text: The generally accepted boundaries are Aurora Avenue N. (State Route 99) to the east, beyond which lies Licton Springs; N. 105th Street/Holman Road to the north, beyond which lie Broadview and Bitter Lake; 8th Avenue N.W. to the west, beyond which lies Crown Hill, and N. 80th Street to the south, beyond which lies Phinney Ridge. The division between Greenwood and Phinney Ridge is even more nebulous; the two neighborhoods plan events jointly.

text: The generally accepted boundaries are Aurora Avenue N. (

entity_name: Washington State Route 99

text: State Route 99

text: ) to the east, beyond which lies

entity_name: Licton Springs, Seattle

text: Licton Springs

text: ; N. 105th Street/Holman Road to the north, beyond which lie

entity_name: Broadview, Seattle

text: Broadview

text: and

entity_name: Bitter Lake, Seattle

text: Bitter Lake

text: ; 8th Avenue N.W. to the west, beyond which lies

entity_name: Crown Hill, Seattle

text: Crown Hill

text: , and N. 80th Street to the south, beyond which lies

entity_name: Phinney Ridge, Seattle

text: Phinney Ridge

text: . The division between Greenwood and Phinney Ridge is even more nebulous; the two neighborhoods plan events jointly.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Greenwood

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answer_match: Using FLAN-T5-Large with this prompt: For the question "{question}" the correct answer is "{correct_answer}". Is "{answer}" an equally correct response to this question? Answer yes or no.

orig_prompt_class: QuestionPromptWithChoices

prompt_style: context: question:

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Phinney Ridge.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Broadview and Bitter Lake;

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Aurora Avenue N.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Aurora Avenue N. (State Route 99)

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Aurora Avenue N. (State Route 99)

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Licton Springs;

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Aurora Avenue N.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: The generally accepted boundaries are Aurora Avenue N. (State Route 99)

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Aurora Avenue N.

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Broadview and Bitter Lake;

text: Although there is no well-defined solid surface within Uranus's interior, the outermost part of Uranus's gaseous envelope that is accessible to remote sensing is called its atmosphere. Remote-sensing capability extends down to roughly 300 km below the 1 bar (100 kPa) level, with a corresponding pressure around 100 bar (10 MPa) and temperature of 320 K. The tenuous thermosphere extends over two planetary radii from the nominal surface, which is defined to lie at a pressure of 1 bar. The Uranian atmosphere can be divided into three layers: the troposphere, between altitudes of −300 and 50 km and pressures from 100 to 0.1 bar (10 MPa to 10 kPa); the stratosphere, spanning altitudes between 50 and 4000 km and pressures of between  (10 kPa to 10 µPa); and the thermosphere extending from 4,000 km to as high as 50,000 km from the surface. There is no mesosphere.

text: Although there is no well-defined solid surface within Uranus's interior, the outermost part of Uranus's gaseous envelope that is accessible to remote sensing is called its

entity_name: Atmosphere

text: atmosphere

text: . Remote-sensing capability extends down to roughly 300 km below the 1 bar (100 kPa) level, with a corresponding pressure around 100 bar (10 MPa) and temperature of 320

entity_name: Kelvin

text: K

text: . The tenuous

entity_name: Thermosphere

text: thermosphere

text: extends over two planetary radii from the nominal surface, which is defined to lie at a pressure of 1 bar. The Uranian atmosphere can be divided into three layers: the

entity_name: Troposphere

text: troposphere

text: , between altitudes of −300 and 50 km and pressures from 100 to 0.1 bar (10 MPa to 10 kPa); the

entity_name: Stratosphere

text: stratosphere

text: , spanning altitudes between 50 and 4000 km and pressures of between  (10 kPa to 10

entity_name: Pascal (unit)

text: µPa

text: ); and the thermosphere extending from 4,000 km to as high as 50,000 km from the surface. There is no

entity_name: Mesosphere

text: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: The troposphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Uranus's atmosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Uranus's

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Although there is no well-defined solid surface within Uranus's

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: remote sensing

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Uranus's

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: troposphere,

text: Study of Earth's magnetosphere began in 1600, when William Gilbert discovered that the magnetic field on the surface of Earth resembled that on a terrella, a small, magnetized sphere. In the 1940s, Walter M. Elsasser proposed the model of dynamo theory, which attributes Earth's magnetic field to the motion of  Earth's iron outer core. Through the use of magnetometers, scientists were able to study the variations in Earth's magnetic field as functions of both time and latitude and longitude. Beginning in the late 1940s, rockets were used to study cosmic rays. In 1958, Explorer 1, the first of the Explorer series of space missions, was launched to study the intensity of cosmic rays above the atmosphere and measure the fluctuations in this activity. This mission observed the existence of the Van Allen radiation belt (located in the inner region of Earth's magnetosphere), with the Explorer 3 mission later that year definitively proving its existence. Also in 1958, Eugene Parker proposed the idea of the solar wind. The term 'magnetosphere' was proposed by Thomas Gold in 1959. The Explorer 12 mission (1961) led to the observation by Cahill and Amazeen in 1963 of a sudden decrease in the strength of the magnetic field near the noon meridian, later named the magnetopause. In 1983, the International Cometary Explorer observed the magnetotail, or the distant magnetic field.

text: Study of Earth's magnetosphere began in 1600, when

entity_name: William Gilbert (astronomer)

text: William Gilbert

text: discovered that the magnetic field on the surface of Earth resembled that on a

entity_name: Terrella

text: terrella

text: , a small, magnetized sphere. In the 1940s,

entity_name: Walter M. Elsasser

text: Walter M. Elsasser

text: proposed the model of

entity_name: Dynamo theory

text: dynamo theory

text: , which attributes

entity_name: Earth's magnetic field

text: Earth's magnetic field

text: to the motion of  Earth's

entity_name: Iron

text: iron

entity_name: Outer core

text: outer core

text: . Through the use of

entity_name: Magnetometer

text: magnetometer

text: s, scientists were able to study the variations in Earth's magnetic field as functions of both time and latitude and longitude. Beginning in the late 1940s, rockets were used to study

entity_name: Cosmic ray

text: cosmic rays

text: . In 1958,

entity_name: Explorer 1

text: Explorer 1

text: , the first of the Explorer series of space missions, was launched to study the intensity of cosmic rays above the atmosphere and measure the fluctuations in this activity. This mission observed the existence of the

entity_name: Van Allen radiation belt

text: Van Allen radiation belt

text: (located in the inner region of Earth's magnetosphere), with the

entity_name: Explorer 3

text: Explorer 3

text: mission later that year definitively proving its existence. Also in 1958,

entity_name: Eugene Parker

text: Eugene Parker

text: proposed the idea of the

entity_name: Solar wind

text: solar wind

text: . The term 'magnetosphere' was proposed by

entity_name: Thomas Gold

text: Thomas Gold

text: in 1959. The Explorer 12 mission (1961) led to the observation by Cahill and Amazeen in 1963 of a sudden decrease in the strength of the magnetic field near the noon meridian, later named the

entity_name: Magnetopause

text: magnetopause

text: . In 1983, the

entity_name: International Cometary Explorer

text: International Cometary Explorer

text: observed the magnetotail, or the distant magnetic field.

method: dangnt-nlp

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Van Allen radiation belt

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Van Allen radiation belt

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: solar wind

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetopause

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: what was proposed by Eugene Parker

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: magnetized sphere

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: inner region of Earth's magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: located in the inner region

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Van Allen radiation belt

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Van Allen radiation belt

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Van Allen radiation belt

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: cosmic rays

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetopause.

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Eugene Parker proposed the idea of the solar wind.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Van Allen radiation belt

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Thomas Gold

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: noon meridian,

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: radiation belt

text: Stars, planets and moons retain their atmospheres by gravitational attraction. Atmospheres have no clearly delineated boundary: the density of atmospheric gas gradually decreases with distance from the object until it becomes indistinguishable from the surrounding environment. The Earth's atmospheric pressure drops to about Pa at  of altitude, compared to 100,000 Pa for the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) definition of standard pressure. Beyond this altitude, isotropic gas pressure rapidly becomes insignificant when compared to radiation pressure from the Sun and the dynamic pressure of the solar wind. The thermosphere in this range has large gradients of pressure, temperature and composition, and varies greatly due to space weather.

text: Stars, planets and moons retain their

text: atmosphere

text: s by gravitational attraction. Atmospheres have no clearly delineated boundary: the density of atmospheric gas gradually decreases with distance from the object until it becomes indistinguishable from the surrounding environment. The Earth's atmospheric

entity_name: Pressure

text: pressure

text: drops to about

text: Pa

text: at  of altitude, compared to 100,000 Pa for the

entity_name: International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry

text: International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry

text: (IUPAC) definition of

entity_name: Standard conditions for temperature and pressure

text: standard pressure

text: . Beyond this altitude, isotropic gas pressure rapidly becomes insignificant when compared to

entity_name: Radiation pressure

text: radiation pressure

text: from the

entity_name: Sun

text: Sun

text: and the

entity_name: Dynamic pressure

text: dynamic pressure

text: of the

text: solar wind

text: . The

text: thermosphere

text: in this range has large gradients of pressure, temperature and composition, and varies greatly due to

entity_name: Space weather

text: space weather

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: The thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: The thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: solar wind

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: the dynamic pressure of the solar wind

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: radiation pressure from the Sun

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: beyond this altitude

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: indistinguishable from the surrounding environment.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: The thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: The thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: solar wind.

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: The thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: dynamic pressure

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: solar wind.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: radiation pressure from the Sun and the dynamic pressure of the solar wind.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Stars,

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Stars, planets and moons

text: Bill Gates also became an investor in Beyond Meat in 2013 after he sampled the product and said he "couldn't tell the difference between Beyond Meat and real chicken".

entity_name: Bill Gates

text: Bill Gates

text: also became an investor in Beyond Meat in 2013 after he sampled the product and said he "couldn't tell the difference between Beyond Meat and real chicken".

method: ICT-DRMMTKS

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: The outer layer

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: helium

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: gaseous

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: a type of energy produced by the sun

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Bill Gates also became an investor in Beyond Meat

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Bill Gates also became an investor in Beyond Meat

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Bill Gates also became an investor in Beyond Meat

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: chicken".

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Bill Gates also became an investor in Beyond Meat

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: chicken".

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Bill Gates also became an investor in Beyond Meat

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Bill Gates

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Bill Gates also became an investor in Beyond Meat

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: chicken".

text: Eliminating, for the moment, consideration of the extremely dense charge populations that exist in the upper reaches of the atmosphere, a region called the ionosphere, filled with hot, dense, plasma gas whose ions give the ionosphere its name, we note that there is always some amount of unbound positive and negative, but net positive, electric charge in the atmosphere closest to the surface of the negatively charged Earth on a 'fine day'. When days are not so 'fine', the net unbound charge that exists in the clouds of thunderstorms can be exceedingly negative.

text: Eliminating, for the moment, consideration of the extremely dense charge populations that exist in the upper reaches of the atmosphere, a region called the ionosphere, filled with hot, dense, plasma gas whose ions give the ionosphere its name, we note that there is always some amount of unbound positive and negative, but net positive, electric charge in the atmosphere closest to the surface of the negatively charged Earth on a 'fine day'. When days are not so 'fine', the net unbound charge that exists in the clouds of thunderstorms can be exceedingly negative.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: ions

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: the ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: plasma

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: ions

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: ionosphere,

text: Interference (wave propagation)-International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy (IAG) -International Cometary Explorer (ICE) -International Geophysical Year (IGY) -International Magnetospheric Study (IMS) -intermediate-field region -interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) -interplanetary scintillation--inversion (meteorology) -ion-acoustic wave -ionogram -ionosphere -ionospheric absorption -ionospheric reflection -ionospheric sounding -ionospheric storm -ITU Model for Indoor Attenuation -ITU Terrain Model -

entity_name: Interference (wave propagation)

text: Interference (wave propagation)

entity_name: International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy

text: International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy

text: (IAG) -

text: International Cometary Explorer

text: (ICE) -

entity_name: International Geophysical Year

text: International Geophysical Year

text: (IGY) -

entity_name: International Magnetospheric Study

text: International Magnetospheric Study

text: (IMS) -

entity_name: Intermediate-field region

text: intermediate-field region

entity_name: Interplanetary magnetic field

text: interplanetary magnetic field

text: (IMF) -

entity_name: Interplanetary scintillation

text: interplanetary scintillation

entity_name: Inversion (meteorology)

text: inversion (meteorology)

entity_name: Ion acoustic wave

text: ion-acoustic wave

entity_name: Ionogram

text: ionogram

entity_name: Ionosphere

text: ionosphere

entity_name: Ionospheric absorption

text: ionospheric absorption

entity_name: Ionospheric reflection

text: ionospheric reflection

entity_name: Ionospheric sounding

text: ionospheric sounding

entity_name: Ionospheric storm

text: ionospheric storm

entity_name: ITU model for indoor attenuation

text: ITU Model for Indoor Attenuation

entity_name: ITU terrain model

text: ITU Terrain Model

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: interplanetary magnetic field

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: interplanetary

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: ionospheric storm

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: ionogram

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: interplanetary magnetic field

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: interplanetary magnetic field

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: -ionospheric absorption

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: -ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: -ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: -ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: -ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: -interplanetary scintillation--inversion

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: -ionospheric storm

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: -ion-acoustic wave -ionogram

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: -ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: -ionospheric absorption

text: Objects in LEO encounter atmospheric drag from gases in the thermosphere (approximately 80–500 km up) or exosphere (approximately 500 km and up), depending on orbit height. Due to atmospheric drag, satellites do not usually orbit below 300 km. Objects in LEO orbit Earth between the denser part of the atmosphere and below the inner Van Allen radiation belt.

text: Objects in LEO encounter atmospheric drag from

entity_name: Gas

text: gases

text: in the

text: thermosphere

text: (approximately 80–500 km up) or

entity_name: Exosphere

text: exosphere

text: (approximately 500 km and up), depending on orbit height. Due to atmospheric drag, satellites do not usually orbit below 300 km. Objects in LEO orbit Earth between the denser part of the atmosphere and below the inner

text: Van Allen radiation belt

method: UNH-tfidf-stem

method: UNH-tfidf-ptsim

method: UNH-tfidf-lem

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: the inner Van Allen radiation belt

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: inner Van Allen radiation belt

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: the inner Van Allen radiation belt

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Van Allen radiation belt

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Van Allen radiation belt

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: the inner Van Allen radiation belt

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: radiation belts

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Van Allen radiation belt.

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: inner Van Allen radiation belt.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: inner Van Allen radiation belt.

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Objects in LEO encounter atmospheric drag

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: inner Van Allen radiation belt.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Van Allen radiation belt.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: (approximately 80–500 km up)

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: radiation belt.

text: The range is a small northeast trending range typical of the Basin and Range Province. Adjacent to the northwest side of the range is a desert playa of the broad Kumiva Valley. To the west beyond the Kumiva valley lies the Selenite Range. To the southeast lie the Nightingale Mountains and directly south across the narrow Juniper Pass are the closely associated Sahwave Mountains. To the southeast is the Blue Wing Playa of the broad Granite Springs Valley.  Beyond the Granite Springs Valley are the Trinity Range with Lovelock just beyond. The Seven Troughs Range lies just five miles to the east of the Blue Wings.

text: The range is a small northeast trending range typical of the

text: Basin and Range Province

text: . Adjacent to the northwest side of the range is a desert playa of the broad

text: Kumiva Valley

text: . To the west beyond the Kumiva valley lies the

text: Selenite Range

text: . To the southeast lie the

text: Nightingale Mountains

text: and directly south across the narrow Juniper Pass are the closely associated

text: Sahwave Mountains

text: . To the southeast is the Blue Wing Playa of the broad Granite Springs Valley.  Beyond the Granite Springs Valley are the

text: Trinity Range

text: with

text: Lovelock

text: just beyond. The

text: Seven Troughs Range

text: lies just five miles to the east of the Blue Wings.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Sahwave Mountains

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Granite Springs Valley

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: helium

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: gaseous

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Kumiva Valley

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: blue wing

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Basin and Range Province

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Nightingale Mountains

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Sahwave Mountains.

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Granite Springs Valley.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Kumiva Valley.

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Basin and Range Province.

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: northeast trending range typical of the Basin and Range Province.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Nightingale Mountains

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Basin and Range Province.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Basin and Range Province.

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Basin and Range Province.

text: Aurora (2011 population 53,203) is an affluent town in York Region in the Greater Toronto Area, within the Golden Horseshoe of Southern Ontario. It is located north of the town of Richmond Hill and is partially situated on the Oak Ridges Moraine. In the Canada 2011 Census, the municipal population of Aurora was the 95th largest in Canada, compared to 97th for the 2006 Census. Aurora has consistently ranked in the top 10 wealtiest cities in Canada.

text: Aurora (

text: 2011 population

text: 53,203) is an affluent town in

text: York Region

text: in the

text: Greater Toronto Area

text: , within the

text: Golden Horseshoe

text: of

text: Southern Ontario

text: . It is located north of the

text: town of Richmond Hill

text: and is partially situated on the

text: Oak Ridges Moraine

text: . In the

text: Canada 2011 Census

text: , the municipal population of Aurora was the

entity_name: List of the 100 largest municipalities in Canada by population

text: 95th largest in Canada

text: , compared to 97th for the

text: 2006 Census

text: . Aurora has consistently ranked in the top 10 wealtiest cities in Canada.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: The Golden Horseshoe

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Oak Ridges Moraine

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Golden Horseshoe

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Aurora

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Golden Horseshoe

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Greater Toronto Area

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Golden Horseshoe

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Aurora (2011 population 53,203)

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Oak Ridges Moraine.

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Oak Ridges Moraine.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Golden Horseshoe of Southern Ontario.

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Golden Horseshoe of Southern Ontario.

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Golden Horseshoe of Southern Ontario.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Aurora (2011 population 53,203)

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Golden Horseshoe of Southern Ontario.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Golden Horseshoe of Southern Ontario.

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Oak Ridges Moraine.

text: Custom content creators are known as builders in the Neverwinter Nights community. The Aurora toolset allows builders to create map areas using a tile system; the appearance and surface textures of the area are defined by the area's selected tileset. Builders can overlay placeable objects onto areas, and use the built-in scripting language NWScript, which is based on the C programming language, to run cut scenes, quests, mini-games and conversations. Third party utilities allow builders to create custom content for most aspects of the game, ranging from new playable races and character classes to new tilesets, monsters and equipment. Custom content is added to the game in the form of hakpaks. Builders have used the Aurora toolset in combination with hakpaks to create playing experiences beyond the scope of the original campaign.  Additionally, the Aurora toolset has allowed for the creation of a number of ongoing persistent worlds modules.

text: Custom content creators are known as builders in the Neverwinter Nights community. The Aurora toolset allows builders to create map areas using a

text: tile system

text: ; the appearance and surface textures of the area are defined by the area's selected tileset. Builders can overlay placeable objects onto areas, and use the built-in scripting language

text: NWScript

text: , which is based on the

text: C programming language

text: , to run

text: cut scene

text: s, quests,

text: mini-games

text: and conversations. Third party utilities allow builders to create custom content for most aspects of the game, ranging from new playable races and character classes to new tilesets, monsters and equipment. Custom content is added to the game in the form of hakpaks. Builders have used the Aurora toolset in combination with hakpaks to create playing experiences beyond the scope of the original campaign.  Additionally, the Aurora toolset has allowed for the creation of a number of ongoing

text: persistent world

text: s modules.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Aurora toolset

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: The Aurora toolset

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: layer

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Aurora

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Neverwinter Nights

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: builders in the Neverwinter Nights

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Aurora toolset allows builders to create map areas using a tile system;

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: tile system;

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: tile system;

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: tile system;

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: builders in the Neverwinter Nights

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Aurora toolset allows builders to create map areas using a tile system;

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Custom content creators are known as builders in the Neverwinter Nights

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Neverwinter Nights

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: new playable races

text: A second source of energy input into the thermosphere is solar wind energy which is transferred to the magnetosphere by mechanisms that are not well understood. One possible way to transfer energy is via a hydrodynamic dynamo process. Solar wind particles penetrate into the polar regions of the magnetosphere where the geomagnetic field lines are essentially vertically directed. An electric field is generated, directed from dawn to dusk. Along the last closed geomagnetic field lines with their footpoints within the auroral zones, field aligned electric currents can flow into the ionospheric dynamo region where they are closed by electric Pedersen and Hall currents. Ohmic losses of the Pedersen currents heat the lower thermosphere (see e.g., Magnetospheric electric convection field). In addition, penetration of high energetic particles from the magnetosphere into the auroral regions enhance drastically the electric conductivity, further increasing the electric currents and thus Joule heating. During quiet magnetospheric activity, the magnetosphere contributes perhaps by a quarter to the thermosphere's energy budget. This is about 250 K of the exospheric temperature in eq.(2). During very large activity, however, this heat input can increase substantially, by a factor of four or more. That solar wind input occurs mainly in the auroral regions during both day and night.

text: A second source of energy input into the thermosphere is

text: solar wind

text: energy which is transferred to the

text: magnetosphere

text: by mechanisms that are not well understood. One possible way to transfer energy is via a hydrodynamic dynamo process. Solar wind particles penetrate into the polar regions of the magnetosphere where the

text: geomagnetic field

text: lines are essentially vertically directed. An electric field is generated, directed from dawn to dusk. Along the last closed geomagnetic field lines with their footpoints within the

text: auroral

text: zones, field aligned electric currents can flow into the

text: ionospheric dynamo region

text: where they are closed by electric

text: Pedersen

text: and

text: Hall current

text: s.

text: Ohm

text: ic losses of the Pedersen currents heat the lower thermosphere (see e.g.,

entity_name: Magnetospheric electric convection field

text: Magnetospheric electric convection field

text: ). In addition, penetration of high energetic particles from the magnetosphere into the auroral regions enhance drastically the electric conductivity, further increasing the electric currents and thus

text: Joule heating

text: . During quiet magnetospheric activity, the magnetosphere contributes perhaps by a quarter to the thermosphere's energy budget. This is about 250 K of the exospheric temperature in eq.(2). During very large activity, however, this heat input can increase substantially, by a factor of four or more. That solar wind input occurs mainly in the auroral regions during both day and night.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: auroral zones

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: auroral zones

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: source of energy input into the thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: dynamo region

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: the auroral zones

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: electric conductivity,

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionospheric dynamo region

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: auroral zones,

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: A second source of energy input into the thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Solar wind particles penetrate into the polar regions of the magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: ionospheric dynamo

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: auroral zones,

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: auroral zones,

text: Low-mass planets are poor candidates for life for two reasons. First, their lesser gravity makes atmosphere retention difficult. Constituent molecules are more likely to reach escape velocity and be lost to space when buffeted by solar wind or stirred by collision. Planets without a thick atmosphere lack the matter necessary for primal biochemistry, have little insulation and poor heat transfer across their surfaces (for example, Mars, with its thin atmosphere, is colder than the Earth would be if it were at a similar distance from the Sun), and provide less protection against meteoroids and high-frequency radiation. Further, where an atmosphere is less dense than 0.006 Earth atmospheres, water cannot exist in liquid form as the required atmospheric pressure, 4.56 mm Hg (608 Pa) (0.18 inch Hg), does not occur. The temperature range at which water is liquid is smaller at low pressures generally.

text: Low-mass planets are poor candidates for life for two reasons. First, their lesser

text: gravity

text: makes

text: atmosphere

text: retention difficult. Constituent

text: molecule

text: s are more likely to reach

text: escape velocity

text: and be lost to space when buffeted by

text: solar wind

text: or stirred by collision. Planets without a thick atmosphere lack the matter necessary for primal

text: biochemistry

text: , have little insulation and poor

text: heat transfer

text: across their surfaces (for example,

text: Mars

text: , with its thin atmosphere, is colder than the Earth would be if it were at a similar distance from the Sun), and provide less protection against

text: meteoroid

text: s and high-frequency

text: radiation

text: . Further, where an atmosphere is less dense than 0.006 Earth atmospheres, water cannot exist in liquid form as the required

text: atmospheric pressure

text: , 4.56

text: mm Hg

text: (608 Pa) (0.18

text: inch Hg

text: ), does not occur. The temperature range at which water is liquid is smaller at low pressures generally.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: high-frequency

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: thin atmosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: solar wind

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: is less dense

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: ionization

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: low pressures

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: water cannot exist in liquid form

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: high-frequency radiation.

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: high-frequency radiation.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: solar wind

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: less dense

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Constituent molecules are more likely to reach escape velocity and be lost to space

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: solar wind

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: solar wind

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Sun),

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: solar wind

text: In order to reduce the size and weight of the magnet of the magnetic sail, it may be possible to inflate the magnetic field using a plasma in the same way that the plasma around the Earth stretches out the Earth's magnetic field in the magnetosphere. In this approach, called mini-magnetospheric plasma propulsion (M2P2), currents that run through the plasma will augment and partially replace the currents in the coil. This is expected to be especially useful far from the Sun, where the increased effective size of a M2P2 sail compensates for the reduced dynamic pressure of the solar wind. The original NASA design proposes a spacecraft containing a can-shaped electromagnet into which a plasma is injected. The plasma pressure stretches the magnetic field and inflates a bubble of plasma around the spacecraft. The plasma then generates a kind of miniaturized magnetosphere around the spacecraft, analogous to the magnetosphere that surrounds the Earth. The protons and electrons which make up the solar wind are deflected by this magnetosphere and the reaction accelerates the spacecraft. The thrust of the M2P2 device would be steerable to some extent, potentially allowing the spacecraft to 'tack' into the solar wind and allowing efficient changes of orbit.

text: In order to reduce the size and weight of the

text: magnet

text: of the magnetic sail, it may be possible to inflate the magnetic field using a plasma in the same way that the plasma around the Earth stretches out the Earth's magnetic field in the

text: magnetosphere

text: . In this approach, called mini-magnetospheric plasma propulsion (M2P2), currents that run through the plasma will augment and partially replace the currents in the coil. This is expected to be especially useful far from the Sun, where the increased effective size of a M2P2 sail compensates for the reduced dynamic pressure of the solar wind. The original

text: NASA

text: design proposes a spacecraft containing a can-shaped electromagnet into which a plasma is injected. The

text: plasma

text: pressure stretches the magnetic field and inflates a bubble of plasma around the spacecraft. The plasma then generates a kind of miniaturized magnetosphere around the spacecraft, analogous to the

text: magnetosphere

text: that surrounds the Earth. The protons and electrons which make up the

text: solar wind

text: are deflected by this magnetosphere and the reaction accelerates the spacecraft. The thrust of the M2P2 device would be steerable to some extent, potentially allowing the spacecraft to 'tack' into the solar wind and allowing efficient changes of orbit.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: solar wind

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: What is the reaction accelerates the spacecraft?

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: far from the Sun

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: reduced dynamic pressure of the solar wind.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: magnetosphere.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: protons and electrons

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetosphere.

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: The protons and electrons

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: plasma

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: far from the Sun,

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: magnetosphere.

text: 1986 Ten Deadly Kisses/1988 The Black Album According To The Weathermen/1990 Beyond The Beyond/1992 Global 851

text: 1986 Ten Deadly Kisses/1988 The Black Album According To The Weathermen/1990 Beyond The Beyond/1992 Global 851

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: The Black Album According To The Weathermen

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: The Alps

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: The Milky Way

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: helium

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: The Black Album According To The Weathermen

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: The Aurora Borealis

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: neutrons

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: in outer space

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: The Black Album

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Beyond The Beyond/1992

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Global 851

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Global 851

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: The Weathermen/1990

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Global 851

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: The Weathermen/1990

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: The Black Album According To The Weathermen/1990

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: The Weathermen/1990

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: The Weathermen/1990

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Global 851

text: ICMEs are not the only cause of space weather. Different patches on the Sun are known to give rise to slightly different speeds and densities of wind depending on local conditions. In isolation, each of these different wind streams would form a spiral with a slightly different angle, with fast-moving streams moving out more directly and slow-moving streams wrapping more around the Sun. Fast moving streams tend to overtake slower streams that originate westward of them on the Sun, forming turbulent co-rotating interaction regions that give rise to wave motions and accelerated particles, and that affect Earth's magnetosphere in the same way as, but more gently than, CMEs.

text: ICMEs are not the only cause of

text: space weather

text: . Different patches on the Sun are known to give rise to slightly different speeds and densities of wind depending on local conditions. In isolation, each of these different wind streams would form a spiral with a slightly different angle, with fast-moving streams moving out more directly and slow-moving streams wrapping more around the Sun. Fast moving streams tend to overtake slower streams that originate

text: west

text: ward of them on the Sun, forming turbulent co-rotating interaction regions that give rise to wave motions and accelerated particles, and that affect Earth's magnetosphere in the same way as, but more gently than, CMEs.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: electromagnetic radiation

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: particles

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: different speeds and densities of wind depending on local conditions

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: ICMEs

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: particles,

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: CMEs.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: ICMEs

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Earth's magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: turbulent co-rotating interaction regions

text: The Juno spacecraft's suite of science instruments will primarily characterize and explore the three-dimensional structure of Jupiter's polar magnetosphere, auroras and mass composition.As Juno is a Polar Orbit mission, these orbits used it will be possible to measure the orbital frame-dragging, known also as Lense–Thirring precession caused by the angular momentum of Jupiter,

text: The

text: Juno

text: spacecraft's suite of science instruments will primarily characterize and explore the three-dimensional structure of Jupiter's polar

text: magnetosphere

text: auroras

text: and mass composition.As Juno is a Polar Orbit mission, these orbits used it will be possible to measure the orbital

text: frame-dragging

text: , known also as Lense–Thirring precession caused by the

text: angular momentum

text: of Jupiter,

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: auroras

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: polar magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: polar

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Jupiter's

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Jupiter

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: polar magnetosphere, auroras and mass composition.As

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: polar magnetosphere,

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: polar magnetosphere,

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: polar magnetosphere,

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: polar magnetosphere,

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Lense–Thirring precession caused by the angular momentum

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Jupiter's polar magnetosphere,

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: magnetosphere,

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Jupiter's

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: polar magnetosphere,

text: In June 1951, the northern part of Quezon (specifically, the towns of Baler, Casiguran, Dipaculao and Maria Aurora ) was made into the sub-province of Aurora. Aurora was the name of the president's wife, Aurora Quezon. Aurora was finally separated from Quezon as an independent province in 1979.

text: In June 1951, the northern part of Quezon (specifically, the towns of

text: Baler

text: Casiguran

text: Dipaculao

text: and

text: Maria Aurora

text: ) was made into the sub-province of

text: Aurora

text: . Aurora was the name of the president's wife,

text: Aurora Quezon

text: . Aurora was finally separated from Quezon as an independent province in 1979.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: the president's wife, Aurora Quezon

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: northern part of Quezon

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Aurora.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Aurora.

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: northern part of Quezon

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Quezon

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: In June 1951,

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Aurora.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Aurora.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Aurora was the name of the president's wife, Aurora Quezon.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: northern part of Quezon

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Aurora.

text: The Special Sensor Ultraviolet Limb Imager (SSULI) is an imaging spectrometer that is used to observe the earth's ionosphere and thermosphere. These sensors provide vertical intensity profiles of airglow emissions in the extreme ultraviolet and far ultraviolet spectral range of 800 to 1700 Angstrom (80 to 170 nanometre) and scan from 75 km to 750 km tangent altitude. The data from these sensors will be used to infer altitude profiles of ion, electron and neutral density.

text: The Special Sensor Ultraviolet Limb Imager (SSULI) is an

text: imaging spectrometer

text: that is used to observe the earth's

text: ionosphere

text: and

text: thermosphere

text: . These sensors provide vertical intensity profiles of

text: airglow

text: emissions in the

text: extreme ultraviolet

text: and

text: far ultraviolet

text: spectral range of 800 to 1700

text: Angstrom

text: (80 to 170

text: nanometre

text: ) and scan from 75 km to 750 km tangent altitude. The data from these sensors will be used to infer altitude profiles of ion, electron and neutral density.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ion

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: airglow emissions

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: airglow emissions

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Earth's ionosphere and thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: ion, electron and neutral density.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: airglow

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: airglow emissions

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: The Special Sensor Ultraviolet Limb Imager

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: ionosphere and thermosphere.

text: The ionosphere is a shell of electrons  and electrically charged atoms and molecules that surrounds the Earth, stretching from a height of about  to more than . It owes its existence primarily to ultraviolet radiation from the Sun.

text: The ionosphere is a shell of

text: electron

text: s  and electrically charged

text: atom

text: s and

text: molecule

text: s that surrounds the Earth, stretching from a height of about  to more than . It owes its existence primarily to

text: ultraviolet

text: radiation from the

text: Sun

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: iosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: ultraviolet radiation

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: ultraviolet radiation from the Sun

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: ultraviolet radiation

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: The ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: It owes its existence primarily to ultraviolet radiation from the Sun.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: The ionosphere

text: The South Morang railway line originally continued to Whittlesea but the line beyond South Morang has not been in use since the diesel service was discontinued. As part of the Aurora development it was anticipated that the government would extend an electrified railway line north-west to Aurora. Such a development would have provided an energy efficient public transport service to the city for residents of Aurora.

text: The

text: South Morang railway line

text: originally continued to

text: Whittlesea

text: but the line beyond South Morang has not been in use since the diesel service was discontinued. As part of the Aurora development it was anticipated that the government would extend an electrified railway line north-west to Aurora. Such a development would have provided an energy efficient public transport service to the city for residents of Aurora.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: gaseous

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unknown

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Whittlesea

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: The South Morang railway line originally continued to Whittlesea

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: The South Morang railway line originally continued to Whittlesea

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: South Morang

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: electrified

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: The South Morang railway line originally continued to Whittlesea

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: electrified railway line north-west

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Aurora development

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: The South Morang railway line originally continued to Whittlesea

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Aurora.

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: The South Morang railway line originally continued to Whittlesea

text: The dominant means of long distance communication in this band is skywave (skip) propagation, in which radio waves directed at an angle into the sky reflect (actually refract) back to Earth from layers of ionized atoms in the ionosphere.  By this method HF radio waves can travel beyond the horizon, around the curve of the Earth, and can be received at intercontinental distances.  However, suitability of this portion of the spectrum for such communication varies greatly with a complex combination of factors:

text: The dominant means of long distance communication in this band is

text: skywave

text: (skip) propagation, in which radio waves directed at an angle into the sky reflect (actually

text: refract

text: ) back to Earth from layers of ionized atoms in the ionosphere.  By this method HF radio waves can travel beyond the horizon, around the curve of the Earth, and can be received at intercontinental distances.  However, suitability of this portion of the spectrum for such communication varies greatly with a complex combination of factors:

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: ionized atoms

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: ionized

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: ionized atoms

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionized atoms

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: skywave (skip) propagation,

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: ionized atoms in the ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: ionized atoms

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: layers of ionized atoms

text: The F region of the ionosphere is home to the F layer of ionization, also called the Appleton–Barnett layer, after the English physicist Edward Appleton and New Zealander Miles Barnett. As with other ionospheric sectors, 'layer' implies a concentration of plasma, while 'region' is the volume that contains the said layer. The F region contains ionized gases at a height of around 150–800 km above sea level, placing it in the Earth’s thermosphere, a hot region in the upper atmosphere, and also in the heterosphere, where chemical composition varies with height. Generally speaking, the F region has the highest concentration of free electrons and ions anywhere in the atmosphere. It may be thought of as comprising two layers, the F1-and F2-layers.

text: The F region of the

text: ionosphere

text: is home to the F layer of ionization, also called the Appleton–Barnett layer, after the English physicist

text: Edward Appleton

text: and New Zealander

text: Miles Barnett

text: . As with other ionospheric sectors, 'layer' implies a concentration of plasma, while 'region' is the volume that contains the said layer. The F region contains ionized gases at a height of around 150–800 km above sea level, placing it in the Earth’s

text: thermosphere

text: , a hot region in the upper

text: atmosphere

text: , and also in the

text: heterosphere

text: , where chemical composition varies with height. Generally speaking, the F region has the highest concentration of free

text: electrons

text: and

text: ions

text: anywhere in the atmosphere. It may be thought of as comprising two layers, the F1-and F2-layers.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Appleton–Barnett layer

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionized gases

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: heterosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: a hot region in the upper atmosphere

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Appleton–Barnett layer

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: in the Earth’s thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: the F region has the highest concentration of free electrons and ions

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Appleton–Barnett layer,

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Appleton–Barnett layer,

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionized gases

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: heterosphere,

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Appleton–Barnett layer,

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Appleton–Barnett layer,

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Edward Appleton and New Zealander Miles Barnett.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: F region of the ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: 150–800 km above sea level,

text: In 1961 she sold the academy and began teaching classes at the local YMCA. From 1964 to 1973 taught at Aurora College, now Aurora University. The college awarded her an honorary doctorate in 1974.

text: In 1961 she sold the academy and began teaching classes at the local YMCA. From 1964 to 1973 taught at Aurora College, now

text: Aurora University

text: . The college awarded her an honorary doctorate in 1974.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: the outermost layer

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: layer of air

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Aurora University

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unspecified

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: honorary doctorate

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: YMCA.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: YMCA.

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: YMCA.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Aurora College, now Aurora University.

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: YMCA.

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: YMCA.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Aurora College,

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: YMCA.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Aurora College, now Aurora University.

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: YMCA.

text: In a retcon of past events, Charles Xavier reveals to his fellow Illuminati members that in the original Secret War, he had attempted to mind-scan the Beyonder, revealing him as one of the Inhumans previously ruled over by fellow Illuminati member Black Bolt. Xavier also deduced the apparent secret behind the Beyonder's seemingly godlike abilities, which was that the Beyonder was not only an Inhuman but also a mutant, and the exposure of his mutant genes to Terrigen Mists had created an unprecedented power.	This revelation leads to a confrontation with the Beyonder during the events of the second Secret War, wherein Black Bolt expresses his extreme displeasure toward the Beyonder's activities. When encountered, the Beyonder is dwelling in a simulacrum of Manhattan Island on Ceres, a dwarf planet in the asteroid belt.

text: In a

text: retcon

text: of past events,

text: Charles Xavier

text: reveals to his fellow

text: Illuminati

text: members that in the original Secret War, he had attempted to mind-scan the Beyonder, revealing him as one of the

text: Inhumans

text: previously ruled over by fellow Illuminati member

text: Black Bolt

text: . Xavier also deduced the apparent secret behind the Beyonder's seemingly godlike abilities, which was that the Beyonder was not only an Inhuman but also a

text: mutant

text: , and the exposure of his mutant genes to

text: Terrigen Mist

text: s had created an unprecedented power.	This revelation leads to a confrontation with the Beyonder during the events of the second Secret War, wherein Black Bolt expresses his extreme displeasure toward the Beyonder's activities. When encountered, the Beyonder is dwelling in a simulacrum of Manhattan Island on

text: Ceres

text: , a

text: dwarf planet

text: in the

text: asteroid belt

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Terrigen Mists

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Mists

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: a dwarf planet

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Manhattan

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: the asteroid belt

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: asteroid belt

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: asteroid belt.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Terrigen Mists

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: asteroid belt.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Terrigen Mists

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Terrigen Mists

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: asteroid belt.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: asteroid belt.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: asteroid belt.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: asteroid belt.

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: asteroid

text: A geomagnetic storm is a temporary disturbance of the Earth's Magnetosphere caused by a solar wind shock wave and/or cloud of magnetic field that interacts with the Earth's magnetic field. The increase in solar wind pressure compresses the magnetosphere and the solar wind's magnetic field interacts with the Earth’s magnetic field to transfer increased energy into the magnetosphere.  Both interactions increase plasma movement through the magnetosphere (driven by increased electric fields) and an increase in electric current in the magnetosphere and ionosphere.

text: A geomagnetic storm is a temporary disturbance of the Earth's

text: Magnetosphere

text: caused by a

text: solar wind

text: shock wave and/or cloud of magnetic field that interacts with the

text: Earth's magnetic field

text: . The increase in solar wind pressure compresses the magnetosphere and the solar wind's magnetic field interacts with the Earth’s magnetic field to transfer increased energy into the magnetosphere.  Both interactions increase plasma movement through the magnetosphere (driven by increased electric fields) and an increase in electric current in the magnetosphere and ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: plasma

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: what causes a geomagnetic storm

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: electric current

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Earth's Magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: A geomagnetic storm

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: plasma

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: magnetic field

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: geomagnetic storm

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: electric current

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Earth's Magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: solar wind shock wave and/or cloud of magnetic field

text: The B-side of single "Nothing's Gonna Change My Love for You" released in Germany brought George Benson's cover of the classic "Beyond The Sea (La Mer)", which, although not an original song Benson, also it was released as a single in the USA and the UK, where peaked position #60 and remained on the UK Singles Chart for three weeks. "Beyond The Sea (La Mer)" is an English version of the French song "La Mer" by Charles Trenet, recorded in 1946. The letter was written in English by American Jack Lawrence and his version titled "Beyond The Sea" was recorded by numerous artists to over the years. The cover of Benson was also released on the album "20/20" in 1985.

text: The

text: B-side

text: of single "Nothing's Gonna Change My Love for You" released in

text: Germany

text: brought

text: George Benson

text: 's cover of the classic "

text: Beyond The Sea (La Mer)

text: ", which, although not an original song Benson, also it was released as a single in the

text: USA

text: and the

text: UK

text: , where peaked position #60 and remained on the

text: UK Singles Chart

text: for three weeks. "

text: Beyond The Sea (La Mer)

text: " is an

text: English

text: version of the

text: French

text: song "

text: La Mer

text: " by

text: Charles Trenet

text: , recorded in 1946. The letter was written in

text: English

text: by

text: American

text: Jack Lawrence

text: and his version titled "

text: Beyond The Sea

text: " was recorded by numerous artists to over the years. The cover of Benson was also released on the album "

text: " in 1985.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: sea

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: La Mer

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unspecified

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: "Nothing's Gonna Change My Love for You"

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: The letter

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: "Beyond The Sea (La Mer)",

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: "Beyond The Sea (La Mer)",

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: "20/20"

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: English version of the French song "La Mer" by Charles Trenet,

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: "Nothing's Gonna Change My Love for You"

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: "Beyond The Sea (La Mer)",

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Germany

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: "Nothing's Gonna Change My Love for You"

text: 1986's From Beyond was loosely based on Lovecraft's story of the same title "From Beyond".

text: From Beyond

text: was loosely based on Lovecraft's story of the same title "

text: From Beyond

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: a layer of plasma

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: outermost layer

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: helium

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: outermost layer

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Lovecraft's story

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Lovecraft's story

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Northern Hemisphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: The Van Allen Belts are a series of belt buckles worn by professional wrestlers.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: 1986's From Beyond

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: 1986's From Beyond

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: 1986's From Beyond

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: 1986's

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Beyond

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: 1986's From Beyond

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: 1986's From Beyond

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Lovecraft's story of the same title "From Beyond".

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: 1986's From Beyond

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: 1986's From Beyond

text: The solar X-ray and extreme ultraviolet radiation (XUV) at wavelengths < 170 nm is almost completely absorbed within the thermosphere. This radiation causes the various ionospheric layers as well as a temperature increase at these heights (Figure 1).While the solar visible light (380 to 780 nm) is nearly constant with a variability of not more than about 0.1% of the solar constant, the solar XUV radiation is highly variable in time and space. For instance, X-ray bursts associated with solar flares can dramatically increase their intensity over preflare levels by many orders of magnitude over a time span of tens of minutes. In the extreme ultraviolet, the Lyman α line at 121.6 nm represents an important source of ionization and dissociation at ionospheric D layer heights. During quiet periods of solar activity, it alone contains more energy than the rest of the XUV spectrum. Quasi-periodic changes of the order of 100% or greater, with periods with period of 27 days and 11 years, belong to the prominent variations of solar XUV radiation. However, irregular fluctuations over all time scales are present all the time. During low solar activity, about half of the total energy input into the thermosphere is thought to be solar XUV radiation. Evidently, that solar XUV energy input occurs only during daytime conditions, maximizing at the equator during equinox.

text: The solar X-ray and extreme ultraviolet radiation (XUV) at wavelengths < 170 nm is almost completely absorbed within the thermosphere. This radiation causes the various

text: ionospheric layer

text: s as well as a temperature increase at these heights (Figure 1).While the solar visible light (380 to 780 nm) is nearly constant with a variability of not more than about 0.1% of the

text: solar constant

text: , the solar XUV radiation is highly variable in time and space. For instance, X-ray bursts associated with

text: solar flares

text: can dramatically increase their intensity over preflare levels by many orders of magnitude over a time span of tens of minutes. In the extreme ultraviolet, the Lyman α line at 121.6 nm represents an important source of

text: ionization

text: and

text: dissociation

text: at ionospheric D layer heights. During quiet periods of

text: solar activity

text: , it alone contains more energy than the rest of the XUV spectrum. Quasi-periodic changes of the order of 100% or greater, with periods with period of 27 days and 11 years, belong to the prominent variations of solar XUV radiation. However, irregular fluctuations over all time scales are present all the time. During low solar activity, about half of the total energy input into the thermosphere is thought to be solar XUV radiation. Evidently, that solar XUV energy input occurs only during daytime conditions, maximizing at the equator during

text: equinox

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: solar XUV radiation

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: ionization

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: equator during equinox

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: The solar X-ray and extreme ultraviolet radiation

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionospheric D layer

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionospheric D layer

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionospheric layers

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: 0.1% of the solar constant,

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: X-ray bursts associated with solar flares

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: solar X-ray and extreme ultraviolet radiation

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: equator

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: ionospheric layers

text: The troposphere begins at the surface and extends up to an altitude of 65 kilometres (an altitude at which the mesosphere has already been reached on Earth). At the top of the troposphere, temperature and pressure reach Earth-like levels. Winds at the surface are a few metres per second, reaching 70 m/s or more in the upper troposphere. The stratosphere and mesosphere extend from 65 km to 95 km in height. The thermosphere and exosphere begin at around 95 kilometres, eventually reaching the limit of the atmosphere at about 220 to 250 km.

text: The

text: troposphere

text: begins at the surface and extends up to an altitude of 65 kilometres (an altitude at which the

text: mesosphere

text: has already been reached on Earth). At the top of the troposphere, temperature and pressure reach Earth-like levels. Winds at the surface are a few metres per second, reaching 70 m/s or more in the upper troposphere. The

text: stratosphere

text: and mesosphere extend from 65 km to 95 km in height. The thermosphere and exosphere begin at around 95 kilometres, eventually reaching the limit of the atmosphere at about 220 to 250 km.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: The troposphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: The thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: 70 m/s

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: electrostatic charge

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: The thermosphere and exosphere

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: The troposphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: The thermosphere and exosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: a few metres per second,

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: The troposphere

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: The troposphere

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: The troposphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: The troposphere

text: Explorer 9, known as S-56A before launch, was an American satellite which was launched in 1961 to study the density and composition of the upper thermosphere and lower exosphere. It was a reflight of the failed S-56 mission, and consisted of a ,   balloon which was deployed into a medium Earth orbit. The mission was conducted by NASA's Langley Research Center.

text: Explorer 9, known as S-56A before launch, was an

text: American

text: satellite which was launched in 1961 to study the density and composition of the upper

text: thermosphere

text: and lower

text: exosphere

text: . It was a reflight of the failed

text: mission, and consisted of a ,   balloon which was deployed into a

text: medium Earth orbit

text: . The mission was conducted by

text: NASA

text: 's

text: Langley Research Center

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: lower exosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: lower exosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: The upper thermosphere and lower exosphere

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Earth orbit

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: upper thermosphere and lower exosphere.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: lower exosphere.

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: lower exosphere.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: upper thermosphere and lower exosphere.

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: lower exosphere.

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: upper thermosphere and lower exosphere.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Explorer 9,

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: exosphere.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Earth orbit.

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: upper thermosphere and lower exosphere.

text: While there are fewer lyrics derived from scripture, the albums 1956 through 1958 still reflect on the groups' Christianity based viewpoint, sometimes offering critiques of the Church  in a stream-of consciousness manner. On 1956 the sound shifts toward hip hop, leading CCM Magazine to describe it as "beyond offbeat, beyond eclectic... beyond the grasp of its market." This position is intentional according to Galaxy, who seeks to reach a wider audience than simply the church, and states "We do need to rock the boat... I dont particularly want anyone to think they know what they can expect from Soul-Junk."

text: While there are fewer lyrics derived from scripture, the albums 1956 through 1958 still reflect on the groups' Christianity based viewpoint, sometimes offering critiques of the Church  in a stream-of consciousness manner. On 1956 the sound shifts toward hip hop, leading

text: CCM Magazine

text: to describe it as "beyond offbeat, beyond eclectic... beyond the grasp of its market." This position is intentional according to Galaxy, who seeks to reach a wider audience than simply the church, and states "We do need to rock the boat... I dont particularly want anyone to think they know what they can expect from Soul-Junk."

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: boat

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unspecified

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: fewer lyrics derived from scripture,

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Soul-Junk."

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: 1956 the sound shifts toward hip hop,

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: a stream-of consciousness manner.

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: hip hop,

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: hip hop,

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: hip hop,

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: scripture,

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: a stream-of consciousness manner.

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Soul-Junk."

text: Space weather is a branch of space physics and aeronomy concerned with the time varying conditions within the Solar System, including the solar wind, emphasizing the space surrounding the Earth, including conditions in the magnetosphere, ionosphere and thermosphere. Space weather is distinct from the terrestrial weather of the Earth's atmosphere (troposphere and stratosphere). The science of space weather is focused on fundamental research and practical applications. The term space weather was first used in the 1950s and came into common usage in the 1990s.

text: Space weather is a branch of

text: space physics

text: and

text: aeronomy

text: concerned with the time varying conditions within the Solar System, including the

text: solar wind

text: , emphasizing the space surrounding the Earth, including conditions in the

text: magnetosphere

text: ionosphere

text: and

text: thermosphere

text: . Space weather is distinct from the terrestrial

text: weather

text: of the

text: Earth's atmosphere

text: troposphere

text: and

text: stratosphere

text: ). The science of space weather is focused on fundamental research and practical applications. The term space weather was first used in the 1950s and came into common usage in the 1990s.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Space weather

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: the Solar System

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Space weather

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: magnetosphere, ionosphere and thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: stratosphere).

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Space weather

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Space weather

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Space weather

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: magnetosphere,

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: magnetosphere,

text: The Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) is an international scientific radar network consisting of 35high frequency (HF) radars located in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. SuperDARN radars are primarily used to map high-latitude  plasma convection in the F region of the ionosphere, but the radars are also used to study a wider range of geospace phenomena including field aligned currents, magnetic reconnection, geomagnetic storms and substorms, magnetospheric MHD waves, mesospheric winds via meteor ionization trails, and interhemispheric plasma convection asymmetries. The SuperDARN collaboration is composed of radars operated by JHU/APL, Virginia Tech, Dartmouth College, the Geophysical Institute at the University of Alaska Fairbanks, the Institute of Space and Atmospheric Studies at the University of Saskatchewan, the University of Leicester, La Trobe University, and the Solar-Terrestrial Environment Laboratory at Nagoya University.

text: The Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) is an international scientific

text: radar

text: network consisting of 35

text: high frequency

text: (HF)

text: radars

text: located in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. SuperDARN radars are primarily used to map high-latitude

text: plasma

text: convection in the

text: F region

text: of the

text: ionosphere

text: , but the radars are also used to study a wider range of

text: geospace

text: phenomena including

text: field aligned currents

text: magnetic reconnection

text: geomagnetic storm

text: s and

text: substorm

text: s,

text: magnetospheric

text: MHD

text: waves,

text: mesospheric

text: winds via

text: meteor

text: ionization trails, and interhemispheric plasma convection asymmetries. The SuperDARN collaboration is composed of radars operated by

text: JHU/APL

text: Virginia Tech

text: Dartmouth College

text: , the

text: Geophysical Institute

text: at the

text: University of Alaska Fairbanks

text: , the Institute of Space and Atmospheric Studies at the

text: University of Saskatchewan

text: , the

text: University of Leicester

text: La Trobe University

text: , and the Solar-Terrestrial Environment Laboratory at

text: Nagoya University

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: F region

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: plasma

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: mesospheric winds

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Auroral

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: the Southern Hemisphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: F region of the ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: plasma

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: mesospheric winds via meteor ionization trails,

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: The Super Dual Auroral Radar Network

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: The Super Dual Auroral Radar Network

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: University of Saskatchewan,

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: high-latitude plasma convection

text: Two weeks later, Exosphere was "dominant" in the Golden Rose, winning his first Group 1 event by 2 lengths. Trainer John O'Shea said, "He's some colt. Wait until he grows into his frame. He is by this great sire Lonhro and he is in for a great season. A horse like Exosphere has great international appeal and you never know where he is going to end up."

text: Two weeks later, Exosphere was "dominant" in the

text: Golden Rose

text: , winning his first Group 1 event by 2 lengths. Trainer John O'Shea said, "He's some colt. Wait until he grows into his frame. He is by this great sire

text: Lonhro

text: and he is in for a great season. A horse like Exosphere has great international appeal and you never know where he is going to end up."

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Group 1 event

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Australia

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Exosphere was "dominant" in the Golden Rose,

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Exosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Golden Rose,

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Exosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Exosphere was "dominant" in the Golden Rose,

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Exosphere

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Exosphere was "dominant" in the Golden Rose,

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Exosphere

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Golden Rose,

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Group 1 event by 2 lengths.

text: Earth's atmosphere consists of a number of layers, summarised in the diagram above which explains what the layers are, that differ in properties such as composition, temperature and pressure. The lowest layer is the troposphere, which extends from the surface to the bottom of the stratosphere. Three quarters of the atmosphere's mass resides within the troposphere, and is the layer within which the Earth's weather develops. The depth of this layer varies between 17 km at the equator to 7 km at the poles. The stratosphere, extending from the top of the troposphere to the bottom of the mesosphere, contains the ozone layer. The ozone layer ranges in altitude between 15 and 35 km, and is where most of the ultraviolet radiation from the Sun is absorbed. The top of the mesosphere, ranges from 50 to 85 km, and is the layer wherein most meteors burn up. The  thermosphere extends from 85 km to the base of the exosphere at 690 km and contains the ionosphere, a region where the atmosphere is ionised by incoming solar radiation. The ionosphere increases in thickness and moves closer to the Earth during daylight and rises at night allowing certain frequencies of radio communication a greater range. The Kármán line, located within the thermosphere at an altitude of 100 km, is commonly used to define the boundary between Earth's atmosphere and outer space. The exosphere begins variously from about 690 to 1,000 km above the surface, where it interacts with the planet's magnetosphere, to space. Each of the layers has a different lapse rate, defining the rate of change in temperature with height.

text: Earth's atmosphere

text: consists of a number of layers, summarised in the diagram above which explains what the layers are, that differ in properties such as composition, temperature and pressure. The lowest layer is the

text: troposphere

text: , which extends from the surface to the bottom of the

text: stratosphere

text: . Three quarters of the atmosphere's mass resides within the troposphere, and is the layer within which the Earth's weather develops. The depth of this layer varies between 17 km at the equator to 7 km at the poles. The stratosphere, extending from the top of the troposphere to the bottom of the

text: mesosphere

text: , contains the

text: ozone layer

text: . The ozone layer ranges in altitude between 15 and 35 km, and is where most of the

text: ultraviolet

text: radiation from the Sun is absorbed. The top of the mesosphere, ranges from 50 to 85 km, and is the layer wherein most

text: meteors

text: burn up. The

text: thermosphere

text: extends from 85 km to the base of the

text: exosphere

text: at 690 km and contains the

text: ionosphere

text: , a region where the atmosphere is ionised by incoming solar radiation. The ionosphere increases in thickness and moves closer to the Earth during daylight and rises at night allowing certain frequencies of radio communication a greater range. The

text: Kármán line

text: , located within the thermosphere at an altitude of 100 km, is commonly used to define the boundary between Earth's atmosphere and

text: outer space

text: . The

text: exosphere

text: begins variously from about 690 to 1,000 km above the surface, where it interacts with the planet's

text: magnetosphere

text: , to space. Each of the layers has a different

text: lapse rate

text: , defining the rate of change in temperature with height.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: The ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: The troposphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Where does the solar wind come from?

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: the atmosphere is ionised by incoming solar radiation

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: the exosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: The exosphere

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: The exosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: incoming solar radiation.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: incoming solar radiation.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: a region where the atmosphere is ionised by incoming solar radiation.

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: a region where the atmosphere is ionised by incoming solar radiation.

text: Sawhney also aims to question what constitutes one's identity – he writes in the liner notes for the album: "I believe in Hindu philosophy. I am not religious. I am a pacifist. I am a British Asian. My identity and my history are defined only by myself – beyond politics, beyond nationality, beyond azid, and Beyond Skin."

text: Sawhney also aims to question what constitutes one's identity – he writes in the liner notes for the album: "I believe in Hindu philosophy. I am not religious. I am a pacifist. I am a British Asian. My identity and my history are defined only by myself – beyond politics, beyond nationality, beyond azid, and Beyond Skin."

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: beyond skin

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: skin

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Sawhney

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Skin."

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Skin."

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Sawhney

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Skin."

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: pacifist.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Sawhney

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Hindu philosophy.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: pacifist.

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: politics, beyond nationality, beyond azid, and Beyond Skin."

text: HMS Aurora (F10) was a Leander-class frigate of the Royal Navy (RN). Like other ships of the class, Aurora was named after a figure of mythology, Aurora being the Roman equivalent of the Greek goddess Eos.

text: HMS Aurora (F10) was a

text: Leander-class

text: frigate of the

text: Royal Navy

text: (RN). Like other ships of the class, Aurora was named after a figure of mythology,

text: Aurora

text: being the Roman equivalent of the Greek goddess

text: Eos

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: The outer space layer

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: heliosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: HMS Aurora (F10)

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: named after a figure of mythology

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Australia

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: HMS Aurora

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Aurora being the Roman equivalent of the Greek goddess Eos.

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Aurora being the Roman equivalent of the Greek goddess Eos.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Aurora

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Aurora being the Roman equivalent of the Greek goddess Eos.

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Greek goddess Eos.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: HMS Aurora

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Aurora was named after a figure of mythology,

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: HMS Aurora (F10)

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: HMS Aurora (F10)

text: Once launched, ICON will perform a two-year mission to observe conditions in both the thermosphere and ionosphere. ICON will be equipped with four instruments: a Michelson interferometer, built by the United States Naval Research Laboratory, will measure the winds in the thermosphere; an ion drift meter, to be built by UT Dallas, will measure the motion of charged particles in the ionosphere; and two Ultraviolet imagers will observe the airglow layers in the upper atmosphere in order to determine both ionospheric and thermospheric density and composition.

text: Once launched, ICON will perform a two-year mission to observe conditions in both the thermosphere and ionosphere. ICON will be equipped with four instruments: a

text: Michelson interferometer

text: , built by the

text: United States Naval Research Laboratory

text: , will measure the winds in the thermosphere; an

text: ion drift meter

text: , to be built by

text: UT Dallas

text: , will measure the motion of charged particles in the ionosphere; and two

text: Ultraviolet

text: imagers will observe the

text: airglow

text: layers in the upper atmosphere in order to determine both ionospheric and thermospheric density and composition.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: airglow

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: airglow layers

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: charged particles

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: the ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: ionospheric and thermospheric

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: airglow

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: airglow

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: charged particles in the ionosphere;

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: airglow

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: thermosphere;

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: ionosphere;

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: charged particles

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: upper atmosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: airglow layers

text: The most common molecules within Earth's exosphere are those of the lightest atmospheric gasses. Hydrogen is present throughout the exosphere, with some helium, carbon dioxide, and atomic oxygen near its base. Because it can be difficult to define the boundary between the exosphere and outer space (see "Upper boundary" at the end of this section), the exosphere may be considered a part of interplanetary or outer space.

text: The most common molecules within Earth's exosphere are those of the lightest atmospheric gasses.

text: Hydrogen

text: is present throughout the exosphere, with some

text: helium

text: carbon dioxide

text: , and

text: atomic oxygen

text: near its base. Because it can be difficult to define the boundary between the exosphere and outer space (see "Upper boundary" at the end of this section), the exosphere may be considered a part of

text: interplanetary

text: or

text: outer space

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: helium

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Earth's exosphere

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: ionization

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Earth's exosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: lightest atmospheric gasses.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: helium, carbon dioxide, and atomic oxygen

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: The most common molecules within Earth's exosphere

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: exosphere are those of the lightest atmospheric gasses. Hydrogen

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: The most common molecules within Earth's exosphere

text: Venus has an extended ionosphere located at altitudes 120–300 km. The ionosphere almost coincides with the thermosphere. The high levels of the ionization are maintained only over the dayside of the planet. Over the nightside the concentration of the electrons is almost zero. The ionosphere of Venus consists of three layers: v1 between 120 and 130 km, v2 between 140 and 160 km and v3 between 200 and 250 km. There may be an additional layer near 180 km. The maximum electron volume density (number of electrons in a unit of volume) 3 m is reached in the v2 layer near the subsolar point. The upper boundary of the ionosphere—ionopause is located at altitudes 220–375 km and separates the plasma of the planetary origin from that of the induced magnetosphere. The main ionic species in the v1 and v2 layers is O ion, whereas the v3 layer consists of O ions. The ionospheric plasma is observed to be in motion; solar photoionization on the dayside, and ion recombination on the nightside, are the processes mainly responsible for accelerating the plasma to the observed velocities. The plasma flow appears to be sufficient to maintain the nightside ionosphere at or near the observed median level of ion densities.

text: Venus has an extended

text: ionosphere

text: located at altitudes 120–300 km. The ionosphere almost coincides with the thermosphere. The high levels of the

text: ionization

text: are maintained only over the dayside of the planet. Over the nightside the concentration of the

text: electron

text: s is almost zero. The ionosphere of Venus consists of three layers: v1 between 120 and 130 km, v2 between 140 and 160 km and v3 between 200 and 250 km. There may be an additional layer near 180 km. The maximum electron volume density (number of electrons in a unit of volume) 3 m is reached in the v2 layer near the

text: subsolar point

text: . The upper boundary of the ionosphere—ionopause is located at altitudes 220–375 km and separates the

text: plasma

text: of the planetary origin from that of the induced

text: magnetosphere

text: . The main ionic species in the v1 and v2 layers is O ion, whereas the v3 layer consists of O ions. The ionospheric plasma is observed to be in motion; solar photoionization on the dayside, and ion recombination on the nightside, are the processes mainly responsible for accelerating the plasma to the observed velocities. The plasma flow appears to be sufficient to maintain the nightside ionosphere at or near the observed median level of ion densities.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionopause

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: v3

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: solar photoionization

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionopause

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: ion recombination

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: ionopause

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Over the nightside the concentration of the electrons is almost zero.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: v3

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: v3

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: solar photoionization

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionosphere—ionopause

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: solar photoionization

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Venus

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: The ionosphere almost coincides with the thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Venus

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: ionosphere—ionopause is located at altitudes 220–375 km

text: In the absence of other information, the axis of rotation is assumed to be normal to the mean orbital plane; Mercury and most of the satellites are in this category. For many of the satellites, it is assumed that the rotation rate is equal to the mean orbital period. In the case of the giant planets, since their surface features are constantly changing and moving at various rates, the rotation of their magnetic fields is used as a reference instead. In the case of the Sun, even this criterion fails (because its magnetosphere is very complex and does not really rotate in a steady fashion), and an agreed-upon value for the rotation of its equator is used instead.

text: In the absence of other information, the axis of rotation is assumed to be normal to the mean

text: orbital plane

text: Mercury

text: and most of the satellites are in this category. For many of the satellites, it is assumed that the rotation rate is equal to the mean

text: orbital period

text: . In the case of the

text: giant planets

text: , since their surface features are constantly changing and moving at various rates, the rotation of their

text: magnetic field

text: s is used as a reference instead. In the case of the

text: Sun

text: , even this criterion fails (because its magnetosphere is very complex and does not really rotate in a steady fashion), and an agreed-upon value for the rotation of its equator is used instead.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: not really rotate in a steady fashion

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: the rotation of their magnetic fields

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: axis of rotation is assumed to be normal to the mean orbital plane;

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: mean orbital plane;

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: does not really rotate in a steady fashion),

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: axis of rotation is assumed to be normal to the mean orbital plane;

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: magnetic fields

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Sun, even this criterion fails (because its magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: mean orbital plane;

text: Radio waves in this band can be reflected or refracted from a layer of electrically charged atoms in the atmosphere called the ionosphere.  Therefore short waves directed at an angle into the sky can be reflected back to Earth at great distances, beyond the horizon.  This is called skywave or skip propagation.  Thus shortwave radio can be used for very long distance communication, in contrast to radio waves of higher frequency which travel in straight lines (line-of-sight propagation) and are limited by the visual horizon, about 40 miles.  Shortwave radio is used for broadcasting of voice and music to shortwave listeners over very large areas; sometimes entire continents or beyond. It is also used for military over-the-horizon radar, diplomatic communication, and two-way international communication by amateur radio enthusiasts for hobby, educational and emergency purposes.

text: Radio waves in this band can be reflected or refracted from a layer of electrically charged atoms in the atmosphere called the

text: ionosphere

text: .  Therefore short waves directed at an angle into the sky can be reflected back to Earth at great distances, beyond the horizon.  This is called

text: skywave

text: or skip

text: propagation

text: .  Thus shortwave radio can be used for very long distance communication, in contrast to radio waves of higher frequency which travel in straight lines (

text: line-of-sight propagation

text: ) and are limited by the visual horizon, about 40 miles.  Shortwave radio is used for

text: broadcasting

text: of voice and music to

text: shortwave listeners

text: over very large areas; sometimes entire continents or beyond. It is also used for military

text: over-the-horizon radar

text: , diplomatic communication, and two-way international communication by

text: amateur radio

text: enthusiasts for hobby, educational and emergency purposes.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: the ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: layer of electrically charged atoms

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: the ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: shortwave

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: the ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: skywave or skip propagation.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: a layer of electrically charged atoms

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: sky

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: ionosphere.

text: Interest in Above & Beyond soon emerged from established trance labels and new remixes were requested: the trio remixed Aurora's "Ordinary World", Fragma's "Everytime You Need Me", Perpetuous Dreamer's "The Sound of Goodbye", and Adamski's "In the City". These tracks served as the foundation for Above & Beyond's reputation as one of the UK's leading vocal trance remixers.

text: Interest in Above & Beyond soon emerged from established trance labels and new remixes were requested: the trio remixed Aurora's "Ordinary World",

text: Fragma

text: 's "Everytime You Need Me",

text: Perpetuous Dreamer's

text: "The Sound of Goodbye", and

text: Adamski

text: 's "In the City". These tracks served as the foundation for Above & Beyond's reputation as one of the UK's leading

text: vocal trance

text: remixers.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: The Sound of Goodbye

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: trance

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Above & Beyond

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: UK

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Interest in Above & Beyond

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: vocal

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: "Ordinary World",

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: trance

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: trance labels and new remixes

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: trance labels and new remixes

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Aurora's "Ordinary World",

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: trance labels and new remixes

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: UK's

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: vocal trance remixers.

text: Understanding the magnetosphere increased in importance with the realization of the detrimental impact of geomagnetic storms, caused by solar coronal mass ejections, particularly in years of high solar activity.  In addition to long known effects on Earth's cable communication systems, communications, broadcasting, navigation and security applications are increasingly dependent on satellites.  Most of these satellites are well within the protective magnetosphere but are vulnerable to space weather systems that affect them adversely.  There are also radiation hazards for humans traveling at high polar altitudes or in orbiting spacecraft  Many countries, including the U.S., provide a Space Weather Service reporting existing or predicted Geomagnetic Storms, Solar Radiation Storms and Radio Blackouts.

text: Understanding the magnetosphere increased in importance with the realization of the detrimental impact of geomagnetic storms, caused by solar

text: coronal mass ejections

text: , particularly in years of high solar activity.  In addition to long known effects on Earth's cable communication systems, communications, broadcasting, navigation and security applications are increasingly dependent on satellites.  Most of these satellites are well within the protective magnetosphere but are vulnerable to space weather systems that affect them adversely.  There are also radiation hazards for humans traveling at high polar altitudes or in orbiting spacecraft  Many countries, including the U.S., provide a Space Weather Service reporting existing or predicted Geomagnetic Storms, Solar Radiation Storms and Radio Blackouts.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Radio Blackouts

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: solar

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: polar

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: coronal mass ejections

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: protective magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unspecified

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: solar coronal mass ejections,

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Radio Blackouts.

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: solar coronal mass ejections,

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: solar coronal mass ejections,

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: solar coronal mass ejections,

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: solar coronal mass ejections,

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: solar coronal mass ejections,

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: solar coronal mass ejections,

text: Other targets within the network of regulators that influence the SAC are also being pursued; strong interest has shifted towards the aurora kinase proteins. The kinase gene Aurora A when amplified acts as an oncogene overriding the SAC leading to abnormal initiation of anaphase and subsequent aneuploidy and also resistance to TAXOL . Excitingly, a small molecule inhibitor of Aurora A has shown antitumor effects in an in vivo model suggesting that this might be a good target for further clinical development. Aurora B inhibitors, which are also in clinical development lead to abnormal kinetochore to microtubule attachment and abrogate the mitotic checkpoint as well. Survivin is also an attractive molecular target for clinical therapeutic development as it acts as a major node in a multitude of pathways, one of which is spindle formation and checkpoint control. Even further approaches have included a look at inhibition of mitotic motor proteins like KSP. These inhibitors, which have recently entered clinical trials, cause mitotic arrest and by engaging the spindle assembly checkpoint and induce apoptosis.

text: Other targets within the network of regulators that influence the SAC are also being pursued; strong interest has shifted towards the

text: aurora kinase

text: proteins. The kinase gene

text: Aurora A

text: when amplified acts as an oncogene overriding the SAC leading to abnormal initiation of anaphase and subsequent aneuploidy and also resistance to TAXOL . Excitingly, a small molecule inhibitor of Aurora A has shown antitumor effects in an in vivo model suggesting that this might be a good target for further clinical development.

text: Aurora B

text: inhibitors, which are also in clinical development lead to abnormal kinetochore to microtubule attachment and abrogate the mitotic checkpoint as well. Survivin is also an attractive molecular target for clinical therapeutic development as it acts as a major node in a multitude of pathways, one of which is spindle formation and checkpoint control. Even further approaches have included a look at inhibition of mitotic motor proteins like KSP. These inhibitors, which have recently entered clinical trials, cause mitotic arrest and by engaging the spindle assembly checkpoint and induce apoptosis.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: What is the most important feature of the outermost layers of the atmosphere

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: The aurora layer

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: heliosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: What is the solar wind?

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: aurora

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: in vivo

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: aurora kinase proteins.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Survivin

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: SAC

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: TAXOL.

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: aurora kinase proteins.

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: aurora kinase proteins.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: aurora kinase proteins.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: aurora

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Aurora A when amplified acts as an oncogene

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: aurora kinase proteins.

text: The impact of the solar wind onto the magnetosphere generates an electric  field within the inner magnetosphere (r < 10 a;  with a the Earth's radius) - the convection field-. Its general direction is from dawn to dusk. The co-rotating thermal plasma withinthe inner magnetosphere drifts orthogonal to that field and to the geomagnetic field B. The generation process is not yet completely understood. One possibility is viscous interaction between solar wind and the boundary layer of the magnetosphere (magnetopause). Another process may be magnetic reconnection. Finally, a hydromagnetic dynamo process in the polar regions of the inner magnetosphere may be possible. Direct measurements via satellites have given a fairly good picture of the structure of that field. A number of models of that field exists.

text: The impact of the

text: solar wind

text: onto the

text: magnetosphere

text: generates an electric  field within the inner magnetosphere (r < 10 a;  with a the Earth's radius) - the convection field-. Its general direction is from dawn to dusk. The co-rotating thermal plasma withinthe inner magnetosphere drifts orthogonal to that field and to the geomagnetic field B. The generation process is not yet completely understood. One possibility is viscous interaction between solar wind and the boundary layer of the magnetosphere (

text: magnetopause

text: ). Another process may be magnetic reconnection. Finally, a hydromagnetic dynamo process in the polar regions of the inner magnetosphere may be possible. Direct measurements via satellites have given a fairly good picture of the structure of that field. A number of models of that field exists.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: magnetopause

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: magnetic reconnection

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: thermal plasma

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetopause

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: impact of the solar wind onto the magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: convection field

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: inner magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: The impact of the solar wind

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: (magnetopause).

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: inner magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: thermal plasma

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: (magnetopause).

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: convection field-.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: The impact of the solar wind

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: convection field-.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: dawn to dusk.

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: The impact of the solar wind

text: The action of the magnetosphere traps and accelerates particles, producing intense belts of radiation similar to Earth's Van Allen belts, but thousands of times stronger. The interaction of energetic particles with the surfaces of Jupiter's largest moons markedly affects their chemical and physical properties. Those same particles also affect and are affected by the motions of the particles within Jupiter's tenuous planetary ring system. Radiation belts present a significant hazard for spacecraft and potentially to human space travellers.

text: The action of the magnetosphere traps and accelerates particles, producing intense belts of

text: radiation

text: similar to Earth's

text: Van Allen belts

text: , but thousands of times stronger. The interaction of energetic particles with the surfaces of Jupiter's largest

text: moons

text: markedly affects their chemical and physical properties. Those same particles also affect and are affected by the motions of the particles within Jupiter's tenuous

text: planetary ring system

text: . Radiation belts present a significant hazard for spacecraft and potentially to human space travellers.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Van Allen belts

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: particles

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: a significant hazard for spacecraft

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: traps and accelerates particles

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: the magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: The action of the magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Van Allen belts,

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: particles,

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: thousands of times stronger.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: thousands of times stronger.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: magnetosphere traps and accelerates particles,

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: intense belts of radiation

text: Beyond this, we may need to express ordinals beyond

text: Beyond this, we may need to express ordinals beyond

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: ordinals beyond

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ordinals

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: the aurora borealis

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: nuclei

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: layer

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: the

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: the

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: derived from the Greek words ion and eu

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: in outer space

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: numeric

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: we may need to express ordinals

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Beyond this, we may need to express ordinals

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Beyond this,

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Beyond this,

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ordinals

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: ordinals

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: ordinals

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Beyond this, we may need to express ordinals

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Beyond

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: ordinals

text: The temperature of the Mercury's exosphere depends on species as well as geographical location. For exospheric atomic hydrogen, the temperature appears to be about 420 K, a value obtained by both Mariner 10 and MESSENGER. The temperature for sodium is much higher, reaching 750–1500 K on the equator and 1,500–3,500 K at the poles. Some observations show that Mercury is surrounded by a hot corona of calcium atoms with temperature between 12,000 and 20,000 K.

text: The temperature of the Mercury's exosphere depends on species as well as geographical location. For exospheric atomic hydrogen, the temperature appears to be about 420 K, a value obtained by both Mariner 10 and MESSENGER. The temperature for sodium is much higher, reaching 750–1500 K on the equator and 1,500–3,500 K at the poles. Some observations show that Mercury is surrounded by a hot corona of calcium atoms with temperature between 12,000 and 20,000 K.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: atomic hydrogen

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: corona

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: between 12,000 and 20,000 K

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: atomic hydrogen,

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: a hot corona of calcium atoms

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: a hot corona of calcium atoms

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: calcium atoms

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: 420 K,

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: 420 K,

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: atomic hydrogen,

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: equator

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: 1,500–3,500 K at the poles.

text: Richtersius coronifer is a species of tardigrade of the family Macrobiotidae. It is one of two species of tardigrade that have been shown to survive and continue reproducing after exposure to outer space, specifically in the thermosphere at 258–281 km above sea level with ionizing solar and galactic cosmic radiation for 10 days. However, unlike Milnesium tardigradum, R. coronifer did not survive under these conditions plus UV exposure.

text: Richtersius coronifer is a species of

text: tardigrade

text: of the

text: family

text: Macrobiotidae

text: . It is one of two species of tardigrade that have been shown to survive and continue reproducing after exposure to

text: outer space

text: , specifically in the

text: thermosphere

text: at 258–281 km above sea level with ionizing solar and galactic cosmic radiation for 10 days. However, unlike

text: Milnesium tardigradum

text: , R. coronifer did not survive under these conditions plus UV exposure.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: The thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: solar

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: ionic solar and galactic cosmic radiation

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: the thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: ionizing solar and galactic cosmic radiation

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: solar and galactic cosmic radiation

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: ionizing solar

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: ionizing solar and galactic cosmic radiation

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: ionizing solar and galactic cosmic radiation

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: thermosphere at 258–281 km above sea level

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: 258–281 km above sea level

text: Within the thermosphere above about 150 km height, all atmospheric waves successively become external waves, and no significant vertical wave structure is visible. The atmospheric wave modes degenerate to the spherical functions P with m a meridional wave number and n the zonal wave number (m = 0: zonal mean flow; m = 1: diurnal tides; m = 2: semidiurnal tides; etc.). The thermosphere becomes a damped oscillator system with low-pass filter characteristics. This means that smaller-scale waves (greater numbers of (n,m)) and higher frequencies are suppressed in favor of large-scale waves and lower frequencies. If one considers very quiet magnetospheric disturbances and a constant mean exospheric temperature (averaged over the sphere), the  observed temporal and spatial distribution of the exospheric temperature distribution can be described by a sum of spheric functions:

text: Within the thermosphere above about 150 km height, all atmospheric waves successively become external waves, and no significant vertical wave structure is visible. The atmospheric wave modes degenerate to the

text: spherical functions

text: P with m a meridional

text: wave number

text: and n the zonal

text: wave number

text: (m = 0: zonal mean flow; m = 1: diurnal tides; m = 2: semidiurnal tides; etc.). The thermosphere becomes a damped oscillator system with low-pass filter characteristics. This means that smaller-scale waves (greater numbers of (n,m)) and higher frequencies are suppressed in favor of large-scale waves and lower frequencies. If one considers very quiet magnetospheric disturbances and a constant mean exospheric temperature (averaged over the sphere), the  observed temporal and spatial distribution of the exospheric temperature distribution can be described by a sum of spheric functions:

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: The thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: waves successively become external waves

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: zonal mean flow

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: The thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Within the thermosphere above about 150 km height,

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: magnetospheric

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: external waves,

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Within the thermosphere above about 150 km height,

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: magnetospheric

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Within the thermosphere above about 150 km height,

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: zonal mean flow;

text: On 14 February 2015, Exosphere won his first race, leading by 4 lengths in the 1000m race at Kembla Grange. A fortnight later, Exosphere won the Group 2 Skyline Stakes at Warwick Farm. The Sydney Morning Herald said he "panelled his rivals. He got back in the field and worked his way to the centre of the track before unleashing a sprint that had the race settled in a matter of strides.

text: On 14 February 2015, Exosphere won his first race, leading by 4 lengths in the 1000m race at

text: Kembla Grange

text: . A fortnight later, Exosphere won the

text: Group 2

text: Skyline Stakes

text: at

text: Warwick Farm

text: . The

text: Sydney Morning Herald

text: said he "panelled his rivals. He got back in the field and worked his way to the centre of the track before unleashing a sprint that had the race settled in a matter of strides.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: The Sydney Morning Herald

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: helium

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Group 2

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Exosphere

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Exosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Exosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Exosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Exosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Exosphere

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Exosphere won his first race, leading by 4 lengths

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Exosphere

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Kembla Grange.

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Exosphere won his first race, leading by 4 lengths

text: Damping of the tides occurs primarily in the lower thermosphere region, and may be caused by turbulence from breaking gravity waves. A similar phenomena to ocean waves breaking on a beach, the energy dissipates into the background atmosphere. Molecular diffusion also becomes increasingly important at higher levels in the lower thermosphere as the mean free path increases in the rarefied atmosphere.

text: Damping

text: of the tides occurs primarily in the lower thermosphere region, and may be caused by

text: turbulence

text: from breaking

text: gravity wave

text: s. A similar phenomena to ocean waves breaking on a

text: beach

text: , the

text: energy

text: dissipates into the background atmosphere. Molecular

text: diffusion

text: also becomes increasingly important at higher levels in the lower thermosphere as the

text: mean free path

text: increases in the rarefied atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: rarefied

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: rarefied atmosphere

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: the lower thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: rarefied atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: lower thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: lower thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: lower thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: rarefied

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: gravity waves.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: turbulence from breaking gravity waves.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: gravity waves.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: lower thermosphere region,

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: lower thermosphere region,

text: The creator John Byrne once parodied the Beyonder by letting Mister Mxyzptlk assume a form and identity that was similar in clothing and appearance to the Beyonder in this first appearance in the post-Crisis continuity. He called himself "Ben Deroy", an anagram of the name "Beyonder." When he was asked by Lois Lane where he came from, he answers by saying, "Oh...here and there. Yonder, let's say. Yes. Yonder."

text: The creator

text: John Byrne

text: once parodied the Beyonder by letting

text: Mister Mxyzptlk

text: assume a form and identity that was similar in clothing and appearance to the Beyonder in this first appearance in the post-Crisis continuity. He called himself "Ben Deroy", an anagram of the name "Beyonder." When he was asked by

text: Lois Lane

text: where he came from, he answers by saying, "Oh...here and there. Yonder, let's say. Yes. Yonder."

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Yonder

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Yonder

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: helium

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: beyonder

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Yonder

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: anagram of the name "Beyonder."

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Yonder

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Yonder, let's say. Yes. Yonder."

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Beyonder by letting Mister Mxyzptlk

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: post-Crisis

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Mxyzptlk

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Yonder, let's say. Yes. Yonder."

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Yonder, let's say. Yes. Yonder."

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Yonder, let's say. Yes. Yonder."

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: "Beyonder."

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Yonder, let's say. Yes. Yonder."

