic infection

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: bacterial, fungal, viral and parasitic infection

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: viral and parasitic

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: bacterial, fungal, viral

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: failure of internal organs.

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: viral and parasitic infection

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: bacterial, fungal, viral and parasitic infection

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: bacterial, fungal, viral and parasitic infection

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: bacterial,

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: viral and parasitic infection

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: bacterial, fungal, viral and parasitic infection

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: bacterial, fungal, viral and parasitic infection

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: bacterial, fungal, viral and parasitic infection

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: bacterial, fungal, viral and parasitic infection

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: bacterial, fungal, viral and parasitic infection

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: bacterial, fungal, viral and parasitic infection

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: bacterial, fungal, viral and parasitic infection

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: bacterial, fungal, viral and parasitic infection

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: bacterial, fungal, viral and parasitic infection

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious disease related to bacterial, fungal, viral and parasitic infection

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: bacterial,

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: bacterial, fungal, viral and parasitic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: bacterial, fungal, viral and parasitic infection

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: parasitic

text: A mathematical model is a simplified representation using mathematical language to describe natural, mechanical or social system dynamics.  In the early 20th century, epidemiologists became increasingly interested in the use of mathematical modelling procedures to project possible patterns in the spread of infectious diseases, including potential outcomes of an epidemic.  To achieve these goals, epidemiological modelers unite several types of information and analytic capacity, including: 1) mathematical equations and computational algorithms; 2) computer technology; 3) epidemiological knowledge about infectious disease dynamics, including information about specific pathogens and disease vectors; and 4) research data on social conditions and human behavior.  Mathematical modelling in epidemiology is now being applied to syndemics.  Abu-Raddad, Patnaik, and Kublin (2006), for example, used modelling to quantify the syndemic effects of malaria and HIV in sub-Saharan Africa based on research in Kisumu, Kenya.  These researchers point out that infection with HIV facilitates disease progression in individuals exposed to malaria.  At the same time, immune reaction to malaria doubles the infectious level of HIV infected individual.  In short, in typical syndemic fashion, each of these diseases amplifies the effects of the other.  Using mathematical modelling, Abu-Raddad and co-workers found that 5% of HIV infections (or 8,500 cases of HIV since 1980) in Kisumu are the result of the higher HIV infectiousness of malaria-infected HIV patients.  Additionally, their model attributed 10% of adult malaria episodes (or almost one million excess malaria infections since 1980) to the greater susceptibility of HIV infected individuals to malaria.  Their model also suggests that HIV has contributed to the wider geographic spread of malaria in Africa, a process previously thought to be the consequence primarily of global warming.  Other researchers (e.g., Herring and Sattenspiel 2007) also have begun to apply mathematical modelling to syndemics.  Modelling offers an enormously useful tool for anticipating future syndemics, including eco-syndemic, based on information about the spread of various diseases across the planet and the consequent co-infections and disease interactions that will result.

text: A

text: mathematical model

text: is a simplified representation using mathematical language to describe natural, mechanical or social system dynamics.  In the early 20th century, epidemiologists became increasingly interested in the use of mathematical modelling procedures to project possible patterns in the spread of

text: infectious diseases

text: , including potential outcomes of an epidemic.  To achieve these goals, epidemiological modelers unite several types of information and analytic capacity, including: 1) mathematical equations and computational algorithms; 2) computer technology; 3) epidemiological knowledge about

text: infectious disease dynamics

text: , including information about specific pathogens and disease

text: vectors

text: ; and 4) research data on social conditions and human behavior.

text: Mathematical modelling in epidemiology

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: malaria and HIV

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Infection with HIV facilitates disease progression

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: malaria and HIV

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: malaria

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: malaria

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: HIV

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: malaria

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: HIV

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: HIV

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Which disease can be spread by pathogens?

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: information about specific pathogens

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which disease amplifies the effects of the other?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Context: Mathematical modelling in epidemiology is now being applied to syndemics

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: What is the most common cause of Travelers diarrhea?

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: what is the most common infectious disease caused by protozoa

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: disease vector

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: malaria

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: HIV

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: HIV

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: HIV

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: HIV

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: HIV

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: malaria-infected

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: HIV

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: malaria

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: HIV

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: HIV

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: HIV

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: immune reaction to malaria

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: 10% of adult malaria episodes

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: HIV

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: malaria.

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: higher HIV infectiousness

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: greater susceptibility of HIV infected individuals to malaria.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: 5% of HIV infections

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: facilitates disease progression in individuals exposed to malaria.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: HIV

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: malaria.

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: malaria.

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: malaria.

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: disease vectors;

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: specific pathogens

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: immune

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogens and disease vectors;

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: disease vectors;

text: There are many communicable diseases and conditions that threaten the livelihood of the Guatemalan people on a day-to-day basis. Infectious diseases are still the number one cause of death for people in developing countries, whereas in the developed world, infectious diseases are no longer a significant problem. Furthermore, in Guatemala, parasites, diabetes, and malnutrition are huge health problems. Diabetes threatens development in many rural Mayan communities within Guatemala. In order to attack this problem head-on, “health service efforts must be culturally appropriate and emphasize awareness, prevention, early detection, and universal treatment”. Also, malnutrition remains a huge problem among children and adults in Guatemala. Given the prevalence of poverty, many residents have limited access to quality nutrition, limited education, and higher rates of disease. Even though there have been improvements, Guatemala is still characterized by high infant and maternal morbidity and mortality rates, pervasive malnutrition, and high incidences of infectious diseases. Also, in Guatemala, the prevalence of Type 2 diabetes and obesity has risen.

text: There are many

text: communicable diseases

text: and conditions that threaten the livelihood of the Guatemalan people on a day-to-day basis.

text: Infectious diseases

text: are still the number one cause of death for people in

text: developing countries

text: , whereas in the developed world, infectious diseases are no longer a significant problem. Furthermore, in Guatemala, parasites,

text: diabetes

text: , and

text: malnutrition

text: are huge health problems. Diabetes threatens development in many rural Mayan communities within Guatemala. In order to attack this problem head-on, “health service efforts must be culturally appropriate and emphasize awareness, prevention, early detection, and universal treatment”. Also, malnutrition remains a huge problem among children and adults in Guatemala. Given the prevalence of poverty, many residents have limited access to quality nutrition, limited education, and higher rates of disease. Even though there have been improvements, Guatemala is still characterized by high infant and maternal

text: morbidity

text: and

text: mortality rate

text: s, pervasive malnutrition, and high

text: incidences

text: of infectious diseases. Also, in Guatemala, the

text: prevalence

text: of Type 2 diabetes and obesity has risen.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Parasites

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: parasites

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: parasites

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: parasite

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: parasites

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: malnutrition

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Parasites

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Which of the following is not a communicable disease?

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: What is Schistosoma?

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Infectious diseases are still the number one cause of death for people in developing countries

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do when you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: What is the proper way to wash your hands?

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Infectious diseases are still the number one cause of death for people in developing countries

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: parasites

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: Parasites

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasites

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: parasites

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: communicable diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: communicable diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: parasites,

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: parasites,

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: parasites,

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: parasites,

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: parasites,

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: parasites,

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: parasites,

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: diabetes,

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: parasites,

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: parasites,

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: parasites,

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: parasites,

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: parasites,

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: diabetes, and malnutrition

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: prevention, early detection, and universal treatment”.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: parasites,

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: awareness, prevention, early detection, and universal treatment”.

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: parasites,

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: parasites,

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: Type 2

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: parasites,

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasites,

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: parasites,

text: Originally fever patients had been treated in ordinary wards at DRI, but as awareness of the need for isolation to prevent the spread of contagious disease grew during the nineteenth century, this practice ceased. In the 1860s and 1870s smallpox and typhus patients were treated in wooden pavilions at other sites and this ultimately led to the opening of a separate hospital for infectious diseases at King's Cross in 1889.

text: Originally fever patients had been treated in ordinary wards at DRI, but as awareness of the need for isolation to prevent the spread of contagious disease grew during the nineteenth century, this practice ceased. In the 1860s and 1870s smallpox and typhus patients were treated in wooden pavilions at other sites and this ultimately led to the opening of a separate hospital for infectious diseases at

text: King's Cross

text: in 1889.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: smallpox

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: contagious disease

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: smallpox and typhus

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: smallpox

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: smallpox

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: contagious

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: smallpox

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: typhus

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: smallpox

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: smallpox

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: smallpox

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why were smallpox and typhus patients treated in wooden pavilions at other sites

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: contagious disease

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: typhus

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: smallpox

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: smallpox

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: smallpox

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: contagious disease

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: contagious disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: smallpox and typhus

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: smallpox and typhus

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: smallpox and typhus

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: smallpox

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: contagious disease

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: contagious disease

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: smallpox

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: fever

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: smallpox

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: smallpox and typhus

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Originally fever patients had been treated in ordinary wards at DRI,

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: infectious diseases at King's Cross in 1889.

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: smallpox and typhus

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: smallpox and typhus

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: awareness of the need for isolation to prevent the spread of contagious disease

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: isolation to prevent the spread of contagious disease

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: King's Cross in 1889.

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: infectious diseases at King's Cross in 1889.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: smallpox and typhus

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Originally fever patients had been treated in ordinary wards at DRI,

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: King's Cross in 1889.

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: contagious disease

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: smallpox and typhus

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: isolation

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: contagious disease

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: contagious

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: smallpox

text: In the study of infectious diseases and host responses, the mathematical and computer models are a great help. These models were very useful in characterizing the behavior and spread of infectious disease, by understanding the dynamics of the pathogen in the host and the mechanisms of host factors which aid pathogen persistence. Examples include Plasmodium falciparum and nematode infection in ruminants.

text: In the study of infectious diseases and host responses, the mathematical and computer models are a great help. These models were very useful in characterizing the behavior and spread of infectious disease, by understanding the dynamics of the pathogen in the host and the mechanisms of host factors which aid pathogen persistence. Examples include Plasmodium falciparum and nematode infection in ruminants.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: parasites

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Plasmodium

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Plasmodium

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: Plasmodium

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: Plasmodium

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: parasites

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: malaria

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: malaria

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Plasmodium

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Plasmodium

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: pathogen in the host

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: tetanus and measles are examples of what?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: genital herpes

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do when you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: nematode

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Plasmodium falciparum

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: malaria

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Plasmodium

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Plasmodium falciparum

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Plasmodium falciparum

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: nematode infection in ruminants.

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Plasmodium falciparum

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: Plasmodium falciparum

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: Plasmodium falciparum

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Plasmodium falciparum

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Plasmodium falciparum

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Plasmodium falciparum

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Plasmodium falciparum

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Plasmodium falciparum

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Plasmodium falciparum

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Plasmodium falciparum

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Plasmodium falciparum

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: In the study of infectious diseases and host responses, the mathematical and computer models

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: the mathematical and computer models

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Plasmodium falciparum

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: dynamics of the pathogen in the host

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: Plasmodium falciparum

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: In the study of infectious diseases and host responses, the mathematical and computer models

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Plasmodium falciparum

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Plasmodium falciparum

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: nematode

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: nematode

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: nematode

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Plasmodium falciparum

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: nematode

text: Results of carried out research projects managed by this center includes reports on plague in rodents and dogs in the western part of the country, reports on tularemia seropositivity in human high-risk groups in Kurdistan and Sistan and Baluchestan provinces  and the first report of endocarditis case of Q fever in Tehran. In addition, this research center has a close scientific relationship with the national reference laboratory of Arboviruses and viral haemorrhagic fever in Pasteur Institute of Iran to monitor other emerging and reemerging infectious diseases such as Crimean Congo haemorrhagic fever, dengue fever, West Nile fever, Rift Valley fever, etc. To monitor other emerging and reemerging infectious diseases, studies have been done on diseases such as recurrent fever, HIV, tuberculosis and hepatitis.

text: Results of carried out research projects managed by this center includes reports on plague in rodents and dogs in the western part of the country, reports on tularemia seropositivity in human high-risk groups in Kurdistan and Sistan and Baluchestan provinces  and the first report of endocarditis case of Q fever in Tehran. In addition, this research center has a close scientific relationship with the national reference laboratory of Arboviruses and viral haemorrhagic fever in Pasteur Institute of Iran to monitor other emerging and reemerging infectious diseases such as Crimean Congo haemorrhagic fever, dengue fever, West Nile fever, Rift Valley fever, etc. To monitor other emerging and reemerging infectious diseases, studies have been done on diseases such as recurrent fever, HIV, tuberculosis and hepatitis.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: tularemia

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Arbovirus

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Arboviruses

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: West Nile fever, Rift Valley fever

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: plague

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: Arboviruses

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: dogs

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: dengue fever

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: tularemia

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: tularemia

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Arbovirus

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Schistosoma

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: tularemia

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do when you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: dengue fever

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: strep throat

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: tularemia

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: Pasteur

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Arbovirus

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: Arbovirus

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: tularemia

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Arboviruses

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: dengue fever, West Nile fever, Rift Valley fever,

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: Arboviruses

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: rodents and dogs

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: dengue fever,

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: hepatitis.

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: West Nile fever,

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Arboviruses

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: rodents and dogs

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: tularemia seropositivity in human high-risk groups

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: tularemia

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: tularemia

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Pasteur Institute of Iran

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: tularemia seropositivity in human high-risk groups

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Arboviruses

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Arboviruses

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: dengue fever,

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Pasteur Institute of Iran

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: tularemia

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: tularemia

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: Arboviruses

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: hepatitis.

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Arboviruses

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: Arboviruses

text: Plant pathogens follow infectious disease dynamics. The basic reproductive rate

text: Plant pathogens follow

text: infectious disease dynamics

text: . The

text: basic reproductive rate

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: rashes

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: rabies

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: plant pathogens

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: virus

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: parasite

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Bacillus subtilis

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: rabies

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: chickenpox

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Plant pathogens follow infectious disease dynamics

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: It is a parasite.

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: The basic reproductive rate

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: The basic reproductive rate of tetanus is

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: The basic reproductive rate of genital herpes is

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: When you cough or sneeze, you should cover your mouth and nose with your hand

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: The best way to prevent diseases spread by vectors to is avoid contact with the vectors

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: None of the above choices .

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: You can pick up the virus that causes the common cold from an object

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: The answer: 20.

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: The basic reproductive rate

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: The basic reproductive rate

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Plant pathogens

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious disease dynamics.

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Plant pathogens follow infectious disease dynamics.

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: Plant

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: Plant pathogens

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Plant pathogens

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Plant pathogens follow infectious disease dynamics. The basic reproductive rate

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Plant pathogens follow infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Plant pathogens follow infectious disease dynamics.

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Plant pathogens follow infectious disease dynamics. The basic reproductive rate

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: The basic reproductive rate

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Plant pathogens follow infectious disease dynamics.

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Plant pathogens follow infectious disease dynamics. The basic reproductive rate

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Plant pathogens follow infectious disease dynamics. The basic reproductive rate

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: The basic reproductive rate

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Plant pathogens follow infectious disease dynamics. The basic reproductive rate

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Plant pathogens

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: Plant pathogens follow infectious disease dynamics. The basic reproductive rate

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Plant pathogens follow infectious disease dynamics. The basic reproductive rate

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Plant pathogens follow infectious disease dynamics.

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Plant pathogens follow infectious disease dynamics. The basic reproductive rate

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: Plant pathogens

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: infectious disease dynamics. The basic reproductive rate

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: Plant pathogens

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Plant pathogens

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: Plant pathogens

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: Plant pathogens

text: Starting in 1915, he worked at the George Williams Hooper Foundation Institute for Medical Research, University of California, devoted to medical research (whose first director was George H. Whipple, the Nobelist). At first, Meyer was acting director, and soon succeeded Whipple as director of the Hooper.Meyer’s personality, his enormous knowledge combined with his energy and extraordinary drive were just what was needed to tackle the many pioneering tasks. He contributed significantly to the understanding, treatment, and prevention of many infectious (and other) diseases. His contributions and achievements were founded on his holistic, ecological approach. He was a generalist, meaning that he always concurrently concentrated on the interactions and interdependence of the factors involved, as they are: (i) the disease agents (biology, habitat, hosts, transmission to man, infectiousness, etc.); (ii) disease in man and animals (diagnosis, therapies, pathology, epidemiology); (iii) public health; and (iv) education. His 1930s Public Health curriculum at the University of California played a large role in the creation of the UC Berkeley School of Public Health.

text: Starting in 1915, he worked at the George Williams Hooper Foundation Institute for Medical Research, University of California, devoted to medical research (whose first director was

text: George H. Whipple

text: , the Nobelist). At first, Meyer was acting director, and soon succeeded Whipple as director of the Hooper.Meyer’s personality, his enormous knowledge combined with his energy and extraordinary drive were just what was needed to tackle the many pioneering tasks. He contributed significantly to the understanding, treatment, and prevention of many infectious (and other) diseases. His contributions and achievements were founded on his holistic, ecological approach. He was a generalist, meaning that he always concurrently concentrated on the interactions and interdependence of the factors involved, as they are: (i) the disease agents (biology, habitat, hosts, transmission to man, infectiousness, etc.); (ii) disease in man and animals (diagnosis, therapies, pathology, epidemiology); (iii) public health; and (iv) education. His 1930s Public Health curriculum at the

text: University of California

text: played a large role in the creation of the

text: UC Berkeley School of Public Health

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: disease agents

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectiousness

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: biology

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: hosts

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: infectiousness

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: (i)

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: (i)

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: tetanus and measles

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: what is the first director of the Hooper?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: (i)

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: How are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: (i)

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: infectious (and other) diseases

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: (i)

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: hosts

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: biology

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: disease agents

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectiousness

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious (and other) diseases.

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: (biology, habitat, hosts, transmission to man, infectiousness,

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: (biology,

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: hosts,

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: transmission to man, infectiousness,

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: George H. Whipple,

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: infectiousness,

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: disease agents

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: hosts,

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: infectious (and other) diseases.

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Meyer

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: infectious (and other) diseases.

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: George Williams Hooper Foundation Institute for Medical Research,

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: hosts, transmission to man,

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Meyer

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: disease agents

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: infectious (and other) diseases.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: George Williams Hooper Foundation Institute for Medical Research,

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: infectious (and other) diseases.

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Meyer

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: hosts,

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: therapies,

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: disease agents

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: (biology, habitat, hosts,

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: disease agents

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: disease agents

text: VectorBase is one of the five Bioinformatics Resource Centers (BRC) funded by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), a component of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), which is an agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services. VectorBase is  focused on invertebrate vectors of human pathogens working with the sequencing centers and the research community to curate vector genomes (mainly genome annotation).

text: VectorBase is one of the five

text: Bioinformatics Resource Centers

text: (BRC) funded by the

text: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases

text: (NIAID), a component of the

text: National Institutes of Health

text: (NIH), which is an agency of the

text: United States Department of Health and Human Services

text: . VectorBase is  focused on invertebrate vectors of

text: human pathogen

text: s working with the sequencing centers and the research community to curate vector genomes (mainly

text: genome annotation

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: invertebrate vectors

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: human

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: invertebrate

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: E. coli

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: AIDS

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Allergy

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: invertebrate vectors

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: VectorBase

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: human pathogens

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: tetanus and measles

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Infectious Diseases (NIAID)

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What is the purpose of this passage?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: vectors of human pathogens

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: vector

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: NIAID

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: vectors

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: invertebrate vectors

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Allergy and Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Allergy

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: human

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: invertebrate

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: human pathogens

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Allergy and Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Allergy

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: invertebrate vectors of human pathogens

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: invertebrate vectors

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: invertebrate vectors of human pathogens

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: invertebrate vectors

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: invertebrate vectors of human pathogens

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: invertebrate vectors

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: invertebrate vectors

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: invertebrate vectors of human pathogens

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: invertebrate vectors

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: Allergy

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: invertebrate

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogens

text: He is also the author of a medical app for Android and iPhone called Infectious Disease Compendium: A Guide to Infectious Diseases.

text: He is also the author of a medical app for

text: Android

text: and

text: iPhone

text: called Infectious Disease Compendium: A Guide to Infectious Diseases.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: viral

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: swine flu

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: rabies

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: chickenpox

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Viruses

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Infectious Disease Compendium

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Escherichia coli

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: tetanus

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Infectious Disease Compendium

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: strep throat

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Athletes foot

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Infectious Diseases.

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Infectious Diseases.

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Infectious Diseases.

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Infectious Diseases.

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Infectious Diseases.

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: Infectious Disease Compendium: A Guide to Infectious Diseases.

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Infectious Disease Compendium: A Guide to Infectious Diseases.

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Infectious Diseases.

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Infectious Disease Compendium: A Guide to Infectious Diseases.

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Infectious Disease Compendium: A Guide to Infectious Diseases.

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Infectious Disease Compendium:

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Infectious Disease Compendium: A Guide to Infectious Diseases.

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Infectious Disease Compendium:

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Infectious Disease Compendium:

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: A Guide to Infectious Diseases.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Infectious Disease Compendium:

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Infectious Disease Compendium:

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: Infectious Disease Compendium:

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Infectious Disease Compendium:

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Infectious Disease Compendium: A Guide to Infectious Diseases.

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Infectious Disease Compendium:

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: Infectious Diseases.

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: Infectious Diseases.

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: Infectious Disease Compendium:

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: Infectious Diseases.

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: Infectious Diseases.

text: Prevalent in the northern areas of the Jarrah Forest, dieback disease, caused by the introduced soil-borne pathogen Phythopthora cinnamomi, is a serious threat to many plant species. The disease involves the formation of lesions  (decaying tissue) starting in the roots and moving up the stem of a plant, and, in the case of many species, killing them. It negatively affects more than 22% of the plant species in the forest. P. cinnamomi has been found in suberized and partially suberized roots that are perennial and it is these roots that form the specialised feeder root system of the jarrah. The spread of dieback is exacerbated by altered drainage caused by mining and timber harvesting. The soil population of P. cinnamomi is generally highest during spring, the time of year when soil temperature and moisture levels are high. An increase in summer rainfall is likely to increase the harm that this pathogen causes in the northern and southern jarrah forests, with high mortality rates of jarrah expected.

text: Prevalent in the northern areas of the Jarrah Forest, dieback disease, caused by the introduced soil-borne pathogen

text: Phythopthora cinnamomi

text: , is a serious threat to many plant species. The disease involves the formation of lesions  (decaying tissue) starting in the roots and moving up the stem of a plant, and, in the case of many species, killing them. It negatively affects more than 22% of the plant species in the forest.

text: P. cinnamomi

text: has been found in suberized and partially suberized roots that are perennial and it is these roots that form the specialised feeder root system of the jarrah. The spread of dieback is exacerbated by altered drainage caused by mining and timber harvesting. The soil population of

text: P. cinnamomi

text: is generally highest during spring, the time of year when soil temperature and moisture levels are high. An increase in summer rainfall is likely to increase the harm that this pathogen causes in the northern and southern jarrah forests, with high mortality rates of jarrah expected.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Which disease involves the formation of lesions (decaying tissue) starting in the roots and moving up the stem of a plant?

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Phythopthora

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Phythopthora cinnamomi

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: dieback disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: Phythopthora

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Phythopthora

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: jarrah

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Which disease involves the formation of lesions (decaying tissue) starting in the roots and moving up the stem of a plant, and, in the case of many species, killing them

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which of the following is not a human viral infection: tetanus or measles?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you cover your mouth and nose with?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: soil-borne pathogen

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: dieback disease

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: Phythopthora

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: Phythopthora

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: dieback disease,

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: dieback disease,

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Phythopthora cinnamomi,

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: dieback disease,

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: dieback disease,

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: dieback disease,

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: Phythopthora cinnamomi,

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: Phythopthora cinnamomi,

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Phythopthora cinnamomi,

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: dieback disease,

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: dieback disease,

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Phythopthora cinnamomi,

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Phythopthora cinnamomi,

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Phythopthora cinnamomi,

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Phythopthora cinnamomi,

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Phythopthora cinnamomi,

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: spring,

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: mining and timber harvesting.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Phythopthora cinnamomi,

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Phythopthora cinnamomi,

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: Phythopthora cinnamomi,

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Phythopthora cinnamomi,

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: dieback disease,

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: dieback disease,

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: soil-borne

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: dieback disease,

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: Phythopthora cinnamomi,

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: Phythopthora cinnamomi,

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: soil-borne pathogen

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: Phythopthora cinnamomi,

text: The fungus is an Ascomycete and can use conidia or ascospores to infect. There are three races of B. maydis: Race O, Race C, and Race T; SCLB symptoms vary depending on the infectious pathogen's race.  Race T is infectious to corn plants with the Texas male sterile cytoplasm (cms-T cytoplasm maize) and this vulnerability was the cause of the United States SCLB epidemic of 1969-1970  For this reason, Race T is of particular interest.  While SCLB thrives in warm, damp climates, the disease can be found in many of the world's maize-growing areas.  Typical management practices include breeding for host resistance, cultural controls and fungicide use.

text: The fungus is an

text: Ascomycete

text: and can use conidia or ascospores to infect. There are three races of B. maydis: Race O, Race C, and Race T; SCLB symptoms vary depending on the infectious pathogen's race.  Race T is infectious to corn plants with the Texas male sterile cytoplasm (cms-T cytoplasm maize) and this vulnerability was the cause of the United States SCLB epidemic of 1969-1970  For this reason, Race T is of particular interest.  While SCLB thrives in warm, damp climates, the disease can be found in many of the world's maize-growing areas.  Typical management practices include breeding for host resistance, cultural controls and

text: fungicide

text: use.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Ascomycete

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Ascomycete

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: sclb

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: SCLB

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: SCLB

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: fungus

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: fungus

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Race T

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Race T

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Which of the following is not a race of B. maydis?

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which of the following is not a viral infection: tetanus, measles, or race?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do when you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Which of the following is not an Ascomycete: Race O, Race C, or Race T?

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: ascospores

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: SCLB

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: fungicide

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: fungicide

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Ascomycete

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: ascospores

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: SCLB

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Ascomycete

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: fungus is an Ascomycete

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: SCLB

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: SCLB

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: fungicide

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: Ascomycete

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: fungus

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: B. maydis:

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Race T

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Race T

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: The fungus is an Ascomycete

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: conidia or ascospores

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: B. maydis:

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Race T;

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: B. maydis:

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: The fungus is an Ascomycete

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: fungicide use.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: The fungus is an Ascomycete

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: conidia or ascospores

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: conidia or ascospores

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: The fungus is an Ascomycete

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: fungicide

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: The fungus is an Ascomycete

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: ascospores

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: SCLB

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: fungicide

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: fungicide

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Ascomycete

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogen's

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: ascospores

text: Testing for a disease can be expensive, and distinguishing between two diseases can be prohibitively difficult in many countries. One standard means of determining if a person has had a particular disease is to test for the presence of antibodies that are particular to this disease. In the case of H5N1, for example, there is a low pathogenic H5N1 strain in wild birds in North America that a human could conceivably have antibodies against. It would be extremely difficult to distinguish between antibodies produced by this strain, and antibodies produced by Asian lineage HPAI A(H5N1). Similar difficulties are common, and make it difficult to determine how widely a disease may have spread.

text: Testing for a disease can be expensive, and distinguishing between two diseases can be prohibitively difficult in many countries. One standard means of determining if a person has had a particular disease is to test for the presence of

text: antibodies

text: that are particular to this disease. In the case of H5N1, for example, there is a low pathogenic H5N1 strain in wild birds in North America that a human could conceivably have antibodies against. It would be extremely difficult to distinguish between antibodies produced by this strain, and antibodies produced by

text: Asian lineage HPAI A(H5N1)

text: . Similar difficulties are common, and make it difficult to determine how widely a disease may have spread.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: H5N1

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: H5N1

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: H5N1

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: H5N1

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: H5N1

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: H5N1

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: Asian lineage

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: wild birds

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: H5N1

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: H5N1

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: H5N1

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: H5N1 strain

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: H5N1

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Escherichia coli

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: H5N1

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: H5N1

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Your hand should cover your mouth and nose with your hand.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: strep throat

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: testing for the presence of antibodies that are particular to this disease

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: pathogenic

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: H5N1

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: antibodies

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogenic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogenic

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogenic

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: H5N1,

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: H5N1,

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: H5N1,

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: H5N1,

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: H5N1,

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: HPAI A(H5N1).

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: wild birds

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: H5N1,

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: H5N1,

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: H5N1,

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: H5N1,

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: H5N1,

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: H5N1,

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: H5N1,

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: H5N1,

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: H5N1,

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: distinguishing between two diseases can be prohibitively difficult in many countries.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: H5N1,

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: distinguishing between two diseases can be prohibitively difficult in many countries.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: H5N1,

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Testing for a disease can be expensive,

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: H5N1,

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: H5N1,

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: pathogenic

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: antibodies

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibodies

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: antibodies

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: H5N1,

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogenic

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: H5N1,

text: The association collaborates with the Canadian Foundation for Infectious Diseases in raising money to support infectious diseases research in support of its mission.

text: The association collaborates with the Canadian Foundation for Infectious Diseases in raising money to support infectious diseases research in support of its mission.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: swine flu

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: rabies

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: chickenpox

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: The common cold can be spread by pathogens

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: The Canadian Foundation for Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Escherichia coli

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: The Canadian Foundation for Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: The Canadian Foundation for Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: The Canadian Foundation for Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vaccine

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Canadian Foundation for Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: Canadian Foundation for Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Canadian Foundation for Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Canadian Foundation for Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Canadian Foundation for Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Canadian Foundation for Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Canadian Foundation for Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Canadian Foundation for Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Canadian Foundation for Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: Canadian Foundation for Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Canadian Foundation for Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Canadian Foundation for Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: Canadian Foundation for Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Canadian Foundation for Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Canadian Foundation for Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Canadian Foundation for Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: Canadian Foundation for Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: Canadian Foundation for Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious diseases

text: Because the bacteria readily enter the plant through wounds, management practices that decrease injury to the plants are important to control the spread of the disease. Cultivation is not recommended, as the machinery can become contaminated and physically spread the bacteria around the soil. Accidental leaf tearing or root scarring can also occur depending on the size of the crop, allowing the bacteria to enter more individual plants. If hilling the beets, great care must be taken to avoid getting soil into the crown, because the pathogen is soil-borne and this could expose the plant to more bacteria, thus increasing the risk of infection.

text: Because the bacteria readily enter the plant through wounds, management practices that decrease injury to the plants are important to control the spread of the disease. Cultivation is not recommended, as the machinery can become contaminated and physically spread the bacteria around the soil. Accidental leaf tearing or root scarring can also occur depending on the size of the crop, allowing the bacteria to enter more individual plants. If

text: hilling

text: the beets, great care must be taken to avoid getting soil into the crown, because the pathogen is soil-borne and this could expose the plant to more bacteria, thus increasing the risk of infection.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: soil-borne

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: soil-borne

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: soil-borne

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Cultivation

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infection

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: soil-borne

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: bee

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: soil-borne

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Cultivation

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: soil-borne

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which of the following is not a human viral infection?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: avoid getting soil into the crown

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why is it important to decrease injury to the plants?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: soil-borne

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Which of the following is not true?

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: soil-borne

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: soil-borne

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotic

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: soil-borne

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: soil-borne

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: soil-borne

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: wounds,

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: the bacteria readily enter the plant through wounds,

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: beets,

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: soil-borne

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: wounds,

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: soil-borne

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Cultivation

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: disease.

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: soil-borne

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: soil-borne

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Because the bacteria readily enter the plant through wounds,

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Cultivation

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Cultivation

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Cultivation

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: Cultivation

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: soil-borne

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: soil-borne

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: soil-borne

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Because the bacteria readily enter the plant through wounds,

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Because the bacteria readily enter the plant through wounds,

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: the bacteria readily enter the plant through wounds,

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: soil-borne

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: soil-borne

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: soil-borne

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: management practices that decrease injury to the plants

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: soil-borne

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: bacteria,

text: The diffusion of infectious disease tends to occur in a ‘wave’ fashion, spreading from a central source.  Pyle mentions barriers that pose a resistance towards a wave of diffusion, which include but are not limited to:  physiographic features (i.e. mountains, water bodies), political boundaries, linguistic barriers, and with diseases, a barrier could be differing control programs.  The diffusion of disease can be identified as a normal distribution over time and translated into an S-shaped curve to show the phases of disease diffusion.  The phases are: Infusion (25th percentile), Inflection (50th percentile), Saturation (75th percentile), and Waning to the upper limits.

text: The diffusion of

text: infectious disease

text: tends to occur in a ‘wave’ fashion, spreading from a central source.  Pyle mentions barriers that pose a resistance towards a wave of diffusion, which include but are not limited to:  physiographic features (i.e. mountains, water bodies), political boundaries,

text: linguistic barriers

text: , and with diseases, a barrier could be differing control programs.  The diffusion of disease can be identified as a

text: normal distribution

text: over time and translated into an S-shaped curve to show the phases of disease diffusion.  The phases are: Infusion (25th percentile), Inflection (50th percentile), Saturation (75th percentile), and Waning to the upper limits.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: spreading from a central source

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Infection

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: viral

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: diphtheria

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Inflection

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: from a central source

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: physico-chemical barriers

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Infusion (25th percentile)

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: tetanus

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Infusion (25th percentile)

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do if you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Infusion (25th percentile)

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: doorknob

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Saturation

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: strep throat

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Infusion (25th percentile)

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: control programs

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: differing control programs.

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: differing control programs.

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: central source.

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: differing control programs.

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: The diffusion of infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: spreading from a central source.

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: spreading from a central source.

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: spreading from a central source.

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: The diffusion of infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: ‘wave’ fashion, spreading from a central source.

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: The diffusion of infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: differing control programs.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: The diffusion of infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: spreading from a central source.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: spreading from a central source.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: S-shaped curve

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: The diffusion of infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: spreading from a central source.

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: differing control programs.

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: control programs.

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: differing control programs.

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious disease

text: Some countries, such as South Africa, or Thailand have very different infectious disease-related epidemiology to Europe and North America. Exposure to diseases without having built up natural immunity can be a hazard for weakened individuals, specifically with respect to gastrointestinal diseases (e.g. Hepatitis A, amoebic dysentery, paratyphoid) which could weaken progress and expose the patient to mosquito-transmitted diseases, influenza, and tuberculosis. However, because in poor tropical nations diseases run the gamut, doctors seem to be more open to the possibility of considering any infectious disease, including HIV, TB, and typhoid, while there are cases in the West where patients were consistently misdiagnosed for years because such diseases are perceived to be "rare" in the West.

text: Some countries, such as South Africa, or Thailand have very different infectious disease-related epidemiology to Europe and North America. Exposure to diseases without having built up natural immunity can be a hazard for weakened individuals, specifically with respect to gastrointestinal diseases (e.g.

text: Hepatitis A

text: amoebic dysentery

text: paratyphoid

text: ) which could weaken progress and expose the patient to

text: mosquito-transmitted diseases

text: influenza

text: , and

text: tuberculosis

text: . However, because in poor tropical nations diseases run the gamut, doctors seem to be more open to the possibility of considering any infectious disease, including

text: HIV

text: , TB, and

text: typhoid

text: , while there are cases in the West where patients were consistently misdiagnosed for years because such diseases are perceived to be "rare" in the West.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: South Africa

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: HIV, TB, and typhoid

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: paratyphoid

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: HIV

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Hepatitis A

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Escherichia coli

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: typhoid

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: gastrointestinal diseases

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: what should you cover your mouth and nose with your hand?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: amoebic dysentery

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: mosquito-transmitted diseases

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: strep throat

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: tuberculose

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: immunity

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: amoebic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: HIV

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: HIV,

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: influenza,

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: mosquito-transmitted diseases, influenza, and tuberculosis.

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: amoebic dysentery, paratyphoid)

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: influenza, and tuberculosis.

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: HIV, TB, and typhoid,

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: HIV,

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito-transmitted

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: mosquito-transmitted diseases, influenza, and tuberculosis.

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: gastrointestinal diseases

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: HIV,

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: mosquito-transmitted diseases, influenza,

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: mosquito-transmitted

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: gastrointestinal diseases

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: HIV, TB, and typhoid,

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: HIV,

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Thailand have very different infectious disease-related epidemiology to Europe and North America.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: Exposure to diseases without having built up natural immunity

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: amoebic dysentery, paratyphoid)

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Exposure to diseases without having built up natural immunity

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: influenza,

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Thailand have very different infectious disease-related epidemiology to Europe and North America.

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Europe and North America.

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Thailand have very different infectious disease-related epidemiology to Europe and North America.

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: mosquito-transmitted

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: HIV, TB, and typhoid,

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: tuberculosis.

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: immunity

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: mosquito-transmitted

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: HIV,

text: This pathogen is important because it affects homeowners lawns and also golf courses. It also affects parks and recreational areas. It is important because it can impede people and their ability to enjoy their landscapes. The dead patches are also unsightly, so it is important to control the disease, and keep it from spreading.

text: This pathogen is important because it affects homeowners lawns and also golf courses. It also affects parks and recreational areas. It is important because it can impede people and their ability to enjoy their landscapes. The dead patches are also unsightly, so it is important to control the disease, and keep it from spreading.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: fungi

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: scabies

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: swine flu

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: staph

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: swine flu

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: rabies

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: rabies

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Which of the following is not a type of pathogen?

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: What is Schistosoma?

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: None of the above choices

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which of the following is not a human viral infection?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: When you cough or sneeze, you should cover your mouth and nose with your hand

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: The proper way to wash your hands is to scrub with soap for at least 20 seconds.

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: lawns

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: homeowners lawns and also golf courses.

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: dead patches

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: dead patches

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: lawns

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: This pathogen

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: lawns and also golf courses.

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: golf courses.

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: This pathogen

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: This pathogen

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: homeowners lawns and also golf courses.

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: golf courses.

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: homeowners lawns and also golf courses.

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: golf courses.

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: golf courses.

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: This pathogen

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: golf courses.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: homeowners lawns and also golf courses.

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: homeowners lawns and also golf courses.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: golf courses.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: golf courses.

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: golf courses.

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: homeowners lawns and also golf courses.

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: spreading.

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: homeowners lawns

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: This pathogen

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogen

text: Tropical diseases are diseases that are prevalent in or unique to tropical and subtropical regions. The diseases are less prevalent in temperate climates, due in part to the occurrence of a cold season, which controls the insect population by forcing hibernation. However, many were present in northern Europe and northern America in the 17th and 18th centuries before modern understanding of disease causation. The initial impetus for tropical medicine was to protect the health of colonialists, notably in India under the British Raj. Insects such as mosquitoes and flies are by far the most common disease carrier, or vector. These insects may carry a parasite, bacterium or virus that is infectious to humans and animals. Most often disease is transmitted by an insect "bite", which causes transmission of the infectious agent through subcutaneous blood exchange. Vaccines are not available for most of the diseases listed here, and many do not have cures.

text: Tropical diseases are

text: disease

text: s that are prevalent in or unique to

text: tropical

text: and

text: subtropical

text: regions. The diseases are less prevalent in

text: temperate climate

text: s, due in part to the occurrence of a cold

text: season

text: , which controls the insect population by forcing hibernation. However, many were present in northern Europe and northern America in the 17th and 18th centuries before modern understanding of disease causation. The initial impetus for tropical medicine was to protect the health of colonialists, notably in India under the

text: British Raj

text: . Insects such as mosquitoes and flies are by far the most common disease carrier, or

text: vector

text: . These insects may carry a parasite, bacterium or virus that is infectious to humans and animals. Most often disease is transmitted by an insect "bite", which causes transmission of the infectious agent through subcutaneous blood exchange. Vaccines are not available for most of the diseases listed here, and many do not have cures.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: tropical diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Tropical diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: bacterium and virus

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Which of the following is not a disease carrier: mosquitoes, flies, or virus?

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Tropical diseases

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: bacterial

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: virus

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: bacterium

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Insects such as mosquitoes and flies

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Insects

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: mosquitoes and flies

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which of the following is not a human viral infection: tetanus or measles?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do when you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Which of the following is not a pathogen: parasite, bacterium or virus

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: vector

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: parasite

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: bacterium

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: Vaccine

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasite

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious agent

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: parasite

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Tropical diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: virus

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: parasite, bacterium or virus

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: insects may carry a parasite, bacterium

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: mosquitoes and flies

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Tropical diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: virus

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquitoes and flies

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: bacterium

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: many do not have cures.

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Vaccines are not available for most of the diseases

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: insects may carry a parasite, bacterium or virus

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Insects

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Insects

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Vaccines

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: bacterium

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Vaccines

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: humans and animals.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: insect "bite",

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: insect "bite",

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: insect "bite",

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Vaccines

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Vaccines

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: mosquitoes and flies

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: vector.

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: parasite, bacterium or virus

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: Vaccines

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: Vaccines

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Insects

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: parasite, bacterium

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: parasite,

text: The disease is named for the genus of the causative organism, which was named after the Romanian bacteriologist Victor Babeş. In 1888, Victor Babeş identified the microorganisms in red blood cells as the cause of febrile hemoglobinuria in cattle. In 1893, Theobald Smith and Frederick Kilborne discovered that a tick was the vector for transmission in Texas cattle. The agent was B. bigemina. This was the first demonstration that an arthropod could act as a disease vector to transmit an infectious agent to a vertebrate host.

text: The disease is named for the genus of the causative organism, which was named after the

text: Romanian

text: bacteriologist

text: Victor Babeş

text: . In 1888, Victor Babeş identified the microorganisms in red blood cells as the cause of febrile

text: hemoglobinuria

text: in cattle. In 1893,

text: Theobald Smith

text: and Frederick Kilborne discovered that a tick was the vector for transmission in Texas cattle. The agent was B. bigemina. This was the first demonstration that an

text: arthropod

text: could act as a

text: disease vector

text: to transmit an infectious agent to a vertebrate host.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: B. bigemina

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: B. bigemina

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: microorganisms

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: febrile hemoglobinuria

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: ticks

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: hemoglobinuria

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: microorganisms

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: tick

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: a tick

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: rabies

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: tick-borne influenza

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: B. bigemina

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: B. bigemina

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which disease is named for the genus of the causative organism, which was named after the Romanian bacteriologist Victor Babeş

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What was the first demonstration that an arthropod could act as a disease vector?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why is the disease named for the genus of the causative organism?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: tick

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: vector

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious agent

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: microorganisms

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious agent

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: Bacteria

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Victor Babeş.

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: febrile hemoglobinuria

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: microorganisms in red blood cells

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: febrile hemoglobinuria

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: febrile hemoglobinuria

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: febrile hemoglobinuria

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: genus

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: tick

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: B. bigemina.

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: tick

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: febrile hemoglobinuria

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: a tick

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: tick

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: B. bigemina.

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: febrile hemoglobinuria in cattle. In 1893,

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: B. bigemina.

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: B. bigemina.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: a vertebrate host.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: B. bigemina.

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: disease vector to transmit an infectious agent to a vertebrate host.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: tick

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: B. bigemina.

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: B. bigemina.

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: B. bigemina.

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: vector

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: febrile hemoglobinuria

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: red blood cells

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: red blood cells

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: microorganisms

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: a disease vector to transmit an infectious agent

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: B. bigemina.

text: Infectious diseases are often public health concerns because they can spread quickly and easily, affecting large numbers of members. The World Health Organization has an acute interest in combatting infectious disease outbreaks by minimizing their geographic and numerical spread and treating the affected. Other conditions for which there is not yet a cure or even effective treatment, such as dementia, can be viewed as public health concerns in the long run.

text: Infectious disease

text: s are often public health concerns because they can spread quickly and easily, affecting large numbers of members. The

text: World Health Organization

text: has an acute interest in combatting infectious disease outbreaks by minimizing their geographic and numerical spread and treating the affected. Other conditions for which there is not yet a cure or even effective treatment, such as

text: dementia

text: , can be viewed as public health concerns in the long run.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: dementia

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: quickly and easily

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Escherichia coli

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: tetanus and measles

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do when you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: quickly and easily

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: effective treatment

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: public health concerns

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: effective treatment

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: dementia,

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: dementia,

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: The World Health Organization

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: quickly and easily,

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: they can spread quickly and easily,

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: The World Health Organization

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: there is not yet a cure

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: cure

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: Infectious diseases

text: A clear relationship between nature and people is expressed through human disease. Infectious disease can thus be seen as another example of human-mediated disturbance as humans are hosts for infectious diseases. Historically, evidence of epidemic diseases is associated with the beginnings of agriculture and sedentary communities. Previously, human populations were too small and mobile for most infections to become established as chronic diseases. Permanent settlements, due to agriculture, allowed for more inter-community interaction, enabling infections to develop as specifically human pathogens.

text: A clear relationship between nature and people is expressed through human disease. Infectious disease can thus be seen as another example of human-mediated disturbance as humans are

text: hosts

text: for infectious diseases. Historically, evidence of epidemic diseases is associated with the beginnings of agriculture and sedentary communities. Previously, human populations were too small and mobile for most infections to become established as

text: chronic diseases

text: . Permanent settlements, due to agriculture, allowed for more inter-community interaction, enabling infections to develop as specifically human pathogens.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: human

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: human

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: chronic diseases

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: humans are hosts for infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: What is Schistosoma?

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: human pathogens

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: What are two examples of human viral infections?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: what should you do when you cough or sneeze

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: humans are hosts for infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: humans are hosts for infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: human

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: human pathogens.

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: human pathogens.

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: agriculture and sedentary communities.

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: A clear relationship between nature and people is expressed through human disease.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: humans are hosts for infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: humans are hosts for infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: A clear relationship between nature and people is expressed through human disease.

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: human-mediated disturbance

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: Infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: agriculture

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: human pathogens.

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogens.

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogens.

text: The infectious disease epidemiology cluster encompasses domestic and global work on the epidemiology of emerging and re-emerging infections, global infectious disease threats, disease surveillance, disease detection, development of vaccines and other prevention methods, clinical trials, and the role of infectious pathogens in the pathogenesis of chronic non-communicable diseases (such as cancer and cardiovascular disease).

text: The infectious disease epidemiology cluster encompasses domestic and global work on the epidemiology of emerging and re-emerging infections, global infectious disease threats, disease surveillance, disease detection, development of

text: vaccines

text: and other prevention methods,

text: clinical trials

text: , and the role of infectious pathogens in the pathogenesis of chronic non-communicable diseases (such as cancer and cardiovascular disease).

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious pathogens

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: cancer and cardiovascular disease

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: cancer

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: cancer

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: cancer

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: infectious pathogens

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Schistosoma

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: infectious pathogens

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: tetanus

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: genital herpes

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: infectious pathogens

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: strep throat

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: communicable

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: vaccines

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vaccines

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: chronic non-communicable diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infections,

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: chronic non-communicable diseases

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: cancer and cardiovascular disease).

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: cancer and cardiovascular disease).

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: cancer

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: infectious pathogens

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: cancer and cardiovascular disease).

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: cancer

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: cancer and cardiovascular disease).

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: chronic non-communicable diseases

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: The infectious disease epidemiology cluster

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: chronic non-communicable diseases

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: The infectious disease epidemiology

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: cancer and cardiovascular disease).

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: The infectious disease epidemiology cluster

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: vaccines and other prevention methods,

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: chronic non-communicable diseases

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: chronic non-communicable diseases

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: infectious pathogens

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: The infectious disease epidemiology cluster

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: development of vaccines and other prevention methods,

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: The infectious disease epidemiology cluster

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: non-communicable

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: chronic non-communicable

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: vaccines

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vaccines

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: infectious pathogens

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious pathogens

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious pathogens

text: Hand hygiene is central to preventing spread of infectious diseases in home and everyday life settings.

text: Hand hygiene is central to preventing spread of infectious diseases in home and everyday life settings.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: a form of cancer

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: a disease that can be spread through coughing.

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: strep throat

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: E. coli

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: staph

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: viral

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: E. coli

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: hand hygiene

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: chickenpox

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: hand hygiene is central to preventing spread of infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: hand hygiene

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which of the following is not a viral infection?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: The answer is genital herpes.

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: If you cough or sneeze, you should cover your mouth and nose

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: c).

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why is hand hygiene important?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: It is important to wash your hands before and after touching an object.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: The answer is bacteria.

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Athletes foot is a common infectious disease caused by protozoa.

