text: In medicine, subclavian steal syndrome (SSS), also called subclavian steal phenomenon or subclavian steal steno-occlusive disease, is a constellation of signs and symptoms that arise from retrograde (reversed) blood flow in the vertebral artery or the internal thoracic artery, due to a proximal stenosis (narrowing) and/or occlusion of the subclavian artery. The arm may be supplied by blood flowing in a retrograde direction down the vertebral artery at the expense of the vertebrobasilar circulation. This is called the subclavian steal. It is more severe than typical vertebrobasilar insufficiency.

text: In medicine, subclavian steal syndrome (SSS), also called subclavian steal phenomenon or subclavian steal steno-occlusive disease, is a constellation of

entity_name: Medical sign

text: signs

text: and

entity_name: Symptom

text: symptom

text: s that arise from retrograde (reversed)

entity_name: Blood flow

text: blood flow

text: in the

entity_name: Vertebral artery

text: vertebral artery

text: or the

entity_name: Internal thoracic artery

text: internal thoracic artery

text: , due to a

entity_name: Anatomical terms of location

entity_section: Proximal and distal

text: proximal

entity_name: Stenosis

text: stenosis

text: (narrowing) and/or occlusion of the

entity_name: Subclavian artery

text: subclavian artery

text: . The arm may be supplied by blood flowing in a retrograde direction down the vertebral artery at the expense of the vertebrobasilar circulation. This is called the subclavian steal. It is more severe than typical

entity_name: Vertebrobasilar insufficiency

text: vertebrobasilar insufficiency

method: Bert-DRMMTKS

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: vertebrobasilar

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: blood flow

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: vertebrobasilar insufficiency

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: arteries

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebral artery

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: softer

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: glands that secrete

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: vertebrobasilar

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: vertebrobasilar insufficiency

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: subclavian

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: subclavian steal syndrome (SSS)

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: The answer: birds.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many different classes of vertebrates are placed in?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: Subclavian

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: subclavian steal

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: retrograde

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebral

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: subclavian steal

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebra

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Subclavian

answer_match: Using FLAN-T5-Large with this prompt: For the question "{question}" the correct answer is "{correct_answer}". Is "{answer}" an equally correct response to this question? Answer yes or no.

orig_prompt_class: QuestionPromptWithChoices

prompt_style: context: question:

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: vertebrobasilar

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: vertebrobasilar

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: supplied

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: vertebrobasilar insufficiency.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrobasilar

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrobasilar circulation.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: subclavian steal syndrome

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: vertebrobasilar insufficiency.

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: subclavian steal syndrome

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: vertebrobasilar

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: vertebrobasilar insufficiency.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: vertebrobasilar

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: subclavian steal syndrome

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: subclavian steal syndrome

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: subclavian steal syndrome

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: subclavian steal syndrome

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: vertebrobasilar circulation.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: subclavian steal syndrome

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: subclavian steal syndrome

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: subclavian steal syndrome

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: subclavian steal syndrome

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: subclavian steal syndrome

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: subclavian steal syndrome

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: subclavian steal syndrome

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: In medicine,

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: subclavian steal syndrome

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: retrograde

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebral artery or the internal thoracic

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: medicine,

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebral

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: medicine,

text: The Introduction closes with Arthur – still refusing to claim that the play is real – facilitating its publication anyway. Arthur meditates on the artificiality of endings, and points out that the reader's reaction to The Tragedy of Arthur rests on how they interpret the story told in the Introduction. He sums up the project by claiming that those "who know [him] personally know to a fine degree how much of all this is true, how much an apology (and how sincere), how much a boast or a con job. To the rest of you, it's a muddle or it's a thing of beauty. And if it pleased you, and you found in its candor and lies and sobbing cross-dressed confessions some hours' entertainment, then well and good."

text: The Introduction closes with Arthur – still refusing to claim that the play is real – facilitating its publication anyway. Arthur meditates on the artificiality of endings, and points out that the reader's reaction to The Tragedy of Arthur rests on how they interpret the story told in the Introduction. He sums up the project by claiming that those "who know [him] personally know to a fine degree how much of all this is true, how much an apology (and how sincere), how much a boast or a con job. To the rest of you, it's a muddle or it's a thing of beauty. And if it pleased you, and you found in its candor and lies and sobbing cross-dressed confessions some hours' entertainment, then well and good."

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: The Tragedy of Arthur

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: six

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: some hours' entertainment

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: it's a muddle or it's a thing of beauty

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: digits

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: cross-dressing

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: amphibians

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Arthur meditates on the artificiality of endings

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: how much a boast or a con job

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the purpose of the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are placed in the passage?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Which of the following is not a type of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: gestation

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Arthur meditates on the artificiality of endings

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: cross-dressing

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: the artificiality of endings

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: skeleton

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: gestation

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: cross-dressed confessions

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: cross-dressed

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: facilitating its publication

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: the play is real

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: endings,

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: cross-dressed confessions

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: real

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: lies

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: lies

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: cross-dressed confessions

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: real

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: cross-dressed

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: candor and lies and sobbing cross-dressed confessions

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: The Introduction closes with Arthur

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: The Introduction closes with Arthur

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: cross-dressed confessions

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: The Introduction closes with Arthur

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: The Introduction closes with Arthur

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: candor and lies and sobbing cross-dressed confessions

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Arthur – still refusing to claim that the play is real

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: The Introduction closes with Arthur

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: cross-dressed confessions

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: cross-dressed confessions

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: cross-dressed

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: Arthur – still refusing to claim that the play is real

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Arthur meditates on the artificiality of endings,

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: lies

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: Arthur

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Arthur meditates on the artificiality of endings,

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: lies and sobbing cross-dressed

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: real

text: Stern's research is on the processes that establish cell diversity and pattern at early stages of development in vertebrate embryos.

text: Stern's research is on the processes that establish cell diversity and pattern at early stages of development in vertebrate embryos.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: mammals

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: six

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: embryonic development

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The vertebral column of vertebrates does not have a spine.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: cell types

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: cell diversity and pattern

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: softer

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: early stages of development

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: The process of establishing cell diversity and pattern at early stages of development in vertebrate embryos is not a part of Stern's research.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Stern is not familiar with evolution

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: The adaptive immune system of vertebrates learns to recognize and attack specific pathogens.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Stern's research

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Stern's research

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Stern's

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: establish cell diversity and pattern

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: cell diversity and pattern at early stages of development in vertebrate embryos.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: cell diversity and pattern at early stages of development in vertebrate embryos.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: cell diversity and pattern at early stages of development in vertebrate embryos.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebrate embryos.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: vertebrate embryos.

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: vertebrate embryos.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: embryos.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: vertebrate embryos.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: embryos.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: vertebrate embryos.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: vertebrate embryos.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: vertebrate embryos.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: vertebrate embryos.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: vertebrate embryos.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: vertebrate embryos.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: vertebrate embryos.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: vertebrate embryos.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: vertebrate embryos.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: vertebrate embryos.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: vertebrate embryos.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: vertebrate embryos.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: early stages of development in vertebrate embryos.

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: vertebrate embryos.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrate embryos.

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrate embryos.

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Stern's

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrate embryos.

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: early stages of development in vertebrate embryos.

text: The cause of platyspondyly in fibrochondrogenesis can be attributed in part to odd malformations and structural flaws found in the vertebral bodies of the spinal column in affected infants.

text: The cause of platyspondyly in fibrochondrogenesis can be attributed in part to odd malformations and structural flaws found in the

entity_name: Vertebra

text: vertebral bodies

text: of the spinal column in affected infants.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: vertebral bodies

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: one

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: spinal

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: the vertebral column of vertebrates does not have flaws

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: spinal columns

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebral bodies

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: softer

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: vertebrates reproduce sexually.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: fibrochondrogenesis

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: fibrochondrogenesis

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: fibrochondrogenesis

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: fibrochondrogenesis

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: fibrochondrogenesis

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: chondrogenesis

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: fibrochondrogenesis

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: spinal column

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: platyspondyly in fibrochondrogenesis

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: spinal column

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: odd malformations and structural flaws

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: spinal column

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: spinal column

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: structural flaws

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: fibrochondrogenesis

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: The cause of platyspondyly in fibrochondrogenesis

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: infants.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: The cause of platyspondyly in fibrochondrogenesis

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: infants.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: The cause of platyspondyly in fibrochondrogenesis

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: The cause of platyspondyly in fibrochondrogenesis

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: The cause of platyspondyly in fibrochondrogenesis

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: vertebral bodies

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: structural flaws

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: odd malformations and structural flaws

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: The cause of platyspondyly in fibrochondrogenesis

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: The cause of platyspondyly in fibrochondrogenesis

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: odd malformations and structural flaws

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: vertebral bodies

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: structural flaws

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: odd malformations and structural flaws

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: fibrochondrogenesis

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: fibrochondrogenesis

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: fibrochondrogenesis

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: fibrochondrogenesis

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: fibrochondrogenesis

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: fibrochondrogenesis

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: fibrochondrogenesis

text: The upper jaw, or maxilla is a fusion of two bones along the palatal fissure that form the upper jaw. This is similar to the mandible (lower jaw), which is also a fusion of two halves at the mandibular symphysis. In bony fish, the maxilla is called the "upper maxilla," with the mandible being the "lower maxilla". The alveolar process of the maxilla holds the upper teeth, and is referred to as the maxillary arch. In most vertebrates, the foremost part of the upper jaw, to which the incisors are attached in mammals consists of a separate pair of bones, the premaxillae. In bony fish, both maxilla and premaxilla are relatively plate-like bones, forming only the sides of the upper jaw, and part of the face, with the premaxilla also forming the lower boundary of the nostrils. Cartilaginous fish, such as sharks and rays also lack a true maxilla. Their upper jaw is instead formed from a cartilagenous bar that is not homologous with the bone found in other vertebrates.

text: The upper jaw, or

entity_name: Maxilla

text: maxilla

text: is a fusion of two bones along the

entity_name: Palate

text: palatal

text: fissure that form the upper

entity_name: Jaw

text: jaw

text: . This is similar to the mandible (lower jaw), which is also a fusion of two halves at the mandibular symphysis. In bony fish, the maxilla is called the "upper maxilla," with the mandible being the "lower maxilla". The

entity_name: Alveolar process

text: alveolar process

text: of the maxilla holds the upper teeth, and is referred to as the maxillary arch. In most vertebrates, the foremost part of the upper jaw, to which the

entity_name: Incisor

text: incisor

text: s are attached in mammals consists of a separate pair of bones, the

entity_name: Premaxilla

text: premaxilla

text: e. In

entity_name: Osteichthyes

text: bony fish

text: , both maxilla and premaxilla are relatively plate-like bones, forming only the sides of the upper jaw, and part of the face, with the premaxilla also forming the lower boundary of the

entity_name: Nostril

text: nostril

text: s.

entity_name: Chondrichthyes

text: Cartilaginous fish

text: , such as sharks and rays also lack a true maxilla. Their upper jaw is instead formed from a

entity_name: Cartilage

text: cartilage

text: nous bar that is not

entity_name: Homology (biology)

text: homologous

text: with the bone found in other vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: mammals

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: six

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: holds the upper teeth

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: Cartilaginous fish, such as sharks and rays also lack a true maxilla

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: maxillae

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: The vertebrate endoskeleton includes what?

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: plate-like

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Which of the following is not a type of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Bony fish

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Cartilaginous fish, such as sharks and rays also lack a true maxilla

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How does the immune system of vertebrates learn to recognize and attack specific pathogens

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: How many years ago did birds evolve?

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: Maternal

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: premaxillae

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilagenous

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: cartilagenous

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Maternal

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: mammals

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: bony fish,

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: upper teeth,

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: cartilagenous bar that is not homologous with the bone

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: premaxillae.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: premaxillae.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: homologous with the bone

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: premaxillae.

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: mammals

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: mammals

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: mammals

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: mammals

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: fish,

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: two bones along the palatal fissure

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Cartilaginous fish,

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: mammals

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: mammals

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: premaxillae.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: fish,

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Cartilaginous fish,

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: mammals

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: mammals

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: mammals

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: mandibular symphysis.

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: mammals

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: premaxillae.

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilagenous

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: mammals

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: cartilagenous

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: mandibular symphysis.

text: In the upper part of the vertebral column, spinal nerves exit directly from the spinal cord, whereas in the lower part of the vertebral column nerves pass further down the column before exiting. The terminal portion of the spinal cord is called the conus medullaris. The pia mater continues as an extension called the filum terminale, which anchors the spinal cord to the coccyx. The cauda equina ("horse's tail") is the name for the collection of nerves in the vertebral column that continue to travel through the vertebral column below the conus medullaris. The cauda equina forms because the spinal cord stops growing in length at about age four, even though the vertebral column continues to lengthen until adulthood. This results in sacral spinal nerves originating in the upper lumbar region.

text: In the upper part of the vertebral column, spinal nerves exit directly from the spinal cord, whereas in the lower part of the vertebral column nerves pass further down the column before exiting. The terminal portion of the spinal cord is called the

entity_name: Conus medullaris

text: conus medullaris

text: . The

entity_name: Pia mater

text: pia mater

text: continues as an extension called the

entity_name: Filum terminale

text: filum terminale

text: , which anchors the spinal cord to the

entity_name: Coccyx

text: coccyx

text: . The

entity_name: Cauda equina

text: cauda equina

text: ("horse's tail") is the name for the collection of nerves in the vertebral column that continue to travel through the vertebral column below the

text: conus medullaris

text: . The cauda equina forms because the spinal cord stops growing in length at about age four, even though the vertebral column continues to lengthen until adulthood. This results in sacral spinal nerves originating in the upper lumbar region.

method: UNH-tfidf-stem

method: UNH-tfidf-ptsim

method: UNH-tfidf-lem

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: one

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: spinal cord

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: spinal nerves exit directly from the spinal cord

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: pia mater

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Which of the following is not a type of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: spinal nerves exit directly from the spinal cord

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What does the adaptive immune system of vertebrates learn to recognize and attack specific pathogens?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many different classes of vertebrates are placed in five different classes?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: pia mater

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: equina

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: pia mater

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: pia mater

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: sacral spinal nerves

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: pia mater

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: pia mater

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: sacral spinal nerves originating in the upper lumbar

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: upper part of the vertebral column,

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: spinal nerves exit directly from the spinal cord,

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: spinal nerves exit directly from the spinal cord,

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: age four,

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: The cauda equina

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: spinal nerves exit directly from the spinal cord,

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: The pia mater

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: spinal nerves exit directly from the spinal cord,

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: conus medullaris.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: spinal nerves exit directly from the spinal cord,

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: four,

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: In the upper part of the vertebral column,

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: directly from the spinal cord,

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: In the upper part of the vertebral column,

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: vertebral column, spinal nerves exit directly from the spinal cord,

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: conus medullaris.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: The cauda equina

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: conus medullaris.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: In the upper part of the vertebral column,

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: spinal nerves exit directly from the spinal cord,

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: four,

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: conus medullaris.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: In the upper part of the vertebral column,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: The pia mater

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: four,

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: The pia mater

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: pia mater

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: spinal cord stops growing in length at about age four,

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: The pia mater

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: The pia mater

text: In conclusion, both DeMar and Dilkes clarify that the osteoderm growth covers the first sections of the anterior vertebral column and grows posteriorly with fusion of the next posterior vertebral sections. This means that reduction of flexibility starts anteriorly and proceeds posteriorly, thus it is likely that "as juveniles both Cacops and Dissorophus had greater vertebral flexibility" as mentioned by Dilkes.

text: In conclusion, both DeMar and Dilkes clarify that the osteoderm growth covers the first sections of the anterior vertebral column and grows posteriorly with fusion of the next posterior vertebral sections. This means that reduction of flexibility starts anteriorly and proceeds posteriorly, thus it is likely that "as juveniles both Cacops and Dissorophus had greater vertebral flexibility" as mentioned by Dilkes.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Cacops and Dissorophus

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: flexibility

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: Cacops and Dissorophus had greater vertebral flexibility

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebral sections

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebral columns

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: flexible

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Cacops

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: as juveniles both Cacops and Dissorophus had greater vertebral flexibility

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Cacops

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Dilkes

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Dilkes

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Dilkes

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: Osteoderm

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Dissorophus

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: fusion

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: osteoderm

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Dilkes

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: osteoderm

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: anterior vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: Cacops and Dissorophus

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: flexibility

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: greater vertebral flexibility"

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: posterior vertebral sections.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: osteoderm

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: greater vertebral flexibility"

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: osteoderm

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: the osteoderm

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: anterior vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: greater vertebral flexibility"

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: osteoderm growth covers the first sections of the anterior vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Cacops and Dissorophus

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: osteoderm

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Cacops and Dissorophus had greater vertebral flexibility"

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: fusion of the next posterior vertebral sections.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: reduction of flexibility starts anteriorly and proceeds posteriorly,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: fusion of the next posterior vertebral sections.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: the osteoderm

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Cacops

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: the osteoderm

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: fusion of the next posterior vertebral sections.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: posterior vertebral sections.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Cacops

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: osteoderm

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: the osteoderm

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: fusion

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: osteoderm

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: osteoderm

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: osteoderm

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: osteoderm

text: Sinornithosaurus was discovered by Xu Xing, Wang Xiaolin and Wu Xiaochun of the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology of Beijing. An almost-complete fossil with feather impressions, was recovered from Liaoning Province, China, in the Yixian Formation; the same incredibly rich location where four dinosaurs with feathers were discovered previously, Protarchaeopteryx, Sinosauropteryx, Caudipteryx, and Beipiaosaurus. The holotype specimen is IVPP V12811, in the collection of the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology in Beijing, China.

text: Sinornithosaurus was discovered by Xu Xing, Wang Xiaolin and Wu Xiaochun of the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology of

entity_name: Beijing

text: Beijing

text: . An almost-complete

entity_name: Fossil

text: fossil

text: with feather impressions, was recovered from

entity_name: Liaoning

text: Liaoning Province

text: , China, in the

entity_name: Yixian Formation

text: Yixian Formation

text: ; the same incredibly rich location where four dinosaurs with feathers were discovered previously,

entity_name: Protarchaeopteryx

text: Protarchaeopteryx

entity_name: Sinosauropteryx

text: Sinosauropteryx

entity_name: Caudipteryx

text: Caudipteryx

text: , and

entity_name: Beipiaosaurus

text: Beipiaosaurus

text: . The holotype specimen is IVPP V12811, in the collection of the

entity_name: Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology

text: Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology

text: in

text: Beijing

entity_name: China

text: China

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: four

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: feather

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: feathers were discovered previously

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: feathers

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrates with feathers

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: What is Sinornithosaurus?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: dinosaurs with feathers

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: dinosaurs with feathers were discovered previously

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: How many dinosaurs with feathers were discovered previously?

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: How many dinosaurs with feathers were discovered previously?

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: How many dinosaurs with feathers were discovered previously

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many different classes of vertebrates are placed in vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: How many dinosaurs with feathers were discovered previously?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: Vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Caudipteryx

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: feathers

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Paleoanthropology

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Protarchaeopteryx,

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: four

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: feathers

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: feathers

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: feathers

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: feather impressions,

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: feather impressions,

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: feather

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: feathers

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Protarchaeopteryx,

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: dinosaurs with feathers

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: dinosaurs with feathers

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: feathers

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: feather impressions,

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: dinosaurs with feathers

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: four dinosaurs with feathers

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Sinornithosaurus

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Sinornithosaurus

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: dinosaurs with feathers

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: dinosaurs with feathers

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Sinornithosaurus

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: dinosaurs with feathers

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: four dinosaurs with feathers

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Sinornithosaurus

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: Vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: feathers were discovered previously, Protarchaeopteryx,

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: feather

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: feathers

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: feathers were discovered previously, Protarchaeopteryx,

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: Vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Vertebrate

text: The upper esophagus lies at the back of the mediastinum behind the trachea, adjoining along the tracheoesophageal stripe, and in front of the erector spinae muscles and the vertebral column. The lower esophagus lies behind the heart and curves in front of the thoracic aorta. From the bifurcation of the trachea downwards, the esophagus passes behind the right pulmonary artery, left main bronchus, and left atrium. At this point it passes through the diaphragm.

text: The upper esophagus lies at the back of the mediastinum behind the

entity_name: Trachea

text: trachea

text: , adjoining along the

entity_name: Tracheoesophageal stripe

text: tracheoesophageal stripe

text: , and in front of the

entity_name: Erector spinae muscles

text: erector spinae muscle

text: s and the

entity_name: Vertebral column

text: vertebral column

text: . The lower esophagus lies behind the

entity_name: Heart

text: heart

text: and curves in front of the

text: thoracic aorta

text: . From the

text: bifurcation of the trachea

text: downwards, the esophagus passes behind the right

text: pulmonary artery

text: left main bronchus

text: , and

text: left atrium

text: . At this point it passes through the diaphragm.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: one

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: the lower esophagus lies behind the heart and curves in front of the thoracic aorta

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebral columns

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: glands that secrete hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: the lower esophagus lies behind the heart

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Which is not true?

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How does the immune system of vertebrates work?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: What happened first, birds or mammals?

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Which of the following is not a vertebrate?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: erector spinae muscles

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: sperm

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: trachea

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: esophagus

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: vertebral column.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: erector spinae muscles and the vertebral column.

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: erector spinae muscles

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The upper esophagus

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: pulmonary artery, left main bronchus, and left atrium.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: erector spinae muscles and the vertebral column.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebral column.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: tracheoesophageal stripe,

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: erector spinae muscles and the vertebral column.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: erector spinae muscles and the vertebral column.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: erector spinae muscles and the vertebral column.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: erector spinae muscles and the vertebral column.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: thoracic aorta.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: erector spinae muscles and the vertebral column.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: The upper esophagus

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: vertebral column.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: thoracic aorta.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: tracheoesophageal stripe,

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: erector spinae muscles and the vertebral column.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: erector spinae muscles and the vertebral column.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: erector spinae muscles and the vertebral column.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: vertebral column.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: vertebral column.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: tracheoesophageal stripe,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: tracheoesophageal

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: erector spinae muscles

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: tracheoesophageal stripe,

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: diaphragm.

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: muscles

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebral column.

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: erector spinae muscles and the vertebral column.

text: At birth, a large part of the scapula is osseous, but the glenoid cavity, the coracoid process, the acromion, the vertebral border and the inferior angle are cartilaginous. From the 15th to the 18th month after birth, ossification takes place in the middle of the coracoid process, which as a rule becomes joined with the rest of the bone about the 15th year.

text: At birth, a large part of the scapula is osseous, but the

text: glenoid cavity

text: , the coracoid process, the acromion, the vertebral border and the

text: inferior angle

text: are

text: cartilaginous

text: . From the 15th to the 18th month after birth, ossification takes place in the middle of the coracoid process, which as a rule becomes joined with the rest of the

text: bone

text: about the 15th year.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: one

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: spinal cord

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: the vertebral border and the inferior angle are cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebral borders

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: about the 15th year

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What does the adaptive immune system of vertebrates learn to recognize?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: fertilization

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: ossification

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: ossification

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: osseous

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: ossification

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: osseous

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: fertilization

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: cartilaginous.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: osseous,

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: osseous,

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: cartilaginous.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: acromion, the vertebral border and the inferior angle

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: cartilaginous.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: osseous,

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: ossification

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: ossification

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: cartilaginous.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: cartilaginous.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: cartilaginous.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: cartilaginous.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: cartilaginous.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: cartilaginous.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: cartilaginous.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: cartilaginous.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: cartilaginous.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: cartilaginous.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: cartilaginous.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: cartilaginous.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: cartilaginous.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: cartilaginous.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: At birth,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: ossification

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: cartilaginous.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: cartilaginous.

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilaginous.

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: ossification

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: osseous,

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: ossification

text: Although bone may appear superficially as a static tissue, it is actually very dynamic, undergoing constant remodeling throughout the life of the vertebrate organism.  This occurs with the synchronized action of osteoclasts and osteoblasts, cells that resorb and deposit bone, respectively.

text: Although bone may appear superficially as a static tissue, it is actually very dynamic, undergoing constant

text: remodeling

text: throughout the life of the vertebrate organism.  This occurs with the synchronized action of

text: osteoclast

text: s and

text: osteoblast

text: s, cells that resorb and deposit bone, respectively.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: echinoderms

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: one

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: constant remodeling

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: static tissue

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: osteoclasts

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: dynamic

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: resorb

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Bone is a static tissue.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What does the adaptive immune system of vertebrates learn to recognize and attack specific pathogens?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: osteoclasts

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: osteoblasts

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: osteoclasts and osteoblasts,

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: resorb and deposit bone,

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: static tissue,

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: osteoclasts and osteoblasts,

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: osteoclasts and osteoblasts,

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: dynamic,

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: osteoclasts and osteoblasts,

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: osteoclasts and osteoblasts,

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: osteoclasts and osteoblasts,

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: static tissue,

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: osteoclasts and osteoblasts,

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: osteoclasts and osteoblasts,

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: vertebrate organism.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: osteoclasts and osteoblasts,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: osteoclasts and osteoblasts,

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: vertebrate organism.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: osteoclasts and osteoblasts,

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: vertebrate organism.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: osteoclasts and osteoblasts,

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: vertebrate organism.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: osteoclasts and osteoblasts,

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: osteoclasts and osteoblasts,

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: osteoclasts and osteoblasts,

text: Reproduction is by budding, where the cell undergoes longitudinal fission and only one daughter keeps the stalk. The free daughter becomes a telotroch, which swims until it finds suitable substrate to fix and develop its own stalk. They reproduce by fission, which is also known as cell division. They are also capable of reproducing by conjugation, a form of sexual reproduction where two individuals attach at the oral groove and exchange DNA.

text: Reproduction is by

text: budding

text: , where the cell undergoes longitudinal fission and only one daughter keeps the stalk. The free daughter becomes a

text: telotroch

text: , which swims until it finds suitable substrate to fix and develop its own stalk. They reproduce by fission, which is also known as cell division. They are also capable of reproducing by conjugation, a form of sexual reproduction where two individuals attach at the oral groove and exchange

text: DNA

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: eukaryotes

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: six

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: reproductive

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: only one daughter keeps the stalk

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: females

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: tendons, ligaments, bones, cartilage and what else?

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: budding

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: telotroch

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: only one daughter keeps the stalk

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: telotroch

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which of the following is not a type of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Which of the following is not a type of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: telotroch

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: conjugation

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: budding

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: conjugation

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: skeleton

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: budding

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: telotroch,

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: telotroch,

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: Reproduction

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: only one daughter keeps the stalk.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: one daughter

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: telotroch,

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: only one daughter keeps the stalk.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: budding,

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Reproduction is by budding,

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: telotroch,

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: only one daughter keeps the stalk.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: telotroch,

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: telotroch,

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: telotroch,

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: telotroch,

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: telotroch,

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Reproduction is by budding,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Reproduction is by budding,

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: telotroch,

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Reproduction is by budding,

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Reproduction is by budding,

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: telotroch,

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: telotroch,

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: conjugation,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: budding,

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: conjugation,

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: budding,

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: telotroch,

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: conjugation,

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: telotroch,

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: budding,

text: The lineage that produced land vertebrates evolved later but very rapidly between  and ; recent discoveries have overturned earlier ideas about the history and driving forces behind their evolution. Land plants were so successful that they caused an ecological crisis in the Late Devonian, until the evolution and spread of fungi that could digest dead wood.

text: The lineage that produced land vertebrates evolved later but very rapidly between  and ; recent discoveries have overturned earlier ideas about the history and driving forces behind their evolution. Land plants were so successful that they caused an

text: ecological crisis

text: in the Late

text: Devonian

text: , until the evolution and spread of fungi that could digest dead wood.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: land plants

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: digest dead wood

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: land plants caused an ecological crisis in the Late Devonian

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: tendons and bones

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: land

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: land plants caused an ecological crisis in the Late Devonian

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: land

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What does the adaptive immune system of vertebrates do?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class: land plants

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: fungi

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: land

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: land vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: digest dead wood.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: fungi that could digest dead wood.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: The lineage that produced land vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Land plants

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: rapidly

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: land vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: land vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: land

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: land vertebrates evolved later but very rapidly

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: land

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: land

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: land vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: land vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: land vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: The lineage that produced land vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: lineage that produced land vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: land vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: land vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: The lineage that produced land vertebrates evolved later but very rapidly

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: recent discoveries

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: land vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: land vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: fungi

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: land vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: fungi that could digest dead wood.

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: fungi

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: fungi that could digest dead wood.

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: The lineage that produced land vertebrates

text: Functional coupling takes the idea that organisms are integrated networks of functional interactions (for example, the vertebral column of vertebrates is involved in the muscle, nerve, and vascular systems as well as providing support and flexibility) and therefore cannot be radically altered without causing severe functional disruption. This may be viewed as one type of trade-off. As Rupert Riedl pointed out, this degree of functional constraint — or burden — generally varies according to position in the organism. Structures literally in the centre of the organism — such as the vertebral column — are often more burdened than those at the periphery, such as hair or toes.

text: Functional coupling takes the idea that organisms are integrated networks of functional interactions (for example, the vertebral column of

text: vertebrate

text: s is involved in the muscle, nerve, and vascular systems as well as providing support and flexibility) and therefore cannot be radically altered without causing severe functional disruption. This may be viewed as one type of

text: trade-off

text: . As

text: Rupert Riedl

text: pointed out, this degree of functional constraint — or burden — generally varies according to position in the organism. Structures literally in the centre of the organism — such as the vertebral column — are often more burdened than those at the periphery, such as hair or toes.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: support and flexibility

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: hair or toes

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: muscle, nerve, and vascular systems

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: rigid

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: hair or toes.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What may be viewed as one type of trade-off

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes are vertebrates placed in?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: periphery

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Functional coupling

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: muscle

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Functional coupling

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vascular

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vascular systems

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: muscle, nerve, and vascular systems

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: providing support and flexibility)

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: hair or toes.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: muscle, nerve, and vascular systems

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: muscle, nerve, and vascular systems

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more burdened

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: Functional coupling

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: muscle, nerve, and vascular systems

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: hair or toes.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: hair or toes.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: vascular systems

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Functional coupling

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Functional coupling

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Functional coupling

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Functional coupling

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Functional coupling

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: hair or toes.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: muscle, nerve, and vascular systems

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Functional coupling

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: Functional coupling

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Functional coupling

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: Functional coupling

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Functional coupling

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Functional coupling

text: Research from the late 1800s to the 1980s suggests a trend of intentional stockings of non-indigenous fishes into ponds, lakes and rivers in the United States. At that time, little was known about environmental impacts, or long-term effects of new species establishment and spread as a result of "fish rescue and transfer" efforts, or the importance of nongame fishes to the ecological balance of aquatic ecosystems.  Introductions of bowfin to areas they were considered a non-indigenous species included various lakes, rivers and drainages in Connecticut, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky Maryland, Massachusetts, Missouri, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia, and Wisconsin.  Many of the introductions were intentional stockings by various resource management; however, there is no way to positively determine distribution resulting from flood transfers, or other inadvertent migrations.  Bowfin are typically piscivorous, but as an introduced species are capable of being voracious predators that pose a threat to native fishes and their prey.

text: Research from the late 1800s to the 1980s suggests a trend of intentional stockings of non-indigenous fishes into ponds, lakes and rivers in the United States. At that time, little was known about environmental impacts, or long-term effects of new species establishment and spread as a result of "fish rescue and transfer" efforts, or the importance of nongame fishes to the ecological balance of aquatic ecosystems.  Introductions of bowfin to areas they were considered a non-indigenous species included various lakes, rivers and drainages in Connecticut, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky Maryland, Massachusetts, Missouri, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia, and Wisconsin.  Many of the introductions were intentional stockings by various resource management; however, there is no way to positively determine distribution resulting from flood transfers, or other inadvertent migrations.  Bowfin are typically piscivorous, but as an introduced species are capable of being voracious predators that pose a threat to native fishes and their prey.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: fishes

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: six

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: there is no way to positively determine distribution resulting from flood transfers

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: digits

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Bowfin

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Which of the following is not a type of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: fishes

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Bowfin are typically piscivorous

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which of the following is not a type of vertebrate?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many different classes of vertebrates are living species of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Which of the following is not a sex?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: migration

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: Bowfin

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Bowfin

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: mineral

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: fertilization

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: fishes

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: fishes

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: ecological balance of aquatic ecosystems.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: Bowfin are typically piscivorous,

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: Bowfin are typically piscivorous,

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: bowfin

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: stockings of non-indigenous fishes

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: migrations.

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Bowfin are typically piscivorous,

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: non-indigenous fishes

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: flood transfers, or other inadvertent migrations.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: non-indigenous fishes

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: ponds, lakes and rivers in the United States.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Research from the late 1800s to the 1980s

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: bowfin

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: Bowfin are typically piscivorous,

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: New Jersey, New York,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Bowfin are typically piscivorous,

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Research from the late 1800s to the 1980s

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Research from the late 1800s to the 1980s

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bowfin are typically piscivorous,

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: States.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia, and Wisconsin.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Bowfin are typically piscivorous,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: Missouri, New Jersey, New York,

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: piscivorous,

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: migrations.

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: bowfin

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Research from the late 1800s to the 1980s

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: bowfin

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: New Jersey, New York,

text: A diverse vertebrate fauna has been described from the Moenkopi Formation, mainly from the Wupatki Member and Holbrook Member of northern Arizona. Described basal vertebrates include freshwater hybodont sharks, coelacanths, and lungfish. Temnospondyl amphibians are a common component of the fauna. Temnospondyli include Eocyclotosaurus, Quasicyclotosaurus, Wellesaurus, Vigilius, and Cosgriffius. The rhynchosaur Ammorhynchus is known, but rare. Anisodontosaurus is an enigmatic reptile only known from a few tooth-bearing jaws. The poposauroid archosaur Arizonasaurus is known from one relatively complete skeleton and a significant amount of other isolated material. Footprints and several fragmentary body fossils are known from dicynodonts. The footprints of Cheirotherium and Rhynchosauroides are common in the Wupatki Member.

text: A diverse vertebrate fauna has been described from the Moenkopi Formation, mainly from the

text: Wupatki Member

text: and

text: Holbrook Member

text: of northern Arizona. Described

text: basal

text: vertebrates include freshwater

text: hybodont

text: shark

text: s,

text: coelacanth

text: s, and

text: lungfish

text: . Temnospondyl

text: amphibian

text: s are a common component of the fauna.

text: Temnospondyli

text: include

text: Eocyclotosaurus

text: Quasicyclotosaurus

text: Wellesaurus

text: Vigilius

text: , and

text: Cosgriffius

text: . The

text: rhynchosaur

text: Ammorhynchus

text: is known, but rare.

text: Anisodontosaurus

text: is an enigmatic reptile only known from a few tooth-bearing jaws. The poposauroid archosaur

text: Arizonasaurus

text: is known from one relatively complete skeleton and a significant amount of other isolated material. Footprints and several fragmentary body fossils are known from

text: dicynodont

text: s. The footprints of

text: Cheirotherium

text: and

text: Rhynchosauroides

text: are common in the

text: Wupatki Member

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Temnospondyli

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: three

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: tooth-bearing

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: basal vertebrates include freshwater hybodont sharks, coelacanths, and lungfish

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: jaws

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Temnospondyli

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sex

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: hybodont sharks

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Temnospondyl amphibians are a common component of the fauna

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: basal vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Temnospondyl

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: What type of fish ancestor did Temnospondyls evolve from?

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: How many years before birds evolved?

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are described from the Moenkopi Formation?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Which of the following is not a sex?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: basal vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Cheirotherium

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: Temnospondyl

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: skeleton

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Cheirotherium

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: skeleton

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: hybodont

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: basal vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: basal

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: tooth-bearing jaws.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: a few tooth-bearing jaws.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: Temnospondyl

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Temnospondyl amphibians

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: tooth-bearing

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: Temnospondyl

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Temnospondyl amphibians

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: freshwater hybodont sharks,

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Temnospondyl amphibians

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: basal vertebrates include freshwater hybodont sharks,

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Temnospondyl amphibians

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Temnospondyl amphibians

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Temnospondyl

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: Temnospondyl amphibians

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Temnospondyl amphibians

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Temnospondyl amphibians

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: lungfish.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Temnospondyl amphibians

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Temnospondyl amphibians

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: Temnospondyl amphibians

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Temnospondyl amphibians

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Temnospondyl amphibians

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: Temnospondyl

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Temnospondyl

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: Temnospondyl

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: Temnospondyl

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Temnospondyl amphibians

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: skeleton

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Temnospondyl

text: Elastic mechanisms are very important in the movement of vertebrate animals. The muscles that control vertebrate locomotion are affiliated with tissues that are springy, such as tendons, which lie within the muscles and connective tissue. A spring can be a mechanism for different actions involved in hopping, running, walking, and serve in other diverse functions such as  metabolic energy conservation, attenuation of muscle power production, and amplification of muscle power production.

text: Elastic

text: mechanisms are very important in the movement of

text: vertebrate

text: animals. The

text: muscles

text: that control vertebrate locomotion are affiliated with tissues that are springy, such as

text: tendons

text: , which lie within the muscles and connective tissue. A

text: spring

text: can be a mechanism for different actions involved in hopping, running, walking, and serve in other diverse functions such as  metabolic energy conservation, attenuation of muscle power production, and amplification of muscle power production.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: elastic mechanisms

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: locomotion

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The muscles that control vertebrate locomotion are affiliated with tendons

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: limbs

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: muscles and connective tissue

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: springy

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: The muscles that control vertebrate locomotion are affiliated with tendons

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: What kind of fish ancestor did amphibians evolve from?

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What does the immune system of vertebrates learn to recognize and attack specific pathogens?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: metabolic energy conservation

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: hopping

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: connective tissue

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: metabolic energy conservation

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: connective

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Elastic mechanisms are very important in the movement of vertebrate animals.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: animals.

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: The muscles that control vertebrate locomotion

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: Elastic mechanisms

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: The muscles

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: tendons, which lie within the muscles and connective tissue.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: springy,

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: Elastic mechanisms

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: The muscles that control vertebrate locomotion

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: tendons, which lie within the muscles and connective tissue.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Elastic mechanisms are very important in the movement of vertebrate animals.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: tendons, which lie within the muscles and connective tissue.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Elastic mechanisms are very important in the movement of vertebrate animals.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: tendons, which lie within the muscles and connective tissue.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Elastic mechanisms are very important in the movement of vertebrate animals.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: Elastic mechanisms are very important in the movement of vertebrate animals.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Elastic mechanisms are very important in the movement of vertebrate animals.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: tendons, which lie within the muscles and connective tissue.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: tendons,

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Elastic mechanisms are very important in the movement of vertebrate animals.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Elastic mechanisms are very important in the movement of vertebrate animals.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: vertebrate animals.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Elastic mechanisms are very important in the movement of vertebrate animals.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Elastic mechanisms are very important in the movement of vertebrate animals.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: Elastic mechanisms are very important in the movement of vertebrate animals.

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: metabolic energy conservation,

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: Elastic mechanisms

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: connective tissue.

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: metabolic energy conservation,

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: connective tissue.

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Elastic mechanisms are very important in the movement of vertebrate animals.

text: Invertebrates are animals that neither possess nor develop a vertebral column (commonly known as a backbone or spine), derived from the notochord. This includes all animals apart from the subphylum Vertebrata. Familiar examples of invertebrates include insects; crabs, lobsters and their kin; snails, clams, octopuses and their kin; starfish, sea-urchins and their kin; and worms.The majority of animal species are invertebrates; one estimate puts the figure at 97%.  Many invertebrate taxa have a greater number and variety of species than the entire subphylum of Vertebrata.

text: Invertebrates are

text: animal

text: s that neither possess nor develop a

text: vertebral column

text: (commonly known as a backbone or spine), derived from the

text: notochord

text: . This includes all

text: animal

text: s apart from the

text: subphylum

text: Vertebrata

text: . Familiar examples of invertebrates include

text: insect

text: s;

text: crabs, lobsters and their kin

text: snails, clams, octopuses and their kin

text: starfish, sea-urchins and their kin

text: ; and

text: worm

text: s.The majority of animal species are invertebrates; one estimate puts the figure at 97%.  Many invertebrate

text: taxa

text: have a greater number and variety of species than the entire subphylum of Vertebrata.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Vertebrata are animals that possess nor develop a vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: six

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: backbone or spine

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: vertebral column (commonly known as a backbone or spine)

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: backbones

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: invertebrates

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Which of the following is not an invertebrate?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: notochord

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: vertebrates are animals that neither possess nor develop a vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: notochord

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: invertebrates

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Invertebrates

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many different classes are invertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Vertebrata

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: Vertebrata

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: Vertebrata

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Vertebrata

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: subphylum Vertebrata.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: starfish,

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: backbone or spine),

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: neither possess nor develop a vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: 97%.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: notochord.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: backbone

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: invertebrates;

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Invertebrates

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: notochord.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: neither possess nor develop a vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: notochord.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: insects;

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Invertebrates

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Invertebrates

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: Invertebrates

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Invertebrates

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Invertebrates

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Invertebrates

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Invertebrates

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Invertebrates

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: 97%.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: snails, clams, octopuses

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: invertebrates; one estimate puts the figure at 97%.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: insects;

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: notochord.

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: notochord.

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Invertebrates

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: notochord.

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebral column

text: Rhabdomeric opsins (or r-opsins) are also known as Gq-opsins, because they couple to a Gq-protein. R-opsins are used by molluscs and arthropods.  Arthropods appear to attain colour vision in a similar fashion to the vertebrates, by using three (or more) distinct groups of opsins, distinct both in terms of phylogeny and spectral sensitivity.  The r-opsin melanopsin is also expressed in vertebrates, where it regulates circadian rhythms and mediates the pupillary reflex.

text: Rhabdomeric opsins (or r-opsins) are also known as Gq-opsins, because they couple to a Gq-protein. R-opsins are used by molluscs and arthropods.  Arthropods appear to attain colour vision in a similar fashion to the vertebrates, by using three (or more) distinct groups of opsins, distinct both in terms of phylogeny and spectral sensitivity.  The r-opsin melanopsin is also expressed in vertebrates, where it regulates

text: circadian rhythm

text: s and mediates the pupillary reflex.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Arthropods

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: three

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: pupillary reflex

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: Arthropods appear to attain colour vision in a similar fashion to the vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: groups of opsins

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: melanopsin

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: melanopsin

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: melanopsin

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Arthropods

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: molluscs and arthropods

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Arthropods

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many distinct groups of opsins are used by arthropods?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: melanopsin

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: pupillary reflex

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: melanopsin

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: melanopsin

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: melanopsin

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: arthropods.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: three

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: regulates circadian rhythms and mediates the pupillary reflex.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: colour vision

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: three (or more) distinct groups of opsins,

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: The r-opsin melanopsin

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: Rhabdomeric opsins

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: Rhabdomeric opsins

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: circadian rhythms

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: arthropods.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: similar fashion to the vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: arthropods.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Rhabdomeric opsins

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Rhabdomeric opsins

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Rhabdomeric opsins

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: Arthropods

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Rhabdomeric opsins

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Rhabdomeric opsins

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Rhabdomeric opsins

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Arthropods

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Rhabdomeric opsins

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: three (or more) distinct groups of opsins,

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: three

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Arthropods

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: Rhabdomeric opsins

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: pupillary reflex.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: Rhabdomeric opsins

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: Rhabdomeric

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: circadian rhythms and mediates the pupillary reflex.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Rhabdomeric opsins

text: In Canada, forests cover about 10% of the land area and yet harbor 70% of the country’s bird and terrestrial mammal species. Natural fire regimes are important in maintaining a diverse assemblage of vertebrate species in up to twelve different forest types in British Columbia. Different species have adapted to exploit the different stages of succession, regrowth and habitat change that occurs following an episode of burning, such as downed trees and debris. The characteristics of the initial fire, such as its size and intensity, cause the habitat to evolve differentially afterwards and influence how vertebrate species are able to use the burned areas.

text: In

text: Canada

text: , forests cover about 10% of the land area and yet harbor 70% of the country’s bird and terrestrial mammal species. Natural fire regimes are important in maintaining a diverse assemblage of

text: vertebrate

text: species in up to twelve different forest types in

text: British Columbia

text: . Different species have adapted to exploit the different stages of succession, regrowth and habitat change that occurs following an episode of burning, such as downed trees and debris. The characteristics of the initial fire, such as its size and intensity, cause the habitat to evolve differentially afterwards and influence how vertebrate species are able to use the burned areas.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Bird and terrestrial mammals

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: maintain a diverse assemblage

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: natural fire regimes are important in maintaining a diverse assemblage

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: limbs

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrates that are able to use the burned areas

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: natural fire

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: birds

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: natural fire regimes are important in maintaining

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: What is the first vertebrates that did not need water to reproduce?

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Which of the following is not a vertebrate?

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Which of the following is not a function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many different forest types are there in British Columbia?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Which of the following is not a type of vertebrate?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: fertilization

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Adaptation

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: terrestrial

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: natural fire regimes

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: Bone

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: fertilization

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: bird and terrestrial mammal species.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: twelve

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: exploit the different stages of succession, regrowth and habitat change

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: 70%

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: twelve

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: downed trees

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebrate species

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: forests

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Natural fire regimes

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: bird and terrestrial mammal

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Natural fire regimes

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: trees

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Natural fire regimes

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Natural fire regimes

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: vertebrate species

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: vertebrate species

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: vertebrate species in up to twelve different forest types in British Columbia.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Natural fire regimes

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: vertebrate species

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: bird and terrestrial mammal

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: 70% of the country’s bird and terrestrial mammal species.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: 70% of the country’s bird and terrestrial mammal species.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: twelve

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Natural fire regimes

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: succession, regrowth

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: adapted

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: bird and terrestrial mammal species. Natural fire regimes

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: forests

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: adapted

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: stages of succession,

text: Bibliography on Alternatives to the Use of Live Vertebrates in Biomedical Research and Testing, or Altbib, is a bibliography available online to assist in identifying methods and procedures helpful in supporting the development, testing, application, and validation of alternatives to the use of vertebrates in biomedical research and toxicology testing. The bibliography is produced from MEDLARS database searches analyzed by experts from the Toxicology and Environmental Health Information Program (TEHIP) of the Specialized Information Services Division (SIS) of the National Library of Medicine.

text: Bibliography on Alternatives to the Use of Live Vertebrates in Biomedical Research and Testing, or Altbib, is a

text: bibliography

text: available online to assist in identifying methods and procedures helpful in supporting the development, testing, application, and validation of alternatives to the use of

text: vertebrate

text: s in

text: biomedical research

text: and

text: toxicology

text: testing. The bibliography is produced from

text: MEDLARS

text: database

text: searches analyzed by experts from the Toxicology and

text: Environmental Health

text: Information Program (

text: TEHIP

text: ) of the Specialized Information Services Division (SIS) of the

entity_name: United States National Library of Medicine

text: National Library of Medicine

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: biomedical research

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: live vertebrates in biomedical research and testing

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: live vertebrates in biomedical research

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: echinoderms

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Amphibians were the first vertebrates that did not need water to reproduce

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: lobe-finned fish

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: cartilage endoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: mammals

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Vertebrates are placed in five different classes.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Toxicology

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Altbib

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Live

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: Live Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: biomedical research and toxicology testing.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: Live Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: Altbib,

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Live Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: Live Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Bibliography on Alternatives to the Use of Live Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Live

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Live Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Live Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Testing,

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Bibliography on Alternatives to the Use of Live Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Bibliography on Alternatives to the Use of Live Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Bibliography on Alternatives to the Use of Live Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Bibliography on Alternatives to the Use of Live Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Bibliography on Alternatives to the Use of Live Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Bibliography on Alternatives to the Use of Live Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Altbib,

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: Testing,

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Live Vertebrates in Biomedical Research and Testing,

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Bibliography on Alternatives to the Use of Live Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: Live Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Live Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: Live Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: toxicology testing.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Live Vertebrates

text: Cartilage is composed of cells embedded in an extracellular matrix of collagen fibers and proteoglycans. It contains no blood vessels therefore its cells are dependent upon diffusion for the supply of oxygen and nutrients. Its intrinsic healing capacity is low. Injury to cartilage can lead to pain and stiffness and is the precursor to the development of osteoarthritis (degenerative joint arthritis).

text: Cartilage is composed of cells embedded in an

text: extracellular matrix

text: of

text: collagen fibers

text: and

text: proteoglycans

text: . It contains no blood vessels therefore its cells are dependent upon

text: diffusion

text: for the supply of oxygen and nutrients. Its intrinsic healing capacity is low. Injury to cartilage can lead to pain and stiffness and is the precursor to the development of

text: osteoarthritis

text: (degenerative joint arthritis).

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: What is cartilage composed of?

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: six

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: articulation

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: Cartilage contains no blood vessels.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: limbs

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: low in healing capacity

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Cartilage is composed of cells embedded in an extracellular matrix

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which of the following is not a vertebrate?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: What is cartilage composed of?

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the function of cartilage?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What does the adaptive immune system of vertebrates learn to recognize and attack?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: What happened first, birds or mammals?

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which is not a class of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Which of the following is not a type of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: Cartilage

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: osteoarthritis

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: asexual

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: Cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: osteoarthritis

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: osteoarthritis

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Cartilage

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Cartilage

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: Cartilage

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: supply of oxygen and nutrients.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: Cartilage

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Cartilage

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: diffusion

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Cartilage

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Cartilage

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Cartilage

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Cartilage

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Cartilage

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Cartilage

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Cartilage

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: Cartilage

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Cartilage

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Cartilage

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Cartilage

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Cartilage

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Its intrinsic healing capacity is low.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: low.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Cartilage

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Cartilage

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: Cartilage

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: osteoarthritis

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: diffusion

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: Cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Cartilage

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: Cartilage

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Cartilage

text: Parthenogenesis in sharks has been confirmed in the bonnethead and zebra shark. Other, usually sexual species, may occasionally reproduce parthenogenetically, and the hammerhead and blacktip sharks are recent additions to the known list of facultative parthenogenetic vertebrates.

text: Parthenogenesis in sharks has been confirmed in the

text: bonnethead

text: and

text: zebra shark

text: . Other, usually sexual species, may occasionally reproduce parthenogenetically, and the

text: hammerhead

text: and

text: blacktip shark

text: s are recent additions to the known list of facultative parthenogenetic vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: sharks

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: four

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: reproduction

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: parthenogenesis in sharks has been confirmed

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: digits

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: sharks

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: parthenogenesis in sharks has been confirmed

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Which of the following is not a vertebrate?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: Parthenogenesis

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: parthenogenetic

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: sexual

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Parthenogenesis

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Parthenogenesis

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: facultative parthenogenetic vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: sharks

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: sexual species, may occasionally reproduce parthenogenetically,

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: sexual species, may occasionally reproduce parthenogenetically,

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: sexual species, may occasionally reproduce parthenogenetically,

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Parthenogenesis in sharks

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: Parthenogenesis

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Parthenogenesis

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: sharks has been confirmed in the bonnethead and zebra shark.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: sexual species, may occasionally reproduce parthenogenetically,

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: sharks

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Parthenogenesis in sharks

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Parthenogenesis

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Parthenogenesis in sharks

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: facultative parthenogenetic vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Parthenogenesis

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Parthenogenesis

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Parthenogenesis in sharks

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Parthenogenesis in sharks

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Parthenogenesis

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: Parthenogenesis in sharks

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: facultative parthenogenetic vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: usually sexual species,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: Parthenogenesis

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: sexual species, may occasionally reproduce parthenogenetically,

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: sexual species, may occasionally reproduce parthenogenetically,

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: sharks

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: parthenogenetically,

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: Parthenogenesis

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Parthenogenesis

text: Excavations were resumed during spring of 2011, from May 15 to July 1, with the support and permission of SWSD and the State of Colorado. By the end of July, the total number of bones recovered was around 4,826, from at least 26 different Ice Age vertebrates. Approximately 3,000 of them are believed to come from mastodons of both sexes and of varying ages, from infants to full adults. Other new animals recovered included an Ice Age camel (Camelops), a horse, and various smaller vertebrates.

text: Excavations were resumed during spring of 2011, from May 15 to July 1, with the support and permission of SWSD and the State of Colorado. By the end of July, the total number of bones recovered was around 4,826, from at least 26 different Ice Age vertebrates. Approximately 3,000 of them are believed to come from

text: mastodon

text: s of both sexes and of varying ages, from infants to full adults. Other new animals recovered included an Ice Age camel (

text: Camelops

text: ), a

text: horse

text: , and various smaller vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: mastodons

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: a horse

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: mastodons of both sexes and of varying ages

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: sexes

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: mastodons of both sexes

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sex

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Which of the following is not a type of vertebrates: camel, horse, or mastodon?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: mastodons

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: mastodons of both sexes and of varying ages

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Ice Age

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many different classes of vertebrates are mentioned?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: embryonic

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Ice Age

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: sex

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: mastodon

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Ice Age

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: embryonic

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: infants to full adults.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: 3,000

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: mastodons

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: Approximately 3,000 of them are believed to come from mastodons

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: both sexes

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: mastodons

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: bones recovered was around 4,826,

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexes

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: mastodons

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: mastodons

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: both sexes

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: mastodons

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: mastodons

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: 26 different Ice Age vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: mastodons

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: mastodons of both sexes

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Ice Age vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Ice Age vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: mastodons of both sexes

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: mastodons

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: varying ages, from infants to full adults.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: 4,826,

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: infants to full adults.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: mastodons of both sexes

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: infants to full adults.

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Ice Age vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: sexes

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: mastodons

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Ice Age

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: mastodons

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: infants to full adults.

text: All vertebrates have a similar basic body plan and at some point in their lives, mostly in the embryonic stage, share the major chordate characteristics; a stiffening rod, the notochord; a dorsal hollow tube of nervous material, the neural tube; pharyngeal arches; and a tail posterior to the anus. The spinal cord is protected by the vertebral column and is above the notochord and the gastrointestinal tract is below it. Nervous tissue is derived from the ectoderm, connective tissues are derived from mesoderm, and gut is derived from the endoderm. At the posterior end is a tail which continues the spinal cord and vertebrae but not the gut. The mouth is found at the anterior end of the animal, and the anus at the base of the tail. The defining characteristic of a vertebrate is the vertebral column, formed in the development of the segmented series of vertebrae. In most vertebrates the notochord becomes the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral discs. However, a few vertebrates, such as the sturgeon and the coelacanth retain the notochord into adulthood. Jawed vertebrates are typified by paired appendages, fins or legs, which may be secondarily lost. The limbs of vertebrates are considered to be homologous because the same underlying skeletal structure was inherited from their last common ancestor. This is one of the arguments put forward by Charles Darwin to support his theory of evolution.

text: All

text: vertebrate

text: s have a similar basic

text: body plan

text: and at some point in their lives, mostly in the

text: embryonic

text: stage, share the major

text: chordate

text: characteristics; a stiffening rod, the

text: notochord

text: ; a dorsal hollow tube of nervous material, the

text: neural tube

text: pharyngeal arch

text: es; and a tail posterior to the anus. The

text: spinal cord

text: is protected by the

text: vertebral column

text: and is above the notochord and the

text: gastrointestinal tract

text: is below it. Nervous tissue is derived from the

text: ectoderm

text: , connective tissues are derived from

text: mesoderm

text: , and gut is derived from the

text: endoderm

text: . At the posterior end is a

text: tail

text: which continues the spinal cord and vertebrae but not the gut. The mouth is found at the anterior end of the animal, and the

text: anus

text: at the base of the tail. The defining characteristic of a vertebrate is the

text: vertebral column

text: , formed in the development of the segmented series of

text: vertebra

text: e. In most vertebrates the notochord becomes the

text: nucleus pulposus

text: of the

text: intervertebral disc

text: s. However, a few vertebrates, such as the

text: sturgeon

text: and the

text: coelacanth

text: retain the notochord into adulthood.

text: Jawed vertebrates

text: are typified by paired appendages, fins or legs, which may be secondarily lost. The limbs of vertebrates are considered to be

text: homologous

text: because the same underlying skeletal structure was inherited from their last common ancestor. This is one of the arguments put forward by

text: Charles Darwin

text: to support his theory of

text: evolution

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: sturgeon and the coelacanth

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: four

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: protected

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: the spinal cord is protected by the vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: The spinal cord is protected by the vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: What is the defining characteristic of a vertebrate?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: notochord

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Jawed vertebrates are typified by paired appendages, fins or legs, which may be secondarily lost

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which is not true?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the defining characteristic of a vertebrate?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: embryonic stage

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: fins

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: intervertebral discs

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: mesoderm

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: intervertebral discs

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: mesoderm

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: embryonic stage

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Jawed vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: sturgeon

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: The spinal cord is protected

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: retain the notochord into adulthood.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: pharyngeal arches;

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: The spinal cord is protected by the vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebral column,

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: intervertebral discs.

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: notochord into adulthood.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: embryonic stage,

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: pulposus of the intervertebral discs.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: sturgeon and the coelacanth

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: sturgeon and the coelacanth

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: intervertebral discs.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: a few vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: All vertebrates have a similar basic body plan

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: notochord into adulthood.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: intervertebral discs.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: notochord

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: All vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: retain the notochord into adulthood.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: notochord into adulthood.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: notochord into adulthood.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: notochord into adulthood.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: embryonic stage,

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Charles Darwin

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: cleus pulposus of the intervertebral discs.

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: mesoderm,

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Charles Darwin

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: mesoderm,

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: embryonic stage,

text: Nonetheless, the general features of the olfactory system are highly conserved among vertebrates, and, similarly to other sensory systems, olfaction has undergone fairly modest changes throughout the evolution of vertebrates. Phylogenetic analyses reveal that at least three distinct olfactory subsystems are broadly consistent in vertebrates, and a fourth accessory system (vomeronasal) solely arose in tetrapods.

text: Nonetheless, the general features of the olfactory system are highly conserved among vertebrates, and, similarly to other sensory systems, olfaction has undergone fairly modest changes throughout the evolution of vertebrates.

text: Phylogenetic

text: analyses reveal that at least three distinct olfactory subsystems are broadly consistent in vertebrates, and a fourth accessory system (

text: vomeronasal

text: ) solely arose in

text: tetrapod

text: s.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: four

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: sensory

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: olfaction has undergone fairly modest changes throughout the evolution of vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: olfactory systems

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: olfactory system

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: olfaction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: olfaction has undergone fairly modest changes throughout the evolution of vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many distinct olfactory subsystems are broadly consistent?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Vomeronasal

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: olfaction

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: tetrapods.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: three

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: olfactory system

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: highly conserved

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: a fourth accessory system

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: olfactory system

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: highly conserved among vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: olfactory

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: olfactory system are highly conserved

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: tetrapods.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: highly conserved

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: tetrapods.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: tetrapods.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: olfactory system are highly conserved among vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: olfactory system are highly conserved among vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: tetrapods.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: olfactory system are highly conserved among vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: olfactory system are highly conserved

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: tetrapods.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: olfactory system are highly conserved among vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: tetrapods.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: fourth

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: olfactory system are highly conserved among vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: olfactory system are highly conserved among vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: (vomeronasal)

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: (vomeronasal)

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: olfactory system

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: (vomeronasal)

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: olfactory system are highly conserved among vertebrates,

text: Rhabdodon priscus is known from a specimen from the Marnes Rouges Inférieures Formation. The material of Rhabdodon priscus includes a dentary and many other postcranial remains. More specifically, it is known from the Bellevue layer, which has produced many vertebrate fossils. Even though it produced many vertebrates, the formation only has a scarce record of plants and invertebrates. The non-dinosaurian vertebrates consist of Lepisosteus, an indeterminate turtle, and a crocodile. Dinosaurian fauna from the Marnes Rouges Inférieures Formation include Ampelosaurus, an animal classified as Dromaeosauridae indet., and an indeterminate ankylosaur. The bird Gargantuavis philoinos, and dinosaur eggs have also been recovered.

text: Rhabdodon priscus is known from a specimen from the

text: Marnes Rouges Inférieures Formation

text: . The material of Rhabdodon priscus includes a dentary and many other postcranial remains. More specifically, it is known from the Bellevue layer, which has produced many vertebrate fossils. Even though it produced many vertebrates, the formation only has a scarce record of plants and invertebrates. The non-dinosaurian vertebrates consist of

text: Lepisosteus

text: , an indeterminate turtle, and a crocodile. Dinosaurian fauna from the Marnes Rouges Inférieures Formation include

text: Ampelosaurus

text: , an animal classified as Dromaeosauridae indet., and an indeterminate ankylosaur. The bird

text: Gargantuavis philoinos

text: , and dinosaur eggs have also been recovered.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Lepisosteus

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: one

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: postcranial

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: dinosaur eggs have also been recovered

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: postcranial remains

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: postcranial remains

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: egg

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Which of the following is not a vertebrate: Lepisosteus, a crocodile, or a dinosaur?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Lepisosteus

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: dinosaur eggs have also been recovered.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are non-dinosaurian?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Which of the following is not a vertebrate?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: postcranial

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Rhabdodon priscus

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: eggs

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: dentary

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Rhabdodon priscus

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: dentary

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: postcranial

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Lepisosteus,

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: Lepisosteus,

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: postcranial

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: many vertebrate fossils. Even though it produced many vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: postcranial

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: a dentary

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: dentary

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: eggs

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: dinosaur eggs

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Lepisosteus,

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: dinosaur eggs

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: dinosaur eggs

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Ampelosaurus,

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Marnes Rouges Inférieures Formation.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Ampelosaurus,

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: non-dinosaurian

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Marnes Rouges Inférieures Formation.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Marnes Rouges Inférieures Formation.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Lepisosteus,

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: The bird Gargantuavis philoinos,

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Marnes Rouges Inférieures Formation.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: Lepisosteus,

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Dromaeosauridae

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Lepisosteus,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: postcranial

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Rhabdodon priscus

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: eggs

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: dentary

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: postcranial

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: dentary

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: dinosaur eggs

text: Wobbler disease is a catchall term referring to several possible malformations of the cervical vertebrae that cause an unsteady (wobbly) gait and weakness in dogs and horses. A number of different conditions of the cervical (neck) spinal column cause similar clinical signs. These conditions may include malformation of the vertebrae, intervertebral disc protrusion, and disease of the interspinal ligaments, ligamenta flava, and articular facets of the vertebrae. Wobbler disease is also known as cervical vertebral instability, cervical spondylomyelopathy (CSM), and cervical vertebral malformation (CVM). In dogs, the disease is most common in large breeds, especially Great Danes and Doberman Pinschers. In horses, it is not linked to a particular breed, though it is most often seen in tall, race-bred horses of Thoroughbred or Standardbred ancestry. It is most likely inherited to at least some extent in dogs and horses.

text: Wobbler disease is a catchall term referring to several possible malformations of the

text: cervical vertebrae

text: that cause an unsteady (wobbly) gait and weakness in

text: dog

text: s and

text: horse

text: s. A number of different conditions of the cervical (neck) spinal column cause similar clinical signs. These conditions may include malformation of the vertebrae,

text: intervertebral disc

text: protrusion, and disease of the

text: interspinal ligament

text: s,

text: ligamenta flava

text: , and

text: articular facet

text: s of the vertebrae. Wobbler disease is also known as cervical vertebral instability, cervical spondylomyelopathy (CSM), and cervical vertebral malformation (CVM). In dogs, the disease is most common in large breeds, especially

text: Great Dane

text: s and

text: Doberman Pinscher

text: s. In horses, it is not linked to a particular breed, though it is most often seen in tall, race-bred horses of

text: Thoroughbred

text: or

text: Standardbred

text: ancestry. It is most likely inherited to at least some extent in dogs and horses.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: spinal

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: Wobbler disease is also known as cervical vertebral instability

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: softer

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: race-bred

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: intervertebral disc protrusion

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: dogs and horses

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: It is most likely inherited to at least some extent in dogs and horses.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: wobbler

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is Wobbler disease also known as?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes are vertebrates placed in?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: interspinal

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Wobbler disease

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: race-bred

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: ligamenta flava

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: intervertebral disc protrusion

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: disc

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Wobbler disease

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: cervical

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: horses.

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: (neck) spinal column

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: Wobbler disease

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: cervical vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: cervical (neck) spinal column

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: articular facets of the vertebrae.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: race-bred

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: inherited

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: horses.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: horses, it is not linked to a particular breed,

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: horses.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Wobbler disease

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Wobbler disease

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Wobbler disease

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: horses.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Wobbler disease

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: inherited

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Wobbler disease

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Wobbler disease

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: dogs, the disease is most common in large breeds,

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: cervical vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Thoroughbred or Standardbred ancestry.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: horses.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: ligamenta flava,

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Wobbler disease

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: race-bred

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: ligaments,

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: interspinal ligaments,

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: disc

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: interspinal ligaments, ligamenta flava,

text: David Attenborough embarks on an epic 500-million-year journey to unravel the incredible rise of the vertebrates. The evolution of animals with backbones is one of the greatest stories in natural history. To tell this story, David presents explosive new fossil evidence from China, a region he has long dreamt of exploring and the frontier of modern paleontological research. He reveals how vertebrates came to be the dominant form of animal life, and why humans are the heirs to a magnificent evolutionary heritage.

text: David Attenborough embarks on an epic 500-million-year journey to unravel the incredible rise of the vertebrates. The evolution of animals with backbones is one of the greatest stories in natural history. To tell this story, David presents explosive new fossil evidence from China, a region he has long dreamt of exploring and the frontier of modern paleontological research. He reveals how vertebrates came to be the dominant form of animal life, and why humans are the heirs to a magnificent evolutionary heritage.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: animals with backbones

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: backbone

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: humans are the heirs to a magnificent evolutionary heritage

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: backbones

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: backbones

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: backbones

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: humans are the heirs to a magnificent evolutionary heritage

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: backbones

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Amphibians were the first vertebrates that did not need water to reproduce.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: How did vertebrates come to be the dominant form of animal life?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Amphibians evolved from a lobe-finned fish ancestor.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: The evolution of animals with backbones is one of the greatest stories

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: male and female

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: backbones

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: backbones

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: backbones

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: backbones

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: backbones

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: vertebrates. The evolution of animals with backbones

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: backbones

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: backbones

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: backbones

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: backbones

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: backbones

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrates.

text: Actinopterygians are divided into the subclasses Chondrostei and Neopterygii. The Neopterygii, in turn, are divided into the infraclasses Holostei and Teleostei. During the Mesozoic and Cenozoic the teleosts in particular diversified widely, and as a result, 96% of all known fish species are teleosts. The cladogram shows the major groups of actinopterygians and their relationship to the terrestrial vertebrates (tetrapods) that evolved from a related group of fish. Approximate dates are from Near et al., 2012.

text: Actinopterygians are divided into the subclasses

text: Chondrostei

text: and

text: Neopterygii

text: . The

text: Neopterygii

text: , in turn, are divided into the infraclasses

text: Holostei

text: and

text: Teleostei

text: . During the

text: Mesozoic

text: and

text: Cenozoic

text: the teleosts in particular diversified widely, and as a result, 96% of all known fish species are teleosts. The

text: cladogram

text: shows the major groups of actinopterygians and their relationship to the terrestrial vertebrates (tetrapods) that evolved from a related group of fish. Approximate dates are from Near et al., 2012.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: 9

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: a related group of fish

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: 96% of all known fish species are teleosts

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Actinopterygians

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: mammary

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: evolved from a related group of fish

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: actinopterygians

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: teleosts

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: The adaptive immune system of vertebrates learns to recognize and attack specific pathogens

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Chondrostei

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: male and female sexes

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: Actinopterygians

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Actinopterygians

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: teleosts

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: Chondrostei

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Actinopterygians

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: Actinopterygians

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Actinopterygians

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: (tetrapods)

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: 96%

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: terrestrial vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: evolved from a related group of fish.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: (tetrapods)

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Actinopterygians

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: Chondrostei

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: terrestrial vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: terrestrial vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: fish.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: evolved from a related group of fish.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: fish.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Actinopterygians

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: (tetrapods) that evolved from a related group of fish.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Actinopterygians

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: (tetrapods)

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Actinopterygians are divided into the subclasses

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Holostei and Teleostei.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Chondrostei

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: fish.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Actinopterygians

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: 96% of all known fish species are teleosts.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Actinopterygians are divided into the subclasses

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: 96% of all known fish species are teleosts.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: terrestrial vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: terrestrial vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: (tetrapods)

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: Actinopterygians

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: (tetrapods)

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: Actinopterygians

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Actinopterygians

text: Cartilage is a thin, elastic tissue that protects the bone and makes certain that the joint surfaces can slide easily over each other. Cartilage ensures supple knee movement. There are two types of joint cartilage in the knees: fibrous cartilage (the meniscus) and hyaline cartilage. Fibrous cartilage has tensile strength and can resist pressure. Hyaline cartilage covers the surface along which the joints move. Cartilage will wear over the years. Cartilage has a very limited capacity for self-restoration. The newly formed tissue will generally consist of a large part of fibrous cartilage of lesser quality than the original hyaline cartilage. As a result, new cracks and tears will form in the cartilage over time.

text: Cartilage

text: is a thin, elastic

text: tissue

text: that protects the

text: bone

text: and makes certain that the

text: joint

text: surfaces can slide easily over each other. Cartilage ensures supple knee movement. There are two types of joint cartilage in the knees: fibrous cartilage (the

text: meniscus

text: ) and

text: hyaline cartilage

text: . Fibrous cartilage has tensile strength and can resist pressure. Hyaline cartilage covers the surface along which the joints move. Cartilage will wear over the years. Cartilage has a very limited capacity for self-restoration. The newly formed tissue will generally consist of a large part of fibrous cartilage of lesser quality than the original hyaline cartilage. As a result, new cracks and tears will form in the cartilage over time.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Fibrous cartilage and hyaline cartilage

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: one

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: protects

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: Cartilage has a very limited capacity for self-restoration

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: knees

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Cartilage

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: __

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Cartilage has a very limited capacity for self-restoration

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Which of the following is not a type of cartilage?

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Which of the following is not a lobe-finned fish?

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Which of the following is not a type of cartilage?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Which of the following is not a type of cartilage?

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Which of the following is not a type of cartilage: fibrous cartilage or hyaline cartilage?

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: How many types of joint cartilage in the knees are mentioned?

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Which of the following is not a type of cartilage?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Cartilage

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: self-restoration

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: Hyaline cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Cartilage

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Cartilage

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Cartilage

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: protects the bone

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: Cartilage

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: two types of joint cartilage in the knees:

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Cartilage

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: Cartilage is a thin, elastic tissue

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: self-restoration.

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Cartilage is a thin, elastic tissue that protects the bone

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Cartilage has a very limited capacity for self-restoration.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Cartilage

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Cartilage

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Cartilage

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Cartilage

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: Cartilage

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Cartilage

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Cartilage has a very limited capacity for self-restoration.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Cartilage

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Cartilage

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Cartilage has a very limited capacity for self-restoration.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: Cartilage

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Cartilage

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Cartilage

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: Cartilage

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Cartilage

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: self-restoration.

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: Cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Cartilage has a very limited capacity for self-restoration.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: hyaline

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Cartilage

text: Several fossil specimens show a high degree of preservation, with intact scales, pigmentation, claw sheaths, cartilage, and small bones. The orbitospenoids are present in one specimen as two small crescent-shaped bones. These bones support the cartilage and membrane that makes up the braincase, and are rarely preserved in fossil lizards. Postcloacal or hemipenial bones are also known, which are part of the hemipenis in male individuals.

text: Several fossil specimens show a high degree of preservation, with intact scales, pigmentation, claw sheaths, cartilage, and small bones. The orbitospenoids are present in one specimen as two small crescent-shaped bones. These bones support the cartilage and membrane that makes up the

text: braincase

text: , and are rarely preserved in fossil lizards. Postcloacal or hemipenial bones are also known, which are part of the

text: hemipenis

text: in male individuals.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: lizards

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: support the cartilage

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The orbitospenoids are present in one specimen as two small crescent-shaped bones

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: bones

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: cartilage and membrane

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: male individuals

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: lizards

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: The orbitospenoids are present in one specimen as two small crescent-shaped bones

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: lizards

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Which is not true?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: cloacal

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: hemipenis

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: hemipenis

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: hemipenis

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: cloacal

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: lizards.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: orbitospenoids

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: support the cartilage and membrane that makes up the braincase,

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: rarely preserved in fossil lizards.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: two small crescent-shaped bones.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: The orbitospenoids

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: bones.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: hemipenial bones

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: bones.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: lizards.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: male individuals.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: lizards.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: lizards.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: bones.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Several fossil specimens

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: lizards.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Several fossil specimens show a high degree of preservation,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: lizards.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: The orbitospenoids

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: lizards.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: cartilage,

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: Several fossil specimens

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: hemipenis in male individuals.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: male individuals.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: hemipenis

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: hemipenis

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: hemipenial bones

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage,

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: hemipenis

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: cartilage,

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: hemipenis

text: As large-bodied vertebrates are increasingly lost from seed-dispersal networks, small-bodied seed dispersers (i.e. bats, birds, dung beetles) and seed predators (i.e. rodents) are affected. Defaunation leads to reduced species diversity. This is due to relaxed competition; small-bodied species normally compete with large-bodied vertebrates for food and other resources. As an area becomes defaunated, dominant small-bodied species take over, crowding out other similar species and leading to an overall reduced species diversity. The loss of species diversity is reflective of a larger loss of biodiversity, which has consequences for the maintenance of ecosystem services.

text: As large-bodied vertebrates are increasingly lost from seed-dispersal networks, small-bodied seed dispersers (i.e. bats, birds, dung beetles) and seed predators (i.e. rodents) are affected. Defaunation leads to reduced species diversity. This is due to relaxed competition; small-bodied species normally compete with large-bodied vertebrates for food and other resources. As an area becomes defaunated, dominant small-bodied species take over, crowding out other similar species and leading to an overall reduced species diversity. The loss of species diversity is reflective of a larger loss of biodiversity, which has consequences for the maintenance of ecosystem services.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: bats, birds, and seed predators

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: eight

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: seed dispersal

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: small-bodied species normally compete with large-bodied vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: limbs

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: large-bodied vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: large-bodied

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: large-bodied vertebrates are increasingly lost from seed-dispersal networks

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: large-bodied

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: What did Amphibians evolve from?

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: cartilage endoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are mentioned in the passage?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: bats

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: seed dispersal

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: __

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: fertilization

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: small-bodied seed dispersers

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: large-bodied

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: food and other resources.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: large-bodied vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: large-bodied

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: bats, birds, dung beetles)

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: large-bodied vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: seed-dispersal

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: food

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: large-bodied vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: large-bodied vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: large-bodied vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: dung beetles)

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: seed-dispersal networks,

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: As large-bodied vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: large-bodied vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Defaunation leads to reduced species diversity.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: relaxed competition;

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: large-bodied vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: small-bodied seed dispersers

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: relaxed competition;

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: Defaunation leads to reduced species diversity.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: small-bodied seed dispersers

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: small-bodied species normally compete with large-bodied vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: seed-dispersal networks,

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: relaxed competition;

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: compete with large-bodied vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: small-bodied species normally compete with large-bodied vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: seed-dispersal networks,

text: The sea urchin builds its spicules, the sharp, crystalline "bones" that constitute the animal’s endoskeleton, in the larval stage. The fully formed spicule is composed of a single crystal with an unusual morphology. It has no facets, and within 48 hours of fertilization, assumes a shape that looks much like the Mercedes-Benz logo.

text: The sea urchin builds its

text: spicules

text: , the sharp, crystalline "bones" that constitute the animal’s

text: endoskeleton

text: , in the

text: larval

text: stage. The fully formed spicule is composed of a single crystal with an unusual morphology. It has no facets, and within 48 hours of fertilization, assumes a shape that looks much like the

text: Mercedes-Benz

text: logo.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: sea urchin

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: six

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: endoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The fully formed spicule is composed of a single crystal

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: bones

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: spicules

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: softer

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: fertilization

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: sea urchins

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: The fully formed spicule is composed of a single crystal

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: sea urchins

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which of the following is not a vertebrate?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How does the immune system of vertebrates work?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Which of the following is not true of the sea urchin?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: larval stage

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: endoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: sperm

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: endoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: endoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: endoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: larval stage

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: The sea urchin

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: The sea urchin

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: endoskeleton,

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The sea urchin

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: "bones" that constitute the animal’s endoskeleton,

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: spicules,

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: sharp, crystalline

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: fertilization,

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: fertilization,

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: sea urchin

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Mercedes-Benz logo.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: sea urchin

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: The sea urchin

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: endoskeleton,

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: The sea urchin

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: The sea urchin

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: The sea urchin builds its spicules,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: The sea urchin builds its spicules,

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: The sea urchin

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: The sea urchin

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: The sea urchin

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: The sea urchin

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: The sea urchin

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: The sea urchin

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: endoskeleton, in the larval stage.

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: The sea urchin

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: fertilization,

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: endoskeleton,

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: endoskeleton,

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: endoskeleton,

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: endoskeleton, in the larval stage.

text: Plasmodium gemini is a parasite of the genus Plasmodium.  Like all Plasmodium species P. gemini has both vertebrate and insect hosts. The vertebrate hosts for this parasite are reptiles.

text: Plasmodium gemini is a parasite of the genus

text: Plasmodium

text: .  Like all Plasmodium species P. gemini has both

text: vertebrate

text: and

text: insect

text: hosts. The vertebrate hosts for this parasite are

text: reptile

text: s.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: reptiles

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The vertebral column of vertebrates is made of bones.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: softer

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: reptiles

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: The vertebrate hosts for this parasite are insects.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: reptiles

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: The adaptive immune system of vertebrates learns to recognize and attack specific pathogens.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: parasites

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: parasite

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: skeleton

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: sexual

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: insect hosts.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebrate and insect hosts.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: The vertebrate hosts for this parasite are reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Plasmodium gemini

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: parasite

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: Plasmodium gemini

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrate and insect hosts.

text: Inside the skull, the two vertebral arteries join to form the basilar artery at the base of the Pons. The basilar artery is the main blood supply to the brainstem and connects to the Circle of Willis to potentially supply the rest of the brain if there is compromise to one of the carotids. At each cervical level, the vertebral artery sends branches to the surrounding musculature via the anterior spinal arteries.

text: Inside the skull, the two vertebral arteries join to form the

text: basilar artery

text: at the base of the

text: Pons

text: . The

text: basilar artery

text: is the main blood supply to the

text: brainstem

text: and connects to the

text: Circle of Willis

text: to potentially supply the rest of the brain if there is compromise to one of the

text: carotids

text: . At each cervical level, the vertebral artery sends branches to the surrounding musculature via the

text: anterior spinal arteries

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Cerebrates

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: one

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: musculature

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: the vertebral artery sends branches to the surrounding musculature

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebral arteries

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebral arteries

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: What is the main blood supply to the brainstem?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: vertebrates reproduce sexually.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How does the immune system of vertebrates work?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: musculature

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: musculature

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: the Circle of Willis

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: brainstem

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: ovary

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: cervical

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: carotids.

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: main blood supply to the brainstem

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: there is compromise to one of the carotids.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: two vertebral arteries

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: anterior spinal arteries.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebral arteries

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: carotids.

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: basilar artery at the base of the Pons.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Pons.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: compromise to one of the carotids.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Pons.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Inside the skull, the two vertebral arteries

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: basilar artery at the base of the Pons.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: basilar artery at the base of the Pons.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: vertebral arteries

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: vertebral arteries

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: basilar artery at the base of the Pons.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Inside the skull, the two vertebral arteries

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Inside the skull, the two vertebral arteries

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: basilar artery at the base of the Pons.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: basilar artery at the base of the Pons.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: basilar artery at the base of the Pons.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: basilar artery at the base of the Pons.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: Inside the skull, the two vertebral arteries

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: basilar artery at the base of the Pons.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: Circle of Willis

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: musculature

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Circle of Willis

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: musculature

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Inside the skull, the two vertebral arteries

text: The describing authors established some diagnostic traits. The front upper corner of the fenestra antorbitalis and the rear upper corner of the bony nostril are positioned at about the same height. The premaxilla shows a distinctive opening below and in front of the nostril. The rear upper process of the premaxilla touches the upper rim of the fenestra antorbitalis but not the front process of the lacrimal; both bones are separated by the nasal bone. The parietal approaches the frontal bone in length.  At the fourth and fifth neck vertebrae, the rear edge of the vertebral centrum forms a straight line between the postzygapophyses. The thigh bone is longer than the ilium.

text: The describing authors established some diagnostic traits. The front upper corner of the

text: fenestra antorbitalis

text: and the rear upper corner of the bony

text: nostril

text: are positioned at about the same height. The

text: premaxilla

text: shows a distinctive opening below and in front of the nostril. The rear upper process of the premaxilla touches the upper rim of the fenestra antorbitalis but not the front process of the

text: lacrimal

text: ; both bones are separated by the

text: nasal bone

text: . The

text: parietal

text: approaches the

text: frontal

text: bone in length.  At the fourth and fifth neck vertebrae, the rear edge of the vertebral centrum forms a straight line between the

text: postzygapophyses

text: . The thigh bone is longer than the

text: ilium

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: vertebrates that have a thigh bone longer than the ilium

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: one

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: neck vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: the vertebral centrum forms a straight line between the postzygapophyses

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: The vertebral centrum forms a straight line between what?

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: longer than what?

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: What type of glands do vertebrates have?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: The first vertebrates were

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: The thigh bone is longer than the ilium.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: How many neck vertebrae did the describing authors establish?

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: What is the first vertebrate that did not need water to reproduce?

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: What type of ancestor did Amphibians evolve from?

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: No

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What does the adaptive immune system of vertebrates do?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: How many vertebrae does the vertebral centrum form a straight line between?

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: How many years after birds did mammals appear?

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: How many species of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Which of the following is not a sex?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: zygaposis

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: hypothermia

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: lacrimal

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: ilium

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: zygaposis

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: fourth and fifth neck vertebrae,

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: fourth and fifth

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: forms a straight line between the postzygapophyses.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: straight line between the postzygapophyses.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: neck vertebrae,

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: The parietal

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: longer

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: fenestra antorbitalis

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: fenestra antorbitalis

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: fourth and fifth neck vertebrae,

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: front process of the lacrimal;

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: fourth and fifth neck vertebrae,

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: fenestra antorbitalis

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: fenestra antorbitalis

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: fenestra antorbitalis

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: fourth and fifth neck vertebrae,

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: fenestra antorbitalis

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: fenestra antorbitalis

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: fenestra antorbitalis

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: fenestra antorbitalis

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: The thigh bone is longer than the ilium.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: a straight line between the postzygapophyses.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: fourth and fifth neck vertebrae,

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: separated by the nasal bone.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: postzygapophyses.

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: fenestra antorbitalis

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: fenestra antorbitalis

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebral centrum

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: postzygapophyses.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: lacrimal;

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: postzygapophyses.

text: Among the Deuterostomia, there are a number of swimmers as well. Feather stars can swim by undulating their many arms . Salps move by pumping waters through their gelatinous bodies. The deuterosomes most evolved for swimming are found among the vertebrates, notably the fish.

text: Among the

text: Deuterostomia

text: , there are a number of swimmers as well.

text: Feather star

text: s can swim by undulating their many arms .

text: Salp

text: s move by pumping waters through their gelatinous bodies. The deuterosomes most evolved for swimming are found among the

text: vertebrate

text: s, notably the

text: fish

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: nine

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: swimming

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: feather stars can swim by undulating their many arms

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: arms

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: deuterosomes

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: swimming

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Feathers can swim by undulating their many arms.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What does the adaptive immune system of vertebrates learn to recognize and attack?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Deuterostomia

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: gelatinous

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: deuterosomes

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Deuterostomia

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: fish.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: Deuterostomia,

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: swimming

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: swimmers

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: arms.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: The deuterosomes

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: swimmers

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: undulating their many arms.

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: The deuterosomes

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: fish.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Feather stars

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: fish.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Salps move by pumping waters through their gelatinous bodies.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: The deuterosomes

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: fish.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: fish.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Among the Deuterostomia,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: fish.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: The deuterosomes

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: fish.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Among the Deuterostomia,

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: fish.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Deuterostomia,

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: fish.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: Deuterostomia,

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Feather stars can swim by undulating their many arms.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: Deuterostomia,

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: gelatinous

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Deuterostomia,

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: gelatinous

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Deuterostomia,

text: As is the case with most extinct sharks, this species is also known from fossil teeth and some fossilized vertebral centra. Shark skeleton is composed of cartilage and not bone, and cartilage rarely gets fossilized. Hence, fossils of C. angustidens are generally poorly preserved. To date, the best preserved specimen of this species have been excavated from New Zealand, which comprises 165 associated teeth and about 35 associated vertebral centra. This specimen is around 26 million years old. C. angustidens teeth are noted for their triangular crowns and small side cusps that are fully serrated. The serrations are very sharp and very well pronounced. C. angustidens was a widely distributed species with fossils found in North America, South America, Europe, Africa, New Zealand, Japan, Australia, and Malta.

text: As is the case with most

text: extinct

text: sharks, this species is also known from

text: fossil

text: teeth

text: and some fossilized

text: vertebral centra

text: . Shark

text: skeleton

text: is composed of

text: cartilage

text: and not

text: bone

text: , and cartilage rarely gets

text: fossilized

text: . Hence, fossils of C. angustidens are generally poorly preserved. To date, the best preserved specimen of this species have been excavated from

text: New Zealand

text: , which comprises 165 associated teeth and about 35 associated vertebral centra. This specimen is around 26 million years old. C. angustidens

text: teeth

text: are noted for their triangular crowns and small side cusps that are fully serrated. The serrations are very sharp and very well pronounced. C. angustidens was a widely distributed species with fossils found in

text: North America

text: South America

text: Europe

text: Africa

text: , New Zealand,

text: Japan

text: Australia

text: , and

text: Malta

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: vertebral centra

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: five

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: spinal cord

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: cartilage rarely gets fossilized

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebral centra

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebral centra

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: fossilized

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: extinct sharks

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Which of the following is not a type of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: sharks

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: fossilized vertebral centra

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: sharks

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How does the immune system of vertebrates learn to recognize and attack specific pathogens?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: sharks

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class of vertebrates: C. angustidens, Europe, Africa, Japan, Australia, and Malta?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebral centra

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: angustidens

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebral centra

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: vertebral centra

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebral

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: vertebral centra.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: sharks,

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: bone,

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: triangular crowns and small side cusps

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: teeth and some fossilized vertebral centra.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: rarely gets fossilized.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: vertebral centra.

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: vertebral centra.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: sharks,

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: cartilage rarely gets fossilized.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: sharks,

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: sharks,

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: vertebral centra.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: sharks,

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: vertebral centra.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Europe, Africa, New Zealand, Japan, Australia, and Malta.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Shark skeleton is composed of cartilage

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: sharks,

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: North America,

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Europe, Africa, New Zealand, Japan, Australia, and Malta.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: most extinct sharks,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebral centra.

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: sharks,

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebral centra.

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebral centra.

text: The endothermy of Lampris guttatus gives them a major advantage at the depths where they live. Since they are relatively warm-blooded at those depths compared to the water around them, they can move more quickly to hunt prey. Most predators at such low depths do not have the energy to be able to move much and therefore must wait for prey to pass them.

text: The endothermy of Lampris guttatus gives them a major advantage at the depths where they live. Since they are relatively warm-blooded at those depths compared to the water around them, they can move more quickly to hunt

text: prey

text: . Most

text: predator

text: s at such low depths do not have the energy to be able to move much and therefore must wait for prey to pass them.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Predators

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: six

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: hunt prey

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The vertebral column of vertebrates is made of bones.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: limbs

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: __.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: softer

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: wait for prey

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: amphibians

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: most predators at such low depths do not have the energy to be able to move much

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How does the adaptive immune system of vertebrates work?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: predators

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: The endothermy of Lampris guttatus

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: move more quickly to hunt prey.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: must wait for prey to pass them.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: The endothermy

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Lampris guttatus

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: warm-blooded

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: wait for prey to pass them.

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: warm-blooded

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Lampris guttatus

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: must wait for prey to pass them.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: water

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: The endothermy of Lampris guttatus

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Lampris guttatus

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: The endothermy of Lampris guttatus

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: The endothermy of Lampris guttatus

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: The endothermy of Lampris guttatus

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: The endothermy of Lampris guttatus

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: The endothermy of Lampris guttatus

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: The endothermy of Lampris guttatus

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: The endothermy of Lampris guttatus

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: The endothermy of Lampris guttatus

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: The endothermy of Lampris guttatus

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: The endothermy

text: The major advantage of endothermy over ectothermy is decreased vulnerability to fluctuations in external temperature. Regardless of location (and hence external temperature), endothermy maintains a constant core temperature for optimum enzyme activity.

text: The major advantage of endothermy over ectothermy is decreased vulnerability to fluctuations in external temperature. Regardless of location (and hence external temperature), endothermy maintains a constant core temperature for optimum enzyme activity.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: six

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: core temperature

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: endothermy maintains a constant core temperature for optimum enzyme activity.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: limbs

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: softer

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: ectothermy is a type of reproduction.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How does the adaptive immune system of vertebrates work?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: how many classes of vertebrates are placed in five different classes

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: ectothermy

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: ectothermy

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: ectothermy

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: ectothermy

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: ectothermy

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: enzyme activity.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: decreased vulnerability to fluctuations in external temperature.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: decreased vulnerability to fluctuations in external temperature.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: ectothermy

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: enzyme activity.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: ectothermy is decreased vulnerability to fluctuations in external temperature.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: The major advantage of endothermy

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: The major advantage of endothermy over ectothermy

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: The major advantage of endothermy over ectothermy

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: The major advantage of endothermy over ectothermy

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: The major advantage of endothermy

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: The major advantage of endothermy

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: The major advantage of endothermy

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: ectothermy

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: ectothermy

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: ectothermy

text: In order to be able to carry larger vertebrate prey, it has evolved disproportionately large feet. The legs and toes are a brownish-yellow with black talons. Females are 17.4 to 19 centimeters (6.8 to 7.5 inches) long, and males are generally smaller, measuring 15.2 to 17 centimeters (6 to 6.7 inches) in length. Females are about 67 to 77 grams, and males are 50 to 65 grams in weight.

text: In order to be able to carry larger

text: vertebrate

text: prey

text: , it has evolved disproportionately large feet. The legs and toes are a brownish-yellow with black

text: talons

text: . Females are 17.4 to 19 centimeters (6.8 to 7.5 inches) long, and males are generally smaller, measuring 15.2 to 17 centimeters (6 to 6.7 inches) in length. Females are about 67 to 77 grams, and males are 50 to 65 grams in weight.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: what is the first group mentioned?

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: eight

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: carry larger vertebrate prey

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The legs and toes are a brownish-yellow

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: feet

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: legs and toes with black talons

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: females

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: prey

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: females are 17 to 19 centimeters (6.8 to 7.5 inches) long

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: talons

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: females

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Females

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: Females are 17.4 to 19 centimeters

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: carry larger vertebrate prey,

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: disproportionately large feet.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: feet.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: The legs and toes

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: large feet.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: Females

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: 50 to 65 grams in weight.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: 15.2 to 17 centimeters

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: disproportionately large feet.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: 15.2 to 17 centimeters

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: disproportionately large feet.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: disproportionately large feet.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: disproportionately large feet.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: vertebrate prey,

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: 67

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: 50 to 65 grams in weight.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: 67

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: disproportionately large feet.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: 67

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: 67 to 77 grams, and males are 50 to 65 grams

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: males are generally smaller,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrate prey,

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: evolved disproportionately large feet.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: disproportionately large feet.

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: In order to be able to carry larger vertebrate prey,

text: The vertebral column consists of nine cervical vertebrae, fourteen dorsals and five sacrals. The number of tail vertebrae is unknown. The cervical vertebrae of the neck are strongly pneumatised. They possess pleurocoels at their sides and their insides are hollowed out by large air chambers. The neural spines of the cervical vertebrae are narrow in side view and decreased in width towards the rear: those of the eighth and ninth vertebrae were rod-like. At least the first three dorsal vertebrae of the back have pleurocoels as well. The dorsals are connected by robust hyposphene-hypantrum complexes. From the sixth vertebra onwards the neural spines abruptly become wider. The neural spines of the sacral vertebrae are not fused into a supraneural plate. The tail base is slightly oriented downwards. The caudal vertebrae of the tail base also show hyposphene-hypantrum complexes.

text: The vertebral column consists of nine cervical vertebrae, fourteen dorsals and five sacrals. The number of tail vertebrae is unknown. The cervical vertebrae of the neck are strongly pneumatised. They possess pleurocoels at their sides and their insides are hollowed out by large air chambers. The neural spines of the cervical vertebrae are narrow in side view and decreased in width towards the rear: those of the eighth and ninth vertebrae were rod-like. At least the first three dorsal vertebrae of the back have pleurocoels as well. The dorsals are connected by robust

text: hyposphene

text: hypantrum

text: complexes. From the sixth vertebra onwards the neural spines abruptly become wider. The neural spines of the sacral vertebrae are not fused into a supraneural plate. The tail base is slightly oriented downwards. The caudal vertebrae of the tail base also show hyposphene-hypantrum complexes.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Cervical, dorsal, and sacral

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: spinal cord

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The number of tail vertebrae is unknown

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: The vertebral column consists of how many vertebrae?