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Yonder, let's say. Yes. Yonder."

text: Science requirements and conceptual mission implementation have been defined for the Ionosphere-Thermosphere Storm Probes (ITSP) and the Solar Sentinels.

text: Science requirements and conceptual mission implementation have been defined for the

text: Ionosphere-Thermosphere Storm Probes

text: (ITSP) and the

text: Solar Sentinels

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: The Ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Ionosphere-Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: helium

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Ionosphere-Thermosphere Storm Probe

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: the Solar System

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Solar Sentinels.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Ionosphere-Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Ionosphere-Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Ionosphere-Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Ionosphere-Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Solar Sentinels.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Solar Sentinels.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Ionosphere-Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Ionosphere-Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Ionosphere-Thermosphere

text: In the outer parts of Saturn's magnetosphere beyond approximately 15–20 R the magnetic field near the equatorial plane is highly stretched and forms a disk-like structure called magnetodisk. The disk continues up to the magnetopause on the dayside and transitions into the magnetotail on the nightside. Near the dayside it can be absent when the magnetosphere is compressed by the Solar wind, which usually happens when the magnetopause distance is smaller than 23 R. On the nightside and flanks of the magnetosphere the magnetodisk is always present. The Saturn's magnetodisk is a much smaller analog of the Jovian magnetodisk.

text: In the outer parts of Saturn's magnetosphere beyond approximately 15–20 R the magnetic field near the equatorial plane is highly stretched and forms a disk-like structure called magnetodisk. The disk continues up to the magnetopause on the dayside and transitions into the magnetotail on the nightside. Near the dayside it can be absent when the magnetosphere is compressed by the Solar wind, which usually happens when the magnetopause distance is smaller than 23 R. On the nightside and flanks of the magnetosphere the magnetodisk is always present. The Saturn's magnetodisk is a much smaller analog of the Jovian magnetodisk.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: magnetotail

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: magnetotail

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: solar wind

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetopause

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: the magnetopause distance is smaller than 23 R

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: magnetodisk

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: the outer parts of Saturn's magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: highly stretched

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: magnetodisk.

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: magnetotail

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetopause

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: compressed by the Solar wind,

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Solar wind,

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: magnetodisk.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: In the outer parts of Saturn's magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: magnetodisk.

text: The first single to be heard from Above & Beyond's second artist album, Group Therapy was "Thing Called Love" featuring vocals from Richard Bedford and is featured in the Anjunabeats Volume 8 compilation album released on 19 July 2010. After months of writing, refining, and perfecting, Above & Beyond's hugely anticipated second artist album "Group Therapy" was released to widespread critical acclaim on 6 June 2011. Hitting #1 in the iTunes Dance Album charts, the album was also hugely well received by the dance music press. DJ Magazine put the three members of Above & Beyond on the cover of their May issue, describing them as the "biggest DJ/production collective the UK has ever produced." Mixmag hailed the album as "Artist Album of the Year". The album contains downtempo moments, such as the classical piano-influenced opening track "Filmic" and the reflective "Only a Few Things", featuring Zoë Johnston, as well as the more uptempo club tracks such as "Sun & Moon", "Thing Called Love", and "Prelude". All songs are written and produced by Above & Beyond, with Richard Bedford and Zoë Johnston providing vocals.

text: The first single to be heard from Above & Beyond's second artist album,

text: Group Therapy

text: was "Thing Called Love" featuring vocals from

text: Richard Bedford

text: and is featured in the

text: Anjunabeats Volume 8

text: compilation album released on 19 July 2010. After months of writing, refining, and perfecting, Above & Beyond's hugely anticipated second artist album "Group Therapy" was released to widespread critical acclaim on 6 June 2011. Hitting #1 in the iTunes Dance Album charts, the album was also hugely well received by the dance music press. DJ Magazine put the three members of Above & Beyond on the cover of their May issue, describing them as the "biggest DJ/production collective the UK has ever produced."

text: Mixmag

text: hailed the album as "Artist Album of the Year". The album contains downtempo moments, such as the classical piano-influenced opening track "Filmic" and the reflective "Only a Few Things", featuring

text: Zoë Johnston

text: , as well as the more uptempo club tracks such as "Sun & Moon", "Thing Called Love", and "Prelude". All songs are written and produced by Above & Beyond, with

text: Richard Bedford

text: and Zoë Johnston providing vocals.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: layer

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: 19 July 2010.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Anjunabeats

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Anjunabeats Volume 8

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Anjunabeats Volume 8 compilation album released on 19 July 2010.

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: 19 July 2010.

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: "Sun & Moon",

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: 19 July 2010.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Anjunabeats Volume 8 compilation album released on 19 July 2010.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: 19 July 2010.

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Anjunabeats Volume 8

text: Selective fading or frequency selective fading is a radio propagation anomaly caused by partial cancellation of a radio signal by itself — the signal arrives at the receiver by two different paths, and at least one of the paths is changing (lengthening or shortening).  This typically happens in the early evening or early morning as the various layers in the ionosphere move, separate, and combine.  The two paths can both be skywave or one be groundwave.

text: Selective fading or frequency selective fading is a

text: radio propagation

text: anomaly caused by partial cancellation of a radio

text: signal

text: by itself — the signal arrives at the receiver by

text: two different paths

text: , and at least one of the paths is changing (lengthening or shortening).  This typically happens in the early evening or early morning as the various layers in the

text: ionosphere

text: move, separate, and combine.  The two paths can both be

text: skywave

text: or one be

text: groundwave

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: groundwave

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: separate, and combine

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: groundwave.

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: skywave or one be groundwave.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Selective fading

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: ionosphere move, separate, and combine.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: ionosphere

text: After freshening, Exosphere contested the T J Smith Stakes, finishing 9 lengths behind winner Chautauqua. Jockey James Mcdonald noted, "I got him out and he just did nothing."

text: After freshening, Exosphere contested the

text: T J Smith Stakes

text: , finishing 9 lengths behind winner Chautauqua. Jockey James Mcdonald noted, "I got him out and he just did nothing."

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Exosphere contested the T J Smith Stakes,

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Exosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Exosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Exosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: freshening,

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Exosphere contested the T J Smith Stakes,

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Exosphere contested the T J Smith Stakes,

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Exosphere contested the T J Smith Stakes,

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: T J Smith Stakes,

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: T J Smith Stakes,

text: Ionosphere - The ionosphere can also impose a delay on the radar return signal, where electron plasma in the ionosphere slow down the group velocity of the radar pulse.  The electron density in the ionosphere varies throughout the day, complicating the ionosphere correction.

text: Ionosphere - The ionosphere can also impose a delay on the radar return signal, where electron plasma in the ionosphere slow down the group velocity of the radar pulse.  The electron density in the ionosphere varies throughout the day, complicating the ionosphere correction.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: The ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: electron plasma

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: electron plasma

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: electron plasma

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: electron plasma

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Ionosphere

text: The main objective of the Space Weather Segment (SWE) is to detect and forecast of space weather events, avoid adverse effect on European space assets and ground-based infrastructure. To achieve that, the segment will focus on delivery of real-time space weather information, forecasts and warnings, supported by a data archive, applications and services. Assets currently available for the segment consist of multiple ground-based and spaceborne sensors monitoring the Sun, solar wind and Earth's magnetosphere, ionosphere and thermosphere. These include the PROBA2 satellite and the Kanzelhoehe Solar Observatory. The segment is jointly coordinated by the SWE Data Centre located at the ESTRACK Redu Station and the SSA Space Weather Coordination Centre (SSCC), both in Belgium.

text: The main objective of the Space Weather Segment (SWE) is to detect and forecast of

text: space weather

text: events, avoid adverse effect on European space assets and ground-based infrastructure. To achieve that, the segment will focus on delivery of real-time space weather information, forecasts and warnings, supported by a data archive, applications and services. Assets currently available for the segment consist of multiple ground-based and spaceborne sensors monitoring the Sun,

text: solar wind

text: and Earth's

text: magnetosphere

text: ionosphere

text: and

text: thermosphere

text: . These include the

text: satellite and the

text: Kanzelhoehe Solar Observatory

text: . The segment is jointly coordinated by the SWE Data Centre located at the

text: ESTRACK

text: Redu Station

text: and the SSA Space Weather Coordination Centre (SSCC), both in

text: Belgium

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Earth's

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Earth's magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: magnetosphere, ionosphere and thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere and thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: magnetosphere, ionosphere and thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionosphere and thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: the Sun,

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Earth's magnetosphere, ionosphere and thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Earth's magnetosphere, ionosphere and thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Earth's magnetosphere,

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Earth's magnetosphere, ionosphere and thermosphere.

text: The magnetosphere of Jupiter is the cavity created in the solar wind by the planet's magnetic field. Extending up to seven million kilometers in the Sun's direction and almost to the orbit of Saturn in the opposite direction, Jupiter's magnetosphere is the largest and most powerful of any planetary magnetosphere in the Solar System, and by volume the largest known continuous structure in the Solar System after the heliosphere. Wider and flatter than the Earth's magnetosphere, Jupiter's is stronger by an order of magnitude, while its magnetic moment is roughly 18,000 times larger. The existence of Jupiter's magnetic field was first inferred from observations of radio emissions at the end of the 1950s and was directly observed by the Pioneer 10 spacecraft in 1973.

text: The magnetosphere of

text: Jupiter

text: is the cavity created in the

text: solar wind

text: by the planet's

text: magnetic field

text: . Extending up to seven million kilometers in the Sun's direction and almost to the orbit of

text: Saturn

text: in the opposite direction, Jupiter's

text: magnetosphere

text: is the largest and most powerful of any planetary magnetosphere in the

text: Solar System

text: , and by volume the largest known continuous structure in the Solar System after the

text: heliosphere

text: . Wider and flatter than the

text: Earth's magnetosphere

text: , Jupiter's is stronger by an

text: order of magnitude

text: , while its

text: magnetic moment

text: is roughly 18,000 times larger. The existence of Jupiter's magnetic field was first inferred from observations of radio emissions at the end of the 1950s and was directly observed by the

text: Pioneer 10

text: spacecraft in 1973.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: heliosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: heliosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: the cavity created in the solar wind

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Wider and flatter

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: heliosphere.

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: heliosphere.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: solar wind

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: heliosphere.

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: planet's magnetic field.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: solar wind

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: solar wind by the planet's magnetic field.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Jupiter

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: The magnetosphere of Jupiter is the cavity created in the solar wind

text: Further investigations (beyond News of the World and/or beyond phone hacking) developed in 2011. Some of these also revealed further details of the phone hacking and of News International's handling of the phone hacking.

text: Further investigations (beyond News of the World and/or beyond phone hacking) developed in 2011. Some of these also revealed further details of the phone hacking and of News International's handling of the phone hacking.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: layer

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unrelated

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: phone hacking

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: 2011.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: phone hacking)

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: 2011.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: 2011.

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: (beyond News of the World and/or beyond phone hacking)

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: World and/or beyond phone hacking)

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: 2011.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: News of the World and/or beyond phone hacking)

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Further investigations (beyond News of the World

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: News of the World and/or beyond phone hacking)

text: In the Earth's atmosphere, temperature varies greatly at different heights relative to the Earth's surface. The coldest temperatures lie near the mesopause, an area approximately  to  above the surface. In contrast, some of the warmest temperatures can be found in the thermosphere, which receives strong ionizing radiation at the level of the Van Allen radiation belt.

text: In the Earth's atmosphere, temperature varies greatly at different heights relative to the

text: Earth

text: 's surface. The coldest temperatures lie near the

text: mesopause

text: , an area approximately  to  above the surface. In contrast, some of the warmest temperatures can be found in the

text: thermosphere

text: , which receives strong

text: ionizing radiation

text: at the level of the

text: Van Allen radiation belt

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Van Allen radiation belt

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: The thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: mesopause

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Van Allen radiation belt

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Van Allen radiation belt

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: the Van Allen radiation belt

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: radiation belts

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: The coldest temperatures lie near the mesopause,

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Van Allen radiation belt.

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: thermosphere,

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionizing radiation

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: mesopause,

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: strong ionizing radiation

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Van Allen radiation belt.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: ionizing radiation

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Van Allen radiation belt.

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: radiation belt.

text: As an adult, Maleficent is betrayed by Stefan, who uses iron to burn off her wings so that he can ascend the throne of the human kingdom, as per a bounty declared by the dying King Henry, who bore a grudge against her. Taking a raven named Diaval as a servant, a now hate-filled Maleficent names herself ruler of the Moors and her outfit changes to a darker one. When she learns that Stefan is now King and has had a newborn daughter named Aurora (Elle Fanning) with his wife, Queen Leila, acting on the notion that true love is nonexistent, Maleficent places a curse on the newborn Aurora to sleep forever unless she receives the kiss of true love, as revenge on Stefan. However, because the three pixies that were assigned to look after Aurora proved to be incompetent, Maleficent cares for and saves the child from afar in order to ensure that her curse is completed, only to eventually develop a maternal affection for her. That love proves essential for a repentant Maleficent to undo her own curse when she kisses Aurora on the forehead. After waking from her sleep, Aurora helps restore Maleficent's wings to her when King Stefan attempts to kill Maleficent, allowing her to defeat Stefan.

text: As an adult, Maleficent is betrayed by Stefan, who uses iron to burn off her wings so that he can ascend the throne of the human kingdom, as per a bounty declared by the dying King Henry, who bore a grudge against her. Taking a raven named Diaval as a servant, a now hate-filled Maleficent names herself ruler of the Moors and her outfit changes to a darker one. When she learns that Stefan is now King and has had a newborn daughter named Aurora (

text: Elle Fanning

text: ) with his wife, Queen Leila, acting on the notion that true love is nonexistent, Maleficent places a curse on the newborn Aurora to sleep forever unless she receives the kiss of true love, as revenge on Stefan. However, because the three pixies that were assigned to look after Aurora proved to be incompetent, Maleficent cares for and saves the child from afar in order to ensure that her curse is completed, only to eventually develop a maternal affection for her. That love proves essential for a repentant Maleficent to undo her own curse when she kisses Aurora on the forehead. After waking from her sleep, Aurora helps restore Maleficent's wings to her when King Stefan attempts to kill Maleficent, allowing her to defeat Stefan.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: What is the most important feature of the outermost layers of the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: What layer bounces off radio waves back to Earth

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Queen Leila

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Moors

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: What does Maleficent use to burn off her wings?

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Maleficent

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: the Moors

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: true love is nonexistent,

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: iron to burn off her wings

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Aurora (Elle Fanning) with his wife, Queen Leila,

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: iron

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: true love is nonexistent,

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: true love is nonexistent,

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Aurora

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: King Henry,

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Moors

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: iron

text: The Earth, and all living things on it, are constantly bombarded by radiation from outside our solar system. This cosmic radiation consists of relativistic particles: positively charged nuclei (ions) from 1 amu protons (about 85% of it) to 26 amu iron nuclei and even beyond. (The high-atomic number particles are called HZE ions.) The energy of this radiation can far exceed that which humans can create, even in the largest particle accelerators (see ultra-high-energy cosmic ray). This radiation interacts in the atmosphere to create secondary radiation that rains down, including x-rays, muons, protons, antiprotons, alpha particles, pions, electrons, positrons, and neutrons.

text: The Earth, and all living things on it, are constantly bombarded by radiation from outside our solar system. This cosmic radiation consists of relativistic particles: positively charged nuclei (ions) from 1

text: amu

text: proton

text: s (about 85% of it) to 26 amu

text: iron

text: nuclei

text: and even beyond. (The high-atomic number particles are called

text: HZE ions

text: .) The energy of this radiation can far exceed that which humans can create, even in the largest

text: particle accelerator

text: s (see

text: ultra-high-energy cosmic ray

text: ). This radiation interacts in the atmosphere to create secondary radiation that rains down, including

text: x-rays

text: muon

text: s,

text: proton

text: s,

text: antiproton

text: s,

text: alpha particle

text: s,

text: pion

text: s,

text: electron

text: s,

text: positron

text: s, and

text: neutron

text: s.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: atmosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: neutrons

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: positively charged nuclei

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: HZE ions.)

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: atmosphere to create secondary radiation

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: iron nuclei

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: electrons, positrons, and neutrons.

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: secondary radiation

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: radiation from outside our solar system.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: ultra-high-energy cosmic ray).

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: positively charged nuclei

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: solar system.

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: ultra-high-energy cosmic ray).

text: Stonehocker Point () is a rocky point on which Wilkes Station is built, forming the west extremity of Clark Peninsula. First mapped from air photos taken by U.S. Navy Operation Highjump, 1946-47. Wilkes Station was established in 1937 and occupied by a U.S. party under C.R. Eklund. Named by Eklund for Garth H. Stonehocker, ionospheric scientist with the US-IGY wintering party of 1957 at Wilkes Station.

text: Stonehocker Point () is a rocky point on which

text: Wilkes Station

text: is built, forming the west extremity of

text: Clark Peninsula

text: . First mapped from air photos taken by

text: U.S. Navy Operation Highjump

text: , 1946-47. Wilkes Station was established in 1937 and occupied by a U.S. party under

text: C.R. Eklund

text: . Named by Eklund for

text: Garth H. Stonehocker

text: , ionospheric scientist with the US-IGY wintering party of 1957 at Wilkes Station.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Garth H. Stonehocker

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Stonehocker Point

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Stonehocker Point

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: 1946-47.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Garth H. Stonehocker,

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Clark Peninsula.

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: ionospheric

text: Physics professor John Harlander was named in 2013 to NASA's Ionospheric Connection team, which will develop instruments for an Explorer satellite mission to be launched in 2017 from Goddard Space Flight Center, northeast of Washington D.C. Harlander will design, fabricate and pre-flight test an instrument that will measure winds and temperatures in the thermosphere, an upper layer of Earth's atmosphere.

text: Physics professor John Harlander was named in 2013 to

text: NASA

text: 's Ionospheric Connection team, which will develop instruments for an Explorer satellite mission to be launched in 2017 from Goddard Space Flight Center, northeast of Washington D.C. Harlander will design, fabricate and pre-flight test an instrument that will measure winds and temperatures in the thermosphere, an upper layer of Earth's atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: ionizing radiation

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Earth's atmosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: upper layer of Earth's atmosphere

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: thermosphere,

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: thermosphere,

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: thermosphere,

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: thermosphere,

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: upper layer of Earth's atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: upper layer of Earth's atmosphere.

text: In addition to Hillforest, the Aurora City Hall, Aurora Methodist Episcopal Church, Aurora Public Library, Downtown Aurora Historic District, First Evangelical United Church of Christ, First Presbyterian Church, George Street Bridge, Lewis Hurlbert, Sr. House, Leive, Parks and Stapp Opera House, Levi Stevens House, and George Sutton Medical Office are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

text: In addition to Hillforest, the

text: Aurora City Hall

entity_name: First Methodist Church (Aurora, Indiana)

text: Aurora Methodist Episcopal Church

text: Aurora Public Library

text: Downtown Aurora Historic District

entity_name: First Evangelical United Church of Christ

text: First Evangelical United Church of Christ

entity_name: First Presbyterian Church (Aurora, Indiana)

text: First Presbyterian Church

text: George Street Bridge

text: Lewis Hurlbert, Sr. House

text: Leive, Parks and Stapp Opera House

text: Levi Stevens House

text: , and

text: George Sutton Medical Office

text: are listed on the

text: National Register of Historic Places

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Hillforest

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Hillforest

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: helium

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: National Register

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: ionizing radiation

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Aurora, Colorado

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Hillforest

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Downtown Aurora Historic District,

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Hillforest,

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Hillforest,

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Aurora Methodist Episcopal Church, Aurora Public Library, Downtown Aurora Historic District,

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Downtown Aurora Historic District,

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Downtown Aurora Historic District,

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Downtown Aurora Historic District,

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: First Evangelical United Church of Christ,

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Aurora City Hall,

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Aurora Methodist Episcopal Church, Aurora Public Library, Downtown Aurora Historic District,

text: Above the troposphere, the atmosphere is usually divided into the stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere. Each layer has a different lapse rate, defining the rate of change in temperature with height. Beyond these, the exosphere thins out into the magnetosphere, where the geomagnetic fields interact with the solar wind. Within the stratosphere is the ozone layer, a component that partially shields the surface from ultraviolet light and thus is important for life on Earth. The Kármán line, defined as 100 km above Earth's surface, is a working definition for the boundary between the atmosphere and outer space.

text: Above the troposphere, the atmosphere is usually divided into the

text: stratosphere

text: mesosphere

text: , and

text: thermosphere

text: . Each layer has a different

text: lapse rate

text: , defining the rate of change in temperature with height. Beyond these, the

text: exosphere

text: thins out into the

text: magnetosphere

text: , where the geomagnetic fields interact with the

text: solar wind

text: . Within the stratosphere is the ozone layer, a component that partially shields the surface from ultraviolet light and thus is important for life on Earth. The

text: Kármán line

text: , defined as 100 km above Earth's surface, is a working definition for the boundary between the atmosphere and

text: outer space

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: the magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: the geomagnetic fields

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: electrostatic charge

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: the exosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: the exosphere thins out into the magnetosphere,

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ozone layer,

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: solar wind.

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetosphere,

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: magnetosphere,

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: solar wind.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: geomagnetic fields interact with the solar wind.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Above the troposphere,

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Above the troposphere,

text: The Star 27 is a solid rocket motor for the upper stages of rockets. It burns HTPB fuel with an average erosion rate of 0.0011 inches per second. When used on the Pegasus air-launch rocket payloads are capable of leaving Earth orbit. A Star 27 was used in the launch of the IBEX spacecraft. The spacecraft had a mass of 105 kg by itself and together with its Star 27 motor, 462 kg. The Star 27 helped it get to a higher orbit, beyond Earth's magnetosphere.

text: The Star 27 is a solid rocket motor for the upper stages of rockets. It burns HTPB fuel with an average erosion rate of 0.0011 inches per second. When used on the Pegasus air-launch rocket payloads are capable of leaving Earth orbit. A Star 27 was used in the launch of the IBEX spacecraft. The spacecraft had a mass of 105 kg by itself and together with its Star 27 motor, 462 kg. The Star 27 helped it get to a higher orbit, beyond Earth's magnetosphere.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Earth's magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Earth's magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: magnetosphere.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: magnetosphere.

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: magnetosphere.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: magnetosphere.

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetosphere.

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Earth's magnetosphere.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: 0.0011 inches per second.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: magnetosphere.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Earth's magnetosphere.

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Earth's magnetosphere.

text: The loss of the Martian magnetic field strongly affected surface environments through atmospheric loss and increased radiation; this change significantly degraded surface habitability. When there was a magnetic field, the atmosphere would have been protected from erosion by solar wind, which would ensure the maintenance of a dense atmosphere, necessary for liquid water to exist on the surface of Mars. The loss of the atmosphere was accompanied by decreasing temperatures. A part of the liquid water inventory sublimed and was transported to the poles, while the rest becametrapped in a subsurface ice layer.

text: The loss of the Martian

text: magnetic field

text: strongly affected surface environments through atmospheric loss and increased radiation; this change significantly degraded surface habitability. When there was a magnetic field, the atmosphere would have been protected from erosion by

text: solar wind

text: , which would ensure the maintenance of a dense atmosphere, necessary for liquid water to exist on the surface of Mars. The loss of the atmosphere was accompanied by decreasing temperatures. A part of the liquid water inventory sublimed and was transported to the poles, while the rest becametrapped in a subsurface ice layer.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ice layer

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: solar wind

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: lost

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: when there was a magnetic field

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: magnetic field

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: the poles

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: dense atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: subsurface ice layer.

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: subsurface ice layer.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: solar wind,

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: solar wind,

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: the atmosphere would have been protected from erosion

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: The loss of the Martian magnetic field

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: solar wind,

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: the poles,

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: solar wind,

text: Solar energy is absorbed throughout the atmosphere some of the most significant in this context are water vapor at (~0–15 km) in the troposphere, ozone at (~30 to 60 km) in the stratosphere and molecular oxygen and molecular nitrogen at (~120 to 170 km) in the thermosphere. Variations in the global distribution and density of these species result in changes in the amplitude of the solar tides. The tides are also affected by the environment through which they travel.

text: Solar energy is absorbed throughout the atmosphere some of the most significant in this context are

text: water vapor

text: at (~0–15 km) in the

text: troposphere

text: ozone

text: at (~30 to 60 km) in the

text: stratosphere

text: and molecular oxygen and molecular nitrogen at (~120 to 170 km) in the

text: thermosphere

text: . Variations in the global distribution and density of these species result in changes in the amplitude of the solar tides. The tides are also affected by the environment through which they travel.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: water vapor

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: electrostatic charge

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: the troposphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: changes in the amplitude of the solar tides.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: molecular oxygen and molecular nitrogen

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: solar tides.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Solar energy

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Solar energy

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: <unk>0–15 km) in the troposphere,

text: while the ionospheric group delay has the same magnitude but opposite sign:

text: while the ionospheric group delay has the same magnitude but opposite sign:

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: plasma

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: the opposite of the ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unrelated

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: ionospheric group delay

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionospheric group delay

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionospheric group delay

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionospheric group delay

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: ionospheric group delay

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: ionospheric group delay

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: ionospheric group delay

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: ionospheric group delay

text: The following is a chronology of discoveries concerning the magnetosphere.

text: The following is a chronology of discoveries concerning the

text: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: The ozone layer

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: the outer core

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: plasma

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: a cosmic wind

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: the outermost part of the solar system

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: a chronology of discoveries concerning the magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: magnetosphere.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: magnetosphere.

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: magnetosphere.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: magnetosphere.

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetosphere.

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: magnetosphere.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: magnetosphere.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: magnetosphere.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: magnetosphere.

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: magnetosphere.

text: Without the magnetosphere, Earth would be subject to direct bombardment by the solar wind and may be unable to retain an atmosphere. This, plus increased exposure to solar radiation means that life on Earth as we know it would not be possible without the magnetosphere.  Similarly, the heliosphere protects the Solar System from the majority of otherwise damaging cosmic rays, with the remainder being deflected by the Earth's magnetosphere.

text: Without the magnetosphere, Earth would be subject to direct bombardment by the solar wind and may be unable to retain an atmosphere. This, plus increased exposure to solar radiation means that life on Earth as we know it would not be possible without the magnetosphere.  Similarly, the heliosphere protects the Solar System from the majority of otherwise damaging cosmic rays, with the remainder being deflected by the Earth's magnetosphere.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: heliosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: heliosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: direct bombardment by the solar wind

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: the Solar System

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Without the magnetosphere,

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: heliosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: heliosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: solar wind

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: heliosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Earth would be subject to direct bombardment

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Without the magnetosphere,

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: solar wind

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: solar wind

text: Uranus's magnetosphere contains charged particles: mainly protons and electrons, with a small amount of H ions. No heavier ions have been detected. Many of these particles probably derive from the thermosphere. The ion and electron energies can be as high as 4 and 1.2 megaelectronvolts, respectively. The density of low-energy (below 1 kiloelectronvolt) ions in the inner magnetosphere is about 2 cm. The particle population is strongly affected by the Uranian moons, which sweep through the magnetosphere, leaving noticeable gaps. The particle flux is high enough to cause darkening or space weathering of their surfaces on an astronomically rapid timescale of 100,000 years. This may be the cause of the uniformly dark colouration of the Uranian satellites and rings. Uranus has relatively well developed aurorae, which are seen as bright arcs around both magnetic poles. Unlike Jupiter's, Uranus's aurorae seem to be insignificant for the energy balance of the planetary thermosphere.

text: Uranus's magnetosphere contains

text: charged particle

text: s: mainly

text: proton

text: s and

text: electron

text: s, with a small amount of

text: H

text: ion

text: s. No heavier ions have been detected. Many of these particles probably derive from the thermosphere. The ion and electron energies can be as high as 4 and 1.2

text: megaelectronvolt

text: s, respectively. The density of low-energy (below 1

text: kiloelectronvolt

text: ) ions in the inner magnetosphere is about 2 cm. The particle population is strongly affected by the Uranian moons, which sweep through the magnetosphere, leaving noticeable gaps. The particle

text: flux

text: is high enough to cause darkening or

text: space weathering

text: of their surfaces on an astronomically rapid timescale of 100,000 years. This may be the cause of the uniformly dark colouration of the Uranian satellites and rings. Uranus has relatively well developed aurorae, which are seen as bright arcs around both magnetic poles. Unlike Jupiter's, Uranus's aurorae seem to be insignificant for the energy balance of the planetary thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: aurorae

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: around both magnetic poles

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: gaps.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: bright arcs around both magnetic poles.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: protons and electrons,

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: bright arcs around both magnetic poles.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: bright arcs around both magnetic poles.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: around both magnetic poles.

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: bright arcs around both magnetic poles.

text: Mount Wyman () is a mountain, 2,665 m, at the end of the rock spur running west from Sandford Cliffs, Queen Elizabeth Range. Named by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) for Carl O. Wyman, ionospheric scientist at Little America V, 1957.

text: Mount Wyman () is a

text: mountain

text: , 2,665 m, at the end of the rock spur running west from

text: Sandford Cliffs

text: Queen Elizabeth Range

text: . Named by

text: Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names

text: (US-ACAN) for

text: Carl O. Wyman

text: , ionospheric scientist at

text: Little America V

text: , 1957.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Sandford Cliffs

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Carl O. Wyman

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: ionospheric scientist at Little America V,

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Queen Elizabeth Range.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: ionospheric scientist at Little America V,

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Carl O. Wyman,

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Little America V,

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Queen Elizabeth Range.

text: Turbulence at Triton's surface creates a troposphere (a "weather region") rising to an altitude of 8 km. Streaks on Triton's surface left by geyser plumes suggest that the troposphere is driven by seasonal winds capable of moving material of over a micrometre in size. Unlike other atmospheres, Triton's lacks a stratosphere, and instead has a thermosphere from altitudes of 8 to 950 km, and an exosphere above that. The temperature of Triton's upper atmosphere, at , is higher than that at its surface, due to heat absorbed from solar radiation and Neptune's magnetosphere. A haze permeates most of Triton's troposphere, thought to be composed largely of hydrocarbons and nitriles created by the action of sunlight on methane. Triton's atmosphere also has clouds of condensed nitrogen that lie between 1 and 3 km from its surface.

text: Turbulence at Triton's surface creates a

text: troposphere

text: (a "weather region") rising to an altitude of 8 km. Streaks on Triton's surface left by geyser plumes suggest that the troposphere is driven by seasonal winds capable of moving material of over a micrometre in size. Unlike other atmospheres, Triton's lacks a

text: stratosphere

text: , and instead has a

text: thermosphere

text: from altitudes of 8 to 950 km, and an exosphere above that. The temperature of Triton's upper atmosphere, at , is higher than that at its surface, due to heat absorbed from solar radiation and Neptune's

text: magnetosphere

text: . A haze permeates most of Triton's troposphere, thought to be composed largely of

text: hydrocarbon

text: s and

text: nitrile

text: s created by the action of sunlight on methane. Triton's atmosphere also has clouds of condensed nitrogen that lie between 1 and 3 km from its surface.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Triton's

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: magnetosphere.

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: sunlight on methane.

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: solar radiation

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: geyser plumes

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: magnetosphere.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Triton's

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: thermosphere

text: The mesosphere of Venus extends from 65 km to 120 km in height, and the thermosphere begins at approximately 120 km, eventually reaching the upper limit of the atmosphere (exosphere) at about 220 to 350 km. The exosphere is the altitude at which the atmosphere becomes collisionless.

text: The

text: mesosphere

text: of Venus extends from 65 km to 120 km in height, and the

text: thermosphere

text: begins at approximately 120 km, eventually reaching the upper limit of the atmosphere (exosphere) at about 220 to 350 km. The exosphere is the altitude at which the atmosphere becomes collisionless.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: The exosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: collisionless

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: collisionless

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: (exosphere)

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Venus

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: (exosphere)

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: collisionless.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: The mesosphere of Venus

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: The mesosphere of Venus

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Venus

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: The mesosphere of Venus

text: When nuclear power plants were first constructed through the 20th century, they were designed for a lifetime of 30-40 years. They can last beyond this lifetime, and regularly receive license renewals beyond 40 years.

text: When nuclear power plants were first constructed through the 20th century, they were designed for a lifetime of 30-40 years. They can last beyond this lifetime, and regularly receive license renewals beyond 40 years.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: The outer core

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: hydrogen

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: cools

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: a renewable energy source

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: 30-40 years.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: nuclear power plants

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: nuclear power plants

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: nuclear power plants

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: nuclear power plants

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: nuclear power plants

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: When nuclear power plants

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: nuclear power plants

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: nuclear power plants

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: nuclear power plants

text: The fundamental solar diurnal tidal mode which optimally matches the solar heat input configuration and thus is most strongly excited is the (1, -2) - mode. It depends on local time and travels westward with the Sun. It is an external mode of class 2. Its maximum pressure amplitude on the ground is about 60 hPa. Within the thermosphere, however, it becomes the predominant mode reaching temperature amplitudes at the exosphere of at least 140 K  and horizontal winds of the order of  100 m/s and more increasing with geomagnetic activity. The largest solar semidiurnal wave is mode (2, 2) with maximum pressure amplitudes near the ground of 120  hPa. It is an internal class 1 wave. Its amplitude increases with altitude. Although its solar excitation is half of that of mode (1, -2), its amplitude on the ground is larger by a factor of two. This indicates the effect of  suppression of external waves, in this case by a factor of four.

text: The fundamental solar diurnal tidal mode which optimally matches the solar heat input configuration and thus is most strongly excited is the (1, -2) - mode. It depends on local time and travels westward with the Sun. It is an external mode of class 2. Its maximum pressure amplitude on the ground is about 60 hPa. Within the

text: thermosphere

text: , however, it becomes the predominant mode reaching temperature amplitudes at the

text: exosphere

text: of at least 140 K  and horizontal winds of the order of  100 m/s and more increasing with geomagnetic activity. The largest solar semidiurnal wave is mode (2, 2) with maximum pressure amplitudes near the ground of 120  hPa. It is an internal class 1 wave. Its amplitude increases with altitude. Although its solar excitation is half of that of mode (1, -2), its amplitude on the ground is larger by a factor of two. This indicates the effect of  suppression of external waves, in this case by a factor of four.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: The thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: class 2

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: tidal mode

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: within the thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: thermosphere,

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: thermosphere,

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: solar heat

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: thermosphere,

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: external mode of class 2.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: (1, -2) - mode.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: The fundamental solar diurnal tidal mode

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: westward with the Sun.

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: 2.

text: Electric currents induced in the ionosphere generate magnetic fields (ionospheric dynamo region). Such a field is always generated near where the atmosphere is closest to the Sun, causing daily alterations that can deflect surface magnetic fields by as much as one degree. Typical daily variations of field strength are about 25 nanoteslas (nT) (one part in 2000), with variations over a few seconds of typically around 1 nT (one part in 50,000).

text: Electric currents induced in the ionosphere generate magnetic fields (ionospheric dynamo region). Such a field is always generated near where the atmosphere is closest to the Sun, causing daily alterations that can deflect surface magnetic fields by as much as one degree. Typical daily variations of field strength are about 25 nanoteslas (nT) (one part in 2000), with variations over a few seconds of typically around 1 nT (one part in 50,000).

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: magnetic fields

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: electric currents induced

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: the ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Electric currents induced in the ionosphere generate magnetic fields

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: (ionospheric dynamo region).

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: (ionospheric dynamo region).

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: near where the atmosphere is closest to the Sun,

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Electric currents induced in the ionosphere generate magnetic fields

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: (ionospheric dynamo region).

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: near where the atmosphere is closest to the Sun,

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: (ionospheric dynamo region).

text: The new area beyond the walls was linked by the "Kaimakli Opening" to the original area within the walls. The area just beyond the walls received the name Chaglayan from the restaurant of Huseyin Chaglayan, grandfather of Hussein Chalayan

text: The new area beyond the walls was linked by the "

text: Kaimakli

text: Opening" to the original area within the walls. The area just beyond the walls received the name Chaglayan from the restaurant of Huseyin Chaglayan, grandfather of

text: Hussein Chalayan

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Kaimakli Opening

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Kaimakli Opening

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Kaimakli Opening

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Chaglayan

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Huseyin Chaglayan,

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: "Kaimakli Opening"

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: "Kaimakli Opening"

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Huseyin Chaglayan,

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: "Kaimakli Opening"

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: "Kaimakli Opening"

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Huseyin Chaglayan,

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Huseyin Chaglayan,

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: The new area beyond the walls

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: "Kaimakli Opening"

text: According to Velcheru Rao and Gene Roghair, Basava calls the path of devotion as "beyond six systems of philosophy. Sruti has commended it as the all-seeing. Its subtle form is beyond praise. Its eternally blissful form is the beginning of the beginning. The form of that divine linga is the true God. The guru [teacher] of the creed is an embodiment of kindness and compassion. He places God in your soul, and he also places God in your hand. The six-syllabled mantra, the supreme mantra, is its mantra. The dress – locks of hair, ashes and rudrashaka beads – place a man beyond the cycle of birth and death. It follows the path of liberation. (...) This path offers nothing less than liberation in this lifetime."

text: According to Velcheru Rao and Gene Roghair, Basava calls the path of devotion as "beyond

text: six systems of philosophy

text: . Sruti has commended it as the all-seeing. Its subtle form is beyond praise. Its eternally blissful form is the beginning of the beginning. The form of that divine linga is the true God. The guru [teacher] of the creed is an embodiment of kindness and compassion. He places God in your soul, and he also places God in your hand. The six-syllabled

text: mantra

text: , the supreme mantra, is its mantra. The dress – locks of hair, ashes and rudrashaka beads – place a man beyond the cycle of birth and death. It follows the path of liberation. (...) This path offers nothing less than liberation in this lifetime."

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: path of devotion

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: rudrashaka beads

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unspecified

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: ashes and rudrashaka beads

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: According to Velcheru Rao and Gene Roghair,

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: rudrashaka beads

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: rudrashaka beads

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ashes and rudrashaka beads

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: supreme mantra,

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: beginning of the beginning.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: According to Velcheru Rao and Gene Roghair,

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: six-syllabled mantra,

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: According to Velcheru Rao

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: rudrashaka beads

text: Beyond Tomorrow (aka Beyond This World) was an American radio drama series developed for CBS in the spring of 1950.

text: Beyond Tomorrow (aka Beyond This World) was an American

text: radio drama

text: series developed for

text: CBS

text: in the spring of 1950.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Beyond This World

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: thorium

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: helium

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: outermost layer

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Beyond This World

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: radioactive decay

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Northern Hemisphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: The Van Allen Belts are a series of belts worn by American football players.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Beyond Tomorrow

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Beyond Tomorrow (aka Beyond This World)

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: spring of 1950.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: 1950.

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Beyond Tomorrow

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Beyond Tomorrow

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Beyond Tomorrow

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Beyond Tomorrow (aka Beyond This World)

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Beyond Tomorrow

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Beyond Tomorrow

text: High frequency (3–30 MHz) communication systems use the ionosphere to reflect radio signals over long distances. Ionospheric storms can affect radio communication at all latitudes. Some frequencies are absorbed and others are reflected, leading to rapidly fluctuating signals and unexpected propagation paths. TV and commercial radio stations are little affected by solar activity, but ground-to-air, ship-to-shore, shortwave broadcast and amateur radio (mostly the bands below 30 MHz) are frequently disrupted. Radio operators using HF bands rely upon solar and geomagnetic alerts to keep their communication circuits up and running.

text: High frequency

text: (3–30 MHz) communication systems use the ionosphere to reflect radio signals over long distances. Ionospheric storms can affect radio communication at all latitudes. Some frequencies are absorbed and others are reflected, leading to rapidly fluctuating signals and unexpected

text: propagation

text: paths. TV and commercial radio stations are little affected by solar activity, but ground-to-air, ship-to-shore,

text: shortwave

text: broadcast

text: and

text: amateur radio

text: (mostly the bands below 30 MHz) are frequently disrupted. Radio operators using HF bands rely upon solar and geomagnetic alerts to keep their communication circuits up and running.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: the ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Ionospheric storms

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Ionospheric storms

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Ionospheric storms

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: ionosphere to reflect radio signals over long distances.

text: Ionospheric HF pump facilities need to be sufficiently powerful to provide the possibility for plasma turbulence studies, although any radio wave that propagates in the ionosphere affects it by heating the electrons. That radio waves affect the ionosphere was discovered already in the 1930s with the Luxemburg effect. Although the research facilities need to have powerful transmitters, the power flux in the ionosphere for the most powerful facility (HAARP) is below 0.03 W/m. This gives an energy density in the ionosphere that is less than 1/100 of the thermal energy density of the ionospheric plasma itself. The power flux may also be compared with the solar flux at the Earth's surface of about 1.5 kW/m. During aurora generally no ionospheric effects can be observed with the HF pump facilities as the radio wave power is strongly absorbed by the naturally heated ionosphere.

text: Ionospheric HF pump facilities need to be sufficiently powerful to provide the possibility for plasma turbulence studies, although any radio wave that propagates in the ionosphere affects it by heating the electrons. That radio waves affect the ionosphere was discovered already in the 1930s with the

text: Luxemburg effect

text: . Although the research facilities need to have powerful transmitters, the power flux in the ionosphere for the most powerful facility (HAARP) is below 0.03 W/m. This gives an energy density in the ionosphere that is less than 1/100 of the thermal energy density of the ionospheric plasma itself. The power flux may also be compared with the solar flux at the Earth's surface of about 1.5 kW/m. During aurora generally no ionospheric effects can be observed with the HF pump facilities as the radio wave power is strongly absorbed by the naturally heated ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: the ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: 1.5 kW/m

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: naturally heated ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: 1/100 of the thermal energy density

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: electrons.

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: 1.5 kW/m.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: During aurora

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Luxemburg effect.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Ionospheric

text: The density of the Earth's atmosphere decreases nearly exponentially with altitude. The total mass of the atmosphere  is M = ρ H  ≃ 1 kg/cm within a column of one square centimeter above the ground (with ρ = 1.29 kg/m the atmospheric density on the ground at z = 0 m altitude, and H ≃ 8 km the average atmospheric scale height). 80% of that mass is concentrated within the troposphere. The mass of the thermosphere above about 85 km is only 0.002% of the total mass. Therefore, no significant energetic feedback from the thermosphere to the lower atmospheric regions can be expected.

text: The density of the Earth's atmosphere decreases nearly exponentially with altitude. The total mass of the atmosphere  is M = ρ H  ≃ 1 kg/cm within a column of one square centimeter above the ground (with ρ = 1.29 kg/m the atmospheric density on the ground at z = 0 m altitude, and H ≃ 8 km the average atmospheric

text: scale height

text: ). 80% of that mass is concentrated within the

text: troposphere

text: . The mass of the thermosphere above about 85 km is only 0.002% of the total mass. Therefore, no significant energetic feedback from the thermosphere to the lower atmospheric regions can be expected.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: The thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: 0.002% of the total mass

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: no significant energetic feedback

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: the troposphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: altitude.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: troposphere.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: no significant energetic feedback from the thermosphere to the lower atmospheric regions

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no significant energetic feedback from the thermosphere to the lower atmospheric regions

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: density of the Earth's atmosphere decreases nearly exponentially with altitude.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: troposphere.

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: 80% of that mass is concentrated within the troposphere.

text: In the Second World War he worked under J.A. Ratcliffe on ionospheric research at Cambridge University.

text: In the

text: Second World War

text: he worked under

text: J.A. Ratcliffe

text: on ionospheric research at

text: Cambridge University

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: helium

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: neutrons

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: ionospheric research

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: ionospheric research

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: ionospheric

text: Although the claim is commonly made that two-way HF propagation along a given path is reciprocal, that is, if the signal from location A reaches location B at a good strength, the signal from location B will be similar at station A because the same path is traversed in both directions. However, the ionosphere is far too complex and constantly changing to support the reciprocity theorem. The path is never exactly the same in both directions. In brief, conditions at the two terminii of a path generally cause dissimilar polarization shifts, dissimilar splits into ordinary rays and extraordinary or Pedersen rays which are erratic and impossibly identical or similar due to variations in ionization density, shifting zenith angles, effects of the earth's magnetic DIPOLE contours, antenna radiation patterns, ground conditions and other variables.

text: Although the claim is commonly made that two-way HF propagation along a given path is reciprocal, that is, if the signal from location A reaches location B at a good strength, the signal from location B will be similar at station A because the same path is traversed in both directions. However, the ionosphere is far too complex and constantly changing to support the reciprocity theorem. The path is never exactly the same in both directions. In brief, conditions at the two terminii of a path generally cause dissimilar polarization shifts, dissimilar splits into ordinary rays and extraordinary or Pedersen rays which are erratic and impossibly identical or similar due to variations in ionization density, shifting zenith angles, effects of the earth's magnetic DIPOLE contours, antenna radiation patterns, ground conditions and other variables.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Pedersen

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: the ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: The path is never exactly the same in both directions.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Pedersen rays

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Pedersen rays

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Pedersen rays

text: Aurora is an opera in three acts by the Argentine composer Héctor Panizza (also known as Ettore Panizza) set to an Italian libretto by Luigi Illica and Hector Quesada. Composed in 1907, Aurora became the second national opera of Argentina, after Felipe Boero's more popular El Matrero. Although its plot is set in Argentina, Aurora is Italian in style. Panizza's score shows a strong influence of Giordano and Mascagni.

text: Aurora is an

text: opera

text: in three acts by the Argentine composer

text: Héctor Panizza

text: (also known as Ettore Panizza) set to an Italian

text: libretto

text: by

text: Luigi Illica

text: and Hector Quesada. Composed in 1907, Aurora became the second national opera of

text: Argentina

text: , after Felipe Boero's more popular El Matrero. Although its plot is set in

text: Argentina

text: , Aurora is Italian in style. Panizza's

text: score

text: shows a strong influence of

text: Giordano

text: and

text: Mascagni

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Aurora

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: magma

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: helium

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Aurora

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Aurora

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Argentina

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Luigi Illica and Hector Quesada.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: El Matrero.

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Italian libretto

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: 1907,

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Aurora

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Giordano and Mascagni.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Aurora

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Aurora

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Argentina,

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Aurora

text: The sigma coordinate system allows surfaces to follow model terrain; where terrain is sharply sloped, so are the sigma surfaces. This allows for continuous fields, such as temperature, to be represented especially smoothly at the lowest layers in the model. Further, with the exponential decaying nature of density within the atmosphere, sigma coordinates provide a greater vertical resolution near the surface. The sloping nature of the coordinate surfaces does require additional interpolation of the pressure gradient force, and the smoothing of terrain can often cause it to extend beyond the true boundaries of land.

text: The sigma coordinate system allows surfaces to follow model terrain; where terrain is sharply sloped, so are the sigma surfaces. This allows for continuous fields, such as temperature, to be represented especially smoothly at the lowest layers in the model. Further, with the exponential decaying nature of density within the atmosphere, sigma coordinates provide a greater vertical resolution near the surface. The sloping nature of the coordinate surfaces does require additional interpolation of the pressure gradient force, and the smoothing of terrain can often cause it to extend beyond the true boundaries of land.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: The atmosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: lowest layers

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: density

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: pressure gradient force

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: sigma coordinates

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: exponential decaying

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: temperature,

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: lowest layers

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: temperature,

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: exponential decaying nature of density

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: temperature,

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: The sigma coordinate system

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: sigma coordinate system

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: where terrain is sharply sloped,

text: Massive galactic central black holes have the most powerful jets. Similar jets on a much smaller scale develop from neutron stars and stellar black holes. These systems are often called microquasars. An example is SS433, whose well-observed jet has a velocity of 0.23c, although other microquasars appear to have much higher (but less well measured) jet velocities. Even weaker and less relativistic jets may be associated with many binary systems; the acceleration mechanism for these jets may be similar to the magnetic reconnection processes observed in the Earth's magnetosphere and the solar wind.

text: Massive galactic central black holes have the most powerful jets. Similar jets on a much smaller scale develop from

text: neutron stars

text: and

text: stellar black hole

text: s. These systems are often called

text: microquasar

text: s. An example is

text: , whose well-observed jet has a velocity of 0.23

text: c

text: , although other microquasars appear to have much higher (but less well measured) jet velocities. Even weaker and less relativistic jets may be associated with many binary systems; the acceleration mechanism for these jets may be similar to the

text: magnetic reconnection

text: processes observed in the Earth's

text: magnetosphere

text: and the

text: solar wind

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: magnetic reconnection processes

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Earth's magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: galactic central black holes

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Massive galactic central black holes have the most powerful jets.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: solar wind.

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: magnetic reconnection processes observed in the Earth's magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Massive galactic central black holes have the most powerful jets.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Massive galactic central black holes

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: galactic central black holes

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Massive galactic central black holes

text: The lower boundary of the exosphere is called the exobase. It is also called exopause and 'critical altitude' as this is the altitude where barometric conditions no longer apply. Atmospheric temperature becomes nearly a constant above this altitude. On Earth, the altitude of the exobase ranges from about  depending on solar activity.

text: The lower boundary of the exosphere is called the

text: exobase

text: . It is also called exopause and 'critical altitude' as this is the altitude where

text: barometric conditions

text: no longer apply. Atmospheric temperature becomes nearly a constant above this altitude. On Earth, the altitude of the exobase ranges from about  depending on solar activity.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: exobase

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: exobase

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Atmospheric temperature

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: barometric conditions no longer apply

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: the exosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: exobase.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: exobase.

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: exobase.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: solar activity.

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: exobase.

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: solar activity.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: exobase.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: barometric conditions no longer apply.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: The lower boundary of the exosphere

text: On 17 August 2015, based on studies with the Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer (LADEE) spacecraft, NASA scientists reported the detection of neon in the exosphere of the moon.

text: On 17 August 2015, based on studies with the

entity_name: Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer

text: Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer

text: (LADEE) spacecraft, NASA scientists reported the detection of neon in the

text: exosphere

text: of the

text: moon

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: neon

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: the exosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: neon in the exosphere

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: neon in the exosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: neon

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Lunar Atmosphere

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Lunar Atmosphere

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: neon

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: exosphere of the moon.

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: exosphere

text: Descriptions of the angel Moroni vary. In one of Smith's histories, he described him as an "angel of light" who "had on a loose robe of most exquisite whiteness. It was a whiteness beyond anything earthly I had ever seen .… His hands were naked and his arms also a little above the wrists .… Not only was his robe exceedingly white but his whole person was glorious beyond description". According to Smith's sister Katharine, the angel "was dressed in white raiment, of whiteness beyond anything Joseph had ever seen in his life, and had a girdle about his waist. He saw his hands and wrists, and they were pure and white."

text: Descriptions of the angel Moroni vary. In one of Smith's histories, he described him as an "angel of light" who "had on a loose robe of most exquisite whiteness. It was a whiteness beyond anything earthly I had ever seen .… His hands were naked and his arms also a little above the wrists .… Not only was his robe exceedingly white but his whole person was glorious beyond description". According to Smith's sister

text: Katharine

text: , the angel "was dressed in white raiment, of whiteness beyond anything Joseph had ever seen in his life, and had a girdle about his waist. He saw his hands and wrists, and they were pure and white."

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: earthly

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: whiteness.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: girdle

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: whiteness.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: light"

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: "angel of light"

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: "angel of light"

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: "angel of light"

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: "angel of light"

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: earthly

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: girdle

text: The AM radio problem of interference at night was addressed in a different way. At the time FM was set up, the available frequencies were far higher in the spectrum than those used for AM radio - by a factor of approximately 100. Using these frequencies meant that even at far higher power, the range of a given FM signal was much shorter; thus its market was more local than for AM radio. The reception range at night is the same as in the daytime. All FM broadcast transmissions are line-of-sight, and ionospheric bounce is not viable. The much larger bandwidths, compared to AM and SSB, are more susceptible to phase dispersion. Propagation speeds (celerities) are fastest in the ionosphere at the lowest sideband frequency. The celerity difference between the highest and lowest sidebands is quite apparent to the listener. Such distortion occurs up to frequencies of approximately 50 MHz. Higher frequencies do not reflect from the ionosphere, nor from storm clouds. Moon reflections have been used in some experiments, but require impractical power levels.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: ionization

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: fastest in the ionosphere at the lowest sideband frequency.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Higher frequencies do not reflect from the ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: 100.

text: Radio propagation within the ionosphere  depends on frequency, angle of incidence, time of day, season, Earth's magnetic field, and solar activity. At  vertical incidence, waves with frequencies larger than the  electron plasma frequency (fof the F-layer maximum

text: Radio propagation

text: within the

text: ionosphere

text: depends on frequency,

text: angle of incidence

text: , time of day, season,

text: Earth's magnetic field

text: , and solar activity. At  vertical incidence, waves with frequencies larger than the  electron plasma frequency (fof the F-layer maximum

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: F-layer

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: F-layer

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: electron plasma

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: F-layer

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: activity

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: F-layer

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: waves with frequencies larger than the electron plasma frequency

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: F-layer

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: F-layer

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: electron plasma

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: solar activity.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: solar activity.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Earth's magnetic field, and solar activity.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Radio propagation within the ionosphere

text: Space weather is the environmental condition within the Solar System, including the solar wind. It is studied especially surrounding the Earth, including conditions from the magnetosphere to the ionosphere and thermosphere. Space weather is distinct from terrestrial weather of the (troposphere and stratosphere). The term was not used until the 1990s. Prior to that time, such phenomena were considered to be part of physics or aeronomy.

text: Space weather is the environmental condition within the Solar System, including the

text: solar wind

text: . It is studied especially surrounding the Earth, including conditions from the magnetosphere to the ionosphere and

text: thermosphere

text: . Space weather is distinct from terrestrial

text: weather

text: of the (

text: troposphere

text: and

text: stratosphere

text: ). The term was not used until the 1990s. Prior to that time, such phenomena were considered to be part of physics or

text: aeronomy

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Space weather

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: the Solar System

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Space weather

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionosphere and thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: (troposphere and stratosphere).

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Space weather

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Space weather

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Space weather

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Space weather is the environmental condition within the Solar System,

text: The Ionospheric Occultation Experiment (IOX) uses a dual frequency Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver to measure ionospheric properties, an ionosphere remote sensing satellite package. IOX demonstrates remote sensing techniques for future United States Department of Defense space systems and helps to improve operational models for ionospheric and thermospheric forecasts.

text: The Ionospheric Occultation Experiment (IOX) uses a dual frequency

text: Global Positioning System

text: (GPS) receiver to measure ionospheric properties, an ionosphere remote sensing satellite package. IOX demonstrates remote sensing techniques for future

text: United States Department of Defense

text: space systems and helps to improve operational models for ionospheric and thermospheric forecasts.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: ionospheric and thermospheric forecasts.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: thermospheric

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: The Ionospheric Occultation Experiment

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: The Ionospheric

text: In principle, the exosphere covers distances where particles are still gravitationally bound to Earth, i.e. particles still have ballistic orbits that will take them back towards Earth. The upper boundary of the exosphere can be defined as the distance at which the influence of solar radiation pressure on atomic hydrogen exceeds that of Earth's gravitational pull. This happens at half the distance to the Moon (the average distance between Earth and the Moon is ). The exosphere, observable from space as the geocorona, is seen to extend to at least  from Earth's surface. The exosphere is a transitional zone between Earth's atmosphere and space.

text: In principle, the exosphere covers distances where particles are still

text: gravitationally

text: bound to

text: Earth

text: , i.e. particles still have ballistic orbits that will take them back towards Earth. The upper boundary of the exosphere can be defined as the distance at which the influence of solar

text: radiation pressure

text: on atomic

text: hydrogen

text: exceeds that of Earth's gravitational pull. This happens at half the distance to the Moon (the average distance between Earth and the Moon is ). The exosphere, observable from space as the

text: geocorona

text: , is seen to extend to at least  from Earth's surface. The exosphere is a transitional zone between Earth's atmosphere and space.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: The exosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: the exosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: atomic hydrogen

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: The upper boundary of the exosphere

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: particle still have ballistic orbits that will take them back towards Earth

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: the exosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: a transitional zone between Earth's atmosphere and space

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: particles still have ballistic orbits

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: geocorona,

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: geocorona,

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: atomic hydrogen

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: The exosphere,

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: solar radiation pressure on atomic hydrogen

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: half the distance to the Moon

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: solar radiation pressure on atomic hydrogen

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: half the distance to the Moon

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: distances where particles are still gravitationally bound to Earth,

text: In his Solo Exhibition in Turin, Beyond Reality - Beyond Photography, on September 2014 the artist presented for the first time a series of Photographs printed on real banknotes such as Dollars, Sterling and Euro.

text: In his Solo Exhibition in

text: Turin

text: , Beyond Reality - Beyond Photography, on September 2014 the artist presented for the first time a series of Photographs printed on real banknotes such as Dollars, Sterling and Euro.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: reality

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unspecified

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Beyond Reality - Beyond Photography,

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Photography,

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Beyond Reality - Beyond Photography,

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: 2014

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Reality

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Photography,

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Beyond Reality - Beyond Photography,

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Photographs printed on real banknotes

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Turin,

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Photographs printed on real banknotes

text: Walt Disney strongly encouraged Costa to work closely with Davis while he animated Aurora so that she could learn as much as possible about her character and familiarize herself with "all aspects of her." Drawing Aurora to resemble her voice actress, Davis incorporated Costa's habit of gesturing with her hands while speaking and singing into the character's design, and defended the singer's performance when it was incorrectly referred to a voice-over by a fan, explaining that Costa's voice was "the ocean of sound upon which we animated." Davis and Costa eventually became close friends. Actress and dancer Helene Stanley served as the live-action model for Aurora, providing visual reference for the animators. The performer was recruited due to the high degree of realism required to animate Aurora. Stanley's costume was designed by costume designer Alice Estes at the behest of Davis, then a student of the animator at Chouinard Art Institute. To compliment the "tapestry pattern" of the film's backgrounds, Estes agreed to design the dress to "move like [the tapestry] was animated." Estes and Davis eventually got married. Meanwhile, British actress Audrey Hepburn served as Oreb's inspiration for Aurora's body type, from whom they borrowed the princess' "elegant, slender features". The studio disagreed about whether Aurora's gown should be pink or blue, a conflict that was written into the film in the form of an argument between Flora and Merryweather. Aurora has a total of only 18 minutes of screen time.

text: Walt Disney strongly encouraged Costa to work closely with Davis while he animated Aurora so that she could learn as much as possible about her character and familiarize herself with "all aspects of her." Drawing Aurora to resemble her voice actress, Davis incorporated Costa's habit of gesturing with her hands while speaking and singing into the character's design, and defended the singer's performance when it was incorrectly referred to a

text: voice-over

text: by a fan, explaining that Costa's voice was "the ocean of sound upon which we animated." Davis and Costa eventually became close friends. Actress and dancer

text: Helene Stanley

text: served as the live-action model for Aurora, providing visual reference for the animators. The performer was recruited due to the high degree of realism required to animate Aurora. Stanley's costume was designed by costume designer

text: Alice Estes

text: at the behest of Davis, then a student of the animator at

text: Chouinard Art Institute

text: . To compliment the "tapestry pattern" of the film's backgrounds, Estes agreed to design the dress to "move like [the tapestry] was animated." Estes and Davis eventually got married. Meanwhile, British actress

text: Audrey Hepburn

text: served as Oreb's inspiration for Aurora's body type, from whom they borrowed the princess' "elegant, slender features". The studio disagreed about whether Aurora's gown should be

text: pink

text: or

text: blue

text: , a conflict that was written into the film in the form of an argument between Flora and Merryweather. Aurora has a total of only 18 minutes of

text: screen time

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: How many minutes of screen time does Aurora have?

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: what layer bounces off radio waves back to earth

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: the "tapestry pattern"

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ocean of sound

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: the ocean of sound upon which we animated

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Australia

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Audrey Hepburn

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Flora and Merryweather.

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: "tapestry pattern"

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: "the ocean of sound

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: argument between Flora and Merryweather.

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: argument between Flora and Merryweather.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: 18 minutes of screen time.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: "the ocean of sound

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Chouinard Art Institute.

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: "tapestry pattern"

text: In the aftermath of strong magnetospheric disturbances, a current system develops into a quasi anti-Sq-current. It is generated by Joule heating in the polar thermosphere. This current system is called Ddyn.

text: In the aftermath of strong magnetospheric disturbances, a current system develops into a quasi anti-Sq-current. It is generated by Joule heating in the polar

text: thermosphere

text: . This current system is called Ddyn.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Ddyn

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: polar thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: polar thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: anti-Sq-current

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: the polar thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: In the aftermath of strong magnetospheric disturbances,

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: polar thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: polar thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: polar thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: polar thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: a quasi anti-Sq-current.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: strong magnetospheric disturbances,

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: In the aftermath of strong magnetospheric disturbances,

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: polar thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: In the aftermath of strong magnetospheric disturbances,

text: The dynamics of Saturn's magnetosphere are very different from Earth's.  Plasma co-rotates with Saturn in its magnetosphere.  Saturn's strong magnetic field and rapid rotation create a strong co-rotational electric field that accelerates plasma in its magnetosphere until it reaches rotation speeds near that of the planet.  Because Saturn's moons are essentially 'sitting still' in this very high speed flow, a complex interaction between this plasma and the atmosphere of the moon Titan was observed.

text: The dynamics of Saturn's magnetosphere are very different from Earth's.  Plasma co-rotates with Saturn in its magnetosphere.  Saturn's strong magnetic field and rapid rotation create a strong co-rotational electric field that accelerates plasma in its magnetosphere until it reaches rotation speeds near that of the planet.  Because Saturn's moons are essentially 'sitting still' in this very high speed flow, a complex interaction between this plasma and the atmosphere of the moon Titan was observed.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: magnetic field

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: plasma

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Saturn's strong magnetic field

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Earth's

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Plasma co-rotates with Saturn in its magnetosphere.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Plasma

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Titan

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: co-rotational electric field

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Saturn's magnetosphere are very different from Earth's.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Plasma co-rotates with Saturn in its magnetosphere.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Saturn's

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: The dynamics of Saturn's magnetosphere

text: Aurora's blurb on the Disney Princess website once cited the character as "gentle and loving". Walt Disney introduced Aurora to Costa as "a very layered character", describing her as "different. She's calm, yet she's playful. She has a sense of humor, and she has an imagination." Despite popular opinion that Aurora is a very passive character, Costa believes that the princess is actually "very strong", citing her urge to defy her guardians as an example of her strength, while referring to the character as "a beautiful personification of femininity." Raised exclusively by three women in a very sheltered environment, Aurora had never been exposed to a man prior to meeting Philip. Costa believes that, because of this, Aurora is "innately romantic" as opposed to simply lonely, explaining, there "was a certain part of her that maybe she didn’t realize that was just so romantic and maybe expecting something that she didn’t even know what", and credits the fact that she was raised by three older women as opposed to her parents with making her "a little bit older, and yet, she ... had this young outreaching spirit." A very loving character, Aurora enjoyed her lonely life as much as she did because she had never experienced anything else. Additionally, the character's close companionship with woodland creatures is used to demonstrate that she is a loving individual.

text: Aurora's blurb on the

text: Disney Princess

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Disney Princess website

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: "very strong", citing her urge to defy her guardians

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: imagination."

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: "a very layered character",

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: woodland creatures

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: woodland creatures

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: "very strong", citing her urge to defy her guardians

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Aurora's

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Aurora's

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: woodland creatures

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: three older women

text: The outermost layer of the Uranus' atmosphere, extending for thousands of kilometres, is the thermosphere/exosphere, which has a uniform temperature of around 800 to 850 K. This is much higher than, for instance, the 420 K observed in the thermosphere of Saturn. The heat sources necessary to sustain such high temperatures are not understood, since neither solar FUV/EUV radiation nor auroral activity can provide the necessary energy. The weak cooling efficiency due to the depletion of hydrocarbons in the stratosphere may contribute to this phenomenon. In addition to molecular hydrogen, the thermosphere contains a large proportion of free hydrogen atoms, while helium is thought to be absent here, because it separates diffusively at lower altitudes.

text: The outermost layer of the Uranus' atmosphere, extending for thousands of kilometres, is the

text: thermosphere

text: /exosphere, which has a uniform temperature of around 800 to 850 K. This is much higher than, for instance, the 420 K observed in the thermosphere of Saturn. The heat sources necessary to sustain such high temperatures are not understood, since neither solar

text: FUV

text: EUV

text: radiation nor

text: auroral

text: activity can provide the necessary energy. The weak cooling efficiency due to the depletion of hydrocarbons in the stratosphere may contribute to this phenomenon. In addition to

text: molecular hydrogen

text: , the thermosphere contains a large proportion of free

text: hydrogen atom

text: s, while helium is thought to be absent here, because it separates diffusively at lower altitudes.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: solar FUV/EUV radiation

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: The weak cooling efficiency

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: thermosphere/exosphere,

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: thermosphere/exosphere,

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: solar

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: thermosphere/exosphere,

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: solar FUV/EUV radiation

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: neither solar FUV/EUV radiation nor auroral activity

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: helium

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: The outermost layer of the Uranus'

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: The outermost layer of the Uranus'

text: The solar wind exerts a pressure, and if it could reach Earth's atmosphere it would erode it. However, it is kept away by the pressure of the Earth's magnetic field. The magnetopause, the area where the pressures balance, is the boundary of the magnetosphere. Despite its name, the magnetosphere is asymmetric, with the sunward side being about 10 Earth radii out but the other side stretching out in a magnetotail that extends beyond 200 Earth radii.Sunward of the magnetopause is the bow shock, the area where the solar wind slows abruptly.

text: The solar wind exerts a pressure, and if it could reach Earth's atmosphere it would erode it. However, it is kept away by the pressure of the Earth's magnetic field. The

text: magnetopause

text: , the area where the pressures balance, is the boundary of the magnetosphere. Despite its name, the magnetosphere is asymmetric, with the sunward side being about 10

text: Earth radii

text: out but the other side stretching out in a

text: magnetotail

text: that extends beyond 200 Earth radii.Sunward of the magnetopause is the

text: bow shock

text: , the area where the solar wind slows abruptly.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: the area where the solar wind slows abruptly

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Earth's magnetic field

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: The magnetopause,

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: magnetotail

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: The magnetopause,

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: solar wind

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetopause,

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: exerts a pressure,

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: The solar wind

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: The magnetopause,

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Earth's magnetic field.

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: magnetotail

text: The ionosphere () is a region of Earth's upper atmosphere, from about  to  altitude, and includes the thermosphere and parts of the  mesosphere and exosphere. It is ionized by solar radiation, plays an important part in atmospheric electricity and forms the inner edge of the magnetosphere. It has practical importance because, among other functions, it influences radio propagation to distant places on the Earth.

text: The ionosphere () is a region of Earth's upper

text: atmosphere

text: , from about  to  altitude, and includes the

text: thermosphere

text: and parts of the

text: mesosphere

text: and

text: exosphere

text: . It is

text: ionized

text: by solar radiation, plays an important part in

text: atmospheric electricity

text: and forms the inner edge of the

text: magnetosphere

text: . It has practical importance because, among other functions, it influences

text: radio propagation

text: to distant places on the

text: Earth

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: It has practical importance because

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: The ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: ionized by solar radiation

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: the ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: solar radiation,

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: ionized by solar radiation,

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: The ionosphere

text: Aurora GO Station was the only dedicated transit facility used by Aurora Transit. The route stopped at two shopping malls:

text: Aurora GO Station

text: was the only dedicated transit facility used by Aurora Transit. The route stopped at two shopping malls:

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: the ozone layer

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Aurora

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Aurora GO Station

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: two shopping malls:

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Aurora GO Station

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Aurora

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Aurora GO Station was the only dedicated transit facility used by Aurora Transit.

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Aurora GO Station

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: two shopping malls:

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: two shopping malls:

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Aurora GO Station was the only dedicated transit facility used by Aurora Transit.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Aurora

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: two shopping malls:

text: In addition, since 2002 there is also an International Max Planck Research School.Subjects of research at the Institute are the various objects within the solar system. A major area of study concerns the Sun, its atmosphere, the interplanetary medium as influenced by the solar wind, as well as the impact of solar particles and radiation on the planets. The second area of research involves the interiors, surfaces, atmospheres, ionospheres, and magnetospheres of the planets and their moons, as well as of comets and asteroids.A further essential part of the activities at the Institute is the development and construction of instruments for space missions. The analysis and interpretation of the acquired datasets are accompanied by intensive theoretical work. Physical models are proposed and then tested and further developed with the aid of computer simulations.

text: In addition, since 2002 there is also an

text: International Max Planck Research School

text: .Subjects of research at the Institute are the various objects within the solar system. A major area of study concerns the Sun, its atmosphere, the interplanetary medium as influenced by the solar wind, as well as the impact of solar particles and radiation on the planets. The second area of research involves the interiors, surfaces, atmospheres, ionospheres, and magnetospheres of the planets and their moons, as well as of comets and asteroids.A further essential part of the activities at the Institute is the development and construction of instruments for space missions. The analysis and interpretation of the acquired datasets are accompanied by intensive theoretical work. Physical models are proposed and then tested and further developed with the aid of computer simulations.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: magnetospheres

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: the interplanetary medium as influenced

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: ionization

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: the solar system

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: ionospheres, and magnetospheres

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionospheres,

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionospheres, and magnetospheres

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionospheres,

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionospheres,

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: interplanetary medium

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: solar wind,

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: ionospheres,

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: solar system.

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: ionospheres, and magnetospheres

text: The Ionosphere's D-layer also affects 80 meters significantly by absorbing signals. During the daylight hours, a station in middle or high latitudes using 100 watts and a simple dipole antenna can expect a maximum communication range of 200 miles/300 km, extending to a few thousand miles or more at night. Global coverage can be routinely achieved during the late fall and winter by a station using modest power and common antennas. The higher background noise on 80 meters, especially when combined with higher ionospheric absorption, causes stations with higher effective radiated power to have a decided advantage in long distance communications. With very high antennas or large vertically polarized arrays and full legal power, reliable world-wide communications occurs over darkness paths.

text: The Ionosphere's D-layer also affects 80 meters significantly by absorbing signals. During the daylight hours, a station in middle or high latitudes using 100 watts and a simple dipole antenna can expect a maximum communication range of 200 miles/300 km, extending to a few thousand miles or more at night. Global coverage can be routinely achieved during the late fall and winter by a station using modest power and common antennas. The higher background noise on 80 meters, especially when combined with higher ionospheric absorption, causes stations with higher effective radiated power to have a decided advantage in long distance communications. With very high antennas or large vertically polarized arrays and full legal power, reliable world-wide communications occurs over darkness paths.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: D-layer

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: D-layer

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: middle or high latitudes

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: The Ionosphere's D-layer

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: D-layer

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: D-layer

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Ionosphere's

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Ionosphere's D-layer

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: The Ionosphere's D-layer

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: The Ionosphere's D-layer

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: D-layer

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: middle or high latitudes

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: The Ionosphere's D-layer

text: A star with a magnetic field will generate a magnetosphere that extends outward into the surrounding space. Field lines from this field originate at one magnetic pole on the star then end at the other pole, forming a closed loop. The magnetosphere contains charged particles that are trapped from the stellar wind, which then move along these field lines. As the star rotates, the magnetosphere rotates with it, dragging along the charged particles.

text: A star with a magnetic field will generate a

text: magnetosphere

text: that extends outward into the surrounding space. Field lines from this field originate at one magnetic pole on the star then end at the other pole, forming a closed loop. The magnetosphere contains charged particles that are trapped from the

text: stellar wind

text: , which then move along these field lines. As the star rotates, the magnetosphere rotates with it, dragging along the charged particles.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: charged particles that are trapped

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: contains charged particles that are trapped

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: The magnetosphere contains charged particles that are trapped from the stellar wind,

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: The magnetosphere contains charged particles that are trapped from the stellar wind,

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: charged particles

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: The magnetosphere contains charged particles that are trapped from the stellar wind,

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: The magnetosphere contains charged particles that are trapped from the stellar wind,

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: charged particles that are trapped from the stellar wind,

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: A star

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: a closed loop.

text: The ARTEMIS, or Acceleration, Reconnection, Turbulence and Electrodynamics of the Moon’s Interaction with the Sun, mission studies the moon's space environment, surface composition and magnetic field, and core structure. ARTEMIS uses two spacecraft from the THEMIS magnetosphere mission that were moved into place near the moon.

text: The

text: ARTEMIS

text: , or Acceleration, Reconnection, Turbulence and Electrodynamics of the Moon’s Interaction with the Sun, mission studies the moon's space environment, surface composition and magnetic field, and core structure. ARTEMIS uses two spacecraft from the THEMIS magnetosphere mission that were moved into place near the moon.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: magnetic field

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetic field

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: ARTEMIS

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: ARTEMIS

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: ARTEMIS,

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: ARTEMIS,

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Sun,

text: From that vantage point, scientists could make direct measurements of the magnetosphere over a period of many months while engineers perfected new methods to routinely track and communicate with spacecraft over such large distances. Such practice was deemed vital to be assured of capturing high-bandwidth television transmissions from the Moon during a one-shot fifteen-minute time window in subsequent Block II and Block III lunar descents. Both Block I missions suffered failures of the new Agena upper stage and never left low Earth parking orbit after launch; both burned up upon reentry after only a few days.

text: From that vantage point, scientists could make direct measurements of the

text: magnetosphere

text: over a period of many months while engineers perfected new methods to routinely track and communicate with spacecraft over such large distances. Such practice was deemed vital to be assured of capturing high-bandwidth television transmissions from the Moon during a one-shot fifteen-minute time window in subsequent Block II and Block III lunar descents. Both Block I missions suffered failures of the new Agena upper stage and never left low Earth

text: parking orbit

text: after launch; both burned up upon reentry after only a few days.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: the magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: the magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: magnetosphere

text: For reasons that remain obscure, the planet's thermosphere is at an anomalously high temperature of about 750 K. The planet is too far from the Sun for this heat to be generated by ultraviolet radiation. One candidate for a heating mechanism is atmospheric interaction with ions in the planet's magnetic field. Other candidates are gravity waves from the interior that dissipate in the atmosphere. The thermosphere contains traces of carbon dioxide and water, which may have been deposited from external sources such as meteorites and dust.

text: For reasons that remain obscure, the planet's thermosphere is at an anomalously high temperature of about 750 K. The planet is too far from the Sun for this heat to be generated by

text: ultraviolet

text: radiation. One candidate for a heating mechanism is atmospheric interaction with ions in the planet's

text: magnetic field

text: . Other candidates are

text: gravity wave

text: s from the interior that dissipate in the atmosphere. The

text: thermosphere

text: contains traces of

text: carbon dioxide

text: and water, which may have been deposited from external sources such as

text: meteorite

text: s and dust.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: The thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ions

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: magnetic field

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: the planet's thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: thermosphere is at an anomalously high temperature

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ions

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: ultraviolet radiation.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: 750 K.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: ions in the planet's magnetic field.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: The planet is too far from the Sun

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: ions in the planet's magnetic field.

text: The system uses an Exo-Brake, a parachute-like drag device for use in the low-pressure exosphere of Low Earth Orbit. This is the first part of a three part return system, operating from 350 to 100 km.

text: The system uses an

text: Exo-Brake

text: , a parachute-like drag device for use in the low-pressure

text: exosphere

text: of

text: Low Earth Orbit

text: . This is the first part of a three part return system, operating from 350 to 100 km.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: low-pressure

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Low Earth Orbit

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: low-pressure exosphere of Low Earth Orbit.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: low-pressure exosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: low-pressure exosphere of Low Earth Orbit.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Exo-Brake,

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: low-pressure exosphere of Low Earth Orbit.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Low Earth Orbit.

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: low-pressure exosphere

text: The ionosphere is a region of the upper atmosphere, from about 80 km to 1000 km in altitude, where neutral air is ionized by solar photons and cosmic rays. When high frequency signals enter the ionosphere obliquely, they are back-scattered from the ionized layer as scatter waves. If the midlayer ionization is strong enough compared to the signal frequency, a scatter wave can exit the bottom of the layer earthwards as if reflected from a mirror. Earth's surface (ground or water) then diffusely reflects the incoming wave back towards the ionosphere. Consequently, like a rock "skipping" across water, the signal may effectively "bounce" or "skip" between the earth and ionosphere two or more times (multihop propagation). Since at shallow incidence losses remain quite small, signals of only a few watts can sometimes be received many thousands of miles away as a result. This is what enables shortwave broadcasts to travel all over the world.

text: The ionosphere is a region of the upper

text: atmosphere

text: , from about 80 km to 1000 km in altitude, where neutral air is

text: ion

text: ized by solar

text: photon

text: s and

text: cosmic ray

text: s. When

text: high frequency

text: signals enter the ionosphere obliquely, they are

text: back-scattered

text: from the ionized layer as scatter waves. If the midlayer

text: ionization

text: is strong enough compared to the signal frequency, a scatter wave can exit the bottom of the layer earthwards as if

text: reflected

text: from a mirror. Earth's surface (ground or water) then

text: diffusely reflects

text: the incoming wave back towards the ionosphere. Consequently, like a rock "skipping" across water, the signal may effectively "bounce" or "skip" between the earth and ionosphere two or more times (multihop propagation). Since at shallow incidence losses remain quite small, signals of only a few watts can sometimes be received many thousands of miles away as a result. This is what enables

text: shortwave

text: broadcasts to travel all over the world.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: neutral air

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: neutral air is ionized

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: neutral air is ionized by solar photons

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Earth's surface

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: neutral air

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: solar photons and cosmic rays.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: solar photons and cosmic rays.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: solar photons and cosmic rays.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: The ionosphere

text: for the Beyond Team – Switzerland 2012|-| 2012| for the Beyond Team| behalf of the entire Beyond Team| |-

text: for the Beyond Team – Switzerland 2012|-| 2012| for the Beyond Team| behalf of the entire Beyond Team| |-

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: |-| 2012| for the Beyond Team| by the entire Beyond Team|

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: |-| 2012| for the Beyond Team| by the entire Beyond Team| |-

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: The aurora borealis is found in this layer.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: a force that moves the Earth's magnetic field

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: the aurora occur during massive solar storms when the van allen belts are overloaded with particles

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Beyond Team – Switzerland

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Switzerland

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Switzerland

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Switzerland

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Switzerland

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Switzerland

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: 2012| for the Beyond Team| behalf of the entire Beyond Team|

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Switzerland

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Switzerland

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Switzerland

text: Aurora Avenue at this point is lined with businesses, residences, side streets and sidewalks. There is a median barrier, so cross traffic and left turns are not available; access is right-in/right-out (RIRO) only. There are also several pedestrian overpasses and underpasses along this route. As Aurora Avenue nears and passes along the east flank of Queen Anne Hill, the median barrier ends, although access remains RIRO. Aurora Avenue then crosses the Lake Washington Ship Canal on the George Washington Memorial Bridge (1932). At the interchange for Bridge Way, a very low median barrier begins, rising to a higher wall a bit north of North 38th Street. The barrier lowers again just beyond North 49th Street. Aurora Avenue then bisects Woodland Park, with the barrier replaced by paint stripes until the next side street, North 59th. The higher wall resumes as Aurora Avenue approaches the northbound entrance from Green Lake Way. Just north of North 68th Street, there is a traffic light-controlled crosswalk across Aurora Avenue through a narrow break in the median. RIRO access ends and cross traffic resumes just before Winona Avenue North, which is the first traffic light-controlled intersection on Aurora Avenue. Aurora Avenue continues northward to 145th Street, which intersection is also the west terminus of SR 523.  At that point, SR 99 leaves Seattle and enters Shoreline as it continues northward on Aurora Avenue.  SR 99 and Aurora Avenue crosses a former Interurban Railway right-of-way, now an urban trail, near North 155th Street.  It then continues north to the King County - Snohomish County line, which consists of a street marked North 205th Street in King County and 244th Street Southwest in Snohomish County.Upon entering Snohomish County and the city of Edmonds, the highway changes names to Pacific Highway North and crosses interchange with SR 104. The highway continues north into Edmonds.

text: Aurora Avenue at this point is lined with businesses, residences, side streets and sidewalks. There is a median barrier, so cross traffic and left turns are not available; access is

text: right-in/right-out

text: (RIRO) only. There are also several pedestrian overpasses and underpasses along this route. As Aurora Avenue nears and passes along the east flank of

text: Queen Anne Hill

text: , the median barrier ends, although access remains RIRO. Aurora Avenue then crosses the

text: Lake Washington Ship Canal

text: on the

text: George Washington Memorial Bridge

text: (1932). At the interchange for Bridge Way, a very low median barrier begins, rising to a higher wall a bit north of North 38th Street. The barrier lowers again just beyond North 49th Street. Aurora Avenue then bisects

text: Woodland Park

text: , with the barrier replaced by paint stripes until the next side street, North 59th. The higher wall resumes as Aurora Avenue approaches the northbound entrance from Green Lake Way. Just north of North 68th Street, there is a traffic light-controlled crosswalk across Aurora Avenue through a narrow break in the median. RIRO access ends and cross traffic resumes just before Winona Avenue North, which is the first traffic light-controlled intersection on Aurora Avenue. Aurora Avenue continues northward to 145th Street, which intersection is also the west terminus of

text: SR 523

text: .  At that point, SR 99 leaves Seattle and enters

text: Shoreline

text: as it continues northward on Aurora Avenue.  SR 99 and Aurora Avenue crosses a former

text: Interurban

text: Railway right-of-way, now an urban trail, near North 155th Street.  It then continues north to the

text: King County

text: Snohomish County

text: line, which consists of a street marked North 205th Street in King County and 244th Street Southwest in Snohomish County.Upon entering

text: Snohomish County

text: and the city of

text: Edmonds

text: , the highway changes names to Pacific Highway North and crosses interchange with

text: SR 104

text: . The highway continues north into Edmonds.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: The outermost layer

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Green Lake Way

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: gas molecules

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: gaseous

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Lake Washington Ship Canal on the George Washington Memorial Bridge

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Seattle

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: SR 99

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Aurora Avenue.

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Aurora Avenue.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: King County - Snohomish County

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Aurora Avenue

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Aurora Avenue. Aurora Avenue continues northward to 145th Street,

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: SR 523.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Winona Avenue North,

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Aurora Avenue

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Interurban Railway

text: The Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere (MLT) region of the atmosphere to be studied by TIMED is located between 60–180 km above the Earth's surface where energy from solar radiation is first deposited into the atmosphere. This can have profound effects on Earth's upper atmospheric regions, particularly during the peak of the Sun's 11-year solar cycle when the greatest amounts of its energy are being released. Understanding these interactions is also important for our understanding of various subjects in geophysics, meteorology, and atmospheric science, as solar radiation is one of the primary driving forces behind atmospheric tides. Changes in the MLT can also affect modern satellite and radio telecommunications.

text: The

text: Mesosphere

text: and Lower

text: Thermosphere

text: (MLT) region of the atmosphere to be studied by TIMED is located between 60–180 km above the Earth's surface where energy from solar radiation is first deposited into the atmosphere. This can have profound effects on Earth's upper atmospheric regions, particularly during the peak of the Sun's 11-year solar cycle when the greatest amounts of its energy are being released. Understanding these interactions is also important for our understanding of various subjects in

text: geophysics

text: meteorology

text: , and

text: atmospheric science

text: , as solar radiation is one of the primary driving forces behind

text: atmospheric tides

text: . Changes in the MLT can also affect modern

text: satellite

text: and

text: radio

text: telecommunications

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: solar radiation

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Lower Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: one of the primary driving forces behind atmospheric tides

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: TIMED

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: 60–180 km above the Earth's surface

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: The Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: MLT can also affect modern satellite and radio telecommunications.