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: hand hygiene

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Hand hygiene

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: Hand hygiene

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Hand hygiene

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Hand hygiene is central to preventing spread of infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Hand hygiene

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Hand hygiene

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Hand hygiene is central to preventing spread of infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Hand hygiene is central to preventing spread of infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Hand hygiene

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Hand hygiene

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: Hand hygiene

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Hand hygiene is central to preventing spread of infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Hand hygiene

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: Hand hygiene is central to preventing spread of infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Hand hygiene is central to preventing spread of infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Hand hygiene is central to preventing spread of infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Hand hygiene

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: spread of infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: Hand hygiene

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: Hand hygiene

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious diseases

text: In contrast to both the chytrid-thermal-optimum hypothesis and the climate-linked-epidemic hypothesis, the spatiotemporal-spread hypothesis suggests that population decline due to B. dendrobatidis was caused by the introduction and spread of B. dendrobatidis from a finite amount of introduction sites in a way unaffected by climate change. Mantel tests of all the possible origins of B. dendrobatidis were used to see if their hypothesis was correct. They did see positive correlations between spatial distance and distance in timing of declass and the lat year observed. "Coincident mass extirpation of neotropical amphibians with the emergence of the infectious fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis" by Tina L. Cheng et al., also parallels with the spatiotemporal-spread hypothesis by tracking the origins of B. dendrobatidis and tracking it from Mexico to Costa Rica. Furthermore, this study also shows that local amphibian species could have extreme susceptibility to B. dendrobatidis which could result in population decline.

text: In contrast to both the chytrid-thermal-optimum hypothesis and the climate-linked-epidemic hypothesis, the spatiotemporal-spread hypothesis suggests that population decline due to B. dendrobatidis was caused by the introduction and spread of B. dendrobatidis from a finite amount of introduction sites in a way unaffected by climate change. Mantel tests of all the possible origins of B. dendrobatidis were used to see if their hypothesis was correct. They did see positive correlations between spatial distance and distance in timing of declass and the lat year observed. "Coincident mass extirpation of neotropical amphibians with the emergence of the infectious fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis" by Tina L. Cheng et al., also parallels with the spatiotemporal-spread hypothesis by tracking the origins of B. dendrobatidis and tracking it from Mexico to Costa Rica. Furthermore, this study also shows that local amphibian species could have extreme susceptibility to B. dendrobatidis which could result in population decline.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious fungal pathogen

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious fungal pathogen

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious fungal pathogen

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: B. dendrobatidis

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Batrachochytrium

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious fungal

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: Batrachochytrium

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Batrachochytrium

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: chytrid

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: B. dendrobatidis

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Batrachochytrium

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Escherichia coli

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: What are the most common viral infections in humans?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Batrachochytrium

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do if you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: What is the most common cause of travelers diarrhea?

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: chytrid

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious fungal

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: chytrid

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: Batrachochytrium

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: infectious fungal

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: Batrachochytrium

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: fungal

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious fungal pathogen

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: fungal

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: B. dendrobatidis

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis"

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis"

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: fungal

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: fungal

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis"

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: B. dendrobatidis

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis"

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis"

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis"

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis"

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: B. dendrobatidis

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis"

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: climate-linked-epidemic hypothesis,

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: climate change.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis"

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: fungal pathogen

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis"

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: chytrid-thermal-optimum hypothesis

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis"

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis"

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious fungal

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious fungal

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: fungal

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: fungal pathogen

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: fungal

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: fungal pathogen

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: fungal pathogen

text: The pathogenic tendency of Sporisorium reilianum as illustrated above is to carry out its life cycle in congruence with the growth of either maize or sorghum as the host plant. For example, In place of ears of corn; plant-like sorus develop. The onset of this smut is sporadic and slowly progressive however disease severity is high. For example,  a field of corn can have 10% infected with yield loss that has an 80% apparent infection rate. Post infection treatment to eliminate or reduce the disease are marginally effective or ineffective. The massive crop loss that this pathogen can create is devastating to producers who are unaware of the teliospores overwintering in the soil; which, can survive for many years. Treatment of seeds with a fungicide during planting or prior to harvest is important to limit the spread of spores especially if high risk field areas known by the producer. It is important to limit transmission of spores to disease free areas via harvesting equipment or planting tools. The incidence of  Sporisorium reilianum occurs in occurs in Africa, Europe, U.S., and China. Fungicide use in the market today indicates that there are about 52 million acres of cereals lost worldwide a year.

text: The pathogenic tendency of Sporisorium reilianum as illustrated above is to carry out its life cycle in congruence with the growth of either maize or sorghum as the host plant. For example, In place of ears of corn; plant-like sorus develop. The onset of this smut is sporadic and slowly progressive however disease severity is high. For example,  a field of corn can have 10% infected with yield loss that has an 80% apparent infection rate. Post infection treatment to eliminate or reduce the disease are marginally effective or ineffective. The massive crop loss that this pathogen can create is devastating to producers who are unaware of the teliospores overwintering in the soil; which, can survive for many years. Treatment of seeds with a fungicide during planting or prior to harvest is important to limit the spread of spores especially if high risk field areas known by the producer. It is important to limit transmission of spores to disease free areas via harvesting equipment or planting tools. The incidence of  Sporisorium reilianum occurs in occurs in Africa, Europe, U.S., and China. Fungicide use in the market today indicates that there are about 52 million acres of cereals lost worldwide a year.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Sporisorium reilianum

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Sporisorium reilianum

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Sporisorium

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Sporisorium reilianum

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Sporisorium

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: Sporisorium reilianum

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: teliospore

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Sporisorium

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Sporisorium

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Which of the following is not a type of pathogen: Sporisorium reilianum or the common cold?

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which of the following is not a human viral infection: tetanus or measles?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do when you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: Teliospore

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: smut

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: Fungicide

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: fungicide

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Sporisorium

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogenic

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Sporisorium reilianum

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Sporisorium reilianum

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Sporisorium reilianum

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Sporisorium reilianum

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Sporisorium reilianum

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Sporisorium reilianum

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: Sporisorium reilianum

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: teliospores

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Sporisorium reilianum

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Sporisorium reilianum

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Sporisorium reilianum

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Sporisorium reilianum

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Africa, Europe, U.S., and China.

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Sporisorium reilianum

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Africa, Europe, U.S., and China.

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Sporisorium reilianum

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: 52

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: disease free areas

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Sporisorium reilianum

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: spores

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: teliospores

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: 52

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: marginally effective or ineffective.

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Sporisorium reilianum

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: teliospores

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Sporisorium reilianum

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: fungicide

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: fungicide

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: teliospores

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogenic

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: teliospores

text: Since insects play a large role in spreading infectious blood borne diseases between humans, understanding how they locate their human hosts with their olfactory systems could lead to inhibiting their method of locating hosts. The potential strategy involved would be to create small molecules that mimic the Or83b mutation and inhibit the receptor and disperse them, since it would be impractical to mutate the gene for the receptor in an entire population of disease-spreading insects [3].

text: Since insects play a large role in spreading infectious blood borne diseases between humans, understanding how they locate their human hosts with their olfactory systems could lead to inhibiting their method of locating hosts. The potential strategy involved would be to create small molecules that mimic the Or83b mutation and inhibit the receptor and disperse them, since it would be impractical to mutate the gene for the receptor in an entire population of disease-spreading insects [3].

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: blood borne diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: blood borne diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: insects

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious blood borne diseases

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious blood borne diseases

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: blood borne diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: insects

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: insects

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Insects

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: blood borne diseases

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: blood borne diseases

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: insects

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: tetanus

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What is the purpose of this passage?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: blood borne diseases

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: blood borne diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: blood borne diseases

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: insects

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious blood borne diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious blood borne diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: insects

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious blood borne diseases

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious blood borne diseases

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious blood borne diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: insects

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: insects

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: insects play a large role in spreading infectious blood borne diseases

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: insects

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: blood

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: insects

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: insects

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: insects play a large role in spreading infectious blood borne diseases

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: blood borne diseases

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: insects play a large role in spreading infectious blood borne diseases

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: insects play a large role in spreading infectious blood borne diseases

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: insects play a large role in spreading infectious blood borne diseases between humans,

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: insects play a large role in spreading infectious blood borne diseases

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: insects

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: insects play a large role in spreading infectious blood borne diseases

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: [3].

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: infectious blood borne diseases

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: insects play a large role in spreading infectious blood borne diseases

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: insects

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious blood borne

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: small molecules

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: small molecules

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: insects

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious blood borne diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: insects

text: Childcare infection is the spread of infection during childcare, typically because of contact among children in daycare or school. This happens when groups of children meet in a childcare environment, and there any individual with an infectious disease may spread it to the entire group. Commonly spread diseases include influenza-like illness and enteric illnesses, such as diarrhea among babies using diapers. Illnesses and diseases may also include ring-worm, head lice, and hand, feet, mouth disease. It is uncertain how these diseases spread, but hand washing reduces some risk of transmission and increasing hygiene in other ways also reduces risk of infection.<ref>

text: Childcare infection is the spread of

text: infection

text: during

text: childcare

text: , typically because of contact among children in

text: daycare

text: or

text: school

text: . This happens when groups of children meet in a childcare environment, and there any individual with an infectious disease may spread it to the entire group. Commonly spread diseases include

text: influenza-like illness

text: and enteric illnesses, such as diarrhea among babies using diapers. Illnesses and diseases may also include ring-worm, head lice, and hand, feet, mouth disease. It is uncertain how these diseases spread, but

text: hand washing

text: reduces some risk of transmission and increasing hygiene in other ways also reduces risk of infection.<ref>

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: ring-worm

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: influenza-like illness

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: influenza-like illness

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: ring-worm

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: influenza-like illness

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: diarrhea

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: enteric

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: head lice

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: ring-worm

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: ring-worm

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: influenza-like illness

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: ring-worm

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: childcare infection

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: influenza-like illness

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: ring-worm

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: hand washing reduces some risk of transmission

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: it is uncertain how these diseases spread

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: it is uncertain how these diseases spread

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: hand, feet, mouth disease

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Childcare infection

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: enteric

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: hand washing

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: enteric

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: ring-worm,

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: influenza-like illness

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: influenza-like illness and enteric illnesses,

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: ring-worm, head lice, and hand, feet, mouth disease.

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: influenza-like illness and enteric illnesses,

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: ring-worm,

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: ring-worm,

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: individual with an infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: diarrhea

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: ring-worm, head lice, and hand, feet, mouth disease.

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: influenza-like

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: influenza-like illness

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: ring-worm, head lice,

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: ring-worm, head lice, and hand, feet, mouth disease.

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: influenza-like illness

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: ring-worm,

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: hand washing

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: hand washing

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: ring-worm, head lice, and hand, feet, mouth disease.

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: any individual with an infectious disease may spread it to the entire group.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: influenza-like illness

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: hand washing

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: ring-worm, head lice, and hand, feet, mouth disease.

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: ring-worm, head lice, and hand, feet, mouth disease.

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: individual

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: ring-worm,

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: hand washing

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: ring-worm,

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: ring-worm,

text: Macrophage polarization is a process when macrophage expresses different functional programs in response to microenvironmental signals. There are lots of functional states of macrophage polarization and they can be fully polarized and acquire specific phenotype like M1 (classically activated macrophages)  or M2 (alternatively activated macrophages). These specific phenotypes depend on the tissue and specific microenvironment where macrophages are. On one hand macrophage polarization is very important for host defense against pathogen, but on the other hand it is essential for maintenance of homeostasis. Prolonged M1 type of macrophages is harmful for the organism and that is why tissue repair and restoration is necessary. M2 macrophages are responsible for that tissue repair, although they are also connected with chronic infectious diseases.

text: Macrophage polarization is a process when

text: macrophage

text: expresses different functional programs in response to microenvironmental signals. There are lots of functional states of macrophage polarization and they can be fully polarized and acquire specific phenotype like M1 (classically activated macrophages)  or M2 (alternatively activated macrophages). These specific phenotypes depend on the tissue and specific microenvironment where macrophages are. On one hand macrophage polarization is very important for host defense against

text: pathogen

text: , but on the other hand it is essential for maintenance of

text: homeostasis

text: . Prolonged M1 type of macrophages is harmful for the organism and that is why tissue repair and restoration is necessary. M2 macrophages are responsible for that tissue repair, although they are also connected with chronic

text: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: chronic infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: M2

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: M1

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: M1

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: swine flu

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: M2

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: E. coli

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: M1

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: M2 macrophages

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: entity

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: M2 macrophages

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do when you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are M2 macrophages associated with chronic infectious diseases?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: M1

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: M1

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: M2

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: chronic infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: chronic infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: chronic infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: chronic infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: chronic infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: chronic infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: M2

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: pathogen,

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: chronic infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Macrophage polarization

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: pathogen,

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: macrophage polarization is very important for host defense against pathogen,

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Macrophage polarization

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: M2 macrophages

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: M2 macrophages

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: macrophage polarization is very important for host defense against pathogen,

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Macrophage polarization

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: M1

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: chronic infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: M2 macrophages

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: M2 macrophages

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Macrophage polarization

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: chronic infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: M2 macrophages

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: pathogen,

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: chronic infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: M2

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: pathogen,

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: M2

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogen,

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogen,

text: It has previously been known as the Joint Hospital, County Hospital, and Inverurie Infectious Diseases Hospital. It was founded in 1897. The Infectious diseases hospital opened in December 1940 as an 80-bedded fever hospital, admitting patients with infectious diseases from across Aberdeenshire.

text: It has previously been known as the Joint Hospital, County Hospital, and Inverurie Infectious Diseases Hospital. It was founded in 1897. The Infectious diseases hospital opened in December 1940 as an 80-bedded fever hospital, admitting patients with

text: infectious diseases

text: from across Aberdeenshire.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Inverurie

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Inverurie

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Fever

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Fever

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Fever

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: polio

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Infectious Diseases Hospital

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Inverurie Infectious Diseases Hospital

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Escherichia coli

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Infectious Diseases Hospital

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Inverurie Infectious Diseases Hospital

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: fever

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Inverurie Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: fever

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: Inverurie Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: fever

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: fever

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: fever

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Inverurie Infectious Diseases Hospital.

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Inverurie Infectious Diseases Hospital.

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Inverurie Infectious Diseases Hospital.

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Inverurie Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Inverurie Infectious Diseases Hospital.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: Inverurie Infectious Diseases Hospital.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Inverurie Infectious Diseases Hospital.

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: The Infectious diseases hospital opened in December 1940

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: Inverurie Infectious Diseases Hospital.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Inverurie Infectious Diseases Hospital.

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Inverurie Infectious Diseases Hospital.

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Inverurie Infectious Diseases Hospital.

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: fever

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: fever

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious diseases

text: It is now also known that animal intestines contain a large population of gut flora. In humans, these include species such as Bacteroides, L. acidophilus and E. coli, among many others. They are essential to digestion, and are also affected by the food we eat.  Bacteria in the gut perform many important functions for humans, including breaking down and aiding in the absorption of otherwise indigestible food; stimulating cell growth; repressing the growth of harmful bacteria, training the immune system to respond only to pathogens; producing vitamin B12, and defending against some infectious diseases.

text: It is now also known that animal

text: intestine

text: s contain a large population of

text: gut flora

text: . In humans, these include species such as

text: Bacteroides

text: L. acidophilus

text: and

text: E. coli

text: , among many others. They are essential to

text: digestion

text: , and are also affected by the food we eat.  Bacteria in the gut perform many important functions for humans, including breaking down and aiding in the absorption of otherwise indigestible food; stimulating cell growth; repressing the growth of harmful bacteria, training the immune system to respond only to pathogens; producing

text: vitamin B12

text: , and defending against some infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: E. coli

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: E. coli

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: E. coli

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: E. coli

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: B12

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: E. coli

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: E. coli

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: E. coli

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: defending against some infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do when you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: E. coli

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vitamin B12

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Bacteroides, L. acidophilus and E. coli,

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: bacteria,

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: bacteria,

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: E. coli,

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: some infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: E. coli,

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Bacteroides, L. acidophilus and E. coli,

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: E. coli,

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: defending against some infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Bacteroides, L. acidophilus and E. coli,

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: gut flora.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: defending against some infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Bacteroides, L. acidophilus and E. coli,

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Bacteria

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: defending against some infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: gut flora.

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: defending against some infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: defending against some infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: bacteria,

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: vitamin B12,

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vitamin B12,

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: harmful bacteria, training the immune system to respond only to pathogens;

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogens;

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogens;

text: Syrian hamsters are used to model the human medical conditions including various cancers, metabolic diseases, non-cancer respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases, infectious diseases, and general health concerns. In 2006-07, Syrian hamsters accounted for 19% of the total animal research participants in the United States.

text: Syrian hamsters

text: are used to model the human medical conditions including various cancers, metabolic diseases, non-cancer respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases, infectious diseases, and general health concerns. In 2006-07, Syrian hamsters accounted for 19% of the total animal research participants in the United States.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: human

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: respiratory diseases

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: hamster

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: cancers

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: chickenpox

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: cancer

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Syrian hamsters are used to model the human medical conditions

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: Syrian hamsters

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: cancers, metabolic diseases,

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: diseases,

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Syrian hamsters

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: 19% of the total animal research participants in the United States.

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Syrian hamsters

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: 19% of the total animal research participants in the United States.

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Syrian hamsters

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: 19% of the total animal research participants in the United States.

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: non-cancer respiratory diseases,

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: cancers,

text: Their medical and marketing teams collaborate with international organizations such as World society for Pediatric Infectious Diseases (WSPID), European Society for Paediatric Infectious Diseases (ESPID), EAPS, Asian society of Pediatric Infectious Diseases (ASPID), Excellence In Pediatrics (EiP), etc. for participation in international conference.

text: Their medical and marketing teams collaborate with international organizations such as

text: World society for Pediatric Infectious Diseases

text: (WSPID),

entity_name: European Society for Paediatric Infectious Diseases

text: European Society for Paediatric Infectious Diseases

text: (ESPID), EAPS,

text: Asian society of Pediatric Infectious Diseases

text: (ASPID),

text: Excellence In Pediatrics

text: (EiP), etc. for participation in international conference.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: a form of cancer

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: paediatric infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: pathogens that cause human diseases

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: viral

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: AIDS

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Influenza

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: ESPID

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Schistosoma

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: ESPID

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: tetanus

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: genital herpes

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: The answer: your hand.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: the vectors

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: EiP

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: ESPID

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Athletes foot is a common infectious disease caused by protozoa

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vaccine

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: EiP

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Pediatric Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Pediatric Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Pediatric Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Pediatric Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: World society for Pediatric Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: World society for Pediatric Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: World society for Pediatric Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Pediatric Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: World society for Pediatric Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: World society for Pediatric Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: World society for Pediatric Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: World society for Pediatric Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: World society for Pediatric Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: World society for Pediatric Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: World society for Pediatric Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: World society for Pediatric Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: World society for Pediatric Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: World society for Pediatric Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: World society for Pediatric Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: World society for Pediatric Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: World society for Pediatric Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: Pediatric Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: Infectious Diseases

text: Plant pathology (also phytopathology) is the scientific study of diseases in plants caused by pathogens (infectious organisms) and environmental conditions (physiological factors). Organisms that cause infectious disease include fungi, oomycetes, bacteria, viruses, viroids, virus-like organisms, phytoplasmas, protozoa, nematodes and parasitic plants. Not included are ectoparasites like insects, mites, vertebrate, or other pests that affect plant health by consumption of plant tissues. Plant pathology also involves the study of pathogen identification, disease etiology, disease cycles, economic impact, plant disease epidemiology, plant disease resistance, how plant diseases affect humans and animals, pathosystem genetics, and management of plant diseases.

text: Plant pathology (also phytopathology) is the scientific study of

text: disease

text: s in

text: plant

text: s caused by

text: pathogen

text: s (infectious organisms) and environmental conditions (physiological factors). Organisms that cause infectious disease include

text: fungi

text: oomycetes

text: bacteria

text: viruses

text: viroid

text: s,

text: virus

text: -like organisms,

text: phytoplasmas

text: protozoa

text: nematode

text: s and

text: parasitic plant

text: s. Not included are ectoparasites like

text: insects

text: mites

text: vertebrate

text: , or other

text: pests that affect plant health

text: by consumption of plant tissues. Plant pathology also involves the study of pathogen identification, disease etiology, disease cycles, economic impact,

text: plant disease epidemiology

text: plant disease resistance

text: , how plant diseases affect humans and animals, pathosystem genetics, and management of plant diseases.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: nematodes

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: insect

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: insect-like organisms

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: nematodes

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are pathogens contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Plant pathology also involves the study of pathogen identification

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: nematodes

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Plant pathology

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: nematodes

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: protozoa

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Plant pathology

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: viruses,

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: fungi, oomycetes, bacteria, viruses,

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: fungi, oomycetes,

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: nematodes and parasitic plants.

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: viruses, viroids,

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: insects,

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: bacteria,

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: ectoparasites

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: viruses,

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: viruses, viroids, virus-like organisms,

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: insects,

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: bacteria,

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: viruses, viroids, virus-like organisms,

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: fungi,

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Plant pathology

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: ectoparasites

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: protozoa,

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: humans and animals,

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: viruses, viroids, virus-like organisms,

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Plant pathology

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: nematodes and parasitic plants.

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: protozoa,

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: ectoparasites

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Plant pathology

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: viroids,

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: plant disease resistance,

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasitic plants.

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: nematodes

text: The spread of an infectious disease is a population-level phenomenon, but decisions to prevent or treat a disease are typically made by individuals who may change their behavior over the course of an epidemic, especially if their perception of risk changes depending on the available information on the epidemics  – their decisions will then have population-level consequences. For example, an individual may choose to have unsafe sex or a doctor may prescribe antibiotics to someone without a confirmed bacterial infection. In both cases, the choice may be rational from the individual’s point of view but undesirable from a societal perspective.

text: The spread of an

text: infectious disease

text: is a population-level phenomenon, but decisions to prevent or treat a disease are typically made by individuals who may change their behavior over the course of an epidemic, especially if their

text: perception of risk

text: changes depending on the available information on the epidemics  – their decisions will then have population-level consequences. For example, an individual may choose to have

text: unsafe sex

text: or a doctor may prescribe antibiotics to someone without a confirmed

text: bacterial infection

text: . In both cases, the choice may be rational from the individual’s point of view but undesirable from a societal perspective.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: bacterial

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: bacterial

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: bacterial infection

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: bacterial

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: swine flu

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: unsafe sex

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: bacterial infection

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: bacterial

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: decision to prevent or treat a disease

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: an individual may choose to have unsafe sex

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: tetanus and measles

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: genital herpes

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: prevent or treat a disease

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why is the spread of an infectious disease a population-level phenomenon?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: doorknob

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: bacterial infection

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: decision to prevent or treat a disease

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: bacterial

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: bacterial infection

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: bacterial

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: bacterial

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: bacterial infection.

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: bacterial

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: bacterial infection.

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: bacterial

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: unsafe sex

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: bacterial infection.

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: The spread of an infectious disease is a population-level phenomenon,

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: The spread of an infectious disease is a population-level phenomenon,

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: bacterial infection.

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: The spread of an infectious disease is a population-level phenomenon,

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: The spread of an infectious disease is a population-level phenomenon,

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: The spread of an infectious disease is a population-level phenomenon,

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: The spread of an infectious disease is a population-level phenomenon,

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: The spread of an infectious disease is a population-level phenomenon,

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: The spread of an infectious disease is a population-level phenomenon,

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: bacterial infection.

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: The spread of an infectious disease is a population-level phenomenon,

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: bacterial

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: bacterial

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: bacterial

text: Major infectious diseases

text: Major infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: a major infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: a major infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: bacteria, viruses, and parasites

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: swine flu

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Ebola

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: swine flu

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: viral

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: cholera

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: polio

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: diphtheria

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: bacteria and viruses

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: What is Schistosoma?

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Escherichia coli is a type of

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which of the following is not a major infectious disease?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: genital herpes virus

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: If you cough or sneeze, you should cover your mouth and nose with your hand

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: c).

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Travelers diarrhea is caused by protozoa

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of infectious diseases?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: The common cold is a major infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: strep throat

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: strep throat

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Athletes foot is a common infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: major infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vaccine

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Major infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Major infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Major infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Major infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Major infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Major infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: Major infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Major infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Major infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Major infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Major infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Major infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Major infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Major infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Major infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Major infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: Major infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Major infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Major infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: Major infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Major infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Major infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Major infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: Major infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Major infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: Major infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: Major infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Major infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: Major infectious diseases

text: At the same time that concerns about allergies and other chronic inflammatory diseases have been increasing, so also have concerns about infectious disease. Infectious diseases continue to exert a heavy health toll. Preventing pandemics and reducing antibiotic resistance are global priorities. Hygiene is a cornerstone of containing these threats.

text: At the same time that concerns about allergies and other chronic inflammatory diseases have been increasing, so also have concerns about infectious disease. Infectious diseases continue to exert a heavy health toll. Preventing

text: pandemics

text: and reducing

text: antibiotic resistance

text: are global priorities. Hygiene is a cornerstone of containing these threats.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: antibiotic

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: antibiotic resistance

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: pandemics

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: reducing antibiotic resistance are global priorities

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: What is Schistosoma?

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: antibiotic resistance

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which of the following is not a type of infectious disease?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Hygiene is a cornerstone of containing threats

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: Hygiene

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: c).

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: strep throat

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: reducing antibiotic resistance are global priorities

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: pandemic

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotic

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: antibiotic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious disease. Infectious

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious disease. Infectious

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: antibiotic

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: antibiotic resistance

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: pandemics

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: pandemics

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Infectious diseases continue to exert a heavy health toll.

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Hygiene

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: Hygiene

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: antibiotic resistance

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Hygiene

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Hygiene

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: antibiotic resistance

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious disease. Infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotic

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: antibiotic

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: antibiotic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: antibiotic resistance

text: Not much is known about the disease cycle of ash yellows. It is unknown how exactly the phytoplasma enters the tree and how it spreads but insect vectors are suspected. This is due to the fact that phytoplasmas are often spread in the salivary secretions of insects during feeding. One likely candidate for spreading these phytoplasmas, also known as mycoplasmalike organisms (MLOs), is leafhoppers because data shows they are the most common insect vector for MLOs. Once inside the host, the phytoplasma attacks the tree's vascular system, specifically targeting the phloem sieve tubes. Additionally, the severity of the disease symptoms caused by the phytoplasma varies. In one study that was conducted, 12 different strains of phytoplasmas belonging to the ash yellows group were tested and it was found that these strains varied significantly in aggressiveness and the impact they had on growth of the host.

text: Not much is known about the disease cycle of ash yellows. It is unknown how exactly the phytoplasma enters the tree and how it spreads but insect vectors are suspected. This is due to the fact that phytoplasmas are often spread in the salivary secretions of insects during feeding. One likely candidate for spreading these phytoplasmas, also known as mycoplasmalike organisms (MLOs), is

text: leafhopper

text: s because data shows they are the most common insect vector for MLOs. Once inside the host, the phytoplasma attacks the tree's vascular system, specifically targeting the

text: phloem

text: sieve tubes. Additionally, the severity of the disease symptoms caused by the phytoplasma varies. In one study that was conducted, 12 different strains of phytoplasmas belonging to the ash yellows group were tested and it was found that these strains varied significantly in aggressiveness and the impact they had on growth of the host.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: What is the most common vector for MLOs?

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: mycoplasma

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Which of the following is not caused by bacteria: ash yellows, mycoplasmalike organisms, or leafhoppers?

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: ash yellows

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: ash yellows

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: mycoplasma

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: leafhoppers

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: leafhoppers

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: ash yellows

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Insect vectors

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which of the following is not a human viral infection?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do if you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are pathogens contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: vector

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: phytoplasma

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: mycoplasma

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: mycoplasma

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: MLOs

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: phytoplasma

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: phytoplasma

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: ash yellows.

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: ash yellows.

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: mycoplasmalike organisms

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: ash yellows.

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: ash yellows.

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: ash yellows.

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: mycoplasmalike organisms

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: leafhoppers

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: leafhoppers

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: ash yellows.

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: ash yellows.

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: insects

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: insects

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: phytoplasmas are often spread in the salivary secretions

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: ash yellows.

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: mycoplasmalike organisms

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: salivary secretions

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: insects during feeding.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: phytoplasmas are often spread in the salivary secretions of insects

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: phytoplasmas are often spread in the salivary secretions of insects

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: salivary secretions

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: salivary secretions

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: ash yellows.

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: insect vectors

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: insect vectors

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: ash yellows.

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: mycoplasmalike

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: mycoplasmalike organisms

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: mycoplasmalike organisms

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: phytoplasma

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: phytoplasma

text: The institute's primary function is to conduct researches to prevent and to control occurring tropical and other infectious diseases in the country. This includes researches involving the advancement of vaccines and medications used by medical professionals, such as physicians, nurses and medical technologists, that they utilize whenever patients they handle are under the diagnosis and treatment of infectious and treatable and curable diseases. The institute also trains medical and health workers in order to be further educated in their fields in relation to the management of tropical infectious diseases. Formulation of plans and research projects involving biological products proposed and currently utilized by the Philippine Department of Health are also covered by the functions of the Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, including the manufacture of biologic products and vaccines.

text: The institute's primary function is to conduct researches to prevent and to control occurring tropical and other infectious diseases in the country. This includes researches involving the advancement of vaccines and medications used by medical professionals, such as physicians, nurses and medical technologists, that they utilize whenever patients they handle are under the diagnosis and treatment of infectious and treatable and curable diseases. The institute also trains medical and health workers in order to be further educated in their fields in relation to the management of tropical infectious diseases. Formulation of plans and research projects involving biological products proposed and currently utilized by the Philippine

text: Department of Health

text: are also covered by the functions of the Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, including the manufacture of biologic products and vaccines.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: biological

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: tropical infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: tropical infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What is the purpose of this passage?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: strep throat

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: biological

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vaccines

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: biological

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: tropical and other infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: biological products

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: biological products

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: infectious and treatable and curable diseases.

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: tropical

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Research Institute for Tropical Medicine,

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Medicine,

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Research Institute for Tropical Medicine,

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: tropical and other infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Research Institute for Tropical Medicine,

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: manufacture of biologic products and vaccines.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Research Institute for Tropical Medicine,

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: treatable and curable diseases.

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Research Institute for Tropical Medicine,

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: biological products

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: biological

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vaccines

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: tropical

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious diseases

text: Diseases transmitted from human to human indirectly, i.e. malaria spread by way of mosquitoes, are transmitted through a vector.  In these cases, the infection transfers from human to insect and an epidemic model must include both species, generally requiring many more compartments than a model for direct transmission.  For more information on this type of model see the reference Population Dynamics of Infectious Diseases:  Theory and Applications, by R. M. Anderson (Brauer & Castillo-Chavez, 2001).

text: Diseases transmitted from human to human indirectly, i.e. malaria spread by way of mosquitoes, are transmitted through a vector.  In these cases, the infection transfers from human to insect and an epidemic model must include both species, generally requiring many more compartments than a model for direct transmission.  For more information on this type of model see the reference Population Dynamics of Infectious Diseases:  Theory and Applications, by R. M. Anderson (Brauer & Castillo-Chavez, 2001).

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: malaria

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: malaria

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: malaria

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: malaria

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: human to insect

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: malaria

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: malaria

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: malaria

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: vectors

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: malaria

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Escherichia coli

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which of the following is not a human viral infection: tetanus or measles?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: genital herpes

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do if you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: human

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: directly

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Strap throat

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: What is the most common infectious disease caused by protozoa?

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: vector

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: malaria

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: vector

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: malaria

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: indirectly,

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Diseases transmitted from human to human indirectly,

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: malaria spread by way of mosquitoes,

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: malaria

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: malaria

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: malaria

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: malaria

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquitoes,

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: malaria

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: malaria

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: malaria

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: malaria spread by way of mosquitoes,

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: malaria spread by way of mosquitoes,

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: indirectly,

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: malaria

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: malaria

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Population Dynamics of Infectious Diseases:

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: human to human

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: malaria spread by way of mosquitoes,

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Diseases transmitted from human to human indirectly,

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: indirectly,

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Population Dynamics of Infectious Diseases:

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Population Dynamics of Infectious Diseases:

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Population Dynamics of Infectious Diseases:

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: vector.

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: malaria spread by way of mosquitoes,

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: mosquitoes,

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: mosquitoes,

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: vector.

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: vector.

text: One of the essential global health priorities is the timely recognition and reporting of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. Early recognition can enable coordinated and rapid responses to an outbreak, preventing catastrophic morbidity and mortality. Additionally, early detection can alleviate grave economic hardship brought upon by pandemics and emerging diseases. Burgeoning globalization of commerce, finance, manufacturing, and services has fostered ever-increasing movement of people, animals, plants, food, and feed. Other contributing factors to the risk of new pathogens emerging and known pathogens re-emerging include climate change, urbanization, land use changes, and political instability. Outbreaks that begin in the most remote parts of the world now spread swiftly to urban centers in countries far away. The epidemiological data in ProMED posts has been used to estimate mortality rates and demographic parameters for specific diseases.

text: One of the essential global health priorities is the timely recognition and reporting of emerging and re-emerging

text: infectious diseases

text: . Early recognition can enable coordinated and rapid responses to an outbreak, preventing catastrophic morbidity and mortality. Additionally, early detection can alleviate grave economic hardship brought upon by pandemics and emerging diseases. Burgeoning globalization of commerce, finance, manufacturing, and services has fostered ever-increasing movement of people, animals, plants, food, and feed. Other contributing factors to the risk of new pathogens emerging and known pathogens re-emerging include climate change, urbanization, land use changes, and political instability. Outbreaks that begin in the most remote parts of the world now spread swiftly to urban centers in countries far away. The epidemiological data in ProMED posts has been used to estimate mortality rates and demographic parameters for specific diseases.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: new pathogens emerging

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: new pathogens

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: pandemics

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Outbreaks that begin in the most remote parts of the world

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: human viral infections include tetanus and measles

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Which of the following is not caused by pathogens: climate change, urbanization, land use changes, or political instability?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: one of the essential global health priorities

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: ProMED

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: new pathogens

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: people,

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: mortality.

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: climate change, urbanization, land use changes, and political instability.

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: plants, food, and feed.

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: timely recognition and reporting of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Outbreaks that begin in the most remote parts of the world

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: ever-increasing movement of people,

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: animals, plants, food, and feed.

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: feed.

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: food, and feed.

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogens

text: A summary of reports to the World Organisation for Animal Health in 2005 and 2010 suggest that surveillance and under-reporting in developed and developing countries is still a challenge. Often, donor support can focus on HPAI control alone, while similar diseases such as Newcastle disease, acute fowl cholera, infectious laryngotracheitis, and infectious bursal disease still affect poultry populations. When HPAI tests come back negative, a lack of funded testing for differential diagnoses can leave farmers wondering what killed their birds.

text: A summary of reports to the

text: World Organisation for Animal Health

text: in 2005 and 2010 suggest that surveillance and under-reporting in developed and developing countries is still a challenge. Often, donor support can focus on HPAI control alone, while similar diseases such as

text: Newcastle disease

text: , acute

text: fowl cholera

text: , infectious laryngotracheitis, and

text: infectious bursal disease

text: still affect poultry populations. When HPAI tests come back negative, a lack of funded testing for

text: differential diagnoses

text: can leave farmers wondering what killed their birds.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Newcastle disease

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Newcastle disease

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Newcastle disease

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Newcastle disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: HPAI

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: poultry

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Newcastle disease

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Newcastle disease

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Newcastle disease

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: HPAI

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Newcastle disease

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: human viral infections

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do if you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: HPAI

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: cholera

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: HPAI

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: HPAI

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: disease

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: HPAI

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: HPAI

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Newcastle disease,

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Newcastle disease, acute fowl cholera,

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Newcastle disease, acute fowl cholera,

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Newcastle disease, acute fowl cholera,

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Newcastle disease,

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: HPAI

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Newcastle disease, acute fowl cholera,

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: HPAI

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Newcastle disease,

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Newcastle disease,

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: A summary of reports to the World Organisation for Animal Health

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Newcastle disease, acute fowl cholera,

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Newcastle disease,

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Newcastle disease, acute fowl cholera,

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: infectious laryngotracheitis,

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: donor support can focus on HPAI

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Newcastle disease, acute fowl cholera,

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Newcastle disease, acute fowl cholera,

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: Newcastle disease,

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Newcastle disease, acute fowl cholera,

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Newcastle disease,

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: HPAI

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: HPAI

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: HPAI

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: cholera,

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: HPAI

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: HPAI

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: Animal Health

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: HPAI

text: Once the pathogen enters the host, it makes its way to the vascular system, and specifically the xylem.  The fungi can spread as hyphae through the plant, but can also spread as spores.  Verticillium produce conidia on conidiophores and once conidia are released in the xylem, they can quickly colonize the plant.  Conidia have been observed traveling to the top of cotton plants, 115 cm, 24 hours after initial conidia inoculation, so the spread throughout the plant can occur very quickly.  Sometimes the flow of conidia will be stopped by cross sections of the xylem, and here the conidia will spawn, and the fungal hyphae can overcome the barrier, and then produce more conidia on the other side.

text: Once the pathogen enters the host, it makes its way to the vascular system, and specifically the xylem.  The fungi can spread as hyphae through the plant, but can also spread as spores.  Verticillium produce

text: conidia

text: on conidiophores and once conidia are released in the xylem, they can quickly colonize the plant.  Conidia have been observed traveling to the top of cotton plants, 115 cm, 24 hours after initial conidia inoculation, so the spread throughout the plant can occur very quickly.  Sometimes the flow of conidia will be stopped by cross sections of the xylem, and here the conidia will spawn, and the fungal hyphae can overcome the barrier, and then produce more conidia on the other side.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: fungal

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Verticillium

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Verticillium

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Verticillium

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Verticillium

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: Verticillium

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: fungi

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Verticillium

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Verticillium

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Verticillium

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Which of the following is not a pathogen?

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which of the following is not a human viral infection?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do if you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: spores

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: spores

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: fungal

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: fungi

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: Verticillium

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Verticillium

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: fungi

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: vascular system,

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Verticillium

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Verticillium

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: fungi

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: fungi

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Verticillium

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: fungi

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: fungi

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: spores.

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Verticillium produce conidia on conidiophores

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Verticillium produce conidia on conidiophores

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: xylem.

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Verticillium

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: xylem.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: Once the pathogen enters the host,

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Verticillium

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Once the pathogen enters the host,

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: spores.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: vascular system,

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Verticillium produce conidia on conidiophores

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Verticillium

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: spores.

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Once the pathogen enters the host,

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: spores. Verticillium

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: fungi

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: fungi

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: Verticillium

text: Infection is the invasion of an organism's body tissues by disease-causing agents, their multiplication, and the reaction of host tissues to these organisms and the toxins they produce. Infectious disease, also known as transmissible disease or communicable disease, is illness resulting from an infection.

text: Infection is the invasion of an organism's body

text: tissue

text: s by

text: disease

text: -causing agents, their multiplication, and the reaction of host tissues to these organisms and the

text: toxin

text: s they produce. Infectious disease, also known as

text: transmissible disease

text: or communicable disease, is

text: illness

text: resulting from an infection.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: toxins

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: toxins

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: parasite

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Infection

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: Infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: disease-causing agents

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: transmissible disease

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: Infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: Infection

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Infection

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: toxins

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: disease-causing agents,

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: toxins they produce. Infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: transmissible disease or communicable disease,

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Infection

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: Infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: transmissible disease or communicable disease,

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: Infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Infection

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: transmissible

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: toxins

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: toxins

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: disease-causing agents,

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: disease-causing agents,

text: A census taken by the last Quipucamayoc indicated that there were 12 million inhabitants of Inca Peru; 45 years later, under viceroy Toledo, the census figures amounted to only 1,100,000 Inca. Historian David N. Cook estimates that their population decreased from an estimated 9 million in the 1520s to around 600,000 in 1620 mainly because of infectious diseases. While the attrition was not an organized attempt at genocide, the results were similar. Scholars now believe that, among the various contributing factors, epidemic disease such as smallpox (unlike the Spanish, the Amerindians had no immunity to the disease) was the overwhelming cause of the population decline of the American natives. Inca cities were given Spanish Christian names and rebuilt as Spanish towns centered around a plaza with a church or cathedral facing an official residence. A few Inca cities like Cuzco retained native masonry for the foundations of their walls. Other Inca sites, like Huanuco Viejo, were abandoned for cities at lower altitudes more hospitable to the Spanish.

text: A census taken by the last Quipucamayoc indicated that there were 12 million inhabitants of Inca Peru; 45 years later, under viceroy Toledo, the census figures amounted to only 1,100,000 Inca. Historian David N. Cook estimates that their population decreased from an estimated 9 million in the 1520s to around 600,000 in 1620 mainly because of

text: infectious disease

text: s. While the attrition was not an organized attempt at

text: genocide

text: , the results were similar. Scholars now believe that, among the various contributing factors,

text: epidemic

text: disease

text: such as

text: smallpox

text: (unlike the Spanish, the

text: Amerindians

text: had no immunity to the disease) was the overwhelming cause of the population decline of the American natives. Inca cities were given Spanish Christian names and rebuilt as Spanish towns centered around a

text: plaza

text: with a church or cathedral facing an official residence. A few Inca cities like Cuzco retained native masonry for the foundations of their walls. Other Inca sites, like

text: Huanuco Viejo

text: , were abandoned for cities at lower altitudes more hospitable to the Spanish.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: smallpox

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: smallpox

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: smallpox

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: smallpox

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: smallpox

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: smallpox

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: viral

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: smallpox

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: smallpox

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: smallpox

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: smallpox

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: smallpox

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: what is the last Quipucamayoc

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: How are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: immunity

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: smallpox

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: smallpox

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: smallpox

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: smallpox

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: smallpox

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: smallpox

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: smallpox

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: epidemic disease such as smallpox

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: smallpox

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: smallpox

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: smallpox

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: smallpox

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: smallpox

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: 9 million in the 1520s to around 600,000 in 1620

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: smallpox

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: smallpox

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: smallpox

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: smallpox

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: smallpox

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: smallpox

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: smallpox

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: smallpox

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: 9 million in the 1520s to around 600,000 in 1620

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: smallpox

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: smallpox

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: smallpox

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: smallpox

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: immunity

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: smallpox

text: Dr. Hull is a physician epidemiologist with more than 35 years of experience in infectious disease control.  He is an expert in food borne diseases, vaccine preventable diseases and the epidemiology of infectious diseases. He has served as an expert witness for 6 years, having worked for both plaintiff and defense on more than 80 cases.  He has been retained as an expert in cases related to: Listeriosis from Colorado cantaloupe; Salmonella outbreaks from peanut butter, peanut paste, white pepper and fast food restaurant chains; E. coli O157:H7 from 2 different restaurant chains; Yersinia from pasteurized milk; Campylobacter from contaminated peas; hepatitis C transmitted in medical settings.  He has been deposed on 15 times and testified at trial on 3 occasions.  Dr.  Hull consults with YUM! Brands on food safety issues and has recently served as a medical advisor to 4 vaccine companies. He also serves as a consultant to the World Health Organization on global polio eradication.

text: Dr. Hull is a physician epidemiologist with more than 35 years of experience in infectious disease control.  He is an expert in food borne diseases, vaccine preventable diseases and the epidemiology of infectious diseases. He has served as an expert witness for 6 years, having worked for both plaintiff and defense on more than 80 cases.  He has been retained as an expert in cases related to: Listeriosis from Colorado cantaloupe; Salmonella outbreaks from peanut butter, peanut paste, white pepper and fast food restaurant chains; E. coli O157:H7 from 2 different restaurant chains; Yersinia from pasteurized milk; Campylobacter from contaminated peas; hepatitis C transmitted in medical settings.  He has been deposed on 15 times and testified at trial on 3 occasions.  Dr.  Hull consults with YUM! Brands on food safety issues and has recently served as a medical advisor to 4 vaccine companies. He also serves as a consultant to the World Health Organization on global polio eradication.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Salmonella

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Listeriosis

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Listeriosis

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Salmonella

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: hepatitis C

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Salmonella

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: polio

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: polio

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Salmonella

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: What is Schistosoma?

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: O157:H7

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which of the following is not a viral infection: tetanus, measles, or salmonella?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Campylobacter

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What does Dr. Hull do for a living?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: contaminated peas

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Campylobacter

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: food borne diseases

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Campylobacter

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: E. coli

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: Yersinia

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vaccine

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Salmonella

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: Salmonella

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious disease control. He is an expert in food borne diseases,

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: food borne diseases,

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Salmonella

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Salmonella

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Yersinia

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: hepatitis C

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: Salmonella

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Salmonella

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: polio

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: polio

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Salmonella

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: peanut butter, peanut paste, white pepper and fast food restaurant chains;

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: E. coli O157:H7

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: hepatitis C

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Yersinia

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: peanut butter, peanut paste, white pepper and fast food restaurant chains;

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: fast food restaurant chains;

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Campylobacter from contaminated peas;

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: hepatitis C transmitted in medical settings.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: food borne diseases,

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Dr. Hull

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Yersinia from pasteurized milk;

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Campylobacter

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: Campylobacter

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: Yersinia from pasteurized milk;

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vaccine

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Campylobacter

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: Campylobacter

text: SIV pathogenesis encompasses both pathogenic and non-pathogenic SIV infections. SIV infection of non-human primates (NHPs) invariably results in persistent infection, but rarely acute disease. Pathogenic infection is typified by Rhesus macaques infected with SIV strains derived from sooty mangabeys. Disease progression to AIDS occurs within a period of months to years, depending upon the SIV strain used. Non-pathogenic infection is typified by African NHPs naturally infected with SIV. These animals rarely progress to AIDS despite maintaining viral loads that are equivalent to SIV viral loads in pathogenic infections. It is postulated that AIDS-like disease in African NHPs represents horizontal transmission of the virus from one or more homologous species in the recent evolutionary past, before equilibrium of co-adaptation has occurred.

text: SIV pathogenesis encompasses both pathogenic and non-pathogenic SIV infections. SIV infection of non-human primates (NHPs) invariably results in persistent infection, but rarely acute disease. Pathogenic infection is typified by Rhesus macaques infected with SIV strains derived from sooty mangabeys. Disease progression to AIDS occurs within a period of months to years, depending upon the SIV strain used. Non-pathogenic infection is typified by African NHPs naturally infected with SIV. These animals rarely progress to AIDS despite maintaining viral loads that are equivalent to SIV viral loads in pathogenic infections. It is postulated that AIDS-like disease in African NHPs represents horizontal transmission of the virus from one or more homologous species in the recent evolutionary past, before equilibrium of co-adaptation has occurred.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: AIDS

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: SIV

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: SIV

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: AIDS

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: AIDS

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: AIDS

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: pathogenic

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: Rhesus macaques

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: AIDS

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: AIDS

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: AIDS

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: non-pathogenic

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What is the best title for this passage?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: What is horizontal transmission of the virus from one or more homologous species?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: horizontal transmission

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: horizontal transmission

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: pathogenic

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: AIDS

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: AIDS

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogenic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogenic

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogenic

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: AIDS

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: SIV

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: pathogenic and non-pathogenic

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: AIDS

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: AIDS

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: AIDS

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: SIV

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: sooty mangabeys.

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: sooty mangabeys.

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: AIDS

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: AIDS

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: sooty mangabeys.

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: sooty mangabeys.

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: AIDS

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: AIDS

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: sooty mangabeys.

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: sooty mangabeys.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: AIDS

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: sooty mangabeys.

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: horizontal transmission of the virus

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: SIV strains derived from sooty mangabeys.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: SIV strains derived from sooty mangabeys.

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: SIV

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: sooty mangabeys.