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: How many vertebrae are in the vertebral column?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: nine cervical vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: The number of tail vertebrae is unknown

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: How many vertebrae of the neck are strongly pneumatised?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: How many vertebrae are in the vertebral column?

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Which came first, birds or mammals?

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are in the vertebral column?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Which of the following is not a sex?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: cervical vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: hyposphene-hypantrum

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: dorsal

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: hyposphene-hypantrum

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: dorsal

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: cervical vertebrae, fourteen dorsals and five sacrals.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: nine

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: cervical vertebrae, fourteen dorsals and five sacrals.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The number of tail vertebrae is unknown.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: five sacrals.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: nine cervical vertebrae,

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: large air chambers.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: hyposphene-hypantrum complexes.

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: air chambers.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: nine cervical

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: not fused into a supraneural plate.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: nine cervical vertebrae,

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unknown. The cervical vertebrae of the neck are strongly pneumatised.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: hyposphene-hypantrum complexes.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: unknown. The cervical vertebrae of the neck are strongly pneumatised.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: unknown.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: large air chambers.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: hyposphene-hypantrum complexes.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: large air chambers.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: nine cervical vertebrae,

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: large air chambers.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: unknown.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: five sacrals.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: unknown.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: hyposphene-hypantrum complexes.

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: hyposphene-hypantrum complexes.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: hyposphene-hypantrum complexes.

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: pleurocoels

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: hyposphene-hypantrum complexes.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: pleurocoels

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: hyposphene-hypantrum complexes.

text: Fish may have evolved from an animal similar to a coral-like sea squirt (a tunicate), whose larvae resemble early fish in important ways. The first ancestors of fish may have kept the larval form into adulthood (as some sea squirts do today), although perhaps the reverse is the case. Vertebrates, among them the first fishes, originated about 530 million years ago during the Cambrian explosion, which saw the rise in organism diversity.

text: Fish may have evolved from an animal similar to a coral-like

text: sea squirt

text: (a

text: tunicate

text: ), whose larvae resemble early fish in important ways. The first ancestors of fish may have

text: kept the larval form into adulthood

text: (as some sea squirts do today), although perhaps the reverse is the case.

text: Vertebrate

text: s, among them the first

text: fishes

text: , originated about 530 million years ago during the

text: Cambrian explosion

text: , which saw the rise in organism diversity.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: the first fishes

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: four

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: inorganic diversity

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: the first ancestors of fish may have kept the larval form into adulthood

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: digits

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: the skeleton of the body

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: adulthood

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: What type of system do vertebrates have?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: fishes

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: may have kept the larval form into adulthood

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: 530 million years ago

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Which is not true?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: tunicate

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: adulthood

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: tunicate

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: the first fishes,

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: fishes,

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: adulthood

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: kept the larval form into adulthood

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: adulthood

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: larval form into adulthood

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: Vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: larval form into adulthood

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: 530 million years ago during the Cambrian explosion,

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: fishes,

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: kept the larval form into adulthood

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: fishes,

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: coral-like sea squirt

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: 530 million years ago during the Cambrian explosion,

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: a coral-like sea squirt

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: fishes,

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: 530 million years ago during the Cambrian explosion,

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Fish

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: fish may have kept the larval form into adulthood

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: 530 million years ago during the Cambrian explosion,

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: 530 million years ago during the Cambrian explosion,

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: 530 million years ago during the Cambrian explosion,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: larval form into adulthood

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: fish may have kept the larval form into adulthood

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: kept the larval form into adulthood

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: Vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: Vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: larval form into adulthood

text: Individual vertebrae of the human vertebral column can be felt and used as surface anatomy, with reference points are taken from the middle of the vertebral body. This provides anatomical landmarks that can be used to guide procedures such as a lumbar puncture and also as vertical reference points to describe the locations of other parts of human anatomy, such as the positions of organs.

text: Individual vertebrae of the human vertebral column can be felt and used as

text: surface anatomy

text: , with reference points are taken from the middle of the vertebral body. This provides

text: anatomical landmark

text: s that can be used to guide procedures such as a

text: lumbar puncture

text: and also as vertical reference points to describe the locations of other parts of human anatomy, such as the positions of

text: organs

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Vertebrate classes include

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: one

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: provides anatomical landmarks

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: Individual vertebrae of the vertebral column can be felt and used as surface anatomy

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: vertebrates do not reproduce sexually

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: ectothermy

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What does the adaptive immune system of vertebrates learn to recognize and attack?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: hypothermia

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: asexual

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: lumbar puncture

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: fertilization

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Individual vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: Individual vertebrae of the human vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: surface anatomy,

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: can be felt and used as surface anatomy,

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Individual vertebrae of the human vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: felt and used as surface anatomy,

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: vertebral column can be felt and used as surface anatomy,

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Individual vertebrae of the human vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: human vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Individual vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: human vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Individual vertebrae of the human vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: vertebral column can be felt and used as surface anatomy,

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Individual vertebrae of the human vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: Individual vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Individual vertebrae of the human vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Individual vertebrae of the human vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Individual vertebrae of the human vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Individual vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: Individual vertebrae of the human vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Individual vertebrae of the human vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Individual vertebrae of the human vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: lumbar puncture

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: lumbar puncture

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebral column

text: The mechanism of mineral formation in bone is clearly distinct from the phylogenetically older process by which cartilage is mineralized: tetracycline does not label mineralized cartilage at narrow bands or in specific sites, but diffusely, in keeping with a passive mineralization mechanism.

text: The mechanism of mineral formation in bone is clearly distinct from the

text: phylogenetic

text: ally older process by which cartilage is mineralized: tetracycline does not label mineralized cartilage at narrow bands or in specific sites, but diffusely, in keeping with a passive mineralization mechanism.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: one

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: mineral formation

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: mineralized cartilage at narrow bands or in specific sites

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: bones

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: mineralized

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: passive mineralization

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: tetracycline label mineralized cartilage at narrow bands or in specific sites

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the function of the immune system?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: embryonic

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: passive mineralization

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: passive mineralization

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Tetracycline

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: fertilization

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: The mechanism of mineral formation in bone

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: cartilage is mineralized:

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: The mechanism of mineral formation in bone is clearly distinct

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: tetracycline

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: The mechanism of mineral formation in bone

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: The mechanism of mineral formation in bone

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: phylogenetically older process by which cartilage is mineralized:

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: The mechanism of mineral formation in bone

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: The mechanism of mineral formation in bone

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: The mechanism of mineral formation in bone

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: cartilage is mineralized:

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: cartilage is mineralized:

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: cartilage is mineralized:

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: The mechanism of mineral formation in bone

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: The mechanism of mineral formation in bone

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: The mechanism of mineral formation in bone

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: The mechanism of mineral formation in bone

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: The mechanism of mineral formation in bone

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: cartilage is mineralized: tetracycline

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: tetracycline

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: tetracycline

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: The mechanism of mineral formation in bone

text: The vertebral column in dinosaurs consists of the cervical (neck), dorsal (back), sacral (hips), and caudal (tail) vertebrae. Dinosaur vertebrae possess features known as pleurocoels, which are hollow depressions on the lateral portions of the vertebrae, which served to decrease the weight of these bones without sacrificing strength. Many researchers think that these pleurocoels were filled with air sacs, which would have further decreased weight. In sauropod dinosaurs, the largest known land vertebrates, pleurocoels may have reduced the animal's weight by over a ton in some instances, a handy evolutionary adaption in animals that grew to over 30 metres in length. In many hadrosaur and theropod dinosaurs, the caudal vertebrae were reinforced by ossified tendons. The presence of three or more sacral vertebrae, in association with the hip bones, is one of the defining characteristics of dinosaurs. The occipital condyle is a structure on the posterior part of a dinosaur's skull which articulates with the first cervical vertebra.

text: The vertebral column in

text: dinosaur

text: s consists of the cervical (neck), dorsal (back), sacral (hips), and caudal (tail) vertebrae. Dinosaur vertebrae possess features known as

text: pleurocoels

text: , which are hollow depressions on the lateral portions of the vertebrae, which served to decrease the weight of these bones without sacrificing strength. Many researchers think that these pleurocoels were filled with air sacs, which would have further decreased weight. In

text: sauropod

text: dinosaurs, the largest known land vertebrates, pleurocoels may have reduced the animal's weight by over a ton in some instances, a handy evolutionary adaption in animals that grew to over 30 metres in length. In many

text: hadrosaur

text: and

text: theropod

text: dinosaurs, the caudal vertebrae were reinforced by ossified tendons. The presence of three or more sacral vertebrae, in association with the hip bones, is one of the defining characteristics of dinosaurs. The

text: occipital condyle

text: is a structure on the posterior part of a dinosaur's skull which articulates with the first cervical vertebra.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: dinosaurs and theropods

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: six

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: decrease the weight

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The presence of three or more sacral vertebrae, in association with the hip bones, is one of the defining characteristics of dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: How many sacral vertebrae do dinosaurs have?

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebral column in dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Which of the following is not a type of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: dinosaurs grew to over 30 metres in length

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How does the immune system of vertebrates learn to recognize and attack specific pathogens?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many different classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: ossified tendons

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: tendons

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: air sacs

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: Ossified

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: sacral (hips), and caudal (tail)

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: cervical

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: decrease the weight of these bones without sacrificing strength.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: ossified tendons.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: three or more sacral vertebrae,

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: sacral (hips), and caudal (tail)

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: weight of these bones without sacrificing strength.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: The vertebral column in dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: pleurocoels,

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: evolutionary adaption

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: hadrosaur

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: pleurocoels,

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: pleurocoels,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: pleurocoels,

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: ossified tendons.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: 30 metres in length.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: a ton

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: pleurocoels,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: pleurocoels,

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: ossified tendons.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: ossified tendons.

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: ossified tendons.

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: ossified tendons.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: ossified

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: occipital condyle

text: Unlike jawed vertebrates, which have three semicircular canals in each inner ear, lampreys have only two and hagfishes just one. But the semicircular canal of hagfishes contains both stereocilia and a second class of hair cells, apparently a derived trait, whereas lampreys and other vertebrates have stereocilia only. Because the inner ear of hagfishes has two forms of sensory ampullae, their single semicircular canal is assumed to be a result of two semicircular canals that have merged into just one.

text: Unlike jawed vertebrates, which have three

text: semicircular canal

text: s in each inner ear, lampreys have only two and hagfishes just one. But the semicircular canal of hagfishes contains both

text: stereocilia

text: and a second class of hair cells, apparently a derived trait, whereas lampreys and other vertebrates have stereocilia only. Because the inner ear of hagfishes has two forms of sensory ampullae, their single semicircular canal is assumed to be a result of two semicircular canals that have merged into just one.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: jawed vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: six

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: inner ear

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: lampreys have only two and hagfishes just one

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: semicircular canals

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: semicircular canals

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: jawed

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: jawed vertebrates have three semicircular canals

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: jawed vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: a derived trait

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Hagfishes

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: jawed

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: one.

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: three semicircular canals

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: three semicircular canals

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: three semicircular canals

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: stereocilia and a second class of hair cells,

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: three semicircular canals

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: stereocilia

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hair cells,

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: jawed vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: three semicircular canals

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: jawed vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: hagfishes

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: three semicircular canals

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: hagfishes

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: jawed vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: three semicircular canals

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: hagfishes

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: jawed vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: jawed vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Unlike jawed vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: jawed vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: jawed vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: jawed vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: jawed vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: hair cells,

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: hair cells,

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: hair cells,

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: jawed vertebrates,

text: The term "fish" most precisely describes any non-tetrapod craniate (i.e. an animal with a skull and in most cases a backbone) that has gills throughout life and whose limbs, if any, are in the shape of fins. Unlike groupings such as birds or mammals, fish are not a single clade but a paraphyletic collection of taxa, including hagfishes, lampreys, sharks and rays, ray-finned fish, coelacanths, and lungfish. Indeed, lungfish and coelacanths are closer relatives of tetrapods (such as mammals, birds, amphibians, etc.) than of other fish such as ray-finned fish or sharks, so the last common ancestor of all fish is also an ancestor to tetrapods. As paraphyletic groups are no longer recognised in modern systematic biology, the use of the term "fish" as a biological group must be avoided.

text: The term "fish" most precisely describes any non-

text: tetrapod

text: craniate

text: (i.e. an animal with a skull and in most cases a backbone) that has

text: gill

text: s throughout life and whose limbs, if any, are in the shape of fins. Unlike groupings such as birds or

text: mammal

text: s, fish are not a single

text: clade

text: but a

text: paraphyletic

text: collection of

text: taxa

text: , including

text: hagfish

text: es,

text: lamprey

text: s,

text: sharks and rays

text: ray-finned fish

text: coelacanth

text: s, and

text: lungfish

text: . Indeed, lungfish and coelacanths are closer relatives of

text: tetrapod

text: s (such as

text: mammal

text: s, birds,

text: amphibians

text: , etc.) than of other fish such as

text: ray-finned fish

text: or sharks, so the

text: last common ancestor

text: of all fish is also an ancestor to tetrapods. As paraphyletic groups are no longer recognised in modern

text: systematic biology

text: , the use of the term "fish" as a biological group must be avoided.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: birds and mammals

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: non-tetrapod

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: backbone

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: limbs, if any, are in the shape of fins

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: limbs

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: a skull and in most cases a backbone

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: gills

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: gills throughout life

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: the use of the term "fish" as a biological group must be avoided

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: What is the last common ancestor of all fish?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: vertebrate kidneys

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: The adaptive immune system of vertebrates learns to recognize and attack specific pathogens.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: cartilage skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many different classes are vertebrates placed in?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: Tetrapod

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: amphibians

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: gills throughout life

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: paraphyletic groups

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: backbone

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: birds or mammals,

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: fish are not a single clade

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: backbone)

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: "fish"

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: gills

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: "fish"

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: backbone)

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: gills

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: mammals,

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: "fish"

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: birds or mammals,

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: "fish"

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: "fish"

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: "fish"

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: lungfish

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: fish is also an ancestor to tetrapods.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: "fish"

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: tetrapods.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: birds

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: The term "fish"

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: "fish" most precisely describes any non-tetrapod craniate

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: fish are not a single clade

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: birds or mammals,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: a backbone)

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: "fish" most precisely describes any non-tetrapod

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: gills

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: "fish"

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: paraphyletic groups

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: backbone)

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: a backbone)

text: The first jawed vertebrates appeared in the late Ordovician and became common in the Devonian, often known as the "Age of Fishes". The two groups of  bony fishes, the actinopterygii and sarcopterygii, evolved and became common. The Devonian also saw the demise of virtually all jawless fishes, save for lampreys and hagfish, as well as the Placodermi, a group of armoured fish that dominated much of the late Silurian. The Devonian also saw the rise of the first labyrinthodonts, which was a transitional between fishes and amphibians.

text: The first

text: jawed vertebrates

text: appeared in the late

text: Ordovician

text: and became common in the

text: Devonian

text: , often known as the "Age of Fishes". The two groups of

text: bony fishes

text: , the

text: actinopterygii

text: and

text: sarcopterygii

text: , evolved and became common. The Devonian also saw the demise of virtually all jawless fishes, save for lampreys and hagfish, as well as the

text: Placodermi

text: , a group of armoured fish that dominated much of the late

text: Silurian

text: . The Devonian also saw the rise of the first

text: labyrinthodonts

text: , which was a transitional between fishes and

text: amphibians

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: actinopterygii

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: jawless

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: jawless fishes, save for lampreys and hagfish

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: jaws

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: actinopterygii

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: Bony fishes

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: glands that secrete

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: jawed

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: a transitional between fishes and amphibians

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: jawless fishes

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: How many groups of bony fishes evolved and became common?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: cartilage skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many different classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: labyrinthodonts

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: mammalian

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: actinopterygii

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: actinopterygii

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: actinopterygii

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: actinopterygii

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: bony fishes,

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: jawed

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: jawless

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: jawless fishes,

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: labyrinthodonts,

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: bony

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: jawed vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Devonian,

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: jawed

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: the demise of virtually all jawless fishes,

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: bony fishes,

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: labyrinthodonts,

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Devonian,

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: labyrinthodonts,

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: jawless fishes,

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Devonian,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Devonian,

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: late Ordovician

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Devonian,

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: bony fishes,

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: Devonian,

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: fishes and amphibians.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Devonian,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: Ordovician

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: labyrinthodonts,

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: labyrinthodonts,

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: labyrinthodonts,

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: labyrinthodonts,

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: labyrinthodonts,

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Ordovician

text: As clearly seen in the lamprey, Cyclostome also has a pair of cartilaginous rods in the embryonic head which is similar to the trabecular cartilages in jawed vertebrates.However, in 1916, Alexej Nikolajevich Sewertzoff pointed out that the cranial base of the lamprey is exclusively originated from the paraxial mesoderm. Then in 1948, Alf Johnels reported the detail of the skeletogenesis of the lamprey, and showed that the “trabecular cartilages” in lamprey appear just beside the notochord, in a similar position to the parachordal cartilages in jawed vertebrates. Recent experimental studies also showed that the cartilages are derived from the head mesoderm. Today, the “trabecular cartilages” in the Cyclostome is no longer considered to be the homologue of the trabecular in the jawed vertebrates: the (true) trabecular cartilages were firstly acquired in the Gnathostome lineage.

text: As clearly seen in the

text: lamprey

text: Cyclostome

text: also has a pair of cartilaginous rods in the embryonic head which is similar to the trabecular cartilages in jawed vertebrates.However, in 1916,

text: Alexej Nikolajevich Sewertzoff

text: pointed out that the cranial base of the lamprey is exclusively originated from the paraxial mesoderm. Then in 1948,

text: Alf Johnels

text: reported the detail of the skeletogenesis of the lamprey, and showed that the “trabecular cartilages” in lamprey appear just beside the notochord, in a similar position to the parachordal cartilages in jawed vertebrates. Recent experimental studies also showed that the cartilages are derived from the head mesoderm. Today, the “trabecular cartilages” in the Cyclostome is no longer considered to be the homologue of the trabecular in the jawed vertebrates: the (true) trabecular cartilages were firstly acquired in the Gnathostome lineage.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Gnathostome

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: jawed

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: the cranial base of the lamprey is exclusively originated from the paraxial mesoderm

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: cartilages

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: trabecular cartilages

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sex

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: jawed vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: the cranial base of the lamprey is exclusively originated from the paraxial mesoderm

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Gnathostome

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or endothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes are vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: skeletogenesis

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Cyclostome

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: jawed vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Alexej Nikolajevich Sewertzoff

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: trabecular

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: skeletogenesis

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: jawed

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: lamprey,

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: trabecular cartilages

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: exclusively originated from the paraxial mesoderm.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: pair

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: cartilaginous rods

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: paraxial mesoderm.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: paraxial mesoderm.

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: trabecular cartilages in jawed vertebrates.However,

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Gnathostome

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: exclusively originated from the paraxial mesoderm.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Gnathostome

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: lamprey,

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: paraxial mesoderm.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: paraxial mesoderm.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: Gnathostome

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: trabecular cartilages in jawed vertebrates.However,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: paraxial mesoderm.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: cartilaginous rods

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: lamprey,

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: cartilaginous rods

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: lamprey, Cyclostome

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Cyclostome

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: lamprey,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: skeletogenesis

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: lamprey, Cyclostome

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: paraxial mesoderm.

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: experimental studies

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: trabecular cartilages

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: skeletogenesis

text: While most of these were open-water fishes, one group, the Elpistostegalians, adapted to life in the shallows. They evolved flat bodies for movement in very shallow water, and the pectoral and pelvic fins took over as the main propulsion organs. Most median fins disappeared, leaving only a protocercal tailfin. Since the shallows were subject to occasional oxygen deficiency, the ability to breathe atmospheric air with the swim bladder became increasingly important. The spiracle became large and prominent, enabling these fishes to draw air.

text: While most of these were open-water fishes, one group, the

text: Elpistostegalia

text: ns, adapted to life in the shallows. They evolved flat bodies for movement in very shallow water, and the pectoral and pelvic fins took over as the main propulsion organs. Most median fins disappeared, leaving only a

text: protocercal

text: tailfin. Since the shallows were subject to occasional oxygen deficiency, the ability to breathe atmospheric air with the swim bladder became increasingly important. The spiracle became large and prominent, enabling these fishes to draw air.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: fishes

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: eight

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: propulsion

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: Most median fins disappeared, leaving only a protocercal tailfin

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: fins

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: pectoral and pelvic fins

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Which of the following is not a vertebrate?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: fishes

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: most of these were open-water fish

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: fishes

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Why did they evolve flat bodies for movement in very shallow water?

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Which came first, birds or mammals?

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a group, the Elpistostegalians?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Which of the following is not a sex?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: spiracle

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: sperm

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: pectoral

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: spiracle

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: skeleton

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Elpistostegalians,

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: open-water fishes,

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: propulsion organs.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: Most median fins

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: median fins

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: pectoral and pelvic fins

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: propulsion organs.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: swim bladder

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: oxygen deficiency, the ability to breathe atmospheric air

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: open-water fishes,

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: open-water fishes,

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: open-water fishes,

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Elpistostegalians,

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: the pectoral and pelvic fins

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Elpistostegalians,

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: fishes,

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: swim bladder

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Elpistostegalians,

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Elpistostegalians,

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: fishes,

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: spiracle

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: Elpistostegalians,

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Elpistostegalians,

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Elpistostegalians,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: pectoral and pelvic fins

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: The spiracle

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: swim bladder

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: swim bladder became increasingly important. The spiracle

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: The spiracle

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: swim bladder

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: pelvic fins

text: Professor Philip S. Bolton of the School of Biomedical Sciences at University of Newcastle, Australia writes in Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, "The traditional chiropractic vertebral subluxation hypothesis proposes that vertebral misalignment cause illness, disease, or both. This hypothesis remains controversial." His objective was, "To briefly review and update experimental evidence concerning reflex effects of vertebral subluxations, particularly concerning peripheral nervous system responses to vertebral subluxations. Data source: Information was obtained from chiropractic or, scientific peer-reviewed literature concerning human or animal studies of neural responses to vertebral subluxation, vertebral displacement or movement, or both." He concluded, "Animal models suggest that vertebral displacements and putative vertebral subluxations may modulate activity in group I to IV afferent nerves. However, it is not clear whether these afferent nerves are modulated during normal day-to-day activities of living and, if so, what segmental or whole-body reflex effects they may have."

text: Professor Philip S. Bolton of the School of Biomedical Sciences at

text: University of Newcastle, Australia

text: writes in

entity_name: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics

text: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics

text: , "The traditional chiropractic vertebral subluxation hypothesis proposes that vertebral misalignment cause illness, disease, or both. This hypothesis remains controversial." His objective was, "To briefly review and update experimental evidence concerning reflex effects of vertebral subluxations, particularly concerning peripheral nervous system responses to vertebral subluxations. Data source: Information was obtained from chiropractic or, scientific peer-reviewed literature concerning human or animal studies of neural responses to vertebral subluxation, vertebral displacement or movement, or both." He concluded, "Animal models suggest that vertebral displacements and putative vertebral subluxations may modulate activity in group I to IV afferent nerves. However, it is not clear whether these afferent nerves are modulated during normal day-to-day activities of living and, if so, what segmental or whole-body reflex effects they may have."

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: group I to IV

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: peripheral nervous system

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: vertebral subluxation hypothesis

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebral groups

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebral displacements

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: vertebral subluxations

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: vertebral displacements and putative vertebral subluxations may modulate activity

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: vertebral subluxations

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: lobe-finned fish

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: vertebral subluxation hypothesis

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: vertebral subluxation

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: group I to IV afferent nerves

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebral

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Animal models

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebral

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebral

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Physiological Therapeutics

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebra

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: embryonic

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: group I to IV

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: I to IV

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: vertebral misalignment

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: vertebral misalignment

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: group I to IV

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: group I to IV afferent nerves.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebral misalignment

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: vertebral displacements

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: illness, disease,

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: animal

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: vertebral misalignment

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: IV

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics,

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics,

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: vertebral subluxation hypothesis

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: vertebral misalignment

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: vertebral misalignment

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: peripheral nervous system responses to vertebral subluxations.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: vertebral misalignment

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics,

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics,

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: Australia writes in Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics,

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: group I to IV

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Australia

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: animal studies of neural responses to vertebral subluxation,

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: normal day-to-day activities of living

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: group I to IV afferent nerves.

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: group I to IV afferent nerves.

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Physiological Therapeutics,

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebral

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics,

text: The spinal canal  (or vertebral canal or spinal cavity) is the space in the vertebral column formed by the vertebrae through which the spinal cord passes. It is a process of the dorsal body cavity. This canal is enclosed within the vertebral foramen of the vertebrae. In the intervertebral spaces, the canal is protected by the ligamentum flavum posteriorly and the posterior longitudinal ligament anteriorly.

text: The spinal canal  (or vertebral canal or spinal cavity) is the space in the

text: vertebral column

text: formed by the

text: vertebra

text: e through which the

text: spinal cord

text: passes. It is a process of the

text: dorsal body cavity

text: . This canal is enclosed within the

text: vertebral foramen

text: of the

text: vertebrae

text: . In the intervertebral spaces, the canal is protected by the

text: ligamentum flavum

text: posteriorly and the

text: posterior longitudinal ligament

text: anteriorly.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: spinal cord passes

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: the spinal canal is enclosed within the vertebral foramen

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: spinal canal

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Which organs do vertebrates have?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: vertebral foramen

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: spinal canal is enclosed within the vertebral foramen

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Which is not the correct answer?

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How is the spinal canal protected by the ligamentum flavum?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: What happened after birds evolved?

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Why would an animal with a cartilage skeleton be able to grow larger?

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: dorsal body cavity

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: The spinal canal

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: spinal canal

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: ligamentum flavum

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: spinal canal

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: ligamentum flavum

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: dorsal body cavity

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: spinal canal

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: the spinal cord passes.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The spinal canal

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: spinal canal

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: The spinal canal

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: dorsal body cavity.

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: The spinal canal

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: The spinal canal

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: The spinal canal

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: The spinal canal

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: The spinal canal

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: The spinal canal

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: The spinal canal

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: The spinal canal

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: The spinal canal

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: The spinal canal

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: The spinal canal

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: The spinal canal

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: The spinal canal

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: The spinal canal

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: dorsal body cavity.

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: dorsal body cavity.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: dorsal body cavity.

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: ligamentum flavum

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: dorsal body cavity.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: ligamentum flavum

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: dorsal body cavity.

text: Information about the direct neuronal regulation of metabolic processes and circadian rhythm-controlled behaviors is not well known among either endothermic or ectothermic vertebrates, although extensive research has been done on the SCN in model animals such as the mammalian mouse and ectothermic reptiles, in particular, lizards. The SCN is known to be involved not only in photoreception through innervation from the retinohypothalamic tract but also in thermoregulation of vertebrates capable of homeostasis, as well as regulating locomotion and other behavioral outputs of the circadian clock within ectothermic vertebrates. The behavioral differences between both classes of vertebrates, when compared to the respective structures and properties of the SCN and various other nuclei proximate to the hypothalamus, provide insight into how these behaviors are the consequence of differing circadian regulation. Ultimately, many neuroethological studies must be done to completely ascertain the direct and indirect roles of the SCN on circadian-regulated behaviors of vertebrates.

text: Information about the direct neuronal regulation of metabolic processes and

text: circadian rhythm

text: -controlled behaviors is not well known among either

text: endothermic

text: or

text: ectothermic

text: vertebrates

text: , although extensive research has been done on the SCN in model animals such as the mammalian mouse and ectothermic reptiles, in particular, lizards. The SCN is known to be involved not only in

text: photoreception

text: through innervation from the

text: retinohypothalamic tract

text: but also in thermoregulation of vertebrates capable of

text: homeostasis

text: , as well as regulating locomotion and other behavioral outputs of the circadian clock within ectothermic vertebrates. The behavioral differences between both classes of vertebrates, when compared to the respective structures and properties of the SCN and various other nuclei proximate to the

text: hypothalamus

text: , provide insight into how these behaviors are the consequence of differing circadian regulation. Ultimately, many neuroethological studies must be done to completely ascertain the direct and indirect roles of the SCN on circadian-regulated behaviors of vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: ectothermic vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: circadian rhythm-controlled behaviors

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: endothermic or ectothermic vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: nuclei

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: SCN and various other nuclei

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: endothermic

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: homeostasis

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: endothermic

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: endothermic or ectothermic

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: endothermic

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: lizards

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: cartilage skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes are vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: ectothermic

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: ectothermic

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: endothermic

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: endothermic

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: homeostasis

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: endothermic

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: ectothermic

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: endothermic or ectothermic

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: endothermic

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: locomotion

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: capable of homeostasis,

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: hypothalamus,

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: SCN

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: endothermic or ectothermic vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: photoreception

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: thermoregulation of vertebrates capable of homeostasis,

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: endothermic

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: endothermic or ectothermic vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: endothermic

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: lizards.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: endothermic

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: lizards.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: endothermic or ectothermic

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: endothermic or ectothermic vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: retinohypothalamic tract

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: endothermic or ectothermic vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: mammalian mouse

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: endothermic or ectothermic vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: endothermic or ectothermic vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: endothermic

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: endothermic

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: endothermic or ectothermic

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: homeostasis,

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: retinohypothalamic tract

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: endothermic

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: homeostasis,

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: endothermic

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: retinohypothalamic tract

text: The amount of this water that is retained in animals is affected by several factors. Water amounts vary with the age of the animal. The older the vertebrate animal, the higher its relative bone mass and the lower its body water content.

text: The amount of this water that is retained in animals is affected by several factors. Water amounts vary with the age of the animal. The older the

text: vertebrate

text: animal, the higher its relative bone mass and the lower its body water content.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: mammals, birds, and fish

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: eight

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: bone mass

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The older the vertebral column, the lower its relative bone mass.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: bones

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: The older the vertebrate animal, the higher its relative bone mass and the lower its body water content.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: lower

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: lower its body water content

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How does the adaptive immune system of vertebrates work?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: fertilization

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: The older the vertebrate animal, the higher its relative bone mass

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: The older

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: water that is retained

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: the higher its relative bone mass

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: bone mass

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: bone mass

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: bone mass

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: water

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: The older the vertebrate animal, the higher its relative bone mass

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: The older the vertebrate animal, the higher its relative bone mass

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: The older the vertebrate animal, the higher its relative bone mass

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: The older the vertebrate animal, the higher its relative bone mass

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: The older the vertebrate animal, the higher its relative bone mass

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: The amount of this water

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: The older the vertebrate animal,

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: The older the vertebrate animal, the higher its relative bone mass

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: water

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: The older the vertebrate animal, the higher its relative bone mass

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: The older the vertebrate animal,

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: The older the vertebrate animal, the higher its relative bone mass

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: The older the vertebrate animal,

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: The older the vertebrate animal,

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: The older the vertebrate animal,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: water that is retained in animals

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: vertebrate animal, the higher its relative bone mass

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: water

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: water

text: The brain contains several mechanisms involved in vision. Consider two systems in the brain which evolved at different times. The first that evolved is more primitive and resembles the visual system of animals such as fish and frogs. The second to evolve is more complex and is possessed by mammals. The second system seems to be the one that is responsible for our ability to perceive the world around us and the first system is devoted mainly to controlling eye movements and orienting our attention to sudden movements in our periphery. Patients with blindsight have damage to the second, "mammalian" visual system (the visual cortex of the brain and some of the nerve fibers that bring information to it from the eyes). This phenomenon shows how, after the more complex visual system is damaged, people can use the primitive visual system of their brains to guide hand movements towards an object even though they can't see what they are reaching for. Hence, visual information can control behavior without producing a conscious sensation. This ability of those with blindsight to see objects that they are unconscious of suggests that consciousness is not a general property of all parts of the brain; yet it suggests that only certain parts of the brain play a special role in consciousness.

text: The

text: brain

text: contains several mechanisms involved in

text: vision

text: . Consider two systems in the brain which evolved at different times. The first that evolved is more primitive and resembles the visual system of animals such as fish and frogs. The second to evolve is more complex and is possessed by mammals. The second system seems to be the one that is responsible for our ability to perceive the world around us and the first system is devoted mainly to controlling eye movements and orienting our attention to sudden movements in our periphery. Patients with blindsight have damage to the second, "mammalian" visual system (the

text: visual cortex

text: of the brain and some of the

text: nerve fibers

text: that bring information to it from the

text: eyes

text: ). This phenomenon shows how, after the more complex visual system is damaged, people can use the primitive visual system of their brains to guide hand movements towards an object even though they can't see what they are reaching for. Hence, visual information can control behavior without producing a

text: conscious

text: sensation. This ability of those with blindsight to see objects that they are unconscious of suggests that consciousness is not a general property of all parts of the brain; yet it suggests that only certain parts of the brain play a special role in consciousness.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: fish and frogs

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: control hand movements towards an object

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: consciousness is not a general property of all parts of the brain

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: eyes

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: fish and frogs

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: frogs

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: the brain contains several mechanisms involved in vision

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: frogs

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: what is the first that evolved?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: correct?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: The adaptive immune system of vertebrates learns to recognize

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: male and female sexes

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: embryonic

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: blindsight

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: mammalian

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: frog

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: frogs

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: frog

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: embryonic

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: fish and frogs.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: controlling eye movements

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: consciousness

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: fish and frogs.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: complex

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: visual system

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: consciousness

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: fish and frogs.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: fish and frogs.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: fish and frogs.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: fish and frogs.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: frogs.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: fish and frogs.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: fish and frogs.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: fish and frogs.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: fish and frogs.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: consciousness

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: fish and frogs.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: fish and frogs.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: fish and frogs.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: fish and frogs.

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: visual information can control behavior without producing a conscious sensation.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: fish and frogs. The second to evolve is more complex

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: visual information can control behavior without producing a conscious sensation.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: fish and frogs.

text: Although a hangman's fracture is unstable, survival from this fracture is relatively common, as the fracture itself tends to expand the spinal canal at the C2 level. It is not unusual for patients to walk in for treatment and have such a fracture discovered on X-rays. Only if the force of the injury is severe enough that the vertebral body of C2 is severely subluxed from C3 does the spinal cord become crushed, usually between the vertebral body of C3 and the posterior elements of C1 and C2.

text: Although a hangman's fracture is unstable, survival from this fracture is relatively common, as the fracture itself tends to expand the spinal canal at the C2 level. It is not unusual for patients to walk in for treatment and have such a fracture discovered on X-rays. Only if the force of the injury is severe enough that the vertebral body of C2 is severely subluxed from C3 does the spinal cord become crushed, usually between the vertebral body of C3 and the posterior elements of C1 and C2.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: C1 and C2

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: spinal cord

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: spinal cord become crushed

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: spinal canals

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: C1 and C2

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: C2

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: vertebrates reproduce sexually

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, vertebrates evolved endothermy or vertebrates evolved ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: The answer: lobe-finned fish

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What does the adaptive immune system of vertebrates do?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: In what year did birds evolve?

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a vertebral body of C2?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Hangman's

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: subluxation

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebral

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: The spinal cord

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebral body

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: fertilization

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: C1 and C2.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: C2

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: spinal canal

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: crushed,

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: C2

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: C1 and C2.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: unstable, survival from this fracture is relatively common,

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: X-rays.

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: X-rays.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: hangman's

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: hangman's fracture is unstable, survival from this fracture is relatively common,

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: hangman's

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: C3

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: C3

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: a hangman's fracture

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: C3

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: C3

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: hangman's fracture

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: C3

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: a hangman's fracture

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: the fracture itself tends to expand the spinal canal at the C2 level.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: C3

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: C2

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: hangman's fracture is unstable, survival from this fracture is relatively common,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: hangman's fracture

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: hangman's fracture

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: hangman's fracture

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: spinal cord

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: hangman's fracture

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: spinal cord

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: a hangman's fracture

text: There is an elevated number of flora species registered (508) that include rare and threatened Iberian endemics. These plants include hygrophilous forests, natural pastures and lagoon systems that are relevant for the natural conservation and biodiversity. Although the area is small, it has a large diversity of vertebrates; 9 species of freshwater and migratory fish, 13 species of amphibians, 11 types of reptiles, 41 species of mammals and 144 migratory or nesting bird species occupy that wetlands at any time. Of these, 25 species of terrestrial and freshwater vertebrates are classified as priority of conservation and associated with humid zones.

text: There is an elevated number of flora species registered (508) that include rare and threatened Iberian endemics. These plants include hygrophilous forests, natural pastures and lagoon systems that are relevant for the natural conservation and biodiversity. Although the area is small, it has a large diversity of vertebrates; 9 species of freshwater and migratory fish, 13 species of amphibians, 11 types of reptiles, 41 species of mammals and 144 migratory or nesting bird species occupy that wetlands at any time. Of these, 25 species of terrestrial and freshwater vertebrates are classified as priority of conservation and associated with humid zones.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: mammals and migratory or nesting bird

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: 9 species

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: nesting

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: terrestrial vertebrates are classified as priority of conservation

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: amphibians

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: nesting

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Which of the following is not a type of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: amphibians

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: 144 migratory or nesting bird species occupy that wetlands at any time

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: amphibians

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: 13 species

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a type of vertebrates: amphibians, reptiles or mammals?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: 11 types of reptiles

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: mammals

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: nesting

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: amphibians

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: 11 types of reptiles,

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: 9

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: conservation

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: 9 species of freshwater and migratory fish,

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: 11 types of reptiles,

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: 11 types of reptiles,

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebrates;

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: nesting

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: 11 types of reptiles, 41 species of mammals

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: 11 types of reptiles,

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: 144 migratory or nesting bird species

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: 11 types of reptiles,

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: 13 species of amphibians,

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: 11 types of reptiles,

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: 13

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: 11 types of reptiles,

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: 13 species of amphibians, 11 types of reptiles,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: 11 types of reptiles,

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: 9 species of freshwater and migratory fish,

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: 41 species of mammals

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: 11 types of reptiles,

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: 9

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: 11 types of reptiles,

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: 11 types of reptiles,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates;

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: nesting bird

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: nesting

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: mammals

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: mammals

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: hygrophilous

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: mammals

text: Because of the many similarities between vertebrate and invertebrate systems, especially with regards to basic principles of neuronal function, invertebrate model systems such as the crustacean stomatogastric nervous system continue to provide key insight into how neural circuits operate in the numerically larger and less accessible vertebrate CNS.

text: Because of the many similarities between vertebrate and invertebrate systems, especially with regards to basic principles of neuronal function, invertebrate model systems such as the

text: crustacea

text: n stomatogastric nervous system continue to provide key insight into how neural circuits operate in the numerically larger and less accessible vertebrate CNS.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: crustaceans

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: four

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: neural circuits

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: the vertebral column of invertebrates is smaller than the vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: CNS

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: invertebrate

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: invertebrate

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: invertebrate model systems such as the crustacean stomatogastric nervous system

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: invertebrate

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: Stomatogastric

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: invertebrate

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: Stomatogastric

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: crustacean

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: stomatogastric

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: crustacean

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Stomatogastric

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: crustacean

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: crustacean

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: neuronal function,

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: numerically larger and less accessible

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: neuronal function,

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: neural circuits

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: larger and less accessible

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: stomatogastric

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: vertebrate CNS.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: crustacean

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: numerically larger and less accessible vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: crustacean

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: crustacean

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: vertebrate CNS.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: crustacean

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: invertebrate

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: similarities between vertebrate and invertebrate systems,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: vertebrate CNS.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: crustacean stomatogastric

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: invertebrate

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: numerically larger and less accessible vertebrate CNS.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: crustacean stomatogastric

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Because of the many similarities between vertebrate and invertebrate

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: stomatogastric

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: crustacean stomatogastric

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: stomatogastric

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: crustacean

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: neuronal function,

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: crustacean

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: stomatogastric

text: The squamosal is a bone of the head of higher vertebrates. It is the principal component of the cheek region in the skull, lying below the temporal series and otic notch and bounded anteriorly by the postorbital. Posteriorly, the squamosal articulates with the posterior elements of the palatal complex, namely the quadrate and pterygoid. The squamosal is bordered anteroventrally by the jugal and ventrally by the quadratojugal.

text: The squamosal is a bone of the head of

text: higher vertebrate

text: s. It is the principal component of the cheek region in the skull, lying below the temporal series and

text: otic notch

text: and bounded anteriorly by the

text: postorbital

text: . Posteriorly, the squamosal articulates with the posterior elements of the palatal complex, namely the

text: quadrate

text: and

text: pterygoid

text: . The squamosal is bordered anteroventrally by the

text: jugal

text: and ventrally by the

text: quadratojugal

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: higher vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: palatal complex

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The squamosal articulates with the posterior elements of the palatal complex, namely the quadrate and pterygoid

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: palatal complex

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: squamosal and pterygoid

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense than cartilage

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: glands that secrete hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: squamosal

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: The squamosal articulates with the posterior elements of the palatal complex, namely the quadrate and pterygoid

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: It is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the function of the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are living species of vertebrates placed in?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: jugal

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: jugal

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: jugal

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Quadratojugal

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: higher

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: higher vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: principal component of the cheek region

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The squamosal

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: quadrate and pterygoid.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: squamosal

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: bone of the head of higher vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: quadrate and pterygoid.

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: higher vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: higher vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: higher vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: higher vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: jugal and ventrally by the quadratojugal.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: quadrate and pterygoid.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: jugal and ventrally by the quadratojugal.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: higher vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: jugal and ventrally by the quadratojugal.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: quadratojugal.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: jugal and ventrally by the quadratojugal.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: higher vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: jugal and ventrally by the quadratojugal.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: jugal and ventrally by the quadratojugal.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: higher vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: higher vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: The squamosal

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: jugal and ventrally by the quadratojugal.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: quadratojugal.

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: jugal and ventrally by the quadratojugal.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: jugal and ventrally by the quadratojugal.

text: Three homologous genes have evolved in vertebrates, encoding three muscle type specific isoforms of TnT. Each of the TnT isoform genes is linked to one of the three troponin I isoform genes encoding the inhibitory subunit of the troponin complex, in chromosomal DNA to form three gene pairs: The fast skeletal muscle TnI (fsTnI)-fsTnT, ssTnI-cardiac (cTnT) and cTnI-ssTnT gene pairs. Sequence and epitope conservation studies suggested that genes encoding the muscle type specific TnT and TnI isoforms may have evolved from duplications of a fsTnI-like-fsTnT-like gene pair. Evolutionary lineage of the three TnI-TnT gene pairs shows that cTnI-ssTnT is the newest and most closely linked.

text: Three

text: homologous gene

text: s have evolved in vertebrates, encoding three muscle type specific

text: isoforms

text: of TnT. Each of the TnT isoform genes is linked to one of the three troponin I isoform genes encoding the inhibitory subunit of the troponin complex, in chromosomal DNA to form three gene pairs: The fast skeletal muscle TnI (fsTnI)-fsTnT, ssTnI-cardiac (cTnT) and cTnI-ssTnT gene pairs. Sequence and epitope conservation studies suggested that genes encoding the muscle type specific TnT and TnI isoforms may have evolved from duplications of a fsTnI-like-fsTnT-like gene pair. Evolutionary lineage of the three TnI-TnT gene pairs shows that cTnI-ssTnT is the newest and most closely linked.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: What are the three homologous genes in vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: skeletal muscle

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: cTnI-ssTnT is the newest and most closely linked.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: homologous genes

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: troponin I isoforms

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sex

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: cTnI-cardiac

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: cTnI-ssTnT is the newest and most closely linked.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: cTnI-ssTnT

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: How many homologous genes have evolved in vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: It is impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: The answer: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony skeletons are more rigid.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: How many homologous genes have evolved in vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: troponin I

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: ssTnI

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: skeletal muscle

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: troponin I

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: skeletal muscle

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: fast skeletal muscle

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: Three

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: skeletal muscle

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: Three homologous genes

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: Three

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: The fast skeletal muscle

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: skeletal muscle

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: skeletal muscle

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: TnT.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Three homologous genes have evolved in vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Three homologous genes

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Three homologous genes have evolved in vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Three homologous genes have evolved in vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Three homologous genes have evolved in vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Three homologous genes have evolved in vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Three homologous genes have evolved in vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: TnT.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Three homologous genes have evolved in vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Three homologous genes have evolved in vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Three homologous genes have evolved in vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: Three homologous genes have evolved in vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Three

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Three homologous genes have evolved in vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: duplications

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: skeletal muscle

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: muscle type specific isoforms of TnT.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: skeletal muscle

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrates,

text: It is one of a small number of vertebrate species that are known to reproduce by parthenogenesis.

text: It is one of a small number of

text: vertebrate

text: species that are known to reproduce by

text: parthenogenesis

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: mammals

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: five

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: reproduction

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The vertebral column of vertebrates does not have ribs.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: digits

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: softer

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: parthenogenesis

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: It is one of a large number of vertebrate species that reproduce by asexual reproduction.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: parthenogenesis

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: parthenogenesis

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: parthenogenesis

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: parthenogenesis

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: parthenogenesis.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: small number

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: reproduce by parthenogenesis.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: parthenogenesis.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: parthenogenesis.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: parthenogenesis.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: parthenogenesis.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: parthenogenesis.

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: parthenogenesis.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: parthenogenesis.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: parthenogenesis.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: parthenogenesis.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: parthenogenesis.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: parthenogenesis.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: parthenogenesis.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: one of a small number

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: parthenogenesis.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: parthenogenesis.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: parthenogenesis.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: parthenogenesis.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: parthenogenesis.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: parthenogenesis.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: parthenogenesis.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: parthenogenesis.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: parthenogenesis.

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: parthenogenesis.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: parthenogenesis.

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrate species that are known to reproduce by parthenogenesis.

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: parthenogenesis.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: parthenogenesis.

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: parthenogenesis.

text: There are broad correlations between different types of diversity. For example, there is a close link between vertebrate taxonomic and ecological diversity.

text: There are broad correlations between different types of diversity. For example, there is a close link between vertebrate taxonomic and ecological diversity.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: mammals, birds, and reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: five

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: skeletal support

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The vertebral column of vertebrates does not have a spine.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: limbs

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: taxonomic diversity

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: amphibians

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: a close link between vertebrate taxonomic

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: lizards

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: taxonomic diversity

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: taxonomic

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the role of the immune system in vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: mammals evolved before birds

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony skeletons are more rigid.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: taxonomic diversity

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: embryonic

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: ectoplasm

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: ectoplasm

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: skeleton

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: taxonomic and ecological diversity.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: a close link between vertebrate taxonomic and ecological diversity.

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: ecological diversity.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: a close link between vertebrate taxonomic

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: a close link between vertebrate taxonomic and ecological diversity.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: taxonomic and ecological diversity.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: there is a close link between vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: vertebrate taxonomic and ecological diversity.

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: vertebrate taxonomic and ecological diversity.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: there is a close link between vertebrate taxonomic

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: a close link between vertebrate taxonomic and ecological diversity.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: a close link between vertebrate taxonomic and ecological diversity.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: a close link between vertebrate taxonomic and ecological diversity.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: close link between vertebrate taxonomic and ecological diversity.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: there is a close link between vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: vertebrate taxonomic

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: vertebrate taxonomic and ecological diversity.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: vertebrate taxonomic and ecological diversity.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: there is a close link between vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: there is a close link between vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: close link between vertebrate taxonomic and ecological diversity.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: vertebrate taxonomic and ecological diversity.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: taxonomic

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: vertebrate taxonomic and ecological diversity.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrate

text: Reptiles are classified according to the pattern of fenestration in the temporal region of the skull. Testudines are placed in the subclass Anapsida because they lack fenestration. There are suggestions that this lack of fenestration is a secondary characteristic and that turtles belong in Diapsida.Both sides cite strong evidence, and the conflict has yet to be resolved. The shell of testudines distinguishes them from other vertebrates. The shell is not an exoskeleton, but a modified ribcage and part of the vertebral column. Because of the shell, the pectoral and pelvic girdles are located within the ribcage. The limb bones are also modified to accommodate to the shell.

text: Reptiles are classified according to the pattern of

text: fenestration

text: in the temporal region of the

text: skull

text: . Testudines are placed in the subclass

text: Anapsida

text: because they lack fenestration. There are suggestions that this lack of fenestration is a secondary characteristic and that turtles belong in

text: Diapsida

text: .Both sides cite strong evidence, and the conflict has yet to be resolved. The shell of testudines distinguishes them from other vertebrates. The shell is not an

text: exoskeleton

text: , but a modified

text: ribcage

text: and part of the

text: vertebral column

text: . Because of the shell, the pectoral and pelvic girdles are located within the ribcage. The limb bones are also modified to accommodate to the shell.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Diapsida

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: exoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: the shell is not an exoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: limb bones

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: a modified ribcage

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Which of the following is not a type of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Testudines

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: The shell of testudines distinguishes them from other vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Anapsida

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What does the lack of fenestration in the temporal region of the skull mean?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: How many years before birds evolved?

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many different classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Which of the following is not true?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: exoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: fenestration

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: sexual

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: exoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: exoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: exoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Anapsida

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: Anapsida

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: exoskeleton,

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: exoskeleton,

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: limb bones

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: ribcage

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: limb bones

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: fenestration

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Testudines are placed in the subclass Anapsida

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: turtles belong in Diapsida.Both

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: exoskeleton,

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Testudines are placed in the subclass Anapsida

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Testudines are placed in the subclass Anapsida

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Testudines are placed in the subclass Anapsida

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Testudines are placed in the subclass Anapsida

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: Testudines are placed in the subclass Anapsida

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Testudines are placed in the subclass Anapsida

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Testudines are placed in the subclass Anapsida

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: exoskeleton,

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Reptiles

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Reptiles are classified according to the pattern of fenestration

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: Anapsida

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Anapsida

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Testudines are placed in the subclass Anapsida

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: exoskeleton,

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Reptiles

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: fenestration

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: exoskeleton,

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: exoskeleton,

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: exoskeleton,

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: exoskeleton,

text: The formation of bone is called ossification. During the fetal stage of development this occurs by two processes, Intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification. Intramembranous ossification involves the creation of bone from connective tissue, whereas in the process of endochondral ossification bone is created from cartilage.

text: The formation of bone is called

text: ossification

text: . During the fetal stage of development this occurs by two processes,

text: Intramembranous ossification

text: and

text: endochondral ossification

text: . Intramembranous ossification involves the creation of bone from

text: connective tissue

text: , whereas in the process of endochondral ossification bone is created from

text: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: echinoderms

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: the vertebral column of vertebrates is made of cartilage

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: limbs

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Bone

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: ossification

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Bone is formed from cartilage.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: What is the first vertebrates that did not need water to reproduce?

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Which of the following is not an ancestor of amphibians?

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: what is the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How does the adaptive immune system of vertebrates work?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: What happened after birds evolved?

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Which of the following is not a vertebrate?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: fetal

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: endochondral

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: endochondral

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: thermoregulation

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: connective tissue

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: fetal

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: formation of bone

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: cartilage.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: connective tissue,

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: fetal

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: The formation of bone

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: cartilage.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: cartilage.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: cartilage.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: The formation of bone is called ossification.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: endochondral ossification.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: The formation of bone

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: connective tissue,

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: The formation of bone is called ossification.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: endochondral ossification.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: cartilage.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: The formation of bone

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: cartilage.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: cartilage.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: The formation of bone is called ossification.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: The formation of bone is called ossification.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: fetal

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: ossification.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: endochondral

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage.

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: ossification.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: connective tissue,

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: fetal

text: The European Association of Vertebrate Palaeontologists (EAVP) is a society for the advancement of vertebrate palaeontology in Europe.

text: The European Association of Vertebrate Palaeontologists (EAVP) is a society for the advancement of

text: vertebrate palaeontology

text: in

text: Europe

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: six

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The vertebral column of vertebrates does not have a spine.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: softer

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Vertebrate reproduction is asexual.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: EAVP

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: EAVP

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: The European Association of Vertebrate Palaeontologists

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: The adaptive immune system of vertebrates learns to recognize and attack specific pathogens.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Vertebrate palaeontologists

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: The European Association of Vertebrate Palaeontologists

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: Europe.

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: advancement of vertebrate palaeontology

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The European Association of Vertebrate Palaeontologists

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: The European Association of Vertebrate Palaeontologists

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: The European Association of Vertebrate Palaeontologists

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: The European Association of Vertebrate Palaeontologists

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: Vertebrate Palaeontologists

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: The European Association of Vertebrate Palaeontologists

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Europe.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: The European Association of Vertebrate Palaeontologists

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Europe.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: The European Association of Vertebrate Palaeontologists

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: The European Association of Vertebrate Palaeontologists

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: The European Association of Vertebrate Palaeontologists

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: The European Association of Vertebrate Palaeontologists

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: The European Association of Vertebrate Palaeontologists

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: The European Association of Vertebrate Palaeontologists

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: The European Association of Vertebrate Palaeontologists

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: The European Association of Vertebrate Palaeontologists

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: The European Association of Vertebrate Palaeontologists

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: Europe.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: The European Association of Vertebrate Palaeontologists

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: The European Association of Vertebrate Palaeontologists

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: vertebrate palaeontology

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: vertebrate palaeontology

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrate palaeontology

text: Fish are very diverse animals and can be categorised in many ways. This article is an overview of some of ways in which fish are categorised. Although most fish species have probably been discovered and described, about 250 new ones are still discovered every year. According to FishBase, 33,100 species of fish had been described by April 2015. That is more than the combined total of all other vertebrate species: mammals, amphibians, reptiles and birds.

text: Fish

text: are very diverse animals and can be categorised in many ways. This article is an overview of some of ways in which fish are categorised. Although most fish

text: species

text: have probably been discovered and described, about 250 new ones are still discovered every year. According to

text: FishBase

text: , 33,100 species of fish had been described by April 2015. That is more than the combined total of all other

text: vertebrate

text: species:

text: mammal

text: s,

text: amphibian

text: s,

text: reptile

text: s and

text: bird

text: s.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: amphibians, reptiles and birds

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: 33,100 species

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: fish are very diverse animals

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: mammals, amphibians, reptiles and birds

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: glands that produce hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: mammals

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: about 250 new ones are still discovered every year

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: amphibians

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Amphibians were the first vertebrates that did not need water to reproduce.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which of the following is not a type of vertebrate?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Amphibians evolved from a lobe-finned fish

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: Which of the following is not a vertebrate: fish, amphibians, reptiles or birds?

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Which of the following is not a vertebrate: mammals, amphibians, reptiles or birds?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: The earliest fish had a cartilage endoskeleton.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: According to FishBase, birds evolved before the first mammals appeared.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony skeletons are more rigid than cartilage skeletons.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: No

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class: mammals, amphibians, reptiles or birds?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Which of the following is not a type of vertebrate?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: amphibians

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: amphibians

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: mammals, amphibians, reptiles and birds.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: 33,100

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: mammals,

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: mammals, amphibians, reptiles and birds.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: mammals, amphibians, reptiles and birds.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: mammals, amphibians, reptiles and birds.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: 33,100 species of fish had been described by April 2015.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: vertebrate species:

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: mammals, amphibians, reptiles and birds.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: mammals, amphibians, reptiles and birds.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: mammals, amphibians, reptiles and birds.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: mammals, amphibians, reptiles and birds.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: 33,100 species of fish had been described by April 2015.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: 33,100 species of fish had been described by April 2015.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: 33,100 species of fish

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: mammals, amphibians, reptiles and birds.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: mammals, amphibians, reptiles and birds.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: mammals, amphibians, reptiles and birds.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: 33,100 species of fish had been described by April 2015.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: 250 new ones are still discovered every year.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: mammals, amphibians, reptiles and birds.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: mammals, amphibians, reptiles and birds.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: mammals, amphibians, reptiles and birds.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrate species:

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: mammals,

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: Fish

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: mammals,

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrate species:

text: Tenascin C (TN-C) is a glycoprotein that in humans is encoded by the TNC gene. It is expressed in the extracellular matrix of various tissues during development, disease or injury, and in restricted neurogenic areas of the central nervous system. Tenascin-C is the founding member of the tenascin protein family. In the embryo it is made by migrating cells like the neural crest; it is also abundant in developing tendons, bone and cartilage.

text: Tenascin C (TN-C) is a

text: glycoprotein

text: that in humans is encoded by the TNC

text: gene

text: . It is expressed in the

text: extracellular matrix

text: of various tissues during development, disease or injury, and in restricted

text: neurogenic

text: areas of the central nervous system. Tenascin-C is the founding member of the

text: tenascin

text: protein family

text: . In the embryo it is made by migrating cells like the neural crest; it is also abundant in developing tendons, bone and cartilage.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: What class is tenascin C?

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: spinal cord

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: Tenascin C is the founding member of the tenascin protein family.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: digits

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Tenascin C

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: migrating

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: tenascin C

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Tenascin C

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: In the embryo it is made by migrating cells like the neural crest

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Tenascin C

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: What is the first vertebrates that did not need water to reproduce?

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: The answer: lobe-finned fish.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is Tenascin C?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How is tenascin C related to the immune system?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: It is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: How many living species of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are living species of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Which of the following is not a type of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: neural crest

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: central nervous system

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: migrating cells

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Tenascin C

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: neural crest

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: tendons, bone and cartilage.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: Tenascin C (TN-C)

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: tendons, bone

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: Tenascin C

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: tendons, bone and cartilage.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: tendons, bone and cartilage.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: tendons,

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: migrating cells

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Tenascin C

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: migrating cells

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: neural crest;

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Tenascin C

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Tenascin C

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Tenascin C

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: Tenascin C (TN-C)

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Tenascin C

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Tenascin C

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: tendons, bone and cartilage.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Tenascin C

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: cartilage.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Tenascin C (TN-C)

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: migrating cells like the neural crest;

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: neurogenic areas of the central nervous system.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: migrating cells

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage.

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: neurogenic areas of the central nervous system.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: migrating cells like the neural crest;

text: The anatomic connections between the cerebral and vertebral venous systems was accurately depicted in 1819 by Gilbert Breschet, a French physician later to become Professor of Anatomy at Faculté de médecine de Paris. However, the significance and physiology of this venous complex remained obscure for more than a century, until the seminal work of Oscar Batson. Batson, a Professor of Anatomy at the University of Pennsylvania, in 1940 detailed the anatomy and physiology of the cerebrospinal venous system and its role in the spread of metastases. Batson’s work remains primarily known for its accurate depiction of the vertebral venous system as the route of metastasis of cancer from the prostate to the spine, and the vertebral venous system is often referred to as Batson venous plexus or Batson’s plexus. It is less commonly recognized that Batson’s detailed experiments also demonstrated the direct anatomic connection between the vertebral and cerebral venous system, an anatomical and physiological fact that was later confirmed by others.  It was later recognized that the cerebrospinal venous system represents a main route for efflux of venous blood from the brain. Modern imaging methodology, including MR scanning, have detailed the anastomoses of the cerebral and spinal venous systems in the suboccipital region. Batson, and others had recognized that blood flow in the cerebrospinal venous system was bi-directional, a unique feature that was enabled by a general lack of venous valves in these venous plexuses. This bi-directional flow was thought to have physiologic significance with regard to the maintenance of pressure hemostasis within the cranium with changes in posture. The terms “cerebrospinal venous system” and “CSVS” were coined in a 2006 review  that has itself been cited in a number of subsequent articles and reviews.

text: The anatomic connections between the cerebral and vertebral venous systems was accurately depicted in 1819 by

text: Gilbert Breschet

text: , a French physician later to become Professor of Anatomy at Faculté de médecine de Paris. However, the significance and physiology of this venous complex remained obscure for more than a century, until the seminal work of Oscar Batson. Batson, a Professor of Anatomy at the University of Pennsylvania, in 1940 detailed the anatomy and physiology of the cerebrospinal venous system and its role in the spread of metastases. Batson’s work remains primarily known for its accurate depiction of the vertebral venous system as the route of

text: metastasis

text: of cancer from the prostate to the spine, and the vertebral venous system is often referred to as

text: Batson venous plexus

text: or Batson’s plexus. It is less commonly recognized that Batson’s detailed experiments also demonstrated the direct anatomic connection between the vertebral and cerebral venous system, an anatomical and physiological fact that was later confirmed by others.  It was later recognized that the cerebrospinal venous system represents a main route for efflux of venous blood from the brain. Modern imaging methodology, including

text: MR scanning

text: , have detailed the

text: anastomoses

text: of the cerebral and spinal venous systems in the

text: suboccipital

text: region. Batson, and others had recognized that blood flow in the cerebrospinal venous system was bi-directional, a unique feature that was enabled by a general lack of venous valves in these venous plexuses. This bi-directional flow was thought to have physiologic significance with regard to the maintenance of pressure

text: hemostasis

text: within the cranium with changes in posture. The terms “cerebrospinal venous system” and “CSVS” were coined in a 2006 review  that has itself been cited in a number of subsequent articles and reviews.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: vertebral venous system

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: efflux of venous blood from the brain

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: the vertebral venous system as the route of metastasis of cancer

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebral venous systems

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebral venous system

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense than cartilage

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: asexual

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Which organs do vertebrates have?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Vertebrate vertebrates are the first vertebrates to have evolved

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: the vertebral venous system is often referred to as Batson venous plexus

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: lobe-finned fish

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How does the immune system of vertebrates learn to recognize and attack specific pathogens?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are living species of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: How many vertebrates are mentioned?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: ovary

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: batson’s plexus

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: CSVS

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: spine

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Batson’s plexus

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: spine

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Anatomy

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: the cerebrospinal venous system

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: cerebrospinal venous system

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: the route of metastasis

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: nous system,

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: venous plexuses.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: the cerebrospinal venous system

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: the cerebrospinal venous system

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: the cerebrospinal venous system

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: the cerebrospinal venous system

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: the cerebrospinal venous system

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: the cerebrospinal venous system

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: the cerebrospinal venous system

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: the cerebrospinal venous system

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: cerebral venous system,

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: cerebrospinal

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: the cerebrospinal venous system

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: the cerebrospinal venous system

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: cerebral venous system,

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: cerebrospinal venous system

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: the cerebrospinal venous system

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: bi-directional,

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: the cerebrospinal venous system

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: the cerebrospinal venous system

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: cerebrospinal venous system

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: cerebrospinal venous system

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: changes in posture.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: the cerebrospinal venous system

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: the cerebrospinal venous system

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: pressure hemostasis

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: the cerebrospinal venous system

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: cerebrospinal venous system

text: It extends throughout the entire length of the future vertebral column, and reaches as far as the anterior end of the midbrain, where it ends in a hook-like extremity in the region of the future dorsum sellae of the sphenoid bone. Initially it exists between the neural tube and the endoderm of the yolk-sac, but soon becomes separated from them by the mesoderm, which grows medially and surrounds it. From the mesoderm surrounding the neural tube and notochord, the skull, vertebral column, and the membranes of the brain and medulla spinalis are developed.

text: It extends throughout the entire length of the future vertebral column, and reaches as far as the anterior end of the

text: midbrain

text: , where it ends in a hook-like extremity in the region of the future

text: dorsum sellae

text: of the

text: sphenoid bone

text: . Initially it exists between the neural tube and the endoderm of the yolk-sac, but soon becomes separated from them by the

text: mesoderm

text: , which grows medially and surrounds it. From the mesoderm surrounding the neural tube and notochord, the

text: skull

text: , vertebral column, and the

text: membrane

text: s of the

text: brain

text: and

text: medulla spinalis

text: are developed.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: one

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: spinalis

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: from the mesoderm surrounding the neural tube and notochord

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebral columns

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: The vertebral endoskeleton includes what?

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: What kind of system does vertebrates have?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: notochord

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: the membranes of the brain and medulla spinalis are developed.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes are vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: yolk-sac

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: medulla spinalis

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: yolk-sac

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: mesoderm

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: medulla spinalis

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: endoderm

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: neural tube

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: vertebral column,

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: It extends throughout the entire length of the future vertebral column,

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: brain and medulla spinalis

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: It extends throughout the entire length of the future vertebral column,

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: sphenoid bone.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: mesoderm,

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: bone.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: yolk-sac,

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: It extends throughout the entire length of the future vertebral column,

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: neural tube

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: It extends throughout the entire length of the future vertebral column,

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: neural tube

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: It extends throughout the entire length of the future vertebral column,

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: endoderm

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: It extends throughout the entire length of the future vertebral column,

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: vertebral column,

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: vertebral column,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: It extends throughout the entire length of the future vertebral column,

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: yolk-sac,

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: It extends throughout the entire length of the future vertebral column,

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: mesoderm,

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: mesoderm,

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: mesoderm,

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: mesoderm,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: yolk-sac,

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: It extends throughout the entire length of the future vertebral column,

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: mesoderm,

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: mesoderm,

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: mesoderm,

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: endoderm

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: yolk-sac,

text: Besides his "Text-book of Human Anatomy"(1889) for which he is best known, he was the author of "Introduction to Animal Morphology"(1876) and "Morphology of Vertebrate Animals" (1878) as well as of numerous papers on animal, morphology, human anatomy and small text-books for students. He was a man of remarkable versatility, being an able mathematician as well as versed in archæology, Egyptology and draughtsmanship. Like his cousin, Sir Donald Macalister, he was a proficient linguist, having knowledge of fourteen languages.

text: Besides his "Text-book of Human Anatomy"(1889) for which he is best known, he was the author of "Introduction to Animal Morphology"(1876) and "Morphology of Vertebrate Animals" (1878) as well as of numerous papers on animal, morphology, human anatomy and small text-books for students. He was a man of remarkable versatility, being an able mathematician as well as versed in archæology, Egyptology and draughtsmanship. Like his cousin, Sir

text: Donald Macalister

text: , he was a proficient linguist, having knowledge of fourteen languages.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: skeletal

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: the vertebral column of vertebrates is made of bones

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: limbs

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Vertebrate Animals" (1878)

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: Vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: cartilage endoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: cartilage skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: not

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: class

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: male

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: Vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: draughtsmanship

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Vertebrate Animals

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: Vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Animals"

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: Anatomy"(1889)

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: Anatomy"(1889)

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: Besides his "Text-book of Human Anatomy"(1889)

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: fourteen languages.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Animals"

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: Human Anatomy"(1889)

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: Vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: "Morphology of Vertebrate Animals"

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: "Morphology of Vertebrate Animals"

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Human Anatomy"(1889)

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: "Morphology of Vertebrate Animals" (1878)

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: "Morphology of Vertebrate Animals" (1878)

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: "Morphology of Vertebrate Animals" (1878)

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Vertebrate Animals"

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: "Morphology of Vertebrate Animals"

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: "Morphology of Vertebrate Animals"

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: "Morphology of Vertebrate Animals"

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Vertebrate Animals"

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Vertebrate Animals"

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: "Text-book of Human Anatomy"(1889)

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: "Morphology of Vertebrate Animals"

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: fourteen languages.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: "Morphology of Vertebrate Animals"

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: Vertebrate Animals"

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Animal Morphology"(1876)

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: Vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: Vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Human Anatomy"(1889)

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: Vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Vertebrate Animals"

text: The frontal eye consists of a pigment cup, a group of putative photoreceptor cells (termed Row 1), three rows of neurons (Rows 2-4), and glial cells. The frontal eye, which expresses the PAX6 gene, has been proposed as the homolog of vertebrate paired eyes, the pigment cup as the homolog of the RPE (retinal pigment epithelium), the putative photoreceptors as homologs of vertebrate rods and cones, and Row 2 neurons as homologs of the retinal ganglion cells.

text: The frontal eye consists of a pigment cup, a group of putative photoreceptor cells (termed Row 1), three rows of neurons (Rows 2-4), and

text: glial cells

text: . The frontal eye, which expresses the

text: gene, has been proposed as the homolog of vertebrate paired eyes, the pigment cup as the homolog of the RPE (

text: retinal pigment epithelium

text: ), the putative photoreceptors as homologs of vertebrate

text: rods

text: and

text: cones

text: , and Row 2 neurons as homologs of the

text: retinal ganglion cells

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: rods and cones

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: paired eyes

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: the pigment cup as the homolog of the RPE (retinal pigment epithelium)

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: eyes

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrate paired eyes

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: paired eyes

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: rods and cones

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: vertebrate rods and cones are homologs of the retinal ganglion cells.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Invertebrates evolved endothermy before they evolved ectothermy

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: The frontal eye consists of a pigment cup, a group of putative photoreceptor cells

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: None of the above choices are true

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How does the immune system of vertebrates learn to recognize and attack specific pathogens

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: How many years before birds evolved?

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: paired eyes

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: epithelium

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: PAX6 gene

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: glial cells

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: rods and cones,

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: rods and cones,

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: rods and cones,

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: rods and cones,

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: three rows of neurons

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: rods and cones,

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: The frontal eye

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: paired

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: (retinal pigment epithelium),

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: rods and cones,

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: paired eyes,

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: rods and cones,

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: The frontal eye

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: paired eyes,

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: The frontal eye

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: rods and cones,

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: RPE (retinal pigment epithelium),

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: RPE

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: The frontal eye consists of a pigment cup,

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: The frontal eye

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: 2-4), and glial cells.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: 2-4), and glial cells.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: rods and cones,

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: paired eyes,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: (retinal pigment epithelium),

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: RPE (retinal pigment epithelium),

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: paired eyes,

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: glial cells.

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: glial cells.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: RPE (retinal pigment epithelium),

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: (retinal pigment epithelium),

text: Molecular analysis since 1992 has suggested that hagfish are most closely related to lampreys, and so also are vertebrates in a monophyletic sense. Others consider them a sister group of vertebrates in the common taxon of craniata.

text: Molecular analysis since 1992 has suggested that hagfish are most closely related to lampreys, and so also are vertebrates in a

text: monophyletic

text: sense. Others consider them a sister group of vertebrates in the common taxon of craniata.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: craniata

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: four

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: spinal cord

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: hagfish are most closely related to lampreys

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: hagfish

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: craniata are monophyletic

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: hagfish

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What type of immune system does vertebrates have?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Hagfish

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: craniata.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: craniata.

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: a monophyletic sense.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: monophyletic

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: craniata.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: hagfish

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: craniata.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: hagfish

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: monophyletic

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: hagfish

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Molecular analysis since 1992 has suggested that hagfish

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Molecular analysis since 1992 has suggested that hagfish

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: hagfish

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: craniata.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: craniata.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: vertebrates in a monophyletic sense.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: hagfish

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Molecular analysis since 1992 has suggested that hagfish

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: craniata.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: craniata.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: monophyletic sense.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Molecular analysis

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrates

text: Vertebrates

text: Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: mammals, birds, and reptiles

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: six

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: skeletal support

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The vertebral column of vertebrates is made of bone.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: the skeleton of the body

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: softer

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: lizards

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: They reproduce by laying eggs.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: lizards

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: echinoderms

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: endothermy and ectothermy

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: all animals in phylum chordata

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the function of vertebrates kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: What is a vertebrate?

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: What did vertebrates evolve before?

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: An animal with a cartilage skeleton can grow larger than an animal with a bony skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: How many species of vertebrates are there

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Which of the following is not a type of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Vertebrates

text: Daza et al. (2016) described a small (10,6 mm in snout-vent length), probably neonatal lizard preserved in the Cretaceous (Albian-Cenomanian boundary) amber from Myanmar. The authors noted that the lizard has "short and wide skull, large orbits, elongated and robust lingual process, frontal with parallel margins, incipient prefrontal boss, reduced vomers, absent retroarticular process, low presacral vertebral count (between 15 and 17) and extremely short, curled tail"; the authors considered these traits to be indicative of the lizard's affiliation with Chamaeleonidae. The phylogenetic analysis conducted by the authors indicated that the lizard was a stem-chamaeleonid.

text: Daza et al. (2016) described a small (10,6 mm in snout-vent length), probably

text: neonatal

text: lizard preserved in the Cretaceous (

text: Albian

text: Cenomanian

text: boundary) amber from

text: Myanmar

text: . The authors noted that the lizard has "short and wide skull, large orbits, elongated and robust lingual process, frontal with parallel margins, incipient prefrontal boss, reduced vomers, absent retroarticular process, low presacral vertebral count (between 15 and 17) and extremely short, curled tail"; the authors considered these traits to be indicative of the lizard's affiliation with Chamaeleonidae. The phylogenetic analysis conducted by the authors indicated that the lizard was a

text: stem

text: -chamaeleonid.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Chamaeleonids

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: vertebral

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: absent retroarticular process

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebral count

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: presacral vertebral

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: stem

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: What kind of glands do vertebrates secrete?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: prefrontal boss

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: low presacral vertebral count

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Chamaeleonids

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: What is the first vertebrates that did not need water to reproduce?

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: What is endothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many different classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: How many sexes does the lizard have?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: neonatal

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: absent retroarticular process

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: absent retroarticular process

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebral

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Chamaeleonids

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: amber

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: neonatal

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Chamaeleonidae.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: 15 and 17)

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: presacral

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: low presacral vertebral count

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: presacral vertebral count

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: retroarticular process,

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: retroarticular process,

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: stem-chamaeleonid.

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: vomers,

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: stem-chamaeleonid.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: low presacral vertebral count

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: stem-chamaeleonid.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: lizard

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: elongated and robust lingual process,

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: stem-chamaeleonid.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: Chamaeleonidae.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: reduced vomers,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: elongated and robust lingual process,

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: retroarticular process,

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: lizard

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: elongated and robust lingual process,

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: 15 and 17)

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Chamaeleonidae.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: neonatal lizard

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: neonatal

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: prefrontal boss,

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: retroarticular process,

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: lingual process,

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: lingual process,

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: amber

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: neonatal

text: The two transverse processes, one on each side of the vertebral body project from either side at the point where the lamina joins the pedicle, between the superior and inferior articular processes. They also serve for the attachment of muscles and ligaments, in particular the intertransverse ligaments. There is a facet on each of the transverse processes of thoracic vertebrae which articulates with the tubercle of the rib. A facet on each side of the thoracic vertebral body articulates with the head of the rib. There are superior and inferior articular facet joints on each side of the vertebra, which serve to restrict the range of movement possible. These facets are joined by a thin portion of the vertebral arch called the pars interarticularis.

text: The two transverse processes, one on each side of the vertebral body project from either side at the point where the lamina joins the

text: pedicle

text: , between the superior and inferior

text: articular processes

text: . They also serve for the attachment of muscles and ligaments, in particular the

text: intertransverse ligament

text: s. There is a facet on each of the transverse processes of thoracic vertebrae which articulates with the

text: tubercle of the rib

text: . A facet on each side of the thoracic vertebral body articulates with the

text: head of the rib

text: . There are superior and inferior

text: articular

text: facet joint

text: s on each side of the vertebra, which serve to restrict the range of movement possible. These facets are joined by a thin portion of the vertebral arch called the

text: pars interarticularis

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: thoracic

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: one

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: restriction the range of movement possible

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: superior and inferior articular facet joints on each side of the vertebra

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: transverse processes

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: transverse processes, one on each side of the vertebral body which articulates with the tubercle of the rib

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: thoracic

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: There are superior and inferior articular facet joints on each side

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: interarticular processes

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: intertransverse ligaments

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: ligaments

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: interarticular

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: lamina

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: fertilization

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: thoracic

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: thoracic

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: attachment of muscles and ligaments,

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The two transverse processes,

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: two transverse processes,

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: The two transverse processes,

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: The two transverse processes,

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: The two transverse processes,

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: The two transverse processes,

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: thoracic

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: The two transverse processes,

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: thoracic

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: The two transverse processes,

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: The two transverse processes,

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: The two transverse processes,

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: The two transverse processes,

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: The two transverse processes,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: The two transverse processes,

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: The two transverse processes,

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: The two transverse processes,

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: The two transverse processes,

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: The two transverse processes,

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: thoracic

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: The two transverse processes,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: The two transverse processes,

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: pars interarticularis.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: pars interarticularis.

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: ligaments,

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: muscles and ligaments,

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: lamina

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: The two transverse processes,

text: Vertebrate dentition originated from a folding in of the placoderm's armor, evolving into the familiar condition of living reptiles, amphibians, and fish: a long row of pointed or sharp-sided, undifferentiated teeth (homodont) that are completely replaceable. The mammalian pattern is significantly different. The teeth in the upper and lower jaws in mammals have evolved a close-fitting relationship such that they operate together as a unit. "They occlude, that is, the chewing surfaces of the teeth are so constructed that the upper and lower teeth are able to fit precisely together, cutting, crushing, grinding or shearing the food caught between."

text: Vertebrate dentition originated from a folding in of the

text: placoderm

text: 's armor, evolving into the familiar condition of living

text: reptile

text: s,

text: amphibian

text: s, and

text: fish

text: : a long row of pointed or sharp-sided, undifferentiated teeth (homodont) that are completely replaceable. The mammalian pattern is significantly different. The teeth in the upper and lower jaws in mammals have evolved a close-fitting relationship such that they operate together as a unit. "They occlude, that is, the chewing surfaces of the teeth are so constructed that the upper and lower teeth are able to fit precisely together, cutting, crushing, grinding or shearing the food caught between."

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: amphibians and fish

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: three

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: armor

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The vertebral column of vertebrates is made of bones.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: teeth

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: a long row of pointed or sharp-sided, undifferentiated teeth

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: undifferentiated teeth

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: Vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: placoderm

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: mammalian pattern is significantly different

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: placoderm

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How does the immune system of vertebrates learn to recognize and attack specific pathogens?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many different classes of vertebrates are living species of vertebrates placed in?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: Vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: Vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: armor

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Vertebrate dentition

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: placoderm

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: reptiles, amphibians, and fish:

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: fish:

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: cutting, crushing, grinding or shearing the food caught between."

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: completely replaceable.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: long row of pointed or sharp-sided, undifferentiated teeth

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: a long row of pointed or sharp-sided, undifferentiated teeth

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: replaceable.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: replaceable.

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: reptiles, amphibians, and fish:

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: placoderm's

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: completely replaceable.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: placoderm's

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: reptiles, amphibians, and fish:

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: reptiles, amphibians, and fish:

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: reptiles, amphibians, and fish:

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: reptiles, amphibians, and fish:

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: reptiles, amphibians, and fish:

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: reptiles, amphibians, and fish:

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: reptiles, amphibians, and fish:

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: The mammalian

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: reptiles, amphibians, and fish:

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: reptiles, amphibians, and fish:

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: reptiles, amphibians, and fish:

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: Vertebrate dentition

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Vertebrate dentition

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: (homodont) that are completely replaceable.

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: armor,

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Vertebrate dentition

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: placoderm's

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Vertebrate dentition

text: Because many homeothermic animals use enzymes which are specialized for a narrow range of body temperatures, hypothermia rapidly leads to torpor and then death.Additionally, homeothermy obtained from endothermy is a high energy strategy and many environments will offer lower carrying capacity to these organisms. In cold weather the energy expenditure to maintain body temperature accelerates starvation and may lead to death.

text: Because many homeothermic animals use enzymes which are specialized for a narrow range of body temperatures,

text: hypothermia

text: rapidly leads to

text: torpor

text: and then death.Additionally, homeothermy obtained from endothermy is a high energy strategy and many environments will offer lower

text: carrying capacity

text: to these organisms. In cold weather the energy expenditure to maintain body temperature accelerates starvation and may lead to death.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: endothermy and homeothermy

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: six

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: maintain body temperature

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The vertebral column of vertebrates is made of bone.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: limbs

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: tendons, ligaments, bones, and muscle

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: endothermic

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: endothermy is a high energy strategy

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: endothermic

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: The answer: lobe-finned fish

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Which of the following is not the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What does the adaptive immune system of vertebrates do?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: How long ago did birds evolve?

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony skeletons

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Which of the following is not a sex?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: homeothermy

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: homeothermic animals

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: a high energy strategy and many environments will offer lower carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: hypothermia rapidly leads to torpor and then death.Additionally,

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: enzymes

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: homeothermic animals use enzymes

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: specialized for a narrow range of body temperatures,

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: enzymes

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: homeothermic animals

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: homeothermic

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: homeothermic animals

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: homeothermic animals use enzymes

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: homeothermic animals use enzymes

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: homeothermy obtained from endothermy

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Because many homeothermic animals

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: lower carrying capacity

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: homeothermic animals

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: homeothermic

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: endothermy

text: Vertebrates  comprise all species of animals within the subphylum Vertebrata  (chordates with backbones). Vertebrates represent the overwhelming majority of the phylum Chordata, with currently about 64,000 species described. Vertebrates include the jawless fish and the jawed vertebrates, which include the cartilaginous fish (sharks and rays) and the bony fish.

text: Vertebrates  comprise all species of

text: animal

text: s within the

text: subphylum

text: Vertebrata  (

text: chordates

text: with

text: backbones

text: ). Vertebrates represent the overwhelming majority of the

text: phylum

text: Chordata

text: , with currently about 64,000

text: species

text: described. Vertebrates include the

text: jawless fish

text: and the

text: jawed vertebrates

text: , which include the

text: cartilaginous fish

text: shark

text: s and

text: rays

text: ) and the

text: bony fish

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Chordates with backbones

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: jawless fish

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: backbones

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: jawless fish

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: backbones

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: backbones

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: chordates with backbones

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: jawless fish and the jawed vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: cartilaginous fish

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: It is impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: No

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many different classes are vertebrates placed in?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: Chordata

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Chordata

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: (chordates with backbones).

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: jawless fish

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: backbones).

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: jawless

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: backbones).

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: jawless fish and the jawed vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: bony

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: (chordates with backbones).

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: jawless fish

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: jawless

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: jawless fish

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: jawless fish

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: (chordates with backbones).

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: subphylum Vertebrata

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: (chordates with backbones).

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: (chordates with backbones).

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: cartilaginous fish

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: cartilaginous fish

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: 64,000

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: subphylum Vertebrata

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: subphylum Vertebrata

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Vertebrates

text: There are different ligaments involved in the holding together of the vertebrae in the column, and in the column's movement. The anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments extend the length of the vertebral column along the front and back of the vertebral bodies. The interspinous ligaments connect the adjoining spinous processes of the vertebrae. The supraspinous ligament extends the length of the spine running along the back of the spinous processes, from the sacrum to the seventh cervical vertebra. From there it is continuous with the nuchal ligament.

text: There are different ligaments involved in the holding together of the vertebrae in the column, and in the column's movement. The

text: anterior

text: and

text: posterior longitudinal ligament

text: s extend the length of the vertebral column along the front and back of the vertebral bodies. The

text: interspinous ligament

text: s connect the adjoining spinous processes of the vertebrae. The

text: supraspinous ligament

text: extends the length of the spine running along the back of the spinous processes, from the sacrum to the

text: seventh

text: cervical vertebra

text: . From there it is continuous with the

text: nuchal ligament

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: vertebral bodies

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: seven

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: holding together of the vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments extend the length of the vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: The interspinous ligaments

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: vertebrates reproduce by laying eggs

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which of the following is not a type of vertebrate?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: It is impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What does the adaptive immune system of vertebrates learn to recognize and attack?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: What happened after birds evolved?

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes are vertebrates placed in?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: sacrum

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: hypothermia

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: nuchal ligament

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: ligaments

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: nuchal ligament

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: nuchal ligament

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: sacrum

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: cervical vertebra.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: seventh

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: holding together

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: front and back of the vertebral bodies.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: seventh cervical vertebra.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: The anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: There are different ligaments

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: vertebral column along the front and back of the vertebral bodies.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: seventh cervical vertebra.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: There are different ligaments involved in the holding together of the vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: sacrum to the seventh cervical vertebra.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: supraspinous ligament

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: The interspinous ligaments connect the adjoining spinous processes

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: The supraspinous ligament

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: vertebral column along the front and back of the vertebral bodies.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: interspinous ligaments connect the adjoining spinous processes

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: The supraspinous ligament

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: interspinous ligaments connect the adjoining spinous processes

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: There are different ligaments

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: supraspinous ligament

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: vertebral bodies.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: seventh cervical vertebra.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: There are different ligaments involved in the holding together of the vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrae in the column, and in the column's movement.

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: There are different ligaments

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: interspinous ligaments connect the adjoining spinous processes

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: ligaments

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: ligaments

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: spinous processes

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: ligaments

text: The transition from an aquatic, lobe-finned fish to an air-breathing amphibian was a significant and fundamental one in the evolutionary history of the vertebrates. For an organism to live in a gravity-neutral aqueous environment, then colonize one that requires an organism to support its entire weight and possess a mechanism to mitigate dehydration, required significant adaptations or exaptations within the overall body plan, both in form and in function. Eryops, an example of an animal that made such adaptations, refined many of the traits found in its fish ancestors. Sturdy limbs supported and transported its body while out of water. A thicker, stronger backbone prevented its body from sagging under its own weight. Also, through the reshaping of vestigial fish jaw bones, a rudimentary middle ear began developing to connect to the piscine inner ear, allowing Eryops to amplify, and so better sense, airborne sound.

text: The transition from an aquatic, lobe-finned fish to an air-breathing amphibian was a significant and fundamental one in the evolutionary history of the

text: vertebrate

text: s. For an organism to live in a

text: gravity

text: -neutral aqueous environment, then colonize one that requires an organism to support its entire weight and possess a mechanism to mitigate dehydration, required significant adaptations or exaptations within the overall

text: body plan

text: , both in form and in function.

text: Eryops

text: , an example of an animal that made such adaptations, refined many of the traits found in its fish ancestors. Sturdy

text: limb

text: s supported and transported its body while out of water. A thicker, stronger

text: backbone

text: prevented its body from sagging under its own weight. Also, through the reshaping of vestigial fish jaw bones, a rudimentary middle ear began developing to connect to the

text: piscine inner ear

text: , allowing Eryops to amplify, and so better sense, airborne

text: sound

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: fish, amphibians, and amphibians

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: eight

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: prevented its body from sagging under its own weight

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: thicker, stronger backbone prevented its body from sagging under its own weight

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: limbs

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: a thicker, stronger backbone

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: stronger

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: asexual

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Which of the following is not an example of an animal that made such adaptations: Eryops, a fish ancestor

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Eryops, an example of an animal that made such adaptations, refined many of the traits found in its fish ancestors

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: what is the function of vertebrate kidneys

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How does the immune system of vertebrates learn to recognize and attack specific pathogens?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many different classes of vertebrates are living species of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: rudimentary middle ear

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: backbone

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: rudimentary middle ear

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: embryonic

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: fish to an air-breathing amphibian

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: prevented its body from sagging under its own weight.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: sagging under its own weight.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: limbs

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: backbone

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: stronger

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: adaptations or exaptations

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: mechanism to mitigate dehydration,

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: air-breathing amphibian

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: air-breathing

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: air-breathing amphibian

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: air-breathing amphibian

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: fish to an air-breathing amphibian

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: mechanism to mitigate dehydration,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: adaptations

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: thicker, stronger backbone

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: thicker, stronger backbone

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: air-breathing amphibian

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Eryops,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: middle ear

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: a mechanism to mitigate dehydration,

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: Eryops,

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: backbone

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: a rudimentary middle ear

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: backbone

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: middle ear

text: A spinal fracture, also called a vertebral fracture or a broken back, is a fracture affecting the vertebrae of the spinal column. Types of spinal fracture include vertebral compression fracture and burst fracture,  cervical fracture, Jefferson fracture, Hangman's fracture, Flexion teardrop fracture, Clay-shoveler fracture, Chance fracture and Holdsworth fracture.

text: A spinal fracture, also called a vertebral fracture or a broken back, is a

text: fracture

text: affecting the

text: vertebrae

text: of the

text: spinal column

text: . Types of spinal fracture include

text: vertebral compression fracture

text: and

text: burst fracture

text: cervical fracture

text: Jefferson fracture

text: Hangman's fracture

text: Flexion teardrop fracture

text: Clay-shoveler fracture

text: Chance fracture

text: and

text: Holdsworth fracture

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: vertebral compression fracture

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: one

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: spinal

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: vertebrates do not have a spinal column

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: softer

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Which of the following is not a type of vertebral fracture?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: vertebrates reproduce by laying eggs.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, vertebrates evolved endothermy or vertebrates evolved ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How does the immune system of vertebrates learn to recognize and attack specific pathogens?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Which happened first, birds evolved or mammals appeared?

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a type of vertebral fracture: vertebral compression fracture or burst fracture?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Holdsworth fracture

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: Holdsworth fracture

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Holdsworth

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebra

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebral

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: vertebral compression fracture and burst fracture,

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: vertebral fracture

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: spinal fracture,

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: A spinal fracture,

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrae of the spinal column.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebrae of the spinal column.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: A spinal fracture,

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: A spinal fracture,

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: spinal column.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: A spinal fracture,

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: A spinal fracture,

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: A spinal fracture,

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: A spinal fracture,

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: A spinal fracture,

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: vertebrae of the spinal column.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: A spinal fracture,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: A spinal fracture,

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: A spinal fracture,

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: A spinal fracture,

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: A spinal fracture,

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: vertebral fracture

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Clay-shoveler fracture, Chance fracture and Holdsworth fracture.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: A spinal fracture,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: A spinal fracture,

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: A spinal fracture,

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: spinal fracture,

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: Flexion

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: A spinal fracture,

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: A spinal fracture,

text: Two fossil specimens of Sclerothorax were discovered in the German state of Hesse in the 1920s. German paleontologist Friedrich von Huene studied the remains and named the new genus and species Sclerothorax hypselonotus in 1932. The holotype specimen preserved only the vertebral column, but was identifiable as a temnospondyl by its rhachitomous vertebrae and as a new species by its tall neural spines. Huene's second specimen included a complete skull, pectoral girdle, and back portion of the dorsal vertebral column that was also clearly a temnospondyl. However, it was not apparent that the specimen belonged to the same species as the first until Huene exposed more of the crushed vertebrae and found that they were similar to those of his first specimen.

text: Two fossil specimens of Sclerothorax were discovered in the German state of

text: Hesse

text: in the 1920s. German paleontologist

text: Friedrich von Huene

text: studied the remains and named the new genus and species Sclerothorax hypselonotus in 1932. The

text: holotype

text: specimen preserved only the vertebral column, but was identifiable as a temnospondyl by its

text: rhachitomous

text: vertebrae and as a new species by its tall neural spines. Huene's second specimen included a complete skull,

text: pectoral girdle

text: , and back portion of the

text: dorsal vertebra

text: l column that was also clearly a temnospondyl. However, it was not apparent that the specimen belonged to the same species as the first until Huene exposed more of the crushed vertebrae and found that they were similar to those of his first specimen.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: temnospondyl

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: one

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The holotype specimen preserved only the vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sperm

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: What is Sclerothorax hypselonotus?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: temnospondyl

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: The holotype specimen preserved only the vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: temnospondyl

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which class is Sclerothorax hypselonotus?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: temnospondyl

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: temnospondyl

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: temnospondyl

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: temnospondyl

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: temnospondyl

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: temnospondyl

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: temnospondyl

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: temnospondyl

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: temnospondyl

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: rhachitomous vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: rhachitomous vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: rhachitomous vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: tall neural spines.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: temnospondyl

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: temnospondyl

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: temnospondyl

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: temnospondyl

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: temnospondyl

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: temnospondyl

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: temnospondyl

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: temnospondyl

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: rhachitomous vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: temnospondyl

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Sclerothorax hypselonotus in 1932.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: rhachitomous vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Two fossil specimens of Sclerothorax

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: tall neural spines.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: temnospondyl

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: temnospondyl

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Sclerothorax

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: temnospondyl

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: temnospondyl

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: temnospondyl

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: temnospondyl

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: temnospondyl

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: temnospondyl

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: temnospondyl

text: The visible part of the human nose is the protruding part of the face that bears the nostrils. The shape of the nose is determined by the nasal bones and the nasal cartilages, including the septal cartilage (which separates the nostrils) and the upper and lower lateral cartilages. On average the nose of a male is larger than that of a female.

text: The visible part of the human

text: nose

text: is the protruding part of the

text: face

text: that bears the

text: nostril

text: s. The shape of the nose is determined by the nasal bones and the nasal cartilages, including the septal cartilage (which separates the nostrils) and the upper and lower lateral cartilages. On average the nose of a

text: male

text: is larger than that of a

text: female

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: mammals and birds

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: six

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: skeleton

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The nasal bones and the nasal cartilages are the same.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: nostrils

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: nasal cartilages

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: larger

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: male

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: on average the nose of a male is larger than that of a female

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How does the immune system of vertebrates work?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: how many classes of vertebrates are placed in five different classes?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Which of the following is not a vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: thermoregulation

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilages

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: septal cartilage

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: cartilages

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: fertilization

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: male is larger than that of a female.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: female.