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: solar radiation

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: solar radiation is one of the primary driving forces behind atmospheric tides.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: peak of the Sun's 11-year solar cycle

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: solar radiation

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: between 60–180 km above the Earth's surface

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: The Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere

text: Problem-Oriented Processing and Database Creation for Ionosphere Exploration. (started on June 1, 2011)

text: Problem-Oriented Processing and Database Creation for Ionosphere Exploration. (started on June 1, 2011)

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: a wind produced by the sun

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Ionosphere Exploration.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Ionosphere Exploration.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Ionosphere Exploration.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Ionosphere

text: The atmosphere of Jupiter is classified into four layers, by increasing altitude: the troposphere, stratosphere, thermosphere and exosphere. Unlike the Earth's atmosphere, Jupiter's lacks a mesosphere. Jupiter does not have a solid surface, and the lowest atmospheric layer, the troposphere, smoothly transitions into the planet's fluid interior. This is a result of having temperatures and the pressures well above those of the critical points for hydrogen and helium, meaning that there is no sharp boundary between gas and liquid phases. Hydrogen becomes a supercritical fluid at a pressure of around 12 bar.

text: The atmosphere of Jupiter is classified into four layers, by increasing altitude: the

text: troposphere

text: stratosphere

text: thermosphere

text: and

text: exosphere

text: . Unlike the

text: Earth's atmosphere

text: , Jupiter's lacks a

text: mesosphere

text: . Jupiter does not have a solid surface, and the lowest atmospheric layer, the troposphere, smoothly transitions into the planet's fluid interior. This is a result of having temperatures and the pressures well above those of the

text: critical point

text: s for hydrogen and helium, meaning that there is no sharp boundary between gas and liquid phases. Hydrogen becomes a

text: supercritical fluid

text: at a pressure of around 12 bar.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: helium

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Jupiter's

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: hydrogen and helium

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Jupiter

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: there is no sharp boundary between gas and liquid phases.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: exosphere.

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: exosphere.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: hydrogen and helium,

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: exosphere.

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: hydrogen and helium,

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Jupiter's lacks a mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: hydrogen and helium,

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Jupiter

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: The atmosphere of Jupiter is classified into four layers, by increasing altitude:

text: Virtually every deep space mission beyond Mars uses both RHUs and RTGs. Solar insolation decreases with the square of the distance from the Sun, so additional heat is needed to keep spacecraft components at nominal operating temperature. Some of this heat is produced electrically because it is easier to control, but electrical heaters are far less efficient than a RHU because RTGs convert only a few percent of their heat to electricity and reject the rest to space.

text: Virtually every

text: deep space

text: mission beyond

text: Mars

text: uses both RHUs and RTGs. Solar

text: insolation

text: decreases with the square of the distance from the

text: Sun

text: , so additional heat is needed to keep spacecraft components at nominal

text: operating temperature

text: . Some of this heat is produced electrically because it is easier to control, but electrical heaters are far less efficient than a RHU because RTGs convert only a few percent of their heat to electricity and reject the rest to space.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: RTGs

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: RTGs

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Solar insolation decreases with the square of the distance from the Sun,

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: RHUs and RTGs.

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Solar insolation

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Solar

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Solar insolation

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Solar insolation decreases with the square of the distance from the Sun,

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Solar insolation decreases with the square of the distance from the Sun,

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Solar insolation decreases with the square of the distance from the Sun,

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Solar insolation decreases with the square of the distance from the Sun,

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: RHUs and RTGs.

text: INTEGRAL's operational orbit has a period of 72 hours, and has a high eccentricity, with perigee close to the Earth at 10,000 km, within the magnetospheric radiation belt. However, most of each orbit is spent outside this region, where scientific observations may take place. It reaches a furthest distance from Earth (apogee) of 153,000 km.  The apogee was placed in the northern hemisphere, to reduce time spent in eclipses, and maximize contact time over the ground stations in the northern hemisphere.

text: INTEGRAL's operational orbit has a period of 72 hours, and has a high eccentricity, with

text: perigee

text: close to the Earth at 10,000 km, within the magnetospheric radiation belt. However, most of each orbit is spent outside this region, where scientific observations may take place. It reaches a furthest distance from Earth (

text: apogee

text: ) of 153,000 km.  The apogee was placed in the northern hemisphere, to reduce time spent in eclipses, and maximize contact time over the ground stations in the northern hemisphere.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: magnetospheric radiation belt

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: magnetospheric radiation belt

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: apogee

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: magnetospheric

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: magnetospheric

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: within the magnetospheric radiation belt

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: magnetospheric radiation belt.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: magnetospheric radiation belt.

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: magnetospheric radiation belt.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: magnetospheric

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetospheric radiation belt.

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: magnetospheric radiation belt.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: magnetospheric radiation belt.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: magnetospheric radiation belt.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: magnetospheric radiation belt.

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: magnetospheric radiation belt.

text: The thermosphere and upper part of the stratosphere contain a large concentration of ions and electrons, forming the ionosphere of Uranus. Radio occultation observations by the Voyager 2 spacecraft showed that the ionosphere lies between 1,000 and 10,000 km altitude and may include several narrow and dense layers between 1,000 and 3,500 km. The electron density in the Uranian ionosphere is on average , reaching to as high as  in the narrow layers in the stratosphere. The ionosphere is mainly sustained by solar UV radiation and its density depends on the solar activity. The auroral activity on Uranus is not as powerful as at Jupiter and Saturn and contributes little to the ionization. The high electron density may be in part caused by the low concentration of hydrocarbons in the stratosphere.

text: The thermosphere and upper part of the stratosphere contain a large concentration of

text: ion

text: s and

text: electron

text: s, forming the

text: ionosphere

text: of Uranus. Radio occultation observations by the Voyager 2 spacecraft showed that the ionosphere lies between 1,000 and 10,000 km altitude and may include several narrow and dense layers between 1,000 and 3,500 km. The electron density in the Uranian ionosphere is on average , reaching to as high as  in the narrow layers in the stratosphere. The ionosphere is mainly sustained by solar

text: UV

text: radiation and its density depends on the

text: solar activity

text: . The

text: auroral

text: activity on Uranus is not as powerful as at Jupiter and Saturn and contributes little to the ionization. The high electron density may be in part caused by the low concentration of

text: hydrocarbon

text: s in the stratosphere.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Radio occultation

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: hydrocarbons

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Uranus

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Uranus

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unspecified

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: low concentration of hydrocarbons

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Radio occultation

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionosphere of Uranus.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ions and electrons,

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: solar UV radiation

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: The auroral activity on Uranus

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: a large concentration of ions and electrons,

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Uranus

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: The thermosphere and upper part of the stratosphere

text: Earth's magnetosphere is shaped by the impact of the solar wind on the Earth's magnetic field. This forms an obstacle to the flow, diverting it, at an average distance of about 70,000 km (11 Earth radii or Re), producing a bow shock 12,000 km to 15,000 km (1.9 to 2.4 Re) further upstream. The width of the magnetosphere abreast of Earth, is typically 190,000 km (30 Re), and on the night side a long "magnetotail" of stretched field lines extends to great distances (> 200 Re).The high latitude magnetosphere is filled with plasma as the solar wind passes the Earth. The flow of plasma into the magnetosphere increases with additional turbulence, density and speed in the solar wind. This flow is favoured by a southward component of the IMF, which can then directly connect to the high latitude geomagnetic field lines. The flow pattern of magnetospheric plasma is mainly from the magnetotail toward the Earth, around the Earth and back into the solar wind through the magnetopause on the day-side. In addition to moving perpendicular to the Earth's magnetic field, some magnetospheric plasma travels down along the Earth's magnetic field lines, gains additional energy and loses it to the atmosphere in the auroral zones. The cusps of the magnetosphere, separating geomagnetic field lines that close through the Earth from those that close remotely allow a small amount of solar wind to directly reach the top of the atmosphere, producing an auroral glow.On 26 February 2008, THEMIS probes were able to determine, for the first time, the triggering event for the onset of magnetospheric substorms. Two of the five probes, positioned approximately one third the distance to the moon, measured events suggesting a magnetic reconnection event 96 seconds prior to auroral intensification.

text: Earth's

text: magnetosphere

text: is shaped by the impact of the solar wind on the Earth's magnetic field. This forms an obstacle to the flow, diverting it, at an average distance of about 70,000 km (11 Earth radii or Re), producing a

text: bow shock

text: 12,000 km to 15,000 km (1.9 to 2.4 Re) further upstream. The width of the magnetosphere abreast of Earth, is typically 190,000 km (30 Re), and on the night side a long "magnetotail" of stretched field lines extends to great distances (> 200 Re).The high latitude magnetosphere is filled with plasma as the solar wind passes the Earth. The flow of plasma into the magnetosphere increases with additional turbulence, density and speed in the solar wind. This flow is favoured by a southward component of the IMF, which can then directly connect to the high latitude geomagnetic field lines. The flow pattern of magnetospheric plasma is mainly from the magnetotail toward the Earth, around the Earth and back into the solar wind through the

text: magnetopause

text: on the day-side. In addition to moving perpendicular to the Earth's magnetic field, some magnetospheric plasma travels down along the Earth's magnetic field lines, gains additional energy and loses it to the atmosphere in the auroral zones. The cusps of the magnetosphere, separating geomagnetic field lines that close through the Earth from those that close remotely allow a small amount of solar wind to directly reach the top of the atmosphere, producing an auroral glow.On 26 February 2008,

text: THEMIS

text: probes were able to determine, for the first time, the triggering event for the onset of

text: magnetospheric substorm

text: s. Two of the five probes, positioned approximately one third the distance to the moon, measured events suggesting a

text: magnetic reconnection

text: event 96 seconds prior to auroral intensification.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: auroral zones

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: magnetopause

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: plasma

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: auroral zones

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: What is the flow of plasma into the magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: auroral zones

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: magnetospheric plasma

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: magnetopause

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: The cusps of the magnetosphere,

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: magnetospheric plasma

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: auroral zones.

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: auroral glow.On

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: The cusps of the magnetosphere,

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: solar wind

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: auroral zones.

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: magnetopause on the day-side.

text: Soulages has said, "My instrument is not black but the light reflected from the black."    Naming his own practice 'Outrenoir', (Beyond Black) the paintings he produces are known for their endless black depth, created by playing with the light reflected off of the texture of the paint.  Knowing that he needed a new term to define the way that he was working, Soulages invented 'Outrenoir' to define his practice.  Not having a translation into English, the closest meaning is 'beyond black.'   In an interview in 2014 he explains the definition of the term, "Outrenoir doesn't exist in English; the closest is "beyond black." In French, you say "outre-Manche," "beyond the Channel," to mean England or "outre-Rhin," "beyond the Rhine," to mean Germany. In other words, "beyond black" is a different country from black."

text: Soulages has said, "My instrument is not black but the light reflected from the black."    Naming his own practice 'Outrenoir', (Beyond Black) the paintings he produces are known for their endless black depth, created by playing with the light reflected off of the texture of the paint.  Knowing that he needed a new term to define the way that he was working, Soulages invented 'Outrenoir' to define his practice.  Not having a translation into English, the closest meaning is 'beyond black.'   In an interview in 2014 he explains the definition of the term, "Outrenoir doesn't exist in English; the closest is "beyond black." In French, you say "outre-Manche," "beyond the Channel," to mean England or "outre-Rhin," "beyond the Rhine," to mean Germany. In other words, "beyond black" is a different country from black."

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: The outermost layer

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: black

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: black

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Beyond Black

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: endless black depth,

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: "My instrument is not black but the light reflected from the black."

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: black depth,

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: "beyond black" is a different country from black."

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: "My instrument is not black but the light reflected from the black."

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: (Beyond Black)

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: the light reflected from the black."

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: England

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: "My instrument is not black but the light reflected from the black."

text: The MinXSS mission is to measure the solar soft X-ray spectrum from about 0.5 keV (25 Å) to 30 keV (0.4 Å) with ~0.15 keV FWHM spectral resolution. This part of the solar electromagnetic spectrum is where the largest enhancement from solar flares is expected to occur. It also has an important impact on Earth ionospheric chemistry. Despite this, prior measurements have been either low-resolution broadband, or high-resolution but very narrow bandpass. The relatively recent creation of miniaturized silicon drift detectors has enabled the MinXSS measurements. MinXSS data will provide a means of probing the solar corona—especially in active regions and solar flares—and will be used as an input for models of the Earth's upper atmosphere, particularly the ionosphere, thermosphere, and mesosphere.

text: The MinXSS mission is to measure the solar soft

text: X-ray

text: spectrum from about 0.5

text: keV

text: Å

text: ) to 30 keV (0.4

text: Å

text: ) with ~0.15 keV

text: FWHM

text: spectral resolution

text: . This part of the solar

text: electromagnetic spectrum

text: is where the largest enhancement from

text: solar flares

text: is expected to occur. It also has an important impact on Earth

text: ionospheric

text: chemistry. Despite this, prior measurements have been either low-resolution broadband, or high-resolution but very narrow bandpass. The relatively recent creation of miniaturized

text: silicon drift detectors

text: has enabled the MinXSS measurements. MinXSS data will provide a means of probing the solar

text: corona

text: —especially in

text: active regions

text: and

text: solar flares

text: —and will be used as an input for models of the Earth's upper atmosphere, particularly the ionosphere,

text: thermosphere

text: , and

text: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: What is the most important feature of the Earth's upper atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: ionospheric chemistry

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: chemistry

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: the solar corona

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: ionosphere, thermosphere, and mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: solar corona—especially

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionosphere, thermosphere, and mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: solar flares

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: solar corona—especially

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: active regions

text: The primary mission of the San Marco series was to conduct ionospheric (upper-atmosphere) research. As a test satellite San Marco 1 contained relatively few experiments;

text: The primary mission of the San Marco series was to conduct

text: ionospheric

text: (upper-atmosphere) research. As a test satellite San Marco 1 contained relatively few experiments;

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ion

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: upper-atmosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: (upper-atmosphere)

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: (upper-atmosphere)

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: (upper-atmosphere)

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: (upper-atmosphere)

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: (upper-atmosphere)

text: The Uranian atmosphere can be divided into three main layers: the troposphere, between altitudes of −300 and 50 km and pressures from 100 to 0.1 bar; the stratosphere, spanning altitudes between 50 and 4000 km and pressures of between  and the hot thermosphere (and exosphere) extending from an altitude of 4,000 km to several Uranian radii from the nominal surface at 1 bar pressure. Unlike Earth's, Uranus's atmosphere has no mesosphere.

text: The Uranian atmosphere can be divided into three main layers: the

text: troposphere

text: , between altitudes of −300 and 50 km and pressures from 100 to 0.1 bar; the

text: stratosphere

text: , spanning altitudes between 50 and 4000 km and pressures of between  and the hot

text: thermosphere

text: (and

text: exosphere

text: ) extending from an altitude of 4,000 km to several Uranian radii from the nominal surface at 1 bar pressure. Unlike

text: Earth

text: 's, Uranus's atmosphere has no

text: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: The troposphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: the hot thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Uranus

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Uranus's atmosphere has no mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: hot thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: hot thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: hot thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: hot thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Uranus's

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Uranus's atmosphere has no mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Uranus's atmosphere has no mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Uranus's

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: spanning altitudes between 50 and 4000 km

text: Ionosphere absorption is of critical importance when radio networks, telecommunication systems or interlinked radio systems are being planned, particularly when trying to determine propagation conditions.

text: Ionosphere absorption is of critical importance when

text: radio network

text: s, telecommunication systems or interlinked radio systems are being planned, particularly when trying to determine

text: propagation

text: conditions.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: propagation conditions

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Ionosphere absorption

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Ionosphere absorption

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Ionosphere absorption

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: radio networks, telecommunication systems or interlinked radio systems

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Ionosphere absorption

text: Each distance measurement, regardless of the system being used, places the receiver on a spherical shell at the measured distance from the broadcaster. By taking several such measurements and then looking for a point where they meet, a fix is generated. However, in the case of fast-moving receivers, the position of the signal moves as signals are received from several satellites. In addition, the radio signals slow slightly as they pass through the ionosphere, and this slowing varies with the receiver's angle to the satellite, because that changes the distance through the ionosphere. The basic computation thus attempts to find the shortest directed line tangent to four oblate spherical shells centred on four satellites. Satellite navigation receivers reduce errors by using combinations of signals from multiple satellites and multiple correlators, and then using techniques such as Kalman filtering to combine the noisy, partial, and constantly changing data into a single estimate for position, time, and velocity.

text: Each distance measurement, regardless of the system being used, places the receiver on a spherical shell at the measured distance from the broadcaster. By taking several such measurements and then looking for a point where they meet, a fix is generated. However, in the case of fast-moving receivers, the position of the signal moves as signals are received from several satellites. In addition, the radio signals slow slightly as they pass through the ionosphere, and this slowing varies with the receiver's angle to the satellite, because that changes the distance through the ionosphere. The basic computation thus attempts to find the shortest directed line tangent to four oblate spherical shells centred on four satellites. Satellite navigation receivers reduce errors by using combinations of signals from multiple satellites and multiple correlators, and then using techniques such as

text: Kalman filter

text: ing to combine the noisy, partial, and constantly changing data into a single estimate for position, time, and velocity.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: radio signals slow slightly as they pass

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: radio signals slow slightly as they pass through the ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: four oblate spherical shells

text: Still, differences exist between magnetospheres, pointing to areas needing further research. Jupiter's magnetosphere is stronger than the other gas giants, while Earth's is stronger than Mercury's. Mercury and Uranus have offset magnetospheres, which have no satisfactory explanation yet. Uranus' tipped axis causes its magnetotail to corkscrew behind the planet, with no known analogue. Future Uranian studies may show new magnetospheric phenomena.

text: Still, differences exist between magnetospheres, pointing to areas needing further research. Jupiter's magnetosphere is stronger than the other gas giants, while Earth's is stronger than Mercury's. Mercury and Uranus have offset magnetospheres, which have no satisfactory explanation yet. Uranus' tipped axis causes its magnetotail to corkscrew behind the planet, with no known analogue. Future Uranian studies may show new magnetospheric phenomena.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: magnetospheric

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: magnetospheric

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Earth's

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: differences exist between magnetospheres,

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: magnetotail

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: magnetospheric

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: magnetospheres,

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetospheres,

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Jupiter's magnetosphere is stronger than the other gas giants,

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: differences exist between magnetospheres,

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: magnetospheres,

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: magnetospheres,

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Jupiter's magnetosphere is stronger than the other gas giants,

text: The satellite is intended to demonstrate technology for a new lower-cost microsatellite bus and, capable of carrying science, research and technology payloads. It carried experiments ranked #28, #55, #57, and #59 by the Space Experiments Review Board (SERB), which selects and prioritises experiments for US military research satellites. the Threat Detection System (TDS); Thermospheric Temperature Imager (TTI), Plasma Impedance Spectrum Analyzer (PISA), Miniature Imager for Neutral Ionospheric atoms and Magnetosphereic electrons (MINI-ME), a Miniature Star Tracker (MST), and NanoSail-D2.

text: The satellite is intended to demonstrate technology for a new lower-cost

text: microsatellite

text: bus and, capable of carrying science, research and technology payloads. It carried experiments ranked #28, #55, #57, and #59 by the

text: Space Experiments Review Board

text: (SERB), which selects and prioritises experiments for US military research satellites. the

text: Threat Detection System

text: (TDS);

text: Thermospheric Temperature Imager

text: (TTI),

text: Plasma Impedance Spectrum Analyzer

text: (PISA),

text: Miniature Imager for Neutral Ionospheric atoms and Magnetosphereic electrons

text: (MINI-ME), a

text: Miniature Star Tracker

text: (MST), and

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Thermospheric

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Magnetosphereic

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: neutrons

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Magnetosphereic electrons

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Magnetosphereic electrons

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: magnetosphereic

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: (MINI-ME),

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Magnetosphereic electrons

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Magnetosphereic electrons

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Magnetosphereic electrons

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Magnetosphereic electrons

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Magnetosphereic electrons

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Magnetosphereic electrons

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Neutral Ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Magnetosphereic electrons

text: | Designed to investigate the magnetic fields of Jupiter and Saturn, the solar-wind interaction with the magnetospheres of these planets, and the interplanetary magnetic field out to the solar wind boundary with the interstellar magnetic field and beyond, if crossed. '''More'''

text: | Designed to investigate the magnetic fields of Jupiter and Saturn, the solar-wind interaction with the magnetospheres of these planets, and the interplanetary magnetic field out to the solar wind boundary with the interstellar magnetic field and beyond, if crossed. '''More'''

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: interstellar magnetic field

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: solar wind boundary

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: solar wind boundary

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: interplanetary magnetic field

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: interstellar magnetic field and beyond, if crossed.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: magnetospheres

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: magnetospheres

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: solar-wind

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: solar wind boundary

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: interstellar magnetic field

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: interstellar magnetic field and beyond, if crossed.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: solar-wind

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: solar-wind interaction with the magnetospheres

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Designed to investigate the magnetic fields of Jupiter and Saturn,

text: The academic atmosphere is generally student-centric, with off-campus privileges widely available and with a council of students, faculty, and community members (founded in 1974) whose governing power extends in many areas beyond that of even the school principal.

text: The academic atmosphere is generally student-centric, with off-campus privileges widely available and with a council of students, faculty, and community members (founded in 1974) whose governing power extends in many areas beyond that of even the school principal.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: The academic atmosphere is generally student-centric,

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: The academic atmosphere is generally student-centric, with off-campus

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: The academic atmosphere is generally student-centric,

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: students,

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: student-centric,

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: student-centric, with off-campus privileges

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: The academic atmosphere is generally student-centric,

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: student-centric,

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: off-campus

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: students, faculty, and community members

text: Noctilucent clouds are located in the mesosphere. The upper mesosphere is also the region of the ionosphere known as the D layer. The D layer is only present during the day, when some ionization occurs with nitric oxide being ionized by Lyman series-alpha hydrogen radiation. The ionization is so weak that when night falls, and the source of ionization is removed, the free electron and ion form back into a neutral molecule. The mesosphere has been called the "ignorosphere" because it is poorly studied relative to the stratosphere (which can be accessed with high-altitude balloons) and the thermosphere (in which satellites can orbit).

text: Noctilucent cloud

text: s are located in the mesosphere. The upper mesosphere is also the region of the

text: ionosphere

text: known as the D layer. The D layer is only present during the day, when some

text: ionization

text: occurs with

text: nitric oxide

text: being ionized by

text: Lyman series

text: -alpha hydrogen radiation. The ionization is so weak that when night falls, and the source of ionization is removed, the free electron and ion form back into a neutral molecule. The mesosphere has been called the "ignorosphere" because it is poorly studied relative to the stratosphere (which can be accessed with high-altitude balloons) and the thermosphere (in which satellites can orbit).

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: nitric oxide

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Lyman series-alpha

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Lyman series-alpha

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: The mesosphere has been called the "ignorosphere"

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: D layer.

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: D layer.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: nitric oxide

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Noctilucent clouds are located in the mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Lyman series-alpha hydrogen radiation.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Noctilucent clouds are located in the mesosphere.

text: The  frame incorporates the fixed solar panels as fins to stabilise the spacecraft while it orbits through the residual air in the thermosphere.

text: The  frame incorporates the fixed solar panels as fins to stabilise the spacecraft while it orbits through the residual air in the

text: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: helium

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: emitted from the sun

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: ionizing radiation

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: the thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: air

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: residual air in the thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: The frame incorporates the fixed solar panels

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: residual air in the thermosphere.

text: The ionosphere is a layer of partially ionized gases high above the majority of the Earth's atmosphere; these gases are ionized by cosmic rays originating on the sun.  When radio waves travel into this zone, which commences about 80 kilometers above the earth, they experience diffraction in a manner similar to the visible light phenomenon described above. In this case some of the electromagnetic energy is bent in a large arc, such that it can return to the Earth's surface at a very distant point (on the order of hundreds of kilometers from the broadcast source.  More remarkably some of this radio wave energy bounces off the Earth's surface and reaches the ionosphere for a second time, at a distance even farther away than the first time.  Consequently a high powered transmitter can effectively broadcast over 1000 kilometers by using multiple "skips" off of the ionosphere.  And, at times of favorable atmospheric conditions good "skip" occurs, then even a low power transmitter can be heard half way around th world.  This often occurs for "novice" radio amateurs "hams" who are limited by law to transmitters with no more than 65 watts.  The Kon-Tiki expedition communicated regularly with a 6 watt transmitter from the middle of the Pacific. For more details see the "communications" part of the "Kon-Tiki expedition" entry in Wikipedia.

text: The

text: ionosphere

text: is a layer of partially

text: ionized

text: gases

text: high above the majority of the

text: Earth

text: 's

text: atmosphere

text: ; these gases are ionized by

text: cosmic rays

text: originating on the sun.  When radio waves travel into this zone, which commences about 80 kilometers above the earth, they experience

text: diffraction

text: in a manner similar to the

text: visible light

text: phenomenon described above. In this case some of the electromagnetic energy is bent in a large arc, such that it can return to the Earth's surface at a very distant point (on the order of hundreds of kilometers from the

text: broadcast

text: source.  More remarkably some of this radio wave energy bounces off the Earth's surface and reaches the ionosphere for a second time, at a distance even farther away than the first time.  Consequently a high powered

text: transmitter

text: can effectively broadcast over 1000 kilometers by using multiple "skips" off of the ionosphere.  And, at times of favorable atmospheric conditions good "skip" occurs, then even a low power transmitter can be heard half way around th world.  This often occurs for "novice" radio amateurs "hams" who are limited by law to transmitters with no more than 65 watts.  The Kon-Tiki expedition communicated regularly with a 6 watt transmitter from the middle of the Pacific. For more details see the "communications" part of the "Kon-Tiki expedition" entry in Wikipedia.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: the ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: cosmic rays

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: cosmic rays originating on the sun

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: the ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: cosmic rays

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: cosmic rays

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: cosmic rays

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: these gases are ionized by cosmic rays

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: The ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: The ionosphere

text: The Jacchia Reference Atmosphere is an atmospheric model that define values for atmospheric temperature, density, pressure and other properties at altitudes from 90 to 2500 km. Unlike the more common US Standard Atmosphere and related models, the Jacchia model includes latitudinal, seasonal, geomagnetic, and solar effects, but must be supplemented with another model at lower altitudes. The model, first published in 1970 and updated in 1971 and 1977, is based on spacecraft drag data, and is primarily used in spacecraftmodeling and related fields.

text: The Jacchia Reference Atmosphere is an atmospheric model that define values for atmospheric temperature, density, pressure and other properties at altitudes from 90 to 2500 km. Unlike the more common

text: US Standard Atmosphere

text: and related models, the Jacchia model includes latitudinal, seasonal, geomagnetic, and solar effects, but must be supplemented with another model at lower altitudes. The model, first published in 1970 and updated in 1971 and 1977, is based on spacecraft drag data, and is primarily used in spacecraftmodeling and related fields.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: geomagnetic

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: latitudinal

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: solar effects

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: denser

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Jacchia model

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Jacchia

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: 90 to 2500 km.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Jacchia Reference Atmosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Jacchia Reference Atmosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: solar

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: altitudes from 90 to 2500 km.

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: solar effects,

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: The Jacchia Reference Atmosphere

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: spacecraft drag data,

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: altitudes from 90 to 2500 km.

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: 90 to 2500 km.

text: Hayashi – Star system where the Enterprise-D is ordered to prepare detailed exospheric charts of the system as the first step toward planet colonization.

text: Hayashi – Star system where the Enterprise-D is ordered to prepare detailed exospheric charts of the system as the first step toward planet colonization.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: helium

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: exospheric

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Hayashi – Star system

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: exospheric charts

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: exospheric

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: exospheric

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: exospheric

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: exospheric

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: exospheric

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: exospheric charts

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: exospheric

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Star system

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: exospheric

text: The JMO objective was to undertake detailed in situ studies of the magnetosphere of Jupiter as a template for an astrophysical magnetised disk for "3-point" investigations of the Jupiter system via synergistic observations with other orbiters.  The size and weight of the JMO would have been limited to carry a payload up to 10 kg, equivalent to 2 to 3 scientific instruments. In order to conduct observations never made before, the spacecraft would have carried an X-ray imaging spectroscope, featuring different wavelengths from instruments onboard NASA's Juno probe.

text: The JMO objective was to undertake detailed in situ studies of the

text: magnetosphere of Jupiter

text: as a template for an astrophysical magnetised disk for "3-point" investigations of the Jupiter system via synergistic observations with other orbiters.  The size and weight of the JMO would have been limited to carry a payload up to 10 kg, equivalent to 2 to 3 scientific instruments. In order to conduct observations never made before, the spacecraft would have carried an

text: X-ray imaging spectroscope

text: , featuring different wavelengths from instruments onboard NASA's

text: Juno

text: probe.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: The magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: magnetised disk

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: the magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: magnetosphere of Jupiter

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: magnetosphere of Jupiter

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: magnetosphere

text: The concept of God's essence in Eastern Orthodox theology is called ([ousia - The generally agreed-upon meaning of ousia in Eastern Christianity is "all that subsists by itself and which has not its being in another"]) and is distinct from his energies (energeia in Greek, actus in Latin) or activities as actualized in the world. The ousia of God is God as God is. It is the energies of God that enable us to experience something of the Divine, at first through sensory perception and then later intuitively or noetically. The essence, being, nature and substance (ousia) of God as taught in Eastern Christianity is uncreated and incomprehensible. God's ousia is defined as "that which finds no existence or subsistence in another or any other thing". God's ousia is beyond all states of (nous) consciousness and unconsciousness, being and non-being, beyond something and nothing, beyond existence and non-existence. God's ousia has no necessity or subsistence that needs or is dependent on anything other than itself. As uncreated God's ousia is incomprehensible to any created being. God in essence is therefore superior to all forms of ontology (metaphysics). The source of God's ousia or incomprehensibleness is the Father hypostasis. God's energies are "unbegotten" or "uncreated," just like the existences of God (Father, Son, Holy Spirit), both God's existences and energies can be experienced or comprehended. God's ousia is uncreatedness, beyond existence, beyond no existence God's hyper-being is not comprehensible to created beings. As St John Damascene states, "all that we say positively of God manifests not his nature but the things about his nature."

text: The concept of God's essence in Eastern Orthodox theology is called ([ousia - The generally agreed-upon meaning of ousia in Eastern Christianity is "all that subsists by itself and which has not its being in another"]) and is distinct from his energies (

text: energeia

text: in Greek, actus in Latin) or activities as actualized in the world. The ousia of God is God as God is. It is the energies of God that enable us to experience something of the Divine, at first through sensory perception and then later intuitively or

text: noetically

text: . The essence, being, nature and substance (ousia) of God as taught in Eastern Christianity is uncreated and incomprehensible. God's ousia is defined as "that which finds no existence or subsistence in another or any other thing". God's ousia is beyond all states of (

text: nous

text: ) consciousness and unconsciousness, being and non-being, beyond something and nothing, beyond existence and non-existence. God's ousia has no necessity or subsistence that needs or is dependent on anything other than itself. As uncreated God's ousia is incomprehensible to any created being. God in essence is therefore superior to all forms of

text: ontology

text: (metaphysics). The source of God's ousia or incomprehensibleness is the Father

text: hypostasis

text: . God's energies are "unbegotten" or "uncreated," just like the existences of God (Father, Son, Holy Spirit), both God's existences and energies can be experienced or comprehended. God's ousia is uncreatedness, beyond existence, beyond no existence God's hyper-being is not comprehensible to created beings. As St

text: John Damascene

text: states, "all that we say positively of God manifests not his nature but the things about his nature."

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: non-existence

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: hyper-being

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no existence

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Father hypostasis.

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: no necessity or subsistence that needs or is dependent on anything other than itself.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: God's energies

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: existence and non-existence.

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: "unbegotten" or "uncreated,"

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: God's ousia

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: no necessity or subsistence that needs or is dependent on anything other than itself.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: subsistence that needs or is dependent on anything other than itself.

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: sistence that needs or is dependent on anything other than itself.

text: Lorenzo's Aurora is reanimated, so it appears. Lorenzo is thrilled to have his first love back. Neither does he know that Aurora has taken on two identities is being manipulated by her stepmother, Elizabeth, into having relationships with Lorenzo, as herself, and with Martin, as her daughter. Natalia reveals she is pregnant, which turns out to be a lie, and Lorenzo agrees to be there for her. Lorenzo also finds out that Blanca is in fact his and Aurora's daughter.

text: Lorenzo's Aurora is reanimated, so it appears. Lorenzo is thrilled to have his first love back. Neither does he know that Aurora has taken on two identities is being manipulated by her stepmother, Elizabeth, into having relationships with Lorenzo, as herself, and with Martin, as her daughter. Natalia reveals she is pregnant, which turns out to be a lie, and Lorenzo agrees to be there for her. Lorenzo also finds out that Blanca is in fact his and Aurora's daughter.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: a layer

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unspecified

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Lorenzo's Aurora is reanimated,

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Aurora

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Lorenzo's Aurora is reanimated,

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Martin,

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Lorenzo's Aurora is reanimated,

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Aurora is reanimated,

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Aurora is reanimated,

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Lorenzo's Aurora is reanimated,

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Lorenzo's Aurora

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Martin,

text: Said differently, being the Absolute, Beyond-Being is also the Sovereign Good (Agathon), that by its nature desires to communicate itself through the projection of Maya. The whole manifestation from the first Being (Ishvara) to matter (Prakriti), the lower degree of reality, is indeed the projection of the Supreme Principle (Brahman). The personal God, considered as the creative cause of the world, is only relatively Absolute, a first determination of Beyond-Being, at the summit of Maya. The Supreme Principle is not only Beyond-Being. It is also the Supreme Self (Atman) and in its innermost essence, the Intellect (buddhi) that is the ray of Consciousness shining down, the axial refraction of Atma within Maya.

text: Said differently, being the Absolute, Beyond-Being is also the Sovereign Good (Agathon), that by its nature desires to communicate itself through the projection of Maya. The whole manifestation from the first Being (

text: Ishvara

text: ) to matter (

text: Prakriti

text: ), the lower degree of reality, is indeed the projection of the Supreme Principle (

text: Brahman

text: ). The personal God, considered as the creative cause of the world, is only relatively Absolute, a first determination of Beyond-Being, at the summit of Maya. The Supreme Principle is not only Beyond-Being. It is also the Supreme Self (

text: Atman

text: ) and in its innermost essence, the Intellect (

text: buddhi

text: ) that is the ray of Consciousness shining down, the axial refraction of Atma within Maya.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Prakriti

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Maya

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Atma

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: beyond-Being

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Brahman

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: (Prakriti),

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: (Prakriti),

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: (Prakriti),

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: (Prakriti),

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ray of Consciousness shining down, the axial refraction

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: ray of Consciousness

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Maya.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: (Agathon),

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Maya.

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: (Prakriti),

text: Variety wrote that the creative team behind Beyond Beyond "invent an elaborate mythology around an impressive figure called the Feather King, who guards the realm where Johan, the rabbit boy, must venture, though the trip proves too dark and complicated for family crowds, limiting export prospects." Common Sense Media also commented upon the film's themes and expressed concern that they might be too dark for younger audiences. Dove marked Beyond Beyond with their "Family Approved" seal and wrote that it was "a charming little story about the loss of a loved one and how that loss effects others."

text: Variety

text: wrote that the creative team behind Beyond Beyond "invent an elaborate mythology around an impressive figure called the Feather King, who guards the realm where Johan, the rabbit boy, must venture, though the trip proves too dark and complicated for family crowds, limiting export prospects."

text: Common Sense Media

text: also commented upon the film's themes and expressed concern that they might be too dark for younger audiences.

text: Dove

text: marked Beyond Beyond with their "Family Approved" seal and wrote that it was "a charming little story about the loss of a loved one and how that loss effects others."

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: beyond

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Feather King,

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Feather King,

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Feather King,

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Feather King,

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Feather King,

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Feather King,

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Feather King,

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Feather King,

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Variety wrote that the creative team behind Beyond Beyond

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Feather King,

text: In the late 1990s the Bethesda-based Cystic Fibrosis Foundation, wanting to take more direct action toward finding treatments for cystic fibrosis beyond its traditional approach of funding basic research at universities, invested in a small California biotechnology firm to help fund the discovery and development of the drug that twenty years later was approved as Kalydeco.  Unlike other drugs that were available that just address symptoms of CF, the drug candidate was intended to address the underlying cause of CF.  The company in which CFF invested was Aurora Biosciences; CFF provided $30 million for Aurora to identify and develop up to three drug candidates.   The unusual nature of the arrangement was widely noted.

text: In the late 1990s the Bethesda-based

text: Cystic Fibrosis Foundation

text: , wanting to take more direct action toward finding treatments for

text: cystic fibrosis

text: beyond its traditional approach of funding

text: basic research

text: at universities, invested in a small California biotechnology firm to help fund the discovery and development of the drug that twenty years later was approved as

text: Kalydeco

text: .  Unlike other drugs that were available that just address symptoms of CF, the drug candidate was intended to address the underlying cause of CF.  The company in which CFF invested was

text: Aurora Biosciences

text: ; CFF provided $30 million for Aurora to identify and develop up to three drug candidates.   The unusual nature of the arrangement was widely noted.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: gaseous

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Cystic Fibrosis Foundation

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: In the late 1990s

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Kalydeco.

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Aurora Biosciences;

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Aurora Biosciences;

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: In the late 1990s

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: CF.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Aurora Biosciences;

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Cystic Fibrosis Foundation,

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Aurora Biosciences;

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: cystic fibrosis

text: The circulation patterns in the upper mesosphere and thermosphere of Venus are completely different from those in the lower atmosphere. At altitudes 90–150 km the Venusian air moves from the dayside to nightside of the planet, with upwelling over sunlit hemisphere and downwelling over dark hemisphere. The downwelling over the nightside causes adiabatic heating of the air, which forms a warm layer in the nightside mesosphere at the altitudes 90–120 km. The temperature of this layer—230 K (−43 °C) is far higher than the typical temperature found in the nightside thermosphere—100 K (−173 °C). The air circulated from the dayside also carries oxygen atoms, which after recombination form excited molecules of oxygen in the long-lived singlet state (Δ), which then relax and emit infrared radiation at the wavelength 1.27 μm. This radiation from the altitude range 90–100 km is often observed from the ground and spacecraft. The nightside upper mesosphere and thermosphere of Venus is also the source of non-local thermodynamic equilibrium emissions of CO and nitric oxide molecules, which are responsible for the low temperature of the nightside thermosphere.

text: The circulation patterns in the upper mesosphere and thermosphere of Venus are completely different from those in the lower atmosphere. At altitudes 90–150 km the Venusian air moves from the dayside to nightside of the planet, with upwelling over sunlit hemisphere and downwelling over dark hemisphere. The downwelling over the nightside causes

text: adiabatic

text: heating of the air, which forms a warm layer in the nightside mesosphere at the altitudes 90–120 km. The temperature of this layer—230 K (−43 °C) is far higher than the typical temperature found in the nightside thermosphere—100 K (−173 °C). The air circulated from the dayside also carries oxygen atoms, which after

text: recombination

text: form excited

text: molecule

text: s of

text: oxygen

text: in the long-lived

text: singlet state

text: (Δ), which then relax and emit

text: infrared

text: radiation at the wavelength 1.27 μm. This radiation from the altitude range 90–100 km is often observed from the ground and spacecraft. The nightside upper mesosphere and thermosphere of Venus is also the source of non-

text: local thermodynamic equilibrium

text: emissions of CO and

text: nitric oxide

text: molecules, which are responsible for the low temperature of the nightside thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: infrared radiation

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: oxygen

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: singlet state

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: altitude range 90–100 km

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: upper mesosphere and thermosphere of Venus

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: infrared radiation

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: nightside mesosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: oxygen

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: upper mesosphere and thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: upwelling over sunlit hemisphere

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: infrared radiation

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: singlet state

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: altitude range 90–100 km

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: upwelling over sunlit hemisphere

text: The electric convection field drives strong electric currents within the polar dynamo regions (e.g. DP1 and DP2) which can be simulated by the model. Manifestations of upper atmospheric electric currents are the corresponding magnetic variations on the ground.  Unfortunately, this connection is unique only for horizontally flowing current systems. E.g., the  vertically flowing field-aligned currents have almost no magnetic effect on the ground. The model allows to separate the contributions of both kinds of electric currents.  The polar magnetic disturbances DP2 are mainly Hall currents. The auroral electrojets (DP1) with magnitudes of the order of several hundreds of  kA flowing within the aurora zones  consist  of Hall currents  and Pedersen currents. Dissipation of the Pedersen currents  produces Joule heating which is transferred to the neutral gas of the thermosphere thus generating thermospheric and ionospheric disturbances. Longer-lasting magnetospheric disturbances of the order of several hours to days can develop into global-scale thermospheric and ionospheric storms (e.g.,).

text: The electric convection field drives strong electric currents within the polar dynamo regions (e.g. DP1 and DP2) which can be simulated by the model. Manifestations of upper atmospheric electric currents are the corresponding magnetic variations on the ground.  Unfortunately, this connection is unique only for horizontally flowing current systems. E.g., the  vertically flowing field-aligned currents have almost no magnetic effect on the ground. The model allows to separate the contributions of both kinds of electric currents.  The polar magnetic disturbances DP2 are mainly Hall currents. The auroral electrojets (DP1) with magnitudes of the order of several hundreds of  kA flowing within the aurora zones  consist  of Hall currents  and Pedersen currents. Dissipation of the Pedersen currents  produces

text: Joule heating

text: which is transferred to the neutral gas of the

text: thermosphere

text: thus generating thermospheric and ionospheric disturbances. Longer-lasting magnetospheric disturbances of the order of several hours to days can develop into global-scale thermospheric and ionospheric storms (e.g.,).

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: polar dynamo regions

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: neutral gas

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: mainly Hall currents

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: ionospheric disturbances

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: aurora zones

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: polar dynamo regions

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: The electric convection field drives strong electric currents

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: polar dynamo regions

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: neutral gas of the thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: polar dynamo regions

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: The auroral electrojets

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: aurora zones

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: polar dynamo regions

text: The risk of proton exposure from the solar wind as well as the health threat from cosmic rays is significant. In the Earth–Moon system, the orbit of colonies at L3–L5 will take them outside the protection of Earth's magnetosphere for approximately two-thirds of the time (as occurs with the Moon). Colonies at L1 (located between Earth and the Moon) will experience this to a lesser degree, whereas L2 (located beyond the Moon) will experience this to a greater degree and all of them will be exposed to the little-understood plasma sheet of the magnetotail.

text: The risk of

text: proton exposure

text: from the

text: solar wind

text: as well as the

text: health threat from cosmic rays

text: is significant. In the Earth–Moon system, the orbit of colonies at L3–L5 will take them outside the protection of Earth's

text: magnetosphere

text: for approximately two-thirds of the time (as occurs with the Moon). Colonies at L1 (located between Earth and the Moon) will experience this to a lesser degree, whereas L2 (located beyond the Moon) will experience this to a greater degree and all of them will be exposed to the little-understood

text: plasma sheet

text: of the

text: magnetotail

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: L2

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: plasma

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: proton exposure

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: in the Earth–Moon system

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: plasma sheet of the magnetotail.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: magnetotail.

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: L2

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: solar wind

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetotail.

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: The risk of proton exposure

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: cosmic rays

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: L2

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: L3–L5

text: There is no agreed-upon end to the upper atmosphere, but rather incrementally thinner air from the stratosphere (~50 km), mesosphere (~85 km), and thermosphere (~690 km) up to the exosphere (~10,000) (see also thermopause). For example, a meteoroid can become a meteor at an altitude of 85–120 km above the Earth.

text: There is no agreed-upon end to the upper atmosphere, but rather incrementally thinner air from the

text: stratosphere

text: (~50 km),

text: mesosphere

text: (~85 km), and

text: thermosphere

text: (~690 km) up to the

text: exosphere

text: (~10,000) (see also

text: thermopause

text: ). For example, a

text: meteoroid

text: can become a

text: meteor

text: at an altitude of 85–120 km above the Earth.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: exosphere (<unk>10,000)

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: air

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: thermopause).

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: There is no agreed-upon end to the upper atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: There is no agreed-upon end

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: exosphere (<unk>10,000)

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: incrementally thinner air from the stratosphere

text: Swales also was participating in a space weather program called THEMIS, scheduled for launch in October 2006. THEMIS (Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions During Substorms) was designed to track disturbances in the Earth's magnetosphere using five satellites.

text: Swales also was participating in a space weather program called

text: THEMIS

text: , scheduled for launch in October 2006. THEMIS (Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions During Substorms) was designed to track disturbances in the Earth's magnetosphere using five satellites.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Earth's magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: THEMIS, scheduled for launch in October 2006.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: THEMIS, scheduled for launch in October 2006.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Earth's magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: magnetosphere

text: He began to study law with an attorney in Aurora, and completed his studies with Elijah Miller and William H. Seward in Auburn.  Morgan was then admitted to the bar, and commenced practice in Aurora.

text: He began to study law with an attorney in Aurora, and completed his studies with

text: Elijah Miller

text: and

text: William H. Seward

text: in

text: Auburn

text: .  Morgan was then

entity_name: Admission to the bar in the United States

text: admitted to the bar

text: , and commenced practice in Aurora.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: the outermost layer

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Aurora

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: the force that causes the Earth's rotation

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unspecified

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: He began to study law with an attorney in Aurora,

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Auburn.

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Auburn.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Aurora,

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Aurora,

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Aurora, and completed his studies with Elijah Miller

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Aurora,

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Elijah Miller and William H. Seward

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Auburn.

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Elijah Miller and William H. Seward

text: The institute was founded by Walter Dieminger, who was head of the Luftwaffe test center at Rechlin at the Müritz from 1934 onwards. Erich Regener was cofounder. After being renamed to the "Centre for Radio Transmission" in 1943 and moving to Leobersdorf in 1944, the institute was united with the Fraunhofer institute from Freiburg at Ried in the Innkreis. After the war an Allied commission decided to move the institute to Lindau am Harz, where buildings of the Technical University of Hanover already existed. The convoy arrived on the 2nd and 3 March 1946. During 1948 the radio institute of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society was transferred from the Fraunhofer Society to the Max Planck Society and renamed "Institute for Ionosphere Research" in 1949. In 1950 the US Air Force paid for the construction of an ionospheric echolot system. The full transfer from Fraunhofer to Max Planck Society and the appointment of W. Dieminger as Director followed by the transfer of the Max Planck Institute of Stratosphere Research from Weisenau near Ravensburg to Lindau and another renaming to "Max Planck Institute for Aeronomy" completed the built up.

text: The institute was founded by

text: Walter Dieminger

text: , who was head of the

text: Luftwaffe

text: test center at

text: Rechlin

text: at the

text: Müritz

text: from 1934 onwards.

text: Erich Regener

text: was cofounder. After being renamed to the "Centre for Radio Transmission" in 1943 and moving to

text: Leobersdorf

text: in 1944, the institute was united with the

text: Fraunhofer institute

text: from

text: Freiburg

text: at Ried in the Innkreis. After the war an Allied commission decided to move the institute to

text: Lindau am Harz

text: , where buildings of the

text: Technical University of Hanover

text: already existed. The convoy arrived on the 2nd and 3 March 1946. During 1948 the radio institute of the

text: Kaiser Wilhelm Society

text: was transferred from the

text: Fraunhofer Society

text: to the

text: Max Planck Society

text: and renamed "Institute for Ionosphere Research" in 1949. In 1950 the US Air Force paid for the construction of an ionospheric echolot system. The full transfer from Fraunhofer to Max Planck Society and the appointment of W. Dieminger as Director followed by the transfer of the Max Planck Institute of Stratosphere Research from Weisenau near Ravensburg to Lindau and another renaming to "Max Planck Institute for Aeronomy" completed the built up.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Institute for Ionosphere Research

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: "Institute for Ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Stratosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: "Institute for Ionosphere Research"

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: ionospheric

text: Index is a standard index used to measure ionospheric disturbances.

text: Index is a standard

text: index

text: used to measure

text: ionospheric

text: disturbances.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: helium

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: a type of disturbance

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: ionospheric disturbances.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: ionospheric disturbances.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: ionospheric disturbances.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Index

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: ionospheric disturbances.

text: A rock is a mixture of minerals, each with its own Curie temperature; the authors therefore looked for a spectrum of temperatures rather than a single temperature. In the ideal sample, the PDC did not raise the temperature of the fragment beyond the highest blocking temperature. Some constituent material retained the magnetism imposed by the Earth's field when the item was formed. The temperature was raised above the lowest blocking temperature and therefore some minerals on recooling acquired the magnetism of the Earth as it was in 79 AD. The overall field of the sample was the vector sum of the fields of the high-blocking material and the low-blocking material.

text: A

text: rock

text: is a mixture of minerals, each with its own Curie temperature; the authors therefore looked for a

text: spectrum

text: of temperatures rather than a single temperature. In the ideal sample, the PDC did not raise the temperature of the fragment beyond the highest blocking temperature. Some constituent material retained the magnetism imposed by the Earth's field when the item was formed. The temperature was raised above the lowest blocking temperature and therefore some minerals on recooling acquired the magnetism of the Earth as it was in 79 AD. The overall field of the sample was the

text: vector sum

text: of the fields of the high-blocking material and the low-blocking material.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: high-blocking material

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: high-blocking material

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetism

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: magnetism

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Curie

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: 79 AD.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: magnetism

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: magnetism

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: magnetism

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: high-blocking material and the low-blocking material.

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: magnetism

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: 79 AD.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: magnetism

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Earth's

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: high-blocking material and the low-blocking material.

text: 4) Thermosphere (80 km-Karman Line)

text: 4) Thermosphere (80 km-Karman Line)

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: the outermost layer

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: plasma

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Karman Line

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Karman Line

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Thermosphere (80 km-Karman Line)

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Thermosphere (80 km-Karman Line)

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: km-Karman Line)

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Thermosphere (80 km-Karman Line)

text: Beyond the Beyond by Paul Zaloom and Lynn Jeffries

text: Beyond the Beyond by Paul Zaloom and Lynn Jeffries

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: What is the main idea of the passage?

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: a layer of plasma

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: heliosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Paul Zaloom

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: The aurora occur during massive solar storms

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: ionizing radiation

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: the Milky Way

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: The Van Allen Belts are a series of belts worn by American football players.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Beyond the Beyond

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Beyond the Beyond

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Beyond the Beyond

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Beyond

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Beyond

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Beyond the Beyond

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Beyond the Beyond

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Beyond the Beyond by Paul Zaloom and Lynn Jeffries

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Beyond the Beyond

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Beyond the Beyond by Paul Zaloom and Lynn Jeffries

text: Midsummer shade temperatures peak at 30 °C on the continent beyond the Arctic Circle, and in winter the temperature drops below -50 °C. In the Arctic Archipelago midsummer temperatures are lower than 10 °C. Differences between soil surface and air temperatures can be considerable and are largely influenced by direct insolation and wind velocity.

text: Midsummer shade temperatures peak at 30 °C on the continent beyond the

text: Arctic Circle

text: , and in winter the temperature drops below -50 °C. In the Arctic Archipelago midsummer temperatures are lower than 10 °C. Differences between soil surface and air temperatures can be considerable and are largely influenced by direct insolation and wind velocity.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Midsummer

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Arctic Circle

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: direct insolation

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: the continent beyond the Arctic Circle

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: -50 °C.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Arctic Circle,

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Arctic Circle,

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Arctic Circle,

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Arctic Circle,

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: direct insolation

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Midsummer shade temperatures peak at 30 °C

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Arctic Circle,

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Arctic Circle,

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Midsummer shade temperatures peak at 30 °C

text: Returning in February 2016, Exosphere contested the Black Caviar Lightning. With the 1000m race running down the Flemington straight, the field split into two groups, with Exosphere in the slower part of the track. "He jumped left and by the time he looked up and realised the chances had gone to the other side and it was game over. I'd say there was probably a two to four length disparity between the inside and the outside at Flemington yesterday," said O'Shea. Exosphere finished fourth.

text: Returning in February 2016, Exosphere contested the

text: Black Caviar Lightning

text: . With the 1000m race running down the Flemington straight, the field split into two groups, with Exosphere in the slower part of the track. "He jumped left and by the time he looked up and realised the chances had gone to the other side and it was game over. I'd say there was probably a two to four length disparity between the inside and the outside at Flemington yesterday," said O'Shea. Exosphere finished fourth.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: outside

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: two to four length disparity between the inside and the outside

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Exosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Flemington straight,

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Exosphere contested the Black Caviar Lightning.

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: two to four length disparity between the inside and the outside

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Exosphere contested the Black Caviar Lightning.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Exosphere finished fourth.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Black Caviar Lightning.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Flemington

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Black Caviar Lightning.

text: The current flowing from the ionosphere to the plasma sheet is especially strong when the corresponding part of the plasma sheet rotates slower than the planet. As mentioned above, co-rotation breaks down in the region located between 20 and 40 R from Jupiter. This region corresponds to the magnetodisk, where the magnetic field is highly stretched. The strong direct current flowing into the magnetodisk originates in a very limited latitudinal range of about ° from the Jovian magnetic poles. These narrow circular regions correspond to Jupiter's main auroral ovals. (See below.) The return current flowing from the outer magnetosphere beyond 50 R enters the Jovian ionosphere near the poles, closing the electrical circuit. The total radial current in the Jovian magnetosphere is estimated at 60 million–140 million amperes.

text: The current flowing from the ionosphere to the plasma sheet is especially strong when the corresponding part of the plasma sheet rotates slower than the planet. As mentioned above, co-rotation breaks down in the region located between 20 and 40 R from Jupiter. This region corresponds to the magnetodisk, where the magnetic field is highly stretched. The strong direct current flowing into the magnetodisk originates in a very limited latitudinal range of about ° from the Jovian magnetic poles. These narrow circular regions correspond to Jupiter's main

text: auroral ovals

text: . (See below.) The return current flowing from the outer magnetosphere beyond 50 R enters the Jovian ionosphere near the poles, closing the electrical circuit. The total radial current in the Jovian magnetosphere is estimated at 60 million–140 million amperes.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: The Jovian ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: magnetodisk

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: 60 million–140 million amperes

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Jovian

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: between 20 and 40 R from Jupiter

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: magnetodisk, where the magnetic field is highly stretched.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: magnetodisk,

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: magnetodisk,

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: plasma sheet

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetodisk,

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: The current flowing from the ionosphere to the plasma sheet

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Jupiter's main auroral ovals.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: magnetic field is highly stretched.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Jovian magnetic poles.

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Jupiter's main auroral ovals.

text: Mercury's magnetic field is strong enough to deflect the solar wind around the planet, creating a magnetosphere. The planet's magnetosphere, though small enough to fit within Earth, is strong enough to trap solar wind plasma. This contributes to the space weathering of the planet's surface. Observations taken by the  spacecraft detected this low energy plasma in the magnetosphere of the planet's nightside.  Bursts of energetic particles in the planet's magnetotail indicate a dynamic quality to the planet's magnetosphere.

text: Mercury's magnetic field is strong enough to deflect the

text: solar wind

text: around the planet, creating a

text: magnetosphere

text: . The planet's magnetosphere, though small enough to fit within Earth, is strong enough to trap solar wind

text: plasma

text: . This contributes to the

text: space weathering

text: of the planet's surface. Observations taken by the  spacecraft detected this low energy plasma in the magnetosphere of the planet's nightside.  Bursts of energetic particles in the planet's magnetotail indicate a dynamic quality to the planet's magnetosphere.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: The planet's magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: magnetotail

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: plasma

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetotail

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: plasma

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: strong enough to trap solar wind plasma

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: the planet's nightside

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: low energy plasma

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: magnetotail

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: magnetosphere of the planet's nightside.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: plasma.

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetosphere.

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: plasma.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Mercury's magnetic field is strong enough to deflect the solar wind

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Mercury's magnetic field is strong enough to deflect the solar wind

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: nightside.

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Mercury's magnetic field is strong enough to deflect the solar wind

text: This very high orbit allows the IBEX satellite to move out of the Earth's magnetosphere when making scientific observations. This extreme altitude is critical due to the amount of charged-particle interference that would occur while taking measurements within the magnetosphere. When within the magnetosphere of the Earth (), the satellite also performs other functions, including telemetry downlinks.

text: This very high orbit allows the IBEX satellite to move out of the Earth's

text: magnetosphere

text: when making scientific observations. This extreme altitude is critical due to the amount of charged-particle interference that would occur while taking measurements within the magnetosphere. When within the magnetosphere of the Earth (), the satellite also performs other functions, including

text: telemetry

text: downlinks.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: The magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: charged-particle

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: charged-particle interference

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Earth's magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: charged-particle interference

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: charged-particle

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: charged-particle interference

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: magnetosphere

text: Mercury is too small and hot for its gravity to retain any significant atmosphere over long periods of time; it does have a tenuous surface-bounded exosphere containing hydrogen, helium, oxygen, sodium, calcium, potassium and others at a surface pressure of less than approximately 0.5 nPa (0.005 picobars). This exosphere is not stable—atoms are continuously lost and replenished from a variety of sources. Hydrogen atoms and helium atoms probably come from the solar wind, diffusing into Mercury's magnetosphere before later escaping back into space. Radioactive decay of elements within Mercury's crust is another source of helium, as well as sodium and potassium. MESSENGER found high proportions of calcium, helium, hydroxide, magnesium, oxygen, potassium, silicon and sodium. Water vapor is present, released by a combination of processes such as: comets striking its surface, sputtering creating water out of hydrogen from the solar wind and oxygen from rock, and sublimation from reservoirs of water ice in the permanently shadowed polar craters. The detection of high amounts of water-related ions like O, OH, and HO was a surprise. Because of the quantities of these ions that were detected in Mercury's space environment, scientists surmise that these molecules were blasted from the surface or exosphere by the solar wind.

text: Mercury is too small and hot for its

text: gravity

text: to retain any significant

text: atmosphere

text: over long periods of time; it does have a tenuous surface-bounded

text: exosphere

text: containing

text: hydrogen

text: helium

text: oxygen

text: sodium

text: calcium

text: potassium

text: and others at a surface pressure of less than approximately 0.5 nPa (0.005 picobars). This exosphere is not stable—atoms are continuously lost and replenished from a variety of sources.

text: Hydrogen atom

text: s and

text: helium atom

text: s probably come from the

text: solar wind

text: diffusing

text: into Mercury's

text: magnetosphere

text: before later escaping back into space.

text: Radioactive decay

text: of elements within Mercury's crust is another source of helium, as well as sodium and potassium.

text: MESSENGER

text: found high proportions of calcium, helium,

text: hydroxide

text: magnesium

text: , oxygen, potassium,

text: silicon

text: and sodium. Water vapor is present, released by a combination of processes such as: comets striking its surface,

text: sputtering

text: creating water out of hydrogen from the

text: solar wind

text: and oxygen from rock, and sublimation from reservoirs of water ice in the permanently shadowed polar craters. The detection of high amounts of water-related ions like O, OH, and HO was a surprise. Because of the quantities of these ions that were detected in Mercury's space environment, scientists surmise that these molecules were blasted from the surface or exosphere by the solar wind.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: It is not stable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: helium

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: is not stable

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Mercury's magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Mercury

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: This exosphere is not stable—atoms

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Hydrogen atoms and helium atoms

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: space.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: solar wind,

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: blasted from the surface or exosphere by the solar wind.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Mercury

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: polar craters.

text: The TIMED (Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics) is an orbiter mission dedicated to study the dynamics of the Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere (MLT) portion of the Earth's atmosphere. The mission was launched from Vandenberg Air Force Base in California on December 7, 2001 aboard a Delta II rocket launch vehicle. The project is sponsored and managed by NASA, while the spacecraft was designed and assembled by the Applied Physics Laboratory at Johns Hopkins University. The mission has been extended several times, and has now collected data over an entire solar cycle, which helps in its goal to differentiate  the Sun's effects on the atmosphere from other effects.

text: The TIMED (Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics) is an orbiter mission dedicated to study the

text: dynamics

text: of the

text: Mesosphere

text: and Lower

text: Thermosphere

text: (MLT) portion of the

text: Earth's atmosphere

text: . The mission was launched from

text: Vandenberg Air Force Base

text: in

text: California

text: on December 7, 2001 aboard a

text: Delta II rocket

text: launch vehicle. The project is sponsored and managed by

text: NASA

text: , while the spacecraft was designed and assembled by the

text: Applied Physics Laboratory

text: at

text: Johns Hopkins University

text: . The mission has been extended several times, and has now collected data over an entire

text: solar cycle

text: , which helps in its goal to differentiate  the Sun's effects on the atmosphere from other effects.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Lower Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Lower Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: the Sun's effects on the atmosphere from other effects

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Lower Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Lower Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Lower Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Sun's effects on the atmosphere from other effects.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: TIMED

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: (Thermosphere Ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Lower Thermosphere

text: Interaction between solar wind plasma and the polar geomagnetic field produces a global-scale magnetospheric electric convection field directed from dawn to dusk  with a potential difference of  about 15 kV during quiet magnetospheric conditions, increading substantially during disturbed conditions. Charge separation takes place at the magnetopause. This area is connected with the ionospheric dynamo region via the first open geomagnetic field lines with one footpoint within the auroral regions. Thus, electric discharging currents can flow via field-aligned currents as two small bands within the auroral zone dynamo layer, on the daytime as well as on the nighttime hemisphere. These currents are called DP1 current or auroral electrojets. Their magnitudes  are of the order of Mega Amperes. Ohmic losses and thus Joule heating of these currents is comparable with that due to the solar XUV heat input within middle and lower latitudes during quiet conditions and much larger during disturbed conditions. Therefore, it dominates ionospheric and thermospheric dynamics and causes ionospheric and thermospheric storms

text: Interaction between

text: solar wind

text: plasma and the polar

text: geomagnetic field

text: produces a global-scale

text: magnetospheric electric convection field

text: directed from dawn to dusk  with a potential difference of  about 15 kV during quiet magnetospheric conditions, increading substantially during disturbed conditions. Charge separation takes place at the

text: magnetopause

text: . This area is connected with the ionospheric dynamo region via the first open geomagnetic field lines with one footpoint within the auroral regions. Thus, electric discharging currents can flow via field-aligned currents as two small bands within the auroral zone dynamo layer, on the daytime as well as on the nighttime hemisphere. These currents are called DP1 current or auroral electrojets. Their magnitudes  are of the order of Mega Amperes. Ohmic losses and thus Joule heating of these currents is comparable with that due to the solar XUV heat input within middle and lower latitudes during quiet conditions and much larger during disturbed conditions. Therefore, it dominates ionospheric and thermospheric dynamics and causes

text: ionospheric

text: and thermospheric storms

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: dynamo layer

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: solar wind plasma

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetopause

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: auroral zone

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: auroral zone dynamo layer

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: auroral zone dynamo layer

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: ionospheric and thermospheric storms

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: auroral zone dynamo layer,

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: auroral zone dynamo layer,

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: solar wind plasma

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetopause.

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: global-scale magnetospheric electric convection field

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: auroral electrojets.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: ionospheric dynamo region

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: global-scale magnetospheric

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: global-scale magnetospheric

text: Interpretation of the FAST spacecraft data proposed strong double layers in the auroral acceleration region. Strong double layers have also been reported in the downward current region by Andersson et al. Parallel electric fields with amplitudes reaching nearly 1 V/m were inferred to be confined to a thin layer of approximately 10 Debye lengths. It is stated that the structures moved ‘at roughly the ion acoustic speed in the direction of the accelerated electrons, i.e., anti-earthward.’ That raises a question of what role, if any, double layers might play in accelerating auroral electrons that are precipitated downwards into the atmosphere from the magnetosphere.

text: Interpretation of the

text: FAST

text: spacecraft data proposed strong double layers in the auroral acceleration region. Strong double layers have also been reported in the downward current region by Andersson et al. Parallel electric fields with amplitudes reaching nearly 1 V/m were inferred to be confined to a thin layer of approximately 10 Debye lengths. It is stated that the structures moved ‘at roughly the ion acoustic speed in the direction of the accelerated electrons, i.e., anti-earthward.’ That raises a question of what role, if any, double layers might play in accelerating auroral electrons that are precipitated downwards into the atmosphere from the magnetosphere.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ion

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: anti-earthward

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: the magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: strong double layers

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: 10 Debye lengths.

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: 10 Debye lengths.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: electrons

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetosphere.

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: anti-earthward.’

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: strong double layers in the auroral acceleration region.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: magnetosphere.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: magnetosphere.

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: strong double layers in the auroral acceleration region.

text: An ionosonde, or chirpsounder, is a special radar for the examination of the ionosphere. The basic ionosonde technology was invented in 1925 by Gregory Breit and Merle A. Tuve  and further developed in the late 1920s by a number of prominent physicists, including Edward Victor Appleton. The term ionosphere and hence, the etymology of its derivatives, was proposed by Robert Watson-Watt.

text: An ionosonde, or chirpsounder, is a special

text: radar

text: for the examination of the

text: ionosphere

text: . The basic ionosonde technology was invented in 1925 by

text: Gregory Breit

text: and

text: Merle A. Tuve

text: and further developed in the late 1920s by a number of prominent physicists, including

text: Edward Victor Appleton

text: . The term

text: ionosphere

text: and hence, the etymology of its derivatives, was proposed by

text: Robert Watson-Watt

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: proposed by Robert Watson-Watt

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: ionosonde,

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: was proposed by Robert Watson-Watt.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: ionosphere.

text: The ionosphere bends radio waves in the same manner that water in a swimming pool bends visible light. When the medium through which such waves travel is disturbed, the light image or radio information is distorted and can become unrecognizable. The degree of distortion (scintillation) of a radio wave by the ionosphere depends on the signal frequency. Radio signals in the VHF band (30 to 300 MHz) can be distorted beyond recognition by a disturbed ionosphere. Radio signals in the UHF band (300 MHz to 3 GHz) transit a disturbed ionosphere, but a receiver may not be able to keep locked to the carrier frequency. GPS uses signals at 1575.42 MHz (L1) and 1227.6 MHz (L2) that can be distorted by a disturbed ionosphere. Space weather events that corrupt GPS signals can significantly impact society. For example, the Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS) operated by the US Federal Aviation Administration is used as a navigation tool for North American commercial aviation. It is disabled by every major space weather event. Outages can range from minutes to days. Major space weather events can push the disturbed polar ionosphere 10° to 30° of latitude toward the equator and can cause large ionospheric gradients (changes in density over distance of hundreds of km) at mid and low latitude. Both of these factors can distort GPS signals.

text: The

text: ionosphere

text: bends radio waves in the same manner that water in a swimming pool bends visible light. When the medium through which such waves travel is disturbed, the light image or radio information is distorted and can become unrecognizable. The degree of distortion (scintillation) of a radio wave by the ionosphere depends on the signal frequency. Radio signals in the

text: VHF

text: band (30 to 300 MHz) can be distorted beyond recognition by a disturbed ionosphere. Radio signals in the

text: UHF

text: band (300 MHz to 3 GHz) transit a disturbed ionosphere, but a receiver may not be able to keep locked to the carrier frequency. GPS uses signals at 1575.42 MHz (L1) and 1227.6 MHz (L2) that can be distorted by a disturbed ionosphere. Space weather events that corrupt GPS signals can significantly impact society. For example, the

text: Wide Area Augmentation System

text: (WAAS) operated by the US

text: Federal Aviation Administration

text: is used as a navigation tool for North American commercial aviation. It is disabled by every major space weather event. Outages can range from minutes to days. Major space weather events can push the disturbed polar ionosphere 10° to 30° of latitude toward the equator and can cause large ionospheric gradients (changes in density over distance of hundreds of km) at mid and low latitude. Both of these factors can distort GPS signals.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: The ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: ion

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unspecified

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: ionospheric gradients

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: polar ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: ionosphere bends radio waves

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: The ionosphere bends radio waves

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: bends radio waves

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: equator

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: VHF band

text: Nova and Rune theorizes that when Al came back from the crevasse with the bones and pictographs from the Wendigo's ritual chambers, it caused a rift in the veils beyond the aurora and the ion storm confirming the violent behavior of the polar bears and later the night terrors they've experienced so the best conclusion is to disintegrate the bones.

text: Nova and Rune theorizes that when Al came back from the crevasse with the bones and pictographs from the Wendigo's ritual chambers, it caused a rift in the veils beyond the aurora and the ion storm confirming the violent behavior of the polar bears and later the night terrors they've experienced so the best conclusion is to disintegrate the bones.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: the aurora

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: veils

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: ion storm

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: ion storm

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: aurora

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: crevasse

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ion

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: veils

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: ion storm

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: ion storm

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: ion storm confirming the violent behavior of the polar bears

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: polar bears

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: veils

text: . For unmagnetized and electrically conductive objects, the ambient field creates electric currents inside the object, and into the surrounding plasma, such that the flow is deflected and slowed down as the time scale of magnetic dissipation is much longer than the time scale of magnetic field advection. The induced currents in turn generate magnetic fields that deflect the flow creating a bow shock. For example, the ionospheres of Mars and Venus provide the conductive environments for the interaction with the solar wind. Without an ionosphere, the flowing magnetized plasma is absorbed by the non-conductive body. The latter occurs, for example, when the solar wind interacts with Moon which has no ionosphere. In magnetic draping, the field lines are wrapped and draped around the leading side of the object creating a narrow sheath which is similar to the bow shocks in the planetary magnetospheres. The concentrated magnetic field increases until the ram pressure becomes comparable to the magnetic pressure in the sheath:

text: . For unmagnetized and

text: electrically conductive

text: objects, the ambient field creates

text: electric currents

text: inside the object, and into the surrounding plasma, such that the flow is deflected and slowed down as the time scale of magnetic

text: dissipation

text: is much longer than the time scale of magnetic field

text: advection

text: . The induced currents in turn generate magnetic fields that deflect the flow creating a bow shock. For example, the

text: ionosphere

text: s of

text: Mars

text: and

text: Venus

text: provide the conductive environments for the interaction with the

text: solar wind

text: . Without an

text: ionosphere

text: , the flowing magnetized plasma is absorbed by the non-conductive body. The latter occurs, for example, when the solar wind interacts with

text: Moon

text: which has no ionosphere. In magnetic draping, the field lines are wrapped and draped around the leading side of the object creating a narrow sheath which is similar to the bow shocks in the planetary magnetospheres. The concentrated magnetic field increases until the

text: ram pressure

text: becomes comparable to the

text: magnetic pressure

text: in the sheath:

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: magnetospheres

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: plasma

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: sheath

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: ionospheres

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: induced currents in turn generate magnetic fields

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: the planetary magnetospheres

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: For unmagnetized

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: magnetic draping,

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: magnetospheres.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: plasma,

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionospheres

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: ionospheres

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: solar wind.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: provide the conductive environments for the interaction with the solar wind.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Mars and Venus provide the conductive environments for the interaction with the solar wind.

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: ionospheres of Mars and Venus

text: A lightning channel with all its branches and its electric currents behaves like a huge antenna system from which electromagnetic waves of all frequencies are radiated. Beyond a distance where luminosity is visible and thunder can be heard (typically about 10 km), these electromagnetic impulses are the only sources of direct information about thunderstorm activity on the ground. Transients electric currents during return strokes (R strokes) or intracloud strokes (K strokes) are the main sources for the generation of impulse-type electromagnetic radiation known as sferics (sometimes called atmospherics). While this impulsive radiation dominates at frequencies less than about 100 kHz, (loosely called long waves), a continuous noise component becomes increasingly important at higher frequencies. The longwave electromagnetic propagation of sferics takes place within the Earth-ionosphere waveguide between the Earth's surface and the ionospheric D- and E- layers. Whistlers generated by lightning strokes can propagate into the magnetosphere along the geomagnetic lines of force. Finally, upper atmospheric lightning or sprites, that occur at mesospheric altitudes, are short-lived electric breakdown phenomena, probably generated by giant lightning events on the ground.

text: A

text: lightning

text: channel with all its branches and its electric currents behaves like a huge antenna system from which electromagnetic waves of all frequencies are radiated. Beyond a distance where luminosity is visible and thunder can be heard (typically about 10 km), these electromagnetic impulses are the only sources of direct information about thunderstorm activity on the ground. Transients electric currents during return strokes (R strokes) or intracloud strokes (K strokes) are the main sources for the generation of impulse-type electromagnetic radiation known as sferics (sometimes called atmospherics). While this impulsive radiation dominates at frequencies less than about 100 kHz, (loosely called long waves), a continuous noise component becomes increasingly important at higher frequencies. The longwave electromagnetic propagation of sferics takes place within the

text: Earth-ionosphere waveguide

text: between the Earth's surface and the

text: ionospheric

text: D- and E- layers.

text: Whistler

text: s generated by lightning strokes can propagate into the

text: magnetosphere

text: along the

text: geomagnetic

text: lines of force. Finally,

text: upper atmospheric lightning

text: or

text: sprite

text: s, that occur at mesospheric altitudes, are short-lived electric breakdown phenomena, probably generated by giant lightning events on the ground.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionospheric E- layers

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: mesospheric

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: electromagnetic waves of all frequencies

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: D- and E- layers

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: the magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: ionospheric D- and E- layers.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionospheric D- and E- layers.

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionospheric D- and E- layers.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: intracloud

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: mesospheric altitudes,

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: sferics

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Whistlers

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: ionospheric D- and E- layers.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: 10 km),

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: ionospheric D- and E- layers.

text: Korolev received word about von Braun's 1956 Jupiter-C test, but thinking it was a satellite mission that failed, he expedited plans to get his own satellite in orbit. Since his R-7 was substantially more powerful than any of the American boosters, he made sure to take full advantage of this capability by designing Object D as his primary satellite. It was given the designation 'D', to distinguish it from other R-7 payload designations 'A', 'B', 'V', and 'G' which were nuclear weapon payloads. Object D dwarfed the proposed American satellites, by having a weight of , of which  would be composed of scientific instruments that would photograph the Earth, take readings on radiation levels, and check on the planet's magnetic field. However, things were not going along well with the design and manufacturing of the satellite, so in February 1957, Korolev sought and received permission from the Council of Ministers to create a prosteishy sputnik (PS-1), or simple satellite. The Council also decreed that Object D be postponed until April 1958. The new sputnik was a shiny sphere that would be a much lighter craft, weighing  and having a  diameter. The satellite would not contain the complex instrumentation that Object D had, but had two radio transmitters operating on different short wave radio frequencies, the ability to detect if a meteoroid were to penetrate its pressure hull, and the ability to detect the density of the Earth's thermosphere.

text: Korolev received word about von Braun's 1956 Jupiter-C test, but thinking it was a satellite mission that failed, he expedited plans to get his own satellite in orbit. Since his R-7 was substantially more powerful than any of the American boosters, he made sure to take full advantage of this capability by designing

text: Object D

text: as his primary satellite. It was given the designation 'D', to distinguish it from other R-7 payload designations 'A', 'B', 'V', and 'G' which were nuclear weapon payloads. Object D dwarfed the proposed American satellites, by having a weight of , of which  would be composed of scientific instruments that would photograph the Earth, take readings on radiation levels, and check on the planet's magnetic field. However, things were not going along well with the design and manufacturing of the satellite, so in February 1957, Korolev sought and received permission from the Council of Ministers to create a prosteishy sputnik (PS-1), or simple satellite. The Council also decreed that Object D be postponed until April 1958. The new sputnik was a shiny sphere that would be a much lighter craft, weighing  and having a  diameter. The satellite would not contain the complex instrumentation that Object D had, but had two radio transmitters operating on different

text: short wave radio

text: frequencies, the ability to detect if a meteoroid were to penetrate its pressure hull, and the ability to detect the density of the Earth's

text: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: the Earth's thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: What is the name of the solar wind?

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: the Earth's thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: pressure hull,

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Earth's thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: magnetic field.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: R-7

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: orbit.

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: magnetic field.

text: The ionosphere is traditionally very difficult to measure. Balloons cannot reach it because the air is too thin, but satellites cannot orbit there because the air is still too thick. Hence, most experiments on the ionosphere give only small pieces of information. HAARP approaches the study of the ionosphere by following in the footsteps of an ionospheric heater called EISCAT near Tromsø, Norway. There, scientists pioneered exploration of the ionosphere by perturbing it with radio waves in the 2–10 MHz range, and studying how the ionosphere reacts. HAARP performs the same functions but with more power and a more flexible and agile HF beam.

text: The ionosphere is traditionally very difficult to measure. Balloons cannot reach it because the air is too thin, but satellites cannot orbit there because the air is still too thick. Hence, most experiments on the ionosphere give only small pieces of information. HAARP approaches the study of the ionosphere by following in the footsteps of an ionospheric heater called

text: EISCAT

text: near

text: Tromsø

text: , Norway. There, scientists pioneered exploration of the ionosphere by perturbing it with radio waves in the 2–10 MHz range, and studying how the ionosphere reacts. HAARP performs the same functions but with more power and a more flexible and agile HF beam.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: thick

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Balloons cannot reach it because the air is too thin,

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: HAARP

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: ionospheric heater called EISCAT

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: The ionosphere

text: 2. Inner magnetosphere and energetic particles

text: 2. Inner magnetosphere and energetic particles

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: iii.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: the innermost layer

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: plasma

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: inner magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: energetic particles

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: iii.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: ionization

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: inner magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: inner magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Inner magnetosphere and energetic particles

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Inner magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Inner magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: energetic particles

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Inner magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: energetic particles

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Inner magnetosphere and energetic particles

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: energetic particles

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Inner magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Inner magnetosphere and energetic particles

text: Atmospheric physicists typically divide radiation into solar radiation (emitted by the sun) and terrestrial radiation (emitted by Earth's surface and atmosphere).

text: Atmospheric physicists typically divide radiation into solar radiation (emitted by the sun) and terrestrial radiation (emitted by Earth's surface and atmosphere).

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: terrestrial radiation

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: terrestrial radiation

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: solar radiation

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: terrestrial radiation

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: terrestrial radiation

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: solar radiation

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: ionizing radiation

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Earth's surface

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: terrestrial radiation

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: terrestrial radiation

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: terrestrial radiation (emitted by Earth's surface and atmosphere).

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: terrestrial radiation

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: solar radiation

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: terrestrial radiation

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: solar radiation

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: terrestrial radiation

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: (emitted by the sun)

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: the sun)

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Atmospheric

text: An aurora, sometimes referred to as a polar light or northern light, is a natural light display in the sky, predominantly seen in the high latitude (Arctic and Antarctic) regions. Auroras are produced when the magnetosphere is sufficiently disturbed by the solar wind that  the trajectories of charged particles in both solar wind and magnetospheric plasma, mainly in the form of electrons and protons,  precipitate them  into the upper atmosphere (thermosphere/exosphere), where their energy is lost.  The resulting ionization and excitation of atmospheric constituents emits light of varying colour and complexity.   The form of the aurora, occurring within bands around both polar regions, is also dependent on the amount of acceleration imparted to the precipitating particles.  Precipitating protons generally produce optical emissions as incident hydrogen atoms after gaining electrons from the atmosphere.   Proton auroras are usually observed at lower latitudes. Different aspects of an aurora are elaborated in various sections below.

text: An aurora, sometimes referred to as a polar light or northern light, is a natural

text: light

text: display in the sky, predominantly seen in the high latitude (

text: Arctic

text: and

text: Antarctic

text: ) regions. Auroras are produced when the

text: magnetosphere

text: is sufficiently disturbed by the

text: solar wind

text: that  the trajectories of charged particles in both solar wind and

text: magnetospheric plasma

text: , mainly in the form of electrons and protons,  precipitate them  into the upper atmosphere (

text: thermosphere

text: exosphere

text: ), where their energy is lost.  The resulting ionization and excitation of atmospheric constituents emits light of varying colour and complexity.   The form of the aurora, occurring within bands around both polar regions, is also dependent on the amount of acceleration imparted to the precipitating particles.  Precipitating protons generally produce optical emissions as incident hydrogen atoms after gaining electrons from the atmosphere.   Proton auroras are usually observed at lower latitudes. Different aspects of an aurora are elaborated in various sections below.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: The troposphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: atmospheric constituents

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: the magnetosphere is sufficiently disturbed

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: high latitude

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: (thermosphere/exosphere), where their energy is lost.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: (thermosphere/exosphere),

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: (thermosphere/exosphere),

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: atmospheric constituents

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: (thermosphere/exosphere),

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: the magnetosphere is sufficiently disturbed by the solar wind

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: the magnetosphere is sufficiently disturbed by the solar wind

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: magnetospheric plasma,

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: high latitude (Arctic and Antarctic) regions.

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: (Arctic and Antarctic) regions.

text: Beginning in 1987, due to significant declines in US government funding of fusion research as a potential alternative energy source,  Horton began to pursue research in space weather and the prediction of solar storms using chaos and plasma theory to model the magnetosphere.  The magnetosphere is characterized by an extremely collisionless plasma making available new plasma transport regimes well beyond those existing in laboratory plasmas.  Solar storm prediction has application for improving the reliability of communication and GPS satellite systems.

text: Beginning in 1987, due to significant declines in US government funding of fusion research as a potential alternative energy source,  Horton began to pursue research in

text: space weather

text: and the prediction of solar storms using chaos and plasma theory to model the

text: magnetosphere

text: .  The

text: magnetosphere

text: is characterized by an extremely collisionless plasma making available new plasma transport regimes well beyond those existing in laboratory plasmas.  Solar storm prediction has application for improving the reliability of communication and

text: GPS

text: satellite

text: systems.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: The magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: plasma

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: collisionless plasma

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: The magnetosphere is characterized by an extremely collisionless plasma

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: GPS satellite systems.

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: magnetosphere.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: fusion

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetosphere.

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: solar storms using chaos and plasma theory to model the magnetosphere.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: The magnetosphere is characterized by an extremely collisionless plasma

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: extremely collisionless plasma

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: solar storms using chaos and plasma theory to model the magnetosphere.