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: horizontal transmission

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: SIV pathogenesis

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: SIV

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: co-adaptation

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogenic and non-pathogenic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: SIV pathogenesis

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: virus

text: may be read as the average number of infections caused by a single infectious subject in a wholly susceptible population, the above relationship biologically means that if this number is less or equal than one the disease goes extinct, whereas if this number is greater than one the disease will remain permanently endemic in the population.

text: may be read as the average number of infections caused by a single infectious subject in a wholly susceptible population, the above relationship biologically means that if this number is less or equal than one the disease goes extinct, whereas if this number is greater than one the disease will remain permanently endemic in the population.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: endemic

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: endemic

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: swine flu

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: diphtheria

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: AIDS

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: cholera

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: endemic

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: diphtheria

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: a single infectious subject

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: measles

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious subject

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vaccine

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious subject

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infections caused by a single infectious subject in a wholly susceptible population,

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: average number of infections caused by a single infectious subject

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: a single infectious subject

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infections

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infections caused by a single infectious subject

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infections

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: a single infectious subject

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: infectious subject

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: infections caused by a single infectious subject

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: if this number is greater than one the disease will remain permanently endemic

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: infections

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: infections caused by a single infectious subject in a wholly susceptible population,

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: infections caused by a single infectious subject in a wholly susceptible population,

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: average number of infections caused by a single infectious subject

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: infections caused by a single infectious subject in a wholly susceptible population,

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: one

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: average number of infections caused by a single infectious subject

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: if this number is less or equal than one the disease goes extinct,

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: one the disease goes extinct,

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: infections caused by a single infectious subject in a wholly susceptible population,

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: average number of infections caused by a single infectious subject

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: one

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: if this number is less or equal than one the disease goes extinct,

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: one the disease goes extinct,

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious subject

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infections

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: one the disease goes extinct,

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: susceptible population,

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: infectious subject

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious subject

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious subject

text: One of the ways to prevent or slow down the transmission of infectious diseases is to recognize the different characteristics of various diseases. Some critical disease characteristics that should be evaluated include virulence, distance traveled by victims, and level of contagiousness. The human strains of Ebola virus, for example, incapacitate their victims extremely quickly and kill them soon after. As a result, the victims of this disease do not have the opportunity to travel very far from the initial infection zone. Also, this virus must spread through skin lesions or permeable membranes such as the eye. Thus, the initial stage of Ebola is not very contagious since its victims experience only internal hemorrhaging. As a result of the above features, the spread of Ebola is very rapid and usually stays within a relatively confined geographical area. In contrast, the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) kills its victims very slowly by attacking their immune system. As a result, many of its victims transmit the virus to other individuals before even realizing that they are carrying the disease. Also, the relatively low virulence allows its victims to travel long distances, increasing the likelihood of an epidemic.

text: One of the ways to prevent or slow down the transmission of infectious diseases is to recognize the different characteristics of various diseases. Some critical disease characteristics that should be evaluated include

text: virulence

text: , distance traveled by victims, and level of contagiousness. The human strains of

text: Ebola

text: virus, for example, incapacitate their victims extremely quickly and kill them soon after. As a result, the victims of this disease do not have the opportunity to travel very far from the initial infection zone. Also, this virus must spread through skin lesions or permeable membranes such as the eye. Thus, the initial stage of

text: Ebola

text: is not very contagious since its victims experience only internal hemorrhaging. As a result of the above features, the spread of Ebola is very rapid and usually stays within a relatively confined geographical area. In contrast, the

text: Human Immunodeficiency Virus

text: HIV

text: ) kills its victims very slowly by attacking their immune system. As a result, many of its victims transmit the virus to other individuals before even realizing that they are carrying the disease. Also, the relatively low virulence allows its victims to travel long distances, increasing the likelihood of an

text: epidemic

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: virulence

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: human strains of Ebola virus

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Ebola virus

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Ebola

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Ebola

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Ebola

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: Human Immunodeficiency Virus

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Ebola

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Ebola

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: HIV

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Ebola virus

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: virulence

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: virulence

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which of the following is not a human viral infection?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: genital herpes

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: prevent or slow down the transmission of infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: level of contagiousness

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: virulence

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: virulence

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: virus

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: Ebola virus

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: HIV

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Ebola

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: HIV

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Ebola virus,

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: virulence,

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Ebola virus,

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Human Immunodeficiency Virus

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: Human Immunodeficiency Virus

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: Ebola virus,

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Ebola virus,

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: (HIV)

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Immunodeficiency Virus

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Ebola virus,

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: skin lesions or permeable membranes

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Ebola virus,

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Ebola

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Ebola virus,

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: (HIV)

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: recognize the different characteristics of various diseases.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: (HIV)

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Human Immunodeficiency Virus

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: Human Immunodeficiency Virus

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: (HIV)

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: (HIV) kills its victims very slowly by attacking their immune system.

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: virulence,

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: transmission of infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: Human Immunodeficiency Virus

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: recognize the different characteristics

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: human

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: Human Immunodeficiency Virus

text: The ICEID or International Conference on Emerging Infectious Diseases is a conference for public health professionals on the subject of emerging infectious diseases.

text: The ICEID or International Conference on Emerging Infectious Diseases is a conference for public health professionals on the subject of emerging infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: emerging infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: ICEID

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: bacterial pneumonia

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: HIV

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: E. coli

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: ICEID

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Influenza

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Schistosoma

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: ICEID

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: tetanus

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: The International Conference on Emerging Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: The International Conference on Emerging Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vaccine

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: emerging infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: emerging infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: emerging infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: emerging infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: emerging infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: ICEID or International Conference on Emerging Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Emerging Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: ICEID or International Conference on Emerging Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Emerging Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: emerging infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: The ICEID or International Conference on Emerging Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: International Conference on Emerging Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: International Conference on Emerging Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: The ICEID or International Conference on Emerging Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: The ICEID or International Conference on Emerging Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: The ICEID or International Conference on Emerging Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: The ICEID or International Conference on Emerging Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: The ICEID or International Conference on Emerging Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: ICEID or International Conference on Emerging Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: The ICEID or International Conference on Emerging Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: The ICEID or International Conference on Emerging Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: The ICEID or International Conference on Emerging Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: Emerging Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: International Conference on Emerging Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: emerging infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious diseases.

text: Schistosoma japonicum is the only human blood fluke that occurs in China and Philippines. It is the cause of schistosomiasis japonica, a disease that still remains a significant health problem especially in lake and marshland regions.  Schistosomiasis is an infection caused mainly by three schistosome species; Schistosoma mansoni, Schistosoma japonicum and Schistosoma haematobium. S. japonicum being the most infectious of the three species.  Infection by schistosomes is followed by an acute Katayama fever.  Historical accounts of Katayama disease dates back to the discovery of S. Japonicum in Japan in 1904.  The disease was named after an area it was endemic to, Katayama district, Hiroshima, Japan. If left untreated, it will develop into a chronic condition characterized by hepatosplenic disease and impaired physical and cognitive development. The severity of S. japonicum arises in 60% of all neurological diseases in schistosomes due to the migration of schistosome eggs to the brain.

text: Schistosoma japonicum is the only human blood fluke that occurs in China and Philippines. It is the cause of schistosomiasis japonica, a disease that still remains a significant health problem especially in lake and marshland regions.  Schistosomiasis is an infection caused mainly by three schistosome species; Schistosoma mansoni, Schistosoma japonicum and Schistosoma haematobium. S. japonicum being the most infectious of the three species.  Infection by schistosomes is followed by an acute Katayama fever.  Historical accounts of Katayama disease dates back to the discovery of S. Japonicum in Japan in 1904.  The disease was named after an area it was endemic to, Katayama district, Hiroshima, Japan. If left untreated, it will develop into a chronic condition characterized by hepatosplenic disease and impaired physical and cognitive development. The severity of S. japonicum arises in 60% of all neurological diseases in schistosomes due to the migration of schistosome eggs to the brain.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Schistosoma japonicum

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Schistosoma japonicum

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Schistosomes

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Schistosomiasis japonica

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Schistosoma japonicum

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Schistosomiasis

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: human blood fluke

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: human blood fluke

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Schistosoma japonicum

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Schistosoma japonicum

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Schistosoma japonicum

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Which of the following is not a pathogen: Schistosoma japonicum or Schistosoma haematobium?

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which of the following is not a human blood fluke: Schistosoma japonicum, Schistosoma mansoni, or Schistosoma haematobium?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do if you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Which of the following is not a pathogen: Schistosoma japonicum, Schistosoma mansoni, or Schistosoma haematobium?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: blood fluke

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Schistosoma

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: schistosomes

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: blood fluke

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Schistosoma

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: Infection

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: schistosome

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: schistosomiasis japonica,

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Schistosoma japonicum

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: schistosome species;

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Katayama fever.

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Schistosoma japonicum

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Katayama fever.

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: blood fluke

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: human blood fluke

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Schistosoma japonicum

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Schistosoma japonicum

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Schistosoma japonicum

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Schistosoma japonicum

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: blood fluke

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Schistosoma japonicum

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Schistosoma japonicum

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Schistosoma japonicum

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Schistosoma japonicum

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: Schistosoma japonicum

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Schistosoma japonicum

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: schistosome species;

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: Schistosoma japonicum

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Schistosoma haematobium.

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Schistosoma japonicum

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Schistosoma japonicum

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: migration

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: neurological diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: blood fluke

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: blood fluke

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: schistosome

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infection

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: blood fluke

text: Fairfield Infectious Diseases Hospital, originally known as Queens Memorial Infectious Diseases Hospital, operated from 1904 to its closure in 1996. Perched high on the banks of the Yarra River at Yarra Bend in the inner Melbourne suburb of Fairfield, it developed an international reputation for the research and treatment of infectious diseases. When it closed, it was the last specific infectious diseases hospital in Australia.

text: Fairfield Infectious Diseases Hospital, originally known as Queens Memorial Infectious Diseases Hospital, operated from 1904 to its closure in 1996. Perched high on the banks of the

text: Yarra River

text: at Yarra Bend in the inner

text: Melbourne

text: suburb of

text: Fairfield

text: , it developed an international reputation for the research and treatment of infectious diseases. When it closed, it was the last specific

text: infectious disease

text: s

text: hospital

text: in

text: Australia

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Yarra River

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: unspecified

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: chickenpox

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which of the following is not a viral infection: tetanus or measles?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: Yarra Bend

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: Yarra River

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Yarra River

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Fairfield Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Queens Memorial Infectious Diseases Hospital, operated from 1904

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Queens Memorial Infectious Diseases Hospital, operated from 1904

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Fairfield Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: 1904

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Yarra River at Yarra Bend

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: 1996.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: 1996.

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: 1904

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: 1904

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Queens Memorial Infectious Diseases Hospital, operated from 1904

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: Yarra River

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious diseases.

text: The U.S. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) also participates in the identification and prevention of biowarfare and first released a strategy for biodefense in 2002, periodically releasing updates as new pathogens are becoming topics of discussion. Within this list of strategies, responses for specific infectious agents are provided, along with the classification of these agents. NIAID provides countermeasures after the U.S. Department of Homeland Security details which pathogens hold the most threat.

text: The U.S.

text: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases

text: (NIAID) also participates in the identification and prevention of biowarfare and first released a strategy for biodefense in 2002, periodically releasing updates as new pathogens are becoming topics of discussion. Within this list of strategies, responses for specific infectious agents are provided, along with the classification of these agents. NIAID provides countermeasures after the U.S. Department of Homeland Security details which pathogens hold the most threat.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious agents

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Ebola

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: biowarfare

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Allergy

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Which pathogens hold the most threat?

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: NIAID

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: tetanus

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do when you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: pathogens hold the most threat

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious agents

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: biodefense

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious agents

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious agents

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: biowarfare

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Allergy

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: infectious agents

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: biowarfare

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Allergy

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: infectious agents

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: classification of these agents.

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: biowarfare

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: classification of these agents.

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: biowarfare

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: classification of these agents. NIAID provides countermeasures

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: biowarfare

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: biowarfare

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: biowarfare

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious agents

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious agents

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: biodefense

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: biowarfare

text: Kuru was shown to have remarkable similarity to scrapie, a disease of sheep and goats caused by an unconventional infectious agent. Subsequently, additional human agents belonging to the same group were discovered. They include sporadic, familial, and variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease. Gajdusek recognized that diseases like Kuru and Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease were caused by a new infectious agent that had not yet been identified. Further research on the scrapie agent by Stanley Prusiner and others led to the identification of endogenous proteins called prions as the cause of these diseases.

text: Kuru was shown to have remarkable similarity to

text: scrapie

text: , a disease of sheep and goats caused by an unconventional infectious agent. Subsequently, additional human agents belonging to the same group were discovered. They include sporadic, familial, and variant

text: Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease

text: . Gajdusek recognized that diseases like Kuru and Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease were caused by a new infectious agent that had not yet been identified. Further research on the scrapie agent by

text: Stanley Prusiner

text: and others led to the identification of endogenous proteins called

text: prion

text: s as the cause of these diseases.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: endogenous proteins called prions

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: scrapie

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Creutzfeldt–Jakob

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: endogenous proteins

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: The answer: endogenous proteins called prions

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are diseases like Kuru and Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious agent

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: endogenous proteins

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: prions

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: prions

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: endogenous proteins

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious agent

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: prions

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: human

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: human

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease.

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease.

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease.

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: scrapie,

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: prions

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: prions

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: prions

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: prions

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease.

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: prions

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: prions

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: prions

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease.

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease.

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: prions

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: prions

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: prions

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: prions

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: prions

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: prions

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: scrapie,

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: prions

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious agent.

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: endogenous proteins called prions

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: prions

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: prions

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: endogenous proteins called prions

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious agent.

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: prions

text: McMichael et al argue (2004) that the epidemiological transition has not taken place homogeneously in all countries. Countries have varied in the speed with which they go through the transition as well as what stage of the transition they are in. The global burden of disease website provides visual comparisons of the disease burdens of countries and the changes over time. The epidemiological transition correlates with changes in life expectancy. Worldwide, mortality rates have decreased as both technological and medical advancements have led to a tremendous decrease in infectious diseases. With fewer people dying from infectious diseases, there is a rising prevalence of chronic and/or degenerative diseases in the older surviving population.

text: McMichael et al argue (2004) that the epidemiological transition has not taken place homogeneously in all countries. Countries have varied in the speed with which they go through the transition as well as what stage of the transition they are in. The global burden of disease website provides visual comparisons of the disease burdens of countries and the changes over time. The epidemiological transition correlates with changes in life expectancy. Worldwide, mortality rates have decreased as both technological and medical advancements have led to a tremendous decrease in infectious diseases. With fewer people dying from infectious diseases, there is a rising prevalence of chronic and/or degenerative diseases in the older surviving population.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: degenerative diseases

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: degenerative diseases

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: McMichael et al

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: tetanus and measles

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do if you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: McMichael et al

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: medical

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: degenerative

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: technological and medical advancements have led to a tremendous decrease in infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: degenerative diseases

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: fewer people dying from infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: the epidemiological transition has not taken place homogeneously in all countries.

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: decrease in infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: decrease in infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: the epidemiological transition has not taken place homogeneously in all countries.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: the epidemiological transition has not taken place homogeneously in all countries.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: the epidemiological transition has not taken place homogeneously in all countries.

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: technological and medical advancements have led to a tremendous decrease in infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: McMichael

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: decrease in infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: technological and medical advancements have led to a tremendous decrease in infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: medical

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: degenerative diseases

text: Thus, the technological ability to detect any infectious agent rapidly and specifically are currently available. The only remaining blockades to the use of PCR as a standard tool of diagnosis are in its cost and application, neither of which is insurmountable. The diagnosis of a few diseases will not benefit from the development of PCR methods, such as some of the clostridial diseases (tetanus and botulism). These diseases are fundamentally biological poisonings by relatively small numbers of infectious bacteria that produce extremely potent neurotoxins. A significant proliferation of the infectious agent does not occur, this limits the ability of PCR to detect the presence of any bacteria.

text: Thus, the technological ability to detect any infectious agent rapidly and specifically are currently available. The only remaining blockades to the use of PCR as a standard tool of diagnosis are in its cost and application, neither of which is insurmountable. The diagnosis of a few diseases will not benefit from the development of PCR methods, such as some of the

text: clostridia

text: l diseases (

text: tetanus

text: and

text: botulism

text: ). These diseases are fundamentally biological poisonings by relatively small numbers of infectious bacteria that produce extremely potent

text: neurotoxin

text: s. A significant proliferation of the infectious agent does not occur, this limits the ability of PCR to detect the presence of any bacteria.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: clostridial diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: clostridial diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: clostridial diseases

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: clostridial diseases

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: clostridial diseases

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: botulism

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: clostridial

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: botulism

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: clostridial diseases

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: botulism

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: clostridial diseases

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: A significant proliferation of the infectious agent does not occur

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: The diagnosis of a few diseases will not benefit from the development of PCR methods

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: A significant proliferation of the infectious agent does not occur

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: A significant proliferation of the infectious agent does not occur

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Athletes foot is a common infectious disease caused by protozoa

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious agent

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: clostridial

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: neurotoxins

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: botulism

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: clostridial

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious agent

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: botulism

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: clostridial diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: clostridial diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: clostridial

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: (tetanus and botulism).

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: (tetanus and botulism).

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: (tetanus and botulism).

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: clostridial

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: (tetanus and botulism).

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: (tetanus and botulism).

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: (tetanus

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: clostridial diseases

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: produce extremely potent neurotoxins.

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: clostridial diseases

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: clostridial diseases

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: clostridial diseases

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: clostridial diseases

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: clostridial diseases

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: biological poisonings by relatively small numbers of infectious bacteria

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: PCR

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: cost and application, neither of which is insurmountable.

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: clostridial diseases

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: clostridial diseases

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: bacteria.

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: the technological ability to detect any infectious agent

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: neurotoxins.

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: neurotoxins.

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: clostridial

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious agent

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: clostridial

text: Mukherjee has also served as an Executive Board Member for Physicians for Human Rights, Health Action AIDS Campaign; a consultant for the Harvard Medical School Vietnam-CDC-Harvard AIDS Partnership; and as a member of the Board of Directors of Village Health Works, Tiyatien Health, and Project Muso.  Mukherjee served on several local, national, and international committees, such as the World Health Organization Green Light Committee on the Treatment of Multidrug Resistant Tuberculosis, the Infectious Disease Society of America Committee on International Infectious Diseases, and the World Health Organization Technical Reference Group (TRG) on Pediatric HIV Care and Treatment].  In addition to holding membership in the Infectious Disease Society of America, the American Public Health Association, and the International AIDS Society, Dr. Mukherjee is a Fellow of the American Academy of Pediatrics.

text: Mukherjee has also served as an Executive Board Member for

text: Physicians for Human Rights

text: , Health Action AIDS Campaign; a consultant for the Harvard Medical School Vietnam-CDC-Harvard AIDS Partnership; and as a member of the Board of Directors of Village Health Works, Tiyatien Health, and

text: Project Muso

text: .  Mukherjee served on several local, national, and international committees, such as the World Health Organization Green Light Committee on the Treatment of Multidrug Resistant Tuberculosis, the Infectious Disease Society of America Committee on International Infectious Diseases, and the

text: World Health Organization

text: Technical Reference Group (TRG) on Pediatric HIV Care and Treatment].  In addition to holding membership in the Infectious Disease Society of America, the

text: American Public Health Association

text: , and the

text: International AIDS Society

text: , Dr. Mukherjee is a Fellow of the

text: American Academy of Pediatrics

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: HIV

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: Tuberculous

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: tuberculose

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: HIV

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which of the following is not a human viral infection?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: Tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: HIV

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: HIV

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: HIV

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Multidrug Resistant Tuberculosis,

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Multidrug Resistant Tuberculosis,

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Tuberculosis,

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Tuberculosis,

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Tuberculosis,

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: HIV

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: HIV

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Tuberculosis,

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: HIV

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Tuberculosis,

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Multidrug Resistant Tuberculosis,

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Harvard Medical School Vietnam-CDC-Harvard AIDS Partnership;

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: AIDS Campaign;

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: HIV

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Tuberculosis,

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Harvard Medical School Vietnam-CDC-Harvard AIDS Partnership;

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: AIDS Campaign;

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Harvard Medical School Vietnam-CDC-Harvard AIDS Partnership;

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Infectious Disease Society of America Committee on International Infectious Diseases,

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: HIV

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Harvard Medical School Vietnam-CDC-Harvard AIDS Partnership;

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Multidrug Resistant Tuberculosis,

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Harvard Medical School Vietnam-CDC-Harvard AIDS Partnership;

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: Tuberculosis,

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: Multidrug

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: Multidrug

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Multidrug Resistant

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: Infectious Diseases,

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: HIV

text: The driving notion behind POCT is to bring the test conveniently and immediately to the patient.  This increases the likelihood that the patient, physician, and care team will receive the results quicker, which allows for immediate clinical management decisions to be made. POCT includes: blood glucose testing, blood gas and electrolytes analysis, rapid coagulation testing (PT/INR, Alere, Microvisk Ltd), rapid cardiac markers diagnostics (TRIAGE, Alere), drugs of abuse screening, urine strips testing, pregnancy testing, fecal occult blood analysis, food pathogens screening, hemoglobin diagnostics (HemoCue), infectious disease testing and cholesterol screening.

text: The driving notion behind POCT is to bring the test conveniently and immediately to the patient.  This increases the likelihood that the patient, physician, and care team will receive the results quicker, which allows for immediate clinical management decisions to be made. POCT includes: blood glucose testing, blood gas and electrolytes analysis, rapid coagulation testing (PT/INR, Alere, Microvisk Ltd), rapid cardiac markers diagnostics (TRIAGE, Alere), drugs of abuse screening, urine strips testing, pregnancy testing, fecal occult blood analysis, food pathogens screening, hemoglobin diagnostics (HemoCue), infectious disease testing and cholesterol screening.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious disease testing

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: food pathogens

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious disease testing

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious disease testing

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: food pathogens

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: food pathogens

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: cholesterol screening

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: food

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: What is Schistosoma

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: infectious disease testing

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: infectious disease testing

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Infectious disease testing and cholesterol screening

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do if you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: food pathogens

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: How are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: HemoCue

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: POCT

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: food pathogens

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: HemoCue

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: fecal occult blood analysis,

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: food pathogens

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: food

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: fecal occult blood analysis, food pathogens

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: food pathogens

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: cholesterol

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: cholesterol

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: food pathogens

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: fecal occult blood analysis,

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: infectious disease testing and cholesterol screening.

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: infectious disease testing

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: fecal occult blood analysis, food pathogens

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: fecal occult blood analysis,

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: infectious disease testing and cholesterol screening.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: food pathogens

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: infectious disease testing

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: fecal occult blood analysis, food pathogens

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: fecal occult blood analysis,

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: infectious disease testing

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: food pathogens

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: hemoglobin diagnostics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: hemoglobin

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: food pathogens

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: food pathogens

text: Infectious diseases within American correctional settings are a concern within the public health sector. The corrections population is susceptible to infectious diseases through exposure to blood and other bodily fluids, drug injection, poor health care, prison overcrowding, demographics, security issues, lack of community support for rehabilitation programs, and high-risk behaviors. The spread of infectious diseases, such as HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases, hepatitis C (HCV), hepatitis B (HBV), and tuberculosis result largely from needle-sharing, drug use, and consensual and nonconsensual sex among prisoners. HIV/AIDS and hepatitis C need specific attention because of the specific public health concerns and issues they raise.

text: Infectious diseases within American correctional settings are a concern within the public health sector. The corrections population is susceptible to infectious diseases through exposure to blood and other bodily fluids, drug injection, poor health care,

text: prison overcrowding

text: , demographics, security issues, lack of community support for rehabilitation programs, and high-risk behaviors. The spread of

text: infectious disease

text: s, such as

text: HIV

text: AIDS

text: and other sexually transmitted diseases,

text: hepatitis C

text: (HCV),

text: hepatitis B

text: (HBV), and

text: tuberculosis

text: result largely from needle-sharing, drug use, and consensual and

text: nonconsensual sex among prisoners

text: . HIV/AIDS and hepatitis C need specific attention because of the specific public health concerns and issues they raise.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: sexually transmitted diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: hepatitis

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: HIV

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: HIV/AIDS

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Hepatitis C

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: HIV/AIDS

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: hepatitis C

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: HIV/AIDS

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which of the following is not a human viral infection: tetanus, measles, or hepatitis C?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do if you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: HCV

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: HIV/AIDS

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: tuberculous

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: HIV/AIDS

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: HIV/AIDS

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: HIV/AIDS

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: sexually transmitted diseases,

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: HIV/AIDS

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: needle-sharing,

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: hepatitis C

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: HIV/AIDS and hepatitis C

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: hepatitis C

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: needle-sharing,

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: needle-sharing,

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: HIV/AIDS

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: hepatitis C

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases,

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: needle-sharing,

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Infectious diseases within American correctional settings

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: needle-sharing,

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: HIV/AIDS

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: hepatitis C

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: hepatitis C

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases,

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: sexually transmitted

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: drug injection,

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: sexually transmitted diseases,

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases, such as HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases,

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: HIV/AIDS

text: Each episode has dramatizations that show illnesses caused by an infectious disease or medical affliction. Once the agent has been identified, their life cycles and general behaviors are illustrated. Justin Peed is the narrator, and biologist Dan Riskin explains how and why each infectious agent works inside its host.  Most shows start as a common diagnosed disease but then transform into a different life threatening or serious disease, which will be cured most time at the end. Out of the 183 cases documented on the show, only 11 of those ended in the victim dying, usually from a disease with an extremely low survival rate.

text: Each episode has dramatizations that show illnesses caused by an infectious disease or medical affliction. Once the agent has been identified, their life cycles and general behaviors are illustrated. Justin Peed is the narrator, and

text: biologist

text: Dan Riskin

text: explains how and why each infectious agent works inside its host.  Most shows start as a common diagnosed disease but then transform into a different life threatening or serious disease, which will be cured most time at the end. Out of the 183 cases documented on the show, only 11 of those ended in the victim dying, usually from a disease with an extremely low survival rate.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: common diagnosed disease

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: What is the most common diagnosed disease on the show?

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious agent

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: What does the narrator explain about bacteria?

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious agent

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: host

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: swine flu

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: 11 of those ended in the victim dying

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: polio

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: What can be spread by pathogens?

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: What is Schistosoma?

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: how and why each infectious agent works inside its host

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which of the following is not a common diagnosed disease but then transform into a different life threatening or serious disease?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Which is not a common human fungal infection?

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do when you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: What is the most common cause of travelers diarrhea?

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: How long should you scrub your hands?

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: most time at the end

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: What is the common infectious disease caused by protozoa?

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious agent

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vaccine

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious agent

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious agent

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious agent works inside its host.

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious disease or medical affliction.

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: serious disease,

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: its host.

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: 11 of those ended in the victim dying,

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: serious disease,

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: infectious agent works inside its host.

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: 183

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: infectious disease or medical affliction.

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: infectious disease or medical affliction.

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: 183

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: illnesses caused by an infectious disease or medical affliction.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: illnesses caused by an infectious disease or medical affliction.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: 183

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: infectious agent works inside its host.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: illnesses caused by an infectious disease or medical affliction.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: 183

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: serious disease,

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: 183

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious agent

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: extremely low survival rate.

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: cured

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: infectious agent works inside its host.

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious agent

text: These areas will see a substantial increase in infectious disease incidence and deaths. In the FSU especially, the steep deterioration in health care and other services owing to economic decline has led to a sharp rise in diphtheria, dysentery, cholera, and hepatitis B and C. TB has reached epidemic proportions throughout the FSU, while the HIV-infected population in Russia alone could exceed 1 million by the end of 2000 and double yet again by 2002.The sharp decline in health care infrastructure in Russia and elsewhere in the former Soviet Union (FSU) and, to a lesser extent, in Eastern Europe—owing to economic difficulties—are causing a dramatic rise in infectious disease incidence. Death rates attributed to infectious diseases in the FSU increased 50% from 1990 to 1996, with TB accounting for a substantial number of such deaths. Access to health care ranges from 50–70% in most European FSU states, including Russia and Ukraine, and from 40–50% in FSU states located in Central Asia. WHO estimates are consistent, that only 50–80% of FSU citizens had regular access to essential drugs in 1997, as compared to more than 95% a decade earlier as health care budgets and government-provided health services were slashed. Health care access is better in Eastern Europe, particularly in more developed states such as Poland, the Czech Republic, and Hungary, where it ranges from 70 to 90%, while only 50-70% have access in countries such as Bulgaria and Romania. More than 95 percent of the population throughout the East European region had such access in 1987, according to WHO.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Which of the following is not an infectious disease: diphtheria, dysentery, cholera, or TB?

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: hepatitis B and C

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: diphtheria, dysentery

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: diphtheria, dysentery, cholera

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: diphtheria

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: HIV

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: TB

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: diphtheria

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: diphtheria

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: diphtheria

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: diphtheria

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: diphtheria

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which of the following is not an infectious disease: diphtheria, dysentery, cholera, or hepatitis B and C?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do when you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Which of the following is not a pathogen: diphtheria, dysentery, cholera, or TB?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: diphtheria

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: diphtheria

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: HIV

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: TB

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: drugs

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: HIV

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: HIV

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: HIV-infected

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: diphtheria,

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: diphtheria, dysentery, cholera,

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: diphtheria, dysentery, cholera,

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: diphtheria, dysentery, cholera,

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: diphtheria,

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: HIV-infected

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: HIV-infected

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: cholera,

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: hepatitis B and C.

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: hepatitis B and C.

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: diphtheria, dysentery, cholera,

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: TB has reached epidemic proportions throughout the FSU,

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: hepatitis B and C.

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: hepatitis B and C.

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: hepatitis B and C.

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: (FSU) and, to a lesser extent, in Eastern Europe—owing

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: hepatitis B and C.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: diphtheria, dysentery, cholera,

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: hepatitis B and C.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: diphtheria,

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: (FSU) and, to a lesser extent, in Eastern Europe—owing

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: TB

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: TB

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: HIV-infected

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: cholera,

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: drugs

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: HIV-infected

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: HIV-infected

text: The SIR model discussed above takes into account only those diseases which cause an individual to be able to infect others immediately upon their infection.  Many diseases have what is termed a latent or exposed phase, during which the individual is said to be infected but not infectious.

text: The SIR model discussed above takes into account only those diseases which cause an individual to be able to infect others immediately upon their infection.  Many diseases have what is termed a latent or exposed phase, during which the individual is said to be infected but not infectious.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: latent

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: latent

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: latent

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: latent or exposed

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: latent or exposed

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: latent

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: latent or exposed

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: individual

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: cholera

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: latent

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: chickenpox

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: latent or exposed

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: latent or exposed phase

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: latent or exposed phase

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: latent or exposed phase

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: latent or exposed phase

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: latent

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: latent

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: latent

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: latent

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infected

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: SIR model

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: SIR model

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: latent

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: latent

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: latent or exposed phase,

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: latent or exposed phase,

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: latent or exposed phase,

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: latent or exposed phase,

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: latent or exposed phase,

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: latent or exposed phase,

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: individual to be able to infect others immediately upon their infection.

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: individual

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: diseases

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: latent or exposed phase,

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: diseases

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: latent or exposed phase,

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: The SIR model

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Many diseases have what is termed a latent or exposed phase,

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: latent or exposed phase,

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: latent or exposed phase,

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: latent or exposed phase,

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: Many diseases have what is termed a latent or exposed phase,

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: latent or exposed phase,

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: immediately upon their infection.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: latent or exposed phase,

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: latent or exposed phase,

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: latent or exposed phase,

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: latent or exposed phase,

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: diseases which cause an individual

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: those diseases which cause an individual to be able to infect others

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: latent or exposed phase,

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: latent or exposed phase,

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: individual to be able to infect others immediately upon their infection.

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: diseases which cause an individual to be able to infect others

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infection.

text: Infectious diseases are worldwide a major cause of death, especially in developing countries. Next to inexpensive drugs, there is an urgent need for affordable diagnostic methods. Recent progress in biomedical research led to new techniques highly appropriate for the diagnosis of infectious diseases. These new methods are advantageous not only because they lead to results in short time, but also because they are affordable and applicable under conditions of poverty. Major objective of GEFEK is the transfer of this knowledge to scientists in low-income countries and to establish the new technology in a way that it can be performed without help from abroad. The transfer includes information on the theoretical background, the performance of molecular diagnostic methods and the knowledge for the production of the necessary test substances. The self-contained operation of this technology by the affected population is the best guarantee for their sustainable application.

text: Infectious diseases

text: are worldwide a major cause of death, especially in

text: developing countries

text: . Next to inexpensive drugs, there is an urgent need for affordable diagnostic methods. Recent progress in biomedical research led to new techniques highly appropriate for the diagnosis of infectious diseases. These new methods are advantageous not only because they lead to results in short time, but also because they are affordable and applicable under conditions of poverty. Major objective of GEFEK is the transfer of this knowledge to scientists in low-income countries and to establish the new technology in a way that it can be performed without help from abroad. The transfer includes information on the theoretical background, the performance of molecular diagnostic methods and the knowledge for the production of the necessary test substances. The self-contained operation of this technology by the affected population is the best guarantee for their sustainable application.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: molecular

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: malaria

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: chickenpox

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Infectious diseases are worldwide a major cause of death

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: what is Schistosoma

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Escherichia coli

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: tetanus and measles

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Infectious diseases are worldwide a major cause of death

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do when you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Infectious diseases are worldwide a major cause of death

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases a major cause of death, especially in developing countries?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: a doorknob

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: inexpensive drugs

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: The transfer includes information on the theoretical background

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: inexpensive drugs

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: inexpensive drugs

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: The self-contained operation of this technology by the affected population

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: death,

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: application.

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: The self-contained operation of this technology by the affected population

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: The self-contained operation of this technology by the affected population

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: The self-contained operation of this technology by the affected population

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: new techniques highly appropriate for the diagnosis of infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: inexpensive

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: inexpensive drugs,

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious diseases.

text: Reduced food intake, while hunger is held on to, may also be responsible for significant weight loss. Restrictive diets can lead to significant weight loss, as can psychological problems, depression and social problems and issues; Anorexia nervosa, in the case where a denial of weight loss and thinness and were maintaining the same physical activity; Certain digestive diseases or ENT (discomfort food) can induce weight loss. Weight loss can also occur with a normal or even sometimes reduced food intake. An infectious disease that is accompanied by fever, tuberculosis, HIV infection, endocarditis or chronic inflammatory disease with febrile vasculitis, Behcet’s disease, connective, Still’s disease, sarcoidosis, certain cancers or blood diseases; A chronic disease without fever, cancer, metabolic diseases, respiratory insufficiency, hepatic or digestive diseases associated with signs of deficiency. Some neurological diseases such as Parkinson’s disease  may also be the cause of weight loss significantly. Poisoning like chronic alcoholism, drug addiction or taking drugs by mistake are also common causes. Taking too much medication is a major cause of weight loss in the elderly and weak people where the single dose capsules or tablets is able to suppress appetite.

text: Reduced food intake, while hunger is held on to, may also be responsible for significant weight loss. Restrictive diets can lead to significant weight loss, as can psychological problems, depression and social problems and issues; Anorexia nervosa, in the case where a denial of weight loss and thinness and were maintaining the same physical activity; Certain digestive diseases or ENT (discomfort food) can induce weight loss. Weight loss can also occur with a normal or even sometimes reduced food intake. An infectious disease that is accompanied by fever, tuberculosis, HIV infection, endocarditis or chronic inflammatory disease with

text: febrile vasculitis

text: Behcet’s disease

text: , connective,

text: Still’s disease

text: sarcoidosis

text: , certain cancers or blood diseases; A chronic disease without fever, cancer, metabolic diseases, respiratory insufficiency, hepatic or digestive diseases associated with signs of deficiency. Some neurological diseases such as Parkinson’s disease  may also be the cause of weight loss significantly. Poisoning like chronic alcoholism, drug addiction or taking drugs by mistake are also common causes. Taking too much medication is a major cause of weight loss in the elderly and weak people where the single dose capsules or tablets is able to suppress appetite.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Behcet’s disease

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious disease that is accompanied by

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: HIV infection

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: worm

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: tuberculose

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: HIV

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which is not an infectious disease that is accompanied by fever, tuberculosis, HIV infection

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Which is not a common human fungal infection?

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do when you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Which of the following is not a type of digestive disease?

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: How long should you scrub your hands?

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Which is not a common infectious disease caused by protozoa?

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: HIV infection

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: HIV infection

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: tuberculous

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: HIV

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: certain cancers or blood diseases;

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: fever, tuberculosis, HIV infection,

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: tuberculosis,

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: tuberculosis, HIV infection,

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: tuberculosis,

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: HIV

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: HIV

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: tuberculosis,

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: cancer,

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: HIV infection,

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: tuberculosis, HIV infection,

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: HIV infection,

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: tuberculosis, HIV infection,

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: HIV infection,

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: HIV infection,

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: fever, tuberculosis, HIV infection,

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: HIV infection,

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: ENT

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: fever, tuberculosis, HIV infection,

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: HIV infection,

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: HIV infection,

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: tuberculosis, HIV infection,

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Behcet’s disease,

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: tuberculosis,

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: tuberculosis,

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: HIV infection,

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: HIV infection,

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: HIV

text: The living conditions of Belem were notorious for enabling the spread of infectious diseases. Many of the outbreaks consisted of Typhus. Belem was a source of many communications between Mexico and the U.S. during its time of operation due to its prevalence of infectious diseases.

text: The living conditions of Belem were notorious for enabling the spread of infectious diseases. Many of the outbreaks consisted of

text: Typhus

text: . Belem was a source of many communications between Mexico and the U.S. during its time of operation due to its prevalence of

text: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Typhus

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Typhus

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Typhus

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Typhus

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Typhus

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Typhus

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: Typhus

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Typhus

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Typhus

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Typhus

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Typhus

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Typhus

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which of the following is not a viral infection: tetanus, measles, or Typhus?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why were the living conditions of Belem notorious for enabling the spread of infectious diseases?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Typhus

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: Typhus

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: Typhus

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: Typhus

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Typhus

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: Typhus

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Typhus.

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Typhus.

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Typhus.

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Typhus.

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Typhus.

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Typhus.

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: Typhus.

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: Typhus.

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Typhus.

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Typhus.

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Typhus.

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Typhus.

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: The living conditions of Belem

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Typhus.

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Typhus.

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Typhus.

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: The living conditions of Belem

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: Belem were notorious for enabling the spread of infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Typhus.

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Typhus.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: Typhus.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: The living conditions of Belem

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Typhus.

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Typhus.

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: spread of infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: Typhus.

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: Typhus.

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Typhus.

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: Typhus.

text: It stated that infectious diseases were a leading cause of death, accounting for a quarter to a third of the estimated 54 million deaths worldwide in 1998, and that the spread of infectious diseases results as much from changes in human behavior—including lifestyles and land use patterns, increased trade and travel, and inappropriate use of antibiotic drugs—as from mutations in pathogens.

text: It stated that infectious diseases were a leading cause of death, accounting for a quarter to a third of the estimated 54 million deaths worldwide in 1998, and that the spread of infectious diseases results as much from changes in human behavior—including lifestyles and land use patterns, increased trade and travel, and inappropriate use of antibiotic drugs—as from mutations in pathogens.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: mutations

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: mutations

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: mutations

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: mutations

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: inappropriate use of antibiotic drugs

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotic

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: antibiotic drugs

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: mutations

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: mutations

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: pathogens.

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: antibiotic drugs—as

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: mutations in pathogens.

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: death,

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: mutations in pathogens.

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: changes in human behavior—including

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: mutations in pathogens.

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: 54 million deaths worldwide in 1998,

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: mutations in pathogens.

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: 54 million deaths worldwide in 1998,

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: changes in human behavior—including

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: increased trade and travel, and inappropriate use of antibiotic drugs—as

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: mutations in pathogens.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: mutations in pathogens.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: 54 million deaths worldwide in 1998,

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: inappropriate use of antibiotic drugs—as

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: 54 million deaths worldwide in 1998,

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: mutations

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotic

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: antibiotic drugs—as

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogens.

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogens.

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogens.

text: NDPH as an inflammatory, post-infectious manifestation indicates a potential meningoencephalitis event in NDPH patients. Tissue specificity is a general feature of post-infectious, immune-mediated conditions, and the meninges are a type of connective tissue membrane. Inflammation of the meninges was first proposed as a possible pathophysiology for migraine in the 1960s and has recently been explored again.  This hypothesis is based on meningeal mast cell activation. Reactive arthritis (ReA) is a post-infectious disease entity of synovium/joints with connective tissue membrane (synovial membrane of the joints) which provides a corollary.

text: NDPH as an inflammatory, post-infectious manifestation indicates a potential

text: meningoencephalitis

text: event in NDPH patients. Tissue specificity is a general feature of post-infectious, immune-mediated conditions, and the

text: meninges

text: are a type of

text: connective tissue

text: membrane. Inflammation of the meninges was first proposed as a possible pathophysiology for migraine in the 1960s and has recently been explored again.  This hypothesis is based on meningeal

text: mast cell

text: activation.

text: Reactive arthritis

text: (ReA) is a post-infectious disease entity of synovium/joints with connective tissue membrane (synovial membrane of the joints) which provides a corollary.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: post-infectious

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: NDPH

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Meningoencephalitis

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Meningitis

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: NDPH

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: NDPH

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Reactive arthritis

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Meningoencephalitis

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: NDPH

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which of the following is not a type of viral infection?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: What is the most common human fungal infection?

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do when you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: What is a common infectious disease caused by protozoa?

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: immune-mediated

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotic

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vaccine

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: ReA

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: NDPH

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: inflammatory, post-infectious

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: post-infectious

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: NDPH

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: NDPH

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: NDPH

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: immune-mediated

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: the meninges are a type of connective tissue membrane.

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: NDPH

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: NDPH

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: meningoencephalitis

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: NDPH

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: NDPH

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: NDPH

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: NDPH

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: NDPH

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: NDPH

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: NDPH

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: NDPH

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: immune-mediated conditions,

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: NDPH

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: NDPH

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: NDPH

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: NDPH

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: immune-mediated

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: post-infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: NDPH as an inflammatory, post-infectious

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: immune-mediated

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: NDPH as an inflammatory, post-infectious

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: post-infectious

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: immune-mediated

text: Pathogens include bacteria, fungi and viruses.  Each of these different types of organisms can then be further classified as a pathogen based on its mode of transmission.  This includes the following: food borne, airborne, waterborne, blood borne, and vector-borne.  Many pathogenic bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium botulinum are food borne pathogens that secrete toxins into the host to cause symptoms.  HIV and hepatitis B are viral infections caused by blood borne pathogens, and Aspergillis is the most common pathogenic fungi that secretes aflatoxin which acts as a carcinogen and contaminates many foods, especially those grown underground (nuts, potatoes, etc.).

text: Pathogens include bacteria, fungi and viruses.  Each of these different types of organisms can then be further classified as a pathogen based on its mode of transmission.  This includes the following: food borne, airborne, waterborne, blood borne, and vector-borne.  Many pathogenic bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium botulinum are food borne pathogens that secrete toxins into the host to cause symptoms.  HIV and hepatitis B are viral infections caused by blood borne pathogens, and Aspergillis is the most common pathogenic fungi that secretes aflatoxin which acts as a carcinogen and contaminates many foods, especially those grown underground (nuts, potatoes, etc.).

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: fungi

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: fungi and viruses

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: HIV and hepatitis B

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: hepatitis B

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: staphylococcus aureus

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: blood borne

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: vector-borne

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: hepatitis B

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: hepatitis B

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: HIV

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: food borne

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: vector-borne

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: food borne pathogens

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: tetanus and measles

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Aspergillis

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do if you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: vector-borne

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: What is the most common pathogenic fungi that secretes aflatoxin?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: blood borne

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: waterborne

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: waterborne

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: vector-borne

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: viral infections

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vaccine

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: vector-borne

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: viral infections caused by blood borne pathogens,

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: viruses.

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: bacteria, fungi and viruses.

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Staphylococcus aureus

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Clostridium botulinum

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: HIV

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: blood borne

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: vector-borne.

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Staphylococcus aureus

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: HIV and hepatitis B

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: HIV

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: food borne,

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: vector-borne.

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Staphylococcus aureus

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: HIV and hepatitis B

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Aspergillis

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Pathogens

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: vector-borne.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: food borne pathogens

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: food borne,

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: food borne,

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Pathogens

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Many pathogenic bacteria,

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Aspergillis

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: vector-borne.

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: HIV and hepatitis B are viral infections

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: toxins

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: food

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: vector-borne.

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: Pathogens

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: viruses.

text: Infectious diseases are transmitted in several ways. Some of these infections may affect the brain or spinal cord directly. Generally, an infection is a disease that is caused by the invasion of a microorganism or virus.

text: Infectious diseases are transmitted in several ways. Some of these infections may affect the brain or spinal cord directly. Generally, an

text: infection

text: is a disease that is caused by the invasion of a microorganism or virus.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: a virus

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Infections

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: virus

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: brain or spinal cord

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: chickenpox

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: parasites

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: tetanus and measles

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: when you cough or sneeze

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: microorganism

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: a doorknob

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: the invasion of microorganisms

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: virus

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: an infection

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vaccine

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: microorganism

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: microorganism

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: virus

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: virus.

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: microorganism or virus.

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infection

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: virus.

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: microorganism or virus.

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: virus.

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: brain or spinal cord

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: infection

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: virus.

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Infectious diseases are transmitted in several ways.

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: invasion of a microorganism

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: virus.

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: a microorganism

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: Some of these infections may affect the brain or spinal cord directly.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: invasion of a microorganism or virus.

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: microorganism or virus.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: Infectious diseases are transmitted in several ways.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: invasion of a microorganism

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: microorganism

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: an infection

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: virus.

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: microorganism or virus.

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: microorganism

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infection

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: virus.

text: Medical microbiology is a branch of medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases.  In addition, this field of science studies various clinical applications of microbes for the improvement of health.  There are four kinds of microorganisms that cause infectious disease: bacteria, fungi, parasites and viruses, and one type of infectious protein called  prion.

text: Medical microbiology is a branch of

text: medical science

text: concerned with the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of

text: infectious disease

text: s.  In addition, this field of science studies various clinical applications of microbes for the improvement of health.  There are four kinds of

text: microorganisms

text: that cause infectious disease:

text: bacteria

text: fungi

text: parasites

text: and

text: viruses

text: , and one type of infectious protein called

text: prion

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: fungi

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: staph

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: prion

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: prion

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: parasites

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: fungi

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: prion

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: prion

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Schistosoma

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: fungi

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: prion

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: parasites

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: parasites

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Which of the following is not a kind of pathogen: bacteria, fungi, parasites or viruses?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: parasites

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: parasites

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: prion

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: Medical microbiology

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasites

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: parasites

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: viruses,

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: bacteria, fungi, parasites and viruses,

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: fungi, parasites and viruses,

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: bacteria, fungi, parasites and viruses,

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: bacteria,

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: prion.

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: parasites

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: bacteria,

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: prion.

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: viruses,

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: viruses,

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Medical microbiology

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: bacteria,

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: viruses,

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: fungi,

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Medical microbiology

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: Medical microbiology

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: bacteria,

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: bacteria, fungi, parasites and viruses,

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: viruses,

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Medical microbiology

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: bacteria, fungi, parasites and viruses,

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: parasites

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: prion.

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: Medical microbiology

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasites

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: microorganisms

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: prion.

text: Alveolar macrophages are phagocytes that play a critical role in homeostasis, host defense, the response to foreign substances, and tissue remodeling. Since alveolar macrophages are pivotal regulators of local immunological homeostasis, their population density is decisive for the many processes of immunity in the lungs. They are highly adaptive components of the innate immune system and can be specifically modified to whatever functions needed depending on their state of differentiation and micro-environmental factors encountered. Alveolar macrophages release numerous secretory products and interact with other cells and molecules through the expression of several surface receptors.   Alveolar macrophages are also involved in the phagocytosis of apoptotic and necrotic cells that have undergone cell-death. They must be selective of the material that is phagocytized because normal cells and structures of the body must not be compromised. To combat infection, the phagocytes of the innate immune system facilitates many pattern recognition receptors (PRR) to help recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) on the surface of pathogenic microorganisms. PAMPs all have the common features of being unique to a group of pathogens but invariant in their basic structure; and are essential for pathogenicity(ability of an organism to produce an infectious disease in another organism). Proteins involved in microbial pattern recognition include mannose receptor, complement receptors, DC-SIGN,Toll-like receptors(TLRs), the scavenger receptor, CD14,  and Mac-1. PRRs can be divided into three classes:

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: pathogenicity

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: pathogenicity

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: PAMPs

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: pathogenicity

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: swine flu

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infection

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: microorganisms

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: E. coli

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Which of the following is not a class of pathogens?

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Context: Schistosoma is a species of

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: pathogenicity

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which of the following is not a viral infection?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Which of the following is not an example of a fungal infection?

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do when you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Which of the following is not a protozoan?

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: How are pathogens contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: To answer the above question, the relevant sentence is: You can pick up the virus that causes the common cold from an object such as a doorknob.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: The proper way to wash your hands is to scrub with soap for at least 20 seconds.

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Which disease can potentially be cured with antibiotics is strep throat?

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Which of the following is not a protozoan?

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: pathogenicity

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: Toll-like receptors

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogenic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogenicity

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogenic

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: pattern recognition receptors

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infection,

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: microorganisms.

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: PAMPs

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: three classes:

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infection,

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: pathogenic microorganisms.

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: -associated molecular patterns

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: scavenger receptor,

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: pathogen-associated molecular patterns

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: infection,

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: pathogenicity(ability

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: mannose receptor, complement receptors,

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: pattern recognition receptors

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: PRRs

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: mannose receptor,

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: microbial pattern recognition

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: microbial pattern recognition

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: mannose receptor, complement receptors, DC-SIGN,Toll-like

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: another organism).