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: nostrils. The shape of the nose is determined by the nasal bones

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: female.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: upper and lower lateral cartilages.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: nasal bones

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: bones

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: male

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: The visible part of the human nose

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: nasal bones

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: the nose of a male is larger than that of a female.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: nasal bones

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: The visible part of the human nose

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: nasal bones and the nasal cartilages,

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: The visible part of the human nose

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: nasal bones

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: The visible part of the human nose

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: nasal bones and the nasal cartilages,

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: nasal bones

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: The visible part of the human nose

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: On average the nose of a male

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: nasal bones

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: female.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: the nose of a male is larger than that of a female.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: nasal bones

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: nasal bones and the nasal cartilages,

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: female.

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilages,

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: nasal bones

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: cartilages,

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: nasal bones and the nasal cartilages,

text: A large-scale screen of the Drosophila genome for mutants that exhibited axon guidance defects led to the discovery of the roundabout (robo) mutation. In robo mutants, axons were observed to inappropriately cross and recross the midline. It was subsequently found that the secreted protein Slit was the ligand for the Roundabout receptor. Vertebrate Slit proteins were identified shortly after, and were shown to bind both vertebrate and Drosophila Robo receptors and to mediate axonal repulsion of spinal cord explants. It was several more years before a functional analysis of the vertebrate Slit and Robo mutants was performed; this analysis demonstrated that Slit-Robo signaling regulates commissural axon guidance in vertebrates as well. Interestingly, while the vertebrate receptors Robo1 and Robo2 signal repulsion in response to Slit to prevent inappropriate midline crossing, a novel function for Robo3/Rig1 was discovered; unlike the other Robo receptors, it is required to promote midline crossing.

text: A large-scale screen of the Drosophila genome for mutants that exhibited axon guidance defects led to the discovery of the roundabout (robo) mutation. In robo mutants, axons were observed to inappropriately cross and recross the midline. It was subsequently found that the secreted protein Slit was the ligand for the Roundabout receptor. Vertebrate Slit proteins were identified shortly after, and were shown to bind both vertebrate and Drosophila Robo receptors and to mediate axonal repulsion of spinal cord explants. It was several more years before a functional analysis of the vertebrate Slit and Robo mutants was performed; this analysis demonstrated that Slit-Robo signaling regulates commissural axon guidance in vertebrates as well. Interestingly, while the vertebrate receptors Robo1 and Robo2 signal repulsion in response to Slit to prevent inappropriate midline crossing, a novel function for Robo3/Rig1 was discovered; unlike the other Robo receptors, it is required to promote midline crossing.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Robo1 and Robo2

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: midline crossing

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: Slit-Robo signaling regulates commissural axon guidance in vertebrates as well

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrate Robo receptors

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Robo1 and Robo2

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Which of the following is not a vertebrate?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Drosophila

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Slit-Robo signaling regulates commissural axon guidance in vertebrates as well

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Drosophila

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: What was the first vertebrate that did not need water to reproduce?

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: evolution from a lobe-finned fish

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: How many vertebrates are mentioned?

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Which of the following is not a vertebrate?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: Drosophila

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Robo

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: roundabout

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Robo receptors

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Robo1 and Robo2

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: Drosophila

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: commissural axon guidance

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: robo mutants,

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: Robo3/Rig1

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Slit proteins

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: explants.

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: protein Slit

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Drosophila

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: robo mutants,

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Drosophila

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: A large-scale screen of the Drosophila

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: A large-scale screen of the Drosophila

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Drosophila

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: Vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Vertebrate Slit

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Vertebrate Slit

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Drosophila

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Drosophila

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: large-scale screen of the Drosophila

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: Drosophila

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Robo3/Rig1

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: spinal cord explants.

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Drosophila

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: roundabout

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: spinal cord

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: A large-scale screen of the Drosophila

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: spinal cord

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Drosophila

text: Bilaterians can be divided, based on events that occur very early in embryonic development, into two groups (superphyla) called protostomes and deuterostomes.  Deuterostomes include vertebrates as well as echinoderms, hemichordates (mainly acorn worms), and Xenoturbellidans. Protostomes, the more diverse group, include arthropods, molluscs, and numerous types of worms.  There is a basic difference between the two groups in the placement of the nervous system within the body:  protostomes possess a nerve cord on the ventral (usually bottom) side of the body, whereas in deuterostomes the nerve cord is on the dorsal (usually top) side.  In fact, numerous aspects of the body are inverted between the two groups, including the expression patterns of several genes that show dorsal-to-ventral gradients.  Most anatomists now consider that the bodies of protostomes and deuterostomes are "flipped over" with respect to each other, a hypothesis that was first proposed by Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire for insects in comparison to vertebrates.  Thus insects, for example, have nerve cords that run along the ventral midline of the body, while all vertebrates have spinal cords that run along the dorsal midline.

text: Bilaterians can be divided, based on events that occur very early in embryonic development, into two groups (

text: superphyla

text: ) called

text: protostomes

text: and

text: deuterostome

text: s.  Deuterostomes include vertebrates as well as

text: echinoderm

text: s,

text: hemichordates

text: (mainly acorn worms), and

text: Xenoturbellida

text: ns. Protostomes, the more diverse group, include

text: arthropod

text: s,

text: mollusc

text: s, and numerous types of worms.  There is a basic difference between the two groups in the placement of the nervous system within the body:  protostomes possess a nerve cord on the ventral (usually bottom) side of the body, whereas in deuterostomes the nerve cord is on the dorsal (usually top) side.  In fact, numerous aspects of the body are inverted between the two groups, including the expression patterns of several genes that show dorsal-to-ventral gradients.  Most anatomists now consider that the bodies of protostomes and deuterostomes are "flipped over" with respect to each other, a hypothesis that was first proposed by

text: Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire

text: for insects in comparison to vertebrates.  Thus insects, for example, have nerve cords that run along the ventral midline of the body, while all vertebrates have spinal cords that run along the dorsal midline.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: echinoderms

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: spinal cords

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: protostomes possess a nerve cord on the ventral

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: spinal cords

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: spinal cords that run along the what midline?

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: dorsal

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: spinal cords that run along the dorsal midline

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: echinoderms

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: insects, for example, have nerve cords that run along the ventral midline of the body

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: echinoderms

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: deuterostomes

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: deuterostomes

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: deuterostomes

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the difference between protostomes and deuterostomes?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: deuterostomes

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: cartilage skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are placed in five different classes?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: embryonic development

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: protostomes

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: deuterostomes

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: deuterostomes

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: deuterostomes

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: deuterostomes

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: embryonic development

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: echinoderms,

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: echinoderms,

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: spinal cords that run along the dorsal midline.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: insects, for example, have nerve cords that run along the ventral

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: spinal cords that run along the dorsal midline.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: spinal cords that run along the dorsal midline.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: protostomes possess a nerve cord on the ventral

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: spinal cords that run along the dorsal midline.

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: spinal cords that run along the dorsal midline.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: echinoderms,

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: insects,

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: echinoderms,

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: insects

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: dorsal midline.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: protostomes possess a nerve cord on the ventral

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: dorsal midline.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: deuterostomes

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: dorsal midline.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: protostomes possess a nerve cord on the ventral

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: insects

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: protostomes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: echinoderms,

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: dorsal midline.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: embryonic

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: genes

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: spinal cords that run along the dorsal midline.

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: protostomes and deuterostomes.

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: genes that show dorsal-to-ventral gradients.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: hemichordates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: embryonic

text: The posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA), the largest branch of the vertebral artery, is one of the three main arterial blood supplies for the cerebellum, part of the brain. Occlusion of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery or one of its branches, or of the vertebral artery leads to lateral medullary syndrome also called Wallenberg syndrome.

text: The posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA), the largest branch of the

text: vertebral artery

text: , is one of the three main

text: arterial

text: blood

text: supplies for the

text: cerebellum

text: , part of the

text: brain

text: Occlusion

text: of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery or one of its branches, or of the vertebral artery leads to

text: lateral medullary syndrome

text: also called Wallenberg syndrome.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: vertebral artery

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: one

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: part of the brain

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: Occlusion of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery or one of its branches

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: arteries

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebral artery

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Occlusion of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery or one of its branches

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What does PICA stand for?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: medullary

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Wallenberg syndrome

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: Wallenberg syndrome

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebral

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Wallenberg syndrome

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: medullary

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: medusa

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: lateral medullary syndrome

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: three

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: arterial blood supplies for the cerebellum,

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: lateral medullary syndrome

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: three

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebral artery,

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: lateral medullary

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: The posterior inferior cerebellar artery

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: lateral medullary syndrome

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: The posterior inferior cerebellar artery

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: lateral medullary syndrome

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: The posterior inferior cerebellar artery

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: The posterior inferior cerebellar artery

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: The posterior inferior cerebellar artery

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: The posterior inferior cerebellar artery

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: The posterior inferior cerebellar artery

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: lateral medullary syndrome

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: lateral medullary syndrome

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: The posterior inferior cerebellar artery

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: The posterior inferior cerebellar artery

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: The posterior inferior cerebellar artery

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: The posterior inferior cerebellar artery

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: three

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: lateral medullary syndrome also called Wallenberg syndrome.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: The posterior inferior cerebellar artery

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: lateral medullary syndrome also called Wallenberg syndrome.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: Wallenberg syndrome.

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebral artery,

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: lateral medullary syndrome also called Wallenberg syndrome.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: medullary

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: The posterior inferior cerebellar artery

text: Not as arid as the tundra, the taiga is associated with the sub-Arctic regions of the Canadian Shield and is characterized by a greater number of both plant (600) and animal (206) species, many of which live there all year. The taiga covers about 20% of the total area of Quebec. The Canadian boreal forest is the northernmost and most abundant of the three forest areas in Quebec that straddle the Canadian Shield and the upper lowlands of the province. Given a warmer climate, the diversity of organisms is also higher, since there are about 850 plant species and 280 vertebrates species. The Canadian boreal forest covers 27% of the area of Quebec. The mixed forest is a transition zone between the Canadian boreal forest and deciduous forest. By virtue of its transient nature, this area contains a diversity of habitats resulting in large numbers of plant (1000) and vertebrates (350) species, despite relatively cool temperatures. The ecozone mixed forest covers 11.5% of the area of Quebec and is characteristic of the Laurentians, the Appalachians and the eastern lowlands forests. The third most northern forest area is characterized by deciduous forests. Because of its climate (average annual temperature of ), it is in this area that one finds the greatest diversity of species, including more than 1600 vascular plants and 440 vertebrates. Its relatively long growing season lasts almost 200 days and its fertile soils make it the centre of agricultural activity and therefore of urbanization of Quebec. Most of Quebec's population lives in this area of vegetation, almost entirely along the banks of the St. Lawrence. Deciduous forests cover approximately 6.6% of the area of Quebec.

text: Not as arid as the

text: tundra

text: , the

text: taiga

text: is associated with the sub-Arctic regions of the

text: Canadian Shield

text: and is characterized by a greater number of both plant (600) and animal (206) species, many of which live there all year. The

text: taiga

text: covers about 20% of the total area of Quebec. The

text: Canadian boreal forest

text: is the northernmost and most abundant of the three forest areas in Quebec that straddle the

text: Canadian Shield

text: and the upper

text: lowlands

text: of the province. Given a warmer climate, the diversity of organisms is also higher, since there are about 850 plant species and 280

text: vertebrate

text: s species. The

text: Canadian boreal forest

text: covers 27% of the area of Quebec. The

text: mixed forest

text: is a transition zone between the

text: Canadian boreal forest

text: and

text: deciduous forest

text: . By virtue of its transient nature, this area contains a diversity of habitats resulting in large numbers of plant (1000) and

text: vertebrate

text: s (350) species, despite relatively cool temperatures. The ecozone

text: mixed forest

text: covers 11.5% of the area of Quebec and is characteristic of the

text: Laurentians

text: , the

text: Appalachians

text: and the eastern

text: lowlands

text: forests. The third most northern forest area is characterized by

text: deciduous forest

text: s. Because of its climate (average annual temperature of ), it is in this area that one finds the greatest diversity of species, including more than 1600

text: vascular plants

text: and 440

text: vertebrate

text: s. Its relatively long growing season lasts almost 200 days and its fertile soils make it the centre of agricultural activity and therefore of urbanization of Quebec. Most of Quebec's population lives in this area of vegetation, almost entirely along the banks of the St. Lawrence. Deciduous forests cover approximately 6.6% of the area of Quebec.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: How many species are in the Canadian boreal forest?

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: 440

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: skeletal

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The Canadian boreal forest covers 27% of the area of Quebec

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrates species

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: 280 vertebrates species

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Which of the following is not a type of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: deciduous forests cover approximately 6.6% of the area of Quebec.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: 440 vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: 280 vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How does the adaptive immune system of vertebrates work?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: 440 vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: birds evolved before the first mammals appeared

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: How many more vertebrates are there than plant species?

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many different classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: How many species of vertebrates are in the Canadian boreal forest?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: tundra

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: tundra

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: tundra

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: (350)

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: 440

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: deciduous forests.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: 440

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: 440

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: 440

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: 440 vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: 440

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: 440

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: 440

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: 440

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: 440

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: deciduous forests.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: deciduous forests.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: deciduous forests.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: 440

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: deciduous forests.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: 440

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: 440 vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: 440 vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: deciduous forests.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: 440

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: 440

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: 440

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: 440 vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrates.

text: The first tetrapods are four-legged, air-breathing, terrestrial animals from which the land vertebrates descended, including humans. They evolved from lobe-finned fish, appearing in coastal water in the middle Devonian, and giving rise to the first amphibians.

text: The first

text: tetrapods

text: are four-legged, air-breathing, terrestrial animals from which the land vertebrates descended, including humans. They evolved from

text: lobe-finned fish

text: , appearing in coastal water in the middle Devonian, and giving rise to the first

text: amphibians

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: amphibians

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: four-legged

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: humans evolved from lobe-finned fish

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: legs

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrates that are four-legged

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: softer

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: air-breathing

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: humans evolved from lobe-finned fish

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: four-legged

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a tetrapod?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: amphibians

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: air-breathing

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: amphibians

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: humans.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: lobe-finned fish,

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: air-breathing,

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: lobe-finned fish,

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: four-legged,

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: lobe-finned fish,

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: air-breathing,

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: air-breathing,

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: humans.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: land

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: humans.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: lobe-finned fish,

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: lobe-finned fish,

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: The first tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: humans.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: the land vertebrates descended, including humans.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: lobe-finned

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: amphibians.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: The first tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: humans.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: humans.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: humans.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: air-breathing,

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: humans.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: air-breathing,

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: lobe-finned

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: humans.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: lobe-finned fish,

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: lobe-finned fish, appearing in coastal water

text: To power the flippers, the shoulder girdle and the pelvis had been greatly modified, developing into broad bone plates at the underside of the body, which served as an attachment surface for large muscle groups, able to pull the limbs downwards. In the shoulder, the coracoid had become the largest element covering the major part of the breast. The scapula was much smaller, forming the outer front edge of the trunk. To the middle, it continued into a clavicle and finally a small interclavicular bone. As with most tetrapods, the shoulder joint was formed by the scapula and coracoid. In the pelvis, the bone plate was formed by the ischium at the rear and the larger pubic bone in front of it. The ilium, which in land vertebrates bears the weight of the hindlimb, had become a small element at the rear, no longer attached to either the pubic bone or the thighbone. The hip joint was formed by the ischium and the pubic bone. The pectoral and pelvic plates were connected by a plastron, a bone cage formed by the paired belly ribs that each had a middle and an outer section. This arrangement immobilised the entire trunk.

text: To power the flippers, the

text: shoulder girdle

text: and the

text: pelvis

text: had been greatly modified, developing into broad bone plates at the underside of the body, which served as an attachment surface for large muscle groups, able to pull the limbs downwards. In the shoulder, the

text: coracoid

text: had become the largest element covering the major part of the breast. The

text: scapula

text: was much smaller, forming the outer front edge of the trunk. To the middle, it continued into a

text: clavicle

text: and finally a small

text: interclavicular bone

text: . As with most

text: tetrapods

text: , the shoulder joint was formed by the scapula and coracoid. In the pelvis, the bone plate was formed by the

text: ischium

text: at the rear and the larger

text: pubic bone

text: in front of it. The

text: ilium

text: , which in land vertebrates bears the weight of the hindlimb, had become a small element at the rear, no longer attached to either the pubic bone or the thighbone. The hip joint was formed by the ischium and the pubic bone. The pectoral and pelvic plates were connected by a

text: plastron

text: , a bone cage formed by the paired

text: belly rib

text: s that each had a middle and an outer section. This arrangement immobilised the entire trunk.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: attachment surface for large muscle groups

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The hip joint was formed by the ischium and the pubic bone

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: ribs

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: the scapula and coracoid

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense than what?

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: tetrapod

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Which of the following is not a tetrapod?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: the ilium, which in land vertebrates bears the weight of the hindlimb

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: How many years before birds evolved?

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are living species of vertebrates placed in?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Which of the following is not true?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: Tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: ilium

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: as with most tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: scapula

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: ischium

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: tetrapods,

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: flippers,

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: an attachment surface for large muscle groups,

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: land vertebrates bears the weight of the hindlimb,

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: tetrapods,

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: broad bone plates

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: bone plates

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: tetrapods,

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: land vertebrates bears the weight of the hindlimb,

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: land

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: land vertebrates bears the weight of the hindlimb,

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: land

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: land

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: broad bone plates

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: broad bone plates

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: tetrapods,

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: tetrapods,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: broad bone plates

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: bone plates

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: flippers,

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: bone plates

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: tetrapods,

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: tetrapods,

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: tetrapods,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: bone plates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: flippers,

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: tetrapods,

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: bone plates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: muscle groups,

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: broad bone plates

text: An endoskeleton (From Greek ἔνδον, éndon = "within", "inner" + σκελετός, skeletos = "skeleton") is an internal support structure of an animal, composed of mineralized tissue.

text: An endoskeleton (From Greek ἔνδον, éndon = "within", "inner" + σκελετός, skeletos = "skeleton") is an internal support structure of an

text: animal

text: , composed of

text: mineralized tissue

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: endoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: six

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: support structure

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: An endoskeleton is an internal support structure of an animal.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: limbs

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: mineralized

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: endoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: endoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: An endoskeleton is an internal support structure of an animal.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: endoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: It is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes are vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: endoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: endoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: endoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: endoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: endoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: endoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: endoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: endoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: An endoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: support

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: endoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: endoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: mineralized tissue.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: mineralized tissue.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: endoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: endoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: endoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: An endoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: endoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: endoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: endoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: endoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: endoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: endoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: endoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: endoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: endoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: endoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: endoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: endoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: endoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: endoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: endoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: endoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: mineralized

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: endoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: mineralized

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: endoskeleton

text: Even many terrestrial vertebrates exhibit differences in the scaling of limb dimension, limb coordination and magnitude of forelimb-hind limb loading, in the dog, horse and elephant the structure of the distal forelimb is similar to that of the distal hind limb.  In the human, the structures of the hand are generally similar in shape and arrangement to those of the foot. Terrestrial vertebrate quadrupeds and bipeds generally possess distal limb and foot endoskeleton structures that are aligned in series, stacked in a relatively vertical orientation and arranged in a quasi-columnar fashion in the extended limb.  In the dog and horse, the bones of the proximal limbs are oriented vertically, whereas the distal limb structures of the ankle and foot have an angulated orientation.  In humans and elephants, a vertical-column orientation of the bones in the limbs and feet is also evident for associated skeletal muscle-tendon units.  The horse’s foot contains an external nail (hoof) oriented about the perimeter in the shape of a semicircle.  The underlying bones are arranged in a semi-vertical orientation.  The dog’s paw similarly contains bones arranged in a semi-vertical orientation.

text: Even many terrestrial vertebrates exhibit differences in the scaling of limb dimension, limb coordination and magnitude of forelimb-hind limb loading, in the dog, horse and elephant the structure of the distal forelimb is similar to that of the distal hind limb.  In the human, the structures of the hand are generally similar in shape and arrangement to those of the foot. Terrestrial vertebrate quadrupeds and bipeds generally possess distal limb and foot

text: endoskeleton

text: structures that are aligned in series, stacked in a relatively vertical orientation and arranged in a quasi-columnar fashion in the extended limb.  In the dog and horse, the bones of the proximal limbs are oriented vertically, whereas the distal limb structures of the ankle and foot have an angulated orientation.  In humans and elephants, a vertical-column orientation of the bones in the limbs and feet is also evident for associated skeletal muscle-tendon units.  The horse’s foot contains an external nail (hoof) oriented about the perimeter in the shape of a semicircle.  The underlying bones are arranged in a semi-vertical orientation.  The dog’s paw similarly contains bones arranged in a semi-vertical orientation.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: quadrupeds and bipeds

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: endoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: distal limb structures of the ankle and foot have an angulated orientation

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: limbs

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: skeletal muscle-tendon units

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: oriented vertically

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: glands that secrete hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: in the dog, horse and elephant the structure of the distal forelimb is similar to that of the distal hind limb

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What does the adaptive immune system of vertebrates learn to recognize and attack?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class: quadrupeds and bipeds

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: In the dog, horse and elephant

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: external

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: The horse’s foot contains an external nail (hoof)

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: angulated

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: Tendon

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: endoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: endoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: endoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: quadrupeds and bipeds

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: terrestrial vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: skeletal muscle-tendon units.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: vertically,

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: quadrupeds and bipeds

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: distal limb and foot

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertically,

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: quadrupeds and bipeds

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Terrestrial vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: quadrupeds and bipeds

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: differences

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: quadrupeds and bipeds

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: terrestrial vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: endoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Even many terrestrial vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: terrestrial vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Terrestrial vertebrate quadrupeds and bipeds

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Terrestrial vertebrate quadrupeds and bipeds

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: terrestrial vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Even many terrestrial vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: differences in the scaling of limb dimension,

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: terrestrial vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Terrestrial vertebrate quadrupeds and bipeds

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: terrestrial vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: limb dimension,

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: terrestrial vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: Terrestrial vertebrate quadrupeds and bipeds

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: skeletal muscle-tendon

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: skeletal muscle-tendon units.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: skeletal muscle-tendon

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: limb dimension,

text: In 1969, Dr. Opdyke & Ken Henry used marine core data for a convincing test of the GADhypothesis that is central to the use of paleomagnetism in continentalreconstruction. Opdyke’s work with Nick Shackleton in 1973 marked thebeginning of the integration of oxygen isotope stratigraphy andmagnetostratigraphy that has led to current methods of tuningtimescales. Neil pioneered magnetic stratigraphy in terrestrial(non-marine) sediments and produced some of the most impressive records, notably from Pakistan and southwestern USA. These studies led to a vastly improved time frame for vertebrate evolution and allowed the documentation of mammal migration.

text: In 1969, Dr. Opdyke & Ken Henry used marine core data for a convincing test of the GADhypothesis that is central to the use of paleomagnetism in continentalreconstruction. Opdyke’s work with

text: Nick Shackleton

text: in 1973 marked thebeginning of the integration of oxygen isotope stratigraphy andmagnetostratigraphy that has led to current methods of tuningtimescales. Neil pioneered magnetic stratigraphy in terrestrial(non-marine) sediments and produced some of the most impressive records, notably from Pakistan and southwestern USA. These studies led to a vastly improved time frame for vertebrate evolution and allowed the documentation of mammal migration.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: mammals

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: mammal migration

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: mammal migration

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: limbs

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrates that are what?

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: migration

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: What did Dr. Opdyke & Ken Henry use marine core data for?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: mammal

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: mammal migration

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: mammal

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: What is the first vertebrate that did not need water to reproduce?

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: vertebrate evolution and allowed the documentation of mammal migration

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: None of the above choices are true

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: vertebrate evolution and allowed the documentation of mammal migration

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a living species of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: GAD

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: mammal migration

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Nick Shackleton

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: marine core

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: mammal

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: marine

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: evolution

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: GADhypothesis

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: oxygen isotope stratigraphy andmagnetostratigraphy

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: oxygen isotope stratigraphy andmagnetostratigraphy

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: migration.

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: oxygen isotope stratigraphy andmagnetostratigraphy

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: marine

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: GADhypothesis

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: marine

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: terrestrial(non-marine) sediments

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: GADhypothesis

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: vertebrate evolution

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: mammal

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: andmagnetostratigraphy

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: andmagnetostratigraphy

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: vertebrate evolution

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: GADhypothesis

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: USA.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: vertebrate evolution

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: GADhypothesis

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: oxygen isotope stratigraphy andmagnetostratigraphy

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: GADhypothesis

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: migration.

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: paleomagnetism

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: marine core

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrate evolution

text: The fauna of the region is rich in species, many of them endemic and represented only by small populations which indicates a fragile ecosystem. Birds are the most numerous group of vertebrates, with 58 species in 50 different genus and 22 families. Hunting, deforestation, the introduction of agriculture and domestic animals have limited the number of species and number of individuals per species. Mammals found in the area include the tapeti, jaguarundi, crab-eating fox, and common opossum.

text: The fauna of the region is rich in species, many of them endemic and represented only by small populations which indicates a fragile ecosystem. Birds are the most numerous group of vertebrates, with 58 species in 50 different genus and 22 families. Hunting,

text: deforestation

text: , the introduction of agriculture and domestic animals have limited the number of species and number of individuals per species. Mammals found in the area include the

text: tapeti

text: jaguarundi

text: crab-eating fox

text: , and

text: common opossum

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Birds

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: 22 families

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: skeletal

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: Birds are the most numerous group of vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: families

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: birds

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: Hunting

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: glands that secrete hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Birds

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: birds are the most numerous group of vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: birds

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which of the following is not a group of vertebrates: Birds, birds, or mammals?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the most numerous group of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unknown

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a family: birds, crab-eating fox, or mammals?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: domestic animals

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: common opossum

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: domestic animals

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Birds

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: 22

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: ecosystem.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: Birds are the most numerous

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: 22 families.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Birds

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: individuals

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Birds

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Birds

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Birds are the most numerous

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Birds

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Birds

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: 58 species in 50 different genus and 22 families.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Birds

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: Birds

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: 58 species in 50 different genus and 22 families.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: 58 species in 50 different genus and 22 families.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: 58 species in 50 different genus and 22 families.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Birds

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: 58 species in 50 different genus and 22 families.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: 58

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: 22 families.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Birds

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: domestic animals

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: Birds

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: domestic animals

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrates,

text: Vertebrate palaeontology had mapped out the evolutionary sequence of vertebrates as currently understood fairly well by the closing of the 19th century, followed by a reasonable understanding of the evolutionary sequence of the plant kingdom by the early 20th century. The tying together of the various trees into a grand Tree of Life only really became possible with advancements in microbiology and biochemistry in the period between the World Wars.

text: Vertebrate palaeontology

text: had mapped out the evolutionary sequence of vertebrates as currently understood fairly well by the closing of the 19th century, followed by a reasonable understanding of the evolutionary sequence of the

text: plant kingdom

text: by the early 20th century. The tying together of the various trees into a grand Tree of Life only really became possible with advancements in

text: microbiology

text: and

text: biochemistry

text: in the period between the World Wars.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: plants

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: tying together of the various trees

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: Tree of Life only really became possible with advancements in microbiology and biochemistry in the period between the World Wars.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: Vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Vertebrate palaeontology

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: the Tree of Life only really became possible with advancements in microbiology and biochemistry in the period between the World Wars.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: Vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: advancements in microbiology

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: plant kingdom

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: plant kingdom

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: tying together of the various trees into a grand Tree of Life

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: understood fairly well by the closing of the 19th century,

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: closing of the 19th century,

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: Vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: plant kingdom

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Vertebrate palaeontology

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: plant kingdom

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: advancements in microbiology and biochemistry

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Vertebrate palaeontology

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Vertebrate palaeontology

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: advancements in microbiology and biochemistry

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Vertebrate palaeontology

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: advancements in microbiology and biochemistry

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: Vertebrate palaeontology

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Vertebrate palaeontology

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: biochemistry

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: biochemistry

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: Vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: plant

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: biochemistry

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: Vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: biochemistry

text: Bone tissue is a mineralized connective tissue. It is formed by cells, called osteoblasts, that deposit a matrix of Type-I collagen and also release calcium, magnesium, and phosphate ions that ultimately combine chemically within the collagenous matrix into a crystalline mineral, known as bone mineral, in the form of carbonated hydroxyapatite. The combination of hard mineral and flexible collagen makes bone harder and stronger than cartilage without being brittle. Cortical bone consists of a repeating structure called an osteon or haversian system, which is the primary anatomical and functional unit. Each osteon has concentric lamellae (layers) of mineralized matrix, which are deposited around a central canal, known as the haversian canal, each containing blood and nerve supply.

text: Bone tissue is a

text: mineralized connective tissue

text: . It is formed by cells, called

text: osteoblast

text: s, that deposit a matrix of

text: Type-I collagen

text: and also release calcium, magnesium, and phosphate ions that ultimately combine chemically within the collagenous matrix into a crystalline mineral, known as

text: bone mineral

text: , in the form of carbonated

text: hydroxyapatite

text: . The combination of hard mineral and flexible collagen makes bone harder and stronger than

text: cartilage

text: without being brittle. Cortical bone consists of a repeating structure called an

text: osteon

text: or haversian system, which is the primary anatomical and functional unit. Each osteon has concentric

text: lamellae

text: (layers) of mineralized matrix, which are deposited around a central canal, known as the

text: haversian canal

text: , each containing blood and nerve supply.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are mentioned?

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: blood and nerve supply

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: cartilage without being brittle

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrates have four vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Bone tissue

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: harder and stronger

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Calcium, magnesium, and phosphate ions

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: vertebrate reproduction is asexual

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How does the immune system of vertebrates learn to recognize and attack specific pathogens

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: How many years before the first mammals appeared?

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Which of the following is not a vertebrate?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: haversian

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: haversian system

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: haversian system

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: haversian system

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: Bone tissue

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Bone tissue

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: osteoblasts,

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: Bone tissue

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: blood and nerve supply.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: cartilage without being brittle.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: calcium, magnesium, and phosphate ions

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: osteon

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: harder and stronger

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: osteoblasts,

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: calcium, magnesium, and phosphate ions

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: osteoblasts,

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Bone tissue

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: osteoblasts,

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Bone tissue

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Bone tissue

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Bone tissue

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: osteoblasts,

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Bone tissue

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: osteoblasts,

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Bone tissue

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: Bone tissue

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: calcium, magnesium, and phosphate ions

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Bone tissue

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: osteoblasts,

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: osteoblasts,

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: osteoblasts,

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Bone tissue

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: Bone

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: osteoblasts,

text: Controversy about the 2R hypothesis hinged on the nature of paralogy regions. It is not disputed that human chromosomes bear sets of genes related to sets of genes on other chromosomes; the controversy centres on whether they were generated by large-scale duplications that doubled all the genes at the same time, or whether a series of individual gene duplications occurred followed by chromosomal rearrangement to shuffle sets of genes together. Hughes and colleagues found that phylogenetic trees built from different gene families within paralogy regions had different shapes, suggesting that the gene families had different evolutionary histories. This was suggested to be inconsistent with the 2R hypothesis. However, other researchers have argued that such 'topology tests' do not test 2R rigorously, because recombination could have occurred between the closely related chromosomes generated by polyploidy, because inappropriate genes had been compared and because different predictions are made if genome duplication occurred through hybridisation between species. In addition, several researchers were able to date duplications of gene families within paralogy regions consistently to the early evolution of vertebrates, after divergence from amphioxus, consistent with the 2R hypothesis. When complete genome sequences became available for vertebrates, Ciona intestinalis and amphioxus, it was found that much of the human genome was arranged in paralogy regions that could be traced to large-scale duplications, and that these duplications occurred after vertebrates had diverged from tunicates  and amphioxus. This would date the two genome duplications to between 550 and 450 million years ago.

text: Controversy about the 2R hypothesis hinged on the nature of

text: paralogy regions

text: . It is not disputed that human

text: chromosomes

text: bear sets of genes related to sets of genes on other

text: chromosomes

text: ; the controversy centres on whether they were generated by large-scale duplications that doubled all the genes at the same time, or whether a series of individual

text: gene duplications

text: occurred followed by

text: chromosomal rearrangement

text: to shuffle sets of genes together. Hughes and colleagues found that

text: phylogenetic trees

text: built from different

text: gene families

text: within

text: paralogy regions

text: had different shapes, suggesting that the gene families had different evolutionary histories. This was suggested to be inconsistent with the 2R hypothesis. However, other researchers have argued that such 'topology tests' do not test 2R rigorously, because

text: recombination

text: could have occurred between the closely related chromosomes generated by

text: polyploidy

text: , because inappropriate genes had been compared and because different predictions are made if

text: genome duplication

text: occurred through

text: hybrid

text: isation between species. In addition, several researchers were able to date duplications of gene families within

text: paralogy regions

text: consistently to the early evolution of vertebrates, after divergence from amphioxus, consistent with the 2R hypothesis. When complete

text: genome sequences

text: became available for

text: vertebrates

text: Ciona intestinalis

text: and

text: amphioxus

text: , it was found that much of the

text: human genome

text: was arranged in

text: paralogy regions

text: that could be traced to large-scale duplications, and that these duplications occurred after

text: vertebrates

text: had diverged from

text: tunicates

text: and

text: amphioxus

text: . This would date the two

text: genome duplications

text: to between 550 and 450 million years ago.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: tunicates and amphioxus

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: tunicates

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: spinal cord

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: diverged from tunicates and amphioxus

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: chromosome

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Amphioxus

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: polyploidy

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: amphioxus

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: diverged from tunicates and amphioxus

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: amphioxus

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: diverged from tunicates

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: ectothermy

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: divergence from amphioxus

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: This was suggested to be inconsistent with the 2R hypothesis.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: amphioxus

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: amphioxus

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes are vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: tunicates

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: polyploidy

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: tunicates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: amphioxus

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: amphioxus

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: amphioxus

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Ciona intestinalis and amphioxus,

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: tunicates

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: gene families within paralogy regions consistently to the early evolution of vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: 2R hypothesis.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: chromosomes;

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Ciona intestinalis

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: polyploidy,

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: 2R hypothesis.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: amphioxus,

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: 2R hypothesis.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: amphioxus,

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: amphioxus,

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: 2R hypothesis.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: amphioxus,

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: 2R hypothesis.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: 2R hypothesis.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: 2R hypothesis.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: 2R hypothesis.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: 2R hypothesis.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: 550

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: 550

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: 2R hypothesis.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: 2R hypothesis.

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: 2R hypothesis.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: polyploidy,

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: 2R

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: tunicates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: 2R hypothesis.

text: Surgical treatmentIn some cases, surgery is the only way to eliminate or reduce pain. There are several types of surgery for treatment of hallux rigidus. The type of surgery is based on the stage of hallux rigidus.  Stage 1 hallux rigidus involves some loss of range of motion of the big toe joint or first MTP joint and is often treated conservatively with prescription foot orthotics.  Stage 2 hallux rigidus involves greater loss of range of motion and cartilage and may be treated via cheilectomy in which the metatarsal head is reshaped and bone spurs reduced.  Stage 3 hallux rigidus often involves significant cartilage loss and may be treated by an osteotomy in which cartilage on the first metatarsal head is repositioned, possibly coupled with a hemi-implant in which the base of the proximal phalanx (base of the big toe) is resurfaced.  Stage 4 hallux rigidus, also known as end stage hallux rigidus involves severe loss of range of motion of the big toe joint and cartilage loss.  Stage 4 hallux rigidus may be treated via fusion of the joint (arthrodesis) or implant arthroplasty in which both sides of the joint are resurfaced or a hinged implant is used.  Fusion of the joint is often viewed as more definitive but may lead to significant alteration of gait causing postural symptomatology. The implants termed "two part unconstrained" implants in which a "ball" type device is placed on the first metatarsal head and "socket" portion on the base of the big toe do not have a good long term track record.  The hinged implants have been in existence since the 1970s, have been continually improved and have the best record of improving long term function.

text: Surgical treatmentIn some cases, surgery is the only way to eliminate or reduce pain. There are several types of surgery for treatment of hallux rigidus. The type of surgery is based on the stage of hallux rigidus.  Stage 1 hallux rigidus involves some loss of range of motion of the big toe joint or first MTP joint and is often treated conservatively with prescription foot orthotics.  Stage 2 hallux rigidus involves greater loss of range of motion and cartilage and may be treated via

text: cheilectomy

text: in which the metatarsal head is reshaped and bone spurs reduced.  Stage 3 hallux rigidus often involves significant cartilage loss and may be treated by an osteotomy in which cartilage on the first metatarsal head is repositioned, possibly coupled with a hemi-implant in which the base of the proximal phalanx (base of the big toe) is resurfaced.  Stage 4 hallux rigidus, also known as end stage hallux rigidus involves severe loss of range of motion of the big toe joint and cartilage loss.  Stage 4 hallux rigidus may be treated via fusion of the joint (

text: arthrodesis

text: ) or implant

text: arthroplasty

text: in which both sides of the joint are resurfaced or a hinged implant is used.  Fusion of the joint is often viewed as more definitive but may lead to significant alteration of gait causing postural symptomatology. The implants termed "two part unconstrained" implants in which a "ball" type device is placed on the first metatarsal head and "socket" portion on the base of the big toe do not have a good long term track record.  The hinged implants have been in existence since the 1970s, have been continually improved and have the best record of improving long term function.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Hallux rigidus

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: one

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: function

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: the hinged implants have been in existence since the 1970s

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: limbs

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrates that are what?

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: Bone spurs reduce

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: amphibians

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: vertebrate reproduction is asexual

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: echinoderms

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: What is the first vertebrates that did not need water to reproduce?

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which of the following is not a type of vertebrate?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: The hinged implants have been in existence since the 1970s

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How does the immune system of vertebrates work?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: How long ago did birds evolve?

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: How many vertebrates are mentioned?

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Which of the following is not a type of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: Arthrodesis

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: postural

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: cheilectomy

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: arthrodesis

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: rigidus

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: 4

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: joint and cartilage loss.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: cartilage loss.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: us may be treated via fusion of the joint

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: hallux rigidus

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: bone spurs

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: fusion

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: pain.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: fusion of the joint (arthrodesis)

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: "two part unconstrained" implants

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: "two part unconstrained"

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: hallux rigidus

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Stage 4 hallux rigidus

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Stage 4 hallux rigidus

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: fusion of the joint

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: hallux rigidus

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Stage 4 hallux rigidus

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: The hinged implants have been in existence since the 1970s,

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: "two part unconstrained"

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Stage 4 hallux rigidus

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: Stage 4 hallux rigidus

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Stage 4

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Stage 4 hallux rigidus

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: lage loss.

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: postural symptomatology.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: fusion of the joint (arthrodesis)

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: fusion of the joint (arthrodesis)

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: lage loss.

text: It is a common misconception that common snapping turtles may be safely picked up by the tail with no harm to the animal; in fact, this has a high chance of injuring the turtle, especially the tail itself and the vertebral column. Lifting the turtle with the hands is difficult and dangerous. Snappers can stretch their necks back across their own carapace and to their hind feet on either side to bite. When they feel stressed, they release a musky odor from behind their legs.

text: It is a common misconception that common snapping turtles may be safely picked up by the tail with no harm to the animal; in fact, this has a high chance of injuring the turtle, especially the tail itself and the

text: vertebra

text: l column. Lifting the turtle with the hands is difficult and dangerous. Snappers can stretch their necks back across their own carapace and to their hind feet on either side to bite. When they feel stressed, they release a musky odor from behind their legs.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: eight

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: to bite

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: may be safely picked up by the tail with no harm to the animal

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: spines

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: When they feel stressed, they release a musky odor

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: turtles

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: common snapping turtles may be safely picked up by the tail

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which of the following is not a type of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Which of the following is not a characteristic of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: carapace

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: musky odor

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: sexual

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: carapace

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: musky odor

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: carapace

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: vertebral column.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: turtles

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: tail

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: no harm to the animal;

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebral column.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebral column.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebral column.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: stretch their necks back across their own carapace

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: musky odor

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: snapping turtles

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: no harm to the animal;

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: snapping turtles

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: snapping turtles

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Snappers can stretch their necks back across their own carapace

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: snapping turtles

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: vertebral column.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: vertebral column.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Snappers can stretch their necks back across their own carapace

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: snapping turtles may be safely picked up by the tail

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: turtles

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Snappers can stretch their necks back across their own carapace

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: vertebral column.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: vertebral column.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Lifting the turtle with the hands is difficult and dangerous.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebral column.

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: When they feel stressed, they release a musky odor

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: Snappers can stretch their necks back across their own carapace

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: carapace

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Snappers can stretch their necks back across their own carapace

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebral column.

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebral column.

text: Intramembranous ossification is one of the two essential processes during fetal development of the gnathostome (excluding chondrichthyans such as sharks) skeletal system by which rudimentary bone tissue is created. Intramembranous ossification is also an essential process during the natural healing of bone fractures and the rudimentary formation of bones of the head. Unlike endochondral ossification, which is the other process by which bone tissue is created during fetal development, cartilage is not present during intramembranous ossification.

text: Intramembranous ossification is one of the two essential processes during

text: fetal

text: development of the

text: gnathostome

text: (excluding

text: chondrichthyans

text: such as

text: shark

text: s)

text: skeletal system

text: by which rudimentary

text: bone tissue

text: is created. Intramembranous ossification is also an essential process during the natural healing of

text: bone fractures

text: and the rudimentary formation of

text: bone

text: s of the

text: head

text: . Unlike

text: endochondral ossification

text: , which is the other process by which bone tissue is created during fetal development,

text: cartilage

text: is not present during intramembranous ossification.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: gnathostome

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: ten

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: skeletal system

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: cartilage is not present during intramembranous ossification

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: bones

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: gnathostome

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: not present during intramembranous ossification

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: endochondral

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: gnathostome

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: chondrichthyans such as sharks

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: chondrichthyans

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Which is not true about sharks?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: fetal

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: endochondral ossification

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: endochondral

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: endochondral

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: fetal

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: gnathostome

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: chondrichthyans

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: rudimentary bone tissue is created.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: chondrichthyans

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Intramembranous ossification

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: not present during intramembranous ossification.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: fetal development

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: chondrichthyans

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: chondrichthyans such as sharks)

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: chondrichthyans

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: chondrichthyans such as sharks)

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: endochondral ossification,

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: chondrichthyans

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: chondrichthyans

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: chondrichthyans such as sharks)

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Intramembranous ossification

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: chondrichthyans

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: chondrichthyans

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: chondrichthyans

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: chondrichthyans

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: chondrichthyans

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: fetal

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: chondrichthyans

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: Intramembranous ossification

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: chondrichthyans

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: fetal

text: Oikopleura dioica is used as a model organism, a role for which it has several features to recommend it. It has the typical chordate body plan, it is simple to keep and breed in the laboratory, it produces large numbers of eggs and the generation time is only four days at . In the Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, inbred lines have been developed using repeated matings of closely related individuals. The molecular base of a number of aspects of vertebrate development is identical in these simple chordates to those in higher vertebrates. As an example, the brachyury gene and the homolog of the PAX2 gene both play a similar role in the development of tunicates as they do in vertebrates. Complex aspects of vertebral development such as the differentiation of the central nervous system can thus be studied in the laboratory. The genome has been sequenced and contains about 15,000 genes, approximately half the number occurring in vertebrates. Comparison of the genome with that of other chordates will help identify the genes which appeared early in the vertebrate lineage.

text: Oikopleura dioica is used as a

text: model organism

text: , a role for which it has several features to recommend it. It has the typical chordate body plan, it is simple to keep and breed in the laboratory, it produces large numbers of eggs and the generation time is only four days at . In the

entity_name: Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology

text: Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology

text: , inbred lines have been developed using repeated matings of closely related individuals. The molecular base of a number of aspects of vertebrate development is identical in these simple chordates to those in higher vertebrates. As an example, the

text: brachyury

text: gene and the

text: homolog

text: of the

text: gene both play a similar role in the development of tunicates as they do in vertebrates. Complex aspects of vertebral development such as the differentiation of the

text: central nervous system

text: can thus be studied in the laboratory. The genome has been sequenced and contains about 15,000 genes, approximately half the number occurring in vertebrates. Comparison of the genome with that of other chordates will help identify the genes which appeared early in the vertebrate lineage.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: chordates

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: eight

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: central nervous system

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: complex aspects of vertebral development such as the differentiation of the central nervous system can thus be studied in the laboratory

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: genes

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebral skeleton

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: repeated mating

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: tunicates

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: inbred lines have been developed using repeated matings of closely related individuals

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: simple chordates

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: chordates

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Oikopleura dioica

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which class is Oikopleura dioica?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebral development

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: tunicates

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: brachyury

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: tunicates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: brachyury gene

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebral development

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: tunicates

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: chordate

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: differentiation of the central nervous system

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: identical in these simple chordates to those in higher vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: four days

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: central nervous system

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: simple to keep and breed in the laboratory,

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: repeated matings

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: eggs

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: simple chordates

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: higher vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: simple chordates

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: four days at. In the Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology,

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: genes which appeared early in the vertebrate lineage.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Oikopleura dioica

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: higher vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: higher vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: brachyury gene and the homolog of the PAX2

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: chordates to those in higher vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: chordate

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Oikopleura dioica

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: 15,000

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: chordate

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: chordate

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: differentiation of the central nervous system

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: brachyury gene

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: chordate

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: brachyury

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: brachyury gene

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: brachyury

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: differentiation of the central nervous system

text: Like all Plasmodium species P. lutzi has both vertebrate and insect hosts. The vertebrate hosts for this parasite are birds.

text: Like all Plasmodium species P. lutzi has both

text: vertebrate

text: and

text: insect

text: hosts. The vertebrate hosts for this parasite are

text: bird

text: s.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: birds

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: Host

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The vertebral column of vertebrates is made of cartilage.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: softer

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: birds

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: birds are unable to reproduce

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: birds

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: parasites

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: parasite

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: skeleton

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: insect hosts.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: The vertebrate hosts for this parasite are birds.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrate and insect

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrate and insect hosts.

text: In the species that have cartilage in the sublingua or lytta, that cartilage is not derived from the hyoid bone or hyoid arch (the bone and cartilage that supports the tongue). Instead, the cartilage of the sublingua is a separately developed structure specifically adapted to support the sublingua.

text: In the species that have cartilage in the sublingua or lytta, that cartilage is not derived from the

text: hyoid bone

text: or

text: hyoid arch

text: (the bone and cartilage that supports the tongue). Instead, the cartilage of the sublingua is a separately developed structure specifically adapted to support the sublingua.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: hyoid

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: six

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: support the sublingua

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: the cartilage of the sublingua is derived from the hyoid bone or hyoid arch

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: bones

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: the cartilage of the sublingua is a separately developed structure specifically adapted to support the sublingua

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What does the cartilage of the sublingua support?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: lytta

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: sublingua

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: lytta

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: fertilization

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: hyoid bone or hyoid arch

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: species that have cartilage in the sublingua

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: support

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: hyoid bone

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: hyoid bone

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: hyoid bone or hyoid arch

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: hyoid bone

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: hyoid bone

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hyoid bone or hyoid arch

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: hyoid bone or hyoid arch

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: derived from the hyoid bone

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: hyoid bone or hyoid arch

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: hyoid bone or hyoid arch

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: hyoid bone or hyoid arch

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: hyoid bone or hyoid arch

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: hyoid bone

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: hyoid bone

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: hyoid bone or hyoid arch

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: hyoid bone or hyoid arch

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: hyoid bone or hyoid arch

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: hyoid bone or hyoid arch

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: hyoid bone or hyoid arch

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: hyoid bone

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: hyoid bone

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: hyoid bone or hyoid arch

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: hyoid bone or hyoid arch

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: hyoid bone or hyoid arch

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: hyoid bone

text: In many vertebrates, the sclera is reinforced with plates of cartilage or bone, together forming a circular structure called the sclerotic ring. In primitive fish, this ring consists of four plates, but the number is lower in many living ray-finned fishes, and much higher in lobe-finned fishes, various reptiles, and birds. The ring has disappeared in many groups, including living amphibians, some reptiles and fish, and all mammals.

text: In many

text: vertebrate

text: s, the sclera is reinforced with plates of

text: cartilage

text: or

text: bone

text: , together forming a circular structure called the

text: sclerotic ring

text: . In primitive fish, this ring consists of four plates, but the number is lower in many living

text: ray-finned fish

text: es, and much higher in

text: lobe-finned fish

text: es, various

text: reptile

text: s, and

text: bird

text: s. The ring has disappeared in many groups, including living

text: amphibian

text: s, some reptiles and fish, and all

text: mammal

text: s.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: fish, amphibians, reptiles, and fish

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: four

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: scleric

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The ring has disappeared in many groups

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: plates

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: cartilage or bone

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: The ring has disappeared

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: The ring has disappeared in many groups

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the sclerotic ring?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many different classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: amphibians

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: The ring has disappeared

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: amphibians

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: amphibians, some reptiles and fish, and all mammals.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: four

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: sclera is reinforced with plates of cartilage or bone,

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: sclerotic ring.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: lobe-finned fishes,

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: plates of cartilage or bone,

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: bone,

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: The ring

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: sclerotic ring.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: fish,

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: sclerotic ring.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: fish,

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: amphibians,

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: sclerotic ring.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: lobe-finned fishes,

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: sclerotic ring.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: sclerotic ring.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: four plates,

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: sclerotic ring.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: amphibians, some reptiles and fish, and all mammals.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: sclerotic ring.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: sclerotic ring.

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: sclerotic ring.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: The ring has disappeared

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: sclerotic ring.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: bone,

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: sclerotic ring.

text: The sequestration of oxygen-carrying proteins inside specialized cells (as opposed to oxygen carriers being dissolved in body fluid) was an important step in the evolution of vertebrates as it allows for less viscous blood, higher concentrations of oxygen, and better diffusion of oxygen from the blood to the tissues. The size of erythrocytes varies widely among vertebrate species; erythrocyte width is on average about 25% larger than capillary diameter, and it has been hypothesized that this improves the oxygen transfer from erythrocytes to tissues.

text: The sequestration of oxygen-carrying proteins inside specialized cells (as opposed to oxygen carriers being dissolved in body fluid) was an important step in the evolution of

text: vertebrates

text: as it allows for less

text: viscous

text: blood, higher concentrations of oxygen, and better diffusion of oxygen from the blood to the tissues. The size of erythrocytes varies widely among vertebrate species; erythrocyte width is on average about 25% larger than

text: capillary

text: diameter, and it has been hypothesized that this improves the oxygen transfer from erythrocytes to tissues.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: what is the first group mentioned?

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: one

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: better diffusion of oxygen from the blood to the tissues

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: erythrocyte width is on average about 25% larger than capillary diameter

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: specialized cells

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: specialized cells

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: oxygen carriers being dissolved in body fluid

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: tissue

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: specialized cells

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: species;

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: better diffusion of oxygen from the blood to the tissues.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: dissolved in body fluid)

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: erythrocytes

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: specialized cells

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: The sequestration of oxygen-carrying proteins inside specialized cells

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: oxygen-carrying proteins

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: oxygen-carrying proteins inside specialized cells

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: dissolved in body fluid)

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: oxygen-carrying proteins inside specialized cells

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: The sequestration of oxygen-carrying proteins inside specialized cells

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: The sequestration of oxygen-carrying proteins inside specialized cells

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: The sequestration of oxygen-carrying proteins inside specialized cells

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: The sequestration of oxygen-carrying proteins inside specialized cells

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: 25% larger than capillary diameter,

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: 25% larger than capillary diameter,

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: erythrocyte width

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: The sequestration of oxygen-carrying proteins inside specialized cells

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: tissues.

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: The sequestration of oxygen-carrying proteins inside specialized cells

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: tissues.

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrates

text: Landscape can have an influence on how communities and societies evolve and vice verse. Communities can shape how the landscape is used based on the needs of the community. We can see an example of this in Canada's landscape and the role the railroads had in shaping the community. With the introduction of the railroad, Canada's wild lands were more susceptible to exploitation. On the contrary to that, the railroad system also allowed the community to experience Canada's array of National Parks.(2)

text: Landscape can have an influence on how communities and societies evolve and vice verse. Communities can shape how the landscape is used based on the needs of the community. We can see an example of this in Canada's landscape and the role the railroads had in shaping the community. With the introduction of the railroad, Canada's wild lands were more susceptible to exploitation. On the contrary to that, the railroad system also allowed the community to experience Canada's array of National Parks.(2)

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: mammals, birds, and reptiles

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: skeletal support

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: the vertebral column of vertebrates is made of bones

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: limbs

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrates that have limbs

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: amphibians

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: vertebrate reproduction is asexual

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: eagles

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which of the following is not a type of vertebrate?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: what is the purpose of the kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How does the adaptive immune system of vertebrates work?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony skeletons are more rigid.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Which of the following is not a sex?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: fertilization

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: _

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: asexual

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: Bone

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: climate change

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: Minerals

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: fertilization

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Landscape can have an influence on how communities and societies

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: community.

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: needs of the community.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: Canada's wild lands were more susceptible to exploitation.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: Landscape can have an influence on how communities and societies evolve and vice verse.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Landscape

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: Landscape

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: Landscape

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Landscape

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Landscape can have an influence on how communities and societies evolve and vice verse.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Landscape

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Landscape

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: railroad,

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Landscape

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Landscape

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: Landscape

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Landscape

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Landscape

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Landscape

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Landscape

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Landscape

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: Canada's array of National Parks.(2)

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Landscape

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Landscape

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: Landscape can have an influence on how communities and societies evolve

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Landscape can have an influence on how communities and societies

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: Landscape

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: Landscape

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: railroad,

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: Landscape

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Landscape can have an influence on how communities and societies evolve

text: The general structure of human vertebrae is fairly typical of that found in mammals, reptiles, and birds. The shape of the vertebral body does, however, vary somewhat between different groups. In mammals, such as humans, it typically has flat upper and lower surfaces, while in reptiles the anterior surface commonly has a concave socket into which the expanded convex face of the next vertebral body fits. Even these patterns are only generalisations, however, and there may be variation in form of the vertebrae along the length of the spine even within a single species. Some unusual variations include the saddle-shaped sockets between the cervical vertebrae of birds and the presence of a narrow hollow canal running down the centre of the vertebral bodies of geckos and tuataras, containing a remnant of the notochord.

text: The general structure of human vertebrae is fairly typical of that found in

text: mammal

text: s,

text: reptile

text: s, and

text: bird

text: s. The shape of the vertebral body does, however, vary somewhat between different groups. In mammals, such as humans, it typically has flat upper and lower surfaces, while in reptiles the anterior surface commonly has a concave socket into which the expanded convex face of the next vertebral body fits. Even these patterns are only generalisations, however, and there may be variation in form of the vertebrae along the length of the spine even within a single species. Some unusual variations include the saddle-shaped sockets between the cervical vertebrae of birds and the presence of a narrow hollow canal running down the centre of the vertebral bodies of

text: gecko

text: s and

text: tuatara

text: s, containing a remnant of the notochord.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: mammals and reptiles

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: spinal

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: In mammals, such as humans, it typically has flat upper and lower surfaces

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: reptiles

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: In mammals, such as humans, it typically has flat upper and lower surfaces

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: reptiles

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: In mammals, such as humans, it typically has flat upper and lower surfaces

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebral

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: notochord

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebral body

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebral

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: notochord

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebral

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebral

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: mammals, reptiles, and birds.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: mammals, reptiles, and birds.

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: spine

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: flat upper and lower surfaces,

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: mammals, reptiles, and birds.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: flat upper and lower surfaces,

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: flat upper and lower surfaces,

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: mammals, reptiles, and birds.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: mammals, reptiles, and birds.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: a single species.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: mammals, reptiles, and birds.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: mammals, reptiles, and birds.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: mammals, reptiles, and birds.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: mammals, reptiles, and birds.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: mammals, reptiles, and birds.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: mammals, reptiles, and birds.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: notochord.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: reptiles the anterior surface commonly has a concave socket

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: mammals, reptiles, and birds.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: mammals, reptiles, and birds.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: notochord.

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: notochord.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: flat upper and lower surfaces,

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: notochord.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: notochord.

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: notochord.

text: In vertebrates a rachis can refer to the series of articulated vertebrae, which encase the spinal cord. In this case the rachis usually forms the supporting axis of the body and is then called the spine or vertebral column.  Rachis can also mean the central shaft of pennaceous feathers.

text: In

text: vertebrate

text: s a rachis can refer to the series of articulated

text: vertebrae

text: , which encase the

text: spinal cord

text: . In this case the rachis usually forms the supporting axis of the body and is then called the

text: spine

text: or

text: vertebral column

text: .  Rachis can also mean the central shaft of

text: pennaceous feather

text: s.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: pennaceous

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: six

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: supporting axis of the body

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: Rachis can also mean the central shaft of pennaceous feathers.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: rachis

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: pennaceous

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: a rachis can refer to the series of articulated vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: pennaceous

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the central shaft of pennaceous feathers?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: zygote

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: rachis

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: pennate

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: rachis

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: rachis

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: rachis

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: pennaceous feathers.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: pennaceous feathers.

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: supporting axis of the body

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: pennaceous feathers.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrae,

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: a rachis

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: articulated vertebrae,

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: pennaceous feathers.

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: pennaceous feathers.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: a rachis can refer to the series of articulated vertebrae,

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: pennaceous feathers.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: feathers.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: a rachis can refer to the series of articulated vertebrae,

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: a rachis can refer to the series of articulated vertebrae,

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: spine or vertebral column.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: In vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: In vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: pennaceous feathers.

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: spinal cord.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: spinal cord.

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrates

text: The redescription of 2012 established two autapomorphies, unique derived traits: the presence of chevrons at the tail base that were four times as long as the vertebral centra; and the possession at the tail base vertebrae of front joint processes, prezygapophyses, the inner bases of which formed a bowl-shaped depression that extended upwards into a deep trough on the front surface of the spine.

text: The redescription of 2012 established two

text: autapomorphies

text: , unique derived traits: the presence of chevrons at the tail base that were four times as long as the vertebral centra; and the possession at the tail base vertebrae of front joint processes,

text: prezygapophyses

text: , the inner bases of which formed a bowl-shaped depression that extended upwards into a deep trough on the front surface of the spine.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: vertebral centra

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: front joint processes

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: chevrons at the tail base were four times as long as the vertebral centra

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: spines

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: vertebral centra

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: the presence of chevrons at the tail base that were four times as long as the vertebral centra

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: embryogenesis

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: autapomorphies

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: autapomorphies

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebral

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: autapomorphies

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebral

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: embryogenesis

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: autapomorphies,

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two autapomorphies,

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: front joint processes,

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: four times as long as the vertebral centra;

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: four times as long as the vertebral centra;

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: front joint processes, prezygapophyses,

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: four times as long

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: prezygapophyses,

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: four times as long as the vertebral centra;

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: four times as long as the vertebral centra;

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: four times as long as the vertebral centra;

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: prezygapophyses,

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: four times as long as the vertebral centra;

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: four times as long as the vertebral centra;

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: The redescription of 2012 established two autapomorphies,

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: four times as long as the vertebral centra;

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: four times as long as the vertebral centra;

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: prezygapophyses,

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: prezygapophyses,

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: four times as long as the vertebral centra;

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: four times as long as the vertebral centra;

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: four times as long as the vertebral centra;

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: The redescription of 2012 established two autapomorphies,

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: The redescription of 2012 established two autapomorphies,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: prezygapophyses,

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: autapomorphies,

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: prezygapophyses,

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebral centra;

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: prezygapophyses,

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebral centra;

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: prezygapophyses,

text: The museum became a center of authority for the study of vertebrate biology and evolution on the West Coast, comparable to other major natural history museums in the United States.

text: The museum became a center of authority for the study of

text: vertebrate

text: biology

text: and

text: evolution

text: on the West Coast, comparable to other major natural history museums in the United States.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: mammals

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: eight

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: spinal cord

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The vertebral column of vertebrates is made of bone.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: softer

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: mammals

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: the museum became a center of authority for the study of vertebrate biology

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: vertebrate biology and evolution

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: how many classes of vertebrates are there

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: vertebrate biology

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: evolution

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: evolution

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: United States.

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: study of vertebrate biology and evolution

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: evolution

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: West Coast, comparable to other major natural history museums in the United States.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrate biology and evolution

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: vertebrate biology

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: vertebrate biology and evolution on the West Coast,

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: evolution on the West Coast,

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: evolution

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: West Coast, comparable to other major natural history museums in the United States.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: West Coast, comparable to other major natural history museums in the United States.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: evolution on the West Coast,

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: vertebrate biology and evolution on the West Coast,

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: vertebrate biology and evolution on the West Coast,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: vertebrate biology and evolution on the West Coast,

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: vertebrate biology and evolution on the West Coast,

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: vertebrate biology and evolution on the West Coast,

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: evolution on the West Coast,

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: United States.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: vertebrate biology and evolution on the West Coast,

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: comparable to other major natural history museums in the United States.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrate biology

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: vertebrate biology

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: vertebrate biology

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrate biology

text: The spiracle is a small hole behind each eye that opens to the mouth in some fish. In the primitive jawless fish the first gill opening immediately behind the mouth is essentially similar to the other gill opening.  With the evolution of the jaw in the early jawed vertebrates, this gill slit was "caught" between the forward gill-rod (now functioning as the jaw) and the next rod, the hyomandibular bone, supporting the jaw hinge and anchoring the jaw to the skull proper. The gill opening was closed off from below, the remaining opening was small and hole-like, and is termed a "spiracle". The spiracle is still found in all cartilaginous fish except requiem sharks, hammerhead sharks, and chimaeras, and is found in some primitive bony fishes, the (coelacanth, sturgeon, paddlefish and bichirs). It is also seen as an otic notch in the skull of the extinct  labyrinthodonts, and is thought to be associated with the ear opening in amniotes and frogs.

text: The spiracle is a small hole behind each eye that opens to the mouth in some

text: fish

text: . In the primitive

text: jawless fish

text: the first gill opening immediately behind the mouth is essentially similar to the other gill opening.  With the

text: evolution

text: of the

text: jaw

text: in the early

text: jawed vertebrates

text: , this gill slit was "caught" between the forward gill-rod (now functioning as the jaw) and the next rod, the

text: hyomandibular bone

text: , supporting the jaw hinge and anchoring the jaw to the

text: skull

text: proper. The gill opening was closed off from below, the remaining opening was small and hole-like, and is termed a "spiracle". The spiracle is still found in all

text: cartilaginous fish

text: except

text: requiem shark

text: s,

text: hammerhead shark

text: s, and

text: chimaera

text: s, and is found in some primitive

text: bony fishes

text: , the (

text: coelacanth

text: sturgeon

text: paddlefish

text: and

text: bichir

text: s). It is also seen as an

text: otic notch

text: in the skull of the extinct

text: labyrinthodonts

text: , and is thought to be associated with the

text: ear

text: opening in

text: amniote

text: s and

text: frog

text: s.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: cartilaginous fish

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: six

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: anchoring the jaw to the skull proper

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The gill opening was closed off from below

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: gill openings

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: the forward gill-rod (now functioning as the jaw) and the next rod

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: gill opening

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: glands that secrete hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: jawless fish

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: amniotes and frogs

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: jawless fish

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How does the adaptive immune system of vertebrates learn to recognize and attack specific pathogens

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes are vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: amniotes

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: gill opening

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: amniotes

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: gill opening

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: Bone

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: amniotes

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: supporting the jaw hinge and anchoring the jaw to the skull proper.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: jawless

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: eye

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: hyomandibular bone,

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: bony

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: jawed vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: The spiracle

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: jawless

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: jawless

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: jawless

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: jawless fish

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: jawed vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: jawless fish

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: cartilaginous fish

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: The spiracle

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: The spiracle

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: jawed vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: fish.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: jawed vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: evolution of the jaw in the early jawed vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: evolution of the jaw in the early jawed vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: jawed vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: evolution of the jaw in the early jawed vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: evolution of the jaw in the early jawed vertebrates,

text: Comprehensive sequence searches across multiple taxonomic groups have failed to identify MHC and TCRs outside of the jawed vertebrates. Allorecognition in these animals rely on molecular mechanisms distinct from those of the jawed vertebrates. In sponges, various receptors (sponge adhesion molecules, receptor tyrosine kinase) with domains similar to those found in immunoglobulins have been identified. Interestingly, sequence variability in "hot spots" have been identified in these receptors. It would appear that molecules which, later in evolution, were exploited in the adaptive immune response, had an earlier role in innate recognition. Lampreys and hagfish appear to have evolved, by convergent evolution, an adaptive immune response that is independent and distinct from the adaptive immune systems of higher vertebrates. Lymphocyte-like cells in these fish express highly variable lymphocyte receptor genes, which undergo somatic rearrangements reminiscent of the manner in which mammalian immunoglobulin genes are rearranged during development.

text: Comprehensive sequence searches across multiple taxonomic groups have failed to identify MHC and TCRs outside of the jawed vertebrates. Allorecognition in these animals rely on molecular mechanisms distinct from those of the jawed vertebrates. In sponges, various receptors (sponge adhesion molecules, receptor tyrosine kinase) with domains similar to those found in

text: immunoglobulins

text: have been identified. Interestingly, sequence variability in "hot spots" have been identified in these receptors. It would appear that molecules which, later in evolution, were exploited in the adaptive immune response, had an earlier role in innate recognition. Lampreys and hagfish appear to have evolved, by

text: convergent evolution

text: , an adaptive immune response that is independent and distinct from the adaptive immune systems of higher vertebrates.

text: Lymphocyte

text: -like cells in these fish express highly variable lymphocyte receptor genes, which undergo somatic rearrangements reminiscent of the manner in which mammalian immunoglobulin genes are rearranged during development.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: jawed vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: four

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: jawed vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: jawed vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: jaws

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: jawed vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: immunoglobulin genes

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: jawed

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Lymphocyte-like cells in these fish express highly variable lymphocyte receptor genes

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: jawed vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: MHC and TCRs outside of the jawed vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: taxonomic groups

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Allorecognition

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: immunoglobulin genes

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: sponge

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: convergent evolution

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: sponge

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Lymphocyte-like cells

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: jawed

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: jawed

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: jawed vertebrates. Allorecognition

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: MHC and TCRs outside of the jawed vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: jawed vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: jawed vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: jawed vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: immunoglobulin genes

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: MHC and TCRs

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: jawed

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: MHC and TCRs outside of the jawed vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: jawed vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: hagfish

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: jawed vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Lampreys and hagfish

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: jawed vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: jawed vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: higher vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Lampreys and hagfish

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Lampreys and hagfish

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: jawed vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: jawed vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: jawed vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: jawed vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: mammalian immunoglobulin genes are rearranged during development.

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Lampreys and hagfish

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: immunoglobulin genes

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: sponges,

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: innate recognition.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: sponges,

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: mammalian immunoglobulin genes are rearranged during development.

text: However, a few vertebrates have secondarily lost this anatomy, retaining the notochord into adulthood, such as the sturgeon and Latimeria. Jawed vertebrates are typified by paired appendages (fins or legs, which may be secondarily lost), but this is not part of the definition of vertebrates as a whole.

text: However, a few vertebrates have secondarily lost this anatomy, retaining the notochord into adulthood, such as the

text: sturgeon

text: and

text: Latimeria

text: Jawed vertebrates

text: are typified by paired appendages (fins or legs, which may be secondarily lost), but this is not part of the definition of vertebrates as a whole.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Sturgeon and Latimeria

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: six

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: notochord

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: Jawed vertebrates are typified by paired appendages

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: appendages

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: notochord

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: notochord

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: this is not part of the definition of vertebrates as a whole

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Jawed vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: notochord

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: notochord

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: notochord

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: adulthood

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Jawed vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: sturgeon and Latimeria.

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: notochord into adulthood,

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: retaining the notochord into adulthood,

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: paired appendages

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: notochord

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: notochord into adulthood,

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: notochord into adulthood,

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: notochord into adulthood,

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: notochord into adulthood,

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: paired appendages

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: notochord into adulthood,

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: notochord into adulthood,

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: notochord into adulthood,

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: a few vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: a few vertebrates have secondarily lost this anatomy,

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: a few vertebrates have secondarily lost this anatomy,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: notochord into adulthood,

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: notochord into adulthood,

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: a few vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: a few vertebrates have secondarily lost this anatomy,

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: a few vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: notochord into adulthood,

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: paired appendages

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: adulthood,

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: notochord into adulthood,

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: notochord

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: notochord

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: notochord into adulthood,

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: notochord

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: adulthood,

text: Chondrichthyes (; from Greek χονδρ- chondr- 'cartilage', ἰχθύς ichthys 'fish') is a class that contains the cartilaginous fishes: they are jawed vertebrates with paired fins, paired nares, scales, a heart with its chambers in series, and skeletons made of cartilage rather than bone. The class is divided into two subclasses: Elasmobranchii (sharks, rays, skates, and sawfish) and Holocephali (chimaeras, sometimes called ghost sharks, which are sometimes separated into their own class).

text: Chondrichthyes (; from Greek χονδρ- chondr- 'cartilage', ἰχθύς ichthys 'fish') is a

text: class

text: that contains the cartilaginous fishes: they are jawed

text: vertebrates

text: with paired fins, paired

text: nare

text: s, scales, a heart with its chambers in series, and skeletons made of

text: cartilage

text: rather than

text: bone

text: . The class is divided into two subclasses:

text: Elasmobranchii

text: shark

text: s,

text: ray

text: s,

text: skate

text: s, and

text: sawfish

text: ) and

text: Holocephali

text: chimaera

text: s, sometimes called ghost sharks, which are sometimes separated into their own class).

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Chondrichthyes

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: four

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: skeletons

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: a heart with its chambers in series

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: fins

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: cartilage rather than bone

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: glands that secrete

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Chondrichthyes

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: they are jawed vertebrates with paired fins

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Holocephali

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Chondrichthyes

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: The answer: Chondrichthyes

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: How many years before birds evolved?

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many different classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: None of the above choices

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Holocephali

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Elasmobranchii

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Chondrichthyes

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: Chondrichthyes

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: a heart with its chambers in series,

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: bone.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: paired fins,

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: cartilage rather than bone.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: bone.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: paired fins, paired nares,

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Chondrichthyes

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Chondrichthyes

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Chondrichthyes

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Chondrichthyes

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Chondrichthyes

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Chondrichthyes

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Chondrichthyes

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: Chondrichthyes

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Chondrichthyes

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Chondrichthyes

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Chondrichthyes

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Chondrichthyes

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Chondrichthyes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: Chondrichthyes

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Chondrichthyes

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Chondrichthyes

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: Chondrichthyes

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Chondrichthyes

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: paired nares,

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Chondrichthyes

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: bone.

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Chondrichthyes

text: Examples in animals are more common in non-vertebrates such as flatworms, leeches, and brine shrimp. Within vertebrates, examples of stable polyploidy include the salmonids and many cyprinids (i.e. carp). Some fish have as many as 400 chromosomes. Polyploidy also occurs commonly in amphibians; for example the biomedically-important Xenopus genus contains many different species with as many as 12 sets of chromosomes (dodecaploid). Polyploid lizards are also quite common, but are sterile and must reproduce by parthenogenesis. Polyploid mole salamanders (mostly triploids) are all female and reproduce by kleptogenesis, "stealing" spermatophores from diploid males of related species to trigger egg development but not incorporating the males' DNA into the offspring. While mammalian liver cells are polyploid, rare instances of polyploid mammals are known, but most often result in prenatal death.

text: Examples in animals are more common in non-vertebrates such as

text: flatworm

text: s,

text: leech

text: es, and

text: brine shrimp

text: . Within vertebrates, examples of stable polyploidy include the

text: salmonids

text: and many

text: cyprinids

text: (i.e.

text: carp

text: ). Some fish have as many as 400 chromosomes. Polyploidy also occurs commonly in amphibians; for example the biomedically-important

text: Xenopus

text: genus contains many different species with as many as 12 sets of chromosomes (dodecaploid). Polyploid lizards are also quite common, but are sterile and must reproduce by

text: parthenogenesis

text: . Polyploid

text: mole salamanders

text: (mostly triploids) are all female and reproduce by

text: kleptogenesis

text: , "stealing"

text: spermatophore

text: s from diploid males of related species to trigger egg development but not incorporating the males' DNA into the offspring. While mammalian liver cells are polyploid, rare instances of polyploid

text: mammals

text: are known, but most often result in

text: prenatal

text: death.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Salmonids and cyprinids

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: four

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: to trigger egg development

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: some fish have as many as 400 chromosomes

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: chromosomes

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: chromosomes

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: polyploid

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: prenatal death

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: polyploidy

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: salmonids

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: are sterile and must reproduce by parthenogenesis

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: How many sets of chromosomes do some fish have?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many different classes of vertebrates are living species of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: parthenogenesis

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: kleptogenesis

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: prenatal death

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: leeches

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Xenopus

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: parthenogenesis

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: salmonids and many cyprinids

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: 400 chromosomes.

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: egg development

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: non-vertebrates such as flatworms,

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: 400 chromosomes.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: stable polyploidy

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: 400 chromosomes.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: parthenogenesis.

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: polyploidy

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: salmonids and many cyprinids

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: non-vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: flatworms,

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Polyploidy also occurs commonly in amphibians;

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: polyploidy

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Polyploidy also occurs commonly in amphibians;

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: polyploidy

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: polyploidy

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: polyploidy

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: 400 chromosomes.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: 400 chromosomes.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: polyploidy

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: 400 chromosomes.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: 400 chromosomes.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: polyploidy

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: parthenogenesis.

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: kleptogenesis,

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: kleptogenesis,

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: flatworms, leeches, and brine shrimp.

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: kleptogenesis,

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: flatworms, leeches, and brine shrimp.

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: parthenogenesis.

text: Animals also engage in kleptothermy in which they share or even steal each other's body warmth. In endotherms such as bats and birds (such as the mousebird and emperor penguin) it allows the sharing of body heat (particularly amongst juveniles). This allows the individuals to increase their thermal inertia (as with gigantothermy) and so reduce heat loss. Some ectotherms share burrows of ectotherms. Other animals exploit termite mounds.

text: Animals also engage in

text: kleptothermy

text: in which they share or even steal each other's body warmth. In endotherms such as

text: bat

text: s and birds (such as the

text: mousebird

text: and

text: emperor penguin

text: ) it allows the sharing of body heat (particularly amongst juveniles). This allows the individuals to increase their

text: thermal inertia

text: (as with

text: gigantothermy

text: ) and so reduce

text: heat

text: loss. Some ectotherms share burrows of ectotherms. Other animals exploit

text: termite

text: mounds.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: bats and birds

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: increase their thermal inertia

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: ectotherms share burrows of ectotherms

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: limbs

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: bats and birds

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: gigantothermy

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Which of the following is not a type of animal: bats, birds, or mammals?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: bats

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: endothermy in which they share or even steal each other's body warmth

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: bats

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What allows the individuals to increase their thermal inertia?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not an endotherm: bats or birds?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Which of the following is not a sex?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: gigantothermy

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: gigantothermy

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: endotherms

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: gigantothermy

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: endotherm

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: endotherms

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: endotherms

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: sharing of body heat

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: share or even steal each other's body warmth.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: juveniles).

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: bats and birds

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: thermal inertia

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: kleptothermy

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: endotherms

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: bats

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: kleptothermy

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: bats

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: endotherms

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: endotherms

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: bats

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: endotherms

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: kleptothermy

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: kleptothermy

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: endotherms

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: endotherms

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: kleptothermy

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: Animals also engage in kleptothermy

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: endotherms

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Animals also engage in kleptothermy

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: endotherms

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: kleptothermy

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: kleptothermy

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: endotherms

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: kleptothermy

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: endotherms

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: kleptothermy

text: Dr. Stallsmith consistently teaches Introduction Biology, Organismal Biology, Vertebrate Zoology, and Vertebrate Reproduction at UAH, where he is very popular with his students.

text: Dr. Stallsmith consistently teaches Introduction Biology, Organismal Biology, Vertebrate Zoology, and Vertebrate Reproduction at UAH, where he is very popular with his students.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Vertebrate Zoology

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: six

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: reproduction

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The vertebral column of vertebrates is made of bone.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: digits

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Vertebrate Reproduction

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: softer

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: amphibians

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Vertebrate Reproduction is not taught at UAH.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: echinoderms

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Dr. Stallsmith

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: ectothermy

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Dr. Stallsmith

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: Vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Vertebrate kidneys

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: birds

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: Vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: Vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Zoology, and Vertebrate Reproduction

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: Vertebrate Reproduction

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: Vertebrate Reproduction

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: popular with his students.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: Vertebrate Reproduction

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Vertebrate Reproduction

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: popular with his students.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: Vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Vertebrate Reproduction

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Vertebrate Reproduction

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: very popular with his students.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Vertebrate Reproduction

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Vertebrate Reproduction

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Dr. Stallsmith

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Dr. Stallsmith

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: Vertebrate Reproduction

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Vertebrate Reproduction

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Dr. Stallsmith consistently teaches Introduction Biology,

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Vertebrate Reproduction

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Vertebrate Reproduction

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: he is very popular with his students.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: Vertebrate Reproduction at UAH,

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Vertebrate Zoology,

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Vertebrate Reproduction

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: Vertebrate Reproduction

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Biology,

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: Vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: Vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Organismal Biology, Vertebrate Zoology,

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: Vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Vertebrate Reproduction

text: In the study of conditioned reflexes by the method of free movements, Beritashvili was confronted with actions that could not be explained by or described as conditioned reflexes. For instance, if the animal only once found food at a given place, on that and following days it ran to the same place. Beritashvili concluded that in higher vertebrates an image of the food and its location arose during the animal’s perception of the food. This image was reproduced when the animal was in the same situation; moreover the animal later behaved in the same manner by sniffing, etc., if it returned to the place where it had first found the food. This orientating, or investigatory image-guided behavior, supposed the projection of the image of the object the animal recognized onto the outer environment where it had first perceived the food. Such image-regulated behavior was termed by Beritashvili psychoneural, or later image-driven behavior. He assumed this behavior to be a complex of voluntary movements peculiar to higher vertebrates and mammals as well as to little children. He supposed that whenever a feeding behavior is learned that is directed towards a particular food box, it originally conforms to the reproduced food image. The image of the food box’s location is also reproduced and can play an accessory role. Thus, Beritashvili straightforwardly called the total feeding behavior of an animal “image-driven”, in case its movements during the task were unrestrained. While such descriptive terminology carries some prejudice from the days of behaviorism as being hopelessly anthropomorphic, denying the validity of the term is equally suspect. Given the manifold similarities not only in the anatomy, but also in the psychophysics of many lower primates and man, it is strange to deny that equivalent anatomy and physiology generate similar percepts. Human “image-driven” behavior is itself a sufficiently general experience so that a diminished form thereof seems defensibly lucid in describing the equivalent phenomenon among mammals.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: image-guided behavior

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: an image of the food and its location arose during the animal’s perception of the food

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: an image of the food

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: image-driven behavior

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: What is the name of the endocrine system in vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: lower primates

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: the image of the food box’s location is also reproduced and can play an accessory role

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: lower primates

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Beritashvili concluded that in higher vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Beritashvili

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: This orientating, or investigatory image-guided behavior

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: it is strange to deny that equivalent anatomy and physiology generate similar percepts

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes are vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Beritashvili

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: physiology

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: image-driven behavior

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: image-driven behavior

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Beritashvili

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: embryonic

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: lower primates

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: higher

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: feeding behavior

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: little children.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: mammals as well as to little children.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: lower primates

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: “image-driven”

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: lower primates

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: lower primates

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: reproduced food image.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: lower primates

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: lower primates

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Beritashvili

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: image-driven behavior.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: lower primates

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: lower primates

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Beritashvili

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: lower primates and man,

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: lower primates

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Beritashvili

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: man,

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: lower primates

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: lower primates

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: lower primates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: orientating, or investigatory image-guided behavior,

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: Human “image-driven” behavior

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: lower primates and man,

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: lower primates

text: The Meckelian Cartilage, also known as "Meckel's Cartilage", is a piece of cartilage from which the mandibles (lower jaws) of vertebrates evolved. Originally it was the lower of two cartilages which supported the first branchial arch in early fish. Then it grew longer and stronger, and acquired muscles capable of closing the developing jaw.

text: The Meckelian Cartilage, also known as "Meckel's Cartilage", is a piece of

text: cartilage

text: from which the mandibles (lower jaws) of

text: vertebrates

text: evolved. Originally it was the lower of two cartilages which supported the first

text: branchial arch

text: in early

text: fish

text: . Then it grew longer and stronger, and acquired muscles capable of closing the developing jaw.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: four

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: supported the first branchial arch

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The lower jaws of vertebrates evolved from cartilage.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: jaws

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Meckelian Cartilage

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: stronger

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: What does Meckelian Cartilage consist of?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Originally it was the lower of two cartilages which supported the first branchial arch in early fish.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How does the adaptive immune system of vertebrates work?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are living species of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: branchial arch

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: branchial arch

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Meckelian Cartilage

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: mecklelian

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: fish.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: fish.

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: supported the first branchial arch

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: first branchial arch in early fish.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Meckelian Cartilage,

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: stronger,

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: branchial

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: The Meckelian Cartilage,

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: fish.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: fish.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: fish.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: fish.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: The Meckelian Cartilage,

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: fish.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: fish.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: The Meckelian Cartilage,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: The Meckelian Cartilage,

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: supported the first branchial arch

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: fish.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: it grew longer and stronger,

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: fish.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: fish.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: fish.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: branchial arch in early fish.

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: fish.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: branchial arch in early fish.

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: muscles

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: The Meckelian Cartilage,

text: Like all Plasmodium species P. papernai has both vertebrate and insect hosts. The vertebrate hosts for this parasite are birds.

text: Like all Plasmodium species P. papernai has both

text: vertebrate

text: and

text: insect

text: hosts. The vertebrate hosts for this parasite are

text: bird

text: s.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: birds

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: Host

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The vertebral column of vertebrates is made of cartilage.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: birds

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Vertebrate reproduction is asexual.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: birds

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How does the immune system of vertebrates work?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony skeletons

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: parasites

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: parasite

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: skeleton

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: insect hosts.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: The vertebrate hosts for this parasite are birds.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrate and insect

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrate

text: Disagreement on whether the evolution of the camera eye within cephalopods and within vertebrates is a parallel evolution or a convergent evolution still exists, although is mostly resolved. The current standing is that of a convergent evolution for their analogous camera-type eye.

text: Disagreement on whether the evolution of the camera eye within cephalopods and within vertebrates is a

text: parallel evolution

text: or a

text: convergent evolution

text: still exists, although is mostly resolved. The current standing is that of a convergent evolution for their analogous camera-type eye.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: cephalopods

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: six

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: camera-type eye

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: parallel evolution or a convergent evolution

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: eyes

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: cephalopods

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: convergent

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: cephalopods

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: convergent evolution

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: cephalopods

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: parallel evolution

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: cephalopods

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: cephalopods

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: camera eye

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: parallel evolution

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: eye

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: analogous camera-type eye.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: convergent evolution

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: convergent

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: parallel evolution or a convergent evolution

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: cephalopods

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: parallel evolution

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: cephalopods

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: a parallel evolution or a convergent evolution

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: parallel evolution or a convergent evolution

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: cephalopods

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: cephalopods

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: convergent evolution

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Disagreement

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: parallel evolution or a convergent evolution

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Disagreement

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: parallel evolution

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: convergent

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: parallel evolution

text: The vertebral column consists of an atlas (composed of two vertebrae) without ribs; numerous precaudal vertebrae, all of which, except the first or first three, bear long, movable, curved ribs with a small posterior tubercle at the base, the last of these ribs sometimes forked; two to ten so-called lumbar vertebrae without ribs, but with bifurcate transverse processes (lymphapophyses) enclosing the lymphatic vessels; and a number of ribless caudal vertebrae with simple transverse processes. When bifid, the ribs or transverse processes have the branches regularly superposed.

text: The

text: vertebral column

text: consists of an

text: atlas

text: (composed of two vertebrae) without

text: rib

text: s; numerous

text: precaudal vertebrae

text: , all of which, except the first or first three, bear long, movable, curved ribs with a small posterior

text: tubercle

text: at the base, the last of these ribs sometimes forked; two to ten so-called

text: lumbar vertebrae

text: without ribs, but with bifurcate

text: transverse processes

text: (lymphapophyses) enclosing the

text: lymphatic vessel

text: s; and a number of ribless

text: caudal vertebrae

text: with simple transverse processes. When

text: bifid

text: , the ribs or transverse processes have the branches regularly superposed.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: vertebrae without ribs

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: three

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: lymphatic vessels

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: an atlas (composed of two vertebrae) without ribs

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: precaudal

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: without ribs

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: precaudal

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: lymphapophyses

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: bifid

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: ribs

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: lymphatic vessels

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: ribs

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: precaudal vertebrae,

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: three,

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: an atlas

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: without ribs;

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: three, bear long, movable, curved ribs

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: without ribs;

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: curved ribs

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: bifid,

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: lymphatic vessels;

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: three,

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: without ribs;

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: precaudal

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: lumbar vertebrae without ribs,

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: curved ribs

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: ribs;

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: two vertebrae) without ribs;

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: curved ribs

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: lumbar vertebrae without ribs,

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: curved ribs

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: The vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: lumbar vertebrae without ribs,

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: ten so-called lumbar vertebrae without ribs,

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: precaudal vertebrae,

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: two vertebrae) without ribs;

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: The vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: lymphatic vessels;

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: bifid,

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: lymphatic vessels;

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: The vertebral column

text: The skeleton of the lungfish is partly bone, and partly cartilage. The vertebrae are pure cartilage, while the ribs are hollow tubes filled with a cartilaginous substance. The body of the lungfish is covered with large, bony scales. Ten rows occur on each side, grading to small scales on the fins. The scales are each embedded in their own pockets, and overlap extensively, such that vulnerable areas of the body are covered by a thickness of at least four scales. Two unusually large and thick interlocking scales cover the back of the head where the bony skull is thin. They have powerful diphycercal tails that are long and paddle-shaped. The pectoral fins are large, fleshy, and flipper-like. The pelvic fins are also fleshy and flipper-like and situated well back on the body. The dorsal fin commences in the middle of the back and is confluent with the caudal and anal fins.

text: The skeleton of the lungfish is partly bone, and partly

text: cartilage

text: . The vertebrae are pure cartilage, while the ribs are hollow tubes filled with a cartilaginous substance. The body of the lungfish is covered with large, bony scales. Ten rows occur on each side, grading to small scales on the fins. The scales are each embedded in their own pockets, and overlap extensively, such that vulnerable areas of the body are covered by a thickness of at least four scales. Two unusually large and thick interlocking scales cover the back of the head where the bony skull is thin. They have powerful

text: diphycercal

text: tails that are long and paddle-shaped. The

text: pectoral fin

text: s are large, fleshy, and flipper-like. The

text: pelvic fin

text: s are also fleshy and flipper-like and situated well back on the body. The

text: dorsal fin

text: commences in the middle of the back and is confluent with the

text: caudal

text: and

text: anal fin

text: s.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Lungfish

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: five

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: skeleton

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The vertebrae are pure cartilage

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: How many scales do the lungfish have?

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: cartilage and what else?

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Which of the following is not a type of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: They have powerful diphycercal tails that are long and paddle-shaped

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, vertebrates evolved endothermy or vertebrates evolved ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which is not a class of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: diphycercal

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: diphycercal

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: scales

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: ovary

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: The vertebrae are pure cartilage,

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: lungfish

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: cartilage,

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: pure cartilage,

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: four scales.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: The vertebrae are pure cartilage,

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: bone, and partly cartilage. The vertebrae are pure cartilage,

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: lungfish

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: cartilage,

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: cartilage,

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: The vertebrae are pure cartilage,

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: lungfish

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: lungfish

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: cartilage,

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: lungfish

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: The vertebrae are pure cartilage,

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: lungfish

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: lungfish is covered with large, bony scales.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: cartilage,

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: lungfish

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: cartilage. The vertebrae are pure cartilage,

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: lungfish

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: lungfish

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: lungfish

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: The skeleton of the lungfish

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: lungfish

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: diphycercal

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage,

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: lungfish

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: cartilage,

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: The skeleton of the lungfish

text: The describing authors determined some distinguishing characteristics. The last dorsal vertebra has a pleurocoel, or pneumatic cavity, that is bounded by an enlarged posterior ridge between the diapophysis and the vertebral body, by the posterior ridge between the parapophysis and the vertebral body; and by the vertebral body itself. The rear dorsal vertebra has a well-developed horizontal ridge between the prezygapophysis and the parapophysis. The last dorsal vertebra has a parapophysis that protrudes more laterally than the diapophysis. The groove in the underside of the rear blade of the ilium, serving as an attachment to the musculus caudofemoralis brevis, is shallow and the "brevis shelf", the inner surface of the medial blade wall uncovered by it, is short and shaped like a ridge. The pubic peduncle of the ilium, to which the pubic bone is attached, at the rear side transversely expands to below.

text: The describing authors determined some distinguishing characteristics. The last dorsal vertebra has a pleurocoel, or pneumatic cavity, that is bounded by an enlarged posterior ridge between the

text: diapophysis

text: and the vertebral body, by the posterior ridge between the

text: parapophysis

text: and the vertebral body; and by the vertebral body itself. The rear dorsal vertebra has a well-developed horizontal ridge between the

text: prezygapophysis

text: and the parapophysis. The last dorsal vertebra has a parapophysis that protrudes more laterally than the diapophysis. The groove in the underside of the rear blade of the ilium, serving as an attachment to the

text: musculus caudofemoralis brevis

text: , is shallow and the "brevis shelf", the inner surface of the medial blade wall uncovered by it, is short and shaped like a ridge. The pubic peduncle of the ilium, to which the pubic bone is attached, at the rear side transversely expands to below.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Dorsal vertebra

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: pneumatic cavity

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: pubic peduncle of the ilium, to which the pubic bone is attached, at the rear side transversely expands to below.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebral bodies

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: the last dorsal vertebra

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: What are the characteristics of the last dorsal vertebra?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: dorsal vertebra

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: pubic peduncle of the ilium, to which the pubic bone is attached, at the rear side transversely expands to below.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: dorsal vertebra

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: What happened first, birds or mammals?

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many different classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: prezygapophysis

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: brevis shelf

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: brevis shelf

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: musculus

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: brevis shelf

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebral body

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebral body

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: dorsal

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: The last dorsal vertebra

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: attachment

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: pleurocoel,

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: dorsal vertebra

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: The last dorsal vertebra

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: pneumatic cavity,

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: pneumatic cavity,

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: musculus caudofemoralis brevis,

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: The last dorsal vertebra

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: musculus caudofemoralis brevis,

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: musculus caudofemoralis brevis,

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: enlarged posterior ridge between the diapophysis

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: The last dorsal vertebra

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: musculus caudofemoralis brevis,

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: musculus caudofemoralis brevis,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: musculus caudofemoralis brevis,

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: musculus caudofemoralis brevis,

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: musculus caudofemoralis brevis,

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: The last dorsal vertebra

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: musculus caudofemoralis brevis,

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: The last dorsal vertebra

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: The last dorsal vertebra

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: pneumatic cavity,

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: pneumatic cavity,

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: pneumatic cavity,

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: pubic bone

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: pneumatic cavity,

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: pneumatic cavity,

text: with cartilaginous discs between each vertebral body. The spinal cord sits within the cervical part of the vertebral column. The spinal column carries nerves that carry sensory and motor information from the brain down to the rest of the body. From top to bottom the cervical spine is gently curved in convex-forward fashion.

text: with

text: cartilaginous discs

text: between each vertebral body. The spinal cord sits within the cervical part of the vertebral column. The spinal column carries nerves that carry sensory and motor information from the

text: brain

text: down to the rest of the body. From top to bottom the cervical spine is gently curved in convex-forward fashion.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: one

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: sensory and motor information from the brain down to the rest of the body

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The spinal cord sits within the cervical part of the vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebral bodies

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebral bodies

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Vertebrates reproduce sexually.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How does the immune system of vertebrates work?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: before the first mammals

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: motor information

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: The spinal cord

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: fertilization

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: cartilaginous discs between each vertebral body.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: cartilaginous discs between each vertebral body.

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: carries nerves that carry sensory and motor information

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: cartilaginous discs

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: cartilaginous discs between each vertebral body.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: The spinal cord

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous discs between each vertebral body.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: cartilaginous discs between each vertebral body.