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: magnetosphere.

text: However, there were certain observations, demonstrations, and implementations that closely preceded this work. Permittivity of metals, with values that could be stretched from the positive, to the negative domain, had been studied extensively. In other words, negative permittivity was a known phenomena by the time the first metamaterial was produced.  Contemporaries of Kock were involved in this type of research. The concentrated effort was led by the US government for researching interactions between the ionosphere and the re-entry of NASA space vehicles.

text: However, there were certain observations, demonstrations, and implementations that closely preceded this work.

text: Permittivity

text: of metals, with values that could be stretched from the positive, to the negative domain, had been studied extensively. In other words, negative permittivity was a known phenomena by the time the first metamaterial was produced.  Contemporaries of Kock were involved in this type of research. The concentrated effort was led by the US government for researching interactions between the

text: ionosphere

text: and the re-entry of NASA space vehicles.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: negative permittivity

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: negative permittivity

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: negative permittivity

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: negative permittivity was a known phenomena

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Permittivity of metals,

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: interactions between the ionosphere

text: The upper part of the thermosphere, where the mean free path of the molecules exceeds the scale height, is called the exosphere. The lower boundary of the Uranian exosphere, the exobase, is located at a height of about 6,500 km, or 1/4 of the planetary radius, above the surface. The exosphere is unusually extended, reaching as far as several Uranian radii from the planet. It is made mainly of hydrogen atoms and is often called the hydrogen corona of Uranus. The high temperature and relatively high pressure at the base of the thermosphere explain in part why Uranus's exosphere is so vast. The number density of atomic hydrogen in the corona falls slowly with the distance from the planet, remaining as high a few hundred atoms per cm at a few radii from Uranus. The effects of this bloated exosphere include a drag on small particles orbiting Uranus, causing a general depletion of dust in the Uranian rings. The infalling dust in turn contaminates the upper atmosphere of the planet.

text: The upper part of the thermosphere, where the

text: mean free path

text: of the molecules exceeds the

text: scale height

text: , is called the

text: exosphere

text: . The lower boundary of the Uranian exosphere, the exobase, is located at a height of about 6,500 km, or 1/4 of the planetary radius, above the surface. The exosphere is unusually extended, reaching as far as several Uranian radii from the planet. It is made mainly of hydrogen atoms and is often called the hydrogen

text: corona

text: of Uranus. The high temperature and relatively high pressure at the base of the thermosphere explain in part why Uranus's exosphere is so vast. The number density of atomic hydrogen in the corona falls slowly with the distance from the planet, remaining as high a few hundred atoms per cm at a few radii from Uranus. The effects of this bloated exosphere include a

text: drag

text: on small particles orbiting Uranus, causing a general depletion of

text: dust

text: in the Uranian rings. The infalling dust in turn contaminates the upper atmosphere of the planet.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: hydrogen atoms

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: a drag on small particles orbiting Uranus

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Uranus's exosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: bloated exosphere

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: exobase,

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: hydrogen corona of Uranus.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: hydrogen atoms

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: exosphere.

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: exosphere.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: exosphere.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: exosphere.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: exosphere.

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: The upper part of the thermosphere,

text: Neptune's bow shock, where the magnetosphere begins to slow the solar wind, occurs at a distance of 34.9 times the radius of the planet. The magnetopause, where the pressure of the magnetosphere counterbalances the solar wind, lies at a distance of 23–26.5 times the radius of Neptune. The tail of the magnetosphere extends out to at least 72 times the radius of Neptune, and likely much farther.

text: Neptune's

text: bow shock

text: , where the magnetosphere begins to slow the

text: solar wind

text: , occurs at a distance of 34.9 times the radius of the planet. The

text: magnetopause

text: , where the pressure of the magnetosphere counterbalances the solar wind, lies at a distance of 23–26.5 times the radius of Neptune. The tail of the magnetosphere extends out to at least 72 times the radius of Neptune, and likely much farther.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: The magnetopause

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: The magnetopause

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: solar wind

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetopause

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: where the pressure of the magnetosphere counterbalances

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: slow the solar wind

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Neptune

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: 34.9 times the radius of the planet. The magnetopause,

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: The magnetopause,

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: The magnetopause,

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: solar wind,

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetopause,

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Neptune's bow shock,

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Neptune's bow shock,

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: the magnetosphere begins to slow the solar wind,

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Neptune's

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: 23–26.5 times the radius of Neptune.

text: Magnetospheres of other planets have been studied by flyby spacecraft, by orbiters, landers and by Earth-based observations.

text: Magnetospheres of other planets have been studied by flyby spacecraft, by orbiters, landers and by Earth-based observations.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: plasma

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: magnetospheres

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: magnetospheres

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: magnetospheres

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Magnetospheres

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Magnetospheres

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Magnetospheres

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Magnetospheres

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Magnetospheres

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Magnetospheres

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Magnetospheres

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Magnetospheres

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Magnetospheres

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Magnetospheres

text: After becoming aware of the Earth, the Beyonders began studying the Marvel Multiverse with amusement and curiosity and eventually hired the Pegasusian alien race as agents, to tow Counter-Earth to the Beyonders' museum. When the High Evolutionary discovered the disappearance of Counter-Earth, alongside the Thing, Alicia Masters, Starhawk, Moondragon, and Her, the Evolutionary pursued the Beyonders to rescue his world. When the Evolutionary arrived at the Beyonders' planet museum, he himself reported that his mind snapped when he witnessed the scope of their powers and how effectively insignificant he was compared to these alien beings. It is this encounter that marks the beginning of the High Evolutionary's mental instability.

text: After becoming aware of the Earth, the Beyonders began studying the Marvel Multiverse with amusement and curiosity and eventually hired the

text: Pegasusian

text: alien race as agents, to tow

text: Counter-Earth

text: to the Beyonders' museum. When the

text: High Evolutionary

text: discovered the disappearance of Counter-Earth, alongside the Thing, Alicia Masters, Starhawk,

text: Moondragon

text: , and

text: Her

text: , the Evolutionary pursued the Beyonders to rescue his world. When the Evolutionary arrived at the Beyonders' planet museum, he himself reported that his mind snapped when he witnessed the scope of their powers and how effectively insignificant he was compared to these alien beings. It is this encounter that marks the beginning of the High Evolutionary's mental instability.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: not mentioned

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Pegasusian

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Pegasusian

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Pegasusian

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Pegasusian

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Earth,

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Pegasusian

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Earth, the Beyonders began studying the Marvel Multiverse

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Pegasusian

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Earth,

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Pegasusian

text: The Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics, or TIMED, mission  explores Earth's mesosphere and lower thermosphere (40–50 miles up), the least explored and understood region of the atmosphere. Solar events, as well as temperature changes in the stratosphere can perturb this region, but the overall structure of and responses to these effects are not understood. Advances in remote sensing technology employed by TIMED enable it to explore this region on a global basis from space.

text: The Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics, or

text: TIMED

text: , mission  explores Earth's mesosphere and lower thermosphere (40–50 miles up), the least explored and understood region of the atmosphere. Solar events, as well as temperature changes in the stratosphere can perturb this region, but the overall structure of and responses to these effects are not understood. Advances in remote sensing technology employed by TIMED enable it to explore this region on a global basis from space.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: lower thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: TIMED

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: 40–50 miles up

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: mesosphere and lower thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: lower thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: lower thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: lower thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Solar events,

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Solar events,

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics,

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: (40–50 miles up),

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: (40–50 miles up),

text: Saturn has relatively weak radiation belts, because energetic particles are absorbed by the moons and particulate material orbiting the planet. The densest (main) radiation belt lies between the inner edge of the Enceladus gas torus at 3.5 R and the outer edge of the A Ring at 2.3 R. It contains protons and relativistic electrons with energies from hundreds kiloelectronvolts (keV) to as high as tens Megaelectronvolts (MeV) and possibly other ions. Beyond 3.5 R the energetic particles are absorbed by the neutral gas and their numbers drop, although less energetic particles with energies in the range of hundreds keV appear again beyond 6 R—these are the same particles that contribute to the ring current. The electrons in the main belt probably originate in the outer magnetosphere or Solar wind, from which they are transported by the diffusion and then adiabatically heated. However, the energetic protons consist of two populations of particles. The first population with energies of less than about 10 MeV has the same origin as electrons, while the second one with the maximum flux near 20 MeV results from the interaction of cosmic rays with solid material present in the saturnian system (so called cosmic ray albedo neutron decay process—CRAND). The main radiation belt of Saturn is strongly influenced by interplanetary Solar wind disturbances.

text: Saturn has relatively weak radiation belts, because energetic particles are absorbed by the moons and particulate material orbiting the planet. The densest (main) radiation belt lies between the inner edge of the Enceladus gas torus at 3.5 R and the outer edge of the

text: A Ring

text: at 2.3 R. It contains protons and

text: relativistic electron

text: s with energies from hundreds

text: kiloelectronvolt

text: s (keV) to as high as tens

text: Megaelectronvolt

text: s (MeV) and possibly other ions. Beyond 3.5 R the energetic particles are absorbed by the neutral gas and their numbers drop, although less energetic particles with energies in the range of hundreds keV appear again beyond 6 R—these are the same particles that contribute to the ring current. The electrons in the main belt probably originate in the outer magnetosphere or Solar wind, from which they are transported by the diffusion and then adiabatically heated. However, the energetic protons consist of two populations of particles. The first population with energies of less than about 10 MeV has the same origin as electrons, while the second one with the maximum flux near 20 MeV results from the interaction of cosmic rays with solid material present in the saturnian system (so called

text: cosmic ray albedo neutron decay process

text: —CRAND). The main radiation belt of Saturn is strongly influenced by interplanetary Solar wind disturbances.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: The densest (main) radiation belt

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: The densest (main) radiation belt

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: A Ring

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: The main radiation belt of Saturn is strongly influenced

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: CRAND

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: the main radiation belt of Saturn

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: energetic particles are absorbed by the moons and particulate material

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: A Ring

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Enceladus gas torus

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: protons and relativistic electrons

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: A Ring

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: outer magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Solar wind,

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Solar wind,

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Saturn

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: radiation belts,

text: The outermost layer of the Uranian atmosphere is the thermosphere and corona, which has a uniform temperature around 800 to 850 K. The heat sources necessary to sustain such a high level are not understood, as neither the solar UV nor the auroral activity can provide the necessary energy to maintain these temperatures. The weak cooling efficiency due to the lack of hydrocarbons in the stratosphere above 0.1 mBar pressure level may contribute too. In addition to molecular hydrogen, the thermosphere-corona contains many free hydrogen atoms. Their small mass and high temperatures explain why the corona extends as far as 50 000 km, or two Uranian radii, from its surface. This extended corona is a unique feature of Uranus. Its effects include a drag on small particles orbiting Uranus, causing a general depletion of dust in the Uranian rings. The Uranian thermosphere, together with the upper part of the stratosphere, corresponds to the ionosphere of Uranus. Observations show that the ionosphere occupies altitudes from 2 000 to 10 000 km. The Uranian ionosphere is denser than that of either Saturn or Neptune, which may arise from the low concentration of hydrocarbons in the stratosphere. The ionosphere is mainly sustained by solar UV radiation and its density depends on the solar activity. Auroral activity is insignificant as compared to Jupiter and Saturn.

text: The outermost layer of the Uranian atmosphere is the thermosphere and corona, which has a uniform temperature around 800 to 850 K. The heat sources necessary to sustain such a high level are not understood, as neither the solar UV nor the

text: auroral

text: activity can provide the necessary energy to maintain these temperatures. The weak cooling efficiency due to the lack of hydrocarbons in the stratosphere above 0.1 mBar pressure level may contribute too. In addition to molecular hydrogen, the thermosphere-corona contains many free hydrogen atoms. Their small mass and high temperatures explain why the corona extends as far as 50 000 km, or two Uranian radii, from its surface. This extended corona is a unique feature of Uranus. Its effects include a

text: drag

text: on small particles orbiting Uranus, causing a general depletion of dust in the Uranian rings. The Uranian thermosphere, together with the upper part of the stratosphere, corresponds to the

text: ionosphere

text: of Uranus. Observations show that the ionosphere occupies altitudes from 2 000 to 10 000 km. The Uranian ionosphere is denser than that of either Saturn or Neptune, which may arise from the low concentration of hydrocarbons in the stratosphere. The ionosphere is mainly sustained by solar UV radiation and its density depends on the

text: solar activity

text: Auroral

text: activity is insignificant as compared to Jupiter and Saturn.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: insignificant

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: corona

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Uranian thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: low concentration of hydrocarbons

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: thermosphere and corona,

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: solar UV

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: thermosphere and corona,

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: neither the solar UV

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Auroral activity is insignificant

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Uranus.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Jupiter

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Uranian rings.

text: The L4 band at 1.379913 GHz is being studied for additional ionospheric correction.

text: The L4 band at 1.379913 GHz is being studied for additional ionospheric correction.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: ionospheric correction.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: L4

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: ionospheric correction.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: The L4 band at 1.379913 GHz

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: ionospheric

text: The Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) mission was originally a constellation of five NASA satellites (THEMIS A through THEMIS E)  to study energy releases from Earth's magnetosphere known as substorms, magnetic phenomena that intensify auroras near Earth's poles. The name of the mission is an acronym  alluding to the Titan, Themis.

text: The Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) mission was originally a constellation of five

text: NASA

text: satellite

text: s (THEMIS A through THEMIS E)  to study energy releases from

text: Earth

text: 's

text: magnetosphere

text: known as

text: substorm

text: s, magnetic phenomena that intensify

text: aurora

text: s near Earth's poles. The name of the mission is an

text: acronym

text: alluding to the

text: Titan

text: Themis

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: auroras

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: substorms

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: near Earth's poles

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: substorms,

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: magnetic phenomena that intensify auroras near Earth's poles.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: magnetic phenomena that intensify auroras near Earth's poles.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Titan,

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: near Earth's poles.

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: magnetic phenomena that intensify auroras near Earth's poles.

text: Facing the need to increase capacity, both the Matanuska and Malaspina were stretched by 56 feet, beyond the capacity of some of the smaller harbors and leaving the Taku as the only AMHS ship in Southeast able to serve some of the smaller communities. To serve the smaller communities of Southeast, the AMHS ordered the MV LeConte in 1974 and the MV Aurora in 1978. These would be the last new ships built for the AMHS for 20 years, ending the initial construction of the AMHS.

text: Facing the need to increase capacity, both the Matanuska and Malaspina were stretched by 56 feet, beyond the capacity of some of the smaller harbors and leaving the Taku as the only AMHS ship in Southeast able to serve some of the smaller communities. To serve the smaller communities of Southeast, the AMHS ordered the

text: MV LeConte

text: in 1974 and the

text: MV Aurora

text: in 1978. These would be the last new ships built for the AMHS for 20 years, ending the initial construction of the AMHS.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: layer of air

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Southeast

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: MV LeConte in 1974 and the MV Aurora in 1978.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: 56 feet,

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: 56 feet,

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: MV Aurora

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: 56 feet,

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: 56 feet, beyond the capacity of some of the smaller harbors

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: MV Aurora

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Facing the need to increase capacity, both the Matanuska

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Southeast,

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: 56 feet,

text: The origin of modern circulation of cold, deep water — known as the "Big Flush" — is associated with Early Eocene () geological events; tectonism that resulted in the opening of the north-east Atlantic and fracture zones that developed in the subsiding Rio Grande Rise, which allowed cold water from the Antarctic Weddell Sea to flow northward into the North Atlantic. , the generation of cold bottom water in the Antarctic resulted in the formation of psychrospheric fauna, which today live in temperatures below , in the Atlantic and Tethys. This global distribution suggests that the Rio Grande Rise had been breached by this time, allowing cold, dense water to move north-south through a corridor enhancing the transition from a latitudinal thermospheric circulation to a meridional thermohaline circulation.

text: The origin of modern circulation of cold, deep water — known as the "Big Flush" — is associated with Early

text: Eocene

text: () geological events; tectonism that resulted in the opening of the north-east Atlantic and fracture zones that developed in the subsiding Rio Grande Rise, which allowed cold water from the Antarctic

text: Weddell Sea

text: to flow northward into the North Atlantic. , the generation of cold bottom water in the Antarctic resulted in the formation of

text: psychrospheric

text: fauna, which today live in temperatures below , in the Atlantic and Tethys. This global distribution suggests that the Rio Grande Rise had been breached by this time, allowing cold, dense water to move north-south through a corridor enhancing the transition from a latitudinal

text: thermospheric circulation

text: to a meridional

text: thermohaline circulation

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: thermohaline

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: the "Big Flush"

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Rio Grande Rise,

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: psychrospheric fauna,

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Rio Grande Rise,

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: psychrospheric

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: latitudinal thermospheric

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: "Big Flush" — is associated with Early Eocene

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: "Big Flush"

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: "Big Flush" — is associated with Early Eocene

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Antarctic Weddell Sea

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Rio Grande Rise,

text: The ion mass spectrometers measured the concentrations of different types of ions in the topside ionosphere, principally atomic hydrogen, helium, nitrogen, and oxygen.  The concentrations were recorded as a function of time, location, and solar and geomagnetic activity.  The satellite was able to perform a global study of the diurnal variation of the atmosphere during nearly two complete diurnal cycles, since the orbit plane precessed one revolution each 5.5 months. The data from the ion mass spectrometers allowed for studies of: (1) the diurnal and seasonal variation of atmospheric ion composition, (2) the effect of atmospheric winds on the atomic hydrogen-atomic oxygen ion transition level, (3) the density and temporal variation of thermospheric atomic hydrogen, and (4) the altitude variation of ion composition in the midlatitude trough region.

text: The ion

text: mass spectrometer

text: s measured the concentrations of different types of

text: ion

text: s in the topside

text: ionosphere

text: , principally atomic

text: hydrogen

text: helium

text: nitrogen

text: , and

text: oxygen

text: .  The concentrations were recorded as a function of time, location, and

text: solar

text: and

text: geomagnetic

text: activity.  The satellite was able to perform a global study of the

text: diurnal

text: variation of the atmosphere during nearly two complete diurnal cycles, since the orbit plane

text: precessed

text: one revolution each 5.5 months. The data from the ion mass spectrometers allowed for studies of: (1) the diurnal and seasonal variation of atmospheric ion composition, (2) the effect of atmospheric winds on the atomic hydrogen-atomic oxygen ion transition level, (3) the density and temporal variation of thermospheric atomic hydrogen, and (4) the altitude variation of ion composition in the midlatitude trough region.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: midlatitude trough region

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: helium

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unknown

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: atomic hydrogen

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: topside ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: topside ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: topside ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: atomic hydrogen, helium, nitrogen, and oxygen.

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: midlatitude trough region.

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: solar and geomagnetic activity.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: solar and geomagnetic activity.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: solar and geomagnetic activity.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: topside ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: midlatitude trough region.

text: The descent of the Chang'e 3 spacecraft was expected to increase the content of lunar dust in the tenuous lunar exosphere, as well as introduce gases from engine firings during landing. Although there is no formal cooperation between NASA and the China National Space Administration, the landing provided an opportunity for NASA's Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer (LADEE) mission to examine possible changes to the baseline readings of the Moon's exosphere, and will allow it to study how dust and spent propellant gases settle around the Moon after a landing.<ref name='Dec 5 update'>

text: The descent of the Chang'e 3 spacecraft was expected to increase the content of lunar dust in the tenuous lunar

text: exosphere

text: , as well as introduce gases from engine firings during landing. Although there is

text: no formal cooperation

text: between NASA and the

text: China National Space Administration

text: , the landing provided an opportunity for NASA's

text: Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer

text: (LADEE) mission to examine possible changes to the baseline readings of the Moon's exosphere, and will allow it to study how dust and spent propellant gases settle around the Moon after a landing.<ref name='Dec 5 update'>

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: lunar exosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: lunar exosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: lunar dust

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: lunar exosphere,

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: lunar exosphere,

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: lunar exosphere,

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: lunar dust

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: lunar exosphere,

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: lunar exosphere,

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: The descent of the Chang'e 3

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: lunar exosphere,

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: lunar exosphere,

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: lunar exosphere,

text: Several moons, such as the Moon and the Galilean satellites of Jupiter, have exospheres without a denser atmosphere underneath, referred to as a surface boundary exosphere.  Here, molecules are ejected on elliptic trajectories until they collide with the surface. Smaller bodies such as asteroids, in which the molecules emitted from the surface escape to space, are not considered to have exospheres.

text: Several moons, such as the

text: Moon

text: and the

text: Galilean satellites

text: of

text: Jupiter

text: , have exospheres without a denser atmosphere underneath, referred to as a surface boundary exosphere.  Here, molecules are ejected on

text: elliptic trajectories

text: until they collide with the surface. Smaller bodies such as asteroids, in which the molecules emitted from the surface escape to space, are not considered to have exospheres.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: denser

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: a denseer atmosphere underneath

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: exospheres without a denser atmosphere underneath,

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: surface boundary exosphere.

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: surface boundary exosphere.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: exospheres

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: surface boundary exosphere.

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: surface boundary exosphere.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: surface boundary exosphere.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: molecules

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Jupiter,

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: surface boundary exosphere.

text: The magnetosphere is the region above the ionosphere that is defined by the extent of the Earth's magnetic field in space. It extends several tens of thousands of kilometers into space, protecting the Earth from the charged particles of the solar wind and cosmic rays that would otherwise strip away the upper atmosphere, including the ozone layer that protects the Earth from harmful ultraviolet radiation.

text: The

text: magnetosphere

text: is the region above the

text: ionosphere

text: that is defined by the extent of the Earth's magnetic field in space. It extends several tens of thousands of kilometers into

text: space

text: , protecting the Earth from the charged particles of the solar wind and

text: cosmic rays

text: that would otherwise strip away the upper atmosphere, including the

text: ozone layer

text: that protects the Earth from

text: harmful ultraviolet radiation

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: charged particles

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Earth's magnetic field in space

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: solar wind and cosmic rays

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: charged particles

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: solar wind and cosmic rays

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Earth's magnetic field in space.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: space.

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: The magnetosphere

text: The Institute expanded to the development of dual use technologies in 1994. With the expansion of Taiwan's civilian space program, CSIST has also become involved in the design of various satellite and launch systems, the latter of which have consisted primarily of scientific rockets to study the ionosphere.

text: The Institute expanded to the development of

text: dual use

text: technologies in 1994. With the expansion of

text: Taiwan's civilian space program

text: , CSIST has also become involved in the design of various

text: satellite

text: and launch systems, the latter of which have consisted primarily of

text: scientific rockets

text: to study the

text: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: ionosphere.

text: In order to allow a good night-time transmission without causing too many problems with electromagnetic influence,  a cross-dipole antenna with a radiation maximum pointing vertically into the sky was built in early 2006. This antenna, which is one of the few applications of circular polarisation for broadcasting, is mounted on 5 guyed masts. The central mast of this antenna is grounded. It carries the feeder cables running to the dipole, while the masts at the edge are standing on insulators and grounded via inductances in such way that they radiate as low a frequency as possible. In this way, undesired parasitic radiations, which are the cause of electromagnetic influence, are suppressed. It is also interesting to know that the radiated wave must be right-hand polarized, otherwise the signal reflected on the ionosphere would be 20 dB less strong. In spring 2006 this new antenna went into service. It is used only for night-time transmissions, as the desired ionospheric reflection occurs only at night. During the day the old mast is used.

text: In order to allow a good night-time transmission without causing too many problems with electromagnetic influence,  a cross-dipole antenna with a radiation maximum pointing vertically into the sky was built in early 2006. This antenna, which is one of the few applications of

text: circular polarisation

text: for broadcasting, is mounted on 5 guyed masts. The central mast of this antenna is grounded. It carries the feeder cables running to the dipole, while the masts at the edge are standing on insulators and grounded via

text: inductance

text: s in such way that they radiate as low a frequency as possible. In this way, undesired parasitic radiations, which are the cause of electromagnetic influence, are suppressed. It is also interesting to know that the radiated wave must be right-hand polarized, otherwise the signal reflected on the

text: ionosphere

text: would be 20

text: dB

text: less strong. In spring 2006 this new antenna went into service. It is used only for night-time transmissions, as the desired ionospheric reflection occurs only at night. During the day the old mast is used.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: the ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: undesired parasitic radiations,

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: insulators

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: undesired parasitic radiations,

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: 5 guyed masts.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: radiated wave must be right-hand polarized,

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: insulators and grounded via inductances

text: Aurora, until December 1927 known as Ystads-Bladet Aurora, was a daily Social Democratic newspaper published from Ystad in southern Sweden. As of 1957, the newspaper had a daily circulation of around 4,730.

text: Aurora, until December 1927 known as Ystads-Bladet Aurora, was a daily

text: Social Democratic

text: newspaper published from

text: Ystad

text: in southern

text: Sweden

text: . As of 1957, the newspaper had a daily circulation of around 4,730.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: layer

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: layer of gases

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Aurora

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: southern Sweden

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: 4,730.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Sweden.

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Sweden.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Sweden.

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Sweden.

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Sweden.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Aurora, until December 1927

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Aurora,

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Ystad in southern Sweden.

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: 4,730.

text: Beyond the Pleasure Principle may be Freud's most controversial text. Jacques Lacan, a self-styled Freudian, called it "this extraordinary text of Freud's, unbelievably ambiguous, almost confused". One of Freud's most sympathetic biographers wrote that "Beyond the Pleasure Principle is a difficult text ... the reassuring intimacy with clinical experience that marks most of Freud's papers, even at their most theoretical, seems faint here, almost absent." He went on to quote Freud's personal physician: "Max Schur, whom no one can accuse of reading Freud unsympathetically, said flatly: 'We can only assume that Freud's conclusions ... are an example of ad hoc reasoning to prove a preformed hypothesis ... throughout Beyond the Pleasure Principle '".

text: Beyond the Pleasure Principle may be Freud's most controversial text.

text: Jacques Lacan

text: , a self-styled Freudian, called it "this extraordinary text of Freud's, unbelievably ambiguous, almost confused". One of Freud's most sympathetic biographers wrote that "Beyond the Pleasure Principle is a difficult text ... the reassuring intimacy with clinical experience that marks most of Freud's papers, even at their most theoretical, seems faint here, almost absent." He went on to quote Freud's personal physician: "Max Schur, whom no one can accuse of reading Freud unsympathetically, said flatly: 'We can only assume that Freud's conclusions ... are an example of ad hoc reasoning to prove a preformed hypothesis ... throughout Beyond the Pleasure Principle '".

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unspecified

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Beyond the Pleasure Principle

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Beyond the Pleasure Principle

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Beyond the Pleasure Principle

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Beyond the Pleasure Principle

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: theoretical, seems faint here, almost absent."

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Beyond the Pleasure Principle

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Beyond the Pleasure Principle

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Beyond the Pleasure Principle

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Beyond the Pleasure Principle

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Beyond the Pleasure Principle

text: Hence the first suggestion that an ionosphere existed, capable of trapping electromagnetic waves, is attributed to Heaviside and Kennelly (1902). It took another twenty years before Edward Appleton and Barnett in 1925 were able to prove experimentally the existence of the ionosphere.

text: Hence the first suggestion that an ionosphere existed, capable of trapping

text: electromagnetic waves

text: , is attributed to

text: Heaviside

text: and Kennelly (1902). It took another twenty years before

text: Edward Appleton

text: and Barnett in 1925 were able to prove experimentally the existence of the ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: electromagnetic waves

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: capable of trapping electromagnetic waves

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: ionosphere existed, capable of trapping electromagnetic waves,

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: electromagnetic waves,

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: ionosphere existed, capable of trapping electromagnetic waves,

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: capable of trapping electromagnetic waves,

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: ionosphere existed, capable of trapping electromagnetic waves,

text: From 1958 to 1964 he was "professeur associe" at the University of Paris. Rawer held several offices in the international space research organisation COSPAR. As director of "Fraunhofer-Institut für physikalische Weltraumforschung" (1969–79) he became the father of two German/Us satellites (AEROS, 1972 and 1975). He was actively engaged in the International Geophysical Year (gold button 2007) and follow-ups. In the International Union of Radio Science (URSI) he served with William Roy Piggott as co-author of the booklet on ionogram reduction and was vice-chairman and chairman of the ionospheric committee 1966–72. He is the father and longtime chairman of the International Reference Ionosphere that since 1999 is International Standard.

text: From 1958 to 1964 he was "professeur associe" at the

text: University of Paris

text: . Rawer held several offices in the international space research organisation

text: COSPAR

text: . As director of "Fraunhofer-Institut für physikalische Weltraumforschung" (1969–79) he became the father of two German/Us satellites (AEROS, 1972 and 1975). He was actively engaged in the

text: International Geophysical Year

text: (gold button 2007) and follow-ups. In the

text: International Union of Radio Science

text: (URSI) he served with

text: William Roy Piggott

text: as co-author of the booklet on

text: ionogram

text: reduction and was vice-chairman and chairman of the ionospheric committee 1966–72. He is the father and longtime chairman of the

text: International Reference Ionosphere

text: that since 1999 is International Standard.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionogram reduction

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: ionogram reduction

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: International Reference

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Rawer

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: International Reference Ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: International Reference Ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionogram

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: International Reference Ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: International Reference Ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Rawer held several offices in the international space research organisation COSPAR.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: International Standard.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: International Reference Ionosphere

text: An aurora is a natural light display in the sky, especially in the high latitude (Arctic and Antarctic) regions, in the form of that forms a large circle around the pole. They are caused by the collision of solar wind and charged magnetospheric particles with the high altitude atmosphere (thermosphere).

text: An aurora is a natural light display in the sky, especially in the high latitude (

text: Arctic

text: and

text: Antarctic

text: ) regions, in the form of that forms a large circle around the pole. They are caused by the collision of

text: solar wind

text: and charged magnetospheric particles with the high altitude atmosphere (

text: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: the high altitude atmosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: charged magnetospheric particles

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: charged magnetic

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: high latitude

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: (thermosphere).

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: (thermosphere).

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: (thermosphere).

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: magnetospheric particles

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: (thermosphere).

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: collision of solar wind and charged magnetospheric particles

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: collision of solar wind

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: charged magnetospheric particles

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: (Arctic and Antarctic) regions,

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: collision of solar wind and charged magnetospheric particles

text: The film was one of Disney's most successful live-action films.  It was followed by two sequels, the theatrically released Return from Witch Mountain (1978) and the 60-minute television film Beyond Witch Mountain (1982).  Director Hough returned for Return, as did Eisenmann, Richards, and Pyle; but new villains Letha Wedge (Bette Davis) and Dr. Victor Gannon (Christopher Lee) took the place of Bolt and Deranian.  The characters of Bolt, Deranian, and O'Day returned in Beyond Witch Mountain; but director Hough did not return, and no actor returned to their roles, except for Albert.  Beyond was intended as a television pilot, but the proposed series did not occur.It also featured Bryan Drier.

text: The film was one of Disney's most successful live-action films.  It was followed by two sequels, the theatrically released

text: Return from Witch Mountain

text: (1978) and the 60-minute television film

text: Beyond Witch Mountain

text: (1982).  Director Hough returned for Return, as did Eisenmann, Richards, and Pyle; but new villains Letha Wedge (

text: Bette Davis

text: ) and Dr. Victor Gannon (

text: Christopher Lee

text: ) took the place of Bolt and Deranian.  The characters of Bolt, Deranian, and O'Day returned in Beyond Witch Mountain; but director Hough did not return, and no actor returned to their roles, except for Albert.  Beyond was intended as a television pilot, but the proposed series did not occur.It also featured Bryan Drier.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: helium

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Witch Mountain

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Witch Mountain

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Letha Wedge

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Return from Witch Mountain

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Witch Mountain

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Witch Mountain

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Witch Mountain

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Return from Witch Mountain

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Return from Witch Mountain

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Return from Witch Mountain

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Witch Mountain

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Witch Mountain

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Letha Wedge (Bette Davis) and Dr. Victor Gannon

text: Fluid that is less dense than its surroundings tends to rise until it has the same density as its surroundings. If there is not much energy input to the system, it will tend to become stratified. On a large scale, Earth's atmosphere is divided into a series of layers. Going upwards from the ground, these are the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere.

text: Fluid that is less dense than its surroundings tends to rise until it has the same density as its surroundings. If there is not much energy input to the system, it will tend to become

text: stratified

text: . On a large scale, Earth's atmosphere is

text: divided into a series of layers

text: . Going upwards from the ground, these are the

text: troposphere

text: stratosphere

text: mesosphere

text: thermosphere

text: , and

text: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: exosphere.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: exosphere.

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: exosphere.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: troposphere,

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: exosphere.

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Fluid that is less dense than its surroundings

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Fluid that is less dense than its surroundings

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Fluid

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: exosphere.

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: troposphere,

text: McIntyre's debut novel, The Exile Waiting, was published in 1975. In 1976, McIntyre co-edited Aurora: Beyond Equality, a feminist/humanist science fiction anthology, with Susan Janice Anderson.

text: McIntyre's debut novel,

text: The Exile Waiting

text: , was published in 1975. In 1976, McIntyre co-edited Aurora: Beyond Equality, a feminist/humanist science fiction anthology, with Susan Janice Anderson.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Aurora

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: helium

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Aurora

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: The Exile Waiting

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Aurora

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Australia

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: McIntyre's debut novel, The Exile Waiting,

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Aurora:

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Equality,

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Aurora: Beyond Equality,

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: 1975.

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: 1975.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Aurora: Beyond Equality,

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Aurora: Beyond Equality,

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Aurora: Beyond Equality,

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: 1975.

text: Below this, the atmosphere is defined to be active on the insolation received, due to the increased presence of heavier gases such as monatomic oxygen.  The solar constant is thus expressed at the thermopause.  Beyond (above) this, the exosphere describes the thinnest remainder of atmospheric particles with large mean free path, mostly hydrogen and helium. As a limit for the exosphere this boundary is also called exobase.

text: Below this, the atmosphere is defined to be active on the

text: insolation

text: received, due to the increased presence of heavier gases such as monatomic oxygen.  The

text: solar constant

text: is thus expressed at the thermopause.  Beyond (above) this, the

text: exosphere

text: describes the thinnest remainder of atmospheric particles with large mean free path, mostly hydrogen and helium. As a limit for the exosphere this boundary is also called exobase.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: exobase

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: The solar constant is thus expressed at the thermopause

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: hydrogen and helium

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: The solar constant

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: exobase

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: the exosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: large mean free path,

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: monatomic oxygen.

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: The solar constant is thus expressed at the thermopause.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: thermopause.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: monatomic oxygen.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: The solar constant

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: thinnest remainder of atmospheric particles with large mean free path,

text: The aurora produces a reflecting sheet (or metric sized columns) which tends to lie in a vertical plane. The result of this vertical ionospheric "curtain" is reflection of signals well into the upper VHF band. The reflection is very aspect sensitive. Since the reflecting sheet lies towards the poles, it follows that reflected signals will arrive from that general direction. An active region or coronal hole may persist for some 27 days resulting in a second aurora when the Sun has rotated. There is a tendency for auroras to occur around the March/April, September/October equinox periods, when the geomagnetic field is at right angle to Sun for efficient charged particle coupling. Signals propagated by aurora have a characteristic hum effect, which makes video and audio reception difficult. Video carriers, as heard on a communications receiver, no longer can be heard as a pure tone.

text: The aurora produces a reflecting sheet (or metric sized columns) which tends to lie in a vertical plane. The result of this vertical ionospheric "curtain" is reflection of signals well into the upper VHF band. The reflection is very aspect sensitive. Since the reflecting sheet lies towards the poles, it follows that reflected signals will arrive from that general direction. An active region or coronal hole may persist for some 27 days resulting in a second aurora when the Sun has rotated. There is a tendency for auroras to occur around the March/April, September/October

text: equinox

text: periods, when the geomagnetic field is at right angle to Sun for efficient charged particle coupling. Signals propagated by aurora have a characteristic hum effect, which makes video and audio reception difficult. Video carriers, as heard on a communications receiver, no longer can be heard as a pure tone.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: The aurora produces a reflecting sheet (or metric sized columns)

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: coronal hole

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: coronal hole

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: "curtain"

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: the poles

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: The aurora produces a reflecting sheet

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: reflecting sheet

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: vertical plane.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: particle

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: coronal hole

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: March/April, September/October equinox periods,

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: vertical ionospheric "curtain"

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: poles,

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: vertical ionospheric

text: Bruce Sterling comments about asemic writing on his Wired magazine blog Beyond the Beyond:

text: Bruce Sterling

text: comments about asemic writing on his

text: Wired magazine

text: blog Beyond the Beyond:

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no answe

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: asemic layer

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: plasma

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: heliosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: asemic

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no answe

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: the ionosphere is named after the ionosphere of Jupiter

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: in outer space

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: asemic writing

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Beyond the Beyond:

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: asemic

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Beyond the Beyond:

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: asemic

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: asemic

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: asemic

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Beyond the Beyond:

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: asemic

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Beyond the Beyond:

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: asemic writing

text: Beyond irony, West Orange Comprehensive Replacement itself will be at or beyond program capacity within two years.

text: Beyond irony, West Orange Comprehensive Replacement itself will be at or beyond program capacity within two years.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: helium

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: a renewable energy source

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: West Orange Comprehensive Replacement

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: West Orange Comprehensive Replacement itself will be at or beyond program capacity within two years.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: West Orange Comprehensive Replacement

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: West Orange Comprehensive Replacement

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Beyond irony,

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Beyond irony,

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: West Orange Comprehensive Replacement

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: West Orange Comprehensive Replacement

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Beyond irony,

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: West Orange Comprehensive Replacement

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: West Orange Comprehensive Replacement

text: with T in K, F in 10 W m Hz (the Covington index) a value of F averaged over several solar cycles.  The Covington index varies typically between 70 and 250 during a solar cycle, and never drops below about 50. Thus, T varies between about 740 and 1350 K. During very quiet magnetospheric conditions, the still continuously flowing magnetospheric energy input contributes by about 250 K to the residual temperature of 500 K in eq.(2). The rest of 250 K in eq.(2) can be attributed to atmospheric waves generated within the troposphere and dissipated within the lower thermosphere.

text: with T in K, F in 10 W m Hz (the Covington index) a value of F averaged over several solar cycles.  The Covington index varies typically between 70 and 250 during a solar cycle, and never drops below about 50. Thus, T varies between about 740 and 1350 K. During very quiet magnetospheric conditions, the still continuously flowing magnetospheric energy input contributes by about 250 K to the residual temperature of 500 K in eq.(2). The rest of 250 K in eq.(2) can be attributed to atmospheric waves generated within the troposphere and dissipated within the lower thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: lower thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: magnetospheric

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: the troposphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: 50.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: lower thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: lower thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: magnetospheric

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: magnetospheric energy

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: 250 during a solar cycle,

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: (the Covington index)

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: magnetospheric

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: troposphere

text: The favorable location of Millstone Hill at sub-auroral latitudes combined with the great operational range afforded by the steerable antenna permit observations over a latitude span encompassing the region between the polar cap and the near-equatorial ionosphere. Since 1982 the Haystack Observatory Atmospheric Sciences Group has been supported for operating the Millstone Hill research radar as a part of the incoherent scatter radar chain and for associated studies of the auroral and sub-auroral ionosphere and thermosphere. The meridional radar chain extends from Sondrestrom Upper Atmospheric Research Facility in Kangerlussuaq, Greenland through Millstone Hill at mid-latitudes, beyond Arecibo at low latitudes, to the Jicamarca facility at the magnetic equator in Peru. The radar chain forms an integral part of the NSF-supported CEDAR (Coupling, Energetics, and Dynamics of Atmospheric Regions) observing network and Millstone Hill observations and analysis have contributed extensively to the successes of the CEDAR initiative.

text: The favorable location of Millstone Hill at sub-auroral latitudes combined with the great operational range afforded by the steerable antenna permit observations over a latitude span encompassing the region between the

text: polar cap

text: and the near-

text: equator

text: ial ionosphere. Since 1982 the Haystack Observatory Atmospheric Sciences Group has been supported for operating the Millstone Hill research radar as a part of the incoherent scatter radar chain and for associated studies of the

text: auroral

text: and sub-auroral ionosphere and

text: thermosphere

text: . The meridional radar chain extends from

entity_name: Sondrestrom Upper Atmospheric Research Facility

text: Sondrestrom Upper Atmospheric Research Facility

text: in

text: Kangerlussuaq

text: Greenland

text: through Millstone Hill at mid-latitudes, beyond

text: Arecibo

text: at low latitudes, to the

text: Jicamarca

text: facility at the magnetic equator in

text: Peru

text: . The radar chain forms an integral part of the NSF-supported CEDAR (

entity_name: Coupling, Energetics and Dynamics of Atmospheric Regions

text: Coupling, Energetics, and Dynamics of Atmospheric Regions

text: ) observing network and Millstone Hill observations and analysis have contributed extensively to the successes of the CEDAR initiative.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: ionosphere and thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Millstone Hill

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: ionosphere and thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: polar cap and the near-equatorial ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: auroral

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: near-equatorial

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: region between the polar cap and the near-equatorial

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: region between the polar cap and the near-equatorial

text: Among the live-action films proposed between the critical failure of Batman & Robin and the reboot of the Batman franchise was a live-action Batman Beyond feature, to be written by Paul Dini. In August 2000, Warner Bros. announced that it was developing a live action film adaptation of the TV series Batman Beyond with Boaz Yakin attached to co-write and direct. The TV series' creators, Dini and Alan Burnett, were hired to write a screenplay for the feature film, with author Neal Stephenson consulting the duo. By July 2001, a first draft was turned in to the studio, and the writers were waiting to see if a rewrite would be needed. The studio, also exploring other takes of Batman in development, eventually placed Batman Beyond on hold in August 2001. Robbie Amell (who portrayed Ronnie Raymond/Firestorm on The CW's The Flash) has talk about pitching his ideal Batman Beyond movie.

text: Among the live-action films proposed between the critical failure of

text: Batman & Robin

text: and the

text: reboot of the Batman franchise

text: was a live-action Batman Beyond feature, to be written by

text: Paul Dini

text: . In August 2000, Warner Bros. announced that it was developing a live action

text: film adaptation

text: of the TV series Batman Beyond with

text: Boaz Yakin

text: attached to co-write and direct. The TV series' creators, Dini and

text: Alan Burnett

text: , were hired to write a screenplay for the feature film, with author

text: Neal Stephenson

text: consulting the duo. By July 2001, a first draft was turned in to the studio, and the writers were waiting to see if a rewrite would be needed. The studio, also exploring other takes of Batman in development, eventually placed Batman Beyond on hold in August 2001.

text: Robbie Amell

text: (who portrayed

text: Ronnie Raymond/Firestorm

text: on

text: The CW

text: 's

text: The Flash

text: ) has talk about pitching his ideal Batman Beyond movie.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: helium

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: firestorm

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unspecified

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Batman Beyond feature, to be written by Paul Dini.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Raymond/Firestorm

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: 2000,

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Raymond/Firestorm

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Raymond/Firestorm

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Raymond/Firestorm

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: 2000,

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Batman franchise

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Among

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Among the live-action films

text: The orbits of spacecraft in low Earth orbit (LEO) decay to lower and lower altitudes due to the resistance from the friction between the spacecraft's surface (i.e. , drag) and the outer layer of the Earth's atmosphere (a.k.a. the thermosphere and exosphere). Eventually, a LEO spacecraft falls out of orbit and towards the Earth's surface. Many spacecraft launched in the past couple of decades have the ability to fire a small rocket to manage their orbits. The rocket can increase altitude to extend lifetime, to direct the reentry towards a particular (marine) site, or route the satellite to avoid collision with other spacecraft. Such maneuvers require precise information about the orbit. A geomagnetic storm can cause an orbit change over a couple of days that otherwise would occur over a year or more. The geomagnetic storm adds heat to the thermosphere, causing the thermosphere to expand and rise, increasing the drag on spacecraft. The 2009 satellite collision between the Iridium 33 and Cosmos 2251 demonstrated the importance of having precise knowledge of all objects in orbit. Iridium 33 had the capability to maneuver out of the path of Cosmos 2251 and could have evaded the crash, if a credible collision prediction had been available,

text: The orbits of spacecraft in

text: low Earth orbit

text: (LEO) decay to lower and lower altitudes due to the resistance from the friction between the spacecraft's surface (i.e. , drag) and the outer layer of the Earth's atmosphere (a.k.a. the

text: thermosphere

text: and

text: exosphere

text: ). Eventually, a LEO spacecraft falls out of orbit and towards the Earth's surface. Many spacecraft launched in the past couple of decades have the ability to fire a small rocket to manage their orbits. The rocket can increase altitude to extend lifetime, to direct the reentry towards a particular (marine) site, or route the satellite to avoid collision with other spacecraft. Such maneuvers require precise information about the orbit. A

text: geomagnetic storm

text: can cause an orbit change over a couple of days that otherwise would occur over a year or more. The

text: geomagnetic storm

text: adds heat to the thermosphere, causing the thermosphere to expand and rise, increasing the drag on spacecraft. The

text: 2009 satellite collision

text: between the Iridium 33 and Cosmos 2251 demonstrated the importance of having precise knowledge of all objects in orbit. Iridium 33 had the capability to maneuver out of the path of Cosmos 2251 and could have evaded the crash, if a credible collision prediction had been available,

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: The thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: The geomagnetic storm adds heat to the thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: causing the thermosphere to expand and rise, increasing the drag on spacecraft.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: exosphere).

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: exosphere).

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: thermosphere,

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: thermosphere and exosphere).

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: geomagnetic storm

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: The geomagnetic storm adds heat to the thermosphere,

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: geomagnetic storm

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: outer layer of the Earth's atmosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: The orbits of spacecraft in low Earth orbit

text: The mesosphere of Venus can be divided into two layers: the lower one between 62–73 km and the upper one between 73–95 km. In the first layer the temperature is nearly constant at 230 K (−43 °C). This layer coincides with the upper cloud deck. In the second layer temperature starts to decrease again reaching about 165 K (−108 °C) at the altitude of 95 km, where mesopause begins. It is the coldest part of the Venusian dayside atmosphere. In the dayside mesopause, which serves as a boundary between the mesophere and thermosphere and is located between 95–120 km, temperature increases to a constant—about 300–400 K (27–127 °C)—value prevalent in the thermosphere. In contrast, the nightside Venusian thermosphere is the coldest place on Venus with temperature as low as 100 K (−173 °C). It is even called a cryosphere.

text: The mesosphere of Venus can be divided into two layers: the lower one between 62–73 km and the upper one between 73–95 km. In the first layer the temperature is nearly constant at 230 K (−43 °C). This layer coincides with the upper cloud deck. In the second layer temperature starts to decrease again reaching about 165 K (−108 °C) at the altitude of 95 km, where

text: mesopause

text: begins. It is the coldest part of the Venusian dayside atmosphere. In the dayside mesopause, which serves as a boundary between the mesophere and thermosphere and is located between 95–120 km, temperature increases to a constant—about 300–400 K (27–127 °C)—value prevalent in the thermosphere. In contrast, the nightside Venusian thermosphere is the coldest place on Venus with temperature as low as 100 K (−173 °C). It is even called a cryosphere.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: 73–95 km

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: in the dayside mesopause

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: It is even called a cryosphere

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: the nightside Venusian thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: The mesosphere of Venus

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: upper cloud deck.

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: upper one between 73–95 km.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: The mesosphere of Venus

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: dayside mesopause,

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Venus

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: The mesosphere of Venus

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: The mesosphere

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Venus

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: The mesosphere of Venus

text: Very long distance radio signalling is possible, using longwave techniques (low frequencies), which enables a planet-wide hyperbolic system. However, at those ranges, radio signals do not travel in straight lines, but reflect off various regions above the Earth known collectively as the ionosphere.  At medium frequencies, this appears to "bend" or refract the signal beyond the horizon. At lower frequencies, VLF and ELF, the signal will reflect off the ionosphere and ground, allowing the signal to travel great distances in multiple "hops". However, it is very difficult to synchronize multiple stations using these signals, as they might be received multiple times from different directions at the end of different hops.

text: Very long distance radio signalling is possible, using longwave techniques (low frequencies), which enables a planet-wide hyperbolic system. However, at those ranges, radio signals do not travel in straight lines, but reflect off various regions above the Earth known collectively as the

text: ionosphere

text: .  At medium frequencies, this appears to "bend" or refract the signal beyond the horizon. At lower frequencies, VLF and ELF, the signal will reflect off the ionosphere and ground, allowing the signal to travel great distances in multiple "hops". However, it is very difficult to synchronize multiple stations using these signals, as they might be received multiple times from different directions at the end of different hops.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: the ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: VLF and ELF

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: various regions above the Earth

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: reflect off various regions above the Earth

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: VLF and ELF,

text: thermal fade -thermosphere -Time signal -total electron content -troposphere -Tropospheric propagation-tropospheric scatter -tropospheric wave -TV and FM DX -

text: thermal fade

text: thermosphere

text: Time signal

text: total electron content

text: troposphere

text: Tropospheric propagation

text: tropospheric scatter

text: tropospheric wave

text: TV and FM DX

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: total electron content

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: total electron content

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: -Tropospheric propagation-tropospheric

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: -troposphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: -troposphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: -total electron content

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: -troposphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: -tropospheric wave

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: -Tropospheric propagation-tropospheric

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: -total electron content

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: -troposphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: propagation-tropospheric scatter

text: The electrical conductivity of the atmosphere increases exponentially with altitude. The amplitudes of the electric and magnetic components depend on season, latitude, and height above the sea level. The greater the altitude the more atmospheric electricity abounds. The exosphere is the uppermost layer of the atmosphere and is estimated to be 500 km to 1000 km above the Earth's surface, and its upper boundary at about 10,000 km. The thermosphere (upper atmosphere) is the layer of the Earth's atmosphere directly above the mesosphere and directly below the exosphere. Within this layer, ultraviolet radiation causes ionization. Theories that have been proposed to explain the phenomenon of the polar aurora, but it has been demonstrated by experiments that it is due to positive charge passing from the higher regions of the atmosphere to the earth.

text: The

text: electrical conductivity

text: of the atmosphere increases exponentially with

text: altitude

text: . The amplitudes of the electric and magnetic components depend on season,

text: latitude

text: , and height above the sea level. The greater the altitude the more atmospheric electricity abounds. The

text: exosphere

text: is the uppermost layer of the atmosphere and is estimated to be 500 km to 1000 km above the Earth's surface, and its upper boundary at about 10,000 km. The

text: thermosphere

text: upper atmosphere

text: ) is the layer of the Earth's atmosphere directly above the mesosphere and directly below the exosphere. Within this layer, ultraviolet radiation causes ionization. Theories that have been proposed to explain the phenomenon of the

text: polar aurora

text: , but it has been demonstrated by

text: experiment

text: s that it is due to

text: positive charge

text: passing from the higher regions of the atmosphere to the earth.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: The thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: ionization

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: ionization

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: The exosphere

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: The thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: The thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: polar

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: The thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: polar aurora,

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: positive charge passing from the higher regions of the atmosphere to the earth.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: ultraviolet radiation causes ionization.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: polar

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: The exosphere

text: The profile of the ionosphere is highly variable, changing constantly on timescales of minutes, hours, days, seasons, and years. This profile becomes even more complex near Earth's magnetic poles, where the nearly vertical alignment and intensity of earth's magnetic field can cause physical effects like aurorae.

text: The profile of the ionosphere is highly variable, changing constantly on timescales of minutes, hours, days, seasons, and years. This profile becomes even more complex near Earth's magnetic poles, where the nearly vertical alignment and intensity of earth's magnetic field can cause physical effects like

text: aurorae

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: The ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: magnetic poles

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Earth's magnetic poles

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: magnetic poles

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: ionosphere is highly variable,

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: ionosphere is highly variable,

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: aurorae.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: earth's magnetic field

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Earth's magnetic poles,

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: magnetic poles,

text: A magnetosphere is the region of space surrounding an astronomical object in which charged particles are controlled by that object's magnetic field. The magnetic field near the surface of many astronomical objects resembles that of a dipole. The field lines farther away from the surface can be significantly distorted by the flow of electrically conducting  plasma emitted from a nearby star (e.g. the solar wind from the Sun).

text: A magnetosphere is the region of

text: space

text: surrounding an

text: astronomical object

text: in which

text: charged particle

text: s are controlled by that object's

text: magnetic field

text: . The

text: magnetic field

text: near the surface of many astronomical objects resembles that of a

text: dipole

text: . The field lines farther away from the surface can be significantly distorted by the flow of electrically conducting  plasma emitted from a nearby star (e.g. the

text: solar wind

text: from the Sun).

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetic field

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: the flow of electrically conducting plasma

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: the region of space surrounding an astronomical object

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: a nearby star

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: the region of space surrounding an astronomical object

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: charged particles

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: the Sun).

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: charged particles are controlled by that object's magnetic field.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: nearby star

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: magnetosphere

text: "The Thermosphere Murders" is about two American astronauts' murder cases and the abnormal explosion of a Russian spacecraft returning from the imaginary space station - "USS / The Universal Space Station".

text: "The Thermosphere Murders" is about two American astronauts' murder cases and the abnormal explosion of a Russian spacecraft returning from the imaginary space station - "USS / The Universal Space Station".

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: The atmosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: the upper atmosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: helium

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: space station

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Northern Hemisphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: "The Thermosphere Murders"

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: "The Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: "The Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: "The Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: "The Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: "The Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: "The Thermosphere Murders"

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: "USS / The Universal Space Station".

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: "The Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: "The Thermosphere

text: In (2) the Absolute might be conceived of as utterly outside of all other reality and hence unintelligible. It cannot be known or spoken about. Plato's Socrates says that "The Form of the Good" is "beyond being", implying that it is even beyond thought, language, and normal categories of existence. St. John of the Cross says:

text: In (2) the Absolute might be conceived of as utterly outside of all other reality and hence unintelligible. It cannot be known or spoken about. Plato's Socrates says that "The Form of the Good" is "beyond being", implying that it is even beyond thought, language, and normal categories of existence. St.

text: John of the Cross

text: says:

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: outermost layer

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: helium

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Absolute

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unintelligible

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: "The Form of the Good" is "beyond being",

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: "The Form of the Good"

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: (2)

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: utterly outside of all other reality and hence unintelligible.

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: utterly outside of all other reality and hence unintelligible.

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: "The Form of the Good" is "beyond being",

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: "The Form of the Good" is "beyond being",

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: utterly outside of all other reality and hence unintelligible.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: utterly outside of all other reality and hence unintelligible.

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: utterly outside of all other reality and hence unintelligible.

text: Downtown Aurora Historic District is a national historic district located at Aurora, Dearborn County, Indiana.  The district encompasses 272 contributing buildings, 1 contributing site, and 3 contributing structures in the central business district of Aurora. The district developed between about 1830 and 1944, and includes notable examples of Italianate, Federal, and Greek Revival style architecture.  Located in the district are the separately listed Aurora City Hall, Aurora Methodist Episcopal Church, Aurora Public Library, First Evangelical United Church of Christ, First Presbyterian Church, George Street Bridge, Hillforest (Forest Hill), Lewis Hurlbert, Sr. House, Leive, Parks and Stapp Opera House, and George Sutton Medical Office.  Other notable buildings include the T. and J.W. Gaff Distillery (1843), First National Bank (1924), I.O.O.F. Hall (1887), B&O Railroad Station (1911-1917), John Neff Building, Chamber Stevens & Co. Dry Goods Store, U.S. Post Office (1935), Star Milling Co. (1891), and St. John's Evangelical Lutheran Church (1874).

text: Downtown Aurora Historic District is a national

text: historic district

text: located at

text: Aurora

text: Dearborn County, Indiana

text: .  The district encompasses 272 contributing buildings, 1 contributing site, and 3 contributing structures in the

text: central business district

text: of Aurora. The district developed between about 1830 and 1944, and includes notable examples of

text: Italianate

text: Federal

text: , and

text: Greek Revival

text: style architecture.  Located in the district are the separately listed

text: Aurora City Hall

text: Aurora Methodist Episcopal Church

text: Aurora Public Library

text: First Evangelical United Church of Christ

text: First Presbyterian Church

text: George Street Bridge

text: Hillforest (Forest Hill)

text: Lewis Hurlbert, Sr. House

text: Leive, Parks and Stapp Opera House

text: , and

text: George Sutton Medical Office

text: .  Other notable buildings include the T. and J.W. Gaff Distillery (1843), First National Bank (1924), I.O.O.F. Hall (1887), B&O Railroad Station (1911-1917), John Neff Building, Chamber Stevens & Co. Dry Goods Store, U.S. Post Office (1935), Star Milling Co. (1891), and St. John's Evangelical Lutheran Church (1874).

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Hillforest

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Hillforest

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: layer of gases

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Star Milling Co.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Indiana

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: T. and J.W. Gaff Distillery

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Hillforest

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Hillforest

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Indiana.

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Downtown Aurora Historic District

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: (Forest Hill),

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Downtown Aurora Historic District

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Downtown Aurora Historic District

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Aurora, Dearborn County, Indiana.

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Italianate, Federal, and Greek Revival style

text: The rhombic antenna, like other horizontal antennas, can radiate at elevation angles close to the horizon or at higher angles depending on its height above ground relative to the operating frequency and its physical construction. Likewise, its beamwidth can be narrow or broad, depending primarily on its length.  The shallow radiation angle makes it useful for skywave ("skip") propagation, the dominant mode at shortwave frequencies, in which radio waves directed at an angle into the sky reflect from layers in the ionosphere and return to Earth beyond the horizon.

text: The rhombic antenna, like other horizontal antennas, can radiate at elevation angles close to the horizon or at higher angles depending on its height above ground relative to the operating frequency and its physical construction. Likewise, its

text: beamwidth

text: can be narrow or broad, depending primarily on its length.  The shallow radiation angle makes it useful for

text: skywave

text: ("skip") propagation, the dominant mode at shortwave frequencies, in which radio waves directed at an angle into the sky reflect from layers in the

text: ionosphere

text: and return to Earth beyond the horizon.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: the dominant mode at shortwave frequencies

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: skywave

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: rhombic antenna,

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: radio waves

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: ionosphere

text: The ionosphere extends from altitudes of approximately 50 km to 400 km and is divided into distinct plasma layers denoted D, E, F1 and F2 in increasing altitude. Refraction of radio waves by the ionosphere rather than the atmosphere can therefore allow NLOS links of much greater distance for just one refraction path or 'hop' via one of the layers. Under certain conditions radio waves that have undergone one hop may reflect off the Earth's surface and experience more hops, so increasing the range.  The positions of these and their ion densities are significantly controlled by the Sun's incident radiation and therefore change diurnally, seasonally and during Sun spot activity. The initial discovery that radio waves could travel beyond the horizon by Marconi in the early 20th century prompted extensive studies of ionospheric propagation for the next 50 years or so, which have yielded various HF link channel prediction tables and charts.

text: The

text: ionosphere

text: extends from altitudes of approximately 50 km to 400 km and is divided into distinct

text: plasma

text: layers denoted D, E, F1 and F2 in increasing altitude. Refraction of radio waves by the ionosphere rather than the atmosphere can therefore allow NLOS links of much greater distance for just one refraction path or 'hop' via one of the layers. Under certain conditions radio waves that have undergone one hop may reflect off the Earth's surface and experience more hops, so increasing the range.  The positions of these and their

text: ion

text: densities are significantly controlled by the Sun's incident radiation and therefore change

text: diurnally

text: season

text: ally and during

text: Sun spot

text: activity. The initial discovery that radio waves could travel beyond the horizon by

text: Marconi

text: in the early 20th century prompted extensive studies of ionospheric propagation for the next 50 years or so, which have yielded various HF link channel prediction tables and charts.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: F2

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ion

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: denoted D, E, F1 and F2 in increasing altitude

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: ion densities are significantly controlled by the Sun's incident radiation

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: F1 and F2

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: F1 and F2

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ion

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Sun's incident radiation

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Sun spot activity.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Refraction of radio waves

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: D, E, F1 and F2

text: JEDI (Jupiter Energetic-particle Detector Instrument), is an instrument on the Juno spacecraft orbiting planet Jupiter. It is part of a suite of instruments to study the magnetosphere of Jupiter. JEDI consists of three identical detectors that use microchannel plates and foil layers to detect the energy, angle, and types of ion within a certain range. It can detect electrons between 40 and 500 keV (Kilo electron-volts), and hydrogen and oxygen from a few tens of keV to less than 1000 keV (1 MeV). JEDI uses radiation hardened Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASIC)s.

text: JEDI (Jupiter Energetic-particle Detector Instrument), is an instrument on the

text: Juno

text: spacecraft

text: orbit

text: ing planet

text: Jupiter

text: . It is part of a suite of instruments to study the

text: magnetosphere of Jupiter

text: . JEDI consists of three identical detectors that use microchannel plates and foil layers to detect the energy, angle, and types of ion within a certain range. It can detect electrons between 40 and 500 keV (Kilo electron-volts), and hydrogen and oxygen from a few tens of keV to less than 1000 keV (1 MeV). JEDI uses radiation hardened

text: Application Specific Integrated Circuits

text: (ASIC)s.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: foil layers

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: hydrogen and oxygen

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: JEDI

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: foil layers

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: foil layers

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: hydrogen and oxygen

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Jupiter.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: (Jupiter Energetic-particle Detector Instrument),

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: magnetosphere

text: Beyond the Season peaked at #2 on the U.S. Billboard 200, and on the Top Country Albums. In November 1995, Beyond the Season was certified 3 x Platinum by the RIAA.

text: Beyond the Season peaked at #2 on the U.S.

text: Billboard 200

text: , and on the

text: Top Country Albums

text: . In November 1995, Beyond the Season was certified 3 x Platinum by the

entity_name: Recording Industry Association of America

text: RIAA

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: RIAA

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unspecified

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Beyond the Season peaked at #2

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Top Country Albums.

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: #2 on the U.S. Billboard 200,

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Beyond the Season

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: 3 x Platinum

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: #2

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Beyond the Season peaked at #2

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Top Country Albums.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: U.S. Billboard 200,

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Top Country Albums.

text: Before the release of Batman Beyond: Return of the Joker, a third animated feature based on Batman: The Animated Series was planned, entitled Batman: Arkham. The film was supposed to be a follow-up for Batman & Mr. Freeze: SubZero, and Boyd Kirkland was attached to write and direct; but the project was soon scrapped. A second Batman Beyond movie was planned for release but was finally scrapped due the dark tones and controversies of Batman Beyond: Return of the Joker in 2001. Around 2003, during the production of Batman: Mystery of the Batwoman, Warner Bros. approached Kirkland to write a Catwoman direct-to-video feature film as a tie-in with the 2004 live-action film. Although the script was written, the project was soon scrapped after the poor reception of the live-action film. Also, a direct-to-video feature-length animated film entitled Justice League: Worlds Collide was planned to connect Justice League with its follow-up Justice League Unlimited, but the production was finally cancelled in 2004, and the script was later rewritten for the animated film Justice League: Crisis on Two Earths, that was not part of the DC animated universe.

text: Before the release of

text: Batman Beyond: Return of the Joker

text: , a third animated feature based on

text: Batman: The Animated Series

text: was planned, entitled Batman: Arkham. The film was supposed to be a follow-up for

text: Batman & Mr. Freeze: SubZero

text: , and

text: Boyd Kirkland

text: was attached to write and direct; but the project was soon scrapped. A second

text: Batman Beyond

text: movie was planned for release but was finally scrapped due the dark tones and controversies of

text: Batman Beyond: Return of the Joker

text: in 2001. Around 2003, during the production of

text: Batman: Mystery of the Batwoman

text: Warner Bros.

text: approached Kirkland to write a

text: Catwoman

text: direct-to-video

text: feature film as a tie-in with the

text: 2004 live-action film

text: . Although the script was written, the project was soon scrapped after the poor reception of the live-action film. Also, a direct-to-video feature-length animated film entitled Justice League: Worlds Collide was planned to connect

text: Justice League

text: with its follow-up

text: Justice League Unlimited

text: , but the production was finally cancelled in 2004, and the script was later rewritten for the animated film

text: Justice League: Crisis on Two Earths

text: , that was not part of the DC animated universe.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: subzero

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Before the release of Batman Beyond: Return of the Joker,

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: SubZero,

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: SubZero,

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: SubZero,

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: SubZero,

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: SubZero,

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Batman Beyond: Return of the Joker,

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: SubZero,

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Before the release of Batman Beyond: Return of the Joker,

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Batman Beyond: Return of the Joker,

text: The Uranian atmosphere can be divided into three main layers: the troposphere, between altitudes of −300 and 50 km and pressures from 100 to 0.1 bar; the stratosphere, spanning altitudes between 50 and 4000 km and pressures between  and the thermosphere/exosphere extending from 4000 km to as high as a few Uranus radii from the surface. There is no mesosphere.

text: The Uranian atmosphere can be divided into three main layers: the

text: troposphere

text: , between altitudes of −300 and 50 km and pressures from 100 to 0.1 bar; the

text: stratosphere

text: , spanning altitudes between 50 and 4000 km and pressures between  and the

text: thermosphere

text: exosphere

text: extending from 4000 km to as high as a few Uranus radii from the surface. There is no

text: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: The troposphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: the stratosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: the Uranian atmosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: thermosphere/exosphere

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: thermosphere/exosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Uranian atmosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: thermosphere/exosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: There is no mesosphere.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: The Uranian

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: 0.1 bar;

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: a few Uranus radii from the surface.

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: spanning altitudes between 50 and 4000 km

text: All told, the typhoon caused further casualties as well as damage caused by the earlier Typhoon Cimaron. Landslides, overflowing rivers, toppled trees and power lines blocked several roads to Casiguran and Dinapigue town in nearby Isabela province. Strong winds destroyed two houses and damaged a dozen others in Casiguran. The OCD said most of the floodwaters in the area have receded by early of November 12, but some rice crops were damaged in San Jose city in Nueva Ecija province where some farms were submerged under about 1.2 meters (four feet) of water. A total of 1,676 houses were damaged in Dipaculao, Casiguran and Dinalungan, Aurora Province. In Aurora Province, it caused floods, cutting the province's road system, as well as zero visibility, further isolating it from relief efforts. Initial assessments from chapters in Aurora, Isabela and Nueva Ecija say 4,624 families have had their homes destroyed or damaged. There have also been reports ofpower outages and roads once again being cut off. A total of 3,958 families or 21,250 persons were affected in 38 barangays of 7 municipalities and 1 city in the provinces of Isabela, Aurora and Nueva Ecija. There were 10 persons reported injured in Casiguran, Aurora. One person was reported dead in San Jose City, Nueva Ecija with five missing in Sabang, Baler, Aurora.

text: All told, the typhoon caused further casualties as well as damage caused by the earlier Typhoon Cimaron. Landslides, overflowing rivers, toppled trees and power lines blocked several roads to Casiguran and Dinapigue town in nearby Isabela province. Strong winds destroyed two houses and damaged a dozen others in Casiguran. The OCD said most of the floodwaters in the area have receded by early of November 12, but some rice crops were damaged in San Jose city in Nueva Ecija province where some farms were submerged under about 1.2 meters (four feet) of water. A total of 1,676 houses were damaged in

text: Dipaculao

text: Casiguran

text: and

text: Dinalungan

text: , Aurora Province. In

text: Aurora Province

text: , it caused floods, cutting the province's road system, as well as zero visibility, further isolating it from relief efforts. Initial assessments from chapters in Aurora,

text: Isabela

text: and

text: Nueva Ecija

text: say 4,624 families have had their homes destroyed or damaged. There have also been reports ofpower outages and roads once again being cut off. A total of 3,958 families or 21,250 persons were affected in 38 barangays of 7 municipalities and 1 city in the provinces of Isabela, Aurora and Nueva Ecija. There were 10 persons reported injured in Casiguran, Aurora. One person was reported dead in

text: San Jose City, Nueva Ecija

text: with five missing in

text: Sabang

text: Baler, Aurora

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: The outermost layer of the Earth

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: layer of air

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: ionizing radiation

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Aurora Province

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Typhoon Cimaron.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: power lines

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Aurora Province.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ofpower

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Typhoon Cimaron.

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Typhoon Cimaron.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Aurora Province.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Typhoon Cimaron.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Aurora Province.

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Typhoon Cimaron.

text: Beyond was a Hong Kong rock band that formed in 1983. The band became prominent in Hong Kong, Taiwan, Japan, Singapore, Malaysia and Mainland China. The band is widely considered as the most successful and influential Cantonese music group from Hong Kong. In 1993, the founder of the group Wong Ka Kui died due to an accident while filming a show at Fuji Television in Tokyo. Beyond continued to perform and record after Wong Ka Kui's death. In 2005, the remaining members Paul Wong, Wong Ka Keung and Yip Sai Wing decided to pursue their own solo careers, and Beyond officially disbanded.

text: Beyond was a Hong Kong

text: rock band

text: that formed in 1983. The band became prominent in

text: Hong Kong

text: Taiwan

text: Japan

text: Singapore

text: Malaysia

text: and

text: Mainland China

text: . The band is widely considered as the most successful and influential

text: Cantonese

text: music group from Hong Kong. In 1993, the founder of the group

text: Wong Ka Kui

text: died due to an accident while filming a show at

text: Fuji Television

text: in

text: Tokyo

text: . Beyond continued to perform and record after Wong Ka Kui's death. In 2005, the remaining members

text: Paul Wong

text: Wong Ka Keung

text: and

text: Yip Sai Wing

text: decided to pursue their own solo careers, and Beyond officially disbanded.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: the outermost layer

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: outermost layer

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Mainland China

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Mainland China

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Beyond was a Hong Kong rock band that formed in 1983.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Fuji Television

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: China.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Japan, Singapore, Malaysia and Mainland China.

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Japan, Singapore, Malaysia and Mainland China.

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Japan, Singapore, Malaysia and Mainland China.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Mainland China.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Beyond

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Hong Kong, Taiwan, Japan, Singapore, Malaysia and Mainland China.

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Singapore, Malaysia and Mainland China.

text: The motion of the shadow was supersonic and it generated gravity waves that were detectable as disturbances in the ionosphere. These gravity waves originate in the thermosphere at an altitude of about 180 km. Because of the obscuration of solar radiation, the ionization level dropped by 70% during the eclipse. The eclipse caused a 1–1.4 K drop in the temperature of the ionosphere.

text: The motion of the shadow was

text: supersonic

text: and it generated

text: gravity wave

text: s that were detectable as disturbances in the

text: ionosphere

text: . These gravity waves originate in the

text: thermosphere

text: at an altitude of about 180 km. Because of the obscuration of solar radiation, the

text: ion

text: ization level dropped by 70% during the eclipse. The eclipse caused a 1–1.4 K drop in the temperature of the ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: ionization

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: the ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere. These gravity waves originate in the thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: gravity waves originate in the thermosphere at an altitude of about 180 km.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: gravity waves

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: gravity waves originate in the thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: ionosphere. These gravity waves originate in the thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: 180 km.

text: The line is named after Theodore von Kármán (1881–1963), a Hungarian-American engineer and physicist. He was active primarily in aeronautics and astronautics. He was the first to calculate that around this altitude, the atmosphere becomes too thin to support aeronautical flight, because a vehicle at this altitude would have to travel faster than orbital velocity to derive sufficient aerodynamic lift to support itself. The line is approximately at the turbopause, above which atmospheric gasses are not well-mixed.  The mesopause atmospheric temperature minimum has been measured variously at 85 km or 100 km, which puts the line at or near the bottom of the thermosphere.

text: The line is named after

text: Theodore von Kármán

text: (1881–1963), a

text: Hungarian

text: American

text: engineer

text: and

text: physicist

text: . He was active primarily in

text: aeronautics

text: and

text: astronautics

text: . He was the first to calculate that around this altitude, the

text: atmosphere

text: becomes too thin to support aeronautical flight, because a vehicle at this altitude would have to travel faster than

text: orbital velocity

text: to derive sufficient

text: aerodynamic lift

text: to support itself. The line is approximately at the

text: turbopause

text: , above which atmospheric gasses are not well-mixed.  The

text: mesopause

text: atmospheric temperature

text: minimum has been measured variously at 85 km or 100 km, which puts the line at or near the bottom of the

text: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: The thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: The mesopause

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: atmospheric gasses

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: becomes too thin

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Theodore von Kármán

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Theodore von Kármán

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: the bottom of the thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: turbopause, above which atmospheric gasses are not well-mixed.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: The mesopause

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: turbopause,

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: atmospheric gasses

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: turbopause,

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: turbopause, above which atmospheric gasses are not well-mixed.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: turbopause, above which atmospheric gasses are not well-mixed.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: after Theodore von Kármán

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: approximately at the turbopause,

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: turbopause, above which atmospheric gasses are not well-mixed.

text: Exosphere  (foaled 25 August 2012) is a Thoroughbred racehorse trained and bred in Australia. He won the Golden Rose Stakes, a Group one race, and has accumulated over a million dollars in winnings.

text: Exosphere  (foaled 25 August 2012) is a

text: Thoroughbred

text: racehorse trained and bred in Australia. He won the

text: Golden Rose Stakes

text: , a Group one race, and has accumulated over a million dollars in winnings.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: helium

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Australia

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Exosphere

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Exosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Exosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Exosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Exosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Exosphere

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Exosphere (foaled 25 August 2012)

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Exosphere

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Australia.

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Golden Rose Stakes,

text: The Allison Islands are a small chain of Antarctic islands lying in the north side of the entrance to Sparkes Bay in the Windmill Islands. They were first mapped from air photos taken by USN Operation Highjump and Operation Windmill in 1947 and 1948. Named by the US-ACAN for William L. Allison, ionospheric scientist and member of the Wilkes Station party of 1958.

text: The Allison Islands are a small chain of

text: Antarctic

text: islands lying in the north side of the entrance to

text: Sparkes Bay

text: in the

text: Windmill Islands

text: . They were first mapped from air photos taken by USN

text: Operation Highjump

text: and

text: Operation Windmill

text: in 1947 and 1948. Named by the

text: US-ACAN

text: for William L. Allison, ionospheric scientist and member of the

text: Wilkes Station

text: party of 1958.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: The Allison Islands

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Allison Islands

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: William L. Allison

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: The Allison Islands

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: The Allison Islands

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: William L. Allison,

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Windmill Islands.

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: The Allison Islands are a small chain of Antarctic islands

text: A starquake occurred and the radiation from an explosion on the surface of SGR 1806-20 reached Earth on December 27, 2004 (GRB 041227). In terms of gamma rays, the burst had an absolute magnitude around −29. It was the brightest event known to have been sighted on this planet from an origin outside the Solar System. The magnetar released more energy in one-tenth of a second (1.3 J) than the Sun has released in 100,000 years (4 W × 3.2 s = 1.3 J). Such a burst is thought to be the largest explosion observed in the galaxy by humans since the SN 1604 supernova observed by Johannes Kepler in 1604. The gamma rays struck the Earth ionosphere and created more ionization, which briefly expanded the ionosphere.

text: A

text: starquake

text: occurred and the radiation from an explosion on the surface of SGR 1806-20 reached

text: Earth

text: on December 27, 2004 (

text: GRB 041227

text: ). In terms of gamma rays, the burst had an absolute magnitude around −29. It was the brightest event known to have been sighted on this planet from an origin outside the

text: Solar System

text: . The magnetar released more energy in one-tenth of a second (1.3

text: J

text: ) than the Sun has released in 100,000 years (4

text: W

text: × 3.2 s = 1.3 J). Such a burst is thought to be the largest explosion observed in the galaxy by humans since the

text: SN 1604

text: supernova observed by

text: Johannes Kepler

text: in 1604. The gamma rays struck the Earth

text: ionosphere

text: and created more ionization, which briefly expanded the ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: the Earth ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: ionization

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: The magnetar

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: SN 1604 supernova observed by Johannes Kepler in 1604.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Earth ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: origin outside the Solar System.

text: In May 2005, M. Graham Blyth, an Anglican incumbent, devoted his sabbatical to writing Beyond the Fringe - a study of radicals who are remaking the Church, which included an interview with Blake about the Open Episcopal Church. Blyth wrote, "One thing emerges clearly. That from the fringes or 'beyond the fringe' of the Church of England there is a great deal of lively and imaginative thinking going on about genuinely creative spirituality. This is a great untapped resource still - provided the exciting thinkers in or just beyond our midst are not alienated or driven away."

text: In May 2005, M. Graham Blyth, an Anglican incumbent, devoted his sabbatical to writing Beyond the Fringe - a study of radicals who are remaking the Church, which included an interview with Blake about the Open Episcopal Church. Blyth wrote, "One thing emerges clearly. That from the fringes or 'beyond the fringe' of the Church of England there is a great deal of lively and imaginative thinking going on about genuinely creative spirituality. This is a great untapped resource still - provided the exciting thinkers in or just beyond our midst are not alienated or driven away."

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Fringe

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unspecified

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Beyond the Fringe

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Fringe

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: fringes

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: 2005,

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: fringes

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: a great untapped resource

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Beyond the Fringe

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: In May 2005,

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Church of England

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Beyond the Fringe

text: The exosphere is located too far above Earth for any meteorological phenomena to be possible. However, the aurora borealis and aurora australis sometimes occur in the lower part of the exosphere, where they overlap into the thermosphere. The exosphere contains most of the satellites orbiting Earth.

text: The exosphere is located too far above Earth for any meteorological phenomena to be possible. However, the

text: aurora borealis

text: and

text: aurora australis

text: sometimes occur in the lower part of the exosphere, where they overlap into the thermosphere. The exosphere contains most of the satellites orbiting Earth.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: The exosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: lower part of the exosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: The exosphere

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: lower part of the exosphere, where they overlap into the thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: The exosphere

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: the aurora borealis and aurora australis

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: The exosphere

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: lower part of the exosphere,

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: thermosphere.

text: Superman Beyond, a one-shot comic set in the same universe as Batman Beyond, was released in 2011.

text: Superman Beyond, a one-shot comic set in the same universe as Batman Beyond, was released in 2011.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: The Earth's atmosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: helium

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Superman's

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unspecified

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Superman

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Superman Beyond,

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Superman Beyond,

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Superman Beyond,

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: 2011.

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Superman Beyond,

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Superman Beyond,

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: 2011.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Superman Beyond, a one-shot comic

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Superman Beyond,

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Superman Beyond,

text: Aurora is an album released in 2004 by Bada.  Although her image concept did not change from her first album, which was successful, Aurora failed to sell well.  Lead single "Aurora", which was a love ballad, also fared poorly, leading Bada to switch singles quickly.  The second single was "Eyes", which in contrast was a R&B-dance track.  Sales of the album were around 23,000, about 100,000 less copies than what A Day of Renew sold.

text: Aurora is an album released in 2004 by

text: Bada

text: .  Although her image concept did not change from her first album, which was successful, Aurora failed to sell well.  Lead single "Aurora", which was a love ballad, also fared poorly, leading Bada to switch singles quickly.  The second single was "Eyes", which in contrast was a R&B-dance track.  Sales of the album were around 23,000, about 100,000 less copies than what

text: A Day of Renew

text: sold.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Aurora

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: The second single

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Aurora

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Aurora

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Australia

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: 23,000,

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: "Eyes",

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: love ballad,

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: love ballad,

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: R&B-dance track.

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: R&B-dance track.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: "Aurora",

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Aurora

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: 2004

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: R&B-dance track.

text: The Beyond is not subject to Oikumene law (technically, any outrage committed Beyond is not recognized as a crime in the Oikumene), but they use the SVU as currency. Many (probably most) of the worlds in the Beyond have a deservedly criminal reputation. However, a fortune made there can be brought into the Oikumene with, as a rule, no questions asked;  the IPCC has no jurisdiction in the Beyond, but often sends out clandestine operatives, known as "weasels", when necessary. Ironically, this has led to the emergence of the only widespread organisation of any note in the chaotic Beyond, the Deweaseling Corps, whose sole purpose is to detect and kill weasels wherever they find them.

text: The Beyond is not subject to Oikumene law (technically, any outrage committed Beyond is not recognized as a crime in the Oikumene), but they use the SVU as currency. Many (probably most) of the worlds in the Beyond have a deservedly criminal reputation. However, a fortune made there can be brought into the Oikumene with, as a rule, no questions asked;  the IPCC has no jurisdiction in the Beyond, but often sends out clandestine operatives, known as "weasels", when necessary. Ironically, this has led to the emergence of the only widespread organisation of any note in the chaotic Beyond, the Deweaseling Corps, whose sole purpose is to detect and kill weasels wherever they find them.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: helium

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Oikumene

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Deweaseling Corps

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: the Beyond

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: The Beyond

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: The Beyond

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: The Beyond

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: The Beyond

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Beyond

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: "weasels",

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: The Beyond

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: The Beyond is not subject to Oikumene

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: The Beyond

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: SVU

text: The temperature of the thermosphere gradually increases with height. Unlike the stratosphere beneath it, wherein a temperature inversion is due to the absorption of radiation by ozone, the inversion in the thermosphere occurs due to the extremely low density of its molecules. The temperature of this layer can rise as high as , though the gas molecules are so far apart that its temperature in the usual sense is not very meaningful. The air is so rarefied that an individual molecule (of oxygen, for example) travels an average of  between collisions with other molecules. Although the thermosphere has a high proportion of molecules with high energy, it would not feel hot to a human in direct contact, because its density is too low to conduct a significant amount of energy to or from the skin.

text: The temperature of the thermosphere gradually increases with height. Unlike the stratosphere beneath it, wherein a temperature

text: inversion

text: is due to the absorption of radiation by ozone, the inversion in the thermosphere occurs due to the extremely low density of its molecules. The temperature of this layer can rise as high as , though the gas molecules are so far apart that its

text: temperature in the usual sense

text: is not very meaningful. The air is so rarefied that an individual molecule (of

text: oxygen

text: , for example) travels an average of  between collisions with other molecules. Although the thermosphere has a high proportion of molecules with high energy, it would not feel hot to a human in direct contact, because its density is too low to conduct a significant amount of energy to or from the skin.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: the thermosphere has a high proportion of molecules with high energy

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Thermosphere has a high proportion of molecules with high energy

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: the thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: thermosphere occurs due to the extremely low density of its molecules.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: oxygen,

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: extremely low density of its molecules.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: extremely low density of its molecules.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: ozone,

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: ozone,

text: Speaking at an exclusive Ubisoft dinner in 2011, Ancel stated that Beyond Good & Evil 2 was far into development and targeting a release on the next generation of consoles. No more infomation came out on the development of Beyond Good & Evil 2 until 2016. The product said to be released on next gen consoles was never released. Ancel has said that Beyond Good & Evil 2 is being developed from scratch and it is not expected to be released for a few more years at least. There is no infomation on what has happened to the development made in 2011.

text: Speaking at an exclusive Ubisoft dinner in 2011, Ancel stated that Beyond Good & Evil 2 was far into development and targeting a release on the next generation of consoles. No more infomation came out on the development of Beyond Good & Evil 2 until 2016. The product said to be released on next gen consoles was never released. Ancel has said that Beyond Good & Evil 2 is being developed from scratch and it is not expected to be released for a few more years at least. There is no infomation on what has happened to the development made in 2011.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: gaseous

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: 2016.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: 2016.