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: pattern recognition receptors

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: microbial pattern recognition

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: microbial pattern recognition

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: microbial pattern recognition

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: pathogenicity(ability

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: DC-SIGN,Toll-like receptors(TLRs),

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: pattern recognition receptors

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogenic microorganisms.

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogenicity(ability

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogenic microorganisms.

text: Silverbrook is Founder and Chairman of Australian company Geneasys (Genetic Analysis Systems), which is developing "KeyLab" a new class of medical diagnostic device which analyses multiple diseases from DNA using a standard smartphone. The stated goal of Geneasys is "to equip medical professionals, primary care workers, aid workers, veterinarians, military personnel and private citizens with a simple to use, low cost, and highly accurate diagnostic devices". Geneasys hopes that "through the proliferation of the KeyLab device, the spread of infectious diseases and deaths caused by preventable diseases will be reduced as the scope and reach of healthcare is universally increased". KeyLab is a low cost disposable device that plugs directly into the USB port of a smartphone or personal computer, and simultaneously detects up to 48 infectious or hereditary diseases from the genetic material in a sample. It has 12 channels of independent RNA or DNA amplification, each capable of amplifying 4 DNA or RNA sequences, and has 1080 DNA hybridization probes, sensed by a disposable CMOS image sensor included in the KeyLab. It uses ECL (Electrochemiluminescence) detection to eliminate the need for a laser or other light source, and has SNP (Single-nucleotide polymorphism) level discrimination between DNA sequences, which would allow it to, for example, determine which strain of influenza was present. It is fully self-contained, and requires no sample preparation or reading machine (other than a standard smartphone). It is intended to be sufficiently cheap, reliable and easy to use that it can transform medicine in developing, as well as developed, nations.The research project is conducted in Australia by Australian researchers and with Australian funding.

text: Silverbrook is Founder and Chairman of Australian company Geneasys (Genetic Analysis Systems), which is developing "KeyLab" a new class of medical diagnostic device which analyses multiple diseases from

text: DNA

text: using a standard

text: smartphone

text: . The stated goal of Geneasys is "to equip medical professionals, primary care workers, aid workers, veterinarians, military personnel and private citizens with a simple to use, low cost, and highly accurate diagnostic devices". Geneasys hopes that "through the proliferation of the KeyLab device, the spread of infectious diseases and deaths caused by preventable diseases will be reduced as the scope and reach of healthcare is universally increased". KeyLab is a low cost disposable device that plugs directly into the

text: USB port

text: of a

text: smartphone

text: or

text: personal computer

text: , and simultaneously detects up to 48

text: infectious

text: or

text: hereditary

text: diseases from the genetic material in a sample. It has 12 channels of independent

text: RNA

text: or

text: DNA amplification

text: , each capable of amplifying 4 DNA or RNA sequences, and has 1080 DNA

text: hybridization probe

text: s, sensed by a disposable

text: CMOS image sensor

text: included in the KeyLab. It uses ECL (

text: Electrochemiluminescence

text: ) detection to eliminate the need for a laser or other light source, and has SNP (

text: Single-nucleotide polymorphism

text: ) level discrimination between DNA sequences, which would allow it to, for example, determine which strain of

text: influenza

text: was present. It is fully self-contained, and requires no sample preparation or reading machine (other than a standard smartphone). It is intended to be sufficiently cheap, reliable and easy to use that it can transform medicine in

text: developing

text: , as well as

text: developed

text: , nations.The research project is conducted in Australia by Australian researchers and with Australian funding.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: hereditary

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Influenza

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: hereditary

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Geneasys hopes that "through the proliferation of the KeyLab device, the spread of infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: KeyLab is a new class of medical diagnostic device which analyses multiple diseases from DNA using a standard smartphone

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: KeyLab

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What is the purpose of this passage?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unknown

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why does Geneasys hope that the spread of infectious diseases and deaths caused by preventable diseases will be reduced?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vaccine

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: hereditary

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: (Electrochemiluminescence)

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: hereditary

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: Electrochemiluminescence)

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: laser or other light source,

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: (Electrochemiluminescence)

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: KeyLab.

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: private citizens

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: KeyLab.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: KeyLab.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: ECL (Electrochemiluminescence)

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: KeyLab.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: KeyLab.

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: KeyLab.

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: KeyLab.

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: hereditary

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: (Electrochemiluminescence)

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: DNA

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: hereditary

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: DNA

text: Risk of infectious disease transmission related to use of a common communion cup is low, to the point of being undetectable. No case of transmission of an infectious disease related to a common communion cup has ever been documented. The most likely diseases to be transmitted would be common viral illnesses such as the common cold, but a study of 681 individuals found that taking communion up to daily from a common cup did not increase the risk of infection beyond that of those who did not attend services at all.

text: Risk of infectious disease transmission related to use of a common communion cup is low, to the point of being undetectable. No case of transmission of an infectious disease related to a common communion cup has ever been documented. The most likely diseases to be transmitted would be common viral illnesses such as the

text: common cold

text: , but a study of 681 individuals found that taking communion up to daily from a common cup did not increase the risk of infection beyond that of those who did not attend services at all.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: the most likely diseases to be transmitted

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: viral illnesses

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: the common cold

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: the common cold

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: the common cold

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: viral

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: the common cold

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: the common cold

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: the common cold

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: viral illnesses

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Schistosoma

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: Communion

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: viral

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: viral

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious disease transmission related to use of a common communion cup

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: common viral illnesses

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: viral illnesses

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: common cold,

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: the common cold,

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: the common cold,

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: viral

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: viral illnesses

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: the common cold,

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: common cold,

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: common cold,

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: viral illnesses

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Risk of infectious disease transmission related to use of a common communion cup

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: common viral illnesses such as the common cold,

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: the common cold,

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: common cold,

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Risk of infectious disease transmission related to use of a common communion cup

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: did not attend services at all.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: The most likely diseases to be transmitted would be common viral illnesses

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: viral illnesses

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: viral illnesses

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Risk of infectious disease transmission related to use of a common communion cup

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: The most likely diseases to be transmitted would be common viral illnesses

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: common cold,

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: viral illnesses

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: viral illnesses

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: viral illnesses

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: viral illnesses

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: viral illnesses

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: viral illnesses

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: viral

text: Variations within the human genome can be and are studied to determine susceptibility to infectious diseases.  The study of variations within microbial genomes will also need to be evaluated to use genomics of infectious disease within public health.  The ability to determine if a person has greater susceptibility to an infectious disease will be valuable to determine how to treat the disease if it is present or prevent the person from getting the disease.  Several infectious diseases have shown a link between genetics and susceptibility in that families tend to have heritability traits of a disease.

text: Variations within the human genome can be and are studied to determine susceptibility to infectious diseases.  The study of variations within microbial genomes will also need to be evaluated to use genomics of infectious disease within public health.  The ability to determine if a person has greater susceptibility to an infectious disease will be valuable to determine how to treat the disease if it is present or prevent the person from getting the disease.  Several infectious diseases have shown a link between genetics and susceptibility in that families tend to have heritability traits of a disease.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: heritable

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: microbial

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Influenza

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: microbial

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: E. coli

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: microbial

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: the ability to determine if a person has greater susceptibility to an infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: microbial genomes

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: tetanus and measles are human viral infections

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: genital herpes

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do if you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: how to treat the disease

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Variations within microbial genomes

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: Microbial

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vaccine

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: microbial

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: microbial genomes

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: microbial

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: microbial genomes

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: getting the disease.

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: getting the disease.

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Variations within the human genome

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: microbial genomes

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: disease.

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Variations within the human genome

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: prevent the person from getting the disease.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: disease.

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Several infectious diseases have shown a link between genetics and susceptibility

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: getting the disease.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Variations within the human genome

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: prevent the person from getting the disease.

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: disease.

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: microbial

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: microbial genomes

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: to treat the disease

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: microbial

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious diseases.

text: Diseases which can be transmitted from one organism to another are known as infectious diseases, and the causative biological agent involved is known as a pathogen. The process by which the pathogen is introduced into the body is known as inoculation, and the organism it affects is known as a biological host. When the pathogen establishes itself in a step known as colonization, it can result in an infection, consequently harming the host directly or through the harmful substances called toxins it can produce. This results in the various symptoms and signs characteristic of an infectious disease like pneumonia or diphtheria.

text: Diseases which can be transmitted from one organism to another are known as

text: infectious disease

text: s, and the causative biological agent involved is known as a

text: pathogen

text: . The process by which the pathogen is introduced into the body is known as

text: inoculation

text: , and the organism it affects is known as a

text: biological host

text: . When the pathogen establishes itself in a step known as

text: colonization

text: , it can result in an

text: infection

text: , consequently harming the host directly or through the harmful substances called

text: toxin

text: s it can produce. This results in the various

text: symptom

text: s and

text: signs

text: characteristic of an infectious disease like

text: pneumonia

text: or

text: diphtheria

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: diphtheria

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: diphtheria

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: diphtheria

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: toxins

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: diphtheria

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: diphtheria

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: diphtheria

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: inoculation

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which of the following is not a viral infection?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do if you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: inoculation

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: inoculation

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: toxins

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vaccine

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: pneumonia or diphtheria.

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: pneumonia or diphtheria.

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: pneumonia or diphtheria.

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: pneumonia or diphtheria.

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: colonization,

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: pathogen.

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: diphtheria.

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: diphtheria.

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: pneumonia or diphtheria.

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: pneumonia or diphtheria.

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: inoculation,

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: a pathogen.

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: pneumonia or diphtheria.

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: pneumonia or diphtheria.

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: diphtheria.

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Diseases which can be transmitted from one organism to another

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: a pathogen.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: inoculation,

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: pneumonia or diphtheria.

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: a biological host.

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: toxins

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: toxins

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogen.

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogen.

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogen.

text: The binding abilities of different soil types have been shown to enhance disease penetrance into a population. Soil containing the common clay mineral montmorillonite (Mte) and kaolinite (Kte) binds more effectively with the prions than soil containing quartz. Enhanced transmissibility of soil-bound prions may explain the environmental spread of scrapie despite low levels shed into the environment. The mechanism by which Mte or other soil components enhances the transmissibility of particle bound prions remains to be clarified. Prion binding to Mte or other soil components may partially protect PrP from denaturation or proteolysis in the digestive tract, allowing more disease agent to be taken up from the gut. Adsorption of PrP soil may alter the aggregation state of the protein, shifting the size distribution toward more infectious prion protein particles, thereby increasing the infectious units. For prion disease to be transmitted via ingestion of prion contaminated soil, prions must also remain infectious by the oral route of exposure. Researchers at the University of Wisconsin investigated the oral infectivity of Mte-bound and soil-bound prions. The effects of prion source (via infected brain homogenate and purified PrP) and dose on penetrance (proportion of animals eventually exhibiting clinical signs of scrapie) and incubation period (time to onset of clinical symptoms) was evaluated. About 38% of animals receiving orally 200 ng of unbound, clarified PrP derived from soil exhibited clinical symptoms, with an incubation period for infected animals of 203 to 633 days. All animals orally dosed with an equivalent amount of Mte-bound PrP manifested disease symptoms in 195 to 637 days. By contrast, animals orally receiving Mte soil alone or one-tenth as much unbound clarified PrP (20 ng) remained asymptomatic throughout the course of the experiment.  These data established that Mte-bound prions remain infectious via the oral route of exposure, and that the binding agent Mte increases disease penetrance, enhancing the efficiency of oral transmission.

text: The binding abilities of different soil types have been shown to enhance disease penetrance into a population. Soil containing the common clay mineral

text: montmorillonite

text: (Mte) and

text: kaolinite

text: (Kte) binds more effectively with the prions than soil containing

text: quartz

text: . Enhanced transmissibility of soil-bound prions may explain the environmental spread of scrapie despite low levels shed into the environment. The mechanism by which Mte or other soil components enhances the transmissibility of particle bound prions remains to be clarified. Prion binding to Mte or other soil components may partially protect PrP from

text: denaturation

text: or

text: proteolysis

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: sexually transmitted

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: a disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: pathogens that cause human diseases

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: swine flu

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: scrapie

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: scrapie

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: prions

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: parasite

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: scrapie

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: scrapie

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: scrapie

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Viruses

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Schistosoma

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Escherichia coli

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: What are the most common viral infections in humans?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Context: What is the most common human fungal infection?

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do when you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: What is the most common cause of travelers diarrhea?

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: You can pick up the virus that causes the common cold

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: what is the proper way to wash your hands

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: What disease can potentially be cured with antibiotics?

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: The binding abilities of different soil types have been shown to enhance disease penetrance into a population

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: transmissibility

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: prion

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: prion

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: PrP

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: prion

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: disease agent

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: PrP

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: scrapie)

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: scrapie)

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Mte-bound and soil-bound prions.

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: scrapie)

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: scrapie

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: scrapie)

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: prions.

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: prions.

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: scrapie

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: scrapie)

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: scrapie)

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Mte-bound and soil-bound prions.

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: oral route of exposure,

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Mte-bound prions remain infectious via the oral route of exposure,

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: 203

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: scrapie)

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Mte-bound prions remain infectious via the oral route of exposure,

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: oral route

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Mte-bound and soil-bound prions.

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: oral transmission.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: Mte-bound prions remain infectious via the oral route of exposure,

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: oral route of exposure,

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: oral route of exposure,

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: oral route of exposure,

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: transmission.

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: scrapie)

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: Mte-bound and soil-bound prions.

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: Mte

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Mte-bound and soil-bound prions.

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: prions.

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: prions.

text: Disease risk is further affected by the ecology. For example, many social insects nest and forage in habitats that are rich in pathogens, such as soil or rotting wood, exposing them to a plethora of microparasites, e.g. fungi, bacteria, viruses and macroparasites, e.g. mites and nematodes. In addition, shared food resources, such as flowers, can act as disease hubs for social insect pollinators, promoting both interspecific and intraspecific pathogen transmission. This may be a contributing factor in the spread of emergent infectious diseases in bees.

text: Disease risk is further affected by the

text: ecology

text: . For example, many social insects nest and forage in habitats that are rich in pathogens, such as soil or rotting wood, exposing them to a plethora of

text: microparasites

text: , e.g.

text: fungi

text: bacteria

text: viruses

text: and

text: macroparasites

text: , e.g.

text: mites

text: and

text: nematodes

text: . In addition, shared food resources, such as flowers, can act as disease hubs for social insect

text: pollinators

text: , promoting both

text: interspecific

text: and

text: intraspecific

text: pathogen transmission. This may be a contributing factor in the spread of emergent infectious diseases in bees.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: microparasites

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: nematodes

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: bees

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: social insect

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: bees

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: rabies

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: What is the common cold?

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: microparasites

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: fungi

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do if you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: nematodes

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: microparasites

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: social insects

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: fungi, bacteria, viruses

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: social insects

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: emergent infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: emergent infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: social insects

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: bacteria, viruses

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: bees.

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: fungi, bacteria, viruses

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: social insects

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: microparasites,

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: fungi,

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Disease risk is further affected by the ecology.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: shared food resources,

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: mites and nematodes.

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: interspecific and intraspecific pathogen transmission.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: a plethora of microparasites,

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: microparasites,

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: fungi, bacteria, viruses and macroparasites,

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: mites and nematodes.

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: microparasites,

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: nematodes.

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: microparasites,

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: microparasites,

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogens,

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: viruses

text: Microorganisms are the causative agents (pathogens) in many infectious diseases. The organisms involved include pathogenic bacteria, causing diseases such as plague, tuberculosis and anthrax; protozoa, causing diseases such as malaria, sleeping sickness, dysentery and toxoplasmosis; and also fungi causing diseases such as ringworm, candidiasis or histoplasmosis. However, other diseases such as influenza, yellow fever or AIDS are caused by pathogenic viruses, which are not usually classified as living organisms and are not, therefore, microorganisms by the strict definition. No clear examples of archaean pathogens are known, although a relationship has been proposed between the presence of some archaean methanogens and human periodontal disease.

text: Microorganisms are the causative agents (

text: pathogen

text: s) in many infectious diseases. The organisms involved include

text: pathogenic bacteria

text: , causing diseases such as

text: plague

text: tuberculosis

text: and

text: anthrax

text: ; protozoa, causing diseases such as

text: malaria

text: sleeping sickness

text: dysentery

text: and

text: toxoplasmosis

text: ; and also fungi causing diseases such as

text: ringworm

text: candidiasis

text: or

text: histoplasmosis

text: . However, other diseases such as

text: influenza

text: yellow fever

text: or

text: AIDS

text: are caused by

text: pathogenic viruses

text: , which are not usually classified as living organisms and are not, therefore, microorganisms by the strict definition. No clear examples of archaean pathogens are known, although a relationship has been proposed between the presence of some archaean methanogens and human

text: periodontal disease

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: pathogenic bacteria

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: pathogenic viruses

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: pathogenic bacteria

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: plague, tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: plague

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: pathogenic viruses

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: protozoa

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: AIDS

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: pathogenic viruses

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: toxoplasmosis

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: pathogenic bacteria

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: pathogenic viruses

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: ringworm

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: toxoplasmosis

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: parasites

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: malaria

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: pathogenic viruses

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: pathogenic bacteria

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: malaria

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: causative agent

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: anthrax

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: protozoa

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogenic viruses

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: ringworm,

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: pathogenic viruses,

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: pathogenic bacteria,

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: plague, tuberculosis and anthrax;

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: influenza, yellow fever or AIDS

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: pathogenic viruses,

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: protozoa,

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: AIDS

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: influenza, yellow fever or AIDS

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: influenza,

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Microorganisms

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: pathogenic bacteria,

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: influenza, yellow fever or AIDS

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: ringworm, candidiasis or histoplasmosis.

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Microorganisms

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: Microorganisms

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: malaria, sleeping sickness, dysentery

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Microorganisms

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: influenza, yellow fever or AIDS are caused by pathogenic viruses,

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Microorganisms

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: ringworm,

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: malaria,

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: Microorganisms

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: tuberculosis and anthrax;

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: Microorganisms

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: protozoa,

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: (pathogens)

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: viruses,

text: About 430 (97%) of the species cultured as of 2007 were domesticated during the 20th and 21st centuries, of which an estimated 106 came in the decade to 2007. Given the long-term importance of agriculture,  to date, only 0.08% of known land plant species and 0.0002% of known land animal species have been domesticated, compared with 0.17% of known marine plant species and 0.13% of known marine animal species. Domestication typically involves about a decade of scientific research. Domesticating aquatic species involves fewer risks to humans than do land animals, which took a large toll in human lives. Most major human diseases originated in domesticated animals, including diseases such as smallpox and diphtheria, that like most infectious diseases, move to humans from animals. No human pathogens of comparable virulence have yet emerged from marine species.

text: About 430 (97%) of the species cultured as of 2007 were domesticated during the 20th and 21st centuries, of which an estimated 106 came in the decade to 2007. Given the long-term importance of agriculture,  to date, only 0.08% of known land plant species and 0.0002% of known land animal species have been domesticated, compared with 0.17% of known marine plant species and 0.13% of known marine animal species. Domestication typically involves about a decade of scientific research. Domesticating aquatic species involves fewer risks to humans than do land animals, which took a large toll in human lives. Most major human diseases originated in domesticated animals, including diseases such as

text: smallpox

text: and

text: diphtheria

text: , that like most infectious diseases, move to humans from animals. No human

text: pathogen

text: s of comparable virulence have yet emerged from marine species.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Most major human diseases originated in domesticated animals

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: most infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: smallpox and diphtheria

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: diphtheria

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: diphtheria

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: diphtheria

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: marine species

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: land animal

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: diphtheria

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: diphtheria

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: smallpox

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Most major human diseases originated in domesticated animals

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: like most infectious diseases, move to humans from animals

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Escherichia coli

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: most infectious diseases, move to humans from animals

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: 0.0002% of known land plant species

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: 0.08% of known land plant species

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why do diseases like smallpox and diphtheria move to humans from animals

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: like most infectious diseases, move to humans from animals

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: 0.08%

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: strep throat

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: protozoa

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: diphtheria

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: diphtheria

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogenic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Most major human diseases originated in domesticated animals,

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases, move to humans from animals.

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: smallpox and diphtheria,

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: smallpox and diphtheria,

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: smallpox and diphtheria,

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: diphtheria,

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: virulence

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: animals.

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: smallpox and diphtheria,

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: marine species.

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: smallpox and diphtheria,

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: move to humans from animals.

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Most major human diseases originated in domesticated animals,

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Most major human diseases originated in domesticated animals,

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: smallpox and diphtheria,

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: smallpox and diphtheria,

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: 430

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: Most major human diseases originated in domesticated animals,

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Most major human diseases originated in domesticated animals,

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: move to humans from animals.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: Most major human diseases originated in domesticated animals,

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: 430

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: smallpox and diphtheria,

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Most major human diseases originated in domesticated animals,

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: diphtheria,

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: smallpox and diphtheria,

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: human pathogens

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogens

text: The emergence of SARS illustrates the challenge of battling infectious diseases in anincreasingly globalized world. Global links have sped the geographic spread of the disease andamplified the economic and political impact.

text: The emergence of SARS illustrates the challenge of battling infectious diseases in anincreasingly globalized world. Global links have sped the geographic spread of the disease andamplified the economic and political impact.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: SARS

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: SARS

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: SARS

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: SARS

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: SARS

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: SARS

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: SARS

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: SARS

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: SARS

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: SARS

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: SARS

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Escherichia coli

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which of the following is not an example of a viral infection?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: SARS illustrates the challenge of battling infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Which of the following is NOT true about SARS?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: SARS

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: SARS

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: SARS

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: SARS

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: SARS

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: SARS

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: SARS

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: SARS

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: SARS

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: SARS

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: SARS

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: SARS

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Global links

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: SARS

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: SARS

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: SARS

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: SARS

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: Global links

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: SARS

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Global links

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: SARS

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: SARS

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: SARS

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: SARS

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: SARS

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: anincreasingly globalized world.

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: SARS

text: This article is a list of epidemics of infectious disease.  Widespread and chronic complaints such as heart disease and allergy are not included if they are not thought to be infectious.

text: This article is a list of

text: epidemic

text: s of

text: infectious disease

text: .  Widespread and chronic complaints such as

text: heart disease

text: and

text: allergy

text: are not included if they are not thought to be infectious.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Epidemic of infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Influenza A

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: bacteria, viruses, and parasites

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: swine flu

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: swine flu

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: swine flu

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: viral

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: cholera

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: polio

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Influenza

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Viruses

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Schistosoma is a parasite that is spread by a vector.

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: E. coli

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: List of epidemics of infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: genital herpes

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: If you cough or sneeze, you should cover your mouth and nose.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: Diseases spread by vectors include:

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Travelers diarrhea

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: The common cold is caused by a virus called the influenza virus.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: How to wash your hands

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: strep throat

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Athletes foot

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vaccine

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious.

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: epidemics of infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: heart disease and allergy

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: heart disease

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: allergy

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Widespread and chronic complaints such as heart disease and allergy

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: epidemics of infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: allergy

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious disease.

text: 7. Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases Act 1988 [Act 342]

text: 7. Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases Act 1988 [Act 342]

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Act 342

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: viral

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: swine flu

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Act 342

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: diphtheria

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Act 342

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Act 342

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Act 342

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Act 342

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Act 342

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Act 342

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: Act 342

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Act 342

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Act 342

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: Act 342

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Act 342

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Act 342

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Act 342

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: Act 342

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases Act 1988

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: Control of Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: Infectious Diseases

text: Upper respiratory tract disease (URTD) is a chronic, infectious disease responsible for population declines across the entire range of the desert tortoise. It was identified in the early 1970s in captive desert tortoise populations, and later identified in the wild population. URTD is caused by the infectious agents Mycoplasma agassizii and Mycoplasma testudineum, which are bacteria in the class Mollicutes and characterized by having no cell wall and a small genome. Mycoplasmae appear to be highly virulent (infectious) in some populations, while chronic, or even dormant in others. The mechanism (whether environmental or genetic) responsible for this diversity is not understood. Infection is characterized by both physiological and behavioral changes: nasal and ocular discharge, palpebral edema (swelling of the upper and/or lower palpebra, or eyelid, the fleshy portion that is in contact with the tortoises eye globe) and conjunctivitis, weight loss, changes in color and elasticity of the integument, and lethargic or erratic behavior. These pathogens are likely transmitted by contact with an infected individual. Epidemiological studies of wild desert tortoises in the western Mojave Desert from 1992 to 1995 showed a 37% increase in M. agassizii. Tests were conducted on blood samples, and a positive test was determined by the presence of antibodies in the blood, defined as being seropositive.

text: Upper respiratory tract disease (URTD) is a chronic, infectious disease responsible for population declines across the entire range of the desert tortoise. It was identified in the early 1970s in captive desert tortoise populations, and later identified in the wild population. URTD is caused by the infectious agents Mycoplasma agassizii and Mycoplasma testudineum, which are bacteria in the class Mollicutes and characterized by having no cell wall and a small

text: genome

text: . Mycoplasmae appear to be highly virulent (infectious) in some populations, while chronic, or even dormant in others. The mechanism (whether environmental or genetic) responsible for this diversity is not understood. Infection is characterized by both physiological and behavioral changes: nasal and ocular discharge, palpebral edema (swelling of the upper and/or lower

text: palpebra

text: , or eyelid, the fleshy portion that is in contact with the tortoises eye globe) and

text: conjunctivitis

text: , weight loss, changes in color and elasticity of the integument, and lethargic or erratic behavior. These pathogens are likely transmitted by contact with an infected individual. Epidemiological studies of wild desert tortoises in the western Mojave Desert from 1992 to 1995 showed a 37% increase in M. agassizii. Tests were conducted on blood samples, and a positive test was determined by the presence of antibodies in the blood, defined as being

text: seropositive

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: URTD

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Mycoplasma testudineum

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Mycoplasma testudineum

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Upper respiratory tract disease

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: URTD

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Mycoplasma testudineum

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: URTD

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Mycoplasma testudineum

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which of the following is not a human viral infection: tetanus or measles?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do if you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Which is not a common infectious disease caused by protozoa?

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: Mollicutes

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibacterial

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: antibodies

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Mollicutes

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: Mycoplasma

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Upper respiratory tract disease

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Upper respiratory tract disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: bacteria in the class Mollicutes

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Upper respiratory tract disease

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Upper respiratory tract disease

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Upper respiratory tract disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: Mycoplasmae

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: infected individual.

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Mycoplasma agassizii

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Upper respiratory tract disease

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Upper respiratory tract disease

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: contact with an infected individual.

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: contact with an infected individual.

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Mollicutes

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Upper respiratory tract disease

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Mycoplasma agassizii

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: nasal and ocular discharge,

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: contact with an infected individual.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: bacteria in the class Mollicutes

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: contact with an infected individual.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: contact with an infected individual.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: infected individual.

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Upper respiratory tract disease

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Mycoplasma agassizii

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: contact with an infected individual.

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: transmitted by contact with an infected individual.

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibodies

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: antibodies

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Mollicutes

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: bacteria

text: Microorganisms are the causative agents (pathogens) in many infectious diseases of humans and animals. Pathogenic bacteria cause diseases such as plague, tuberculosis and anthrax. Protozoa cause diseases including malaria, sleeping sickness, dysentery and toxoplasmosis. Microscopic fungi cause diseases such as ringworm, candidiasis and histoplasmosis. Pathogenic viruses cause diseases such as influenza, yellow fever and AIDS.

text: Microorganisms are the causative agents (

text: pathogen

text: s) in many infectious diseases of humans and animals.

text: Pathogenic bacteria

text: cause diseases such as

text: plague

text: tuberculosis

text: and

text: anthrax

text: . Protozoa cause diseases including

text: malaria

text: sleeping sickness

text: dysentery

text: and

text: toxoplasmosis

text: . Microscopic fungi cause diseases such as

text: ringworm

text: candidiasis

text: and

text: histoplasmosis

text: Pathogenic viruses

text: cause diseases such as

text: influenza

text: yellow fever

text: and

text: AIDS

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: pathogenic

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: pathogenic viruses

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Microorganisms

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: plague, tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: ringworm

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: plague

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: Pathogenic viruses

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: Protozoa

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: ringworm

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: AIDS

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: pathogenic viruses

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Toxoplasmosis

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: pathogenic bacteria

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which of the following is not a pathogenic virus?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: ringworm

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Toxoplasmosis

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Which of the following is not a disease caused by protozoa?

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: pathogenic viruses

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: pathogenic bacteria

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: malaria

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: pathogenic viruses

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Protozoa

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogenic bacteria

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Microscopic fungi

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Pathogenic viruses

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Pathogenic bacteria

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: plague, tuberculosis and anthrax.

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: influenza, yellow fever and AIDS.

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: Pathogenic viruses

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: Protozoa

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: tuberculosis and anthrax.

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: AIDS.

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: influenza,

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Pathogenic viruses

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Microorganisms

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Pathogenic bacteria

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: influenza, yellow fever and AIDS.

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: ringworm,

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Pathogenic viruses

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: Pathogenic bacteria

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: dysentery and toxoplasmosis.

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Microorganisms

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: Pathogenic viruses

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Microscopic fungi

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Pathogenic bacteria

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: malaria,

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: Microorganisms

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: Pathogenic bacteria

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: Microorganisms

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Protozoa

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: (pathogens)

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: viruses

text: There are a wide variety of possible causes of vocal fold (VF) paresis, including congenital (i.e. present at birth) causes, infectious causes, malignancies and tumors, traumatic causes, endocrinologic diseases, and systemic neurologic diseases.

text: There are a wide variety of possible causes of vocal fold (VF) paresis, including congenital (i.e. present at birth) causes, infectious causes, malignancies and tumors, traumatic causes, endocrinologic diseases, and systemic neurologic diseases.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: malignancies

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious causes

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious causes

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious causes

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious causes

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: infectious causes

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: VF paresis

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: infectious causes

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: infectious causes

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: infectious causes

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: VF paresis

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: traumatic

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: infectious causes

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: infectious causes

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotic

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: malignancies

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: malignancies and tumors,

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious causes,

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious causes, malignancies and tumors,

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: malignancies and tumors,

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious causes, malignancies and tumors,

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: tumors,

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: malignancies and tumors,

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: systemic neurologic diseases.

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: malignancies and tumors,

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: infectious causes,

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: infectious causes, malignancies and tumors,

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: infectious causes,

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: infectious causes,

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: tumors,

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: traumatic causes,

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: systemic neurologic diseases.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: infectious causes,

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: infectious causes,

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: infectious causes,

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: traumatic causes,

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: infectious causes,

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: infectious causes,

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: traumatic causes, endocrinologic diseases,

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: endocrinologic diseases,

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: infectious causes,

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: malignancies and tumors,

text: Along with Paul W. Ewald, Cochran believes an evolutionary perspective suggests that common diseases are caused by pathogens. In a paper they point to a history of common diseases, once thought to be due to noninfectious environmental factors, being found to have an infectious origin; for example, peptic ulcers, once thought to occur because of stress, are now believed to often be caused by the pathogenic bacteria Helicobacter pylori. The association of human papilloma virus with cervical cancer is another example. Cochran and Ewald propose that  Koch's postulates are difficult to fulfill for the still unproven cases of infectious causation because of the focus on identifying the infectious agent which is often highly cryptic.

text: Along with

text: Paul W. Ewald

text: , Cochran believes an evolutionary perspective suggests that common diseases are caused by

text: pathogen

text: s. In a paper they point to a history of common diseases, once thought to be due to noninfectious environmental factors, being found to have an infectious origin; for example,

text: peptic ulcers

text: , once thought to occur because of

text: stress

text: , are now believed to often be caused by the pathogenic

text: bacteria

text: Helicobacter pylori

text: . The association of

text: human papilloma virus

text: with cervical cancer is another example. Cochran and Ewald propose that

text: Koch's postulates

text: are difficult to fulfill for the still unproven cases of infectious causation because of the focus on identifying the infectious agent which is often highly cryptic.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Helicobacter pylori

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: peptic ulcers

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: peptic ulcers

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: peptic ulcers

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: pathogenic bacteria

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Helicobacter pylori

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: cervical cancer

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: papilloma virus

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Cochran believes that common diseases are caused by pathogens

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: what is Schistosoma

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Escherichia coli

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which of the following is not a human viral infection: tetanus, measles or papilloma virus?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: what should you do when you cough or sneeze

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: pathogenic bacteria

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: common diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vaccine

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: human papilloma virus with cervical cancer

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: common diseases are caused by pathogens.

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: bacteria Helicobacter pylori.

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: peptic ulcers,

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: peptic ulcers,

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: peptic ulcers,

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: bacteria Helicobacter pylori.

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: pathogens.

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Helicobacter pylori.

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: cervical cancer

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: papilloma

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: peptic ulcers,

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: identifying the infectious agent

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Helicobacter pylori.

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: papilloma virus

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Helicobacter pylori.

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Paul W. Ewald,

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: common diseases are caused by pathogens.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: peptic ulcers,

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: common diseases are caused by pathogens.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: pathogens.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Paul W. Ewald,

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: common diseases are caused by pathogens.

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: peptic ulcers,

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious agent

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: common

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: human papilloma virus

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: stress, are now believed to often be caused by the pathogenic bacteria

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogens.

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogens.

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogens.

text: Martinus Beijerinck is considered one of the founders of virology. In 1898, he published results on his filtration experiments, demonstrating that tobacco mosaic disease is caused by an infectious agent smaller than a bacterium. His results were in accordance with similar observations made by Dmitri Ivanovsky in 1892. Like Ivanovsky and Adolf Mayer, predecessor at Wageningen, Beijerinck could not culture the filterable infectious agent. He concluded that the agent can replicate and multiply in living plants. He named the new pathogen virus to indicate its non-bacterial nature. This discovery is considered to be the beginning of virology.

text: Martinus Beijerinck

text: is considered one of the founders of

text: virology

text: . In 1898, he published results on his filtration experiments, demonstrating that

text: tobacco mosaic disease

text: is caused by an infectious agent smaller than a bacterium. His results were in accordance with similar observations made by

text: Dmitri Ivanovsky

text: in 1892. Like Ivanovsky and

text: Adolf Mayer

text: , predecessor at

text: Wageningen

text: , Beijerinck could not culture the filterable infectious agent. He concluded that the agent can replicate and multiply in living plants. He named the new

text: pathogen

text: virus

text: to indicate its non-bacterial nature. This discovery is considered to be the beginning of

text: virology

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: tobacco mosaic disease

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: pathogen virus

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: bacterium

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: tobacco mosaic disease

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: tobacco mosaic disease

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: tobacco mosaic disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: virus

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: bacterium

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: tobacco mosaic disease

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: tobacco mosaic disease

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: tobacco mosaic disease

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Tobacco mosaic disease

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Tobacco mosaic disease

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: bacterium

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which disease is caused by an infectious agent smaller than a bacterium?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What does Martinus Beijerinck mean?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: non-bacterial

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: bacterium

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: pathogen virus

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: pathogen virus

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: pathogen virus

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: tobacco

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: non-bacterial

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogen virus

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: tobacco mosaic disease

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: virus

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: bacterium.

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: tobacco mosaic disease

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: tobacco mosaic disease

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: tobacco mosaic disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: virus

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: virus

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: tobacco mosaic disease

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: tobacco mosaic disease

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: tobacco mosaic disease

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: tobacco mosaic disease

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: tobacco mosaic disease

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: tobacco mosaic disease

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: tobacco mosaic disease

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: tobacco mosaic disease

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Martinus Beijerinck

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: tobacco mosaic disease

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: tobacco mosaic disease

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: infectious agent smaller than a bacterium.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: infectious agent smaller than a bacterium.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Martinus Beijerinck

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: tobacco mosaic disease

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: tobacco mosaic disease

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: virus

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: tobacco mosaic disease

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: virus

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: filtration

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: non-bacterial

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: virus

text: The College faculty runs interdisciplinary research programs on brain disease and repair, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Stroke; aging studies; Cardiovascular disease; children's health; Patient safety; Cell therapy; and Infectious disease & Biodefense.

text: The College faculty runs interdisciplinary research programs on brain disease and repair, such as

text: Alzheimer's disease

text: Parkinson's disease

text: , and

text: Stroke

text: ; aging studies;

text: Cardiovascular disease

text: ; children's health;

text: Patient safety

text: Cell therapy

text: ; and

text: Infectious disease

text: Biodefense

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Alzheimer's disease

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Alzheimer's disease

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Influenza

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Infectious disease & Biodefense

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Infectious disease & Biodefense

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Infectious disease & Biodefense

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Infectious disease & Biodefense

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: Infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Infectious disease & Biodefense

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: Cell therapy

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: Biodefense

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: Infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Infectious disease & Biodefense.

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Infectious disease & Biodefense.

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Stroke;

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: Cell therapy; and Infectious disease & Biodefense.

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease,

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Alzheimer's disease,

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Infectious disease & Biodefense.

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Infectious disease & Biodefense.

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Infectious disease & Biodefense.

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Infectious disease & Biodefense.

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Infectious disease & Biodefense.

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Infectious disease & Biodefense.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: Infectious disease & Biodefense.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Infectious disease & Biodefense.

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Infectious disease & Biodefense.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: Infectious disease & Biodefense.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Infectious disease & Biodefense.

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Infectious disease & Biodefense.

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Infectious disease & Biodefense.

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: Infectious disease & Biodefense.

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: Cell therapy;

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: Biodefense.

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: Infectious disease & Biodefense.

text: Archaeological research in Northern Vietnam indicates an increase in rates of infectious disease following the advent of metallurgy; skeletal fragments in sites dating to the early and mid-Bronze Age evidence a greater proportion of lesions than in sites of earlier periods. There are a few possible implications of this. One is the increase contact with bacterial and/or fungal pathogens due to increased population density and land clearing/ cultivation. The other one is decreased levels of immunocompetence in the Metal age due to changes in diet caused by agriculture. The last is that there may have been an emergence of infectious disease in the Da But period that evolved into a more virulent form in the metal period. Archaeology also suggests that Bronze Age metallurgy may not have been as significant a catalyst in social stratification and warfare in Southeast Asia as in other regions, social distribution shifting away from chiefdom-states to a heterarchical network. Data analyses of sites such as Ban Lum Khao, Ban Na Di, Non Nok Tha, Khok Phanom Di, and Nong Nor have consistently led researchers to conclude that there was no forentrenched hierarchy.

text: Archaeological research in Northern Vietnam indicates an increase in rates of infectious disease following the advent of metallurgy; skeletal fragments in sites dating to the early and mid-Bronze Age evidence a greater proportion of lesions than in sites of earlier periods. There are a few possible implications of this. One is the increase contact with bacterial and/or fungal pathogens due to increased population density and land clearing/ cultivation. The other one is decreased levels of immunocompetence in the Metal age due to changes in diet caused by agriculture. The last is that there may have been an emergence of infectious disease in the Da But period that evolved into a more virulent form in the metal period. Archaeology also suggests that Bronze Age metallurgy may not have been as significant a catalyst in social stratification and warfare in Southeast Asia as in other regions, social distribution shifting away from chiefdom-states to a heterarchical network. Data analyses of sites such as Ban Lum Khao, Ban Na Di, Non Nok Tha, Khok Phanom Di, and Nong Nor have consistently led researchers to conclude that there was no forentrenched hierarchy.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: bacterial

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: bacterial

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: bacterial and/or fungal pathogens

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: fungal pathogens

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: bacterial

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: bacterial

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: bacterial

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: the Da But period

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: bacterial

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: bacterial and/or fungal

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: What is Schistosoma?

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: bacterial

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which of the following is not a pathogen: bacterial, fungal, or viral?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What is the best title for this passage?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: bacterial

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: immunocompetence

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: bacterial

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: bacterial and/or fungal pathogens

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: bacterial and/or fungal pathogens

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: bacterial and/or fungal

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: bacterial and/or fungal pathogens

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: bacterial and/or fungal pathogens

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: bacterial

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: bacterial and/or fungal pathogens

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: bacterial

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: metallurgy;

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: bacterial

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: bacterial and/or fungal pathogens

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: metallurgy;

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: bacterial and/or fungal pathogens

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: metallurgy;

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: increased population density and land clearing/ cultivation.

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: metallurgy;

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: bacterial and/or fungal pathogens

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: bacterial and/or fungal pathogens

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: bacterial and/or fungal pathogens

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: bacterial and/or fungal pathogens

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: bacterial and/or fungal pathogens

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: bacterial and/or fungal pathogens

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: bacterial and/or fungal pathogens

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: bacterial

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: bacterial

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: immunocompetence in the Metal age due to changes in diet caused by agriculture.

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: immunocompetence

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: bacterial

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: bacterial and/or fungal pathogens

text: Diagnosis of infectious disease sometimes involves identifying an infectious agent either directly or indirectly. In practice most minor infectious diseases such as warts, cutaneous abscesses, respiratory system infections and diarrheal diseases are diagnosed by their clinical presentation and treated without knowledge of the specific causative agent. Conclusions about the cause of the disease are based upon the likelihood that a patient came in contact with a particular agent, the presence of a microbe in a community, and other epidemiological considerations. Given sufficient effort, all known infectious agents can be specifically identified. The benefits of identification, however, are often greatly outweighed by the cost, as often there is no specific treatment, the cause is obvious, or the outcome of an infection is benign.

text: Diagnosis of infectious disease sometimes involves identifying an infectious agent either directly or indirectly. In practice most minor infectious diseases such as

text: wart

text: s,

text: cutaneous

text: abscesses

text: respiratory system

text: infections and

text: diarrheal diseases

text: are diagnosed by their clinical presentation and treated without knowledge of the specific causative agent. Conclusions about the cause of the disease are based upon the likelihood that a patient came in contact with a particular agent, the presence of a microbe in a community, and other epidemiological considerations. Given sufficient effort, all known infectious agents can be specifically identified. The benefits of identification, however, are often greatly outweighed by the cost, as often there is no specific treatment, the cause is obvious, or the outcome of an infection is

text: benign

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: minor infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: respiratory system infections

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: microbes

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: diarrheal diseases

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: respiratory system infections

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: diarrheal diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: microbe

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: microbe

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: warts

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: diarrheal diseases

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: warts

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: microbes

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: given sufficient effort, all known infectious agents can be specifically identified

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: given sufficient effort, all known infectious agents can be specifically identified

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Given sufficient effort, all known infectious agents can be specifically identified

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: given sufficient effort, all known infectious agents can be specifically identified

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: The benefits of identification, however, are often greatly outweighed by the cost

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: in contact with a particular agent

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: the presence of a microbe in a community

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: minor infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: given sufficient effort, all known infectious agents can be specifically identified

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: microbe

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: microbe

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious agent

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: microbe

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: minor infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: respiratory system infections

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: microbe

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: warts, cutaneous abscesses, respiratory system infections

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: respiratory system infections

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: diarrheal diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: microbe

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: microbe

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: diarrheal diseases

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: diarrheal diseases

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: diarrheal diseases

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: microbe

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Diagnosis of infectious disease sometimes involves identifying an infectious agent

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Diagnosis of infectious disease sometimes involves identifying an infectious agent

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: most minor infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: warts,

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: treated without knowledge of the specific causative agent.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: The benefits of identification, however, are often greatly outweighed by the cost,

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: treated without knowledge of the specific causative agent.

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: microbe in a community,

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: identifying an infectious agent either directly or indirectly.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: The benefits of identification, however, are often greatly outweighed by the cost,

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: minor infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: treated without knowledge of the specific causative agent.

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: microbe

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: a microbe

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: a microbe

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: microbe

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious agent

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: microbe

text: Techniques in Microbiology: mainly used to determine infectious diseases the causative agent of the disease, regardless of whether it is caused by a bacterium, virus, fungi or parasites, bacteriologist through various coloration's, microscopic observation, specific crops for growth of each organism, biochemical tests whether manual, semi-automated or automated used to determine the genus and species of the organism causing the disease. a bacteriologist should be able to identify and name any parasitic observe microscopic structure, recently antimicrobial susceptibility tests have become very important for the emergence of multi-resistant bacterial strains in clinical microbiology section of the laboratory tests performed bacteriologists antimicrobial susceptibility to determine which antibiotics should treat various infectious diseases.

text: Techniques in Microbiology: mainly used to determine infectious diseases the causative agent of the disease, regardless of whether it is caused by a bacterium, virus, fungi or parasites, bacteriologist through various coloration's, microscopic observation, specific crops for growth of each organism, biochemical tests whether manual, semi-automated or automated used to determine the genus and species of the organism causing the disease. a bacteriologist should be able to identify and name any parasitic observe microscopic structure, recently antimicrobial susceptibility tests have become very important for the emergence of multi-resistant bacterial strains in clinical microbiology section of the laboratory tests performed bacteriologists antimicrobial susceptibility to determine which antibiotics should treat various infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: bacterium

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: a virus

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: bacterium

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: strep throat

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: fungi

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: virus

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: bacterium

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: fungi

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: fungi

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: fungi

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: genus

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: fungi

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: fungi

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: susceptibility tests

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: fungi

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: virus

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasites

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: causative agent

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: virus

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: parasites,

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: virus,

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: bacterium, virus, fungi or parasites,

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: virus, fungi or parasites,

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: fungi or parasites,

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: virus,

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: parasites,

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: bacterium,

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: virus,

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: bacterium, virus, fungi or parasites,

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Techniques in Microbiology:

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: multi-resistant bacterial strains

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: virus,

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: fungi

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Techniques in Microbiology:

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: parasites,

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: parasites,

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: bacterium, virus, fungi or parasites,

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: virus, fungi or parasites,

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Techniques in Microbiology:

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: parasites,

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: virus, fungi or parasites,

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: bacterium, virus, fungi or parasites,

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasites,

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: bacterium,

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: parasites,

text: ) is a fundamental number in the study of how infectious diseases spread. If one infectious person is put into a population of completely susceptible people, then

text: ) is a fundamental number in the study of how infectious diseases spread. If one infectious person is put into a population of completely susceptible people, then

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: a form of cancer

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: an example of an infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: swine flu

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: swine flu

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: HIV

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: cholera

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: polio

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: diphtheria

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: a parasite

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Escherichia coli

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: tetanus

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: eczema

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: when you cough or sneeze

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: it is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: it is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: it is likely to be contaminated

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: it is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: a viral infection

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: it is a bacterial infection

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vaccine

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious person

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious diseases spread. If one infectious person

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious person

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: infectious person

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: infectious diseases spread. If one infectious person

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: If one infectious person

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: ) is a fundamental number in the study of how infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: If one infectious person is put into a population of completely susceptible people,

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: If one infectious person is put into a population of completely susceptible people,

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: If one infectious person is put into a population of completely susceptible people,

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: If one infectious person is put into a population of completely susceptible people,

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: If one infectious person is put into a population of completely susceptible people,

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: susceptible people,

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: If one infectious person is put into a population of completely susceptible people,

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: If one infectious person is put into a population of completely susceptible people,

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: If one infectious person is put into a population of completely susceptible people,

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: If one infectious person is put into a population of completely susceptible people,

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: If one infectious person is put into a population of completely susceptible people,

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: If one infectious person is put into a population of completely susceptible people,

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: If one infectious person is put into a population of completely susceptible people,

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious diseases spread.