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: The spinal cord sits within the cervical part of the vertebral column.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: cartilaginous discs

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: cartilaginous discs

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: cartilaginous discs

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: cartilaginous discs

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: cartilaginous discs between each vertebral body.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: cartilaginous discs between each vertebral body.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: cartilaginous discs between each vertebral body.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: cartilaginous discs between each vertebral body.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: The spinal cord sits within the cervical part of the vertebral column.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: cartilaginous discs between each vertebral body.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: cartilaginous discs between each vertebral body.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: cartilaginous discs between each vertebral body.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: cartilaginous discs between each vertebral body.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: cartilaginous discs between each vertebral body.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: cartilaginous discs between each vertebral body.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: cartilaginous discs between each vertebral body.

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: motor information

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: cartilaginous discs between each vertebral body.

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: nerves

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: cartilaginous discs

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: cartilaginous discs between each vertebral body.

text: Placement of this group among the jawless vertebrates is a matter of dispute. While today enough fossil diversity is known to make a close relationship among the "ostracoderms" unlikely, this has muddied the issue of the Hyperoartia's closest relatives. Traditionally the group was placed in a superclass Cyclostomata together with the Myxini (hagfishes). More recently, it has been proposed that the Myxini are more basal among the skull-bearing chordates, while the Hyperoartia are retained among vertebrates. But even though this may be correct, the lampreys represent one of the oldest divergences of the vertebrate lineage, and whether they are better united with some "ostracoderms" in the Cephalaspidomorphi, or not closer to these than to e.g. to other "ostracoderms" of the Pteraspidomorphi, or even the long-extinct conodonts, is still to be resolved. Even the very existence of the class Hyperoartia is disputed, with some analyses favoring a treatment of the "basal Hyperoartia" as a monophyletic lineage Jamoytiiformes that may in fact be very close to the ancestral jawed vertebrates.

text: Placement of this group among the

text: jawless vertebrates

text: is a matter of dispute. While today enough fossil diversity is known to make a close relationship among the "ostracoderms" unlikely, this has muddied the issue of the Hyperoartia's closest relatives. Traditionally the group was placed in a superclass

text: Cyclostomata

text: together with the

text: Myxini

text: (hagfishes). More recently, it has been proposed that the Myxini are more

text: basal

text: among the

text: skull-bearing chordates

text: , while the Hyperoartia are retained among vertebrates. But even though this may be correct, the lampreys represent one of the oldest divergences of the vertebrate lineage, and whether they are better united with some "ostracoderms" in the

text: Cephalaspidomorphi

text: , or not closer to these than to e.g. to other "ostracoderms" of the

text: Pteraspidomorphi

text: , or even the long-extinct

text: conodont

text: s, is still to be resolved. Even the very existence of the class Hyperoartia is disputed, with some analyses favoring a treatment of the "basal Hyperoartia" as a

text: monophyletic

text: lineage

text: Jamoytiiformes

text: that may in fact be very close to the ancestral

text: jawed vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Jawless vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: four

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: jawless

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: Jawless vertebrates is a matter of dispute

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: jaws

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: jawless vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense than cartilage

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: jawless

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: glands that secrete

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: jawed

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: the lampreys represent one of the oldest divergences

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Jawless vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: jawless vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes are vertebrates placed in?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: ostracoderms

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: jawless vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: ostracoderms

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: ostracoderm

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: jawless

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: Myxini

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: jawless

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: Myxini are more basal

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: jawed

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Hyperoartia's

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: jawless vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: skull-bearing

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: jawed vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: jawed

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: the Myxini are more basal

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: jawed

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: jawless vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: jawless vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: jawless vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: skull-bearing chordates,

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: jawless vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: the Hyperoartia are retained among vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: jawed vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: jawless vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: jawless vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: enough fossil diversity

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Cyclostomata

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: jawless vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: "ostracoderms"

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: "ostracoderms"

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: "ostracoderms"

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: "ostracoderms"

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: "ostracoderms"

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: "ostracoderms"

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: "ostracoderms"

text: On the vertebral column, from at least the middle of the back to over the middle of the tail, a tall crest of almost continuous height was present formed by spines that were about four times as high as the vertebral centra.

text: On the vertebral column, from at least the middle of the back to over the middle of the tail, a tall crest of almost continuous height was present formed by spines that were about four times as high as the vertebral centra.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: four

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: back

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The vertebral centrum was not present on the vertebral column.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: spines

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebral centra

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: vertebral centra

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Vertebrate reproduction is asexual.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: vertebral centra

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: It is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: hypothermia

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: crest

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: spinal cord

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebral

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: spines

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: four

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: a tall crest of almost continuous height

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: a tall crest of almost continuous height

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: four times as high as the vertebral centra.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: spines

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: four times as high

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: spines

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: On the vertebral column,

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: spines

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: four times as high as the vertebral centra.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: spines

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: four times as high as the vertebral centra.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: four times as high as the vertebral centra.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: four times as high as the vertebral centra.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: four times as high as the vertebral centra.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: four times as high as the vertebral centra.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: four times as high as the vertebral centra.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: spines

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: On the vertebral column,

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: four times as high as the vertebral centra.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: four times as high as the vertebral centra.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: four times as high as the vertebral centra.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: On the vertebral column,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: On the vertebral column,

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: vertebral column,

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: spines

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebral column,

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: spines

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebral column,

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebral column,

text: The New World leaf-nosed bats (Phyllostomidae) are found throughout Central and South America, from Mexico to northern Argentina. They are ecologically the most varied and diverse family within the order Chiroptera. Most species are insectivorous, but the phyllostomid bats include within their number true predatory species as well as frugivores (subfamily Stenodermatinae and Carolliinae). For example, the false vampire (Vampyrum spectrum), the largest bat in the Americas, eats vertebrate prey including small dove-sized birds.  Members of this family have evolved to use food groups such as fruit, nectar, pollen, insects, frogs, other bats, and small vertebrates, and, in the case of the vampire bats, even blood.

text: The New World leaf-nosed bats (Phyllostomidae) are found throughout

text: Central

text: and

text: South America

text: , from

text: Mexico

text: to northern

text: Argentina

text: . They are ecologically the most varied and diverse

text: family

text: within the

text: order

text: Chiroptera

text: . Most species are

text: insectivorous

text: , but the phyllostomid bats include within their number true predatory species as well as

text: frugivore

text: s (subfamily Stenodermatinae and Carolliinae). For example, the

text: false vampire

text: (Vampyrum spectrum), the largest bat in the

text: Americas

text: , eats vertebrate prey including small

text: dove

text: -sized birds.  Members of this family have evolved to use food groups such as fruit, nectar, pollen, insects, frogs, other bats, and small vertebrates, and, in the case of the

text: vampire bat

text: s, even

text: blood

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: small dove-sized birds

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: prey

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: small dove-sized birds

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: digits

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: small dove-sized birds

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: insectivorous

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Which of the following is not a type of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: small dove-sized birds

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: small dove-sized birds

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: small dove-sized birds

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the most varied and diverse family within the order Chiroptera?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes are vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: Chiroptera

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: frugivores

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: Carolliinae

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: false vampire

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: Carolliinae

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: sperm

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: small dove-sized birds.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: small dove-sized birds.

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: vertebrate prey

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: small dove-sized birds.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: small dove-sized birds.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: small dove-sized birds.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: insectivorous,

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: blood.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: small dove-sized birds.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: small dove-sized birds.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: small dove-sized birds.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: blood.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: vertebrate prey including small dove-sized birds.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: The New World leaf-nosed bats

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: small vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: vertebrate prey including small dove-sized birds.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: blood.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: The New World leaf-nosed bats

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: small dove-sized birds.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: small dove-sized birds.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: small dove-sized birds.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: Chiroptera.

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: food groups such as fruit, nectar, pollen,

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: insectivorous,

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: Carolliinae).

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: blood.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: Carolliinae).

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: blood.

text: Olson’s Extinction, in the Early Guadalupian (Roadian, Wordian), led to an extended period of low diversity when worldwide two-thirds of terrestrial vertebrate life was lost. Global diversity rose dramatically in the Capitanian, probably the result of disaster taxa filling empty guilds, only to fall again when the end-Guadalupian event caused a diversity drop in the Wuchiapingian.

text: Olson’s Extinction

text: , in the

text: Early Guadalupian

text: Roadian

text: Wordian

text: ), led to an extended period of low diversity when worldwide two-thirds of terrestrial vertebrate life was lost. Global diversity rose dramatically in the Capitanian, probably the result of disaster taxa filling empty guilds, only to fall again when the end-Guadalupian event caused a diversity drop in the

text: Wuchiapingian

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Wuchiapingian

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: three

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: skeleton

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: two-thirds of terrestrial vertebrate life was lost

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: guilds

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: terrestrial

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: two-thirds of terrestrial vertebrate life was lost

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Wordian

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: the Wuchiapingian

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Wuchiapingian

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: How many years after birds evolved did mammals?

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which happened first, the Wuchiapingian event caused a diversity drop in the Wuchiapingian or Olson’s Extinction?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Wuchiapingian

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Wuchiapingian

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: Wordian

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: disaster taxa

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two-thirds

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: life

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: two-thirds

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: guilds,

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: disaster taxa filling empty guilds,

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: disaster taxa filling empty guilds,

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: two-thirds of terrestrial vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: terrestrial

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: two-thirds of terrestrial vertebrate life was lost.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: terrestrial

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Early Guadalupian

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Early Guadalupian

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Early Guadalupian

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: two-thirds of terrestrial vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Early Guadalupian

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Global diversity rose dramatically in the Capitanian,

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Wuchiapingian.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Early Guadalupian

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Early Guadalupian

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: two-thirds

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: guilds,

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: two-thirds of terrestrial vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrate life

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Early Guadalupian

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: disaster taxa filling empty guilds,

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Early Guadalupian

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrate life

text: The females of this species are capable of reproducing using parthenogenesis (that is, without males).

text: The females of this species are capable of reproducing using

text: parthenogenesis

text: (that is, without males).

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: mammals, birds, and reptiles

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: six

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: reproductive

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The females of this species are capable of reproducing using parthenogenesis.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: males

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: parts of the body

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: softer

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: parthenogenesis

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: mammals

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: males are required for reproduction.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: mammals

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Amphibians

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which of the following is not a type of vertebrate?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: lobe-finned fish

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: The adaptive immune system of vertebrates learns to recognize and attack specific pathogens.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: parthenogenesis

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: parthenogenesis

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: parthenogenesis

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: parthenogenesis

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: uterus

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: parthenogenesis

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: parthenogenesis (that is, without males).

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: males).

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: reproducing

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: without males).

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: males).

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: males).

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: parthenogenesis

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: parthenogenesis

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: parthenogenesis

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: parthenogenesis (that is, without males).

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: without males).

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: parthenogenesis (that is, without males).

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: parthenogenesis

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: parthenogenesis

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: parthenogenesis

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: parthenogenesis

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: parthenogenesis

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: parthenogenesis

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: parthenogenesis

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: parthenogenesis

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: parthenogenesis

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: parthenogenesis

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: parthenogenesis

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: parthenogenesis

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: parthenogenesis

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: parthenogenesis

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: parthenogenesis

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: parthenogenesis

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: parthenogenesis

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: parthenogenesis

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: parthenogenesis

text: Most are vertebrates, in which the notochord is replaced by the spinal column, which consists of a series of bony or cartilaginous cylindrical vertebrae, generally with neural arches that protect the spinal cord and with projections that link the vertebrae. Hagfish have incomplete braincases and no vertebrae, and are therefore not regarded as vertebrates,but as members of the craniates, the group from which vertebrates are thought to have evolved. The position of lampreys is ambiguous. They have complete braincases and rudimentary vertebrae, and therefore may be regarded as vertebrates and true fish. However, molecular phylogenetics, which uses biochemical features to classify organisms, has produced both results that group them with vertebrates and others that group them with hagfish.

text: Most are

text: vertebrate

text: s, in which the

text: notochord

text: is replaced by the

text: spinal column

text: , which consists of a series of bony or cartilaginous

text: cylindrical

text: vertebrae, generally with

text: neural arch

text: es that protect the

text: spinal cord

text: and with projections that link the vertebrae.

text: Hagfish

text: have incomplete

text: braincase

text: s and no vertebrae, and are therefore not regarded as vertebrates,but as members of the craniates, the group from which vertebrates are thought to have

text: evolved

text: . The position of

text: lamprey

text: s is ambiguous. They have complete braincases and rudimentary vertebrae, and therefore may be regarded as vertebrates and true

text: fish

text: . However,

text: molecular phylogenetics

text: , which uses

text: biochemical

text: features to classify organisms, has produced both results that group them with vertebrates and others that group them with hagfish.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: craniates

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: four

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: protect the spinal cord

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: the notochord is replaced by the spinal column

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: spinal column and neural arches

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: craniates

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Hagfish have incomplete braincases and no vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: craniates

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: It is impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many different classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: mammalian

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: craniates,

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: craniates,

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: protect the spinal cord

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: Hagfish

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: neural arches

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: a series of bony or cartilaginous cylindrical vertebrae,

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: bony

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: the notochord is replaced by the spinal column,

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: craniates,

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Hagfish

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: craniates,

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Hagfish

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: craniates,

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Hagfish

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: Hagfish

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Hagfish

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: craniates,

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: craniates,

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: molecular phylogenetics,

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: molecular phylogenetics,

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrates,

text: "But it is harder to see how to resolve some of Gould's other claims about the large-scale history of life. Despite the plausibility of the distinction between disparity and diversity, we are not close to constructing a good account of disparity and its measurement". (p. 174) Further, convergent evolution belies the unpredictability that Gould supposes. However, "most examples of convergence are not independent of evolutionary experiments. For they concern lineages with an enormous amount of shared history, and hence shared developmental potential", as in "the standard example of streamlining in marine reptiles, sharks, pelagic bony fish like the tuna, and dolphins". (p. 175) Further, "the scale is not large enough. The fact that eyes have often evolved does not show that had, say, the earliest chordates succumbed to a bit of bad luck (and become extinct), then vertebrate-like organisms would have evolved again." (p. 175) Moreover, Gould's main concern is not with adaptive complexes, which are the source of the above, oft-cited examples, "but with body plans—basic ways of assembling organisms." Sterelny thinks that "we have to score Gould's contingency claims as: 'Don't know; and at this stage don't know how to find out'". (p. 175)

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: chordates

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: tuna

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: assembling organisms

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: the scale is not large enough

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: eyes

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrate-like organisms

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: bony

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: streamlining

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Gould's main concern is not with adaptive complexes

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: chordates

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: the scale is not large enough

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: chordates

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: It is impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: lobe-finned fish

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Gould's main concern is not with adaptive complexes

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: birds evolved before the first mammals

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: cartilage skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes are vertebrates placed in?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: developmental potential

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: adaptive complexes

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: streamlining

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Gould's main concern is not with adaptive complexes

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: developmental potential

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: chordates

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: tuna,

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: plans—basic ways of assembling organisms."

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: vertebrate-like organisms would have evolved again."

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: eyes

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: body plans—basic

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: bony fish

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: streamlining

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: convergent evolution belies the unpredictability

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: chordates

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: vertebrate-like organisms would have evolved again."

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: chordates

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: earliest chordates

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: convergent evolution

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: convergent evolution

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: vertebrate-like organisms

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: convergent evolution

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: convergent evolution

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: chordates

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: earliest chordates

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: convergent evolution

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: earliest chordates

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: marine reptiles,

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: convergent evolution belies the unpredictability

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: developmental potential",

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: adaptive complexes,

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: streamlining

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: adaptive complexes,

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: adaptive complexes,

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: adaptive complexes,

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: convergent evolution

text: Electroreception occurred early in evolutionary history with the evolution of an ampullary sensory system that included receptors able to detect weak electric signals in the environment (less than 1ųV/cm or 50 Hz). Sense organs specialized for electroreception have only been found among vertebrates, and around 8.600 species are known to be electroreceptive. The majority of teleosts and amniotes do not have an electroreceptive system, but the distribution of electroreception in terms of evolution involves different classes of fish.  First, there is an origin of a common ancestor of current existent vertebrates (close to lampreys and gnathostomes). This ancestor evolved a lateral line that is important in processing sensory information and present in today’s hagfishes. Ampullary receptors are ancestral to jawed fish, for lampreys and agnathans were found to have ampullary receptors 400 million years earlier. Second, there is a loss of electroreception in amniotes. This could be due to the fact that air is a poor medium to effectively conduct the electric fields, unlike water. Third, there is also a loss of electroreception in gars, bowfin, and teleosts (neopterygian fishes). Ampullary receptors are present in all surviving cartilaginous fishes and bony fishes except a few species present in Neopterygii (which include gars, bowfins, and teleosts) Fourth, monotremes and a least three groups of fresh-water teleosts re-evolved electroreception. Fifth, a group of teleosts, Xenomystinae, acquired passive electrolocation with low frequency sensitive ampullary receptors. Sixth, another group of teleosts, Mormyroids, evolved passive electrolocation and active location, as well as a pulse type EOD in active electrolocation. Seventh, Silurifiormes and Gymnoformes evolved passive electrolocation, and Gymnoformes also evolved active electrolocation with a pulse type or wave type EODs.

text: Electroreception

text: occurred early in evolutionary history with the evolution of an ampullary sensory system that included receptors able to detect weak electric signals in the environment (less than 1ųV/cm or 50 Hz). Sense organs specialized for electroreception have only been found among vertebrates, and around 8.600 species are known to be electroreceptive. The majority of teleosts and amniotes do not have an electroreceptive system, but the distribution of electroreception in terms of evolution involves different classes of fish.  First, there is an origin of a common ancestor of current existent vertebrates (close to lampreys and gnathostomes). This ancestor evolved a lateral line that is important in processing sensory information and present in today’s hagfishes. Ampullary receptors are ancestral to jawed fish, for lampreys and agnathans were found to have ampullary receptors 400 million years earlier. Second, there is a loss of electroreception in amniotes. This could be due to the fact that air is a poor medium to effectively conduct the electric fields, unlike water. Third, there is also a loss of electroreception in gars, bowfin, and teleosts (

text: neopterygian

text: fishes). Ampullary receptors are present in all surviving cartilaginous fishes and bony fishes except a few species present in Neopterygii (which include gars, bowfins, and teleosts) Fourth, monotremes and a least three groups of fresh-water teleosts re-evolved electroreception. Fifth, a group of teleosts, Xenomystinae, acquired passive electrolocation with low frequency sensitive ampullary receptors. Sixth, another group of teleosts, Mormyroids, evolved passive electrolocation and active location, as well as a pulse type EOD in active electrolocation. Seventh, Silurifiormes and Gymnoformes evolved passive electrolocation, and Gymnoformes also evolved active electrolocation with a pulse type or wave type EODs.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: lampreys and gnathostomes

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: four

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: processing sensory information

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The majority of teleosts and amniotes do not have an electroreceptive system

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: sense organs specialized for electroreception

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Sense organs specialized for electroreception have only been found among what?

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: a poor medium to effectively conduct the electric fields

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: active electrolocation

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Which of the following is not a group of teleosts?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: lampreys and agnathans

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: The majority of teleosts and amniotes do not have an electroreceptive system

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: lampreys and agnathans

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many different classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: amniotes

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: passive electrolocation

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: amniotes

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Ampullary sensory system

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: amniotes

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: lampreys and gnathostomes).

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: cartilaginous fishes and bony fishes

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: processing sensory information

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: teleosts and amniotes

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: Ampullary receptors

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Sense organs

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: bony fishes

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: electroreception

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: loss of electroreception

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: lampreys and gnathostomes).

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: air is a poor medium to effectively conduct the electric fields,

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: lampreys and gnathostomes).

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: active location,

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Electroreception

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: loss of electroreception

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: electroreception

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: active location,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: loss of electroreception

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Ampullary receptors

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: electroreception

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Ampullary receptors

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: loss of electroreception

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: loss of electroreception

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: loss of electroreception

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: electroreception

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: electroreception

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: electroreception

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: electroreception

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: electroreception

text: The vertebral foramen is the large opening posterior to the vertebral body also known as the spinal canal. It contains and protects the spinal cord at the thoracic level.

text: The

text: vertebral foramen

text: is the large opening posterior to the vertebral body also known as the spinal canal. It contains and protects the spinal cord at the thoracic level.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: vertebral foramen

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: protects the spinal cord

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The vertebral foramen is the large opening posterior to the vertebral body

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: spinal cords

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebral foramen

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: softer

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: thoracic

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: The vertebral foramen is the large opening posterior to the vertebral body

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Why did vertebrates evolve endothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What does the vertebral foramen contain?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: vertebral foramen

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebral

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: spinal cord

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebral

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebral body

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: thoracic

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: thoracic level.

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: It contains and protects the spinal cord

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The vertebral foramen

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: thoracic level.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebral foramen

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: protects the spinal cord

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: The vertebral foramen

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: The vertebral foramen

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: thoracic level.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: The vertebral foramen

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: thoracic level.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: The vertebral foramen

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: The vertebral foramen

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: The vertebral foramen

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: The vertebral foramen

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: The vertebral foramen

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: The vertebral foramen

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: The vertebral foramen

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: The vertebral foramen

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: The vertebral foramen

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: The vertebral foramen

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: thoracic level.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: The vertebral foramen

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: The vertebral foramen

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: The vertebral foramen

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: The vertebral foramen

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: spinal canal. It contains and protects the spinal cord

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: spinal cord

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: spinal canal. It contains and protects the spinal cord

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: The vertebral foramen

text: This primary stage resolves completely within six months. The secondary stage occurs months to years later, with typically widespread skin lesions that vary in appearance, including "crab yaws" on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet with desquamation. These secondary lesions frequently ulcerate and are then highly infectious, but heal after six months or more. About 10% of people then go on to develop tertiary disease within five to ten years (during which further secondary lesions may come and go), with widespread bone, joint and soft tissue destruction, which may include extensive destruction of the bone and cartilage of the nose (Rhinopharyngitis mutilans or "gangosa").

text: This primary stage resolves completely within six months. The secondary stage occurs months to years later, with typically widespread skin lesions that vary in appearance, including "crab yaws" on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet with

text: desquamation

text: . These secondary lesions frequently ulcerate and are then highly infectious, but heal after six months or more. About 10% of people then go on to develop tertiary disease within five to ten years (during which further secondary lesions may come and go), with widespread bone, joint and

text: soft tissue

text: destruction, which may include extensive destruction of the bone and cartilage of the nose (

text: Rhinopharyngitis mutilans

text: or "

text: gangosa

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: what is the first group mentioned?

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: eight

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: widespread bone, joint and soft tissue destruction

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: limbs

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: bone, joint and soft tissue destruction

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more likely to be destroyed

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Which of the following is not a type of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: The primary stage resolves completely within six months

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: What type of fish did Amphibians evolve from?

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: How many years after birds evolved?

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are living species of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Which of the following is not a vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: primary stage

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: gangosa

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: asexual

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: gangosa

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: primary stage

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: bone,

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: "crab

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: bone, joint and soft tissue

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: completely within six months.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: bone, joint

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: bone, joint and soft tissue

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: bone,

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: This primary stage resolves completely within six months. The secondary stage

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: skin lesions

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: "crab yaws"

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: This primary stage resolves completely within six months.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: "crab yaws"

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: This primary stage resolves completely within six months.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: This primary stage resolves completely within six months.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: This primary stage resolves completely within six months.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: This primary stage resolves completely within six months.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: tertiary disease

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: The secondary stage

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: bone and cartilage

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: This primary stage resolves completely within six months.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: 10%

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: tertiary disease within five to ten years

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: This primary stage resolves completely within six months.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: primary stage

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: "crab yaws"

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: "crab yaws"

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: soft tissue destruction, which may include extensive destruction of the bone and cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: desquamation.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: primary stage

text: When endothermy first appeared in the evolution of mammals is uncertain, though it is generally agreed to have first evolved in non-mammalian therapsids. Modern monotremes have lower body temperatures and more variable metabolic rates than marsupials and placentals, but there is evidence that some of their ancestors, perhaps including ancestors of the therians, may have had body temperatures like those of modern therians. Likewise, some modern therians like afrotheres and xenarthrans have secondarily developed lower body temperatures.

text: When

text: endothermy

text: first appeared in the evolution of mammals is uncertain, though it is generally agreed to have first evolved in non-mammalian

text: therapsids

text: . Modern monotremes have lower body temperatures and more variable metabolic rates than marsupials and placentals, but there is evidence that some of their ancestors, perhaps including ancestors of the therians, may have had body temperatures like those of modern therians. Likewise, some modern therians like afrotheres and xenarthrans have secondarily developed lower body temperatures.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: monotremes

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: lower body temperatures

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: modern monotremes have lower body temperatures and more variable metabolic rates

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: digits

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: placentals

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: monotremes

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: marsupials and placentals

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: therians

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How does endothermy work?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are living species of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: placentals

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: placentals

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: placentals

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: placentals

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: marsupials and placentals,

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: monotremes

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: lower body temperatures

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: Modern monotremes have lower body temperatures

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: monotremes have lower body temperatures and more variable metabolic rates

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: therapsids.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: lower body temperatures

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Modern monotremes have lower body temperatures

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: therapsids.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: marsupials and placentals,

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: therapsids.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: non-mammalian therapsids.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: non-mammalian therapsids.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: non-mammalian therapsids.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: monotremes

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Modern monotremes

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Modern monotremes have lower body temperatures and more variable metabolic rates

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: non-mammalian therapsids.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: non-mammalian therapsids.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: lower body temperatures and more variable metabolic rates

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: non-mammalian therapsids.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: monotremes

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: marsupials and placentals,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: placentals,

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: placentals,

text: Lampreys have vertebral arches, but nothing resembling the vertebral bodies found in all higher vertebrates. Even the arches are discontinuous, consisting of separate pieces of arch-shaped cartilage around the spinal cord in most parts of the body, changing to long strips of cartilage above and below in the tail region. Hagfishes lack a true vertebral column, and are therefore not properly considered vertebrates, but a few tiny neural arches are present in the tail. Hagfishes do, however, possess a cranium. For this reason, the vertebrate subphylum is sometimes referred to as "Craniata" when discussing morphology. Molecular analysis since 1992 has suggested that the hagfishes are most closely related to lampreys, and so also are vertebrates in a monophyletic sense. Others consider them a sister group of vertebrates in the common taxon of Craniata.

text: Lamprey

text: s have vertebral arches, but nothing resembling the vertebral bodies found in all

text: higher vertebrates

text: . Even the arches are discontinuous, consisting of separate pieces of arch-shaped cartilage around the spinal cord in most parts of the body, changing to long strips of cartilage above and below in the tail region.

text: Hagfish

text: es lack a true vertebral column, and are therefore not properly considered vertebrates, but a few tiny neural arches are present in the tail. Hagfishes do, however, possess a

text: cranium

text: . For this reason, the vertebrate subphylum is sometimes referred to as "

text: Craniata

text: " when discussing morphology. Molecular analysis since 1992 has suggested that the hagfishes are most closely related to lampreys, and so also are vertebrates in a

text: monophyletic

text: sense. Others consider them a sister group of vertebrates in the common taxon of Craniata.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Craniata

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: four

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: spinal cord

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: Hagfishes lack a true vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebral bodies

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebral arches

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: vertebral bodies

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: vertebral arches

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Hagfishes lack a true vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: hagfishes

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: what is the last group mentioned?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many different classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebral

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Hagfishes

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebral bodies

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Hagfishes

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebral

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: "Craniata"

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: Hagfishes

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: vertebral bodies

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: Hagfishes lack a true vertebral column,

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebral bodies

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: separate pieces of arch-shaped cartilage

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: vertebral bodies

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: vertebral bodies found in all higher vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: higher vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Lampreys have vertebral arches,

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Lampreys

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Hagfishes

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Lampreys have vertebral arches,

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Lampreys

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: Hagfishes

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: vertebral arches,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: higher vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Hagfishes

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Lampreys have vertebral arches,

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: Lampreys have vertebral arches,

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Craniata.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: higher vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebral arches,

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Lampreys have vertebral arches,

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebral bodies

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Molecular analysis

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebral arches,

text: Recent studies in the ontogeny and evolution of paired appendages have compared finless vertebrates – such as lampreys – with chondricthyes, the most basal living vertebrate with paired fins. In 2006, researchers found that the same genetic programming involved in the segmentation and development of median fins was found in the development of paired appendages in catsharks.  Although these findings do not directly support the lateral fin-fold hypothesis, the original concept of a shared median-paired fin evolutionary developmental mechanism remains relevant.

text: Recent studies in the ontogeny and evolution of paired appendages have compared finless vertebrates – such as

text: lamprey

text: s – with

text: chondricthyes

text: , the most basal living vertebrate with paired fins. In 2006, researchers found that the same genetic programming involved in the segmentation and development of median fins was found in the development of paired appendages in

text: catshark

text: s.  Although these findings do not directly support the lateral fin-fold hypothesis, the original concept of a shared median-paired fin evolutionary developmental mechanism remains relevant.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: lampreys

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: appendages

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: finless

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: fins

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: fins

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: finless

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: lampreys

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: finless vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: lampreys

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: lampreys

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: lampreys

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: The adaptive immune system of vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: finless vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: birds

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: bony skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are mentioned?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: ontogeny

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: lampreys

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: lateral fin-fold

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: lateral fin-fold hypothesis

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: ontogeny

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: lampreys

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: chondricthyes,

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: paired appendages

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: finless

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: paired fins.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: paired fins.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: basal living vertebrate with paired fins.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: paired appendages

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: finless vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: finless

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: lateral fin-fold hypothesis,

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: finless

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: finless vertebrates – such as lampreys

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: paired fins.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: finless vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: finless vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: finless vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: paired fins.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: chondricthyes,

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: paired appendages have compared finless vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: finless vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: chondricthyes,

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: chondricthyes,

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: lampreys

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: ontogeny

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: paired appendages

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: lateral fin-fold

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: chondricthyes,

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: paired appendages

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: chondricthyes,

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: ontogeny

text: 1942 Walls published The Vertebrate Eye and its Adaptive Radiation a classic on eye physiology and evolution. In this book Walls described a diversity of rod cells and cone cells in the animal world. He detected the communalities of photoreceptor cells in the vertebrate eye and was first in describing the cone cell as a specialized cell, obviously evolved from an early rod cell. 1958 Walls wrote a chapter in The eye in evolution, the first volume (780 pages) of Stewart Duke-Elder's work System of Ophthalmology, a monumental multivolume contribution to medical literature. In all, he published more than sixty journal papers and monographs, one book, and chapters to three other books.

text: 1942 Walls published The Vertebrate Eye and its Adaptive Radiation a classic on eye physiology and evolution. In this book Walls described a diversity of

text: rod cell

text: s and

text: cone cell

text: s in the animal world. He detected the communalities of

text: photoreceptor cell

text: s in the vertebrate eye and was first in describing the cone cell as a specialized cell, obviously evolved from an early rod cell. 1958 Walls wrote a chapter in The eye in evolution, the first volume (780 pages) of

text: Stewart Duke-Elder

text: 's work System of Ophthalmology, a monumental multivolume contribution to medical literature. In all, he published more than sixty journal papers and monographs, one book, and chapters to three other books.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: rod cells and cone cells

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: Adaptive Radiation

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: the vertebral column of vertebrates is made of bone

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: rod cells

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: rod cells and cone cells

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: Adaptive

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: rod cells

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: specialized cell, obviously evolved from an early rod cell

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: rod cells

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes are living species of vertebrates placed in?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Adaptive Radiation

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: asexual

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Stewart Duke-Elder

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: rod cells and cone cells

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: rod cells and cone cells

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: Adaptive Radiation

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: evolved from an early rod cell.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: rod cells

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: rod cells and cone cells

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: rod cells and cone cells

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: Adaptive Radiation

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Adaptive Radiation

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: rod cell.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: evolved from an early rod cell.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: rod cell.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: The Vertebrate Eye and its Adaptive Radiation

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: rod cell.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: rod cell.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: rod cells and cone cells

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: The Vertebrate Eye and its Adaptive Radiation

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Adaptive Radiation

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: rod cell.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: The Vertebrate Eye and its Adaptive Radiation

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: The Vertebrate Eye and its Adaptive Radiation

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: sixty

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: rod cells and cone cells

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: The Vertebrate Eye and its Adaptive Radiation

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: Adaptive Radiation

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Adaptive Radiation

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: rod cells and cone cells

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: rod cells

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Adaptive Radiation

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: rod cells

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: rod cells

text: The holotype specimen consists of the remains of a small individual. Because most of the vertebral column is absent, its body length cannot be directly determined, but a comparison can be made with the previously smallest known ornithomimosaur, the 1.6 metres long Shenzhousaurus, which has a thighbone length of 191 millimetres, while the femur length of Hexing is 135 millimetres. Such a small body size was among ornithomimosaurs up till now only known from juveniles but the holotype is not a young animal as is shown by the complete fusion of the skull bones, the neck ribs, the scapulocoracoid and the ankle bones.

text: The holotype specimen consists of the remains of a small individual. Because most of the vertebral column is absent, its body length cannot be directly determined, but a comparison can be made with the previously smallest known ornithomimosaur, the 1.6 metres long

text: Shenzhousaurus

text: , which has a thighbone length of 191 millimetres, while the femur length of Hexing is 135 millimetres. Such a small body size was among ornithomimosaurs up till now only known from juveniles but the holotype is not a young animal as is shown by the complete fusion of the skull bones, the neck ribs, the

text: scapulocoracoid

text: and the ankle bones.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: ornithomimosaurs

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: body length

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: the holotype is not a young animal

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: ornithomimosaurs

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: a small body size was among ornithomimosaurs up till now only known from juveniles

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: ornithomimosaurs

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class: ornithomimosaurs

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Hexing

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: fusion

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Hexing

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: ornithomimosaur,

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: smallest known ornithomimosaur,

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: body length

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: juveniles

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: scapulocoracoid and the ankle bones.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: skull bones,

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: bones,

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: fusion

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Because most of the vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: juveniles

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: juveniles

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: ornithomimosaur,

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: the previously smallest known ornithomimosaur,

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: the previously smallest known ornithomimosaur,

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: ornithomimosaur,

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: previously smallest known ornithomimosaur,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: 1.6 metres long Shenzhousaurus,

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: juveniles

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: the previously smallest known ornithomimosaur,

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: juveniles

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: smallest known ornithomimosaur,

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: juveniles

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: smallest known ornithomimosaur,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: fusion

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: femur

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: femur

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebral column

text: A common theory on the evolution of pinealocytes is that they evolved from photoreceptor cells. It is speculated that in ancestral vertebrates, the pinealocytes served the same function as photoreceptor cells, such as retinal cells. Structural, functional, and genetic similarities exist between the two cell types. Structurally, both develop from the area of the brain designated the diencephalon, also the area containing the thalamus and hypothalamus, during embryological development. Both types of cells have similar features, including cilia, folded membranes, and polarity. Functional evidence for this theory of evolution can be seen in lower vertebrates. The retention of photosensitivity of the pinealocytes of lampreys, fish, amphibians, reptiles, and birds and the secretion of melatonin by some of these lower vertebrates suggests that pinealocytes may have once served as photoreceptor cells. Researchers have also indicated the presence of several proteins found in the retina in the pinealocytes in chicken and fish. Genetic evidence demonstrates that phototransduction genes present in the DNA of the retina are also present in the DNA of pinealocytes.

text: A common theory on the

text: evolution

text: of pinealocytes is that they evolved from

text: photoreceptor cell

text: s. It is speculated that in ancestral

text: vertebrate

text: s, the pinealocytes served the same function as photoreceptor cells, such as retinal cells. Structural, functional, and genetic similarities exist between the two cell types. Structurally, both develop from the area of the

text: brain

text: designated the

text: diencephalon

text: , also the area containing the

text: thalamus

text: and

text: hypothalamus

text: , during embryological development. Both types of cells have similar features, including

text: cilia

text: , folded membranes, and

text: polarity

text: . Functional evidence for this theory of evolution can be seen in lower vertebrates. The retention of photosensitivity of the pinealocytes of lampreys, fish, amphibians, reptiles, and birds and the secretion of

text: melatonin

text: by some of these lower vertebrates suggests that pinealocytes may have once served as photoreceptor cells. Researchers have also indicated the presence of several proteins found in the

text: retina

text: in the pinealocytes in chicken and fish. Genetic evidence demonstrates that

text: phototransduction

text: genes present in the

text: DNA

text: of the retina are also present in the DNA of pinealocytes.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: lower vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: 1

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: secretion of melatonin

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: pinealocytes may have once served as photoreceptor cells

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: brains

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: the thalamus and hypothalamus

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense than cartilage

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: melatonin

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: pinealocytes

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: pinealocytes may have once served as photoreceptor cells

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: pinealocytes

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How does the adaptive immune system of vertebrates learn to recognize and attack specific pathogens?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are living species of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: embryological development

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: hypothalamus

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: embryological development

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: membranes

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: melatonin

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: pineal

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: embryological development

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: fish, amphibians, reptiles, and birds

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: lower

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: photoreceptor cells,

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: the pinealocytes served the same function as photoreceptor cells,

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: thalamus and hypothalamus,

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: diencephalon,

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: similarities

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: secretion of melatonin

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: melatonin

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: the pinealocytes served the same function as photoreceptor cells,

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: photoreceptor cells.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: photoreceptor cells.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: amphibians,

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: photoreceptor cells.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: fish,

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: lower vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: the pinealocytes served the same function as photoreceptor cells,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: the pinealocytes served the same function as photoreceptor cells,

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: diencephalon,

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: birds

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: photoreceptor cells.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: lower vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: birds

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: lower vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: embryological development.

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: melatonin

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: secretion of melatonin

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: membranes,

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: melatonin

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: cilia, folded membranes,

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: embryological development.

text: Glanosuchus may have been one of the first therapsids to achieve endothermy, or warm-bloodedness. Endothermy is seen today in mammals, the only living group of therapsids. Reptiles, the closest living relatives of mammals, are cold-blooded ectotherms with lower metabolic rates. Endothermic animals likely evolved from more primitive ectothermic synapsids sometime in the Permian or Triassic.

text: Glanosuchus may have been one of the first therapsids to achieve endothermy, or warm-bloodedness. Endothermy is seen today in mammals, the only living group of therapsids.

text: Reptile

text: s, the closest living relatives of mammals, are cold-blooded

text: ectotherm

text: s with lower metabolic rates. Endothermic animals likely evolved from more primitive ectothermic

text: synapsid

text: s sometime in the Permian or

text: Triassic

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Reptiles

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: endothermy is seen today in mammals

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: digits

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: Endothermy

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Endothermy

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: synapsids

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: mammals are cold-blooded ectotherms with lower metabolic rates

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: synapsids

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Vertebrate kidneys

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: Ectothermy

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: ectothermic

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: Endothermy

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: ectothermy

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Reptiles,

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: mammals,

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: endothermy,

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: cold-blooded ectotherms with lower metabolic rates.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: synapsids

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: mammals,

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: warm-bloodedness.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: Endothermy

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Endothermy is seen today in mammals,

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: ectothermic synapsids

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: cold-blooded ectotherms with lower metabolic rates.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: ectothermic synapsids

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: endothermy,

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: ectothermic synapsids

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Reptiles,

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: Reptiles,

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Endothermy is seen today in mammals,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Endothermy is seen today in mammals,

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Glanosuchus

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Reptiles,

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: endothermy,

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: mammals, the only living group of therapsids.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Reptiles,

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Reptiles,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: ectothermic

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: endothermy,

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: Endothermy

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: mammals,

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: endothermy,

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: ectothermic synapsids

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: ectothermic synapsids

text: As of 2014, it is not clear if Tyrannosaurus was endothermic (warm-blooded). Tyrannosaurus, like most dinosaurs, was long thought to have an ectothermic ("cold-blooded") reptilian metabolism. The idea of dinosaur ectothermy was challenged by scientists like Robert T. Bakker and John Ostrom in the early years of the "Dinosaur Renaissance", beginning in the late 1960s. Tyrannosaurus rex itself was claimed to have been endothermic ("warm-blooded"), implying a very active lifestyle. Since then, several paleontologists have sought to determine the ability of Tyrannosaurus to regulate its body temperature. Histological evidence of high growth rates in young Tyrannosaurus rex, comparable to those of mammals and birds, may support the hypothesis of a high metabolism. Growth curves indicate that, as in mammals and birds, Tyrannosaurus rex growth was limited mostly to immature animals, rather than the indeterminate growth seen in most other vertebrates.

text: As of 2014, it is not clear if Tyrannosaurus was

text: endothermic

text: (warm-blooded). Tyrannosaurus, like most dinosaurs, was long thought to have an

text: ectotherm

text: ic ("cold-blooded") reptilian

text: metabolism

text: . The idea of dinosaur ectothermy was challenged by scientists like

text: Robert T. Bakker

text: and

text: John Ostrom

text: in the early years of the "

text: Dinosaur Renaissance

text: ", beginning in the late 1960s. Tyrannosaurus rex itself was claimed to have been

text: endothermic

text: ("warm-blooded"), implying a very active lifestyle. Since then, several paleontologists have sought to determine the ability of Tyrannosaurus to

text: regulate

text: its body temperature. Histological evidence of high growth rates in young Tyrannosaurus rex, comparable to those of mammals and birds, may support the hypothesis of a high metabolism. Growth curves indicate that, as in mammals and birds, Tyrannosaurus rex growth was limited mostly to immature animals, rather than the

text: indeterminate growth

text: seen in most other

text: vertebrate

text: s.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: mammals and birds

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: growth

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: indeterminate growth seen in most other vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: How many limbs does Tyrannosaurus have?

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Tyrannosaurus rex

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: indeterminate growth

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: What type of system do vertebrates have?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: mammals and birds

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: indeterminate growth seen in most other vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Tyrannosaurus

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: growth was limited mostly to immature animals

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes are vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: None of the above choices

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: Ectothermy

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: indeterminate growth

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: endothermic

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: endothermic

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: endothermic

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: mammals and birds,

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: (warm-blooded).

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: indeterminate growth

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: indeterminate growth

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: indeterminate growth

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: reptilian

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: (warm-blooded).

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: indeterminate growth

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: temperature.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: mammals and birds,

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: indeterminate growth

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: mammals and birds,

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: ectothermic

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: ectothermic

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Tyrannosaurus rex

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: indeterminate growth seen in most other vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: ectothermic

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: ectothermic

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: "Dinosaur Renaissance", beginning in the late 1960s.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: birds,

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: indeterminate growth

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: indeterminate growth

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: mammals and birds,

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: indeterminate growth

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: ectothermic

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: active lifestyle.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: indeterminate growth

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: endothermic

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Histological evidence of high growth rates

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: reptilian

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: indeterminate growth

text: The Hangenberg event affected both marine and freshwater communities. This mass extinction affected ammonites and trilobites, as well as jawed vertebrates, including tetrapod ancestors. The Hangenberg is linked to the extinction of 44% of high-level vertebrate clades, including all placoderms and most sarcopterygians, and the complete turnover of the vertebrate biota. 97 per cent of vertebrate species disappeared, with only smaller forms surviving. After the event only sharks less than a meter and most fishes and tetrapods less than 10 centimeters remained, and it would take 40 million years before they started to increase in size again. This led to the establishment of the modern vertebrate fauna, consisting mostly of actinopterygians, chondrichthyans, and tetrapods, in the Carboniferous. Romer's gap, a 15 million-year hiatus in the early Carboniferous tetrapod record, has been linked to this event. Also, some of the losses attributed to the Kellwasser event likely actually occurred during the Hangenberg extinction, due to the poor Famennian record for marine invertebrates.

text: The Hangenberg event affected both marine and freshwater communities. This mass extinction affected

text: ammonite

text: s and

text: trilobite

text: s, as well as jawed vertebrates, including

text: tetrapod

text: ancestors. The Hangenberg is linked to the extinction of 44% of high-level vertebrate

text: clade

text: s, including all placoderms and most

text: sarcopterygian

text: s, and the complete turnover of the vertebrate biota. 97 per cent of vertebrate species disappeared, with only smaller forms surviving. After the event only sharks less than a meter and most fishes and tetrapods less than 10 centimeters remained, and it would take 40 million years before they started to increase in size again. This led to the establishment of the modern vertebrate fauna, consisting mostly of actinopterygians, chondrichthyans, and tetrapods, in the

text: Carboniferous

text: Romer's gap

text: , a 15 million-year hiatus in the early Carboniferous tetrapod record, has been linked to this event. Also, some of the losses attributed to the Kellwasser event likely actually occurred during the Hangenberg extinction, due to the poor Famennian record for marine invertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: actinopterygians, chondrichthyans and tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: three

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: jawed

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: 97 per cent of vertebrate species disappeared

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: jaws

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: actinopterygians, chondrichthyans and tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: asexual

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Which of the following is not a vertebrate: actinopterygians, chondrichthyans, or tetrapods?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: tetrapod

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: it would take 40 million years before they started to increase in size again

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How does the adaptive immune system of vertebrates work?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: What happened first, birds or mammals?

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: How many percent of vertebrate species disappeared?

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many different classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Which is not true about vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: actinopterygians

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: actinopterygians

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: actinopterygians

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: actinopterygians

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: actinopterygians

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: actinopterygians

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: actinopterygian

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: placoderms and most sarcopterygians,

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: tetrapods,

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: tetrapod ancestors.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: smaller forms surviving.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: tetrapod ancestors.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: tetrapod ancestors.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: jawed vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: increase in size

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: The Hangenberg

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: tetrapod ancestors.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: it would take 40 million years before they started to increase in size

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: tetrapod

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: ammonites and trilobites,

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: The Hangenberg

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: trilobites,

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: placoderms and most sarcopterygians,

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: The Hangenberg

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Hangenberg

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: tetrapod ancestors.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: tetrapod ancestors.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Hangenberg

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: sharks less than a meter

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: actinopterygians,

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: The Hangenberg

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: chondrichthyans,

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: The Hangenberg

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: increase in size

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: actinopterygians, chondrichthyans,

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: modern vertebrate fauna,

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: sarcopterygians,

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: chondrichthyans,

text: Like all Plasmodium species P. parahexamerium has both vertebrate and insect hosts. The vertebrate hosts for this parasite are birds.

text: Like all Plasmodium species P. parahexamerium has both

text: vertebrate

text: and

text: insect

text: hosts. The vertebrate hosts for this parasite are

text: bird

text: s.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: birds

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: Host

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The vertebral column of vertebrates is made of cartilage.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: birds

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: vertebrate reproduction is asexual.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: birds

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What does the adaptive immune system of vertebrates do?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: [iv]

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: parasites

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: parasite

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: skeleton

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: insect hosts.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: The vertebrate hosts for this parasite are birds.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrate and insect

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrate

text: Sea levels in the Devonian were generally high. Marine faunas continued to be dominated by bryozoa, diverse and abundant brachiopods, the enigmatic hederelloids, microconchids and corals. Lily-like crinoids (animals, their resemblance to flowers notwithstanding) were abundant, and trilobites were still fairly common. Among vertebrates, jaw-less armored fish (ostracoderms) declined in diversity, while the jawed fish (gnathostomes) simultaneously increased in both the sea and fresh water. Armored placoderms were numerous during the lower stages of the Devonian Period and became extinct in the Late Devonian, perhaps because of competition for food against the other fish species. Early cartilaginous (Chondrichthyes) and bony fishes (Osteichthyes) also become diverse and played a large role within the Devonian seas. The first abundant genus of shark,  Cladoselache, appeared in the oceans during the Devonian Period. The great diversity of fish around at the time, have led to the Devonian being given the name "The Age of Fish" in popular culture.

text: Sea levels in the Devonian were generally high. Marine faunas continued to be dominated by

text: bryozoa

text: , diverse and abundant

text: brachiopods

text: , the enigmatic

text: hederelloids

text: microconchids

text: and

text: coral

text: s. Lily-like

text: crinoids

text: (animals, their resemblance to flowers notwithstanding) were abundant, and

text: trilobite

text: s were still fairly common. Among vertebrates, jaw-less armored fish (

text: ostracoderms

text: ) declined in diversity, while the jawed fish (gnathostomes) simultaneously increased in both the sea and

text: fresh water

text: . Armored

text: placoderms

text: were numerous during the lower stages of the Devonian Period and became extinct in the Late Devonian, perhaps because of competition for food against the other fish species. Early cartilaginous (

text: Chondrichthyes

text: ) and bony fishes (

text: Osteichthyes

text: ) also become diverse and played a large role within the Devonian seas. The first abundant genus of shark,

text: Cladoselache

text: , appeared in the oceans during the Devonian Period. The great diversity of fish around at the time, have led to the Devonian being given the name "The Age of Fish" in popular culture.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: ostracoderms

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: six

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: food

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: jaw-less armored fish (ostracoderms) declined in diversity

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: jaws

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: gnathostomes

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: What is the first abundant genus of shark, Cladoselache, in the oceans during the Devonian Period?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: gnathostomes

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Armored placoderms were numerous during the lower stages of the Devonian Period and became extinct in the Late Devonian

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: gnathostomes

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Bondrichthyes

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Which happened first, birds or mammals?

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony fishes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many different classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: ostracoderms

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: resemblance to flowers

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: gnathostomes

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: (gnathostomes)

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: (gnathostomes)

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: food

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: jaw-less

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: (gnathostomes)

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: (gnathostomes)

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: bony

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: (gnathostomes)

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: food

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: (gnathostomes)

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: numerous during the lower stages of the Devonian Period and became extinct

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: (gnathostomes)

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: (gnathostomes) simultaneously increased in both the sea and fresh water.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: (gnathostomes)

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: jaw-less armored fish

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: (gnathostomes)

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: (ostracoderms) declined in diversity,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Armored placoderms

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: (Chondrichthyes)

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: jaw-less armored fish

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: (gnathostomes)

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: (gnathostomes)

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: (gnathostomes)

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: (gnathostomes)

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: (gnathostomes)

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: cartilaginous

text: The intention of a chiropractic adjustment is to affect or correct the alignment, motion and/or function of a vertebral joint. Specifically, they are intended to correct "vertebral subluxations", the term given to the signs and symptoms that are said by chiropractors to result from abnormal alignment of vertebrae. (p. 218) This intention forms the legal and philosophical foundation of the profession, and US Medicare law formulates it in this manner:

text: The intention of a chiropractic adjustment is to affect or correct the alignment, motion and/or function of a vertebral joint. Specifically, they are intended to correct "

text: vertebral subluxation

text: s", the term given to the signs and symptoms that are said by chiropractors to result from abnormal alignment of vertebrae. (p. 218) This intention forms the legal and philosophical foundation of the profession, and

text: US Medicare

text: law formulates it in this manner:

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: alignment

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: abnormal alignment of vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: spines

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebral joints

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: vertebral subluxations

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: None of the above choices are true

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: What did vertebrates evolve?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: It is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: mammals

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes are vertebrates placed in?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: chiropractic adjustment

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Chiropractors

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebral

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebral

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: vertebrae.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: vertebral joint.

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: alignment, motion and/or function of a vertebral joint.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: abnormal alignment of vertebrae.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrae.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebral joint.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebral joint.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: motion and/or function of a vertebral joint.

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: vertebral joint.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: vertebral joint.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: "vertebral subluxations",

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: vertebral joint.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: The intention of a chiropractic adjustment

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: vertebral joint.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: The intention of a chiropractic adjustment

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: vertebral joint.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: vertebral joint.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: "vertebral subluxations",

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: vertebral joint.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: vertebral joint.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: The intention of a chiropractic adjustment

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: vertebral joint.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: vertebral joint.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: The intention of a chiropractic adjustment

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebral joint.

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: chiropractic adjustment

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebral joint.

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebral joint.

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: chiropractic

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebral

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebral joint.

text: In vertebrates, epithelium and mesenchyme are the basic tissue phenotypes. During embryonic development, migratory neural crest cells are generated by EMT involving the epithelial cells of the neuroectoderm. As a result, these cells dissociate from neural folds, gain motility, and disseminate to various parts of the embryo, where they differentiate to many other cell types. Also, craniofacial crest mesenchyme that forms the connective tissue forming the head and face, is formed by neural tube epithelium by EMT. EMT takes place during the construction of the vertebral column out of the extracellular matrix, which is to be synthesized by fibroblasts and osteoblasts that encircle the neural tube. The major source of these cells are sclerotome and somite mesenchyme as well as primitive streak. Mesenchymal morphology allows the cells to travel to specific targets in the embryo, where they differentiate and/or induce differentiation of other cells.

text: In vertebrates,

text: epithelium

text: and

text: mesenchyme

text: are the basic tissue phenotypes. During embryonic development, migratory

text: neural crest

text: cells are generated by EMT involving the epithelial cells of the neuroectoderm. As a result, these cells dissociate from neural folds, gain motility, and disseminate to various parts of the embryo, where they differentiate to many other cell types. Also, craniofacial crest mesenchyme that forms the connective tissue forming the head and face, is formed by

text: neural tube

text: epithelium by EMT. EMT takes place during the construction of the vertebral column out of the

text: extracellular matrix

text: , which is to be synthesized by

text: fibroblast

text: s and

text: osteoblast

text: s that encircle the neural tube. The major source of these cells are

text: sclerotome

text: and

text: somite

text: mesenchyme as well as

text: primitive streak

text: . Mesenchymal morphology allows the cells to travel to specific targets in the embryo, where they differentiate and/or induce differentiation of other cells.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: vertebrates are the basic tissue phenotypes

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: to travel to specific targets

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: the major source of these cells are sclerotome and somite mesenchyme as well as primitive streak

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebral columns

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: epithelium and mesenchyme

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: EMT

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: What is the basic tissue phenotype of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: epithelium and mesenchyme

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: The major source of these cells are sclerotome and somite mesenchyme as well as primitive streak

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: primitive streak

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: What did Amphibians evolve from?

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Mesenchymal morphology allows the cells to travel to specific targets

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: How many years before birds evolved?

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Which of the following is not true?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: embryonic development

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: EMT

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: EMT

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: fibroblasts

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: mesenchyme

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: osteoblasts

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: embryonic development

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: epithelium and mesenchyme

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: neural tube.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: synthesized

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: neural folds,

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: epithelium and mesenchyme

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: osteoblasts

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: EMT

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: migratory neural crest cells

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: epithelium and mesenchyme

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: epithelium and mesenchyme

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: epithelial cells of the neuroectoderm.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: epithelial cells of the neuroectoderm.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: neuroectoderm.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: epithelial cells of the neuroectoderm.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: migratory neural crest cells

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: epithelial cells of the neuroectoderm.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: In vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: epithelial cells of the neuroectoderm.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: epithelial cells of the neuroectoderm.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: In vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: embryonic

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: EMT

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: connective tissue

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: EMT

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: osteoblasts

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: embryonic development,

text: Kenichthys is a genus of sarcopterygian fish from the Devonian period, and a member of the clade tetrapodomorpha.  The only known species of the genus is Kenichthys campbelli (named for the Australian palaeontologist K.S.W. Campbell), the first remains of which were found in China in 1993.  The genus is important to the study of the evolution of tetrapods due to the unique nature of its nostrils, which provide vital evidence regarding the evolutionary transition of fish-like nostrils to the vertebrate choanae.

text: Kenichthys is a genus of

text: sarcopterygian

text: fish from the

text: Devonian

text: period, and a member of the

text: clade

text: tetrapodomorpha

text: .  The only known

text: species

text: of the

text: genus

text: is Kenichthys campbelli (named for the

text: Australian

text: palaeontologist

text: K.S.W. Campbell), the first remains of which were found in

text: China

text: in 1993.  The genus is important to the study of the

text: evolution

text: of

text: tetrapod

text: s due to the unique nature of its

text: nostril

text: s, which provide vital evidence regarding the evolutionary transition of fish-like nostrils to the

text: vertebrate

text: choanae

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: choanae

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: six

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: fish-like nostrils

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: nostrils

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: choanae

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: choanae

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: vertebrate choanae.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: choanae

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: The only known species of the genus is Kenichthys campbelli

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: How many tetrapods are there?

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: No

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: How many sexes are there in Kenichthys?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: sarcopterygian

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: choanae

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: tetrapodomorpha

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: skeleton

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: sarcopterygian

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: choanae.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: tetrapodomorpha.

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: choanae.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: fish-like nostrils

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: choanae.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: choanae.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: nostrils,

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: choanae.

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: choanae.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: choanae.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: choanae.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: choanae.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: choanae.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: choanae.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Kenichthys

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: choanae.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: choanae.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: choanae.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: vertebrate choanae.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: sarcopterygian fish

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Kenichthys

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: choanae.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: choanae.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: choanae.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: choanae.

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: choanae.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: choanae.

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: choanae.

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: choanae.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: choanae.

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: choanae.

text: By invertebrates are meant the non-vertebrate creatures of the kingdom Animalia (or Metazoa) in the biotic domain of Eukaryota.  By phyletic definition, these many-celled, sub-vertebrate animals lack a vertebral column, spinal column, vertebrae, backbone, or long, full-length notochord -- in contrast, of course, to the vertebrates in the one phylum of Chordata.

text: By invertebrates are meant the non-vertebrate creatures of the

text: kingdom

text: Animalia

text: (or

text: Metazoa

text: ) in the

text: biotic

text: domain

text: of

text: Eukaryota

text: .  By

text: phyletic

text: definition, these

text: many-celled

text: , sub-vertebrate animals lack a

text: vertebral column

text: spinal column

text: vertebrae

text: backbone

text: , or long, full-length

text: notochord

text: -- in contrast, of course, to the

text: vertebrate

text: s in the one phylum of

text: Chordata

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Chordata

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: Chordata

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: backbone

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: long, full-length notochord

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: full-length

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Chordata

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: long, full-length notochord

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: invertebrates

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: Chordata

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: invertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: invertebrates

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Chordata.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: Chordata.

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: backbone,

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: lack a vertebral column,

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: Chordata.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Chordata.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: long, full-length notochord

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: notochord

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Chordata.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Chordata.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Chordata.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Chordata.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Chordata.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Chordata.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: invertebrates

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: Chordata.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Chordata.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Chordata.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: long, full-length notochord

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: invertebrates

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: By invertebrates

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: Chordata.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Chordata.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Chordata.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: notochord

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: biotic

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: notochord

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: invertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: biotic domain of Eukaryota.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebral column, spinal column, vertebrae, backbone,

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: biotic domain of Eukaryota.

text: If a non-vertebrate animal is mentioned below using its common, or vernacular name, the creature is usually a living, present-day invertebrate. But if  a non-vertebrate is cited below by its scientific, taxonomic genus (in italics), then it is typically an extinct invertebrate, known only from the fossil record.

text: If a non-vertebrate animal is mentioned below using its common, or vernacular name, the creature is usually a living,

text: present-day

text: invertebrate. But if  a non-vertebrate is cited below by its scientific,

text: taxonomic

text: genus

text: (in

text: italics

text: ), then it is typically an

text: extinct

text: invertebrate, known only from the

text: fossil record

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: non-vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: one

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: spinal cord

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: extinct invertebrate, known only from the fossil record

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: extinct

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: extinct invertebrate, known only from the fossil record.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: extinct

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Amphibians

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Amphibians

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: Chordata

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Birds

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: taxonomic class

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: male

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: vernacular name

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: vernacular name

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: Vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: living, present-day invertebrate.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: invertebrate.

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: present-day invertebrate.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: living, present-day invertebrate.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: living, present-day invertebrate.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: living, present-day invertebrate.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: living, present-day invertebrate.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: present-day invertebrate.

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: living, present-day invertebrate.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: extinct

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: living, present-day invertebrate.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: extinct

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: present-day invertebrate.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: present-day invertebrate.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: living, present-day invertebrate.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: living, present-day invertebrate.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: living, present-day invertebrate.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: living, present-day invertebrate.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: extinct invertebrate,

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: present-day invertebrate.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: present-day invertebrate.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: present-day invertebrate.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: present-day invertebrate.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: present-day invertebrate.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: living, present-day invertebrate.

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: invertebrate.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: present-day invertebrate.

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: non-vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: invertebrate.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: non-vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: living, present-day invertebrate.

text: These animals have evolved to survive the extreme pressure of the sub-photic zones. The pressure increases by about one bar every ten meters. To cope with the pressure, many fish are rather small, usually not exceeding 25 cm in length. Also, scientists have discovered that the deeper these creatures live, the more gelatinous their flesh and more minimal their skeletal structure. These creatures have also eliminated all excess cavities that would collapse under the pressure, such as swim bladders.

text: These animals have

text: evolved

text: to survive the extreme pressure of the sub-

text: photic zone

text: s. The pressure increases by about one

text: bar

text: every ten meters. To cope with the pressure, many fish are rather small, usually not exceeding 25 cm in length. Also, scientists have discovered that the deeper these creatures live, the more gelatinous their flesh and more minimal their skeletal structure. These creatures have also eliminated all excess cavities that would collapse under the pressure, such as

text: swim bladders

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: six

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: swim bladders

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: the deeper these creatures live, the more gelatinous their flesh

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: skeletons

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: what part of the body?

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: gelatinous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Which of the following is not a type of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: vertebrates reproduce sexually.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How does the adaptive immune system of vertebrates work?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: swim bladders

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: flesh

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: gelatinous flesh

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: skeletal structure

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: survive the extreme pressure of the sub-photic zones.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: swim bladders.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: swim bladders.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: swim bladders.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: skeletal structure.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: swim bladders.

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: swim bladders.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: swim bladders.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: pressure of the sub-photic zones.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: swim bladders.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: 25 cm in length.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: skeletal structure.

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: swim bladders.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: swim bladders.

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: flesh

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: swim bladders.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: skeletal

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: skeletal structure.

text: Gazin was born in Colorado in 1904. He got an education at California Institute of Technology and earned  bacheror's degree there in 1927. He got his master's degree in 1928 and a PhD in 1930, and during the same year he began working for the United States Geological Survey. He was named Assistant Curator in the Division of Vertebrate Paleontology at the Smithsonian Institution in 1932. Ten years later, in 1942 he became Associate Curator and in 1946, a Curator of the Division. He was named Senior Paleobiologist in 1967, and when his retirement came in 1970, he got a Paleobiologist Emeritus position. Twelve years later in 1982 he became a Curator Emeritus. He wrote ninety-nine works on vertebrate paleontology, most of which were focused on mammalian paleontology. Gazin served as President of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology and was a Director of the American Geological Institute.

text: Gazin was born in

text: Colorado

text: in 1904. He got an education at

text: California Institute of Technology

text: and earned  bacheror's degree there in 1927. He got his master's degree in 1928 and a PhD in 1930, and during the same year he began working for the

text: United States Geological Survey

text: . He was named Assistant Curator in the

text: Division of Vertebrate Paleontology

text: at the

text: Smithsonian Institution

text: in 1932. Ten years later, in 1942 he became Associate Curator and in 1946, a Curator of the Division. He was named Senior Paleobiologist in 1967, and when his retirement came in 1970, he got a Paleobiologist Emeritus position. Twelve years later in 1982 he became a Curator Emeritus. He wrote ninety-nine works on vertebrate

text: paleontology

text: , most of which were focused on

text: mammal

text: ian paleontology. Gazin served as

text: President

text: of the

text: Society of Vertebrate Paleontology

text: and was a Director of the

text: American Geological Institute

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: mammalian

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: resting

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: most of which were focused on mammalian paleontology

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: mammalian

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Which of the following is not a type of vertebrate?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: mammalian

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: most of which were focused on mammalian

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: mammal

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which happened first, Gazin was named Assistant Curator or he became Associate Curator?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Paleobiology

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: vertebrate paleontology

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: mammalian

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: ninety-nine

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: mammalian

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: mammalian

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: mammalian

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: mammalian

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: bacheror's degree there in 1927.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: Vertebrate Paleontology

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: mammalian

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: mammalian

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: mammalian

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: mammalian

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: mammalian

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Gazin was born in Colorado in 1904.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: mammalian

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: mammalian

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Gazin was born in Colorado in 1904.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Gazin was born in Colorado in 1904.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: mammalian paleontology.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: mammalian

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Gazin was born in Colorado in 1904.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: mammalian

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: mammalian

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: mammalian

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrate paleontology,

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: vertebrate paleontology,

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: vertebrate paleontology,

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: Vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrate paleontology,

text: The Sleeping Beauty transposon system is a synthetic DNA transposon designed to introduce precisely defined DNA sequences into the chromosomes of vertebrate animals for the purposes of introducing new traits and to discover new genes and their functions.

text: The Sleeping Beauty transposon system is a synthetic DNA

text: transposon

text: designed to introduce precisely defined

text: DNA

text: sequences into the

text: chromosomes

text: of

text: vertebrate

text: animals for the purposes of introducing new

text: traits

text: and to discover new

text: genes

text: and their functions.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: one

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: to discover new genes and their functions

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The Sleeping Beauty transposon system introduces DNA sequences into the chromosomes

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: chromosomes

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: mammals

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: The Sleeping Beauty transposon system introduces DNA sequences into the chromosomes of vertebrate animals.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Sleeping Beauty

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: asexual

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: muscle

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: transposon system

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: skeleton

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: animals

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: vertebrate animals

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: introducing new traits

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The Sleeping Beauty

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: chromosomes

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: chromosomes

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebrate animals

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: DNA sequences into the chromosomes

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: traits

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: animals

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: DNA sequences

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: animals

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: The Sleeping Beauty transposon system

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: The Sleeping Beauty transposon system

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: The Sleeping Beauty transposon

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: vertebrate animals

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: The Sleeping Beauty transposon

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: The Sleeping Beauty transposon system

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: vertebrate animals

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: vertebrate animals

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: introducing new traits

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: vertebrate animals

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: The Sleeping Beauty transposon

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: The Sleeping Beauty

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrate animals

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: The Sleeping Beauty transposon system

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: The Sleeping Beauty transposon system

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrate animals

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: The Sleeping Beauty transposon system

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrate animals

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: DNA sequences into the chromosomes

text: The spinal cord is a long, thin, tubular bundle of nervous tissue and support cells that extends from the medulla oblongata in the brainstem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column. The brain and spinal cord together make up the central nervous system (CNS). The spinal cord begins at the occipital bone and extends down to the space between the first and second lumbar vertebrae; it does not extend the entire length of the vertebral column. It is around  in men and around  long in women.  Also, the spinal cord has a varying width, ranging from  thick in the cervical and lumbar regions to  thick in the thoracic area. The enclosing bony vertebral column protects the relatively shorter spinal cord. The spinal cord functions primarily in the transmission of neural signals between the brain and the rest of the body but also contains neural circuits that can independently control numerous reflexes and central pattern generators.The spinal cord has three major functions:as a conduit for motor information, which travels down the spinal cord, as a conduit for sensory information in the reverse direction, and finally as a center for coordinating certain reflexes.

text: The spinal cord is a long, thin, tubular bundle of

text: nervous tissue

text: and

text: support cells

text: that extends from the

text: medulla oblongata

text: in the

text: brainstem

text: to the

text: lumbar

text: region of the

text: vertebral column

text: . The brain and spinal cord together make up the

text: central nervous system

text: (CNS). The spinal cord begins at the

text: occipital bone

text: and extends down to the space between the first and second

text: lumbar vertebrae

text: ; it does not extend the entire length of the

text: vertebral column

text: . It is around  in men and around  long in women.  Also, the spinal cord has a varying width, ranging from  thick in the cervical and lumbar regions to  thick in the thoracic area. The enclosing bony

text: vertebral column

text: protects the relatively shorter spinal cord. The spinal cord functions primarily in the transmission of neural signals between the

text: brain

text: and the rest of the body but also contains

text: neural circuit

text: s that can independently control numerous

text: reflex

text: es and

text: central pattern generator

text: s.The spinal cord has three major functions:as a conduit for motor information, which travels down the spinal cord, as a conduit for sensory information in the reverse direction, and finally as a center for coordinating certain reflexes.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: vertebrates that do not have a spinal cord

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: protects the relatively shorter spinal cord

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The spinal cord does not extend the entire length of the vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Which of the following is not a type of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: the spinal cord has a varying width

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Which of the following is not a function of the spinal cord?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Which came first, birds or mammals?

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Which of the following is not true?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: central pattern generators

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: asexual

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: spinal cord

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: central pattern generators

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebral

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: men

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: first and second lumbar vertebrae;

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: protects the relatively shorter spinal cord.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: it does not extend the entire length

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: men and around long in women.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: bony vertebral column protects the relatively shorter spinal cord.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: bony vertebral column protects the relatively shorter

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: The spinal cord

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: The spinal cord

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: lumbar vertebrae;

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: The spinal cord

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: first and second lumbar vertebrae;

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: The spinal cord

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: The spinal cord

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: The spinal cord

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: first and second lumbar vertebrae;

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: The spinal cord

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: The spinal cord

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: The spinal cord

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: The spinal cord

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: bony vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: The spinal cord

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: The spinal cord

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: men and around long in women.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: The spinal cord

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: reflexes

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: men and around long in women.

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: thick

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: neural circuits

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: nervous tissue

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: The spinal cord

text: Other animals reproduce sexually with external fertilization, including many basal vertebrates. Vertebrates (such as reptiles, some fish, and most birds) reproduce with internal fertilization through cloacal copulation (see also hemipenis), while mammals copulate vaginally.

text: Other animals reproduce sexually with external fertilization, including many

text: basal

text: vertebrate

text: s. Vertebrates (such as

text: reptile

text: s, some

text: fish

text: , and most

text: bird

text: s) reproduce with internal fertilization through

text: cloaca

text: l copulation (see also

text: hemipenis

text: ), while

text: mammals copulate vagina

text: lly.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: reptiles

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: some fish

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: internal fertilization

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: reptiles reproduce sexually with external fertilization

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: digits

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: cloacal copulation

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: softer

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: vaginally

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: reptiles

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: mammals copulate vaginally

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: reptiles

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: external fertilization

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: hemipenis

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vaginally

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: hemipenis

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: hemipenis

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: internal fertilization

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: reptiles, some fish, and most birds)

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: some fish,

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: internal fertilization

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: external fertilization,

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: birds)

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: cloacal copulation

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: external fertilization,

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: vaginally.

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: internal fertilization

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: reptiles,

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: external fertilization,

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: reptiles,

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: cloacal copulation

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: internal fertilization through cloacal copulation

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: reptiles, some fish, and most birds)

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: cloacal copulation

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Other animals reproduce sexually with external fertilization,

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: reptiles, some fish, and most birds)

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: reptiles, some fish, and most birds)

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: external fertilization,

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: cloacal copulation

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vaginally.

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: hemipenis),

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: cloacal copulation

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: hemipenis),

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: cloacal copulation

text: The holotype came from a single immature individual, based on the incomplete fusion of neural arches to their centra in the vertebral column. Siats is characterized by seven diagnostic, including four autapomorphic (i.e. unique), traits. Its autapomorphies include the subtriangular cross section of the distal caudal vertebrae, elongated centrodiapophyseal laminae lacking noticeable infradiapophyseal fossae on the proximal caudals, a transversely concaved acetabular rim of iliac pubic peduncle, and the presence of a notch on the end of the truncated lateral brevis shelf. Other notable traits include the broad neural spines on the dorsal vertebrae.

text: The holotype came from a single immature individual, based on the incomplete fusion of neural arches to their centra in the vertebral column. Siats is characterized by seven diagnostic, including four

text: autapomorphic

text: (i.e. unique), traits. Its autapomorphies include the subtriangular

text: cross section

text: of the

text: distal

text: caudal vertebrae, elongated centrodiapophyseal laminae lacking noticeable infradiapophyseal

text: fossae

text: on the

text: proximal

text: caudals, a transversely concaved acetabular rim of iliac pubic peduncle, and the presence of a notch on the end of the truncated lateral brevis shelf. Other notable traits include the broad

text: neural spines

text: on the dorsal vertebrae.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: neural arches

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: incomplete fusion of neural arches to their centra

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: fusion of neural arches

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Siats

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: The holotype came from a single immature individual

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Siats

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the function of vertebrate kidneys

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes are vertebrates placed in?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: infradiapophyseal

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: autapomorphic

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: infradiapophyseal

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: acetabulum

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Siats

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: acetabulum

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: fusion

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: dorsal vertebrae.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: seven

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: neural arches

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: incomplete fusion of neural arches to their centra

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: infradiapophyseal fossae

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: broad neural spines on the dorsal vertebrae.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebral column.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: fusion

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: infradiapophyseal fossae

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: a single immature individual,

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: a single immature individual,

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: a single immature individual,

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: infradiapophyseal fossae

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: neural arches to their centra in the vertebral column.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: The holotype came from a single immature individual,

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: vertebral column.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: infradiapophyseal fossae

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: infradiapophyseal fossae

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: incomplete fusion of neural arches

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: The holotype came from a single immature individual,

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: infradiapophyseal fossae

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: single immature individual,

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: seven

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Siats

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: fusion of neural arches to their centra in the vertebral column.

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: infradiapophyseal fossae

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: infradiapophyseal fossae

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: neural arches to their centra in the vertebral column.

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: incomplete fusion of neural arches

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: acetabular

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: fusion of neural arches to their centra in the vertebral column.

text: There are three anterior spinal veins in total. These, along with three posterior spinal veins, are allowed to communicate with one another as they run interconnected throughout the entire length of the spinal cord. This is seen through both sets of veins combining to form a network of anastomoses around the conus medullaris. Together, these two sets of veins also collect blood from intramedullary radial veins as well as other veins. They are drained by the anterior and posterior radicular veins, respectably. Radicular veins appear blue to the naked eye. Next, both radicular veins travel to the epidural space by means of joining the internal vertebral venous plexuses. Ultimately, this plexus is able to send and receive information from the veins and sinuses inside the brain. The external vertebral venous plexuses is also available for the internal vertebral venous plexus to communicate with.

text: There are three anterior spinal veins in total. These, along with three

text: posterior spinal veins

text: , are allowed to communicate with one another as they run interconnected throughout the entire length of the

text: spinal cord

text: . This is seen through both sets of veins combining to form a network of

text: anastomoses

text: around the

text: conus medullaris

text: . Together, these two sets of veins also collect blood from intramedullary radial veins as well as other veins. They are drained by the anterior and posterior radicular veins, respectably. Radicular veins appear blue to the naked eye. Next, both radicular veins travel to the epidural space by means of joining the

text: internal vertebral venous plexuses

text: . Ultimately, this plexus is able to send and receive information from the veins and sinuses inside the brain. The

text: external vertebral venous plexuses

text: is also available for the internal vertebral venous plexus to communicate with.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: vertebral venous plexus

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: one

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: spinal cord

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: external vertebral venous plexuses is also available for the internal vertebral venous plexus to communicate with.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: spinal veins

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebral venous plexuses

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: external vertebral venous plexuses is also available for the internal vertebral venous plexus to communicate with.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: vertebrate kidneys are

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How does the immune system of vertebrates learn to recognize and attack specific pathogens

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: epidural space

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: external vertebral venous plexuses

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: sperm

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: radicular veins

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: epidural space

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: spinal cord

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: epidural

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: anterior spinal veins

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: three

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: send and receive information from the veins and sinuses inside the brain.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: three anterior spinal veins

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: three anterior spinal veins

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: internal vertebral venous plexuses.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: three anterior spinal veins

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: radial veins

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: internal vertebral venous plexuses.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: three anterior spinal veins

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: three anterior spinal veins

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: three anterior spinal veins

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: three anterior spinal veins

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: internal vertebral venous plexuses.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: three anterior spinal veins

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: internal vertebral venous plexuses.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: anterior and posterior radicular veins,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: internal vertebral venous plexuses.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: three anterior spinal veins

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: three anterior spinal veins

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: three anterior spinal veins

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: three anterior spinal veins

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: three anterior spinal veins

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: three anterior spinal veins

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: internal vertebral venous plexuses.

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: The external vertebral venous plexuses

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: conus medullaris.

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: spinal cord.

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: internal vertebral venous plexuses.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: conus medullaris.

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: epidural space

text: Vertebrate olfaction was first derived in an aquatic ecosystem, where water was the primary medium for odorants. Lancelets, a class of fish-like marine chordates, are the most distantly related ancestors that share the same olfactory receptors (OR) with humans. They diverged from our own ancestors approximately 700 million years ago, shortly before the development of the eyes and brain. Although they lack an identifiable olfactory organ, lancelets possess 40 olfactory receptor genes that are studded along their flanks to detect odor molecules from their surrounding aquatic environment. Furthermore, many vertebrate-type olfactory receptor genes were found in their genome.

text: Vertebrate olfaction was first derived in an aquatic

text: ecosystem

text: , where water was the primary medium for

text: odorants

text: Lancelet

text: s, a class of fish-like marine

text: chordate

text: s, are the most distantly related ancestors that share the same olfactory receptors (OR) with humans. They diverged from our own ancestors approximately 700 million years ago, shortly before the development of the eyes and brain. Although they lack an identifiable olfactory organ, lancelets possess 40 olfactory receptor genes that are studded along their flanks to detect odor molecules from their surrounding aquatic environment. Furthermore, many vertebrate-type olfactory receptor genes were found in their genome.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: marine chordates

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: olfaction

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: they lack an identifiable olfactory organ

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: olfactory receptor genes

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: a class of fish-like marine chordates

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: olfactory receptors

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: marine chordates

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: They diverged from our own ancestors approximately 700 million years ago

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: marine chordates

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: human

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: chordates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: lancelets

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: chordates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: the eyes and brain

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Lancelets,

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: Lancelets,

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: olfaction

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: lack an identifiable olfactory organ,

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: 40 olfactory receptor genes

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: olfactory receptor genes

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: Vertebrate olfaction

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: olfaction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Vertebrate olfaction

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: aquatic ecosystem,

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: water was the primary medium for odorants.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Lancelets,

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: aquatic ecosystem,

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: olfaction was first derived in an aquatic ecosystem,

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Lancelets,

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: Lancelets,

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Vertebrate olfaction

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Lancelets,

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Lancelets,

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Lancelets,

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Lancelets,

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: 700

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Lancelets,

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Lancelets,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: development of the eyes and brain.

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: olfaction

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: olfactory receptors

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: Vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: humans.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: Vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: development of the eyes and brain.

text: This technique/repair requires transplant sections of bone and cartilage. First, the damaged section of bone and cartilage is removed from the joint. Then a new healthy dowel of bone with its cartilage covering is punched out of the same joint and replanted into the hole left from removing the old damaged bone and cartilage. The healthy bone and cartilage are taken from areas of low stress in the joint so as to prevent weakening the joint. Depending on the severity and overall size of the damage multiple plugs or dowels may be required to adequately repair the joint, which becomes difficult for Osteochondral Autografts. The clinical results may deteriorate over time.

text: This technique/repair requires

text: transplant

text: sections of bone and

text: cartilage

text: . First, the damaged section of bone and cartilage is removed from the joint. Then a new healthy dowel of bone with its cartilage covering is punched out of the same joint and replanted into the hole left from removing the old damaged bone and cartilage. The healthy bone and cartilage are taken from areas of low stress in the joint so as to prevent weakening the joint. Depending on the severity and overall size of the damage multiple plugs or dowels may be required to adequately repair the joint, which becomes difficult for Osteochondral Autografts. The clinical results may deteriorate over time.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Osteochondral

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: repair the joint

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The vertebral column of vertebrates is made of cartilage.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: dowels

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Bone and cartilage

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: The clinical results may deteriorate over time.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: The clinical results may deteriorate over time

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What does the adaptive immune system of vertebrates do?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: What happened first, birds or mammals?

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Which of the following is not a sex?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: fertilization

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: hypothermia

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: osteochondral autografts

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Osteochondral Autografts.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: bone and cartilage.

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: weakening the joint.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: transplant sections of bone and cartilage.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: Osteochondral Autografts.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Osteochondral Autografts.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: weakening the joint.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: Osteochondral Autografts.

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: bone and cartilage.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Osteochondral Autografts.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: transplant sections of bone and cartilage.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Osteochondral Autografts.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Osteochondral Autografts.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Osteochondral Autografts.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Osteochondral Autografts.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: Osteochondral Autografts.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Osteochondral Autografts.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Osteochondral Autografts.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: bone and cartilage.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: This technique/repair requires transplant sections of bone and cartilage.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: The clinical results may deteriorate over time.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: Osteochondral Autografts.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Osteochondral Autografts.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: This technique/repair requires transplant sections of bone and cartilage.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: Osteochondral

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Osteochondral Autografts.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: Osteochondral Autografts.

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage.

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Osteochondral Autografts.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: cartilage.

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Osteochondral

text: Wild-caught and hatchery-reared forms of this species have been transplanted and introduced for food or sport in at least 45 countries and every continent except Antarctica. Introductions to locations outside their native range in the United States (U.S.), Southern Europe, Australia, New Zealand and South America have damaged native fish species. Introduced populations may affect native species by preying on them, out-competing them, transmitting contagious diseases (such as whirling disease), or hybridizing with closely related species and subspecies, thus reducing genetic purity. Other introductions into waters previously devoid of any fish species or with severely depleted stocks of native fish have created world-class sport fisheries such as the Great Lakes and Wyoming's Firehole River.

text: Wild-caught and

text: hatchery

text: -reared forms of this species have been transplanted and introduced for food or sport in at least 45 countries and every continent except Antarctica. Introductions to locations outside their native range in the United States (U.S.),

text: Southern Europe

text: , Australia, New Zealand and South America have damaged native fish species. Introduced populations may affect native species by preying on them, out-competing them, transmitting contagious diseases (such as

text: whirling disease

text: ), or

text: hybridizing

text: with closely related species and subspecies, thus reducing genetic purity. Other introductions into waters previously devoid of any fish species or with severely depleted stocks of native fish have created world-class

text: sport fisheries

text: such as the Great Lakes and

text: Wyoming

text: 's

text: Firehole River

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Fish

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: six

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: preying on them

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: whirling disease

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: digits

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: hybridizing

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Which of the following is not a type of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: whirling disease

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which of the following is not a vertebrate?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many different classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Which of the following is not a sex: male or female?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: sperm

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: whirling

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: hybridizing

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Hybridization

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: Antarctica

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: fertilization

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: food or sport

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: Antarctica.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: genetic purity.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: sport in at least 45 countries and every continent except Antarctica.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: hybridizing

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: fish species.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Antarctica.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Antarctica.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Antarctica.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Antarctica.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: 45 countries and every continent except Antarctica.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: 45 countries and every continent except Antarctica.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: 45 countries and every continent except Antarctica.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: fish species.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: fish species.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Antarctica.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: 45 countries and every continent except Antarctica.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: 45 countries and every continent except Antarctica.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: 45 countries and every continent except Antarctica.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: fish species.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: whirling disease),

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: whirling disease),

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: hybridizing

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: whirling disease),

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: whirling disease),

text: The evolution of the gene family in primitive vertebrates is not well understood. For example, it has been shown that the gene coding for the ancestral relaxin peptide existed independently from the other genes of the insulin superfamily, i.e. INS and IGF genes, in the early chordate ancestor. It is known that the genes coding for RLN3 and INSL5 arose from one ancestral gene, and INSL3 shares origin with RLN2 and its multiple duplicates. However the exact origins of the family still remain to be elucidated. Other studies attempted to show the existence of relaxin family peptide genes in the tunicate Ciona, but it has not been shown that any of these are in the same linkage group as modern relaxin genes. Multiple relaxin genes have also been identified in Amphioxus, but again syntenic relationship of these genes to modern relaxin genes is unclear and experimental work is lacking. A relaxin-like peptide, previously referred to as “Gonad Stimulating Substance” was also characterized in the echinoderm Patiria pectinifera (starfish). There is evidence that the starfish peptide is involved in reproductive processes and functions via a G-protein coupled receptor, which supports its relatedness to vertebrate relaxins.

text: The evolution of the gene family in primitive vertebrates is not well understood. For example, it has been shown that the gene coding for the ancestral relaxin peptide existed independently from the other genes of the insulin superfamily, i.e. INS and IGF genes, in the early chordate ancestor. It is known that the genes coding for RLN3 and INSL5 arose from one ancestral gene, and INSL3 shares origin with RLN2 and its multiple duplicates. However the exact origins of the family still remain to be elucidated. Other studies attempted to show the existence of relaxin family peptide genes in the tunicate Ciona, but it has not been shown that any of these are in the same linkage group as modern relaxin genes. Multiple relaxin genes have also been identified in Amphioxus, but again syntenic relationship of these genes to modern relaxin genes is unclear and experimental work is lacking. A relaxin-like peptide, previously referred to as “Gonad Stimulating Substance” was also characterized in the echinoderm

text: Patiria pectinifera

text: (starfish). There is evidence that the starfish peptide is involved in reproductive processes and functions via a G-protein coupled receptor, which supports its relatedness to vertebrate relaxins.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: chordates

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: reproductive processes

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The evolution of the gene family in primitive vertebrates is not well understood

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: genes

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: RLN3 and INSL5

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: chordates

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: The evolution of the gene family in primitive vertebrates is not well understood

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: chordates

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: It is not clear.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: How many living species of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: How many sexes are there in vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: echinoderm

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: IGF

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: chordate

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: relaxin peptide

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: mineral

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: chordate

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: (starfish).

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: reproductive processes

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The evolution of the gene family in primitive vertebrates is not well understood.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: RLN2 and its multiple duplicates.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: relaxins.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: insulin superfamily, i.e. INS and IGF

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: relaxin

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: chordate

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: The evolution of the gene family in primitive vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: chordate

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: (starfish).

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: The evolution of the gene family in primitive vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: chordate ancestor.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: chordate ancestor.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: relaxin peptide

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: INS and IGF genes, in the early chordate ancestor.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: chordate ancestor.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: chordate ancestor.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: The evolution of the gene family in primitive vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: chordate ancestor.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: RLN3 and INSL5

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: chordate ancestor.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: reproductive processes

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: insulin superfamily,

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: insulin superfamily,

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: insulin superfamily,

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: insulin superfamily,

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: insulin superfamily,

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: reproductive processes

text: In other echinoderms, the endoskeleton is associated with a layer of muscle that allows the animal to move its arms or other body parts. This is entirely absent in sea urchins, which are unable to move in this way.

text: In other echinoderms, the endoskeleton is associated with a layer of muscle that allows the animal to move its arms or other body parts. This is entirely absent in sea urchins, which are unable to move in this way.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: echinoderms

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: six

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: to move its arms or other body parts

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: the endoskeleton is associated with a layer of muscle

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: arms

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: muscle

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: echinoderms

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: echinoderms reproduce sexually.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: sea urchins

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What does the endoskeleton consist of?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: endoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: sea urchins

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: sperm

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: endoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: endoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: endoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: endoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: echinoderms,

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: sea urchins,

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: allows the animal to move its arms or other body parts.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: sea urchins,

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: arms

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: a layer of muscle

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: muscle

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: a layer of muscle

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: muscle that allows the animal to move its arms or other body parts.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: echinoderms,

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: sea urchins,

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: sea urchins,

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: sea urchins,

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: echinoderms,

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: sea urchins,

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: echinoderms,

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: sea urchins,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: sea urchins,

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: sea urchins,

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: sea urchins,

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: sea urchins,

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: sea urchins,

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: sea urchins,

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: echinoderms,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: endoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: sea urchins,

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: endoskeleton is associated with a layer of muscle

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: endoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: sea urchins,

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: endoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: endoskeleton

text: As with other vertebrae, each lumbar vertebra consists of a vertebral body and a vertebral arch.  The vertebral arch, consisting of a pair of pedicles and a pair of laminae, encloses the vertebral foramen (opening) and supports seven processes.

text: As with other vertebrae, each lumbar vertebra consists of a vertebral body and a vertebral arch.  The vertebral arch, consisting of a pair of pedicles and a pair of laminae, encloses the vertebral foramen (opening) and supports seven

text: processes

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: lumbar

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: supports seven processes

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: each lumbar vertebra consists of a vertebral body

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebral bodies

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebral body and a vertebral arch

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: glands that secrete hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: lumbar

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Vertebrates do not reproduce sexually.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Why did vertebrates evolve endothermy before they evolved ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: How many processes does the vertebral arch support?

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: The function of vertebrate kidneys is filtering wastes out of the blood

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What does the adaptive immune system of vertebrates do?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Which of the following is not a sex?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: The vertebral arch

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: laminae

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: vertebral arch

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: laminae

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: lumbar

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: seven

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: seven processes.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: seven processes.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: seven

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: a pair of pedicles and a pair of laminae,

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: seven processes.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: pedicles

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: vertebral arch.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: lumbar vertebra

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: seven processes.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: lumbar vertebra

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: As with other vertebrae,

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: vertebral arch.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: As with other vertebrae,

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: vertebrae,

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: vertebral arch.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: vertebral arch.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: a pair of pedicles and a pair of laminae,

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: As with other vertebrae,

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: vertebral arch.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: seven processes.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: seven

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: As with other vertebrae,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: seven processes.

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: processes.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrae,

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: laminae,

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: seven processes.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: laminae,

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: seven processes.

text: The pedicles are very strong, directed backward from the upper part of the vertebral body; consequently, the inferior vertebral notches are of considerable depth. The pedicles change in morphology from the upper lumbar to the lower lumbar. They increase in sagittal width from 9 mm to up to 18 mm at L5. They increase in angulation in the axial plane from 10 degrees to 20 degrees by L5. The pedicle is sometimes used as a portal of entrance into the vertebral body for fixation with pedicle screws or for placement of bone cement as with kyphoplasty or vertebroplasty.

text: The

text: pedicle

text: s are very strong, directed backward from the upper part of the vertebral body; consequently, the inferior vertebral notches are of considerable depth. The pedicles change in morphology from the upper lumbar to the lower lumbar. They increase in

text: sagittal

text: width from 9 mm to up to 18 mm at L5. They increase in angulation in the axial plane from 10 degrees to 20 degrees by L5. The pedicle is sometimes used as a portal of entrance into the vertebral body for fixation with pedicle screws or for placement of

text: bone cement

text: as with

text: kyphoplasty

text: or vertebroplasty.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: vertebroplasty

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: one

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: fixation

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: the inferior vertebral notches are of considerable depth

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebral notches

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: pedicles

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: kyphoplasty

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: glands that secrete hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: the inferior vertebral notches are of considerable depth

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many different classes of vertebrates are placed in?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: zygote

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: kyphoplasty

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebroplasty

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: kyphoplasty

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: sagittal

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: inferior vertebral notches are of considerable depth.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: inferior vertebral notches are of considerable depth. The pedicles

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: fixation

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: the inferior vertebral notches are of considerable depth.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: pedicles

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: pedicles

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: strong,

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: The pedicles

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: The pedicles

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: The pedicles

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: the inferior vertebral notches are of considerable depth.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: The pedicles

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: The pedicles

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: The pedicles

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: The pedicles

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: The pedicles

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: The pedicles

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: The pedicles

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: The pedicles

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: The pedicles

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: 9 mm to up to 18 mm at L5.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: 10 degrees to 20 degrees by L5.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: L5.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: The pedicles

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: The pedicles

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: 10 degrees to 20 degrees by L5.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: The pedicles

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: kyphoplasty or vertebroplasty.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: The pedicles

text: Lifespan: For sexually reproducing planaria: "the life span of individual planarian can be as long as 3 years, likely due to the ability of neoblasts to constantly replace aging cells." Whereas for asexually reproducing planaria: "individual animals in clonal lines of some planarian species replicating by fission have been maintained for over 15 years."

text: Lifespan: For sexually reproducing planaria: "the life span of individual planarian can be as long as 3 years, likely due to the ability of neoblasts to constantly replace aging cells." Whereas for asexually reproducing planaria: "individual animals in clonal lines of some planarian species replicating by fission have been maintained for over 15 years."

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: planaria

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: six

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: replace aging cells

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: asexually reproducing planaria can be as long as 3 years

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: digits

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: neoblasts

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: softer

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: asexual

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: planarian

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: the life span of individual planarian can be as long as 3 years

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: planarian

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: ectothermy

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: asexually reproducing planaria

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: The adaptive immune system of vertebrates learns to recognize and attack specific pathogens

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: None of the above choices

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: asexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: asexual

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: planaria

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: planaria

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: planaria

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: sexually reproducing planaria:

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: sexually reproducing planaria:

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: aging cells."

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: over 15 years."

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: neoblasts to constantly replace aging cells."

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: neoblasts

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: 3 years,

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexually

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: neoblasts to constantly replace aging cells."

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: planaria:

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: neoblasts to constantly replace aging cells."

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: planaria:

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: fission

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: neoblasts to constantly replace aging cells."

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: planaria:

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: planaria:

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: neoblasts to constantly replace aging cells."

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: neoblasts to constantly replace aging cells."

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: 15 years."