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: next generation of consoles.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: 2016.

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: next generation of consoles.

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: next generation of consoles.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: 2016.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Speaking at an exclusive Ubisoft dinner in 2011,

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Speaking at an exclusive Ubisoft dinner

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Beyond Good & Evil 2

text: Higher jumps from the mesosphere or thermosphere have yet to be successfully performed, though Orbital Outfitters is working to create a suit that will enable safe space diving. Space diving from beyond the stratosphere was first imagined in 1934, appearing in E.E. "Doc" Smith's science fiction novel Triplanetary.

text: Higher jumps from the

text: mesosphere

text: or

text: thermosphere

text: have yet to be successfully performed, though Orbital Outfitters is working to create a suit that will enable safe space diving. Space diving from beyond the stratosphere was first imagined in 1934, appearing in

text: E.E. "Doc" Smith

text: 's

text: science fiction

text: novel

text: Triplanetary

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: The stratosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: the stratosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Higher jumps from the mesosphere or thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: mesosphere or thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Higher jumps from the mesosphere

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Higher jumps from the mesosphere or thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Higher jumps from the mesosphere

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Higher jumps from the mesosphere or thermosphere

text: The ionosphere can be described as an area of the atmosphere in which radio waves on shortwave bands are refracted or reflected back to earth. As a result of this reflection, which is often key in the long-distance propagation of radio waves,some of the shortwave signal strength is decreased. In this regard, ISAB is the primary limiting factor in radio propagation.

text: The ionosphere can be described as an area of the atmosphere in which

text: radio waves

text: on

text: shortwave bands

text: are refracted or reflected back to earth. As a result of this reflection, which is often key in the long-distance propagation of radio waves,some of the shortwave

text: signal strength

text: is decreased. In this regard, ISAB is the primary

text: limiting factor

text: in radio propagation.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: radio waves on shortwave bands are refracted

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: ISAB

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: The ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: ISAB is the primary limiting factor in radio propagation.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: The ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: radio waves on shortwave bands are refracted or reflected

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: The ionosphere

text: According to art historian Elise Lawton Smith, Aurora's "lethargic pose ... may signify her transitional state between night/matter and light/spirit. She will move beyond torpor toward a new energy, as heralded by the three angels blowing their trumpets. Thus her power (or triumph, as suggested by the title) derives not from her mythological status, but from her role as a spiritualist metaphor."

text: According to art historian Elise Lawton Smith, Aurora's "lethargic pose ... may signify her transitional state between night/matter and light/spirit. She will move beyond torpor toward a new energy, as heralded by the three angels blowing their trumpets. Thus her power (or triumph, as suggested by the title) derives not from her mythological status, but from her role as a spiritualist metaphor."

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: transitional state

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: matter

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Aurora's

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: from her role as a spiritualist metaphor

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Australia

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Elise Lawton Smith,

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: night/matter and light/spirit.

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: night/matter and light/spirit.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: trumpets.

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: night/matter and light/spirit.

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: three angels blowing their trumpets.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Aurora's

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: mythological status,

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Aurora's

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: three angels blowing their trumpets.

text: EISCAT (European Incoherent Scatter Scientific Association) operates three incoherent scatter radar systems, at 224 MHz, 931 MHz in Northern Scandinavia and one at 500 MHz on Svalbard, used to study the interaction between the Sun and the Earth as revealed by disturbances in the ionosphere and magnetosphere. At the Ramfjordmoen facility (near Tromsø, Norway), it also operates an ionospheric heater facility, similar to HAARP. Additional receiver stations are located in Sodankylä, Finland, and Kiruna, Sweden. The EISCAT Svalbard radar (ESR) is located in Longyearbyen, Norway. The EISCAT Headquarters are also located in Kiruna.

text: EISCAT (European Incoherent Scatter Scientific Association) operates three

text: incoherent scatter

text: radar

text: systems, at 224 MHz, 931 MHz in Northern

text: Scandinavia

text: and one at 500 MHz on

text: Svalbard

text: , used to study the interaction between the

text: Sun

text: and the

text: Earth

text: as revealed by disturbances in the

text: ionosphere

text: and

text: magnetosphere

text: . At the Ramfjordmoen facility (near

text: Tromsø

text: Norway

text: ), it also operates an

text: ionospheric heater

text: facility, similar to

entity_name: High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program

text: HAARP

text: . Additional receiver stations are located in

text: Sodankylä

text: Finland

text: , and

text: Kiruna

text: Sweden

text: . The EISCAT Svalbard radar (ESR) is located in

text: Longyearbyen

text: , Norway. The EISCAT Headquarters are also located in

text: Kiruna

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: the interaction between the Sun and the Earth

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: the ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: ionosphere and magnetosphere.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionosphere and magnetosphere.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionosphere and magnetosphere.

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: ionosphere and magnetosphere.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: disturbances in the ionosphere and magnetosphere.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: (European Incoherent Scatter Scientific Association)

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Norway),

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: ionosphere and magnetosphere.

text: Convection near Triton's surface heated by the Sun creates a troposphere (a "weather region") rising to an altitude of about 8 km. In it temperature decreases with height reaching a minimum of about 36 K at the tropopause. There is no stratosphere, defined as a layer where heating from the warmer troposphere and thermosphere is balanced by radiative cooling. Higher regions include the thermosphere (8–850 km) and exosphere (above 850 km). In the thermosphere the temperature rises reaching a constant value of about 95 kelvins above 300 km. The upper atmosphere continuously leaks into the space due to the weak gravity of Triton. The loss rate is about 1 nitrogen molecules per second, which equals about 0.3 kg/s.

text: Convection

text: near Triton's surface heated by the Sun creates a

text: troposphere

text: (a "weather region") rising to an altitude of about 8 km. In it temperature decreases with height reaching a minimum of about 36 K at the

text: tropopause

text: . There is no

text: stratosphere

text: , defined as a layer where heating from the warmer troposphere and thermosphere is balanced by radiative cooling. Higher regions include the

text: thermosphere

text: (8–850 km) and

text: exosphere

text: (above 850 km). In the thermosphere the temperature rises reaching a constant value of about 95

text: kelvin

text: s above 300 km. The upper atmosphere continuously leaks into the space due to the weak gravity of Triton. The loss rate is about 1 nitrogen molecules per second, which equals about 0.3 kg/s.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: no stratosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: nitrogen

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: triton

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: the troposphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: weak gravity

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Convection near Triton's surface heated by the Sun

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Convection near Triton's surface heated by the Sun

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Sun

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Triton's surface heated by the Sun

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: troposphere

text: The thermosphere contains an appreciable concentration of elemental sodium located in a 10-km thick band that occurs at the edge of the mesosphere, 80 to 100 km above Earth's surface. The sodium has an average concentration of 400,000 atoms per cubic centimeter. This band is regularly replenished by sodium sublimating from incoming meteors. Astronomers have begun utilizing this sodium band to create "guide stars" as part of the optical correction process in producing ultra-sharp ground-based observations.

text: The thermosphere contains an appreciable concentration of elemental

text: sodium

text: located in a 10-km thick band that occurs at the edge of the mesosphere, 80 to 100 km above Earth's surface. The sodium has an average concentration of 400,000 atoms per cubic centimeter. This band is regularly replenished by sodium sublimating from incoming meteors. Astronomers have begun utilizing this sodium band to create "guide stars" as part of the optical correction process in producing ultra-sharp ground-based observations.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: The thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: incoming meteors

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: incoming meteors

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: 80 to 100 km above Earth's surface

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: 400,000 atoms per cubic centimeter.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: The thermosphere contains an appreciable concentration of elemental sodium

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: mesosphere,

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: elemental sodium

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: mesosphere,

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: The thermosphere contains an appreciable concentration of elemental sodium

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: The thermosphere contains an appreciable concentration of elemental sodium

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: incoming meteors.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: 80 to 100 km above Earth's surface.

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: 10-km thick band that occurs at the edge of the mesosphere,

text: , beyond which no ions in the atmosphere may approach the (charge) center of the singled out ion. This radius may be due to the physical size of the ion itself, the sizes of the ions in the cloud, and any water molecules that surround the ions. Mathematically, they treat the singled out ion as a point charge to which one may not approach within the radius

text: , beyond which no ions in the atmosphere may approach the (charge) center of the singled out ion. This radius may be due to the physical size of the ion itself, the sizes of the ions in the cloud, and any water molecules that surround the ions. Mathematically, they treat the singled out ion as a

text: point charge

text: to which one may not approach within the radius

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: the ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: layer

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ions

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ion

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: charged particles

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: charged out ion

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: the Northern Hemisphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: (charge) center of the singled out ion.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: water molecules

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: singled out ion.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ions

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: singled out ion.

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: (charge) center of the singled out ion.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: (charge) center of the singled out ion.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: (charge) center of the singled out ion.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: atmosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: (charge) center of the singled out ion.

text: One significant effect of the classification of a court is the liability that a judge from that court might face for stepping beyond the bounds of that court. Judges are able to claim judicial immunity for acts that are not completely beyond their jurisdiction. For example, if a probate judge were to sentence a person to jail, that judge would not have immunity and could be sued because a probate judge has no jurisdiction to effect a criminal sentence. However, a judge in a court of general jurisdiction who happened to be overseeing a probate case would be immune from suit for sending a party to jail, because handing down a criminal sentence is not completely beyond the jurisdiction of such a judge.

text: One significant effect of the classification of a court is the liability that a

text: judge

text: from that court might face for stepping beyond the bounds of that court. Judges are able to claim

text: judicial immunity

text: for acts that are not completely beyond their jurisdiction. For example, if a probate judge were to sentence a person to jail, that judge would not have immunity and could be sued because a probate judge has no jurisdiction to effect a criminal sentence. However, a judge in a court of general jurisdiction who happened to be overseeing a probate case would be immune from suit for sending a party to jail, because handing down a criminal sentence is not completely beyond the jurisdiction of such a judge.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: the outermost layer

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: layer

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: bounds

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unspecified

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: judicial immunity

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: One significant effect of the classification of a court

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: One significant effect of the classification of a court

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: court of general jurisdiction

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: One significant effect of the classification of a court

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: One significant effect of the classification of a court

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: stepping beyond the bounds

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: stepping beyond the bounds

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: One significant effect of the classification of a court

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: One significant effect of the classification of a court

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: stepping beyond the bounds

text: The turbopause lies near the mesopause, at the intersection of the mesosphere and the thermosphere, at an altitude of roughly 100 km.

text: The turbopause lies near the

text: mesopause

text: , at the intersection of the

text: mesosphere

text: and the

text: thermosphere

text: , at an altitude of roughly 100 km.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: The turbopause

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: mesopause

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: near the mesopause

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: The turbopause

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: turbopause

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: The turbopause

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: mesosphere and the thermosphere,

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: turbopause

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: The turbopause

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: The turbopause lies near the mesopause,

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: The turbopause lies near the mesopause,

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: at the intersection of the mesosphere and the thermosphere,

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: The turbopause lies near the mesopause,

text: Gorky Zero: Beyond Honor (2003) and Gorky 02: Aurora Watching (2005) both continued with Cole Sullivan as the protagonist.

text: Gorky Zero: Beyond Honor

text: (2003) and

text: Gorky 02: Aurora Watching

text: (2005) both continued with Cole Sullivan as the protagonist.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: the aurora

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: plasma

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: arctic

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Gorky Zero: Beyond Honor

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: neutrons

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Gorky Zero

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Gorky Zero: Beyond Honor (2003)

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Aurora

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Aurora Watching

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Aurora Watching

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Aurora

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Aurora

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Gorky 02: Aurora Watching

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Aurora

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Aurora Watching

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Gorky Zero: Beyond Honor

text: MV Aurora is a cruise ship of the P&O Cruises fleet. The ship was built by Meyer Werft at their shipyard in Papenburg, Germany. At over 76,000 tonnes, Aurora is the sixth largest of eight ships currently in service with P&O Cruises. She officially entered service with the company in April 2000 and was named by Her Royal Highness, The Princess Royal in Southampton, United Kingdom. Aurora was refitted in 2014, during which the ship is the first of P&O's ships to receive an updated British Union flag design on her bow and her funnel repainted from yellow to blue.

text: MV Aurora is a

text: cruise ship

text: of the

text: P&O Cruises

text: fleet. The ship was built by

text: Meyer Werft

text: at their shipyard in

text: Papenburg

text: , Germany. At over 76,000 tonnes, Aurora is the sixth largest of eight ships currently in service with P&O Cruises. She officially entered service with the company in April 2000 and was

text: named

text: by

text: Her Royal Highness, The Princess Royal

text: in

text: Southampton

text: , United Kingdom. Aurora was refitted in 2014, during which the ship is the first of P&O's ships to receive an updated British

text: Union flag

text: design on her bow and her funnel repainted from yellow to blue.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Papenburg

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: gaseous

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: named by Her Royal Highness

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: 2000

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: funnel

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: 2000

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: 2000

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: MV Aurora

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: 2000

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: MV Aurora

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Her Royal Highness,

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Papenburg, Germany.

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Meyer Werft at their shipyard in Papenburg, Germany.

text: The International Space Station orbits the Earth within the middle of the thermosphere, between  (decaying by 2 km/month and raised by periodic reboosts), whereas the Gravity Field and Steady-State Ocean Circulation Explorer satellite at  utilized winglets and an innovative ion engine to maintain a stable orientation and orbit.

text: The

text: International Space Station

text: orbits the Earth within the middle of the thermosphere, between  (decaying by 2 km/month and raised by periodic reboosts), whereas the

entity_name: Gravity Field and Steady-State Ocean Circulation Explorer

text: Gravity Field and Steady-State Ocean Circulation Explorer

text: satellite at  utilized

text: winglets

text: and an innovative

text: ion engine

text: to maintain a stable orientation and orbit.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: The thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ion

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: ion engine

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: the middle of the thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: The International Space Station orbits the Earth within the middle of the thermosphere,

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: thermosphere,

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: thermosphere,

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ion

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: thermosphere,

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: thermosphere,

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: The International Space Station orbits the Earth within the middle of the thermosphere,

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: ion engine

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: middle of the thermosphere,

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: middle of the thermosphere,

text: This layer is completely cloudless and free of water vapor. However non-hydrometeorological phenomena such as the aurora borealis and aurora australis are occasionally seen in the thermosphere. The International Space Station orbits in this layer, between .

text: This layer is completely cloudless and free of water vapor. However non-hydrometeorological phenomena such as the

text: aurora borealis

text: and

text: aurora australis

text: are occasionally seen in the thermosphere. The

text: International Space Station

text: orbits in this layer, between .

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: the thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: electrostatic charge

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: the thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: This layer is completely cloudless and free of water vapor.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: the thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: This layer is completely cloudless and free of water vapor.

text: The Dust Detector Subsystem (DDS) was used to measure the mass, electric charge, and velocity of incoming particles. The masses of dust particles that the DDS could detect go from 10 to 10 grams. The speed of these small particles could be measured over the range of 1 to 70 kilometers per second. The instrument could measure impact rates from 1 particle per 115 days (10 megaseconds) to 100 particles per second. Such data was used to help determine dust origin and dynamics within the magnetosphere. The DDS weighed 4.2 kilograms and used an average of 5.4 watts of power.

text: The Dust Detector Subsystem (DDS) was used to measure the mass, electric charge, and velocity of incoming particles. The masses of dust particles that the DDS could detect go from 10 to 10 grams. The speed of these small particles could be measured over the range of 1 to 70 kilometers per second. The instrument could measure impact rates from 1 particle per 115 days (10 megaseconds) to 100 particles per second. Such data was used to help determine dust origin and dynamics within the

text: magnetosphere

text: . The DDS weighed 4.2 kilograms and used an average of 5.4 watts of power.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: The magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: dust

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: magnetosphere.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: magnetosphere.

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: magnetosphere.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: incoming particles.

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetosphere.

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: magnetosphere.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: 10 to 10 grams.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: magnetosphere.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: magnetosphere.

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: magnetosphere.

text: Additionally, Randall Road has developed into a major medical corridor, with three hospitals located along the road, including Advocate Sherman Hospital and Presence St. Joseph Hospital in Elgin and Delnor Hospital in Geneva. Several medical office buildings can be found along the road as well, and Centegra Health System also maintains a strong presence along the corridor. The Randall Road corridor is also home to many educational facilities including Elgin Community College, Aurora University, Crystal Lake South High School, Harry D. Jacobs High School, Larkin High School, St. Charles North High School, Geneva High School, Batavia High School, Illinois Mathematics and Science Academy, Rosary High School, Aurora Central Catholic High School, Aurora Christian High School, and West Aurora High School. Randall Road also features a high concentration of churches and other places of worship, particularly in the Elgin and St. Charles areas, including some megachurches, most notably Harvest Bible Chapel in Elgin and Christ Community Church in St. Charles.

text: Additionally, Randall Road has developed into a major medical corridor, with three hospitals located along the road, including

text: Advocate Sherman Hospital

text: and Presence St. Joseph Hospital in Elgin and Delnor Hospital in Geneva. Several medical office buildings can be found along the road as well, and

text: Centegra Health System

text: also maintains a strong presence along the corridor. The Randall Road corridor is also home to many educational facilities including

text: Elgin Community College

text: Aurora University

text: Crystal Lake South High School

text: Harry D. Jacobs High School

text: Larkin High School

text: St. Charles North High School

text: Geneva High School

text: Batavia High School

entity_name: Illinois Mathematics and Science Academy

text: Illinois Mathematics and Science Academy

text: Rosary High School

text: Aurora Central Catholic High School

text: Aurora Christian High School

text: , and

text: West Aurora High School

text: . Randall Road also features a high concentration of churches and other places of worship, particularly in the Elgin and St. Charles areas, including some

text: megachurch

text: es, most notably Harvest Bible Chapel in Elgin and Christ Community Church in St. Charles.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: layer of air

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: St. Charles

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: megachurches,

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Aurora University, Crystal Lake South High School,

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Randall Road

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Aurora

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Randall Road

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Randall Road has developed into a major medical corridor,

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Aurora University, Crystal Lake South High School,

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Randall Road has developed into a major medical corridor,

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Randall Road

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Randall Road has developed into a major medical corridor,

text: The extent of Earth's magnetic field in space defines the magnetosphere. Ions and electrons of the solar wind are deflected by the magnetosphere; solar wind pressure compresses the dayside of the magnetosphere, to about 10 Earth radii, and extends the nightside magnetosphere into a long tail. Because the velocity of the solar wind is greater than the speed at which wave propagate through the solar wind, a supersonic bowshock precedes the dayside magnetosphere within the solar wind. Charged particles are contained within the magnetosphere; the plasmasphere is defined by low-energy particles that essentially follow magnetic field lines as Earth rotates; the ring current is defined by medium-energy particles that drift relative to the geomagnetic field, but with paths that are still dominated by the magnetic field, and the Van Allen radiation belt are formed by high-energy particles whose motion is essentially random, but otherwise contained by the magnetosphere.

text: The extent of Earth's magnetic field in space defines the magnetosphere. Ions and electrons of the solar wind are deflected by the magnetosphere; solar wind pressure compresses the dayside of the magnetosphere, to about 10 Earth radii, and extends the nightside magnetosphere into a long tail. Because the velocity of the solar wind is greater than the speed at which wave propagate through the solar wind, a supersonic bowshock precedes the dayside magnetosphere within the solar wind.

text: Charged particles

text: are contained within the magnetosphere; the plasmasphere is defined by low-energy particles that essentially follow magnetic field lines as Earth rotates; the ring current is defined by medium-energy particles that drift relative to the geomagnetic field, but with paths that are still dominated by the magnetic field, and the

text: Van Allen radiation belt

text: are formed by high-energy particles whose motion is essentially random, but otherwise contained by the magnetosphere.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Van Allen radiation belt

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: the Van Allen radiation belt

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: the Van Allen radiation belt

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Van Allen radiation belt

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: The extent of Earth's magnetic field in space

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Ions and electrons

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: the magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: high-energy particles whose motion is essentially random

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: the plasmasphere

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Van Allen radiation belt

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: magnetosphere.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Charged particles

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Van Allen radiation belt

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Ions and electrons

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: the Van Allen radiation belt

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Ions and electrons of the solar wind

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: space

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: high-energy particles whose motion is essentially random,

text: Geese are not used as one of the 12 "Chinese zodiac" animals which are used as signs to represent particular periods of time. However, in poetry, the seasonal migratory flights of geese are used poetically in connection with the passage of the seasons: often poems use geese in connections which hint at what season it is by relating this to the direction which the geese are flying, north in spring for the summer and south in the autumn for the winter. When the weather warms, and the geese fly north, beyond ken of the poet, perhaps even beyond the northern borders, the poem may speak of the geese flying beyond the mountains, or beyond purple passes, or to a foreign land (Murck, 75). Geese migrating to the south, perhaps to the Heng mountains of Hunan or to the sand bars and sandy shores of the lakes and rivers of the Xiaoxiang region of in south and central China. A flock of geese making a landing on level sand is enough of an image to convey both that the geese are flying south and that the season is the fall. Thus, the southern migration of geese often poetically symbolizes the decline associated with the autumn season, including the rise of the forces of yin versus the yang force. (Murck, 75).

text: Geese are not used as one of the 12 "

text: Chinese zodiac

text: " animals which are used as signs to represent particular periods of time. However, in poetry, the seasonal migratory flights of geese are used poetically in connection with the passage of the seasons: often poems use geese in connections which hint at what season it is by relating this to the direction which the geese are flying, north in spring for the summer and south in the autumn for the winter. When the weather warms, and the geese fly north, beyond ken of the poet, perhaps even beyond the northern borders, the poem may speak of the geese flying beyond the mountains, or beyond purple passes, or to a foreign land (Murck, 75). Geese migrating to the south, perhaps to the

text: Heng mountains of Hunan

text: or to the sand bars and sandy shores of the lakes and rivers of the

text: Xiaoxiang

text: region of in south and central China. A flock of geese making a landing on level sand is enough of an image to convey both that the geese are flying south and that the season is the fall. Thus, the southern migration of geese often poetically symbolizes the decline associated with the autumn season, including the rise of the forces of yin versus the yang force. (Murck, 75).

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: the outermost layer

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: northern borders

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: purple passes

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Chinese zodiac

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: rise of the forces of yin versus the yang force.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: purple passes,

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: level sand

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: yin versus the yang force.

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: purple passes,

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: yin versus the yang force.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: seasons:

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: "Chinese zodiac"

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Xiaoxiang region of in south and central China.

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: purple passes,

text: Hellman was involved in the original Beyond War movement, serving as the principal editor for the "BEYOND WAR: A New Way of Thinking" booklet.

text: Hellman was involved in the original

text: Beyond War

text: movement, serving as the principal editor for the "BEYOND WAR: A New Way of Thinking" booklet.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: The outer space layer

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: helium

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: a type of energy produced by the sun

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Hellman

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Hellman

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: "BEYOND WAR: A New Way of Thinking"

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: "BEYOND WAR: A New Way of Thinking"

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Hellman

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: "BEYOND WAR: A New Way of Thinking"

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Hellman was involved in the original Beyond War movement,

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: "BEYOND WAR:

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Hellman was involved in the original Beyond War

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: "BEYOND WAR: A New Way of Thinking"

text: From February 15, 2007 until September 15, 2007 the five THEMIS satellites coasted in a string-of-pearls orbital configuration.  From September 15, 2007 until December 4, 2007 the satellites were moved to more distant orbits in preparation for data collection in the magnetotail. This phase of the mission was called the "Dawn Phase" because the satellites' orbits were in apogee on the dawn side of the magnetosphere.  On December 4, 2007 the first tail science phase of the mission began.  In this segment of the mission scientists will collect data from the magnetotail of the Earth's magnetosphere.  During this phase the satellites' orbits are in apogee inside the magnetotail. The scientists hope to observe substorms and magnetic reconnection events.  During these events charged particles stored in the Earth's magnetosphere are discharged to form the aurora borealis.  Tail science is performed in the winter of the northern hemisphere because the ground magnetometers that Themis scientists correlate the satellite data with have relatively longer periods of night.  During the night, observations are not interrupted by charged particles from the Sun.

text: From February 15, 2007 until September 15, 2007 the five THEMIS satellites coasted in a string-of-pearls orbital configuration.  From September 15, 2007 until December 4, 2007 the satellites were moved to more distant orbits in preparation for data collection in the magnetotail. This phase of the mission was called the "Dawn Phase" because the satellites' orbits were in

text: apogee

text: on the dawn side of the

text: magnetosphere

text: .  On December 4, 2007 the first tail science phase of the mission began.  In this segment of the mission scientists will collect data from the magnetotail of the Earth's magnetosphere.  During this phase the satellites' orbits are in apogee inside the magnetotail. The scientists hope to observe substorms and magnetic reconnection events.  During these events charged particles stored in the Earth's magnetosphere are discharged to form the

text: aurora borealis

text: .  Tail science is performed in the winter of the

text: northern hemisphere

text: because the ground magnetometers that Themis scientists correlate the satellite data with have relatively longer periods of night.  During the night, observations are not interrupted by charged particles from the Sun.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: aurora borealis

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: magnetotail

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: charged particles

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetotail

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: charged particles stored in the Earth's magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: charged particles stored in the Earth's magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: charged particles

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: aurora borealis.

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: magnetotail

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: charged particles

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetotail.

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: charged particles

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: aurora borealis.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: charged particles

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Earth's magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: aurora borealis.

text: Aurora () is a Russian Far East air carrier, subsidiary of Aeroflot. It is named after the Russian cruiser Aurora. , the carrier ranks among the top ten Russian biggest airlines in terms of carried passengers. Its head office is in Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, Sakhalin.

text: Aurora () is a

text: Russian Far East

text: air carrier

text: , subsidiary of

text: Aeroflot

text: . It is named after the

text: Russian cruiser Aurora

text: . , the carrier ranks among the top ten Russian biggest airlines in terms of carried passengers. Its head office is in

text: Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk

text: Sakhalin

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: The Aurora layer

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: helium

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: layer of gases

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: The solar wind is

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Aurora

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Russian Far East

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Aurora () is a Russian Far East air carrier,

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Aurora.,

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Sakhalin.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Russian Far East air carrier, subsidiary of Aeroflot.

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Aurora () is a Russian Far East air carrier,

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Aurora () is a Russian Far East air carrier,

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Aurora

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Russian cruiser Aurora.,

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Sakhalin.

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: top ten Russian biggest airlines in terms of carried passengers.

text: The boundaries of the neighborhood are N. 145th Street to the north, beyond which is the city of Shoreline; N. 110th Street to the south, beyond which is Northgate; State Route 99 (Aurora Avenue) to the west, beyond which is Bitter Lake; and Interstate 5 to the east, beyond which is Jackson Park.

text: The boundaries of the neighborhood are N. 145th Street to the north, beyond which is the city of

text: Shoreline

text: ; N. 110th Street to the south, beyond which is

text: Northgate

text: State Route 99

text: Aurora Avenue

text: ) to the west, beyond which is

text: Bitter Lake

text: ; and

text: Interstate 5

text: to the east, beyond which is

text: Jackson Park

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Aurora

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: helium

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Bitter Lake

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: State Route 99

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Interstate 5

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Bitter Lake;

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Bitter Lake;

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: (Aurora Avenue) to the west, beyond which is Bitter Lake;

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Bitter Lake;

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Bitter Lake;

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: State Route 99

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: (Aurora Avenue) to the west, beyond which is Bitter Lake;

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Bitter Lake;

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Bitter Lake;

text: Projects done as a contribution to International Magnetospheric Study:

text: Projects done as a contribution to International Magnetospheric Study:

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: The International Magnetosphere Study

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: a layer of plasma

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: thorium

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: plasma

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: heliosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: The International Magnetospheric Study

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Earth's magnetic field

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: International Magnetospheric Study:

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Magnetospheric

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: International Magnetospheric Study:

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Magnetospheric

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: International Magnetospheric

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: International Magnetospheric

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: International Magnetospheric Study:

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: International Magnetospheric Study:

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: International Magnetospheric

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: International Magnetospheric Study:

text: Skywave modes of radio communication operate by bending (refracting) radio waves (electromagnetic radiation) through the Ionosphere. During the "peaks" of the solar cycle, the ionosphere becomes increasingly ionized by solar photons and cosmic rays. This affects the propagation of the radio wave in complex ways that can either facilitate or hinder communications. Forecasting of skywave modes is of considerable interest to commercial marine and aircraft communications, amateur radio operators and shortwave broadcasters. These users occupy frequencies within the High Frequency or 'HF' radio spectrum that are most affected by these solar and ionospheric variances. Changes in solar output affect the maximum usable frequency, a limit on the highest frequency usable for communications.

text: Skywave modes of radio communication operate by bending (

text: refracting

text: ) radio waves (

text: electromagnetic radiation

text: ) through the

text: Ionosphere

text: . During the "peaks" of the solar cycle, the ionosphere becomes increasingly ionized by

text: solar photons

text: and

text: cosmic rays

text: . This affects the

text: propagation

text: of the radio wave in complex ways that can either facilitate or hinder communications. Forecasting of skywave modes is of considerable interest to commercial

text: marine

text: and

text: aircraft

text: communications

text: amateur radio operators

text: and

text: shortwave

text: broadcasters

text: . These users occupy frequencies within the

text: High Frequency

text: or 'HF' radio spectrum that are most affected by these solar and ionospheric variances. Changes in solar output affect the

text: maximum usable frequency

text: , a limit on the highest

text: frequency

text: usable for communications.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: the ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: solar photons and cosmic rays

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: ionized

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: the Ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unspecified

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: solar photons and cosmic rays.

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: solar photons and cosmic rays.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: solar photons and cosmic rays.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: solar photons and cosmic rays.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: cosmic rays.

text: Cassini's observations allowed high-resolution maps of Tethys to be produced with the resolution of 0.29 km. The spacecraft obtained spatially resolved near-infrared spectra of Tethys showing that its surface is made of water ice mixed with a dark material, whereas the far-infrared observations constrained the bolometric bond albedo. The radar observations at the wavelength of 2.2 cm showed that the ice regolith has a complex structure and is very porous. The observations of plasma in the vicinity of Tethys demonstrated that it is a geologically dead body producing no new plasma in the Saturnian magnetosphere.

text: Cassini's observations allowed high-resolution maps of Tethys to be produced with the resolution of 0.29 km. The spacecraft obtained spatially resolved near-infrared spectra of Tethys showing that its surface is made of water ice mixed with a dark material, whereas the far-infrared observations constrained the bolometric

text: bond albedo

text: . The radar observations at the wavelength of 2.2 cm showed that the ice regolith has a complex structure and is very porous. The observations of plasma in the vicinity of Tethys demonstrated that it is a geologically dead body producing no new plasma in the Saturnian magnetosphere.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: It is a geologically dead body producing no new plasma

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: radar observations at the wavelength of 2.2 cm

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: plasma

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Saturnian magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: the Saturnian magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: ice regolith has a complex structure and is very porous.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ice regolith

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ice regolith

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: plasma

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetosphere.

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Saturnian magnetosphere.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Cassini's

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: magnetosphere.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Tethys

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Saturnian magnetosphere.

text: The company says it makes 8 million cigars a year. In addition to the La Aurora brand, the company has made León Jimenes since 1987, and in 2002 it introduced Independencia, an inexpensive line of Dominican-wrapped smokes. It also produces small, handmade flavored cigars packed in tins for C.A.O. International Inc. Cigars account for only 1 percent of León Jimenes's sales, and even during the peak of the cigar boom, profits from cigars paled in comparison with its twin core businesses. León's youngest son, Guillermo, 43, has run La Aurora's cigar business for most of the past decade. La Aurora released a celebratory line of Dominican puros called Aurora Cien Años, Spanish for "100 Years", to celebrate its milestone.

text: The company says it makes 8 million cigars a year. In addition to the La Aurora brand, the company has made León Jimenes since 1987, and in 2002 it introduced Independencia, an inexpensive line of Dominican-wrapped smokes. It also produces small, handmade flavored cigars packed in tins for C.A.O. International Inc. Cigars account for only 1 percent of León Jimenes's sales, and even during the peak of the

text: cigar boom

text: , profits from cigars paled in comparison with its twin core businesses. León's youngest son, Guillermo, 43, has run La Aurora's cigar business for most of the past decade. La Aurora released a celebratory line of Dominican puros called Aurora Cien Años, Spanish for "100 Years", to celebrate its milestone.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: None of the above choices are true

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Spanish for "100 Years"

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unspecified

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: 8 million cigars a year.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Aurora Cien A<unk>os,

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Dominican puros called Aurora Cien A<unk>os,

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Dominican-wrapped

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Dominican puros called Aurora Cien A<unk>os,

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: 8 million cigars a year.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Aurora Cien A<unk>os,

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Spanish for "100 Years",

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Dominican puros called Aurora Cien A<unk>os,

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: 8 million cigars a year.

text: |-| style="text-align:center" |Triaxial Fluxgate Magnetometer <br>| style="text-align:center" |(MAG) | Designed to investigate the magnetic fields of Jupiter and Saturn, the solar-wind interaction with the magnetospheres of these planets, and the interplanetary magnetic field out to the solar wind boundary with the interstellar magnetic field and beyond, if crossed. '''More'''

text: |-| style="text-align:center" |Triaxial Fluxgate

text: Magnetometer

text: <br>| style="text-align:center" |(MAG) | Designed to investigate the magnetic fields of Jupiter and Saturn, the solar-wind interaction with the magnetospheres of these planets, and the interplanetary magnetic field out to the solar wind boundary with the interstellar magnetic field and beyond, if crossed. '''More'''

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: '''more''

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: br>

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: is found in this layer.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: interplanetary magnetic field

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: interplanetary magnetic field

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: |Triaxial Fluxgate Magnetometer

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: magnetospheres

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: solar-wind

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: solar wind boundary

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: interstellar magnetic field

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: solar-wind interaction with the magnetospheres

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: magnetospheres

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: solar-wind interaction with the magnetospheres

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: magnetic fields of Jupiter and Saturn,

text: HMS Aurora was built by John Brown & Company, shipbuilders of Clydebank, Scotland. Aurora was launched on 28 November 1962 and commissioned on 9 April 1964.

text: HMS Aurora was built by

text: John Brown & Company

text: , shipbuilders of

text: Clydebank

text: Scotland

text: . Aurora was launched on 28 November 1962 and commissioned on 9 April 1964.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: The outer space layer

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: heliosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: HMS Aurora was launched on 28 November 1962

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Aurora

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Australia

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: 9 April 1964.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: 28 November 1962 and commissioned on 9 April 1964.

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: 28 November 1962

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Aurora

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: 28 November 1962

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: 28 November 1962

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: 9 April 1964.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: shipbuilders of Clydebank, Scotland.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Scotland.

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: 28 November 1962 and commissioned on 9 April 1964.

text:
||5 January, 01:45 GMT||Aerobee 200A||White Sands||NASA||||NASA||Sub-orbital||Aeronomy/Ultraviolet astronomy||5 January 1974||Successful||Apogee: |-||8 January, 01:40 GMT||Aerobee 200A||White Sands||NASA||||NASA/NRL||Sub-orbital||Aeronomy/Ultraviolet astronomy||8 January 1974||Successful||Apogee: |-||12 January 19:12 GMT||Skylark||El Arenosillo||DFVLR||H-GR-58||DLR||Sub-orbital||Astronomy||12 January 1974||Successful||Apogee: |-||12 January||R-36||LC-162/36, Baikonur||RVSN||DKh||RVSN||Sub-orbital||ICBM test||12 January 1974||Successful||Apogee: |-||15 January 20:00 GMT||Black Brant VC||LC-36, White Sands||NASA||||NASA||Sub-orbital||Solar research||15 January 1974||Successful||Apogee: |-||16 January, 02:00 GMT||Kappa 9M||Kagoshima||ISAS||||ISAS||Sub-orbital||Ionosphere and Solar research||16 January 1974||Successful||Apogee: |-||16 January 17:40 GMT||Nike Apache||Wallops Island||NASA||||NASA||Sub-orbital||Aeronomy||16 January 1974||Successful||Apogee: |-||16 January 18:13 GMT||Super Arcas||Wallops Island||NASA||||NASA||Sub-orbital||Ionosphere research||16 January 1974||Successful||Apogee: |-||16 January||Aerobee 200A||White Sands||NASA||||NASA||Sub-orbital||Solar research||16 January 1974||Successful||Apogee: |-||17 January, 02:37 GMT||Nike Tomahawk||Poker Flat||NASA||||NASA||Sub-orbital||Plasma research||17 January 1974||Successful||Apogee: |-||17 January, 02:37 GMT||Kosmos-3M||LC-132/2, Plesetsk||VKS||Kosmos 628 (Tsiklon)||MO SSSR||LEO||Navigation||Still in orbit||Successful|||-||19 January, 01:38 GMT||Delta 2313||LC-17B, CCAFS||||Skynet 2A||UK Ministry of Defence||Intended: GSO
Achieved: LEO||Comms||25 January 1974||Failure||Placed in incorrect orbit due to carrier rocket malfunction|-||19 January 11:34 GMT||Skua||El Arenosillo||RAE||||RAE||Sub-orbital||Ionosphere research||19 January 1974||Successful||Apogee: |-||19 January||Eridan||ALFS, Kourou||||||||Sub-orbital||Missile test||19 January 1974||Successful||Apogee: |-||20 January||R-36M||LC-103, Baikonur||RVSN||POR||RVSN||Sub-orbital||ICBM test||20 January 1974||Successful||Apogee: |-||21 January, 02:39 GMT||Nike Tomahawk||Poker Flat||NASA||||NASA||Sub-orbital||Plasma research||21 January 1974||Successful||Apogee: |-||21 January 11:30 GMT||Skua 4||El Arenosillo||RAE||||RAE||Sub-orbital||Ionosphere research||21 January 1974||Successful||Apogee: |-||22 January, 02:41 GMT||Nike Tomahawk||Poker Flat||NASA||||NASA||Sub-orbital||Plasma research||22 January 1974||Successful||Apogee: |-||22 January 11:00 GMT||Lambda-3H||Area L, Kagoshima||ISAS||||ISAS||Sub-orbital||X-ray astronomy||22 January 1974||Successful||Apogee: |-||8 January 16:45 GMT||Aerobee 200A||White Sands||NASA||||NASA||Sub-orbital||Solar research||22 January 1974||Successful||Reached |-||22 January||Minuteman I||LF-06, Vandenberg AFB||USAF||||USAF||Sub-orbital||ICBM test||22 January 1974||Successful||Apogee: |-||23 January 11:30 GMT||Skua||El Arenosillo||RAE||||RAE||Sub-orbital||Ionosphere research||23 January 1974||Successful||Apogee: |-||23 January 12:50 GMT||Black Brant VB||Fort Churchill||NRCC||||NRCC||Sub-orbital||Aeronomy/Ionosphere/Aurora research||23 January 1974||Successful||Apogee: |-||24 January 15:00 GMT||Voskhod||Plesetsk||||Kosmos 629 (Zenit-2M)||MOM||LEO||Recon||5 February 1974||Successful|||-||25 January 11:30 GMT||Skua||El Arenosillo||RAE||||RAE||Sub-orbital||Ionosphere research||25 January 1974||Successful||Apogee: |-||25 January||UR-100N||Baikonur Cosmodrome||RVSN||||RVSN||Sub-orbital||ICBM test||25 January 1974||Successful||Apogee: |-||26 January||Minuteman III||LF-25, Vandenberg AFB||USAF||GT-24GB-1||USAF||Sub-orbital||ICBM test||26 January 1974||Successful||Apogee: |-||26 January||UR-100N||Baikonur Cosmodrome||RVSN||||RVSN||Sub-orbital||ICBM test||26 January 1974||Successful||Apogee: |-||27 January 19:08 GMT||Nike Tomahawk||Andøya||NASA||Ferdinand 35
(Polar 3)||NDRE||Sub-orbital||Aurora research||27 January 1974||Successful||Apogee: |-||30 January 11:00 GMT||Voskhod||Plesetsk||||Kosmos 630 (Zenit-4MK)||MOM||LEO||Recon||13 February 1974||Successful|||-||30 January||SSBS||BLB, Biscarosse||DMA||||DMA||Sub-orbital||Missile test||30 January 1974||Successful||Apogee: |-||January||Vertikal' K65UP||LC-107, Kapustin Yar||RVSN||||RVSN||Sub-orbital||Ionosphere/Solar research||January 1974||Successful||Apogee: |-||January||Athena||Wallops Island||Sandia||||USAF||Sub-orbital||Re-entry vehicle test||January 1974||Successful||Apogee: |-||1 February, 06:30 GMT||JCR||Area T, Tanegashima||NASDA||||NASDA||Sub-orbital||Test flight||1 February 1974||Successful||Apogee: |-||4 February 14:40 GMT||Skylark 6AC||LA-2SL, Woomera||BAC||||BAC||Sub-orbital||Astronomy||4 February 1974||Successful||Apogee: |-||4 February||MR-UR-100||LC-177, Baikonur||RVSN||||RVSN||Sub-orbital||ICBM test||4 February 1974||Successful||Apogee: |-||6 February, 00:34 GMT||Kosmos-3M||LC-132/2, Plesetsk||VKS||Kosmos 631 (Tselina-O)||MO SSSR||LEO||ELINT||3 October 1980||Successful|||-||6 February 22:48 GMT||Black Brant IVB||Andoya||DLR||||DFVLR||Sub-orbital||Aurora research||6 February 1974||Successful||Apogee: |-||6 February||Polaris A3||Submarine, WTR||US Navy||||US Navy||Sub-orbital||SLBM test||6 February 1974||Successful||Apogee: |-||6 February||Polaris A3||Submarine, WTR||US Navy||||US Navy||Sub-orbital||SLBM test||6 February 1974||Successful||Apogee: |-||6 February||Polaris A3||Submarine, WTR||US Navy||||US Navy||Sub-orbital||SLBM test||6 February 1974||Successful||Apogee: |-||6 February||Polaris A3||Submarine, WTR||US Navy||||US Navy||Sub-orbital||SLBM test||6 February 1974||Successful||Apogee: |-||6 February||Polaris A3||Submarine, WTR||US Navy||||US Navy||Sub-orbital||SLBM test||6 February 1974||Successful||Apogee: |-||9 February, 02:10 GMT||Aerobee 200A||White Sands||NASA||||NASA||Sub-orbital||Astronomy||9 February 1974||Successful||Apogee: |-||9 February, 06:30 GMT||LS-C||Area T, Tanegashima||NASDA||LE-3||NASDA||Sub-orbital||Test flight||9 February 1974||Successful||Apogee: |-|rowspan=2|11 February 13:48 GMT|rowspan=2|Titan IIIE|rowspan=2|LC-41, CCAFS|rowspan=2|||Boilerplate Viking||NASA||Intended: GSO||Test carrier rocket|rowspan=2|12 February 1974|rowspan=2|Failure|rowspan=2|Upper stage turbopump malfunction|-||SPHINX||NASA||Intended: GSO||Plasma research|-||3 July||Soyuz (11A511)||LC-1/5, Baikonur||||Soyuz 14||||LEO, docked to Salyut 3||Manned orbital flight||19 July 1974||Successful|||-||16 July||Scout||Western Space and Missile Center at Vandenberg AFB||NASA||Aeros 2||NASA||||||||Successful|||-||26 August||Soyuz (11A511)||LC-1/5, Baikonur||||Soyuz 15||||LEO

text: ||5 January, 01:45

text: GMT

text: Aerobee 200A

text: White Sands

text: NASA

text: NASA

text: Sub-orbital

text: Aeronomy

text: Ultraviolet astronomy

text: ||5 January 1974||Successful||

text: Apogee

text: : |-||8 January, 01:40

text: GMT

text: Aerobee 200A

text: White Sands

text: NASA

text: NASA

text: NRL

text: Sub-orbital

text: Aeronomy

text: Ultraviolet astronomy

text: ||8 January 1974||Successful||

text: Apogee

text: : |-||12 January 19:12

text: GMT

text: Skylark

text: El Arenosillo

text: DFVLR

text: DLR

text: Sub-orbital

text: Astronomy

text: ||12 January 1974||Successful||

text: Apogee

text: : |-||12 January||

text: Baikonur

text: RVSN

text: ||DKh||

text: RVSN

text: Sub-orbital

text: ICBM

text: test||12 January 1974||Successful||

text: Apogee

text: : |-||15 January 20:00

text: GMT

text: Black Brant VC

text: White Sands

text: NASA

text: NASA

text: Sub-orbital

text: ||Solar research||15 January 1974||Successful||

text: Apogee

text: : |-||16 January, 02:00

text: GMT

text: Kappa 9M

text: Kagoshima

entity_name: Institute of Space and Astronautical Science

text: ISAS

text: ISAS

text: Sub-orbital

text: Ionosphere

text: and Solar research||16 January 1974||Successful||

text: Apogee

text: : |-||16 January 17:40

text: GMT

text: Nike Apache

text: Wallops Island

text: NASA

text: NASA

text: Sub-orbital

text: Aeronomy

text: ||16 January 1974||Successful||

text: Apogee

text: : |-||16 January 18:13

text: GMT

text: Super Arcas

text: Wallops Island

text: NASA

text: NASA

text: Sub-orbital

text: Ionosphere

text: research||16 January 1974||Successful||

text: Apogee

text: : |-||16 January||

text: Aerobee 200A

text: White Sands

text: NASA

text: NASA

text: Sub-orbital

text: ||Solar research||16 January 1974||Successful||

text: Apogee

text: : |-||17 January, 02:37

text: GMT

text: Nike Tomahawk

text: Poker Flat

text: NASA

text: NASA

text: Sub-orbital

text: Plasma

text: research||17 January 1974||Successful||

text: Apogee

text: : |-||17 January, 02:37

text: GMT

text: Plesetsk

text: VKS

text: Kosmos 628

text: Tsiklon

text: MO SSSR

text: LEO

text: Navigation

text: ||Still in orbit||Successful|||-||19 January, 01:38

text: GMT

text: Delta 2313

entity_name: Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Space Launch Complex 17

text: CCAFS

text: Skynet 2A

text: UK Ministry of Defence

text: ||Intended:

text: GSO

text: <br>Achieved:

text: LEO

text: Comms

text: ||25 January 1974||Failure||Placed in incorrect orbit due to carrier rocket malfunction|-||19 January 11:34

text: GMT

text: Skua

text: El Arenosillo

text: RAE

text: RAE

text: Sub-orbital

text: Ionosphere

text: research||19 January 1974||Successful||

text: Apogee

text: : |-||19 January||

text: Eridan

text: ||ALFS,

text: Kourou

text: Sub-orbital

text: ||Missile test||19 January 1974||Successful||

text: Apogee

text: : |-||20 January||

text: Baikonur

text: RVSN

text: ||POR||

text: RVSN

text: Sub-orbital

text: ICBM

text: test||20 January 1974||Successful||

text: Apogee

text: : |-||21 January, 02:39

text: GMT

text: Nike Tomahawk

text: Poker Flat

text: NASA

text: NASA

text: Sub-orbital

text: Plasma

text: research||21 January 1974||Successful||

text: Apogee

text: : |-||21 January 11:30

text: GMT

text: Skua 4

text: El Arenosillo

text: RAE

text: RAE

text: Sub-orbital

text: Ionosphere

text: research||21 January 1974||Successful||

text: Apogee

text: : |-||22 January, 02:41

text: GMT

text: Nike Tomahawk

text: Poker Flat

text: NASA

text: NASA

text: Sub-orbital

text: Plasma

text: research||22 January 1974||Successful||

text: Apogee

text: : |-||22 January 11:00

text: GMT

text: ||Area L,

text: Kagoshima

text: ISAS

text: ISAS

text: Sub-orbital

text: X-ray astronomy

text: ||22 January 1974||Successful||

text: Apogee

text: : |-||8 January 16:45

text: GMT

text: Aerobee 200A

text: White Sands

text: NASA

text: NASA

text: Sub-orbital

text: ||Solar research||22 January 1974||Successful||Reached |-||22 January||

text: Minuteman I

text: Vandenberg AFB

text: USAF

text: USAF

text: Sub-orbital

text: ICBM

text: test||22 January 1974||Successful||

text: Apogee

text: : |-||23 January 11:30

text: GMT

text: Skua

text: El Arenosillo

text: RAE

text: RAE

text: Sub-orbital

text: Ionosphere

text: research||23 January 1974||Successful||

text: Apogee

text: : |-||23 January 12:50

text: GMT

text: Black Brant VB

text: Fort Churchill

entity_name: National Republican Congressional Committee

text: NRCC

text: NRCC

text: Sub-orbital

text: Aeronomy

text: Ionosphere

text: Aurora

text: research||23 January 1974||Successful||

text: Apogee

text: : |-||24 January 15:00

text: GMT

text: Voskhod

text: Plesetsk

text: Kosmos 629

text: MOM

text: LEO

text: Recon

text: ||5 February 1974||Successful|||-||25 January 11:30

text: GMT

text: Skua

text: El Arenosillo

text: RAE

text: RAE

text: Sub-orbital

text: Ionosphere

text: research||25 January 1974||Successful||

text: Apogee

text: : |-||25 January||

text: Baikonur Cosmodrome

text: RVSN

text: RVSN

text: Sub-orbital

text: ICBM

text: test||25 January 1974||Successful||

text: Apogee

text: : |-||26 January||

text: Minuteman III

text: Vandenberg AFB

text: USAF

text: USAF

text: Sub-orbital

text: ICBM

text: test||26 January 1974||Successful||

text: Apogee

text: : |-||26 January||

text: Baikonur Cosmodrome

text: RVSN

text: RVSN

text: Sub-orbital

text: ICBM

text: test||26 January 1974||Successful||

text: Apogee

text: : |-||27 January 19:08

text: GMT

text: Nike Tomahawk

text: Andøya

text: NASA

text: ||Ferdinand 35<br>(Polar 3)||

entity_name: Norwegian Defence Research Establishment

text: NDRE

text: Sub-orbital

text: Aurora

text: research||27 January 1974||Successful||

text: Apogee

text: : |-||30 January 11:00

text: GMT

text: Voskhod

text: Plesetsk

text: Kosmos 630

text: MOM

text: LEO

text: Recon

text: ||13 February 1974||Successful|||-||30 January||

text: SSBS

text: ||BLB,

text: Biscarosse

text: DMA

text: DMA

text: Sub-orbital

text: ||Missile test||30 January 1974||Successful||

text: Apogee

text: : |-||January||

text: Vertikal' K65UP

text: Kapustin Yar

text: RVSN

text: RVSN

text: Sub-orbital

text: Ionosphere

text: /Solar research||January 1974||Successful||

text: Apogee

text: : |-||January||

text: Athena

text: Wallops Island

text: Sandia

text: USAF

text: Sub-orbital

text: Re-entry vehicle

text: test||January 1974||Successful||

text: Apogee

text: : |-||1 February, 06:30

text: GMT

text: JCR

text: ||Area T,

text: Tanegashima

entity_name: National Space Development Agency of Japan

text: NASDA

text: NASDA

text: Sub-orbital

text: ||Test flight||1 February 1974||Successful||

text: Apogee

text: : |-||4 February 14:40

text: GMT

text: Skylark 6AC

text: Woomera

text: BAC

text: BAC

text: Sub-orbital

text: Astronomy

text: ||4 February 1974||Successful||

text: Apogee

text: : |-||4 February||

text: Baikonur

text: RVSN

text: RVSN

text: Sub-orbital

text: ICBM

text: test||4 February 1974||Successful||

text: Apogee

text: : |-||6 February, 00:34

text: GMT

text: Plesetsk

text: VKS

text: Kosmos 631

text: Tselina-O

text: MO SSSR

text: LEO

text: ELINT

text: ||3 October 1980||Successful|||-||6 February 22:48

text: GMT

text: Black Brant IVB

text: Andoya

text: DLR

text: DFVLR

text: Sub-orbital

text: Aurora

text: research||6 February 1974||Successful||

text: Apogee

text: : |-||6 February||

text: Polaris A3

text: Submarine

text: WTR

text: US Navy

text: US Navy

text: Sub-orbital

text: SLBM

text: test||6 February 1974||Successful||

text: Apogee

text: : |-||6 February||

text: Polaris A3

text: Submarine

text: WTR

text: US Navy

text: US Navy

text: Sub-orbital

text: SLBM

text: test||6 February 1974||Successful||

text: Apogee

text: : |-||6 February||

text: Polaris A3

text: Submarine

text: WTR

text: US Navy

text: US Navy

text: Sub-orbital

text: SLBM

text: test||6 February 1974||Successful||

text: Apogee

text: : |-||6 February||

text: Polaris A3

text: Submarine

text: WTR

text: US Navy

text: US Navy

text: Sub-orbital

text: SLBM

text: test||6 February 1974||Successful||

text: Apogee

text: : |-||6 February||

text: Polaris A3

text: Submarine

text: WTR

text: US Navy

text: US Navy

text: Sub-orbital

text: SLBM

text: test||6 February 1974||Successful||

text: Apogee

text: : |-||9 February, 02:10

text: GMT

text: Aerobee 200A

text: White Sands

text: NASA

text: NASA

text: Sub-orbital

text: Astronomy

text: ||9 February 1974||Successful||

text: Apogee

text: : |-||9 February, 06:30

text: GMT

text: LS-C

text: ||Area T,

text: Tanegashima

text: NASDA

text: NASDA

text: Sub-orbital

text: ||Test flight||9 February 1974||Successful||

text: Apogee

text: : |-|rowspan=2|11 February 13:48

text: GMT

text: Titan III

text: CCAFS

text: Boilerplate

text: Viking

text: NASA

text: ||Intended:

text: GSO

text: ||Test carrier rocket|rowspan=2|12 February 1974|rowspan=2|Failure|rowspan=2|Upper stage turbopump malfunction|-||

text: SPHINX

text: NASA

text: ||Intended:

text: GSO

text: ||Plasma research|-||3 July||

text: Soyuz

text: Baikonur

text: Soyuz 14

text: LEO

text: , docked to

text: Salyut 3

text: ||Manned orbital flight||19 July 1974||Successful|||-||16 July||

text: Scout

text: Western Space and Missile Center

text: at

text: Vandenberg AFB

text: NASA

text: Aeros 2

text: NASA

text: ||||||||Successful|||-||26 August||

text: Soyuz

text: Baikonur

text: Soyuz 15

text: LEO

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: This layer bounces off radio waves back to Earth.

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: ionosphere and solar research

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: During massive solar storms, the van allen belts are overloaded with particles.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: The ionosphere is named after the fact that it contains the ionosphere, which is the outermost layer of the solar system.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: br>br>br>br>br>

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: The Van Allen Belts are a series of belts in the outer regions of the Earth's atmosphere. The Van Allen Belts are a series of belts in the outer regions of the Earth's atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: 9M||Kagoshima||ISAS||||ISAS||Sub-orbital||Ionosphere and Solar research||16

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: 9M||Kagoshima||ISAS||||ISAS||Sub-orbital||Ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: 9M||Kagoshima||ISAS||||ISAS||Sub-orbital||Ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Solar

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: 9M||Kagoshima||ISAS||||ISAS||Sub-orbital||Ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Solar research||16

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: GMT||Skylark||El

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Solar research||16

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Apache||Wallops Island||NASA||||NASA||Sub-orbital||Aeronomy||16

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: GMT||Black Brant VC||LC-36,

text: NETCOMICS served as a distributor for some titles by manga publisher Aurora Publishing until Aurora's closure in April 2010.

text: NETCOMICS served as a distributor for some titles by manga publisher

text: Aurora Publishing

text: until Aurora's closure in April 2010.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: The outer layer

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: helium

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: a force produced by the Earth's rotation

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: neutrons

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Australia

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: NETCOMICS serves as a distributor for some titles by manga publisher Aurora Publishing

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Aurora's closure in April 2010.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: NETCOMICS

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Aurora Publishing until Aurora's closure in April 2010.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Aurora Publishing until Aurora's closure in April 2010.

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: 2010.

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: 2010.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Aurora Publishing until Aurora's closure in April 2010.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: 2010.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Aurora Publishing until Aurora's closure in April 2010.

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: 2010.

text: If repairs were not carried out it outlined as a worst-case scenario "The facility is damaged/contaminated beyond habitable use. Most items/assets are lost, destroyed or damaged beyond repair/restoration."

text: If repairs were not carried out it outlined as a worst-case scenario "The facility is damaged/contaminated beyond habitable use. Most items/assets are lost, destroyed or damaged beyond repair/restoration."

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: a layer of dust

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: a type of energy that is produced by the sun

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: If repairs were not carried out

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: If repairs were not carried out

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: If repairs were not carried out

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: If repairs were not carried out

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: damaged/contaminated beyond habitable use.

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: habitable use.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: If repairs were not carried out

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: If repairs were not carried out

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: If repairs were not carried out

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: damaged/contaminated beyond habitable use.

text: In the late 1950s, Aurora acquired the rights to the Model Motoring slot car racing system from U.K. toy manufacturer Playcraft.  Aurora's first HO-gauge racing sets appeared in the fall of 1960.

text: In the late 1950s, Aurora acquired the rights to the Model Motoring

text: slot car racing

text: system from

text: U.K.

text: toy manufacturer

text: Playcraft

text: .  Aurora's first

text: HO-gauge

text: racing sets appeared in the fall of 1960.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: HO

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unspecified

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: 1960.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: HO-gauge racing sets

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: HO-gauge

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: HO-gauge

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: HO-gauge racing sets appeared in the fall of 1960.

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: HO-gauge racing sets appeared in the fall of 1960.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: 1960.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: U.K. toy manufacturer Playcraft.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: U.K.

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: HO-gauge

text: The new millennium saw ENA Imaging coming into its own.  Extensive and detailed observations of the Earth's magnetosphere were made with three ENA instruments aboard the NASA IMAGE Mission from 2000 - 2005.  In July 2000, a set of ENA images of the Earth's ring current were made during a geomagnetic storm. (See image at the top of the page.)  The storm was triggered by a fast coronal mass ejection that erupted from the Sun on July 14, 2000 and arrived at Earth the next day.

text: The new millennium saw ENA Imaging coming into its own.  Extensive and detailed observations of the Earth's magnetosphere were made with three ENA instruments aboard the NASA

text: IMAGE

text: Mission from 2000 - 2005.  In July 2000, a set of ENA images of the Earth's ring current were made during a geomagnetic storm. (See image at the top of the page.)  The storm was triggered by a fast coronal mass ejection that erupted from the Sun on July 14, 2000 and arrived at Earth the next day.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: What is the reason for the low density of the gas particles?

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: The Earth's magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: coronal mass ejection

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: coronal mass ejection

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: coronal mass ejection

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: coronal mass ejection

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Earth's magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Earth's magnetosphere

text: Narrow-band frequency modulation (NBFM) is mainly used in the higher HF frequencies (typically above 20 MHz). Because of the larger bandwidth required, NBFM is much more commonly used for VHF communication. Regulations limit the bandwidth of a signal transmitted in the HF bands, and the advantages of frequency modulation are greatest if the FM signal is allowed to have a wider bandwidth. NBFM is limited to short-range SW transmissions due to the multiphasic distortions created by the ionosphere.

text: Narrow-band

text: frequency modulation

text: (NBFM) is mainly used in the higher HF frequencies (typically above 20 MHz). Because of the larger

text: bandwidth

text: required, NBFM is much more commonly used for

text: VHF

text: communication. Regulations limit the

text: bandwidth

text: of a signal transmitted in the HF bands, and the advantages of frequency modulation are greatest if the FM signal is allowed to have a wider bandwidth. NBFM is limited to short-range SW transmissions due to the multiphasic distortions created by the ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: the ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: created by the ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Narrow-band frequency modulation

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: multiphasic distortions created by the ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: ionosphere.

text: In her obituary, the New York Times reprinted the statement of Dr. Walter Franklin Prince, "for many years research and executive officer  of the Society for Psychical Research, [who] has said of Mrs. Bush, 'She represents a very unusual and remarkable phenomena, at least part of which is quite beyond explanation by our present science.  Her honesty and general character are beyond doubt...that she is able to state facts probably unknown to her to a degree beyond the limits of chance has been absolutely proved by me.  Here is a remarkable and perplexing case.'"

text: In her obituary, the New York Times reprinted the statement of

text: Dr. Walter Franklin Prince

text: , "for many years research and executive officer  of the

text: Society for Psychical Research

text: , [who] has said of Mrs. Bush, 'She represents a very unusual and remarkable phenomena, at least part of which is quite beyond explanation by our present science.  Her honesty and general character are beyond doubt...that she is able to state facts probably unknown to her to a degree beyond the limits of chance has been absolutely proved by me.  Here is a remarkable and perplexing case.'"

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: outermost layer

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unspecified

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: quite beyond explanation by our present science.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Psychical Research,

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: beyond explanation by our present science.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: science.

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: beyond explanation by our present science.

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: beyond explanation by our present science.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: quite beyond explanation by our present science.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Society for Psychical Research,

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: In her obituary, the New York Times

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Society for Psychical Research,

text: Aurora () is Taiwanese Mandopop artist Angela Chang's () second Mandarin studio album. It was released by Linfair Records 1 December 2004. A second edition, Aurora (DVD Edition) was released 28 January 2005 with a bonus DVD containing music videos.

text: Aurora () is

text: Taiwanese

text: Mandopop

text: artist

text: Angela Chang

text: 's () second Mandarin studio album. It was released by

text: Linfair Records

text: 1 December 2004. A second edition, Aurora (DVD Edition) was released 28 January 2005 with a bonus DVD containing music videos.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: The outermost layer of the galaxy

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Aurora (DVD Edition) was released 28 January 2005

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Taiwan

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: 1 December 2004.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: DVD

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: 1 December 2004.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: 2004.

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: 1 December 2004.

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: 2004.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Aurora

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Aurora

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Taiwanese

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Aurora

text: Medium waves can also reflect off charged particle layers in the ionosphere and return to Earth at much greater distances; this is called the skywave.  At night, especially in winter months and at times of low solar activity, the ionospheric D layer virtually disappears. When this happens, MF radio waves can easily be received many hundreds or even thousands of miles away as the signal will be reflected by the higher F layer. This can allow very long-distance broadcasting, but can also interfere with distant local stations.  Due to the limited number of available channels in the MW broadcast band, the same frequencies are re-allocated to different broadcasting stations several hundred miles apart.  On nights of good skywave propagation, the skywave signals of distant station may interfere with the signals of local stations on the same frequency.  In North America, the  North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement (NARBA) sets aside certain channels for nighttime use over extended service areas via skywave by a few specially licensed AM broadcasting stations.  These channels are called clear channels, and they are required to broadcast at higher powers of 10 to 50 kW.

text: Medium waves can also reflect off charged particle layers in the

text: ionosphere

text: and return to Earth at much greater distances; this is called the

text: skywave

text: .  At night, especially in winter months and at times of low solar activity, the ionospheric

text: D layer

text: virtually disappears. When this happens, MF radio waves can easily be received many hundreds or even thousands of miles away as the signal will be reflected by the higher

text: F layer

text: . This can allow very long-distance broadcasting, but can also interfere with distant local stations.  Due to the limited number of available channels in the MW broadcast band, the same frequencies are re-allocated to different broadcasting stations several hundred miles apart.  On nights of good skywave propagation, the skywave signals of distant station may interfere with the signals of local stations on the same frequency.  In North America, the

entity_name: North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement

text: North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement

text: (NARBA) sets aside certain channels for nighttime use over extended service areas via skywave by a few specially licensed AM broadcasting stations.  These channels are called

text: clear channels

text: , and they are required to broadcast at higher powers of 10 to 50 kW.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: skywave

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: at times of low solar activity

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: charged particle layers

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: the ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: ionospheric D layer

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: skywave.

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionospheric D layer

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: F layer.

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: solar activity,

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: skywave.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: charged particle layers

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: solar activity,

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: higher F layer.

text: for the Beyond Team - Bangkok – Thailand 2014|-| 2014| for the Beyond Team | The prestigious international award|

text: for the Beyond Team - Bangkok – Thailand 2014|-| 2014| for the Beyond Team | The prestigious international award|

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: The aurora borealis is found in this layer

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: the force of gravity that moves the sun

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: for the Beyond Team

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: for the Beyond Team

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Bangkok – Thailand

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Thailand

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Bangkok – Thailand

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Bangkok – Thailand

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: for the Beyond Team

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: prestigious international award|

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Bangkok – Thailand

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: prestigious international award|

text: The exhaust can be transported to the Arctic region in little over a day, although the exact mechanism of this very high-speed transport is unknown. As the water migrates northward, it falls from the thermosphere down into the colder mesosphere, which occupies the region of the atmosphere just below. Although this mechanism is the cause of individual noctilucent clouds, it is not thought to be a major contributor to the phenomenon as a whole.

text: The exhaust can be transported to the

text: Arctic

text: region in little over a day, although the exact mechanism of this very high-speed transport is unknown. As the water migrates northward, it falls from the thermosphere down into the colder mesosphere, which occupies the region of the atmosphere just below. Although this mechanism is the cause of individual noctilucent clouds, it is not thought to be a major contributor to the phenomenon as a whole.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: the Arctic region

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: mesosphere,

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: mesosphere,

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: mesosphere,

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: noctilucent

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: mesosphere,

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: noctilucent clouds,

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: noctilucent clouds,

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: The exhaust can be transported to the Arctic region

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Arctic region

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: The exhaust can be transported to the Arctic region

text: The mesosphere is the third highest layer of Earth's atmosphere, occupying the region above the stratosphere and below the thermosphere. It extends from the stratopause at an altitude of about  to the mesopause at  above sea level.

text: The mesosphere is the third highest layer of Earth's atmosphere, occupying the region above the stratosphere and below the thermosphere. It extends from the stratopause at an altitude of about  to the mesopause at  above sea level.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: stratopause

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: above sea level

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: The mesosphere

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: The mesosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: The mesosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: The mesosphere

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: The mesosphere

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: The mesosphere

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: The mesosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: The mesosphere

text: After recording his second solo album, When the Bough Breaks in 1996, Ward found himself without a record contract or means of publishing the album. During this period, he began work on a third solo album, titled Beyond Aston. When the Bough Breaks was eventually released in 1997, and Ward continued to work on Beyond Aston sporadically for the next number of years. In 2008, Ward started work on Accountable Beasts as a means of taking a break from Beyond Aston. He first announced that he was working on the album in September 2013 and it was released on 25 April 2015.

text: After recording his second solo album,

text: When the Bough Breaks

text: in 1996, Ward found himself without a record contract or means of publishing the album. During this period, he began work on a third solo album, titled Beyond Aston. When the Bough Breaks was eventually released in 1997, and Ward continued to work on Beyond Aston sporadically for the next number of years. In 2008, Ward started work on Accountable Beasts as a means of taking a break from Beyond Aston. He first announced that he was working on the album in September 2013 and it was released on 25 April 2015.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: helium

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: cloudy

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: When the Bough Breaks

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: When the Bough Breaks

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unspecified

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: When the Bough Breaks

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Accountable Beasts

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Beyond Aston.

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Beyond Aston.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: When the Bough Breaks

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: After recording his second solo album, When the Bough Breaks

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: When the Bough Breaks

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: 25 April 2015.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: After recording his second solo album, When the Bough Breaks

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: After recording his second solo album, When the Bough Breaks

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Accountable Beasts

text: International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) is a common permanent scientific project of the Committee on Space Research and the International Union of Radio Science started 1968/69. It is the international standard empirical model for the terrestrial ionosphere since 1999. For a specified geographic location, time, and date, the IRI provides average monthly values for electron density, electron temperature and ion temperature, and the molecular composition of the ions in the range of altitudes from 50 km to 2000 km. The latest standard is IRI-2012.

text: International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) is a common permanent scientific project of the

text: Committee on Space Research

text: and the

text: International Union of Radio Science

text: started 1968/69. It is the international

text: standard

text: empirical model for the terrestrial

text: ionosphere

text: since 1999. For a specified geographic location, time, and date, the IRI provides average monthly values for electron density,

text: electron temperature

text: and ion temperature, and the molecular composition of the ions in the range of altitudes from 50 km to 2000 km. The latest standard is IRI-2012.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ions

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: International Reference Ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: altitudes from 50 km to 2000 km

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: International Reference Ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ions

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: International Reference Ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: International Reference Ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: International Reference Ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: 50 km to 2000 km.

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: International Reference Ionosphere

text: Aurora has long been a regional transportation hub. The city is the final stop of the Burlington Northern Santa Fe line of the Metra commuter rail system, allowing rail service into Chicago.  The city also has a stop at the Rt. 59 station on the BNSF Line.  This station is located on the border with Naperville and each city maintains a parking lot on their respective sides of the tracks. The BNSF Railroad owns and maintains a rail yard in Aurora, which they named Eola Yard. Pace Suburban Bus operates local bus service within Aurora six days a week (no service on Sundays) and connects to cities such as Naperville, Geneva, Batavia, Oswego, and St. Charles. Metra trains and Pace buses stop at the Aurora Transportation Center. Greyhound buses used to stop there, but service was discontinued on September 7, 2011. Aurora does not currently have a stop for Amtrak trains, as the old station where they did stop closed in the 1980s. Aurora City Lines, the old city bus lines, was closed in the late 1980s, in favor of regional bus service. Aurora also used to have an extensive streetcar system, operated by the Aurora, Elgin and Fox River Electric Company, that served most neighborhoods. Additionally, Aurora was served by a number of interurban lines. The most prominent of these was the Chicago Aurora and Elgin Railroad which provided service into Chicago. The STAR Line would have a third station at Ferry Rd. north of the BNSF Line.

text: Aurora has long been a regional transportation hub. The city is the final stop of the

text: Burlington Northern Santa Fe

text: line of the

text: Metra

text: commuter rail system, allowing rail service into

text: Chicago

text: .  The city also has a stop at the

text: Rt. 59 station

text: on the BNSF Line.  This station is located on the border with Naperville and each city maintains a parking lot on their respective sides of the tracks. The

text: BNSF Railroad

text: owns and maintains a

text: rail yard

text: in Aurora, which they named Eola Yard.

text: Pace Suburban Bus

text: operates local bus service within Aurora six days a week (no service on Sundays) and connects to cities such as Naperville, Geneva, Batavia, Oswego, and St. Charles.

text: Metra

text: trains and Pace buses stop at the

text: Aurora Transportation Center

text: Greyhound

text: buses used to stop there, but service was discontinued on September 7, 2011. Aurora does not currently have a stop for

text: Amtrak

text: trains, as the old station where they did stop closed in the 1980s. Aurora City Lines, the old city bus lines, was closed in the late 1980s, in favor of regional bus service. Aurora also used to have an extensive

text: streetcar

text: system, operated by the

entity_name: Aurora, Elgin and Fox River Electric Company

text: Aurora, Elgin and Fox River Electric Company

text: , that served most neighborhoods. Additionally, Aurora was served by a number of

text: interurban

text: lines. The most prominent of these was the

text: Chicago Aurora and Elgin Railroad

text: which provided service into Chicago. The

text: STAR Line

text: would have a third station at Ferry Rd. north of the BNSF Line.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Aurora Transportation Center

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: BNSF

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Aurora

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: BNSF Railroad

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Chicago

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: BNSF Line.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Eola Yard.

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Eola Yard.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Burlington Northern Santa Fe

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Aurora has long been a regional transportation hub.

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Burlington Northern Santa Fe

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Aurora

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Eola Yard.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Aurora

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Burlington Northern Santa Fe line of the Metra commuter rail system,

text: The satellite's unique arrow shape and fins helped keep GOCE stable as it flew through the upper thermosphere at an altitude of . Additionally, an ion propulsion system continuously compensated for the variable deceleration due to air drag without the vibration of a conventional chemically powered rocket engine, thus limiting the errors in gravity gradient measurements caused by non-gravitational forces and restoring the path of the craft as closely as possible to a purely inertial trajectory.

text: The satellite's unique arrow shape and

text: fins

text: helped keep GOCE stable as it flew through the upper

text: thermosphere

text: at an altitude of . Additionally, an

text: ion propulsion

text: system continuously compensated for the variable deceleration due to air

text: drag

text: without the vibration of a conventional chemically powered

text: rocket engine

text: , thus limiting the errors in gravity gradient measurements caused by non-gravitational forces and restoring the path of the craft as closely as possible to a purely

text: inertial

text: trajectory.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ion

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: non-gravitational forces

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: ion propulsion system

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: upper thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: upper thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: upper thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ion

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: upper thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: upper thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: upper thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: ion propulsion system

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: upper thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: upper thermosphere

text: However, there are variations in this trend above . In particular, in the stratosphere above about , the speed of sound increases with height, due to an increase in temperature from heating within the ozone layer. This produces a positive speed of sound gradient in this region. Still another region of positive gradient occurs at very high altitudes, in the aptly-named thermosphere above .

text: However, there are variations in this trend above . In particular, in the

text: stratosphere

text: above about , the speed of sound increases with height, due to an increase in temperature from heating within the

text: ozone layer

text: . This produces a positive speed of sound gradient in this region. Still another region of positive gradient occurs at very high altitudes, in the aptly-named

text: thermosphere

text: above .

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: positive gradient

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: aptly-named thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: in the stratosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: speed of sound

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: increase in temperature from heating within the ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: stratosphere

text: The mesosphere is the layer of the Earth's atmosphere from  to  high, above the stratosphere and below the thermosphere.  It is very difficult to fly in the mesosphere — the air is too rarefied for aircraft wings to generate lift, but sufficiently dense to cause aerodynamic drag on satellites. In addition, parts of the mesosphere fall inside the ionosphere, meaning the air is ionized due to solar radiation.

text: The mesosphere is the layer of the Earth's

text: atmosphere

text: from  to  high, above the

text: stratosphere

text: and below the

text: thermosphere

text: .  It is very difficult to fly in the mesosphere — the air is too

text: rarefied

text: for aircraft wings to generate

text: lift

text: , but sufficiently dense to cause

text: aerodynamic drag

text: on satellites. In addition, parts of the mesosphere fall inside the

text: ionosphere

text: , meaning the air is ionized due to solar radiation.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: due to solar radiation

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: the mesosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: the air is too rarefied for aircraft wings to generate lift,

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: solar radiation.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: The mesosphere

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: solar radiation.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: The mesosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: The mesosphere

text: Another distinguishing feature of Saturn's magnetosphere is high abundance of neutral gas around the planet. As revealed by ultraviolet observation of Cassini, the planet is enshrouded in a large cloud of hydrogen, water vapor and their dissociative products like hydroxyl, extending as far as 45 R from Saturn. In the inner magnetosphere the ratio of neutrals to ions is around 60 and it increases in the outer magnetosphere, which means that the entire magnetospheric volume is filled with relatively dense weakly ionized gas. This is different, for instance, from Jupiter or Earth, where ions dominate over neutral gas, and has consequences for the magnetospheric dynamics.

text: Another distinguishing feature of Saturn's magnetosphere is high abundance of neutral gas around the planet. As revealed by

text: ultraviolet

text: observation of Cassini, the planet is enshrouded in a large cloud of

text: hydrogen

text: , water vapor and their dissociative products like

text: hydroxyl

text: , extending as far as 45 R from Saturn. In the inner magnetosphere the ratio of neutrals to ions is around 60 and it increases in the outer magnetosphere, which means that the entire magnetospheric volume is filled with relatively dense weakly ionized gas. This is different, for instance, from Jupiter or Earth, where ions dominate over neutral gas, and has consequences for the magnetospheric dynamics.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ions

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: ions dominate over neutral gas

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Saturn's magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: ions dominate over neutral gas,

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ions

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: inner magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ions

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: weakly ionized gas.

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: ions

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: ions is around 60

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: ratio of neutrals to ions

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Saturn's magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: 45 R from Saturn.

text: Unlike Jupiter's, the Saturn's main auroral ovals are not related to the breakdown of the co–rotation of the plasma in the outer parts of the planet's magnetosphere. The aurorae on Saturn are thought to be connected to the reconnection of the magnetic field under the influence of the Solar wind (Dungey cycle), which drives an upward current (about 10  million amperes) from the ionosphere and leads to the acceleration and precipitation of energetic (1–10 keV) electrons into the polar thermosphere of Saturn. The saturnian aurorae are more similar to those of the Earth, where they are also Solar wind driven. The ovals themselves correspond to the boundaries between open and closed magnetic field lines—so called polar caps, which are thought to reside at the distance of 10–15° from the poles.

text: Unlike Jupiter's, the Saturn's main auroral ovals are not related to the breakdown of the co–rotation of the plasma in the outer parts of the planet's magnetosphere. The aurorae on Saturn are thought to be connected to the

text: reconnection

text: of the magnetic field under the influence of the Solar wind (Dungey cycle), which drives an upward current (about 10  million

text: ampere

text: s) from the ionosphere and leads to the acceleration and precipitation of energetic (1–10 keV) electrons into the polar

text: thermosphere

text: of Saturn. The saturnian aurorae are more similar to those of the Earth, where they are also Solar wind driven. The ovals themselves correspond to the boundaries between open and closed magnetic field lines—so called

text: polar cap

text: s, which are thought to reside at the distance of 10–15° from the poles.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: polar thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: electrons

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Dungey cycle

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: on Saturn

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: polar caps,

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: polar caps,

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: polar caps,

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: electrons

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: polar caps,

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: (Dungey cycle),

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Solar wind (Dungey cycle),

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Solar wind

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: 10–15° from the poles.

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: boundaries between open and closed magnetic field lines—so

text: In late March, the US Air Force Space Command reported that the solar storms of March 7–10 could have temporarily knocked American military satellites offline. NASA also reported that these powerful flares heated the Earth's upper atmosphere with the biggest dose of infrared radiation since 2005. From March 8 to March 10, the thermosphere absorbed 26 billion kWh of energy. Infrared radiation from carbon dioxide and nitric oxide, the two most efficient coolants in the thermosphere, re-radiated 95% of that total back into space.

text: In late March, the US

text: Air Force Space Command

text: reported that the solar storms of March 7–10 could have temporarily knocked American military satellites offline. NASA also reported that these powerful flares heated the Earth's upper atmosphere with the biggest dose of infrared radiation since 2005. From March 8 to March 10, the

text: thermosphere

text: absorbed 26 billion kWh of energy. Infrared radiation from

text: carbon dioxide

text: and

text: nitric oxide

text: , the two most efficient coolants in the thermosphere, re-radiated 95% of that total back into space.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: The thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: nitric oxide

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: nitric oxide

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Earth's upper atmosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Infrared radiation from carbon dioxide and nitric oxide,

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: thermosphere,

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: carbon dioxide and nitric oxide,

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: solar storms

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: powerful flares

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: thermosphere,

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Earth's upper atmosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: carbon dioxide and nitric oxide,

text: One of the sources of information about the ionosphere and thermosphere comes from ground-based measurements of the intense mid-infrared (3–4 μm) emissions of the trihydrogen cation (). The total emitted power is 1–2 W—an order of magnitude higher than that the near-infrared hydrogen quadrupole emissions. Trihydrogen cation functions as one of main coolers of the ionosphere.

text: One of the sources of information about the ionosphere and thermosphere comes from ground-based measurements of the intense

text: mid-infrared

text: (3–4 μm) emissions of the

text: trihydrogen cation

text: (). The total emitted power is 1–2 W—an order of magnitude higher than that the

text: near-infrared

text: hydrogen

text: quadrupole

text: emissions. Trihydrogen cation functions as one of main coolers of the ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: The ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: trihydrogen cation

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: trihydrogen cation

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: trihydrogen

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: trihydrogen cation

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: trihydrogen cation

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: trihydrogen cation

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: trihydrogen cation

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: trihydrogen cation

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: coolers

text: Exosphere's next race was the Roman Consul Stakes. Entering the straight 10 lengths behind the leader, he won by 3 lengths, breaking the race record by over half a second. Exosphere had one more race, where he failed to place, before being spelled.

text: Exosphere's next race was the

text: Roman Consul Stakes

text: . Entering the straight 10 lengths behind the leader, he won by 3 lengths, breaking the race record by over half a second. Exosphere had one more race, where he failed to place, before being spelled.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: helium

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unknown

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: breaking the race record by over half a second.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Exosphere's

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Exosphere's

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Exosphere's

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Exosphere's

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Exosphere's

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Exosphere's next race was the Roman Consul Stakes.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Exosphere's

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Roman Consul Stakes.

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: 10 lengths

text: Saturn has an intrinsic magnetic field that has a simple, symmetric shape – a magnetic dipole. Its strength at the equator – 0.2 gauss (20 µT) – is approximately one twentieth of that of the field around Jupiter and slightly weaker than Earth's magnetic field. As a result, Saturn's magnetosphere is much smaller than Jupiter's. When Voyager 2 entered the magnetosphere, the solar wind pressure was high and the magnetosphere extended only 19 Saturn radii, or 1.1 million km (712,000 mi), although it enlarged within several hours, and remained so for about three days. Most probably, the magnetic field is generated similarly to that of Jupiter – by currents in the liquid metallic-hydrogen layer called a metallic-hydrogen dynamo. This magnetosphere is efficient at deflecting the solar wind particles from the Sun. The moon Titan orbits within the outer part of Saturn's magnetosphere and contributes plasma from the ionized particles in Titan's outer atmosphere. Saturn's magnetosphere, like Earth's, produces aurorae.

text: Saturn has an intrinsic

text: magnetic

text: field that has a simple, symmetric shape – a magnetic

text: dipole

text: . Its strength at the equator – 0.2

text: gauss

text: µT

text: ) – is approximately one twentieth of that of the field around Jupiter and slightly weaker than Earth's

text: magnetic field

text: . As a result, Saturn's

text: magnetosphere

text: is much smaller than Jupiter's. When Voyager 2 entered the magnetosphere, the

text: solar wind

text: pressure was high and the magnetosphere extended only 19 Saturn radii, or 1.1 million km (712,000 mi), although it enlarged within several hours, and remained so for about three days. Most probably, the magnetic field is generated similarly to that of Jupiter – by currents in the liquid metallic-hydrogen layer called a metallic-hydrogen dynamo. This magnetosphere is efficient at deflecting the

text: solar wind

text: particles from the

text: Sun

text: . The moon Titan orbits within the outer part of Saturn's magnetosphere and contributes plasma from the

text: ion

text: ized particles in Titan's outer atmosphere. Saturn's magnetosphere, like

text: Earth's

text: , produces

text: aurorae

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: plasma

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: the particles from the Sun

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: ionized particles

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: metallic-hydrogen dynamo.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: metallic-hydrogen dynamo.