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: susceptible people,

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious diseases

text: The species Bundibugyo ebolavirus is the taxonomic home of one virus, Bundibugyo virus (BDBV), that forms filamentous virions and is closely related to the infamous Ebola virus (EBOV). The virus causes severe disease in humans in the form of viral hemorrhagic fever and is a Select Agent, World Health Organization Risk Group 4 Pathogen (requiring Biosafety Level 4-equivalent containment), National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Category A Priority Pathogen, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Category A Bioterrorism Agent, and is listed as a Biological Agent for Export Control by the Australia Group.

text: The

text: species

text: Bundibugyo ebolavirus is the

text: taxonomic

text: home of one virus,

text: Bundibugyo virus (BDBV)

text: , that forms filamentous virions and is closely related to the infamous

text: Ebola virus

text: (EBOV). The virus causes severe

text: disease

text: in

text: human

text: s in the form of

text: viral hemorrhagic fever

text: and is a

text: Select Agent

text: World Health Organization

text: Risk Group 4 Pathogen (requiring

text: Biosafety Level 4-equivalent containment

text: National Institutes of Health

text: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases

text: Category A Priority Pathogen,

text: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

text: Category A Bioterrorism Agent

text: , and is listed as a Biological Agent for Export Control by the

text: Australia Group

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: virus

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Ebola virus

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Ebola

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Ebola

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: Ebola virus

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: Ebola virus

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Ebola virus

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Ebola

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Ebola

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: BDBV

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which virus causes severe disease in humans?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do when you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: BDBV

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why is Bundibugyo ebolavirus a Select Agent?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: virions

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: Ebola virus

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: Bioterrorism Agent

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Ebola virus

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: Pathogen

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: Ebola virus

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: viral hemorrhagic fever

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: virus,

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Bundibugyo ebolavirus

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: viral hemorrhagic fever

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Bundibugyo ebolavirus

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: viral hemorrhagic fever

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: Bundibugyo ebolavirus

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: Ebola virus

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Bundibugyo ebolavirus

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Bundibugyo ebolavirus

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: viral hemorrhagic fever

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: The species Bundibugyo ebolavirus

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Bundibugyo ebolavirus

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Bundibugyo ebolavirus

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: viral hemorrhagic fever

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: viral hemorrhagic fever

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Biosafety Level 4-equivalent

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: World Health Organization Risk Group 4 Pathogen

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: viral hemorrhagic fever

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: virus,

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: Ebola virus

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: World Health Organization Risk Group 4 Pathogen

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Health/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: The species Bundibugyo ebolavirus

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: Bioterrorism

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Bioterrorism Agent,

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: Biological Agent for Export Control by the Australia Group.

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: Bioterrorism

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: ebolavirus

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: Pathogen

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: filamentous virions

text: Diseases that can be transmitted by direct contact are called contagious (contagious is not the same as infectious; although all contagious diseases are infectious, not all infectious diseases are contagious). These diseases can also be transmitted by sharing a towel (where the towel is rubbed vigorously on both bodies) or items of clothing in close contact with the body (socks, for example) if they are not washed thoroughly between uses. For this reason, contagious diseases often break out in schools, where towels are shared and personal items of clothing accidentally swapped in the changing rooms.

text: Diseases that can be transmitted by direct contact are called contagious (contagious is not the same as infectious; although all

text: contagious diseases

text: are infectious, not all infectious diseases are contagious). These diseases can also be transmitted by sharing a towel (where the towel is rubbed vigorously on both bodies) or items of clothing in close contact with the body (socks, for example) if they are not washed thoroughly between uses. For this reason, contagious diseases often break out in schools, where towels are shared and personal items of clothing accidentally swapped in the changing rooms.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: contagious

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: contagious

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: contagious

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: contagious

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: contagious

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: contagious diseases

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: contagious

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: contagious

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: contagious

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: contagious

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: contagious

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: contagious

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: contagious

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: cough or sneeze

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: contagious

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: vigorously

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: contagious

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: contagious

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: contagious

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotic

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: contagious

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: contagious

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: contagious

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: contagious

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: contagious

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: contagious (contagious is not the same as infectious;

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: contagious

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious;

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious;

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: contagious

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: contagious

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: contagious

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: contagious

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: contagious

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: contagious

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: contagious

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: contagious

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: contagious

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: contagious

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: contagious

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: contagious

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Diseases that can be transmitted by direct contact

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: contagious

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: contagious

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: contagious

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: contagious

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious;

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious;

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: contagious

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: washed

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: infectious;

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious;

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious;

text: Apheresis platelets are collected using a mechanical device that draws blood from the donor and centrifuges the collected blood to separate out the platelets and other components to be collected. The remaining blood is returned to the donor. The advantage to this method is that a single donation provides at least one therapeutic dose, as opposed to the multiple donations for whole-blood platelets. This means that a recipient is not exposed to as many different donors and has less risk of transfusion-transmitted disease and other complications. Sometimes a person such as a cancer patient who requires routine transfusions of platelets will receive repeated donations from a specific donor to further minimize the risk. Pathogen reduction of platelets using for example, riboflavin and UV light treatments can also be carried out to reduce the infectious load of pathogens contained in donated blood products, thereby reducing the risk of transmission of transfusion transmitted diseases. Another photochemical treatment process utilizing amotosalen and UVA light has been developed for the inactivation of viruses, bacteria, parasites, and leukocytes that can contaminate blood components intended for transfusion. In addition, apheresis platelets tend to contain fewer contaminating red blood cells because the collection method is more efficient than “soft spin” centrifugation at isolating the desired blood component.

text: Apheresis platelets are collected using a mechanical device that draws blood from the donor and centrifuges the collected blood to separate out the platelets and other components to be collected. The remaining blood is returned to the donor. The advantage to this method is that a single donation provides at least one therapeutic dose, as opposed to the multiple donations for whole-blood platelets. This means that a recipient is not exposed to as many different donors and has less risk of transfusion-transmitted disease and other complications. Sometimes a person such as a

text: cancer

text: patient who requires routine transfusions of platelets will receive repeated donations from a specific donor to further minimize the risk. Pathogen reduction of platelets using for example,

entity_name: Pathogen reduction using riboflavin and UV light

text: riboflavin and UV light treatments

text: can also be carried out to reduce the infectious load of pathogens contained in donated blood products, thereby reducing the risk of transmission of transfusion transmitted diseases. Another photochemical treatment process utilizing amotosalen and UVA light has been developed for the inactivation of viruses, bacteria, parasites, and leukocytes that can contaminate blood components intended for transfusion. In addition, apheresis platelets tend to contain fewer contaminating red blood cells because the collection method is more efficient than “soft spin” centrifugation at isolating the desired blood component.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: transfusion-transmitted disease

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: pathogen reduction of platelets

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: parasites

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: parasites

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: parasite

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: parasites

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: cancer

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: parasites

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do when you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Which of the following is not caused by pathogens: viruses, bacteria, parasites, or leukocytes?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: parasites

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: transfusion-transmitted disease

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: riboflavin

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: riboflavin

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasites

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: parasite

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Apheresis platelets

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: viruses,

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: viruses, bacteria, parasites, and leukocytes

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: transfusion-transmitted disease

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: transfusion transmitted diseases.

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: cancer

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: viruses,

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: parasites,

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: viruses, bacteria, parasites,

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Apheresis platelets

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: viruses,

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: transfusion transmitted diseases.

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: UVA light

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: transfusion-transmitted disease

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: viruses,

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: riboflavin

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Apheresis platelets

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: transfusion transmitted diseases.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: disease

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: transfusion transmitted diseases.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: viruses,

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Apheresis platelets

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: transfusion-transmitted disease

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: transfusion transmitted diseases.

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: transfusion transmitted diseases.

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: transfusion transmitted diseases.

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: amotosalen

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: riboflavin

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasites,

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: parasites,

text: Center for Infectious Disease

text: Center for

text: Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: The Center for Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: swine flu

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: swine flu

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: staph infection

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: viral

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: swine flu

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: polio

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: diphtheria

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: The common cold can be spread by bacteria

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: The Center for Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: The Center for Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: The Center for Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: A common human fungal infection is genital herpes.

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: The Center for Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: The Center for Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: The Center for Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: The Center for Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: The Center for Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: The proper way to wash your hands is to scrub with soap for at least 20 seconds.

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: The Center for Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Athletes foot is a common infectious disease caused by protozoa

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vaccine

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Center for Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Center for Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Center for Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Center for Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Center for Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: Center for Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Center for Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Center for Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Center for Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Center for Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Center for Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Center for Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Center for Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Center for Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Center for Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: Center for Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Center for Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Center for Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: Center for Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Center for Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Center for Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Center for Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: Center for Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: Center for Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Center for Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: Infectious Disease

text: While other H5N1 influenza strains are known, they are significantly different from a current, highly pathogenic H5N1 strain on a genetic level, making the global spread of this new strain unprecedented. The H5N1 strain is a fast-mutating, highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAI) found in multiple bird species. It is both epizootic (an epidemic in non-humans) and panzootic (a disease affecting animals of many species especially over a wide area). Unless otherwise indicated, "H5N1" in this timeline refers to the recent highly pathogenic strain of H5N1.

text: While other

text: influenza strains are known, they are significantly different from a current, highly pathogenic H5N1 strain on a genetic level, making the global spread of this new strain unprecedented. The H5N1 strain is a

text: fast-mutating

text: , highly

text: pathogen

text: ic

text: avian influenza

text: virus (HPAI) found in multiple bird species. It is both epizootic (an epidemic in non-humans) and panzootic (a disease affecting animals of many species especially over a wide area). Unless otherwise indicated, "H5N1" in this

text: timeline

text: refers to the recent highly pathogenic strain of H5N1.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: genital warts

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: influenza virus

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: avian influenza virus

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: H5N1 influenza

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: virus

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: bird

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: H5N1

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: H5N1

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: H5N1 influenza strains

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: What is Schistosoma?

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: What is an example of a bacterium that may cause human disease?

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: What are human viral infections?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: What is the most common human fungal infection?

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do when you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: What is the best way to prevent diseases spread by vectors?

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: What is the most common cause of travelers diarrhea?

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: You can pick up the virus that causes the common cold from an object such as a doorknob.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: What is the proper way to wash your hands?

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: What disease can potentially be cured with antibiotics?

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: What is the common infectious disease caused by protozoa?

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: panzootic

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: pathogenic

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotic

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: HPAI

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogenic

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: HPAI

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: epizootic (an epidemic in non-humans)

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: influenza virus

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: avian influenza virus

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: H5N1

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: H5N1 influenza

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: H5N1 influenza

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: avian influenza virus

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: bird species.

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: influenza virus

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: H5N1

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: avian influenza virus

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: The H5N1

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: The H5N1

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: H5N1

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: H5N1

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: "H5N1"

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: avian influenza virus

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: "H5N1"

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: avian influenza virus

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: avian influenza virus

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: H5N1

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: The H5N1

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: "H5N1"

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: epizootic

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: epizootic

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: H5N1

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: influenza virus

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: non-humans)

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: epizootic

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: influenza virus

text: The Center for Disease Control (CDC) would monitor the spread of possible infections and diseases arising after the explosion. In doing so, they would help to contain the spread of infectious disease in what would be massive casualties from victims with now weakened immune systems and working hand in hand with the DHHS would help to bring in stock piles of medical supplies located around the country. DHHS would also rely upon the Interagency Modeling and Atmospheric Assessment Center to help determine how weather fill affect the fail out from the radiation.

text: The

text: Center for Disease Control

text: (CDC) would monitor the spread of possible infections and diseases arising after the explosion. In doing so, they would help to contain the spread of infectious disease in what would be massive casualties from victims with now weakened immune systems and working hand in hand with the DHHS would help to bring in stock piles of medical supplies located around the country. DHHS would also rely upon the Interagency Modeling and Atmospheric Assessment Center to help determine how weather fill affect the fail out from the radiation.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Infections

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: viral

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: E. coli

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: AIDS

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which of the following is not a viral infection: tetanus, measles, or CDC?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What does the CDC stand for?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotic

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: immune system

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infections

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infections and diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infections

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infections

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infections

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: weakened immune systems

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: victims with now weakened immune systems

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: infections

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: weakened immune systems

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: weakened immune systems

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: infections

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: The Center for Disease Control

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: The Center for Disease Control

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: The Center for Disease Control

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Interagency Modeling and Atmospheric Assessment Center

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: weakened immune systems

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: weakened immune systems

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Interagency Modeling and Atmospheric Assessment Center

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: weakened immune systems

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: weakened immune systems

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: The Center for Disease Control

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: weakened immune systems

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Interagency Modeling and Atmospheric Assessment Center

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infections

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: immune systems

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: immune systems

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infections

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: radiation.

text: The International Centre for Infectious Disease (ICID) is a Canadian organisation set up in 2004 to collaborate resources worldwide in the fight against infectious diseases.

text: The International Centre for Infectious Disease (ICID) is a

text: Canadian

text: organisation set up in 2004 to collaborate resources worldwide in the fight against

text: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: E. coli

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: polio

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: diphtheria

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Schistosoma

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Escherichia coli

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: tetanus

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: genital herpes

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: strep throat

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Athletes foot

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vaccine

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: The International Centre for Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: The International Centre for Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: The International Centre for Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: The International Centre for Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: The International Centre for Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: The International Centre for Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: The International Centre for Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: The International Centre for Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: The International Centre for Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: The International Centre for Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: The International Centre for Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: The International Centre for Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: The International Centre for Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious diseases.

text: A 2005 study of Japanese patients at Bangkok Hospital (11,200 patients, about one-eight of all non-Thai patients at the hospital that year) found that most patients were men in their 30s, 40s, and 50s; women and patients in their 20s were notably fewer. Focusing just on the patients who were actually resident in Thailand, as opposed to travellers, their health complaints showed a number of dissimilarities with local Thai patients. Again according to ICD-10 coding, "certain infectious and parasitic diseases" were uncommon among Japanese patients and common among Thai patients, while "diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue" showed the reverse trend. Comparing Japanese expatriate patients in Thailand to patients in Japan found that "endocrine, nutritional, and metabolic diseases" and "mental and behavioral disorders" were diagnosed less frequently among the former group, while "diseases of the respiratory system" and "certain infectious and parasitic diseases" were more frequent among the former group.

text: A 2005 study of Japanese patients at

text: Bangkok Hospital

text: (11,200 patients, about one-eight of all non-Thai patients at the hospital that year) found that most patients were men in their 30s, 40s, and 50s; women and patients in their 20s were notably fewer. Focusing just on the patients who were actually resident in Thailand, as opposed to travellers, their health complaints showed a number of dissimilarities with local Thai patients. Again according to ICD-10 coding, "certain infectious and parasitic diseases" were uncommon among Japanese patients and common among Thai patients, while "diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue" showed the reverse trend. Comparing Japanese expatriate patients in Thailand to patients in Japan found that "endocrine, nutritional, and metabolic diseases" and "mental and behavioral disorders" were diagnosed less frequently among the former group, while "diseases of the respiratory system" and "certain infectious and parasitic diseases" were more frequent among the former group.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: ICD-10 coding

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: diseases of the respiratory system

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: parasitic diseases

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: certain infectious and parasitic diseases

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: diseases of the respiratory system

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: parasitic diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: parasite

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: parasitic diseases

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: diseases of the respiratory system

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: poliovirus

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: parasitic diseases

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: certain infectious and parasitic diseases

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: certain infectious and parasitic diseases

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: "diseases of the respiratory system"

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: diseases of the respiratory system

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: certain infectious and parasitic diseases

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious and parasitic diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: ICD-10

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: parasitic diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: parasitic diseases"

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: "diseases of the respiratory system"

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: "certain infectious and parasitic diseases"

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: "diseases of the respiratory system"

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: parasitic diseases"

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: parasitic diseases"

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: musculoskeletal system and connective tissue"

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: parasitic diseases"

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: parasitic diseases"

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: "certain infectious and parasitic diseases"

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: "certain infectious and parasitic diseases"

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: "certain infectious and parasitic diseases"

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Thai patients,

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: "diseases of the respiratory system"

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: "certain infectious and parasitic diseases"

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: "certain infectious and parasitic diseases"

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: parasitic diseases"

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: "diseases of the respiratory system"

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: 30s, 40s, and 50s;

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: "certain infectious and parasitic diseases"

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Thai patients,

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious and parasitic

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: ICD-10

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: parasitic diseases"

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: parasitic

text: The Journal of World History is a peer-reviewed academic journal that presents historical analysis from a global point of view, focusing especially on forces that cross the boundaries of cultures and civilizations, including large-scale population movements, economic fluctuations, transfers of technology, the spread of infectious diseases, long-distance trade, and the spread of religious faiths, ideas, and values.

text: The Journal of World History is a

text: peer-reviewed

text: academic journal

text: that presents historical analysis from a global point of view, focusing especially on forces that cross the boundaries of

text: culture

text: s and

text: civilization

text: s, including large-scale population movements, economic fluctuations, transfers of

text: technology

text: , the spread of

text: infectious disease

text: s, long-distance trade, and the spread of

text: religious faith

text: s, ideas, and values.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: the spread of infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: religious faiths

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: The Journal of World History

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: The Journal of World History

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: the spread of infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: the spread of infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: The Journal of World History

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: The Journal of World History

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: The Journal of World History

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: The Journal of World History

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: the spread of infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: the spread of infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: The Journal of World History

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vaccine

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: population movements,

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: religious faiths,

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: diseases,

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: the spread of infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: the spread of infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: The Journal of World History

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: the spread of infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: the spread of infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: the spread of infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: The Journal of World History

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: The Journal of World History

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: technology,

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious diseases,

text: The African Journal of Infectious Diseases covers research on the pathogenesis, diagnosis, epidemiology, and treatment of infectious diseases, the impact of infectious agents on the environment, and related disciplines.

text: The African Journal of Infectious Diseases covers research on the

text: pathogenesis

text: diagnosis

text: epidemiology

text: , and treatment of

text: infectious disease

text: s, the impact of infectious agents on the environment, and related disciplines.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious agents

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: E. coli

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: rabies

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Influenza

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: The African Journal of Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: The African Journal of Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: The African Journal of Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: The African Journal of Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: The African Journal of Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: The African Journal of Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: The African Journal of Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: African Journal of Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: The African Journal of Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: The African Journal of Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious agent

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogenic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious agents

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogenic

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: infectious agents

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: The African Journal of Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: The African Journal of Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: The African Journal of Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: The African Journal of Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: The African Journal of Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: The African Journal of Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: The African Journal of Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: The African Journal of Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: The African Journal of Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: The African Journal of Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: The African Journal of Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: The African Journal of Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: The African Journal of Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious agents

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: infectious agents

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious agents

text: The Division of Infectious Disease Control conducts surveillance of infectious diseases and infectious agents and provides advice on infectious disease control and prevention of infectious diseases to the authorities, health professionals and the public. Other tasks include microbiological special investigations and vaccine supply. Research in a public health perspective is also one of the main tasks. The Division of Infectious Disease Control also administers the Childhood Immunisation Programme.

text: The Division of Infectious Disease Control conducts surveillance of infectious diseases and infectious agents and provides advice on infectious disease control and prevention of infectious diseases to the authorities, health professionals and the public. Other tasks include microbiological special investigations and vaccine supply. Research in a public health perspective is also one of the main tasks. The Division of Infectious Disease Control also administers the Childhood Immunisation Programme.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious agents

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: microbiological

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: infectious agent

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: infectious agents

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Childhood Immunisation Programme

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Infectious agents

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: The Division of Infectious Disease Control

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Escherichia coli

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which of the following is not a human viral infection: tetanus, measles or tetanus?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Which is not a common human fungal infection?

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do when you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: The Division of Infectious Disease Control conducts surveillance of infectious diseases and infectious agents

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: strep throat

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: The Division of Infectious Disease Control

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious agents

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: vaccine

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vaccine

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: microbiological

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious agents

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious agent

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious agents

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: microbiological

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: infectious agents

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: microbiological

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Childhood Immunisation Programme.

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Childhood

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: infectious agents

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: The Division of Infectious Disease Control

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: The Division of Infectious Disease Control

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Childhood Immunisation Programme.

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Childhood Immunisation Programme.

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Childhood Immunisation Programme.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: prevention of infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: The Division of Infectious Disease Control

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: infectious agents

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: The Division of Infectious Disease Control

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Childhood Immunisation Programme.

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: The Division of Infectious Disease Control

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Childhood Immunisation Programme.

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious agents

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: vaccine

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vaccine

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: microbiological

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious agents

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious agents

text: Infectious bursal disease virus and chicken anemia are ubiquitous and have increased interest in combatting avian pathogens. Parasites of birds are another emerging concern since the crowded nature of poultry farms facilitates easy spreading.

text: Infectious bursal disease virus

text: and chicken anemia are ubiquitous and have increased interest in combatting avian pathogens.

text: Parasites

text: of birds are another emerging concern since the crowded nature of poultry farms facilitates easy spreading.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Infectious bursal disease virus

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Parasites of birds

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: chicken anemia

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Parasites of birds

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: chicken anemia

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: virus

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: birds

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: chicken anemia

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: chicken anemia

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: chicken anemia

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Infectious bursal disease virus

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Infectious bursal disease virus

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which of the following is not a human viral infection?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Which of the following is NOT true?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: c).

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: parasites

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: chicken anemia

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasites

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: avian pathogens.

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Infectious bursal disease virus

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Infectious bursal disease virus

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: chicken anemia

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Infectious bursal disease virus and chicken anemia

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Infectious bursal disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: virus

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: birds

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Infectious bursal disease virus

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Parasites

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: bursal disease

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: avian pathogens.

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Parasites of birds

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: chicken anemia

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Infectious bursal disease virus and chicken anemia

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: chicken anemia

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Infectious bursal disease virus and chicken anemia

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: Parasites of birds

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Parasites of birds

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: crowded nature of poultry farms facilitates easy spreading.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: Infectious bursal disease virus

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Infectious bursal disease virus and chicken anemia

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Infectious bursal disease virus and chicken anemia

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: chicken anemia

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: Parasites

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Infectious bursal disease virus

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: Infectious bursal disease virus

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: avian pathogens.

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Parasites

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogens.

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: virus

text: Currently the mechanism of spread and infection is unknown despite the tedious epidemiological, clinical, and neurological studies that have been conducted. Recent Studies show Horizontal Disease Transmission, or the transmission of a disease from one individual to another of the same generation. It appears that VE is an infectious disease; however, the incubation period would have to be very extensive (in excess of 5 years). Many infected individuals attribute the initial symptoms as a result of a plunge in frigid waters. So far, no causative agent has been found in blood, spinal fluid, or brain tissue.

text: Currently the mechanism of spread and infection is unknown despite the tedious

text: epidemiological

text: clinical

text: , and

text: neurological

text: studies that have been conducted. Recent Studies show

text: Horizontal Disease Transmission

text: , or the transmission of a disease from one individual to another of the same generation. It appears that VE is an

text: infectious disease

text: ; however, the

text: incubation period

text: would have to be very extensive (in excess of 5 years). Many infected individuals attribute the initial symptoms as a result of a plunge in frigid waters. So far, no causative agent has been found in blood,

text: spinal fluid

text: , or brain

text: tissue

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: an infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: an infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: no causative agent

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: VE

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: VE

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: VE

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: blood, spinal fluid, or brain tissue

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: horizontal disease transmission

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: VE

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: VE

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: VE

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Horizontal Disease Transmission

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: horizontal disease transmission

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: no causative agent has been found in blood

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which of the following is not an infectious disease: VE, tetanus, or measles?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: horizontal disease transmission

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibacterial

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vaccine

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: no causative agent

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: VE

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious disease;

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious disease;

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Horizontal Disease Transmission,

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: VE

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Horizontal Disease Transmission,

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: VE

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: Horizontal Disease Transmission,

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: one individual to another of the same generation.

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Horizontal Disease Transmission,

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: VE

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: VE

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Horizontal Disease Transmission,

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Horizontal Disease Transmission,

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Horizontal Disease Transmission,

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Horizontal Disease Transmission,

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: no causative agent

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Horizontal Disease Transmission,

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: Horizontal Disease Transmission,

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: no causative agent

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: the transmission of a disease from one individual to another of the same generation.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: Horizontal Disease Transmission,

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Horizontal Disease Transmission,

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Horizontal Disease Transmission,

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: no causative agent

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: Horizontal Disease Transmission,

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: Horizontal Disease Transmission,

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: frigid waters.

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Horizontal Disease Transmission,

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious disease;

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: Horizontal Disease Transmission,

text: Children with Kawasaki disease should be hospitalized and cared for by a physician who has experience with this disease. When in an academic medical center, care is often shared between pediatric cardiology, pediatric rheumatology, and pediatric infectious disease specialists (although no specific infectious agent has been identified as yet). Treatment should be started as soon as the diagnosis is made to prevent damage to the coronary arteries.

text: Children with Kawasaki disease should be hospitalized and cared for by a physician who has experience with this disease. When in an academic medical center, care is often shared between pediatric

text: cardiology

text: , pediatric rheumatology, and pediatric

text: infectious disease

text: specialists (although no specific

text: infectious agent

text: has been identified as yet). Treatment should be started as soon as the diagnosis is made to prevent damage to the coronary arteries.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: no specific infectious agent

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: no specific infectious agent

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Kawasaki disease

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Kawasaki

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: no specific infectious agent

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: no specific infectious agent

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Kawasaki disease

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Kawasaki disease

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Kawasaki disease

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: no specific infectious agent

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: no specific infectious agent

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: no specific infectious agent has been identified as yet

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: no specific infectious agent

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why is Kawasaki disease contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: no specific infectious agent

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious agent

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: Kawasaki disease

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pediatric infectious agent

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious agent

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious agent

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Kawasaki disease

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious disease specialists (although no specific infectious agent

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: no specific infectious agent

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Kawasaki disease

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Kawasaki disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: no specific infectious agent

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: no specific infectious agent

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Kawasaki disease

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Kawasaki disease

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Kawasaki disease

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: no specific infectious agent

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: no specific infectious agent has been identified as yet).

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: no specific infectious agent

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: pediatric infectious disease specialists

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: no specific infectious agent has been identified as yet).

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: prevent damage to the coronary arteries.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: prevent damage to the coronary arteries.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: no specific infectious agent

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: no specific infectious agent

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: no specific infectious agent

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Children with Kawasaki disease

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: pediatric infectious disease specialists

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: no specific infectious agent has been identified as yet).

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious agent

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: no specific infectious agent

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: no specific infectious agent

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: no specific infectious agent

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious agent

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious agent

text: Kuru is a type of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) caused by prion that is found in humans. Human prion diseases come in sporadic, genetic and infectious forms. Kuru was the first infectious human prion disease discovered.  It spread through the Fore people of Papua New Guinea, in which relatives consumed the bodies of the deceased to return the "life force" of the deceased to the hamlet. Kuru was 8 to 9 times more prevalent in women and children than in men at its peak because, while the men of the village took the choice cuts, the women and children would eat the rest of the body, including the brain, where the prion particles were particularly concentrated. The Kuru epidemic, which is recorded to have begun in the 1920s, is believed to have been started by the consumption of a single individual with Kuru, which then spread through the population. Oral history records that cannibalism began within the Fore in the late 19th century. Recent research at University College London identified a gene that protects against prion diseases, by studying the Fore people.

text: Kuru

text: is a type of

text: transmissible spongiform encephalopathy

text: (TSE) caused by

text: prion

text: that is found in humans. Human prion diseases come in sporadic, genetic and infectious forms. Kuru was the first infectious human prion disease discovered.  It spread through the

text: Fore people

text: of

text: Papua New Guinea

text: , in which relatives consumed the bodies of the deceased to return the "life force" of the deceased to the hamlet. Kuru was 8 to 9 times more prevalent in women and children than in men at its peak because, while the men of the village took the choice cuts, the women and children would eat the rest of the body, including the brain, where the

text: prion

text: particles were particularly concentrated. The Kuru epidemic, which is recorded to have begun in the 1920s, is believed to have been started by the consumption of a single individual with Kuru, which then spread through the population. Oral history records that cannibalism began within the Fore in the late 19th century. Recent research at University College London identified a gene that protects against prion diseases, by studying the Fore people.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: prion

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Which of the following is not a disease caused by bacteria?

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: TSE

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: TSE

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: prion

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: prion

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Kuru

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: prion diseases

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Which of the following is not a type of human prion disease?

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which is not a type of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Which of the following is not a form of prion?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: transmissible

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: prion

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: gene

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: prion

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: prion

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: prion

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Kuru

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: prion diseases come in sporadic, genetic and infectious forms.

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: transmissible spongiform encephalopathy

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Human prion diseases

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Kuru

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: prion

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: humans.

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Kuru

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Kuru

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: prion diseases,

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Kuru

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Kuru

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Kuru

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Kuru

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Kuru

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Kuru

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: gene

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Kuru

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: prion

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: Kuru

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: gene that protects against prion diseases,

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: gene that protects against prion diseases,

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Kuru

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: transmissible

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Human prion diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: gene

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: gene

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Human prion diseases

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: prion

text: SNOMED CT "Concepts" are representational units that categorize all the things that characterize health care processes and need to be recorded therein. In 2011, SNOMED CT included more than 311,000 concepts, which are uniquely identified by a concept ID, i.e. the concept 22298006 refers to Myocardial infarction. All SNOMED CT concepts are organized into acyclic taxonomic (is-a) hierarchies; for example, Viral pneumonia IS-A Infectious pneumonia IS-A Pneumonia IS-A Lung disease.  Concepts may have multiple parents, for example Infectious pneumonia is also a child of Infectious disease. The taxonomic structure allows data to be recorded and later accessed at different levels of aggregation.SNOMED CT concepts are linked by approximately 1,360,000 links, called relationships.

text: SNOMED CT "Concepts" are representational units that categorize all the things that characterize health care processes and need to be recorded therein. In 2011, SNOMED CT included more than 311,000 concepts, which are uniquely identified by a concept ID, i.e. the concept 22298006 refers to Myocardial infarction. All SNOMED CT concepts are organized into acyclic taxonomic (is-a) hierarchies; for example, Viral pneumonia IS-A Infectious pneumonia IS-A Pneumonia IS-A Lung disease.  Concepts may have multiple parents, for example Infectious pneumonia is also a

text: child

text: of Infectious disease. The taxonomic structure allows data to be recorded and later accessed at different levels of aggregation.SNOMED CT concepts are linked by approximately 1,360,000 links, called relationships.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: genital wart

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: Viral

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: vector

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Bacteria

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Schistosoma IS-A parasite

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Escherichia coli

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Viral infection IS-A Human viral infections

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: genital herpes

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Concepts: coughing sneezing

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: Concepts: vectors to

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Travelers diarrhea IS-A Protozoa

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Infectious disease IS-A pathogen

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: Viral pneumonia IS-A Viral pneumonia

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: SNOMED CT Concepts: Hands Washing

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Strep throat IS-A Disease

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Athletes foot IS-A Infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: Viral

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: Bacteria

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: Infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: Viral pneumonia

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: Viral

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Viral pneumonia

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Viral pneumonia

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Viral pneumonia

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Viral pneumonia

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: Viral

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: Viral

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Viral pneumonia

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Myocardial infarction.

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Viral pneumonia

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Viral pneumonia

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: 1,360,000

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: 1,360,000

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Viral pneumonia

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: 1,360,000

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: 1,360,000

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: 1,360,000

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: 1,360,000

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: 1,360,000

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: 1,360,000

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: 1,360,000

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: 1,360,000

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: 1,360,000

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: Infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: Infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: Viral pneumonia

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Viral

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: Infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: Viral

text: During high turbidity peaks, pathogens are more commonly found in raw water. This can contribute to the spread of illnesses. When turbidity increases, reported hospital visits for the elderly (65+) with gastrointestinal illnesses also increase. Even places with water filtration systems that meet standards can have an endemic of gastrointestinal illness, or waterborne infectious diseases. Those hospitalized represent a small percentage of total morbidity caused by these illnesses.

text: During high turbidity peaks,

text: pathogen

text: s are more commonly found in raw water. This can contribute to the spread of

text: illness

text: es. When turbidity increases, reported hospital visits for the elderly (65+) with gastrointestinal illnesses also increase. Even places with water filtration systems that meet standards can have an

text: endemic

text: of

text: gastrointestinal illness

text: , or

text: waterborne

text: infectious disease

text: s. Those hospitalized represent a small percentage of total

text: morbidity

text: caused by these illnesses.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: gastrointestinal illnesses

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: gastrointestinal illnesses

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: gastrointestinal illnesses

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: waterborne

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: gastrointestinal illnesses

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: gastrointestinal illnesses

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: gastrointestinal illnesses

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: What can contribute to the spread of illnesses?

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which of the following is not a human viral infection: tetanus, measles, or gastrointestinal illnesses?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do if you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are pathogens more commonly found in raw water?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: What can contribute to the spread of illnesses

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: waterborne

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: filtration systems

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: waterborne infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: gastrointestinal illnesses

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: gastrointestinal illness, or waterborne infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: gastrointestinal illnesses

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: gastrointestinal illnesses

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: gastrointestinal illnesses

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: waterborne infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: gastrointestinal illness, or waterborne infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: gastrointestinal illnesses

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: gastrointestinal illnesses

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: raw water.

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: During high turbidity

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: pathogens are more commonly found in raw water.

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: gastrointestinal illness, or waterborne infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: raw water.

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: During high turbidity

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: pathogens are more commonly found in raw water.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: During high turbidity

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: pathogens are more commonly found in raw water.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: pathogens are more commonly found in raw water.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: During high turbidity

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: During high turbidity

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: waterborne infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: waterborne

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: waterborne infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: During high turbidity

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: water filtration systems

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogens

text: A study also published in the Journal of Infectious Diseases found that immunocompetent subjects exposed to VZV resulting in an increased level of VZV antibodies suggests that subclinical reinfection occurs.

text: A study also published in the Journal of Infectious Diseases found that immunocompetent subjects exposed to VZV resulting in an increased level of VZV antibodies suggests that

text: subclinical reinfection

text: occurs.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: VZV

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: viral infection

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: VZV

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: VZV

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: virus

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: virus

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: VZV

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: HIV

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: VZV

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: VZV

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: VZV

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: antiviral

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: VZV

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: virus

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: VZV

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: immunocompetent subjects exposed to VZV

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: VZV

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: VZV

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: VZV

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: VZV

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: VZV

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: VZV

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: VZV

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: VZV

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: VZV

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: VZV

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Journal of Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: VZV

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: VZV

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Journal of Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: immunocompetent subjects exposed to VZV

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: VZV

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: immunocompetent subjects exposed to VZV

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: VZV

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Journal of Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: immunocompetent subjects exposed to VZV

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: VZV

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: VZV

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: immunocompetent subjects exposed to VZV

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: antibodies

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: VZV

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: VZV

text: Pathogenicity depends on many different factors such as the production of the siderophore desferrioxamine, metalloproteases, plasmids, and histone-like proteins. However, some essential factors of pathogenicity are variations in the synthesis of extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) and the mechanism of type III secretion system and its associated proteins. EPS helps bacterial pathogens avoid plant defenses, “clog” the host’s vascular system, protect bacteria against desiccation and attach to both surfaces and one another. One EPS is amylovoran, a polymer of pentasaccharide repeating units. If a strain of E. amylovora can not produce amylovoran it is not pathogenic and can not spread in plants. Levan is another EPS, and a lack of it will slow development of symptoms. Type III secretion systems are used for exporting and delivering effector proteins into the cytosol of host plants. This system mainly consists of Hrc proteins. Motility is another major virulence factor. Since E. amylovora is not an obligate biotroph, it is able to survive outside the host which allows it to spread in many ways such as rain.

text: Pathogenicity depends on many different factors such as the production of the siderophore desferrioxamine, metalloproteases, plasmids, and histone-like proteins. However, some essential factors of pathogenicity are variations in the synthesis of extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) and the mechanism of type III secretion system and its associated proteins. EPS helps bacterial pathogens avoid plant defenses, “clog” the host’s vascular system, protect bacteria against desiccation and attach to both surfaces and one another. One EPS is amylovoran, a polymer of pentasaccharide repeating units. If a strain of E. amylovora can not produce amylovoran it is not pathogenic and can not spread in plants. Levan is another EPS, and a lack of it will slow development of symptoms. Type III secretion systems are used for exporting and delivering effector proteins into the cytosol of host plants. This system mainly consists of Hrc proteins. Motility is another major virulence factor. Since E. amylovora is not an obligate biotroph, it is able to survive outside the host which allows it to spread in many ways such as rain.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: E. amylovora

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: pathogenicity

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: bacterial pathogens

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Which of the following is not an essential factor of pathogenicity: amylovoran, levan, or rain?

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: E. amylovora

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: amylovoran

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: bacterial

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: bacterial pathogen

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: E. amylovora

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: levan

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: levan

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Which of the following is not an obligate biotroph: E. amylovora, levan, or amylovoran?

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: type III secretion system

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: E. amylovora

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which of the following is not a type of viral infection: tetanus or measles?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do when you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Which is not an obligate biotroph, it is able to survive outside the host which allows it to spread in many ways such as rain?

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: plasmid

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: pathogenicity

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: bacterial

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: obligate biotroph

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: extracellular polysaccharides

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: bacterial pathogens

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: bacterial

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: extracellular polysaccharides

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: rain.

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: E. amylovora

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: bacterial

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: E. amylovora

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: E. amylovora

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: rain.

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: E. amylovora

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: rain.

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: rain.

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: E. amylovora

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: extracellular polysaccharides

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: E. amylovora

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: extracellular polysaccharides

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: extracellular polysaccharides

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: E. amylovora

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: rain.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: rain.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: extracellular polysaccharides

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: extracellular polysaccharides

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: E. amylovora

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: plasmids,

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: bacterial

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: extracellular polysaccharides

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: extracellular polysaccharides

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: bacterial

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: bacterial pathogens

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: bacterial pathogens

text: Scrapie is a fatal infectious disease of the neural system of sheep; one of a class of brain diseases that can affect cattle (BSE) and humans (Kuru, nCJD). Scrapie had been thought to be caused by a 'slow virus' – one that could take years to show as a change in behaviour or movement. By the mid 1960s, it was established that cells could only replicate via DNA. Radioactivity stops cell replication by 'killing' DNA. Alper found that radiation did not kill the infective agent in scrapie, suggesting that a virus was unlikely to be the infective agent. The infective agent had to be smaller and simpler than (viral) DNA. Alper also found that the agent remained active under ultraviolet light. DNA is inactive under UV light. Instead, the agent was killed by light at 237 nm, a wavelength specific to polysaccharide inactivation. Alper and colleagues reported these properties of the scrapie agent – a finding that was greeted with astonishment in many quarters, for it appeared to contravene the central dogma that holds that replication (and hence the growth of the disease and its infectious properties) can only proceed via DNA. However, once these empirical findings were accepted, several theories developed to accommodate the peculiar properties of the scrapie agent. The most widely accepted theory today is the prion theory, which posits a 'rogue' protein as the infectious source. However, Alper could not accept that a protein 'mutation' was the agent. Firstly, her UV radiation studies did not indicate a protein agent and, secondly, isolated prions did not induce scrapie. Her own theories concerning the agent were developed in the last years of her life and suggested a more dynamic and complex story.

text: Scrapie

text: is a fatal infectious disease of the neural system of sheep; one of a class of

text: brain diseases

text: that can affect

text: cattle (BSE) and humans (Kuru, nCJD)

text: . Scrapie had been thought to be caused by a 'slow virus' – one that could take years to show as a change in behaviour or movement. By the mid 1960s, it was established that cells could only replicate via

text: DNA

text: . Radioactivity stops cell replication by 'killing' DNA. Alper found that radiation did not kill the infective agent in scrapie, suggesting that a virus was unlikely to be the infective agent. The infective agent had to be smaller and simpler than (viral) DNA. Alper also found that the agent remained active under ultraviolet light. DNA is inactive under UV light. Instead, the agent was killed by light at 237 nm, a wavelength specific to polysaccharide inactivation. Alper and colleagues reported these properties of the scrapie agent – a finding that was greeted with astonishment in many quarters, for it appeared to contravene the

text: central dogma

text: that holds that replication (and hence the growth of the disease and its infectious properties) can only proceed via DNA. However, once these empirical findings were accepted, several theories developed to accommodate the peculiar properties of the scrapie agent. The most widely accepted theory today is the

text: prion

text: theory, which posits a 'rogue' protein as the infectious source. However, Alper could not accept that a protein 'mutation' was the agent. Firstly, her UV radiation studies did not indicate a protein agent and, secondly, isolated prions did not induce scrapie. Her own theories concerning the agent were developed in the last years of her life and suggested a more dynamic and complex story.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Which disease is not caused by a virus?

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: prion theory

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: BSE and Kuru

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: BSE and Kuru

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: BSE

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: prion

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: rogue protein

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: BSE

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: BSE

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: nCJD

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Which of the following is not a class of brain diseases that can affect cattle?

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: prion theory

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which is not a class of brain diseases that can affect cattle?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Which of the following is not a common human fungal infection?

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What is the most widely accepted theory today?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: BSE

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Which of the following is not a pathogen: prion, DNA, or a protein mutation?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: What is the most common infectious disease caused by protozoa?

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: virus

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: class of brain diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: polysaccharide

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: BSE

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: prion

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infective agent

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: prion

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: scrapie

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: scrapie

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: (Kuru, nCJD).

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: scrapie

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: scrapie

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: scrapie

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: 'rogue' protein

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: 'rogue' protein

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: scrapie

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: scrapie

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: (Kuru, nCJD).

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: scrapie agent.

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: prion theory,

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: scrapie agent.

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: scrapie

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: the agent remained active under ultraviolet light.

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: ultraviolet light.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: scrapie agent.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: DNA

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: ultraviolet light.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: scrapie agent.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: ultraviolet light.

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: scrapie

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Alper

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: prion

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: brain diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: polysaccharide

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: polysaccharide

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: 'rogue' protein

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: scrapie agent.

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: scrapie agent.

text: Veterinary pathology covers a vast array of species, but with a significantly smaller number of practitioners, so understanding of disease in non-human animals, especially as regards veterinary practice,  varies considerably by species.  Nonetheless, significant amounts of pathology research are conducted on animals, for two primary reasons: 1) The origins of diseases are typically zoonotic in nature, and many infectious pathogens have animal vectors and, as such, understanding the mechanisms of action for these pathogens in non-human hosts is essential to the understanding and application of epidemiology and 2) those animals that share physiological and genetic traits with humans can be used as surrogates for the study of the disease and potential treatments as well as the effects of various synthetic products. For this reason, as well as their roles as livestock and companion animals, mammals generally have the largest body of research in veterinary pathology. Animal testing remains a controversial practice, even in cases where it is used to research treatment for human disease.  As in human medical pathology, the practice of veterinary pathology is customarily divided into the two main fields of anatomical and clinical pathology.

text: Veterinary pathology covers a vast array of species, but with a significantly smaller number of practitioners, so understanding of disease in non-human animals, especially as regards

text: veterinary practice

text: ,  varies considerably by species.  Nonetheless, significant amounts of pathology research are conducted on animals, for two primary reasons: 1) The origins of diseases are typically

text: zoonotic

text: in nature, and many infectious pathogens have animal vectors and, as such, understanding the mechanisms of action for these pathogens in non-human hosts is essential to the understanding and application of

text: epidemiology

text: and 2) those animals that share physiological and genetic traits with humans can be used as surrogates for the study of the disease and potential treatments as well as the effects of various synthetic products. For this reason, as well as their roles as

text: livestock

text: and

text: companion animals

text: mammals

text: generally have the largest body of research in veterinary pathology. Animal testing remains a controversial practice, even in cases where it is used to research treatment for human disease.  As in human medical pathology, the practice of veterinary pathology is customarily divided into the two main fields of anatomical and clinical pathology.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: human medical pathology

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious pathogens

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: zoonotic

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: syphilis

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious pathogens have animal vectors

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious pathogens

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: animal vectors

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: animal

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: zoonotic

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: rabies

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: rabies

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: animal vectors

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: many infectious pathogens have animal vectors

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Escherichia coli

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: tetanus

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: the two main fields of anatomical and clinical pathology

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: many infectious pathogens have animal vectors

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: animal vectors

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: that share physiological and genetic traits with humans

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: many infectious pathogens have animal vectors

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: vector

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: synthetic

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: synthetic products

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: zoonotic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: zoonotic

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious pathogens

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious pathogens have animal vectors

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious pathogens have animal vectors

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious pathogens have animal vectors

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious pathogens

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: animal

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: infectious pathogens have animal vectors

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Animal testing

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: many infectious pathogens

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: animal vectors

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: many infectious pathogens have animal vectors

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: many infectious pathogens have animal vectors

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: many infectious pathogens have animal vectors

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: many infectious pathogens have animal vectors

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: anatomical and clinical pathology.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: many infectious pathogens have animal vectors

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: many infectious pathogens have animal vectors

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: animal vectors

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: animal vectors

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Veterinary pathology

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: many infectious pathogens have animal vectors

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: many infectious pathogens have animal vectors

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: animal vectors

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious pathogens have animal vectors

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: synthetic

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: synthetic products.

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: zoonotic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious pathogens

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious pathogens

text: Betsy Foxman (born 1955) is an epidemiologist at the University of Michigan since 1984, where she is director of the Center for Molecular and Clinical Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases, and of the Interdisciplinary Training Program in Infectious Diseases. She also served as Editor-in-Chief of the journal Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Infectious Diseases, is a member of the Infectious Disease Society of America and of the American College of Epidemiology.

text: Betsy Foxman (born 1955) is an epidemiologist at the

text: University of Michigan

text: since 1984, where she is director of the Center for Molecular and Clinical Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases, and of the Interdisciplinary Training Program in Infectious Diseases. She also served as Editor-in-Chief of the journal Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Infectious Diseases, is a member of the

text: Infectious Disease Society of America

text: and of the

text: American College of Epidemiology

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Influenza

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: Molecular

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: AIDS

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Influenza

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Schistosoma

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: tetanus

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Betsy Foxman

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Betsy Foxman

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vaccine

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Molecular

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Infectious Diseases,

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Infectious Diseases,

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Infectious Diseases,

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Infectious Diseases,

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: Molecular and Clinical Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases,

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Infectious Diseases,

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Betsy Foxman

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Infectious Diseases,

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Infectious Diseases,

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Betsy Foxman

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Infectious Diseases,

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Infectious Diseases,

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Molecular and Clinical Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases,

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Betsy Foxman

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: Interdisciplinary Training Program in Infectious Diseases.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Betsy Foxman

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Infectious Diseases,

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: Infectious Diseases,

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Betsy Foxman

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Infectious Diseases,

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Betsy Foxman

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: Infectious Diseases,

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Infectious Diseases,

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: Molecular and Clinical Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases,

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: Molecular and Clinical Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases,

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Molecular and Clinical Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases,

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: Infectious Diseases,

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: Molecular and Clinical Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases,

text: Many infectious diseases spread through populations via the networks formed by physical contacts among individuals. SARS is no different. One of the striking features of the SARS epidemic was the manner in which airline networks acted as corridors for the spread of the disease. From its onset it became clear that the role of air transport in the diffusion of the disease was key.  This is why, despite its relatively low level of contagion, the SARS Network still managed to become a large diameter network. It is true that the origin of the virus being connected with such an important node, like Hong Kong, made it especially prone to diffusion by air travel. Moreover, had a similar disease originated in a less connected node, like Central Africa, one would not expect the virus to infect such an extended part of the network. Nevertheless, it is apparent that the world was ill-prepared to mitigate the diffusion of SARS via international air transport, and should another virus both come to infect an important node in the global transportation network, and be relatively contagious, epidemic or even pandemic may ensue.

text: Many infectious diseases spread through populations via the networks formed by physical contacts among individuals. SARS is no different. One of the striking features of the SARS epidemic was the manner in which airline networks acted as corridors for the spread of the disease. From its onset it became clear that the role of air transport in the diffusion of the disease was key.  This is why, despite its relatively low level of contagion, the SARS Network still managed to become a large diameter network. It is true that the origin of the virus being connected with such an important node, like Hong Kong, made it especially prone to diffusion by air travel. Moreover, had a similar disease originated in a less connected node, like Central Africa, one would not expect the virus to infect such an extended part of the network. Nevertheless, it is apparent that the world was ill-prepared to mitigate the diffusion of SARS via international air transport, and should another virus both come to infect an important node in the global transportation network, and be relatively contagious, epidemic or even pandemic may ensue.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: SARS

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: SARS

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: SARS

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: SARS

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: SARS

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: virus

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: virus

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: SARS

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: SARS

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: SARS

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: through physical contacts among individuals

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: SARS

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: SARS

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: SARS

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Which of the following is not true of SARS?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: SARS

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: SARS

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: contagion

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: SARS

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vaccine

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: SARS

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: SARS

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: SARS

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: SARS

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: SARS

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: SARS

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: contagious,

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: physical contacts among individuals.

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: SARS

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: SARS

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: SARS

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: physical contacts among individuals.

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: SARS

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: SARS

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: SARS

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: SARS

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Many infectious diseases spread through populations via the networks formed by physical contacts among individuals.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: physical contacts among individuals.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: SARS

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: physical contacts among individuals.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: SARS

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Many infectious diseases spread through populations via the networks formed by physical contacts among individuals.

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: SARS

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: SARS

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: contagious,

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: physical contacts among individuals.