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: planaria:

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: 3 years,

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: 15 years."

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: planaria:

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: sexually reproducing planaria:

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: fission

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: neoblasts

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: asexually

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: planaria:

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: neoblasts

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: neoblasts

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: neoblasts

text: Elfin forests occur at high elevations which are generally associated with low vertebrate biodiversity. Hummingbirds and bats make up large proportion of vertebrates in this area, usually as altitudinal migrants during seasonal shifts, such as for reproduction, or in response to food abundance. Other vertebrate species mostly include small rodents.

text: Elfin forests occur at high elevations which are generally associated with low vertebrate biodiversity. Hummingbirds and bats make up large proportion of vertebrates in this area, usually as

text: altitudinal migrants

text: during seasonal shifts, such as for reproduction, or in response to food abundance. Other vertebrate species mostly include small

text: rodent

text: s.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Hummingbirds and bats

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: reproduction

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: small rodents make up large proportion of vertebrates in this area

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: limbs

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: small rodents

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: softer

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: in response to food abundance

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: small rodents

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: small rodents make up large proportion of vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: small rodents

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: ectothermy

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What does the adaptive immune system of vertebrates do?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class of vertebrates: Hummingbirds, bats, or rodents?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: rodents

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: reproduction

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: small rodents.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: small rodents.

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: reproduction,

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: small rodents.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: Hummingbirds and bats

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: small rodents.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: altitudinal migrants during seasonal shifts,

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: reproduction,

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: small rodents.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: small rodents.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: small rodents.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: bats

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Elfin forests occur at high elevations

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Hummingbirds and bats

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: small rodents.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Elfin forests occur at high elevations

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Hummingbirds and bats

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Elfin forests occur at high elevations

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Hummingbirds

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Hummingbirds and bats make up large proportion of vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: small rodents.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: small rodents.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: small rodents.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: reproduction,

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: reproduction,

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: altitudinal migrants

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: reproduction,

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: reproduction,

text: Since scientists cannot know much about the internal mechanisms of extinct creatures, most discussion focuses on homeothermy and tachymetabolism. However, it is generally agreed that endothermy first evolved in non-mammalian synapsids such as dicynodonts, which possess body proportions associated with heat retention, high vascularised bones with Haversian canals, and possibly hair.

text: Since scientists cannot know much about the internal mechanisms of extinct creatures, most discussion focuses on homeothermy and tachymetabolism. However, it is generally agreed that endothermy first evolved in non-mammalian synapsids such as

text: dicynodont

text: s, which possess body proportions associated with heat retention, high vascularised bones with

text: Haversian canal

text: s, and possibly hair.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: mammalian

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: six

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: high vascularised bones

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: limbs

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: synapsids

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vascularised

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: homeothermy

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: dicynodonts

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: tachymetabolism

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: dicynodonts

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: mammalian synapsids

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: homeothermy

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: homeothermy

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: bones

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: mammalian

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: dicynodonts,

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: dicynodonts,

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: heat retention, high vascularised bones

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: high vascularised bones

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: bones

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: high vascularised bones with Haversian canals,

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: high vascularised bones

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: homeothermy

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: dicynodonts,

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: dicynodonts,

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: homeothermy and tachymetabolism.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: dicynodonts,

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: dicynodonts,

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: dicynodonts,

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: dicynodonts,

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: dicynodonts,

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: tachymetabolism.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: dicynodonts,

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: dicynodonts,

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: heat retention, high vascularised bones

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: dicynodonts,

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: dicynodonts,

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: dicynodonts,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: homeothermy

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: homeothermy

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: bones

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: homeothermy

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: bones

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: homeothermy

text: D.E. Nilsson has independently put forth four theorized general stages in the evolution of a vertebrate eye from a patch of photoreceptors. Nilsson and S. Pelger published a classical paper theorizing how many generations are needed to evolve a complex eye in vertebrates. Another researcher, G.C. Young, has used fossil evidence to infer evolutionary conclusions, based on the structure of eye orbits and openings in fossilized skulls for blood vessels and nerves to go through. All this evidence adds to the growing amount of evidence that supports Darwin's theory.

text: D.E. Nilsson has independently put forth four theorized general stages in the evolution of a vertebrate eye from a patch of photoreceptors. Nilsson and S. Pelger published a classical paper theorizing how many generations are needed to evolve a complex eye in vertebrates. Another researcher, G.C. Young, has used fossil evidence to infer evolutionary conclusions, based on the structure of eye orbits and openings in fossilized skulls for blood vessels and nerves to go through. All this evidence adds to the growing amount of evidence that supports Darwin's theory.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: how many generations are needed to evolve a complex eye

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: eye

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: fossilized skulls for blood vessels and nerves to go through

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: eyes

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: photoreceptors

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: fossilized skulls for blood vessels and nerves to go through

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: D.E. Nilsson

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: how many generations are needed to evolve a complex eye in vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: cartilage skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are living species of vertebrates placed in?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Darwin's theory

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: G.C. Young

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: fossilized skull

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: photoreceptors.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: four

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: blood vessels and nerves

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: four theorized general stages

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: photoreceptors.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: photoreceptors.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebrate eye from a patch of photoreceptors.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: generations

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: eye from a patch of photoreceptors.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: a patch of photoreceptors.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: how many generations

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: a patch of photoreceptors.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: a patch of photoreceptors.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: vertebrate eye from a patch of photoreceptors.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: vertebrate eye from a patch of photoreceptors.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: vertebrate eye from a patch of photoreceptors.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: vertebrate eye from a patch of photoreceptors.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: vertebrate eye from a patch of photoreceptors.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: vertebrate eye from a patch of photoreceptors.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: D.E. Nilsson

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: D.E. Nilsson

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: vertebrate eye from a patch of photoreceptors.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: four

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: D.E. Nilsson

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: evolution of a vertebrate eye

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Darwin's

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: generations

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrate eye from a patch of photoreceptors.

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Darwin's

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrate eye from a patch of photoreceptors.

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: evolution of a vertebrate eye

text: Vertebrate Paleontology is an advanced textbook on vertebrate paleontology by Alfred Sherwood Romer, published by the University of Chicago Press. It went through three editions (1933, 1945, 1966) and for many years constituted a very authoritative work and the definitive coverage of the subject. A condensed version centering on comparative anatomy, coauthored by T.S. Parson came in 1977, remaining in print until 1985. The 1987 book Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution by Robert L. Carroll is largely based on Romer's book.

text: Vertebrate Paleontology is an advanced textbook on

text: vertebrate paleontology

text: by

text: Alfred Sherwood Romer

text: , published by the

text: University of Chicago Press

text: . It went through three editions (1933, 1945, 1966) and for many years constituted a very authoritative work and the definitive coverage of the subject. A condensed version centering on

text: comparative anatomy

text: , coauthored by T.S. Parson came in 1977, remaining in print until 1985. The 1987 book

text: Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution

text: by

text: Robert L. Carroll

text: is largely based on Romer's book.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: a condensed version centering on comparative anatomy

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution is largely based on Romer's book.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: How many years after birds evolved did mammals appear?

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are living?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Which is not true about vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: T.S. Parson

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: comparative anatomy

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: comparative anatomy,

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: Vertebrate Paleontology

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: comparative anatomy,

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: comparative anatomy,

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: three editions

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: comparative anatomy,

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebrate paleontology

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: comparative anatomy,

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: vertebrate paleontology by Alfred Sherwood Romer,

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Evolution

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Evolution

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Alfred Sherwood Romer,

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Vertebrate Paleontology

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Alfred Sherwood Romer,

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Vertebrate Paleontology

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: vertebrate paleontology

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: vertebrate paleontology by Alfred Sherwood Romer,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Vertebrate Paleontology

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: vertebrate paleontology by Alfred Sherwood Romer,

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Vertebrate Paleontology

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: 1985.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: vertebrate paleontology by Alfred Sherwood Romer,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: anatomy,

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: anatomy,

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: comparative anatomy,

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: anatomy,

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: comparative anatomy,

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: anatomy,

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: anatomy,

text: The kype grows rapidly from bony needles proliferating from the tip of the dentary (the anterior and largest of the bones making up the lower jaw). The needles form a mesh, but do not interfere with the connective tissues used by bone marrow. At the snout, the needles strengthen into Sharpey's fibres. The speed at which the kype skeleton develops results in many osteoblasts and proteoglycans appearing along the growth zone. The dentary itself is made of compact bone, but the kype tissue contains chondrocytes and cartilage.  The kype formation process has been described as "making bone as fast as possible and with as little material as possible".

text: The kype grows rapidly from bony needles proliferating from the tip of the

text: dentary

text: (the anterior and largest of the bones making up the lower jaw). The needles form a mesh, but do not interfere with the connective tissues used by

text: bone marrow

text: . At the snout, the needles strengthen into

text: Sharpey's fibres

text: . The speed at which the kype skeleton develops results in many

text: osteoblasts

text: and

text: proteoglycan

text: s appearing along the growth zone. The dentary itself is made of

text: compact bone

text: , but the kype tissue contains

text: chondrocyte

text: s and

text: cartilage

text: .  The kype formation process has been described as "making bone as fast as possible and with as little material as possible".

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: dentary

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: bone marrow

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: the dentary itself is made of compact bone

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrates have four vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Bony needles proliferating

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: compact

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: bony needles

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Bony needles proliferating

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: kype

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: making bone as fast as possible and with as little material as possible

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Which happened first, birds or mammals?

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many different classes of vertebrates are placed in?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Which of the following is not a vertebrate?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: zype

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: kype

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: bony needles

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: kype

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: bone marrow

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: kype

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: kype

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: bone marrow.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: "making bone as fast as possible and with as little material

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: lower jaw).

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: kype

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: compact bone,

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: bone marrow.

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: bone marrow.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: kype

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: bone marrow.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: kype

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: bone marrow.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: The kype grows rapidly from bony needles

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: The kype

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: bone marrow.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: bone marrow.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: The kype grows rapidly from bony needles

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: kype tissue contains chondrocytes and cartilage.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: The kype

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: cartilage.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: chondrocytes and cartilage.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: chondrocytes and cartilage.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: The kype

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: bone marrow.

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: kype

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: bone marrow.

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage.

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: bone marrow.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: bone,

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: bone marrow.

text: Z. robustus is known from about 80% of the skull. However, no complete articulated skull is known, and most of the bones do not overlap and are found in isolation. Weishampel et al. found that these likely represented one individual, as the bones were from the same formation and are the same colour.  Four individuals were identified by Nopcsa for Z. robustus, and from these it can be seen that there is skeletal variation in the species. Like with the cranial material, vertebrae of Z. robustus are often found isolated. All regions of the vertebral column are represented in the fossil record, although no sternal plates have been found yet. The sacrum includes three vertebrae, with two sacrodorsals (dorsal vertebrae in the sacrum) and three sacrocaudals (caudal vertebrae in the sacrum). The limb and girdle bones are also well represented, with only the hands (manus) and feet (pes) mostly lacking.

text: Z. robustus is known from about 80% of the

text: skull

text: . However, no complete

text: articulated

text: skull is known, and most of the bones do not overlap and are found in isolation. Weishampel et al. found that these likely represented one individual, as the bones were from the same

text: formation

text: and are the same colour.  Four individuals were identified by Nopcsa for Z. robustus, and from these it can be seen that there is skeletal variation in the species. Like with the cranial material, vertebrae of Z. robustus are often found isolated. All regions of the

text: vertebral column

text: are represented in the fossil record, although no

text: sternal plates

text: have been found yet. The

text: sacrum

text: includes three vertebrae, with two sacrodorsals (dorsal vertebrae in the sacrum) and three sacrocaudals (caudal vertebrae in the sacrum). The limb and girdle bones are also well represented, with only the hands (

text: manus

text: ) and feet (

text: pes

text: ) mostly lacking.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: eight

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: sternal

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: sternal plates have been found yet

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: How many vertebrae are in the sacrum?

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrae of Z. robustus are often found isolated

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: What type of system does Z. robustus have?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: sacrocaudals

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: vertebrae of Z. robustus are often found isolated

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Which came first, birds or mammals?

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many vertebrae are in the sacrum?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Which of the following is not true?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: sacrodorsals

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: manus

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: manus

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: manus

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Z. robustus

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: sacrodorsals

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: sacrocaudals

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: three

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: sternal plates

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: no sternal plates have been found yet.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: three

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: The sacrum includes three vertebrae,

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: bones do not overlap and are found in isolation.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: one individual,

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: no sternal plates

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: two sacrodorsals

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: one individual,

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Z. robustus

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Z. robustus

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Z. robustus

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Z. robustus

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no sternal plates have been found yet.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Z. robustus

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Z. robustus

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no sternal plates have been found yet.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Z. robustus

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Z. robustus

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: three vertebrae,

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: three

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: three

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: limb and girdle bones

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Z. robustus

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: isolated.

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: limb

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: no sternal plates

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: cranial material,

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Z. robustus

text: The teleosts were first recognised as a distinct group by the German ichthyologist Johannes Peter Müller in 1844. The name is from Greek teleios, "complete" + osteon, "bone".  Müller based this classification on certain soft tissue characteristics which would prove to be problematic as it did not take into account the distinguishing features of fossil teleosts. In 1966, Greenwood et al. provided a more solid classification. The oldest teleost fossils date back to the late Triassic, evolving from fish related to the bowfins in the clade Holostei. During the Mesozoic and Cenozoic they diversified, and as a result, 96 percent of all known fish species are teleosts. The cladogram shows the relationship of the teleosts to other bony fish, and to the terrestrial vertebrates (tetrapods) that evolved from a related group of fish. Approximate dates are from Near et al., 2012.

text: The teleosts were first recognised as a distinct group by the German ichthyologist

text: Johannes Peter Müller

text: in 1844. The name is from

text: Greek

text: teleios, "complete" + osteon, "bone".  Müller based this classification on certain soft tissue characteristics which would prove to be problematic as it did not take into account the distinguishing features of fossil teleosts. In 1966, Greenwood et al. provided a more solid classification. The oldest teleost fossils date back to the late

text: Triassic

text: , evolving from fish related to the

text: bowfin

text: s in the

text: clade

text: Holostei. During the

text: Mesozoic

text: and

text: Cenozoic

text: they diversified, and as a result, 96 percent of all known fish species are teleosts. The

text: cladogram

text: shows the relationship of the teleosts to other bony fish, and to the terrestrial vertebrates (tetrapods) that evolved from a related group of fish. Approximate dates are from Near et al., 2012.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: 96 percent

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: 96 percent of all known fish species are teleosts

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: bony

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: teleosts

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: 96 percent of all known fish species are teleosts

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: teleosts

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: The adaptive immune system of vertebrates learns to recognize and attack specific pathogens.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: male and female sexes

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: teleosts

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: Tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: soft tissue

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: teleosts

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: osteon

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: (tetrapods)

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: 96 percent

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: "bone".

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: evolved from a related group of fish.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: (tetrapods)

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: teleosts to other bony fish,

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: bony

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: terrestrial vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: terrestrial vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: (tetrapods) that evolved from a related group of fish.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: evolved from a related group of fish.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: fish.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: terrestrial vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: terrestrial vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: bowfins

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: (tetrapods)

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: 1844.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: (tetrapods) that evolved from a related group of fish.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: late Triassic,

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: terrestrial vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: bony fish,

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: 96 percent of all known fish species are teleosts.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: terrestrial vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: terrestrial vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: terrestrial vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: terrestrial vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: terrestrial vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: soft

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: soft tissue

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: osteon,

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: soft tissue

text: Some species of ectotherms including lizards and snakes, such as boa constrictors and tiger snakes,  increase their effective mass by clustering tightly together. It is also widespread amongst gregarious endotherms such as bats and birds (such as the mousebird and emperor penguin) where  it allows the sharing of body heat (particularly among juveniles).

text: Some species of ectotherms including

text: lizard

text: s and

text: snake

text: s, such as

text: boa constrictor

text: s and

text: tiger snake

text: s,  increase their effective mass by clustering tightly together. It is also widespread amongst gregarious endotherms such as

text: bat

text: s and birds (such as the

text: mousebird

text: and

text: emperor penguin

text: ) where  it allows the sharing of body heat (particularly among juveniles).

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: bats and birds

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: six

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: sharing of body heat

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: ectotherms including lizards and snakes increase their effective mass by clustering tightly together

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: digits

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: bats and birds

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: ectotherms

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: lizards and snakes increase their effective mass by clustering tightly together

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How does the adaptive immune system of vertebrates work?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class of vertebrates: bats or birds?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: Ectotherms

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Ectotherms

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: clustering

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: endotherms

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: endotherms

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: endotherm

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: endotherms

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: bats

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: ectotherms

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: sharing of body heat

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: increase their effective mass

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: mass

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: ectotherms including lizards and snakes,

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: effective mass

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: clustering tightly together.

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: heat

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: lizards and snakes,

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: juveniles).

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: lizards and snakes,

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: ectotherms

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: ectotherms

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: lizards and snakes,

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: Some species of ectotherms

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Some species of ectotherms

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: increase their effective mass by clustering tightly together.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Some species of ectotherms

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: birds

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: increase their effective mass by clustering tightly together.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: gregarious endotherms

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: ectotherms

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Some species of ectotherms

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: ectotherms

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: gregarious endotherms

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: gregarious endotherms

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: endotherms

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: ectotherms

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: endotherms

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: ectotherms

text: Whether one considers the eye to have evolved once or multiple times depends somewhat on the definition of an eye.  Much of the genetic machinery employed in eye development is common to all eyed organisms, which may suggest that their ancestor utilized some form of light-sensitive machinery – even if it lacked a dedicated optical organ.  However, even photoreceptor cells may have evolved more than once from molecularly similar chemoreceptors, and photosensitive cells probably existed long before the Cambrian explosion.  Higher-level similarities – such as the use of the protein crystallin in the independently derived cephalopod and vertebrate lenses – reflect the co-option of a protein from a more fundamental role to a new function within the eye.

text: Whether one considers the eye to have evolved once or multiple times depends somewhat on the definition of an eye.  Much of the genetic machinery employed in eye development is common to all eyed organisms, which may suggest that their ancestor utilized some form of light-sensitive machinery – even if it lacked a dedicated optical organ.  However, even photoreceptor cells may have evolved more than once from molecularly similar chemoreceptors, and photosensitive cells probably existed long before the Cambrian explosion.  Higher-level similarities – such as the use of the protein

text: crystallin

text: in the independently derived cephalopod and vertebrate lenses – reflect the

text: co-option

text: of a protein from a more fundamental role to a new function within the eye.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: cephalopod

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: lens

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: a dedicated optical organ

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: eyes

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrate lenses

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: cephalopod

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: independently derived cephalopod

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: cephalopod

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: cephalopod

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: cephalopod

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: immune system

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: lacked a dedicated optical organ

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: birds

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: cartilage skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: male

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: embryonic

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: chemoreceptors

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: eye development

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: chemoreceptors

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: crystallin

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: eye development

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: cephalopod

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: cephalopod

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: optical organ.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: once

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: lenses

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: lenses

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: photoreceptor cells

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: genetic machinery

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: photoreceptor cells may have evolved more than once

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: cephalopod

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: once

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: cephalopod

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: photosensitive cells probably existed long before the Cambrian explosion.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: photoreceptor cells may have evolved more than once

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: photoreceptor cells may have evolved more than once

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: photoreceptor cells may have evolved more than once

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: more than once from molecularly similar chemoreceptors,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: photoreceptor cells may have evolved more than once

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: photosensitive cells probably existed long before the Cambrian explosion.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: photosensitive cells probably existed long before the Cambrian explosion.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: photoreceptor cells may have evolved more than once

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: once from molecularly similar chemoreceptors,

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: photoreceptor cells may have evolved more than once

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: more than once

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: eye development

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: protein crystallin in the independently derived cephalopod

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: genetic machinery employed in eye development

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: crystallin

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: protein crystallin

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: crystallin

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: eye development

text: This insertion into the vertebral column is, however, not accepted by all observers.

text: This insertion into the vertebral column is, however, not accepted by all observers.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: lizards

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: six

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: insertion

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The vertebral column of vertebrates is the same as the spinal column.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: spines

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: softer

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: insertion

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: vertebrates do not reproduce sexually.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: It is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebral

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: insertion

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: insertion

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: spinal cord

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: spinal cord

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebral

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: insertion into the vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: insertion

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: not accepted by all observers.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: insertion into the vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: not accepted by all observers.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: insertion into the vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: insertion into the vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: insertion into the vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: not accepted by all observers.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: insertion into the vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: This insertion into the vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: This insertion into the vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: insertion into the vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: insertion into the vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: insertion into the vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: insertion into the vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: insertion into the vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: This insertion into the vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: This insertion into the vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: This insertion into the vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: insertion into the vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: insertion into the vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: insertion into the vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: insertion into the vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: insertion into the vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: insertion into the vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: insertion into the vertebral column

text: Similar to all non-avian dinosaurs studied to date, Plateosaurus grew in a pattern that is unlike that of both extant mammals and birds. In the closely related sauropods with their typical dinosaurian physiology, growth was initially rapid, continuing somewhat more slowly well beyond sexual maturity, but was determinate, i.e. the animals stopped growing at a maximum size. Mammals grow rapidly, but sexual maturity falls typically at the end of the rapid growth phase. In both groups, the final size is relatively constant, with humans atypically variable. Extant reptiles show a sauropod-like growth pattern, initially rapid, then slowing after sexual maturity, and almost, but not fully, stopping in old age. However, their initial growth rate is much lower than in mammals, birds and dinosaurs. The reptilian growth rate is also very variable, so that individuals of the same age may have very different sizes, and final size also varies significantly. In extant animals, this growth pattern is linked to behavioural thermoregulation and a low metabolic rate (i.e. ectothermy), and is called "developmental plasticity". (Note that is not the same as neural developmental plasticity).

text: Similar to all non-avian dinosaurs studied to date, Plateosaurus grew in a pattern that is unlike that of both

text: extant

text: mammals and birds. In the closely related sauropods with their typical

text: dinosaurian physiology

text: , growth was initially rapid, continuing somewhat more slowly well beyond sexual maturity, but was determinate, i.e. the animals stopped growing at a maximum size. Mammals grow rapidly, but sexual maturity falls typically at the end of the rapid growth phase. In both groups, the final size is relatively constant, with humans atypically variable. Extant reptiles show a sauropod-like growth pattern, initially rapid, then slowing after sexual maturity, and almost, but not fully, stopping in old age. However, their initial growth rate is much lower than in mammals, birds and dinosaurs. The reptilian growth rate is also very variable, so that individuals of the same age may have very different sizes, and final size also varies significantly. In extant animals, this growth pattern is linked to

text: behavioural thermoregulation

text: and a low

text: metabolic

text: rate (i.e.

text: ectotherm

text: y), and is called "developmental plasticity". (Note that is not the same as neural

text: developmental plasticity

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: mammals, birds and dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: six

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: growth

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: the animals stopped growing at a maximum size

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: digits

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrates that do not have a backbone

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Which of the following is not a vertebrate: mammals, birds or reptiles?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: their initial growth rate is much lower than in mammals, birds and dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: sauropods

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: reptiles

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: In extant reptiles, this growth pattern is linked to behavioural thermoregulation and a low metabolic rate

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: cartilage skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class: mammals, birds or reptiles?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Mammals

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: sexual

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: behavioural thermoregulation

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: sexual

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: Plateosaurus

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: ectothermy

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: Plateosaurus

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: sexual

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: reptiles

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: reptiles

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: behavioural thermoregulation and a low metabolic rate

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: the animals stopped growing at a maximum size.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: sexual maturity,

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: neural developmental plasticity).

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: determinate,

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual maturity

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: reptiles

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: sauropods

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: sexual maturity falls typically at the end of the rapid growth phase.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Plateosaurus

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Plateosaurus

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: behavioural thermoregulation and a low metabolic rate

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: reptiles

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: reptiles

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: mammals and birds.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: "developmental plasticity".

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Plateosaurus

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Plateosaurus

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: growth was initially rapid, continuing somewhat more slowly well beyond sexual maturity,

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: reptiles

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Extant reptiles

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: mammals and birds.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: ectothermy),

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: behavioural thermoregulation

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: sexual maturity falls typically at the end of the rapid growth phase.

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: neural developmental plasticity).

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: ectothermy),

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: ectothermy),

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: ectothermy),

text: Gigantothermy allows animals to maintain body temperature, but is most likely detrimental to endurance and muscle power as compared with endotherms due to decreased anaerobic efficiency.  Mammals' bodies have roughly four times as much surface area occupied by mitochondria as reptiles.  Increased mitochondria, necessitating larger energy demands, and consequently producing more heat to thermoregulate.  An ectotherm the same size of an endotherm would not be able to remain as active as the endotherm, as heat is modulated behaviorally rather than biochemically.  More time is dedicated to basking than eating.  A large ectotherm, like a crocodile or alligator feeds by ambushing its prey whereas large mammals usually hunt.

text: Gigantothermy allows animals to maintain body temperature, but is most likely detrimental to endurance and muscle power as compared with endotherms due to decreased anaerobic efficiency.  Mammals' bodies have roughly four times as much surface area occupied by mitochondria as reptiles.  Increased mitochondria, necessitating larger energy demands, and consequently producing more heat to thermoregulate.  An ectotherm the same size of an endotherm would not be able to remain as active as the endotherm, as heat is modulated behaviorally rather than biochemically.  More time is dedicated to basking than eating.  A large ectotherm, like a crocodile or alligator feeds by ambushing its prey whereas large mammals usually hunt.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: reptiles

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: maintain body temperature

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: Gigantothermy allows animals to maintain body temperature

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: mitochondria

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: muscle

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: hunt

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: reptiles

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Mammals' bodies have roughly four times as much surface area occupied by mitochondria as reptiles

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: reptiles

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: Mammals

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: vertebrate kidneys

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Gigantothermy

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: cartilage skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Mammals

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: Ectothermy

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: ectotherm

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: hunt

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: endotherm

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: ectotherm

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: endotherm

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: endotherms

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: endotherms

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: maintain body temperature,

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: Gigantothermy

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: four times as much surface area occupied by mitochondria

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: mitochondria

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: muscle power

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: hunt.

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: muscle power

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Gigantothermy

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Gigantothermy

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: ectotherm

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Gigantothermy

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: four times as much surface area occupied by mitochondria as reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Gigantothermy

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Gigantothermy

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: four times as much surface area occupied by mitochondria as reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Gigantothermy

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: four times as much surface area occupied by mitochondria as reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: endotherms

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Gigantothermy

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: ectotherm

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: An ectotherm

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: hunt.

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: endotherms

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: ectotherm

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: endotherms

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: ectotherm

text: A dermal bone or membrane bone is a bony structure derived from intramembranous ossification forming components of the vertebrate skeleton including much of the skull, jaws, gill covers, shoulder girdle and fin spines rays (lepidotrichia), and the shell (of tortoises and turtles).  In contrast to endochondral bone, dermal bone does not form from cartilage that then calcifies, and it is often ornamented. Dermal bone is formed within the dermis and grows by accretion only – the outer portion of the bone is deposited by osteoblasts.

text: A dermal bone or membrane bone is a bony structure derived from

text: intramembranous ossification

text: forming components of the

text: vertebrate

text: skeleton

text: including much of the

text: skull

text: jaw

text: s,

text: gill

text: covers, shoulder girdle and

text: fin

text: spines rays (

text: lepidotrichia

text: ), and the

text: shell

text: (of

text: tortoise

text: s and

text: turtle

text: s).  In contrast to

text: endochondral

text: bone, dermal bone does not form from cartilage that then calcifies, and it is often ornamented. Dermal bone is formed within the

text: dermis

text: and grows by accretion only – the outer portion of the bone is deposited by

text: osteoblast

text: s.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Vertebrate classes include

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: skeleton

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: cartilage that then calcifies

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: much of the skull, jaws

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: deposited by osteoblasts

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: accretion

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Which of the following is not a type of vertebrate?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: turtles

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: cartilage that then calcifies

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: It is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How does the immune system of vertebrates learn to recognize and attack specific pathogens?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: How many years ago did birds evolve?

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many different classes of vertebrates are placed in five different classes?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: endochondral

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: gill covers

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: accretion

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: lepidotrichia

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: endochondral

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: tortoises and turtles).

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: tortoises and turtles).

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: skull, jaws, gill covers,

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: endochondral bone,

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: gill covers,

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: dermal bone

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: dermal bone does not form from cartilage that then calcifies,

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: accretion

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: endochondral bone,

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: tortoises and turtles).

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: endochondral

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: tortoises and turtles).

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: gill covers,

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: endochondral bone,

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: A dermal bone

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: vertebrate skeleton

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: endochondral bone,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: osteoblasts.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: endochondral bone,

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: A dermal bone

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: osteoblasts.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: shoulder girdle and fin spines rays

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: tortoises and turtles).

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: endochondral

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: (lepidotrichia),

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: accretion

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: osteoblasts.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: endochondral

text: Langston worked on a number of different reptiles and amphibians in his long career, beginning with the 1950 description (with J. Willis Stovall) of the theropod dinosaur Acrocanthosaurus.  Langston was hired by the National Museum of Canada in 1954 to replace Charles M. Sternberg, and worked in western Canada and on Prince Edward Island until 1962.  One of his major finds, with Loris Russell, was the rediscovery of Sternberg's Scabby Butte Pachyrhinosaurus bonebed.  Langston, along with a small team of fieldworkers, excavated the Scabby Butte bonebed in 1957, securing several skulls and several hundred bones there. He then went on in 1969 to the University of Texas, becoming the second director of the Vertebrate Paleontology Laboratory, where he worked on many projects, including work on Cretaceous vertebrates from Big Bend National Park.  Finds that he and his students worked on include the giant pterosaur Quetzalcoatlus and a variety of Permian and Mesozoic reptiles.  He retired in 1986, but continued to be active in the field. In 2007, Langston was the twentieth recipient of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology's A. S. Romer-G. G. Simpson Medal, the highest honor of the society.

text: Langston worked on a number of different reptiles and amphibians in his long career, beginning with the 1950 description (with

text: J. Willis Stovall

text: ) of the

text: theropod

text: dinosaur

text: Acrocanthosaurus

text: .  Langston was hired by the

text: National Museum of Canada

text: in 1954 to replace

text: Charles M. Sternberg

text: , and worked in western

text: Canada

text: and on

text: Prince Edward Island

text: until 1962.  One of his major finds, with Loris Russell, was the rediscovery of Sternberg's Scabby Butte

text: Pachyrhinosaurus

text: bonebed.  Langston, along with a small team of fieldworkers, excavated the Scabby Butte bonebed in 1957, securing several skulls and several hundred bones there. He then went on in 1969 to the University of Texas, becoming the second director of the Vertebrate Paleontology Laboratory, where he worked on many projects, including work on

text: Cretaceous

text: vertebrate

text: s from

text: Big Bend National Park

text: .  Finds that he and his students worked on include the giant

text: pterosaur

text: Quetzalcoatlus

text: and a variety of

text: Permian

text: and

text: Mesozoic

text: reptiles.  He retired in 1986, but continued to be active in the field. In 2007, Langston was the twentieth recipient of the

text: Society of Vertebrate Paleontology

text: 's

text: A. S. Romer

text: G. G. Simpson

text: Medal, the highest honor of the society.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Theropod dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: Cretaceous vertebrates from Big Bend National Park

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrates from Big Bend National Park

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: What kind of glands do vertebrates have?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: theropod dinosaur

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Langston retired in 1986, but continued to be active in the field.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Permian

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Vertebrate kidneys

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: What did Langston work on?

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes are vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: How many years did Langston work for the National Museum of Canada?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Quetzalcoatlus

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: asexual

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: Pachyrhinosaurus

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Quetzalcoatlus

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Cretaceous

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: theropod dinosaur Acrocanthosaurus.

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: skulls and several hundred bones

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: skulls and several hundred bones

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: skulls and several hundred bones

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: giant pterosaur Quetzalcoatlus

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: bones

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: theropod dinosaur Acrocanthosaurus.

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Cretaceous vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Acrocanthosaurus.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: theropod dinosaur Acrocanthosaurus.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Cretaceous

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: theropod dinosaur Acrocanthosaurus.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Cretaceous vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: theropod dinosaur Acrocanthosaurus.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: Cretaceous vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: theropod dinosaur Acrocanthosaurus.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Cretaceous vertebrates from Big Bend National Park.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: theropod dinosaur Acrocanthosaurus.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: theropod dinosaur Acrocanthosaurus.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: theropod dinosaur Acrocanthosaurus.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: Cretaceous vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Cretaceous

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Cretaceous vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: theropod dinosaur Acrocanthosaurus.

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: theropod dinosaur Acrocanthosaurus.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: theropod dinosaur Acrocanthosaurus.

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: bones

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: theropod dinosaur Acrocanthosaurus.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: bones

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: theropod dinosaur Acrocanthosaurus.

text: The vertebral column consists of anywhere between 200 and 400 (or more) vertebrae. Tail vertebrae are comparatively few in number (often less than 20% of the total) and lack ribs, while body vertebrae each have two ribs articulating with them. The vertebrae have projections that allow for strong muscle attachment enabling locomotion without limbs.

text: The vertebral column consists of anywhere between 200 and 400 (or more) vertebrae. Tail vertebrae are comparatively few in number (often less than 20% of the total) and lack ribs, while body vertebrae each have two ribs articulating with them. The vertebrae have projections that allow for strong muscle attachment enabling locomotion without limbs.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: vertebrates that lack ribs

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: less than 20%

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: locomotion without limbs

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: tail vertebrae are comparatively few in number

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: ribs

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: What does the vertebral column consist of?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: tail vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: tail vertebrae are comparatively few in number

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What does the adaptive immune system of vertebrates do?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: limbs

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: sex

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: muscle

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: ribs

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: ribs

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: body

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: 20%

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: locomotion without limbs.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: limbs.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: two ribs

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: anywhere between 200 and 400 (or more) vertebrae.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: ribs,

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: limbs.

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: enabling locomotion without limbs.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: limbs.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Tail vertebrae are comparatively few in number

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: limbs.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: limbs.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: limbs.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: limbs.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: The vertebral column consists of anywhere between 200 and 400

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: The vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: The vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: limbs.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: The vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: ribs,

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: 200 and 400

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: The vertebral column consists of anywhere between 200 and 400

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: The vertebral column consists of anywhere between 200 and 400

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: limbs.

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: limbs.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: strong muscle attachment enabling locomotion without limbs.

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: muscle

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: muscle attachment enabling locomotion without limbs.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: muscle

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: limbs.

text: Most other vertebrate animals have generally similar reproductive systems consisting of gonads, ducts, and openings. However, there is a great diversity of physical adaptations as well as reproductive strategies in every group of vertebrates.

text: Most other

text: vertebrate

text: animals have generally similar reproductive systems consisting of gonads, ducts, and openings. However, there is a great diversity of physical

text: adaptation

text: s as well as

text: reproductive strategies

text: in every group of vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: animals that have generally similar reproductive systems

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: six

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: reproductive

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: gonads, ducts, and openings are the only reproductive systems in vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: reproductive systems

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: gonads

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: softer

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: gonads

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: gonads

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: There is a great diversity of reproductive strategies in every group of vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What does the adaptive immune system of vertebrates do?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: ducts

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: ducts

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: ducts

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: skeleton

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: a great diversity of physical adaptations as well as reproductive strategies

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: group

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: reproductive systems

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: similar reproductive systems

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: gonads, ducts, and openings.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: gonads, ducts, and openings.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: a great diversity of physical adaptations

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: gonads,

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: gonads, ducts, and openings.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: gonads, ducts, and openings.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: similar reproductive systems

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: gonads, ducts, and openings.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: gonads,

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: gonads, ducts, and openings.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: vertebrate animals

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: a great diversity of physical adaptations as well as reproductive strategies

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: vertebrate animals have generally similar reproductive systems

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: there is a great diversity of physical adaptations as well as reproductive strategies

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: gonads, ducts, and openings.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Most other vertebrate animals

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: there is a great diversity of physical adaptations as well as reproductive strategies

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: there is a great diversity of physical adaptations as well as reproductive strategies

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: great diversity of physical adaptations as well as reproductive strategies in every group

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: vertebrate animals have generally similar reproductive systems

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: gonads,

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: reproductive strategies

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: gonads, ducts, and openings.

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: ducts,

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: gonads, ducts, and openings.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: gonads,

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: gonads, ducts, and openings.

text: The cervical, thoracic and lumbar spine is composed of a total of 24 presacral vertebrae and their main functions are to protect the spinal cord, provide an attachment site for many muscles of the body. They also function by distributing one's bodyweight when standing upright.<ref>"Vertebral column". Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica Inc., 2015. Web. 16 Feb. 2015

text: The

text: cervical

text: thoracic

text: and

text: lumbar

text: spine is composed of a total of 24

text: presacral

text: vertebrae

text: and their main functions are to protect the spinal cord, provide an attachment site for many muscles of the body. They also function by distributing one's bodyweight when standing upright.<ref>"Vertebral column". Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica Inc., 2015. Web. 16 Feb. 2015

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: cervical, thoracic and lumbar

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: to protect the spinal cord

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: They also function by distributing one's bodyweight when standing upright.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: 24 presacral vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: presacral vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Vertebrates reproduce sexually.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: presacral vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Web. 16 Feb. 2015

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Amphibians evolved from a lobe-finned fish ancestor.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Vertebrate kidneys filter wastes out of the blood

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: The adaptive immune system of vertebrates learns to recognize and attack specific pathogens.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: The earliest fish had a cartilage endoskeleton.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Mammals evolved after birds.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Web. 16 Feb. 2015

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebral

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: cervical, thoracic and lumbar spine

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: 24

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: protect the spinal cord, provide an attachment site for many muscles of the body.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: 24 presacral vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: 24

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: 24 presacral vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: 24 presacral vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: distributing one's bodyweight

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: their main functions are to protect the spinal cord,

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: presacral

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: 24 presacral vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: presacral

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: 24 presacral vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: 24 presacral vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: The cervical, thoracic and lumbar spine

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: 24 presacral vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: 24 presacral vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: 24 presacral vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: 24 presacral vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: The cervical, thoracic and lumbar spine

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: 24 presacral vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: 24

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: 24 presacral vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: 24 presacral vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: presacral vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: one's bodyweight

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: presacral vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: presacral vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: muscles

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: presacral

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: presacral vertebrae

text: miR-199 has been shown to be a vertebrate specific miR family that emerge at the origin of the vertebrate lineage  Three paralogs of miR-199 can usually be found in non-teleost vertebrate species and 4 to 5 copies in the teleost species. All miR-199 genes are located on opposite strand of orthologous intron of Dynamin genes. Within Dynamin3 gene (Dnm3), miR-199 is associated with miR-214 and both miRs are transcribed together as a common primary transcript, demonstrated in mouse, human and zebrafish.

text: miR-199 has been shown to be a vertebrate specific miR family that emerge at the origin of the vertebrate lineage  Three paralogs of miR-199 can usually be found in non-teleost vertebrate species and 4 to 5 copies in the teleost species. All miR-199 genes are located on opposite strand of orthologous intron of

text: Dynamin

text: genes. Within

text: gene (Dnm3), miR-199 is associated with

text: and both miRs are transcribed together as a common primary transcript, demonstrated in mouse, human and zebrafish.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: teleost

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: teleost

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: spinal cord

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: teleost vertebrates have no vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: miR-199 paralogs

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: miR-199

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: teleost

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: teleost

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: miR-199 can usually be found in non-teleost vertebrate species

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: miR-199

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: miR-199 has been shown to be a vertebrate specific miR family

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: What is ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: evolution from a lobe-finned fish

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the function of miR-199?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the function of miR-199?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: miR-199

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: cartilage skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: How many copies of miR-199 can usually be found in the teleost species?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: zebrafish

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: teleost

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: Dynamin3

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: miR-199

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: Dynamin

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: non-teleost

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: zebrafish.

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: origin of the vertebrate lineage

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: 4 to 5 copies in the teleost species.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: 4 to 5 copies

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: miR-199

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: miR-199

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: Three paralogs of miR-199

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: miR-199

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: non-teleost

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: miR family that emerge at the origin of the vertebrate lineage

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: non-teleost

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: miR-199

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: miR-199

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: miR-199

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: non-teleost

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: miR-199

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: miR-199

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: zebrafish.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: miR-199

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: miR-199

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: non-teleost

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: non-teleost

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: non-teleost

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: miR-199

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: miR-199

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: miR-199

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: Dynamin

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: miR-199

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: Dynamin

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: miR-199

text: The long bones are those that are longer than they are wide. They are one of five types of bones: long, short, flat, irregular and sesamoid. Long bones, especially the femur and tibia, are subjected to most of the load during daily activities and they are crucial for skeletal mobility. They grow primarily by elongation of the diaphysis, with an epiphysis at each end of the growing bone. The ends of epiphyses are covered with hyaline cartilage ("articular cartilage").  The longitudinal growth of long bones is a result of endochondral ossification at the epiphyseal plate. Bone growth in length is stimulated by the production of growth hormone (GH), a secretion of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland.

text: The long bones are those that are longer than they are wide. They are one of five types of

text: bone

text: s: long,

text: short

text: flat

text: irregular

text: and

text: sesamoid

text: . Long bones, especially the

text: femur

text: and

text: tibia

text: , are subjected to most of the load during daily activities and they are crucial for skeletal mobility. They grow primarily by elongation of the

text: diaphysis

text: , with an

text: epiphysis

text: at each end of the growing

text: bone

text: . The ends of epiphyses are covered with

text: hyaline cartilage

text: ("articular cartilage").  The longitudinal growth of long bones is a result of

text: endochondral ossification

text: at the

text: epiphyseal plate

text: . Bone growth in length is stimulated by the production of

text: growth hormone

text: (GH), a secretion of the

text: anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: How many types of bones are there?

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: one

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: skeletal mobility

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: long bones are those that are shorter than they are wide

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: types of bones

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: femur and tibia

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: hyaline

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: elongation

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Which of the following is not a type of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: sesamoid

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: long bones are subjected to most of the load during daily activities

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which of the following is not a type of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How does the immune system of vertebrates learn to recognize and attack specific pathogens?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: How many types of bones are long?

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: How many types of bones are there?

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Which of the following is not a type of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: epiphysis

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: hypothermia

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: epiphysis

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: pituitary gland

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: epiphysis

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: long, short, flat, irregular and sesamoid.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: five

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: skeletal mobility.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: longer than they are wide.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: five types of bones:

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: long bones

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: hyaline cartilage

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: elongation of the diaphysis,

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: growth hormone

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: long bones

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: The long bones are those that are longer than they are wide.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: long bones

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: The long bones

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: The long bones are those that are longer than they are wide.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: The long bones

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: The long bones are those that are longer than they are wide.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: The long bones

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: The long bones

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: hyaline cartilage

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: The long bones

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: hyaline cartilage

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: The long bones are those that are longer than they are wide.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: long, short, flat, irregular and sesamoid.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: The long bones

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: endochondral ossification

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: pituitary gland.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: growth hormone (GH),

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: hyaline cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: growth hormone

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: hyaline cartilage

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: endochondral ossification

text: The Romer-Simpson Medal is the highest award issued by the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology for "sustained and outstanding scholarly excellence and service to the discipline of vertebrate paleontology". The award in named in honor of Alfred S. Romer and George G. Simpson.

text: The Romer-Simpson Medal is the highest award issued by the

text: Society of Vertebrate Paleontology

text: for "sustained and outstanding scholarly excellence and service to the discipline of

text: vertebrate paleontology

text: ". The award in named in honor of

text: Alfred S. Romer

text: and

text: George G. Simpson

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: six

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: spinal cord

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The vertebral column of vertebrates is made of bone.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: softer

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: The Romer-Simpson Medal is named in honor of Alfred S. Romer and George G. Simpson

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: What is endothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: What did Amphibians evolve from?

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What does the Romer-Simpson Medal honor?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: How many years ago did birds evolve?

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many different classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: How many sexes do vertebrates have?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: vertebrate paleontology

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: vertebrate paleontology".

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: The Romer-Simpson Medal

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: scholarly excellence and service to the discipline of vertebrate paleontology".

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The Romer-Simpson Medal

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: The Romer-Simpson Medal

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: The Romer-Simpson Medal

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: The Romer-Simpson Medal

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: Vertebrate Paleontology

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: The Romer-Simpson Medal

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: The Romer-Simpson Medal

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: The Romer-Simpson Medal

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: The Romer-Simpson Medal

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: The Romer-Simpson Medal

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: The Romer-Simpson Medal

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: The Romer-Simpson Medal

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: The Romer-Simpson Medal

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: The Romer-Simpson Medal

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: The Romer-Simpson Medal

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: The Romer-Simpson Medal

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: The Romer-Simpson Medal

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: The Romer-Simpson Medal

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: The Romer-Simpson Medal

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: The Romer-Simpson Medal

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: The Romer-Simpson Medal

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrate paleontology".

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: vertebrate paleontology".

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrate paleontology".

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: vertebrate paleontology".

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrate paleontology".

text: The human back is the large posterior area of the human body, rising from the top of the buttocks to the back of the neck and the shoulders. It is the surface of the body opposite from the chest. The vertebral column runs the length of the back and creates a central area of recession. The breadth of the back is created by the shoulders at the top and the pelvis at the bottom.

text: The human back is the large

text: posterior

text: area of the

text: human body

text: , rising from the top of the

text: buttock

text: s to the back of the

text: neck

text: and the shoulders. It is the

text: surface

text: of the body opposite from the

text: chest

text: . The

text: vertebral column

text: runs the length of the back and creates a central area of recession. The breadth of the back is created by the

text: shoulder

text: s at the top and the

text: pelvis

text: at the bottom.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: one

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: central area of recession

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The vertebral column runs the length of the back

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: spines

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Vertebrates reproduce sexually.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which of the following is not a vertebrate?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: It is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How does the immune system of vertebrates work?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: fertilization

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: back

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: pelvic

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: fertilization

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: The vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: The human back is the large posterior area of the human body,

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: creates a central area of recession.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: creates a central area of recession.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: shoulders.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: The vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: The vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: recession.

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: The human back

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: The vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: a central area of recession.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: The vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: The human back

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: The human back

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: The human back

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: The vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: The human back

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: The human back

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: The human back

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: The human back

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: shoulders.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: The vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: The human back

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: The vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: The vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: recession.

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: The vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: The vertebral column

text: Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution is an advanced textbook on vertebrate paleontology by Robert L. Carroll, published in 1988 by WH Freeman.  It provides a very detailed technical account of various groups of living and fossil vertebrates.

text: Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution is an advanced textbook on

text: vertebrate paleontology

text: by

text: Robert L. Carroll

text: , published in 1988 by

text: WH Freeman

text: .  It provides a very detailed technical account of various groups of living and fossil vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: living vertebrates have no vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrates have four

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution is an advanced textbook on vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: fossil vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Vertebrate Paleontology

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: The adaptive immune system of vertebrates learns to recognize and attack specific pathogens.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: The answer: birds.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: The answer: male

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: living and fossil vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: 1988

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: vertebrate paleontology

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: living

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: 1988

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: living and fossil vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: detailed technical account of various groups of living and fossil vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: living

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: living and fossil vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: fossil vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: living and fossil vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: living and fossil vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: Evolution

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Evolution

text: Vertebrates originated about 525 million years ago during the Cambrian explosion, which saw the rise in organism diversity. The earliest known vertebrate is believed to be the Myllokunmingia. Another early vertebrate is Haikouichthys ercaicunensis. Unlike the other fauna that dominated the Cambrian, these groups had the basic vertebrate body plan: a notochord, rudimentary vertebrae, and a well-defined head and tail. All of these early vertebrates lacked jaws in the common sense and relied on filter feeding close to the seabed. A vertebrate group of uncertain phylogeny, small-eel-like conodonts, are known from microfossils of their paired tooth segments from the late Cambrian to the end of the Triassic.

text: Vertebrates originated about 525 million years ago during the

text: Cambrian explosion

text: , which saw the rise in organism diversity. The earliest known vertebrate is believed to be the

text: Myllokunmingia

text: . Another early vertebrate is

text: Haikouichthys ercaicunensis

text: . Unlike the other fauna that dominated the Cambrian, these groups had the basic vertebrate body plan: a notochord, rudimentary vertebrae, and a well-defined head and tail. All of these early vertebrates lacked

text: jaw

text: s in the common sense and relied on filter feeding close to the seabed. A vertebrate group of uncertain phylogeny, small-eel-like

text: conodont

text: s, are known from microfossils of their paired tooth segments from the late Cambrian to the end of the Triassic.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Myllokunmingia

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: six

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: filter feeding

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: jaws in the common sense

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: notochord and rudimentary vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: mammary

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Myllokunmingia

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: jaws in the common sense and relied on filter feeding close to the seabed

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Myllokunmingia

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: notochord

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: paired tooth segments

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: notochord

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: notochord

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: small-eel-like conodonts,

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: small-eel-like

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: filter feeding

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: lacked jaws

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: notochord, rudimentary vertebrae,

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: a notochord, rudimentary vertebrae,

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: filter feeding

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: early vertebrates lacked jaws

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Myllokunmingia.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: lacked jaws

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Myllokunmingia.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: jaws

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Cambrian explosion,

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: lacked jaws

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: early vertebrates lacked jaws

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: early vertebrates lacked jaws

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Cambrian explosion,

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: notochord,

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Cambrian

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: 525 million years ago during the Cambrian explosion,

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: rudimentary vertebrae,

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Cambrian

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: notochord,

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: jaws

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: filter feeding

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: notochord,

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: jaws

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: tooth

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: notochord,

text: The structure of the dentine of eriptychiids is in many respects closer to that of heterostracans that to that of astraspids. This is the only argument to place them as the closest relatives to heterostracans, among the Ordovician vertebrates. However, eriptychiids differ from all other pteraspidomorphs in having a massively calcified endoskeleton, pervaded by canals for blood vessels.

text: The structure of the dentine of eriptychiids is in many respects closer to that of

text: heterostraca

text: ns that to that of

text: astraspids

text: . This is the only argument to place them as the closest relatives to heterostracans, among the Ordovician vertebrates. However, eriptychiids differ from all other pteraspidomorphs in having a massively calcified endoskeleton, pervaded by canals for blood vessels.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Ordovician

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: eight

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: endoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: eriptychiids differ from all other pteraspidomorphs in having a massively calcified endoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: endoskeletons

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: canals for blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: softer

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Ordovician

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: astraspids

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Ordovician

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What does the adaptive immune system of vertebrates learn to recognize and attack?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: heterostracans

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: heterostracans

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: endoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: endoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: endoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Ordovician

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: pteraspidomorphs

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: blood vessels.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: astraspids.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: blood vessels.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: canals for blood vessels.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: calcified

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: calcified endoskeleton,

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: blood vessels.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Ordovician

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: astraspids.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Ordovician

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: eriptychiids

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: endoskeleton,

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: eriptychiids

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: pteraspidomorphs

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: heterostracans that to that of astraspids.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: heterostracans that to that of astraspids.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: calcified

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Ordovician

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: calcified endoskeleton,

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: calcified endoskeleton,

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Ordovician

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: heterostracans

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: eriptychiids

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: canals for blood vessels.

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: calcified endoskeleton,

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: blood vessels.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: calcified endoskeleton,

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: blood vessels.

text: Although clearly not the normal procedure, a bare T-888 endoskeleton was able to grow itself a new flesh covering using 2007 technology (with the assistance of a geneticist and its own knowledge of future formula) by submerging itself in a blood-like bath. This improvised process resulted in a deformed covering that had the appearance of a burn victim and lacked its own biological eyes, requiring it to steal those of the geneticist and subsequently undergo cosmetic surgery to produce a more normal appearance.

text: Although clearly not the normal procedure, a bare

entity_name: List of Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles characters

text: endoskeleton was able to grow itself a new flesh covering using 2007 technology (with the assistance of a geneticist and its own knowledge of future formula) by submerging itself in a blood-like

text: bath

text: . This improvised process resulted in a deformed covering that had the appearance of a burn victim and lacked its own biological

text: eye

text: s, requiring it to steal those of the

text: geneticist

text: and subsequently undergo

text: cosmetic surgery

text: to produce a more normal appearance.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: endoskeletons

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: endoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: a bare T-888 endoskeleton was able to grow itself

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: eyes

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: T-888

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: growth itself a new flesh covering

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: endoskeletons

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: endoskeleton was able to grow itself a new flesh covering using 2007 technology

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: endoskeletons

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: endoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: endoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: endoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: flesh

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: endoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: endoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: normal

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: T-888 endoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: T-888

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: endoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: a bare T-888 endoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: eyes,

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: T-888

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: flesh

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: geneticist

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: blood-like

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: T-888 endoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: (with the assistance of a geneticist and its own knowledge of future formula)

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: T-888 endoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: blood-like bath.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: endoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: T-888

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: T-888 endoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: blood-like bath.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: blood-like bath.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: T-888

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Although clearly not the normal procedure,

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: T-888

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: T-888

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: T-888

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: normal procedure,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: normal procedure,

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: T-888 endoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: biological

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: flesh

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: endoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: flesh

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: normal procedure,

text: Lobe-finned fishes, fish belonging to the class Sarcopterygii, are mostly extinct bony fishes, basally characterised by robust and stubby lobe fins containing a robust internal skeleton, cosmoid scales and internal nostrils. Their fins are fleshy, lobed, paired fins, joined to the body by a single bone. The fins of lobe-finned fish differ from those of all other fish in that each is borne on a fleshy, lobelike, scaly stalk extending from the body. The pectoral and pelvic fins are articulated in ways resembling the tetrapod limbs they were the precursors to. The fins evolved into the legs of the first tetrapod land vertebrates, amphibians. They also possess two dorsal fins with separate bases, as opposed to the single dorsal fin of ray-finned fish. The braincase of lobe-finned fishes primitively has a hinge line, but this is lost in tetrapods and lungfish. Many early lobe-finned fishes have a symmetrical tail. All lobe-finned fishes possess teeth covered with true enamel.

text: Lobe-finned fish

text: es, fish belonging to the class Sarcopterygii, are mostly extinct bony fishes, basally characterised by robust and stubby lobe fins containing a robust internal skeleton,

text: cosmoid scale

text: s and internal nostrils. Their fins are fleshy,

text: lobed

text: , paired fins, joined to the body by a single bone. The fins of lobe-finned fish differ from those of all other fish in that each is borne on a fleshy, lobelike, scaly stalk extending from the body. The

text: pectoral

text: and

text: pelvic fin

text: s are articulated in ways resembling the tetrapod limbs they were the precursors to. The fins evolved into the legs of the first tetrapod land vertebrates,

text: amphibian

text: s. They also possess two dorsal fins with separate bases, as opposed to the single dorsal fin of

text: ray-finned fish

text: . The braincase of lobe-finned fishes primitively has a hinge line, but this is lost in tetrapods and lungfish. Many early lobe-finned fishes have a symmetrical tail. All lobe-finned fishes possess teeth covered with true

text: enamel

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: amphibians

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: eight

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: limbs

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: All lobe-finned fishes possess teeth covered with true enamel.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: dorsal fins with separate bases

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: cosmoid scales and internal nostrils

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: What type of glands do vertebrates secrete?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: amphibians

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: They also possess two dorsal fins with separate bases

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: amphibians

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How does the adaptive immune system of vertebrates learn to recognize and attack specific pathogens?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are extinct?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: dorsal

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: cosmoid scales

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: a hinge line

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: scales

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: internal nostrils

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: skeleton

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Tetrapod

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Sarcopterygii,

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: Sarcopterygii,

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: legs

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: single dorsal fin of ray-finned fish.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: two dorsal fins with separate bases,

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: cosmoid scales and internal nostrils.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: bone.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: tetrapod land vertebrates, amphibians.

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: teeth covered with true enamel.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: amphibians.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: ray-finned fish.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: amphibians.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: land

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: tetrapod limbs

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: the legs of the first tetrapod land vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: amphibians.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: lobe-finned fishes possess teeth covered with true enamel.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: lobe-finned fishes possess teeth covered with true enamel.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: symmetrical tail.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: amphibians.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: bony fishes,

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: tetrapod land vertebrates, amphibians.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Sarcopterygii,

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: ray-finned fish.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: tetrapod land vertebrates, amphibians.

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: amphibians.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: hinge line,

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: scales

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: internal nostrils.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: enamel.

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: internal skeleton,

text: Fairbank's disease or multiple epiphyseal dysplasia (MED) is a rare genetic disorder (dominant form: 1 in 10,000 births) that affects the growing ends of bones. Bones usually elongate by a process that involves the depositing of cartilage at the ends of the bones, called ossification. This cartilage then mineralizes and hardens to become bone. In MED, this process is defective.

text: Fairbank's disease or multiple epiphyseal dysplasia (MED) is a rare

text: genetic disorder

text: (dominant form: 1 in 10,000 births) that affects the

text: growing ends of bones

text: . Bones usually elongate by a process that involves the depositing of

text: cartilage

text: at the ends of the bones, called

text: ossification

text: . This cartilage then

text: mineralize

text: s and hardens to become bone. In MED, this process is defective.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Bones

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: growing ends of bones

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: Bones usually elongate by a process called ossification.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: epiphyseal

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Bones

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: mineralized

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Bones usually elongate

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How does the immune system of vertebrates learn to recognize and attack specific pathogens

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: How many years after birds evolved did mammals appear?

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Which of the following is not a sex?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: med

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: medulation

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: ossification

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Bones

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: 1 in 10,000 births)

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: growing ends of bones. Bones usually elongate

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: elongate by a process that involves the depositing of cartilage

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: multiple epiphyseal dysplasia

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Bones

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: bone.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: ossification.

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Bones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: 1 in 10,000 births)

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Fairbank's disease

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Bones

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Fairbank's disease

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: 1 in 10,000 births)

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: multiple epiphyseal dysplasia

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: ossification.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: bone.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Fairbank's disease

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bones

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: 1 in 10,000 births)

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Fairbank's

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Bones

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: ossification.

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: ossification.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: ossification.

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: ossification.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: bone.

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: ossification.

text: Let's assume that there is another commodity that Crusoe can produce apart from coconuts, for example, fish. Now, Robinson has to decide how much time to spare for both activities, i.e. how many coconuts to gather and how many fish to hunt. The locus of the various combinations of fish and coconuts that he can produce from devoting different amounts of time to each activity is known as the production possibilities set. This is depicted in the figure 6:

text: Let's assume that there is another commodity that Crusoe can produce apart from coconuts, for example, fish. Now, Robinson has to decide how much time to spare for both activities, i.e. how many coconuts to gather and how many fish to hunt. The locus of the various combinations of fish and coconuts that he can produce from devoting different amounts of time to each activity is known as the production possibilities set. This is depicted in the figure 6:

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Crusoe

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: eight

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: producing coconuts

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: the vertebral column of vertebrates does not have a backbone

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: limbs.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: the skeleton of the vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: hunt

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Vertebrate reproduction is asexual.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: mammalia

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which of the following is not a type of vertebrate?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: what is the function of vertebrate kidneys

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: It is impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony skeletons are more rigid.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Which of the following is true of Crusoe?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: sperm

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Crusoe

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: asexual

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: coconuts

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Darwinism

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: coconuts

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: fertilization

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: fish.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: fish.

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: 6:

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: coconuts,

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: production possibilities set.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: production possibilities set.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: fish.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: hunt.

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: production possibilities set.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: 6:

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: coconuts,

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: fish.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: production possibilities set.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: production possibilities set.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: fish.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: production possibilities set.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: production possibilities set.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: production possibilities set.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: production possibilities set. This is depicted in the figure 6:

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: production possibilities set. This is depicted in the figure 6:

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: production possibilities set.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: production possibilities set. This is depicted in the figure 6:

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: production possibilities set. This is depicted in the figure 6:

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: production possibilities set.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: 6:

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: production possibilities set.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: production possibilities set.

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: coconuts,

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: production possibilities set.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: coconuts,

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: 6:

text: The Xenopus model organism is responsible for large amounts of new knowledge on embryonic development and cell biology.  Xenopus has a number of unique experimental advantages as a vertebrate model. Paramount among these is the robustness of early embryos and their amenability to microinjection and microsurgery. This makes them a particularly attractive system for testing the ectopic activity of gene products and loss-of-function experiments using antagonizing reagents such as morpholinos, dominant-negatives and neomorphic proteins. Morpholinos are synthetic oligonucleotides that can be used to inhibit nuclear RNA splicing or mRNA translation and are the common gene inhibition reagent in Xenopus as neither siRNA or miRNA have yet been shown to reproducibly function in frog embryos. Xenopus embryos develop very quickly and form a full set of differentiated tissues within days of fertilization, allowing rapid analysis of the effects of manipulating embryonic gene expression. The large size of embryos and amenability to microinjection also makes them extremely well suited to microarray approaches. Furthermore, these same characteristics make Xenopus, one of the few vertebrate model organisms suited for chemical screens. Xenbase provides a large database of images illustrating the full genome, movies detailing embryogenesis, and multiple online tools useful for designing and conducting experiments using Xenopus.

text: The Xenopus

text: model organism

text: is responsible for large amounts of new knowledge on embryonic development and cell biology.

text: Xenopus

text: has a number of unique experimental advantages as a vertebrate model. Paramount among these is the robustness of early embryos and their amenability to microinjection and microsurgery. This makes them a particularly attractive system for testing the ectopic activity of gene products and loss-of-function experiments using antagonizing reagents such as morpholinos, dominant-negatives and neomorphic proteins.

text: Morpholino

text: s are synthetic

text: oligonucleotides

text: that can be used to inhibit nuclear RNA splicing or mRNA translation and are the common gene inhibition reagent in Xenopus as neither

text: siRNA

text: or

text: miRNA

text: have yet been shown to reproducibly function in frog embryos. Xenopus embryos develop very quickly and form a full set of differentiated tissues within days of fertilization, allowing rapid analysis of the effects of manipulating embryonic

text: gene expression

text: . The large size of embryos and amenability to microinjection also makes them extremely well suited to

text: microarray

text: approaches. Furthermore, these same characteristics make Xenopus, one of the few vertebrate model organisms suited for chemical screens. Xenbase provides a large database of images illustrating the full genome, movies detailing

text: embryogenesis

text: , and multiple online tools useful for designing and conducting experiments using Xenopus.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Xenopus

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: chemical screens

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: neither siRNA or miRNA have yet been shown to reproduceably function in frog embryos

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: chromosomes

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Xenopus

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: fertilization

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Vertebrates have an endocrine system

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Xenopus

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: neither siRNA or miRNA have yet been shown to reproducibly function in frog embryos

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Xenopus

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Xenopus

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Xenopus

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Xenopus

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Xenopus

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: How many species of vertebrates are mentioned?

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which class of vertebrates is Xenopus?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Which of the following is not true of Xenopus?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: embryogenesis

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: neomorphic proteins

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: dominant-negatives

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: Xenopus

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Xenopus

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: osteodermis

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: embryogenesis

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Xenopus

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: Xenopus

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: testing the ectopic activity of gene products

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: neither siRNA or miRNA have yet been shown to reproducibly function

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: chemical screens.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: neomorphic proteins.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: robustness of early embryos

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: fertilization,

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: gene products

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Xenopus

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: neither siRNA or miRNA

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Xenopus

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Xenopus

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: ectopic activity of gene products

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Xenopus

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: Xenopus

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Xenopus

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: morpholinos, dominant-negatives

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Xenopus

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Xenopus

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Xenopus

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: Xenopus

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Xenopus

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Xenopus

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: embryogenesis,

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: ectopic activity of gene products

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: fertilization,

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: Xenopus

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: ectopic activity of gene products

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: Xenopus

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: fertilization,

text: Beginning in 2000, Pilobolus published an annual wall calendar featuring original photography created to further explore and celebrate the company’s artistic sensibility. An introductory text to the 2008 calendar noted that the company had been “experimenting with still photography since the 1980s” to address the question “How can one select individual moments from a continuum and have them retain meaning?” The introduction also noted that the group’s “choreographic inquiry is driven by a fascination with images” that are, or become, “the fundamental units of our physical vocabulary.” Rather than attempting to document their live performances, the calendar photo shoots represented "a sort of annual gallery of our evolving understanding of the relationship between choreographic and photographic expression."

text: Beginning in 2000, Pilobolus published an annual wall calendar featuring original photography created to further explore and celebrate the company’s artistic sensibility. An introductory text to the 2008 calendar noted that the company had been “experimenting with still photography since the 1980s” to address the question “How can one select individual moments from a continuum and have them retain meaning?” The introduction also noted that the group’s “choreographic inquiry is driven by a fascination with images” that are, or become, “the fundamental units of our physical vocabulary.” Rather than attempting to document their live performances, the calendar photo shoots represented "a sort of annual gallery of our evolving understanding of the relationship between choreographic and photographic expression."

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: chordates

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: the fundamental units of our physical vocabulary

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: the vertebral column of vertebrates is made of bones

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: live

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: calendar photo shoots represented "a sort of annual gallery of our evolving understanding of the relationship between choreographic and photographic expression."

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: aquatic

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: lobe-finned fish

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: Chordata

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: cartilage endoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: mammals

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: cartilage skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: class

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: male

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: embryonic

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: physical vocabulary

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: asexual

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: muscle

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: “choreographic inquiry is driven by a fascination with images”

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: mineral

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: embryonic

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: physical vocabulary.”

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: a continuum

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: “the fundamental units of our physical vocabulary.”

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: live performances,

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: individual moments from a continuum

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: images”

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: “the fundamental units of our physical vocabulary.”

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: live performances,

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Beginning in 2000,

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: 1980s”

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: live performances,

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: a continuum

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: 2008 calendar noted that the company had been “experimenting with still photography

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Beginning in 2000,

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Beginning in 2000,

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: “experimenting with still photography since the 1980s”

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Beginning in 2000,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: “experimenting with still photography since the 1980s”

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: “experimenting with still photography since the 1980s”

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: 2000,

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Beginning in 2000,

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: “How can one select individual moments from a continuum

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: “How can one select individual moments from a continuum

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Beginning in 2000,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: continuum

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: “choreographic

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: a continuum

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: physical

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: “choreographic inquiry

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: physical vocabulary.”

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: continuum

text: The body of a fish is divided into a head, trunk and tail, although the divisions between the three are not always externally visible. The skeleton, which forms the support structure inside the fish, is either made of cartilage, in cartilaginous fish, or bone in bony fish. The main skeletal element is the vertebral column, composed of articulating vertebrae which are lightweight yet strong. The ribs attach to the spine and there are no limbs or limb girdles. The main external features of the fish, the fins, are composed of either bony or soft spines called rays, which with the exception of the caudal fins, have no direct connection with the spine. They are supported by the muscles which compose the main part of the trunk. The heart has two chambers and pumps the blood through the respiratory surfaces of the gills and on round the body in a single circulatory loop. The eyes are adapted for seeing underwater and have only local vision. There is an inner ear but no external or middle ear. Low frequency vibrations are detected by the lateral line system of sense organs that run along the length of the sides of fish, and these respond to nearby movements and to changes in water pressure.

text: The body of a fish is divided into a head, trunk and tail, although the divisions between the three are not always externally visible. The skeleton, which forms the support structure inside the fish, is either made of cartilage, in

text: cartilaginous fish

text: , or bone in

text: bony fish

text: . The main skeletal element is the vertebral column, composed of articulating

text: vertebra

text: e which are lightweight yet strong. The ribs attach to the spine and there are no

text: limbs

text: or limb girdles. The main external features of the fish, the

text: fins

text: , are composed of either bony or soft spines called rays, which with the exception of the

text: caudal fin

text: s, have no direct connection with the spine. They are supported by the muscles which compose the main part of the trunk. The heart has two chambers and pumps the blood through the respiratory surfaces of the

text: gill

text: s and on round the body in a single circulatory loop. The eyes are adapted for seeing underwater and have only local vision. There is an inner ear but no external or

text: middle ear

text: . Low frequency vibrations are detected by the

text: lateral line

text: system of sense organs that run along the length of the sides of fish, and these respond to nearby movements and to changes in water pressure.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: bony

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: The main skeletal element

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: limb girdles

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrae which are lightweight yet strong

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: lightweight yet strong

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: What is the main skeletal element of the vertebral column?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: there are no limbs or limb girdles

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: sperm

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Low frequency vibrations

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: gills

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: gills

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: fertilization

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: cartilaginous fish, or bone in bony fish.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: The main skeletal element

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: limbs or limb girdles.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: limbs or limb girdles.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: articulating vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: bony fish.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: a single circulatory loop.

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: articulating vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: limbs or limb girdles.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: underwater

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: limbs or limb girdles.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: cartilaginous fish,

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: cartilage,

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: movements

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage,

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: lateral line system of sense organs

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: fish

text: Bone is a rigid organ that constitutes part of the vertebral skeleton. Bones support and protect the various organs of the body, produce red and white blood cells, store minerals and also enable mobility.  Bone tissue is a type of dense connective tissue. Bones come in a variety of shapes and sizes and have a complex internal and external structure. They are lightweight yet strong and hard, and serve multiple functions. Mineralized osseous tissue or bone tissue, is of two types – cortical and cancellous and gives it rigidity and a coral-like three-dimensional internal structure. Other types of tissue found in bones include marrow, endosteum, periosteum, nerves, blood vessels and cartilage.

text: Bone is a

text: rigid

text: organ

text: that constitutes part of the

text: vertebral

text: skeleton

text: . Bones support and protect the various organs of the body, produce

text: red

text: and

text: white blood cell

text: s, store

text: mineral

text: s and also enable mobility.

text: Bone tissue

text: is a type of dense

text: connective tissue

text: . Bones come in a variety of shapes and sizes and have a complex internal and external

text: structure

text: . They are lightweight yet strong and hard, and serve multiple

text: functions

text: Mineralized

text: osseous tissue

text: or bone tissue, is of two types –

text: cortical

text: and

text: cancellous

text: and gives it rigidity and a

text: coral

text: -like three-dimensional internal structure. Other types of tissue found in bones include

text: marrow

text: endosteum

text: periosteum

text: nerve

text: s,

text: blood vessel

text: s and

text: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: vertebral skeleton

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: support and protect

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: Bones support and protect the various organs of the body

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: skeletons

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Bone

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: lightweight

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Which of the following is not a type of tissue found in bones?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Bone

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: They are lightweight yet strong and hard, and serve multiple functions.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Bones support and protect the various organs of the body

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, vertebrates evolved endothermy or vertebrates evolved ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Which of the following is not an ancestor of Amphibians?

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Which of the following is not a function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Which of the following is not a type of dense connective tissue?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Which came first, birds or mammals?

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: Which of the following is not a type of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Which of the following is not a vertebrate?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: endosteum

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Bone tissue

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: endosteum

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: osseous tissue

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Bone

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: Bone

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: support and protect

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: Bone

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Bone

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: lightweight yet strong and hard,

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: red and white blood cells,

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: red and white blood cells,

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Bone

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Bone

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Bone

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Bone

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: marrow, endosteum,

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Bone

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: Bone

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Bone

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: red and white blood cells,

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: cartilage.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Bone

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: cartilage.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: vertebral skeleton.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: marrow, endosteum, periosteum,

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Bone

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: red and white blood cells,

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: periosteum,

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: red and white blood cells,

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage.

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: red and white blood cells,

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: osseous

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: produce red and white blood cells,

text: His more famous books include the widely praised Dinosaurs (1963) and  The Evidence of Evolution (1968). A major paper on the physiology of dinosaurs was "An Alternative to Dinosaur Endothermy: The Happy Wanderers" in A Cold Look at the Warm Blooded Dinosaurs (D.K. Thomas and E.C. Olson. eds., 1980), in which he countered Bob Bakker's theory of endothermic, or "warm-blooded" dinosaurs with a theory that migration helped large cold-blooded dinosaurs maintain a constant body temperature.

text: His more famous books include the widely praised Dinosaurs (1963) and  The Evidence of Evolution (1968). A major paper on the

text: physiology of dinosaurs

text: was "An Alternative to Dinosaur Endothermy: The Happy Wanderers" in A Cold Look at the Warm Blooded Dinosaurs (D.K. Thomas and E.C. Olson. eds., 1980), in which he countered

text: Bob Bakker

text: 's theory of

text: endothermic, or "warm-blooded"

text: dinosaurs with a theory that migration helped large cold-blooded dinosaurs maintain a constant body temperature.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: body temperature

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: dinosaurs maintain a constant body temperature

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: limbs

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: endothermic

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Which of the following is not a type of vertebrates: mammals, birds, or reptiles?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: "warm-blooded" dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: What is the first vertebrates that did not need water to reproduce?

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Which of the following is not a lobe-finned fish ancestor?

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How does the immune system of vertebrates learn to recognize and attack specific pathogens?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Which came first, birds or mammals?

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes are vertebrates placed in?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Which of the following is not a sex: male or female?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: endothermic

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: endothermic

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: endothermic

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: endothermic

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: endothermic

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: Dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: maintain a constant body temperature.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: "warm-blooded"

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: Dinosaurs (1963) and The Evidence of Evolution (1968).

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Dinosaur Endothermy: The Happy Wanderers"

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: Dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: endothermic,

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: cold-blooded dinosaurs maintain a constant body temperature.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: "warm-blooded"

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: endothermic,

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Dinosaurs (1963) and The Evidence of Evolution (1968).

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: Dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: (D.K. Thomas and E.C. Olson.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Dinosaurs (1963) and The Evidence of Evolution (1968).

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: Dinosaurs (1963) and The Evidence of Evolution (1968).

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Dinosaurs (1963) and The Evidence of Evolution (1968).

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Dinosaurs (1963) and The Evidence of Evolution (1968).

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: physiology

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: migration

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: migration

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: endothermic,

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: migration

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: Endothermy:

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: physiology

text: Parthenogenesis is seen to occur naturally in aphids, Daphnia, rotifers, nematodes and some other invertebrates, as well as in many plants. Among vertebrates, strict parthenogenesis is only known to occur in lizards, snakes, birds and sharks, with fish, amphibians and reptiles exhibiting various forms of gynogenesis and hybridogenesis (an incomplete form of parthenogenesis). The first all-female (unisexual) reproduction in vertebrates was described in the fish Poecilia formosa in 1932. Since then at least 50 species of unisexual vertebrate have been described, including at least 20 fish, 25 lizards, a single snake species, frogs, and salamanders. Other, usually sexual, species may occasionally reproduce parthenogenetically and Komodo dragons; the hammerhead and blacktip sharks are recent additions to the known list of spontaneous parthenogenetic vertebrates. As with all types of asexual reproduction, there are both costs (low genetic diversity and therefore susceptibility to adverse mutations that might occur) and benefits (reproduction without the need for a male) associated with parthenogenesis.

text: Parthenogenesis is seen to occur naturally in

text: aphid

text: s,

text: Daphnia

text: rotifer

text: s,

text: nematode

text: s and some other invertebrates, as well as in many plants. Among

text: vertebrates

text: , strict parthenogenesis is only known to occur in lizards, snakes, birds and sharks, with fish, amphibians and reptiles exhibiting various forms of gynogenesis and hybridogenesis (an incomplete form of parthenogenesis). The first all-female (unisexual) reproduction in

text: vertebrates

text: was described in the fish

text: Poecilia formosa

text: in 1932. Since then at least 50 species of unisexual vertebrate have been described, including at least 20 fish, 25 lizards, a single snake species, frogs, and salamanders. Other, usually sexual, species may occasionally reproduce parthenogenetically and

text: Komodo dragon

text: s; the

text: hammerhead

text: and

text: blacktip shark

text: s are recent additions to the known list of spontaneous parthenogenetic vertebrates. As with all types of

text: asexual reproduction

text: , there are both costs (low genetic diversity and therefore susceptibility to adverse mutations that might occur) and benefits (reproduction without the need for a male) associated with parthenogenesis.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: fish, amphibians and reptiles

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: 20

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: reproduction

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: the hammerhead and blacktip sharks are recent additions to the known list of spontaneous parthenogenetic vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: males

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: lizards, snakes, birds and sharks

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: What is the first all-female (unisexual) reproduction in vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: unisexual reproduction in vertebrates was described in the fish Poecilia formosa in 1932

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: lizards

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: unisexual

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many different classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: What is the first all-female (unisexual) reproduction in vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: parthenogenesis

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: gynogenesis

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: hybridogenesis

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: rotifers

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: gynogenesis

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: rotifers

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: parthenogenesis

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: lizards, snakes, birds and sharks,

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: 20

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: Parthenogenesis

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: strict parthenogenesis

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: lizards, snakes, birds and sharks,

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: lizards, snakes, birds and sharks,

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: (low genetic diversity

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual,

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: lizards, snakes, birds and sharks,

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Poecilia formosa

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: strict parthenogenesis

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Poecilia formosa

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Poecilia formosa in 1932.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Parthenogenesis

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Poecilia formosa in 1932.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: lizards, snakes, birds and sharks,

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: lizards, snakes, birds and sharks,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: lizards, snakes, birds and sharks,

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Poecilia formosa in 1932.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: birds and sharks,

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Parthenogenesis

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: 50

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: lizards, snakes, birds and sharks,

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: The first all-female

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: Parthenogenesis

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: gynogenesis and hybridogenesis

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: (unisexual)

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: plants.

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Parthenogenesis

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: nematodes

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: gynogenesis

text: Cartilage differentiates from the condensations, giving rise to the skeletal primordia.  In most tetrapod limb skeletons (though not in some amphibians), the cartilage skeleton is replaced by bone later in development.

text: Cartilage

text: differentiates from the condensations, giving rise to the skeletal primordia.  In most tetrapod limb skeletons (though not in some amphibians), the cartilage skeleton is replaced by bone later in development.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: amphibians

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: six

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: skeletal

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: cartilage skeleton is replaced by bone later in development

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: limbs

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Bone

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: softer

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: bone later in development

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: The cartilage skeleton is replaced by bone later in development

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: tetrapod

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How does the adaptive immune system of vertebrates work?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: skeletal

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: amphibians

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: bone later in development

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: tetrapod

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: primordia

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: tetrapod

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: tetrapod

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: skeletal primordia.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: the cartilage skeleton is replaced by bone

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: limb

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: cartilage skeleton is replaced by bone

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: skeletal primordia.

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: condensations,

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: amphibians),

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: condensations,

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: tetrapod

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: tetrapod

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: skeletal primordia.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: skeletal primordia.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: amphibians),

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: the cartilage skeleton is replaced by bone

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: tetrapod

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: skeletal primordia.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: In most tetrapod

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: skeletal primordia.

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: skeletal primordia.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: the cartilage skeleton is replaced by bone

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: Cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: skeletal primordia.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: skeletal primordia.

text: Boa constrictors are ovoviviparous, giving birth to live young. They generally breed in the dry season—between April and August—and are polygynous, thus males may mate with multiple females. Half of all females breed in a given year, and a larger percentage of males actively attempt to locate a mate. Due to their polygynous nature, many of these males will be unsuccessful. As such, female boas in inadequate physical condition are unlikely to attempt to mate, or to produce viable young if they do mate. Reproduction in boas is almost exclusively sexual. Males ordinarily have a ZZ pair of sex determining chromosomes, and females a ZW pair. In 2010, a boa constrictor was shown to have reproduced asexually via parthenogenesis. The Colombian Rainbow boa, Epicrates maurus was found to reproduce by facultative parthenogenesis resulting in production of WW female progeny. The WW females were likely produced by terminal automixis (see Figure), a type of parthenogenesis in which two terminal haploid products of meiosis fuse to form a zygote, which then develops into a daughter progeny. This is only the third genetically confirmed case of consecutive virgin births of viable offspring from a single female within any vertebrate lineage.

text: Boa constrictors are

text: ovoviviparous

text: , giving birth to live young. They generally breed in the dry season—between April and August—and are

text: polygynous

text: , thus males may mate with multiple females. Half of all females breed in a given year, and a larger percentage of males actively attempt to locate a mate. Due to their polygynous nature, many of these males will be unsuccessful. As such, female boas in inadequate physical condition are unlikely to attempt to mate, or to produce viable young if they do mate. Reproduction in boas is almost exclusively sexual. Males ordinarily have a ZZ pair of sex determining chromosomes, and females a ZW pair. In 2010, a boa constrictor was shown to have reproduced asexually via

text: parthenogenesis

text: . The Colombian Rainbow boa, Epicrates maurus was found to reproduce by facultative

text: parthenogenesis

text: resulting in production of WW female progeny. The WW females were likely produced by terminal

text: automixis

text: (see Figure), a type of parthenogenesis in which two terminal haploid products of meiosis fuse to form a

text: zygote

text: , which then develops into a daughter progeny. This is only the third genetically confirmed case of consecutive virgin births of viable offspring from a single female within any

text: vertebrate

text: lineage.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Boa constrictors

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: eight

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: giving birth to live young

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: males may mate with multiple females

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: sex determining chromosomes

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: female boas in inadequate physical condition

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: Bone is made of

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Which of the following is not a type of parthenogenesis?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Boa constrictors

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: males may mate with multiple females

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Which of the following is not a type of parthenogenesis?

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How does the immune system of vertebrates learn to recognize and attack specific pathogens?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many different classes of vertebrates are living species of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: How many females breed in a given year

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: meiosis

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: automixis

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: sexual

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: Boa constrictors

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: automixis

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: osteodermis

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: meiosis

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Boa constrictors

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: Boa constrictors

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: giving birth to live young.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: consecutive virgin births of viable offspring from a single female

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: ZZ pair of sex determining chromosomes,

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: ZZ pair of sex determining chromosomes,

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: Boa constrictors are ovoviviparous,

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual.

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: sex determining chromosomes,

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: female

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: consecutive virgin births of viable offspring from a single female

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Boa constrictors

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: parthenogenesis.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: parthenogenesis.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Boa constrictors are ovoviviparous,

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: vertebrate lineage.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: parthenogenesis.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: parthenogenesis.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: ZZ pair of sex determining chromosomes,

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: parthenogenesis.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: third

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: ZZ

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: ZZ pair of sex determining chromosomes,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: parthenogenesis

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: automixis

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: sexual.

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: ZZ

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: automixis

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: meiosis fuse to form a zygote,

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: meiosis fuse to form a zygote,

text: The brachiocephalic artery or trunk is the first and largest artery that branches to form the right common carotid artery and the right subclavian artery. This artery provides blood to the right upper chest, right arm, neck, and head, through a branch called right vertebral artery. The right and left vertebral artery feed into the basilar artery and upward to the Posterior cerebral artery, which provides most of the brain with oxygenated blood.The posterior cerebral artery and the posterior communicating artery are within the circle of Willis.

text: The brachiocephalic artery or trunk is the first and largest

text: artery

text: that branches to form the

text: right common carotid

text: artery and the

text: right subclavian artery

text: . This artery provides blood to the right upper chest, right arm, neck, and head, through a branch called right

text: vertebral artery

text: . The right and left vertebral artery feed into the

text: basilar artery

text: and upward to the

text: Posterior cerebral artery

text: , which provides most of the brain with oxygenated blood.The

text: posterior cerebral artery

text: and the

text: posterior communicating artery

text: are within the circle of Willis.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: what is the first and largest artery?

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: eight

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: oxygenation

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The posterior cerebral artery and the posterior communicating artery are within the circle of Willis

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: arteries

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: The brachiocephalic artery

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: glands that secrete hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: The posterior communicating artery and the posterior artery are within the circle of Willis

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, vertebrates evolved endothermy or vertebrates evolved ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What does the adaptive immune system of vertebrates learn to recognize and attack?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Which came first, birds or mammals?

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: How many vertebrates have male and female sexes?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: willis

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: asexual

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebral

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: the circle of Willis

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebral

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: right vertebral artery.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: The brachiocephalic

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: provides most of the brain with oxygenated blood.The

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The brachiocephalic

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: right vertebral artery.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: right vertebral artery.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: largest artery

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: The brachiocephalic artery

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: vertebral artery.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: The brachiocephalic

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: right subclavian artery.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: The brachiocephalic

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: The brachiocephalic

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: right vertebral artery.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: The brachiocephalic artery

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: vertebral artery.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: vertebral artery.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: right vertebral artery.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: The brachiocephalic artery

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: The brachiocephalic

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: The brachiocephalic

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: vertebral artery.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: right vertebral artery.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: right vertebral artery.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: The brachiocephalic artery

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: circle of Willis.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: The brachiocephalic artery

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebral artery.

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: circle of Willis.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebral

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: The brachiocephalic artery

text: In 2008, a 50-million-year-old fossil, Amphistium, was identified as an early relative of the flatfish and transitional fossil. In a typical modern flatfish, the head is asymmetric, with both eyes on one side of the head. In Amphistium, the transition from the typical symmetric head of a vertebrate is incomplete, with one eye placed near the top of the head. The researchers concluded,  "the change happened gradually, in a way consistent with evolution via natural selection—not suddenly, as researchers once had little choice but to believe."

text: In 2008, a 50-million-year-old fossil,

text: Amphistium

text: , was identified as an early relative of the flatfish and

text: transitional fossil

text: . In a typical modern flatfish, the head is asymmetric, with both eyes on one side of the head. In Amphistium, the transition from the typical symmetric head of a vertebrate is incomplete, with one eye placed near the top of the head. The researchers concluded,  "the change happened gradually, in a way consistent with evolution via

text: natural selection

text: —not suddenly, as researchers once had little choice but to believe."

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: flatfish

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: flatfish

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: head

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: suddenly, as researchers once had little choice but to believe

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: eyes

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: the skeleton of the body

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: symmetric

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: flatfish

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: suddenly, as researchers once had little choice but to believe

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Amphistium

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are living species of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: natural selection

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: symmetric

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: evolution via natural selection

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: flatfish

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: flatfish

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: eyes

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: suddenly,

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: both eyes

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: both eyes

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: asymmetric,

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: natural selection—not

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: "the change happened gradually, in a way consistent with evolution via natural selection—not

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: flatfish

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: suddenly,

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: flatfish

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: flatfish

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: gradually, in a way consistent with evolution via natural selection—not

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: flatfish

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: flatfish

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: symmetric head of a vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: "the change happened gradually, in a way consistent with evolution via natural selection—not

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: flatfish

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: flatfish

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: suddenly,

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: modern flatfish,

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: modern flatfish,

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: modern flatfish,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: natural selection—not

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: natural selection—not

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: natural selection—not

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: natural selection—not

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: natural selection—not

text: Human OR genes have homologues in other mammals, such as mice, that demonstrate the evolution of Olfactory Receptor genes. One particular family that is involved in the initial event of odor perception has been found to be highly conserved throughout all of vertebrate evolution.

text: Human OR genes have homologues in other mammals, such as mice, that demonstrate the evolution of Olfactory Receptor genes. One particular family that is involved in the initial event of odor perception has been found to be highly conserved throughout all of vertebrate evolution.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: mammals

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: one

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: odor perception

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The vertebral column of vertebrates is not involved in odor perception.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: Olfactory Receptor genes

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Olfactory Receptor genes

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: mammals

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: evolution of Olfactory Receptor genes has homologues in other mammals

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: mammals

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: The adaptive immune system of vertebrates learns to recognize and attack specific pathogens

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: odor perception

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: odor perception

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: odor perception

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: skeleton

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Olfactory Receptor genes.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: mice, that demonstrate the evolution of Olfactory Receptor genes.

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: odor perception

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: highly conserved

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: One particular family

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Olfactory Receptor genes.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: highly conserved throughout all of vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: Olfactory Receptor genes.

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: odor perception

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: mice,

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: highly conserved throughout all of vertebrate evolution.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: mice,

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: mice, that demonstrate the evolution of Olfactory Receptor genes.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: vertebrate evolution.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: vertebrate evolution.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: vertebrate evolution.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: vertebrate evolution.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Olfactory Receptor genes.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: vertebrate evolution.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: vertebrate evolution.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: vertebrate evolution.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: vertebrate evolution.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: One particular family

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: Human OR genes

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: odor perception

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: odor perception

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Olfactory Receptor genes.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Olfactory Receptor genes.

text: He has authored or co-authored over 100 articles and book chapters on vertebrate paleontology and paleoecology. Sues has edited Evolution of Herbivory in Terrestrial Vertebrates (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2000) and co-edited Terrestrial Ecosystems through Time (with A. K. Behrensmeyer et al.; Univ. of Chicago Press, 1992), In the Shadow of the Dinosaurs: Early Mesozoic Tetrapods (with N. C. Fraser; Cambridge Univ. Press, 1994), and Major Transitions in Vertebrate Evolution (with J. S. Anderson; Indiana Univ. Press, 2007). He is also active in promoting the value of natural history collections for addressing major questions in current science.

text: He has authored or co-authored over 100 articles and book chapters on

text: vertebrate paleontology

text: and

text: paleoecology

text: . Sues has edited Evolution of Herbivory in Terrestrial Vertebrates (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2000) and co-edited Terrestrial Ecosystems through Time (with A. K. Behrensmeyer et al.; Univ. of Chicago Press, 1992), In the Shadow of the Dinosaurs: Early Mesozoic Tetrapods (with N. C. Fraser; Cambridge Univ. Press, 1994), and Major Transitions in Vertebrate Evolution (with J. S. Anderson; Indiana Univ. Press, 2007). He is also active in promoting the value of natural history collections for addressing major questions in current science.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: six

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: Herbivory

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: dinosaurs did not have a vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: Herbivory

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Vertebrate reproduction is asexual

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Mesozoic

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Early Mesozoic Tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: ectothermy

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Major Transitions in Vertebrate Evolution

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Early Mesozoic Tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: birds evolved before the first mammals appeared

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are living?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: male and female

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Herbivory

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: Herbivory

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Vertebrate evolution

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Terrestrial Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: Tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: Herbivory

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: Dinosaurs:

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: Tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Terrestrial Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebrate paleontology and paleoecology.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: Herbivory

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Evolution of Herbivory

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Dinosaurs: Early Mesozoic Tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Evolution of Herbivory

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Mesozoic Tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Terrestrial Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Evolution of Herbivory

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Sues

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: Terrestrial Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Sues

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Terrestrial Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Early Mesozoic Tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Early Mesozoic Tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Sues

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: 100

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Terrestrial Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Sues

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: Terrestrial Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Herbivory

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: Herbivory

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: Terrestrial Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Evolution of Herbivory

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: Terrestrial Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrate paleontology and paleoecology.

text: The cartilage of Gogoselachus was very different from those of other cartilaginous fish and acanthodians. While the cartilage itself closely resembled modern shark cartilage, the matrix holding the cartilage cells together contained remnant bone cells. This means that in contrast to the previous idea that cartilaginous fish were jawed vertebrates that evolved before the advent of a bony skeleton, cartilaginous fish in fact evolved from bony ancestors. Cartilaginous fish most likely lost these bony skeletons in order to evade predators and catch prey faster.

text: The cartilage of Gogoselachus was very different from those of other cartilaginous fish and acanthodians. While the cartilage itself closely resembled modern shark cartilage, the matrix holding the cartilage cells together contained remnant

text: bone cell

text: s. This means that in contrast to the previous idea that cartilaginous fish were

text: jawed vertebrates

text: that evolved before the advent of a bony skeleton, cartilaginous fish in fact evolved from bony ancestors. Cartilaginous fish most likely lost these bony skeletons in order to evade predators and catch prey faster.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: acanthodians

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: three

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: evade predators

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: jawed vertebrates that evolved before the advent of a bony skeleton

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: jaws

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: bony skeleton

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Which of the following is not a type of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: bony ancestors

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: jawed vertebrates that evolved before the advent of a bony skeleton

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: cartilaginous fish

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which of the following is not a type of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are mentioned in the text?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Gogoselachus

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: bony skeleton

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: cartilaginous fish

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: cartilaginous fish and acanthodians.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: evade predators and catch prey faster.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: before the advent of a bony skeleton,

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: jawed

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: bone cells.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: bony skeleton,

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: catch prey faster.