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: metallic-hydrogen dynamo.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Saturn's magnetosphere,

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: a metallic-hydrogen dynamo.

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: particles from the Sun.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Saturn's magnetosphere,

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: ionized particles

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Saturn's magnetosphere,

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: metallic-hydrogen dynamo.

text: Several other solar spacecraft will help with this mission, such as STEREO, Japan's Hinode, the Solar Dynamics Observatory, and ESA's Solar Orbiter. Ground-based telescopes will also assist the mission. It will be part of a group of four missions, including the Solar Dynamics Observatory and the Geospace missions (Radiation Belt Storm Probes and Ionosphere-Thermosphere Storm Probes), from the Living With a Star program.

text: Several other solar spacecraft will help with this mission, such as

text: STEREO

text: Japan

text: 's

text: Hinode

text: , the

text: Solar Dynamics Observatory

text: , and

text: ESA

text: 's

text: Solar Orbiter

text: . Ground-based

text: telescopes

text: will also assist the mission. It will be part of a group of four missions, including the

text: Solar Dynamics Observatory

text: and the Geospace missions (

text: Radiation Belt Storm Probes

text: and

text: Ionosphere-Thermosphere Storm Probes

text: ), from the

text: Living With a Star

text: program.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Ionosphere-Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Radiation Belt

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Living With a Star

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Solar Orbiter.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: (Radiation Belt

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: (Radiation Belt

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: solar

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Ionosphere-Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: (Radiation Belt

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Solar Orbiter.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Living With a Star

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Star

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: (Radiation Belt Storm Probes

text: He began working in the Magnetospheric Physics Branch at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center in 1980.  At Marshall, Green developed and managed the Space Physics Analysis Network that provided scientists with access to data. From 1985 to 1992 he was the head of the National Space Science Data Center (NSSDC) at Goddard Space Flight Center. The NSSDC is NASA's largest space science data archive.  He was the Chief of the Space Science Data Operations Office from 1992 until 2005, when he became the Chief of the Science Proposal Support Office. While at Goddard, Green was a co-investigator and the Deputy Project Scientist on the IMAGE mission. He has written over 100 scientific articles in refereed journals involving various aspects of the Earth's and Jupiter's magnetospheres and over 50 technical articles on various aspects of data systems and networks. In August 2006, Green became the Director of the Planetary Science Division at NASA Headquarters.  In that role he serves as a spokesman for NASA for planetary missions, for instance announcing the likelihood that there was once flowing water on Mars in September 2015.  Under his leadership at the Planetary Science Division, several missions have been successfully completed or launched, including the New Horizons probe to Pluto, the MESSENGER probe to Mercury, the launch of Juno probe to Jupiter, the launch of Grail A and B to the Moon, the Dawn probe to Vesta, and the landing of the Mars Science Laboratory and Curiosity rover on Mars.

text: He began working in the Magnetospheric Physics Branch at NASA's

text: Marshall Space Flight Center

text: in 1980.  At Marshall, Green developed and managed the Space Physics Analysis Network that provided scientists with access to data. From 1985 to 1992 he was the head of the

text: National Space Science Data Center

text: (NSSDC) at Goddard Space Flight Center. The NSSDC is NASA's largest space science data archive.  He was the Chief of the Space Science Data Operations Office from 1992 until 2005, when he became the Chief of the Science Proposal Support Office. While at Goddard, Green was a co-investigator and the Deputy Project Scientist on the

text: IMAGE

text: mission. He has written over 100 scientific articles in refereed journals involving various aspects of the Earth's and Jupiter's magnetospheres and over 50 technical articles on various aspects of data systems and networks. In August 2006, Green became the Director of the Planetary Science Division at NASA Headquarters.  In that role he serves as a spokesman for NASA for planetary missions, for instance announcing the likelihood that there was once flowing water on Mars in September 2015.  Under his leadership at the Planetary Science Division, several missions have been successfully completed or launched, including the

text: New Horizons

text: probe to Pluto, the

text: MESSENGER

text: probe to Mercury, the launch of

text: Juno probe

text: to Jupiter, the launch of

entity_name: Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory

text: Grail A and B

text: to the Moon, the

text: Dawn probe

text: to

text: Vesta

text: , and the landing of the Mars Science Laboratory and Curiosity rover on Mars.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Earth's and Jupiter's

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: magnetospheres

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Green developed and managed the Space Physics Analysis Network

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: magnetospheres

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Magnetospheric

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Magnetospheric

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetospheres

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Earth's and Jupiter's magnetospheres

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: 1980.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Earth's and Jupiter's magnetospheres

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Jupiter's magnetospheres

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Jupiter's magnetospheres

text: While primarily an astronomical research facility, the observatory also hosts two geophysics research stations, one studying the mesosphere and thermosphere and the other using lasers to probe the troposphere and stratosphere, studying aerosol and ozone content, using lidar techniques.

text: While primarily an astronomical research facility, the observatory also hosts two

text: geophysics

text: research stations, one studying the

text: mesosphere

text: and

text: thermosphere

text: and the other using

text: laser

text: s to probe the

text: troposphere

text: and

text: stratosphere

text: , studying aerosol and

text: ozone

text: content, using

text: lidar

text: techniques.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: aerosol and ozone content,

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: aerosol and ozone

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: troposphere and stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: mesosphere and thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: lidar techniques.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: mesosphere and thermosphere

text: Mariner 10s ultraviolet observations have established an upper bound on the exospheric surface density at about 10 particles per cubic centimeter. This corresponds to a surface pressure of less than 10 bar (1 nPa).

text: Mariner 10s

text: ultraviolet

text: observations have established an upper bound on the exospheric surface density at about 10 particles per cubic centimeter. This corresponds to a surface pressure of less than 10

text: bar

text: nPa

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: The exosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: exospheric

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: exospheric

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: exospheric surface

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: 10 particles per cubic centimeter.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: exospheric

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: exospheric

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ultraviolet

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: exospheric

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: ultraviolet

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: 10 particles per cubic centimeter.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: exospheric

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: exospheric

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: 10 particles per cubic centimeter.

text: Aurora, also known as Aurora UK, are a British electronic dance music group, consisting of keyboardist/guitarist Sacha Collisson and fellow keyboardist Simon Greenaway.

text: Aurora, also known as Aurora UK, are a British

text: electronic dance music

text: group, consisting of keyboardist/guitarist Sacha Collisson and fellow keyboardist Simon Greenaway.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: The outer space layer

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: plasma

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: the force that causes the Earth's rotation

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Australia

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: electronic dance music

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Aurora, also known as Aurora UK,

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Aurora UK, are a British electronic dance music group,

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Aurora UK, are a British electronic dance music group,

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: electronic

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Aurora, also known as Aurora UK, are a British electronic dance music

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: electronic dance music

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Aurora UK,

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Aurora,

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: British

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: electronic dance music group,

text: Under almost all circumstances, potential temperature increases upwards in the atmosphere, unlike actual temperature which may increase or decrease. Potential temperature is conserved for all dry adiabatic processes, and as such is an important quantity in the planetary boundary layer (which is often very close to being dry adiabatic).

text: Under almost all circumstances, potential temperature increases upwards in the atmosphere, unlike actual temperature which may increase or decrease. Potential temperature is conserved for all dry adiabatic processes, and as such is an important quantity in the

text: planetary boundary layer

text: (which is often very close to being dry adiabatic).

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: boundary layer

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: dry adiabatic

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: potential temperature

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: planetary boundary layer

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Potential temperature is conserved for all dry adiabatic processes,

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: potential temperature increases upwards in the atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: potential temperature

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: planetary boundary layer

text: The structure and behavior of magnetospheres are dependent on several variables: the type of astronomical object, the nature of sources of plasma and momentum, the period of the object's spin, the nature of the axis about which the object spins, the axis of the magnetic dipole, and the magnitude and direction of the flow of solar wind.

text: The structure and behavior of magnetospheres are dependent on several variables: the type of astronomical object, the nature of sources of plasma and momentum, the

text: period

text: of the object's spin, the nature of the axis about which the object spins, the axis of the magnetic dipole, and the magnitude and direction of the flow of

text: solar wind

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: magnetic dipole

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: the axis of the magnetic dipole

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: magnitude and direction

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: solar wind

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: magnitude and direction of the flow of solar wind.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: magnetic dipole,

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: magnetic dipole,

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: plasma

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetospheres

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: magnitude and direction of the flow of solar wind.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: the magnitude and direction of the flow of solar wind.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: solar wind.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: magnetospheres

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: magnetospheres

text: Magnetospheres are formed by the solar wind plasma flow around planets with an intrinsic magnetic field (Mercury, Earth, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune), although planets and moons lacking magnetic fields may sometimes form magnetosphere-like plasma structures. The ionospheres of weakly magnetized planets such as Venus and Mars set up currents that partially deflect the solar wind flow around the planet.

text: Magnetospheres are formed by the solar wind plasma flow around planets with an intrinsic

text: magnetic field

text: Mercury

text: Earth

text: Jupiter

text: Saturn

text: Uranus

text: , and

text: Neptune

text: ), although planets and moons lacking magnetic fields may sometimes form magnetosphere-like plasma structures. The ionospheres of weakly magnetized planets such as

text: Venus

text: and

text: Mars

text: set up currents that partially deflect the solar wind flow around the planet.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: magnetospheres

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: solar wind plasma

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetospheres

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: plasma

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: weakly magnetized planets

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: planets with an intrinsic magnetic field

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Magnetospheres

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionospheres

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionospheres

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: solar wind plasma

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionospheres

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: plasma flow

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Magnetospheres

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: The ionospheres of weakly magnetized planets

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: planets with an intrinsic magnetic field

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Magnetospheres

text: A magnetic cloud (as it is now termed) can travel toward Earth at speeds that can exceed  per hour. On average, it usually takes them about 13½ hours to reach Earth. The cloud hurtling through space is called a solar wind. As many as five can be ejected from the sun during solar maximum. When they reach the Earth, the large amounts of radioactive and electric energy can temporarily disrupt or even destroy electrical grids, antennae, communications devices, electric appliances, and near anything electric. Minor damage may also be done to living organisms due to the low level radiation that gets through the magnetosphere.

text: A

text: magnetic cloud

text: (as it is now termed) can travel toward Earth at speeds that can exceed  per hour. On average, it usually takes them about 13½ hours to reach Earth. The cloud hurtling through space is called a

text: solar wind

text: . As many as five can be ejected from the sun during

text: solar maximum

text: . When they reach the Earth, the large amounts of radioactive and electric energy can temporarily disrupt or even destroy electrical grids, antennae, communications devices, electric appliances, and near anything electric. Minor damage may also be done to living organisms due to the low level radiation that gets through the

text: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: the cloud hurtling through space

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: the Earth

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: low level radiation that gets through the magnetosphere.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: magnetosphere.

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: magnetosphere.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: radioactive and electric energy

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetosphere.

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: The cloud hurtling through space

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: solar wind.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: magnetosphere.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: solar wind.

text: The Aurora programme (sometimes called Aurora Exploration Programme, or simply Exploration Programme) is a human spaceflight programme of the European Space Agency (ESA) established in 2001. The objective is to formulate and then to implement a European long-term plan for exploration of the Solar System using robotic spacecraft and human spaceflight to investigate bodies holding promise for traces of life beyond the Earth.

text: The Aurora programme (sometimes called Aurora Exploration Programme, or simply Exploration Programme) is a

text: human spaceflight

text: programme

text: of the

text: European Space Agency

text: (ESA) established in 2001. The objective is to formulate and then to implement a European long-term plan for

text: exploration

text: of the

text: Solar System

text: using

text: robotic spacecraft

text: and

text: human spaceflight

text: to investigate bodies holding promise for traces of

text: life beyond the Earth

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: The objective is to formulate and then to implement a European long-term plan

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Aurora

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: the Solar System

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: The Aurora programme

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Aurora programme

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: bodies holding promise for traces of life beyond the Earth.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Solar System

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Earth.

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Solar System

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Aurora Exploration Programme,

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: life beyond the Earth.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Solar System

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: traces of life beyond the Earth.

text: Margaret G. Kivelson  is an American space physicist, planetary scientist, and Distinguished Professor Emerita of Space Physics at the University of California, Los Angeles.  Her primary research interests include the magnetospheres of Earth, Jupiter, and Saturn.  Recent research has also focused on Jupiter’s Galilean moons. She was the Principal Investigator for the Magnetometer on the Galileo Orbiter that acquired data in Jupiter’s magnetosphere for eight years and a Co-Investigator on the FGM (magnetometer) of the earth-orbiting NASA-ESA Cluster mission. She is actively involved as a Co-Investigator on NASA’s Themis mission, as a member of the Cassini magnetometer team, and as a participant in the magnetometer team for the European JUICE mission to Jupiter. Kivelson has published over 350 research papers and is co-editor of a widely used textbook on space physics (Introduction to Space Physics).

text: Margaret G. Kivelson  is an American

text: space physicist

text: planetary scientist

text: , and Distinguished Professor Emerita of Space Physics at the

text: University of California, Los Angeles

text: .  Her primary research interests include the

text: magnetosphere

text: s of

text: Earth

text: Jupiter

text: , and

text: Saturn

text: .  Recent research has also focused on Jupiter’s

text: Galilean moons

text: . She was the Principal Investigator for the

text: Magnetometer

text: on the

text: Galileo Orbiter

text: that acquired data in Jupiter’s magnetosphere for eight years and a Co-Investigator on the FGM (magnetometer) of the earth-orbiting

text: NASA-ESA Cluster mission

text: . She is actively involved as a Co-Investigator on NASA’s

text: Themis

text: mission, as a member of the

text: Cassini

text: magnetometer team, and as a participant in the magnetometer team for the European

text: JUICE mission

text: to Jupiter. Kivelson has published over 350 research papers and is co-editor of a widely used textbook on space physics (Introduction to Space Physics).

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: magnetospheres

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: magnetometer

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: magnetospheres

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Margaret G. Kivelson

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: magnetospheres

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: magnetospheres

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: magnetospheres

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetospheres

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: magnetospheres

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: magnetospheres of Earth, Jupiter, and Saturn.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: magnetospheres

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: magnetospheres of Earth,

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: magnetospheres of Earth, Jupiter, and Saturn.

text: Aurora was laid out in 1898. A post office has been in operation at Aurora since 1903. The city was incorporated in 1903.

text: Aurora was laid out in 1898. A post office has been in operation at Aurora since 1903. The city was incorporated in 1903.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Aurora's atmosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: crater

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: heliosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: a force that affects Earth's rotation

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Aurora

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Australia

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Aurora was laid out in 1898.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Aurora

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Aurora was laid out in 1898.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Aurora

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Aurora was laid out in 1898.

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Aurora was laid out in 1898.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Aurora was laid out in 1898.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Aurora was laid out in 1898.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Aurora

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Aurora was laid out in 1898.

text: Earth is too large to lose a significant proportion of its atmosphere through Jeans escape. The current rate of loss is about three kilograms (3 kg) of hydrogen and 50 grams (50 g) of helium per second. The exosphere is the high-altitude region where atmospheric density is sparse and Jeans escape occurs. Jeans escape calculations assuming an exosphere temperature of 1,800  K  show that to deplete O ions by a factor of e (2.718...) would take nearly a billion years. 1,800 K is higher than the actual observed exosphere temperature; at the actual average exosphere temperature, depletion of O ions would not occur even over a trillion years. Furthermore, most oxygen on Earth is bound as O, which is too massive to escape Earth by Jeans escape.

text: Earth is too large to lose a significant proportion of its atmosphere through Jeans escape. The current rate of loss is about three kilograms (3 kg) of hydrogen and 50 grams (50 g) of helium per second. The

text: exosphere

text: is the high-altitude region where atmospheric density is sparse and Jeans escape occurs. Jeans escape calculations assuming an exosphere temperature of 1,800  K  show that to deplete O ions by a factor of

text: e

text: (2.718...) would take nearly a billion years. 1,800 K is higher than the actual observed exosphere temperature; at the actual average exosphere temperature, depletion of O ions would not occur even over a trillion years. Furthermore, most oxygen on Earth is bound as O, which is too massive to escape Earth by Jeans escape.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: The exosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: helium

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: The exosphere

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: The exosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: The exosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: helium

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: The exosphere

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: The exosphere

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: O ions

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: The exosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: high-altitude region

text: Two terrestrial planets (Earth and Mercury) display magnetospheres, and thus have molten metal layers. Similarly, all four gas giants have magnetospheres, which indicate layers of conductive fluids. Ganymede also shows a weak magnetosphere, taken as evidence of a subsurface layer of salt water, while the volume around Rhea shows symmetrical effects which may be rings or a magnetic phenomenon. Of these, Earth's magnetosphere is by far the most accessible, including from the surface. It is therefore the most studied, and extraterrestrial magnetospheres are examined in light of prior Earth studies.

text: Two terrestrial planets (Earth and Mercury) display magnetospheres, and thus have molten metal layers. Similarly, all four gas giants have magnetospheres, which indicate layers of conductive fluids.

text: Ganymede

text: also shows a weak magnetosphere, taken as evidence of a subsurface layer of salt water, while the volume around

text: Rhea

text: shows symmetrical effects which may be rings or a magnetic phenomenon. Of these, Earth's magnetosphere is by far the most accessible, including from the surface. It is therefore the most studied, and extraterrestrial magnetospheres are examined in light of prior Earth studies.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: conductive fluids

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: magnetospheres

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: molten metal layers

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Earth's magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: conductive fluids.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: magnetospheres,

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: molten metal layers.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: conductive fluids.

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetospheres,

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: magnetospheres,

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: magnetospheres,

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: magnetospheres, and thus have molten metal layers.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Rhea

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: molten metal layers.

text: In Hungary, Zoltán Lajos Bay was a Professor of Physics at the Technical University of Budapest as well as the Research Director of Egyesült Izzolampa (IZZO), a radio and electrical manufacturing firm. In late 1942, IZZO was directed by the Minister of Defense to develop a radio-location (rádiólokáció, radar) system. Using journal papers on ionospheric measurements for information on pulsed transmission, Bay developed a system called Sas (Eagle) around existing communications hardware.

text: In Hungary,

text: Zoltán Lajos Bay

text: was a Professor of Physics at the

entity_name: Budapest University of Technology and Economics

text: Technical University of Budapest

text: as well as the Research Director of Egyesült Izzolampa (IZZO), a radio and electrical manufacturing firm. In late 1942, IZZO was directed by the Minister of Defense to develop a radio-location (rádiólokáció, radar) system. Using journal papers on ionospheric measurements for information on pulsed transmission, Bay developed a system called Sas (Eagle) around existing communications hardware.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: information on pulsed transmission

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: pulsed transmission,

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: ionospheric

text: Near vertical incidence skywave, or NVIS, is a skywave radio-wave propagation path that provides usable signals in the range between groundwave and conventional skywave distances—usually 30–400 miles (50–650 km). It is used for military and paramilitary communications, broadcasting, especially in the tropics, and by radio amateurs. The radio waves travel near-vertically upwards into the ionosphere, where they are refracted back down and can be received within a circular region up to 650 km from the transmitter. If the frequency is too high (that is, above the critical frequency of the ionospheric F layer), refraction fails to occur and if it is too low, absorption in the ionospheric D layer may reduce the signal strength.

text: Near vertical incidence skywave, or NVIS, is a

text: skywave

text: radio-wave propagation path that provides usable signals in the range between

text: groundwave

text: and conventional

text: skywave

text: distances—usually 30–400 miles (50–650 km). It is used for military and

text: paramilitary

text: communications, broadcasting, especially in the tropics, and by

text: radio amateurs

text: . The radio waves travel near-vertically upwards into the

text: ionosphere

text: , where they are

text: refracted

text: back down and can be received within a circular region up to 650 km from the transmitter. If the frequency is too high (that is, above the critical frequency of the ionospheric

text: F layer

text: ), refraction fails to occur and if it is too low, absorption in the ionospheric

text: D layer

text: may reduce the signal strength.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionospheric D

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: ionospheric D layer

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionospheric F layer),

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionospheric F layer),

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionospheric D layer

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Near vertical incidence skywave,

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Near vertical incidence skywave,

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: ionospheric F layer),

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: ionospheric F layer),

text: Aurora was a Christian girl group that was made up of sisters Lauren, Racquel & Rachel Smith. They released two albums (Aurora, Bigger than Us) and had two hit singles on UK radio ("Mercy Me", "Outta My Heart"). They disbanded in 2002.

text: Aurora was a Christian girl group that was made up of sisters Lauren, Racquel & Rachel Smith. They released two albums (

text: Aurora

text: Bigger than Us

text: ) and had two hit singles on UK radio ("Mercy Me", "Outta My Heart"). They disbanded in 2002.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: radio waves

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: layer of gases

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: neutrons

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: UK

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Aurora

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: UK radio

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Lauren, Racquel & Rachel Smith.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Lauren, Racquel & Rachel Smith.

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Aurora

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: 2002.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Aurora

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Aurora

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: UK

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: ("Mercy Me", "Outta My Heart").

text: At thermospheric heights, attenuation of atmospheric waves, mainly due to collisions between the neutral gas and the ionospheric plasma, becomes significant so that at above about 150 km altitude, all wave modes gradually become external waves, and the Hough functions degenerate to spherical functions; e.g., mode (1, -2) develops to the spherical function  P(θ), mode (2, 2) becomes P(θ), with θ the co-latitude, etc.. Within the thermosphere, mode (1, -2)  is the predominant mode reaching diurnal temperature amplitudes at the exosphere of at least 140 K  and horizontal winds of the order of  100 m/s and more increasing with geomagnetic activity. It is responsible for the electric Sq currents within the ionospheric dynamo region between about 100 and 200  km altitude.

text: At thermospheric heights,

text: attenuation

text: of atmospheric waves, mainly due to collisions between the neutral gas and the ionospheric plasma, becomes significant so that at above about 150 km altitude, all wave modes gradually become external waves, and the

text: Hough function

text: s degenerate to

text: spherical function

text: s; e.g., mode (1, -2) develops to the spherical function  P(θ), mode (2, 2) becomes P(θ), with θ the co-latitude, etc.. Within the

text: thermosphere

text: , mode (1, -2)  is the predominant mode reaching diurnal temperature amplitudes at the

text: exosphere

text: of at least 140 K  and horizontal winds of the order of  100 m/s and more increasing with geomagnetic activity. It is responsible for the electric Sq currents within the

text: ionospheric dynamo region

text: between about 100 and 200  km altitude.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionospheric plasma

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: ionospheric plasma

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: plasma

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: at above about 150 km altitude

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: attenuation of atmospheric waves,

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionospheric plasma,

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: thermospheric

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionospheric plasma,

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: electric Sq currents

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: At thermospheric heights,

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: ionospheric plasma,

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: thermospheric heights,

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: ionospheric dynamo

text: Built in 1906 in Camden, New Jersey, by John H. Dialogue, the Aurora was originally used for civilian purposes.  In August 1917, the ship was chartered from Lehigh Valley Railroad, the owners at that time, and was commissioned on 22 September 1917 as a minesweeper in New York Harbor.  In December 1918, Aurora was transferred to the Naval Overseas Transportation Service for use as a tugboat in Tompkinsville, New York.  Aurora was decommissioned on 24 March 1919 and immediately returned to her owner.

text: Built in 1906 in

text: Camden, New Jersey

text: , by

text: John H. Dialogue

text: , the Aurora was originally used for civilian purposes.  In August 1917, the ship was chartered from

text: Lehigh Valley Railroad

text: , the owners at that time, and was commissioned on 22 September 1917 as a minesweeper in

text: New York Harbor

text: .  In December 1918, Aurora was transferred to the

text: Naval Overseas Transportation Service

text: for use as a

text: tugboat

text: in

text: Tompkinsville, New York

text: .  Aurora was decommissioned on 24 March 1919 and immediately returned to her owner.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: The outermost layer of the universe

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: unknown

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: gaseous

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Aurora was originally used for civilian purposes

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: New York Harbor

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Built in 1906 in Camden, New Jersey,

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: minesweeper

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Lehigh Valley Railroad,

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: minesweeper

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Built in 1906 in Camden, New Jersey,

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: 1917 as a minesweeper

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: John H. Dialogue,

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: John H. Dialogue,

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Tompkinsville, New York.

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: minesweeper

text: Another problem is that the reflection process is highly dependent on the angle between the signal and the ionosphere, and is generally limited to about 2 to 4 degrees off the local horizon. Making a beam at this angle generally requires enormous antenna arrays and highly reflective ground along the path the signal is being sent, often enhanced by the installation of wire mesh mats extending as much as  in front of the antenna. OTH systems are thus very expensive to build, and essentially immobile.

text: Another problem is that the reflection process is highly dependent on the angle between the signal and the ionosphere, and is generally limited to about 2 to 4 degrees off the local horizon. Making a beam at this angle generally requires enormous antenna arrays and highly reflective ground along the path the signal is being sent, often enhanced by the installation of wire mesh mats extending as much as  in front of the antenna. OTH systems are thus very expensive to build, and essentially immobile.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: OTH systems are thus very expensive to build, and essentially immobile.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: 2 to 4 degrees off the local horizon.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: 2 to 4 degrees off the local horizon.

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: ionosphere,

text: The mesopause is the temperature minimum at the boundary between the mesosphere and the thermosphere atmospheric regions. Due to the lack of solar heating and very strong radiative cooling from carbon dioxide, the mesosphere is the coldest region on Earth with temperatures as low as -100 °C (-148 °F or 173 K). The altitude of the mesopause for many years was assumed to be at around 85 km (53 mi.), but observations to higher altitudes and modeling studies in the last 10 years have shown that in fact the mesopause consists of two minima - one at about 85 km and a stronger minimum at about 100 km. (62 mi.)

text: The mesopause is the temperature minimum at the boundary between the

text: mesosphere

text: and the

text: thermosphere

text: atmospheric

text: regions. Due to the lack of solar heating and very strong

text: radiative cooling

text: from

text: carbon dioxide

text: , the mesosphere is the coldest region on Earth with temperatures as low as -100 °C (-148 °F or 173

text: K

text: ). The altitude of the mesopause for many years was assumed to be at around 85 km (53 mi.), but observations to higher altitudes and modeling studies in the last 10 years have shown that in fact the mesopause consists of two minima - one at about 85 km and a stronger minimum at about 100 km. (62 mi.)

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: the mesopause

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: radiative cooling from carbon dioxide,

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: The mesopause

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: The mesopause

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: solar

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: mesopause

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: solar heating

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: The mesopause

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: The mesopause

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: solar heating

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: The mesopause

text: The Europa Jupiter System Mission (EJSM) had a proposed launch date in 2020, and was a joint NASA and ESA proposal for exploration of many of Jupiter's moons including Ganymede. In February 2009 it was announced that ESA and NASA had given this mission priority ahead of the Titan Saturn System Mission. EJSM consisted of the NASA-led Jupiter Europa Orbiter, the ESA-led Jupiter Ganymede Orbiter, and possibly a JAXA-led Jupiter Magnetospheric Orbiter. ESA's contribution faced funding competition from other ESA projects, but on 2 May 2012 the European part of the mission, renamed Jupiter Icy Moon Explorer (JUICE), obtained a L1 launch slot in 2022 with a Ariane 5 in the ESA's Cosmic Vision science programme. The spacecraft will orbit Ganymede and conduct multiple flyby investigations of Callisto and Europa.

text: The

text: Europa Jupiter System Mission

text: (EJSM) had a proposed launch date in 2020, and was a joint

text: NASA

text: and

text: ESA

text: proposal for exploration of many of

text: Jupiter

text: 's moons including Ganymede. In February 2009 it was announced that ESA and NASA had given this mission priority ahead of the

text: Titan Saturn System Mission

text: . EJSM consisted of the NASA-led

text: Jupiter Europa Orbiter

text: , the ESA-led

text: Jupiter Ganymede Orbiter

text: , and possibly a

text: JAXA

text: -led

text: Jupiter Magnetospheric Orbiter

text: . ESA's contribution faced funding competition from other ESA projects, but on 2 May 2012 the European part of the mission, renamed

text: Jupiter Icy Moon Explorer

text: (JUICE), obtained a L1 launch slot in 2022 with a

text: Ariane 5

text: in the ESA's Cosmic Vision science programme. The spacecraft will orbit Ganymede and conduct multiple flyby investigations of Callisto and Europa.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Jupiter Magnetospheric

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: 2022

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Magnetospheric

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Magnetospheric

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Magnetospheric

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Magnetospheric

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Magnetospheric

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: 2020,

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Jupiter Magnetospheric

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Jupiter's moons including Ganymede.

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Magnetospheric

text: If a planet's magnetic field is strong enough, its interaction with the solar wind forms a magnetosphere. Early space probes mapped out the gross dimensions of the Earth's magnetic field, which extends about 10 Earth radii towards the Sun. The solar wind, a stream of charged particles, streams out and around the terrestrial magnetic field, and continues behind the magnetic tail, hundreds of Earth radii downstream. Inside the magnetosphere, there are relatively dense regions of solar wind particles called the Van Allen radiation belts.

text: If a planet's

text: magnetic field

text: is strong enough, its interaction with the solar wind forms a

text: magnetosphere

text: . Early

text: space probe

text: s mapped out the gross dimensions of the

text: Earth's magnetic field

text: , which extends about 10

text: Earth radii

text: towards the Sun. The solar wind, a stream of charged particles, streams out and around the terrestrial magnetic field, and continues behind the

text: magnetic tail

text: , hundreds of Earth radii downstream. Inside the magnetosphere, there are relatively dense regions of solar wind particles called the

text: Van Allen radiation belt

text: s.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Van Allen radiation belts

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Van Allen radiation belts

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: charged particles

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Van Allen radiation belts

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: a stream of charged particles

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Van Allen radiation belts

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: the Van Allen radiation belts

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: dense regions of solar wind particles

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: The solar wind,

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Van Allen radiation belts.

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Van Allen radiation belts.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: The solar wind,

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Van Allen radiation belts.

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: a stream of charged particles,

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Van Allen radiation belts.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: solar wind

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: magnetosphere.

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: relatively dense regions of solar wind particles

text: China's Chang'e 3 spacecraft, which was launched on December 1, 2013, and entered lunar orbit on December 6, was expected to contaminate the tenuous lunar exosphere with both propellant from engine firings and lunar dust from the vehicle's landing. While concern was expressed that this could disrupt LADEE's mission, such as its baseline readings of the Moon's exosphere, it may instead provide additional science value since both the quantity and composition of the spacecraft's propulsion system exhaust are known. Data from LADEE may be used to track the distribution and eventual dissipation of the exhaust and dust in the Moon's exosphere. It may also be possible to observe the migration of water, one component of the exhaust, giving insight on how it is transported and becomes trapped around the lunar poles.

text: China's

text: Chang'e 3

text: spacecraft, which was launched on December 1, 2013, and entered lunar orbit on December 6, was expected to contaminate the tenuous lunar

text: exosphere

text: with both propellant from engine firings and lunar dust from the vehicle's landing. While concern was expressed that this could disrupt LADEE's mission, such as its baseline readings of the Moon's exosphere, it may instead provide additional science value since both the quantity and composition of the spacecraft's propulsion system exhaust are known. Data from LADEE may be used to track the distribution and eventual dissipation of the exhaust and dust in the Moon's exosphere. It may also be possible to observe the

text: migration of water

text: , one component of the exhaust, giving insight on how it is transported and becomes trapped around the lunar poles.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: lunar exosphere

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: lunar exosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: lunar exosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: propellant

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: lunar exosphere

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: 2013,

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: China's Chang'e 3

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: lunar exosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: lunar poles.

text: With declining passenger numbers it was decided to combine the Spirit of Progress and Southern Aurora into one train, the Sydney/Melbourne Express. The Southern Aurora ran for the last time on 2 August 1986.

text: With declining passenger numbers it was decided to combine the

text: Spirit of Progress

text: and

text: Southern Aurora

text: into one train, the

text: Sydney/Melbourne Express

text: . The Southern Aurora ran for the last time on 2 August 1986.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Sydney

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: The Southern Aurora ran for the last time on 2 August 1986.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Sydney/Melbourne Express.

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Sydney/Melbourne Express.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: 1986.

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Sydney/Melbourne Express.

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: 1986.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: The Southern Aurora ran for the last time on 2 August 1986.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Aurora

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Sydney/Melbourne

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Sydney/Melbourne Express.

text: What do we know about the beyond? Do we know what’s behind the beyond? I am afraid some of us hardly know what’s beyond the behind.

text: What do we know about the beyond? Do we know what’s behind the beyond? I am afraid some of us hardly know what’s beyond the behind.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: beyond

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: no where to be found

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Do we know what’s behind the beyond?

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: hardly know what’s beyond the behind.

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: hardly know what’s beyond the behind.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: hardly know what’s beyond the behind.

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: hardly know what’s beyond the behind.

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: hardly know what’s beyond the behind.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: hardly know what’s beyond the behind.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: What do we know about the beyond?

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: What do we know about the beyond?

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: hardly know what’s beyond the behind.

text: The above discussion merely illustrates a simple picture of mode and ray theory. More detailed treatments require a large computer program. In particular, it is difficult to solve the problem of the horizontal and vertical inhomogeneities of the waveguide. The effect of the Earth's curvature is, that near the antipode the field strength slightly increases. Due to the influence of the Earth' magnetic field, the medium becomes anisotropic so that the ionospheric reflection factor in reality is a matrix. This means that a vertically polarized incident wave after reflection at the ionospheric D-layer converses to a vertically and a horizontally polarized wave. Moreover, the geomagnetic field gives rise to a nonreciprocity of VLF waves.  Waves propagating from east to west are more strongly attenuated than vice versa. There appears a phase slipping near the distance of the deep interference minimum of eq. (3). During the times of sunrise and/or sunset, there is sometimes a phase gain or loss of 360° because of the irreversible behavior of the first sky wave.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: D-layer

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: D-layer

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: due to the influence of the Earth' magnetic field

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: D-layer

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: near the antipode

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: horizontal and vertical inhomogeneities

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionospheric D-layer

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionospheric D-layer

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionospheric D-layer

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: ionospheric reflection factor in reality is a matrix.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Earth' magnetic field,

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: D-layer

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: near the antipode

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: ionospheric D-layer

text: Aurora () is a 1900 Russian protected cruiser, currently preserved as a museum ship in St. Petersburg. Aurora was one of three  cruisers, built in St. Petersburg for service in the Pacific. All three ships of this class served during the Russo-Japanese War. Aurora survived the Battle of Tsushima and was interned under US protection in the Philippines, eventually returned to the Baltic Fleet.  The second ship, , was sunk by the Japanese at Port Arthur in 1904. The third ship, , was interned in Saigon after the Battle of the Yellow Sea. One of the first incidents of the October Revolution in Russia took place on the cruiser Aurora.

text: Aurora () is a 1900 Russian

text: protected cruiser

text: , currently preserved as a

text: museum ship

text: in

text: St. Petersburg

text: . Aurora was one of three

text: cruiser

text: s, built in St. Petersburg for service in the Pacific. All three ships of this class served during the

text: Russo-Japanese War

text: . Aurora survived the

text: Battle of Tsushima

text: and was interned under US protection in the Philippines, eventually returned to the

text: Baltic Fleet

text: .  The second ship, , was sunk by the Japanese at

text: Port Arthur

text: in 1904. The third ship, , was interned in

text: Saigon

text: after the

text: Battle of the Yellow Sea

text: . One of the first incidents of the

text: October Revolution

text: in

text: Russia

text: took place on the cruiser Aurora.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: The Aurora layer

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Baltic Fleet

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: gaseous

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Aurora

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: St. Petersburg

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: sunk by the Japanese at Port Arthur in 1904.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Aurora survived the Battle of Tsushima

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Baltic Fleet.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Petersburg.

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Aurora () is a 1900 Russian protected cruiser,

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Russo-Japanese War.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Aurora

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Aurora () is a 1900 Russian protected cruiser,

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: St. Petersburg.

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: sunk by the Japanese at Port Arthur in 1904.

text: and chicken. I didn't, at least, and this is the kind of thing I do for a living." Bill Gates wrote on his personal blog that, "I couldn't tell the difference between Beyond Meat and real chicken". In 2013, chef and television personality Alton Brown wrote about Beyond Meat's Beyond Chicken that, "it's more like meat than anything I've ever seen that wasn't meat".

text: and chicken. I didn't, at least, and this is the kind of thing I do for a living." Bill Gates wrote on his personal blog that, "I couldn't tell the difference between Beyond Meat and real chicken". In 2013, chef and television personality

text: Alton Brown

text: wrote about Beyond Meat's Beyond Chicken that, "it's more like meat than anything I've ever seen that wasn't meat".

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: The outermost layer

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: helium

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: "I couldn't tell the difference between Beyond Meat

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Beyond Meat

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: chicken.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: chicken.

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Beyond Meat's

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Beyond Meat

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: "I couldn't tell the difference between Beyond Meat

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: chicken.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: chicken.

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: chicken.

text: Exosphere had his first race on 1 November 2014 at Rosehill. Despite entering the race as odds-on favourite, he finished last after over-racing in the lead. The vet said he was distressed after the race.

text: Exosphere had his first race on 1 November 2014 at Rosehill. Despite entering the race as odds-on favourite, he finished last after over-racing in the lead. The vet said he was distressed after the race.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Exosphere had his first race on 1 November 2014

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Exosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Rosehill.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Exosphere had his first race on 1 November 2014

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Exosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Exosphere

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Exosphere had his first race on 1 November 2014

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Exosphere

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Rosehill.

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: odds-on favourite,

text: Most climate models simulate a region of the Earth's atmosphere from the surface to the stratopause. There also exist numerical models which simulate the wind, temperature and composition of the Earth's tenuous upper atmosphere, from the mesosphere to the exosphere, including the ionosphere. This region is affected strongly by the 11 year Solar cycle through variations in solar UV/EUV/Xray radiation and solar wind leading to high latitude particle precipitation and aurora. It has been proposed that these phenomena may have an effect on the lower atmosphere, and should therefore be included in simulations of climate change. For this reason there has been a drive in recent years to create "whole atmosphere" models to investigate whether or not this is the case.

text: Most

text: climate models

text: simulate a region of the Earth's atmosphere from the surface to the

text: stratopause

text: . There also exist numerical models which simulate the wind, temperature and composition of the Earth's tenuous upper

text: atmosphere

text: , from the

text: mesosphere

text: to the

text: exosphere

text: , including the

text: ionosphere

text: . This region is affected strongly by the 11 year

text: Solar cycle

text: through variations in solar UV/EUV/Xray radiation and

text: solar wind

text: leading to high latitude particle precipitation and

text: aurora

text: . It has been proposed that these phenomena may have an effect on the lower atmosphere, and should therefore be included in simulations of climate change. For this reason there has been a drive in recent years to create "whole atmosphere" models to investigate whether or not this is the case.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: stratopause

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: high latitude particle precipitation and aurora

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: high latitude

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: solar wind

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: stratopause.

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: high latitude particle precipitation and aurora.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: high latitude particle precipitation and aurora.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: 11 year Solar cycle

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: high latitude

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: the mesosphere to the exosphere,

text: Rayleigh fading is viewed as a reasonable model for tropospheric and ionospheric signal propagation as well as the effect of heavily built-up urban environments on radio signals. Rayleigh fading is most applicable when there is no dominant propagation along a line of sight between the transmitter and receiver. If there is a dominant line of sight, Rician fading may be more applicable.  Rayleigh fading is a special case of two-wave with diffuse power (TWDP) fading.

text: Rayleigh fading is viewed as a reasonable model for

text: tropospheric

text: and

text: ionospheric

text: signal propagation as well as the effect of heavily built-up

text: urban

text: environments on radio signals. Rayleigh fading is most applicable when there is no dominant propagation along a

text: line of sight

text: between the transmitter and receiver. If there is a dominant line of sight,

text: Rician fading

text: may be more applicable.  Rayleigh fading is a special case of

text: two-wave with diffuse power (TWDP) fading

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Rayleigh fading

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: tropospheric

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Rayleigh fading

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Rayleigh fading

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: tropospheric

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: tropospheric and ionospheric

text: Where the solar wind intersects with a planet that has a well-developed magnetic field (such as Earth, Jupiter and Saturn), the particles are deflected by the Lorentz force. This region, known as the magnetosphere, causes the particles to travel around the planet rather than bombarding the atmosphere or surface. The magnetosphere is roughly shaped like a hemisphere on the side facing the Sun, then is drawn out in a long wake on the opposite side. The boundary of this region is called the magnetopause, and some of the particles are able to penetrate the magnetosphere through this region by partial reconnection of the magnetic field lines.

text: Where the solar wind intersects with a planet that has a well-developed

text: magnetic field

text: (such as Earth, Jupiter and Saturn), the particles are deflected by the

text: Lorentz force

text: . This region, known as the

text: magnetosphere

text: , causes the particles to travel around the planet rather than bombarding the atmosphere or surface. The magnetosphere is roughly shaped like a

text: hemisphere

text: on the side facing the Sun, then is drawn out in a long wake on the opposite side. The boundary of this region is called the

text: magnetopause

text: , and some of the particles are able to penetrate the magnetosphere through this region by partial reconnection of the magnetic field lines.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetopause

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: the Lorentz force

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: magnetopause

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: the magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: the particles are deflected by the Lorentz force.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: magnetopause,

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: magnetosphere,

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: solar wind

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetopause,

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: the particles are deflected by the Lorentz force.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: the particles are deflected by the Lorentz force.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Lorentz force.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Where the solar wind

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Where the solar wind

text: The Thermosphere Murders (Traditional Chinese version 熱層之密室 ISBN 9789573331797 / Simplified Chinese version 热层之密室 ISBN 9787530670460) is the 4th Soji Shimada Mystery Awards finalist.  An award-winning mystery novel by Tymo Lin (Chinese: 提子墨).

text: The Thermosphere Murders (Traditional Chinese version 熱層之密室 ISBN 9789573331797 / Simplified Chinese version 热层之密室 ISBN 9787530670460) is the 4th

text: Soji Shimada

text: Mystery Awards finalist.  An award-winning mystery novel by

text: Tymo Lin

text: (Chinese:

text: 提子墨

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: the upper atmosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: helium

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: murders

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: The Thermosphere Murders

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: The Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: The Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: 4th Soji Shimada Mystery Awards

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: 9789573331797

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: 9789573331797

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: The Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: 9789573331797

text: The primary mission began as planned on April 4, 2011, with MESSENGER orbiting Mercury once every twelve hours for an intended duration of twelve Earth months, the equivalent of two solar days on Mercury. Principal Investigator Sean Solomon, then of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, said: “With the beginning today of the primary science phase of the mission, we will be making nearly continuous observations that will allow us to gain the first global perspective on the innermost planet. Moreover, as solar activity steadily increases, we will have a front-row seat on the most dynamic magnetosphere–atmosphere system in the Solar System.”

text: The primary mission began as planned on April 4, 2011, with MESSENGER orbiting Mercury once every twelve hours for an intended duration of twelve Earth months, the equivalent of two

text: solar day

text: s on Mercury. Principal Investigator Sean Solomon, then of the

text: Carnegie Institution of Washington

text: , said: “With the beginning today of the primary science phase of the mission, we will be making nearly continuous observations that will allow us to gain the first global perspective on the innermost planet. Moreover, as solar activity steadily increases, we will have a front-row seat on the most dynamic magnetosphere–atmosphere system in the Solar System.”

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: magnetosphere–atmosphere system

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: the Solar System

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: most dynamic magnetosphere–atmosphere system in the Solar System.”

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: magnetosphere–atmosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: magnetosphere–atmosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: magnetosphere–atmosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetosphere–atmosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: magnetosphere–atmosphere

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: magnetosphere–atmosphere system in the Solar System.”

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: magnetosphere–atmosphere

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Mercury

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: magnetosphere–atmosphere

text: In 2014, Music Beyond, the production music library founded by Werzowa in 2005, was acquired by BMG. Werzowa now serves in a consultant capacity at both BMG and Beyond.

text: In 2014, Music Beyond, the production music library founded by Werzowa in 2005, was acquired by

text: BMG

text: . Werzowa now serves in a consultant capacity at both BMG and Beyond.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: The outermost layer

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: helium

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: layer

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: ionizing radiation

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: production music library

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: In 2014,

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: BMG.

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Music Beyond,

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: BMG.

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: In 2014,

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Music Beyond, the production music library founded by Werzowa

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: BMG.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: In 2014,

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: BMG.

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Music Beyond, the production music library

text: Relative ionospheric absorption can be measured using a riometer.

text: Relative ionospheric absorption can be measured using a

text: riometer

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionized

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Relative ionospheric absorption

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionospheric absorption

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: ionospheric absorption

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: riometer.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: riometer.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Relative ionospheric

text: In 1926, Scottish physicist Robert Watson-Watt introduced the term ionosphere in a letter published only in 1969 in Nature:

text: In 1926, Scottish physicist

text: Robert Watson-Watt

text: introduced the term ionosphere in a letter published only in 1969 in

text: Nature

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: theosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ions

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: ionizing

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Robert Watson-Watt introduced the term

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Robert Watson-Watt

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: ionosphere

text: Like the Radiation Belt Storm Probes, the I-TSP will be a twin spacecraft mission. The mission is to study distributions of ionospheric and thermospheric densities, geomagnetic disturbances, and ionospheric irregularities. This mission relates to the Sun and solar storms in that it studies the effects of solar storms on geospace. This mission can save astronauts and satellites.

text: Like the

text: Radiation Belt Storm Probes

text: , the I-TSP will be a twin spacecraft mission. The mission is to study distributions of ionospheric and thermospheric densities, geomagnetic disturbances, and ionospheric irregularities. This mission relates to the

text: Sun

text: and

text: solar storms

text: in that it studies the effects of

text: solar storms

text: on geospace. This mission can save

text: astronauts

text: and

text: satellites

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: the Radiation Belt

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Radiation Belt

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Radiation Belt

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: The mission is to study distributions of ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: ionization

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Radiation Belt

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Radiation Belt

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Radiation Belt

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: solar storms

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Radiation Belt Storm Probes,

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Radiation Belt Storm Probes,

text: Beyond then turns to the potential for living and working in space, and the place in the Solar System where we might establish a permanent base. Economic models suggest that a viable space activity can be based on recreation, scientific research, and mining. In addition, there is an enormous amount of habitable real estate revealed by discoveries of extrasolar planets, but the difficulty of traveling beyond the Solar System will keep this beyond reach for a long time. More ambitious approaches include terraforming, where an entire planet or moon is altered to allow human habitation.

text: Beyond then turns to the potential for living and working in space, and the place in the

text: Solar System

text: where we might establish a permanent base.

text: Economic models

text: suggest that a viable space activity can be based on

text: recreation

text: scientific research

text: , and

text: mining

text: . In addition, there is an enormous amount of habitable real estate revealed by discoveries of

text: extrasolar planets

text: , but the difficulty of traveling beyond the Solar System will keep this beyond reach for a long time. More ambitious approaches include

text: terraforming

text: , where an entire planet or moon is altered to allow human habitation.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: solar system

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Solar System

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Beyond then turns to the potential for living and working in space,

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Beyond then turns to the potential for living and working in space,

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: space, and the place in the Solar System

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Solar System

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: space, and the place in the Solar System

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Solar System

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: potential for living and working in space, and the place in the Solar System

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: extrasolar planets,

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: space, and the place in the Solar System

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: extrasolar planets, but the difficulty of traveling beyond the Solar System

text: In the province of Aurora, other Carmel schools in partnership with MCC Baler are Mount Carmel College of Casiguran (MCC Casiguran) (founded in 1968), Mount Carmel School of Dinalungan (MCS Dinalungan), Saint Patrick's Academy (founded in 1968) in Dingalan, Father John Karash Memorial High School (founded in 1966) in Dipaculao, Mount Carmel School of Maria Aurora (MCS Maria Aurora) (founded in 1952), Mount Carmel School of San Luis (MCS San Luis) (founded in 1962), and Our Lady of Consolacion Learning Center (OLaConLeC) in San Luis.

text: In the province of Aurora, other Carmel schools in partnership with MCC Baler are Mount Carmel College of

text: Casiguran

text: (MCC Casiguran) (founded in 1968), Mount Carmel School of

text: Dinalungan

text: (MCS Dinalungan), Saint Patrick's Academy (founded in 1968) in

text: Dingalan

text: , Father John Karash Memorial High School (founded in 1966) in

text: Dipaculao

text: , Mount Carmel School of

text: Maria Aurora

text: (MCS Maria Aurora) (founded in 1952), Mount Carmel School of

text: San Luis

text: (MCS San Luis) (founded in 1962), and Our Lady of Consolacion Learning Center (OLaConLeC) in San Luis.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: the outermost layer

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Mount Carmel School

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: layer of air

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Mount Carmel

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: San Luis

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Mount Carmel School of Maria Aurora

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Mount Carmel College of Casiguran

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: MCC Baler

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: MCC Baler

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: MCC Baler are Mount Carmel College of Casiguran

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: MCC Baler are Mount Carmel College of Casiguran

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: 1968), Mount Carmel School of Dinalungan

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Mount Carmel College of Casiguran

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: MCC Baler are Mount Carmel College of Casiguran

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Aurora,

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: MCC Baler are Mount Carmel College of Casiguran

text: It is convenient  to separate the atmospheric regions  according to the two temperature minima at about 12 km altitude (the tropopause) and at about 85 km (the mesopause) (Figure 1). The thermosphere (or the upper atmosphere) is the height region above 85 km, while the region between the tropopause and the mesopause is the middle atmosphere (stratosphere and mesosphere) where absorption of solar UV radiation generates the temperature maximum near 45 km altitude and causes the ozone layer.

text: It is convenient  to separate the atmospheric regions  according to the two temperature minima at about 12 km altitude (the

text: tropopause

text: ) and at about 85 km (the

text: mesopause

text: ) (Figure 1). The thermosphere (or the upper atmosphere) is the height region above 85 km, while the region between the tropopause and the mesopause is the middle atmosphere (

text: stratosphere

text: and

text: mesosphere

text: ) where absorption of solar UV radiation generates the temperature maximum near 45 km altitude and causes the

text: ozone

text: layer.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: tropopause

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: UV radiation

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: absorption of solar UV radiation

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: solar UV radiation

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: The thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: absorption of solar UV radiation

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: 12 km altitude

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: absorption of solar UV radiation

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: 12 km altitude

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: 12 km altitude

text: The armoured column trundled along the Airport Road into Stanley, with three Amtracs (Numbers 05, 07 and 19) in the vanguard, and, near the Ionospheric Research Station, at exactly 7:15 am, was engaged by a section of Royal Marines with anti-tank rockets and machine guns. This is from Lieutenant-Commander Hugo Santillán's official post-battle report:

text: The armoured column trundled along the Airport Road into Stanley, with three Amtracs (Numbers 05, 07 and 19) in the vanguard, and, near the Ionospheric Research Station, at exactly 7:15 am, was engaged by a section of Royal Marines with anti-tank rockets and machine guns. This is from Lieutenant-Commander Hugo Santillán's official post-battle report:

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: plasma

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: ionizing radiation

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Ionospheric Research Station

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Ionospheric Research Station,

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Ionospheric Research Station,

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Ionospheric Research Station,

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Ionospheric Research Station,

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Ionospheric Research Station,

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Ionospheric Research Station,

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Ionospheric Research Station,

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: three Amtracs

text: A few Commissions are engaged with international projects in cooperation with other international bodies, for example with the Committee on Space Research in the project International Reference Ionosphere.

text: A few Commissions are engaged with international projects in cooperation with other international bodies, for example with the

text: Committee on Space Research

text: in the project

text: International Reference Ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: International Reference Ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: International Reference Ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: International Reference Ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: International Reference Ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: International Reference Ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: International Reference Ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: International Reference Ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: International Reference Ionosphere.

text: In the late 1990s and early 2000s, a series of journal papers and government reports described common modeling infrastructure as necessary to the competitiveness and evolution of the U.S. Earth science modeling community.  These reports resulted in a number of new community projects.  The Earth System Modeling Framework (ESMF) and the Earth System Modeling (ESM) are two of the largest modeling approaches.  Similar projects were initiated in related domains, including the Space Weather Modeling Framework (SWMF/CESM), to study conditions including the Sun, solar wind, magnetosphere, ionosphere, and thermosphere that potentially can influence performance and reliability of space-borne and ground-based technological systems or can endanger human life or health.

text: In the late 1990s and early 2000s, a series of journal papers and government reports described common modeling infrastructure as necessary to the competitiveness and evolution of the U.S. Earth science modeling community.  These reports resulted in a number of new community projects.  The Earth System Modeling Framework (

text: ESMF

text: ) and the Earth System Modeling (ESM) are two of the largest modeling approaches.  Similar projects were initiated in related domains, including the Space Weather Modeling Framework (SWMF/CESM), to study conditions including the Sun, solar wind, magnetosphere, ionosphere, and thermosphere that potentially can influence performance and reliability of space-borne and ground-based technological systems or can endanger human life or health.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Space Weather Modeling Framework

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: ionization

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: ionosphere, and thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: magnetosphere, ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetosphere, ionosphere, and thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Space Weather Modeling Framework

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: In the late 1990s and early 2000s,

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Sun,

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: solar wind, magnetosphere,

text: Since both are locked, text cannot be extended beyond 10 columns and also row cannot be extended beyond the 0 row.

text: Since both are locked, text cannot be extended beyond 10 columns and also row cannot be extended beyond the 0 row.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: sentence 1

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: row

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: layer

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: a force of gravity

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: row

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: 0 row.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: text cannot be extended beyond 10 columns

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: 0 row.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Since both are locked, text cannot be extended beyond 10 columns

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: 10 columns

text: Aurora is a member of a trifecta known as the "Golden Era" of Disney heroines. Alongside her two predecessors Snow White and Cinderella, Aurora is one of the three original Disney princesses. Kit Steinkellner of HelloGiggles wrote that Aurora continued the "trend of passive heroines who wait around for magic to change their lives," a recurring theme shared by Disney princesses who were introduced both during and prior to the 1950s. Sonia Saraiya of Nerve dubbed Aurora "the apex" of "women who made no choices for themselves". Writing for MTV, Lauren Vino felt that the character "followed the basic princess tenants of loving animals and sleeping in makeup", while About.com's David Nusair wrote that Aurora followed the "pattern of kind yet helpless princesses", similar to Snow White and Cinderella. Mary Grace Garis of Bustle observed that the original trio "seek[s] out marriage as both their endgame and salvation", elaborating, "It's literally their own means of escape, and their only final objective." However, Aurora's dreams and fantasies are different in the sense that they are drawn from loneliness and isolation; the character essentially longs "for human connections beyond her three fairy surrogate mothers." The Walt Disney Family Museum volunteer Lucas O. Seastrom agreed that Aurora is more "self-confident" and "more of repose than the usual naiveté of Disney heroines." Observing that Aurora's actions are influenced by the decisions and opinions of those around her, while most of the film's action involves Prince Philip, Steinkellner joked that the character is so passive that she remains asleep during the film's climax. Dubbing her "a girl of reaction," nerdology.org's Lisa Kaye Cunningham felt that Aurora's "little screen time makes [her] difficult to classify as a feminist, but her single active decision shows great promise in the evolution of feminist Disney princesses," despite the fact that her agency is constantly undermined by other characters. Cunningham concluded, "By making one active decision to try and follow her dreams, this princess made a big step forward as a stronger feminist than Snow White, though Aurora remains bogged down with passive reactivity." Author Melissa G. Wilson observed in her book Mashups for Teens: From Sleeping Beauty to Beyonce that Aurora's reaction upon learning that she is a princess differs from what one would expect from a young woman.

text: Aurora is a member of a trifecta known as the "Golden Era" of Disney heroines. Alongside her two predecessors Snow White and Cinderella, Aurora is one of the three original Disney princesses. Kit Steinkellner of

text: HelloGiggles

text: wrote that Aurora continued the "trend of passive heroines who wait around for magic to change their lives," a recurring theme shared by Disney princesses who were introduced both during and prior to the 1950s. Sonia Saraiya of

text: Nerve

text: dubbed Aurora "the apex" of "women who made no choices for themselves". Writing for

text: MTV

text: , Lauren Vino felt that the character "followed the basic princess tenants of loving animals and sleeping in makeup", while

text: About.com

text: 's David Nusair wrote that Aurora followed the "pattern of kind yet helpless princesses", similar to Snow White and Cinderella. Mary Grace Garis of

text: Bustle

text: observed that the original trio "seek[s] out marriage as both their endgame and salvation", elaborating, "It's literally their own means of escape, and their only final objective." However, Aurora's dreams and fantasies are different in the sense that they are drawn from loneliness and isolation; the character essentially longs "for human connections beyond her three fairy surrogate mothers."

text: The Walt Disney Family Museum

text: volunteer Lucas O. Seastrom agreed that Aurora is more "self-confident" and "more of repose than the usual naiveté of Disney heroines." Observing that Aurora's actions are influenced by the decisions and opinions of those around her, while most of the film's action involves Prince Philip, Steinkellner joked that the character is so passive that she remains asleep during the film's

text: climax

text: . Dubbing her "a girl of reaction," nerdology.org's Lisa Kaye Cunningham felt that Aurora's "little screen time makes [her] difficult to classify as a feminist, but her single active decision shows great promise in the evolution of feminist Disney princesses," despite the fact that her agency is constantly undermined by other characters. Cunningham concluded, "By making one active decision to try and follow her dreams, this princess made a big step forward as a stronger feminist than Snow White, though Aurora remains bogged down with passive reactivity." Author Melissa G. Wilson observed in her book Mashups for Teens: From Sleeping Beauty to Beyonce that Aurora's reaction upon learning that she is a princess differs from what one would expect from a young woman.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Aurora is one of the three original Disney heroines.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Aurora's layer

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answers: layer

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answers: helium

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answers: ozone

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answers: Aurora's only final objective

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

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answers: Aurora

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answers: The Walt Disney Family Museum

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Van Allen Belts

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: three fairy surrogate mothers."

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: fairy surrogate mothers."

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: loneliness and isolation;

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answers: three fairy surrogate mothers."

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: loneliness and isolation;

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: promise

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: escape,

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answers: their own means of escape,

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answers: Walt Disney Family Museum

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answers: feminist Disney princesses,"

text: 26. "Beyond the Beyond"

text: 26. "Beyond the Beyond"

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: what is the most important feature of the outermost layers

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: a layer of ice

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answers: outer space

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answers: helium

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answers: heliosphere

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answers: beyond the beyond

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answers: The aurora occur during massive solar storms

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answers: beyond the beyond

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answers: in outer space

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answers: "Beyond the Beyond"

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answers: 26. "Beyond the Beyond"

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answers: 26. "Beyond the Beyond"

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answers: 26.

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answers: 26.

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answers: "Beyond the Beyond"

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answers: 26.

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answers: 26. "Beyond the Beyond"

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answers: 26. "Beyond the Beyond"

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answers: 26. "Beyond the Beyond"

text: Generally, the prosecutor bears the burden of proof and is required to prove their version of events to this standard. This means that the proposition being presented by the prosecution must be proven to the extent that there could be no "reasonable doubt" in the mind of a "reasonable person" that the defendant is guilty. There can still be a doubt, but only to the extent that it would not affect a reasonable person's belief regarding whether or not the defendant is guilty.  Beyond "the shadow of a doubt" is sometimes used interchangeably with beyond reasonable doubt, but this extends beyond the latter, to the extent that it may be considered an impossible standard. The term "reasonable doubt" is therefore used.

text: Generally, the prosecutor bears the

text: burden of proof

text: and is required to prove their version of events to this standard. This means that the proposition being presented by the prosecution must be proven to the extent that there could be no "reasonable doubt" in the mind of a "

text: reasonable person

text: " that the defendant is guilty. There can still be a doubt, but only to the extent that it would not affect a reasonable person's belief regarding whether or not the defendant is guilty.  Beyond "the shadow of a doubt" is sometimes used interchangeably with beyond reasonable doubt, but this extends beyond the latter, to the extent that it may be considered an impossible standard. The term "reasonable doubt" is therefore used.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

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answers: unanswerable

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answers: beyond reasonable doubt

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answers: helium

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answers: shadow

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answers: beyond reasonable doubt

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answers: no

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answers: beyond reasonable doubt

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answers: unspecified

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answers: unanswerable

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answers: Generally, the prosecutor bears the burden of proof

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answers: Generally, the prosecutor bears the burden of proof

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answers: "the shadow of a doubt"

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answers: Generally,

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answers: "the shadow of a doubt"

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answers: "the shadow of a doubt"

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answers: "reasonable doubt"

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answers: "reasonable doubt"

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Generally,

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: "reasonable person" that the defendant is guilty.

text: Planets with their own magnetic field, such as the Earth and Jupiter, are surrounded by a magnetosphere within which their magnetic field is dominant over the Sun's.  This disrupts the flow of the solar wind, which is channelled around the magnetosphere.  Material from the solar wind can 'leak' into the magnetosphere, causing aurorae and also populating the Van Allen Belts with ionised material.

text: Planets with their own magnetic field, such as the Earth and

text: Jupiter

text: , are surrounded by a

text: magnetosphere

text: within which their magnetic field is dominant over the

text: Sun

text: 's.  This disrupts the flow of the solar wind, which is channelled around the magnetosphere.  Material from the solar wind can 'leak' into the magnetosphere, causing

text: aurora

text: e and also populating the

text: Van Allen Belts

text: with ionised material.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

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answers: unanswerable

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answers: Van Allen Belts

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answers: unanswerable

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answers: Van Allen Belts

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answers: channelled around the magnetosphere

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answers: no

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answers: Van Allen Belts

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Van Allen Belts

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answers: ionised material

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Van Allen Belts

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answers: Van Allen Belts

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answers: Van Allen Belts

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answers: solar wind

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answers: Van Allen Belts

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answers: channelled around the magnetosphere.

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answers: Material from the solar wind

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answers: Van Allen Belts

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answers: Van Allen Belts

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answers: ionised material.

text: Aurora (, ) is a Home Rule Municipality in the U.S. state of Colorado, spanning Arapahoe and Adams counties, with the extreme southeastern portion of the city extending into Douglas County. Aurora is one of the principal cities of the Denver-Aurora-Lakewood, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area (Metro Denver). The city's population was 325,078 in the 2010 census, which made it the third most populous city in the state of Colorado and the 54th most populous city in the United States.

text: Aurora (, ) is a

text: Home Rule Municipality

text: in the

text: U.S. state

text: of

text: Colorado

text: , spanning

text: Arapahoe

text: and

text: Adams counties

text: , with the extreme southeastern portion of the city extending into

text: Douglas County

text: . Aurora is one of the principal cities of the

text: Denver-Aurora-Lakewood, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area

text: (Metro Denver). The city's population was 325,078 in the 2010 census, which made it the

text: third most populous city

text: in the state of Colorado and the

entity_name: List of United States cities by population

text: 54th most populous city

text: in the

text: United States

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

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answers: Aurora

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answers: unanswerable

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answers: no

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answers: ozone

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answers: unanswerable

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answers: no

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answers: unanswerable

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answers: Colorado

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answers: unanswerable

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answers: 325,078

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answers: Aurora

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answers: Arapahoe and Adams counties,

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answers: Colorado,

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answers: Colorado,

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answers: Aurora

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answers: Colorado,

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answers: Denver-Aurora-Lakewood, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area

text: The temperature profile of the atmosphere is a result of an interaction between radiation and convection. Sunlight hits the ground and heats it. The ground then heats the air at the surface. If radiation were the only way to transfer heat from the ground to space, the greenhouse effect of gases in the atmosphere would keep the ground at roughly , and the temperature would decay exponentially with height.

text: The temperature profile of the atmosphere is a result of an interaction between

text: radiation

text: and

text: convection

text: . Sunlight hits the ground and heats it. The ground then heats the air at the surface. If

text: radiation

text: were the only way to transfer heat from the ground to space, the

text: greenhouse effect

text: of gases in the atmosphere would keep the ground at roughly , and the temperature would decay exponentially with height.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

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answers: unanswerable

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answers: space

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answers: no

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answers: convection

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answers: unanswerable

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answers: no

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answers: unanswerable

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answers: space

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answers: no

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answers: the greenhouse effect

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answers: radiation and convection.

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answers: radiation and convection.

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answers: radiation and convection. Sunlight

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answers: convection.

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answers: Sunlight

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answers: Sunlight

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answers: radiation and convection.

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answers: space,

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answers: interaction between radiation and convection.

text: The exosphere is the outermost layer of Earth's atmosphere (i.e. the upper limit of the atmosphere). It extends from the exobase, which is located at the top of the thermosphere at an altitude of about 700 km above sea level, to about 10,000 km (6,200 mi; 33,000,000 ft) where it merges into the solar wind.

text: The exosphere is the outermost layer of Earth's atmosphere (i.e. the upper limit of the atmosphere). It extends from the

text: exobase

text: , which is located at the top of the thermosphere at an altitude of about 700 km above sea level, to about 10,000 km (6,200 mi; 33,000,000 ft) where it merges into the

text: solar wind

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answers: It does not say

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answers: no

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answers: unanswerable

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answers: exosphere

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answers: upper limit

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answers: the outermost layer of Earth's atmosphere

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answers: no

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answers: unanswerable

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answers: unanswerable

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answers: The exosphere

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answers: solar wind.

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answers: solar wind.

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answers: The exosphere

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answers: solar wind.

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answers: exosphere

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answers: The exosphere

text: The Mercurian exosphere consists of a variety of species originating either from the Solar wind or from the planetary crust. The first constituents discovered were atomic hydrogen (H), helium (He) and atomic oxygen (O), which were observed by the ultraviolet radiation photometer of the Mariner 10 spaceprobe in 1974. The near-surface concentrations of these elements were estimated to vary from 230 cm for hydrogen to 44,000 cm for oxygen, with an  intermediate concentration of helium. In 2008 the MESSENGER probe confirmed the presence of atomic hydrogen, although its concentration appeared higher than the 1974 estimate. Mercury's exospheric hydrogen and helium are believed to come from the Solar wind, while the oxygen is likely to be of crustal origin.

text: The Mercurian exosphere consists of a variety of species originating either from the

text: Solar wind

text: or from the

text: planetary crust

text: . The first constituents discovered were

text: atomic hydrogen

text: (H),

text: helium

text: (He) and

text: atomic oxygen

text: (O), which were observed by the ultraviolet radiation

text: photometer

text: of the

text: Mariner 10

text: spaceprobe in 1974. The near-surface concentrations of these elements were estimated to vary from 230 cm for hydrogen to 44,000 cm for oxygen, with an  intermediate concentration of helium. In 2008 the

text: MESSENGER

text: probe confirmed the presence of atomic hydrogen, although its concentration appeared higher than the 1974 estimate. Mercury's exospheric hydrogen and helium are believed to come from the Solar wind, while the oxygen is likely to be of crustal origin.

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answers: The Mercurian exosphere

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answers: no

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answers: Mercurian

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answers: The Mercurian exosphere

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answers: no

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answers: planetary crust.

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answers: Mercurian exosphere

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answers: Mercurian exosphere

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answers: atomic hydrogen

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answers: Mercury's

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answers: hydrogen and helium are believed to come from the Solar wind,

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: atomic hydrogen

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: The Mercurian exosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Solar wind

text: The noise which opens the track caused some confusion among fans in 1994, who were unsure, on playing the album for the first time, whether or not their copy was faulty, as the noise lasts for nearly 1 minute before any music begins. According to an interview with Andy Jackson, recording engineer for the album, this noise is electromagnetic noise from the solar wind. More precisely, this sound is a very low frequency record of dawn chorus and sferics, radio events respectively due to solar wind interference with Earth's magnetosphere, and lightning strikes radio emissions interfering with Ionosphere; this sound is often mistaken for Earth's crust shifting and cracking.

text: The

text: noise

text: which opens the track caused some confusion among fans in 1994, who were unsure, on playing the album for the first time, whether or not their copy was faulty, as the noise lasts for nearly 1 minute before any music begins. According to an interview with Andy Jackson, recording engineer for the album, this noise is electromagnetic noise from the solar wind. More precisely, this sound is a

text: very low frequency

text: record of

text: dawn chorus

text: and

text: sferics

text: , radio events respectively due to

text: solar wind

text: interference with

text: Earth's magnetosphere

text: , and

text: lightning

text: strikes radio emissions interfering with

text: Ionosphere

text: ; this sound is often mistaken for Earth's crust shifting and cracking.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

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answers: Ionosphere

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answers: Ionosphere

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answers: solar wind

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answers: Ionosphere

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answers: electromagnetic noise from the solar wind

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answers: no

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answers: lightning strikes radio emissions

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answers: Earth's magnetosphere

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answers: unanswerable

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answers: lightning strikes radio emissions interfering with Ionosphere;

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answers: Ionosphere;

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answers: Ionosphere;

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answers: solar wind.

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Ionosphere;

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answers: electromagnetic noise

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answers: solar wind interference with Earth's magnetosphere,

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answers: lightning strikes

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answers: solar wind.

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: lightning strikes radio emissions interfering with Ionosphere;

text: The IRI used (and yet uses as an option) an ITU-R-model that had been developed in respect to radio propagation via the ionosphere, specifying two parameters of which one is narrowly related to the peak electron density and the other to the peak altitude of the ionosphere. Both have been and are regularly determined from Ionograms at all Ionospheric sounding stations. The authors R.M.Gallet and W.B.Jones had worldwide analyzed a wealth of such data by a method combining Fourier- analysis in time with worldwide Legendre-analysis of the Fourier-coefficients. Meanwhile, regional models are often applied because they reach better local performance.

text: The IRI used (and yet uses as an option) an

text: ITU-R

text: -model that had been developed in respect to

text: radio propagation

text: via the ionosphere, specifying two parameters of which one is narrowly related to the peak electron density and the other to the peak altitude of the ionosphere. Both have been and are regularly determined from

text: Ionogram

text: s at all

text: Ionospheric sounding

text: stations. The authors R.M.Gallet and W.B.Jones had worldwide analyzed a wealth of such data by a method combining

text: Fourier

text: - analysis in time with worldwide

text: Legendre

text: -analysis of the Fourier-coefficients. Meanwhile, regional models are often applied because they reach better local performance.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: the ionosphere

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answers: unanswerable

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answers: ionosphere

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answers: Ionograms

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answers: no

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answers: Ionograms

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answers: ionosphere

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answers: unanswerable

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answers: peak electron density

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answers: ionosphere,

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answers: electron density

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answers: peak electron density

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answers: ITU-R-model

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answers: Ionograms at all Ionospheric sounding stations.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: peak electron density

text: Aurora is a community of Algiers in New Orleans, Louisiana. It is divided into three areas: Old Aurora, Walnut Bend, and Huntlee Village.

text: Aurora is a community of

text: Algiers

text: in

text: New Orleans

text: Louisiana

text: . It is divided into three areas: Old Aurora, Walnut Bend, and Huntlee Village.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Aurora

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Walnut Bend

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: helium

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Aurora

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answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

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answers: New Orleans, Louisiana

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Old Aurora, Walnut Bend, and Huntlee Village.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Aurora

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answers: Walnut Bend,

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Louisiana.

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Aurora

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Louisiana. It is divided into three areas: Old Aurora, Walnut Bend,

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Aurora

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Aurora

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: New Orleans, Louisiana.

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Old Aurora, Walnut Bend, and Huntlee Village.

text: The scientific objectives of the GOLD mission are to determine how geomagnetic storms alter the temperature and composition of Earth’s atmosphere, to analyze the global-scale response of the thermosphere to solar extreme-ultraviolet variability, to investigate the significance of atmospheric waves and tides propagating from below the temperature structure of the thermosphere and to resolve how the structure of the equatorial ionosphere influences the formation and evolution of equatorial plasma density irregularities.The viewpoint provided by GOLD’s geostationary orbit – from which the same hemisphere is always observable – is a new perspective on the Earth’s upper atmosphere. This viewpoint allows local time, universal time and longitudinal variations of the thermosphere and ionosphere’s response to the various forcing mechanisms to be uniquely determined.

text: The scientific objectives of the GOLD mission are to determine how geomagnetic storms alter the temperature and composition of Earth’s atmosphere, to analyze the global-scale response of the thermosphere to solar extreme-ultraviolet variability, to investigate the significance of atmospheric waves and tides propagating from below the temperature structure of the thermosphere and to resolve how the structure of the equatorial ionosphere influences the formation and evolution of equatorial plasma density irregularities.The viewpoint provided by GOLD’s geostationary orbit – from which the same hemisphere is always observable – is a new perspective on the Earth’s upper atmosphere. This viewpoint allows local time, universal time and longitudinal variations of the thermosphere and ionosphere’s response to the various forcing mechanisms to be uniquely determined.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: plasma

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Earth’s upper atmosphere

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: GOLD

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answers: Earth’s atmosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: equatorial plasma density irregularities.The

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: thermosphere

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answers: solar

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answers: thermosphere

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answers: solar extreme-ultraviolet

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answers: solar extreme-ultraviolet variability,

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: equatorial plasma density irregularities.The

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: equatorial

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: equatorial plasma density irregularities.The

text: If a planet's magnetic field is sufficiently strong, its interaction with the solar wind forms a magnetosphere around a planet. Early space probes discovered the gross dimensions of the terrestrial magnetic field, which extends about 10 Earth radii towards the Sun. The solar wind, a stream of charged particles, streams out and around the terrestrial magnetic field, and continues behind the magnetic tail, hundreds of Earth radii downstream. Inside the magnetosphere, there are relatively dense regions of solar wind particles, the Van Allen radiation belts.

text: If a planet's

text: magnetic field

text: is sufficiently strong, its interaction with the solar wind forms a

text: magnetosphere

text: around a planet. Early space probes discovered the gross dimensions of the terrestrial magnetic field, which extends about 10 Earth radii towards the Sun. The

text: solar wind

text: , a stream of charged particles, streams out and around the terrestrial magnetic field, and continues behind the magnetic tail, hundreds of Earth radii downstream. Inside the magnetosphere, there are relatively dense regions of solar wind particles, the

text: Van Allen radiation belt

text: s.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Van Allen radiation belts

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Van Allen radiation belts

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: charged particles

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Van Allen radiation belts

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: a stream of charged particles

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Van Allen radiation belts

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: 10 Earth radii

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: dense regions of solar wind particles

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: The solar wind,

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Van Allen radiation belts.

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Van Allen radiation belts.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: The solar wind,

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Van Allen radiation belts.

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: a stream of charged particles,

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Van Allen radiation belts.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: solar wind

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: the Sun.

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: relatively dense regions of solar wind particles,

text: The objective of the mission is the detailed study of variations in the concentration of nitrogen monoxide in the thermosphere. Nitric oxide though minor component of this region of space has a significant impact on the composition of ions in the ionosphere and in the heat of the thermosphere. The detailed objectives are:

text: The objective of the mission is the detailed study of variations in the concentration of nitrogen monoxide in the thermosphere. Nitric oxide though minor component of this region of space has a significant impact on the composition of ions in the ionosphere and in the heat of the thermosphere. The detailed objectives are:

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ions

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: ionization

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: variations in the concentration of nitrogen monoxide in the thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ions

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: variations in the concentration of nitrogen monoxide in the thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: ions

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: variations in the concentration of nitrogen monoxide in the thermosphere.

text: He also communicated papers to the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. Of these some are on the aurora borealis, which he studied closely for many years. In 1823 he published in the Edinburgh Philosophical Journal a more accurate description of the aurora than had previously appeared; and in the ‘Philosophical Transactions’ for 1829 he confirmed his views by new observations—showing that the arrangement and progress of its arches and streamers are exactly definite in relation to the lines of the earth's magnetism, and that there exist such close relations between the streamers and arches as to prove that they are in fact the same phenomenon. He also inferred, from his own observations, that the elevation of the aurora is far less than had been generally supposed, being confined to altitudes not extending far beyond the region of the clouds; and in a paper in the ‘Philosophical Transactions’ for 1830, besides detailing new proofs of its intimate connection with the magnetic needle, he showed that it was produced by the development of electricity by the condensation of watery vapour. In the volume for 1839 he gave a geometrical measurement of an aurora, one of the first attempted, which made its height less than a mile, and showed its dependency upon the altitude of the clouds. In the volume for 1842 he described an aurora which was situated between himself and lofty ‘stratus’ clouds.

text: He also communicated papers to the

entity_name: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society

text: Philosophical Transactions

text: of the

text: Royal Society

text: . Of these some are on the

text: aurora borealis

text: , which he studied closely for many years. In 1823 he published in the

text: Edinburgh Philosophical Journal

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: stratus

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: stratus

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: watery vapour

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: clouds

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: produced by the development of electricity

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: the development of electricity

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: between himself and lofty ‘stratus’ clouds

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: the elevation of the aurora is far less than had been generally supposed,

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: magnetic needle,

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ‘stratus’ clouds.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: watery vapour.

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: clouds;

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: electricity by the condensation of watery vapour.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: the development of electricity by the condensation of watery vapour.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: development of electricity by the condensation of watery vapour.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: between himself and lofty ‘stratus’ clouds.

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: aurora borealis,

text: These canisters were among the first objects sent into space that were designed to survive re-entry. Upon entering the ionosphere, they could resemble a shooting, or falling, star. Thus, the unit's motto "To Catch a Falling Star".

text: These canisters were among the first objects sent into space that were designed to survive re-entry. Upon entering the ionosphere, they could resemble a shooting, or falling, star. Thus, the unit's motto "To Catch a Falling Star".

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: iosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: To Catch a Falling Star

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: "To Catch a Falling Star".

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: ionosphere,

text: The Aurora was an American automobile manufactured by Father Alfred A. Juliano, a Catholic priest, from 1957 to 1958.  The Aurora is arguably the first Experimental Safety Vehicle ever made,  even before the coinage of the ESV initialism. This safety car was to be available with a Chrysler, Cadillac, or Lincoln engine, built on a Buick chassis. However, the Aurora Motor Company of Branford, Connecticut, partially funded by Juliano's congregation, went out of business after producing just one $30,000 prototype.

text: The Aurora was an

text: American

text: automobile

text: manufactured by

text: Father

text: Alfred A. Juliano, a

text: Catholic

text: priest

text: , from 1957 to 1958.  The Aurora is arguably the first

text: Experimental Safety Vehicle

text: ever made,  even before the coinage of the ESV

text: initialism

text: . This safety car was to be available with a

text: Chrysler

text: Cadillac

text: , or

text: Lincoln

text: engine, built on a

text: Buick

text: chassis

text: . However, the Aurora Motor Company of

text: Branford, Connecticut

text: , partially funded by Juliano's congregation, went out of business after producing just one $30,000

text: prototype

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Aurora

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Branford

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unspecified

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: ESV initialism.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: The Aurora was an American automobile manufactured by Father Alfred A. Juliano,

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: 1958.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Chrysler, Cadillac, or Lincoln engine,

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: The Aurora was an American automobile manufactured by Father Alfred A. Juliano,

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Experimental Safety Vehicle

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: 1958.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: ESV initialism.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Branford, Connecticut,

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Chrysler, Cadillac, or Lincoln engine,

text: Opposite the compressed magnetic field is the magnetotail, where the magnetosphere extends far beyond the astronomical object. It contains two lobes, referred to as the northern and southern tail lobes. Magnetic field lines in the northern tail lobe point towards the object while those in the southern tail lobe point away. The tail lobes are almost empty, with few charged particles opposing the flow of the solar wind. The two lobes are separated by a plasma sheet, an area where the magnetic field is weaker and the density of charged particles is higher.

text: Opposite the compressed magnetic field is the magnetotail, where the magnetosphere extends far beyond the astronomical object. It contains two lobes, referred to as the northern and southern tail lobes. Magnetic field lines in the northern tail lobe point towards the object while those in the southern tail lobe point away. The tail lobes are almost empty, with few charged particles opposing the flow of the solar wind. The two lobes are separated by a plasma sheet, an area where the magnetic field is weaker and the density of charged particles is higher.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: plasma sheet

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: plasma sheet

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: plasma sheet

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: the flow of the solar wind

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: a plasma sheet

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: the magnetotail

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: magnetotail

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: few charged particles opposing the flow of the solar wind.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: plasma sheet,

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: magnetotail,

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: solar wind.

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetotail,

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: flow

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: few charged particles opposing the flow of the solar wind.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: charged particles opposing the flow of the solar wind.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: the magnetosphere extends far beyond the astronomical object.

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: two lobes,

text: When the magnetic sail's field is oriented in the opposite direction to the magnetosphere it experiences a force inward and toward the nearest pole, and when it is oriented in the same direction as the magnetosphere it experiences the opposite effect. A magnetic sail oriented in the same direction as the magnetosphere is not stable, and will have to prevent itself from being flipped over to the opposite orientation by some other means.

text: When the magnetic sail's field is oriented in the opposite direction to the magnetosphere it experiences a force inward and toward the nearest pole, and when it is oriented in the same direction as the magnetosphere it experiences the opposite effect. A magnetic sail oriented in the same direction as the magnetosphere is not stable, and will have to prevent itself from being flipped over to the opposite orientation by some other means.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: The ozone layer

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: magnetic sail

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: in the same direction as the magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: the magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: opposite direction to the magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: magnetosphere it experiences a force inward and toward the nearest pole,

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: opposite direction to the magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: nearest pole,

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: magnetosphere

text: In the early 2000s, Jupiter Europa Orbiter led by NASA and the Jupiter Ganymede Orbiter led by the ESA were proposed together as an Outer Planet Flagship Mission to Jupiter's icy moons, and called Europa Jupiter System Mission with a planned launch in 2020. In 2009 it was given priority over Titan Saturn System Mission. At that time, there was competition from other proposals. Japan proposed Jupiter Magnetospheric Orbiter.

text: In the early 2000s,

text: Jupiter Europa Orbiter

text: led by NASA and the

text: Jupiter Ganymede Orbiter

text: led by the ESA were proposed together as an

text: Outer Planet Flagship Mission

text: to Jupiter's icy moons, and called

text: Europa Jupiter System Mission

text: with a planned launch in 2020. In 2009 it was given priority over

text: Titan Saturn System Mission

text: . At that time, there was competition from other proposals.

text: Japan

text: proposed

text: Jupiter Magnetospheric Orbiter

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Jupiter Europa Orbiter

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Outer Planet

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Europa Jupiter System Mission with a planned launch in 2020.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Magnetospheric

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Magnetospheric

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Magnetospheric

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Magnetospheric

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Magnetospheric

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Jupiter Magnetospheric Orbiter.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Magnetospheric

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Jupiter's icy moons,

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: icy moons,

text: The thermopause is the atmospheric boundary of Earth's energy system, located at the top of the thermosphere. The temperature of the thermopause could range up to absolute zero to .

text: The thermopause is the

text: atmospheric

text: boundary of Earth's energy system, located at the top of the

text: thermosphere

text: . The temperature of the thermopause could range up to absolute zero to .