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: virus

text: Cooties, is an interactive, collaborative simulation designed for wireless handheld devices.  Originally designed for middle-school students, Cooties enables students to study the spread of infectious diseases.  In Cooties, a teacher can select which student(s) to infect and which students to give "degrees of 'immunity'".  The device displays icons for all students, and differentiates those with and without infection.  As students move about, they "spread" disease.  As the simulation progresses, students can then form a scientific hypothesis about how the disease is spread.

text: Cooties, is an interactive, collaborative simulation designed for wireless handheld devices.  Originally designed for middle-school students, Cooties enables students to study the spread of infectious diseases.  In Cooties, a teacher can select which student(s) to infect and which students to give "degrees of 'immunity'".  The device displays icons for all students, and differentiates those with and without infection.  As students move about, they "spread" disease.  As the simulation progresses, students can then form a scientific hypothesis about how the disease is spread.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Cooties

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Cooties

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Cooties

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Cooties

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: viral

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: Cooties

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Cooties

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Cooties

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Cooties

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Cooties enables students to study the spread of infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Cooties

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Cooties enables students to study the spread of infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Cooties enables students to study the spread of infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Cooties enables students to study the spread of infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do when you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Cooties enables students to study the spread of infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: Cooties

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Cooties enables students to study the spread of infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Cooties enables students to study the spread of infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: Cooties

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: immunotherapy

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: immunity

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Cooties

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: students

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: diseases.

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Cooties,

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Cooties enables students to study the spread of infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Cooties,

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Cooties,

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: Cooties enables students to study the spread of infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: they "spread" disease.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Cooties,

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Cooties,

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: 'immunity'".

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: 'immunity'".

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious diseases.

text: The spores can still infect and cause disease in daughter tubers in the soil for about two years. It is also possible for the pathogen to spread by growing through the roots of a potato plant to the developing tubers and cause infection. H. solani condia are found on the outside of potato tubers, and the hyphae enter the tuber to cause disease. The pathogen can enter the tissue through wounds or natural openings, as well as being able to directly penetrate the periderm with the use of an appressorium and penetration peg. The fungus is contained in the outer layers of the potato and cannot infect very deep into the tuber. The discoloration on the periderm of the potato is formed from the loss of pigmentation caused by extreme dryness of the cell and suberin deposition. Not much is currently known about the molecular aspects of the mechanism for spread and infection of the disease, but there is currently ongoing research on this pathogen to gain a better understanding.

text: The spores can still infect and cause disease in daughter tubers in the soil for about two years. It is also possible for the pathogen to spread by growing through the roots of a potato plant to the developing tubers and cause infection. H. solani condia are found on the outside of potato tubers, and the hyphae enter the tuber to cause disease. The pathogen can enter the tissue through wounds or natural openings, as well as being able to directly penetrate the periderm with the use of an appressorium and penetration peg. The fungus is contained in the outer layers of the potato and cannot infect very deep into the tuber. The discoloration on the periderm of the potato is formed from the loss of pigmentation caused by extreme dryness of the cell and

text: suberin

text: deposition. Not much is currently known about the molecular aspects of the mechanism for spread and infection of the disease, but there is currently ongoing research on this pathogen to gain a better understanding.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: H. solani

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: H. solani condia

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: H. solani

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: tuber rot

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: H. solani

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: fungus

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: H. solani

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: H. solani

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: H. solani condia

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do when you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: spore

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: H. solani

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: suberin

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: suberin

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: fungi

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: H. solani

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: H. solani

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: H. solani

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: H. solani condia

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: H. solani condia

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: H. solani condia

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: H. solani

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: H. solani

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: fungus

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: H. solani condia

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: The spores

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: H. solani

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: wounds or natural openings,

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: growing through the roots of a potato plant

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: The pathogen can enter the tissue through wounds or natural openings,

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: H. solani

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: H. solani

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: appressorium and penetration peg.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: The pathogen can enter the tissue through wounds or natural openings,

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: H. solani condia

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: The pathogen can enter the tissue through wounds or natural openings,

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: wounds or natural openings,

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: appressorium and penetration peg.

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: The pathogen can enter the tissue through wounds or natural openings,

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: H. solani condia

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: spores

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: H. solani

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: appressorium and penetration peg.

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: suberin

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: H. solani condia

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: fungus

text: This growth of population and the development of Australia as a sea trading nation made it obvious that there was a need to control the introduction and spread of infectious diseases. The first Queensland Health Act was drafted in 1884; the other Australian colonies had drawn up laws by the late 1890s. In general, legislation established Central Boards of Health to enforce notification of infectious diseases and to provide guidelines for quarantining suspected cases.

text: This growth of population and the development of Australia as a sea trading nation made it obvious that there was a need to control the introduction and spread of infectious diseases. The first Queensland Health Act was drafted in 1884; the other Australian colonies had drawn up laws by the late 1890s. In general, legislation established Central Boards of Health to enforce notification of infectious diseases and to provide guidelines for quarantining suspected cases.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: swine flu

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: rabies

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: The common cold can be spread by pathogens

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Escherichia coli

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: what is the first word in the passage?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: The first Queensland Health Act was drafted in 1884

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: quarantining

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: sea trading nation

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: The first Queensland Health Act was drafted in 1884;

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: The first Queensland Health Act was drafted in 1884;

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: The first Queensland Health Act was drafted in 1884;

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: 1884;

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: The first Queensland Health Act was drafted in 1884;

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: The first Queensland Health Act was drafted in 1884;

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: The first Queensland Health Act was drafted in 1884;

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: 1884;

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: The first Queensland Health Act was drafted in 1884;

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: infectious diseases. The first Queensland Health Act was drafted in 1884;

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: quarantining

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious diseases.

text: A granuloma is the body's way of dealing with a substance it cannot remove or sterilize. Infectious causes of granulomas (infections are typically the most common cause of granulomas) include tuberculosis, leprosy, histoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, coccidioidomycosis, blastomycosis, and cat scratch disease. Examples of non-infectious granulomatous diseases are sarcoidosis, Crohn's disease, berylliosis, giant-cell arteritis, granulomatosis with polyangiitis, eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis, pulmonary rheumatoid nodules, and aspiration of food and other particulate material into the lung. The infectious pathophysiology of granulomas is discussed primarily here.

text: A

text: granuloma

text: is the body's way of dealing with a substance it cannot remove or sterilize. Infectious causes of granulomas (infections are typically the most common cause of granulomas) include

text: tuberculosis

text: leprosy

text: histoplasmosis

text: cryptococcosis

text: coccidioidomycosis

text: blastomycosis

text: , and

text: cat scratch disease

text: . Examples of non-infectious granulomatous diseases are

text: sarcoidosis

text: Crohn's disease

text: berylliosis

text: giant-cell arteritis

text: granulomatosis with polyangiitis

entity_name: Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis

text: eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis

text: , pulmonary

text: rheumatoid nodule

text: s, and aspiration of food and other particulate material into the lung. The infectious pathophysiology of granulomas is discussed primarily here.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: cat

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: leprosy

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: cat scratch disease

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Infectious causes of granulomas

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do when you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: leprosy

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: leprosy

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: histoplasmosis

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: histoplasmosis

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: cat scratch disease.

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: non-infectious granulomatous diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: cat scratch disease.

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: cat scratch disease.

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: cat scratch disease.

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: tuberculosis,

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: tuberculosis,

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: cat scratch disease.

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: cat scratch disease.

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: cat scratch disease.

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: tuberculosis,

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: cat scratch disease.

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: cat scratch disease.

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: cat scratch disease.

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: cat scratch disease.

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: coccidioidomycosis,

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: cat scratch disease.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: cat scratch disease.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: cat scratch disease.

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: cat scratch disease.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: cat scratch disease.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: cat scratch disease.

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: cat scratch disease.

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: cat scratch disease.

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: coccidioidomycosis,

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: coccidioidomycosis,

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: sterilize.

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: coccidioidomycosis,

text: The combination of direct and indirect deaths from malnutrition caused by unsafe water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) practices is estimated by the World Health Organisation to lead to 860,000 deaths per year in children under five years of age. The multiple interdependencies between malnutrition and infectious diseases make it very difficult to quantify the portion of malnutrition that is caused by infectious diseases which are in turn caused by unsafe WASH practices. Based on expert opinions and a literature survey, researchers at WHO arrived at the conclusion that approximately half of all cases of malnutrition (which often leads to stunting) in children under five is associated with repeated diarrhoea or intestinal worm infections as a result of unsafe water, inadequate sanitation or insufficient hygiene.

text: The combination of direct and indirect deaths from

text: malnutrition

text: caused by unsafe water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) practices is estimated by the World Health Organisation to lead to 860,000 deaths per year in children under five years of age. The multiple interdependencies between malnutrition and infectious diseases make it very difficult to quantify the portion of malnutrition that is caused by infectious diseases which are in turn caused by unsafe WASH practices. Based on expert opinions and a literature survey, researchers at WHO arrived at the conclusion that approximately half of all cases of malnutrition (which often leads to stunting) in children under five is associated with repeated diarrhoea or intestinal worm infections as a result of unsafe water, inadequate sanitation or insufficient hygiene.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: worm infections

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: intestinal worm

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: intestinal worm

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: intestinal worm infections

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: malnutrition

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: intestinal worm infections

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why is it difficult to quantify the portion of malnutrition that is caused by infectious diseases?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: worm

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: worm

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: sanitation

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: intestinal worm

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: worm

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: diarrhoea or intestinal worm infections

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: intestinal worm infections

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: worm

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: worm

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: intestinal worm

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: diarrhoea or intestinal worm infections

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: intestinal worm infections

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: intestinal worm infections

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: intestinal worm

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: 860,000 deaths per year in children under five years of age.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unsafe water, inadequate sanitation or insufficient hygiene.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: intestinal worm infections

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: unsafe WASH practices.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: 860,000 deaths per year in children under five years of age.

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: intestinal worm infections

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: intestinal worm infections

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: worm

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: worm infections

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: sanitation and hygiene

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: worm

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: worm

text: Tick-borne illnesses are caused by infection with a variety of pathogens, including Rickettsia and other types of bacteria, viruses, and protozoa. Because ticks can harbor more than one disease-causing agent, patients can be infected with more than one pathogen at the same time, compounding the difficulty in diagnosis and treatment. Major tick-borne diseases include Lyme disease, Q fever (rare; more commonly transmitted by infected excreta), Colorado tick fever, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, African tick bite fever, Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever, tularemia, tick-borne relapsing fever, babesiosis, ehrlichiosis, and tick-borne meningoencephalitis, as well as bovine anaplasmosis and probably the Heartland virus. Some species, notably the Australian paralysis tick, are also intrinsically venomous and can cause tick paralysis.Eggs can become infected with pathogens inside a female tick's ovaries, in which case the larval ticks are infectious immediately at hatching, before feeding on their first host.

text: Tick-borne illnesses are caused by infection with a variety of

text: pathogen

text: s, including

text: Rickettsia

text: and other types of

text: bacteria

text: virus

text: es, and

text: protozoa

text: . Because ticks can harbor more than one disease-causing agent, patients can be infected with more than one pathogen at the same time, compounding the difficulty in diagnosis and treatment. Major tick-borne diseases include

text: Lyme disease

text: Q fever

text: (rare; more commonly transmitted by infected excreta),

text: Colorado tick fever

text: Rocky Mountain spotted fever

text: African tick bite fever

text: Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever

text: tularemia

text: , tick-borne

text: relapsing fever

text: babesiosis

text: ehrlichiosis

text: , and

text: tick-borne meningoencephalitis

text: , as well as bovine

text: anaplasmosis

text: and probably the

text: Heartland virus

text: . Some species, notably the

text: Australian paralysis tick

text: , are also intrinsically

text: venom

text: ous and can cause

text: tick paralysis

text: .Eggs can become infected with pathogens inside a female tick's

text: ovaries

text: , in which case the larval ticks are infectious immediately at hatching, before feeding on their first host.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: tick-borne

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: viruses and protozoa

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Lyme disease, Q fever (rare; more commonly transmitted by infected excreta)

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Lyme disease

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Lyme disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: Heartland virus

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: tick

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Rickettsia

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Heartland virus

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: bovine anaplasmosis

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: other types of bacteria

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which of the following is not a tick-borne illness: tick-borne relapsing fever, babesiosis, ehrlichiosis, or tick-borne meningoencephalitis?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are tick-borne illnesses contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: tick-borne

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: Tick

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Tick-borne illnesses

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: protozoa

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: tick-borne diseases include Lyme disease,

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: viruses,

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: bacteria, viruses, and protozoa.

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Lyme disease,

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Lyme disease, Q fever

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Lyme disease,

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: viruses,

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: ticks

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Rickettsia

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Heartland virus.

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Lyme disease,

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Rickettsia

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: ticks

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Rickettsia

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Heartland virus.

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: ehrlichiosis,

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: infected excreta),

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: ticks

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Tick-borne illnesses

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Tick-borne illnesses

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: infected excreta),

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Rickettsia

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: babesiosis, ehrlichiosis,

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Lyme disease,

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: excreta),

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Tick-borne illnesses

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: Rickettsia

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: Rickettsia

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Rickettsia

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogens,

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: viruses,

text: Mountain leafhopper (Colladonus montanus) overwinters on winter annual weeds, particularly near streams and canals.  Adults can be plentiful on sugarbeet during late winter/spring and migrate to favored weed hosts such as curly dock or burclovers in orchards.  The Mountain leafhopper is most abundant vector found on cherry but does not reproduce on cherry. The mountain leafhopper (Colladonus montanus) spreads the disease from wild herbaceous hosts to woody hosts. It is believed that it is more responsible for the introduction of the disease into cherry trees, then in transferring them from cherry tree to cherry tree in an orchard. The cherry leafhopper (Fieberiella florii) reproduces on a broad range of woody hosts. The cherry leafhopper is more important in vectoring the disease from tree to tree within an orchard, since cherry is a favored host.  After a leafhopper feeds on an infected host the pathogen has to undergo a latent period.  During the latent period the pathogen spreads and multiplies inside the vector.  Depending on temperature and the vector, the average latent period for the cherry x disease is about a month or longer.  The phytoplasma is then transmitted from the leafhopper to the tree when the leafhopper is feeding on the trees phloem.  It's then spread throughout the tree becoming systemic.  July through October is when the highest concentrations of pathogen are present in leaves of infected trees.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: What is the disease called genital warts?

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Which of the following is not a disease: mountain leafhopper, cherry leafhopper, or cherry leafhopper?

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Mountain leafhopper (Colladonus montanus)

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Which of the following is not a disease caused by bacteria: mountain leafhopper, fieberiella florii, or curly dock?

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Which disease can be spread by airborne droplets?

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: cherry x disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: phytoplasma

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: Which of the following is not a favored host?

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Mountain leafhopper

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: cherry x

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Which of the following is not a favored host for the mountain leafhopper?

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which of the following is not a human viral infection?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Which is not a common human fungal infection?

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do when you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: What is the most abundant vector found on cherry?

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Which disease can potentially be cured with antibiotics is not mentioned?

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Which disease is not caused by protozoa?

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: vector

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: phytoplasma

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: fungicide

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: phytoplasma

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: phytoplasma

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Mountain leafhopper

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: winter annual weeds, particularly near streams and canals.

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Mountain leafhopper

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: cherry x disease

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Mountain leafhopper

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Mountain leafhopper

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: phytoplasma

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: Mountain leafhopper

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Mountain leafhopper

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Mountain leafhopper

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: cherry x disease

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Mountain leafhopper

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Mountain leafhopper

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: The cherry leafhopper

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: cherry but does not reproduce on cherry.

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Mountain leafhopper

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Mountain leafhopper

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: cherry tree to cherry tree in an orchard.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Mountain leafhopper

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: latent period.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: The cherry leafhopper

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Mountain leafhopper

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Mountain leafhopper

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Mountain leafhopper

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: vector.

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: cherry x

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: Mountain leafhopper

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: phloem.

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Mountain leafhopper

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: phytoplasma

text: A number of studies have reported associations between pathogen load in an area and human behavior. Higher pathogen load is associated with decreased size of ethnic and religious groups in an area. This may be due high pathogen load favoring avoidance of other groups, which may reduce pathogen transmission, or a high pathogen load preventing the creation of large settlements and armies that enforce a common culture. Higher pathogen load is also associated with more restricted sexual behavior, which may reduce pathogen transmission. It also associated with higher preferences for health and attractiveness in mates. Higher fertility rates and shorter or less parental care per child is another association that may be a compensation for the higher mortality rate. There is also an association with polygyny which may be due to higher pathogen load, making selecting males with a high genetic resistance increasingly important. Higher pathogen load is also associated with more collectivism and less individualism, which may limit contacts with outside groups and infections. There are alternative explanations for at least some of the associations although some of these explanations may in turn ultimately be due to pathogen load. Thus, polygny may also be due to a lower male:female ratio in these areas but this may ultimately be due to male infants having increased mortality from infectious diseases. Another example is that poor socioeconomic factors may ultimately in part be due to high pathogen load preventing economic development.

text: A number of studies have reported associations between pathogen load in an area and human behavior. Higher pathogen load is associated with decreased size of ethnic and religious groups in an area. This may be due high pathogen load favoring avoidance of other groups, which may reduce pathogen transmission, or a high pathogen load preventing the creation of large settlements and armies that enforce a common culture. Higher pathogen load is also associated with more restricted sexual behavior, which may reduce pathogen transmission. It also associated with higher preferences for health and attractiveness in mates. Higher

text: fertility rate

text: s and shorter or less parental care per child is another association that may be a compensation for the higher mortality rate. There is also an association with

text: polygyny

text: which may be due to higher pathogen load, making selecting males with a high genetic resistance increasingly important. Higher pathogen load is also associated with more collectivism and less individualism, which may limit contacts with outside groups and infections. There are alternative explanations for at least some of the associations although some of these explanations may in turn ultimately be due to pathogen load. Thus, polygny may also be due to a lower male:female ratio in these areas but this may ultimately be due to male infants having increased mortality from infectious diseases. Another example is that poor socioeconomic factors may ultimately in part be due to high pathogen load preventing economic development.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: swine flu

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: genetic resistance

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Bacteria

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: male infants having increased mortality from infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Which of the following is not a type of pathogen?

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: What is Schistosoma?

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: pathogen load

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which of the following is not a human viral infection?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Which of the following is not a common human fungal infection?

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do when you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: higher pathogen load

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: What is the most common cause of Travelers diarrhea?

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are pathogens contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: The virus that causes the common cold can be picked up from an object such as a doorknob

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: how many seconds

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: What disease can potentially be cured with antibiotics?

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Higher pathogen load is also associated with more collectivism and less individualism

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: high genetic resistance

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: genetic resistance

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infections.

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: genetic resistance

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: polygyny

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: high genetic resistance

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Higher pathogen load is also associated with more restricted sexual behavior,

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Higher pathogen load is also associated with more restricted sexual behavior,

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Higher pathogen load

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Higher pathogen load is associated with decreased size of ethnic and religious groups

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Higher pathogen load

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: more restricted sexual behavior,

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: avoidance of other groups,

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Higher pathogen load

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Higher pathogen load

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: pathogen transmission,

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: more restricted sexual behavior,

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Higher pathogen load is associated with decreased size of ethnic and religious groups

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Higher pathogen load is associated with decreased size of ethnic and religious groups

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: transmission,

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: genetic resistance

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: genetic resistance

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogen

text: NCDs include many environmental diseases covering a broad category of avoidable and unavoidable human health conditions caused by external factors, such as sunlight, nutrition, pollution, and lifestyle choices.  The diseases of affluence are non-infectious diseases with environmental causes.  Examples include:

text: NCDs include many environmental diseases covering a broad category of avoidable and unavoidable

text: human health

text: conditions caused by external factors, such as sunlight, nutrition, pollution, and lifestyle choices.  The

text: diseases of affluence

text: are non-infectious diseases with environmental causes.  Examples include:

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: NCDs

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: non-infectious

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: non-infectious

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: NCDs

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: E. coli

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: NCDs

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Context: The diseases of affluence are non-infectious diseases with environmental causes. Examples include:

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: NCDs

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: diseases of affluence

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: NCDs

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: The diseases of affluence are non-infectious diseases with environmental causes

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: non-infectious

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: NCDs

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vaccine

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: NCDs

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: environmental diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: non-infectious

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: sunlight, nutrition, pollution, and lifestyle choices.

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: The diseases of affluence are non-infectious

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: NCDs

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: The diseases of affluence are non-infectious

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: non-infectious

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: sunlight, nutrition, pollution,

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: sunlight, nutrition, pollution,

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: sunlight, nutrition, pollution, and lifestyle choices.

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: NCDs

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: NCDs

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: NCDs

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: NCDs

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: The diseases of affluence

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: The diseases of affluence

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: NCDs

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: NCDs

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: NCDs

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: The diseases of affluence

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: NCDs

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: NCDs

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: NCDs

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: The diseases of affluence

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: non-infectious

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: non-infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: non-infectious

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: nutrition,

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: non-infectious

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: non-infectious

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pollution,

text: Marburg virus  is a hemorrhagic fever virus of the Filoviridae family of viruses and a member of the species Marburg marburgvirus, genus Marburgvirus. Marburg virus (MARV) causes Marburg virus disease in humans and nonhuman primates, a form of viral hemorrhagic fever. The virus is considered to be extremely dangerous. The WHO rates it as a Risk Group 4 Pathogen (requiring biosafety level 4-equivalent containment). In the United States, the NIH/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases ranks it as a Category A Priority Pathogen and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention lists it as a Category A Bioterrorism Agent. It is also listed as a biological agent for export control by the Australia Group.

text: Marburg virus  is a

text: hemorrhagic fever virus

text: of the

text: Filoviridae

text: family of viruses and a member of the species

text: Marburg marburgvirus

text: , genus

text: Marburgvirus

text: . Marburg virus (MARV) causes

text: Marburg virus disease

text: in

text: human

text: s and nonhuman

text: primates

text: , a form of

text: viral hemorrhagic fever

text: . The virus is considered to be extremely dangerous. The

text: WHO

text: rates it as a Risk Group 4 Pathogen (requiring

text: biosafety level 4-equivalent containment

text: ). In the United States, the

text: NIH

text: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases

text: ranks it as a Category A Priority Pathogen and the

text: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

text: lists it as a

text: Category A Bioterrorism Agent

text: . It is also listed as a biological agent for export control by the

text: Australia Group

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Marburg virus

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Filoviridae

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Filoviridae

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Marburg virus

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Marburg virus

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Marburg virus

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: Filoviridae

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Marburg virus

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Marburg virus

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Marburg virus

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Marburg virus

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: What is Schistosoma

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which of the following is not a human viral infection: tetanus or measles?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do when you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: What disease can potentially be cured with antibiotics?

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotic

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: Bioterrorism Agent

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Filoviridae

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: Pathogen

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: Marburg virus

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Marburg virus

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Marburg virus

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Marburg virus is a hemorrhagic fever

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Marburg virus

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Marburg virus

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: Risk Group 4

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: Marburg virus

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Marburg virus

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Marburg virus

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Marburg virus

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Marburg virus

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Marburg virus

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Marburg virus

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Marburg virus

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Marburg virus

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Marburg virus

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: humans and nonhuman primates,

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Marburg virus

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: Marburg virus

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Risk Group 4 Pathogen

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Marburg virus

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Marburg virus

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: biological agent

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Risk Group 4 Pathogen

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: biological agent for export control by the Australia Group.

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: biological

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Filoviridae

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: Pathogen

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: viruses

text: Infectious diseases are sometimes called contagious disease when they are easily transmitted by contact with an ill person or their secretions (e.g., influenza). Thus, a contagious disease is a subset of infectious disease that is especially infective or easily transmitted. Other types of infectious/transmissible/communicable diseases with more specialized routes of infection, such as vector transmission or sexual transmission, are usually not regarded as "contagious", and often do not require medical isolation (sometimes loosely called quarantine) of victims. However, this specialized connotation of the word "contagious" and "contagious disease" (easy transmissibility) is not always respected in popular use.

text: Infectious diseases are sometimes called

text: contagious disease

text: when they are easily transmitted by contact with an ill person or their secretions (e.g., influenza). Thus, a contagious disease is a subset of infectious disease that is especially infective or easily transmitted. Other types of infectious/transmissible/communicable diseases with more specialized routes of infection, such as vector transmission or sexual transmission, are usually not regarded as "contagious", and often do not require medical isolation (sometimes loosely called

text: quarantine

text: ) of victims. However, this specialized connotation of the word "contagious" and "contagious disease" (easy transmissibility) is not always respected in popular use.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: contagious

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: contagious

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: vector

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: sexual transmission

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: contagious

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: contagious

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Escherichia coli

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: contagious

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: contagious

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Contagious disease

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: contagious

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: contagious

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: contagious

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: contagious

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: vector

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: quarantine

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: vector

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: vector

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: contagious disease

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: contagious disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: influenza).

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: influenza).

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: influenza).

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: influenza).

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: vector transmission

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: sexual transmission,

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: influenza).

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: sexual transmission,

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: influenza).

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: influenza).

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: vector transmission

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: influenza).

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: influenza).

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: influenza).

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Infectious diseases are sometimes called contagious

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: vector transmission

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: influenza).

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: easily transmitted by contact with an ill person or their secretions

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: easily transmitted by contact with an ill person or their secretions

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: influenza).

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: vector transmission

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: influenza).

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: quarantine)

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: vector

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: vector transmission

text: The Emerging Infectious Diseases (EID) Laboratory Fellowship program prepares laboratory scientists for careers in public health.  The two-track program (for bachelor’s-/master’s-level and postdoctoral-level scientists) emphasizes the practical application of technologies, methodologies and practices related to emerging infectious diseases.  Qualified candidates learn to support public health initiatives and conduct high priority infectious disease research in local, state and federal (CDC) public health laboratories.  Fellows receive a stipend, individual medical insurance and a professional development allowance.  This program is co-sponsored by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

text: The Emerging Infectious Diseases (EID) Laboratory Fellowship program prepares laboratory scientists for careers in public health.  The two-track program (for bachelor’s-/master’s-level and postdoctoral-level scientists) emphasizes the practical application of technologies, methodologies and practices related to

text: emerging infectious diseases

text: .  Qualified candidates learn to support public health initiatives and conduct high priority infectious disease research in local, state and federal (CDC) public health laboratories.  Fellows receive a stipend, individual medical insurance and a professional development allowance.  This program is co-sponsored by the

text: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: emerging infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: emerging infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: emerging infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: emerging infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: emerging infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Bacteria

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: emerging infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: emerging infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: What is Schistosoma?

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Escherichia coli

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Tetanus and measles are types of

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Which of the following is not a common human fungal infection?

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do when you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: doorknob

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: What is the proper way to wash your hands?

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: What does the E in "EID" stand for?

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: CDC

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: emerging infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: emerging infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: emerging infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: emerging infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: emerging infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: emerging infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: emerging infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: The Emerging Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: emerging infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: emerging infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: emerging infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: emerging infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: The Emerging Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: The Emerging Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: The Emerging Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: The Emerging Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: The Emerging Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: The Emerging Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: The Emerging Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: The Emerging Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: The Emerging Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: The Emerging Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: The Emerging Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: The Emerging Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: The Emerging Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: Disease Control and Prevention.

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: emerging infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious diseases.

text: The ascomycetes are a monophyletic group, i.e. it contains all descendants of one common ancestor. This group is of particular relevance to humans as sources for medicinally important compounds, such as antibiotics and for making bread, alcoholic beverages, and cheese, but also as pathogens of humans and plants. Familiar examples of sac fungi include morels, truffles, brewer's yeast and baker's yeast, dead man's fingers, and cup fungi. The fungal symbionts in the majority of lichens (loosely termed "ascolichens") such as Cladonia belong to the Ascomycota. There are many plant-pathogenic ascomycetes, including apple scab, rice blast, the ergot fungi, black knot, and the powdery mildews. Several species of ascomycetes are biological model organisms in laboratory research. Most famously, Neurospora crassa, several species of yeasts, and Aspergillus species are used in many genetics and cell biology studies. Penicillium species on cheeses and those producing antibiotics for treating bacterial infectious diseases are examples of taxa that belong to the Ascomycota.

text: The ascomycetes are a

text: monophyletic

text: group, i.e. it contains all descendants of one common ancestor. This group is of particular relevance to humans as sources for medicinally important compounds, such as

text: antibiotics

text: and for making bread, alcoholic beverages, and cheese, but also as

text: pathogen

text: s of humans and plants. Familiar examples of sac fungi include

text: morel

text: s,

text: truffle

text: s,

text: brewer's yeast

text: and

text: baker's yeast

text: dead man's fingers

text: , and

text: cup fungi

text: . The fungal

text: symbiont

text: s in the majority of

text: lichen

text: s (loosely termed "ascolichens") such as

text: Cladonia

text: belong to the Ascomycota. There are many

text: plant-pathogenic

text: ascomycetes, including

text: apple scab

text: rice blast

text: , the

text: ergot fungi

text: black knot

text: , and the

text: powdery mildew

text: s. Several species of ascomycetes are biological

text: model organism

text: s in laboratory research. Most famously,

text: Neurospora crassa

text: , several species of

text: yeast

text: s, and

text: Aspergillus

text: species are used in many

text: genetics

text: and

text: cell biology

text: studies.

text: Penicillium

text: species on cheeses and those producing antibiotics for treating bacterial

text: infectious disease

text: s are examples of taxa that belong to the Ascomycota.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: bacterial infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: bacterial infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: ascomycetes

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: bacterial infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: bacterial

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: bacterial

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: ascomycetes

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: apple scab

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: rice blast

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: bacterial infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: ascomycetes

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Ascomycetes

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Penicillium species

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do when you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: Penicillium species

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: bacterial infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: symbionts

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: ascomycetes

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: Penicillium

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: bacterial

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: bacterial infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: bacterial

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: apple scab, rice blast,

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: bacterial

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: bacterial

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: Neurospora

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: apple scab, rice blast,

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: The ascomycetes

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: bacterial

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: apple scab,

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: The ascomycetes

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: bacterial infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: The ascomycetes

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: apple scab,

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: The ascomycetes

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: The ascomycetes

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: The ascomycetes

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: The ascomycetes

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: The ascomycetes

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: bacterial infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Neurospora crassa,

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: symbionts

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: bacterial infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: ascomycetes

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogens

text: Although STDs are logical targets for examining the role of human behavior in a modeling framework, personal actions are important for other infectious diseases as well. The rapidity with which individuals reduce their contact rate with others during an outbreak of a highly transmissible disease can significantly affect the spread of the disease. Even small reductions in the contact rate can be important, especially for diseases like influenza or  severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). However, this may also affect policy planning for a biological attack with a disease such as smallpox.

text: Although

text: STDs

text: are logical targets for examining the role of

text: human behavior

text: in a modeling framework, personal actions are important for other infectious diseases as well. The rapidity with which individuals reduce their contact rate with others during an outbreak of a highly transmissible disease can significantly affect the spread of the disease. Even small reductions in the contact rate can be important, especially for diseases like

text: influenza

text: or

text: severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)

text: . However, this may also affect policy planning for a biological attack with a disease such as

text: smallpox

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: highly transmissible disease

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: highly transmissible disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: highly transmissible diseases

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: smallpox

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: STDs

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: highly transmissible

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: smallpox

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: SARS

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: smallpox

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: The rapidity with which individuals reduce their contact rate can significantly affect the spread of the disease

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: What is Schistosoma?

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which diseases are not highly transmissible?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Which of the following is not a common human fungal infection?

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do when you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Which of the following is not an example of a highly transmissible disease?

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: even small reductions in the contact rate can be important, especially for diseases like influenza

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: answer: yes

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: personal actions are important for other infectious diseases as well

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: highly transmissible

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: SARS

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: highly transmissible

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: smallpox

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: STDs

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: smallpox.

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: smallpox.

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: influenza or severe acute respiratory syndrome

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: smallpox.

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: highly transmissible

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: individuals reduce their contact rate with others

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: smallpox.

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: smallpox.

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: STDs

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: smallpox.

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: smallpox.

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: smallpox.

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: influenza or severe acute respiratory syndrome

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: The rapidity with which individuals reduce their contact rate

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: influenza or severe acute respiratory syndrome

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: highly transmissible disease can significantly affect the spread of the disease.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: influenza or severe acute respiratory syndrome

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: influenza or severe acute respiratory syndrome

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: smallpox.

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: transmissible

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: smallpox.

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: smallpox.

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: highly transmissible

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: transmissible

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: smallpox.

text: Membertou was very eager to become a proper Christian as soon as he was baptized. He wanted the missionaries to learn the Algonquian Mi'kmaq language so that he could be properly educated. Biard relates how, when Membertou's son Actaudin became gravely ill, he was prepared to sacrifice two or three dogs to precede him as messengers into the spirit world, but when Biard told him this was wrong, he did not, and Actaudin then recovered. However, in 1611, he contracted dysentery, one of the many infectious diseases spread in the New World by Europeans. By September 1611, he was very ill. Membertou insisted on being buried with his ancestors, something that bothered the missionaries. However; Membertou soon changed his mind and requested to be buried among the French. He died on 18 September 1611. In his final words, he charged his children to remain devout Christians.

text: Membertou was very eager to become a proper Christian as soon as he was baptized. He wanted the missionaries to learn the Algonquian Mi'kmaq language so that he could be properly educated. Biard relates how, when Membertou's son Actaudin became gravely ill, he was prepared to sacrifice two or three dogs to precede him as messengers into the spirit world, but when Biard told him this was wrong, he did not, and Actaudin then recovered. However, in 1611, he contracted dysentery, one of the many infectious diseases spread in the New World by Europeans. By September 1611, he was very ill. Membertou insisted on being buried with his ancestors, something that bothered the missionaries. However; Membertou soon changed his mind and requested to be buried among the French. He died on 18 September 1611. In his final words, he charged his children to remain devout Christians.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: what is the first disease mentioned?

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: dysentery

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: dysentery

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: dysentery

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: Europeans

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: Europeans

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: dysentery

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: dysentery

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: dysentery

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Which of the following is not an infectious disease: dysentery, Actaudin, or Europeans?

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which of the following is not a viral infection: tetanus, measles or dysentery?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do when you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of dysentery: protozoa, Europeans, or Europeans?

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why did Europeans spread the disease?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: Europeans

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: dysentery

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: dysentery

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Europeans

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: nuclear

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: dysentery,

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: dysentery,

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Europeans.

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: dysentery,

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: dysentery,

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: dysentery,

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: Europeans.

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: Europeans.

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: dysentery,

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: dysentery,

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: dysentery,

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Europeans.

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Europeans.

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: dysentery,

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: dysentery,

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: dysentery,

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: dysentery,

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: Europeans.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: dysentery,

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Europeans.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: Europeans.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Membertou

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: dysentery,

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: dysentery,

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: dogs

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: dysentery,

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: dysentery,

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Europeans.

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: spirit world,

text: There are a number of non-infectious causes of inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. Some of the more common include medications (like NSAIDs), certain foods such as lactose (in those who are intolerant), and gluten (in those with celiac disease). Crohn's disease is also a non-infectious source of (often severe) gastroenteritis. Disease secondary to toxins may also occur. Some food-related conditions associated with nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea include: ciguatera poisoning due to consumption of contaminated predatory fish, scombroid associated with the consumption of certain types of spoiled fish, tetrodotoxin poisoning from the consumption of puffer fish among others, and botulism typically due to improperly preserved food.

text: There are a number of non-infectious causes of inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. Some of the more common include medications (like

text: NSAIDs

text: ), certain foods such as

text: lactose

text: (in those who are intolerant), and

text: gluten

text: (in those with

text: celiac disease

text: Crohn's disease

text: is also a non-infectious source of (often severe) gastroenteritis. Disease secondary to

text: toxin

text: s may also occur. Some food-related conditions associated with nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea include:

text: ciguatera poisoning

text: due to consumption of contaminated predatory fish,

text: scombroid

text: associated with the consumption of certain types of spoiled fish,

text: tetrodotoxin poisoning

text: from the consumption of

text: puffer fish

text: among others, and

text: botulism

text: typically due to improperly preserved food.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: non-infectious

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: non-infectious

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: ciguatera

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: non-infectious

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: predatory fish

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: ciguatera

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: non-infectious

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: what should you cover your mouth and nose with your hand?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: contaminated

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: NSAIDs

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: NSAIDS

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: scombroid

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: non-infectious

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: non-infectious

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: toxins

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Crohn's disease

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: toxins

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Crohn's disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: toxins

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: predatory fish,

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: ciguatera

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: toxins

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: toxins

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: toxins

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: non-infectious causes of inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract.

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Disease secondary to toxins

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: non-infectious causes of inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract.

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: NSAIDs),

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: non-infectious causes of inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: contaminated predatory fish,

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: contaminated predatory fish,

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: toxins

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: non-infectious

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: non-infectious causes of inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract.

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: non-infectious

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: medications (like NSAIDs),

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: toxins

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: toxins

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: NSAIDs),

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: medications

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: toxins

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: toxins

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: scombroid

text: Disease can arise if the host's protective immune mechanisms are compromised and the organism inflicts damage on the host. Microorganisms can cause tissue damage by releasing a variety of toxins or destructive enzymes. For example, Clostridium tetani releases a toxin that paralyzes muscles, and staphylococcus releases toxins that produce shock and sepsis. Not all infectious agents cause disease in all hosts. For example, less than 5% of individuals infected with polio develop disease. On the other hand, some infectious agents are highly virulent. The prion causing mad cow disease and Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease invariably kills all animals and people that are infected.

text: Disease

text: can arise if the host's protective immune mechanisms are compromised and the organism inflicts damage on the host.

text: Microorganism

text: s can cause tissue damage by releasing a variety of toxins or destructive enzymes. For example,

text: Clostridium tetani

text: releases a toxin that paralyzes muscles, and

text: staphylococcus

text: releases toxins that produce shock and sepsis. Not all infectious agents cause disease in all hosts. For example, less than 5% of individuals infected with

text: polio

text: develop disease. On the other hand, some infectious agents are highly virulent. The

text: prion

text: causing

text: mad cow disease

text: and

text: Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease

text: invariably kills all animals and people that are infected.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: virulent

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Staphylococcus

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: staphylococcus

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Clostridium tetani

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: polio

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: prion

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: Clostridium

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Clostridium

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: prion causing mad cow disease

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: polio

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Clostridium

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Escherichia coli

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which of the following is not a viral infection: tetanus, measles, or polio?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do if you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Which of the following is not a pathogen: Clostridium tetani, staphylococcus, or prion?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious agent

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious agents

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: prion

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: polio

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Microorganisms

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious agents

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: prion

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: mad cow disease and Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious agents

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Microorganisms

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: shock and sepsis.

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: polio

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: mad cow disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: prion

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: Microorganisms

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Clostridium tetani

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: mad cow disease and Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: polio

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: releasing a variety of toxins or destructive enzymes.

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Disease

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Clostridium tetani

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: polio

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Clostridium tetani

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Disease

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: Disease can arise if the host's protective immune mechanisms

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Clostridium tetani

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Microorganisms

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: some infectious agents are highly virulent.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: 5%

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: 5%

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Clostridium tetani

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: Microorganisms

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: some infectious agents are highly virulent.

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: toxins or destructive enzymes.

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: immune mechanisms

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Microorganisms

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious agents

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: prion

text: The Infectious Disease Research Institute (IDRI) is a non-profit organization based in Seattle, in the United States, and which conducts global health research on infectious diseases.

text: The Infectious Disease Research Institute (IDRI) is a

text: non-profit organization

text: based in

text: Seattle

text: , in the United States, and which conducts

text: global health

text: research on

text: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: swine flu

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: viral

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: chickenpox

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Schistosoma

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Escherichia coli

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: tetanus

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Infectious Disease Research Institute

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: the Infectious Disease Research Institute

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: the Infectious Disease Research Institute (IDRI)

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vaccine

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: Seattle, in the United States,

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: The Infectious Disease Research Institute

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: The Infectious Disease Research Institute

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: The Infectious Disease Research Institute

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: The Infectious Disease Research Institute

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: The Infectious Disease Research Institute

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: The Infectious Disease Research Institute

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: The Infectious Disease Research Institute

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: The Infectious Disease Research Institute

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: The Infectious Disease Research Institute

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: The Infectious Disease Research Institute

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: health research

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious diseases.

text: The first edition, published in 1917 by the US Public Health Service, titled Control of Communicable Diseases. The first edition was a 30-page booklet with 38 diseases (Public Health Reports 32:41:1706-1733), adopted from a pamphlet written by Dr. Francis Curtis, health officer for Newton, Massachusetts, and sold for 5¢.  Changes over the years reflect the new discoveries of infectious agents over the past century. The second edition in 1926 included 42 diseases, but only two arthropod (usually mosquito) - borne diseases, yellow and dengue fever and one protozoan disease, malaria.  The causative organism of smallpox, dengue and chickenpox was listed as 'unknown.' The third edition in 1932 included two new arthropod infestations and a new disease, coccidioidal granuloma, with a note that it was 100% fatal. Eight diseases were listed as "reportable": diphtheria, epidemic influenza, measles, meningococcal meningitis, polio, scarlet fever, smallpox, and typhoid fever. The fourth edition in 1935 included 13 new infections. The fifth edition erroneously listed pemphigus as being infectious. In the sixth edition the rickettsioses were reorganized. In the seventh edition (1950) leprosy became Hansen's disease and cat-scratch disease was added as a probable viral disease (now known to be caused by the bacterium, Bartonella henselae. The eight edition (1955) erroneously listed actinomycosis as a fungal disease. In the ninth edition, arthropod-borne viral diseases were reclassified, with 49 additional diseases, resulting in substantially more viral entries. By the twelfth edition (1975) there were 118 arboviral illnesses. The 16th edition "neoplastic, malignant viral-associated diseases" for the first time. In 2004 (18th edition) there were six "tick-borne" diseases, which was later corrected to include a "mite-borne" disease, rickettsialpox. The title was changed to "Control of Communicable Disease Manual" in 1995 (16th edition) to remove any perception of gender bias.

text: The first edition, published in 1917 by the

text: US Public Health Service

text: , titled Control of Communicable Diseases. The first edition was a 30-page booklet with 38 diseases (Public Health Reports 32:41:1706-1733), adopted from a pamphlet written by Dr. Francis Curtis, health officer for Newton, Massachusetts, and sold for 5¢.  Changes over the years reflect the new discoveries of infectious agents over the past century. The second edition in 1926 included 42 diseases, but only two

text: arthropod

text: (usually mosquito) - borne diseases, yellow and dengue fever and one protozoan disease, malaria.  The causative organism of smallpox, dengue and chickenpox was listed as 'unknown.' The third edition in 1932 included two new arthropod infestations and a new disease, coccidioidal granuloma, with a note that it was 100% fatal. Eight diseases were listed as

text: "reportable"

text: : diphtheria, epidemic influenza, measles, meningococcal meningitis, polio, scarlet fever, smallpox, and typhoid fever. The fourth edition in 1935 included 13 new infections. The fifth edition erroneously listed

text: pemphigus

text: as being infectious. In the sixth edition the

text: rickettsioses

text: were reorganized. In the seventh edition (1950)

text: leprosy

text: became Hansen's disease and cat-scratch disease was added as a probable viral disease (now known to be caused by the bacterium,

text: Bartonella henselae

text: . The eight edition (1955) erroneously listed

text: actinomycosis

text: as a fungal disease. In the ninth edition, arthropod-borne viral diseases were reclassified, with 49 additional diseases, resulting in substantially more viral entries. By the twelfth edition (1975) there were 118 arboviral illnesses. The 16th edition "neoplastic, malignant viral-associated diseases" for the first time. In 2004 (18th edition) there were six "tick-borne" diseases, which was later corrected to include a "mite-borne" disease,

text: rickettsialpox

text: . The title was changed to "Control of Communicable Disease Manual" in 1995 (16th edition) to remove any perception of gender bias.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: cat-scratch disease

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: yellow and dengue fever

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: smallpox

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: arboviral

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: yellow fever

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: smallpox

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: polio

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Schistosoma

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: How many diseases were listed as "reportable"?

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which diseases were listed as "reportable"?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: actinomycosis

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: The second edition in 1926 included 42 diseases, but only two arthropod (usually mosquito) - borne diseases

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: arthropod

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: arthropod

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: Actinomycosis

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: mosquito repellent

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: protozoan

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: communicable diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: neoplastic

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: coccidioidal granuloma,

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: epidemic influenza,

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: typhoid fever.

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: smallpox, dengue and chickenpox

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: diphtheria, epidemic influenza,

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: polio,

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: arboviral

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito)

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: malaria.

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: malaria.

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: polio,

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: epidemic influenza,

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: mosquito)

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Bar

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Eight diseases were listed as "reportable":

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: actinomycosis

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: six

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: mosquito) - borne diseases,

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: malaria.

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: infectious agents

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: influenza,

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: 13 new infections.

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: coccidioidal granuloma,

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: malaria.

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: arthropod-borne

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: arthropod-borne viral diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: coccidioidal granuloma,

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: mosquito)

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: protozoan

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: arthropod-borne

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: malaria.

text: A main purpose of the CRL is to ensure the quality of diagnostics of fish diseases in EU Member States and to harmonise the procedures and methodologies applied. The work is mainly concerned with the exotic (Epizootic Haematopoietic Necrosis Virus and Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome) and non-exotic (Viral hemorrhagic septicemia, Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus, Koi herpes virus, and Infectious salmon anemia virus) diseases mentioned in Council Directive 2006/88/EC. The CRL co-ordinates those activities of the National Reference Laboratories (NRLs) for Fish diseases in EU that aim to harmonise diagnostic techniques and disseminate information of mutual interest. The work of the CRL also includes development of a database (Fishpathogens.eu) that aims to collect information on fish disease isolates and their sequences. Details of the work programme is decided at the Annual Meeting of the NRLs for Fish Diseases.

text: A main purpose of the CRL is to ensure the quality of

text: diagnostics

text: of

text: fish diseases

text: in

text: EU

text: Member States and to harmonise the procedures and methodologies applied. The work is mainly concerned with the exotic (Epizootic Haematopoietic Necrosis Virus and Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome) and non-exotic (

text: Viral hemorrhagic septicemia

text: Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus

text: Koi herpes virus

text: , and

text: Infectious salmon anemia virus

text: ) diseases mentioned in Council Directive 2006/88/EC. The CRL co-ordinates those activities of the National Reference Laboratories (NRLs) for

text: Fish diseases

text: in

text: EU

text: that aim to harmonise diagnostic techniques and disseminate information of mutual interest. The work of the CRL also includes development of a database (

text: Fishpathogens.eu

text: ) that aims to collect information on fish disease isolates and their sequences. Details of the work programme is decided at the Annual Meeting of the NRLs for Fish Diseases.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: non-exotic

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: non-exotic

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Infectious salmon anemia virus

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Infectious salmon anemia virus

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Infectious salmon anemia virus

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Infectious salmon anemia virus

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: hematopoietic necrosis virus

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: Koi

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Koi herpes virus

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Infectious salmon anemia virus

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: viral hemorrhagic septicemia

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Infectious salmon anemia virus

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Schistosoma

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Escherichia coli

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: human viral infections

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you cover your mouth and nose with?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: non-exotic

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: strep throat

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: virus

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Fish diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: Koi herpes virus

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: non-exotic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: Koi herpes virus

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome) and non-exotic

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: non-exotic

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: (Viral hemorrhagic septicemia,

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: (Viral hemorrhagic septicemia,

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: (Viral hemorrhagic septicemia,

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: (Viral hemorrhagic septicemia,

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: Haematopoietic Necrosis Virus

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: Virus

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Koi herpes virus,

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome)

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: (Viral hemorrhagic septicemia,

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: (Viral hemorrhagic septicemia,

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome)

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome)

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: (Viral hemorrhagic septicemia,

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Koi herpes virus,

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome)

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome)

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome)

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus,

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: (Viral hemorrhagic septicemia,

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome)

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: (Viral hemorrhagic septicemia,

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome)

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus,

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: fish diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome)

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: (Viral hemorrhagic septicemia,

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: non-exotic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: (Fishpathogens.eu)

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: (Fishpathogens.eu)

text: The Cyberinfrastructure Division (CID) develops methods, infrastructure, and resources primarily for  infectious disease research. The  “Pathosystems Resource Integration Center - Bioinformatics Resource Center for Bacterial Diseases”  aims to  integrate information on pathogens, provide resources and tools to  analyzize genomic, proteomic and other data arising from infectious disease research. It is part  of the Middle-Atlantic Regional Center of Excellence for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases Research (MARCE), which focuses on research to enable rapid defense against bioterror and emerging infectious diseases. Specific diseases and disease-causing agents under investigation include anthrax, West Nile Virus, smallpox, and cryptosporidiosis The division collaborates  with Georgetown University and Social and Scientific Systems, Inc (SSS) on the Administrative Center of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases-funded Proteomics Research Resource Center (PRC) for Biodefense Proteomics Research project. The team helps design, develop, and maintain a publicly accessible Web site containing data and technology protocols generated by each PRC, as well as a catalog that lists reagents and products  available for public distribution.

text: The Cyberinfrastructure Division (CID) develops methods, infrastructure, and resources primarily for  infectious disease research. The  “Pathosystems Resource Integration Center - Bioinformatics Resource Center for Bacterial Diseases”  aims to  integrate information on pathogens, provide resources and tools to  analyzize genomic, proteomic and other data arising from infectious disease research. It is part  of the Middle-Atlantic Regional Center of Excellence for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases Research (MARCE), which focuses on research to enable rapid defense against bioterror and emerging

text: infectious diseases

text: . Specific diseases and disease-causing agents under investigation include

text: anthrax

text: West Nile Virus

text: smallpox

text: , and

text: cryptosporidiosis

text: The division collaborates  with

text: Georgetown University

text: and Social and Scientific Systems, Inc (SSS) on the Administrative Center of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases-funded Proteomics Research Resource Center (PRC) for Biodefense Proteomics Research project. The team helps design, develop, and maintain a publicly accessible Web site containing data and technology protocols generated by each PRC, as well as a catalog that lists reagents and products  available for public distribution.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: anthrax

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Cryptosporidiosis

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: West Nile Virus

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: smallpox

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: West Nile Virus

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: West Nile

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: West Nile Virus

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: cryptosporidiosis

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: smallpox

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: West Nile Virus

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Schistosoma

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: West Nile Virus

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: What is the most common human fungal infection?