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: bony skeleton,

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: bony skeleton,

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: before the advent of a bony skeleton,

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: bony ancestors.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: acanthodians.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: bony skeleton,

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: bony ancestors.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: cartilaginous fish in fact evolved from bony ancestors.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: bony skeleton,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: bony skeleton,

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: bony ancestors.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: bony skeleton,

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: evade predators and catch prey faster.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: bony ancestors.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: cartilaginous fish and acanthodians.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: cartilaginous fish and acanthodians.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: bony skeleton,

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: evade predators

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: Cartilaginous fish most likely lost these bony skeletons

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Cartilaginous fish most likely lost these bony skeletons

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: bone cells.

text: The little tunny has some anatomical variations when compared to other species of Euthynnus.  E. alletteratus lacks a swim bladder, like most other tuna, so it must constantly keep moving to stay afloat.  The pectoral fins are crucial to the little tunny in maintaining its position in the water column.  Its liver is very disproportionate, with the right lobe much longer than the left or middle lobes. The stomach of the little tunny is a long sac that stretches almost the entire length of its body.  The intestinal tract is fairly short, coming from the left and right sides of the stomach, and extending without looping down the length of its body.  The different sections are characterized by their diameter and color. The ventral vertebral column of the little tunny has unique trelliswork, which is important to its family (Scombridae). Divided haemapophyses, or parts of the vertebrate forming a long canal, enclose the large ventral blood vessel.

text: The little tunny has some anatomical variations when compared to other species of Euthynnus.  E. alletteratus lacks a swim bladder, like most other tuna, so it must constantly keep moving to stay afloat.  The pectoral fins are crucial to the little tunny in maintaining its position in the water column.  Its liver is very disproportionate, with the right lobe much longer than the left or middle lobes. The stomach of the little tunny is a long sac that stretches almost the entire length of its body.  The intestinal tract is fairly short, coming from the left and right sides of the stomach, and extending without looping down the length of its body.  The different sections are characterized by their diameter and color. The ventral vertebral column of the little tunny has unique trelliswork, which is important to its family (Scombridae). Divided haemapophyses, or parts of the vertebrate forming a long canal, enclose the large ventral blood vessel.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Scombridae

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: four

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: ventral blood vessel

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: the ventral vertebral column of vertebrates has unique trelliswork

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: lobes

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: The ventral vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: swim bladder

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Which of the following is not a part of the vertebral column of the little tunny?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Scombridae

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: E. alletteratus lacks a swim bladder, like most other tuna

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Scombridae

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How does the tunny's immune system work?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: How many years ago did birds first appear?

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: How many species of vertebrates are mentioned?

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class of vertebrates: Scombridae or Euthynnus?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Which of the following is not true of the little tunny?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: Embryo

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: swim bladder

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: swim bladder

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: haemapophyses

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: haemapophyses

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Haemapophyses

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: (Scombridae).

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: (Scombridae).

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: enclose the large ventral blood vessel.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: trelliswork,

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: swim bladder,

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Divided haemapophyses,

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: swim bladder,

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Divided haemapophyses,

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: (Scombridae).

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: swim bladder,

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: (Scombridae).

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: swim bladder,

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: (Scombridae). Divided haemapophyses,

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: The pectoral fins

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: (Scombridae).

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: swim bladder,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Divided haemapophyses,

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: (Scombridae). Divided haemapophyses,

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: (Scombridae).

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: E. alletteratus lacks a swim bladder,

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: (Scombridae).

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: (Scombridae).

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: E. alletteratus lacks a swim bladder,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: haemapophyses,

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: swim bladder,

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: a swim bladder,

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: haemapophyses,

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Divided haemapophyses,

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: haemapophyses,

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Divided haemapophyses,

text: For humans, one type of vertebrate, anatomical terms may differ from other forms of vertebrates. For one reason, this is because humans have a different neuraxis and, unlike animals that rest on four limbs, humans are considered when describing anatomy as being in the standard anatomical position. Thus what is on "top" of a human is the head, whereas the "top" of a dog may be its back, and the "top" of a flounder could refer to either its left or its right side.

text: For humans, one type of vertebrate, anatomical terms may differ from other forms of vertebrates. For one reason, this is because humans have a different

text: neuraxis

text: and, unlike animals that rest on four limbs, humans are considered when describing anatomy as being in the

text: standard anatomical position

text: . Thus what is on "top" of a human is the

text: head

text: , whereas the "top" of a dog may be its back, and the "top" of a

text: flounder

text: could refer to either its left or its right side.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: rest on four limbs

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: animals that rest on four limbs

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: limb

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: softer

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: neuraxis

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: animals that rest on four limbs

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: vertebrates evolved endothermy before they evolved ectothermy

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: lobe-finned fish

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: vertebrate kidneys

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What does the adaptive immune system of vertebrates learn to recognize and attack specific pathogens?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: cartilage endoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: mammals

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: What is on "top" of a dog may be its back?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: neuraxis

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: neuraxis

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: skeleton

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: humans,

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: flounder

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: rest on four limbs,

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: four limbs,

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: limbs,

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: four limbs,

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: four limbs,

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: four limbs,

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: humans,

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: humans,

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: four limbs,

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: humans,

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: humans,

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: humans,

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: flounder

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: humans,

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: humans,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: humans,

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: humans,

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: humans,

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: humans,

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: humans,

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: humans,

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: humans,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: neuraxis

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: neuraxis

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: neuraxis

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: neuraxis

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: neuraxis

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: neuraxis

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: neuraxis

text: These animals have evolved to survive the extreme pressure of the sub-photic zones. The pressure increases by about one atmosphere every ten meters. To cope with the pressure, many fish are rather small, usually not exceeding 25 cm in length. Also, scientists have discovered that the deeper these creatures live, the more gelatinous their flesh and more minimal their skeletal structure. These creatures have also eliminated all excess cavities that would collapse under the pressure, such as swim bladders.

text: These animals have

text: evolved

text: to survive the extreme pressure of the sub-

text: photic zone

text: s. The pressure increases by about one

text: atmosphere

text: every ten meters. To cope with the pressure, many fish are rather small, usually not exceeding 25 cm in length. Also, scientists have discovered that the deeper these creatures live, the more gelatinous their flesh and more minimal their skeletal structure. These creatures have also eliminated all excess cavities that would collapse under the pressure, such as swim bladders.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: six

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: swim bladders

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: the deeper these creatures live, the more gelatinous their flesh

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: skeletons

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: what part of the body?

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: gelatinous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Which of the following is not a type of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: vertebrates reproduce sexually.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Which of the following is not the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How does the adaptive immune system of vertebrates work?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: swim bladders

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: flesh

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: gelatinous

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: skeletal structure

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: survive the extreme pressure of the sub-photic zones.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: swim bladders.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: swim bladders.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: swim bladders.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: skeletal structure.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: swim bladders.

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: swim bladders.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: swim bladders.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: pressure of the sub-photic zones.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: survive the extreme pressure of the sub-photic zones.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: swim bladders.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: fish are rather small, usually not exceeding 25 cm in length.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: skeletal structure.

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: swim bladders.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: swim bladders.

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: flesh

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: swim bladders.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: skeletal

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: skeletal structure.

text: Indirect evidence for endothermy is provided by the body shape of derived ichthyosaurs, which with its short tail and vertical tail fin seems optimised for a high cruising speed that can only be sustained by a high metabolism: all extant animals swimming this way are either fully warm-blooded or, like sharks and tuna, maintain a high temperature in their body core. This argument does not cover basal forms with a more eel-like body and undulating swimming movement. In 1996, Richard Cowen, while accepting endothermy for the group, presumed that ichthyosaurs would have been subject to Carrier's constraint, a limitation to reptilian respiration pointed out in 1987 by David Carrier: their undulated locomotion forces the air out of the lungs and thus prevents them from taking breath while moving. Cowen hypothesised that ichthyosaurs would have overcome this problem by porpoising: constantly jumping out of the water would have allowed them to take a gulp of fresh air during each jump. Other researchers have tended to assume that for at least derived ichthyosaurs Carrier's constraint did not apply, because of their stiff bodies, which seems to be confirmed by their good diving capacity, implying an effective respiration and oxygen storage system. For these species porpoising was not a necessity. Nevertheless, ichthyosaurs would have often surfaced to breathe, probably tilting their heads slightly to take in air, because of the lower position of the nostrils compared to that of dolphins.

text: Indirect evidence for endothermy is provided by the body shape of derived ichthyosaurs, which with its short tail and vertical tail fin seems optimised for a high cruising speed that can only be sustained by a high metabolism: all extant animals swimming this way are either fully warm-blooded or, like sharks and tuna, maintain a high temperature in their body core. This argument does not cover basal forms with a more eel-like body and undulating swimming movement. In 1996,

text: Richard Cowen

text: , while accepting endothermy for the group, presumed that ichthyosaurs would have been subject to

text: Carrier's constraint

text: , a limitation to reptilian

text: respiration

text: pointed out in 1987 by

text: David Carrier

text: : their undulated locomotion forces the air out of the lungs and thus prevents them from taking breath while moving. Cowen hypothesised that ichthyosaurs would have overcome this problem by porpoising: constantly jumping out of the water would have allowed them to take a gulp of fresh air during each jump. Other researchers have tended to assume that for at least derived ichthyosaurs Carrier's constraint did not apply, because of their stiff bodies, which seems to be confirmed by their good diving capacity, implying an effective respiration and oxygen storage system. For these species porpoising was not a necessity. Nevertheless, ichthyosaurs would have often surfaced to breathe, probably tilting their heads slightly to take in air, because of the lower position of the nostrils compared to that of dolphins.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: reptilian

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: six

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: high cruising speed

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: the lower position of the nostrils compared to that of dolphins.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: fins

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: tail and vertical tail fin

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: stiff

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Carrier's constraint

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Carrier's constraint did not apply, because of their stiff bodies

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: basal forms

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are living?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: basal forms

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: sharks and tuna,

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: respiration and oxygen storage system.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: to take a gulp of fresh air during each jump.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: nostrils

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: oxygen storage system.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: stiff bodies,

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: oxygen storage system.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: derived ichthyosaurs,

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Carrier's constraint

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: ichthyosaurs

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: stiff bodies, which seems to be confirmed by their good diving capacity,

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: stiff bodies,

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: good diving capacity,

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: dolphins.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: dolphins.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: ichthyosaurs would have often surfaced to breathe,

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: dolphins.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: ichthyosaurs

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: derived ichthyosaurs Carrier's constraint

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: dolphins.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: basal forms

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: dolphins.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: porpoising:

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: porpoising

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: stiff bodies,

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: endothermy

text: The Permian–Triassic extinction event wiped out almost all land vertebrates, as well as the great majority of other life. During the slow recovery from this catastrophe, estimated to have taken 30 million years, a previously obscure sauropsid group became the most abundant and diverse terrestrial vertebrates: a few fossils of archosauriformes ("ruling lizard forms") have been found in Late Permian rocks, but, by the Middle Triassic, archosaurs were the dominant land vertebrates. Dinosaurs distinguished themselves from other archosaurs in the Late Triassic, and became the dominant land vertebrates of the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods ().

text: The Permian–Triassic extinction event wiped out almost all land vertebrates, as well as the great majority of other life. During the slow recovery from this catastrophe, estimated to have taken 30 million years, a previously obscure sauropsid group became the most abundant and diverse terrestrial vertebrates: a few fossils of

text: archosauriformes

text: ("ruling lizard forms") have been found in Late Permian rocks, but, by the

text: Middle Triassic

text: , archosaurs were the dominant land vertebrates. Dinosaurs distinguished themselves from other archosaurs in the Late Triassic, and became the dominant land vertebrates of the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods ().

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: sauropsid

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: six

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: ruling lizard

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: dinosaurs distinguished themselves from other archosaurs in the Late Triassic

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: fossils of archosaurs

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: the Permian–Triassic extinction event wiped out almost all land vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: sauropsids

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: How many years before birds evolved?

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many different classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: lizard forms

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: asexual

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: archosauriformes

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: sauropsid

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: ("ruling lizard forms")

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: almost all land vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: archosaurs

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: sauropsid

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: The Permian–Triassic extinction event

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: The Permian–Triassic

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: archosauriformes

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: almost all land vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: archosauriformes

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: land vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: The Permian–Triassic

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: sauropsid

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: land vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: The Permian–Triassic

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: The Permian–Triassic extinction event

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: archosauriformes

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: The Permian–Triassic

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: The Permian–Triassic

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: sauropsid

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: archosauriformes

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: archosauriformes

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: archosauriformes

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: land vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: The Permian–Triassic extinction event

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: life.

text: The vertebral column consists of a centrum (the central body or spine of the vertebra), vertebral arches which protrude from the top and bottom of the centrum, and various processes which project from the centrum or arches. An arch extending from the top of the centrum is called a neural arch, while the hemal arch or chevron is found underneath the centrum in the caudal (tail) vertebrae of fish. The centrum of a fish is usually concave at each end (amphicoelous), which limits the motion of the fish. This can be contrasted with the centrum of a mammal, which is flat at each end (acoelous), shaped in a manner that can support and distribute compressive forces.

text: The

text: vertebral column

text: consists of a

text: centrum

text: (the central body or spine of the vertebra),

text: vertebral arch

text: es which protrude from the top and bottom of the centrum, and various processes which project from the centrum or arches. An arch extending from the top of the centrum is called a neural arch, while the

text: hemal arch

text: or

text: chevron

text: is found underneath the centrum in the

text: caudal

text: (tail) vertebrae of fish. The centrum of a fish is usually concave at each end (amphicoelous), which limits the motion of the fish. This can be contrasted with the centrum of a mammal, which is flat at each end (acoelous), shaped in a manner that can support and distribute compressive forces.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: mammal

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: four

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: support and distribute compressive forces

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: vertebral arches which protrude from the top and bottom of the centrum

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebral arch

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebral arches

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: Acoelous

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: glands that secrete hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: the centrum of a fish is usually concave at each end

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Which came first, birds or mammals?

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Which is not true about vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: amphicoelous

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: acoelous

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: hemal arch

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebral

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: fish.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: fish.

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: support and distribute compressive forces.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: concave at each end (amphicoelous),

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebral arches

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebral arches

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: flat at each end (acoelous),

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: (acoelous),

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: neural arch,

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: fish.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: fish.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: fish.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: fish.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: a neural arch,

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: concave at each end (amphicoelous),

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: fish.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: vertebral arches

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: neural arch,

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: concave at each end (amphicoelous),

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: fish.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: fish.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: (amphicoelous),

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: fish.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: The vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: (amphicoelous),

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: (acoelous),

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: (amphicoelous),

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: neural arch,

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: neural arch,

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: The vertebral column

text: These are protrusions of disc material into the surface of the vertebral body, which may contact the marrow of the vertebra and lead to inflammation. The protrusions are also associated with necrosis of the vertebral bone and the question of whether these protrusions and inflammation cause the necrosis, or whether the cartilage migrates into areas that have become necrotic due to other conditions, is under investigation.

text: These are protrusions of disc material into the surface of the vertebral body, which may contact the

text: marrow

text: of the vertebra and lead to

text: inflammation

text: . The protrusions are also associated with

text: necrosis

text: of the vertebral bone and the question of whether these protrusions and inflammation cause the necrosis, or whether the cartilage migrates into areas that have become necrotic due to other conditions, is under investigation.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: disc

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: cartilage migrates into areas that have become necrotic

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: discs

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebral bone

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: softer

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: vertebrates do not reproduce sexually.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: What is ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which is not a class of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: hypothermia

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: necrosis

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: fertilization

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: disc material

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: disc material into the surface of the vertebral body,

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: inflammation.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: necrosis of the vertebral bone

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: disc material

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: disc material

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: protrusions of disc material

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: inflammation.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: disc material

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: inflammation.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: disc material

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: disc material

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: protrusions of disc material

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: disc material into the surface of the vertebral body,

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: disc material into the surface of the vertebral body,

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: protrusions of disc material

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: protrusions of disc material

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: disc material into the surface of the vertebral body,

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: These are protrusions of disc material

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: disc material into the surface of the vertebral body,

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: disc material into the surface of the vertebral body,

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: protrusions of disc material

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: disc material into the surface of the vertebral body,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: protrusions of disc material

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: necrosis of the vertebral bone

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: protrusions of disc material

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: marrow

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: disc material into the surface of the vertebral body,

text: Cladogram modified after Laurin, How Vertebrates Left the Water (2010).

text: Cladogram

text: modified after Laurin, How Vertebrates Left the Water (2010).

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: how vertebrates left the water

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: five

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: left the water

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The vertebral column of vertebrates does not have a backbone.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: limbs

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: The vertebrate endoskeleton includes

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: softer

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: echinoderms

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Vertebrates reproduce by laying eggs.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: theropods

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: How Vertebrates Left the Water

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: ectothermy

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: How Vertebrates Left the Water

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: How Vertebrates Left the Water

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: How Vertebrates Left the Water

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How Vertebrates Left the Water

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: How Vertebrates Left the Water

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: how vertebrates left the water

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: how vertebrates left the water

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many different classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: How Vertebrates Left the Water

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: cladogram

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: cladogram

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: cladogram

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Cladogram

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: Water

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: Water

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: How Vertebrates Left the Water

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: How Vertebrates Left the Water

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Cladogram

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: How Vertebrates Left the Water

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: Cladogram

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: How Vertebrates Left the Water

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Water

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: How Vertebrates Left the Water

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Water

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: How Vertebrates Left the Water

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: How Vertebrates Left the Water

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: How Vertebrates Left the Water

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: How Vertebrates Left the Water

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: How Vertebrates Left the Water

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How Vertebrates Left the Water

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: How Vertebrates Left the Water

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: How Vertebrates Left the Water

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: How Vertebrates Left the Water

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: How Vertebrates Left the Water

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How Vertebrates Left the Water

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: How Vertebrates Left the Water

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: Cladogram

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Cladogram

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: Cladogram

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: Cladogram

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Cladogram

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: Cladogram modified after Laurin, How Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Cladogram

text: This technique contrasts with vertebral laminectomy in the amount of bone and muscle tissue that has to be removed, displaced, or dissected in the procedure.

text: This technique contrasts with vertebral

text: laminectomy

text: in the amount of bone and muscle tissue that has to be removed, displaced, or dissected in the procedure.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: vertebral laminectomy

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: six

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: spinal cord

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The vertebral column of vertebrates does not have any bones.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebral laminectomy

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: softer

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: lizards

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: vertebrates do not reproduce sexually.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: It is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How does the immune system of vertebrates work?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: None of the above choices

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: vertebral laminectomy

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: muscle tissue

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Thermoregulation

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: vertebral laminectomy

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: vertebral laminectomy

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: vertebral laminectomy

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebral laminectomy

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: bone and muscle tissue

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: amount of bone

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: vertebral laminectomy

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: vertebral laminectomy

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: vertebral laminectomy

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: vertebral laminectomy

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: vertebral laminectomy

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: vertebral laminectomy

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: vertebral laminectomy

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: vertebral laminectomy

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: vertebral laminectomy

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: vertebral laminectomy

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: vertebral laminectomy

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: vertebral laminectomy

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: vertebral laminectomy

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: vertebral laminectomy

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: vertebral laminectomy

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: vertebral laminectomy

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: vertebral laminectomy

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebral laminectomy

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: vertebral laminectomy

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebral laminectomy

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: muscle

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: vertebral laminectomy

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebral laminectomy

text: The most derived cynodonts are found within the clade Eucynodontia, which also contains the members of Mammalia. Representative genera of nonmammalian cynodonts include the large carnivorous cynognathids, the equally large herbivorous traversodonts, and the small mammal-like tritylodontids and ictidosaurs. The presence of respiratory turbinates suggests a rapid metabolism and possibly endothermy.

text: The most derived cynodonts are found within the

text: clade

text: Eucynodontia

text: , which also contains the members of

text: Mammal

text: ia. Representative genera of nonmammalian cynodonts include the large

text: carnivorous

text: cynognathids

text: , the equally large herbivorous

text: traversodont

text: s, and the small mammal-like

text: tritylodontid

text: s and

text: ictidosaur

text: s. The presence of

text: respiratory turbinates

text: suggests a rapid metabolism and possibly

text: endotherm

text: y.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Eucynodontia

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: respiratory

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The presence of respiratory turbinates suggests a rapid metabolism and possibly endothermy

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: respiratory turbinates

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: respiratory turbinates

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: turbinates

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Mammalia

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: mammalian cynodonts

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Cynognathids

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: It is impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: What does the presence of respiratory turbinates suggest?

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes are vertebrates placed in?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: What is the most derived cynodont?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Mammalia.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: Eucynodontia,

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: rapid metabolism and possibly endothermy.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: rapid metabolism and possibly endothermy.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: respiratory turbinates

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: respiratory turbinates

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: large

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: endothermy.

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: respiratory turbinates suggests a rapid metabolism and possibly endothermy.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Mammalia.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: endothermy.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Mammalia.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: respiratory turbinates

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: endothermy.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Eucynodontia,

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: Mammalia.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Mammalia.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: endothermy.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: respiratory turbinates

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Mammalia.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: rapid metabolism and possibly endothermy.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: Mammalia.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Eucynodontia,

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Mammalia.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: endothermy.

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: endothermy.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: endothermy.

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: endothermy.

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: endothermy.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: endothermy.

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: endothermy.

text: Nearly all vertebrate species possess a pineal gland.  The most important exception is the hagfish, which is often thought of as the most primitive extant vertebrate.  Even in the hagfish, however, there may be a "pineal equivalent" structure in the dorsal diencephalon.  The lancelet Branchiostoma lanceolatum, the nearest existing relative to vertebrates, also lacks a recognizable pineal gland.  The lamprey (considered almost as primitive as the hagfish), however, does possess one.  A few more developed vertebrates lost pineal glands over the course of their evolution.

text: Nearly all vertebrate species possess a pineal gland.  The most important exception is the

text: hagfish

text: , which is often thought of as the most primitive extant vertebrate.  Even in the hagfish, however, there may be a "pineal equivalent" structure in the dorsal

text: diencephalon

text: .  The

text: lancelet

text: Branchiostoma lanceolatum

text: , the nearest existing relative to vertebrates, also lacks a recognizable pineal gland.  The

text: lamprey

text: (considered almost as primitive as the hagfish), however, does possess one.  A few more developed vertebrates lost pineal glands over the course of their evolution.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: vertebrate species possess a pineal gland

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: three

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: pineal gland

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: the hagfish, which is often thought of as the most primitive extant vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: pineal glands

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: pineal glands

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: pineal gland

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: pineal

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: hagfish

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: the hagfish, which is often thought of as the most primitive extant vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: hagfish

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: diencephalon

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: diencephalon

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: pineal gland

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: diencephalon

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: pineal gland

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: diencephalon

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: diencephalon

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Nearly all vertebrate species possess a pineal gland.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: hagfish,

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: pineal gland.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: hagfish,

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: pineal gland.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: pineal gland.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: pineal gland.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: pineal gland.

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: pineal gland.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: hagfish,

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: hagfish,

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: hagfish,

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: hagfish,

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Nearly all vertebrate species possess a pineal gland.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: hagfish,

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: hagfish,

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: A few more developed vertebrates lost pineal glands

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: A few more developed vertebrates lost pineal glands

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: hagfish,

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: hagfish,

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: few more developed vertebrates lost pineal glands

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: hagfish,

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: hagfish,

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Nearly all vertebrate species possess a pineal gland.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: dorsal diencephalon.

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: pineal gland. The most important exception is the hagfish,

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: pineal gland.

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: pineal gland.

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: pineal gland.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: pineal gland.

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: dorsal diencephalon.

text: The defining characteristic of a vertebrate is the vertebral column, in which the notochord (a stiff rod of uniform composition) found in all chordates has been replaced by a segmented series of stiffer elements (vertebrae) separated by mobile joints (intervertebral discs, derived embryonically and evolutionarily from the notochord).

text: The defining characteristic of a vertebrate is the

text: vertebral column

text: , in which the

text: notochord

text: (a stiff rod of uniform composition) found in all

text: chordates

text: has been replaced by a segmented series of stiffer elements (vertebrae) separated by mobile joints (intervertebral discs, derived embryonically and evolutionarily from the notochord).

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: chordates

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: four

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: mobile joints

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: a stiff rod of uniform composition is found in all chordates

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: stiffer

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: chordates

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: intervertebral discs are derived embryonically from the notochord

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: chordates

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: embryony

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: chordates

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: chordates

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: discs

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: discs

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: embryonically

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: chordates

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: chordates

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: defining

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: has been replaced by a segmented series of stiffer elements

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: (vertebrae) separated by mobile joints

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: (intervertebral discs,

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: stiffer

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: embryonically and evolutionarily

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: vertebral column,

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: chordates

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: the notochord

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: chordates

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: vertebral column,

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: the notochord

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: The defining characteristic of a vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: the notochord

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: (intervertebral discs,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: vertebral column,

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: mobile joints

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: The defining characteristic of a vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: vertebral column,

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: chordates

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: chordates

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: embryonically

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: the notochord

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: (intervertebral discs,

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: mobile joints (intervertebral discs,

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: notochord

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: embryonically

text: There are two regions where the spinal cord enlarges:Cervical enlargement - corresponds roughly to the brachial plexus nerves, which innervate the upper limb. It includes spinal cord segments from about C4 to T1. The vertebral levels of the enlargement are roughly the same (C4 to T1).Lumbosacral enlargement - corresponds to the lumbosacral plexus nerves, which innervate the lower limb. It comprises the spinal cord segments from L2 to S3 and is found about the vertebral levels of T9 to T12.

text: There are two regions where the spinal cord enlarges:Cervical enlargement - corresponds roughly to the brachial plexus nerves, which innervate the upper limb. It includes spinal cord segments from about C4 to T1. The vertebral levels of the enlargement are roughly the same (C4 to T1).Lumbosacral enlargement - corresponds to the lumbosacral plexus nerves, which innervate the lower limb. It comprises the spinal cord segments from L2 to S3 and is found about the vertebral levels of T9 to T12.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Cervical enlargement

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: innervate

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: Cervical enlargement corresponds roughly to the brachial plexus nerves

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebral levels

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: spinal cord segments from about C4 to T1

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Cervical enlargement

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Cervical enlargement corresponds roughly to the brachial plexus nerves

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Cervical enlargement

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: How many vertebrates evolved endothermy before they evolved ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: It is not possible to say

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: The adaptive immune system of vertebrates learns to recognize and attack specific pathogens

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: What happened after birds evolved?

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: Embryo

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Cervical enlargement

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: Cervical

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: Cervical enlargement

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Cervical enlargement

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebral

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: cervical enlargement

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: T9 to T12.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: T12.

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: innervate the upper limb.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: roughly the same

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: C4 to T1.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: T1).Lumbosacral enlargement

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: spinal cord enlarges:Cervical

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: spinal cord enlarges:Cervical

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: T1).Lumbosacral enlargement

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: T12.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: roughly the same (C4 to T1).Lumbosacral

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: C4 to T1.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: T12.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: C4 to T1.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: T1).Lumbosacral enlargement

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: T9 to T12.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: T1).Lumbosacral enlargement

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: T1).Lumbosacral enlargement

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: T12.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: T12.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: T1).Lumbosacral enlargement

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: T12.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: T9 to T12.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: T1).Lumbosacral enlargement

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: spinal cord enlarges:Cervical

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: C4 to T1.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: spinal cord enlarges:Cervical

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: spinal cord

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: spinal cord enlarges:Cervical

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebral

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: spinal cord enlarges:Cervical

text: The vertebral column consisted of nine cervical vertebrae, fifteen or sixteen dorsal vertebrae, six of five sacral vertebrae and about forty-eight vertebrae of the tail. Much of the back and the tail was stiffened by long ossified tendons connecting the spines on top of the vertebrae. The processes on the underside of the tail vertebrae, the chevrons, were also connected by ossified tendons, which however were of a different form: they were shorter and split and frayed at one end, with the point of the sharp other end laying within the diverging end of the subsequent tendon. Furthermore, there were several counterdirectional rows of these, resulting in a herring-bone pattern completely immobilising the tail end.

text: The

text: vertebral column

text: consisted of nine cervical vertebrae, fifteen or sixteen dorsal vertebrae, six of five sacral vertebrae and about forty-eight vertebrae of the tail. Much of the back and the tail was stiffened by long ossified tendons connecting the spines on top of the vertebrae. The processes on the underside of the tail vertebrae, the chevrons, were also connected by ossified tendons, which however were of a different form: they were shorter and split and frayed at one end, with the point of the sharp other end laying within the diverging end of the subsequent tendon. Furthermore, there were several counterdirectional rows of these, resulting in a herring-bone pattern completely immobilising the tail end.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: cervical vertebrae, dorsal vertebrae, six of five sacral vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: eight

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: stiffened

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: about forty-eight vertebrae of the tail

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrae of the tail

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: softer

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: herring-bone pattern

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: glands that secrete hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: nine cervical vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: the point of the sharp other end laying within the diverging end of the subsequent tendon

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are living species of vertebrates placed in?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: sacral

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: herring-bone pattern

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: herring-bone pattern

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: Ossified

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: herring-bone pattern

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: Ossified

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: sacral

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: nine cervical

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: nine

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: stiffened

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: forty-eight vertebrae of the tail.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: six of five sacral vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: about forty-eight vertebrae of the tail.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: ossified tendons

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: herring-bone pattern

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: ossified tendons

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: nine cervical vertebrae,

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: herring-bone pattern completely immobilising the tail end.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: nine cervical vertebrae,

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: The vertebral column consisted of nine cervical vertebrae,

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: ossified tendons

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: The vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: forty-eight

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: ossified tendons

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: ossified tendons

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: ossified tendons

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: The vertebral column consisted of nine cervical vertebrae,

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: ossified tendons

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: forty-eight

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: six of five sacral vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: forty-eight

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: The vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: ossified tendons

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: long ossified tendons

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: ossified tendons

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: ossified tendons

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: ossified

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: The vertebral column

text: Janusiscus schultzei was a Gnathostomata (jawed vertebrate) dating from the Early Devonian period in Siberia, approximately 415 million years ago. It may be a common ancestor of either Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish) or Osteichthyes (bony fish) or both. If it is an ancestor to both types of fish, then J. schultzei would also be a common ancestor to all living jawed vertebrates. The species name is in honor of Hans-Peter Schultze.

text: Janusiscus schultzei was a

text: Gnathostomata

text: (jawed vertebrate) dating from the

text: Early Devonian

text: period in

text: Siberia

text: , approximately 415 million years ago. It may be a common ancestor of either

text: Chondrichthyes

text: (cartilaginous fish) or

text: Osteichthyes

text: (bony fish) or both. If it is an ancestor to both types of fish, then J. schultzei would also be a common ancestor to all living jawed vertebrates. The species name is in honor of

text: Hans-Peter Schultze

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Gnathostomata

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: jawed

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: all living jawed vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: jaws

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: jawed vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: common ancestor to all living jawed vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: jawed vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: What is the first vertebrate that did not need water to reproduce?

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Chondrichthyes

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: How many years before birds evolved?

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are jawed vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: How many sexes are there in vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Gnathostomata

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: Cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Gnathostomata

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: Cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Gnathostomata

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: Chondrichthyes

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: (jawed vertebrate)

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: all living jawed vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: jawed vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: (jawed

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: (bony

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: jawed vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Chondrichthyes

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Chondrichthyes

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: all living jawed vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Chondrichthyes

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Chondrichthyes

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Chondrichthyes

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Chondrichthyes

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: jawed vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Chondrichthyes

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Chondrichthyes

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Chondrichthyes

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Chondrichthyes

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Chondrichthyes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: Chondrichthyes

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Chondrichthyes

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Chondrichthyes

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: Gnathostomata

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Chondrichthyes

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: Chondrichthyes

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: (cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Chondrichthyes

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: (cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Gnathostomata

text: In January 2014, Nature reported research into the Australian ghostshark genome that showed they lack a single gene family that regulates the process of turning cartilage into bone, and indicates a gene duplication event gave rise to the transformation in bony vertebrates.

text: In January 2014,

text: Nature

text: reported research into the Australian ghostshark

text: genome

text: that showed they lack a single gene family that regulates the process of turning cartilage into bone, and indicates a

text: gene duplication

text: event gave rise to the transformation in bony

text: vertebrate

text: s.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Australian ghostshark

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: six

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: the vertebral column of vertebrates is bony

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: gene families

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: Bony vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Australian ghostshark

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: a gene duplication event gave rise to the transformation in bony vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Australian ghostshark

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: ghostshark

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Australian ghostshark

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: bony

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: bony vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: bone,

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: bony

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: single gene family

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: cartilage into bone,

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: bony vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: gene duplication

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: bone,

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: a single gene family

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: bony vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: gene duplication event gave rise to the transformation in bony vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: bony vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: bony vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: gene duplication event gave rise to the transformation in bony vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: gene duplication event gave rise to the transformation in bony vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: bony vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: bony vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: bony vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: bony vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: bony vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: process of turning cartilage into bone,

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Australian ghostshark

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: gene duplication

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: gene family that regulates the process of turning cartilage into bone,

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: bone,

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: process of turning cartilage into bone,

text: The skeletal system serves many important functions; it provides the shape and form for the body, support and protection, allows bodily movement, produces blood for the body, and stores minerals. The number of bones in the human skeletal system is a controversial topic. Humans are born with over 300 bones; however, many bones fuse together between birth and maturity. As a result, an average adult skeleton consists of 206 bones. The number of bones varies according to the method used to derive the count. While some consider certain structures to be a single bone with multiple parts, others may see it as a single part with multiple bones. There are five general classifications of bones. These are long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones, and sesamoid bones. The human skeleton is composed of both fused and individual bones supported by ligaments, tendons, muscles and cartilage. It is a complex structure with two distinct divisions; the axial skeleton, which includes the vertebral column, and the appendicular skeleton.

text: The skeletal system serves many important functions; it provides the shape and form for the body, support and protection, allows bodily movement, produces

text: blood

text: for the body, and stores minerals. The number of bones in the human skeletal system is a controversial topic. Humans are born with over 300 bones; however, many bones fuse together between birth and maturity. As a result, an average adult

text: skeleton

text: consists of 206 bones. The number of bones varies according to the method used to derive the count. While some consider certain structures to be a single bone with multiple parts, others may see it as a single part with multiple bones. There are five general classifications of bones. These are

text: long bones

text: short bones

text: flat bones

text: irregular bones

text: , and

text: sesamoid bones

text: . The human skeleton is composed of both fused and individual bones supported by

text: ligaments

text: tendons

text: muscles

text: and

text: cartilage

text: . It is a complex structure with two distinct divisions; the

text: axial skeleton

text: , which includes the

text: vertebral column

text: , and the

text: appendicular skeleton

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: vertebral column and appendicular skeleton

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: six

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: support and protection

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: an average adult skeleton consists of 206 bones

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebral columns

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: What does the skeletal system serve many important functions?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: human skeleton consists of 206 bones

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, vertebrates evolved endothermy or vertebrates evolved ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Which of the following is not a function of the skeletal system?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: How many bones are in an average adult skeleton?

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many different classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Which of the following is not a vertebrate?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: appendicular

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: fusion

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: appendix

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: sesamoid bones.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: five

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: support and protection,

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: a single bone with multiple parts,

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: 206

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebral column,

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: bones

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: blood

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: blood

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: 300 bones;

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Humans are born with over 300 bones;

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: 300 bones;

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: 206

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: 206

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: 300 bones;

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: five general classifications of bones.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: 206

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: 206

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: human skeleton

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: 300 bones;

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: cartilage.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: 300

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: irregular bones, and sesamoid bones.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: 206

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: many bones fuse together between birth and maturity.

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: skeletal system

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: many bones fuse together

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage.

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: muscles and cartilage.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: cartilage.

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: many bones fuse together between birth and maturity.

text: The lungs of today's terrestrial vertebrates and the gas bladders of today's fish are believed to have evolved from simple sacs, as outpocketings of the esophagus, that allowed early fish to gulp air under oxygen-poor conditions. These outpocketings first arose in the  bony fish. In most of the ray-finned fish the sacs evolved into closed off gas bladders, while a number of carps, trouts, herrings, catfish, and eels have retained the physostome condition with the sack being open to the esophagus. In more basal bony fish, such as the gar, bichir, bowfin and the lobe-finned fish, the bladders have evolved to primarily function as lungs. The lobe-finned fish gave rise to the land-based tetrapods. Thus, the lungs of vertebrates are homologous to the gas bladders of fish (but not to their gills).

text: The lungs of today's terrestrial

text: vertebrate

text: s and the

text: gas bladder

text: s of today's

text: fish

text: are believed to have evolved from simple sacs, as outpocketings of the

text: esophagus

text: , that allowed early fish to gulp air under oxygen-poor conditions. These outpocketings first arose in the

text: bony fish

text: . In most of the

text: ray-finned fish

text: the sacs evolved into closed off gas bladders, while a number of

text: carp

text: s,

text: trout

text: s,

text: herring

text: s,

text: catfish

text: , and

text: eel

text: s have retained the

text: physostome

text: condition with the sack being open to the esophagus. In more basal bony fish, such as the

text: gar

text: bichir

text: bowfin

text: and the

text: lobe-finned fish

text: , the bladders have evolved to primarily function as lungs. The lobe-finned fish gave rise to the land-based

text: tetrapod

text: s. Thus, the lungs of vertebrates are

text: homologous

text: to the gas bladders of fish (but not to their

text: gill

text: s).

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: four

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: lungs

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: lungs of vertebrates are homologous to the gas bladders of fish

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: gills

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: the lungs of vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: bony

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: gill

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Which of the following is not a type of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: gills of fish (but not to their gills)

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: bony fish

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Bony fish

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: physostome

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: gills

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: gill

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: physostome

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: gills

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: physostome

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: physostome

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: tetrapods.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: tetrapods.

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: lungs

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: gills).

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: gills).

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: the lungs

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: bony fish.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: gills).

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: lungs

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: bony fish.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: gills).

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: bony fish.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: air

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: The lungs of today's terrestrial vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: land-based tetrapods.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: tetrapods.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: lungs of today's terrestrial vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: lungs

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: bony fish.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: The lungs of today's terrestrial vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: bony fish.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: tetrapods.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: ray-finned fish

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: physostome

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: gills).

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: gills).

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: physostome

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: gills).

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: physostome

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: physostome

text: Acorn worms are considered more highly specialised and advanced than other similarly shaped worm-like creatures. They have a circulatory system with a heart that also functions as a kidney. Acorn worms have  gill-like structures that they use for breathing, similar to the gills of primitive fish. Therefore, acorn worms are sometimes said to be a link between classical invertebrates and vertebrates. Some also have a postanal tail which may be homologous to the post-anal tail of vertebrates. An interesting trait is that its three-section body plan is no longer present in the vertebrates, except for the anatomy of the frontal neural tube, later developed into a brain which is divided into three main parts. This means some of the original anatomy of the early chordate ancestors is still present even if it is not always visible.

text: Acorn worms are considered more highly specialised and advanced than other similarly shaped worm-like creatures. They have a circulatory system with a heart that also functions as a kidney. Acorn worms have  gill-like structures that they use for breathing, similar to the gills of primitive fish. Therefore, acorn worms are sometimes said to be a link between classical invertebrates and

text: vertebrate

text: s. Some also have a postanal tail which may be homologous to the post-anal tail of vertebrates. An interesting trait is that its three-section body plan is no longer present in the vertebrates, except for the anatomy of the frontal neural tube, later developed into a brain which is divided into three main parts. This means some of the original anatomy of the early chordate ancestors is still present even if it is not always visible.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: chordates

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: brain which is divided into three main parts

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: three-section body plan is no longer present in the vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: section body plan

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: the anatomy of the frontal neural tube

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: post-anal

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: chordates

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: postanal tail

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Acorn worms

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes are living species of vertebrates placed in?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: male and female

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: neural tube

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: chordate ancestors

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: post-anal

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: acorn worms

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: neural tube

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: classical invertebrates

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: fish.

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: post-anal tail

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: three-section body plan is no longer present

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: three-section body plan

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: frontal neural tube,

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: Acorn worms are considered more highly specialised and advanced

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: post-anal

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: chordate ancestors

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: three-section body plan is no longer present in the vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: chordate

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: fish.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: post-anal tail of vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: fish.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: invertebrates

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: post-anal tail of vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: chordate ancestors

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Acorn worms

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Acorn worms

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: three main parts.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: three-section body plan is no longer present in the vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: frontal neural tube,

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: fish.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: post-anal tail

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: frontal neural tube,

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: frontal neural tube,

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: frontal neural tube,

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: post-anal

text: These small vaguely eel- or snake-like animals are close relatives of vertebrates. The scientific name means "gill-mouth", referring to their anatomy – unlike vertebrates, they do not have a true head (with a skull capsule, eyes, nose, a well-developed brain etc.), but merely a mouth adjacent to the gill-slits, with the slightly enlarged anterior end of the dorsal nerve cord above and in front of them.

text: These small vaguely eel- or snake-like animals are close relatives of

text: vertebrate

text: s. The

text: scientific name

text: means "gill-mouth", referring to their

text: anatomy

text: – unlike vertebrates, they do not have a true

text: head

text: (with a

text: skull

text: capsule,

text: eye

text: s,

text: nose

text: , a well-developed

text: brain

text: etc.), but merely a mouth adjacent to the

text: gill

text: -slits, with the slightly enlarged

text: anterior

text: end of the

text: dorsal nerve cord

text: above and in front of them.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: gill-mouth

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: six

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: well-developed brain

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: they do not have a true head

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: eyes

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: gills

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: gill-mouth

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: they do not have a true head

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: gill-mouth

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How does the adaptive immune system of vertebrates work?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Which came first, birds or mammals

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: gill-mouth

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: gill-mouth

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: "gill-mouth",

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: eel-

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: a well-developed brain

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: they do not have a true head

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: eyes, nose, a well-developed brain

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: dorsal nerve cord

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: gill-slits,

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: "gill-mouth",

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: "gill-mouth",

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: unlike vertebrates, they do not have a true head

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: "gill-mouth",

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: gill-slits,

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: "gill-mouth",

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: "gill-mouth",

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: close relatives of vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: "gill-mouth",

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: "gill-mouth",

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: dorsal nerve cord

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: "gill-mouth",

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: "gill-mouth",

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: "gill-mouth",

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: "gill-mouth",

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: dorsal nerve cord

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: dorsal nerve cord

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: dorsal nerve cord

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: dorsal nerve cord

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: dorsal nerve cord

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: dorsal nerve cord

text: Antarctica's cold deserts have some of the least diverse fauna in the world. Terrestrial vertebrates are limited to sub-antarctic islands, and even then they are limited in number. Antarctica, including the subantarctic islands, has no natural fully terrestrial mammals, reptiles, or amphibians. Human activity has however led to the introduction in some areas of foreign species, such as rats, mice, chickens, rabbits, cats, pigs, sheep, cattle, reindeer, and various fish. Invertebrates, such as beetle species, have also been introduced.

text: Antarctica's cold deserts have some of the least diverse fauna in the world.

text: Terrestrial

text: vertebrates are limited to sub-antarctic islands, and even then they are limited in number. Antarctica, including the subantarctic islands, has no natural fully terrestrial mammals, reptiles, or amphibians. Human activity has however led to the introduction in some areas of

text: foreign species

text: , such as rats, mice, chickens, rabbits, cats, pigs, sheep, cattle,

text: reindeer

text: , and various fish. Invertebrates, such as beetle species, have also been introduced.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: mammals, reptiles, amphibians

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: various fish

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: have no natural fully terrestrial mammals, reptiles, or amphibians

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: mammals, reptiles, and amphibians

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Which of the following is not a type of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: reptiles

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: have no natural fully terrestrial mammals, reptiles, or amphibians

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: invertebrates

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: invertebrates

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How does the adaptive immune system of vertebrates work?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class: mammals, reptiles, or amphibians?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: Invertebrates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: invertebrates

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: beetle

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: Invertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Invertebrates

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: mammals, reptiles, or amphibians.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: fish.

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: terrestrial

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: Terrestrial vertebrates are limited to sub-antarctic islands,

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: number.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: beetle

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: Terrestrial vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: terrestrial

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Terrestrial vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: beetle

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Terrestrial vertebrates are limited to sub-antarctic islands,

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: beetle

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: terrestrial

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Terrestrial vertebrates are limited to sub-antarctic islands,

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: amphibians.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: mammals, reptiles, or amphibians.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Terrestrial vertebrates are limited to sub-antarctic islands,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Terrestrial vertebrates are limited to sub-antarctic islands,

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: fish.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: mammals, reptiles, or amphibians.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Terrestrial vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: Terrestrial vertebrates are limited to sub-antarctic islands,

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Invertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Terrestrial vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: Invertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Human

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: Invertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: Invertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Invertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: Invertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Invertebrates,

text: Sun bear scats collected in a forest reserve in Sabah contained mainly invertebrates such as beetles and their larvae, termites, and ants, followed by fruits and vertebrates. They break open decayed wood in search of termites, beetle larvae, and earthworms, and use their claws and teeth to break the standing termite mound into a few pieces. They quickly lick and suck the contents from the exposed mound, and also hold pieces of the broken mound with their front paws, while licking the termites from the surface of the mound. They consume figs in large amounts and eat them whole. Vertebrates consumed comprise birds, eggs, reptiles, turtles, deer and several unidentified small vertebrates. Hair or bone remains are rarely found in sun bear scat.

text: Sun bear scats collected in a forest reserve in

text: Sabah

text: contained mainly

text: invertebrate

text: s such as beetles and their larvae, termites, and ants, followed by fruits and

text: vertebrate

text: s. They break open decayed wood in search of termites, beetle larvae, and

text: earthworm

text: s, and use their claws and teeth to break the standing termite mound into a few pieces. They quickly lick and suck the contents from the exposed mound, and also hold pieces of the broken mound with their front paws, while licking the termites from the surface of the mound. They consume figs in large amounts and eat them whole. Vertebrates consumed comprise

text: bird

text: s,

text: eggs

text: reptiles

text: turtle

text: s,

text: deer

text: and several unidentified small vertebrates. Hair or bone remains are rarely found in sun bear scat.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: birds, eggs, reptiles, turtles

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: unidentified

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: eggs

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: Hair or bone remains are rarely found in sun bear scat.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: limbs

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: reptiles

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: eggs

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Which of the following is not a type of vertebrates: birds, eggs, reptiles, turtles, deer, or hair?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: birds

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: hair or bone remains are rarely found in sun bear scat

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Which of the following is not a vertebrate?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: larvae

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: hair or bone remains

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: eggs

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: invertebrates

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: earthworms

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: larvae

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: birds, eggs, reptiles, turtles, deer

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: reptiles, turtles,

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: eggs,

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: Hair or bone remains

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: reptiles, turtles,

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: birds, eggs, reptiles, turtles, deer

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: rarely

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: eggs,

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: eggs,

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: birds, eggs, reptiles, turtles, deer

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Hair or bone remains

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: birds, eggs,

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: birds, eggs, reptiles,

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: invertebrates

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: invertebrates

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: several unidentified small vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: reptiles, turtles, deer

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: reptiles, turtles, deer

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Hair or bone remains

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Hair or bone remains

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: unidentified small vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: reptiles, turtles, deer

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: reptiles, turtles, deer

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: invertebrates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: lick and suck the contents from the exposed mound,

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: eggs,

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: invertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: invertebrates

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: earthworms,

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: invertebrates

text: Thermoregulation in organisms runs along a spectrum from endothermy to ectothermy. Endotherms create most of their heat via metabolic processes, and are colloquially referred to as warm-blooded. Ectotherms use external sources of temperature to regulate their body temperatures. They are colloquially referred to as cold-blooded despite the fact that body temperatures often stay within the same temperature ranges as warm-blooded animals.

text: Thermoregulation in organisms runs along a spectrum from

text: endotherm

text: y to

text: ectotherm

text: y.

text: Endotherm

text: s create most of their heat via metabolic processes, and are colloquially referred to as

text: warm-blooded

text: Ectotherm

text: s use external sources of temperature to regulate their body temperatures. They are colloquially referred to as

text: cold-blooded

text: despite the fact that body temperatures often stay within the same temperature ranges as warm-blooded animals.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: endothermy to ectothermy

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: one

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: regulate their body temperatures

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: endotherms create most of their heat via metabolic processes

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: limbs

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: endotherms

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: ectotherms use external sources of temperature to regulate their body temperatures

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: endotherms

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: It is impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: ectotherms

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How does the adaptive immune system of vertebrates work?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: cold-blooded

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: how many years ago

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: Ectothermy

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Ectotherms

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Endothermy

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: endothermy to ectothermy.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: endothermy to ectothermy.

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: Thermoregulation

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: warm-blooded.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Endotherms

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: warm-blooded.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: heat

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: warm-blooded.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Ectotherms

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Ectotherms

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Ectotherms

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: endothermy to ectothermy.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: endothermy to ectothermy.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Ectotherms

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: endothermy to ectothermy.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: ectothermy.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Ectotherms

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: ectothermy.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: endothermy to ectothermy.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: endothermy to ectothermy.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: Ectotherms

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Ectotherms

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Endotherms

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: endothermy to ectothermy.

text: In most vertebrates, the main skeletal component is referred to as bone. Another important component is cartilage which in mammals is found mainly in the joint areas. In other animals, such as the cartilaginous fishes, which include the sharks, the skeleton is composed entirely of cartilage. The segmental pattern of the skeleton is present in all vertebrates (mammals, birds, fish, reptiles and amphibians) with basic units being repeated. This segmental pattern is particularly evident in the vertebral column and the ribcage.

text: In most

text: vertebrate

text: s, the main skeletal component is referred to as

text: bone

text: . Another important component is

text: cartilage

text: which in mammals is found mainly in the joint areas. In other animals, such as the cartilaginous fishes, which include the

text: shark

text: s, the skeleton is composed entirely of cartilage. The

text: segmental

text: pattern of the skeleton is present in all

text: vertebrate

text: s (mammals, birds, fish, reptiles and amphibians) with basic units being repeated. This segmental pattern is particularly evident in the vertebral column and the ribcage.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: mammals, birds, fish

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: four

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: skeleton

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebral columns

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: What is the main skeletal component of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: mammals

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: basic units being repeated

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: reptiles

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the main skeletal component of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: mammals, birds, fish, reptiles and amphibians

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: amphibians

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: The segmental pattern

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: (mammals, birds, fish, reptiles and amphibians)

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: fish,

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: skeleton

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: cartilage.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebral column and the ribcage.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: the main skeletal component

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: segmental pattern

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: bone.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: (mammals, birds, fish, reptiles and amphibians)

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: cartilage.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: (mammals, birds, fish, reptiles and amphibians)

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: amphibians)

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: bone.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: segmental pattern of the skeleton is present in all vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: (mammals, birds, fish, reptiles and amphibians)

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: bone. Another important component is cartilage

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: cartilaginous fishes,

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: birds,

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: cartilage.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: (mammals, birds, fish, reptiles and amphibians)

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: (mammals, birds, fish, reptiles and amphibians)

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: In most vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: In most vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: cartilaginous fishes,

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: segmental pattern

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: bone.

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: In most vertebrates,

text: Providing they receive approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), another new type of fish may be arriving soon. The "AquAdvantage salmon", engineered to reach maturity within roughly 18 months (as opposed to three years in the wild), could help meet growing global demand. There are health and environmental concerns associated with the introduction any new GMO, but more importantly this scenario highlights the potential economic impact a new product may have. The FDA does perform an economic impact analysis to weigh, for example, the consequences these new genetically modified fish may have on the traditional salmon fishing industry against the long term gain of a cheaper, more plentiful source of salmon. These technoethical assessments, which regulatory organizations like the FDA are increasingly faced with worldwide, are vitally important in determining how GMOs—with all of their potential beneficial and harmful effects—will be handled moving forward.

text: Providing they receive approval from the U.S.

text: Food and Drug Administration

text: (FDA), another new type of fish may be arriving soon. The "

text: AquAdvantage salmon

text: ", engineered to reach maturity within roughly 18 months (as opposed to three years in the wild), could help meet growing global demand. There are health and environmental concerns associated with the introduction any new GMO, but more importantly this scenario highlights the potential economic impact a new product may have. The FDA does perform an

text: economic impact analysis

text: to weigh, for example, the consequences these new

text: genetically modified fish

text: may have on the traditional salmon fishing industry against the long term gain of a cheaper, more plentiful source of salmon. These technoethical assessments, which regulatory organizations like the FDA are increasingly faced with worldwide, are vitally important in determining how GMOs—with all of their potential beneficial and harmful effects—will be handled moving forward.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: What does FDA stand for?

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: five

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: skeletal

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: three years in the wild

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: limbs

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrates that are what?

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: genetically modified fish may have on the traditional salmon fishing industry against the long term gain of a cheaper, more plentiful source of salmon

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which of the following is not a type of vertebrate?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How does the adaptive immune system of vertebrates learn to recognize and attack specific pathogens?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a living species of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Which of the following is not a vertebrate?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: Maternal

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: GMOs

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: asexual

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: genetically modified

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Maternal

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: maturity

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: three years in the wild),

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: 18 months

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: 18 months

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: maturity

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: health and environmental concerns

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: three years in the wild),

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: fish may be arriving soon. The "AquAdvantage salmon",

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Providing they receive approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: health and environmental concerns associated with the introduction any new GMO,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: health and environmental concerns

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: 18 months

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: fish may be arriving soon. The "AquAdvantage salmon",

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: 18 months

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: maturity

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: health and environmental concerns associated with the introduction any new GMO,

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: fish may be arriving soon. The "AquAdvantage salmon",

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: GMO,

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: maturity

text: The taxonomy of the vertebrates presented by John Zachary Young in The Life of Vertebrates (1962) is a system of classification with emphasis on this group of animals.

text: The taxonomy of the vertebrates presented by

text: John Zachary Young

text: in

text: The Life of Vertebrates

text: (1962) is a system of classification with emphasis on this group of animals.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: articulation

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The vertebral column of vertebrates does not have a spine.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Vertebrates reproduce sexually.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What does the adaptive immune system of vertebrates do?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: animals.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: classification

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: a system of classification

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: The Life of Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: The Life of Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: animals.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: The taxonomy of the vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: The Life of Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: The Life of Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: The Life of Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: The Life of Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: The Life of Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: The taxonomy of the vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: The taxonomy of the vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: The Life of Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: The Life of Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: The Life of Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: The taxonomy of the vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrates

text: While clinicians almost unanimously refer to the syndrome as "Jarcho-Levin", reports have variously labelled or referred to the condition as all of the following: Hereditary malformations of the vertebral bodies, hereditary multiple hemivertebrae, syndrome of bizarre vertebral anomalies, spondylocostal dysplasia, spondylothoracic dysplasia, costovertebral anomalies, costovertebral dysplasia, spondylothoracic dysplasia, occipito-facial-cervico-thoracic-abdomino-digital dysplasia (deemed "ridiculously long" and "unwarranted" by OMIM), and spondylocostal dysostosis.

text: While

text: clinicians

text: almost unanimously refer to the syndrome as "Jarcho-Levin", reports have variously labelled or referred to the condition as all of the following: Hereditary malformations of the vertebral bodies, hereditary multiple hemivertebrae, syndrome of bizarre vertebral anomalies, spondylocostal dysplasia, spondylothoracic dysplasia, costovertebral anomalies, costovertebral dysplasia, spondylothoracic dysplasia, occipito-facial-cervico-thoracic-abdomino-digital dysplasia (deemed "ridiculously long" and "unwarranted" by OMIM), and spondylocostal dysostosis.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: vertebral bodies

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: vertebral bodies

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: costovertebral anomalies

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: costovertebral anomalies

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: costovertebral

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: costovertebral

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: hereditary multiple hemivertebrae

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: costovertebral

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes are vertebrates placed in?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: hemivertebral

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: spondylothoracic dysplasia

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: costovertebral dysplasia

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: costovertebral

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: hereditary multiple hemivertebrae

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebral bodies

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: costovertebral

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: costovertebral anomalies,

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: multiple hemivertebrae,

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: spondylocostal dysplasia,

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: "ridiculously long"

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: hemivertebrae,

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: spondylocostal dysplasia,

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebral bodies,

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: hereditary multiple hemivertebrae,

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: spondylocostal dysplasia,

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: hemivertebrae,

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: multiple hemivertebrae,

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: costovertebral anomalies,

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: "Jarcho-Levin",

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: "Jarcho-Levin",

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: "Jarcho-Levin",

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: Hereditary malformations of the vertebral bodies,

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: spondylocostal dysplasia,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: spondylocostal dysplasia,

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: spondylocostal dysplasia,

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: "Jarcho-Levin",

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: spondylocostal dysplasia,

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: spondylocostal dysplasia,

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: costovertebral anomalies,

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: multiple hemivertebrae,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: hemivertebrae,

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: "Jarcho-Levin",

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: hereditary multiple hemivertebrae,

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebral bodies,

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: "Jarcho-Levin",

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebral bodies,

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: hereditary multiple hemivertebrae,

text: Like all Plasmodium species P. hermani has both vertebrate and insect hosts. The vertebrate hosts for this parasite are birds.

text: Like all Plasmodium species P. hermani has both

text: vertebrate

text: and

text: insect

text: hosts. The vertebrate hosts for this parasite are

text: bird

text: s.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: birds

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: four

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: Host

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The vertebral column of vertebrates is made of cartilage.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: digits

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrates and parasites

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: softer

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: birds

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: birds are unable to reproduce

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: birds

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which of the following is not a type of vertebrate?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What does P. hermani have in common with other parasites?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Why would an animal with a cartilage skeleton grow larger?

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: parasites

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: parasite

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: skeleton

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: insect hosts.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrate and insect

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrate

text: The caudal fin is homocercal, meaning the upper and lower lobes are about equal in size. The spine ends at the caudal peduncle, the base of the caudal fin, distinguishing this group from those in which the spine extends into the upper lobe of the caudal fin, such as most fish from the Paleozoic (541 to 252 million years ago). The neural arches are elongated to form uroneurals which provide support for this upper lobe. In addition, the hypurals, bones that form a flattened plate at the posterior end of the vertebral column, are enlarged providing further support for the caudal fin. In general, teleosts tend to be quicker and more flexible than more basal bony fishes. Their skeletal structure has evolved towards greater lightness. While teleost bones are well calcified, they are constructed from a scaffolding of struts, rather than the dense cancellous bones of holostean fish. In addition, the lower jaw of the teleost is reduced to just three bones; the dentary, the angular bone and the articular bone.

text: The

text: caudal fin

text: is

text: homocercal

text: , meaning the upper and lower lobes are about equal in size. The spine ends at the caudal peduncle, the base of the caudal fin, distinguishing this group from those in which the spine extends into the upper lobe of the caudal fin, such as most fish from the

text: Paleozoic

text: (541 to 252 million years ago). The neural arches are elongated to form uroneurals which provide support for this upper lobe. In addition, the

text: hypurals

text: , bones that form a flattened plate at the posterior end of the vertebral column, are enlarged providing further support for the caudal fin. In general, teleosts tend to be quicker and more flexible than more basal bony fishes. Their skeletal structure has evolved towards greater lightness. While teleost bones are well

text: calcified

text: , they are constructed from a scaffolding of struts, rather than the dense

text: cancellous bone

text: s of

text: holostean

text: fish. In addition, the lower jaw of the teleost is reduced to just three bones; the

text: dentary

text: , the

text: angular bone

text: and the

text: articular bone

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: teleosts

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: six

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: support for the caudal fin

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: teleost bones are well calcified

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: The vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: well calcified

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Which of the following is not a vertebrate?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: teleosts

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: teleosts tend to be quicker and more flexible than more basal bony fishes

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: teleosts

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many different classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: teleost

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: teleost

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cancellous

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: teleost

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: calcified

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: uterus

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: teleosts

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: holostean

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: support for the caudal fin.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: the spine extends into the upper lobe

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: three

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: hypurals,

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: teleost bones are well calcified,

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: uroneurals

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: holostean

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: most fish from the Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: holostean

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: teleosts

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: uroneurals

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: holostean fish.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: The spine ends at the caudal peduncle,

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: uroneurals

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: teleosts tend to be quicker and more flexible

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: teleosts

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: teleosts tend to be quicker and more flexible

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: fish from the Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: teleosts

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: most fish from the Paleozoic

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: The neural arches

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: teleosts tend to be quicker and more flexible

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: uroneurals

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: teleost bones

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: neural arches are elongated to form uroneurals

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: calcified,

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: The neural arches

text: The technical principles for the surgical reconstruction of a nose derive from the essential operative principles of plastic surgery: that the applied procedure and technique(s) yield the most satisfactory functional and aesthetic outcome. Hence, the rhinoplastic reconstruction of a new nasal subunit, of virtually normal appearance, can be done in a few procedural stages, using intranasal tissues to correct defects of the mucosa; cartilage battens to brace against tissue contraction and depression (topographic collapse); axial skin flaps designed from three-dimensional (3-D) templates derived from the topographic subunits of the nose; and the refinement of the resultant correction with the subcutaneous sculpting of bone, cartilage, and flesh. Nonetheless, the physician-surgeon and the rhinoplasty patient must abide the fact that the reconstructed nasal subunit is not a nose proper, but a collagen-glued collage—of forehead skin, cheek skin, mucosa, vestibular lining, nasal septum, and fragments of ear cartilage—which is perceived as a nose only because its contour, skin color, and skin texture are true to the original nose.

text: The technical principles for the

text: surgical

text: reconstruction of a

text: nose

text: derive from the essential operative principles of

text: plastic surgery

text: : that the applied procedure and technique(s) yield the most satisfactory functional and aesthetic outcome. Hence, the rhinoplastic reconstruction of a new nasal subunit, of virtually normal appearance, can be done in a few procedural stages, using intranasal tissues to correct defects of the

text: mucosa

text: cartilage

text: battens to brace against

text: tissue

text: contraction and depression (topographic collapse); axial

text: skin flaps

text: designed from three-dimensional (3-D) templates derived from the topographic subunits of the nose; and the refinement of the resultant correction with the subcutaneous sculpting of

text: bone

text: , cartilage, and flesh. Nonetheless, the physician-surgeon and the rhinoplasty patient must abide the fact that the reconstructed nasal subunit is not a nose proper, but a

text: collagen

text: -glued collage—of forehead skin, cheek skin, mucosa, vestibular lining, nasal septum, and fragments of

text: ear

text: cartilage—which is perceived as a nose only because its contour, skin color, and skin texture are true to the original nose.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: vestibular lining

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: functional

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: the reconstructed nasal subunit is not a nose proper

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: nasal subunits

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: cartilage battens

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilage battens

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: amphibians

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: the reconstructed nasal subunit is not a nose proper

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: echinoderms

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: What is endothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: lobe-finned fish

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the purpose of the kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What does the adaptive immune system of vertebrates learn to recognize and attack?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: How many years ago did birds evolve?

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many different classes of vertebrates are placed in five different classes?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: Embryonic

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: vestibular lining

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: rhinoplasty

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: vestibular lining

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: fertilization

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: vestibular lining,

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: rhinoplastic reconstruction of a new nasal subunit,

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: brace against tissue contraction and depression

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: reconstructed nasal subunit is not a nose proper,

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: ear cartilage—which

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: bone,

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: bone,

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: intranasal tissues

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: collagen-glued collage—of

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: nose derive from the essential operative principles of plastic surgery:

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: reconstructed nasal subunit is not a nose proper,

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: ear cartilage—which

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: lining,

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: collagen-glued collage—of

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: The technical principles for the surgical reconstruction of a nose

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: bone,

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: rhinoplastic reconstruction of a new nasal subunit,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: rhinoplastic reconstruction of a new nasal subunit,

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: cartilage battens

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: The technical principles for the surgical reconstruction of a nose

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: bone,

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: vestibular lining,

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: The technical principles for the surgical reconstruction of a nose

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: plastic surgery:

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: vestibular lining,

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: rhinoplastic reconstruction of a new nasal subunit,

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: cartilage battens

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: bone,

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: intranasal tissues

text: The primary issue to be considered in off-Earth reproduction is the lack of gravitational acceleration.  Life on Earth, and thus the reproductive and ontogenetic processes of all extant species and their ancestors, evolved under the constant influence of the Earth's 1g gravitational field. It is imperative to study how space environment affects critical phases of mammalian reproduction and development as well as events surrounding fertilization, embryogenesis, pregnancy, birth, postnatal maturation, and parental care. Gravity affects all aspects of vertebrate development, including cell structure and function, organ system development, and even behavior. As gravity regulates mammalian gene expression, there are significant implications for successful procreation in an extraterrestrial environment.

text: The primary issue to be considered in off-Earth reproduction is the lack of gravitational acceleration.  Life on Earth, and thus the reproductive and ontogenetic processes of all extant species and their ancestors, evolved under the constant influence of the Earth's 1

text: g

text: gravitational field. It is imperative to study how space environment affects critical phases of mammalian reproduction and development as well as events surrounding fertilization, embryogenesis, pregnancy, birth, postnatal maturation, and parental care. Gravity affects all aspects of vertebrate development, including cell structure and function, organ system development, and even behavior. As gravity regulates mammalian gene expression, there are significant implications for successful procreation in an extraterrestrial environment.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: mammalian

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: six

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: gravity

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: gravity affects all aspects of vertebral column development

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: embryos

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: cell structure and function

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: fertilization

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: mammalian

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: gravity affects all aspects of vertebrate development

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: life on Earth

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: mammalian

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How does gravity affect vertebrate development?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class of vertebrates: mammalian

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Which of the following is not a vertebrate?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: embryogenesis

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: gravity

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: fertilization

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: postnatal maturation

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: embryogenesis

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Gravity

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: 1g

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: cell structure and function,

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: Earth's 1g gravitational field.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: cell structure and function, organ system

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Gravity

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: gravitational acceleration.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: fertilization,

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Gravity

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Earth,

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Life on Earth,

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: extant species and their ancestors,

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: gravitational acceleration.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Earth's 1g gravitational field.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: 1g gravitational field.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: Gravity

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Earth's 1g gravitational field.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Earth's 1g gravitational field.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Earth's 1g gravitational field.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Earth's 1g gravitational field.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: gravity

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: Earth,

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: postnatal maturation, and parental care.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Gravity

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: embryogenesis,

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Gravity

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: fertilization,

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: gravity

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: embryogenesis,

text: Studies of vertebrates have shown support for the division of the Jehol into phases, and the diversity of fish in the Yixian was distinct from older and younger formations, with Lycoptera as the dominant species. The Yixian preserves the first Jehol dinosaurs and pterosaurs (which have not been found in the older Dabeigou Formation), and the first major radiation of birds (only one bird species is known from the Dabeigou). The Yixian also preserves the largest (and only) mammal radiation so far known from the Jehol group. Most vertebrates showed a tendency to climb trees or become arboreal, including many tree-dwelling birds, and climbing mammals and lizards.

text: Studies of

text: vertebrate

text: s have shown support for the division of the Jehol into phases, and the diversity of

text: fish

text: in the Yixian was distinct from older and younger formations, with

text: Lycoptera

text: as the dominant species. The Yixian preserves the first Jehol

text: dinosaur

text: s and

text: pterosaur

text: s (which have not been found in the older Dabeigou Formation), and the first major radiation of

text: bird

text: s (only one bird species is known from the Dabeigou). The Yixian also preserves the largest (and only)

text: mammal

text: radiation so far known from the Jehol group. Most vertebrates showed a tendency to climb trees or become

text: arboreal

text: , including many tree-dwelling birds, and climbing mammals and lizards.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Lycoptera

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: four

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: climb trees

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: most vertebrates showed a tendency to climb trees or become arboreal

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: digits

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Lycoptera

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: climb trees

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: only one bird species is known from the Dabeigou

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which of the following is not a type of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Lycoptera

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: cartilage skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many different classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: climbing mammals and lizards

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: climb trees

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: pterosaurs

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: tree-dwelling birds, and climbing mammals and lizards.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: Lycoptera

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: climb trees or become arboreal,

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: climb trees or become arboreal,

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: climb trees or become arboreal,

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: tree-dwelling birds, and climbing mammals and lizards.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: climb trees or become arboreal,

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: climb trees or become arboreal,

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: (only one bird species

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: climb trees

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: climb trees or become arboreal,

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Lycoptera

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: vertebrates showed a tendency to climb trees or become arboreal,

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: climb trees or become arboreal,

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Lycoptera

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: birds

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Most vertebrates showed a tendency to climb trees

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: vertebrates showed a tendency to climb trees or become arboreal,

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Lycoptera

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: climb trees or become arboreal,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: climb trees or become arboreal,

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: climb trees or become arboreal,

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: Lycoptera

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: vertebrates showed a tendency to climb trees or become arboreal,

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrates

text: In vertebrates, thoracic vertebrae compose the middle segment of the vertebral column, between the cervical vertebrae and the lumbar vertebrae. In humans, there are twelve thoracic vertebrae and they are intermediate in size between the cervical and lumbar vertebrae; they increase in size going towards the lumbar vertebrae, with the lower ones being a lot larger than the upper. They are distinguished by the presence of facets on the sides of the bodies for articulation with the heads of the ribs, and facets on the transverse processes of all, except the eleventh and twelfth, for articulation with the tubercles of the ribs. By convention, the human thoracic vertebrae are numbered T1–T12, with the first one (T1) located closest to the skull and the others going down the spine towards the lumbar region.

text: In

text: vertebrates

text: , thoracic vertebrae compose the middle segment of the

text: vertebral column

text: , between the

text: cervical vertebrae

text: and the

text: lumbar vertebrae

text: . In humans, there are twelve thoracic

text: vertebrae

text: and they are intermediate in size between the cervical and lumbar vertebrae; they increase in size going towards the lumbar vertebrae, with the lower ones being a lot larger than the upper. They are distinguished by the presence of

text: facets

text: on the sides of the bodies for

text: articulation

text: with the

text: heads of the ribs

text: , and facets on the

text: transverse process

text: es of all, except the eleventh and twelfth, for articulation with the

text: tubercles of the rib

text: s. By convention, the human thoracic vertebrae are numbered T1–T12, with the first one (T1) located closest to the skull and the others going down the spine towards the lumbar region.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Cervical vertebrae and lumbar vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: eight

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: articulation

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: the lower ones being a lot larger than the upper

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: thoracic vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: thoracic vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: glands that secrete hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: thoracic vertebrae compose the middle segment of the vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes are vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: thoracic vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: ribs

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: tubercles

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: cervical vertebrae and the lumbar vertebrae.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: eleventh and twelfth,

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: articulation with the heads of the ribs,

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: thoracic vertebrae compose the middle segment

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: twelve

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: thoracic vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: thoracic vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: humans,

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: humans,

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: humans,

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: In vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: In vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: humans,

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: humans,

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: humans,

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: they increase in size going towards the lumbar vertebrae,

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: twelve

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: T1–T12,

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: humans,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: humans,

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: ribs,

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: ribs,

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: ribs,

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrates,

text: Certain infections can also lead to the development of Kyphoscoliosis such as vertebral tuberculosis or general tuberculosis. Osteochondrodysplasia, a disorder related to the development of bone and cartilage, can also cause this disease.

text: Certain infections can also lead to the development of Kyphoscoliosis such as vertebral tuberculosis or general tuberculosis. Osteochondrodysplasia, a disorder related to the development of bone and cartilage, can also cause this disease.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: echinoderms

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: one

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: development of bone and cartilage

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: vertebral tuberculosis is not a disease.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: bone and cartilage

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Which of the following is not a type of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: vertebrates do not reproduce sexually.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which of the following is not a type of endothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How does the adaptive immune system of vertebrates work?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: None of the above choices are true

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: oestrus

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: osteochondrodysplasia

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: osteochondrodysplasia

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: vertebral tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: vertebral tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: development of bone and cartilage,

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: Kyphoscoliosis

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: bone and cartilage,

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: bone and cartilage,

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: Osteochondrodysplasia,

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: vertebral tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: vertebral tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: vertebral tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: vertebral tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: vertebral tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: vertebral tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: vertebral tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: vertebral tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: vertebral tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: vertebral tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: vertebral tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Osteochondrodysplasia,

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: vertebral tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Osteochondrodysplasia,

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: vertebral tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: vertebral tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: vertebral tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: development of bone and cartilage,

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Osteochondrodysplasia,

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebral tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage,

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Osteochondrodysplasia,

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: development of bone and cartilage,

text: During the Permian period synapsids, including the ancestors of mammals, may have dominated land environments, but the Permian–Triassic extinction event  came very close to wiping out complex life. The extinctions were apparently fairly sudden, at least among vertebrates. During the slow recovery from this catastrophe a previously obscure group, archosaurs, became the most abundant and diverse terrestrial vertebrates. One archosaur group, the dinosaurs, were the dominant land vertebrates for the rest of the Mesozoic, and birds evolved from one group of dinosaurs. During this time mammals' ancestors survived only as small, mainly nocturnal insectivores, but this apparent set-back may have accelerated the development of mammalian traits such as endothermy and hair. After the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event  killed off the non-avian dinosaurs – birds are the only surviving dinosaurs – mammals increased rapidly in size and diversity, and some took to the air and the sea.

text: During the

text: Permian

text: period

text: synapsid

text: s, including the ancestors of

text: mammal

text: s, may have dominated land environments, but the

text: Permian–Triassic extinction event

text: came very close to wiping out complex life. The extinctions were apparently fairly sudden, at least among vertebrates. During the slow recovery from this catastrophe a previously obscure group,

text: archosaur

text: s, became the most abundant and diverse terrestrial vertebrates. One archosaur group, the

text: dinosaur

text: s, were the dominant land vertebrates for the rest of the

text: Mesozoic

text: , and

text: bird

text: s evolved from one group of dinosaurs. During this time mammals' ancestors survived only as small, mainly nocturnal

text: insectivore

text: s, but this apparent set-back may have accelerated the development of mammalian traits such as

text: endothermy

text: and

text: hair

text: . After the

text: Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event

text: killed off the non-avian dinosaurs – birds are the only surviving dinosaurs – mammals increased rapidly in size and diversity, and some took to the air and the sea.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: synapsids

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: insectivores

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: birds evolved from one group of dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: synapsids

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: insectivores

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: What did the Permian–Triassic extinction event come close to wiping out complex life?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: archosaurs

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: birds evolved from one group of dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: cartilage skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which happened first, the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event or the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: insectivores

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: synapsids,

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: sea.

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: synapsids,

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: the dinosaurs,

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: endothermy and hair.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: endothermy and hair.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: nocturnal insectivores,

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: synapsids,

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: nocturnal insectivores,

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: synapsids,

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: nocturnal insectivores,

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: nocturnal insectivores,

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: mammals,

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Permian–Triassic

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Permian–Triassic extinction event

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: birds evolved from one group of dinosaurs.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: dinosaurs,

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: archosaurs,

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: mammals,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: insectivores,

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: endothermy

text: Some of the terms commonly used to describe the condition include herniated disc, prolapsed disc, ruptured disc and slipped disc. Other phenomena that are closely related include disc protrusion, pinched nerves, sciatica, disc disease, disc degeneration, degenerative disc disease, and black disc. The popular term slipped disc is a misnomer, as the intervertebral discs are tightly sandwiched between two vertebrae to which they are attached, and cannot actually "slip", or even get out of place. The disc is actually grown together with the adjacent vertebrae and can be squeezed, stretched and twisted, all in small degrees. It can also be torn, ripped, herniated, and degenerated, but it cannot "slip". Some authors consider that the term "slipped disc" is harmful, as it leads to an incorrect idea of what has occurred and thus of the likely outcome. However, during growth, one vertebral body can slip relative to an adjacent vertebral body. This congenital deformity is called spondylolisthesis.

text: Some of the terms commonly used to describe the condition include herniated disc, prolapsed disc, ruptured disc and slipped disc. Other phenomena that are closely related include

text: disc protrusion

text: , pinched nerves,

text: sciatica

text: , disc disease, disc degeneration,

text: degenerative disc disease

text: , and black disc. The popular term slipped disc is a misnomer, as the intervertebral discs are tightly sandwiched between two

text: vertebrae

text: to which they are attached, and cannot actually "slip", or even get out of place. The disc is actually grown together with the adjacent vertebrae and can be squeezed, stretched and twisted, all in small degrees. It can also be torn, ripped, herniated, and degenerated, but it cannot "slip". Some authors consider that the term "slipped disc" is harmful, as it leads to an incorrect idea of what has occurred and thus of the likely outcome. However, during growth, one vertebral body can slip relative to an adjacent vertebral body. This congenital deformity is called

text: spondylolisthesis

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: intervertebral discs

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: spinal

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: cannot actually "slip", or even get out of place

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: intervertebral disc

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: softer

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: congenital

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: What does the term "slipped disc" mean?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: cannot actually "slip", or even get out of place

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What does the term "slipped disc" mean?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many different classes of vertebrates are living species of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: congenital

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: herniated disc

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: intervertebral

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: degenerative disc disease

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: intervertebral

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: congenital

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: intervertebral discs

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: terms

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: can be squeezed, stretched and twisted,

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: cannot actually "slip",

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: two vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: intervertebral discs

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: slipped disc.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: growth,

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: slipped disc.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: two vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: slipped disc

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: intervertebral discs

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: slipped disc.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: slipped disc.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: slipped disc.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: one vertebral body can slip relative to an adjacent vertebral body.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: slipped disc.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: slipped disc.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: slipped disc.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: slipped disc.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: slipped disc.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: slipped disc is a misnomer,

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: slipped disc.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: slipped disc.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: congenital

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: spondylolisthesis.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: spondylolisthesis.

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: intervertebral discs

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: spondylolisthesis.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: intervertebral discs

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: congenital

text: Measuring diversity at one level in a group of organisms may not precisely correspond to diversity at other levels. However, tetrapod (terrestrial vertebrates) taxonomic and ecological diversity shows a very close correlation.

text: Measuring diversity at one level in a group of organisms may not precisely correspond to diversity at other levels. However,

text: tetrapod

text: (terrestrial

text: vertebrates

text: ) taxonomic and ecological diversity shows a very close correlation.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: tetrapod

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: eight

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: ecological diversity

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: taxonomic and ecological diversity shows a very close correlation.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: limbs

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Tetrapod

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Measuring diversity at one level in a group of organisms may not precisely correspond to diversity at other levels

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: tetrapod

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: taxonomic

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: taxonomic

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: taxonomic

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: taxonomic

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: taxonomic

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: taxonomic

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: male and female

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Tetrapod

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: mammalian

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: tetrapod

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: skeleton

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: fertilization

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: (terrestrial

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: tetrapod

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: ecological diversity

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: Measuring diversity

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: tetrapod

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: tetrapod

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: a very close correlation.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: ecological diversity

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: tetrapod

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: (terrestrial

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Measuring diversity

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: (terrestrial

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: tetrapod

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: tetrapod

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: tetrapod

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: (terrestrial

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: tetrapod

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: tetrapod

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: tetrapod

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: tetrapod

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Measuring diversity at one level in a group of organisms

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: tetrapod

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: tetrapod

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: tetrapod

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: (terrestrial vertebrates)

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: tetrapod

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: tetrapod

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: tetrapod

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: tetrapod

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: tetrapod

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: (terrestrial vertebrates)

text: Fish reproduction

text: Fish reproduction

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: echinoderms

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: ten

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The vertebral column of fish is made of cartilage.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: chromosomes

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: gills

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Fish reproduce by laying eggs.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Fish are the first vertebrates to reproduce without water.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which of the following is an example of endothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: How do amphibians reproduce?

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: Which of the following is not a type of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Which of the following is not a vertebrate?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: The adaptive immune system of fish learns to recognize and attack specific pathogens

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Which of the following is not a characteristic of fish reproduction?

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Which of the following is true about fish reproduction?

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony skeletons are better for reproduction.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: How do fish reproduce?

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Which of the following is not a type of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: asexual

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: reproduction

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Fish

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: Fish

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: reproduction

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: Fish reproduction

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: Fish reproduction

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Fish

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: Fish reproduction

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: Fish reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Fish

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Fish

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Fish

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Fish

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Fish

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Fish reproduction

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Fish

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: Fish

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Fish reproduction

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Fish reproduction

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Fish reproduction

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Fish

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Fish reproduction

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: Fish

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Fish

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Fish

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: Fish reproduction

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Fish reproduction

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: Fish reproduction

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: Fish

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Fish reproduction

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: Fish

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Fish reproduction

text: The amniotic egg represents a critical divergence within the vertebrates, one enabled to reproduce on dry land—free of the need to return to water for reproduction as required of the amphibians. From this point the amniotes spread around the globe, eventually to become the dominant land vertebrates. Very early in the evolutionary history of amniotes, basal amniotes diverged into two main lines, the synapsids and the sauropsids, both of which persist into the modern era. The oldest known fossil synapsid is Protoclepsydrops from about 312 million years ago, while the oldest known sauropsid is probably Paleothyris, in the order Captorhinida, from the Middle Pennsylvanian epoch (ca. 306–312 million years ago).

text: The amniotic egg represents a critical divergence within the vertebrates, one enabled to reproduce on dry land—free of the need to return to water for reproduction as required of the amphibians. From this point the amniotes spread around the globe, eventually to become the dominant land vertebrates. Very early in the evolutionary history of amniotes, basal amniotes

text: diverged into two main lines

text: , the

text: synapsid

text: s and the

text: sauropsid

text: s, both of which persist into the modern era. The oldest known fossil synapsid is

text: Protoclepsydrops

text: from about 312 million years ago, while the oldest known sauropsid is probably

text: Paleothyris

text: , in the order

text: Captorhinida

text: , from the

text: Middle Pennsylvanian

text: epoch (ca. 306–312 million years ago).

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Amniotes

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: reproduction

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: amniotic egg represents a critical divergence

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: main lines

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Amniotic egg

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: amniotic egg

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Amniotic egg

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: amniotes

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: amphibians

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: amniotes

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which of the following is not true?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class: amniotes, sauropsids or amniotes?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: amniotic

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: amniotic egg

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: amniotic egg

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: amniotic egg

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: amniotic egg

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: amniotic egg

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: amniotic

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: synapsids and the sauropsids,

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: amphibians.

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: reproduce on dry land—free

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: water

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: amniotic egg

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebrates, one enabled to reproduce on dry land—free

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: amniotic egg

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: The amniotic egg

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: amphibians.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: water

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: synapsids and the sauropsids,

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: The amniotic egg

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: water

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: The amniotic egg

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: land vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: The amniotic egg

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: The amniotic egg

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: 312 million years ago,

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: amphibians.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: The amniotic egg

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: modern era.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: synapsids and the sauropsids,

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: land vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: amniotic

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: amphibians.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: amniotic egg

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: amniotic egg

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: The amniotic egg

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: amniotic egg

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: amniotic egg

text: In fish, there are often two sets of ribs attached to the vertebral column. One set, the dorsal ribs, are found in the dividing septum between the upper and lower parts of the main muscle segments, projecting roughly sideways from the vertebral column. The second set, of ventral ribs arise from the vertebral column just below the dorsal ribs, and enclose the lower body, often joining at the tips. Not all species possess both types of rib, with the dorsal ribs being most commonly absent. Sharks, for example, have no dorsal ribs, and only very short ventral ribs, while lampreys have no ribs at all. In some teleosts, there may be additional rib-like bones within the muscle mass.

text: In

text: fish

text: , there are often two sets of ribs attached to the vertebral column. One set, the dorsal ribs, are found in the dividing septum between the upper and lower parts of the main muscle segments, projecting roughly sideways from the vertebral column. The second set, of ventral ribs arise from the vertebral column just below the dorsal ribs, and enclose the lower body, often joining at the tips. Not all species possess both types of rib, with the dorsal ribs being most commonly absent.

text: Shark

text: s, for example, have no dorsal ribs, and only very short ventral ribs, while

text: lamprey

text: s have no ribs at all. In some

text: teleost

text: s, there may be additional rib-like bones within the muscle mass.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: nine

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: lower body

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: there are no ribs at all

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: ribs

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: two sets of ribs

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Which of the following is not a type of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: lampreys have no ribs at all

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: How many sets of ribs are found in fish?

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: dorsal

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: sexual

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: muscle

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: ventral ribs

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebral

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: uterus

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: fish,

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: fish,

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: dividing septum between the upper and lower parts of the main muscle segments,

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: dorsal ribs being most commonly absent.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: two sets of ribs

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: two sets of ribs

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: ribs

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: dorsal ribs

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: two sets of ribs attached to the vertebral column.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: fish,

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: the dorsal ribs being most commonly absent.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: fish,

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: fish,

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: two sets of ribs attached to the vertebral column.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: fish,

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: Not all species possess both types of rib,

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: two sets of ribs attached to the vertebral column.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: ribs attached to the vertebral column.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: two sets of ribs attached to the vertebral column.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: fish,

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: ribs attached to the vertebral column.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: the dorsal ribs being most commonly absent.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: teleosts,

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: fish,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: ribs attached to the vertebral column.

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: fish,

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: dorsal ribs

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: muscle

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: fish,

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebral column.

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: ribs attached to the vertebral column.

text: Vertebral fractures, while having a smaller impact on mortality, can lead to a severe chronic pain of neurogenic origin, which can be hard to control, as well as deformity. Though rare, multiple vertebral fractures can lead to such severe hunch back (kyphosis), the resulting pressure on internal organs can impair one's ability to breathe.

text: Vertebral fractures, while having a smaller impact on mortality, can lead to a severe chronic pain of neurogenic origin, which can be hard to control, as well as deformity. Though rare, multiple vertebral fractures can lead to such severe hunch back (

text: kyphosis

text: ), the resulting pressure on internal organs can impair one's ability to breathe.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: vertebral fractures

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: one

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: breathing

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: the vertebral column of vertebrates does not have an impact on mortality

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebra

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebral fractures

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: vertebral

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: vertebral fractures can lead to such severe hunch back

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How does the immune system of vertebrates learn to recognize and attack specific pathogens?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebral

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: neurogenic origin

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebral fractures

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebral

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: neurogenic origin

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebral

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebral

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: neurogenic

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: Vertebral fractures,

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: breathe.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: a smaller impact on mortality,

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: multiple vertebral fractures

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Vertebral fractures,

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: hard to control,

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: neurogenic

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: pain

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: neurogenic origin,

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Vertebral fractures,

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: neurogenic

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Vertebral fractures,

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Vertebral fractures,

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Vertebral fractures,

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: Vertebral fractures,

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Vertebral fractures,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Vertebral fractures,

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Vertebral fractures,

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Vertebral fractures,

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Vertebral fractures,

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: Vertebral fractures,

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Vertebral fractures,

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Vertebral fractures,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: neurogenic

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: neurogenic

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: neurogenic

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: neurogenic

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: neurogenic

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: Vertebral

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: neurogenic

text: In adults, surgery to detether (free) the spinal cord can reduce the size and further development of cysts in the cord and may restore some function or alleviate other symptoms. Although detethering is the common surgical approach to TCS, another surgical option for adults is a spine-shortening vertebral osteotomy. A vertebral osteotomy aims to indirectly relieve the excess tension on the spinal cord by removing a portion of the spine, shortening it. This procedure offers a unique benefit in that the spinal cord remains fixated to the spine, preventing retethering and spinal cord injury as possible surgical complications. However, its complexity and limited “track record” presently keeps vertebral osteotomies reserved as an option for patients who have failed in preventing retethering after detethering procedure(s).

text: In adults, surgery to detether (free) the spinal cord can reduce the size and further development of cysts in the cord and may restore some function or alleviate other symptoms. Although detethering is the common surgical approach to TCS, another surgical option for adults is a spine-shortening vertebral

text: osteotomy

text: . A vertebral osteotomy aims to indirectly relieve the excess tension on the spinal cord by removing a portion of the spine, shortening it. This procedure offers a unique benefit in that the spinal cord remains fixated to the spine, preventing retethering and spinal cord injury as possible surgical complications. However, its complexity and limited “track record” presently keeps vertebral osteotomies reserved as an option for patients who have failed in preventing retethering after detethering procedure(s).

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: vertebral osteotomy

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: one

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: spinal cord

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: spinal cord remains fixated to the spine

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: spines

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebral osteotomy

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: softer

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: detethering

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Which of the following is not a type of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: vertebral osteotomy aims to indirectly relieve the excess tension on the spinal cord

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: vertebral osteotomy

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, vertebrates evolved endothermy or vertebrates evolved ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: What is the common surgical approach to TCS?

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the common surgical approach to TCS?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: How many years after birds evolved did mammals appear?

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Which of the following is not true?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: TCS

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: vertebral osteotomy

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: retethering

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: osteotomy

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: vertebral osteotomy

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: osteotomy

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: TCS

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: vertebral osteotomy.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: vertebral osteotomy.

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: relieve the excess tension on the spinal cord

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: (free)

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: spine,

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: spine-shortening vertebral osteotomy.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: spine-shortening vertebral osteotomy.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: detethering

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: cysts

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: adults,

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: In adults,

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: adults,

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: spine-shortening vertebral osteotomy.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: spine-shortening vertebral osteotomy.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: spine-shortening vertebral osteotomy.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: spine-shortening vertebral osteotomy.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: spine-shortening vertebral osteotomy.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: spine-shortening vertebral osteotomy.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: spine-shortening vertebral osteotomy.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: In adults, surgery to detether (free) the spinal cord

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: spine-shortening vertebral osteotomy.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: spine-shortening vertebral osteotomy.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: spine-shortening vertebral osteotomy.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: spine-shortening vertebral osteotomy.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: retethering

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: surgery to detether (free) the spinal cord

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: retethering

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: osteotomy.

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: spine-shortening vertebral osteotomy.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: osteotomy.

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: retethering

text: Vertebrate animals such as tropical fish and birds sometimes have more complex color vision systems than humans; thus the many subtle colors they exhibit generally serve as direct signals for other fish or birds, and not to signal mammals. In bird vision, tetrachromacy is achieved through up to four cone types, depending on species. Each single cone contains one of the four main types of vertebrate cone photopigment (LWS/ MWS, RH2, SWS2 and SWS1) and has a colored oil droplet in its inner segment. Brightly colored oil droplets inside the cones shift or narrow the spectral sensitivity of the cell. It has been suggested that it is likely that pigeons are pentachromats.

text: Vertebrate animals such as

text: tropical fish

text: and birds sometimes have more complex color vision systems than humans; thus the many subtle colors they exhibit generally serve as direct signals for other fish or birds, and not to signal mammals. In

text: bird vision

text: tetrachromacy

text: is achieved through up to four

text: cone

text: types, depending on species. Each single cone contains one of the four main types of vertebrate cone

text: photopigment

text: (LWS/ MWS, RH2, SWS2 and SWS1) and has a colored

text: oil droplet

text: in its inner segment. Brightly colored oil droplets inside the cones shift or narrow the spectral sensitivity of the cell. It has been suggested that it is likely that

text: pigeon

text: s are

text: pentachromat

text: s.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: fish and birds

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: four

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: color vision

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: birds sometimes have more complex color vision systems than mammals

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: cone types

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: fish and birds

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: oil droplets inside the cones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: tropical fish

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: mammals

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: tropical fish and birds

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: vertebrate animals

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: sexual

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: pigeons

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: tropical fish and birds

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: direct signals for other fish or birds,

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: cone types,

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: cone photopigment

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more complex color vision systems

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: tetrachromacy

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: oil droplet

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: tropical fish

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: tropical fish

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: birds sometimes have more complex color vision systems than humans;

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Vertebrate animals such as tropical fish

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: tropical fish and birds

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: humans;

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: humans;

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Vertebrate animals such as tropical fish

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Vertebrate animals

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: birds

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: pentachromats.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: tropical fish and birds

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: Vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: humans;

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: Vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: humans;

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: Vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: cell.

text: In 2015, three traits were added. The shoulder blade is robust and large, fused with the coracoid. The vertebral centra of the front tail vertebrae are shorter and especially taller. With the tail vertebrae, the base of the side process covers the top half of the centrum, seen from the front or from behind, instead of a quarter of the height.

text: In 2015, three traits were added. The shoulder blade is robust and large, fused with the coracoid. The vertebral centra of the front tail vertebrae are shorter and especially taller. With the tail vertebrae, the base of the side process covers the top half of the centrum, seen from the front or from behind, instead of a quarter of the height.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: vertebral centra

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: six

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: the vertebral centrum of the front tail vertebrae are shorter and especially taller

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: The shoulder blade is robust and large, fused with the coracoid

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: softer

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: vertebral centra

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: the base of the side process covers the top half of the centrum

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: How many traits were added in 2015?

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Which of the following is not a function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Which of the following is not a characteristic of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: What happened first, birds or mammals?

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: tail vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: shoulder blade

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: vertebral centra

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebral

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: fertilization

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: front tail vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: three

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: the base of the side process covers the top half of the centrum,

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: a quarter of the height.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: three

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: fused with the coracoid.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: shorter and especially taller.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: a quarter

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: In 2015,

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: front tail vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: a quarter of the height.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: front tail vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: coracoid.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: coracoid.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: coracoid.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: front tail vertebrae are shorter and especially taller.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: In 2015,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: front tail vertebrae are shorter and especially taller.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: 2015,

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: In 2015,

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: shorter and especially taller.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: 2015,

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: In 2015,

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: In 2015,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: coracoid.