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: The thermopause

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: The thermopause

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: thermopause

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Thermopause

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: the top of the thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: The thermopause

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: The thermopause

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: thermopause

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: The thermopause is the atmospheric boundary of Earth's energy system,

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: zero

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: The thermopause is the atmospheric boundary of Earth's energy system,

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: top of the thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: The thermopause is the atmospheric boundary of Earth's energy system,

text: When the cricket ball is inside the boundary, it is live. When the ball is touching the boundary, grounded beyond the boundary, or being touched by a fielder who is himself either touching the boundary or grounded beyond it, it is dead and the batting side usually scores 4 or 6 runs for hitting the ball over the boundary. Because of this rule, fielders near the boundary attempting to intercept the ball while running or diving, often flick the ball back in to the field of play rather than pick it up directly, because their momentum could carry them beyond the rope while holding the ball. They then return to the field to pick the ball up and throw it back to the bowler.

text: When the

text: cricket ball

text: is inside the boundary, it is live. When the ball is touching the boundary, grounded beyond the boundary, or being touched by a

text: fielder

text: who is himself either touching the boundary or grounded beyond it, it is

text: dead

text: and the batting side usually scores 4 or 6 runs for hitting the ball over the boundary. Because of this rule, fielders near the boundary attempting to intercept the ball while running or diving, often flick the ball back in to the field of play rather than pick it up directly, because their momentum could carry them beyond the rope while holding the ball. They then return to the field to pick the ball up and throw it back to the bowler.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: nucleus

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: layer

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: boundary

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unknown

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: dead

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: rope

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: rope

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: live.

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: live.

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: live.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: dead

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: When the cricket ball is inside the boundary, it is live.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: field of play

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: bowler.

text: Io plays a significant role in shaping Jupiter's magnetic field, acting as an electric generator that can develop 400,000 volts across itself and create an electric current of 3 million amperes, releasing ions that give Jupiter a magnetic field more than twice the size it would otherwise have. The magnetosphere of Jupiter sweeps up gases and dust from Io's thin atmosphere at a rate of 1 tonne per second. This material is mostly composed of ionized and atomic sulfur, oxygen and chlorine; atomic sodium and potassium; molecular sulfur dioxide and sulfur; and sodium chloride dust. These materials originate from Io's volcanic activity, but the material that escapes to Jupiter's magnetic field and into interplanetary space comes directly from Io's atmosphere. These materials, depending on their ionized state and composition, end up in various neutral (non-ionized) clouds and radiation belts in Jupiter's magnetosphere and, in some cases, are eventually ejected from the Jovian system.

text: Io plays a significant role in shaping

text: Jupiter's magnetic field

text: , acting as an electric generator that can develop 400,000 volts across itself and create an electric current of 3 million amperes, releasing ions that give Jupiter a magnetic field more than twice the size it would otherwise have. The magnetosphere of Jupiter sweeps up gases and dust from Io's thin atmosphere at a rate of 1

text: tonne

text: per second. This material is mostly composed of

text: ion

text: ized and atomic sulfur, oxygen and chlorine; atomic sodium and potassium; molecular sulfur dioxide and sulfur; and

text: sodium chloride

text: dust. These materials originate from Io's volcanic activity, but the material that escapes to Jupiter's magnetic field and into interplanetary space comes directly from Io's atmosphere. These materials, depending on their ionized state and composition, end up in various neutral (non-ionized) clouds and radiation belts in Jupiter's

text: magnetosphere

text: and, in some cases, are eventually ejected from the Jovian system.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: radiation belts

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionized

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Io's volcanic activity

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: ionized and atomic sulfur

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Jupiter's magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: thin atmosphere at a rate of 1 tonne per second.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: radiation belts

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionized and atomic sulfur,

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: 3 million amperes,

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Io plays a significant role in shaping Jupiter's magnetic field,

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: ionized and atomic sulfur,

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Jupiter's

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: radiation belts

text: A magnetosphere is produced by the interaction of a stream of charged particles, such as solar wind, with a planet's (or similar body's) magnetic field. All planets with intrinsic magnetic fields, including Earth, are surrounded by a magnetosphere.

text: A magnetosphere is produced by the interaction of a stream of charged particles, such as solar wind, with a planet's (or similar body's) magnetic field. All planets with intrinsic magnetic fields, including Earth, are surrounded by a magnetosphere.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: charged particles

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: produced by the interaction of a stream of charged particles

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: A magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: solar wind,

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: a stream of charged particles,

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: solar wind,

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: interaction of a stream of charged particles,

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: solar wind,

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: solar wind,

text: Discipline is the restraint, through caution and self-examination, that prevents philosophical pure reason from applying itself beyond the limits of possible sensual experience. Philosophy cannot possess dogmatic certainty. Philosophy, unlike mathematics, cannot have definitions, axioms or demonstrations. All philosophical concepts must be ultimately based on a posteriori, experienced intuition. This is different from algebra and geometry, which use concepts that are derived from a priori intuitions, such as symbolic equations and spatial figures. Kant's basic intention in this section of the text is to describe why reason should not go beyond its already well-established limits. In section I, the discipline of pure reason in the sphere of dogmatism, Kant clearly explains why philosophy cannot do what mathematics can do in spite of their similarities. Kant also explains that when reason goes beyond its own limits, it becomes dogmatic. For Kant, the limits of reason lie in the field of experience as, after all, all knowledge depends on experience. According to Kant, a dogmatic statement would be a statement that reason accepts as true even though it goes beyond the bounds of experience.

text: Discipline is the restraint, through caution and self-examination, that prevents philosophical

text: pure reason

text: from applying itself beyond the limits of possible sensual

text: experience

text: . Philosophy cannot possess

text: dogma

text: tic

text: certainty

text: . Philosophy, unlike

text: mathematics

text: , cannot have

text: definition

text: s,

text: axiom

text: s or

text: demonstration

text: s. All philosophical

text: concept

text: s must be ultimately based on

text: a posteriori

text: , experienced

text: intuition

text: . This is different from

text: algebra

text: and

text: geometry

text: , which use concepts that are derived from a priori intuitions, such as

text: symbol

text: ic

text: equation

text: s and spatial

text: figure

text: s. Kant's basic intention in this section of the text is to describe why reason should not go beyond its already well-established limits. In section I, the discipline of pure reason in the sphere of dogmatism, Kant clearly explains why philosophy cannot do what mathematics can do in spite of their similarities. Kant also explains that when reason goes beyond its own limits, it becomes dogmatic. For Kant, the limits of reason lie in the field of experience as, after all, all knowledge depends on experience. According to Kant, a dogmatic statement would be a statement that reason accepts as true even though it goes beyond the bounds of experience.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: a posteriori

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: a posteriori, experienced intuition

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: field of experience

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Philosophy cannot possess dogmatic certainty

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: experience

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Discipline

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: I,

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: experience.

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: experience

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Discipline

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Discipline

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Discipline

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Discipline

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Discipline

text: To support an Earth-like atmosphere for about 4.6 billion years (the age of the Earth), the moon would have to have a Mars-like density and at least a mass of 0.07 . One way to decrease loss from sputtering is for the moon to have a strong magnetic field that can deflect stellar wind and radiation belts. NASA's Galileo's measurements hints large moons can have magnetic fields; it found that Jupiter's moon Ganymede has its own magnetosphere, even though its mass is only 0.025 .

text: To support an Earth-like atmosphere for about 4.6 billion years (the age of the Earth), the moon would have to have a Mars-like density and at least a mass of 0.07 . One way to decrease loss from

text: sputtering

text: is for the moon to have a strong

text: magnetic field

text: that can deflect

text: stellar wind

text: and radiation belts. NASA's

text: Galileo's

text: measurements hints large moons can have magnetic fields; it found that

text: Jupiter

text: 's moon

text: Ganymede

text: has its own magnetosphere, even though its mass is only 0.025 .

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: What layer bounces off radio waves back to Earth

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: magnetic field

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: stellar wind

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: sputtering

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Mars-like density and at least a mass of 0.07.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: radiation belts.

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: radiation belts.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: stellar wind

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: radiation belts.

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: sputtering

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: radiation belts.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: magnetic field

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: stellar wind

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: radiation belts.

text: It runs north beyond Steeles Avenue, Toronto’s northern city limit, and continues north through York Region, where it is formally identified as York Regional Road 34. It is one of the main arterial roads for Thornhill and Richmond Hill. It then passes through the Oak Ridges Moraine, passing a number of parks and conservation areas. North of the moraine the street again enters urban areas, passing through Aurora and Newmarket. It ends in Newmarket where it turns into Prospect Street.

text: It runs north beyond

text: Steeles Avenue

text: , Toronto’s northern city limit, and continues north through York Region, where it is formally identified as York Regional Road 34. It is one of the main arterial roads for

text: Thornhill

text: and

text: Richmond Hill

text: . It then passes through the

text: Oak Ridges Moraine

text: , passing a number of parks and conservation areas. North of the moraine the street again enters urban areas, passing through

text: Aurora

text: and

text: Newmarket

text: . It ends in Newmarket where it turns into Prospect Street.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: The Oak Ridges Moraine

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Moraine

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Newmarket

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: York Regional Road 34

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: York Regional Road 34.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Oak Ridges Moraine,

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Oak Ridges Moraine,

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Aurora

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Oak Ridges Moraine,

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: York Regional Road 34.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Aurora and Newmarket.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: York Regional Road 34.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Aurora and Newmarket.

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Oak Ridges Moraine,

text: The most common type of OTH radar uses skywave or "skip" propagation, in which shortwave radio waves are reflected off an ionized layer in the atmosphere, the ionosphere.  Given certain conditions in the atmosphere, radio signals transmitted at an angle into the sky will be reflected back towards the ground by the ionosphere, allowing them to return to earth beyond the horizon.  A small amount of this signal will be scattered off desired targets back towards the sky, reflect off the ionosphere again, and return to the receiving antenna by the same path. Only one range of frequencies regularly exhibits this behaviour: the high frequency (HF) or shortwave part of the spectrum from 3 to 30 MHz. The best frequency to use depends on the current conditions of the atmosphere and the sunspot cycle, so systems using skywaves typically employ real-time monitoring of the reception of backscattered signals to continuously adjust the frequency of the transmitted signal.

text: The most common type of OTH radar uses

text: skywave

text: or "skip" propagation, in which

text: shortwave

text: radio waves are reflected off an

text: ionized

text: layer in the atmosphere, the

text: ionosphere

text: .  Given certain conditions in the atmosphere, radio signals transmitted at an angle into the sky will be reflected back towards the ground by the

text: ionosphere

text: , allowing them to return to earth beyond the horizon.  A small amount of this signal will be scattered off desired targets back towards the sky, reflect off the ionosphere again, and return to the receiving antenna by the same path. Only one range of frequencies regularly exhibits this behaviour: the

text: high frequency

text: (HF) or

text: shortwave

text: part of the

text: spectrum

text: from 3 to 30 MHz. The best frequency to use depends on the current conditions of the atmosphere and the

text: sunspot cycle

text: , so systems using skywaves typically employ real-time monitoring of the reception of backscattered signals to continuously adjust the frequency of the transmitted signal.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: the ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: ionized layer

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: ionized layer in the atmosphere, the ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: the ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: sunspot cycle,

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: sunspot cycle,

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: ionized

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: earth beyond the horizon.

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: ionized layer in the atmosphere, the ionosphere.

text: Karl Rawer (born April 19, 1913) is a German specialist in radio wave propagation and the ionosphere. He developed the analytical code to determine suitable frequency ranges for short wave communication by which German forces built-up their long distance communications during World War II.

text: Karl Rawer (born April 19, 1913) is a German specialist in

text: radio wave propagation

text: and the

text: ionosphere

text: . He developed the analytical code to determine suitable frequency ranges for

text: short wave

text: communication by which German forces built-up their long distance communications during

text: World War II

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: the ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: ionization

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Karl Rawer

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: He developed the analytical code to determine suitable frequency ranges for short wave communication

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: frequency ranges for short wave communication

text: Objects in the Solar System that have appreciable atmospheres (i.e., all of the major planets and many of the larger natural satellites) generally produce ionospheres. Planets known to have ionospheres include Venus,Uranus, Mars and Jupiter.

text: Objects in the Solar System that have appreciable atmospheres (i.e., all of the major planets and many of the larger

text: natural satellite

text: s) generally produce ionospheres. Planets known to have ionospheres include

text: Venus

text: Uranus

text: Mars

text: and

text: Jupiter

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionospheres

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Ionospheres

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: ionization

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: the Solar System

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: ionospheres.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionospheres.

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionospheres.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionospheres.

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionospheres.

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: ionospheres.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: ionospheres.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Objects in the Solar System that have appreciable atmospheres

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: ionospheres.

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: ionospheres.

text: Aurora is an unincorporated community in Marshall County, Kentucky, United States. Aurora is located near Kentucky Lake and the Land Between the Lakes National Recreation Area. It becomes a popular tourist attraction area during the summer having several hotels, campgrounds, small restaurants, and a few surrounding stores. Aurora hosts two annual festivities: the Hot August Blues Festival and The Aurora Country Festival, the latter of which is a three-day celebration in October that consists of arts and crafts, a parade, and an antique flea market.

text: Aurora is an

text: unincorporated community

text: in

text: Marshall County

text: Kentucky

text: , United States. Aurora is located near

text: Kentucky Lake

text: and the

entity_name: Land Between the Lakes National Recreation Area

text: Land Between the Lakes National Recreation Area

text: . It becomes a popular tourist attraction area during the summer having several hotels, campgrounds, small restaurants, and a few surrounding stores. Aurora hosts two annual festivities: the

text: Hot August Blues Festival

text: and The Aurora Country Festival, the latter of which is a three-day celebration in October that consists of arts and crafts, a parade, and an antique flea market.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: The Aurora Country Festival

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: land

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Marshall County, Kentucky

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unidentified

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Land Between the Lakes National Recreation Area.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Land Between the Lakes National Recreation Area.

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Land Between the Lakes National Recreation Area.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Kentucky Lake

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Kentucky Lake and the Land Between the Lakes National Recreation Area.

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Kentucky Lake and the Land Between the Lakes National Recreation Area.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: The Aurora Country Festival,

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Kentucky Lake and the Land Between the Lakes National Recreation Area.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Marshall County, Kentucky,

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Kentucky Lake and the Land Between the Lakes National Recreation Area.

text: The thermosphere is the layer of the Earth's atmosphere directly above the mesosphere. The exosphere is above that but is a minor layer of the atmosphere. Within this layer of the atmosphere, ultraviolet radiation causes photoionization/photodissociation of molecules, creating ions in the ionosphere. Taking its name from the Greek θερμός (pronounced thermos) meaning heat, the thermosphere begins about  above the Earth. At these high altitudes, the residual atmospheric gases sort into strata according to molecular mass (see turbosphere). Thermospheric temperatures increase with altitude due to absorption of highly energetic solar radiation. Temperatures are highly dependent on solar activity, and can rise to . Radiation causes the atmosphere particles in this layer to become electrically charged (see ionosphere), enabling radio waves to be refracted and thus be received beyond the horizon. In the exosphere, beginning at  above the Earth's surface, the atmosphere turns into space.

text: The thermosphere is the layer of the

text: Earth's atmosphere

text: directly above the

text: mesosphere

text: . The exosphere is above that but is a minor layer of the atmosphere. Within this layer of the atmosphere,

text: ultraviolet radiation

text: causes

text: photoionization

text: /photodissociation of molecules, creating ions in the

text: ionosphere

text: . Taking its name from the

text: Greek

text: θερμός (pronounced thermos) meaning heat, the thermosphere begins about  above the Earth. At these high altitudes, the residual atmospheric gases sort into strata according to

text: molecular mass

text: (see

text: turbosphere

text: ). Thermospheric

text: temperature

text: s increase with altitude due to absorption of highly energetic

text: solar radiation

text: . Temperatures are highly dependent on solar activity, and can rise to . Radiation causes the atmosphere particles in this layer to become electrically charged (see

text: ionosphere

text: ), enabling

text: radio wave

text: s to be refracted and thus be received beyond the horizon. In the exosphere, beginning at  above the Earth's surface, the atmosphere turns into

text: space

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: turns into space

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Thermospheric temperatures increase with altitude due to absorption

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: from the Greek

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: in the exosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: electrically charged

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: beyond the horizon.

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ions

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: exosphere,

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: solar radiation.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: highly energetic solar radiation.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Greek

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: solar radiation.

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: strata according to molecular mass

text: Global communication is possible during grey line and night time ionospheric conditions with reports of 70 plus countries having been worked from the UK alone.

text: Global communication is possible during

text: grey line

text: and night time

text: ionospheric

text: conditions with reports of 70 plus countries having been worked from the UK alone.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: grey line

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: grey layer

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: grey line

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: grey line and night time ionospheric conditions

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: grey line

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: grey line

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: grey line

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: grey line and night time ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: grey line and night time ionospheric conditions

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Global communication

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: the UK

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: grey line and night time ionospheric

text: The dynamics of the thermosphere are dominated by atmospheric tides, which are driven by the very significant diurnal heating. Atmospheric waves dissipate above this level because of collisions between the neutral gas and the ionospheric plasma.

text: The dynamics of the thermosphere are dominated by

text: atmospheric tide

text: s, which are driven by the very significant

text: diurnal heating

text: . Atmospheric waves dissipate above this level because of collisions between the neutral gas and the ionospheric plasma.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: neutral gas

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: plasma

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: the thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Atmospheric waves

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionospheric plasma.

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionospheric plasma.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionospheric plasma.

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionospheric plasma.

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: atmospheric tides,

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: ionospheric plasma.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: ionospheric plasma.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: ionospheric plasma.

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: atmospheric tides,

text: Five spaceplanes have successfully flown to date, having reentered Earth's atmosphere, returned to Earth, and safely landed — the North American X-15, Space Shuttle, Buran, SpaceShipOne, and Boeing X-37.  All five are considered rocket gliders. , only these aircraft and rockets have succeeded in reaching space.  Two of these five (X-15 and SpaceShipOne) are rocket-powered aircraft, having been carried up to an altitude of several tens of thousands of feet by an atmospheric mother ship before being released, and then flying beyond the boundaries of the earth's atmosphere under their own power.  Three (Space Shuttle, Buran, and X-37) are vertical takeoff horizontal landing (VTHL) vehicles relying upon rocket lift for the ascent phase in reaching space and atmospheric lift for reentry, descent and landing. The three VTHL spaceplanes flew much further than the aircraft launched ones, not merely leaving the earth's atmosphere but also entering orbit around it, which requires at least 50 times more energy on the way up and heavy heat shielding for the trip back. Of the five vehicles, three have been piloted by astronauts, with the Buran and X-37 flying unmanned missions.

text: Five spaceplanes have successfully flown to date, having

text: reentered Earth's atmosphere

text: returned

text: to

text: Earth

text: , and

text: safely landed

text: — the

text: North American X-15

text: Space Shuttle

text: Buran

text: SpaceShipOne

text: , and

text: Boeing X-37

text: .  All five are considered rocket gliders. , only these aircraft and

text: rocket

text: s have succeeded in reaching

text: space

text: .  Two of these five (X-15 and SpaceShipOne) are

text: rocket-powered aircraft

text: , having been carried up to an altitude of several tens of thousands of feet by an atmospheric

text: mother ship

text: before being released, and then flying beyond the

text: boundaries of the earth's atmosphere

text: under their own power.  Three (Space Shuttle, Buran, and X-37) are

text: vertical takeoff horizontal landing

text: (VTHL) vehicles relying upon

text: rocket lift

text: for the ascent phase in reaching space and

text: atmospheric lift

text: for

text: reentry

text: descent

text: and

text: landing

text: . The three VTHL spaceplanes flew much further than the aircraft launched ones, not merely leaving the earth's atmosphere but also entering orbit around it, which requires at least 50 times more energy on the way up and heavy heat shielding for the trip back. Of the five vehicles, three have been piloted by astronauts, with the Buran and X-37 flying unmanned missions.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: VTHL

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: What is the term for the wind produced by the sun?

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: magnetism

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: 50 times more energy

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: heat shielding

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: atmospheric lift

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: atmospheric lift

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: atmospheric lift

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: rocket gliders.,

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Five spaceplanes have successfully flown to date,

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: rocket gliders.,

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: orbit around it,

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: atmospheric lift

text: Entering the Golden Slipper as second favourite, Exosphere finished last of a field of 16. A post-race examination by the vet revealed he had been suffering from heart arrhythmia, and was immediately spelled.

text: Entering the

text: Golden Slipper

text: as second favourite, Exosphere finished last of a field of 16. A post-race examination by the vet revealed he had been suffering from heart arrhythmia, and was immediately spelled.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Golden Slipper

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Exosphere finished last of a field of 16.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Exosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Golden Slipper

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: 16.

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Golden Slipper

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Golden Slipper

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Exosphere finished last of a field of 16.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: heart arrhythmia,

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Entering the Golden Slipper

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Golden Slipper

text: An atmosphere does not abruptly end at any given height, but becomes progressively thinner with altitude. Also, depending on how the various layers that make up the space around the Earth are defined (and depending on whether these layers are considered part of the actual atmosphere), the definition of the edge of space could vary considerably: If one were to consider the thermosphere and exosphere part of the atmosphere and not of space, one might have to extend the boundary to space to at least  above sea level. The Kármán line thus is an arbitrary definition based on the following considerations:

text: An atmosphere does not abruptly end at any given height, but becomes progressively thinner with altitude. Also, depending on how the various layers that make up the space around the

text: Earth

text: are defined (and depending on whether these layers are considered part of the actual atmosphere), the definition of the edge of space could vary considerably: If one were to consider the

text: thermosphere

text: and

text: exosphere

text: part of the atmosphere and not of space, one might have to extend the boundary to space to at least  above sea level. The Kármán line thus is an arbitrary definition based on the following considerations:

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: The troposphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: space

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: an arbitrary definition

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Kármán line

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: the space around the Earth

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: becomes progressively thinner with altitude.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: The Kármán line

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: thermosphere and exosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: thermosphere and exosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: becomes progressively thinner with altitude.

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Kármán line

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: An atmosphere does not abruptly end at any given height,

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: An atmosphere does not abruptly end at any given height,

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: above sea level.

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: thermosphere and exosphere

text: Beyond the Supernatural has a small but loyal fanbase, many of whom feel that the game has been ignored in favor of Palladium's more popular series, Rifts. They cite the years-long development time on Beyond the Supernatural, Second Edition (it was mentioned by Kevin Siembieda as far back as January 1998), and the significant delay in producing two necessary supplemental sourcebooks: Tome Grotesque (a bestiary) and Beyond Arcanum (a book describing magic in the setting). While such things can be brought into the setting from other Palladium game series, due to compatibility with the Megaversal rules, the unique nature of the Beyond the Supernatural world makes this unsatisfying to some critics. As such, many fans regard the second edition as incomplete. Another complaint among many fans is the lack of the victim rules, originally written by Erick Wujcik and featured in the first edition.

text: Beyond the Supernatural has a small but loyal fanbase, many of whom feel that the game has been ignored in favor of Palladium's more popular series,

text: Rifts

text: . They cite the years-long development time on Beyond the Supernatural, Second Edition (it was mentioned by Kevin Siembieda as far back as January 1998), and the significant delay in producing two necessary supplemental sourcebooks: Tome Grotesque (a bestiary) and Beyond Arcanum (a book describing magic in the setting). While such things can be brought into the setting from other Palladium game series, due to compatibility with the Megaversal rules, the unique nature of the Beyond the Supernatural world makes this unsatisfying to some critics. As such, many fans regard the second edition as incomplete. Another complaint among many fans is the lack of the victim rules, originally written by

text: Erick Wujcik

text: and featured in the first edition.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Megaversal

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: rifts

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unsatisfying

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: compatibility with the Megaversal rules

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Beyond the Supernatural

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Megaversal

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Megaversal

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Beyond the Supernatural

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Beyond the Supernatural

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Tome Grotesque

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Beyond the Supernatural

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Beyond the Supernatural

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Beyond the Supernatural

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Tome Grotesque

text: The lowest part of the Earth's atmosphere, the troposphere extends from the surface to about . Above  is the stratosphere, followed by the mesosphere. In the stratosphere incoming solar radiation creates the ozone layer. At heights of above , in the thermosphere, the atmosphere is so thin that free electrons can exist for short periods of time before they are captured by a nearby positive ion. The number of these free electrons is sufficient to affect radio propagation. This portion of the atmosphere is ionized and contains a plasma which is referred to as the ionosphere. In a plasma, the negative free electrons and the positive ions are attracted to each other by the electrostatic force, but they are too energetic to stay fixed together in an electrically neutral molecule.

text: The lowest part of the

text: Earth's atmosphere

text: , the

text: troposphere

text: extends from the surface to about . Above  is the

text: stratosphere

text: , followed by the

text: mesosphere

text: . In the stratosphere incoming solar radiation creates the

text: ozone layer

text: . At heights of above , in the

text: thermosphere

text: , the atmosphere is so thin that free electrons can exist for short periods of time before they are captured by a nearby positive

text: ion

text: . The number of these free electrons is sufficient to affect

text: radio propagation

text: . This portion of the atmosphere is ionized and contains a

text: plasma

text: which is referred to as the ionosphere. In a plasma, the negative free electrons and the positive ions are attracted to each other by the electrostatic force, but they are too energetic to stay fixed together in an electrically neutral molecule.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: The ozone layer

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: incoming solar radiation

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: ionized and contains a plasma

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: the stratosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: thermosphere,

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ozone layer.

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: negative free electrons and the positive ions

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: thermosphere,

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: incoming solar radiation

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: incoming solar radiation

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: plasma

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: The lowest part of the Earth's atmosphere,

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: The lowest part of the Earth's atmosphere, the troposphere

text: The Ionosphere-Thermosphere Storm Probes mission has two goals:

text: The Ionosphere-Thermosphere Storm Probes mission has two goals:

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: None of the above choices .

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: The troposphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: a source of heat

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Ionosphere-Thermosphere Storm Probes

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: The Ionosphere-Thermosphere Storm Probes mission has two goals:

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: The Ionosphere-Thermosphere Storm Probes

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Ionosphere-Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Ionosphere-Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Ionosphere-Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Ionosphere-Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Ionosphere-Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: The Ionosphere-Thermosphere Storm Probes

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: The Ionosphere-Thermosphere Storm Probes

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Ionosphere-Thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: The Ionosphere-Thermosphere

text: A pass could not be caught beyond the goal line, nor more than 20 yards beyond the line of scrimmage.

text: A pass could not be caught beyond the goal line, nor more than 20 yards beyond the line of scrimmage.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: nucleus

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: helium

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: goal line

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: a force that moves the sun

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: 20 yards

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: A pass could not be caught beyond the goal line,

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: A pass could not be caught beyond the goal line,

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: A pass could not be caught beyond the goal line,

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: A pass could not be caught beyond the goal line,

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: A pass could not be caught beyond the goal line,

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: 20 yards beyond the line of scrimmage.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: 20 yards beyond the line of scrimmage.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: A pass could not be caught beyond the goal line,

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: A pass could not be caught beyond the goal line,

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: 20 yards beyond the line of scrimmage.

text: He is co-author of Introduction to Ionospheric Physics with Henry Rishbeth.

text: He is co-author of Introduction to Ionospheric Physics with Henry Rishbeth.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Rishbeth

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: the ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: helium

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Henry Rishbeth

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Henry Rishbeth

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: ionization

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Northern Hemisphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Henry Rishbeth.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Ionospheric Physics with Henry Rishbeth.

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Ionospheric Physics

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Ionospheric Physics

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Henry Rishbeth.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Ionospheric Physics

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Introduction to Ionospheric

text: The book collects ten novellas, novelettes and short stories by various science fiction authors, with an introduction by Wollheim. The stories were previously published in 1976 in the magazines Galaxy, The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction, and Amazing Science Fiction, the anthologies Andromeda 1, Stellar No 2, New Worlds 10, and Aurora: Beyond Equality, and the collection The Custodians and Other Stories.

text: The book collects ten novellas, novelettes and short stories by various science fiction authors, with an introduction by Wollheim. The stories were previously published in 1976 in the magazines

text: Galaxy

entity_name: The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction

text: The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction

text: , and

text: Amazing Science Fiction

text: , the anthologies

text: Andromeda 1

text: Stellar No 2

text: New Worlds 10

text: , and

text: Aurora: Beyond Equality

text: , and the collection

text: The Custodians and Other Stories

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Aurora: Beyond Equality

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Aurora

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: galaxies

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Aurora

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unspecified

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: ten novellas, novelettes and short stories

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Andromeda

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Stellar No 2, New Worlds 10, and Aurora: Beyond Equality,

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Stellar

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Stellar No 2,

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Stellar No 2,

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Aurora: Beyond Equality,

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Stellar No 2, New Worlds 10,

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Galaxy, The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction, and Amazing Science Fiction,

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: ten novellas, novelettes and short stories

text: Formerly proposed for a launch in 2020, the Europa Jupiter System Mission (EJSM) was a joint NASA/ESA proposal for exploration of Jupiter's moons. In February 2009 it was announced that ESA/NASA had given this mission priority ahead of the Titan Saturn System Mission. ESA's contribution still faced funding competition from other ESA projects. EJSM consisted of the NASA-led Jupiter Europa Orbiter, the ESA-led Jupiter Ganymede Orbiter, and possibly a JAXA-led Jupiter Magnetospheric Orbiter.

text: Formerly proposed for a launch in 2020, the

text: Europa Jupiter System Mission

text: (EJSM) was a joint

text: NASA

text: ESA

text: proposal for exploration of

text: Jupiter

text: 's moons. In February 2009 it was announced that ESA/NASA had given this mission priority ahead of the

text: Titan Saturn System Mission

text: . ESA's contribution still faced funding competition from other ESA projects. EJSM consisted of the NASA-led

text: Jupiter Europa Orbiter

text: , the ESA-led

text: Jupiter Ganymede Orbiter

text: , and possibly a

text: JAXA

text: -led

text: Jupiter Magnetospheric Orbiter

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: magnetospheric

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Jupiter's

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Titan Saturn System Mission.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Magnetospheric

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Magnetospheric

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Magnetospheric

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Magnetospheric

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Magnetospheric

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Titan Saturn System Mission.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Jupiter Magnetospheric

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Jupiter's moons.

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Jupiter's moons.

text: The ionosphere, a layer of the Earth's atmosphere, contains charged particles that reflect some radio waves. Amateur radio enthusiasts make use of this characteristic to help propagate lower frequency HF signals around the world: the waves are trapped, bouncing around in the upper layers of the ionosphere until they are refracted down at another point on the Earth. This is called skywave transmission. UHF TV signals are not carried along the ionosphere but can be reflected off of the charged particles down at another point on Earth in order to reach farther than the typical line-of-sight transmission distances; this is the skip distance. UHF transmission and reception are enhanced or degraded by tropospheric ducting as the atmosphere warms and cools throughout the day. Since the wavelengths of UHF signals are comparable to the size of buildings, trees, vehicles and other common objects, reflection and diffraction affects the propagation of UHF signals, especially in built-up urban areas.

text: The

text: ionosphere

text: , a layer of the Earth's atmosphere, contains charged particles that reflect some radio waves. Amateur radio enthusiasts make use of this characteristic to help propagate lower frequency HF signals around the world: the waves are trapped, bouncing around in the upper layers of the ionosphere until they are refracted down at another point on the Earth. This is called

text: skywave

text: transmission. UHF TV signals are not carried along the ionosphere but can be reflected off of the charged particles down at another point on Earth in order to reach farther than the typical

text: line-of-sight

text: transmission distances; this is the

text: skip distance

text: . UHF transmission and reception are enhanced or degraded by

text: tropospheric ducting

text: as the atmosphere warms and cools throughout the day. Since the wavelengths of UHF signals are comparable to the size of buildings, trees, vehicles and other common objects,

text: reflection

text: and

text: diffraction

text: affects the propagation of UHF signals, especially in built-up urban areas.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: contains charged particles that reflect some radio waves

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unspecified

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: The ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: skywave transmission.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: charged particles that reflect some radio waves.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: tropospheric ducting

text: After two trials, Exosphere returned in the Group 2 The Run to the Rose in August. Last of a small field of 5 at the turn, Exosphere won easily. Jockey Sam Clipperton, who was covering for the suspended James McDonald, said, "He is a serious horse. Once I got him out to the centre he sprinted really quickly and had them covered."

text: After two trials, Exosphere returned in the Group 2

text: The Run to the Rose

text: in August. Last of a small field of 5 at the turn, Exosphere won easily. Jockey Sam Clipperton, who was covering for the suspended James McDonald, said, "He is a serious horse. Once I got him out to the centre he sprinted really quickly and had them covered."

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: centre

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Exosphere

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Exosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: 2 The Run to the Rose

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Exosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: centre

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: serious horse.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Exosphere returned in the Group 2 The Run to the Rose in August.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Exosphere

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: The Run to the Rose in August.

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: 5

text: In 1974 the Radio and Space Research Station was renamed the Appleton Laboratory in honour of the man who had done so much to establish the UK as a leading force in ionospheric research, and had been involved with the station first as a researcher and then as secretary of its parent body, the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research.

text: In 1974 the

text: Radio and Space Research Station

text: was renamed the

text: Appleton Laboratory

text: in honour of the man who had done so much to establish the UK as a leading force in ionospheric research, and had been involved with the station first as a researcher and then as secretary of its parent body, the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: in honour of the man

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: ionospheric research,

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: ionospheric research,

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Department of Scientific and Industrial Research.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: ionospheric

text: Neptune's atmosphere is subdivided into two main regions: the lower troposphere, where temperature decreases with altitude, and the stratosphere, where temperature increases with altitude. The boundary between the two, the tropopause, lies at a pressure of . The stratosphere then gives way to the thermosphere at a pressure lower than 10 to 10 microbars (1 to 10 Pa). The thermosphere gradually transitions to the exosphere.

text: Neptune's atmosphere is subdivided into two main regions: the lower

text: troposphere

text: , where temperature decreases with altitude, and the

text: stratosphere

text: , where temperature increases with altitude. The boundary between the two, the

text: tropopause

text: , lies at a pressure of . The stratosphere then gives way to the

text: thermosphere

text: at a pressure lower than 10 to 10 microbars (1 to 10 Pa). The thermosphere gradually transitions to the

text: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: The tropopause

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: The thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: 10 to 10 microbars (1 to 10 Pa)

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Neptune's atmosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: exosphere.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: exosphere.

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: lower troposphere,

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Neptune's

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: tropopause,

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: 10 to 10 microbars

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: 10 to 10 microbars

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Neptune's

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Neptune's

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: lower troposphere, where temperature decreases with altitude,

text: The E layer of the ionosphere is not the only layer that can reflect VHF television signals. Less frequently, the higher F2 layer can also propagate VHF signals several thousand miles beyond their intended area of reception.

text: The E layer of the ionosphere is not the only layer that can reflect VHF television signals. Less frequently, the higher F2 layer can also propagate VHF signals several thousand miles beyond their intended area of reception.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: F2 layer

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: F2 layer

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: the ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: The E layer of the ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: E layer

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: E layer

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: The E layer of the ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: The E layer of the ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: The E layer

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: The E layer

text: Metra has studied the feasibility of extending the line beyond Aurora, possibly as far as Plano, Illinois.

text: Metra has studied the feasibility of extending the line beyond Aurora, possibly as far as

text: Plano, Illinois

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Illinois

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Metra has studied the feasibility of extending the line beyond Aurora,

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Metra has studied the feasibility of extending the line beyond Aurora,

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Aurora,

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Aurora,

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Metra has studied the feasibility of extending the line beyond Aurora,

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Illinois.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Aurora,

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Metra

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Aurora,

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Metra

text: The Anton type 213 Geiger-Müller tube performed as expected. The average rate was 0.6 counts per second. Increases in its counting rate were larger and more frequent than for the two larger tubes, since it was more sensitive to particles of lower energy. It detected 7 small solar bursts of radiation during September and October and 2 during November and December. The absence of a detectable magnetosphere was also confirmed by the tube; it detected no radiation belt at Venus similar to that of Earth. The count rate would have increased by 10, but no change was measured.

text: The Anton type 213 Geiger-Müller tube performed as expected. The average rate was 0.6 counts per second. Increases in its counting rate were larger and more frequent than for the two larger tubes, since it was more sensitive to particles of lower energy. It detected 7 small solar bursts of radiation during September and October and 2 during November and December. The absence of a detectable magnetosphere was also confirmed by the tube; it detected no radiation belt at Venus similar to that of Earth. The count rate would have increased by 10, but no change was measured.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: radiation belt at Venus similar to that of Earth

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: solar

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetic belt

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: a detectable magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Geiger-Müller

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: The absence of a detectable magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: solar

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: solar bursts of radiation

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: 7 small solar bursts of radiation

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Venus

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: radiation belt

text: The currents were predicted in 1908 by Norwegian explorer and physicist Kristian Birkeland, who undertook expeditions beyond the Arctic Circle to study the aurora. He rediscovered, using simple magnetic field measurement instruments, that when the aurora appeared the needles of magnetometers changed direction, confirming the findings of Anders Celsius and assistant Olof Hjorter more than a century before. This could only imply that currents were flowing in the atmosphere above. He theorized that somehow the Sun emitted a cathode ray, and corpuscles from what is now known as a solar wind entered the Earth’s magnetic field and created currents, thereby creating the aurora. This view was scorned by other researchers, but in 1967 a satellite, launched into the auroral region, showed that the currents posited by Birkeland existed. In honour of him and his theory these currents are named Birkeland currents. A good description of the discoveries by Birkeland is given in the book by Jago.

text: The currents were predicted in 1908 by Norwegian explorer and physicist

text: Kristian Birkeland

text: , who undertook expeditions beyond the

text: Arctic Circle

text: to study the aurora. He rediscovered, using simple magnetic field measurement instruments, that when the aurora appeared the needles of magnetometers changed direction, confirming the findings of

text: Anders Celsius

text: and assistant

text: Olof Hjorter

text: more than a century before. This could only imply that currents were flowing in the atmosphere above. He theorized that somehow the Sun emitted a cathode ray, and corpuscles from what is now known as a

text: solar wind

text: entered the Earth’s magnetic field and created currents, thereby creating the aurora. This view was scorned by other researchers, but in 1967 a satellite, launched into the auroral region, showed that the currents posited by Birkeland existed. In honour of him and his theory these currents are named Birkeland currents. A good description of the discoveries by Birkeland is given in the book by Jago.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Arctic Circle

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Arctic Circle

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: what is now known as

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Birkeland currents

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: currents were flowing in the atmosphere above.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: solar wind

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Arctic Circle

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: corpuscles

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Arctic Circle

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: corpuscles

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: solar wind entered the Earth’s magnetic field and created currents,

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Birkeland currents.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Arctic Circle

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: a solar wind entered the Earth’s magnetic field

text: Beyond defining itself as itself (For example, defining some measurable impact on consciousness or on ourselves as human beings), critics of the term San Francisco Renaissance argue that beyond that particular use as a label (even if it helps to signal the arrival of a "new" phenomenon not accounted for on our consciousness), a word itself, as such, cannot act for us as an organizing principle. In other words, we are misguided if we do not recognize how this label fails us (beyond a certain usefulness as a label or "grouping") when it comes to truly measuring (much less accounting for) the impact of multiple, broad and dynamic social, political, and artistic changes in our consciousness.

text: Beyond defining itself as itself (For example, defining some measurable impact on consciousness or on ourselves as human beings), critics of the term San Francisco Renaissance argue that beyond that particular use as a label (even if it helps to signal the arrival of a "new" phenomenon not accounted for on our consciousness), a word itself, as such, cannot act for us as an organizing principle. In other words, we are misguided if we do not recognize how this label fails us (beyond a certain usefulness as a label or "grouping") when it comes to truly measuring (much less accounting for) the impact of multiple, broad and dynamic social, political, and artistic changes in our consciousness.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: San Francisco Renaissance

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: San Francisco Renaissance

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: a word itself, as such, cannot act for us as an organizing principle.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: San Francisco Renaissance

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: San Francisco Renaissance

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: consciousness),

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: San Francisco Renaissance

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: San Francisco Renaissance

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: a "new" phenomenon not accounted for on our consciousness),

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: San Francisco Renaissance

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: San Francisco Renaissance

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: San Francisco Renaissance

text: The troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere are the five layers which make up Earth's atmosphere. In all, the atmosphere is made up of about 78.0% nitrogen, 20.9% oxygen, and 0.92% argon. 75% of the gases in the atmosphere are located within the troposphere, the bottom-most layer. The remaining one percent of the atmosphere (all but the nitrogen, oxygen, and argon) contains small amounts of other gases including CO and water vapors. Water vapors and CO allow the Earth's atmosphere to catch and hold the Sun's energy through a phenomenon called the greenhouse effect. This allows Earth's surface to be warm enough to have liquid water and support life.

text: The

text: troposphere

text: stratosphere

text: mesosphere

text: thermosphere

text: , and

text: exosphere

text: are the five layers which make up Earth's atmosphere. In all, the atmosphere is made up of about 78.0%

text: nitrogen

text: , 20.9%

text: oxygen

text: , and 0.92%

text: argon

text: . 75% of the gases in the atmosphere are located within the troposphere, the bottom-most layer. The remaining one percent of the atmosphere (all but the nitrogen, oxygen, and argon) contains small amounts of other gases including CO and water vapors. Water vapors and CO allow the Earth's atmosphere to catch and hold the Sun's energy through a phenomenon called the

text: greenhouse effect

text: . This allows Earth's surface to be warm enough to have liquid water and support life.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: argon

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Earth's atmosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: greenhouse effect.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: nitrogen, 20.9% oxygen, and 0.92% argon.

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: greenhouse effect.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: greenhouse effect.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: 0.92% argon.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: The troposphere,

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: The troposphere,

text: A geomagnetic storm is a temporary disturbance of the Earth's magnetosphere caused by a solar wind shock wave and/or cloud of magnetic field that interacts with the Earth's magnetic field. The increase in the solar wind pressure initially compresses the magnetosphere. The solar wind's magnetic field interacts with the Earth’s magnetic field and transfers an increased energy into the magnetosphere. Both interactions cause an increase in plasma movement through the magnetosphere (driven by increased electric fields inside the magnetosphere) and an increase in electric current in the magnetosphere and ionosphere.

text: A geomagnetic storm is a temporary disturbance of the

text: Earth

text: 's

text: magnetosphere

text: caused by a

text: solar wind

text: shock wave and/or cloud of magnetic field that interacts with the

text: Earth's magnetic field

text: . The increase in the solar wind pressure initially compresses the magnetosphere. The solar wind's magnetic field interacts with the Earth’s magnetic field and transfers an increased energy into the magnetosphere. Both interactions cause an increase in plasma movement through the magnetosphere (driven by increased electric fields inside the magnetosphere) and an increase in electric current in the magnetosphere and

text: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: plasma

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: what causes a geomagnetic storm

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: electric current

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Earth's magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: A geomagnetic storm

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: plasma

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: magnetic field

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: geomagnetic storm

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: electric current

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Earth's magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: solar wind

text: If the ball is thrown beyond the 15-metre line, a player from the throwing team who is not taking part in the line-out may run forward to take the ball. If he does so, an opponent may also run forward to contest possession. Players who are taking part in the line-out may move beyond the 15-metre line as soon as the ball leaves the thrower's hands. If, however, a player runs forward or infield and the ball is not thrown beyond the 15-metre line, that player is off-side. The line-out ends when the ball crosses the 15-metre line.

text: If the ball is thrown beyond the 15-metre line, a player from the throwing team who is not taking part in the line-out may run forward to take the ball. If he does so, an opponent may also run forward to contest possession. Players who are taking part in the line-out may move beyond the 15-metre line as soon as the ball leaves the thrower's hands. If, however, a player runs forward or infield and the ball is not thrown beyond the 15-metre line, that player is off-side. The line-out ends when the ball crosses the 15-metre line.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: The outermost layer

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: layer

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: line-out

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unknown

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: If the ball is thrown beyond the 15-metre line,

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: 15-metre line,

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: 15-metre line,

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: If the ball is thrown beyond the 15-metre line,

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: 15-metre line,

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: 15-metre line,

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: If the ball is thrown beyond the 15-metre line,

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: If the ball is thrown beyond the 15-metre line,

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: 15-metre line,

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: 15-metre line,

text: Aurora Automatic Machinery Company was based out of Aurora, Illinois, USA that produced the Thor motorcycles in the early 1900s. The Model U shared parts with Model W, which had single cylinder.

text: Aurora Automatic Machinery Company was based out of Aurora, Illinois, USA that produced the

text: Thor

text: motorcycles in the early 1900s. The Model U shared parts with Model W, which had single cylinder.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: gaseous

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Thor motorcycles in the early 1900s.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Thor motorcycles in the early 1900s.

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Illinois,

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Thor

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: single cylinder.

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Thor motorcycles in the early 1900s.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Aurora Automatic Machinery Company was based out of Aurora, Illinois, USA

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Thor motorcycles in the early 1900s.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Aurora, Illinois, USA

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: single cylinder.

text: A magnetosphere is classified as "intrinsic" when

text: A magnetosphere is classified as "intrinsic" when

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: heliosphere

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: plasma

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionized

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: a source of energy

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: ionizing

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: ionized plasma

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: the outermost part of the galaxy

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: magnetosphere is classified as "intrinsic"

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: "intrinsic"

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: "intrinsic"

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: magnetosphere is classified as "intrinsic"

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: magnetosphere

text: Curtain arrays are a class of large  multielement directional wire  radio transmitting antennas, used in the shortwave radio bands.   They are a type of reflective array antenna, consisting of multiple wire dipole antennas,  suspended in a plane, often in front of a "curtain" reflector made of a flat vertical screen of many long parallel wires. These are suspended by support wires strung between pairs of tall steel towers, up to  high. They are used for long-distance skywave (or skip) transmission; they transmit a beam of radio waves at a shallow angle into the sky, which is reflected by the ionosphere back to Earth beyond the horizon. Curtain antennas are mostly used by international short wave radio stations to broadcast to large areas at transcontinental distances.

text: Curtain arrays are a class of large  multielement

text: directional

text: wire  radio transmitting

text: antenna

text: s, used in the

text: shortwave

text: radio bands.   They are a type of

text: reflective array antenna

text: , consisting of multiple wire

text: dipole antenna

text: s,  suspended in a plane, often in front of a "curtain" reflector made of a flat vertical screen of many long parallel wires. These are suspended by support wires strung between pairs of tall steel towers, up to  high. They are used for long-distance

text: skywave

text: (or skip) transmission; they transmit a beam of radio waves at a shallow angle into the sky, which is reflected by the

text: ionosphere

text: back to Earth beyond the horizon. Curtain antennas are mostly used by international short wave

text: radio station

text: s to broadcast to large areas at transcontinental distances.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: What does the ionosphere reflect back to Earth?

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: reflected

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Curtain arrays

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: reflected

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: ionosphere

text: Mount Sellery is a prominent peak between Mount Oliver and Mount Smithson. Discovered and photographed by Byrd on the Baselaying Flight of November 18, 1929, and surveyed by A.P. Crary in 1957-58. The mountain is named by Crary for Harry Sellery of the U.S. National Bureau of Standards, who was Antarctic Project Leader for ionosphere studies, 1957-60.

text: Mount Sellery is a prominent peak between Mount Oliver and Mount Smithson. Discovered and photographed by

text: Byrd

text: on the Baselaying Flight of November 18, 1929, and surveyed by A.P. Crary in 1957-58. The mountain is named by Crary for Harry Sellery of the U.S.

entity_name: National Institute of Standards and Technology

text: National Bureau of Standards

text: , who was Antarctic Project Leader for

text: ionosphere

text: studies, 1957-60.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Harry Sellery

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Mount Sellery is a prominent peak between Mount Oliver and Mount Smithson.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Harry Sellery

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Antarctic

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Mount Sellery is a prominent peak between Mount Oliver and Mount Smithson.

text: Beyond Fear is the eponymous debut album from Beyond Fear, a heavy metal band formed by ex-Iced Earth/ex-Judas Priest vocalist Tim Owens.

text: Beyond Fear is the

text: eponymous

text: debut album from

text: Beyond Fear

text: , a

text: heavy metal

text: band formed by ex-

text: Iced Earth

text: /ex-

text: Judas Priest

text: vocalist

text: Tim Owens

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Beyond Fear

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: helium

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: outermost layer

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: beyond fear

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: ionizing radiation

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Australia

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: heavy metal

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Beyond Fear

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Fear

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ex-Iced Earth/ex-Judas

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Beyond Fear

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Beyond Fear

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Beyond Fear

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Beyond Fear

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Beyond Fear

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Beyond Fear

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Beyond Fear

text: The stratosphere, mesosphere and lowest part of the thermosphere are collectively referred to as the "middle atmosphere", which spans heights from approximately  to . The mesopause, at an altitude of , separates the mesosphere from the thermosphere—the second-outermost layer of the Earth's atmosphere. This is also around the same altitude as the turbopause, below which different chemical species are well mixed due to turbulent eddies. Above this level the atmosphere becomes non-uniform; the scale heights of different chemical species differ by their molecular masses.

text: The stratosphere, mesosphere and lowest part of the thermosphere are collectively referred to as the "middle atmosphere", which spans heights from approximately  to . The

text: mesopause

text: , at an altitude of , separates the mesosphere from the

text: thermosphere

text: —the second-outermost layer of the Earth's atmosphere. This is also around the same altitude as the

text: turbopause

text: , below which different chemical species are well mixed due to turbulent eddies. Above this level the atmosphere becomes non-uniform; the

text: scale height

text: s of different chemical species differ by their

text: molecular mass

text: es.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: The middle atmosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: mesopause

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: turbulent eddies

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: different chemical species are well mixed due to turbulent eddies.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: The mesopause,

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: The mesopause,

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: chemical species

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: The mesopause,

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: turbulent eddies.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: The mesopause,

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: The stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: The stratosphere,

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: to. The mesopause,

text: In contrast to solar XUV radiation, magnetospheric disturbances, indicated on the ground by geomagnetic variations, show an unpredictable impulsive character, from short periodic disturbances of the order of hours to long-standing giant storms of several day's duration. The reaction of the thermosphere to a large magnetospheric storm is called thermospheric storm. Since the heat input into the thermosphere occurs at high latitudes (mainly into the auroral regions), the heat transport represented by the term P in eq.(3) is reversed. In addition, due to the impulsive form of the disturbance, higher-order terms are generated which, however, possess short decay times and thus quickly disappear. The sum of these modes determines the "travel time" of the disturbance to the lower latitudes, and thus the response time of the thermosphere with respect to the magnetospheric disturbance. Important for the development of an ionospheric storm is the increase of the ratio N/O  during a thermospheric storm at middle and higher latitude. An increase of  N increases the loss process of the ionospheric plasma and causes therefore a decrease of the electron density within the ionospheric F-layer (negative ionospheric  storm).

text: In contrast to solar XUV radiation, magnetospheric disturbances, indicated on the ground by geomagnetic variations, show an unpredictable impulsive character, from short periodic disturbances of the order of hours to long-standing giant storms of several day's duration. The reaction of the thermosphere to a large magnetospheric storm is called thermospheric storm. Since the heat input into the thermosphere occurs at high latitudes (mainly into the auroral regions), the heat transport represented by the term P in eq.(3) is reversed. In addition, due to the impulsive form of the disturbance, higher-order terms are generated which, however, possess short decay times and thus quickly disappear. The sum of these modes determines the "travel time" of the disturbance to the lower latitudes, and thus the response time of the thermosphere with respect to the magnetospheric disturbance. Important for the development of an

text: ionospheric storm

text: is the increase of the ratio N/O  during a thermospheric storm at middle and higher latitude. An increase of  N increases the loss process of the ionospheric plasma and causes therefore a decrease of the electron density within the ionospheric F-layer (negative ionospheric  storm).

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: geomagnetic variations

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: F-layer

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: plasma

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: F-layer

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: XUV

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: negative ionospheric storm

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: high latitudes

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: ionospheric F-layer

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionospheric F-layer

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionospheric F-layer

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: heat input into the thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionospheric F-layer

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: XUV radiation,

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: thermospheric storm.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: ionospheric F-layer

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: high latitudes

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: auroral regions),

text: AEROS satellites were to study the aeronomy i. e. the science of the upper atmosphere and ionosphere, in particular the F region under the strong influence of  solar extreme ultraviolet radiation. To this end the spectrum of this radiation was recorded aboard by one instrument (of type Hinteregger) on the one hand and a set of 4 other instruments measuring the most important neutral uand iononized parameters at the satellite's position on the other.

text: AEROS

text: satellite

text: s were to study the

text: aeronomy

text: i. e. the

text: science

text: of the upper

text: atmosphere

text: and

text: ionosphere

text: , in particular the

text: F region

text: under the strong influence of

text: solar

text: extreme

text: ultraviolet

text: radiation

text: . To this end the

text: spectrum

text: of this radiation was recorded aboard by one instrument (of type

text: Hinteregger

text: ) on the one hand and a set of 4 other instruments measuring the most important neutral uand iononized parameters at the satellite's position on the other.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: ultraviolet radiation

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: solar extreme ultraviolet radiation.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: F region

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: solar extreme ultraviolet radiation.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: solar extreme ultraviolet radiation.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: solar extreme ultraviolet radiation.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: F region

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: F region under the strong influence of solar extreme ultraviolet radiation.

text: Previous single and two-spacecraft missions were not capable of providing the data required to accurately study the boundaries of the magnetosphere.  Because the plasma comprising the magnetosphere cannot presently be accessed using remote sensing techniques, satellites must be used to measure it in-situ.  Four spacecraft allow scientists make the 3D, time-resolved measurements needed to create a realistic picture of the complex plasma interactions occurring between regions of the magnetosphere and between the magnetosphere and the solar wind.

text: Previous single and two-spacecraft missions were not capable of providing the data required to accurately study the boundaries of the magnetosphere.  Because the

text: plasma

text: comprising the magnetosphere cannot presently be accessed using remote sensing techniques, satellites must be used to measure it in-situ.  Four spacecraft allow scientists make the 3D, time-resolved measurements needed to create a realistic picture of the complex plasma interactions occurring between regions of the magnetosphere and between the magnetosphere and the solar wind.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: plasma

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: plasma comprising the magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: the plasma comprising the magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: the magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: magnetosphere.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: magnetosphere.

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: magnetosphere.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: plasma

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetosphere.

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: complex plasma interactions

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Four spacecraft

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: magnetosphere.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: magnetosphere.

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: solar wind.

text: The steady electric discharging currents in a lightning channel cause a series of incoherent impulses in the whole frequency range, the amplitudes of which decreases approximately with the inverse frequency. In the ELF-range, technical noise from 50 or 60 Hz, natural noise from the magnetosphere, etc. dominates.  In the VLF-range,  there are the coherent impulses from R- and K-strokes, appearing out of the background noise. Beyond about 100 kHz, the noise amplitude becomes more and more incoherent. In addition, technical noise from electric motors, ignition systems of motor cars, etc., are superimposed. Finally, beyond the  high frequency band (3–30 MHz) extraterrestrial noise (noise of galactic origin, solar noise) dominates.

text: The steady electric discharging currents in a lightning channel cause a series of incoherent impulses in the whole frequency range, the amplitudes of which decreases approximately with the inverse frequency. In the ELF-range, technical noise from 50 or 60 Hz, natural noise from the

text: magnetosphere

text: , etc. dominates.  In the VLF-range,  there are the coherent impulses from R- and K-strokes, appearing out of the background noise. Beyond about 100 kHz, the noise amplitude becomes more and more incoherent. In addition, technical noise from electric motors, ignition systems of motor cars, etc., are superimposed. Finally, beyond the  high frequency band (3–30 MHz) extraterrestrial noise (noise of galactic origin, solar noise) dominates.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: the magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: In the VLF-range

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: the magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: beyond the high frequency band

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: the magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: extraterrestrial noise

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: magnetosphere,

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: VLF-range,

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: lightning channel

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: high frequency band

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: extraterrestrial noise

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: extraterrestrial noise

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: magnetosphere,

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: lightning channel

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: R- and K-strokes,

text: Aurora is the twin sister of Northstar and the former lover of Sasquatch and Wild Child. The character struggled with a dissociative identity disorder for years leading to two distinctive personalities, the quiet, religious Jeanne-Marie and the outgoing, heroic, uninhibited Aurora. Aurora and Northstar worked together for years as part of Alpha Flight, including dealing with Beaubier's struggles with her personality disorders. She was briefly a member of the X-Men and also participated in the Weapon X program in an attempt to gain control of her splintered personalities.

text: Aurora is the twin sister of

text: Northstar

text: and the former lover of

text: Sasquatch

text: and

text: Wild Child

text: . The character struggled with a

text: dissociative identity disorder

text: for years leading to two distinctive personalities, the quiet, religious Jeanne-Marie and the outgoing, heroic, uninhibited Aurora. Aurora and Northstar worked together for years as part of Alpha Flight, including dealing with Beaubier's struggles with her personality disorders. She was briefly a member of the

text: X-Men

text: and also participated in the

text: Weapon X

text: program in an attempt to gain control of her splintered personalities.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Alpha Flight

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Alpha Flight

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: helium

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Alpha Flight

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Alpha Flight

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Weapon X

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Aurora

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Alpha Flight,

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Alpha Flight,

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Aurora is the twin sister of Northstar

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Alpha Flight,

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Aurora is the twin sister of Northstar

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Aurora is the twin sister of Northstar

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: religious Jeanne-Marie

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Aurora is the twin sister of Northstar

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: X-Men and also participated in the Weapon X

text: Since space exploration began, it has been observed that the extent of the ionosphere or plasmasphere is highly variable, and often much larger than previously appreciated, at times extending to the boundaries of the Earth's magnetosphere or geomagnetosphere. This highly variable outer boundary of geogenic matter has been referred to as the "geopause," to suggest the relative scarcity of such matter beyond it, where the solar wind dominates.

text: Since space exploration began, it has been observed that the extent of the

text: ionosphere

text: or

text: plasmasphere

text: is highly variable, and often much larger than previously appreciated, at times extending to the boundaries of the Earth's

text: magnetosphere

text: or geomagnetosphere. This highly variable outer boundary of geogenic matter has been referred to as the "geopause," to suggest the relative scarcity of such matter beyond it, where the

text: solar wind

text: dominates.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: geopause

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: where the solar wind dominates

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: plasmasphere

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: solar wind dominates

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unspecified

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: relative scarcity

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: "geopause,"

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: "geopause,"

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: dominates.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: plasmasphere

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: space

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: the solar wind dominates.

text: The K index is used for the study and prediction of ionospheric propagation of high frequency radio signals. Geomagnetic storms, indicated by a K = 5 or higher, have no direct effect on propagation. However they disturb the F-layer of the ionosphere, especially at middle and high geographical latitudes, causing a so-called ionospheric storm which degrades radio propagation. The degradation mainly consists of a reduction of the maximum usable frequency (MUF) by as much as 50%. Sometimes the E-layer may be affected as well. In contrast with sudden ionospheric disturbances (SID), which affect high frequency radio paths near the Equator, the effects of ionospheric storms are more intense in the polar regions.

text: The K index is used for the study and prediction of ionospheric propagation of

text: high frequency

text: radio signals. Geomagnetic storms, indicated by a K = 5 or higher, have no direct effect on propagation. However they disturb the

text: F-layer

text: of the

text: ionosphere

text: , especially at middle and high geographical latitudes, causing a so-called

text: ionospheric storm

text: which degrades radio propagation. The degradation mainly consists of a reduction of the

text: maximum usable frequency

text: (MUF) by as much as 50%. Sometimes the

text: E-layer

text: may be affected as well. In contrast with

text: sudden ionospheric disturbance

text: s (SID), which affect high frequency radio paths near the Equator, the effects of ionospheric storms are more intense in the polar regions.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: The F-layer

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: F-layer

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: the polar regions

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: F-layer of the ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: F-layer

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: F-layer

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: F-layer of the ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: F-layer of the ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: ionospheric storm

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: ionospheric propagation of high frequency radio signals.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: middle and high geographical latitudes,

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: F-layer

text: Brian and Stewie decide to go to the North Pole to kill Santa, but Brian does not want Stewie to get disappointed if Santa is not what everybody thinks he is; to this Stewie responds that Brian is as negative as Eeyore from Winnie-the-Pooh. To prevent Stewie from going to the North Pole he tells him that Santa is not real; Stewie questions this, also asking if Elmo, SpongeBob SquarePants and Curious George aren't real. On their way to the North Pole, Brian and Stewie find themselves in Canada, where they meet a man with a thick Canadian accent; they also see the Aurora borealis and the Aurora Boreanaz (an aurora with David Boreanaz's face).

text: Brian and Stewie decide to go to the North Pole to kill Santa, but Brian does not want Stewie to get disappointed if Santa is not what everybody thinks he is; to this Stewie responds that Brian is as negative as

text: Eeyore

text: from

text: Winnie-the-Pooh

text: . To prevent Stewie from going to the North Pole he tells him that Santa is not real; Stewie questions this, also asking if

text: Elmo

text: SpongeBob SquarePants

text: and

text: Curious George

text: aren't real. On their way to the North Pole, Brian and Stewie find themselves in Canada, where they meet a man with a thick

text: Canadian accent

text: ; they also see the

text: Aurora borealis

text: and the Aurora Boreanaz (an aurora with

text: David Boreanaz

text: 's face).

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: The aurora borealis

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Canada

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Aurora borealis

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Aurora Boreanaz

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Aurora Boreanaz

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Aurora borealis and the Aurora Boreanaz

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Aurora borealis

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Canada,

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Aurora borealis

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Aurora borealis

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Aurora borealis

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Aurora Boreanaz

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Winnie-the-Pooh.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Canada,

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Aurora borealis and the Aurora Boreanaz

text: Later in the story, the three good fairies are preparing for her birthday when they plan to surprise her with the news that she is a princess. But when Princess Aurora renamed Briar Rose returns with the news of meeting a handsome and enchanting man, the fairies must tell her she can never see him again; like Aurora, they do not know who he really is. The three fairies tell her about the future that is set for her and that night they take her back to the castle. Aurora is saddened that she will never see the man from the forest and breaks into tears. The three fairies exit the room they secretly entered so as to let the princess have a few moments alone. Aurora suddenly sees a floating spark of light cast by Maleficent and, in a trance, follows the spark through the back of the fireplace and up a staircase to an abandoned empty room to a spinning wheel that was conjured up. The three good fairies try to stop her, but Aurora touches the spindle and falls to the floor, unconscious. She is put in a bed by the fairies where she can sleep peacefully within the highest tower.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: The layer bounces off radio waves back to Earth

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: spindle

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: What causes Aurora to fall unconscious?

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unspecified

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Aurora touches the spindle and falls to the floor, unconscious.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Maleficent

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: highest tower.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: light

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: spark of light

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Maleficent

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Aurora

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Maleficent

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: forest

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: spindle

text: Aurora does not require the user to provision database storage, as it automatically allocates storage in 10-gigabyte increments, as needed, up to a maximum of 64 terabytes. Aurora offers automatic, six-way replication of those 10-gigabyte chunks across multiple locations for improved availability and fault-tolerance. Aurora also provides users with more comprehensive performance metrics, such as query throughput and latency, as compared to other RDS database engines.

text: Aurora does not require the user to provision database storage, as it automatically allocates storage in 10-gigabyte increments, as needed, up to a maximum of 64 terabytes. Aurora offers automatic, six-way replication of those 10-gigabyte chunks across multiple locations for improved availability and fault-tolerance. Aurora also provides users with more comprehensive performance metrics, such as query throughput and latency, as compared to other RDS database engines.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Aurora

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Aurora

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: multiple locations

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: 64 terabytes.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Aurora

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: RDS database engines.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: 64 terabytes.

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Aurora

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: 10-gigabyte increments,

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Aurora does not require the user to provision database storage,

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Aurora

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: 64 terabytes.

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: six-way replication of those 10-gigabyte chunks

text: Ariel 4, also known as UK 4, was a British ionospheric research satellite, which was operated by the Science and Engineering Research Council. It was built by the British Aircraft Corporation, and had a mass at launch of . It was launched in 1971, aboard an American rocket.

text: Ariel 4, also known as UK 4, was a British

text: ionospheric

text: research

text: satellite

text: , which was operated by the

entity_name: Science and Engineering Research Council

text: Science and Engineering Research Council

text: . It was built by the

text: British Aircraft Corporation

text: , and had a mass at launch of . It was launched in 1971, aboard an American rocket.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionic layer

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Ariel 4,

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Ariel 4,

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Science and Engineering Research Council.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: ionospheric

text: Saturn's magnetosphere is often divided into four regions. The innermost region co-located with Saturn's planetary rings, inside approximately 3 R, has a strictly dipolar magnetic field. It is largely devoid of plasma, which is absorbed by ring particles, although the radiation belts of Saturn are located in this innermost region just inside and outside the rings. The second region between 3 and 6 R contains the cold plasma torus and is called the inner magnetosphere. It contains the densest plasma in the saturnian system. The plasma in the torus originates from the inner icy moons and particularly from Enceladus. The magnetic field in this region is also mostly dipolar.  The third region lies between 6 and 12–14 R and is called the dynamic and extended plasma sheet. The magnetic field in this region is stretched and non-dipolar, whereas the plasma is confined to a thin equatorial plasma sheet. The fourth outermost region is located beyond 15 R at high latitudes and continues up to magnetopause boundary. It is characterized by a low plasma density and a variable, non-dipolar magnetic field strongly influenced by the Solar wind.

text: Saturn's magnetosphere is often divided into four regions. The innermost region co-located with Saturn's

text: planetary rings

text: , inside approximately 3 R, has a strictly dipolar magnetic field. It is largely devoid of plasma, which is absorbed by ring particles, although the radiation belts of Saturn are located in this innermost region just inside and outside the rings. The second region between 3 and 6 R contains the cold plasma torus and is called the inner magnetosphere. It contains the densest plasma in the saturnian system. The plasma in the torus originates from the inner icy moons and particularly from

text: Enceladus

text: . The magnetic field in this region is also mostly dipolar.  The third region lies between 6 and 12–14 R and is called the dynamic and extended

text: plasma sheet

text: . The magnetic field in this region is stretched and non-dipolar, whereas the plasma is confined to a thin equatorial

text: plasma sheet

text: . The fourth outermost region is located beyond 15 R at high latitudes and continues up to magnetopause boundary. It is characterized by a low plasma density and a variable, non-dipolar magnetic field strongly influenced by the Solar wind.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: The dynamic and extended plasma sheet

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: The second region between 3 and 6 R

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: plasma

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetopause boundary

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: The fourth outermost region is located beyond 15 R

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: cold plasma torus

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: beyond 15 R at high latitudes

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: low plasma density

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: dynamic and extended plasma sheet.

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: cold plasma torus

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: plasma,

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetopause boundary.

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: non-dipolar magnetic field strongly influenced by the Solar wind.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Solar wind.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: cold plasma torus

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: beyond 15 R at high latitudes

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: radiation belts

text: The city is the location of Aurora University, two branches of Waubonsee Community College, and a branch of Rasmussen College. According to the census of Aurora's population over the age of twenty-five, 26% hold a bachelor's degree.

text: The city is the location of

text: Aurora University

text: , two branches of

text: Waubonsee Community College

text: , and a branch of

text: Rasmussen College

text: . According to the census of Aurora's population over the age of twenty-five, 26% hold a bachelor's degree.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: The Aurora layer

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Aurora

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Aurora, Illinois

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Aurora University,

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Aurora University,

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Waubonsee Community College,

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Aurora University,

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Aurora's population over the age of twenty-five,

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: twenty-five,

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Aurora University,

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: The city is the location of Aurora University,

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Aurora University,

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Aurora University, two branches of Waubonsee Community College,

text: Discussion in this area continues to expand, and has influenced discussions in other disciplines including anthropology, developmental psychology, and economics. One general question is whether it is necessary to think in terms that go beyond the personal intentions of individual human beings properly to characterize what it is to act together. Bratman's account does not go beyond such personal intentions. Gilbert's account, with its invocation of joint commitment, does go beyond them. Searle's account does also, with its invocation of collective intentionality. The question of whether and how one must account for the existence of mutual obligations when there is a collective intention is another of the issues in this area of inquiry.

text: Discussion in this area continues to expand, and has influenced discussions in other disciplines including anthropology, developmental psychology, and economics. One general question is whether it is necessary to think in terms that go beyond the personal intentions of individual human beings properly to characterize what it is to act together. Bratman's account does not go beyond such personal intentions. Gilbert's account, with its invocation of joint commitment, does go beyond them. Searle's account does also, with its invocation of

text: collective intentionality

text: . The question of whether and how one must account for the existence of mutual obligations when there is a collective intention is another of the issues in this area of inquiry.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: The outermost layer

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: layer

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: gaseous

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: invocation of joint commitment

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unspecified

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Bratman's account does not go beyond such personal intentions.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: collective intentionality.

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: collective intentionality.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: human beings

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: collective intentionality.

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: anthropology, developmental psychology, and economics.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Bratman's account does not go beyond such personal intentions.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: anthropology, developmental psychology, and economics.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Discussion in this area continues to expand,

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: anthropology, developmental psychology, and economics.

text: While nearly all CubeSats are deployed from a launch vehicle or the International Space Station, some are deployed by the primary payloads themselves. For example, FASTSAT deployed the NanoSail-D2, a 3U CubeSat. This was done again with the Cygnus Mass Simulator as the primary payload launched on the maiden flight of the Antares rocket, carrying and later deploying four CubeSats. For CubeSat applications beyond Earth's orbit, the method of deploying the satellites from the primary payload will also be adopted. Eleven CubeSats are planned to be launched on the Space Launch System's Exploration Mission 1, which would place them in the vicinity of the Moon. Insight, a planned Mars lander, will also bring CubeSats beyond Earth orbit to use them as relay communications satellites. Known as MarCO A and B, they would be the first CubeSats sent beyond the Earth–Moon system.

text: While nearly all CubeSats are deployed from a launch vehicle or the International Space Station, some are deployed by the primary payloads themselves. For example,

text: FASTSAT

text: deployed the

text: , a 3U CubeSat. This was done again with the

text: Cygnus Mass Simulator

text: as the primary payload launched on the maiden flight of the

text: Antares

text: rocket, carrying and later deploying four CubeSats. For CubeSat applications beyond Earth's orbit, the method of deploying the satellites from the primary payload will also be adopted. Eleven CubeSats are planned to be launched on the

text: Space Launch System

text: 's

text: Exploration Mission 1

text: , which would place them in the vicinity of the

text: Moon

text: Insight

text: , a planned

text: Mars

text: lander

text: , will also bring CubeSats beyond Earth orbit to use them as

text: relay communications satellites

text: . Known as

text: MarCO

text: A and B, they would be the first CubeSats sent beyond the

text: Earth–Moon system

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: The Earth–Moon system

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Earth–Moon system

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Earth's orbit

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Moon.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: relay communications

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Moon.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Moon.

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Moon.

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Moon.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: NanoSail-D2,

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Earth–Moon system.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Moon.

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Moon.

text: To support an Earth-like atmosphere for about 4.6 billion years (Earth's current age), a moon with a Mars-like density is estimated to need at least 7% of Earth's mass. One way to decrease loss from sputtering is for the moon to have a strong magnetic field that can deflect stellar wind and radiation belts. NASA's Galileo's measurements hints large moons can have magnetic fields; it found Ganymede has its own magnetosphere, even though its mass is only 2.5% of Earth's. An exception is if the moon's atmosphere is constantly replenished by gases from subsurface sources —as thought by some scientists to be the case with Titan.

text: To support an Earth-like atmosphere for about 4.6 billion years (Earth's current age), a moon with a Mars-like density is estimated to need at least 7% of Earth's mass. One way to decrease loss from sputtering is for the moon to have a strong

text: magnetic field

text: that can deflect

text: stellar wind

text: and radiation belts. NASA's

text: Galileo's

text: measurements hints large moons can have magnetic fields; it found

text: Ganymede

text: has its own magnetosphere, even though its mass is only 2.5% of Earth's. An exception is if the moon's atmosphere is constantly replenished by gases from subsurface sources —as thought by some scientists to be the case with Titan.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: stellar wind

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: radiation belts

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: loss from sputtering

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Earth-like atmosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: radiation belts

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: 7% of Earth's mass.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: magnetosphere,

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: radiation belts.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: stellar wind

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: radiation belts.

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: sputtering

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: radiation belts.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: magnetic field that can deflect stellar wind and radiation belts.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: stellar wind and radiation belts.

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: radiation belts.

text: The interaction between the solar wind and the Earth's magnetic field has a number of consequences. In brief, these are the formation of the terrestrial Magnetosphere, the provision of energy and matter to the [magnetosphere], and the powering of large-scale electric currents and the closely related phenomenon of the aurora. Near-Earth space physical processes are of interest for economic reasons and for what we can learn about our environment and the cosmos. These processes are connected along the magnetic field to the Earth's ionosphere, where they lead to the aurora, heating, modification of composition, and large-scale plasma motions. All of these ionospheric processes are interesting in their own right. In addition, there is an increasing understanding of the correspondence between inospheric processes and processes going  on further out in near-Earth space. In this way, observations of the ionospheric processes can be used to in turn remote sense dynamics in near-Earth space.

text: The interaction between the

text: solar wind

text: and the

text: Earth's magnetic field

text: has a number of consequences. In brief, these are the formation of the terrestrial

text: Magnetosphere

text: , the provision of energy and matter to the [magnetosphere], and the powering of large-scale electric currents and the closely related phenomenon of the

text: aurora

text: . Near-Earth

text: space physical

text: processes are of interest for

text: economic reasons

text: and for what we can learn about our environment and the cosmos. These processes are connected along the magnetic field to the Earth's

text: ionosphere

text: , where they lead to the aurora, heating, modification of composition, and large-scale

text: plasma

text: motions. All of these

text: ionospheric

text: processes are interesting in their own right. In addition, there is an increasing understanding of the correspondence between

text: inospheric

text: processes and processes going  on further out in near-Earth space. In this way, observations of the

text: ionospheric

text: processes can be used to in turn remote sense dynamics in near-Earth space.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Earth's magnetic field

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Earth's ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: The interaction between the solar wind and the Earth's magnetic field

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: The interaction between the solar wind and the Earth's magnetic field

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: ionosphere,

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Magnetosphere,

text: The strength and orientation of the magnetic field with respect to solar wind flow determines the shape of the magnetosphere.  It is usually compressed on the day side and elongated at the night side.

text: The strength and orientation of the magnetic field with respect to solar wind flow determines the shape of the

text: magnetosphere

text: .  It is usually compressed on the day side and elongated at the night side.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: the strength and orientation

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: the magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: magnetosphere.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: magnetosphere.

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: magnetosphere.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: solar wind

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: compressed on the day side and elongated at the night side.

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: flow determines the shape of the magnetosphere.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: solar wind flow determines the shape of the magnetosphere.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: The strength and orientation of the magnetic field with respect to solar wind flow

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: solar wind flow determines the shape of the magnetosphere.

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: compressed on the day side and elongated at the night side.

text: , or when the primary opposition to the flow of solar wind is the magnetic field of the object. Mercury, Earth, Jupiter, Ganymede, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune exhibit intrinsic magnetospheres. A magnetosphere is classified as "induced" when

text: , or when the primary opposition to the flow of solar wind is the magnetic field of the object.

text: Mercury

text: , Earth,

text: Jupiter

text: Ganymede

text: Saturn

text: Uranus

text: , and

text: Neptune

text: exhibit intrinsic magnetospheres. A magnetosphere is classified as "induced" when

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: ozone depletion

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: the upper atmosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: helium

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: the primary opposition to the flow of solar wind

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: the southern hemisphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: gravitational

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: intrinsic magnetospheres.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: intrinsic magnetospheres.

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: intrinsic magnetospheres.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: solar wind

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: intrinsic magnetospheres.

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: magnetic field of the object.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: intrinsic magnetospheres.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: the primary opposition to the flow of solar wind

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: solar wind

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: primary opposition to the flow of solar wind

text: HMS Aurora was one of seven  armoured cruisers built for the Royal Navy in the mid-1880s. The ship spent a brief time in reserve before she was assigned to the Channel Squadron for two years in 1890. In 1893 Aurora became a coast guard ship in Ireland for two years before she was placed in reserve again. The ship recommissioned in 1899 for service on the China Station and some of her crew participated in the Battle of Tientsin in 1900 during the Boxer Rebellion. Aurora returned home two years later and was again reduced to reserve. She was taken out of service in 1905 and sold for scrap on 2 October 1907.

text: HMS Aurora was one of seven

text: armoured cruiser

text: s built for the

text: Royal Navy

text: in the mid-1880s. The ship spent a brief time in

text: reserve

text: before she was assigned to the

text: Channel Squadron

text: for two years in 1890. In 1893 Aurora became a

text: coast guard ship

text: in Ireland for two years before she was placed in reserve again. The ship

text: recommissioned

text: in 1899 for service on the

text: China Station

text: and some of her crew participated in the

text: Battle of Tientsin

text: in 1900 during the

text: Boxer Rebellion

text: . Aurora returned home two years later and was again reduced to reserve. She was taken out of service in 1905 and sold for

text: scrap

text: on 2 October 1907.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: The Earth's atmosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: helium

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: layer of gases

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: ionizing radiation

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Australia

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: HMS Aurora

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: China Station

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Channel Squadron

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: mid-1880s.

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: mid-1880s.

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Channel Squadron for two years in 1890.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: HMS Aurora

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Royal Navy

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Ireland

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Channel Squadron

text: Gregor immediately joins a group of creatures on a quest to find the starshade, as described in "The Prophecy of Blood". The current queen, Nerissa, has arranged Hamnet - the estranged, pacifistic son of Solovet and Vikus - as their guide. Hamnet, his Halflander son Hazard, and their hisser companion Frill lead the motley crew through the dangerous Jungle and numerous setbacks. During a near-death experience with a pool of quicksand, the group encounters Luxa, the heir apparent of Regalia who was assumed to be dead after the quest in Gregor and the Prophecy of Bane. She and her bond Aurora were trapped in the Jungle when Aurora dislocated her wing, and had been living there in a colony of nibblers (mice). After Hamnet fixes Aurora's wing, the bonds accompany the questers.

text: Gregor immediately joins a group of creatures on a quest to find the starshade, as described in "The Prophecy of Blood". The current queen,

entity_name: List of The Underland Chronicles characters

text: Nerissa

text: , has arranged

text: Hamnet

text: - the estranged, pacifistic son of

text: Solovet and Vikus

text: - as their guide. Hamnet, his

text: Halflander

text: son Hazard, and their

text: hisser

text: companion Frill lead the motley crew through the dangerous

text: Jungle

text: and numerous setbacks. During a near-death experience with a pool of

text: quicksand

text: , the group encounters

text: Luxa

text: , the

text: heir apparent

text: of

text: Regalia

text: who was assumed to be dead after the quest in

text: Gregor and the Prophecy of Bane

text: . She and her

text: bond

text: Aurora

text: were trapped in the Jungle when Aurora dislocated her wing, and had been living there in a colony of

text: nibblers

text: mice

text: ). After Hamnet fixes Aurora's wing, the bonds accompany the questers.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: What is the most important feature of the outermost layers of the atmosphere?

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: What layer bounces off radio waves back to Earth

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Jungle

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: nitrogen

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Jungle

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: What is the name of Gregor's son?