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do when you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: The Cyberinfrastructure Division (CID) develops methods, infrastructure, and resources primarily for infectious disease research

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: West Nile Virus

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: What disease can potentially be cured with antibiotics?

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: What is the most common infectious disease caused by protozoa?

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Bacterial

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: anthrax

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: anthrax

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: West Nile Virus

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Bacterial Diseases”

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: anthrax, West Nile Virus, smallpox,

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: anthrax, West Nile Virus, smallpox,

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: anthrax, West Nile Virus, smallpox,

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: smallpox,

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: West Nile Virus,

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: West Nile Virus,

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: West Nile Virus,

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: cryptosporidiosis

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: smallpox,

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: anthrax, West Nile Virus,

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: West Nile Virus,

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: anthrax, West Nile Virus, smallpox,

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: anthrax, West Nile Virus, smallpox,

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: anthrax,

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases-funded

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: West Nile Virus,

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Bacterial Diseases”

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Bacterial Diseases”

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: West Nile Virus,

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Bioinformatics Resource Center for Bacterial Diseases”

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: smallpox, and cryptosporidiosis

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: smallpox, and cryptosporidiosis

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: Bacterial

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Bacterial Diseases”

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: anthrax,

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: bioterror

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Bacterial

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogens,

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: anthrax, West Nile Virus, smallpox,

text: High isolation is used to prevent the spread of unusually highly contagious, or high consequence, infectious diseases (e.g., smallpox, Ebola virus). It stipulates mandatory use of: (1) gloves (or double gloves if appropriate), (2) protective eyewear (goggles or face shield), (3) a waterproof gown (or total body Tyvek suite, if appropriate), and (4) a respirator (at least FFP2 or N95 NIOSH equivalent), not simply a surgical mask. Sometimes negative pressure rooms or powered air-purifying respirators (PAPRs) are also used.

text: High isolation is used to prevent the spread of unusually highly contagious, or high consequence, infectious diseases (e.g., smallpox, Ebola virus). It stipulates mandatory use of: (1) gloves (or double gloves if appropriate), (2) protective eyewear (goggles or face shield), (3) a waterproof gown (or total body Tyvek suite, if appropriate), and (4) a

text: respirator

text: (at least FFP2 or N95 NIOSH equivalent), not simply a surgical mask. Sometimes

text: negative pressure room

text: s or

entity_section: Powered air-purifying respirators (PAPRs)

text: powered air-purifying respirator

text: s (PAPRs) are also used.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: smallpox

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: smallpox

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: smallpox

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: smallpox

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: virus

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: Ebola virus

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: smallpox

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Ebola virus

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: smallpox

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Ebola virus

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: a vector

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Escherichia coli

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: non-existent

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: high consequence

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: contagious

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: High isolation

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Ebola virus

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: Ebola virus

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: smallpox, Ebola virus).

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: smallpox,

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: smallpox, Ebola virus).

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: smallpox,

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: Ebola virus).

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: virus).

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: smallpox, Ebola virus).

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Ebola virus).

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: smallpox,

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: smallpox, Ebola virus).

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: High isolation

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: smallpox, Ebola virus).

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: smallpox,

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: smallpox,

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: respirator

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: High isolation

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: High isolation

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: smallpox, Ebola virus).

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: High isolation is used to prevent the spread of unusually highly contagious,

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: respirator

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: High isolation

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: High isolation is used to prevent the spread of unusually highly contagious,

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: Ebola virus).

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: smallpox,

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: High isolation

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Ebola virus).

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: Ebola virus).

text: Rafael Radi is an Uruguayan biochemist and biomedical scientist that has extensively worked to elucidate molecular mechanisms by which free radicals, oxidants and nitric oxide participate in human pathologies. In particular, he has made relevant contributions to unravel how the signal transducing free radical nitric oxide can evolve into toxic species via the formation of secondary nitric oxide-derived oxidants. His work has characterized reactions of oxidizing species with biological targets, the role of mitochondrial dysfunction is the alterations of cellular redox homeostasis and the impact of these biochemical processes in disease states.  He has studied the actions of synthetic compounds in redox-based therapeutics, including in cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. His work has also contributed to understand the redox biology of host cell interactions with intracellular pathogens and the impact in the control of infectious diseases. His seminal paper related to the biochemical actions of peroxynitrite, a potent oxidant and nucleophile formed secondary to the diffusion-controlled reaction of nitric oxide with superoxide radicals together with Joe S. Beckman, Kent Bush and Bruce A. Freeman in 1991 has been selected as a  due to its influence in the field. Radi is currently Professor and Chairman at the Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina and Director of Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO) at Universidad de la República , Montevideo, Uruguay. He is categorized at the highest level of the National Research System of Uruguay ().

text: Rafael Radi is an Uruguayan

text: biochemist

text: and

text: biomedical

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: intracellular pathogens

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: parasite

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: neurodegenerative

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Schistosoma

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: human viral infections

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: genital herpes

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do if you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Rafael Radi's work has also contributed to understand the redox biology of host cell interactions with intracellular pathogens

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: The common cold virus can be picked up from objects such as a doorknob.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Rafael Radi has also contributed to understand the redox biology of host cell interactions with intracellular pathogens and the impact in the control of infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: peroxynitrite

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: intracellular

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases.

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: intracellular

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: intracellular pathogens

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: peroxynitrite,

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: neurodegenerative diseases.

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases.

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: intracellular pathogens and the impact in the control of infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Radi

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: National Research

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Rafael Radi

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: intracellular pathogens

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Radi

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: Radi

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Universidad de la Rep<unk>blica,

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: intracellular pathogens

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: National Research

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: National Research System of Uruguay

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: National Research System

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Radi

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: intracellular

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: peroxynitrite,

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: peroxynitrite,

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: intracellular pathogens

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogens

text: Before Weil's characterization in 1886, the disease known as infectious jaundice was very likely the same as Weil's disease or severe icteric leptospirosis. During the Egyptian campaign, Napoleon's army suffered from what was probably infectious jaundice. Infectious jaundice occurred among troops during the American Civil War.

text: Before Weil's characterization in 1886, the disease known as infectious jaundice was very likely the same as Weil's disease or severe icteric leptospirosis. During the Egyptian campaign, Napoleon's army suffered from what was probably infectious jaundice. Infectious jaundice occurred among troops during the

text: American Civil War

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: leptospirosis

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: leptospirosis

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: leptospirosis

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious jaundice

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: leptospirus

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: leptospirosis

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Weil's disease

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: leptospirosis

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Infectious jaundice

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which of the following is not a disease known as Weil's disease or severe icteric leptospirosis?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: leptospirosis

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: Weil's disease

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious jaundice

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious jaundice

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: icteric leptospirosis.

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious jaundice

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: severe icteric leptospirosis.

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious jaundice

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: icteric leptospirosis.

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: leptospirosis.

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: leptospirosis.

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: infectious jaundice

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: infectious jaundice

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: infectious jaundice

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Before Weil's characterization in 1886,

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: infectious jaundice

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: severe icteric leptospirosis.

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: infectious jaundice

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Before Weil's characterization in 1886,

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: severe icteric leptospirosis.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Before Weil's characterization in 1886,

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: icteric leptospirosis.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: infectious jaundice

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Before Weil's characterization in 1886,

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: severe icteric leptospirosis.

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: infectious jaundice

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: icteric leptospirosis.

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: icteric leptospirosis.

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: icteric leptospirosis.

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: icteric leptospirosis.

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: icteric leptospirosis.

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: icteric leptospirosis.

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: icteric leptospirosis.

text: Phytopathology is the study of plant diseases.  It is a multi-disciplinary science since prerequisites for disease development are the presence of a susceptible host species, a pathogen and the appropriate environmental conditions.  This is known as the disease triangle.  Because of this interaction, the terminology used in phytopathology often comes from other disciplines including those dealing with the host species ( botany / plant science, plant physiology), the pathogen (bacteriology, mycology, nematology, virology), the environment and disease management practices (agronomy, soil science, meteorology, environmental science, ecology, plant breeding, pesticides, entomology), and areas of study that apply to both the host and pathogen (molecular biology, genetics, molecular genetics).  The result is that most phytopathological glossary include terms from these other disciplines in addition to terms (disease incidence, horizontal resistance, gene-for-gene relationship, blast, scab and so on) that are specific to, or which have a unique meaning in phytopathology. This glossary is no exception. However, for the sake of brevity, it has, for the most part, restricted terms from other disciplines to those that pertain to the pathogen.  At some point, these terms should be moved to other glossaries (e.g. glossary of mycology, glossary of nematology, and so on).

text: Phytopathology is the study of plant diseases.  It is a multi-disciplinary science since prerequisites for disease development are the presence of a susceptible host species, a pathogen and the appropriate environmental conditions.  This is known as the

text: disease triangle

text: .  Because of this interaction, the terminology used in phytopathology often comes from other disciplines including those dealing with the host species (

text: botany / plant science

text: plant physiology

text: ), the pathogen (

text: bacteriology

text: mycology

text: nematology

text: virology

text: ), the environment and disease management practices (

text: agronomy

text: soil science

text: meteorology

text: environmental science

text: ecology

text: plant breeding

text: pesticides

text: entomology

text: ), and areas of study that apply to both the host and pathogen (

text: molecular biology

text: genetics

text: molecular genetics

text: ).  The result is that most phytopathological glossary include terms from these other disciplines in addition to terms (

text: disease incidence

text: horizontal resistance

text: gene-for-gene relationship

text: blast

text: scab

text: and so on) that are specific to, or which have a unique meaning in phytopathology. This glossary is no exception. However, for the sake of brevity, it has, for the most part, restricted terms from other disciplines to those that pertain to the pathogen.  At some point, these terms should be moved to other glossaries (e.g.

text: glossary of mycology

text: glossary of nematology

text: , and so on).

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: phytopathology

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: virology

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: virology

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: scab

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: scab

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: scab

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: virology

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: nematology

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: virology

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: virology

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: virology

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: virology

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: entomology

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: bacteriology

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: virology

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: virology

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: glossary of mycology

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: entomology

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: glossary of nematology

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: virology

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: bacteriology

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: nematology

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: nematology

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Phytopathology

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: pesticides

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: pesticides

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: mycology

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: plant diseases.

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: virology),

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: virology),

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: blast, scab

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: blast, scab

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: scab

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: virology),

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: entomology),

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: (bacteriology,

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: plant diseases.

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: blast, scab

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: virology),

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: entomology),

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: virology),

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: virology),

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: mycology, nematology,

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Phytopathology

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: pesticides,

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: virology),

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: virology),

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: virology),

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Phytopathology

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: virology),

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: virology),

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: nematology,

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: (bacteriology,

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: pesticides,

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: pesticides,

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogen

text: Sudan virus (SUDV) is one of five known viruses within the genus Ebolavirus and causes Ebola virus disease (EVD) in humans and other primates; it is the sole member of the species Sudan ebolavirus. SUDV is a Select Agent, World Health Organization Risk Group 4 Pathogen (requiring Biosafety Level 4-equivalent containment), National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Category A Priority Pathogen, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Category A Bioterrorism Agent, and listed as a Biological Agent for Export Control by the Australia Group.

text: Sudan virus (SUDV) is one of five known viruses within the

text: genus

text: Ebolavirus

text: and causes

text: Ebola virus disease

text: (EVD) in

text: human

text: s and other

text: primate

text: s; it is the sole member of the species

text: Sudan ebolavirus

text: . SUDV is a

text: Select Agent

text: World Health Organization

text: Risk Group 4 Pathogen (requiring

text: Biosafety Level 4-equivalent containment

text: National Institutes of Health

text: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases

text: Category A Priority Pathogen,

text: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

text: Category A Bioterrorism Agent

text: , and listed as a Biological Agent for Export Control by the

text: Australia Group

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Ebolavirus

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Ebola virus

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Ebola virus

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Ebola virus disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: Ebolavirus

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Ebola virus

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Ebola

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Ebola virus

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Sudan virus

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which of the following is not a human viral infection: tetanus or measles?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What does SUDV stand for?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: Biological Agent

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: Ebolavirus

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: Bioterrorism Agent

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: genus

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: Pathogen

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: EVD

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Ebolavirus

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Ebolavirus

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Ebola virus disease

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Ebolavirus

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Ebola virus disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: genus Ebolavirus

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: Ebolavirus

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Ebolavirus

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Ebolavirus

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Ebolavirus

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Health/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Sudan virus

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Bioterrorism Agent,

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Sudan virus

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Sudan virus

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: World Health Organization Risk Group 4 Pathogen

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: World Health Organization Risk Group 4 Pathogen

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Sudan virus

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: Sudan virus

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: World Health Organization Risk Group 4 Pathogen

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Health/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Sudan virus

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: Bioterrorism

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: Biological

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: Bioterrorism

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: genus Ebolavirus

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: Pathogen

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: Ebolavirus

text: Some fish species serve as vectors for the disease and have subsequently spread the pathogen to other parts of the world.  An example is the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) which is responsible for the spread of redmouth disease to trout in Europe.  Other vectors include the goldfish (Carassius auratus), Atlantic and Pacific salmon (Salmo salar), the emerald shiner (Notropis atherinoides), and farmed whitefish (Coregonus spp.).  Infections have also occurred in farmed turbot (Scophthalmus maximus), seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax), and seabream (Sparus auratus). It can now be found in North and South America, Africa, Asia, and Australia, as well as Europe.

text: Some fish species serve as

text: vectors

text: for the disease and have subsequently spread the pathogen to other parts of the world.  An example is the

text: fathead minnow

text: (Pimephales promelas) which is responsible for the spread of redmouth disease to trout in Europe.  Other vectors include the

text: goldfish

text: (Carassius auratus), Atlantic and Pacific

text: salmon

text: (Salmo salar), the

text: emerald shiner

text: (Notropis atherinoides), and farmed

text: whitefish

text: (Coregonus spp.).  Infections have also occurred in farmed

text: turbot

text: (Scophthalmus maximus),

text: seabass

text: (Dicentrarchus labrax), and

text: seabream

text: (Sparus auratus). It can now be found in North and South America, Africa, Asia, and Australia, as well as Europe.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: fish species

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: redmouth disease

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: redmouth disease

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: redmouth disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: vectors

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: fathead minnow

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: redmouth disease

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: redmouth disease

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: fish species serve as vectors

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: what is the fathead minnow

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do when you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: vectors

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: vector

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: vectors

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: It can now be found in North and South America,

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: fish species

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: redmouth disease

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: redmouth disease

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: redmouth disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: fathead minnow

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: redmouth disease

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: redmouth disease

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: fish species

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: fish species

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: North and South America, Africa, Asia, and Australia,

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: redmouth disease

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: redmouth disease

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: fathead minnow

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: farmed whitefish

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: fish species

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: fish species serve as vectors

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: fish species serve as vectors

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: fathead minnow

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: North and South America,

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: fish species

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: vectors

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: redmouth disease

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: emerald shiner (Notropis atherinoides),

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: fish species serve as vectors

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogen

text: The degree of cultural collectivism is strongly associated with the burden of infectious disease. It has been argued that this is due to collectivism and associated characteristics such as out-group avoidance limiting the spread of infectious diseases. Other characteristics such as strong in-group–out-group bias and willingness to defend the ingroup's honor may promote violence. A study found strong associations between several forms of violent criminal behavior and both infectious disease rates across U.S states and degree of cultural collectivism across U.S. states. The associations remained strong after controlling for income inequality.

text: The degree of cultural

text: collectivism

text: is strongly associated with the burden of

text: infectious disease

text: . It has been argued that this is due to collectivism and associated characteristics such as

text: out-group

text: avoidance limiting the spread of infectious diseases. Other characteristics such as strong

text: in-group–out-group bias

text: and willingness to defend the

text: ingroup

text: 's honor may promote violence. A study found strong associations between several forms of violent criminal behavior and both infectious disease rates across U.S states and degree of cultural collectivism across U.S. states. The associations remained strong after controlling for income inequality.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: viral

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: out-group

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: swine flu

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: violent criminal behavior

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: out-group avoidance

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: What is Schistosoma

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which of the following is not an infectious disease?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: What is the most common human fungal infection?

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do if you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: out-group avoidance limiting the spread of infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: avoidance

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: violence. A study found strong associations between several forms of violent criminal behavior

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: cultural collectivism

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: The degree of cultural collectivism is strongly associated with the burden of infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: The degree of cultural collectivism is strongly associated with the burden of infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: out-group avoidance

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: The degree of cultural collectivism is strongly associated with the burden of infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: out-group avoidance limiting the spread of infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: The degree of cultural collectivism is strongly associated with the burden of infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: out-group avoidance limiting the spread of infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: out-group avoidance

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious diseases.

text: Astellas' franchise areas are urology, immunology (transplantation), dermatology, cardiology, and infectious disease.  Priority areas for R&D are infectious diseases, diabetes, gastrointestinal diseases, oncology, and diseases of the central nervous system.

text: Astellas' franchise areas are

text: urology

text: immunology

text: transplantation

text: dermatology

text: cardiology

text: , and

text: infectious disease

text: .  Priority areas for R&D are

text: infectious disease

text: s,

text: diabetes

text: gastrointestinal disease

text: s,

text: oncology

text: , and diseases of the

text: central nervous system

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: oncology

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: diabetes

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: gastrointestinal diseases

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: gastrointestinal diseases

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Athletes foot

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: immunology

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: immunology

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: oncology

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: oncology,

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious disease. Priority areas for R&D are infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: immunology

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: diabetes,

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: immunology

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: immunology

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious disease.

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: oncology,

text: Chicken respiratory diseases are difficult to differentiate and may not be diagnosed based on respiratory signs and lesions. Other diseases such as mycoplasmosis by Mycoplasma gallisepticum (chronic respiratory disease), Newcastle disease by mesogenic strains of Newcastle diseases virus (APMV-1), avian metapneumovirus, infectious laryngotracheitis, avian infectious coryza in some stages may clinically resemble IB. Similar kidney lesions may be caused by different etiologies, including other viruses, such as infectious bursal disease virus (the cause of Gumboro disease) and toxins (for instance ochratoxins of Aspergillus ochraceus), and dehydration.

text: Chicken respiratory diseases are difficult to differentiate and may not be diagnosed based on respiratory signs and lesions. Other diseases such as mycoplasmosis by

text: Mycoplasma gallisepticum

text: (chronic respiratory disease),

text: Newcastle disease

text: by mesogenic strains of Newcastle diseases virus (

text: ), avian

text: metapneumovirus

text: , infectious laryngotracheitis, avian infectious coryza in some stages may clinically resemble IB. Similar kidney lesions may be caused by different etiologies, including other viruses, such as

text: infectious bursal disease

text: virus (the cause of Gumboro disease) and toxins (for instance

text: ochratoxin

text: s of

text: Aspergillus

text: ochraceus), and

text: dehydration

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: mycoplasmosis

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: mycoplasmosis

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Mycoplasma gallisepticum

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: mycoplasmosis

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: avian

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Mycoplasma gallisepticum

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Gumboro disease

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: mycoplasmosis

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: tetanus

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Context: Mycoplasmosis by Mycoplasma gallisepticum (chronic respiratory disease)

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: strep throat

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: virus

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: mycoplasmosis

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: ochratoxins

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: ochratoxins

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: etiology

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: Newcastle diseases virus

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: avian metapneumovirus,

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: viruses,

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: toxins

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: mycoplasmosis by Mycoplasma gallisepticum

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: avian metapneumovirus,

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: mycoplasmosis

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: viruses,

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: avian metapneumovirus,

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: ochratoxins of Aspergillus ochraceus),

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Chicken respiratory diseases

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: mycoplasmosis

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: viruses,

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: mycoplasmosis by Mycoplasma gallisepticum

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: mycoplasmosis by Mycoplasma gallisepticum

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Newcastle diseases virus

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Aspergillus ochraceus),

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: avian metapneumovirus,

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: Newcastle disease by mesogenic strains of Newcastle diseases virus

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: avian infectious coryza

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Newcastle diseases virus

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: avian metapneumovirus,

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: mycoplasmosis by Mycoplasma gallisepticum

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: infectious laryngotracheitis,

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: mycoplasmosis by Mycoplasma gallisepticum

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: viruses,

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: toxins

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: toxins (for instance ochratoxins

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: toxins (for instance ochratoxins

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: viruses,

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: etiologies,

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: viruses,

text: When a pathogen requires a vector to be spread then for an epidemic to occur the vector must be plentiful and active.

text: When a pathogen requires a vector to be spread then for an epidemic to occur the vector must be plentiful and active.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: an example of a pathogen

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: an example of a pathogen

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: vectors

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: swine flu

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: HIV

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: cholera

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: rabies

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: diphtheria

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: The common cold can spread by pathogens

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: abundant and active

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: a vector

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: the vector must be plentiful and active

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: The vector must be plentiful and active.

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: It will help prevent the spread of germs.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: c).

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: The vector must be active.

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: the vector must be plentiful and active

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: a doorknob

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: the vector must be plentiful and active

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: The vector must be plentiful and active.

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: vector

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: epidemic

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vaccine

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: vector

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: epidemic to occur the vector must be plentiful and active.

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: epidemic

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: plentiful and active.

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: plentiful and active.

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: epidemic

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: epidemic to occur the vector must be plentiful and active.

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: epidemic

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: plentiful and active.

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: plentiful and active.

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: plentiful and active.

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: plentiful and active.

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: plentiful and active.

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: plentiful and active.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: plentiful and active.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: plentiful and active.

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: the vector must be plentiful and active.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: the vector must be plentiful and active.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: plentiful and active.

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: plentiful and active.

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: plentiful and active.

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: vector

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: epidemic

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogen

text: Tracking the transmission of infectious diseases is called disease surveillance. Surveillance of infectious diseases in the public realm traditionally has been the responsibility of public health agencies, either on the (inter)national or a local level. Public health staff rely on health care workers and microbiology laboratories to report cases of reportable diseases to them. The analysis of aggregate data can show the spread of a disease and is at the core of the specialty of epidemiology.To understand the spread of the vast majority of non-notifiable diseases, data either need to be collected in a particular study, or existing data collections can be mined, such as insurance company data or antimicrobial drug sales for example.

text: Tracking the transmission of infectious diseases is called

text: disease surveillance

text: . Surveillance of infectious diseases in the public realm traditionally has been the responsibility of

text: public health

text: agencies, either on the (inter)national or a local level. Public health staff rely on health care workers and microbiology laboratories to report cases of

text: reportable disease

text: s to them. The analysis of

text: aggregate data

text: can show the spread of a disease and is at the core of the specialty of

text: epidemiology

text: .To understand the spread of the vast majority of non-notifiable diseases, data either need to be collected in a particular study, or existing data collections can be mined, such as insurance company data or antimicrobial drug sales for example.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Influenza

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: microbiology

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: E. coli

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: notifiable diseases

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: tracking the transmission of infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Escherichia coli

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: tetanus

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: The analysis of aggregate data can show the spread of a disease

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do if you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Travelers diarrhea is generally caused by protozoa

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: microbiology laboratories

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: strep throat

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Surveillance of infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: transmission

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: antimicrobial drug

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: microorganism

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: microbiology

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: microbiology

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: microbiology

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: antimicrobial drug sales

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: non-notifiable diseases,

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: disease surveillance.

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: disease surveillance.

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: disease surveillance. Surveillance of infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: epidemiology.To

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: disease surveillance.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: disease surveillance.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: epidemiology.To

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: epidemiology.To

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: disease surveillance.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: epidemiology.To

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: antimicrobial drug sales

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: epidemiology.To

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: transmission of infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: antimicrobial drug

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: microbiology

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: microbiology

text: The non-communicable diseases are also usually lasting medical conditions but are separated by their non-infectious causes. In contrast, some chronic diseases, such as HIV/AIDS, are caused by transmissible infections.

text: The

text: non-communicable disease

text: s are also usually lasting medical conditions but are separated by their

text: non-infectious

text: causes. In contrast, some chronic diseases, such as HIV/AIDS, are caused by transmissible infections.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: non-infectious

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: non-infectious

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: transmissible infections

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: non-infectious

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: HIV/AIDS

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: HIV/AIDS

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: transmissible infections

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: parasite

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: HIV/AIDS

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: HIV/AIDS

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: HIV/AIDS

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: transmissible

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: transmissible

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: transmissible causes

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: transmissible

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: non-infectious

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: non-infectious

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: non-infectious

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: non-infectious

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: transmissible

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: non-infectious

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: transmissible

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: transmissible infections

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: HIV/AIDS

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: transmissible

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: transmissible

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: HIV

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: non-communicable

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: non-infectious

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: transmissible infections.

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: HIV/AIDS,

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: HIV/AIDS,

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: HIV/AIDS,

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: transmissible infections.

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: transmissible infections.

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: HIV/AIDS,

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: HIV/AIDS,

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: HIV/AIDS,

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: transmissible infections.

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: HIV/AIDS, are caused by transmissible infections.

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: HIV/AIDS, are caused by transmissible infections.

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: HIV/AIDS, are caused by transmissible infections.

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: HIV/AIDS,

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: The non-communicable diseases

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: transmissible infections.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: non-communicable diseases

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: transmissible infections.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: transmissible infections.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: The non-communicable diseases

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: The non-communicable diseases

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: non-communicable diseases

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: transmissible infections.

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: chronic diseases,

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: non-infectious

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: HIV/AIDS,

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: transmissible infections.

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: transmissible infections.

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: HIV/AIDS,

text: Downard has served on the Editorial Board of the European Journal of Mass Spectrometry (EJMS) and has acted as Guest Editor of Mass Spectrometry Reviews and other journals. He is frequently invited to speak at mass spectrometry conferences and those related to its application in proteomics, protein analysis, virology and vaccines, and infectious disease control. He has presented recent invited keynote lectures at the 18th International Mass Spectrometry Conference (IMSC) (Bremen, Germany 2009) of the International Mass Spectrometry Foundation, Vaccines Europe (Brussels, Belgium 2008), and the Fourth Annual Infectious Disease and Control (Sydney 2009).

text: Downard has served on the Editorial Board of the

text: European Journal of Mass Spectrometry

text: (EJMS) and has acted as Guest Editor of

text: Mass Spectrometry Reviews

text: and other journals. He is frequently invited to speak at mass spectrometry conferences and those related to its application in

text: proteomics

text: , protein analysis,

text: virology

text: and

text: vaccines

text: , and infectious disease control. He has presented recent invited keynote lectures at the 18th International Mass Spectrometry Conference (IMSC) (

text: Bremen

text: , Germany 2009) of the

entity_name: International Mass Spectrometry Foundation

text: International Mass Spectrometry Foundation

text: , Vaccines Europe (

text: Brussels

text: , Belgium 2008), and the Fourth Annual Infectious Disease and Control (Sydney 2009).

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: virology

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: virology

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: worm

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: virology

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: AIDS

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: AIDS

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: virology and vaccines

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: infectious disease control

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Infectious Disease and Control

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Infectious Disease and Control

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What does Downard do for a living?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why is Downard frequently invited to speak at mass spectrometry conferences

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: mass spectrometry

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: infectious disease control

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Downard has spoken at mass spectrometry conferences

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: virus

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: vaccines

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vaccines

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: virology

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: virology

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: virology and vaccines,

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: virology

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: virology and vaccines,

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: virology and vaccines, and infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: European Journal of Mass Spectrometry

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: European Journal of Mass Spectrometry

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: infectious disease control.

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: European Journal of Mass Spectrometry

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: European Journal of Mass Spectrometry

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: infectious disease control.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: European Journal of Mass Spectrometry

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: infectious disease control.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: virology and vaccines,

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Downard

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: European Journal of Mass Spectrometry

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: virology and vaccines,

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: Vaccines

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vaccines,

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: virology

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: virology

text: Infants are more susceptible to infectious diseases and conditions like malaria, which can cause severe morbidity, and even death. For infants, physical growth is critical to proper and successful development. Therefore, if there are insufficient nutrients being provided to the infant during this period of growth and cell proliferation, the number of neurons will be permanently reduced. In Guatemala, this issue is particularly prominent. Nutrition and proper health care is crucial in early infant development in order to insure that these infants will thrive and grow into strong children. Therefore, the nutritional deficiencies, infectious diseases, and parasitic diseases directly lead to higher mortality rates for children under the age of 5 in Guatemala. These higher mortality rates are prominent in both rural and urban areas of Guatemala when diseases are present. However, these rates are significantly higher in rural areas where limited access to health care, high levels of illiteracy, poor sanitation, and nutritional deficiencies are factored into the rate.

text: Infants are more susceptible to infectious diseases and conditions like

text: malaria

text: , which can cause severe morbidity, and even death. For infants, physical growth is critical to proper and successful development. Therefore, if there are insufficient nutrients being provided to the infant during this period of growth and

text: cell proliferation

text: , the number of neurons will be permanently reduced. In Guatemala, this issue is particularly prominent. Nutrition and proper health care is crucial in early infant development in order to insure that these infants will thrive and grow into strong children. Therefore, the nutritional deficiencies, infectious diseases, and parasitic diseases directly lead to higher mortality rates for children under the age of 5 in Guatemala. These higher mortality rates are prominent in both rural and urban areas of Guatemala when diseases are present. However, these rates are significantly higher in rural areas where limited access to health care, high levels of

text: illiteracy

text: , poor sanitation, and nutritional deficiencies are factored into the rate.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: parasitic diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: parasitic diseases

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: malaria

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: malaria

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: malaria

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: parasite

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: malaria

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: malaria

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: malaria

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Parasites

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: What is Schistosoma

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Escherichia coli

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which of the following is not a human viral infection: tetanus or measles?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Which of the following is not a common human fungal infection?

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do when you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: the vectors

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Which of the following is not a parasitic disease?

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infants more susceptible to infectious diseases?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: How long should you scrub your hands?

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: strep throat

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: The nutritional deficiencies, infectious diseases, and parasitic diseases directly lead to higher mortality rates for children under the age of 5

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: parasitic diseases

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: malaria

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: malaria

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: parasitic diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: malaria,

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: malaria,

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: malaria,

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: malaria,

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: malaria,

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: malaria,

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: malaria,

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: malaria,

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: malaria,

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: malaria,

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: malaria,

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: malaria,

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Infants are more susceptible to infectious diseases and conditions like malaria,

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: malaria,

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: parasitic diseases

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: malaria,

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: malaria,

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Infants are more susceptible to infectious diseases and conditions like malaria,

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: malaria,

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: malaria,

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: parasitic diseases

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: malaria,

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: nutrients

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: parasitic

text: The Public Health Agency of Sweden runs the only biosafety level 4 laboratory in the Nordic region — one of only six in Europe. The laboratory is located at the headquarters in Solna, and has been in operation since 2001. It is built of wholly encased steel, totally isolated from the rest of the premises. The entire building is kept at negative air pressure, to prevent any contagion spreading outdoors, and laboratory access is limited to approximately 20 employees, pre-screened by the Swedish Security Service. Patients with highly infectious diseases are usually treated at high-containment medical facilities in Linköping University Hospital or at Karolinska University Hospital.

text: The Public Health Agency of Sweden runs the only

text: biosafety level 4

text: laboratory in the

text: Nordic region

text: — one of only six in Europe. The laboratory is located at the headquarters in

text: Solna

text: , and has been in operation since 2001. It is built of wholly encased steel, totally isolated from the rest of the premises. The entire building is kept at

text: negative air pressure

text: , to prevent any

text: contagion

text: spreading outdoors, and laboratory access is limited to approximately 20 employees, pre-screened by the

text: Swedish Security Service

text: . Patients with highly infectious diseases are usually treated at high-containment medical facilities in

text: Linköping University Hospital

text: or at

text: Karolinska University Hospital

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: highly infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: highly infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: highly infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: highly infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: highly infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: highly infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: highly infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: highly infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: highly infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: highly infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Escherichia coli

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: tetanus and measles

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What is the last sentence of the passage?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are highly infectious diseases usually treated at high-containment medical facilities?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: highly infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: contagion

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: highly infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: highly infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: biosafety

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: highly infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: highly infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: highly infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: highly infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: highly infectious

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: highly infectious

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: highly infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: highly infectious

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: highly infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: Sweden

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: outdoors,

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: highly infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: highly infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: highly infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: The Public Health Agency of Sweden

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Patients with highly infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: six in Europe.

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: six in Europe.

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: six in Europe.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: 20 employees, pre-screened by the Swedish Security Service.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: six in Europe.

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: six in Europe.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: six in Europe.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: The Public Health Agency of Sweden

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: six in Europe.

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: six in Europe.

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: contagion

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: highly infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: highly infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: biosafety level 4

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: highly infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: contagion

text: Infectious diseases can be caused by pathogens and microorganisms such as viruses, prions, bacteria, parasites, and fungi.

text: Infectious disease

text: s can be caused by

text: pathogen

text: s and

text: microorganism

text: s such as

text: virus

text: es,

text: prion

text: s,

text: bacteria

text: parasite

text: s, and

text: fungi

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: fungi

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: parasite

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: fungi

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: diphtheria

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: parasites

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: tetanus

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: fungi

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: When you cough or sneeze, cover your mouth and nose with your hand.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: parasites

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: parasites

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: fungi

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: c).

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: protozoa

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: parasites

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasites

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: viruses, prions, bacteria, parasites, and fungi.

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: viruses, prions, bacteria, parasites, and fungi.

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: viruses,

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: parasites,

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: bacteria,

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: fungi.

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: viruses,

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: viruses, prions, bacteria, parasites, and fungi.

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: bacteria,

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: viruses,

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: fungi.

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: viruses, prions, bacteria, parasites, and fungi.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: fungi.

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: microorganisms

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: viruses,

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: fungi.

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: microorganisms

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: microorganisms

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: microorganisms

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: microorganisms

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: prions,

text: The Porter School of Environmental Studies regards regional cooperation as a necessity to maintaining environmental sustainability and in helping to prevent the spread of infectious disease, limiting the damaging effects of climate change and protecting the region’s scarce water supplies. Many of the programmes and projects run by the school include international cooperation.

text: The Porter School of Environmental Studies regards regional cooperation as a necessity to maintaining environmental sustainability and in helping to prevent the spread of

text: infectious

text: disease

text: , limiting the damaging effects of climate change and protecting the region’s scarce

text: water supplies

text: . Many of the programmes and projects run by the school include international cooperation.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: spreading of infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotic

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: spread of infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: prevent the spread of infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: regional cooperation

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: The Porter School of Environmental Studies

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: disease,

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: regional cooperation

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: infectious disease,

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious disease,

text: In the three weeks preceding their first semester, first-year students attend the Language and Thinking (L&T) program, an intensive, writing-centered introduction to the liberal arts. The interdisciplinary program, established in 1981, aims to "cultivate habits of thoughtful reading and discussion, clear articulation, accurate self-critique, and productive collaboration." The program covers philosophy, history, science, poetry, fiction, and religion. In 2011, the core readings included works by Hannah Arendt, Franz Kafka, Frans de Waal, Stephen Jay Gould, Clifford Geertz, M. NourbeSe Philip, and Sophocles. During their winter intercession, first-year students must also participate in the Citizen Science program, a three-week program that began in 2011.  The Citizen Science program introduces students to science and the ideas of the scientific method. The program is designed to promote science literacy and utilizes the theme of infectious disease: the importance of infectious disease in a community, and the impact that infectious disease outbreaks and subsequent management can have on our global society. The curriculum ranges from conducting laboratory experiments and analyzing a scientific problem, to modeling potential solutions to that problem. The program merges three distinct, yet thematically interwoven, rotations, each designed to address a large question: How can we reduce the global burden of infectious disease?

text: In the three weeks preceding their first semester, first-year students attend the Language and Thinking (L&T) program, an intensive, writing-centered introduction to the liberal arts. The interdisciplinary program, established in 1981, aims to "cultivate habits of thoughtful reading and discussion, clear articulation, accurate self-critique, and productive collaboration." The program covers

text: philosophy

text: history

text: science

text: poetry

text: fiction

text: , and

text: religion

text: . In 2011, the core readings included works by

text: Hannah Arendt

text: Franz Kafka

text: Frans de Waal

text: Stephen Jay Gould

text: Clifford Geertz

text: M. NourbeSe Philip

text: , and

text: Sophocles

text: . During their winter intercession, first-year students must also participate in the Citizen Science program, a three-week program that began in 2011.  The Citizen Science program introduces students to science and the ideas of the scientific method. The program is designed to promote science literacy and utilizes the theme of infectious disease: the importance of infectious disease in a community, and the impact that infectious disease outbreaks and subsequent management can have on our global society. The curriculum ranges from conducting laboratory experiments and analyzing a scientific problem, to modeling potential solutions to that problem. The program merges three distinct, yet thematically interwoven, rotations, each designed to address a large question: How can we reduce the global burden of infectious disease?

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Influenza

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: virus

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: cholera

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Influenza

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Citizen Science

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Schistosoma

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Citizen Science

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: tetanus

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: The Citizen Science program introduces students to science

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: To reduce the global burden of infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: the Citizen Science program

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Citizen Science

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: How can we reduce the global burden of infectious disease?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: The Citizen Science program

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: the Citizen Science program

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Citizen Science

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotic

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vaccine

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious disease:

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious disease:

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious disease:

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious disease:

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious disease:

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious disease?

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious disease?

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: infectious disease outbreaks and subsequent management

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: infectious disease outbreaks and subsequent management

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: How can we reduce the global burden of infectious disease?

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: infectious disease?

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: infectious disease outbreaks and subsequent management

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: management

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: management

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: infectious disease outbreaks and subsequent management

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: management

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: management

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: Citizen Science

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: management

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: management

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: management

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Citizen Science

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: management

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: management

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious disease:

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: How can we reduce the global burden of infectious disease?

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: management

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: infectious disease:

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious disease:

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious disease: the importance of infectious disease

text: Although the infectious disease threat in the United States remains relatively modest as compared to that of noninfectious diseases, the trend is up. Annual infectious disease-related death rates in the United States have nearly doubled to some 170,000 annually after reaching an historic low in 1980. Many infectious diseases—most recently, the West Nile virus—originate outside U.S. borders and are introduced by international travelers, immigrants, returning U.S. military personnel, or imported animals and foodstuffs. In the opinion of the U.S. Institute of Medicine, the next major infectious disease threat to the United States may be, like HIV, a previously unrecognized pathogen. Barring that, the most dangerous known infectious diseases likely to threaten the United States over the next two decades will be HIV/AIDS, hepatitis C, tuberculosis, and new, more lethal variants of influenza. Hospital-acquired infectionsand foodborne illnesses also will pose a threat.

text: Although the infectious disease threat in the United States remains relatively modest as compared to that of noninfectious diseases, the trend is up. Annual infectious disease-related death rates in the United States have nearly doubled to some 170,000 annually after reaching an historic low in 1980. Many infectious diseases—most recently, the

text: West Nile virus

text: —originate outside U.S. borders and are introduced by international travelers, immigrants, returning U.S. military personnel, or imported animals and foodstuffs. In the opinion of the U.S. Institute of Medicine, the next major infectious disease threat to the United States may be, like HIV, a previously unrecognized pathogen. Barring that, the most dangerous known infectious diseases likely to threaten the United States over the next two decades will be

text: HIV

text: AIDS

text: hepatitis C

text: tuberculosis

text: , and new, more lethal variants of

text: influenza

text: . Hospital-acquired infectionsand

text: foodborne illness

text: es also will pose a threat.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: noninfectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: West Nile virus

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: West Nile virus

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: West Nile virus

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: unrecognized pathogen

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: West Nile virus

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: West Nile virus

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: West Nile virus

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: West Nile virus

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: West Nile virus

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do when you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: international travelers

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unspecified

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: tuberculous

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: HIV/AIDS

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: HIV

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: HIV,

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: influenza.

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: West Nile virus—originate

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: tuberculosis,

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: West Nile virus—originate

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: tuberculosis,

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: HIV, a previously unrecognized

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: animals

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: West Nile virus—originate

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: HIV,

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: West Nile virus—originate

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: influenza.

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: international travelers,

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: HIV, a previously unrecognized pathogen.

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: West Nile virus—originate

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: hepatitis C, tuberculosis,

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: 170,000 annually after reaching an historic low in 1980.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: imported animals and foodstuffs.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: West Nile virus—originate

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: imported animals and foodstuffs.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: influenza.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: 170,000 annually after reaching an historic low in 1980.

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: hepatitis C, tuberculosis,

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: West Nile virus—originate

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: HIV,

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: HIV,

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: tuberculosis,

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: HIV,

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: imported animals

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogen.

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: HIV,

text: Diseases related to the human gastrointestinal tract, like diarrhea or other enteric illness, often spread through the fecal-oral route and are especially common in places where children have not completed toilet training. Diapers, confined spaces for changing diapers, and the unhygienic habits of children contribute to the spread of these infections. Bacterial infections most often spread through person to person contact, while eating food, or through the presence of animals. It is difficult to determine how viral agents causing enteric illness spread. Reviews of Helicobacter pylori have been unable to determine how it spreads during childcare, but have confirmed that it does easily spread in childcare environments, and that it is difficult to make recommendations for preventing it.

text: Diseases related to the

text: human gastrointestinal tract

text: , like diarrhea or other enteric illness, often spread through the

text: fecal-oral route

text: and are especially common in places where children have not completed

text: toilet training

text: . Diapers, confined spaces for changing diapers, and the unhygienic habits of children contribute to the spread of these infections. Bacterial infections most often spread through person to person contact, while eating food, or through the presence of animals. It is difficult to determine how viral agents causing enteric illness spread. Reviews of

text: Helicobacter pylori

text: have been unable to determine how it spreads during childcare, but have confirmed that it does easily spread in childcare environments, and that it is difficult to make recommendations for preventing it.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Bacterial

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: viral

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Bacteria

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: diarrhea or other enteric illness

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: diarrhea

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: viral

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: animals

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Bacterial infections

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Enteric illness

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: enteric illness

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: through person to person contact

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: through person to person contact

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Bacterial infections

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which of the following is not a human viral infection: tetanus, measles, or diarrhea?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do when you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: a).

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why is it difficult to determine how viral agents causing enteric illness spread?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: it does easily spread in childcare environments

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Bacteria

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: enteric illness

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: Diapers

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: bacterial

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: viral agents

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: Helicobacter

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Bacterial infections

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: viral

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Bacterial

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: diarrhea

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: diarrhea

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: diarrhea

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: viral

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: animals.

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Helicobacter pylori

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Helicobacter pylori

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: diarrhea

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: person to person contact, while eating food, or through the presence of animals.

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: animals.

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Helicobacter pylori

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Helicobacter pylori

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Helicobacter pylori

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: fecal-oral route

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: person to person contact,

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: fecal-oral route

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Bacterial infections most often spread through person to person contact,

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: person to person contact,

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Bacterial infections most often spread through person to person contact,

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Helicobacter pylori

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Helicobacter pylori

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: animals.

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Bacterial infections

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: viral

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: toilet training. Diapers,

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Bacterial

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: Bacterial

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: Bacterial

text: The RITM is tasked by the Philippine Department of Health and the Philippine Government to supervise, plan, and successfully implement research programs to prevent and to control prevailing infectious and tropical diseases in the Philippines.

text: The RITM is tasked by the Philippine

text: Department of Health

text: and the

text: Philippine Government

text: to supervise, plan, and successfully implement research programs to prevent and to control prevailing infectious and tropical diseases in the Philippines.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious and tropical

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: tropical diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious and tropical

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: tropical diseases

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: tropical diseases

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: tropical diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: tropical diseases

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: tropical diseases

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: tropical diseases

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: rabies

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vaccine

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: tropical

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious and tropical diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious and tropical diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious and tropical

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious and tropical

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: tropical

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious and tropical

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious and tropical

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: tropical diseases

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: tropical diseases

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: tropical

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: tropical diseases

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: infectious and tropical diseases

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: The RITM

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: infectious and tropical diseases

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: infectious and tropical diseases

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: RITM

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: The RITM

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: The RITM

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: tropical diseases

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: infectious and tropical diseases

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: infectious and tropical diseases

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: The RITM

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: infectious and tropical diseases

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: The RITM

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious and tropical diseases

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: tropical

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: tropical

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious and tropical diseases

text: The pathogen spreads through the tree from the point of infection via the plant's vascular system, eventually reaching the roots and/or graft junction of the plant. Once the plant's roots are affected, the death of the plant often results. Over pruning and over fertilization (especially with nitrogen) can lead to watersprout and other midsummer growth that leave the tree more susceptible.

text: The pathogen spreads through the tree from the point of infection via the plant's

text: vascular

text: system, eventually reaching the

text: root

text: s and/or

text: graft

text: junction of the plant. Once the plant's roots are affected, the death of the plant often results. Over pruning and over fertilization (especially with

text: nitrogen

text: ) can lead to

text: watersprout

text: and other midsummer growth that leave the tree more susceptible.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: fungi

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: diseases caused by bacteria

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: watery eyes

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infections

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: tree

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Bacteria

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: treesprout

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Which of the following is not true?

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do if you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: diseasesprout

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotic

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: The pathogen

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: The pathogen

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: tree from the point of infection via the plant's vascular system,

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: the death of the plant

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: The pathogen

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: watersprout

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: tree from the point of infection via the plant's vascular system,

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: tree from the point of infection via the plant's vascular system,

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: watersprout

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: watersprout

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: watersprout

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: via the plant's vascular system,

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: The pathogen spreads through the tree

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Over pruning and over fertilization

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Over pruning and over fertilization

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: tree from the point of infection via the plant's vascular system,

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Over pruning and over fertilization

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: Over pruning and over fertilization

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: The pathogen spreads through the tree

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: via the plant's vascular system,

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: The pathogen spreads through the tree

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Over pruning and over fertilization

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: The pathogen spreads through the tree from the point of infection

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: The pathogen spreads through the tree

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infection via the plant's vascular system,

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: the death of the plant

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: nitrogen)

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: nitrogen)

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: The pathogen

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogen

text: Others have a more nuanced position. According to the CDC article H5N1 Outbreaks and Enzootic Influenza by Robert G. Webster et al.:"Transmission of highly pathogenic H5N1 from domestic poultry back to migratory waterfowl in western China has increased the geographic spread. The spread of H5N1 and its likely reintroduction to domestic poultry increase the need for good agricultural vaccines. In fact, the root cause of the continuing H5N1 pandemic threat may be the way the pathogenicity of H5N1 viruses is masked by cocirculating influenza viruses or bad agricultural vaccines." Dr. Robert Webster explains: "If you use a good vaccine you can prevent the transmission within poultry and to humans. But if they have been using vaccines now [in China] for several years, why is there so much bird flu? There is bad vaccine that stops the disease in the bird but the bird goes on pooping out virus and maintaining it and changing it. And I think this is what is going on in China. It has to be. Either there is not enough vaccine being used or there is substandard vaccine being used. Probably both. It's not just China. We can't blame China for substandard vaccines. I think there are substandard vaccines for influenza in poultry all over the world." In response to the same concerns, Reuters reports Hong Kong infectious disease expert Lo Wing-lok saying that "The issue of vaccines has to take top priority", and Julie Hall, in charge of the WHO's outbreak response in China, saying that China's vaccinations could be "masking" the virus. The BBC reported that Dr Wendy Barclay, a virologist at the University of Reading, UK said: "The Chinese have made a vaccine based on reverse genetics made with H5N1 antigens, and they have been using it. There has been a lot of criticism of what they have done, because they have protected their chickens against death from this virus but the chickens still get infected; and then you get drift - the virus mutates in response to the antibodies - and now we have a situation where we have five or six 'flavours' of H5N1 out there."

text: Others have a more nuanced position. According to the

text: CDC

text: article H5N1 Outbreaks and Enzootic Influenza by

text: Robert G. Webster

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: H5N1

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: H5N1

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: H5N1 viruses

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Enzootic Influenza

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: H5N1

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Enzootic Influenza

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: Guinea pig

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: H5N1

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: H5N1

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: bird flu

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: H5N1

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: China's vaccinations could be masking the virus

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: China's vaccinations could be masking the virus.