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: coracoid.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: a quarter

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: side process

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: coracoid.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: side process

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: coracoid.

text: Because ectotherms depend on environmental conditions for body temperature regulation, they typically are more sluggish at night and in the morning when they emerge from their shelters to heat up in the first sunlight. Foraging activity is therefore restricted to the day time (diurnal activity patterns) in most vertebrate ectotherms. In lizards, for instance, only a few species are known to be nocturnal (e.g. many geckos) and they mostly use 'sit and wait' foraging strategies that may not require body temperatures as high as those necessary for active foraging. Endothermic vertebrate species are therefore less dependent on the environmental conditions and have developed a high variability (both within and between species) in their diurnal activity patterns.

text: Because ectotherms depend on environmental conditions for body temperature regulation, they typically are more sluggish at night and in the morning when they emerge from their shelters to heat up in the first sunlight. Foraging activity is therefore restricted to the day time (diurnal activity patterns) in most vertebrate ectotherms. In lizards, for instance, only a few species are known to be nocturnal (e.g. many geckos) and they mostly use 'sit and wait' foraging strategies that may not require body temperatures as high as those necessary for active foraging. Endothermic vertebrate species are therefore less dependent on the environmental conditions and have developed a high variability (both within and between species) in their diurnal activity patterns.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: ectotherms

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: eight

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: body temperature regulation

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: Foraging activity is therefore restricted to the day time in most vertebrate ectotherms

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: limbs

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: a high variability

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: ectotherms

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: endothermic vertebrate species are therefore less dependent on the environmental conditions

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: lizards

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class of vertebrates: lizards, geckos, or endothermic?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: Ectotherms

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: ectotherms

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: nocturnal

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: Endothermic

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Endothermic

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: endothermic

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: endothermic

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Endothermic

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: Endothermic

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: body temperature regulation,

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: Endothermic

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: shelters

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Endothermic

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more sluggish

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: (diurnal activity patterns)

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: body temperature regulation,

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Endothermic

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Endothermic

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Endothermic

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: lizards,

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Endothermic

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: ectotherms

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: Endothermic

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: vertebrate ectotherms.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: ectotherms.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: ectotherms

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: lizards,

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Because ectotherms

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: a high variability

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Endothermic

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: ectotherms.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: ectotherms

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Endothermic

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: (diurnal activity patterns)

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: Endothermic

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Endothermic

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: Endothermic

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: ectotherms

text: The choice of the sub-periosteum site is used because stimulation of the cambium layer using transforming growth factor–beta resulted in enhanced chondrogenesis, i.e., formation of cartilage. In development the formation of bone can either occur via a Cartilage template initially formed by the MSCs that then gets ossified through a process called endochondral ossification or directly from MSC differentiation to bone via a process termed intra-membranous ossification.  Upon exposure of the periosteal cells to calcium from the alginate gel, these cells become bone cells and start producing bone matrix through the intra-membranous ossification process, recapitulating all steps of bone matrix deposition.  The extension of the IVB paradigm to engineering autologous hyaline cartilage was also recently demonstrated.  In this case, agarose is injected and this triggers local hypoxia, which then results in the differentiation of the periosteal MSCs into articular chondrocytes, i.e. cells similar to those found in the joint cartilage. Since this processes occurs in a relative short period of less than two weeks and cartilage can remodel into bone, this approach might provide some advantages in treatment of both cartilage and bone loss. The IVB concept needs to be however realized in humans and this is currently being undertaken.

text: The choice of the sub-periosteum site is used because stimulation of the cambium layer using transforming growth factor–beta resulted in enhanced

text: chondrogenesis

text: , i.e., formation of

text: cartilage

text: . In development the formation of bone can either occur via a Cartilage template initially formed by the MSCs that then gets ossified through a process called

text: endochondral ossification

text: or directly from MSC

text: differentiation

text: to bone via a process termed

text: intra-membranous ossification

text: .  Upon exposure of the periosteal cells to calcium from the alginate gel, these cells become bone cells and start producing bone matrix through the intra-membranous ossification process, recapitulating all steps of bone matrix deposition.  The extension of the IVB paradigm to engineering autologous

text: hyaline

text: cartilage was also recently demonstrated.  In this case,

text: agarose

text: is injected and this triggers local

text: hypoxia

text: , which then results in the differentiation of the periosteal MSCs into articular chondrocytes, i.e. cells similar to those found in the joint cartilage. Since this processes occurs in a relative short period of less than two weeks and cartilage can remodel into bone, this approach might provide some advantages in treatment of both cartilage and bone loss. The IVB concept needs to be however realized in humans and this is currently being undertaken.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Vertebrate classes include:

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: one

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: cartilage can remodel into bone

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: limbs

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Bone and cartilage.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: endochondral

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: autologous

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: amphibians

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: cartilage can remodel into bone

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: echinoderms

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: The IVB concept needs to be however realized in humans and this is currently being undertaken

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: ectothermy

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: lobe-finned fish

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: vertebrate kidneys

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: male and female vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: endochondral

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: hypoxia

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: endochondral

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: IVB

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: chondrogenesis

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: formation of cartilage.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: cartilage.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: cambium layer

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: sub-periosteum

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: relative short period of less than two weeks and cartilage can remodel into bone,

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: transforming growth factor–beta

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: calcium

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: endochondral ossification

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: endochondral ossification

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: transforming growth factor–beta

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: transforming growth factor–beta

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: cartilage can remodel into bone,

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: chondrogenesis,

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: transforming growth factor–beta

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: endochondral ossification

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage.

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: agarose is injected and this triggers local hypoxia,

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: transforming growth factor–beta

text: It took many millions of years for vertebrates to transition out of water onto land. During this time, both the competitive pressures that would push species out of the water and the  niche occupation incentives that would pull species onto land were slowly building. The culmination of these driving factors are what ultimately facilitated the vertebrate transition.

text: It took many millions of years for vertebrates to transition out of water onto land. During this time, both the competitive pressures that would push species out of the water and the

text: niche

text: occupation incentives that would pull species onto land were slowly building. The culmination of these driving factors are what ultimately facilitated the vertebrate transition.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: echinoderms

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: eight

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: land

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The vertebral column of vertebrates is made of bone.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: water

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: They reproduce by laying eggs.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: water

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How does the adaptive immune system of vertebrates work?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: niche occupation incentives

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: asexual

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: niche occupation incentives

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: niche occupation

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: water

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: niche occupation

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: millions of years

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: species

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: niche occupation incentives

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: niche occupation

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: water

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: millions of years

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: water

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: land.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: niche occupation incentives

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: vertebrates to transition out of water onto land.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: niche occupation incentives

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: It took many millions of years for vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: niche occupation incentives

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: millions of years

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: niche occupation

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates to transition out of water

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: niche occupation incentives

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: niche occupation

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: niche occupation incentives

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrates to transition out of water

text: The Tetrapodomorpha (also known as Choanata) are a clade of vertebrates consisting of tetrapods (four-limbed vertebrates) and their closest sarcopterygian relatives that are more closely related to living tetrapods than to living lungfish. Advanced forms transitional between fish and the early labyrinthodonts, such as Tiktaalik, have been referred to as "fishapods" by their discoverers, being half-fish, half-tetrapods, in appearance and limb morphology. The Tetrapodomorpha contains the crown group tetrapods (the last common ancestor of living tetrapods and all of its descendants) and several groups of early stem tetrapods, and  several groups of related lobe-finned fishes, collectively known as the osteolepiforms. The Tetrapodamorpha minus the crown group Tetrapoda are the Stem Tetrapoda, a paraphyletic unit encompassing the fish to tetrapod transition.

text: The Tetrapodomorpha (also known as Choanata) are a

text: clade

text: of

text: vertebrate

text: s consisting of

text: tetrapod

text: s (four-limbed vertebrates) and their closest

text: sarcopterygian

text: relatives that are more closely related to living tetrapods than to living

text: lungfish

text: . Advanced forms transitional between fish and the early

text: labyrinthodont

text: s, such as

text: Tiktaalik

text: , have been referred to as "fishapods" by their discoverers, being half-fish, half-tetrapods, in appearance and limb morphology. The Tetrapodomorpha contains the

text: crown group

text: tetrapods (the last common ancestor of living tetrapods and all of its descendants) and several groups of early

text: stem tetrapod

text: s, and  several groups of related lobe-finned fishes, collectively known as the

text: osteolepiform

text: s. The Tetrapodamorpha minus the

text: crown group

text: Tetrapoda are the

text: Stem Tetrapoda

text: , a

text: paraphyletic

text: unit encompassing the fish to tetrapod transition.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Tetrapodomorpha

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: four

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: limb

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: the Tetrapodamorpha minus the crown group Tetrapoda are the Stem Tetrapoda

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: limbs

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Tetrapodomorpha

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: What are the Tetrapodomorpha?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Tetrapodomorpha

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: The Tetrapodamorpha minus the crown group Tetrapoda are the Stem Tetrapoda

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many different classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: How many sexes are there in the Tetrapodomorpha?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: sarcopterygian

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Tetrapodomorpha

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: lobe-finned

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: osteolepiforms

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: fishapods

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: osteolepiform

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Tetrapodomorpha

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Tetrapodomorpha

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: lungfish.

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: limb

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: (four-limbed

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: (four-limbed

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: stem tetrapods,

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: (four-limbed vertebrates)

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: crown group tetrapods (the last common ancestor

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: The Tetrapodomorpha

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: lungfish.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: living lungfish.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: stem tetrapods,

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: The Tetrapodomorpha

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: The Tetrapodomorpha

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: osteolepiforms.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: (four-limbed vertebrates)

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: The Tetrapodomorpha

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: The Tetrapodomorpha

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: labyrinthodonts,

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: The Tetrapodomorpha

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: The Tetrapodomorpha

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: The Tetrapodomorpha

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: The Tetrapodomorpha

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: The Tetrapodomorpha

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: sarcopterygian

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: osteolepiforms.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: osteolepiforms.

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: osteolepiforms.

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: labyrinthodonts,

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: osteolepiforms.

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: sarcopterygian

text: The formation contains a diverse array of vertebrate and invertebrate fossils. About 70% of the macrofossils are osteichthyan fish.  Other vertebrates include chelonians, pterosaurs, lepidosaurs, and crocodiles.  Cyanobacteria, foraminifera, algae, gymnosperms, sponges, cnidarians, annelids, gastropods, ammonites, bivalves, arachnids, insects, isopods, anomurans, brachyurans, crinoids, echinoids, holothuroids, stelleroids, and ophiuroids,have also been recovered from the Tlayúa Formation.

text: The formation contains a diverse array of

text: vertebrate

text: and

text: invertebrate

text: fossil

text: s. About 70% of the

text: macrofossil

text: s are

text: osteichthyan

text: fish.  Other vertebrates include

text: chelonians

text: pterosaur

text: s,

text: lepidosaurs

text: , and

text: crocodile

text: s.

text: Cyanobacteria

text: foraminifera

text: algae

text: gymnosperm

text: s,

text: sponge

text: s,

text: cnidarians

text: annelid

text: s,

text: gastropod

text: s,

text: ammonite

text: s,

text: bivalves

text: arachnid

text: s,

text: insect

text: s,

text: isopods

text: anomuran

text: s,

text: brachyura

text: ns,

text: crinoid

text: s,

text: echinoid

text: s,

text: holothuroids

text: stelleroids

text: , and

text: ophiuroids

text: ,have also been recovered from the Tlayúa Formation.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: chelonians, pterosaurs, lepidosaurs

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: 70

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: ophiuroids

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: about 70% of the macrofossils are osteichthyans

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: chelonians, pterosaurs, lepidosaurs, and crocodiles

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: invertebrate

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: glands that secrete hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: chelonians

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: osteichthyan fish

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: osteichthyans

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which of the following is not a type of vertebrate: chelonians, pterosaurs, lepidosaurs, or crocodiles?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: osteichthyan fish

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What does the adaptive immune system of vertebrates learn to recognize and attack specific pathogens

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: How many years after birds evolved did mammals appear?

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class of vertebrates: crinoids, echinoids, holothuroids, stelleroids, or ophiuroids?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Which of the following is not a vertebrate: chelonians, pterosaurs, lepidosaurs, or crocodiles?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: annelids

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: brachyurans

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: holothuroids

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: crinoids

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: isopods

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: crinoids

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: annelids

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: chelonians,

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: 70%

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: annelids, gastropods,

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: 70%

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: brachyurans,

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: chelonians,

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebrate and invertebrate fossils.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: cnidarians,

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: cnidarians,

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: osteichthyan fish.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: 70%

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: osteichthyan fish.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: ammonites,

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Tlay<unk>a Formation.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: osteichthyan fish.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: chelonians,

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: cnidarians,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: brachyurans,

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: osteichthyan

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: arachnids,

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: brachyurans,

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: 70%

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: isopods, anomurans, brachyurans,

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: chelonians,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: annelids,

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: brachyurans,

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: brachyurans,

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: crinoids,

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: insects, isopods, anomurans,

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: gymnosperms,

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: annelids, gastropods,

text: Tiktaalik is a transitional fossil; it is to tetrapods what Aurornis is to birds, troodonts and dromaeosaurids. While it may be that neither is ancestor to any living animal, they serve as evidence that intermediates between very different types of vertebrates did once exist. The mixture of both fish and tetrapod characteristics found in Tiktaalik include these traits:

text: Tiktaalik is a

text: transitional fossil

text: ; it is to tetrapods what

text: Aurornis

text: is to

text: birds

text: troodonts

text: and

text: dromaeosaurids

text: . While it may be that neither is ancestor to any living animal, they serve as evidence that intermediates between very different types of vertebrates did once exist. The mixture of both fish and tetrapod characteristics found in Tiktaalik include these traits:

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: three

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: intermediates between very different types of vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: limbs

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: skeleton

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: softer

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: it may be that neither is ancestor to any living animal

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Tiktaalik

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: tetrapod

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: what is the function of vertebrate kidneys

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What does the adaptive immune system of vertebrates learn to recognize and attack?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Tiktaalik

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are mentioned in the passage?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: tetrapod

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: tetrapod

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: tetrapod

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Tiktaalik

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: tetrapod

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: birds,

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: evidence that intermediates between very different types of vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: ancestor to any living animal,

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: fish and tetrapod

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: Tiktaalik

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: fish and tetrapod

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: neither is ancestor to any living animal,

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Tiktaalik

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: intermediates between very different types of vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: dromaeosaurids.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: fish and tetrapod

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: tetrapod

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: neither is ancestor

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Tiktaalik

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: neither is ancestor to any living animal,

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: troodonts and dromaeosaurids.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: fish and tetrapod

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: fish and tetrapod

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: dromaeosaurids.

text: Finally, the cartilaginous fish, such as sharks, do not have any of the bones found in the lower jaw of other vertebrates. Instead, their lower jaw is composed of a cartilagenous structure homologous with the Meckel's cartilage of other groups. This also remains a significant element of the jaw in some primitive bony fish, such as sturgeons.

text: Finally, the

text: cartilaginous fish

text: , such as

text: shark

text: s, do not have any of the bones found in the lower jaw of other vertebrates. Instead, their lower jaw is composed of a

text: cartilage

text: nous structure homologous with the

text: Meckel's cartilage

text: of other groups. This also remains a significant element of the jaw in some primitive bony fish, such as

text: sturgeon

text: s.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: eight

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: lower jaw

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: sharks do not have any of the bones found in the lower jaw of other vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: bones

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: Bone is

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: bony fish

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: cartilaginous fish

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: bony fish

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Bony fish

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class: cartilaginous fish, sharks, or sturgeons?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: sturgeons

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Meckel's cartilage

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: cartilaginous fish,

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: fish,

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: bones

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: bones

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: bones

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Meckel's cartilage

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: bones

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: cartilaginous fish,

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: bony fish,

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: cartilaginous fish,

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: sturgeons.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: the cartilaginous fish,

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: bones found in the lower jaw of other vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: cartilaginous fish,

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: the cartilaginous fish,

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: cartilaginous fish,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: the cartilaginous fish,

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: bony fish, such as sturgeons.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: the cartilaginous fish,

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: cartilaginous fish,

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: cartilaginous fish,

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: cartilaginous fish,

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: cartilaginous fish,

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Meckel's cartilage

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: bones

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrates.

text: The bodies in the middle of the thoracic region are heart-shaped, and as broad in the antero-posterior as in the transverse direction. At the ends of the thoracic region they resemble respectively those of the cervical and lumbar vertebrae. They are slightly thicker behind than in front, flat above and below, convex from side to side in front, deeply concave behind, and slightly constricted laterally and in front. They present, on either side, two costal demi-facets, one above, near the root of the pedicle, the other below, in front of the inferior vertebral notch; these are covered with cartilage in the fresh state, and, when the vertebrae are articulated with one another, form, with the intervening intervertebral fibrocartilages, oval surfaces for the reception of the heads of the ribs.

text: The

text: bodies

text: in the middle of the thoracic region are heart-shaped, and as broad in the antero-posterior as in the transverse direction. At the ends of the thoracic region they resemble respectively those of the cervical and lumbar vertebrae. They are slightly thicker behind than in front, flat above and below, convex from side to side in front, deeply concave behind, and slightly constricted laterally and in front. They present, on either side, two costal demi-facets, one above, near the root of the pedicle, the other below, in front of the inferior vertebral notch; these are covered with cartilage in the fresh state, and, when the vertebrae are articulated with one another, form, with the intervening intervertebral fibrocartilages, oval surfaces for the reception of the heads of the ribs.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Cervical and Lumbar

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: reception of the heads

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The bodies in the middle of the thoracic region are heart-shaped

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: ribs

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: intervertebral

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: What type of system does vertebrates have?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: thoracic

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: the vertebrae are articulated with one another

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: embryonic

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: hypothermia

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: intervertebral

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: thoracic region

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: embryonic

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: cervical and lumbar vertebrae.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: cervical and lumbar vertebrae.

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: reception of the heads of the ribs.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: heart-shaped,

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: two costal demi-facets,

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: two costal demi-facets,

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: deeply concave

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: ribs.

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: The bodies in the middle of the thoracic region

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: cervical and lumbar vertebrae.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: heart-shaped,

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: cervical and lumbar vertebrae.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: The bodies in the middle of the thoracic region

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: The bodies in the middle of the thoracic region

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: The bodies in the middle of the thoracic region

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: cervical and lumbar vertebrae.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: heart-shaped,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: two costal demi-facets,

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: The bodies in the middle of the thoracic region

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: costal demi-facets,

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: cervical and lumbar vertebrae.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: cervical and lumbar vertebrae.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: intervertebral fibrocartilages,

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: The bodies in the middle of the thoracic region

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: inferior vertebral notch;

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: intervertebral fibrocartilages,

text: The lumbosacral joint is a joint of the body, between the last lumbar vertebra and the first sacral segment of the vertebral column. In some ways, calling it a "joint" (singular) is a misnomer, since the lumbosacral junction includes a disc between the lower lumbar vertebral body and the uppermost sacral vertebral body, as well as two lumbosacral facet joints (right and left zygapophysial joints).

text: The lumbosacral joint is a joint of the body, between the last

text: lumbar vertebra

text: and the first

text: sacral segment

text: of the

text: vertebral column

text: . In some ways, calling it a "joint" (singular) is a misnomer, since the lumbosacral junction includes a disc between the lower lumbar vertebral body and the uppermost sacral vertebral body, as well as two lumbosacral facet joints (right and left

text: zygapophysial joint

text: s).

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: eight

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: sacral

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The lumbosacral joint is a joint of the body

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebral bodies

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: the lumbosacral junction

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: glands that secrete

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: lumbar vertebra

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: a disc between the lower lumbar vertebral body and the uppermost sacral vertebral body

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: lumbosacral

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: what is the last lumbar vertebra?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: The lumbosacral joint

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the lumbosacral joint?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: How many years after birds evolved did mammals appear?

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are living species of vertebrates placed in

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: sacral

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: zygapophysial joints

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: zygosial

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: disc

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: zygapophysial joints

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: disc

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: zygaposial

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: lumbar vertebra

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: The lumbosacral joint

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: lumbosacral joint

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: calling it a "joint"

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: two lumbosacral facet joints

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: lumbosacral joint

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: The lumbosacral joint

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: The lumbosacral joint

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: The lumbosacral joint

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: lumbar vertebra

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: calling it a "joint"

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: lumbar vertebra

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: The lumbosacral joint

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: The lumbosacral joint

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: The lumbosacral joint

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: vertebral column.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: The lumbosacral joint

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: lumbosacral joint

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: The lumbosacral joint

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: The lumbosacral joint

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: The lumbosacral joint

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: The lumbosacral joint

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: The lumbosacral joint

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: The lumbosacral joint

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: The lumbosacral joint

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: lumbosacral joint

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: lumbosacral joint

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: disc

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: lumbosacral joint

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: disc

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: lumbosacral joint

text: Hagfish form a class of about 20 species of eel-shaped, slime-producing marine fish. They are the only known living animals that have a skull but no vertebral column. Lampreys form a superclass containing 38 known extant species of jawless fish. The adult lamprey is be characterized by a toothed, funnel-like sucking mouth. Although they are well known for boring into the flesh of other fish to suck their blood, only 18 species of lampreys are actually parasitic. Together hagfish and lampreys are the sister group to vertebrates. Living hagfish remain similar to hagfish from around 300 million years ago. The lampreys are a very ancient lineage of vertebrates, though their exact relationship to hagfishes and jawed vertebrates is still a matter of dispute.

text: Hagfish

text: form a class of about 20 species of

text: eel

text: -shaped,

text: slime

text: -producing marine fish. They are the only known living animals that have a

text: skull

text: but no

text: vertebral column

text: Lamprey

text: s form a superclass containing 38 known extant species of

text: jawless fish

text: . The adult lamprey is be characterized by a toothed, funnel-like sucking mouth. Although they are well known for boring into the flesh of other fish to

text: suck their blood

text: , only 18 species of lampreys are actually parasitic. Together hagfish and lampreys are the sister group to vertebrates. Living hagfish remain similar to hagfish from around 300 million years ago. The lampreys are a very ancient lineage of vertebrates, though their exact relationship to

text: hagfish

text: es and

text: jawed vertebrate

text: s is still a matter of dispute.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: hagfish and lampreys

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: four

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: jawless

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: Hagfish are the only known living animals that have a skull but no vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: spines

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: glands that secrete

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: lampreys

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: lampreys are a very ancient lineage of vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: lampreys

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: how many species of lampreys are actually parasitic?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How does the adaptive immune system of vertebrates work?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: How many species of birds are there?

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many different classes are vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: male and female sexes

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: hypothermia

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: flesh

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: parasitic

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: skeleton

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Lampreys

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: 20

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: slime-producing marine fish.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: Hagfish

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebral column.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: jawed vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: skull but no vertebral column.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: vertebral column.

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: slime-producing

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: The lampreys

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: sister group to vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: The lampreys

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Lampreys

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: lampreys are the sister group to vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Hagfish

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: sister group to vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: vertebral column.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: lampreys are the sister group to vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: vertebral column.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Hagfish

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Hagfish

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: 38

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: 20

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Lampreys

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebral column.

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: parasitic.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebral column.

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: flesh

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: parasitic.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebral column.

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebral column.

text: Like all Plasmodium species P. guyannense has both vertebrate and insect hosts. The vertebrate hosts for this parasite are reptiles.

text: Like all Plasmodium species P. guyannense has both

text: vertebrate

text: and

text: insect

text: hosts. The vertebrate hosts for this parasite are

text: reptile

text: s.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: reptiles

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: spinal cord

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The vertebral column of vertebrates is made of bones.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: limbs

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: reptiles

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Vertebrate reproduction is asexual.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: reptiles

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What does the adaptive immune system of vertebrates do?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: It is impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: parasites

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: parasite

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: skeleton

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: insect hosts.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: The vertebrate hosts for this parasite are reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: The vertebrate hosts for this parasite are reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: insect hosts.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrate and insect hosts.

text: The vertebral column, parts of which are among the only articulated elements of the skeleton, is nevertheless too incompletely preserved for an exact vertebrae number to be estimated. Its original describer, Florian Heller, counted seven cervicals and five presumably fused sacrals. The left scapula, while badly damaged proximally, is in good condition distally; the right scapula is partly articulated with the coracoid at an almost right angle. The furcula is relatively well preserved, sitting close to its natural position and showing typical boomerang shape. All three components of the pelvic girdle—illium, ischium and publs—are somewhat articulated in almost natural position.

text: The vertebral column, parts of which are among the only articulated elements of the skeleton, is nevertheless too incompletely preserved for an exact vertebrae number to be estimated. Its original describer, Florian Heller, counted seven cervicals and five presumably fused sacrals. The left scapula, while badly damaged proximally, is in good condition distally; the right scapula is partly articulated with the coracoid at an almost right angle. The furcula is relatively well preserved, sitting close to its natural position and showing typical boomerang shape. All three components of the pelvic girdle—illium, ischium and publs—are somewhat articulated in almost natural position.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Cervicals and sacrals

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: seven

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: articulated elements

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: an exact vertebrae number to be estimated

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: sacrals

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: The vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: spawning

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: glands that secrete hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: seven cervicals

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: fused sacrals

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: It is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: How many vertebrae were counted?

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are living species of vertebrates placed in?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: sacrals

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: The left scapula

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: boomerang shape

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: illium

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: scapula

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: ischium

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: sacrals

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: cervicals and five presumably fused sacrals.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: seven

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: articulated elements of the skeleton,

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: exact vertebrae number to be estimated.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: seven cervicals and five presumably fused sacrals.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: seven cervicals and five presumably fused sacrals.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: articulated

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: boomerang

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: The vertebral column,

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: seven cervicals and five presumably fused sacrals.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: exact vertebrae number

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: seven cervicals and five presumably fused sacrals.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: The vertebral column,

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: The vertebral column,

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: The vertebral column,

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: seven cervicals and five presumably fused sacrals.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: The vertebral column,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: The vertebral column,

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: The vertebral column,

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: The vertebral column,

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: The vertebral column,

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: exact vertebrae number to be estimated.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: seven cervicals and five presumably fused sacrals.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: seven cervicals and five presumably fused sacrals.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: The vertebral column,

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: boomerang

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: fused

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: girdle—illium,

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: boomerang shape.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: skeleton,

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: The vertebral column,

text: The vertebral column usually contains 54 bones: 7 cervical vertebrae, including the atlas (C1) and axis (C2) which support and help move the skull, 18 (or rarely, 19) thoracic,  5-6 lumbar, 5 sacral (which fuse together to form the sacrum), and 15-25 caudal vertebrae with an average of 18. Differences in number may occur, particularly in certain breeds.  For example, some, though not all, Arabians, may have 5 lumbar vertebrae, opposed to the usual 6, 17 thoracic vertebrae (and ribs) instead of 18, and 16 or 17 caudal vertebrae instead of 18. The withers of the horse are made up by the dorsal spinal processes of the thoracic vertebrae numbers 5 to 9.

text: The vertebral column usually contains 54 bones: 7 cervical vertebrae, including the

text: atlas

text: (C1) and axis (C2) which support and help move the skull, 18 (or rarely, 19) thoracic,  5-6 lumbar, 5 sacral (which fuse together to form the sacrum), and 15-25 caudal vertebrae with an average of 18. Differences in number may occur, particularly in certain breeds.  For example, some, though not all,

text: Arabians

text: , may have 5 lumbar vertebrae, opposed to the usual 6, 17 thoracic vertebrae (and ribs) instead of 18, and 16 or 17 caudal vertebrae instead of 18. The

text: withers

text: of the horse are made up by the dorsal spinal processes of the thoracic vertebrae numbers 5 to 9.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: thoracic, lumbar, and sacral

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: help move the skull

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: some, though not all, Arabians may have 5 lumbar vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: thoracic vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: 7 cervical vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: The vertebral column usually contains 54 bones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: thoracic vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: the withers of the horse are made up by the dorsal spinal processes of the thoracic vertebrae numbers 5 to 9.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: thoracic

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: The vertebral column usually contains 54 bones

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: The vertebral column usually contains 54 bones

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How does the immune system of vertebrates learn to recognize and attack specific pathogens

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: before the first mammals appeared

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes are vertebrates placed in?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: thermoregulation

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: dorsal

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: ribs

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: ribs

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: ribs

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: sperm

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: 7 cervical vertebrae,

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: 5 to 9.

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: support and help move the skull,

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: 54 bones:

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: 5-6 lumbar, 5 sacral

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: 54 bones:

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: bones:

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: thoracic vertebrae numbers 5 to 9.

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: 18 (or rarely, 19) thoracic,

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: 7 cervical vertebrae,

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: 18.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: horse

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: 19) thoracic,

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: 18 (or rarely, 19) thoracic,

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: The vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: some, though not all,

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: 18 (or rarely, 19) thoracic,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: 18 (or rarely, 19) thoracic,

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: The vertebral column usually contains 54 bones: 7 cervical vertebrae,

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: horse

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Differences in number may occur, particularly in certain breeds.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: 19) thoracic,

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: 5-6 lumbar, 5 sacral

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Differences in number may occur, particularly in certain breeds.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: The vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: horse

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: fuse together to form the sacrum),

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: ribs)

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: dorsal spinal processes

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: ribs)

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: The vertebral column

text: The CNS of chordates differs from that of other animals in being placed dorsally in the body, above the gut and notochord/spine. The basic pattern of the CNS is highly conserved throughout the different species of vertebrates and during evolution. The major trend that can be observed is towards a progressive telencephalisation: the telencephalon of reptiles is only an appendix to the large olfactory bulb, while in mammals it makes up most of the volume of the CNS. In the human brain, the telencephalon covers most of the diencephalon and the mesencephalon. Indeed, the allometric study of brain size among different species shows a striking continuity from rats to whales, and allows us to complete the knowledge about the evolution of the CNS obtained through cranial endocasts.

text: The CNS of

text: chordate

text: s differs from that of other animals in being placed dorsally in the body, above the gut and

text: notochord

text: spine

text: . The basic pattern of the CNS is highly conserved throughout the different species of

text: vertebrate

text: s and during evolution. The major trend that can be observed is towards a progressive telencephalisation: the

text: telencephalon

text: of reptiles is only an appendix to the large

text: olfactory bulb

text: , while in mammals it makes up most of the volume of the CNS. In the human brain, the telencephalon covers most of the

text: diencephalon

text: and the

text: mesencephalon

text: . Indeed, the

text: allometric

text: study of brain size among different species shows a striking continuity from rats to whales, and allows us to complete the knowledge about the evolution of the CNS obtained through

text: cranial endocast

text: s.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: chordates

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: eight

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: spinal

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: notochord/spine

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: CNS

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: the telencephalon

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: highly conserved

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: telencephalisation

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: chordates

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: The basic pattern of the CNS is highly conserved throughout the different species

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: chordates

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: cartilage skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes are vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: telencephalisation

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: telencephalisation

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: telencephalisation

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: mesencephalon

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: endocasts

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: diencephalon

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: telencephalisation

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: chordates

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: chordates

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: notochord/spine.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: only an appendix to the large olfactory bulb,

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: above the gut and notochord/spine.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: CNS

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: dorsally

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: telencephalisation:

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: The CNS

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: rats to whales,

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: only an appendix to the large olfactory bulb,

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: rats to whales,

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: The CNS of chordates

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: telencephalisation:

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: The CNS of chordates

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: chordates

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: The CNS of chordates

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: The CNS

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: telencephalisation:

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: reptiles

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: The CNS of chordates

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: rats to whales,

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: The CNS of chordates

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: cranial endocasts.

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: olfactory

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: telencephalisation:

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: CNS

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: telencephalisation:

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: CNS

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: cranial endocasts.

text: They are internal parasites of molluscs and vertebrates. Most trematodes have a complex life cycle with at least two hosts. The primary host, where the flukes sexually reproduce, is a vertebrate. The intermediate host, in which asexual reproduction occurs, is usually a snail.

text: They are internal

text: parasites

text: of

text: molluscs

text: and

text: vertebrates

text: . Most trematodes have a complex

text: life cycle

text: with at least two hosts. The primary host, where the flukes sexually reproduce, is a vertebrate. The intermediate host, in which

text: asexual reproduction

text: occurs, is usually a

text: snail

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: molluscs

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: eight

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: sexually reproduce

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The vertebral column of vertebrates does not have a spine.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexually

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: molluscs

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: asexual reproduction occurs

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: molluscs

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Which of the following is not a host?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: asexual

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: asexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: sexual

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Trematodes

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: asexual

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: molluscs

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: sexually reproduce,

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: snail.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: snail.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexually

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: sexually reproduce, is a vertebrate.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: molluscs

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: asexual reproduction occurs, is usually a snail.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: molluscs

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: snail.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: molluscs

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: molluscs and vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: molluscs

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: vertebrate.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: trematodes

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: vertebrate.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: molluscs and vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: molluscs and vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: vertebrate.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: snail.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: vertebrate.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: asexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: sexually reproduce, is a vertebrate.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: sexually

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrate.

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: internal parasites

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrate.

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: asexual reproduction

text: Leatherbacks have been viewed as unique among extant reptiles for their ability to maintain high body temperatures using metabolically generated heat, or endothermy. Initial studies on their metabolic rates found leatherbacks had resting metabolisms around three times higher than expected for reptiles of their size. However, recent studies using reptile representatives encompassing all the size ranges leatherbacks pass through during ontogeny discovered the resting metabolic rate of a large D. coriacea is not significantly different from predicted results based on allometry.

text: Leatherbacks have been viewed as unique among extant reptiles for their ability to maintain high body temperatures using

text: metabolically

text: generated heat, or

text: endothermy

text: . Initial studies on their metabolic rates found leatherbacks had resting metabolisms around three times higher than expected for reptiles of their size. However, recent studies using reptile representatives encompassing all the size ranges leatherbacks pass through during

text: ontogeny

text: discovered the resting metabolic rate of a large D. coriacea is not significantly different from predicted results based on

text: allometry

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: reptiles

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: four

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: ability to maintain high body temperatures

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: large D. coriacea is not significantly different from predicted results

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: limbs

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrates that are

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: allometry

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: reptiles

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: a large D. coriacea is not significantly different from predicted results

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: D. coriacea

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class: D. coriacea?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: ontogeny

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: allometry

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: ontogeny

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Leatherbacks

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: Leatherbacks have been viewed as unique among extant reptiles

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: maintain high body temperatures

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: three times higher than expected for reptiles of their size.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: three times higher than expected for reptiles

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: metabolically generated heat,

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: three times higher

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: allometry.

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: heat,

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Leatherbacks have been viewed as unique among extant reptiles

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: three times higher than expected for reptiles of their size.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Leatherbacks have been viewed as unique among extant reptiles

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Leatherbacks

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: endothermy.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Leatherbacks

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: reptiles

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: metabolically generated heat,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: endothermy.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Leatherbacks

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Leatherbacks have been viewed as unique among extant reptiles

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: ontogeny

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: reptiles

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: D. coriacea

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Leatherbacks

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: ontogeny

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: endothermy.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: endothermy.

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: endothermy.

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: endothermy.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: endothermy.

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: ontogeny

text: The paleofauna of the Horseshoe Canyon Formation featured a number of vertebrates that lived at the same time as Montanoceratops.  This included dinosaurs such as the ankylosaurids Anodontosaurus lambei, Edmontonia longiceps, Euoplocephalus tutus, the maniraptorans Atrociraptor marshalli, Epichirostenotes curriei, Richardoestesia gilmorei, Richardoestesia isosceles, the troodontid Paronychodon lacustris and an unnamed species of Troodon, the alvarezsaurid theropod Albertonykus borealis, the ornithomimids Dromiceiomimus brevitertius, Ornithomimus edmontonicus, and an unnamed species of Struthiomimus, the bone-head pachycephalosaurid Stegoceras, and Sphaerotholus edmontonensis, the ornithopod Parksosaurus warreni, the hadrosaurids Edmontosaurus regalis, Hypacrosaurus altispinus, and Saurolophus osborni,  the ceratopsians Anchiceratops ornatus, Arrhinoceratops brachyops, Eotriceratops xerinsularis, Pachyrhinosaurus canadensis and Pachyrhinosaurus lakustai, the primitive tyrannosauroid Dryptosaurus, and the tyrannosaurids Albertosaurus and Daspletosaurus, which were the apex predators of this paleoenvironment.  Of these, the hadrosaurs dominated in terms of shear number and made up half of all dinosaurs who lived in this region.  Vertebrates present in the Horseshoe Canyon Formation at the time of Montanoceratops included reptiles, and amphibians.  Sharks, rays, sturgeons, bowfins, gars and the gar-like Aspidorhynchus made up the fish fauna.  Reptiles such as turtles and crocodilians are rare in the Horseshoe Canyon Formation, and this was thought to reflect the relatively cool climate which prevailed at the time.  A study by Quinney et al. (2013) however, showed that the decline in turtle diversity, which was previously attributed to climate, coincided instead with changes in soil drainage conditions, and was limited by aridity, landscape instability, and migratory barriers.  The saltwater plesiosaur Leurospondylus was present and freshwater environments were populated by turtles, Champsosaurus, and crocodilians like Leidyosuchus and Stangerochampsa.  Evidence has shown that multituberculates and the early marsupial Didelphodon coyi were present.  Vertebrate trace fossils from this region included the tracks of theropods, ceratopsians and ornithopods, which provide evidence that these animals were also present.  Non-vertebrates in this ecosystem included both marine and terrestrial invertebrates.

text: The paleofauna of the Horseshoe Canyon Formation featured a number of vertebrates that lived at the same time as Montanoceratops.  This included dinosaurs such as the

text: ankylosaurids

text: Anodontosaurus

text: lambei,

text: Edmontonia

text: longiceps,

text: Euoplocephalus

text: tutus, the

text: maniraptoran

text: s

text: Atrociraptor

text: marshalli,

text: Epichirostenotes

text: curriei,

text: Richardoestesia

text: gilmorei,

text: Richardoestesia

text: isosceles, the

text: troodontid

text: Paronychodon

text: lacustris and an unnamed species of

text: Troodon

text: , the

text: alvarezsaurid

text: theropod

text: Albertonykus

text: borealis, the

text: ornithomimids

text: Dromiceiomimus

text: brevitertius,

text: Ornithomimus

text: edmontonicus, and an unnamed species of

text: Struthiomimus

text: , the

text: bone-head pachycephalosaurid

text: Stegoceras

text: , and

text: Sphaerotholus

text: edmontonensis, the

text: ornithopod

text: Parksosaurus

text: warreni, the

text: hadrosaurids

text: Edmontosaurus

text: regalis,

text: Hypacrosaurus

text: altispinus, and

text: Saurolophus

text: osborni,  the

text: ceratopsians

text: Anchiceratops

text: ornatus,

text: Arrhinoceratops

text: brachyops,

text: Eotriceratops

text: xerinsularis,

text: Pachyrhinosaurus

text: canadensis and

text: Pachyrhinosaurus

text: lakustai, the primitive

text: tyrannosauroid

text: Dryptosaurus

text: , and the

text: tyrannosaurids

text: Albertosaurus

text: and

text: Daspletosaurus

text: , which were the

text: apex predators

text: of this paleoenvironment.  Of these, the hadrosaurs dominated in terms of shear number and made up half of all dinosaurs who lived in this region.  Vertebrates present in the Horseshoe Canyon Formation at the time of Montanoceratops included

text: reptile

text: s, and

text: amphibian

text: s.

text: Shark

text: s,

text: rays

text: sturgeon

text: s,

text: bowfin

text: s,

text: gar

text: s and the gar-like

text: Aspidorhynchus

text: made up the fish fauna.  Reptiles such as turtles and crocodilians are rare in the Horseshoe Canyon Formation, and this was thought to reflect the relatively cool climate which prevailed at the time.  A study by Quinney et al. (2013) however, showed that the decline in turtle diversity, which was previously attributed to climate, coincided instead with changes in soil drainage conditions, and was limited by aridity, landscape instability, and migratory barriers.  The saltwater

text: plesiosaur

text: Leurospondylus

text: was present and freshwater environments were populated by

text: turtle

text: s,

text: Champsosaurus

text: , and

text: crocodilia

text: ns like

text: Leidyosuchus

text: and

text: Stangerochampsa

text: .  Evidence has shown that

text: multituberculate

text: s and the early

text: marsupial

text: Didelphodon

text: coyi were present.  Vertebrate trace fossils from this region included the tracks of

text: theropods

text: ceratopsians

text: and

text: ornithopods

text: , which provide evidence that these animals were also present.  Non-vertebrates in this ecosystem included both marine and terrestrial

text: invertebrate

text: s.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: reptiles, and amphibians

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: hadrosaurs dominated in terms of shear number

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrates present in the Horseshoe Canyon Formation

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: softer

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: ankylosaurids

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Sharks,

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Dryptosaurus

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How do vertebrates learn to recognize and attack specific pathogens?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Which of the following is not a sex?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: tyrannosauroid

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: monogamy

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: tyrannosauroid

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: reptiles, and amphibians.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: hadrosaurids

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: apex predators

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: the hadrosaurs dominated in terms of shear number

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: Sharks,

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: reptiles, and amphibians.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: bone-head

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: shear number

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hadrosaurids

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Sharks,

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: the hadrosaurs dominated in terms of shear number

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Dryptosaurus,

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: tyrannosauroid Dryptosaurus,

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Montanoceratops

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: cephalosaurid Stegoceras,

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: reptiles,

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: hadrosaurids

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Montanoceratops

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: reptiles,

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Montanoceratops included reptiles, and amphibians.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Horseshoe Canyon Formation

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: reptiles,

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: reptiles,

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: reptiles,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: Euoplocephalus tutus,

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: reptiles,

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: amp

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: Sphaerotholus edmontonensis,

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: reptiles,

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: reptiles,

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: reptiles,

text: Evolution of the head In the vertebrates has occurred by the fusion of a fixed number of anterior segments, in the same manner as in other ”heteronomously segmented animals”. In some cases segments or a portion of the segments disappear. The head segments also lose most of its systems except for  the nervous system. With the progressive development of cephalization, "the head incorporates more and more of the adjacent segments into its structure, so that in general it may be said that the higher the degree of cepahalization the greater is the number of segments composing the head".

text: Evolution of the head In the

text: vertebrates

text: has occurred by the fusion of a fixed number of anterior segments, in the same manner as in other ”heteronomously segmented animals”. In some cases segments or a portion of the segments disappear. The head segments also lose most of its systems except for  the nervous system. With the progressive development of

text: cephalization

text: , "the head incorporates more and more of the adjacent segments into its structure, so that in general it may be said that the higher the degree of cepahalization the greater is the number of segments composing the head".

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Heteronomously segmented

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: eight

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: nervous system

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: the higher the degree of cepahalization the greater is the number of segments composing the head

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: anterior segments

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: a fixed number of anterior segments

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: cephalization

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: the higher the degree of cepahalization the greater is the number of segments composing the head

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What does the adaptive immune system of vertebrates learn to recognize and attack?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: cephalization

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: cephalization

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: cephalization

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: cephalization

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: cephalization

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: ”heteronomously segmented animals”.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: nervous system.

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: nervous system.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: the higher the degree of cepahalization

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: anterior segments,

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: anterior segments,

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: segments,

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: ”heteronomously segmented

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: ”heteronomously segmented animals”.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: ”heteronomously segmented animals”.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: ”heteronomously segmented animals”.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: ”heteronomously segmented animals”.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: ”heteronomously segmented animals”.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: ”heteronomously segmented animals”.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Evolution of the head In the vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: ”heteronomously segmented animals”.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Evolution of the head In the vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: ”heteronomously segmented animals”.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: ”heteronomously segmented animals”.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Evolution of the head In the vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Evolution of the head In the vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: ”heteronomously segmented animals”.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: ”heteronomously segmented animals”.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: cephalization,

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: nervous system.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: ”heteronomously segmented

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: nervous system.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: cephalization,

text: There are many examples of exaptations. A classic example is how feathers, which initially evolved for heat regulation, were co-opted for display, and later co-opted for use in bird flight. Another example is the lungs of many basal fish, which evolved into the lungs of terrestrial vertebrates but also underwent exaptation to become the gas bladder, a buoyancy control organ, in derived fish.

text: There are many examples of exaptations. A classic example is how

text: feathers

text: , which initially evolved for heat regulation, were co-opted for display, and later co-opted for use in bird flight. Another example is the lungs of many basal fish, which evolved into the lungs of terrestrial vertebrates but also underwent exaptation to become the

text: gas bladder

text: , a buoyancy control organ, in derived fish.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Birds

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: six

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: buoyancy control

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: exaptation to become the gas bladder, a buoyancy control organ

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: lungs

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: feathers

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: exaptation

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: basal fish

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: the lungs of many basal fish evolved into the lungs of terrestrial vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: basal fish

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, exaptation or endothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: exaptation

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: exaptation

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: exaptation

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: basal

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: exaptation

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: basal

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: exaptation

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: terrestrial

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: basal fish,

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: heat regulation,

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: exaptations.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: lungs of many basal fish,

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: lungs

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: feathers,

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: exaptations.

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: heat regulation,

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: basal fish,

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: exaptations.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: basal fish,

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: basal fish,

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: exaptations.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: basal fish,

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: terrestrial vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: exaptations.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: exaptations.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: basal fish,

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: bird flight. Another example is the lungs of many basal fish,

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: exaptations.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: basal fish,

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: basal fish,

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: basal fish,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: exaptations.

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: exaptations.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: exaptations.

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: feathers,

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: exaptations.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: feathers,

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: exaptations.

text: Osteoporosis is a major health problem. Fractures of the spine or vertebral fractures occur commonly in men and women over the age of 60 and hip fracture remains a leading cause of death in elderly individuals. Repair and rehabilitation of hip fractures currently cost 15 billion dollars per year; as the "baby boomers" enter their 70s (2020) this figure is expected to reach 40-60 billion dollars per year unless effective therapies are developed. Although the introduction of several new therapies have reduced the incidence of fracture by as much as 5-10%, low bone mass leading to fractures remains a major health issue. The Surgeon General's report on osteoporosis, issued in 2004, estimates "One out of every two women over 50 will have an osteoporosis-related fracture in their lifetime, with risk of fracture increasing with age. Due primarily to the aging of the population and the previous lack of focus on bone health, the number of hip fractures in the United States could double or even triple by the year 2020."

text: Osteoporosis

text: is a major health problem. Fractures of the

text: spine

text: or

text: vertebral

text: fractures occur commonly in men and women over the age of 60 and

text: hip

text: fracture remains a leading cause of death in elderly individuals.

text: Repair and rehabilitation

text: of

text: hip fracture

text: s currently cost 15 billion dollars per year; as the "

text: baby boomer

text: s" enter their 70s (2020) this figure is expected to reach 40-60 billion dollars per year unless effective therapies are developed. Although the introduction of several new therapies have reduced the incidence of fracture by as much as 5-10%, low bone mass leading to fractures remains a major health issue. The

text: Surgeon General

text: 's report on osteoporosis, issued in 2004, estimates "One out of every two women over 50 will have an osteoporosis-related

text: fracture

text: in their lifetime, with risk of fracture increasing with age. Due primarily to the aging of the population and the previous lack of focus on bone health, the number of hip fractures in the United States could double or even triple by the year 2020."

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: vertebral fractures

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: bone health

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: hip fracture remains a leading cause of death in elderly individuals

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: spines

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebral bones

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: bone is a type of

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Which of the following is not a type of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: vertebrates reproduce sexually

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, vertebrates evolved endothermy or vertebrates evolved ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What does the adaptive immune system of vertebrates learn to recognize and attack?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Which of the following is not true?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: hypothermia

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebral

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: osteoporosis

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: ovary

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: vertebral fractures

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: spine

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: 60

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: 60

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: spine

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: bone mass

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: "baby

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Osteoporosis

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: men and women over the age of 60

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: "One out of every two

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: men and women over the age of 60

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Osteoporosis

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Osteoporosis

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Osteoporosis

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: spine

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: vertebral fractures

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Fractures of the spine or vertebral fractures

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Osteoporosis

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Osteoporosis

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: low bone mass

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: 60

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: men and women over the age of 60

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: men and women over the age of 60

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: "baby boomers"

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Osteoporosis

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: "baby boomers"

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Osteoporosis

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: "baby boomers"

text: In 1879, the article entitled "Note sur la circulation veineuse du cerveau et sur le mode de développement des corpuscules de Pacchioni" was published in the "Archives de Physiologie Normale et Pathologique" (currently known as the Journal of Physiology [Paris]). In a short introduction to this publication, Labbé mentioned that Paul Jules Tillaux (1834–1904) was his supervisor. Tillaux was a famous surgeon, also working at the Beaujon Hospital, who produced publications about the surgical treatment of fractures of the vertebral column, among other subjects. In the body of the article, Labbé described various kinds of intracranial connections of cerebral veins. In his paragraph on the communications between dural sinuses, he reported the presence of the vein that bears his name.

text: In 1879, the article entitled "Note sur la circulation veineuse du cerveau et sur le mode de développement des corpuscules de Pacchioni" was published in the "Archives de Physiologie Normale et Pathologique" (currently known as the Journal of Physiology [Paris]). In a short introduction to this publication, Labbé mentioned that

text: Paul Jules Tillaux

text: (1834–1904) was his supervisor. Tillaux was a famous surgeon, also working at the

text: Beaujon Hospital

text: , who produced publications about the surgical treatment of fractures of the

text: vertebral column

text: , among other subjects. In the body of the article, Labbé described various kinds of intracranial connections of

text: cerebral veins

text: . In his paragraph on the communications between

text: dural sinuses

text: , he reported the presence of the vein that bears his name.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: one

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: surgical treatment

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: the vertebral column of vertebrates is rigid

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebral columns

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: What kind of system does the vertebral column have?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: the vein that bears his name.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: lobe-finned

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: mammals

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: How many living species of vertebrates are mentioned?

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes are vertebrates placed in?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: How many vertebrates have separate male and female sexes

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: mode de développement des corpuscules

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Pacchioni

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: dural sinuses

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: corpuscule

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Pacchioni

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: dural

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: mode de développement des corpuscules

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: vertebral column,

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: corpuscules

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: surgical treatment of fractures

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: fractures

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: dural sinuses,

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: cerebral veins.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebral column,

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: développement des corpuscules

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Paul Jules Tillaux

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: corpuscules de Pacchioni"

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: surgical treatment of fractures of the vertebral column,

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: corpuscules

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Labbé mentioned that Paul Jules Tillaux

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Paul Jules Tillaux

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Labbé mentioned that Paul Jules Tillaux

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: Paul Jules Tillaux

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Paul Jules Tillaux

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Labbé mentioned that Paul Jules Tillaux

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: corpuscules

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: corpuscules

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: mode de développement des corpuscules

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: Paul Jules Tillaux (1834–1904)

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Paul Jules Tillaux

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Paul Jules Tillaux

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: développement des corpuscules

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: surgical treatment of fractures of the vertebral column,

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: développement des corpuscules

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: corpuscules

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: surgical treatment

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: corpuscules

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: développement des corpuscules

text: As previously mentioned, Hox genes encode transcription factors that regulate embryonic and post-embryonic developmental processes.<ref name='Voss 2013'>Voss, S. R., Putta, S., Walker, J. A., Smith, J. J., Maki, N., & Tsonis, P. A. (2013). "Salamander Hox clusters contain repetitive DNA and expanded non-coding regions: a typical Hox structure for non-mammalian tetrapod vertebrates?" Hum Genomics, 7(9).</ref>  The expression of Hox genes is regulated in part by the tight, spatial arrangement of conserved coding and non-coding DNA regions.<ref name='Voss 2013'/> The potential for evolutionary alterations in Hox cluster composition is viewed to be small among vertebrates. On the other hand, recent studies of a small number of non-mammalian taxa propose greater dissimilarity than initially considered.<ref name='Voss 2013'/> Next, generation sequencing of considerable genomic fragments greater than 100 kilobases from the eastern newt (Notophthalmus viridescens) was analyzed. Subsequently, it was found that the composition of Hox cluster genes were conserved relative to orthologous regions from other vertebrates. Furthermore, it was found that the length of introns and intergenic regions varied.<ref name='Voss 2013'/> In particular, the distance between HoxD13 and HoxD11 is longer in newt than orthologous regions from vertebrate species with expanded Hox clusters and is predicted to exceed the length of the entire HoxD clusters (HoxD13–HoxD4) of humans, mice, and frogs.<ref name='Voss 2013'/> Many recurring DNA sequences were recognized for newt Hox clusters, counting an enrichment of DNA transposon-like sequences similar to non-coding genomic fragments. Researchers found the results to suggest that Hox cluster expansion and transposon accumulation are common features of non-mammalian tetrapod vertebrates.<ref name='Voss 2013'/>

text: As previously mentioned, Hox genes encode

text: transcription factor

text: s that regulate embryonic and post-embryonic developmental processes.<ref name='Voss 2013'>Voss, S. R., Putta, S., Walker, J. A., Smith, J. J., Maki, N., & Tsonis, P. A. (2013). "Salamander Hox clusters contain repetitive DNA and expanded non-coding regions: a typical Hox structure for non-mammalian tetrapod vertebrates?" Hum Genomics, 7(9).</ref>  The expression of Hox genes is regulated in part by the tight, spatial arrangement of conserved

text: coding

text: and

text: non-coding

text: DNA regions.<ref name='Voss 2013'/> The potential for evolutionary alterations in Hox cluster composition is viewed to be small among vertebrates. On the other hand, recent studies of a small number of non-mammalian

text: taxa

text: propose greater dissimilarity than initially considered.<ref name='Voss 2013'/> Next, generation sequencing of considerable genomic fragments greater than 100 kilobases from the

text: eastern newt

text: (Notophthalmus viridescens) was analyzed. Subsequently, it was found that the composition of Hox cluster genes were conserved relative to orthologous regions from other vertebrates. Furthermore, it was found that the length of

text: intron

text: s and

text: intergenic region

text: s varied.<ref name='Voss 2013'/> In particular, the distance between HoxD13 and HoxD11 is longer in newt than orthologous regions from vertebrate species with expanded Hox clusters and is predicted to exceed the length of the entire HoxD clusters (HoxD13–HoxD4) of humans, mice, and frogs.<ref name='Voss 2013'/> Many recurring DNA sequences were recognized for newt Hox clusters, counting an enrichment of DNA transposon-like sequences similar to non-coding genomic fragments. Researchers found the results to suggest that Hox cluster expansion and

text: transposon

text: accumulation are common features of non-mammalian tetrapod vertebrates.<ref name='Voss 2013'/>

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: four

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: developmental processes

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: Hox cluster expansion and transposon

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: Hox clusters

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Hox clusters.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: embryonic

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: mammalian

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Hox cluster expansion and transposon accumulation are common features of

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: mammalian

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: context: Amphibians were the first vertebrates that did not need water to reproduce.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Ectothermy evolved after endothermy.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: context: Amphibians evolved from a lobe-finned fish ancestor.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: The adaptive immune system of vertebrates learns to recognize and attack specific pathogens.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: The earliest fish had a cartilage endoskeleton.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Birds evolved before the first mammals appeared

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony skeletons are harder to grow.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: It is estimated that there are more than a million living species of vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: tetrapod

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Males and females are common in most vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: embryonic

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: HoxD11

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: Hox cluster expansion

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: HoxD

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: skeleton

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: post-embryonic

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: tetrapod

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: newt

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: Hox cluster genes

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: expanded Hox clusters

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: HoxD clusters (HoxD13–HoxD4)

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Hox cluster genes

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: Hox cluster genes were conserved

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: expanded Hox clusters

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Hox cluster genes were conserved

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: non-mammalian

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: small

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: newt

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: newt

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: newt

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: newt

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: newt

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: the composition of Hox cluster genes were conserved

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: newt

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: eastern newt

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: newt

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: humans,

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Hox cluster expansion

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: newt

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: post-embryonic

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: DNA

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: transposon-like

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: newt

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: DNA transposon-like sequences

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: post-embryonic

text: The central nervous system of vertebrates is based on a hollow nerve cord running along the length of the animal. Of particular importance and unique to vertebrates is the presence of neural crest cells. These are progenitors of stem cells, and critical to coordinating the functions of cellular components. Neural crest cells migrate through the body from the nerve cord during development, and initiate the formation of neural ganglia and structures such as the jaws and skull.

text: The

text: central nervous system

text: of vertebrates is based on a hollow

text: nerve cord

text: running along the length of the animal. Of particular importance and unique to vertebrates is the presence of

text: neural crest

text: cells. These are progenitors of

text: stem cell

text: s, and critical to coordinating the functions of cellular components. Neural crest cells migrate through the body from the

text: nerve cord

text: during development, and initiate the formation of

text: neural ganglia

text: and structures such as the jaws and skull.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Neural crest cells migrate through the body

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: one

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: central nervous system

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: Neural crest cells migrate through the body from the nerve cord during development

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: nerve cords

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Neural crest cells

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Neural crest cells migrate through the body during development

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What does the adaptive immune system of vertebrates learn to recognize and attack?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Which came first, birds or mammals?

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: embryonic

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: neural crest cells

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: embryonic

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: neural crest cells.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: central nervous system of vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: coordinating the functions of cellular components.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: hollow nerve cord

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: jaws and skull.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: neural crest cells.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: neural crest cells.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: stem cells,

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: neural crest cells.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: stem cells,

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: stem cells,

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: stem cells,

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: neural crest cells.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: neural crest cells.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: vertebrates is based on a hollow nerve cord

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: neural crest cells.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: neural crest cells.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: hollow nerve cord

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: neural crest cells.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: neural crest cells.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: neural crest cells.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: neural crest cells.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: Neural crest cells migrate through the body from the nerve cord during development,

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: neural crest cells.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: stem cells,

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: neural crest cells.

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: neural crest cells.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Neural crest cells migrate through the body from the nerve cord during development,

text: The first and second editions (1955 and 1969) provide an overview of the entire range of vertebrate evolution, and are illustrated by the distinctive drawings of Lois Darling.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Colbert’s Evolution of the Vertebrates. A History of the Backboned Animals Through Time|journal=Journal of Mammalogy|date=1 August 2003|volume=84|issue=3|pages=1121–1122|doi=10.1644/1545-1542(2003)084

text: The first and second editions (1955 and 1969) provide an overview of the entire range of vertebrate evolution, and are illustrated by the distinctive drawings of Lois Darling.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Colbert’s Evolution of the Vertebrates. A History of the Backboned Animals Through Time|journal=Journal of Mammalogy|date=1 August 2003|volume=84|issue=3|pages=1121–1122|doi=10.1644/1545-1542(2003)084

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: backboned animals

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: backboned

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: backboned animals through time

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: backbones

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: Backboned

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: backboned

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: backboned animals through time

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: backboned animals

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: cite journal|title=Colbert’s Evolution of the Vertebrates. A History of the Backboned Animals Through Time|journal=Journal of Mammalogy|date=1 August 2003|volume=84|issue=3|pages=1121–1122|doi=10.1643/1545-1542(2003)084;

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: ectothermy

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: ref> cite journal|title=Colbert’s Evolution of the Vertebrates. A History of the Backboned Animals Through Time|journal=Journal of Mammalogy|date=1 August 2003|volume=84|issue=3|pages=1121–1122|doi=10.1643/1545-1542(2003)084;

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: Phylum Chordata

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: vertebrate kidneys

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: The adaptive immune system of vertebrates learns to recognize and attack specific pathogens.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: The earliest fish had a cartilage endoskeleton.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: birds evolved before the first mammals

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: cartilage skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: male and female vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Colbert’s

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Mammalian

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Backboned Animals

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: 2003|volume=84|issue=3|pages=1121–1122|doi=10.1644/1545-1542(2003)084

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: Backboned

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: Backboned Animals Through Time|journal=Journal

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: Backboned

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Backboned Animals

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: Backboned

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: Backboned

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: A History of the Backboned Animals Through Time|journal=Journal

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Backboned Animals

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Backboned Animals Through Time|journal=Journal

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Backboned Animals

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: A History of the Backboned Animals Through Time|journal=Journal

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: A History of the Backboned Animals Through Time|journal=Journal

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: A History of the Backboned Animals Through Time|journal=Journal

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: Backboned Animals Through Time|journal=Journal

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Evolution of the Vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: A History of the Backboned Animals Through Time|journal=Journal

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Backboned Animals Through Time|journal=Journal

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Evolution of the Vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: A History of the Backboned Animals Through Time|journal=Journal

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: Backboned Animals

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: A History of the Backboned Animals Through Time|journal=Journal

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: A History of the Backboned Animals Through Time|journal=Journal

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: Mammalogy|date=1

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Backboned Animals

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: Backboned Animals

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: Mammalogy|date=1

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Backboned Animals

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: Mammalogy|date=1

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Mammalogy|date=1

text: The fossil record has been studied to try to clarify the relationship animals have to their environment, in part to help understand the current state of biodiversity. A close link has been found between vertebrate taxonomic and ecological diversity, that is, the diversity of animals and the niches they occupy.

text: The fossil record has been studied to try to clarify the relationship animals have to their environment, in part to help understand the current state of

text: biodiversity

text: . A close link has been found between vertebrate taxonomic and ecological diversity, that is, the diversity of animals and the

text: niche

text: s they occupy.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: taxonomic and ecological diversity

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: one

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: their environment

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: the diversity of animals and the niches they occupy.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: niches

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: taxonomic and ecological diversity

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: It has been found between vertebrate taxonomic and ecological diversity

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the relationship between vertebrates and their environment?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: The fossil record

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: fossil record

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: embryonic

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: animals

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: vertebrate taxonomic and ecological diversity,

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: relationship animals have to their environment,

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The fossil record

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrate taxonomic and ecological diversity,

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: ecological diversity,

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebrate taxonomic and ecological diversity,

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: vertebrate taxonomic and ecological diversity,

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: A close link has been found between vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: The fossil record

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: The fossil record

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: The fossil record

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: The fossil record

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: The fossil record

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: The fossil record

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: vertebrate taxonomic and ecological diversity,

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: The fossil record

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: biodiversity.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: A close link has been found between vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: The fossil record

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: The fossil record

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: vertebrate taxonomic and ecological diversity,

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: taxonomic

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: A close link has been found between vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrate taxonomic and ecological diversity,

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: vertebrate taxonomic and ecological diversity,

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrate taxonomic and ecological diversity,

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: vertebrate taxonomic and ecological diversity,

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: The fossil record

text: All of Oken's writings are deductive illustrations of an assumed principle, which, with other philosophers of the transcendental school, he deemed equal to the explanation of all the mysteries of nature. According to him, the head was a repetition of the trunk—a kind of second trunk, with its limbs and other appendages; this sum of his observations and comparisons—few of which he ever gave in detail—ought always to be borne in mind in comparing the share taken by Oken in homological anatomy with the progress made by other cultivators of that philosophical branch of the science.  The idea of the analogy between the skull, or parts of the skull, and the vertebral column had been previously propounded and ventilated in their lectures by Johann von Autenrieth (1772–1835) and Carl Kielmeyer (1765–1844), and in the writings of Johann Frank (1745–1821). By Oken it was applied chiefly in illustration of the mystical system of Schelling—the "all-in-all" and "all-in-every-part." From the earliest to the latest of Oken's writings on the subject, "the head is a repetition of the whole trunk with all its systems: the brain is the spinal cord; the cranium is the vertebral column; the mouth is intestine and abdomen; the nose is the lungs and thorax; the jaws are the limbs; and the teeth the claws or nails." Johann von Spix (1781–1826) in his folio Cephalogenesis (1818), richly illustrated comparative craniology, but presented the facts under the same transcendental guise; and Georges Cuvier (1769–1832) availed himself of the extravagances of these disciples of Schelling to cast ridicule on the whole inquiry into those higher relations of parts to the archetype which Sir Richard Owen (1804–1892) called "general homologies."

text: All of Oken's writings are deductive illustrations of an assumed principle, which, with other philosophers of the transcendental school, he deemed equal to the explanation of all the mysteries of nature. According to him, the head was a repetition of the trunk—a kind of second trunk, with its limbs and other appendages; this sum of his observations and comparisons—few of which he ever gave in detail—ought always to be borne in mind in comparing the share taken by Oken in

text: homological

text: anatomy with the progress made by other cultivators of that philosophical branch of the science.  The idea of the analogy between the skull, or parts of the skull, and the vertebral column had been previously propounded and ventilated in their lectures by

entity_name: Johann Heinrich Ferdinand von Autenrieth

text: Johann von Autenrieth

text: (1772–1835) and

text: Carl Kielmeyer

text: (1765–1844), and in the writings of

text: Johann Frank

text: (1745–1821). By Oken it was applied chiefly in illustration of the mystical system of Schelling—the "all-in-all" and "all-in-every-part." From the earliest to the latest of Oken's writings on the subject, "the head is a repetition of the whole trunk with all its systems: the brain is the spinal cord; the cranium is the vertebral column; the mouth is intestine and abdomen; the nose is the lungs and thorax; the jaws are the limbs; and the teeth the claws or nails."

text: Johann von Spix

text: (1781–1826) in his folio Cephalogenesis (1818), richly illustrated comparative

text: craniology

text: , but presented the facts under the same transcendental guise; and

text: Georges Cuvier

text: (1769–1832) availed himself of the extravagances of these disciples of Schelling to cast ridicule on the whole inquiry into those higher relations of parts to the archetype which Sir

text: Richard Owen

text: (1804–1892) called "general homologies."

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: limbs and other appendages

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: the brain

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: the brain is the spinal cord

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: How many systems does the brain have?

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: the cranium

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Which of the following is not a type of vertebrates: plants, animals, or fungi?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: cranium

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: the brain is the spinal cord

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How does the immune system of vertebrates learn to recognize and attack specific pathogens?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many different classes of vertebrates are placed in the paragraph?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: Cephalogenesis

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Schelling

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: cephalogenesis

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cranium

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Schelling

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Cephalogenesis

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: the cranium is the vertebral column;

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: "all-in-every-part."

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: "all-in-every-part."

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: "all-in-every-part."

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: the jaws are the limbs;

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: the cranium

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebral column;

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: very-part."

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: "all-in-every-part."

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: trunk

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: every-part."

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: very-part."

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: "all-in-every-part."

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: "all-in-every-part."

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: "all-in-every-part."

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: -in-every-part."

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: "all-in-every-part."

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: "all-in-every-part."

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: all-in-every-part."

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: "general homologies."

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: "all-in-every-part."

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: all-in-every-part."

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: "the head is a repetition of the whole trunk with all its systems:

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: all-in-every-part."

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: Cephalogenesis

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Schelling—the

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: in-every-part."

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cranium

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: mystical system of Schelling—the

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: cranium

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Cephalogenesis

text: The earliest organisms that can be classified as fish were soft-bodied chordates that first appeared during the Cambrian period. Although they lacked a true spine, they possessed notochords which allowed them to be more agile than their invertebrate counterparts. Fish would continue to evolve through the Paleozoic era, diversifying into a wide variety of forms. Many fish of the Paleozoic developed external armor that protected them from predators. The first fish with jaws appeared in the Silurian period, after which many (such as sharks) became formidable marine predators rather than just the prey of arthropods.

text: The earliest organisms that can be classified as fish were soft-bodied

text: chordate

text: s that first appeared during the

text: Cambrian

text: period. Although they lacked a

text: true spine

text: , they possessed

text: notochord

text: s which allowed them to be more agile than their invertebrate counterparts. Fish would continue to evolve through the

text: Paleozoic

text: era, diversifying into a wide variety of forms. Many fish of the Paleozoic developed

text: external armor

text: that protected them from predators. The first fish with

text: jaw

text: s appeared in the

text: Silurian

text: period, after which many (such as

text: shark

text: s) became formidable marine predators rather than just the prey of

text: arthropod

text: s.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: chordates

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: chordates

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: backbone

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: they possessed notochords

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: spines

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: notochord

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Which of the following is not an invertebrate?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: notochords

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: the first fish with jaws appeared in the Silurian period

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: notochords

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: notochords

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which came first, the Cambrian period or the Silurian period?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: external armor

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: sexual

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: chordates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: notochords

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: invertebrate

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: to be more agile

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: true spine,

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: spine,

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: notochords

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: agile

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: external armor that protected them from predators.

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: invertebrate

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: fish were soft-bodied chordates

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: invertebrate counterparts.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: fish were soft-bodied chordates

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: notochords

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: notochords

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: invertebrate counterparts.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: invertebrate counterparts.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: invertebrate counterparts.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: notochords

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: notochords

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: invertebrate counterparts.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: invertebrate counterparts.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: notochords

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: external armor that protected them from predators.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: notochords

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: notochords

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: notochords

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: invertebrate

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: notochords

text: The term coccyx is derived from the ancient Greek word κόκκυξ kokkyx "cuckoo"; the latter is attested in the writings of the Greek physician Herophilus to denote the end of the vertebral column. This Greek name for the cuckoo was applied as the last three or four bones of the coccyx resemble the beak of this bird, when viewed from the side.

text: The term coccyx is derived from the

text: ancient Greek

text: word κόκκυξ kokkyx "cuckoo"; the latter is attested in the writings of the Greek

text: physician

text: Herophilus

text: to denote the end of the vertebral column. This Greek name for the

text: cuckoo

text: was applied as the last three or four bones of the coccyx resemble the beak of this bird, when viewed from the side.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: birds

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: one

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: end

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: the last three or four bones of the coccyx resemble the beak of this bird

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: bones

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: coccyx

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: the cuckoo is a bird

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the term coccyx derived from?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes are vertebrates placed in?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Herophilus

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: cuckoo

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Herophilus

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: spinal cord

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: coccyx

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: four

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: end

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: end

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: three or four bones

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: coccyx

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: bones

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: vertebral column.

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: The term coccyx

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Greek physician Herophilus

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: The term coccyx

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: coccyx

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: The term coccyx

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: coccyx

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: The term coccyx

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: vertebral column.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: coccyx

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: term coccyx

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: vertebral column.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: The term coccyx

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: The term coccyx

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: The term coccyx

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: vertebral column.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: The term coccyx

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebral column.

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Greek physician Herophilus

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: coccyx

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebral column.

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Greek physician Herophilus

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebral column.

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebral column.

text: Some protists reproduce sexually using gametes, while others reproduce asexually by binary fission.

text: Some protists reproduce

text: sexually

text: using

text: gametes

text: , while others reproduce

text: asexually

text: by

text: binary fission

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: protists

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: six

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: reproduction

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: the vertebral column of protists reproduce sexually using gametes

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: gametes

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: binary fission

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: softer

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: binary fission

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: protists

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: vertebrates reproduce asexually.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: protists

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: binary fission

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How do protists reproduce?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: binary fission

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: binary fission

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: gamete

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: binary fission

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: asexual

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: protist

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: binary fission

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: protist

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: gamete

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: protists

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: protists reproduce sexually using gametes,

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: reproduce sexually

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: asexually by binary fission.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: gametes,

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: gametes,

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: gametes,

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: asexually by binary fission.

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: gametes,

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: protists reproduce sexually using gametes,

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: sexually using gametes,

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: protists reproduce sexually using gametes,

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: binary fission.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: gametes,

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: asexually by binary fission.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: Some protists reproduce sexually using gametes,

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: gametes,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: gametes, while others reproduce asexually by binary fission.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Some protists reproduce sexually using gametes,

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Some protists reproduce sexually using gametes,

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: asexually by binary fission.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: Some protists reproduce sexually using gametes,

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Some protists reproduce sexually using gametes,

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Some protists reproduce sexually using gametes,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: gametes,

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: protists reproduce sexually using gametes,

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: asexually by binary fission.

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: protists reproduce sexually using gametes,

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: binary fission.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: protists reproduce sexually using gametes,

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: gametes,

text: Cartilage erosion may progress to the point that the bone underneath will become exposed. With the cartilage no longer present to protect it, the navicular bursa and DDF tendon may become damaged by the constant rubbing against the navicular bone. Navicular bursitis (inflammation of the navicular bursa) may occur, even if cartilage damage is not severe. This is probably due to the friction between the navicular bone and the DDF tendon from compression.

text: Cartilage erosion may progress to the point that the bone underneath will become exposed. With the cartilage no longer present to protect it, the navicular bursa and DDF tendon may become damaged by the constant rubbing against the navicular bone. Navicular bursitis (inflammation of the navicular bursa) may occur, even if cartilage damage is not severe. This is probably due to the friction between the navicular bone and the DDF tendon from compression.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: mammals, birds, and reptiles

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: six

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: protect it

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The vertebral column of vertebrates is made of cartilage.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more likely to be exposed

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: vertebrates reproduce sexually.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which of the following is not a type of vertebrate?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Which of the following is not true?

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How does the adaptive immune system of vertebrates work?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: What happened first, birds or mammals?

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Which of the following is not a sex?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: DDF tendon

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: asexual

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Navicular bursitis

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: embryonic

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: navicular bursa and DDF tendon

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: Cartilage

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: protect

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: the bone underneath will become exposed.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: navicular bursa and DDF tendon

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: navicular bursa and DDF tendon

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: exposed.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: Cartilage erosion

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: (inflammation

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Cartilage

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Cartilage erosion

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Cartilage

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: Cartilage

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Cartilage erosion

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Cartilage erosion

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Cartilage

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Cartilage

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: Cartilage

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Cartilage

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Cartilage

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: Cartilage

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: DDF tendon

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: Cartilage erosion

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: Cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: DDF tendon

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: Cartilage

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Cartilage

text: Nuclear scintigraphy, or the "bone scan," involves injecting a radioactive substance, often technetium-99, into the horse and then measuring uptake, which is strongest in the areas of rapid bone remodeling. The bone scan is often useful for lameness that can’t be easily localized to one area, that affects multiple limbs, or lameness that is thought to originate in areas not easily imaged by other means, such as the vertebral column. Although it provides localization for lameness, it does not give a definitive diagnosis. The availability of this modality is more limited relative to radiographs and ultrasound, and usually requires referral to a secondary care facility. Additionally, the horse must stay for a short period of time until it is no longer radioactive.  It is relatively non-invasive, requiring an initial injection of the radioisotope, and sedation throughout the procedure.

text: Nuclear scintigraphy, or the "bone scan," involves injecting a radioactive substance, often

text: , into the horse and then measuring uptake, which is strongest in the areas of rapid bone remodeling. The bone scan is often useful for lameness that can’t be easily localized to one area, that affects multiple limbs, or lameness that is thought to originate in areas not easily imaged by other means, such as the vertebral column. Although it provides localization for lameness, it does not give a definitive diagnosis. The availability of this modality is more limited relative to radiographs and ultrasound, and usually requires referral to a secondary care facility. Additionally, the horse must stay for a short period of time until it is no longer radioactive.  It is relatively non-invasive, requiring an initial injection of the radioisotope, and sedation throughout the procedure.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: eight

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: lameness

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: the vertebral column is not easily imaged by other means

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: limbs

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: non-invasive

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: the horse must stay for a short time until it is no longer radioactive

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: lobe-finned fish

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What does the adaptive immune system of vertebrates learn to recognize and attack?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: mammals evolved before the first birds

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: embryonic

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: lameness

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: asexual

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Ultrasound

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: embryonic

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: vertebral column.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: horse

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: lameness

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: easily imaged by other means,

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: limbs,

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebral column.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: bone remodeling.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: Nuclear scintigraphy,

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Nuclear scintigraphy,

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: horse

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Nuclear scintigraphy,

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: horse

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Nuclear scintigraphy,

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Nuclear scintigraphy,

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Nuclear scintigraphy,

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: Nuclear scintigraphy,

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Nuclear scintigraphy,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Nuclear scintigraphy,

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: bone remodeling.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Nuclear scintigraphy,

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: bone remodeling.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: Nuclear scintigraphy,

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Nuclear scintigraphy,

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Nuclear scintigraphy,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: Nuclear scintigraphy,

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Nuclear scintigraphy,

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: Nuclear scintigraphy,

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Nuclear scintigraphy,

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Nuclear scintigraphy,

text: The known non-arboviruses of the flavivirus family reproduce in either arthropods or vertebrates, but not both, with one odd member of the genus affecting a nematode.

text: The known non-arboviruses of the flavivirus family reproduce in either arthropods or vertebrates, but not both, with one odd member of the genus affecting a

text: nematode

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: arthropods

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: one

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: reproduction

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: the vertebral column of vertebrates does not contain flaviviruses

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: digits

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: flavivirus

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: arthropods

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: arthropods

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: nematode

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: arthropods

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How does the immune system of vertebrates work?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: Arthropods

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: arthropods

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: arthropods

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: arthropods

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: arthropods

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: nematode

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Arthropods

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: arthropods

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: one

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: reproduce

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: not both,

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: both, with one odd member of the genus

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: nematode.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: arthropods or vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: nematode.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: not both,

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: nematode.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: The known non-arboviruses

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: both,

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: The known non-arboviruses

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: arthropods

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: The known non-arboviruses

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: arthropods

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: both,

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: nematode.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: The known non-arboviruses

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: both,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: nematode.

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: arthropods

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: arthropods or vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: arthropods or vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: nematode.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: nematode.

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: nematode.

text: Most fish are completely cold-blooded. Some, such as tuna and lamnid sharks (particularly the salmon shark), have evolved regional endothermy, in which parts of the body core are kept at a warmer temperature. These fish have retia arranged to warm muscles used for propulsion, and some visceral organs, while other organs, such as the heart, remain cooler. Only L. guttatus is known to have retia within its gill arches (which are also insulated by fat), an arrangement that warms the entire body core including the heart.

text: Most fish are completely

text: cold-blooded

text: . Some, such as tuna and lamnid sharks (particularly the

text: salmon shark

text: ), have evolved regional endothermy, in which parts of the body core are kept at a warmer temperature. These fish have retia arranged to warm muscles used for propulsion, and some visceral organs, while other organs, such as the heart, remain cooler. Only L. guttatus is known to have retia within its

text: gill arch

text: es (which are also insulated by fat), an arrangement that warms the entire body core including the heart.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: tuna and lamnid

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: nine

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: propulsion

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: the entire body core including the heart.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: limbs

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: gill arches

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: softer

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: What do vertebrates have?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Most fish are completely cold-blooded

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: what is the function of vertebrate kidneys

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes are vertebrates placed in?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: muscle

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: regional endothermy

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: visceral

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: fish are completely cold-blooded.

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: warm muscles used for propulsion,

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: Most fish are completely cold-blooded.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: gill arches

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: retia

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: warmer temperature.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: cold-blooded.

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: warm muscles used for propulsion,

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: fish are completely cold-blooded.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Most fish are completely cold-blooded.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: fish are completely cold-blooded.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Most fish are completely cold-blooded.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: regional endothermy,

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: fish are completely cold-blooded.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: fish are completely cold-blooded.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: cold-blooded.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: regional endothermy,

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: regional endothermy,

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: fish are completely cold-blooded.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Most fish are completely cold-blooded.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: fish are completely cold-blooded.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: fish are completely cold-blooded.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Most fish are completely cold-blooded.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: regional endothermy,

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: regional endothermy,

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: regional endothermy,

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: retia

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: regional endothermy,

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: retia

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: regional endothermy,

text: Patients with an advanced case may present some or none of the symptoms associated with general cases of vertebral osteomyelitis. When the osteomyelitis is isolated in the back, as it is in vertebral osteomyelitis, the patient will report muscle spasms coming from the back, but may not report experiencing any fevers. Symptomatic signs vary in each patient and depend on the severity of the case. Neurologic deficiency characterizes advanced, threatening cases of the disease. On average, 40% of patients with an advanced case of vertebral osteomyelitis experience some type of neurological deficiency; this is a sign that the infection has been progressing for some time. In advanced cases, the untreated infection will attack the nervous system through the spinal cord which runs parallel to the vertebral column, placing the patient at risk for paralysis of the extremities. Additionally, loss of the ability to move is a trademark symptom of neurologic problems in advanced cases of vertebral osteomyelitis. Any further signs of neurological deficit signal an advanced case of vertebral osteomyelitis that requires immediate intervention to prevent further threat to the spinal cord.

text: Patients with an advanced case may present some or none of the symptoms associated with general cases of vertebral osteomyelitis. When the osteomyelitis is isolated in the back, as it is in vertebral osteomyelitis, the patient will report muscle spasms coming from the back, but may not report experiencing any fevers. Symptomatic signs vary in each patient and depend on the severity of the case. Neurologic deficiency characterizes advanced, threatening cases of the disease. On average, 40% of patients with an advanced case of vertebral osteomyelitis experience some type of neurological deficiency; this is a sign that the infection has been progressing for some time. In advanced cases, the untreated infection will attack the nervous system through the spinal cord which runs parallel to the vertebral column, placing the patient at risk for paralysis of the extremities. Additionally, loss of the ability to move is a trademark symptom of neurologic problems in advanced cases of vertebral osteomyelitis. Any further signs of

entity_name: Functional neurological symptom disorder

text: neurological deficit

text: signal an advanced case of vertebral osteomyelitis that requires immediate intervention to prevent further threat to the spinal cord.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: eight

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: movement

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: spinal cord runs parallel to the vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: spinal cords

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: softer

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Which of the following is not a symptom of vertebral osteomyelitis?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: vertebral osteomyelitis

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: vertebral osteomyelitis

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: vertebral osteomyelitis

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, vertebrates evolved endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: How long ago did birds evolve

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: ovary

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: neurological deficiency

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebral

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: osteomyelitis

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: osteomyelitis

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: ovary

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: vertebral osteomyelitis.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: vertebral osteomyelitis.

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: nervous system

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: none

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: extremities.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: spinal cord which runs parallel to the vertebral column,

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: muscle spasms

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: neurological deficiency;

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: fevers.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: vertebral osteomyelitis.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: vertebral osteomyelitis.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Neurologic deficiency

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Neurologic deficiency

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Neurologic deficiency

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Neurologic deficiency

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: vertebral osteomyelitis.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Neurologic deficiency

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Neurologic deficiency

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: vertebral osteomyelitis.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Neurologic deficiency

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Neurologic deficiency

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: neurological deficiency;

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Neurologic deficiency

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Neurologic deficiency

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: Neurologic deficiency

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: fevers.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: Neurologic deficiency

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: muscle

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: fevers.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: osteomyelitis.

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Neurologic deficiency

text: Polychaetes can reproduce asexually, by dividing into two or more pieces or by budding off a new individual while the parent remains a complete organism. Some oligochaetes, such as Aulophorus furcatus, seem to reproduce entirely asexually, while others reproduce asexually in summer and sexually in autumn. Asexual reproduction in oligochaetes is always by dividing into two or more pieces, rather than by budding. However, leeches have never been seen reproducing asexually.

text: Polychaete

text: s can reproduce asexually, by dividing into two or more pieces or by

text: budding

text: off a new individual while the parent remains a complete organism. Some

text: oligochaete

text: s, such as

text: Aulophorus

text: furcatus, seem to reproduce entirely asexually, while others reproduce asexually in summer and sexually in autumn. Asexual reproduction in oligochaetes is always by dividing into two or more pieces, rather than by budding. However,

text: leech

text: es have never been seen reproducing asexually.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Polychaetes

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: eight

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: complete organism

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: leeches have never been seen reproducing asexually.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: digits

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: polychaetes

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexually

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Polychaetes

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: leeches have never been seen reproducing asexually.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: leeches

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: cartilage skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are living species of vertebrates placed in?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: male and female

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: budding

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: asexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: sexually

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: oligochaetes

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: asexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: Polychaetes

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: sexual

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Polychaetes

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: Polychaetes

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: parent remains a complete organism.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: leeches have never been seen reproducing asexually.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Polychaetes

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: Polychaetes can reproduce asexually,

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: budding

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Polychaetes can reproduce asexually,

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Polychaetes

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: leeches have never been seen reproducing asexually.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Polychaetes

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Polychaetes can reproduce asexually,

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Polychaetes

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Polychaetes

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: Polychaetes

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Polychaetes can reproduce asexually,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Polychaetes can reproduce asexually,

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Polychaetes

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Polychaetes

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Polychaetes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: Polychaetes

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Polychaetes

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Polychaetes

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: budding

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Polychaetes

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: budding

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: leeches

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: budding off a new individual while the parent remains a complete organism.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: leeches

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: budding

text: Surrounding structures such as the notochord, neural tube, epidermis and lateral plate mesoderm send signals for somite differentiation Notochord protein accumulates in presomitic mesoderm destined to form the next somite and then decreases as that somite is established. The notochord and the neural tube activate the protein SHH  which helps the somite to form its sclerotome. The cells of the sclerotome express the protein PAX1 that induces the cartilage and bone formation. The neural tube activates the protein WNT1 that expresses PAX 2 so the somite creates the myotome and dermatome. Finally, the neural tube also secretes neurotrophin 3 (NT-3), so that the somite creates the dermis. Boundaries for each somite are regulated by retinoic acid (RA) and a combination of FGF8 and WNT3a. So the retinoic acid is an endogenous signal that maintains the bilateral synchrony of mesoderm segmentation and controls bilateral symmetry in vertebrates. The bilaterally symmetric body plan of vertebrate embryos is obvious in somites and their derivates such as the vertebral column. Therefore, asymmetric somite formation correlates with a left-right desynchronization of the segmentation oscillations.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: vertebrates that have bilateral symmetry

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: bilateral symmetry

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: bilaterally symmetric body plan of vertebrate embryos

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: somites

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: the myotome and dermatome

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: a type of

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: somite differentiation

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: retinoic acid

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: somites

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: bilaterally symmetric body plan of vertebrate embryos

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: bilaterally symmetric

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: What are the first vertebrates that do not need water to reproduce?

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: What is the most common ancestor of amphibians?

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: What is cartilage?

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: How many vertebrates evolved before birds?

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: How can cartilage skeletons help an animal grow larger?

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: Which of the following is not a type of vertebrate?

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Which of the following is not a sex?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: somite

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: epidermis

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: somite

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: epidermis

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: somite

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: vertebral column.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: vertebral column.

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: bilaterally symmetric body plan

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: asymmetric

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: somite

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: lateral plate mesoderm

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: PAX1

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: bilaterally symmetric

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: retinoic acid

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: vertebral column.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: asymmetric somite formation

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: presomitic mesoderm

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: retinoic acid

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: notochord, neural tube, epidermis

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: retinoic acid

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: vertebral column.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: retinoic acid

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: retinoic acid

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: PAX1

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: retinoic acid

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: lateral plate mesoderm

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: bilateral symmetry

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: somite differentiation

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: retinoic acid

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: bilaterally symmetric

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: endogenous signal

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: somite differentiation

text: There are six somatostatin genes that have been discovered in vertebrates. The current proposed history as to how these six genes arose is based on the three whole-genome duplication events that took place in vertebrate evolution along with local duplications in teleost fish. An ancestral somatostatin gene was duplicated during the first whole-genome duplication event (1R) to create SS1 and SS2. These two genes were duplicated during the second whole-genome duplication event (2R) to create four new somatostatin genes: SS1, SS2, SS3, and one gene that was lost during the evolution of vertebrates. Tetrapods retained SS1 (also known as SS-14 and SS-28) and SS2 (also known as cortistatin) after the split in the sarcopterygii and actinopterygii lineage split. In teleost fish, SS1, SS2, and SS3 were duplicated during the third whole-genome duplication event (3R) to create SS1, SS2, SS4, SS5, and two genes that were lost during the evolution of teleost fish. SS1 and SS2 went through local duplications to give rise to SS6 and SS3.

text: There are six somatostatin genes that have been discovered in

text: vertebrates

text: . The current proposed history as to how these six genes arose is based on the three whole-genome duplication events that took place in vertebrate evolution along with local duplications in

text: teleost

text: fish. An ancestral somatostatin gene was duplicated during the first

text: whole-genome duplication event

text: (1R) to create SS1 and SS2. These two genes were duplicated during the second whole-genome duplication event (2R) to create four new somatostatin genes: SS1, SS2, SS3, and one gene that was lost during the evolution of vertebrates.

text: Tetrapods

text: retained SS1 (also known as SS-14 and SS-28) and SS2 (also known as

text: cortistatin

text: ) after the split in the

text: sarcopterygii

text: and

text: actinopterygii

text: lineage split. In

text: teleost

text: fish, SS1, SS2, and SS3 were duplicated during the third whole-genome duplication event (3R) to create SS1, SS2, SS4, SS5, and two genes that were lost during the evolution of teleost fish. SS1 and SS2 went through local duplications to give rise to SS6 and SS3.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: six

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: arose

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: one gene that was lost during the evolution of vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: somatostatin genes

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: SS1 and SS2

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: somatostatin

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: local duplications to give rise to SS6 and SS3.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: The answer: Tetrapods.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: How many somatostatin genes were discovered in vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: actinopterygii

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: somatostatin

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: somatostatin

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: actinopterygii

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: somatostatin

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: somatostatin

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: somatostatin

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: Tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: somatostatin

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: six somatostatin genes

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: SS1, SS2, SS3,

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: SS1 and SS2.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: six somatostatin genes that have been discovered in vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: whole-genome duplication

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: somatostatin

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: sarcopterygii

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: six somatostatin genes

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: sarcopterygii

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: teleost fish.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: teleost fish.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: teleost fish.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: Tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: six somatostatin genes that have been discovered in vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: six somatostatin genes

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: sarcopterygii

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: six somatostatin genes that have been discovered in vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: six

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: six

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: sarcopterygii

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: somatostatin

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: duplication

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: somatostatin

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: somatostatin

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: somatostatin

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: sarcopterygii

text: Lampreys have vertebral arches, but nothing resembling the vertebral bodies found in all higher vertebrates. Even the arches are discontinuous, consisting of separate pieces of arch-shaped cartilage around the spinal cord in most parts of the body, changing to long strips of cartilage above and below in the tail region. Hagfishes lack a true vertebral column, and are therefore not properly considered vertebrates, but a few tiny neural arches are present in the tail.

text: Lamprey

text: s have vertebral arches, but nothing resembling the vertebral bodies found in all

text: higher vertebrates

text: . Even the arches are discontinuous, consisting of separate pieces of arch-shaped cartilage around the spinal cord in most parts of the body, changing to long strips of cartilage above and below in the tail region.

text: Hagfish

text: es lack a true vertebral column, and are therefore not properly considered vertebrates, but a few tiny neural arches are present in the tail.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: higher vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: four

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: spinal cord

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: Hagfishes lack a true vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebral bodies

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebral arches

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: vertebral bodies

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Which of the following is not a vertebrate?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Hagfishes

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Hagfishes lack a true vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Hagfishes

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class of vertebrates: Hagfishes, Lampreys or Hagfishes?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebral

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: vertebral

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebral bodies

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: neural arches

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebral

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: higher vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: higher

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: spinal cord

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: Hagfishes lack a true vertebral column,

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebral bodies

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebral arches,

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: vertebral bodies

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: higher vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Lampreys have vertebral arches,

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: nothing resembling the vertebral bodies

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Lampreys

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Hagfishes

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: vertebral arches,

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Lampreys

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: Hagfishes

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: higher vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: higher vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Lampreys have vertebral arches,

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Lampreys

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: higher vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: higher vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: higher vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebral arches,

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Lampreys have vertebral arches,

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebral bodies

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: cartilage around the spinal cord

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebral arches,

text: Invertebrates are grouped into different phyla. Informally phyla can be thought of as a way of grouping organisms according to their body plan. A body plan refers to a blueprint which describes the shape or morphology of an organism,  such as its symmetry, segmentation and the disposition of its appendages. The idea of body plans originated with vertebrates, which were grouped into one phylum. But the vertebrate body plan is only one of many, and invertebrates consist of many phyla or body plans. The history of the discovery of body plans can be seen as a movement from a worldview centred on vertebrates, to seeing the vertebrates as one body plan among many. Among the pioneering zoologists, Linnaeus identified two body plans outside the vertebrates; Cuvier identified three; and Haeckel had four, as well as the Protista with eight more, for a total of twelve. For comparison, the number of phyla recognised by modern zoologists has risen to 35.

text: Invertebrates are grouped into different

text: phyla

text: . Informally phyla can be thought of as a way of grouping organisms according to their

text: body plan

text: . A body plan refers to a blueprint which describes the shape or

text: morphology

text: of an organism,  such as its

text: symmetry

text: segmentation

text: and the disposition of its

text: appendage

text: s. The idea of body plans originated with

text: vertebrate

text: s, which were grouped into one phylum. But the vertebrate body plan is only one of many, and invertebrates consist of many phyla or body plans. The history of the discovery of body plans can be seen as a movement from a worldview centred on vertebrates, to seeing the vertebrates as one body plan among many. Among the pioneering

text: zoologist

text: s, Linnaeus identified two body plans outside the vertebrates; Cuvier identified three; and Haeckel had four, as well as the Protista with eight more, for a total of twelve. For comparison, the number of phyla recognised by modern zoologists has

text: risen to 35

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Invertebrates consist of many phyla or body plans

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: 35

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: body plan

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: vertebrates consist of many phyla or body plans

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: How many body plans did Haeckel have?

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: a blueprint which describes the shape or morphology

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Which of the following is not a phylum: Vertebrates, Haeckel, or Protista?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: invertebrates

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: vertebrates are grouped into different phyla

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many phyla are recognized by modern zoologists?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: segmentation

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Invertebrates

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: segmentation

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: Protista

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: phyla

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: segmentation

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: one phylum.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: twelve.