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: starshade

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: the Jungle

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: starshade,

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: starshade,

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Jungle

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: starshade,

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: starshade,

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: starshade,

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Aurora were trapped in the Jungle when Aurora dislocated her wing,

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: starshade,

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Jungle

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: nibblers (mice).

text: The main ovals are the dominant part of the Jovian aurorae. They have stable shapes and locations, but their intensities are strongly modulated by the solar wind pressure—the stronger solar wind, the weaker the aurorae. As mentioned above, the main ovals are maintained by the strong influx of electrons accelerated by the electric potential drops between the magnetodisk plasma and the Jovian ionosphere. These electrons carry field aligned currents, which maintain the plasma's co-rotation in the magnetodisk. The potential drops develop because the sparse plasma outside the equatorial sheet can only carry a current of a limited strength without those currents. The precipitating electrons have energy in the range 10–100 keV and penetrate deep into the atmosphere of Jupiter, where they ionize and excite molecular hydrogen causing ultraviolet emission. The total energy input into the ionosphere is 10–100 TW. In addition, the currents flowing in the ionosphere heats it by the process known as Joule heating. This heating, which produces up to 300 TW of power, is responsible for the strong infrared radiation from the Jovian aurorae and partially for the heating of the thermosphere of Jupiter.

text: The main ovals are the dominant part of the Jovian aurorae. They have stable shapes and locations, but their intensities are strongly modulated by the solar wind pressure—the stronger solar wind, the weaker the aurorae. As mentioned above, the main ovals are maintained by the strong influx of electrons accelerated by the electric potential drops between the magnetodisk plasma and the Jovian ionosphere. These electrons carry

text: field aligned current

text: s, which maintain the plasma's co-rotation in the magnetodisk. The potential drops develop because the sparse plasma outside the equatorial sheet can only carry a current of a limited strength without those currents. The precipitating electrons have energy in the range 10–100 keV and penetrate deep into the atmosphere of Jupiter, where they ionize and excite molecular hydrogen causing ultraviolet emission. The total energy input into the ionosphere is 10–100

text: TW

text: . In addition, the currents flowing in the ionosphere heats it by the process known as

text: Joule heating

text: . This heating, which produces up to 300 TW of power, is responsible for the strong infrared radiation from the Jovian aurorae and partially for the heating of the thermosphere of Jupiter.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: magnetodisk plasma

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: molecular hydrogen

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: the stronger solar wind, the weaker the aurorae

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Jovian

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Jupiter

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: sparse plasma

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: equatorial sheet

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: molecular hydrogen

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: equatorial sheet

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: pressure—the stronger solar wind, the weaker the aurorae.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: pressure—the stronger solar wind,

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Jovian

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: equatorial sheet

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Jovian ionosphere.

text: Other vowel changes, not part of the chain shift, are  moving beyond  (rude and true are almost approaching reed and tree, but with rounded lips), and  moving beyond  (cone and stoke are almost approaching cane and steak, but with rounded lips).  is moving towards  (so that, for example, book and "could" in the California dialect start to sound, to a GA speaker, more like buck and cud),  is moving beyond  (mud, glove, what, etc. are sounding like how U.S. southerners pronounce them),

text: Other vowel changes, not part of the chain shift, are  moving beyond  (rude and true are almost approaching reed and tree, but with rounded lips), and  moving beyond  (cone and stoke are almost approaching cane and steak, but with rounded lips).  is moving towards  (so that, for example, book and "could" in the California dialect start to sound, to a GA speaker, more like buck and cud),  is moving beyond  (mud, glove, what, etc. are sounding like how U.S. southerners pronounce them),

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: the outermost layer

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: is moving beyond

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: layer

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: moving

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: are overloaded with particles

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: moving beyond

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Other vowel changes, not part of the chain shift,

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: chain shift,

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: chain shift,

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: reed and tree, but with rounded lips),

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: chain shift,

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: moving towards

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Other vowel changes, not part of the chain shift,

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Other vowel changes, not part of the chain shift,

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: California dialect

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: buck and cud),

text: Potential difference between the ionosphere and the Earth is maintained by thunderstorms' pumping action of lightning discharges. In the Earth-ionosphere cavity, the electric field and conduction current in the lower atmosphere are primarily controlled by ions. Ions have the characteristic parameters such as mobility, lifetime, and generation rate that vary with altitude.

text: Potential difference

text: between the

text: ionosphere

text: and the Earth is maintained by

text: thunderstorm

text: s' pumping action of lightning discharges. In the

text: Earth-ionosphere cavity

text: , the

text: electric field

text: and conduction

text: current

text: in the lower atmosphere are primarily controlled by

text: ion

text: s. Ions have the characteristic parameters such as

text: mobility

text: , lifetime, and generation rate that vary with

text: altitude

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: The ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ions

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: lightning discharges

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: potential difference

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: the ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: thunderstorms' pumping action of lightning discharges.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Earth-ionosphere cavity,

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Earth-ionosphere cavity,

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: thunderstorms' pumping action of lightning discharges.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: thunderstorms' pumping action of lightning discharges.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: lightning discharges.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: thunderstorms' pumping action of lightning discharges.

text: The Injun program was a series of six satellites designed and built by researchers at the University of Iowa. They were intended to observe various radiation and magnetic phenomena in the ionosphere and beyond.

text: The Injun program was a series of six

text: satellite

text: s designed and built by researchers at the

text: University of Iowa

text: . They were intended to observe various radiation and magnetic phenomena in the

text: ionosphere

text: and beyond.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: magnetic

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: the ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: magnetic phenomena in the ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: radiation and magnetic phenomena in the ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: radiation and magnetic phenomena in the ionosphere

text: The exosphere ( ''éxō'' "outside, external, beyond",  ''sphaĩra'' "sphere") is a thin, atmosphere-like volume surrounding a planet or natural satellite where molecules are gravitationally bound to that body, but where the density is too low for them to behave as a gas by colliding with each other. In the case of bodies with substantial atmospheres, such as Earth's atmosphere, the exosphere is the uppermost layer, where the atmosphere thins out and merges with interplanetary space. It is located directly above the thermosphere.

text: The exosphere ( ''éxō'' "outside, external, beyond",  ''sphaĩra'' "sphere") is a thin, atmosphere-like volume surrounding a

text: planet

text: or

text: natural satellite

text: where

text: molecule

text: s are gravitationally bound to that body, but where the density is too low for them to behave as a gas by

text: colliding

text: with each other. In the case of bodies with substantial atmospheres, such as

text: Earth's atmosphere

text: , the exosphere is the uppermost layer, where the atmosphere thins out and merges with interplanetary space. It is located directly above the

text: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: The exosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: thins out

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: The exosphere

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: The exosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: low for them to behave as a gas by colliding with each other.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: thins out and merges with interplanetary space.

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: The exosphere

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: The exosphere

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: The exosphere

text: Live At Beyond Baroque II is the second live album from the actor Viggo Mortensen, released in 2004. The album was recorded on the literary space Beyond Baroque in Venice, California as well as his last live album Live At Beyond Baroque of 1999.

text: Live At Beyond Baroque II is the second live album from the actor

text: Viggo Mortensen

text: , released in 2004. The album was recorded on the literary space Beyond Baroque in

text: Venice

text: California

text: as well as his last live album

text: Live At Beyond Baroque

text: of 1999.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: the literary space

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: baroque

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: 2004.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: literary space Beyond Baroque

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Beyond Baroque

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: 2004.

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Beyond Baroque

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: 2004.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: 2004.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Live At Beyond Baroque II

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Venice, California

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Live At Beyond Baroque II

text: The thermosphere is the second-highest layer of Earth's atmosphere. It extends from the mesopause (which separates it from the mesosphere) at an altitude of about  up to the thermopause at an altitude range of . The height of the thermopause varies considerably due to changes in solar activity. Because the thermopause lies at the lower boundary of the exosphere, it is also referred to as the exobase. The lower part of the thermosphere, from  above Earth's surface, contains the ionosphere.

text: The thermosphere is the second-highest layer of Earth's atmosphere. It extends from the mesopause (which separates it from the mesosphere) at an altitude of about  up to the

text: thermopause

text: at an altitude range of . The height of the thermopause varies considerably due to changes in solar activity. Because the thermopause lies at the lower boundary of the exosphere, it is also referred to as the

text: exobase

text: . The lower part of the thermosphere, from  above Earth's surface, contains the

text: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: The thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: lower part of the thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: The thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: The height of the thermopause varies considerably due to changes in solar activity.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: The thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: exobase.

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: The height of the thermopause varies considerably due to changes in solar activity.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: The height of the thermopause varies considerably due to changes in solar activity.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: The lower part of the thermosphere,

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: The thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: The thermosphere is the second-highest layer of Earth's atmosphere.

text: A flux transfer event (FTE) occurs when a magnetic portal opens in the Earth's magnetosphere through which high-energy particles flow from the Sun. This connection, while previously thought to be permanent, has been found to be brief and very dynamic. The European Space Agency's four Cluster spacecraft and NASA's five THEMIS probes have flown through and surrounded these FTEs, measuring their dimensions and identifying the particles that are transferred between the magnetic fields.

text: A flux transfer event (FTE) occurs when a magnetic portal opens in the

text: Earth

text: 's

text: magnetosphere

text: through which high-energy particles flow from the

text: Sun

text: . This connection, while previously thought to be permanent, has been found to be brief and very dynamic. The

text: European Space Agency

text: 's four

text: Cluster spacecraft

text: and

text: NASA

text: 's five

text: THEMIS

text: probes have flown through and surrounded these FTEs, measuring their dimensions and identifying the particles that are transferred between the magnetic fields.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: the Sun

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: high-energy particles

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: flux transfer event

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Earth's magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: flux transfer event

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: high-energy particles flow from the Sun.

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: high-energy particles flow from the Sun.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: flux transfer event

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: magnetosphere through which high-energy particles flow from the Sun.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Earth's magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: high-energy particles flow from the Sun.

text: The study of planets also includes magnetospheres and ionospheres. The origin of their respective magnetic fields, magnetospheric plasma and radiation belts is also of interest. Included in this area is the interaction of magnetospheres and ionospheres with the sun, solar wind, and their natural satellites.

text: The study of planets also includes

text: magnetosphere

text: s and

text: ionosphere

text: s. The origin of their respective magnetic fields, magnetospheric plasma and radiation belts is also of interest. Included in this area is the interaction of magnetospheres and ionospheres with the

text: sun

text: solar wind

text: , and their

text: natural satellite

text: s.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: radiation belts

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: magnetospheres

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: radiation belts

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: The study of planets also includes magnetospheres

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: ionization

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: the sun

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: magnetospheric plasma and radiation belts

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: radiation belts

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: magnetospheric plasma and radiation belts

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: magnetospheric plasma

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: radiation belts

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: the sun,

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: magnetospheres and ionospheres.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: The origin of their respective magnetic fields,

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: radiation belts

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: radiation belts

text: Its existence was predicted in 1902 independently and almost simultaneously by the American electrical engineer Arthur Edwin Kennelly (1861–1939) and the British physicist Oliver Heaviside (1850–1925). However, it was not until 1924 that its existence was shown by British scientist Edward V. Appleton, for which he received the 1947 Nobel Prize in Physics. Physicists resisted the idea of the reflecting layer for one very good reason; it would require total internal reflection, which in turn would require that the speed of light ("c") in the ionosphere would be greater than in the atmosphere below it. Since the latter speed is essentially the same as the speed of light in vacuum, scientists were unwilling to believe the speed in the ionosphere could be higher. Nevertheless, Marconi had received signals in Newfoundland that were broadcast in England, so clearly there must be some mechanism allowing the transmission to reach that far. The paradox was resolved by the discovery that there were two velocities of light, the phase velocity and the group velocity. The phase velocity can in fact be greater than c, but the group velocity, being capable of transmitting information, cannot, by special relativity, be greater than c. The phase velocity for radio waves in the ionosphere is indeed greater than c, and that makes total internal reflection possible, and so the ionosphere can reflect radio waves. The geometric mean of the phase velocity and the group velocity cannot exceed c, so when the phase velocity goes above c, the group velocity must go below it. In 1925, Americans Gregory Breit and Merle A. Tuve first mapped its variations in altitude. The ITU standard model of absorption and reflection of radio waves by the Heaviside Layer was developed by the British Ionospheric physicist Louis Muggleton in the 1970s.

text: Its existence was predicted in 1902 independently and almost simultaneously by the American electrical engineer

text: Arthur Edwin Kennelly

text: (1861–1939) and the British physicist

text: Oliver Heaviside

text: (1850–1925). However, it was not until 1924 that its existence was shown by British scientist

text: Edward V. Appleton

text: , for which he received the 1947

text: Nobel Prize in Physics

text: . Physicists resisted the idea of the reflecting layer for one very good reason; it would require

text: total internal reflection

text: , which in turn would require that the speed of light (

text: "c"

text: ) in the ionosphere would be greater than in the atmosphere below it. Since the latter speed is essentially the same as the speed of light in vacuum, scientists were unwilling to believe the speed in the ionosphere could be higher. Nevertheless,

text: Marconi

text: had received signals in Newfoundland that were broadcast in England, so clearly there must be some mechanism allowing the transmission to reach that far. The paradox was resolved by the discovery that there were two velocities of light, the

text: phase velocity

text: and the

text: group velocity

text: . The phase velocity can in fact be greater than c, but the group velocity, being capable of transmitting information, cannot, by

text: special relativity

text: , be greater than c. The phase velocity for radio waves in the ionosphere is indeed greater than c, and that makes total internal reflection possible, and so the ionosphere can reflect radio waves. The geometric mean of the phase velocity and the group velocity cannot exceed c, so when the phase velocity goes above c, the group velocity must go below it. In 1925, Americans

text: Gregory Breit

text: and

text: Merle A. Tuve

text: first mapped its variations in altitude. The

text: ITU

text: standard model of absorption and reflection of radio waves by the Heaviside Layer was developed by the British Ionospheric physicist

text: Louis Muggleton

text: in the 1970s.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Heaviside Layer

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Heaviside Layer

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: the speed of light in vacuum

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Heaviside Layer

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: The geometric mean of the phase velocity and the group velocity cannot exceed c,

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Heaviside Layer

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: reflecting layer

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: greater than c,

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: The geometric mean of the phase velocity and the group velocity cannot exceed c,

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: The phase velocity for radio waves

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: The phase velocity for radio waves in the ionosphere

text: The thermospheric temperature can be determined from density observations as well as from direct satellite measurements. The temperature vs. altitude z in Fig. 1 can be simulated by the so-called Bates profile:

text: The thermospheric temperature can be determined from density observations as well as from direct satellite measurements. The temperature vs. altitude z in Fig. 1 can be simulated by the so-called

text: Bates

text: profile:

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: The stratosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: The thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Bates profile

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Bates profile

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: The thermospheric temperature

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: The thermospheric

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: The thermospheric temperature

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: The thermospheric temperature

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: The thermospheric temperature

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Bates profile:

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Bates profile:

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Bates profile:

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: The thermospheric temperature

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: The thermospheric

text: Finally, at radio wavelengths longer than 10 meters or so (about 30 MHz), the air in the lower atmosphere remains transparent to radio, but plasma in certain layers of the ionosphere begins to interact with radio waves (see skywave). This property allows some longer wavelengths (100 meters or 3 MHz) to be reflected and results in shortwave radio beyond line-of-sight. However, certain ionospheric effects begin to block incoming radiowaves from space, when their frequency is less than about 10 MHz (wavelength longer than about 30 meters).

text: Finally, at radio wavelengths longer than 10 meters or so (about 30 MHz), the air in the lower atmosphere remains transparent to radio, but plasma in certain layers of the

text: ionosphere

text: begins to interact with radio waves (see

text: skywave

text: ). This property allows some longer wavelengths (100 meters or 3 MHz) to be reflected and results in

text: shortwave radio

text: beyond line-of-sight. However,

text: certain ionospheric effects

text: begin to block incoming radiowaves from space, when their frequency is less than about 10 MHz (wavelength longer than about 30 meters).

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: ion

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: plasma

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: skywave).

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: plasma

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: skywave).

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: ionosphere begins to interact with radio waves

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: radio waves

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: plasma in certain layers of the ionosphere

text: Jupiter's thermosphere is located at pressures lower than 1 μbar and demonstrates such phenomena as airglow, polar aurorae and X-ray emissions. Within it lie layers of increased electron and ion density that form the ionosphere. The high temperatures prevalent in the thermosphere (800–1000 K) have not been fully explained yet; existing models predict a temperature no higher than about 400 K. They may be caused by absorption of high-energy solar radiation (UV or X-ray), by heating from the charged particles precipitating from the Jovian magnetosphere, or by dissipation of upward-propagating gravity waves. The thermosphere and exosphere at the poles and at low latitudes emit X-rays, which were first observed by the Einstein Observatory in 1983. The energetic particles coming from Jupiter's magnetosphere create bright auroral ovals, which encircle the poles. Unlike their terrestrial analogs, which appear only during magnetic storms, aurorae are permanent features of Jupiter's atmosphere. The thermosphere was the first place outside the Earth where the trihydrogen cation () was discovered. This ion emits strongly in the mid-infrared part of the spectrum, at wavelengths between 3 and 5 μm; this is the main cooling mechanism of the thermosphere.

text: Jupiter's thermosphere is located at pressures lower than 1 μbar and demonstrates such phenomena as

text: airglow

text: , polar

text: aurorae

text: and

text: X-ray

text: emissions. Within it lie layers of increased electron and ion density that form the

text: ionosphere

text: . The high temperatures prevalent in the thermosphere (800–1000 K) have not been fully explained yet; existing models predict a temperature no higher than about 400 K. They may be caused by absorption of high-energy solar radiation (UV or X-ray), by heating from the charged particles precipitating from the Jovian magnetosphere, or by dissipation of upward-propagating

text: gravity wave

text: s. The thermosphere and exosphere at the poles and at low latitudes emit X-rays, which were first observed by the

text: Einstein Observatory

text: in 1983. The energetic particles coming from Jupiter's magnetosphere create bright auroral ovals, which encircle the poles. Unlike their terrestrial analogs, which appear only during

text: magnetic storm

text: s, aurorae are permanent features of Jupiter's atmosphere. The thermosphere was the first place outside the Earth where the

text: trihydrogen cation

text: () was discovered. This ion emits strongly in the mid-infrared part of the spectrum, at wavelengths between 3 and 5 μm; this is the main cooling mechanism of the thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Jupiter's magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: UV or X-ray

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: increased electron and ion density

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Jupiter's

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: The high temperatures

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: high-energy solar radiation

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: magnetic storms,

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: layers of increased electron and ion density

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Jupiter's atmosphere.

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: auroral ovals,

text: The Europa Jupiter System Mission – Laplace (EJSM/Laplace) was a proposed joint NASA/ESA unmanned space mission slated to launch around 2020 for the in-depth exploration of Jupiter's moons with a focus on Europa, Ganymede and Jupiter's magnetosphere. The mission would have comprised at least two independent elements, NASA's Jupiter Europa Orbiter (JEO) and ESA's Jupiter Ganymede Orbiter (JGO), to perform coordinated studies of the Jovian system.

text: The Europa Jupiter System Mission – Laplace (EJSM/Laplace) was a proposed joint

text: NASA

text: ESA

text: unmanned space mission

text: slated to launch around 2020 for the in-depth exploration of

text: Jupiter

text: 's moons with a focus on

text: Europa

text: Ganymede

text: and Jupiter's

text: magnetosphere

text: . The mission would have comprised at least two independent elements, NASA's

text: Jupiter Europa Orbiter

text: (JEO) and ESA's

text: Jupiter Ganymede Orbiter

text: (JGO), to perform coordinated studies of the Jovian system.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Jupiter's magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Jupiter's

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: magnetosphere

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: the Jovian system

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Jupiter's magnetosphere.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: magnetosphere.

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: magnetosphere.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: magnetosphere.

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: magnetosphere.

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: magnetosphere.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Jupiter's magnetosphere.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: magnetosphere.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Jupiter's magnetosphere.

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Jupiter's magnetosphere.

text: Nocturnal Emissions  Beyond Logic Beyond Belief LP EARTH005 LP (1990)

text: Nocturnal Emissions  Beyond Logic Beyond Belief LP EARTH005 LP (1990)

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: EARTH005 LP

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: EARTH005

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: EARTH005

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: plasma

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: nocturnal emissions

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: EARTH005

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: nowhere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Nocturnal Emissions Beyond Logic Beyond Belief

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: EARTH005

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: EARTH005

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Nocturnal Emissions

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: EARTH005

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Nocturnal Emissions

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Nocturnal Emissions Beyond Logic Beyond Belief

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: EARTH005

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: EARTH005

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Nocturnal Emissions Beyond Logic Beyond Belief

text: He is best known for proving that, under certain conditions, the magnetic field from a  field-aligned current and the magnetic field from the associated Pederson current in the ionosphere would exactly cancel at the surface of the Earth. The magnetic equivalence of field-aligned currents with Pederson currents is referred to colloquially as Fukushima's Theorem.

text: He is best known for proving that, under certain conditions, the magnetic field from a

text: field-aligned current

text: and the magnetic field from the associated

text: Pederson current

text: in the

text: ionosphere

text: would exactly cancel at the surface of the Earth. The magnetic equivalence of field-aligned currents with Pederson currents is referred to colloquially as

text: Fukushima's Theorem

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: surface of the Earth

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Pederson current

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Fukushima's Theorem.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Fukushima's Theorem.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Pederson

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: ionosphere

text: Stars, planets, and moons keep their atmospheres by gravitational attraction, and as such, atmospheres have no clearly delineated boundary: the density of atmospheric gas simply decreases with distance from the object. The Earth's atmospheric pressure drops to about  at  of altitude, the Kármán line, which is a common definition of the boundary with outer space. Beyond this line, isotropic gas pressure rapidly becomes insignificant when compared to radiation pressure from the Sun and the dynamic pressure of the solar winds, so the definition of pressure becomes difficult to interpret. The thermosphere in this range has large gradients of pressure, temperature and composition, and varies greatly due to space weather. Astrophysicists prefer to use number density to describe these environments, in units of particles per cubic centimetre.

text: Stars, planets, and moons keep their

text: atmosphere

text: s by gravitational attraction, and as such, atmospheres have no clearly delineated boundary: the density of atmospheric gas simply decreases with distance from the object. The Earth's atmospheric pressure drops to about  at  of altitude, the

text: Kármán line

text: , which is a common definition of the boundary with outer space. Beyond this line, isotropic gas pressure rapidly becomes insignificant when compared to

text: radiation pressure

text: from the

text: Sun

text: and the

text: dynamic pressure

text: of the

text: solar wind

text: s, so the definition of pressure becomes difficult to interpret. The

text: thermosphere

text: in this range has large gradients of pressure, temperature and composition, and varies greatly due to

text: space weather

text: . Astrophysicists prefer to use

text: number density

text: to describe these environments, in units of particles per cubic centimetre.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: The thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: The thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Kármán line

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: the dynamic pressure of the solar winds

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Kármán line

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: The thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: the density of atmospheric gas simply decreases with distance from the object.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: The thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: The thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: atmospheric gas

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Kármán line,

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: dynamic pressure

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: atmospheres have no clearly delineated boundary:

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: gravitational attraction,

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Stars,

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Kármán line,

text: The GPS receiver can immediately apply the fast type of correction data, which includes the corrected satellite position and clock data, and determines its current location using normal GPS calculations. Once an approximate position fix is obtained the receiver begins to use the slow corrections to improve its accuracy. Among the slow correction data is the ionospheric delay. As the GPS signal travels from the satellite to the receiver, it passes through the ionosphere. The receiver calculates the location where the signal pierced the ionosphere and, if it has received an ionospheric delay value for that location, corrects for the error the ionosphere created.

text: The GPS receiver can immediately apply the fast type of correction data, which includes the corrected satellite position and clock data, and determines its current location using normal GPS calculations. Once an approximate position fix is obtained the receiver begins to use the slow corrections to improve its accuracy. Among the slow correction data is the ionospheric delay. As the GPS signal travels from the satellite to the receiver, it passes through the ionosphere. The receiver calculates the location where the signal pierced the ionosphere and, if it has received an ionospheric delay value for that location, corrects for the error the ionosphere created.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: ionospheric delay.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: ionospheric delay.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: ionosphere.

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: ionosphere.

text: Note that due to changes in ionospheric propagation caused by changing maximum usable frequency and frequency of optimum transmission it may not be possible to receive W1AW clearly on all frequencies. Note that the voice broadcasts are sent in the common mode for each frequency.

text: Note that due to changes in

text: ionospheric propagation

text: caused by changing

text: maximum usable frequency

text: and

text: frequency of optimum transmission

text: it may not be possible to receive W1AW clearly on all frequencies. Note that the voice broadcasts are sent in the common mode for each frequency.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: maximum usable frequency and frequency of optimum transmission

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: ionospheric propagation

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: changing maximum usable frequency and frequency of optimum transmission

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: ionospheric

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: maximum usable frequency and frequency of optimum transmission

text: The magnetospheric dynamics are projected along magnetic field lines into the ionosphere and are visible, for example, in changes in the aurora and large-scale ionospheric plasma motions. So we get a two-dimension picture of the magnetospheric dynamics which provides an essential complement to the satellite observations. This synergy and its value in advancing science has been increasingly recognized in recent years. The European Space Agency's Cluster mission included a Ground-Based Working Group that was created with the express purpose of maximizing the impact of coordinated ground-based observations (see Amm et al., for a description of the impact of the Cluster Ground-Based Working Group). The five-satellite NASA THEMIS mission launched on February 17, 2006 includes a ground-based component consisting of 20 ground-based observatories (some of which incorporate CGSM magnetometer data), indicating the recognition of the importance of coordinated ground-based observations.

text: The

text: magnetospheric

text: dynamics are projected along magnetic field lines into the ionosphere and are visible, for example, in changes in the

text: aurora

text: and large-scale

text: ionospheric

text: plasma motions. So we get a two-dimension picture of the

text: magnetospheric

text: dynamics which provides an essential complement to the satellite observations. This synergy and its value in advancing science has been increasingly recognized in recent years. The

text: European Space Agency's

text: Cluster mission

text: included a Ground-Based Working Group that was created with the express purpose of maximizing the impact of coordinated ground-based observations (see Amm et al., for a description of the impact of the Cluster Ground-Based Working Group). The five-satellite NASA

text: THEMIS mission

text: launched on February 17, 2006 includes a ground-based component consisting of 20 ground-based observatories (some of which incorporate CGSM magnetometer data), indicating the recognition of the importance of coordinated ground-based observations.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: aurora

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: magnetic field lines

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: magnetic field lines

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: magnetospheric dynamics are projected along magnetic field lines

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: changes in the aurora

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: magnetospheric dynamics are projected along magnetic field lines

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: magnetic field lines

text: Aurora is a census-designated place (CDP) in Preston County, West Virginia, United States. As of the 2010 census, its population was 201. Aurora was originally a German settlement. The town was originally called Salem and later Mount Carmel. Its current name was suggested because of the town's high altitude.One of the original settlers to the area was John Stough, a Lutheran minister. The primary industries throughout the early and mid-19th century were farming and timber.  In the late 1880s the town became known as a resort area thanks to several large hotels which were built in the area. Some of these featured casinos, pools, and concert halls. In the 1930s an artist colony formed in the nearby Youghiogheny Forest area.  Aurora is located on U.S. Route 50 between the Maryland state line and the town of Rowlesburg.  Cathedral State Park is located to the east of Aurora's post office.

text: Aurora is a

text: census-designated place

text: (CDP) in

text: Preston County

text: West Virginia

text: United States

text: . As of the

text: 2010 census

text: , its population was 201. Aurora was originally a

text: German

text: settlement. The town was originally called Salem and later Mount Carmel. Its current name was suggested because of the town's high altitude.One of the original settlers to the area was John Stough, a Lutheran minister. The primary industries throughout the early and mid-19th century were farming and timber.  In the late 1880s the town became known as a resort area thanks to several large hotels which were built in the area. Some of these featured casinos, pools, and concert halls. In the 1930s an artist colony formed in the nearby Youghiogheny Forest area.  Aurora is located on

text: U.S. Route 50

text: between the

text: Maryland

text: state line and the town of

text: Rowlesburg

text: Cathedral State Park

text: is located to the east of Aurora's post office.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Aurora

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: altitude

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Aurora was originally a German settlement

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Preston County, West Virginia

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: 201.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Cathedral State Park

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Youghiogheny Forest

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: high altitude.One

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: altitude.One

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Mount Carmel.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Aurora

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: high altitude.One

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Preston County, West Virginia,

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: U.S. Route 50

text: You're Different and That's Super (ISBN 9781416900702) is the name of a children's book by Queer Eye for the Straight Guy fashion expert Carson Kressley, published in October 2005.

text: You're Different and That's Super (ISBN 9781416900702) is the name of a

text: children's book

text: by

text: Queer Eye for the Straight Guy

text: fashion

text: expert

text: Carson Kressley

text: , published in October 2005.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: The outermost layer

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: helium

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: layer of gases

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: a force produced by the sun

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: You're Different and That's Super

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Super (ISBN 9781416900702)

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: 9781416900702)

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: 9781416900702)

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Super (ISBN 9781416900702)

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: 9781416900702)

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: 9781416900702)

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: You're Different and That's Super

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: 9781416900702)

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: fashion expert Carson Kressley,

text: QB50 is a proposed international network of 50 CubeSats for multi-point, in-situ measurements in the lower thermosphere (90–350 km) and re-entry research. QB50 is an initiative of the Von Karman Institute and is funded by the European Commission as part of the 7th Framework Programme (FP7). Double-unit (2U) CubeSats (10×10×20 cm) are developed, with one unit (the 'functional' unit) providing the usual satellite functions and the other unit (the 'science' unit) accommodating a set of standardised sensors for lower thermosphere and re-entry research. 35 CubeSats are envisaged to be provided by universities in 19 European countries, 10 by universities in the US, 2 by universities in Canada, 3 by Japanese universities, 1 by an institute in Brazil, and others. Ten 2U or 3U CubeSats are foreseen to serve for in-orbit technology demonstration of new space technologies.

text: QB50 is a proposed international network of 50 CubeSats for multi-point, in-situ measurements in the lower

text: thermosphere

text: (90–350 km) and re-entry research. QB50 is an initiative of the

entity_name: Von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics (VKI)

text: Von Karman Institute

text: and is funded by the European Commission as part of the 7th Framework Programme (FP7). Double-unit (2U) CubeSats (10×10×20 cm) are developed, with one unit (the 'functional' unit) providing the usual satellite functions and the other unit (the 'science' unit) accommodating a set of standardised sensors for lower thermosphere and re-entry research. 35 CubeSats are envisaged to be provided by universities in 19 European countries, 10 by universities in the US, 2 by universities in Canada, 3 by Japanese universities, 1 by an institute in Brazil, and others. Ten 2U or 3U CubeSats are foreseen to serve for in-orbit technology demonstration of new space technologies.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: lower thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: lower thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: lower thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: lower thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: in the lower thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: lower thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: lower thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: lower thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: lower thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: lower thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: lower thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: lower thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: QB50

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: lower thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: lower thermosphere

text: Amy Marie Weber (born July 2, 1970) is an American actress, model, film producer, singer, former professional wrestling valet and professional wrestler. She is best known for her time in WWE as a WWE Diva. She released an album, Let it Rain, the titular single for which stayed in the U.S. Billboard Chart for over a month. It was also released internationally via Dauman Music and Republic Digital and climbed to number 6 in the UK Singles Chart. Weber has been the face of a Shiseido cosmetic campaign.

text: Amy Marie Weber (born July 2, 1970) is an American actress, model, film producer, singer, former

text: professional wrestling valet

text: and

text: professional wrestler

text: . She is best known for her time in

text: WWE

text: as a

text: WWE Diva

text: . She released an album, Let it Rain, the titular single for which stayed in the U.S.

text: Billboard Chart

text: for over a month. It was also released internationally via Dauman Music and Republic Digital and climbed to number 6 in the

text: UK Singles Chart

text: . Weber has been the face of a Shiseido cosmetic campaign.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: ionization

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Australia

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Survivor Series

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Amy Marie Weber

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Rain,

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Rain,

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Rain,

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Rain,

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Rain,

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: WWE Diva.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Let it Rain,

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Amy Marie Weber

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: WWE Diva.

text: God's Playground is a book written in 1979 by Norman Davies, covering the history of Poland.

text: God's Playground is a book written in 1979 by

text: Norman Davies

text: , covering the

text: history of Poland

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: The outermost layer

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: helium

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: God's Playground

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: God's playground

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: God's Playground

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: God's Playground

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: God's Playground

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: God's Playground

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: God's Playground

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: God's Playground

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: God's Playground

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: God's Playground

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Poland.

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: God's Playground

text: , the N700A series G set fleet is as follows.

text: , the N700A series G set fleet is as follows.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: layer of ice

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: plasma

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: gaseous

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: a source of heat

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: northern hemisphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: N700A series G set fleet

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: N700A series G set fleet

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: N700A series G

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: N700A series G

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: N700A series G

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: N700A

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: N700A series G set fleet

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: the N700A series G set fleet is as follows.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: the N700A series G set fleet

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: N700A series G set fleet

text: In response, Chelsea chief executive Ron Gourlay insisted that the club were in "a strong position" to meet UEFA's initiatives and were on course to halve their losses during the following financial year, having reduced their players' bonus scheme, negotiated new sponsorship deals, raised ticket prices and were able to count on additional TV revenue from higher Champions League and SKY television rights.

text: In response, Chelsea chief executive

text: Ron Gourlay

text: insisted that the club were in "a strong position" to meet UEFA's initiatives and were on course to halve their losses during the following financial year, having reduced their players' bonus scheme, negotiated new sponsorship deals, raised ticket prices and were able to count on additional TV revenue from higher Champions League and

text: SKY television

text: rights.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: clouds

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: halve their losses during the following financial year,

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: "a strong position" to meet UEFA's

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: halve their losses during the following financial year,

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: "a strong position" to meet UEFA's

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Chelsea chief executive Ron Gourlay

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: "a strong position" to meet UEFA's

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: halve their losses during the following financial year,

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: In response, Chelsea chief executive Ron Gourlay

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Chelsea chief executive Ron Gourlay

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: players' bonus scheme, negotiated new sponsorship deals, raised ticket prices

text: Publication of the Inquiry's Report was expected at the end of 2007, or possibly early 2008.

text: Publication of the Inquiry's Report was expected at the end of 2007, or possibly early 2008.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unspecified

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: end of 2007, or possibly early 2008.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: end of 2007, or possibly early 2008.

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: end of 2007, or possibly early 2008.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: 2008.

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: end of 2007, or possibly early 2008.

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Inquiry's Report was expected at the end of 2007,

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: end of 2007, or possibly early 2008.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Publication of the Inquiry's Report

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: end of 2007, or possibly early 2008.

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Inquiry's Report was expected at the end of 2007,

text: IOC President Juan Antonio Samaranch declared at the Closing Ceremony,Subsequent Summer Olympics held in Athens, Beijing and London have been described by Samaranch's successor, Jacques Rogge, as "unforgettable, dream Games", "truly exceptional" and "happy and glorious games" respectively – the practice of declaring games the "best ever" having been retired after the 2000 games.

text: IOC President

text: Juan Antonio Samaranch

text: declared at the Closing Ceremony,Subsequent Summer Olympics held in

text: Athens

text: Beijing

text: and

text: London

text: have been described by Samaranch's successor,

text: Jacques Rogge

text: , as "unforgettable, dream Games", "truly exceptional" and "happy and glorious games" respectively – the practice of declaring games the "best ever" having been retired after the 2000 games.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unspecified

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: IOC President Juan Antonio Samaranch declared at the Closing Ceremony,Subsequent

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Summer Olympics

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: IOC President Juan Antonio Samaranch declared at the Closing Ceremony,Subsequent

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Summer Olympics

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: IOC President Juan Antonio Samaranch declared at the Closing Ceremony,Subsequent

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Summer Olympics

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: "unforgettable, dream Games",

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: IOC President Juan Antonio Samaranch

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Athens,

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: "unforgettable, dream Games",

text: In 2011 the first Thermo Solar Combined Cycle Power Plant of Morocco has been created near the town.

text: In 2011 the first

entity_name: Ain Beni Mathar Integrated Thermo Solar Combined Cycle Power Plant

text: Thermo Solar Combined Cycle Power Plant

text: of Morocco has been created near the town.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: a layer of dust

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: warms

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: a renewable energy source

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: In 2011 the first Thermo Solar Combined Cycle Power Plant

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Thermo Solar Combined Cycle Power Plant

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: first Thermo Solar Combined Cycle Power Plant of Morocco

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Thermo Solar Combined Cycle Power Plant

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Thermo Solar Combined Cycle Power Plant

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Thermo Solar Combined Cycle Power Plant

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: first Thermo Solar Combined Cycle Power Plant

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: In 2011

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Morocco

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Combined Cycle Power Plant

text: Bonnie (Kat Graham) talks with Caroline and she encourages to reveal her the secret that Damon told her about Stefan because she is worried about Elena. Caroline reveals the secret and Bonnie tells Elena later about it, planting the suspicion that Stefan may be concealing the truth about his relationship with Katherine. Elena tells her that this is Damon's side of the story.

text: Bonnie (

text: Kat Graham

text: ) talks with Caroline and she encourages to reveal her the secret that Damon told her about Stefan because she is worried about Elena. Caroline reveals the secret and Bonnie tells Elena later about it, planting the suspicion that Stefan may be concealing the truth about his relationship with Katherine. Elena tells her that this is Damon's side of the story.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: a layer of dust

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Elena's

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: ionizing radiation

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Stefan

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Bonnie

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Katherine.

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Katherine.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Stefan may be concealing the truth about his relationship with Katherine.

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Bonnie

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Bonnie

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Bonnie

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Bonnie

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Bonnie

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Katherine.

text: During 1937 the club did not enter the junior league or the Championship but concentrated on the Minor and Senior Level. In the first round of the Senior Championship Parnell’s were drawn against Sean Mc Dermott’s. Their first encounter ended in a draw but Sean Mc Dermott’s went on to win the replay with ease.

text: During 1937 the club did not enter the junior league or the Championship but concentrated on the Minor and Senior Level. In the first round of the Senior Championship Parnell’s were drawn against Sean Mc Dermott’s. Their first encounter ended in a draw but Sean Mc Dermott’s went on to win the replay with ease.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: gaseous

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Sean Mc Dermott’s went on to win the replay with ease.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Minor and Senior Level.

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Minor and Senior Level.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: 1937

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Minor and Senior Level.

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Minor and Senior Level.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: 1937

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: ease.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: During 1937

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Minor and Senior Level.

text: Low-level members provide a low-cost option for terrorist organizations that are meant to consume the attention of law enforcement and intelligence organizations in the hope that one will succeed, or a greater operation may go unnoticed. Additionally, democracies are challenged in handling internal dissent, such as terrorism.  Hayden frames the problem facing democracies, "how do you build a security structure that guards you against American citizens who are beginning to change in their thinking up to a point where they become a threat to the security of other Americans? That’s a devil of a problem” because the next step that intelligence communities would take would be to infringe on the privacy of Americans.

text: Low-level members provide a low-cost option for terrorist organizations that are meant to consume the attention of law enforcement and intelligence organizations in the hope that one will succeed, or a greater operation may go unnoticed. Additionally, democracies are challenged in handling internal dissent, such as terrorism.  Hayden frames the problem facing democracies, "how do you build a security structure that guards you against American citizens who are beginning to change in their thinking up to a point where they become a threat to the security of other Americans? That’s a devil of a problem” because the next step that intelligence communities would take would be to infringe on the privacy of Americans.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: The outermost layer of the universe

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: low-level members

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: low-cost option for terrorist organizations

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Low-level members provide a low-cost option for terrorist organizations

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Low-level members

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Low-level members

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Low-level members

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Low-level members provide a low-cost option for terrorist organizations

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: a greater operation may go unnoticed.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Low-level members provide a low-cost option for terrorist organizations

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Low-level members provide a low-cost option for terrorist organizations

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: democracies

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Low-level members provide a low-cost option for terrorist organizations

text: Mike Tyson vs. Frank Bruno was a professional boxing match contested on February 25, 1989 for the WBA, WBC, IBF and lineal heavyweight championships.

text: Mike Tyson

text: vs.

text: Frank Bruno

text: was a professional boxing match contested on February 25, 1989 for the

text: WBA

text: WBC

text: IBF

text: and

text: lineal

text: heavyweight championships.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: The outermost layer

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: arctic

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: helium

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: layer of gases

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: a type of energy produced by the sun

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: magnetism

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Northern Hemisphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Mike Tyson vs. Frank Bruno

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: WBA, WBC, IBF and lineal heavyweight championships.

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: lineal heavyweight championships.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: 1989

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Mike Tyson vs. Frank Bruno

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: WBA, WBC, IBF and lineal heavyweight championships.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: 1989

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: boxing match

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: 1989

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: WBA, WBC, IBF and lineal heavyweight championships.

text: Kemigawahama Station is served by the Keiyō Line.

text: Kemigawahama Station is served by the

text: Keiyō Line

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: The Keiy Line

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Keiy

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: helium

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Keiy

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Keiy Line

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Kemigawahama Station

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Keiy Line

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Keiy<unk> Line.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Keiy<unk> Line.

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Keiy<unk> Line.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Keiy<unk> Line.

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Keiy<unk> Line.

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Keiy<unk> Line.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Keiy<unk> Line.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Kemigawahama Station is served by the Keiy<unk> Line.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Kemigawahama Station

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Keiy<unk> Line.

text: The Košice–Bohumín Railway (, , , , ) can refer to:

text: The Košice–Bohumín Railway (, , , , ) can refer to:

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: layer of clouds

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: wind

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: nuclei

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Ko<unk>ice–Bohum<unk>n Railway

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Ko<unk>ice–Bohum<unk>n Railway

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Ko<unk>ice–Bohum<unk>n Railway

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Ko<unk>ice–Bohum<unk>n Railway

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Ko<unk>ice–Bohum<unk>n Railway

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: The Ko<unk>ice–Bohum<unk>n Railway

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Ko<unk>ice–Bohum<unk>n Railway

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: The Ko<unk>ice–Bohum<unk>n Railway

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Ko<unk>ice–Bohum<unk>n Railway

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: The Ko<unk>ice–Bohum<unk>n Railway

text: The song received a 2001 Grammy Award nomination for Best Rap Solo Performance.

text: The song received a

text: 2001 Grammy Award nomination

text: for

entity_name: Grammy Award for Best Rap Solo Performance

text: Best Rap Solo Performance

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: a layer

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: helium

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: a force that moves the sun

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Grammy Award

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: The song received a 2001 Grammy Award nomination for Best Rap Solo Performance.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: The song received a 2001 Grammy Award nomination for Best Rap Solo Performance.

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: The song received a 2001 Grammy Award nomination for Best Rap Solo Performance.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: The song received a 2001 Grammy Award nomination for Best Rap Solo Performance.

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Rap Solo Performance.

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Rap Solo Performance.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: The song received a 2001 Grammy Award nomination for Best Rap Solo Performance.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: The song received a 2001 Grammy Award nomination for Best Rap Solo Performance.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: The song received a 2001 Grammy Award nomination for Best Rap Solo Performance.

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Rap Solo Performance.

text: As of the census of 2000, there were 7,962 people, 3,121 households, and 2,228 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,927.2 people per square mile (744.3/km²). There were 3,267 housing units at an average density of 790.8 per square mile (305.4/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 96.71% White, 1.31% African American, 0.99% Native American, 0.73% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 0.28% from other races, and 0.88% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.51% of the population. As of 2006, the population is estimated to be 10,000+.

text: As of the

text: census

text: of 2000, there were 7,962 people, 3,121 households, and 2,228 families residing in the city. The

text: population density

text: was 1,927.2 people per square mile (744.3/km²). There were 3,267 housing units at an average density of 790.8 per square mile (305.4/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 96.71%

entity_name: Race and ethnicity in the United States Census

text: White

text: , 1.31%

text: African American

text: , 0.99%

text: Native American

text: , 0.73%

text: Asian

text: , 0.06%

text: Pacific Islander

text: , 0.28% from

text: other races

text: , and 0.88% from two or more races.

text: Hispanic

text: or

text: Latino

text: of any race were 1.51% of the population. As of 2006, the population is estimated to be 10,000+.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: The outermost layer

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: helium

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: layer of gases

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unknown

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: ionization

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: 1.31%

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: The population density was 1,927.2 people per square mile

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: 0.73% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander,

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: 790.8 per square mile (305.4/km2).

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: White,

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: 790.8 per square mile (305.4/km2).

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: 0.73% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander,

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: 790.8 per square mile (305.4/km2).

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: 790.8 per square mile (305.4/km2).

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: city.

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: 96.71% White,

text: The second, 163-foot tower at Walt Disney Studios Park debuted in 2002 and has served as the park's icon since then.

text: The second, 163-foot tower at

text: Walt Disney Studios Park

text: debuted in 2002 and has served as the park's icon since then.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: The outer core

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: a force that moves the Earth's surface

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: The second, 163-foot tower at Walt Disney Studios Park

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: 163-foot tower at Walt Disney Studios Park

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: 2002

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: 2002

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: 163-foot tower

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: 163-foot tower at Walt Disney Studios Park

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: 163-foot tower at Walt Disney Studios Park debuted in 2002

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Walt Disney Studios Park

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Walt Disney Studios Park

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: 163-foot tower at Walt Disney Studios Park

text: The church was built with money donated by foreign visitors and British residents in the city. The organ, the pulpit, stained glass windows, baptismal font and other items were private donations. For its part, the parsonage and the stained glass windows were gifts from Mary Boreham and other family members. She was the widow of Walter Long Boreham who had died in 1890. The style of temple is Gothic Revival architecture.

text: The

text: church

text: was built with money donated by foreign visitors and

text: British

text: residents in the city. The organ, the pulpit, stained glass windows, baptismal font and other items were private donations. For its part, the parsonage and the stained glass windows were gifts from Mary Boreham and other family members. She was the widow of Walter Long Boreham who had died in 1890. The style of temple is

text: Gothic Revival architecture

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: gaseous

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Walter Long Boreham who had died in 1890.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: 1890.

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Gothic Revival

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: 1890.

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Gothic Revival

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Gothic Revival architecture.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: 1890.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Walter Long Boreham who had died in 1890.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: city.

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: 1890.

text: In 1904, Debussy participated in a handful of recordings made together with soprano Mary Garden. He also made some piano rolls for Welte-Mignon in 1913.

text: In 1904, Debussy participated in a handful of recordings made together with soprano

text: Mary Garden

text: . He also made some piano rolls for

text: Welte-Mignon

text: in 1913.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: The Alps

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: the outermost layer

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: helium

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: layer of gases

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Debussy

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: northern hemisphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: piano rolls

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: In 1904,

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: piano rolls for Welte-Mignon in 1913.

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: piano rolls for Welte-Mignon in 1913.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: In 1904,

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: 1904,

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: piano rolls for Welte-Mignon in 1913.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: In 1904,

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Debussy

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: In 1904,

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: piano rolls

text: It is also possible to see many of James's stories as psychological thought-experiments. In his preface to the New York edition of The American he describes the development of the story in his mind as exactly such: the "situation" of an American, "some robust but insidiously beguiled andbetrayed, some cruelly wronged, compatriot..." with the focus of the story being on the response of this wronged man. The Portrait of a Lady may be an experiment to see what happens when an idealistic young woman suddenly becomes very rich. In many of his tales, characters seem to exemplify alternate futures and possibilities, as most markedly in "The Jolly Corner", in which the protagonist and a ghost-doppelganger live alternate American and European lives; and in others, like The Ambassadors, an older James seems fondly to regard his own younger self facing a crucial moment.

text: It is also possible to see many of James's stories as psychological thought-experiments. In his preface to the New York edition of The American he describes the development of the story in his mind as exactly such: the "situation" of an American, "some robust but insidiously beguiled andbetrayed, some cruelly wronged, compatriot..." with the focus of the story being on the response of this wronged man. The Portrait of a Lady may be an experiment to see what happens when an idealistic young woman suddenly becomes very rich. In many of his tales, characters seem to exemplify alternate futures and possibilities, as most markedly in "

text: The Jolly Corner

text: ", in which the protagonist and a ghost-doppelganger live alternate American and European lives; and in others, like

text: The Ambassadors

text: , an older James seems fondly to regard his own younger self facing a crucial moment.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: The Jolly Corner

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: gaseous

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unspecified

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: psychological thought-experiments.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ghost-doppelganger

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: "The Jolly Corner",

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: psychological thought-experiments.

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ghost-doppelganger

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: psychological thought-experiments.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: psychological thought-experiments.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: psychological thought-experiments.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: New York

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: ghost-doppelganger live alternate American and European lives;

text: Hotel Aurora was constructed in 1917 and surpassed Hotel Arthur as the tallest building in Aurora. The Renaissance Revival structure was built in hopes that the newly expanded north end would help Stolp Island become a major attraction. Two office buildings were designed in the Prairie Style by George Grant Elmslie: the Keystone Building (1923) and the Graham Building (1926). The Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks constructed the Aurora Elks Lodge No. 705 in 1926, in the Mayan Revival architecture style. A third major hotel, Leland Tower, was constructed across the street in 1928 and was operated by the same family as Hotel Arthur. When it opened, Hotel Leland was the tallest building in Illinois outside out Chicago. The Rapp and Rapp Paramount Theatre opened in 1931 and operated continuously until a 1976 restoration.

text: Hotel Aurora was constructed in 1917 and surpassed

text: Hotel Arthur

text: as the tallest building in Aurora. The

text: Renaissance Revival

text: structure was built in hopes that the newly expanded north end would help Stolp Island become a major attraction. Two office buildings were designed in the

text: Prairie Style

text: by

text: George Grant Elmslie

text: : the

text: Keystone Building

text: (1923) and the Graham Building (1926). The

text: Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks

text: constructed the

text: Aurora Elks Lodge No. 705

text: in 1926, in the

text: Mayan Revival architecture

text: style. A third major hotel,

text: Leland Tower

text: , was constructed across the street in 1928 and was operated by the same family as Hotel Arthur. When it opened, Hotel Leland was the tallest building in Illinois outside out Chicago. The

text: Rapp and Rapp

text: Paramount Theatre

text: opened in 1931 and operated continuously until a 1976 restoration.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: what is the most important feature of the outermost layers of the atmosphere

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Aurora Elks Lodge No. 705

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: gaseous

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Aurora Elks Lodge

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Aurora

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Hotel Aurora was constructed in 1917

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Stolp Island

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Prairie Style

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Aurora

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: 1917

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Stolp Island

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Hotel Aurora was constructed in 1917

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Hotel Aurora was constructed in 1917

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Aurora.

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Aurora Elks Lodge No. 705

text: Several significant events have contributed to the international development of learning science. Perhaps the earliest history can be traced back to the cognitive revolution.

text: Several significant events have contributed to the international development of learning science. Perhaps the earliest history can be traced back to the

text: cognitive revolution

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: cognitive revolution.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Several

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: cognitive revolution.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Several

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: cognitive revolution.

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Several significant events have contributed to the international development of learning science.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Several significant events have contributed to the international development of learning science.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Several

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Several

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Several significant events have contributed to the international development of learning science.

text: Howard, and Derby as a team, found life in the Premier League difficult and he managed only one goal in a 4–1 defeat to Manchester United at Old Trafford on 8 December 2007. He also missed a vital penalty in a 2–1 home defeat to Blackburn Rovers on 30 December 2007. It proved to be his last contribution for Derby County, and the club confirmed there was interest shown in Howard from other clubs in December.

text: Howard, and Derby as a team, found life in the

text: Premier League

text: difficult and he managed only one goal in a 4–1 defeat to

text: Manchester United

text: at

text: Old Trafford

text: on 8 December 2007. He also missed a vital penalty in a 2–1 home defeat to

text: Blackburn Rovers

text: on 30 December 2007. It proved to be his last contribution for Derby County, and the club confirmed there was interest shown in Howard from other clubs in December.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: arctic

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: helium

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: layer of gases

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unknown

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: neutrons

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: 8 December 2007.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: 2007.

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: 8 December 2007.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: 2007.

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Howard, and Derby as a team, found life in the Premier League

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: 2007.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: 8 December 2007.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: 2007.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Old Trafford

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: 4–1 defeat to Manchester United at Old Trafford

text: In the early 1970s, the club was re-established. In the early 1980s, The club started a progress after they won Liga Gimel Haifa division in the 1979–80 season and were promoted to Liga Bet. In the following season won Liga Bet North B division and were promoted to Liga Alef. In 1982–83, they won Liga Alef North division, after being undefeated throughout the entire season, and were promoted to Liga Artzit (then the second division). Thus, they achieved three promotions within four years. After finished 9th in 1983–84 and 13th in 1984–85, In 1985–86 they finished bottom of Liga Artzit, winning only two league matches all season, and were relegated back to Liga Alef. In 1989–90 Beitar finished bottom of Liga Alef North division and were relegated to Liga Bet. In 1992–93 they dropped into Liga Gimel.

text: In the early 1970s, the club was re-established. In the early 1980s, The club started a progress after they won Liga Gimel Haifa division in the 1979–80 season and were promoted to Liga Bet. In the

text: following season

text: won Liga Bet North B division and were promoted to Liga Alef. In

text: , they won Liga Alef North division, after being undefeated throughout the entire season, and were promoted to

text: Liga Artzit

text: (then the second division). Thus, they achieved three promotions within four years. After finished 9th in

text: and 13th in

text: , In

text: they finished bottom of Liga Artzit, winning only two league matches all season, and were relegated back to Liga Alef. In

text: Beitar finished bottom of Liga Alef North division and were relegated to Liga Bet. In 1992–93 they dropped into Liga Gimel.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unspecified

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Liga Bet

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Liga Bet North B division and were promoted to Liga Alef.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: In the early 1970s,

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Liga Bet North B division

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: In the early 1970s,

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: In the early 1970s,

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Liga Gimel

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: In the early 1970s,

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: In the early 1970s,

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Liga Gimel Haifa

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: 9th in 1983–84 and 13th in 1984–85,

text: Source: 1 and 2

text: Source: 1 and 2

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: 2

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: plasma

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: a type of wind

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Northern Hemisphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: The Van Allen belts are a type of belt made of nylon.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Source: 1 and 2

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Source: 1 and 2

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Source: 1 and 2

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Source: 1 and 2

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Source: 1 and 2

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: 1 and 2

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Source: 1 and 2

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Source: 1 and 2

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Source: 1 and 2

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Source: 1 and 2

text: In general, air pressure and density decrease with altitude in the atmosphere. However, temperature has a more complicated profile with altitude, and may remain relatively constant or even increase with altitude in some regions (see the temperature section, below). Because the general pattern of the temperature/altitude profile is constant and measurable by means of instrumented balloon soundings, the temperature behavior provides a useful metric to distinguish atmospheric layers. In this way, Earth's atmosphere can be divided (called atmospheric stratification) into five main layers. Excluding the exosphere, Earth has four primary layers, which are the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere. From highest to lowest, the five main layers are:

text: In general, air pressure and density decrease with altitude in the atmosphere. However, temperature has a more complicated profile with altitude, and may remain relatively constant or even increase with altitude in some regions (see the

text: temperature

text: section, below). Because the general pattern of the temperature/altitude profile is constant and measurable by means of instrumented

text: balloon soundings

text: , the temperature behavior provides a useful metric to distinguish atmospheric layers. In this way, Earth's atmosphere can be divided (called atmospheric stratification) into five main layers. Excluding the exosphere, Earth has four primary layers, which are the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere. From highest to lowest, the five main layers are:

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: stratosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: mesosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: troposphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: electrostatic charge

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Earth's atmosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: exosphere,

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: air

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: exosphere,

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: exosphere,

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: exosphere,

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: exosphere,

text: , which doesn't affect the range of the sum. Since \left(\frac{a}{p}\right)=\left(\frac{q}{p}\right), we can then writeg_p^q\equiv\left(\frac{q}{p}\right)g_p\pmod{q}Using these two expressions for g_p^q \pmod{q}, and multiplying through by

text: , which doesn't affect the range of the sum. Since \left(\frac{a}{p}\right)=\left(\frac{q}{p}\right), we can then writeg_p^q\equiv\left(\frac{q}{p}\right)g_p\pmod{q}Using these two expressions for g_p^q \pmod{q}, and multiplying through by

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: context: the outermost layers of the atmosphere

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: a layer of ice

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: helium

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: layer

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: a source of heat

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: the van allen belts

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: ionizing radiation

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Northern Hemisphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: g_p q

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: right)g_p<unk>pmod<unk>q<unk>

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: right)g_p<unk>pmod<unk>q<unk>

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: right)g_p<unk>pmod<unk>q<unk>

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: g_p<unk>q <unk>pmod<unk>q<unk>

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: pmod<unk>q<unk>

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: right)g_p<unk>pmod<unk>q<unk>

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: right)g_p<unk>pmod<unk>q<unk>

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: <unk>left(<unk>frac<unk>a<unk>p<unk>right)=

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: g_p<unk>q <unk>pmod<unk>q<unk>

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: <unk>left(<unk>frac<unk>a<unk>p<unk>right)=

text: The Ionosphere-Thermosphere Storm Probes (I-TSP) is a NASA mission which will study the ionosphere and the thermosphere. This mission is part of the Living With a Star program, the second mission in a pair of geospace missions. The first mission is the Radiation Belt Storm Probes, which were launched in August 2012.

text: The Ionosphere-Thermosphere Storm Probes (I-TSP) is a

text: NASA

text: mission which will study the

text: ionosphere

text: and the

text: thermosphere

text: . This mission is part of the

text: Living With a Star

text: program, the second mission in a pair of geospace missions. The first mission is the

text: Radiation Belt Storm Probes

text: , which were launched in August 2012.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: The Radiation Belt

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Radiation Belt

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Radiation Belt

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Ionosphere-Thermosphere Storm Probes

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: The Ionosphere-Thermosphere Storm Probes

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Radiation Belt

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Radiation Belt

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: ionosphere and the thermosphere.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Radiation Belt Storm Probes, which were launched in August 2012.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Star

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Star

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Radiation Belt Storm Probes,

text: His brother, Fred Booker, played in the NFL for the New Orleans Saints.

text: His brother,

text: Fred Booker

text: , played in the NFL for the

text: New Orleans Saints

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: radioactive waste

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: arctic

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: helium

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: heliosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: a force that moves in the direction of the sun

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: ionizing radiation

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: American football

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Fred Booker,

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: His brother, Fred Booker,

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: New Orleans Saints.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: His brother, Fred Booker,

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: NFL for the New Orleans Saints.

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Fred Booker,

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Fred Booker,

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: His brother, Fred Booker,

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: New Orleans Saints.

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: New Orleans Saints.

text: In 1992, this version was nominated by the Country Music Association for Vocal Event of the Year.

text: In 1992, this version was nominated by the

text: Country Music Association

text: for Vocal Event of the Year.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: a layer of gas

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: thorium

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: helium

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: a force of gravity acting on the Earth

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Northern Hemisphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: American country music

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Country Music Association for Vocal Event of the Year.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Vocal Event of the Year.

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: 1992,

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: In 1992,

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Country Music Association

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Vocal Event of the Year.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: In 1992,

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Country Music Association

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: In 1992, this version was nominated by the Country Music Association

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Vocal Event of the Year.

text: Some of the bridges are named in accordance with the Bagua Azimuth (八卦方位):

text: Some of the bridges are named in accordance with the Bagua Azimuth (八卦方位):

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: The ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: helium

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: heliosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Bagua Azimuth

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Bagua Azimuth

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Bagua Azimuth

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Bagua Azimuth

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Bagua Azimuth

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Bagua Azimuth

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Bagua Azimuth

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Bagua Azimuth

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Bagua Azimuth

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Bagua Azimuth

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Bagua Azimuth

text: Nothing in the Red, Yellow or Orange Book standards prohibits disc reading/writing devices from having the capacity to read or write discs beyond the Compact Disc standards.  The standards do require discs to meet precise requirements in order to be called Compact Discs, but the other discs may be called by other names; if this were not true, no DVD drive could legally bear the Compact Disc logo.  While disc players and drives may have capabilities beyond the standards, enabling them to read and write nonstandard discs, there is no assurance, in the absence of explicit additional manufacturer specifications beyond normal Compact Disc logo certification, that any particular player or drive will perform beyond the standards at all or consistently. Furthermore, if the same device with no explicit performance specs beyond the Compact Disc logo initially handles nonstandard discs reliably, there is no assurance that it will not later stop doing so, and in that case, there is no assurance that it can be made to do so again by service or adjustment.  Therefore, discs with capacities larger than 650 MB, and especially those larger than 700 MB, are less interchangeable among players/drives than standard discs and are not very suitable for archival use, as their readability on future equipment, or even on the same equipment at a future time, is not assured, even under the assumption that the discs will not degrade at all.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Compact Disc

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Nothing in the Red, Yellow or Orange Book standards

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: 650 MB,

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Red, Yellow or Orange Book

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Nothing in the Red, Yellow or Orange Book

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Red, Yellow or Orange Book

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Nothing in the Red, Yellow or Orange Book

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Nothing in the Red, Yellow or Orange Book standards

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Compact Discs,

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Nothing in the Red, Yellow or Orange Book

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Red, Yellow or Orange Book

text: Wind is played by Li Jianxun.

text: Wind is played by

text: Li Jianxun

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no answe

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: layer of ice

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: helium

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: layer of air

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Li Jianxun

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: electrostatic charge

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Northern Hemisphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Wind is played by Li Jianxun.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Wind

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Wind

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Wind

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Wind

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Wind is played by Li Jianxun.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Wind is played by Li Jianxun.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Wind

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Wind is played by Li Jianxun.

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: context: Wind is played by Li Jianxun.

text: When thinking on how to write about true love, Akahori considered laughingly that in normal relationships between boys and girls, it eventually tends towards having sex. In order to avoid this, he chose to have a cast of female main characters, but he felt that audiences have experienced this before and that it thus would not be enough. This is when he thought up the idea of changing the main character from a boy to a girl. Akahori knew this would be a problem, since normally changing a person's gender would cause complications, one of them being that the now-female character would invariably want to return to being male. He knew that there were a few problems that could not be avoided, but he wanted to remove the desire to turn back into a male. For this reason, Akahori devised that the character would not want to turn back into a male if there was the impact of the entire world already having accepted the fact that his gender had changed. To do this, Akahori decided to have the alien who crashed into the character to not only revive the character as a female, but to broadcast this over the entire world, which is what happens at the beginning of Kashimashi. Afterwards, Akahori felt it necessary to expand on the alien's role in the story. At this point in the development process, Akahori felt he could now begin writing the story.

text: When thinking on how to write about true love, Akahori considered laughingly that in normal relationships between boys and girls, it eventually tends towards having

text: sex

text: . In order to avoid this, he chose to have a cast of female main characters, but he felt that audiences have experienced this before and that it thus would not be enough. This is when he thought up the idea of changing the main character from a boy to a girl. Akahori knew this would be a problem, since normally changing a person's

text: gender

text: would cause complications, one of them being that the now-female character would invariably want to return to being male. He knew that there were a few problems that could not be avoided, but he wanted to remove the desire to turn back into a male. For this reason, Akahori devised that the character would not want to turn back into a male if there was the impact of the entire world already having accepted the fact that his gender had changed. To do this, Akahori decided to have the

text: alien

text: who crashed into the character to not only revive the character as a female, but to broadcast this over the entire world, which is what happens at the beginning of Kashimashi. Afterwards, Akahori felt it necessary to expand on the alien's role in the story. At this point in the development process, Akahori felt he could now begin writing the story.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: layer

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: helium

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: heliosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: what does the alien crash into the character?

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Akahori

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: sex.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: broadcast this over the entire world,

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: beginning of Kashimashi.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: female main characters,

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: alien

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: alien

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: male.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: broadcast this over the entire world,

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: world,

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: female main characters,

text: 'Ali first came to power in Fars in 863, when the provincial army revolted under his leadership. Fars at the time was one of several provinces that had been assigned to the Tahirid family, who held the important governorships of Khurasan and Baghdad. In response to the revolt, the governor of Baghdad, Muhammad ibn 'Abdallah appointed his fellow Tahirid 'Abdallah ibn Ishaq as governor of Fars and sent him to pacify the province. When 'Abdallah arrived, 'Ali at first submitted to him and was assigned to fight against a group of Kharijites near the border with Kerman. Soon, however, the army became disgruntled with 'Abdallah, who refused to pay their salaries; as a result, 'Ali was able to convince the troops to support him in a new uprising. 'Ali returned and attacked 'Abdallah, forced him to retreat and seized his possessions. The army of Fars then made 'Ali their amir.

text: 'Ali first came to power in Fars in 863, when the provincial army revolted under his leadership. Fars at the time was one of several provinces that had been assigned to the

text: Tahirid

text: family, who held the important governorships of

text: Khurasan

text: and

text: Baghdad

text: . In response to the revolt, the governor of Baghdad,

text: Muhammad ibn 'Abdallah

text: appointed his fellow Tahirid

text: 'Abdallah ibn Ishaq

text: as governor of Fars and sent him to pacify the province. When 'Abdallah arrived, 'Ali at first submitted to him and was assigned to fight against a group of

text: Kharijites

text: near the border with

text: Kerman

text: . Soon, however, the army became disgruntled with 'Abdallah, who refused to pay their salaries; as a result, 'Ali was able to convince the troops to support him in a new uprising. 'Ali returned and attacked 'Abdallah, forced him to retreat and seized his possessions. The army of Fars then made 'Ali their amir.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Kerman

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: gaseous

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: fars

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: 'Ali first came to power in Fars in 863,

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: 'Ali first came to power in Fars in 863,

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Kerman.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: 'Ali first came to power in Fars in 863,

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: 'Ali first came to power in Fars in 863,

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: 'Ali first came to power in Fars in 863,

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: 'Ali first came to power in Fars in 863,

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: 'Ali first came to power in Fars in 863,

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Fars

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: 'Ali first came to power in Fars in 863,

text: The following is a list of songs performed by each finalist during the competition. The number represents the week in which the song was performed. Except for the second week, each week one finalist was asked to perform an encore performance of the song they performed the night before, noted as an "Encore Performance".

text: The following is a list of songs performed by each finalist during the competition. The number represents the week in which the song was performed. Except for the second week, each week one finalist was asked to perform an encore performance of the song they performed the night before, noted as an "Encore Performance".

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: layer

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: heliosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: "Encore Performance".

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: "Encore Performance".

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: second week,

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: "Encore Performance".

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: "Encore Performance".

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: "Encore Performance".

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: "Encore Performance".

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: The number represents the week in which the song was performed.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: competition.

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: songs performed by each finalist

text: From 1978 until 2011 he was on the Board of Directors at Consumers Union.  He was active with Friends of the Earth and, not limited to activity in the United States, was on the board of the Canadian organization Automobile Protection Association.

text: From 1978 until 2011 he was on the Board of Directors at

text: Consumers Union

text: .  He was active with

text: Friends of the Earth

text: and, not limited to activity in the United States, was on the board of the Canadian organization

text: Automobile Protection Association

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: ionization

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unspecified

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Consumers Union.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Earth and, not limited to activity in the United States,

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Earth and, not limited to activity in the United States,

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Consumers Union. He was active with Friends of the Earth

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Earth

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Consumers Union.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: 1978 until 2011

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Canadian

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Automobile Protection Association.

text: A contraction of the thermosphere has been observed as a possible result in part due to increased carbon dioxide concentrations, the strongest cooling and contraction occurring in that layer during solar minimum. The most recent contraction in 2008–2009 was the largest such since at least 1967.

text: A contraction of the

text: thermosphere

text: has been observed as a possible result in part due to increased carbon dioxide concentrations, the strongest cooling and contraction occurring in that layer during

text: solar minimum

text: . The most recent contraction in 2008–2009 was the largest such since at least 1967.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: the thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: increased carbon dioxide concentrations,

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: carbon dioxide

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: solar minimum.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: solar minimum.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: increased carbon dioxide concentrations,

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: thermosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: A contraction of the thermosphere

text: On November 27, 2010, NASA announced the discovery of a tenuous atmosphere—an exosphere. It consists of oxygen and carbon dioxide in proportion of roughly 5 to 2. The surface density of the exosphere is from 10 to 10 molecules in a cubic centimeter depending on local temperature. The main source of oxygen is radiolysis of water ice at the surface by ions supplied by the magnetosphere of Saturn. The source of the carbon dioxide is less clear, but it may be related to oxidation of the organics present in ice or to outgassing of the moon's interior.

text: On November 27, 2010,

text: NASA

text: announced the discovery of a tenuous atmosphere—an

text: exosphere

text: . It consists of oxygen and carbon dioxide in proportion of roughly 5 to 2. The surface density of the exosphere is from 10 to 10 molecules in a cubic centimeter depending on local temperature. The main source of oxygen is

text: radiolysis

text: of water ice at the surface by ions supplied by the

text: magnetosphere of Saturn

text: . The source of the carbon dioxide is less clear, but it may be related to

text: oxidation

text: of the organics present in ice or to

text: outgassing

text: of the moon's interior.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: water ice

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: magnetosphere of Saturn

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: exosphere

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: tenuous

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: magnetosphere of Saturn.

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: exosphere.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: oxygen is radiolysis of water ice at the surface by ions

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: exosphere.

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: ions supplied by the magnetosphere of Saturn.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: ions supplied by the magnetosphere of Saturn.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: ions supplied by the magnetosphere of Saturn.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Saturn.

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Saturn.

text: Coal India had 333,097 employees as on 31 March 2015, out of which 314,259 were Non-Executives and 18,838 were Executives.It spent Rs. 298.74 billion on Employee benefits which accounted for 50.54% of the total expenditure incurred during the FY 2014–15.

text: Coal India had 333,097 employees as on 31 March 2015, out of which 314,259 were Non-Executives and 18,838 were Executives.It spent Rs. 298.74 billion on Employee benefits which accounted for 50.54% of the total expenditure incurred during the FY 2014–15.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: layer of gases

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Coal India

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: 314,259 were Non-Executives

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Coal India

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: 314,259 were Non-Executives

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Coal

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Coal India had 333,097 employees as on 31 March 2015,

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: 314,259 were Non-Executives

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Coal India had 333,097 employees as on 31 March 2015,

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Coal India had 333,097 employees as on 31 March 2015,

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Coal India

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: 314,259 were Non-Executives

text: March 20, 2005 14:00

text: March 20, 2005 14:00

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: The most important feature of the outermost layers of the atmosphere

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: thorium

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: plasma

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ozone layer

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: the force of gravity

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: The aurora occur during massive solar storms

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: ionizing radiation

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Australia

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: V-belts

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: March 20, 2005 14:00

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: March 20, 2005 14:00

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: March 20, 2005 14:00

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: March 20, 2005

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: March 20, 2005 14:00

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: March 20, 2005 14:00

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: March 20, 2005

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: March 20, 2005

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: March 20, 2005 14:00

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: March 20, 2005 14:00

text: Born Lika Pavlova in Lithuania, she started working as a DJ at the age of 15, using the stage name Lika MC. She followed with composing and mixing her own songs in 1990, which ended in the release of her debut album "Lika Rap". In 1992, her single "Let it Rain" was chosen for a two-week run on MTV. After that Lika changed her name to Lika Star, and continued recording under the new alias. Her last album "More than Love" was released in 1997.

text: Born Lika Pavlova in

text: Lithuania

text: , she started working as a DJ at the age of 15, using the stage name Lika MC. She followed with composing and mixing her own songs in 1990, which ended in the release of her debut album "Lika Rap". In 1992, her single "Let it Rain" was chosen for a two-week run on

text: MTV

text: . After that Lika changed her name to Lika Star, and continued recording under the new alias. Her last album "More than Love" was released in 1997.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: layer

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: electrostatic charge

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Lika Star

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Lika MC.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: MTV.

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: 15,

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: 15,

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: 15, using the stage name Lika MC.

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Rain"

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Lika MC.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Lika MC.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Lithuania,

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: "Lika Rap".

text: Last 48: £1,725

text: Last 48: £1,725

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: ii.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: a layer of rock

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: plasma

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: iv

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: £1,725

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: The last 48 hours

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: ionizing radiation

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Australia

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: £725

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Last 48: £1,725

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Last 48: £1,725

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Last 48:

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Last 48:

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: £1,725

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: £1,725

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Last 48: £1,725

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Last 48: £1,725

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Last 48: £1,725

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: £1,725

text: Aurora H. C. Phelps (1839 – 4 January 1876) was an American land reformer, labor organizer and leader, and women's rights advocate.

text: Aurora H. C. Phelps (1839 – 4 January 1876) was an American

text: land reform

text: er,

text: labor organizer and leader

text: , and

text: women's rights

text: advocate.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: the outermost layer

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: arctic

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: helium

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Aurora H. C.

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Aurora H. C.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: United States

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: women's rights advocate

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Aurora H. C. Phelps

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Aurora H. C. Phelps

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Aurora H. C. Phelps

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Aurora H. C. Phelps

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Aurora H. C. Phelps

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Aurora H. C. Phelps

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Aurora H. C. Phelps

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Aurora H. C. Phelps

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: American

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: women's rights advocate.

text: Nik Wallenda: Beyond Niagara (earlier titled Danger by Design) was an American documentary/reality television program that aired on The Science Channel.  The hour-long show followed daredevil and highwire artist Nik Wallenda and his family as they traveled the country performing dangerous feats. It focused on the science and engineering that go into Wallenda's acts, as he pushes "the limits of science further than ever before."  According to Science Channel's general manager Debbie Adler Myers, the program gave "viewers some insight into the passion, skills, ingenuity and science behind the thrills, that has driven the Wallendas to world-renowned fame."

text: Nik Wallenda: Beyond Niagara (earlier titled Danger by Design) was an American

text: documentary

text: reality television

text: program that aired on

text: The Science Channel

text: .  The hour-long show followed daredevil and

text: highwire

text: artist

text: Nik Wallenda

text: and his family as they traveled the country performing dangerous feats. It focused on the science and engineering that go into Wallenda's acts, as he pushes "the limits of science further than ever before."  According to Science Channel's general manager Debbie Adler Myers, the program gave "viewers some insight into the passion, skills, ingenuity and science behind the thrills, that has driven the Wallendas to world-renowned fame."

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Niagara

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Niagara

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Nik Wallenda: Beyond Niagara

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: highwire

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Niagara

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Niagara

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Niagara

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Niagara

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Nik Wallenda: Beyond Niagara

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Niagara

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Nik Wallenda: Beyond Niagara

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: highwire artist

text: As with the previous two films, Michael Giacchino will compose the score to Star Trek Beyond.

text: As with the previous two films,

text: Michael Giacchino

text: will compose the score to

text: Star Trek Beyond

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: a layer

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: ice

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: helium

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: heliosphere

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Michael Giacchino

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unspecified

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Michael Giacchino will compose the score to Star Trek Beyond.

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Star Trek

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Michael Giacchino will compose the score to Star Trek

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Beyond.

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Michael Giacchino will compose the score to Star Trek

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Michael Giacchino will compose the score to Star Trek

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Michael Giacchino will compose the score to Star Trek Beyond.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Star Trek Beyond.

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: As with the previous two films, Michael Giacchino

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Michael Giacchino

text: The Elbert Hubbard Roycroft Museum, housed in the George and Gladys Scheidemantel House, in East Aurora is the main collection and research centre for the work of the Roycrofters.

text: The Elbert Hubbard Roycroft Museum, housed in the

text: George and Gladys Scheidemantel House

text: , in

text: East Aurora

text: is the main collection and research centre for the work of the Roycrofters.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: The outer core

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: gaseous

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: a force that causes the Earth's rotation

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: ionizing radiation

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: East Aurora

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: unspecified

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: The Elbert Hubbard Roycroft Museum,

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: George and Gladys Scheidemantel House,

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: George and Gladys Scheidemantel House,

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: George and Gladys Scheidemantel House, in East Aurora

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: George and Gladys Scheidemantel House,

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: George and Gladys Scheidemantel House,

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: George and Gladys Scheidemantel House, in East Aurora

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: The Elbert Hubbard Roycroft Museum,

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: East Aurora

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: George and Gladys Scheidemantel House,

text: "Beyond The Realms of Death" is a power ballad by British heavy metal band Judas Priest from their 1978 album, Stained Class. Vocalist Rob Halford's performance is considered one of his finest ever, and the guitar work is noted as well, especially the epic dual guitar solo. Many reviewers have called it one of the best songs on the album. The song is considered a Judas Priest classic, with versions of the song appearing on the albums Priest, Live and Rare, '98 Live Meltdown, Live in London, A Touch of Evil: Live, Live Insurrection and many of the group's compilation albums. Drummer Les Binks has his only songwriting credit with the band for the main riff of this song.

text: "Beyond The Realms of Death" is a

text: power ballad

text: by

text: British

text: heavy metal

text: band

text: Judas Priest

text: from their 1978

text: album

text: Stained Class

text: . Vocalist

text: Rob Halford

text: 's performance is considered one of his finest ever, and the guitar work is noted as well, especially the epic dual guitar solo. Many reviewers have called it one of the best songs on the album. The song is considered a Judas Priest classic, with versions of the song appearing on the albums

text: Priest, Live and Rare

text: '98 Live Meltdown

text: Live in London

text: A Touch of Evil: Live

text: Live Insurrection

text: and many of the group's compilation albums. Drummer

text: Les Binks

text: has his only songwriting credit with the band for the main riff of this song.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: realms of death

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: The song is considered a Judas Priest classic

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: heavy metal

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: "Beyond The Realms of Death"

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: dual guitar solo.

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Stained Class.

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: '98 Live Meltdown,

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Death"

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: "Beyond The Realms of Death"

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: '98 Live Meltdown,

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: "Beyond The Realms of Death"

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: London,

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Rob Halford's

text: Programming for children includes storytimes, the Beyond Books literacy center, the Discovery Depot play area, a Summer Reading Program, Battle of the Books for fourth and fifth graders, and other book discussions and activities.

text: Programming for children includes storytimes, the Beyond Books literacy center, the Discovery Depot play area, a Summer Reading Program, Battle of the Books for fourth and fifth graders, and other book discussions and activities.

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: the outermost layer

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: The Discovery Depot

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Discovery Depot

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: a type of energy produced by the sun

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: unspecified

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Battle of the Books

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: Battle of the Books for fourth and fifth graders,

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: Discovery Depot

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Discovery Depot

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Discovery Depot play area, a Summer Reading Program, Battle of the Books

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Discovery Depot play area,

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Summer Reading Program, Battle of the Books for fourth and fifth graders,

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Battle of the Books for fourth and fifth graders,

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Battle of the Books for fourth and fifth graders,

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Discovery Depot play area,

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Battle of the Books for fourth and fifth graders,

text: Places named after Yaksha, Mankanaka and Vishnu were mentioned here. Other places include Pariplava, Prithivi, Shalukini, Sarpadevi (Naga-Tirtha), Tarantuka the gatekeeper, Panchananda, Koti, Aswina, Varaha, Sama (Jayanti), Ekahansa, Kritasaucha, Munjavata, Yakshini (the gate of Kurukshetra, created by Bhargava Rama), Rama-hrada (5 lakes called Samantapanchaka), Vansamulaka, Kayasodhana, Lokoddara, Kapila, Surya, Gobhavana, Shankhini, Devi-tirtha, Tarantuka (on Saraswati), Brahmavarta, Sutirtha (on river Amvumati), Kasiswara, Matri tirtha, Shitavana, Shwavillomapaha, Dasaswamedhika and Manusha. To the east of Manusha is the river Apaga. Beyond it are places like Brahmodumvara, Kedara (Kapila), Saraka, Rudrakoti, Ilaspada, Kindana, Kinjapya, Kalasi, Anajanma of Narada (east of Saraka), Pundarika, Tripishtapa, Vaitarani river, Phalakivana, Dhrishadwati, Sarvadeva, Panikhata, Misraka, Vyasavana, Manojava, Madhuvati (Devi Tirtha), the confluence of the Kausiki and the Drishadwati, Vyasasthali, Kindatta, Vedi, Ahas, Sudina, Mrigadhuma, Devi tirtha, Vamanaka, Kulampuna, Pavana-hrada, Amara-hrada, Sali surya, Sreekunja (on Saraswati), Naimishakunja (on Saraswati), Kanya, Brahma, Soma, Saptasaraswata, Ausanasa, Kapalamochana, Agni, Viswamitra, Brahmayoni, Prithudaka, Madhusrava, confluence of Saraswati and Aruna, Ardhakila, Satasahasraka, Sahasraka, Renuka, Vimochana, Panchavati, Taijasa (Varuna Tirta. Here Guha (Kartikeya) became the generalissimo of DEva army), Kuru-Tirta, Svargadwara, Anaraka, Swastipura, Pavana, Ganga-hrada, Kupa,  Sthanuvata, Vadaripachana (Vasistha), Indramarga, Ekaratra, Aditya, Soma, Dadhicha, Kanyasrama, Sannihati (on Saraswati) and Koti-tirtha (of Yaksha Machakruka) (3,83).

text: Places named after Yaksha, Mankanaka and Vishnu were mentioned here. Other places include Pariplava, Prithivi, Shalukini, Sarpadevi (Naga-Tirtha), Tarantuka the gatekeeper, Panchananda, Koti, Aswina, Varaha, Sama (Jayanti), Ekahansa, Kritasaucha, Munjavata, Yakshini (the gate of Kurukshetra, created by Bhargava Rama), Rama-hrada (5 lakes called Samantapanchaka), Vansamulaka, Kayasodhana, Lokoddara, Kapila, Surya, Gobhavana, Shankhini, Devi-tirtha, Tarantuka (on Saraswati), Brahmavarta, Sutirtha (on river Amvumati), Kasiswara, Matri tirtha, Shitavana, Shwavillomapaha, Dasaswamedhika and Manusha. To the east of Manusha is the river Apaga. Beyond it are places like Brahmodumvara, Kedara (Kapila), Saraka, Rudrakoti, Ilaspada, Kindana, Kinjapya, Kalasi, Anajanma of Narada (east of Saraka), Pundarika, Tripishtapa, Vaitarani river, Phalakivana, Dhrishadwati, Sarvadeva, Panikhata, Misraka, Vyasavana, Manojava, Madhuvati (Devi Tirtha), the confluence of the Kausiki and the

text: Drishadwati

text: , Vyasasthali, Kindatta, Vedi, Ahas, Sudina, Mrigadhuma, Devi tirtha, Vamanaka, Kulampuna, Pavana-hrada, Amara-hrada, Sali surya, Sreekunja (on Saraswati), Naimishakunja (on Saraswati), Kanya, Brahma, Soma, Saptasaraswata, Ausanasa, Kapalamochana, Agni, Viswamitra, Brahmayoni, Prithudaka, Madhusrava, confluence of Saraswati and Aruna, Ardhakila, Satasahasraka, Sahasraka, Renuka, Vimochana, Panchavati, Taijasa (Varuna Tirta. Here Guha (Kartikeya) became the generalissimo of DEva army), Kuru-Tirta, Svargadwara, Anaraka, Swastipura, Pavana, Ganga-hrada, Kupa,  Sthanuvata, Vadaripachana (Vasistha), Indramarga, Ekaratra, Aditya, Soma, Dadhicha, Kanyasrama, Sannihati (on Saraswati) and Koti-tirtha (of Yaksha Machakruka) (3,83).

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: density of the gas particles

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: ionosphere

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Geothermal layer

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: plasma

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: layer of gases

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: no

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Yaksha

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Australia

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Vansamulaka

answers: NDQ_006162

answers: (Devi Tirtha),

answers: NDQ_006163

answers: avillomapaha,

answers: NDQ_006164

answers: Kausiki

answers: NDQ_006165

answers: Shwavillomapaha,

answers: NDQ_006166

answers: Kausiki

answers: NDQ_006167

answers: Kausiki and the Drishadwati,

answers: NDQ_006168

answers: Manusha.

answers: NDQ_006169

answers: Yaksha, Mankanaka and Vishnu

answers: NDQ_006170

answers: Kausiki and the Drishadwati,

answers: NDQ_006171

answers: Vansamulaka,