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: coughing and sneezing

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: China's vaccinations could be masking the virus.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Infectious diseases are contagious because they are caused by pathogens.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: China's vaccinations could be masking the virus

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: China's vaccinations could be masking the virus

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: China's vaccinations could be masking the virus.

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: cocirculating influenza viruses

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotic

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vaccine

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: __

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogenic

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: H5N1

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: vaccine being used

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: H5N1

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: chickens

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: in China.

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: bird flu?

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: the chickens still get infected;

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: substandard vaccine being used.

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: substandard

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: We can't blame China for substandard vaccines.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: humans.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: H5N1

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: H5N1

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: substandard vaccines for influenza in poultry all over the world."

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: H5N1

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: H5N1

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: H5N1

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: cocirculating

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibodies

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vaccines.

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: H5N1

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: humans.

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: Enzootic Influenza

text: Animal intestines contain a large population of gut flora. In humans, the four dominant phyla are Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, and Proteobacteria. They are essential to digestion and are also affected by food that is consumed.  Bacteria in the gut perform many important functions for humans, including breaking down and aiding in the absorption of otherwise indigestible food; stimulating cell growth; repressing the growth of harmful bacteria, training the immune system to respond only to pathogens; producing vitamin B; and defending against some infectious diseases.

text: Animal

text: intestine

text: s contain a large population of

text: gut flora

text: . In humans, the four dominant

text: phyla

text: are

text: Firmicutes

text: Bacteroidetes

text: Actinobacteria

text: , and

text: Proteobacteria

text: . They are essential to

text: digestion

text: and are also affected by food that is consumed.  Bacteria in the gut perform many important functions for humans, including breaking down and aiding in the absorption of otherwise indigestible food; stimulating cell growth; repressing the growth of harmful bacteria, training the immune system to respond only to pathogens; producing

text: vitamin B

text: ; and defending against some infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Actinobacteria

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: some infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: Firmicutes

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Bacteroidetes

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Bacteroidetes

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: chickenpox

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Bacteroidetes

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: tetanus

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do when you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: Bacteroidetes

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vitamin B

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Actinobacteria

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: harmful bacteria,

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: bacteria,

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: Bacteria

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: some infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: diseases.

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: training the immune system to respond only to pathogens;

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: In humans,

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: defending against some infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: defending against some infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: defending against some infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Bacteria

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: defending against some infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Proteobacteria.

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Bacteria

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: defending against some infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Animal intestines

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: defending against some infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: defending against some infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: bacteria,

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: B;

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vitamin B;

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes,

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogens;

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogens;

text: In the advent of new technology, it is easy to forget some of the basic things that prevent pathogen infections from starting and spreading. While there exist more deadly and difficult-to-handle pathogen infections, there also exist less dangerous ones. Historically, human health greatly improved with more emphasis on healthy life styles including better hygiene practices and access to clean recourses of water and nutrition.

text: In the advent of new technology, it is easy to forget some of the basic things that prevent pathogen infections from starting and spreading. While there exist more deadly and difficult-to-handle pathogen infections, there also exist less dangerous ones. Historically, human health greatly improved with more emphasis on healthy life styles including better

text: hygiene

text: practices and access to clean recourses of water and nutrition.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: deadly

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: deadly and difficult to handle

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: pathogen infections

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: pathogen infections

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: pathogen infections

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: less dangerous ones

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: E. coli

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: pathogen infections

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: pathogen infections

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Which of the following is not an example of a pathogen infection?

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: better hygiene practices

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: deadly and difficult to handle pathogen infections

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: less dangerous ones

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: less dangerous ones

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: prevent pathogen infections

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: better hygiene practices

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Which of the following is not a cause of infectious diseases?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: better hygiene practices

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: c).

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: deadly and difficult to handle pathogen infections

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: less dangerous ones

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: deadly

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: hygiene practices

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: pathogen infections

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: pathogen infections

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: more deadly and difficult-to-handle pathogen infections,

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: more deadly and difficult-to-handle pathogen infections,

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: pathogen infections

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infections

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: more deadly and difficult-to-handle pathogen infections,

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: pathogen infections

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: clean recourses of water

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: more deadly and difficult-to-handle pathogen infections,

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: pathogen infections

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: infections

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: it is easy to forget some of the basic things that prevent pathogen infections

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: more deadly and difficult-to-handle pathogen infections,

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: less dangerous ones.

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: more deadly and difficult-to-handle pathogen infections,

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: it is easy to forget some of the basic things that prevent pathogen infections

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: it is easy to forget some of the basic things that prevent pathogen infections

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: pathogen infections

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: it is easy to forget some of the basic things that prevent pathogen infections

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: pathogen infections

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: it is easy to forget some of the basic things that prevent pathogen infections

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: pathogen infections

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: more deadly and difficult-to-handle pathogen infections,

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: pathogen infections

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infections

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: pathogen infections

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: hygiene practices and access to clean recourses of water and nutrition.

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogen infections

text: A viral disease (or viral infection) occurs when an organism's body is invaded by pathogenic viruses, and infectious virus particles (virions)attach to and enter susceptible cells.

text: A viral disease (or viral

text: infection

text: ) occurs when an organism's body is invaded by

text: pathogen

text: ic

text: virus

text: es, and infectious virus particles (virions)attach to and enter susceptible cells.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: viral

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: pathogenic viruses

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: viral diseases

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: viral infections

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: viral infection

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: cholera

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: tetanus

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: When you cough or sneeze, you should cover your mouth and nose with your hand

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: it is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: pathogenic

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: viral infection

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: antiviral

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogenic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogenic

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogenic virus

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: viral disease

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: viral disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: viral

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: viral disease

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: viral disease

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: viral disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: viruses,

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: pathogenic viruses,

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: viral disease

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: viral disease

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: viral

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: pathogenic viruses,

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: A viral disease

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: A viral disease

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: pathogenic viruses,

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: viruses,

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: A viral disease

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: infectious virus particles (virions)attach to and enter susceptible cells.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: A viral disease

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: viruses,

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: infectious virus particles (virions)attach to and enter susceptible cells.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: A viral disease

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: viral disease

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: A viral disease

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: viruses,

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: viral disease

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: A viral disease

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: viral disease

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogenic viruses,

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: viral disease

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: (virions)attach

text: Pathogenicity is the potential disease-causing capacity of pathogens.  Pathogenicity is related to virulence in meaning, but some authorities have come to distinguish it as a qualitative term, whereas the latter is quantitative.  By this standard, an organism may be said to be pathogenic or non-pathogenic in a particular context, but not "more pathogenic" than another.  Such comparisons are described instead in terms of relative virulence.  Pathogenicity is also distinct from the transmissibility of the virus, which quantifies the risk of infection.

text: Pathogenicity is the potential

text: disease

text: -causing capacity of pathogens.  Pathogenicity is related to

text: virulence

text: in meaning, but some authorities have come to distinguish it as a qualitative term, whereas the latter is quantitative.  By this standard, an organism may be said to be pathogenic or non-pathogenic in a particular context, but not "more pathogenic" than another.  Such comparisons are described instead in terms of relative virulence.  Pathogenicity is also distinct from the

text: transmissibility

text: of the virus, which quantifies the risk of infection.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: pathogenicity

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: pathogenic

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: pathogenicity

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: pathogenicity

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: pathogenicity

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: bacterial

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: virus

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: a virus

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: pathogenicity

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: The common cold can be spread by pathogens

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: pathogenicity

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: pathogenic

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: pathogenicity

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: non-pathogenic

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: to protect yourself

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: pathogenicity

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: transmissibility

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: pathogenicity

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: pathogenic

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: transmissibility

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Pathogenicity

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vaccine

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogenic

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Pathogenicity

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: virus,

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Pathogenicity

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Pathogenicity

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Pathogenicity

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: virus,

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: Pathogenicity

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: pathogens.

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: virus,

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Pathogenicity

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: virus,

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Pathogenicity

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Pathogenicity

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Pathogenicity

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Pathogenicity

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Pathogenicity

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Pathogenicity

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: Pathogenicity

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Pathogenicity

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Pathogenicity

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: transmissibility

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Pathogenicity

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Pathogenicity

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Pathogenicity

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: transmissibility of the virus,

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Pathogenicity

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: Pathogenicity

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: transmissibility of the virus,

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Pathogenicity

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogens.

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogens.

text: Rare diseases can vary in prevalence between populations, so a disease that is rare in some populations may be common in others.  This is especially true of genetic diseases and infectious diseases.  An example is cystic fibrosis, a genetic disease:  it is rare in most parts of Asia but relatively common in Europe and in populations of European descent.  In smaller communities, the founder effect can result in a disease that is very rare worldwide being prevalent within the smaller community.  Many infectious diseases are prevalent in a given geographic area but rare everywhere else.  Other diseases, such as many rare forms of cancer, have no apparent pattern of distribution but are simply rare.  The classification of other conditions depends in part on the population being studied:  All forms of cancer in children are generally considered rare, because so few children develop cancer, but the same cancer in adults may be more common.

text: Rare diseases can vary in prevalence between populations, so a disease that is rare in some populations may be common in others.  This is especially true of

text: genetic disease

text: s and

text: infectious disease

text: s.  An example is

text: cystic fibrosis

text: , a genetic disease:  it is rare in most parts of

text: Asia

text: but relatively common in Europe and in populations of European descent.  In smaller communities, the

text: founder effect

text: can result in a disease that is very rare worldwide being prevalent within the smaller community.  Many infectious diseases are prevalent in a given geographic area but rare everywhere else.  Other diseases, such as many rare forms of

text: cancer

text: , have no apparent pattern of distribution but are simply rare.  The classification of other conditions depends in part on the population being studied:  All forms of cancer in children are generally considered rare, because so few children develop cancer, but the same cancer in adults may be more common.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: rare

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: prevalent in a given geographic area

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: cystic fibrosis

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: many rare forms of cancer

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: swine flu

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: rare forms of cancer

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: chickenpox

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: common in some populations may be rare in others

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: common in some populations may be rare in others

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: This protects you from germs.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: rare

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: This is especially true of genetic diseases and infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: rare in some populations may be common in others

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vaccine

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: cancer

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: rare

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: common

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious diseases. An example is cystic fibrosis,

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: cystic fibrosis,

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: genetic diseases and infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: cystic fibrosis,

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: genetic diseases

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: cystic fibrosis,

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: cystic fibrosis,

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: cystic fibrosis,

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: rare everywhere else.

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: cystic fibrosis,

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: rare forms of cancer, have no apparent pattern of distribution but are simply rare.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: Rare diseases

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: rare.

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: genetic diseases and infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: rare forms of cancer, have no apparent pattern of distribution but are simply rare.

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: cystic fibrosis,

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: infectious diseases. An example is cystic fibrosis,

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: cystic fibrosis,

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: cancer,

text: In order to mitigate the effects of education on IQ,  repeated their analysis across the United States where standardized and compulsory education exists. The correlation between infectious disease and average IQ was confirmed, and they concluded that the "evidence suggests that infectious disease is a primary cause of the global variation in human intelligence".

text: In order to mitigate the effects of education on IQ,  repeated their analysis across the United States where standardized and compulsory education exists. The correlation between infectious disease and average IQ was confirmed, and they concluded that the "evidence suggests that infectious disease is a primary cause of the global variation in human intelligence".

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: viral

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: IQ

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: tetanus

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: The correlation between infectious disease and average IQ

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: common infectious disease caused by protozoa

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotic

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vaccine

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: education

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: The correlation between infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: The correlation between infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: The correlation between infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: infectious disease is a primary cause of the global variation in human intelligence".

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: The correlation between infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: infectious disease is a primary cause of the global variation in human intelligence".

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: infectious disease is a primary cause of the global variation in human intelligence".

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: infectious disease is a primary cause of the global variation in human intelligence".

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: standardized and compulsory education

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious disease

text: "Dr. Beasley has saved countless lives from cirrhosis and liver cancer through his work on the epidemiology and prevention of hepatitis B," according to Herbert L. DuPont, Director of the Center for Infectious Diseases at UTSPH. "He is a giant in the field of infectious diseases.".

text: "Dr. Beasley has saved countless lives from

text: cirrhosis

text: and

text: liver cancer

text: through his work on the

text: epidemiology

text: and prevention of

text: hepatitis B

text: ," according to Herbert L. DuPont, Director of the Center for Infectious Diseases at UTSPH. "He is a giant in the field of infectious diseases.".

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: cirrhosis

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: cirrhosis

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: cirrhosis

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Hepatitis B

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: liver cancer

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: hepatitis

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: DuPont

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: epidemiology

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: hepatitis

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: Hepatitis

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases.".

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: hepatitis B,"

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: cirrhosis

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: hepatitis B,"

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: hepatitis B,"

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: hepatitis B,"

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: hepatitis B,"

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: hepatitis B,"

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: hepatitis B,"

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: hepatitis B,"

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: hepatitis B,"

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: hepatitis B,"

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: hepatitis B,"

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: hepatitis B,"

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: hepatitis B,"

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: hepatitis B," according to Herbert L. DuPont,

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: hepatitis B,"

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: hepatitis B,"

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Infectious Diseases

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: hepatitis B,"

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: hepatitis B," according to Herbert L. DuPont,

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: hepatitis B,"

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: hepatitis B,"

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: epidemiology

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: hepatitis B," according to Herbert L. DuPont,

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: hepatitis B,"

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: infectious diseases.".

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: hepatitis B,"

text: Suspicion of modern medicine due to beliefs about illness being due to witchcraft also continues in many countries to this day, with tragic healthcare consequences. HIV/AIDS  and Ebola virus disease  are two examples of often-lethal infectious disease epidemics whose medical care and containment has been severely hampered by regional beliefs in witchcraft. Other severe medical conditions whose treatment is hampered in this way include tuberculosis, leprosy, epilepsy and the common severe bacterial Buruli ulcer. Public healthcare often requires considerable education work related to epidemology and modern health knowledge in many parts of the world where belief in witchcraft prevails, to encourage effective preventive health measures and treatments, to reduce victim blaming, shunning and stigmatization, and to prevent the killing of people and endangering of animal species for body parts believed to convey magical abilities.

text: Suspicion of modern medicine due to beliefs about illness being due to witchcraft also continues in many countries to this day, with tragic

text: healthcare

text: consequences.

text: HIV/AIDS

text: and

text: Ebola virus disease

text: are two examples of often-lethal

text: infectious disease

text: epidemic

text: s whose medical care and

text: containment

text: has been severely hampered by regional beliefs in witchcraft. Other severe medical conditions whose treatment is hampered in this way include

text: tuberculosis

text: leprosy

text: epilepsy

text: and the common severe

text: bacterial

text: Buruli ulcer

text: Public healthcare

text: often requires considerable education work related to

text: epidemology

text: and modern health knowledge in many parts of the world where belief in witchcraft prevails, to encourage effective

text: preventive health measures

text: and treatments, to reduce

text: victim blaming

text: shunning

text: and

text: stigmatization

text: , and to prevent the

text: killing of people

text: and

text: endangering of animal species

text: for body parts believed to convey magical abilities.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: HIV/AIDS

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: bacterial

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: bacterial

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Buruli ulcer

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: virus

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: Ebola virus

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Ebola virus disease

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Ebola

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: HIV/AIDS

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: What can be spread by pathogens?

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which of the following is not a human viral infection: tetanus, measles or tuberculosis?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do when you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: What is the common severe bacterial Buruli ulcer?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: virus

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: bacterial

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: tuberculin

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: HIV/AIDS

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: bacterial

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: Ebola

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: bacterial

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: bacterial

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: HIV/AIDS and Ebola virus disease

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Buruli ulcer.

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: HIV/AIDS and Ebola virus disease

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Buruli ulcer.

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: HIV/AIDS

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: Ebola virus

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Ebola virus disease

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Ebola

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: HIV/AIDS

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: bacterial

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: HIV/AIDS and Ebola virus disease

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Buruli ulcer.

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: HIV/AIDS

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Buruli ulcer.

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: HIV/AIDS and Ebola virus disease

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: HIV/AIDS and Ebola virus disease

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: bacterial Buruli ulcer.

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: HIV/AIDS and Ebola virus disease

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: HIV/AIDS

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: HIV/AIDS and Ebola virus disease

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Buruli ulcer.

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Buruli ulcer.

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: bacterial

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: bacterial

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: tuberculosis,

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: health measures and treatments,

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: bacterial

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: Ebola

text: When considering pathogens, host adaptation can have varying descriptions. For example, in the case of Salmonella, host adaptation is used to describe the "ability of a pathogen to circulate and cause disease in a particular host population." Another usage of host adaptation, still considering the case of Salmonella, refers to the evolution of a pathogen such that it can infect, cause disease, and circulate in another host species. While there might be pathogens that can infect other hosts and cause disease, the inability to pervade, or spread, throughout the infected host species indicates that the pathogen is not adapted to that host species. In this case, the ability or lack thereof of a pathogen to adapt to its host environment is an indicator of the pathogen's fitness or virulence. If a pathogen has high fitness in the host environment, or is virulent, it will be able to grow and spread quickly within its host. Conversely, if the pathogen is not well adapted to its host environment, then it will not spread or infect the way a well adapted pathogen would.

text: When considering

text: pathogens

text: , host adaptation can have varying descriptions. For example, in the case of

text: Salmonella

text: , host adaptation is used to describe the "ability of a pathogen to circulate and cause disease in a particular host population." Another usage of host adaptation, still considering the case of Salmonella, refers to the evolution of a pathogen such that it can infect, cause disease, and circulate in another host species. While there might be pathogens that can infect other hosts and cause disease, the inability to pervade, or spread, throughout the infected host species indicates that the pathogen is not adapted to that host species. In this case, the ability or lack thereof of a pathogen to adapt to its host environment is an indicator of the pathogen's fitness or

text: virulence

text: . If a pathogen has high fitness in the host environment, or is virulent, it will be able to grow and spread quickly within its host. Conversely, if the pathogen is not well adapted to its host environment, then it will not spread or infect the way a well adapted pathogen would.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Salmonella

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Salmonella

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Salmonella

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Salmonella

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: Salmonella

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Salmonella

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Salmonella

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Salmonella

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Salmonella

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: ability to circulate and cause disease in a particular host population

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: ability of a pathogen to circulate and cause disease in a particular host population

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: tetanus

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: genital herpes is a common human fungal infection

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: adapted to its host environment

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: What is the most common cause of Travelers diarrhea?

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: ability of a pathogen to circulate

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: strep throat

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: ability of a pathogen to circulate and cause disease in a particular host population

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: host adaptation

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: virulent

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: Salmonella

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Salmonella,

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Salmonella,

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: Salmonella,

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Salmonella,

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Salmonella,

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Salmonella,

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: virulent,

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: Salmonella,

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Salmonella,

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Salmonella,

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Salmonella,

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Salmonella,

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Salmonella,

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Salmonella,

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Salmonella,

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Salmonella,

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Salmonella,

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: Salmonella,

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Salmonella,

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: the inability to pervade, or spread,

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: Salmonella,

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Salmonella,

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Salmonella,

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Salmonella,

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: circulate

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Salmonella,

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: virulent,

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: host adaptation

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogens,

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogens,

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: virulent,

text: Due to the spread of infectious diseases, during the period of World War I, 3760 prisoners died in the camp. Of these 2471 were Romanians (most of these deaths occurred in 1917) and 1289 were Russians (the majority of deaths occurred in 1915 although these were more spread out than those of the Romanians). At the beginning of 1918 Polish prisoners were also held in the camp.

text: Due to the spread of infectious diseases, during the period of World War I, 3760 prisoners died in the camp. Of these 2471 were Romanians (most of these deaths occurred in 1917) and 1289 were Russians (the majority of deaths occurred in 1915 although these were more spread out than those of the Romanians). At the beginning of 1918 Polish prisoners were also held in the camp.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: what kind of disease?

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: World War I

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: swine flu

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: World War I

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: World War I

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Which happened first, World War I or World War I?

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which happened first, World War I or World War I?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: How many prisoners died in the camp?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antiseptic

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: antiseptic

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: prisoners

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Russians (the majority of deaths occurred in 1915

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: World War I,

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Due to the spread of infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: 3760

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: World War I,

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Due to the spread of infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: 3760

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Due to the spread of infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Due to the spread of infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: 1289 were Russians (the majority of deaths occurred in 1915

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Due to the spread of infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: 3760

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: Due to the spread of infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious diseases,

text: Transmission-based precautions are additional infection control precautions — over and above universal/standard precautions — and the latest routine infection prevention and control practices applied for patients who are known or suspected to be infected or colonized with infectious agents, including certain epidemiologically important pathogens. The latter require additional control measures to effectively prevent transmission.

text: Transmission-based precautions are additional

text: infection control

text: precautions — over and above universal/standard precautions — and the latest routine infection prevention and control practices applied for patients who are known or suspected to be infected or colonized with infectious agents, including certain

text: epidemiologically

text: important

text: pathogen

text: s. The latter require additional control measures to effectively prevent transmission.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious agents

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: transmission

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: transmission-based precautions

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious agents

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: epidemiologically important

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: E. coli

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Transmission-based precautions

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: transmission-based precautions

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: transmission-based precautions

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: infected

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: transmission

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious agents

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious agents,

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious agents,

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: epidemiologically important pathogens.

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: certain epidemiologically important pathogens.

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: certain epidemiologically important pathogens.

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infection

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious agents,

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: infectious agents,

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: infectious agents, including certain epidemiologically important pathogens.

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Transmission-based precautions

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: transmission.

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: infectious agents,

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: Transmission-based precautions

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: epidemiologically important pathogens.

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Transmission-based precautions

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Transmission-based precautions are additional infection control precautions

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Transmission-based precautions

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: Transmission-based precautions

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Transmission-based precautions are additional infection control precautions

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: infectious agents,

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: Transmission-based precautions

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Transmission-based precautions

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Transmission-based precautions

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Transmission-based precautions are additional infection control precautions

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: transmission.

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: epidemiologically important pathogens.

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: Transmission-based precautions

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: Transmission-based precautions

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: infectious agents, including certain epidemiologically important pathogens.

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogens.

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogens.

text: When six provinces around the Yangtze River were heavily flooded in 1991, the central government expressed serious concern about disease-prevention activities in these provinces. In response, experts were dispatched to the flooded area, and prevention guidelines were developed and distributed to the affected provinces. Simultaneously, a system for collecting daily reports of disease activity was established. Every 3 days, DSP data on infectious disease morbidity were compared with data from previous years to identify potential outbreaks. For example, rates of hepatitis during the flood were compared with rates for the comparable time periods from the preceding 2 years. Data collected from June to October 1991 indicated that infectious diseases had been controlled effectively during the flood.

text: When six provinces around the

text: Yangtze River

text: were heavily flooded in 1991, the central government expressed serious concern about disease-prevention activities in these provinces. In response, experts were dispatched to the flooded area, and prevention guidelines were developed and distributed to the affected provinces. Simultaneously, a system for collecting daily reports of disease activity was established. Every 3 days, DSP data on infectious disease morbidity were compared with data from previous years to identify potential outbreaks. For example, rates of hepatitis during the flood were compared with rates for the comparable time periods from the preceding 2 years. Data collected from June to October 1991 indicated that infectious diseases had been controlled effectively during the flood.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Infectious Disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: hepatitis

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Hepatitis

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: hepatitis

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: viral

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: hepatitis

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Hepatitis

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: What can be spread by pathogens?

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: what is Schistosoma

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Escherichia coli

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which of the following is not a human viral infection: tetanus or measles?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Which of the following is not a common human fungal infection?

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do when you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Which of the following is not a type of protozoa: protozoa, viruses, or bacteria?

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why were experts dispatched to the flooded area?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: strep throat

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: What type of disease is Athletes foot?

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: Hepatitis

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: Hepatitis

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: hepatitis

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: hepatitis

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: hepatitis

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: hepatitis

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: hepatitis

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: Yangtze River

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: hepatitis

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: hepatitis

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: hepatitis

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: hepatitis

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: When six provinces around the Yangtze River

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: hepatitis

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: hepatitis

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: hepatitis

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: When six provinces around the Yangtze River

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: prevention guidelines were developed and distributed to the affected provinces.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: When six provinces around the Yangtze River

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: infectious disease morbidity were compared with data from previous years

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: hepatitis

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: When six provinces around the Yangtze River

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: hepatitis

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: hepatitis

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: hepatitis

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: hepatitis

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: hepatitis

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: hepatitis

text: For example, in most of the developed world, heart disease and cancer are the leading causes of death, as measured by the number (or rate) of deaths. For this reason, heart disease and cancer tend to get a lot of attention (and research funding). However, one might argue that everyone has to die of something eventually, and so public health efforts should be more explicitly directed at preventing premature death. When PYLL is used as an explicit measure of premature death, then injuries and infectious diseases, become more important. While the most common cause of death of young people aged 5 to 40 is injury and poisoning in the developed world, because relatively few young people die, the principal causes of lost years remain cardiovascular disease and cancer.

text: For example, in most of the developed world, heart disease and cancer are the leading causes of death, as measured by the number (or rate) of deaths. For this reason, heart disease and cancer tend to get a lot of attention (and research funding). However, one might argue that everyone has to die of something eventually, and so public health efforts should be more explicitly directed at preventing premature death. When PYLL is used as an explicit measure of premature death, then injuries and infectious diseases, become more important. While the most common cause of death of young people aged 5 to 40 is injury and poisoning in the developed world, because relatively few young people die, the principal causes of lost years remain cardiovascular disease and cancer.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Infections

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: heart disease

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: description

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Infections

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do when you cough or sneeze

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: injuries and infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: poisoning

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Infectious

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: cancer

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: injuries and infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: heart disease and cancer

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: heart disease

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: public health efforts should be more explicitly directed at preventing premature death.

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: injuries and infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: public health efforts should be more explicitly directed at preventing premature death.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: public health efforts should be more explicitly directed at preventing premature death.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: injuries and infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: injuries and infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: public health efforts should be more explicitly directed at preventing premature death.

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: injuries and infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: poisoning

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: cancer

text: Computer simulations of infectious disease spread have been used.Human aggregation can drive transmission, seasonal variation and outbreaks of infectious diseases, such as the annual start of school, bootcamp, the annual Hajj etc. Most recently, data from cell phones have been shown to be able to capture population movements well enough to predict the transmission of certain infectious diseases, like rubella.

text: Computer simulation

text: s of infectious disease spread have been used.Human aggregation can drive transmission,

text: seasonal variation

text: and

text: outbreaks

text: of infectious diseases, such as the annual start of school, bootcamp, the annual

text: Hajj

text: etc. Most recently, data from cell phones have been shown to be able to capture population movements well enough to predict the transmission of certain infectious diseases, like rubella.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Rubella

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: rubella

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: rubella

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: rubella

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: rubella

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: virus

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: cell phone

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: rubella

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: rubella

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: rubella

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: cell phones

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: cell phones have been shown to be able to capture population movements

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which of the following is not an example of a viral infection?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do if you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: cell phones

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: transmission

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: rubella

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: rubella

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious diseases,

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: rubella.

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: rubella.

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: rubella.

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: rubella.

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: rubella.

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: used.Human aggregation

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: rubella.

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: rubella.

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: rubella.

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: rubella.

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: cell phones

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: rubella.

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: rubella.

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: rubella.

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: cell phones

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: data from cell phones

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: rubella.

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: used.Human aggregation

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: rubella.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: data from cell phones

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: rubella.

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: rubella.

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: transmission,

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: rubella.

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: cell phones

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: used.Human

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: rubella.

text: Infectious bursal disease (also known as IBD, Gumboro Disease, Infectious Bursitis and Infectious Avian Nephrosis) is a highly contagious disease of young chickens caused by infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV),  characterized by immunosuppression and mortality generally at 3 to 6 weeks of age. The disease was first discovered in Gumboro, Delaware in 1962. It is economically important to the poultry industry worldwide due to increased susceptibility to other diseases and negative interference with effective vaccination. In recent years, very virulent strains of IBDV (vvIBDV), causing severe mortality in chicken, have emerged in Europe, Latin America, South-East Asia, Africa and the Middle East. Infection is via the oro-fecal route, with affected bird excreting high levels of the virus for approximately 2 weeks after infection.

text: Infectious bursal disease (also known as IBD, Gumboro Disease, Infectious Bursitis and Infectious Avian Nephrosis) is a highly contagious disease of young

text: chicken

text: s caused by infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV),  characterized by

text: immunosuppression

text: and mortality generally at 3 to 6 weeks of age. The disease was first discovered in

text: Gumboro, Delaware

text: in 1962. It is economically important to the poultry industry worldwide due to increased susceptibility to other diseases and negative interference with effective

text: vaccination

text: . In recent years, very virulent strains of IBDV (vvIBDV), causing severe mortality in chicken, have emerged in

text: Europe

text: Latin America

text: South-East Asia

text: Africa

text: and the

text: Middle East

text: . Infection is via the oro-fecal route, with affected bird excreting high levels of the virus for approximately 2 weeks after infection.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Infectious bursal disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Infectious Bursitis

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious bursal disease

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious bursal disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: virus

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: bird

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: infectious bursal disease virus

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Gumboro Disease

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: oro-fecal route

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which of the following is not a human viral infection: tetanus, measles or infectious bursal disease?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do when you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: contagious

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: vaccine

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vaccination

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: viruses

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious bursal disease virus

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: virus

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Infectious bursal disease

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Infectious bursal disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious bursal disease virus

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Infectious bursal disease

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Infectious bursal disease

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Infectious bursal disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious bursal disease virus

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: bird

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: oro-fecal

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Infectious bursal disease

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Infectious bursal disease

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Infectious bursal disease

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: oro-fecal route,

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: Infectious bursal disease

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Infectious bursal disease

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Infectious bursal disease

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: oro-fecal route,

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: vaccination.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Infectious bursal disease

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV),

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: oro-fecal route,

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Infectious bursal disease

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Infectious bursal disease

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Infectious bursal disease

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: contagious

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: Infectious bursal disease

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: vaccination.

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vaccination.

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: Infectious bursal disease

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: contagious

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: virus

text: An interesting inverse relationship exists between infectious diseases and autoimmune diseases. In areas where multiple infectious diseases are endemic, autoimmune diseases are quite rarely seen. The reverse, to some extent, seems to hold true. The hygiene hypothesis attributes these correlations to the immune manipulating strategies of pathogens. Whilst such an observation has been variously termed as spurious and ineffective, according to some studies, parasite infection is associated with reduced activity of autoimmune disease.

text: An interesting inverse relationship exists between infectious diseases and autoimmune diseases. In areas where multiple infectious diseases are endemic, autoimmune diseases are quite rarely seen. The reverse, to some extent, seems to hold true. The

text: hygiene hypothesis

text: attributes these correlations to the immune manipulating strategies of pathogens. Whilst such an observation has been variously termed as spurious and ineffective, according to some studies, parasite infection is associated with reduced activity of autoimmune disease.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: autoimmune diseases

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: parasite

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: autoimmune diseases

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: autoimmune diseases

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: parasite

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: parasite

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: parasite

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: autoimmune diseases

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: autoimmune disease

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: parasites

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: autoimmune diseases are quite rarely seen

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: tetanus

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: autoimmune diseases are quite rarely seen

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What does hygiene hypothesis attribute these correlations to?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: autoimmune diseases

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: The hygiene hypothesis attributes these correlations to the immune manipulating strategies

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: The hygiene hypothesis

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: autoimmune diseases

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: parasite infection is associated with reduced activity of autoimmune disease

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: parasite

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: hygiene

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasite

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious diseases and autoimmune diseases.

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: parasite infection

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious diseases and autoimmune diseases.

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: parasite

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: parasite

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: parasite infection

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: autoimmune diseases.

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: autoimmune diseases.

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: immune manipulating strategies of pathogens.

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: parasite infection is associated with reduced activity of autoimmune disease.

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: pathogens.

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: infectious diseases and autoimmune diseases.

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: parasite infection is associated with reduced activity of autoimmune disease.

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: The hygiene hypothesis

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: autoimmune diseases.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: parasite infection is associated with reduced activity of autoimmune disease.

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: The hygiene hypothesis

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: An interesting inverse relationship exists between infectious diseases and autoimmune diseases.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: An interesting inverse relationship exists between infectious diseases and autoimmune diseases.

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: infectious diseases and autoimmune diseases.

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: parasite infection

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: parasite

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: The hygiene hypothesis

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: parasite infection is associated with reduced activity of autoimmune disease.

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: hygiene

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasite

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogens.

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogens.

text: In the case of the Mkomazi Game Reserve, more intense results attributed because of conservation efforts. In 1988, the Department of Wildlife was responsible for the evictions of thousands of people from the Mkomazi Game Reserve. The result of the evictions and restrictions to land use, as Dowie put it, "is a gradual community and cultural meltdown." Many neighboring communities have become violent and hostile as the result of animosity and tension between indigenous people and the parks. Due to overgrazing and restrictions on land use, many of the traditional pastoralists "were forced to reduce or completely sell off their herds and learn to cultivate grains and legumes on small plots of arid land. Some turned to poaching for a living, others prostitution… young men who sold their herds turned to profligate lives, and when their money ran out they became low-wage farm workers and small-time hustlers. Young women facing a shrinking pool of potential husbands sell community essentials such as charcoal, traditional medicines, milk from borrowed goats, or, saddest of all, themselves". Because of the decline of resources and the displacement to unfertile lands, many pastoralists have resorted to bush meat as a way of subsistence and trade. This is a direct threat to the declining population of apes and the spread of infectious diseases like AIDS. This is a sensitive and difficult situation for not only cultural anthropologists but for biological anthropologists and primatologists. How does one protect an endangered species while limiting the spread of the most infectious disease to mankind when conservationists limit land use for the natives? To an anthropologist, the very thing that conservationists are trying to protect is the very thing they are destroying.

text: In the case of the

text: Mkomazi Game Reserve

text: AIDS

text: . This is a sensitive and difficult situation for not only cultural anthropologists but for biological

text: anthropologists

text: and

text: primatologists

text: . How does one protect an

text: endangered species

text: while limiting the spread of the most infectious disease to mankind when conservationists limit land use for the natives? To an anthropologist, the very thing that conservationists are trying to protect is the very thing they are destroying.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: AIDS

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: AIDS

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: AIDS

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: AIDS

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: AIDS

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: AIDS

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: ape

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: AIDS

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: AIDS

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: AIDS

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: pathogens can spread by pathogens

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: the spread of infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: What is a direct threat to the declining population of apes and the spread of infectious diseases like AIDS?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: AIDS

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: This is a direct threat to the declining population of apes

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: mankind

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why is bush meat a direct threat to the declining population of apes?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: the spread of infectious diseases like AIDS

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: AIDS

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: AIDS

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: AIDS

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: AIDS

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: AIDS

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: AIDS

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: AIDS.

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: AIDS.

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: AIDS.

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: AIDS.

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: AIDS.

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: AIDS.

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: bush meat

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: AIDS.

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: AIDS.

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: AIDS.

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: AIDS.

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: bush meat

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: bush meat

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: AIDS.

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: AIDS.

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: bush meat

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: mankind

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: AIDS.

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: AIDS.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: bush meat

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: bush meat

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: bush meat

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: bush meat

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: AIDS.

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: AIDS.

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: AIDS.

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: medicines,

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: AIDS.

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: AIDS.

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: AIDS.

text: Cherry X disease also known as Cherry Buckskin disease is caused by a plant pathogenic phytoplasma. Phytoplasma's are obligate parasites of plants and insects. They are specialized bacteria, characterized by their lack of a cell wall, often transmitted through insects, and are responsible for large losses in crops, fruit trees, and ornamentals.  The phytoplasma causing Cherry X disease has a fairly limited host range mostly of stone fruit trees. Hosts of the pathogen include sweet/sour cherries, choke cherry, peaches, nectarines, almonds, clover, and dandelion. Most commonly the pathogen is introduced into economical fruit orchards from wild choke cherry and herbaceous weed hosts. The pathogen is vectored by mountain and cherry leafhoppers. The mountain leafhopper vectors the pathogen from wild hosts to cherry orchards but does not feed on the other hosts. The cherry leafhopper which feeds on the infected cherry trees then becomes the next vector that transmits from cherry orchards to peach, nectarine, and other economic crops. Control of Cherry X disease is limited to controlling the spread, vectors, and weed hosts of the pathogen. Once the pathogen has infected a tree it is fatal and removal is necessary to stop it from becoming a reservoir for vectors.

text: Cherry X disease also known as Cherry Buckskin disease is caused by a

text: plant pathogenic

text: phytoplasma

text: . Phytoplasma's are

text: obligate parasite

text: s of plants and insects. They are specialized

text: bacteria

text: , characterized by their lack of a

text: cell wall

text: , often transmitted through insects, and are responsible for large losses in crops, fruit trees, and ornamentals.  The phytoplasma causing Cherry X disease has a fairly limited host range mostly of

text: stone fruit

text: trees. Hosts of the pathogen include sweet/sour cherries,

text: choke cherry

text: peach

text: es,

text: nectarine

text: s,

text: almond

text: s,

text: clover

text: , and

text: dandelion

text: . Most commonly the

text: pathogen

text: is introduced into economical fruit orchards from wild choke cherry and herbaceous weed hosts. The pathogen is

text: vectored

text: by mountain and cherry

text: leafhopper

text: s. The

text: mountain leafhopper

text: vectors the pathogen from wild hosts to cherry orchards but does not feed on the other hosts. The

text: cherry leafhopper

text: which feeds on the infected cherry trees then becomes the next vector that transmits from cherry orchards to peach, nectarine, and other economic crops. Control of Cherry X disease is limited to controlling the spread, vectors, and weed hosts of the pathogen. Once the pathogen has infected a tree it is fatal and removal is necessary to stop it from becoming a

text: reservoir

text: for vectors.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Which of the following is not an obligate parasite of plants and insects: Cherry X disease or the common cold?

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: obligate parasites

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Which of the following is not a host of phytoplasma: sweet/sour cherries, choke cherry, peaches, nectarines, almonds, clover, and dandelion?

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Cherry X disease

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Cherry X disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: Which of the following is not a type of parasite: plants or insects?

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Phytoplasma

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Cherry X disease

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Which of the following is not a host of the pathogen: sweet/sour cherries, choke cherry, peaches, nectarines, almonds, clover, and dandelion

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which of the following is not a human viral infection: tetanus or measles?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: What should you do if you cough or sneeze?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: vector

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: phytoplasma

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: antimicrobial

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasites

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: phytoplasma

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: Cherry X disease

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Cherry X disease

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: specialized bacteria,

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Phytoplasma's

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Cherry X disease

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Cherry X disease

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: obligate parasites of plants and insects. They are specialized bacteria,

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mountain and cherry leafhoppers.

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: mountain and cherry leafhoppers. The mountain leafhopper

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Cherry X disease

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Cherry X disease

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: insects,

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: mountain and cherry leafhoppers.

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: specialized bacteria, characterized by their lack of a cell wall,

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Cherry X disease

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: Cherry X disease

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Cherry X disease

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: controlling the spread, vectors, and weed hosts of the pathogen.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Cherry X disease

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: insects,

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: insects,

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Cherry X disease

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: Cherry X disease

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: Cherry X disease

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: vectored

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: obligate parasites of plants and insects.

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: specialized bacteria, characterized by their lack of a cell wall,

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: cell wall,

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: obligate parasites

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: obligate parasites

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: parasites

text: “Joseph Brodsky’s ‘Verses on the Death of T.S. Eliot’” (with introductory note), Russian Review, Vol. 27 (1968): 195-98.

text: “Joseph Brodsky’s ‘Verses on the Death of T.S. Eliot’” (with introductory note), Russian Review, Vol. 27 (1968): 195-98.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: genital warts

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Joseph Brodsky

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: 195-98

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: syphilis

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: swine flu

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: swine flu

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: viral

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: mosquito

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: Brodsky’s

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: diphtheria

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: 195-98

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: 196

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: 195-98

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: 195-98

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: 195

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: the vectors

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: 195-98

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: 195-98

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: parasite

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: pathogenic

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotic

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: antiviral

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: Eliot

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: 195-98.

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: 195-98.

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: 195-98.

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: 195-98.

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: 195-98.

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Death of T.S. Eliot’”

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: 195-98.

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: 195-98.

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: 195-98.

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: T.S. Eliot’”

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Death of T.S. Eliot’”

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: 195-98.

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: 195-98.

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: 195-98.

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: 195-98.

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: 195-98.

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: 195-98.

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: 195-98.

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: 195-98.

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: 195-98.

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: 195-98.

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: 195-98.

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: 195-98.

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: 195-98.

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: 195-98.

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: 195-98.

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: 195-98.

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: 195-98.

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: 195-98.

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: 195-98.

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: Russian Review, Vol. 27 (1968): 195-98.

text: As a field of general inquiry and research, pathology addresses four components of disease: cause/etiology, mechanisms of development (pathogenesis), structural alterations of cells (morphologic changes), and the consequences of changes (clinical manifestations). In common medical practice, general pathology is mostly concerned with analyzing known clinical abnormalities that are markers or precursors for both infectious and non-infectious disease and is conducted by experts in one of two major specialties, anatomical pathology and clinical pathology.  Further divisions in specialty exist on the basis of the involved sample types (comparing, for example, cytopathology, hematopathology, and histopathology), organs (as in renal pathology), and physiological systems (oral pathology), as well as on the basis of the focus of the examination (as with forensic pathology).

text: As a field of general inquiry and research, pathology addresses four components of disease: cause/

text: etiology

text: , mechanisms of development (

text: pathogenesis

text: ), structural alterations of cells (morphologic changes), and the consequences of changes (clinical manifestations). In common medical practice, general pathology is mostly concerned with analyzing known clinical abnormalities that are markers or precursors for both

text: infectious

text: and

text: non-infectious

text: disease and is conducted by experts in one of two major specialties,

text: anatomical pathology

text: and

text: clinical pathology

text: .  Further divisions in specialty exist on the basis of the involved sample types (comparing, for example,

text: cytopathology

text: hematopathology

text: , and

text: histopathology

text: ), organs (as in

text: renal pathology

text: ), and physiological systems (

text: oral pathology

text: ), as well as on the basis of the focus of the examination (as with

text: forensic pathology

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: pathology

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: non-infectious

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: hematopathology

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: pathogen

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: bacteria

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: forensic pathology

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: influenza

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: pathogenesis

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: pathogenesis

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: non-infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: pathogenesis

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: common medical practice

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: etiology

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: pathogenesis

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: pathogenesis

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: pathogenesis

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: pathogenic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: pathogenesis

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: infectious and non-infectious

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: infectious and non-infectious

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious and non-infectious

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: infectious and non-infectious

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: infectious and non-infectious

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: infectious and non-infectious

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: pathology

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: infectious and non-infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: infectious and non-infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: infectious and non-infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: infectious and non-infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: pathology

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: infectious and non-infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: general pathology

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: infectious and non-infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: general pathology

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: pathology

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: pathology

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: infectious and non-infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: forensic pathology).

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: pathology

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: infectious and non-infectious disease

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: pathology

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: (pathogenesis),

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: infectious and non-infectious

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: forensic pathology).

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: infectious and non-infectious

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: cause/etiology,

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: infectious and non-infectious

text: Mortality under captivity is generally high; reasons include stillbirths, birth defects, cannibalism, hypothermia, neglect of cubs by mothers, and infectious diseases. A study comparing the health of captive and wild cheetahs noted that despite having similar genetic make-up, wild cheetahs are far healthier than their captive counterparts. The study identified possible stress factors such as restricted habitat and interaction with human beings and other carnivores, and recommended private and spacious areas for captive cheetahs. A study of diseases suffered by captive cheetahs in the period 1989–92 in several North American zoos showed that hepatic veno-occlusive disease, a disease of the liver, had affected 82% of the deceased cheetahs, caused nine deaths, and occurred in 51% of living females. Chronic gastritis was detected in 91% of the population. Glomerulosclerosis, a disease of the kidneys, emerged as another significant disease, affecting 84% of the cheetahs; another renal disease, nephrosclerosis, affected 39% of the cheetahs. Feline infectious peritonitis caused two deaths. Pneumonia was a major cause for juvenile deaths. Another study concluded that excess of vitaminA in their diets could result in veno-occlusive disease in their livers.

text: Mortality under captivity is generally high; reasons include stillbirths, birth defects, cannibalism,

text: hypothermia

text: , neglect of cubs by mothers, and infectious diseases. A study comparing the health of captive and wild cheetahs noted that despite having similar genetic make-up, wild cheetahs are far healthier than their captive counterparts. The study identified possible stress factors such as restricted habitat and interaction with human beings and other carnivores, and recommended private and spacious areas for captive cheetahs. A study of diseases suffered by captive cheetahs in the period 1989–92 in several North American zoos showed that

text: hepatic veno-occlusive disease

text: , a disease of the

text: liver

text: , had affected 82% of the deceased cheetahs, caused nine deaths, and occurred in 51% of living females. Chronic gastritis was detected in 91% of the population.

text: Glomerulosclerosis

text: , a disease of the

text: kidney

text: s, emerged as another significant disease, affecting 84% of the cheetahs; another renal disease,

text: nephrosclerosis

text: , affected 39% of the cheetahs. Feline infectious peritonitis caused two deaths. Pneumonia was a major cause for juvenile deaths. Another study concluded that excess of vitaminA in their diets could result in veno-occlusive disease in their livers.

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Which of the following is not an infectious disease: Pneumonia, Feline infectious peritonitis, or Chronic gastritis?

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Which of the following is not a disease of the liver: Chronic gastritis, nephrosclerosis, or Feline infectious peritonitis?

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: Pneumonia

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: Feline infectious peritonitis

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: nephrosclerosis

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: cannibalism

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Pneumonia

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Which of the following is not a disease of the kidneys: Glomerulosclerosis, a disease of the kidneys, or Feline infectious peritonitis?

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: no

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: Which of the following is not a disease of the kidneys?

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Which of the following is not a disease of the kidneys?

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: Why are infectious diseases contagious?

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: antibiotics

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vitaminA

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: cannibalism

answers: NDQ_008192

answers: hepatic veno-occlusive disease,

answers: NDQ_008193

answers: Pneumonia

answers: NDQ_008194

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008195

answers: Chronic gastritis

answers: NDQ_008196

answers: hepatic veno-occlusive disease,

answers: NDQ_008197

answers: hepatic veno-occlusive disease,

answers: NDQ_008198

answers: vitaminA

answers: NDQ_008199

answers: human beings and other carnivores,

answers: NDQ_008200

answers: Feline infectious peritonitis

answers: NDQ_008201

answers: vitaminA

answers: NDQ_008203

answers: Pneumonia

answers: NDQ_008205

answers: Pneumonia

answers: NDQ_008206

answers: hepatic veno-occlusive disease,

answers: NDQ_008209

answers: excess of vitaminA

answers: NDQ_008211

answers: hepatic veno-occlusive disease,

answers: NDQ_008212

answers: hepatic veno-occlusive disease,

answers: NDQ_008213

answers: Pneumonia

answers: NDQ_008214

answers: interaction with human beings and other carnivores,

answers: NDQ_008215

answers: Chronic gastritis

answers: NDQ_008216

answers: hepatic veno-occlusive disease,

answers: NDQ_008217

answers: Pneumonia

answers: NDQ_008218

answers: Glomerulosclerosis,

answers: NDQ_008219

answers: hepatic veno-occlusive disease,

answers: NDQ_008220

answers: hepatic veno-occlusive disease,

answers: NDQ_008221

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008222

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008223

answers: vitaminA

answers: NDQ_008224

answers: vitaminA

answers: NDQ_008225

answers: carnivores,

answers: NDQ_008226

answers: infectious diseases.

answers: NDQ_008227

answers: cannibalism,