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: symmetry, segmentation and the disposition of its appendages.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: one phylum.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: Haeckel

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: the vertebrate body plan

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: Invertebrates

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: the vertebrate body plan

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: the vertebrate body plan

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: one phylum.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: one phylum.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: one phylum.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: twelve.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: twelve.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: twelve.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: one phylum.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: twelve.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: the vertebrate body plan

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: twelve.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Invertebrates

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: twelve.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: 35.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: twelve.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: one phylum.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: segmentation

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Invertebrates

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: symmetry, segmentation and the disposition of its appendages.

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: Protista

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: A body plan

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Invertebrates

text: Parallel to the evolution of the cochlea, prestins show an increased rate of evolution in therian mammals. Prestins are located in the outer hair cells of mammalian cochlea and are considered motor proteins. They are found in the hair cells of all vertebrates, including fish, but are thought to have initially been membrane transporter molecules. A high concentration of prestins are found only in the lateral membranes of therian outer hair cells (there is uncertainty with regard to concentrations in monotremes). This high concentration is not found in inner hair cells, and is also lacking in all hair cell types of non-mammals.  Prestin also has a role in motility, which evolved a greater importance in the motor function in land vertebrates, but this developed vastly differently in different lineages. In certain birds and mammals, prestins function as both transporters and motors, but the strongest evolution to robust motor dynamics only evolved in therian mammals. It is hypothesized that this motor system is significant to the therian cochlea at high frequencies because of the distinctive cellular and bony composition of the organ of Corti that allows the prestins to intensify movements of the whole structure.Modern ultra-sound echolocating species such as bats and toothed whales show highly evolved prestins, and these prestins show identical sequence alterations over time. Unusually, the sequences thus apparently evolved independent from each other during different time periods. Furthermore, the evolution of neurotransmitter receptor systems (acetylcholine) that regulate the motor feedback of the outer hair cells coincides with prestin evolution in therians. This suggests that there was a parallel evolution of a control system and a motor system in the inner ear of therian mammals.

text: Parallel to the evolution of the cochlea,

text: prestins

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: control system

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: this developed vastly differently in different lineages

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: hair cells

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Prestins

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: therian

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: What type of glands do vertebrates have?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: monotremes

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: This high concentration is not found in inner hair cells

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: monotremes

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which of the following is NOT true?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Which of the following is not a type of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: monotremes

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: therian mammals

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: monotremes

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: acetylcholine

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: monotremes

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: fish,

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: fish,

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: movements

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: high frequencies

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: prestins,

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: prestins

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: bony

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: echolocating

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: prestins,

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: therians.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: independent from each other during different time periods.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: therians.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: bats and toothed whales

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: prestins,

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: bats and toothed whales show highly evolved prestins,

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: fish,

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: bats and toothed whales show highly evolved prestins,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: prestins,

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: prestins

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: bats

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: structure.Modern ultra-sound echolocating

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: prestins

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: prestins,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: monotremes).

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: (acetylcholine)

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: echolocating

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: bony

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: neurotransmitter receptor systems

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: bony

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: neurotransmitter receptor systems

text: Stanley Olsen was a member of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, the Society for American Archaeology, the Society of the Sigma Xi, the Society of Mammalogists, and the American Society of Systematic Zoologists.  He was a Fellow of both the Explorers Club and the Company of Military Historians.  He served as the 26th President of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology in 1965-1966 and was elected an Honorary Member in 1996 (the 50th anniversary of his joining the Society) in recognition of Olsen’s distinguished contributions to the discipline of vertebrate paleontology.

text: Stanley Olsen was a member of the

text: Society of Vertebrate Paleontology

text: , the

text: Society for American Archaeology

text: , the Society of the

text: Sigma Xi

text: , the Society of Mammalogists, and the American Society of Systematic Zoologists.  He was a Fellow of both the

text: Explorers Club

text: and the

text: Company of Military Historians

text: .  He served as the 26th President of the

text: Society of Vertebrate Paleontology

text: in 1965-1966 and was elected an Honorary Member in 1996 (the 50th anniversary of his joining the Society) in recognition of Olsen’s distinguished contributions to the discipline of vertebrate paleontology.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Mammalogists

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: six

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: spinal cord

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: vertebrates do not have a backbone

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Mammalogists

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Olsen served as the 26th President of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: mammalian

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: ectothermy

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are living?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: what is the second to last group mentioned?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: vertebrate paleontology

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: mammalian

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Systematic Zoologists

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Mammalogists,

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: Sigma Xi,

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: Vertebrate Paleontology,

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: Sigma Xi, the Society of Mammalogists,

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: Sigma Xi,

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Mammalogists,

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: Mammalogists, and the American Society of Systematic Zoologists.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: Vertebrate Paleontology,

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Sigma Xi,

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Mammalogists,

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Mammalogists,

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Mammalogists,

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Society of Vertebrate Paleontology in 1965-1966

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Society of Vertebrate Paleontology in 1965-1966

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Society of Vertebrate Paleontology,

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Vertebrate Paleontology,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Sigma Xi,

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Society of the Sigma Xi,

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Mammalogists,

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Society of the Sigma Xi,

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: Society of Vertebrate Paleontology,

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Society of Mammalogists,

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Society of Mammalogists,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: Mammalogists,

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Mammalogists, and the American Society of Systematic Zoologists.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: Mammalogists, and the American Society of Systematic Zoologists.

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: Mammalogists,

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Mammalogists,

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: Mammalogists,

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Mammalogists,

text: It can usually be corrected with augmentation rhinoplasty by filling the dorsum of nose with cartilage, bone or synthetic implant. If the depression is only cartilaginous, cartilage is taken from the nasal septum or auricle and laid in single or multiple layers. If deformity involves both cartilage and bone, cancellous bone from iliac crest is the best replacement. Autografts are preferred over allografts. Saddle deformity can also be corrected by synthetic implants of teflon or silicon, but they are likely to be extruded.

text: It can usually be corrected with augmentation

text: rhinoplasty

text: by filling the dorsum of nose with cartilage, bone or synthetic implant. If the depression is only cartilaginous, cartilage is taken from the nasal septum or auricle and laid in single or multiple layers. If deformity involves both cartilage and bone, cancellous bone from

text: iliac crest

text: is the best replacement.

text: Autograft

text: s are preferred over

text: allograft

text: s. Saddle deformity can also be corrected by synthetic implants of

text: teflon

text: or silicon, but they are likely to be extruded.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: saddle

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: allografts are preferred over allografts

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: cartilage, bone or synthetic implant

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: extruded

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: allografts are preferred over autografts

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Which of the following is not a type of immune system?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: before the first mammals appeared

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: allografts

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: rhinoplasty

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: allografts

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: allografts

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Autografts

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: bone or synthetic implant. If the depression is only cartilaginous,

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: iliac crest

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: extruded.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: Saddle

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: cancellous bone from iliac crest

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cancellous bone

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: Autografts are preferred over allografts.

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: cartilage, bone or synthetic implant.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: iliac crest

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: extruded.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: iliac crest

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: augmentation rhinoplasty

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: cartilage, bone or synthetic implant.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: bone from iliac crest

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: Autografts are preferred over allografts.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Autografts are preferred over allografts.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Autografts are preferred over allografts.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: cartilaginous,

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: augmentation rhinoplasty

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: cartilage,

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: extruded.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: cartilaginous,

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: augmentation rhinoplasty

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: allografts.

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: augmentation rhinoplasty

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: allografts.

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage,

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: allografts.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: allografts.

text: Orange spotted filefish absorb and use chemicals in the Acropora coral they eat to take on its smell, which cloaks them from natural predators like cod. In addition to this trait, not observed among other vertebrates, they also use visual camouflage.

text: Orange spotted filefish absorb and use chemicals in the

text: Acropora

text: coral they eat to take on its smell, which cloaks them from natural predators like

text: cod

text: . In addition to this trait, not observed among other

text: vertebrate

text: s, they also use visual

text: camouflage

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: cod

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: eight

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: camouflage

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The vertebral column of vertebrates does not use visual camouflage

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: limbs

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: chemicals

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Cod is a vertebrate.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What does the adaptive immune system of vertebrates do?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: visual camouflage

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: visual camouflage

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: coral

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: orange spotted filefish

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: coral

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: fertilization

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: cod.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: cod.

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: visual camouflage.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: not observed among other vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: chemicals

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: visual camouflage.

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: chemicals

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Orange spotted filefish

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: not observed among other vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Orange spotted filefish

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Orange spotted filefish

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: visual camouflage.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Orange spotted filefish

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: visual camouflage.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: cod. In addition to this trait, not observed among other vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: vertebrates, they also use visual camouflage.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Orange spotted filefish absorb and use chemicals in the Acropora

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: not observed among other vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: visual camouflage.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: visual camouflage.

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: coral

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: chemicals

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: coral

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrates,

text: A number of interesting experimental results have been obtained by studying MED12 mutations in the zebrafish, an animal model representing vertebrates.  In zebrafish, a mutation in MED12 was found to be responsible for the mutant motionless (mot).  Zebrafish with the mot mutation have neuronal and cardiovascular defects, although not all types of neurons are affected. Introduction of human MED12 mRNA into the zebrafish restores normal development.  MED12 is also a critical coactivator for the gene SOX9, which is involved in the developmental regulation of neurons, cartilage and bone. In the zebrafish, MED12 defects cause maldevelopment of vertebrate embryonic structures such as the neural crest, which would alter function of the autonomic and peripheral nervous systems; and they also cause malformations of cell types serving as precursors to cartilage and bone, such as osteocytes.  Some features found in LFS, like agenesis of the corpus callosum and cartilage-related craniofacial anomalies, are similar to defects found in zebrafish with MED12 and associated mutations.

text: A number of interesting experimental results have been obtained by studying MED12 mutations in the

text: zebrafish

text: , an

text: animal model

text: representing

text: vertebrate

text: s.  In zebrafish, a mutation in MED12 was found to be responsible for the mutant motionless (mot).  Zebrafish with the mot mutation have neuronal and cardiovascular defects, although not all types of neurons are affected. Introduction of human MED12 mRNA into the zebrafish restores normal development.  MED12 is also a critical

text: coactivator

text: for the gene

text: , which is involved in the developmental regulation of neurons,

text: cartilage

text: and

text: bone

text: . In the zebrafish, MED12 defects cause maldevelopment of vertebrate embryonic structures such as the

text: neural crest

text: , which would alter function of the

text: autonomic

text: and

text: peripheral nervous system

text: s; and they also cause malformations of

text: cell type

text: s serving as precursors to

text: cartilage

text: and

text: bone

text: , such as

text: osteocyte

text: s.  Some features found in LFS, like agenesis of the corpus callosum and cartilage-related craniofacial anomalies, are similar to defects found in zebrafish with MED12 and associated mutations.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: What animal model represents vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: four

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: agenesis of the corpus callosum

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: nervous systems

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Bone, cartilage, and what else?

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: MED12 is also a critical coactivator for which gene?

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: embryonic

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: What is the primary function of the endocrine system in vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: zebrafish

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: MED12 defects cause maldevelopment of vertebrate embryonic structures

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: zebrafish

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Which of the following is not a vertebrate?

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Which of the following is not a type of amphibian?

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: What is cartilage?

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: How many years after birds evolved did mammals appear?

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Which of the following is not an example of a cartilage skeleton?

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: How many types of neurons are affected?

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which class of vertebrates is represented by the zebrafish?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Which of the following is not an example of a vertebrate sex?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: embryonic

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: mot

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: LFS

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: LFS

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: embryonic

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: zebrafish,

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: zebrafish,

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: precursors to cartilage and bone,

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: motionless

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: peripheral nervous systems;

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: neural crest,

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: SOX9,

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: embryonic structures such as the neural crest,

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: MED12

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: zebrafish,

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: motionless

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: zebrafish,

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: zebrafish,

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: MED12 mutations in the zebrafish,

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: zebrafish,

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: zebrafish,

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: MED12

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: MED12

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: cartilage and bone.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: zebrafish,

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: MED12 mutations in the zebrafish,

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: zebrafish,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: embryonic structures such as the neural crest,

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: motionless

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: MED12

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: LFS,

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: bone.

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: embryonic structures such as the neural crest,

text: The Fauna of Saskatchewan include several diverse land and aquatic animal species. From the multiplicity of invertebrates and vertebrates, two have been chosen as symbols of Saskatchewan. Cenozoic vertebrate fossils reveal the geological evolution of the interior plains and its prehistoric biogeography. Today, Saskatchewan's ecosystems range from the sub-arctic tundra of the Canadian Shield in north Saskatchewan to aspen parkland, the Mid-Continental Canadian forests in the centre of the province and grassland prairie. Fauna inhabit areas unique to their own specific and varied breeding, foraging and nesting requirements. With a large land and water area, and small population density, the ecoregions of Saskatchewan provide important habitat for many animals, both endangered and not. Naturalists observing wildlife have enumerated shrinking and growing wildlife populations. They advocate programs and methods to preserve or re-introduce endangered species and identify programs of control for outbreaks of wildlife populations. A broad diversity of wildlife habitats are preserved as parks and reserves protecting the feeding and breeding grounds of protected and indigenous fauna of Saskatchewan.

text: The

text: Fauna

text: of

text: Saskatchewan

text: include several diverse land and aquatic

text: animal

text: species

text: . From the multiplicity of

text: invertebrate

text: s and

text: vertebrate

text: s, two have been chosen as

text: symbols of Saskatchewan

text: Cenozoic

text: vertebrate

text: fossil

text: s reveal the

text: geological evolution

text: of the

text: interior plains

text: and its prehistoric biogeography. Today, Saskatchewan's ecosystems range from the

text: sub-arctic

text: tundra

text: of the

text: Canadian Shield

text: in north Saskatchewan to

text: aspen parkland

text: , the

text: Mid-Continental Canadian forests

text: in the centre of the province and grassland

text: prairie

text: . Fauna inhabit areas unique to their own specific and varied breeding, foraging and nesting requirements. With a large land and water area, and small population density, the

text: ecoregions of Saskatchewan

text: provide important habitat for many animals, both endangered and not. Naturalists observing wildlife have enumerated shrinking and growing wildlife populations. They advocate programs and methods to preserve or re-introduce

text: endangered species

text: and identify programs of control for outbreaks of wildlife populations. A broad diversity of wildlife habitats are preserved as parks and reserves protecting the feeding and breeding grounds of protected and indigenous fauna of Saskatchewan.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Cenozoic vertebrate fossils

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: aquatic

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: nesting

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: Cenozoic vertebrate fossils reveal the geological evolution

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: nesting

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Which of the following is not a type of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: endangered and not

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Which of the following is not a characteristic of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Cenozoic vertebrate fossils

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many different classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Which of the following is not a sex?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Nesting

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: nesting

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: invertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: invertebrates

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: invertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: breeding, foraging and nesting

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: endangered

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: breeding, foraging and nesting

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Cenozoic vertebrate fossils

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: nesting

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Cenozoic vertebrate fossils

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: endangered

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Cenozoic

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Cenozoic vertebrate fossils

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Cenozoic vertebrate fossils

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Cenozoic vertebrate fossils

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: vertebrate fossils

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: vertebrate fossils

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Cenozoic vertebrate fossils

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Cenozoic vertebrate fossils

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: invertebrates and vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: shrinking and growing wildlife populations.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: two have been chosen as symbols of Saskatchewan.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: two have been chosen as symbols of Saskatchewan.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Cenozoic vertebrate fossils

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: breeding, foraging and nesting

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: nesting

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: invertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: invertebrates and vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrates,

text: Studies conducted in the North Cascades National Park Service Complex examined impacts on larval stage long-toed salamanders through snorkel observations. The long-toed salamander is considered the top vertebrate predator in high-elevation fishless lakes, but the presence of fish species often equates to lower densities of larvae.  While fish impact is a notable factor, fish predation is more commonly linked to changes in salamander behavior, particularly nocturnal tendencies. As lakes decrease in elevation and Scientists have examined additional abiotic and biotic factors that lead to declines of salamanders in lake ecosystems. Elevation, water temperature, lake area and depth, as well as availability of suitable food resources, are all factors that interact with fish introductions to influence impacts. Amphibian declines have become a worldwide issue that is most commonly attributed to chemical pollution, acid rain, ozone depletion, habitat destruction, as well as introductions of exotic species Recent studies have shown correlations of decline among amphibians to a chytrid fungus, which causes chytridiomycosis. The pathogen is one of many emerging infectious diseases that largely threaten amphibian populations, especially salamanders. Primarily spread through the import/export of live animals the threat lies when infected animals escape or are released into the wild.

text: Studies conducted in the

text: North Cascades National Park Service Complex

text: examined impacts on larval stage long-toed salamanders through snorkel observations. The

text: long-toed salamander

text: is considered the top vertebrate predator in high-elevation fishless lakes, but the presence of fish species often equates to lower densities of larvae.  While fish impact is a notable factor, fish predation is more commonly linked to changes in salamander behavior, particularly nocturnal tendencies. As lakes decrease in elevation and Scientists have examined additional abiotic and biotic factors that lead to declines of salamanders in lake ecosystems. Elevation, water temperature, lake area and depth, as well as availability of suitable food resources, are all factors that interact with fish introductions to influence impacts. Amphibian declines have become a worldwide issue that is most commonly attributed to chemical pollution, acid rain, ozone depletion, habitat destruction, as well as introductions of exotic species Recent studies have shown correlations of decline among amphibians to a chytrid fungus, which causes

text: chytridiomycosis

text: . The pathogen is one of many emerging infectious diseases that largely threaten amphibian populations, especially salamanders. Primarily spread through the import/export of live animals the threat lies when infected animals escape or are released into the wild.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: long-toed salamander

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: four

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: predator

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: the presence of fish species often equates to lower densities of larvae

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: feet

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrates that are

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: nocturnal

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: What is the top vertebrate predator in high-elevation fishless lakes?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: salamanders

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: the presence of fish species often equates to lower densities of larvae

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: amphibians

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How does the adaptive immune system of vertebrates learn to recognize and attack specific pathogens?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Which of the following is not a sex?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: larval stage

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: nocturnal

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: nocturnal

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: abiotic

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: larval stage

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: The long-toed salamander

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: fishless

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: predator

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: fishless lakes,

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: long-toed

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: long-toed salamanders

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: nocturnal

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: chytrid fungus,

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: larval stage long-toed salamanders

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: lower densities of larvae.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: long-toed salamanders

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: fishless lakes,

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: high-elevation fishless lakes,

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: chytrid fungus,

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: vertebrate predator in high-elevation fishless lakes,

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: chytrid fungus,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: chytrid fungus,

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: chytrid fungus,

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: long-toed salamanders through snorkel observations.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: fish species often equates to lower densities of larvae.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: fish species often equates to lower densities of larvae.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: chytrid fungus,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: larval stage

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: nocturnal tendencies.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: nocturnal

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: ozone

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: ozone depletion,

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: larval stage

text: The predominant population affected by the snake's introduction was that of native bird species such as the Mariana fruit dove, the Guam flycatcher, the rufous fantail and the Micronesian myzomela. The introduction of the brown tree snake into Guam has resulted in extinction of twelve native bird species in total. The Guam National Wildlife Refuge is attempting to prevent the extinction of additional bird species endangered by the snake. Other species significantly affected by the invasion of these snakes were small lizards and small mammals.  Research has indicated a direct correlation of the spread of these snakes across the island to the decrease in the populations of these native species. Furthermore, the introduction of the brown tree snake has had an indirect, negative impact on vegetative diversity as its intense predatory nature has decreased populations of vital pollinators including native birds and fruit bats. Data collected from nearby islands lacking brown tree snake populations depict a significant difference in vegetative species richness, that is, islands close to and similar to Guam in which the brown tree snake has not been introduced have greater vegetative species diversity. Overall, the vertebrate fauna and native flora of Guam have suffered tremendously because of the introduction of the brown tree snake.

text: The predominant population affected by the snake's introduction was that of native bird species such as the

text: Mariana fruit dove

text: , the

text: Guam flycatcher

text: , the

text: rufous fantail

text: and the

text: Micronesian myzomela

text: . The introduction of the brown tree snake into Guam has resulted in

text: extinction

text: of twelve native bird species in total. The

text: Guam National Wildlife Refuge

text: is attempting to prevent the extinction of additional bird species endangered by the snake. Other species significantly affected by the invasion of these snakes were small lizards and small mammals.  Research has indicated a direct correlation of the spread of these snakes across the island to the decrease in the populations of these native species. Furthermore, the introduction of the brown tree snake has had an indirect, negative impact on vegetative diversity as its intense predatory nature has decreased populations of vital

text: pollinators

text: including native birds and

text: fruit bats

text: . Data collected from nearby islands lacking brown tree snake populations depict a significant difference in vegetative

text: species richness

text: , that is, islands close to and similar to Guam in which the brown tree snake has not been introduced have greater vegetative

text: species diversity

text: . Overall, the vertebrate

text: fauna

text: and native

text: flora

text: of Guam have suffered tremendously because of the introduction of the brown tree snake.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: birds and fruit bats

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: predatory

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: the vertebral column of vertebrates have suffered tremendously because of the introduction of the brown tree snake

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrates have suffered tremendously because of the introduction

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrates such as birds and fruit bats

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: pollination

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Which of the following is not a vertebrate: birds, lizards, or mammals?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: the brown tree snake has not been introduced have greater vegetative species diversity

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: how many native bird species were affected by the snake

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How does the immune system of vertebrates learn to recognize and attack specific pathogens

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are mentioned in the passage?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Which of the following is not a sex: male or female?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: myzomela

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: fruit bats

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: myzomela

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: native birds and fruit bats.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: twelve

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: predatory nature has decreased populations of vital pollinators

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: greater vegetative species diversity.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: twelve

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: small lizards and small mammals.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebrate fauna

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: pollinators

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: pollinators

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: small lizards and small mammals.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: populations of vital pollinators

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: small lizards and small mammals.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: extinction of twelve native bird species

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: twelve native bird species

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: brown tree snake

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: extinction of twelve native bird species

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: extinction of twelve native bird species

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Micronesian myzomela.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: small lizards and small mammals.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: extinction of twelve native bird species

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: Guam

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: small lizards and small mammals.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: twelve native bird species

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: myzomela.

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: predatory

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: pollinators

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: pollinators

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrate fauna

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: myzomela.

text: Through his textbook Vertebrate Paleontology Romer laid the foundation for the traditional classification of vertebrates. He drew together the (then) widely scattered taxonomy of the different vertebrate groups and combined them in a simplified scheme, emphasizing orderliness and overview. Based on his research of early amphibians, he reorganised the labyrinthodontians.  Romer's classification was followed by many subsequent authors, notably Robert L. Carroll, and is still in use.

text: Through his textbook

text: Vertebrate Paleontology

text: Romer laid the foundation for the traditional classification of vertebrates. He drew together the (then) widely scattered taxonomy of the different vertebrate groups and combined them in a simplified scheme, emphasizing orderliness and overview. Based on his research of early amphibians, he reorganised the

text: labyrinthodontia

text: ns.

text: Romer's classification

text: was followed by many subsequent authors, notably

text: Robert L. Carroll

text: , and is still in use.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: labyrinthodontians

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: orderliness

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: Romer laid the foundation for the traditional classification of vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: labyrinthodontians

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: softer

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: amphibians

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: the labyrinthodontians

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: amphibians

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: Romer

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Vertebrate kidneys

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: How many years after Romer laid the foundation for the traditional classification of vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class of vertebrates: amphibians, labyrinthodontians or vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Romer's classification

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: amphibians

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: labyrinthodontians

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: labyrinthodontians

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: labyrinthodontians.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: labyrinthodontians.

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: orderliness and overview.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: labyrinthodontians.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: labyrinthodontians.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: labyrinthodontians.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: labyrinthodontians.

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: amphibians,

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: amphibians,

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: amphibians,

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: labyrinthodontians.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: amphibians,

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: amphibians,

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: amphibians,

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Romer laid the foundation for the traditional classification of vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Romer laid the foundation for the traditional classification of vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: labyrinthodontians.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: labyrinthodontians.

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: labyrinthodontians.

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: labyrinthodontians.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: labyrinthodontians.

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrates.

text: Like all species in this genus it has both vertebrate and insect hosts. The vertebrate host are birds.

text: Like all species in this genus it has both

text: vertebrate

text: and

text: insect

text: hosts. The vertebrate host are

text: bird

text: s.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: birds

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: support the body weight

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The vertebral column of vertebrates is made of cartilage.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: limbs

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: feathers

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: softer

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: birds

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: It is impossible for birds to reproduce sexually.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: birds

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: (iii).

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How does the immune system of vertebrates work?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: [iv]

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: genus

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: insect hosts.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebrate and insect hosts. The vertebrate host are birds.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrate and insect

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: insect hosts. The vertebrate host are birds.

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrate and insect hosts.

text: Like all Plasmodium species P. carmelinoi has both vertebrate and insect hosts. The vertebrate hosts for this parasite are reptiles.

text: Like all Plasmodium species P. carmelinoi has both

text: vertebrate

text: and

text: insect

text: hosts. The vertebrate hosts for this parasite are

text: reptile

text: s.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: reptiles

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The vertebral column of vertebrates is made of cartilage.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: digits

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: softer

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: reptiles

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Vertebrate reproduction is asexual.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: reptiles

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What type of immune system does P. carmelinoi have?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: parasites

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: parasite

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: skeleton

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: sperm

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: insect hosts.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: The vertebrate hosts for this parasite are reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Like all Plasmodium species P. carmelinoi

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrate

text: Cephalopods, as active marine predators, possess sensory organs specialized for use in aquatic conditions.  They have a camera-type eye which consists of an iris, a circular lens, vitreous cavity (eye gel), pigment cells, and photoreceptor cells that translate light from the light-sensitive retina into nerve signals which travel along the optic nerve to the brain. For the past 140 years, the camera-type cephalopod eye has been compared with the vertebrate eye as an example of convergent evolution, where both types of organisms have independently evolved the camera-eye trait and both share similar functionality. Contention exists on whether this is truly convergent evolution or parallel evolution. Unlike the vertebrate camera eye, the cephalopods' form as invaginations of the body surface (rather than outgrowths of the brain), and consequently they lack a cornea.  Unlike the vertebrate eye, a cephalopod eye is focused through movement, much like the lens of a camera or telescope, rather than changing shape as the lens in the human eye does. The eye is approximately spherical, as is the lens, which is fully internal.

text: Cephalopods

text: , as active marine predators, possess sensory organs specialized for use in aquatic conditions.  They have a

text: camera-type eye

text: which consists of an iris, a circular lens, vitreous cavity (eye gel), pigment cells, and photoreceptor cells that translate light from the light-sensitive

text: retina

text: into nerve signals which travel along the optic nerve to the brain. For the past 140 years, the camera-type cephalopod eye has been compared with the vertebrate eye as an example of

text: convergent evolution

text: , where both types of organisms have independently evolved the camera-eye trait and both share similar functionality. Contention exists on whether this is truly convergent evolution or

text: parallel evolution

text: . Unlike the

text: vertebrate

text: camera eye, the cephalopods' form as

text: invagination

text: s of the body surface (rather than outgrowths of the brain), and consequently they lack a

text: cornea

text: .  Unlike the vertebrate eye, a cephalopod eye is focused through movement, much like the lens of a camera or telescope, rather than changing shape as the lens in the human eye does. The

text: eye

text: is approximately spherical, as is the

text: lens

text: , which is fully internal.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: cephalopods

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: eight

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: cephalopod eye

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: the cephalopods' form as invaginations of the body surface

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: cornea

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: cephalopods

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: cephalopods

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: cephalopods' form as invaginations of the body surface

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: cephalopods

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are living species of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: outgrowths of the brain

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: convergent evolution

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: cornea.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: Cephalopods,

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: outgrowths of the brain),

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: outgrowths of the brain),

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: cornea.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: cornea.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cornea.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: outgrowths of the brain),

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: cornea.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: outgrowths of the brain),

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: outgrowths of the brain),

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Cephalopods,

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Cephalopods,

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: convergent evolution,

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Cephalopods,

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: Cephalopods,

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: cornea.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: cornea.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Cephalopods,

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Cephalopods,

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: cornea.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: cornea.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: cornea.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Cephalopods,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: invaginations of the body surface

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: cephalopod eye is focused through movement,

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: outgrowths of the brain),

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cornea.

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: convergent evolution,

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: (eye gel),

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: invaginations of the body surface

text: Taxonomists place lampreys and hagfish in the subphylum Vertebrata of the phylum Chordata, which also includes the invertebrate subphyla Tunicata (sea-squirts) and the fish-like Cephalochordata (lancelets or Amphioxus). Recent molecular and morphological phylogenetic studies place lampreys and hagfish in the superclass Agnatha or Agnathostomata (both meaning without jaws). The other vertebrate superclass is Gnathostomata (jawed mouths) and includes the classes Chondrichthyes (sharks), Osteichthyes (bony fishes), Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves, and Mammalia.

text: Taxonomists place lampreys and hagfish in the subphylum

text: Vertebrata

text: of the

text: phylum

text: Chordata

text: , which also includes the invertebrate subphyla

text: Tunicata

text: (sea-squirts) and the fish-like

text: Cephalochordata

text: lancelet

text: s or Amphioxus). Recent molecular and morphological phylogenetic studies place lampreys and hagfish in the superclass

text: Agnatha

text: or

text: Agnathostomata

text: (both meaning without jaws). The other vertebrate superclass is

text: Gnathostomata

text: (jawed mouths) and includes the classes

text: Chondrichthyes

text: (sharks),

text: Osteichthyes

text: (bony fishes),

text: Amphibia

text: Reptilia

text: Aves

text: , and

text: Mammalia

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Gnathostomata

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: four

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: jawed mouth

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: without jaws

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: jaws

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Gnathostomata

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: bony

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: mammary

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: glands that secrete

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Chondrichthyes

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: vertebrate reproduction is asexual

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Tunicata

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Vertebrata

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony fishes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many different classes are vertebrates placed in?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: Chordata

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Vertebrata

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: Aves

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: Chordata

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Mammalia

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: Osteichthyes

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Chordata

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Chondrichthyes

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: Chondrichthyes

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: (jawed mouths)

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: without jaws).

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: Gnathostomata (jawed mouths)

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Gnathostomata

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: (jawed mouths)

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: (jawed mouths)

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Chordata,

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: lampreys and hagfish

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: (both meaning without jaws).

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: lampreys and hagfish

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Gnathostomata

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Gnathostomata

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Gnathostomata

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: Gnathostomata

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Chordata,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Chordata,

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Gnathostomata

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Mammalia.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Gnathostomata

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: Chordata,

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Gnathostomata

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Gnathostomata

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: invertebrate

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Chordata,

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: Gnathostomata (jawed mouths)

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: Chordata,

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: molecular and morphological phylogenetic studies

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: Chordata,

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: invertebrate

text: Triumph of the Vertebrates is a 2013 British documentary film by David Attenborough. It is about the evolution of vertebrates. The first part is From the Seas to the Skies, while the second part is Dawn of the Mammals.

text: Triumph of the Vertebrates is a 2013 British

text: documentary film

text: by

text: David Attenborough

text: . It is about the

text: evolution

text: of

text: vertebrates

text: . The first part is From the Seas to the Skies, while the second part is Dawn of the Mammals.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Mammals

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: the vertebral column of vertebrates does not have a spine

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Mammals

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: evolution of vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Mammals

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: From the Seas to the Skies

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: The answer: lobe-finned fish.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: The answer: birds

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Dawn of the Mammals

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: asexual

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Dawn of the Mammals

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Dawn of the Mammals

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Mammals.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: Seas to the Skies,

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: evolution

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: Dawn of the Mammals.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: Triumph of the Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Mammals.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Dawn of the Mammals.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Mammals.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Triumph of the Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Triumph of the Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Triumph of the Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: Triumph of the Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Triumph of the Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Triumph of the Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Triumph of the Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Dawn of the Mammals.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Triumph of the Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: Triumph of the Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Triumph of the Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Triumph of the Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: evolution of vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: evolution of vertebrates.

text: In prehistoric Oklahoma, Astrodon lived alongside other dinosaurs, such as the sauropod Sauroposeidon proteles, the dromaeosaurid Deinonychus and the carnosaur Acrocanthosaurus atokensis. The most common dinosaur in the paleoenvironment preserved in the Antlers Formation is the ornithopod Tenontosaurus. Other vertebrates present at the time of Astrodon included the amphibian Albanerpeton arthridion, the reptiles Atokasaurus metarsiodon and Ptilotodon wilsoni, the crurotarsan reptile Bernissartia, the cartilaginous fish Hybodus buderi and Lissodus anitae, the ray-finned fish Gyronchus dumblei, the crocodilian Goniopholis, and the turtles Glyptops and Naomichelys. Possible indeterminate bird remains are also known from this formation. The fossil evidence suggests that the gar Lepisosteus was the most common vertebrate in this region. The early mammals known from this region include Atokatherium boreni and Paracimexomys crossi.

text: In prehistoric Oklahoma, Astrodon lived alongside other dinosaurs, such as the

text: sauropod

text: Sauroposeidon

text: proteles, the

text: dromaeosaurid

text: Deinonychus

text: and the

text: carnosaur

text: Acrocanthosaurus

text: atokensis. The most common dinosaur in the paleoenvironment preserved in the Antlers Formation is the

text: ornithopod

text: Tenontosaurus

text: . Other vertebrates present at the time of Astrodon included the

text: amphibian

text: Albanerpeton

text: arthridion, the reptiles Atokasaurus metarsiodon and Ptilotodon wilsoni, the

text: crurotarsan

text: reptile

text: Bernissartia

text: , the

text: cartilaginous

text: fish

text: Hybodus

text: buderi and

text: Lissodus

text: anitae, the

text: ray-finned

text: fish

text: Gyronchus

text: dumblei, the crocodilian

text: Goniopholis

text: , and the turtles

text: Glyptops

text: and Naomichelys. Possible indeterminate bird remains are also known from this formation. The fossil evidence suggests that the

text: gar

text: Lepisosteus

text: was the most common vertebrate in this region. The early mammals known from this region include Atokatherium boreni and

text: Paracimexomys

text: crossi.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Amphibians, reptiles, and birds

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: the gar Lepisosteus was the most common vertebrate in this region

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrates present at the time of Astrodon included

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: cartilaginous fish Hybodus buderi

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: What type of glands do vertebrates have?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Amphibians

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: indeterminate bird remains are also known from this formation

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Amphibians

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Hybodus buderi

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes are vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Which of the following is not a vertebrate?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Atokatherium boreni

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: ray-finned

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Atokatherium boreni

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: reptiles

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: cartilaginous fish

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: ray-finned

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: the gar Lepisosteus

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: ray-finned

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Albanerpeton arthridion,

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: Atokatherium boreni

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Atokasaurus metarsiodon

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Albanerpeton arthridion,

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: the gar Lepisosteus

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Atokatherium boreni

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Albanerpeton arthridion,

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Atokasaurus metarsiodon

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: ray-finned

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: reptiles Atokasaurus metarsiodon

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Atokasaurus metarsiodon

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Atokasaurus metarsiodon

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Hybodus buderi

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Atokatherium boreni

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: cartilaginous fish

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: crurotarsan reptile Bernissartia,

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: crurotarsan reptile Bernissartia,

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Atokasaurus metarsiodon

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: cartilaginous fish Hybodus buderi

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: mammals

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: Atokatherium boreni

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: mammals

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: early mammals

text: Other features that may form part of the syndrome include precocious costal calcification, small iliac bones, short femoral necks, coxa vara, short halluces and fused vertebral bodies.

text: Other features that may form part of the syndrome include precocious costal calcification, small

text: iliac bone

text: s, short femoral necks, coxa vara, short

text: halluce

text: s and fused vertebral bodies.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: coxa vara

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: six

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: articulation

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: fused vertebral bodies

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebral bodies

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: femoral necks

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: softer

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: fused vertebral bodies are rare in vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: coxa vara

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What does coxa vara mean?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: fetal

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: coxa vara

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: coxa vara

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: calcification

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: coxa vara

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: calcification

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Fetal

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: fused vertebral bodies.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: small iliac bones,

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: bones,

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: fused vertebral bodies.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: iliac bones,

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: fused vertebral bodies.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: small iliac bones,

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: fused vertebral bodies.

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: fused vertebral bodies.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: fused vertebral bodies.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: fused vertebral bodies.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: fused vertebral bodies.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: precocious costal calcification, small iliac bones,

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: fused vertebral bodies.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: fused vertebral bodies.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: fused vertebral bodies.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: fused vertebral bodies.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: fused vertebral bodies.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: fused vertebral bodies.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: precocious costal calcification,

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: precocious costal calcification, small iliac bones,

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: fused vertebral bodies.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: fused vertebral bodies.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: fused vertebral bodies.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: fused vertebral bodies.

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: syndrome include precocious costal calcification,

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: fused vertebral bodies.

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: bones,

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: calcification,

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: calcification,

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: fused vertebral bodies.

text: The first ancestors of fish, or animals that were probably closely related to fish, were Pikaia, Haikouichthys and Myllokunmingia. These three genera all appeared around 530 Ma. Pikaia had a primitive notochord, a structure that could have developed into a vertebral column later. Unlike the other fauna that dominated the Cambrian, these groups had the basic vertebrate body plan: a notochord, rudimentary vertebrae, and a well-defined head and tail. All of these early vertebrates lacked jaws in the common sense and relied on filter feeding close to the seabed.

text: The first ancestors of fish, or animals that were probably closely related to fish, were

text: Pikaia

text: Haikouichthys

text: and

text: Myllokunmingia

text: . These three

text: genera

text: all appeared around 530

text: Ma

text: . Pikaia had a primitive

text: notochord

text: , a structure that could have developed into a

text: vertebral column

text: later. Unlike the other fauna that dominated the Cambrian, these groups had the basic vertebrate

text: body plan

text: : a

text: notochord

text: , rudimentary vertebrae, and a well-defined head and tail. All of these early vertebrates lacked

text: jaw

text: s in the common sense and relied on filter feeding close to the seabed.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: fish, Haikouichthys and Myllokunmingia

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: three

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: filter feeding

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: jaws in the common sense

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: notochord and rudimentary vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: notochord

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: glands that secrete

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Pikaia

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: jaws in the common sense

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: rudimentary vertebrae, and a well-defined head and tail

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: notochord

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many different classes of vertebrates are living species of vertebrates placed in?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: notochord

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: jaws

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: rudimentary vertebrae,

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: fish,

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: filter feeding

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: lacked jaws

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrae,

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: a notochord, rudimentary vertebrae,

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: filter feeding

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: jaws

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: lacked jaws

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: jaws

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: lacked jaws

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: jaws

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: notochord,

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Pikaia had a primitive notochord,

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: All of these early vertebrates lacked jaws

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: jaws

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: 530 Ma. Pikaia had a primitive notochord,

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Pikaia had a primitive notochord,

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: fish,

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: 530 Ma. Pikaia had a primitive notochord,

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: rudimentary vertebrae,

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: rudimentary vertebrae,

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: early vertebrates lacked jaws

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: notochord,

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: early vertebrates lacked jaws

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: jaws

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: notochord,

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: jaws

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: notochord,

text: The Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology (JVP) was founded in 1980 at the University of Oklahoma by Dr. Jiri Zidek.  It is a scientific journal that publishes original contributions on all aspects of the vertebrate paleontology, including vertebrate origins, evolution, functional morphology, taxonomy, biostratigraphy, paleoecology, paleobiogeography, and paleoanthropology.

text: The Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology (JVP) was founded in 1980 at the

text: University of Oklahoma

text: by Dr.

text: Jiri Zidek

text: .  It is a

text: scientific journal

text: that publishes original contributions on all aspects of the

text: vertebrate paleontology

text: , including

text: vertebrate origins

text: evolution

text: functional morphology

text: taxonomy

text: biostratigraphy

text: paleoecology

text: paleobiogeography

text: , and

text: paleoanthropology

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: taxonomy

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: six

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: function

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: functional morphology

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrates have four

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Vertebrate Paleontology

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Vertebrate reproduction is asexual.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: The Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: The Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: taxonomy

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: How many years before birds evolved?

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: taxonomy

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: How many sexes do vertebrates have?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: functional morphology

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: asexual

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: biostratigraphy

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: biostratigraphy

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: functional morphology,

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: The Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: functional morphology,

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: functional morphology,

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: functional morphology, taxonomy,

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: functional morphology,

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: functional morphology,

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: functional morphology, taxonomy,

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: The Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: paleoanthropology.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: evolution,

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: paleoecology,

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: The Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: The Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: The Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: The Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: The Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: The Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: The Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: The Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: The Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: The Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: taxonomy,

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: The Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: functional morphology,

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: paleoecology,

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: functional morphology,

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrate origins, evolution, functional morphology,

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: paleoecology,

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: biostratigraphy,

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: functional morphology,

text: Like all Plasmodium species P. lagopi has both vertebrate and insect hosts. The vertebrate hosts for this parasite are birds.

text: Like all Plasmodium species P. lagopi has both

text: vertebrate

text: and

text: insect

text: hosts. The vertebrate hosts for this parasite are

text: bird

text: s.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: birds

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: Host

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The vertebral column of vertebrates is made of cartilage.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: softer

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: birds

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: birds are the only vertebrate hosts

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: birds

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: parasites

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: lagopi

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: parasite

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: skeleton

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: insect hosts.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Plasmodium species P. lagopi

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: The vertebrate hosts for this parasite are birds.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrate and insect

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrate

text: His research includes many aspects of lipid digestion and absorption, bile acid evolution, pathobiology, and pathochemistry, bile secretion, cholelithiasis, biliary physiology and pharmacology, and the diagnosis and treatment of various digestive and hepatobiliary diseases. Together with his longtime collaborator, Lee Hagey, he has written a comprehensive history of bile acid research. Making the most of his proximity to the San Diego Zoo, his publications have help define the wide bile acid diversity found in different vertebrates.

text: His research includes many aspects of

text: lipid

text: digestion

text: and absorption,

text: bile acid

text: evolution, pathobiology, and pathochemistry,

text: bile

text: secretion,

text: cholelithiasis

text: , biliary physiology and pharmacology, and the diagnosis and treatment of various digestive and hepatobiliary diseases. Together with his longtime collaborator, Lee Hagey, he has written a comprehensive history of bile acid research. Making the most of his proximity to the

text: San Diego Zoo

text: , his publications have help define the wide bile acid diversity found in different vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: digestion and absorption

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: bile acid diversity found in different vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: bile acid diversity

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: bile secretion

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: bile

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: bile acids

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: bile acid diversity found in different vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: bile acid

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: What did Lee Hagey study?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Lee Hagey

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How does the immune system of vertebrates learn to recognize and attack specific pathogens

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes are vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: None of the above choices

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: pathobiology

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: bile secretion

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: bile secretion

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: cholelith

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: bile acid diversity found in different vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: bile secretion, cholelithiasis,

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: lipid digestion and absorption,

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: cholelithiasis,

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: bile acid

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: bile acid diversity

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: bile secretion,

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: bile secretion,

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: San Diego Zoo,

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: wide bile acid diversity found in different vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: cholelithiasis,

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Lee Hagey,

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: bile acid evolution,

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: bile acid evolution,

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: biliary physiology and pharmacology,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: bile acid evolution, pathobiology, and pathochemistry,

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: San Diego Zoo,

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: San Diego Zoo,

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: bile secretion, cholelithiasis,

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Lee Hagey,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: cholelithiasis,

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: cholelithiasis,

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: bile secretion,

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: pathobiology, and pathochemistry,

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: cholelithiasis,

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: cholelithiasis,

text: Mammals are unique in having evolved a three-ossicle middle-ear independently of the various single-ossicle middle ears of other land vertebrates, all during the Triassic period of geological history. Functionally, the mammalian middle ear is very similar to the single-ossicle ear of non-mammals, except that it responds to sounds of higher frequency, because these are better taken up by the inner ear (which also responds to higher frequencies than those of non-mammals). The malleus, or "hammer", evolved from the articular bone of the lower jaw, and the incus, or "anvil", from the quadrate. In other vertebrates, these bones form the primary jaw joint, but the expansion of the dentary bone in mammals led to the evolution of an entirely new jaw joint, freeing up the old joint to become part of the ear. For a period of time, both jaw joints existed together, one medially and one laterally. The evolutionary process leading to a three-ossicle middle ear was thus an "accidental" byproduct of the simultaneous evolution of the new, secondary  jaw joint. In many mammals, the middle ear also becomes protected within a cavity, the auditory bulla, not found in other vertebrates. A bulla evolved late in time and independently numerous times in different mammalian clades, and it can be surrounded by membranes, cartilage or bone. The bulla in humans is part of the temporal bone.

text: Mammals are unique in having evolved a three-ossicle middle-ear independently of the various single-ossicle middle ears of other land vertebrates, all during the Triassic period of geological history. Functionally, the mammalian middle ear is very similar to the single-ossicle ear of non-mammals, except that it responds to sounds of higher frequency, because these are better taken up by the inner ear (which also responds to higher frequencies than those of non-mammals). The malleus, or "hammer", evolved from the

text: articular

text: bone of the lower jaw, and the incus, or "anvil", from the quadrate. In other vertebrates, these bones form the primary jaw joint, but the expansion of the

text: dentary

text: bone in mammals led to the evolution of an entirely new jaw joint, freeing up the old joint to become part of the ear. For a period of time, both jaw joints existed together, one medially and one laterally. The evolutionary process leading to a three-ossicle middle ear was thus an "accidental" byproduct of the simultaneous evolution of the new, secondary  jaw joint. In many mammals, the middle ear also becomes protected within a cavity, the

text: auditory bulla

text: , not found in other vertebrates. A bulla evolved late in time and independently numerous times in different mammalian clades, and it can be surrounded by membranes, cartilage or bone. The bulla in humans is part of the

text: temporal bone

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: mammals and non-mammals

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: primary jaw joint

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: mammals are unique in having evolved a three-ossicle middle-ear independently of the various single-ossicle middle ears of other land vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: ossicle middle ear

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: The malleus, or "hammer", evolved from the articular bone of the lower jaw

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: glands that secrete hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Mammals

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: mammalian middle ear is very similar to the single-ossicle ear of non-mammals

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Mammals

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which is not true?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the bulla in humans part of?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many different classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: non-mammals

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: monogamous

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: mammalian

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: embryonic

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Mammals

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: Mammals

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: primary jaw joint,

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: single-ossicle middle ears of other land vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: single-ossicle middle ears of other land vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: auditory bulla,

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: bone. The bulla in humans is part of the temporal bone.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: auditory bulla,

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: auditory bulla,

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: land vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: single-ossicle middle ears of other land vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: land vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: land vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: single-ossicle middle ears of other land vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Mammals

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: land vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: single-ossicle middle ears of other land vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: auditory bulla,

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: articular bone of the lower jaw,

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Mammals

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: land vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: mammalian clades,

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Mammals

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: primary jaw joint, but the expansion of the dentary bone

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Mammals

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: the expansion of the dentary bone

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Mammals

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: cartilage or bone.

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: articular bone

text: All vertebrate brains share a common underlying form, which appears most clearly during early stages of embryonic development. In its earliest form, the brain appears as three swellings at the front end of the neural tube; these swellings eventually become the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain (the prosencephalon, mesencephalon, and rhombencephalon, respectively). At the earliest stages of brain development, the three areas are roughly equal in size. In many classes of vertebrates, such as fish and amphibians, the three parts remain similar in size in the adult, but in mammals the forebrain becomes much larger than the other parts, and the midbrain becomes very small.

text: All vertebrate brains share a common underlying form, which appears most clearly during early stages of embryonic development. In its earliest form, the brain appears as three swellings at the front end of the

text: neural tube

text: ; these swellings eventually become the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain (the

text: prosencephalon

text: mesencephalon

text: , and

text: rhombencephalon

text: , respectively). At the earliest stages of brain development, the three areas are roughly equal in size. In many classes of vertebrates, such as fish and amphibians, the three parts remain similar in size in the adult, but in mammals the forebrain becomes much larger than the other parts, and the midbrain becomes very small.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: fish and amphibians

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: three

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: brain

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: at the earliest stages of brain development, the three areas are roughly equal in size

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: How many swellings at the front end of the neural tube?

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: prosencephalon, mesencephalon, and rhombencephalon

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: embryonic development

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: glands that secrete hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: all vertebrate brains share a common underlying form

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What does the adaptive immune system of vertebrates learn to recognize and attack specific pathogens

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: cartilage skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: how many classes of vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: embryonic development

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: amphibians

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: rhombencephalon

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: mesencephalon

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: mesencephalon

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: mesencephalon

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: embryonic

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: fish and amphibians,

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: fish and amphibians,

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: brains share a common underlying form,

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: mammals the forebrain becomes much larger than the other parts,

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: fish and amphibians,

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: larger

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: embryonic development.

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: mammals

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: fish and amphibians,

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: mammals the forebrain becomes much larger than the other parts,

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: fish and amphibians,

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: three swellings at the front end of the neural tube;

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: mammals

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: mammals

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: mammals

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: fish and amphibians,

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: fish and amphibians,

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: mammals

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: mammals

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: mammals

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: mammals

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: embryonic

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: fish and amphibians,

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: fish and amphibians,

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: neural tube;

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: mammals

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: neural tube;

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: embryonic development.

text: One of the best-known examples of convergent evolution is the camera eye of cephalopods (such as squid and octopus), vertebrates (including mammals) and cnidaria (such as jellyfish).  Their last common ancestor had at most a simple photoreceptive spot, but a range of processes led to the progressive refinement of camera eyes — with one sharp difference: the cephalopod eye is "wired" in the opposite direction, with blood and nerve vessels entering from the back of the retina, rather than the front as in vertebrates. This means that cephalopods do not have a blind spot.

text: One of the best-known examples of convergent evolution is the camera eye of

text: cephalopods

text: (such as squid and octopus),

text: vertebrate

text: s (including mammals) and

text: cnidaria

text: (such as jellyfish).  Their last common ancestor had at most a simple photoreceptive spot, but a range of processes led to the

text: progressive refinement of camera eyes

text: — with one sharp difference: the cephalopod eye is "wired" in the opposite direction, with blood and nerve vessels entering from the back of the retina, rather than the front as in vertebrates. This means that cephalopods do not have a blind spot.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: mammals

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: squid

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: camera eye

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: cephalopod eye is "wired" in the opposite direction

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: eyes

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: mammals

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: cephalopods do not have a blind spot.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: mammals

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: cartilage skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many different classes of vertebrates are living species of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: jellyfish

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: mammals)

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: mammals) and cnidaria (such as jellyfish).

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: camera eye

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: cephalopods do not have a blind spot.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: mammals)

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: mammals)

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: the cephalopod eye is "wired" in the opposite direction,

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: camera eye

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: mammals)

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: mammals)

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: cephalopods do not have a blind spot.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: mammals)

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: squid and octopus),

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: mammals) and cnidaria

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: cephalopods

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: mammals)

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: mammals)

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: mammals)

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: simple photoreceptive spot,

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: cephalopods

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: mammals) and cnidaria

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: mammals)

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: mammals)

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: mammals)

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates (including mammals) and cnidaria

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: mammals) and cnidaria

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: convergent evolution

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: blood and nerve vessels

text: Theorists believe that creating a concept includes learning the distinct features and characteristics that are present in all examples of a concept. A good way to know if something is part of a concept is to identify the defining features of the concept and see if the object or event in question shares those defining features. For example, an animal must eat food, a plant must grow, and a vertebrate must have a spine. So, every example of an animal must have the defining feature or eating food, every plant must grow, and every vertebrate must have a spine to be included in the concept.

text: Theorists

text: believe that creating a concept includes learning the distinct features and characteristics that are present in all examples of a concept. A good way to know if something is part of a concept is to identify the defining features of the concept and see if the object or event in question shares those defining features. For example, an animal must eat food, a plant must grow, and a vertebrate must have a spine. So, every example of an animal must have the defining feature or eating food, every plant must grow, and every vertebrate must have a spine to be included in the concept.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: animals that have a spine

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: eight

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: spine

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: every vertebrate must have a spine

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: spines

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: spine

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: glands

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: every vertebrate must have a spine

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: spine

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Amphibians

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: lobe-finned

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: adaptive immune system

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: cartilage endoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: birds

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: male

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: embryo

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: behavior

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: _

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: embryo

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: spine.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: animal

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: spine.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: eating food,

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: spine.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: spine.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: spine.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: eat food,

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: spine.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: spine.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: every example of an animal must have the defining feature or eating food,

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: spine.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: spine.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: a vertebrate must have a spine.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: eat food,

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: a vertebrate must have a spine.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: a vertebrate must have a spine.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: a vertebrate must have a spine.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: a vertebrate must have a spine.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: an animal

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: eat food,

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: spine.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: spine.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: a vertebrate must have a spine.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: animal must eat food,

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: animal

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: eat food,

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: animal

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: animal

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: animal must eat food,

text: Trabecular cartilages (trabeculae cranii, sometimes simply trabeculae) are paired, rod-shaped cartilages, which develop in the head of the vertebrate embryo. They are the primordia of the anterior part of the cranial base, and are derived from the cranial neural crest cells.

text: Trabecular cartilages (trabeculae cranii, sometimes simply trabeculae) are paired, rod-shaped cartilages, which develop in the

text: head

text: of the

text: vertebrate

text: embryo

text: . They are the primordia of the anterior part of the

text: cranial base

text: , and are derived from the

text: cranial neural crest cells

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: vertebrate embryos

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: one

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: cranial base

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: trabecular cartilages develop in the head of the vertebrate embryo

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: cartilages

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: trabecular cartilages

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: trabecular cartilages

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: They are the primordia of the anterior part of the cranial base

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: trabecular cartilages

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which is not a class of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrate embryo

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: neural crest cells

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilages

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: cranial neural crest cells

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: cartilages

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Trabecular cartilages

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: Trabecular cartilages

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: cranial base,

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: cranial neural crest cells.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: paired,

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Trabecular cartilages

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: rod-shaped

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: embryo.

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Trabecular cartilages

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: embryo.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Trabecular cartilages

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: cranial neural crest cells.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Trabecular cartilages

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Trabecular cartilages

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Trabecular cartilages

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: Trabecular cartilages

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: cranial neural crest cells.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: cranial neural crest cells.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: cranial neural crest cells.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Trabecular cartilages

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Trabecular cartilages

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: cranial neural crest cells.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: cranial neural crest cells.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Trabecular cartilages

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrate embryo.

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: cranial neural crest cells.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: embryo.

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilages

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: cranial neural crest cells.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: cartilages

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrate embryo.

text: Many other regulatory systems are involved in the transition of cartilage to bone and in bone maintenance. A particularly important bone-targeted hormonal regulator is parathyroid hormone (PTH). Parathyroid hormone is a protein made by the parathyroid gland under the control of serum calcium activity. PTH also has important systemic functions, including to keep serum calcium concentrations nearly constant regardless of calcium intake. Increasing dietary calcium results in minor increases in blood calcium. However, this is not a significant mechanism supporting osteoblast bone formation, except in the condition of low dietary calcium; further, abnormally high dietary calcium raises the risk of serious health consequences not directly related to bone mass including heart attack and stroke. Intermittent PTH stimulation increases osteoblast activity, although PTH is bifunctional and mediates bone matrix degradation at higher concentrations.

text: Many other regulatory systems are involved in the transition of cartilage to bone and in bone maintenance. A particularly important bone-targeted hormonal regulator is

text: parathyroid hormone

text: (PTH). Parathyroid hormone is a protein made by the

text: parathyroid

text: gland under the control of serum calcium activity. PTH also has important systemic functions, including to keep serum calcium concentrations nearly constant regardless of calcium intake. Increasing dietary calcium results in minor increases in blood calcium. However, this is not a significant mechanism supporting osteoblast bone formation, except in the condition of low dietary calcium; further, abnormally high dietary calcium raises the risk of serious health consequences not directly related to bone mass including

text: heart attack

text: and

text: stroke

text: . Intermittent PTH stimulation increases osteoblast activity, although PTH is bifunctional and mediates bone matrix degradation at higher concentrations.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Osteoblasts

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: six

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: bone maintenance

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: Increasing dietary calcium results in minor increases in blood calcium

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: parathyroid glands

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: cartilage and bone

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: Bone is a type of

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: intermittent

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Parathyroid hormone

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: cartilage to bone

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: intermittent PTH stimulation increases osteoblast activity

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: cartilage to bone

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: What happened first, birds or mammals?

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Which of the following is not a vertebrate?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: ovary

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Intermittent

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: osteoblast

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: parathyroid hormone

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: embryoblast

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: osteoblast

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: bone maintenance.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: Increasing dietary calcium

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: parathyroid gland

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: cartilage to bone

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: bone-targeted hormonal regulator is parathyroid hormone

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: hormonal

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: parathyroid hormone

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Increasing dietary calcium

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: parathyroid hormone

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: cartilage to bone

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Many other regulatory systems are involved in the transition of cartilage to bone

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: parathyroid hormone

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: parathyroid hormone

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: parathyroid hormone

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: cartilage to bone

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Many other regulatory systems are involved in the transition of cartilage to bone

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: parathyroid hormone

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: parathyroid hormone

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: parathyroid hormone

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: cartilage to bone

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: dietary calcium

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: parathyroid hormone

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: parathyroid hormone

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: cartilage to bone

text: Some other animals, usually, but not always, predatory animals, have their two eyes positioned on the front of their heads, thereby allowing for binocular vision and reducing their field of view in favor of stereopsis. However, eyes on the front is a highly evolved trait in vertebrates, and there are only three extant groups of vertebrates with truly forward-facing eyes: primates, carnivorous mammals, and birds of prey.

text: Some other animals, usually, but not always,

text: predatory

text: animals, have their two eyes positioned on the front of their heads, thereby allowing for binocular vision and reducing their field of view in favor of

text: stereopsis

text: . However, eyes on the front is a highly evolved trait in vertebrates, and there are only three extant groups of vertebrates with truly forward-facing eyes:

text: primate

text: s,

text: carnivorous mammals

text: , and

text: birds of prey

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: primates, carnivorous mammals

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: three

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: eyes on the front

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: eyes on the front is a highly evolved trait in vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: eyes

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrates with truly forward-facing eyes

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: carnivorous

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: eyes on the front is a highly evolved trait in vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: carnivorous

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: primates, carnivorous mammals, and birds of prey.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: three

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: stereopsis.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: eyes on the front is a highly evolved trait in vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: eyes on the front is a highly evolved trait in vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: eyes on the front is a highly evolved trait in vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: stereopsis.

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: eyes on the front is a highly evolved trait in vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: primates,

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: eyes on the front is a highly evolved trait in vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: primates,

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: eyes on the front is a highly evolved trait in vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: eyes on the front is a highly evolved trait in vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: three

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: eyes on the front is a highly evolved trait in vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: eyes on the front is a highly evolved trait in vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: eyes on the front is a highly evolved trait in vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: birds of prey.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: eyes on the front is a highly evolved trait in vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: three

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: three

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: eyes on the front is a highly evolved trait in vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: stereopsis.

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: stereopsis.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: stereopsis.

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: stereopsis.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: stereopsis.

text: Cancellous bone has a higher surface area to mass ratio than cortical bone because it is less dense. This gives it softer, weaker, and more flexible characteristics. The greater surface area in comparison with cortical bone makes cancellous bone suitable for metabolic activity e.g. exchange of calcium ions. Cancellous bone is typically found at the ends of long bones, proximal to joints and within the interior of vertebrae. Cancellous bone is highly vascular and frequently contains red bone marrow where haematopoiesis, the production of blood cells, occurs. The primary anatomical and functional unit of cancellous bone is the trabecula. The trabeculae within cancellous bone are aligned towards the mechanical load distribution that a bone experiences within long bones such as the human femur.  As far as short bones are concerned, trabecular alignment has been studied in the vertebral pedicle. The macroscopic  yield strength of cancellous bone has also been investigated, using high resolution computer models.

text: Cancellous bone has a higher

text: surface area to mass ratio

text: than

text: cortical bone

text: because it is less dense. This gives it softer, weaker, and more flexible characteristics. The greater surface area in comparison with cortical bone makes cancellous bone suitable for metabolic activity e.g. exchange of calcium ions. Cancellous bone is typically found at the ends of long bones, proximal to joints and within the interior of vertebrae. Cancellous bone is highly

text: vascular

text: and frequently contains red

text: bone marrow

text: where

text: haematopoiesis

text: , the production of blood cells, occurs. The primary anatomical and functional unit of cancellous bone is the

text: trabecula

text: . The

text: trabeculae

text: within

text: cancellous

text: bone are aligned towards the mechanical load distribution that a bone experiences within long bones such as the human

text: femur

text: .  As far as short bones are concerned, trabecular alignment has been studied in the

text: vertebral

text: pedicle

text: . The macroscopic

text: yield

text: strength of cancellous bone has also been investigated, using high resolution computer models.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Cancellous bone

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: one

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: pedicle

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: Cancellous bone is highly vascular

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: Cancellous bone

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Cancellous bone

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: less dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: femur

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Cancellous bone

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Cancellous bone

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: cancellous bone is highly vascular

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Cancellous bone

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Cancellous bone

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, vertebrates evolved endothermy or vertebrates evolved ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: What did Amphibians evolve from?

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Which of the following is not a function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Cancellous bone is highly vascular and frequently contains red bone marrow

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Cancellous bone

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: What happened after birds evolved?

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Which vertebrates have separate male and female sexes?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: Haematopoiesis

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Cancellous bone

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: haematopoiesis

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: Cancellous bone

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Haematopoiesis

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: cortical bone

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Haematopoiesis

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Cancellous bone

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: Cancellous bone

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: metabolic activity e.g. exchange of calcium ions.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: trabecular alignment has been studied in the vertebral pedicle.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: long bones,

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Cancellous bone

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: softer, weaker, and more flexible

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: haematopoiesis, the production of blood cells,

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: blood cells,

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Cancellous bone

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: vertebral pedicle.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Cancellous bone

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Cancellous bone

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Cancellous bone

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Cancellous bone

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: vertebrae.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Cancellous bone

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: haematopoiesis,

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Cancellous bone

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Cancellous bone

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: softer, weaker, and more flexible characteristics.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: Cancellous bone

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Cancellous bone

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Cancellous bone

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: haematopoiesis,

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: metabolic activity

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: haematopoiesis,

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: Cancellous bone

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: haematopoiesis, the production of blood cells,

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: cortical

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: haematopoiesis,

text: Homeothermy and poikilothermy refer to how stable an organism's temperature is.  Most endothermic organisms are homeothermic, like mammals.  However, animals with facultative endothermy are often poikilothermic, meaning their temperature can vary considerably.  Similarly, most fish are ectotherms, as all of their heat comes from the surrounding water. However, most are homeotherms because their temperature is very stable.

text: Homeothermy

text: and

text: poikilothermy

text: refer to how stable an organism's temperature is.  Most

text: endothermic

text: organisms are homeothermic, like

text: mammal

text: s.  However, animals with facultative

text: endothermy

text: are often poikilothermic, meaning their temperature can vary considerably.  Similarly, most fish are

text: ectotherm

text: s, as all of their heat comes from the surrounding water. However, most are homeotherms because their temperature is very stable.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: ectotherms

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: nine

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: stable an organism's temperature

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: most fish are ectotherms

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: limbs

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: all of the following:

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: softer

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: homeothermic

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: endothermic

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: most fish are ectotherms

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: poikilothermic

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: poikilothermy

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: poikilothermy

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: vertebrate kidneys

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How does the adaptive immune system of vertebrates work?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: male and female sexes

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: ectothermy

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: poikilothermy

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: endothermic

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: endothermic

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: fish are ectotherms,

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: how stable an organism's temperature

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: poikilothermic,

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: endothermic organisms are homeothermic, like mammals.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: stable.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: homeothermic,

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: endothermic

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: fish are ectotherms,

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: endothermic organisms are homeothermic,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Homeothermy

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: ectotherms,

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Homeothermy and poikilothermy

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: ectotherms,

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: ectotherms,

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: ectotherms,

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: endothermic organisms are homeothermic,

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: endothermic

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: endothermic

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: endothermic

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: endothermic

text: These fish have descended from a sluggish demersal ancestor. The cold, well-mixed, oxygen-rich waters of the Southern Ocean provided an environment where a fish with a low metabolic rate could survive even without hemoglobin—albeit less efficiently. During the mid-Tertiary period, a species crash in the Southern Ocean opened up wide range of empty niches to colonize. Despite the hemoglobin-less mutants being less fit, the lack of competition allowed even the mutants to leave descendants that colonized empty habitats and evolved compensations for their mutations. Later, the periodic openings of fjords created habitats that were colonized by a few individuals. These conditions may have allowed for the loss of myoglobin.

text: These fish have descended from a sluggish

text: demersal

text: ancestor. The cold, well-mixed, oxygen-rich waters of the Southern Ocean provided an environment where a fish with a low metabolic rate could survive even without hemoglobin—albeit less efficiently. During the mid-

text: Tertiary

text: period, a species crash in the Southern Ocean opened up wide range of empty

text: niche

text: s to colonize. Despite the hemoglobin-less mutants being less fit, the lack of competition allowed even the mutants to leave descendants that colonized empty habitats and evolved compensations for their mutations. Later, the periodic openings of fjords created habitats that were colonized by a few individuals. These conditions may have allowed for the loss of myoglobin.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: four

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: myoglobin

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: the vertebral column of vertebrates is made of bones

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: limbs

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: myoglobin

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: colonize

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Myoglobin

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: demersal

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Hemoglobin-less mutants were less fit

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: demersal

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: What is the first vertebrates that did not need water to reproduce?

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How does the immune system of vertebrates work?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Which happened first, birds or mammals?

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are mentioned in the passage?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Which of the following is not a sex?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: embryonic

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: myoglobin

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: demersal

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: muscle

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: myoglobin

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: hemoglobin

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: embryonic

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: survive even without hemoglobin—albeit

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: fish with a low metabolic rate could survive even without hemoglobin—albeit

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: individuals.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: myoglobin.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: less efficiently.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: competition

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: myoglobin.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: sluggish demersal ancestor.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: fish with a low metabolic rate could survive even without hemoglobin—albeit

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: hemoglobin—albeit

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: sluggish demersal ancestor.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: hemoglobin—albeit

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: compensations for their mutations.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: sluggish demersal ancestor.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: fish with a low metabolic rate could survive even without hemoglobin—albeit

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: mid-Tertiary

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: myoglobin.

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: competition

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: colonized empty habitats

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: myoglobin.

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: compensations for their mutations.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: myoglobin.

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: myoglobin.

text: The reproduction of Osedax japonicus has been studied. Female worms reach maturity at about six weeks. They secrete mucus to form a tube that surrounds their trunk. Male worms are minute by comparison with the females and they take up residence inside the tubes. The females spawn eggs and retain them in the mucus where they are fertilised by the males. Here they develop for a time before they swim out of the mucus as trochophore larvae. The larvae are then planktonic and can live for at least ten days in the open sea. It seems that if they settle on a suitable vertebrate bone they will develop into female worms but if mature females are already present on the bone, they will develop into males. The vast majority will fail to find any sunken bone.

text: The reproduction of Osedax japonicus has been studied. Female worms reach maturity at about six weeks. They secrete

text: mucus

text: to form a tube that surrounds their trunk. Male worms are minute by comparison with the females and they take up residence inside the tubes. The females spawn eggs and retain them in the mucus where they are fertilised by the males. Here they develop for a time before they swim out of the mucus as

text: trochophore

text: larvae. The larvae are then

text: plankton

text: ic and can live for at least ten days in the open sea. It seems that if they settle on a suitable vertebrate bone they will develop into female worms but if mature females are already present on the bone, they will develop into males. The vast majority will fail to find any sunken bone.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Planktonic

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: eight

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: develop into female worms

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The vast majority will fail to find any sunken bone

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: Bones

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Bones

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Which of the following is not a type of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: worms

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: The vast majority will fail to find any sunken bone.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: worms

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which of the following is not a type of vertebrate?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Which of the following is not a vertebrate?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Which of the following is not true?

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Which of the following is not true?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: larvae

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: sunken bone

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: mucus

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: worms

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: larvae

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: female worms

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: sea.

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: bone they will develop into female worms

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: sunken bone.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: bone.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebrate bone

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sunken bone.

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: mucus

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: female worms

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: males.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: female worms

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: sea.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: six weeks. They secrete mucus

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Osedax japonicus

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: vertebrate bone

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: vertebrate bone

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: vertebrate bone

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: vertebrate bone

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: worms

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: vertebrate bone

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: bone.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: trochophore larvae.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: males.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: trochophore larvae.

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: worms reach maturity at about six weeks. They secrete mucus

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: sunken bone.

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: mucus

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: worms reach maturity at about six weeks. They secrete mucus

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: trochophore larvae.

text: Q10 (temperature coefficient), the factor by which a rate increases at a 10 °C increase in temperature, is used to measure how organisms’ performance relies on temperature.  Most have increased rates as water becomes warmer, but some have limits to this and others find ways to alter such effects, such as by endothermy or earlier recruitment of faster muscle.

text: Q10 (temperature coefficient)

text: , the factor by which a rate increases at a 10 °C increase in temperature, is used to measure how organisms’ performance relies on temperature.  Most have increased rates as water becomes warmer, but some have limits to this and others find ways to alter such effects, such as by endothermy or earlier recruitment of faster muscle.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: six

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: performance relies on temperature

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: the vertebral column of vertebrates is made of bone

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: muscle

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: muscle

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: softer

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: increased rates as water becomes warmer

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: most have increased rates as water becomes warmer

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Q10 (temperature coefficient)

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is Q10 used to measure?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: None of the above choices

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: faster muscle.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: Q10

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: performance relies on temperature.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: Q10

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: muscle.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: endothermy or earlier recruitment of faster muscle.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: faster muscle.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: increased rates

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: endothermy or earlier recruitment of faster muscle.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Q10

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Most have increased rates as water becomes warmer,

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Q10

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: Q10

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Q10

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Q10

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Q10

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Q10

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: Q10

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Q10

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Q10

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: muscle.

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: muscle.

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: endothermy

text: variety (botany) – Vertebrate paleontology (a.k.a. vertebrate paleobiology or paleozoology) – viral evolution – The Voyage of the Beagle – vestigiality

text: variety (botany)

text: Vertebrate paleontology

text: (a.k.a. vertebrate paleobiology or paleozoology) –

text: viral evolution

text: The Voyage of the Beagle

text: vestigiality

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: vestigiality

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: vertigo

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: vertebral paleontology

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: viral evolution

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrate paleontology

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vestigiality

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vestigiality

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: vestigiality

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: vestigiality

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: vertebrate paleobiology

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: viral evolution

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: vertebrate paleontology

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Vertebrate paleontology

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: vestigiality

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: vertebrate paleontology

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: Vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: viral evolution

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: vertebrate paleontology

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: vertebrate paleontology

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: viral evolution

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: Vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vestigiality

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: vestigiality

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vestigiality

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vestigiality

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: vestigiality

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vestigiality

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vestigiality

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: vestigiality

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: Vertebrate paleontology

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: vestigiality

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: vestigiality

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vestigiality

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vestigiality

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vestigiality

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: vestigiality

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Vertebrate paleontology

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: paleozoology)

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: viral evolution

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: paleozoology)

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Vertebrate paleontology

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: viral evolution

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: viral evolution

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: Vertebrate paleontology

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Vertebrate paleontology

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: viral evolution

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Vertebrate paleontology

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: viral evolution

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: viral evolution

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: Vertebrate paleontology

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Vertebrate paleontology

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Vertebrate paleontology

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: viral evolution

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: vestigiality

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: viral evolution

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vestigiality

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: viral evolution

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vestigiality

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: viral evolution

text: In a study of early jawed vertebrate relationships, Davis et al. (2012) found acanthodians to be split among the two major clades Osteichthyes (bony fish) and Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish). The well-known acanthodian Acanthodes was placed within Osteichthyes, despite the presence of many chondrichthyan characteristics in its braincase. However, a newly described Silurian placoderm, Entelognathus, which has jaw anatomy shared with bony fish and tetrapods, has led to revisions of this phylogeny: acanthodians are now considered to be a paraphyletic assemblage leading to cartilaginous fish, while bony fish evolved from placoderm ancestors.

text: In a study of early jawed vertebrate relationships, Davis et al. (2012) found acanthodians to be split among the two major clades

text: Osteichthyes

text: (bony fish) and

text: Chondrichthyes

text: (cartilaginous fish). The well-known acanthodian

text: Acanthodes

text: was placed within Osteichthyes, despite the presence of many chondrichthyan characteristics in its braincase. However, a newly described Silurian

text: placoderm

text: Entelognathus

text: , which has jaw anatomy shared with

text: bony fish

text: and

text: tetrapod

text: s, has led to revisions of this phylogeny: acanthodians are now considered to be a paraphyletic assemblage leading to cartilaginous fish, while bony fish evolved from placoderm ancestors.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Osteichthyes

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: Osteichthyes

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: braincase

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: bony fish evolved from placoderm ancestors

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: jaws

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: cartilaginous fish

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Osteichthyes

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: bony fish evolved from placoderm ancestors

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Osteichthyes

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: In a study of early jawed vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Chondrichthyes

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many major clades are Osteichthyes?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: How many sexes are there in vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: asexual

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Silurian placoderm

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Osteichthyes

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: (bony fish)

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: braincase.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: chondrichthyan characteristics in its braincase.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: braincase.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: jaw anatomy shared with bony fish and tetrapods,

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: (bony fish)

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: chondrichthyan

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Osteichthyes

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: (bony fish)

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: bony fish evolved from placoderm ancestors.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: acanthodians

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: acanthodians

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: chondrichthyan

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: placoderm ancestors.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: Osteichthyes

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Osteichthyes

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Osteichthyes

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Chondrichthyes

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: jawed vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Chondrichthyes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: Osteichthyes

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Osteichthyes

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Osteichthyes

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: chondrichthyan

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: chondrichthyan

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: chondrichthyan

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: chondrichthyan

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: (cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: braincase.

text: Jaws probably originated in the pharyngeal arches supporting the gills of jawless fish. The earliest jaws appeared in the now extinct placoderms and spiny sharks  during the Silurian, about 430 million years ago. The original selective advantage offered by the jaw was probably not related to feeding, but to increased respiration efficiency — the jaws were used in the buccal pump to pump water across the gills.  The familiar use of jaws for feeding would then have developed as a secondary function before becoming the primary function in many vertebrates.  All vertebrate jaws, including the human jaw, evolved from early fish jaws. The appearance of the early vertebrate jaw has been described as "perhaps the most profound and radical evolutionary step in the vertebrate history". Fish without jaws had more difficulty surviving than fish with jaws, and most jawless fish became extinct.

text: Jaws probably originated in the

text: pharyngeal arch

text: es supporting the

text: gills

text: of

text: jawless fish

text: . The earliest jaws appeared in the now extinct

text: placoderm

text: s and

text: spiny shark

text: s  during the

text: Silurian

text: , about 430 million years ago. The original selective advantage offered by the jaw was probably not related to feeding, but to increased respiration efficiency — the jaws were used in the

text: buccal pump

text: to pump water across the gills.  The familiar use of jaws for feeding would then have developed as a secondary function before becoming the primary function in many vertebrates.  All vertebrate jaws, including the human jaw, evolved from early fish jaws. The appearance of the early vertebrate jaw has been described as "perhaps the most profound and radical evolutionary step in the vertebrate history".

text: Fish without jaws

text: had more difficulty surviving than fish with jaws, and most jawless fish became extinct.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: what is the first group mentioned?

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: six

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: respiratory efficiency

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: jawless fish had more difficulty surviving than fish with jaws

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: jaws

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: pharyngeal arches

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: non-elastic

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: feeding

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: glands that secrete hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: most jawless fish became extinct.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: placoderms

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, vertebrates evolved endothermy or vertebrates evolved ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How does the immune system of vertebrates learn to recognize and attack specific pathogens?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Which of the following is not true?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: Silurian

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: buccal pump

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: human jaw

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: Silurian

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Silurian

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: human jaw,

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: fish.

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: supporting the gills

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: jawless

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: human jaw,

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: jaws,

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: jaw was probably not related to feeding, but to increased respiration efficiency

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: feeding

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: water

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: jawless fish.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Fish without jaws had more difficulty surviving than fish with jaws,

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: placoderms and spiny sharks

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: buccal pump to pump water across the gills.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Jaws probably originated in the pharyngeal arches

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: jawless

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: human jaw, evolved from early fish jaws.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: water across the gills.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Fish without jaws had more difficulty surviving than fish with jaws,

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: jawless

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Jaws

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Fish without jaws had more difficulty surviving than fish with jaws,

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: human jaw,

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: human jaw,

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Fish without jaws had more difficulty surviving than fish with jaws,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: Jaws probably originated in the pharyngeal arches

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: buccal pump to pump water across the gills.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: buccal pump

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: pharyngeal arches

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: buccal pump to pump water across the gills.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: pharyngeal arches

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Jaws probably originated in the pharyngeal arches

text: M. greyii is one of a small number of vertebrate species that are known to reproduce by parthenogenesis.

text: M. greyii is one of a small number of

text: vertebrate

text: species that are known to reproduce by

text: parthenogenesis

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: mammals

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: five

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: reproduction

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The vertebral column of vertebrates is made of bone.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: digits

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: M. greyii

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: softer

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: parthenogenesis

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: mammals

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: parthenogenesis is the only way vertebrates reproduce.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: M. greyii

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is M. greyii?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: iv.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: parthenogenesis

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: parthenogenesis

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: parthenogenesis

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: parthenogenesis

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: parthenogenesis.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: small number

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: reproduce by parthenogenesis.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: parthenogenesis.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: parthenogenesis.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: parthenogenesis.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: parthenogenesis.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: parthenogenesis.

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: parthenogenesis.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: parthenogenesis.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: parthenogenesis.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: parthenogenesis.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: parthenogenesis.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: parthenogenesis.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: parthenogenesis.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: small number

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: parthenogenesis.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: parthenogenesis.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: parthenogenesis.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: vertebrate species that are known to reproduce by parthenogenesis.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: parthenogenesis.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: parthenogenesis.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: M. greyii

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: parthenogenesis.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: parthenogenesis.

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: parthenogenesis.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: parthenogenesis.

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrate species that are known to reproduce by parthenogenesis.

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: parthenogenesis.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: parthenogenesis.

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: parthenogenesis.

text: Cam impingement is created by the abnormal development of the femoral head-neck junction causing what has previously been described as a 'pistol-grip deformity'. This type of deformity is characterised by varying amounts of abnormal bone on the anterior and superior femoral neck at the head-neck junction (see fig. 6). The head-neck junction is at the base of the ball of the hip, where it joins the short neck, which in turn carries on downwards into the femur, or thighbone, itself. A bony protrusion or bump at the head-neck junction has been likened to a cam, an eccentric part of a rotating device. This leads to joint damage as a result of the non-spherical femoral head being forced into the acetabulum mainly with flexion and/or internal rotation. This may impart compression and shear forces to the articular cartilage, and may lead to labral tears and peeling away of the articular cartilage from the underlying bone, so-called cartilage delamination (see fig. 8).

text: Cam impingement is created by the abnormal development of the femoral head-neck junction causing what has previously been described as a 'pistol-grip deformity'. This type of deformity is characterised by varying amounts of abnormal bone on the anterior and superior femoral neck at the head-neck junction (see fig. 6). The head-neck junction is at the base of the ball of the hip, where it joins the short neck, which in turn carries on downwards into the femur, or thighbone, itself. A bony protrusion or bump at the head-neck junction has been likened to a cam, an eccentric part of a rotating device. This leads to joint damage as a result of the non-spherical femoral head being forced into the acetabulum mainly with flexion and/or internal rotation. This may impart compression and shear forces to the articular cartilage, and may lead to labral tears and peeling away of the articular cartilage from the underlying bone, so-called cartilage delamination (see fig. 8).

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: femur

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: joint

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The head-neck junction is at the base of the ball of the hip

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: femoral necks

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: femur

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: spherical

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: cam impingement is created by the abnormal development

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, cam impingement or endothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: lobe-finned fish

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: ovary

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: internal rotation

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: internal rotation

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Cam impingement

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: development

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: thighbone,

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: 6).

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: rotating device.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: 'pistol-grip deformity'.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: hip, where it joins the short neck,

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: femur,

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: compression and shear forces

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: Cam impingement

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Cam impingement

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: 'pistol-grip deformity'.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: 'pistol-grip deformity'.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: femoral head-neck junction

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Cam impingement

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Cam impingement

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Cam impingement

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: Cam impingement

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Cam impingement

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Cam impingement

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: articular cartilage,

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Cam impingement

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: cartilage delamination (see fig. 8).

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: 'pistol-grip deformity'.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: 6).

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Cam impingement

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: 'pistol-grip deformity'.

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Cam impingement

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: Cam impingement

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage,

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: cartilage delamination (see fig. 8).

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: cartilage,

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: abnormal development of the femoral head-neck junction

text: On May 11, 1940 she arrived in New York, where almost immediately after, she moved to Massachusetts to take a position at the Harvard Museum of Comparative Zoology, where she published her second seminal work, The Evolution of the Horse Brain in 1948, three years after becoming a citizen of the U.S. She took leave from Harvard for the 1944-1945 academic year to be a professor of comparative anatomy at Wellesley College, a position she resigned after her hearing deteriorated severely. Edinger's work on fossil horse brains showed that evolution was a branching process, as structures could evolve independently, such as the large forebrain found in advanced mammals. This challenged the prevailing theory of the time, anagenesis, and led to the modern understanding of cladogenesis. In 1963 and 1964, Edinger was elected the president of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, reflecting her prominence in the field. Tilly bones, thickened bones on the vertebral columns of some fish species, are named in honor of her.

text: On May 11, 1940 she arrived in New York, where almost immediately after, she moved to

text: Massachusetts

text: to take a position at the

text: Harvard Museum of Comparative Zoology

text: , where she published her second seminal work, The Evolution of the Horse Brain in 1948, three years after becoming a citizen of the U.S. She took leave from Harvard for the 1944-1945 academic year to be a professor of

text: comparative anatomy

text: at

text: Wellesley College

text: , a position she resigned after her hearing deteriorated severely. Edinger's work on fossil horse brains showed that evolution was a branching process, as structures could evolve independently, such as the large

text: forebrain

text: found in advanced mammals. This challenged the prevailing theory of the time,

text: anagenesis

text: , and led to the modern understanding of

text: cladogenesis

text: . In 1963 and 1964, Edinger was elected the president of the

text: Society of Vertebrate Paleontology

text: , reflecting her prominence in the field. Tilly bones, thickened bones on the

text: vertebral column

text: s of some fish species, are named in honor of her.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: six

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: brain

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: thickened bones on the vertebral columns of some fish species

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: spines

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebral columns and what else?

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: thickened

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: anagenesis

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: What did Edinger's work on fossil horse brains show that evolution was a branching process?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: anagenesis

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: advanced mammals

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What did Edinger's work on fossil horse brains show?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are living?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: anagenesis

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: cladogenesis

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: anagenesis

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: Tilly bones

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: cladogenesis

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebral

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: anagenesis

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: fish species,

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: thickened bones

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: Tilly bones, thickened bones

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebral columns

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Tilly bones,

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: thickened bones

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: anagenesis,

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Tilly bones,

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: anagenesis,

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Tilly bones,

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Tilly bones,

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Tilly bones,

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Tilly bones,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: cladogenesis.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Tilly bones,

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Tilly bones,

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Tilly bones,

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Tilly bones,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: anagenesis,

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: cladogenesis.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: anagenesis,

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: Tilly bones,

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: cladogenesis.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: Tilly bones,

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: anagenesis,

text: A complete Basilosaurus skeleton was found in 2015, and several attempts have been made to reconstruct the vertebral column from partial skeletons.  estimated a total of 58 vertebrae, based on two partial and nonoverlapping skeletons of B. cetoides from Alabama. More complete fossils uncovered in Egypt in the 1990s allowed a more accurate estimation: the vertebral column of B. isis has been reconstructed from three overlapping skeletons to a total of 70 vertebrae with a vertebral formula interpreted as seven cervical, 18 thoracic, 20 lumbar and sacral, and 25 caudal vertebrae. The vertebral formula of B. cetoides can be assumed to be the same.

text: A complete Basilosaurus skeleton was found in 2015, and several attempts have been made to reconstruct the vertebral column from partial skeletons.  estimated a total of 58 vertebrae, based on two partial and nonoverlapping skeletons of B. cetoides from Alabama. More complete fossils uncovered in Egypt in the 1990s allowed a more accurate estimation: the vertebral column of B. isis has been reconstructed from three overlapping skeletons to a total of 70 vertebrae with a vertebral formula interpreted as seven cervical, 18 thoracic, 20 lumbar and sacral, and 25 caudal vertebrae. The vertebral formula of B. cetoides can be assumed to be the same.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: vertebral

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The vertebral formula of B. cetoides can be assumed to be the same.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: thoracic vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: thoracic

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: The vertebral formula of B. cetoides can be assumed to be the same.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Basilosaurus

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: vertebrates evolved endothermy before they evolved

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: lobe-finned fish

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebral

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: B. cetoides

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: sacral

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebral

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: cervical, 18 thoracic, 20 lumbar and sacral,

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: 25

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: 58

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: seven cervical, 18 thoracic,

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: seven cervical,

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: 58

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Basilosaurus

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: 58

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Basilosaurus

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: 58

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: 58

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Basilosaurus

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: 58

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: 58

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: 58

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: A complete Basilosaurus

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: A complete Basilosaurus

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: 58

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: 58

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: cervical, 18 thoracic, 20 lumbar and sacral,

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: 58

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Basilosaurus

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebral formula

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Basilosaurus

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebral column

text: Vertebrates were once thought to be unable to perform this cycle because there was no evidence of its two key enzymes, isocitrate lyase and malate synthase. However, some research suggests that this pathway may exist in some, if not all, vertebrates.  Specifically, some studies show evidence of components of the glyoxylate cycle existing in significant amounts in the liver tissue of chickens. Data such as these support the idea that the cycle could theoretically occur in even the most complex vertebrates. Other experiments have also provided evidence that the cycle is present among certain insect and marine invertebrate species, as well as strong evidence of the cycle's presence in nematode species. However, other experiments refute this claim  Some publications conflict on the presence of the cycle in mammals: for example, one paper has stated that the glyoxalate cycle is active in hibernating bears, but this report was disputed in a later paper. Evidence exists for malate synthase activity in humans due to a dual functional malate/B-methylmalate synthase of mitochondrial origin called CLYBL expressed in brown fat and kidney. Vitamin D may regulate this pathway in vertebrates.

text: Vertebrates were once thought to be unable to perform this cycle because there was no evidence of its two key

text: enzyme

text: s, isocitrate lyase and malate synthase. However, some research suggests that this pathway may exist in some, if not all, vertebrates.  Specifically, some studies show evidence of components of the glyoxylate cycle existing in significant amounts in the liver tissue of chickens. Data such as these support the idea that the cycle could theoretically occur in even the most complex vertebrates. Other experiments have also provided evidence that the cycle is present among certain insect and marine invertebrate species, as well as strong evidence of the cycle's presence in nematode species. However, other experiments refute this claim  Some publications conflict on the presence of the cycle in

text: mammal

text: s: for example, one paper has stated that the glyoxalate cycle is active in hibernating bears, but this report was disputed in a later paper. Evidence exists for malate synthase activity in humans due to a dual functional malate/B-methylmalate synthase of mitochondrial origin called CLYBL expressed in brown fat and kidney. Vitamin D may regulate this pathway in vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Vertebrates are classified into what?

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: glyoxylate cycle

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: vertebrates were once thought to be unable to perform this cycle

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: glyoxylate cycle enzymes

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: isocitrate lyase and

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: hibernating

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: nematode

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: the cycle could theoretically occur in even the most complex vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: nematode

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: How many lobe-finned fish ancestors are there?

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: hibernation

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: glyoxylate cycle

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Vitamin D

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: brown fat

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: complex

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: marine

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: two key enzymes,

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: unable to perform this cycle

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: glyoxylate cycle

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: hibernating

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: glyoxylate cycle

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: chickens.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: unable to perform this cycle

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: chickens.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: nematode species.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: glyoxylate cycle

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: glyoxylate cycle

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: some, if not all, vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: glyoxylate cycle

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: glyoxylate cycle

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: nematode species.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: chickens.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: all, vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: glyoxylate cycle

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: all, vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: isocitrate lyase

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: hibernating

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: glyoxylate cycle

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: brown fat

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: hibernating

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: brown fat

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: glyoxylate cycle

text: The Eilat virus shows an evolutionary change which may have occurred to alphaviruses. Normally, an alphavirus similar to that of the EILV would use mosquitoes as the vector of transmission to other (usually vertebrates) creatures. However, the Eilat virus can replicate consummately in an insect host and fails completely to even enter the cells of vertebrates. Based on experimental evidence when a relativity similar virus (SINV) was injected into vertebrate cell lines , the cells showed to have a great cytopathic effect. While when the same test was done on the EILV, the virus showed no cytopathic effect on the vertebrate cell lines.  Therefore, evolutionary  these results aid in suggesting that EILV lost its capability in infecting vertebrate cells. Thus, EILV appears to be mosquito-specific and represents a previously undescribed complex within the genus Alphavirus. Reverse genetic studies of EILV may help in  the discovery of determinants of alphavirus host range which balances disease emergence.

text: The Eilat virus shows an evolutionary change which may have occurred to alphaviruses. Normally, an alphavirus similar to that of the EILV would use mosquitoes as the vector of transmission to other (usually vertebrates) creatures. However, the Eilat virus can replicate consummately in an insect host and fails completely to even enter the cells of vertebrates. Based on experimental evidence when a relativity similar virus (SINV) was injected into vertebrate cell lines , the cells showed to have a great

text: cytopathic

text: effect. While when the same test was done on the EILV, the virus showed no

text: cytopathic

text: effect on the vertebrate cell lines.  Therefore, evolutionary  these results aid in suggesting that EILV lost its capability in infecting vertebrate cells. Thus, EILV appears to be mosquito-specific and represents a previously undescribed complex within the genus Alphavirus. Reverse genetic studies of EILV may help in  the discovery of determinants of alphavirus host range which balances disease emergence.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: cell lines

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: the Eilat virus can replicate consummately in an insect host

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Which of the following is not a type of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: mosquitoes

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Eilat virus can replicate consummately in an insect host

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: alphavirus

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: What is the Eilat virus?

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: The Eilat virus shows an evolutionary change

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: The Eilat virus shows an evolutionary change

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: How many vertebrates are mentioned?

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are mentioned in the passage?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Which of the following is not a type of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Eilat virus

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Eilat virus

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: mosquitoes

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: insect host and fails completely to even enter the cells of vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: vector of transmission

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: fails completely to even enter the cells of vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: cell

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebrates)

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: mosquitoes

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: mosquitoes

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: mosquitoes

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: The Eilat virus

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: vertebrates)

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: The Eilat virus

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: vertebrates)

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: insect host and fails completely to even enter the cells of vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: vertebrates)

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: vertebrate cell lines,

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: vertebrates)

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: cells of vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: mosquitoes

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: mosquitoes

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates)

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: vertebrate cell lines,

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates)

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: cells of vertebrates.

text: There are 316 species of vertebrates within the region, including:

text: There are 316 species of vertebrates within the region, including:

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: amphibians

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: 316

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: internal organs

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: vertebrates do not have a backbone.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: limbs

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: softer

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: lizards

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: vertebrates reproduce by laying eggs.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: lizards

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: ectothermy

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: lizards

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: lizards

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: birds

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: eukaryotes

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: The answer: yes

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: ectothermy

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: 316 species

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: 316

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: 316 species of vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: 316

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: 316

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: 316

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: 316 species of vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: including:

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: 316

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: 316

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: 316

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: 316

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: 316

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: 316

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: 316

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: 316

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: 316

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: 316

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: 316

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: 316

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: 316

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: 316

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: 316

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: 316

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: 316 species of vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: 316 species of vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: 316 species of vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrates

text: These genes were first shown to be arranged into a physically-linked chromosomal cluster in amphioxus, an invertebrate with a single member of each of the three gene families. All the ParaHox genes in the amphioxus genome are therefore in the ParaHox gene cluster. In contrast, the human genome has six ParaHox genes (GSX1, GSX2, PDX1, CDX1, CDX2, CDX4), of which three genes (GSX1, PDX1 (=IPF1), CDX2) are physically linked to form a human ParaHox gene cluster on chromosome 13. Mouse has a homologous ParaHox gene cluster on chromosome 5. The other three human ParaHox genes are remnants from duplicated ParaHox gene clusters that were generated in the 2R genome duplications at the base of vertebrate evolution. Some vertebrates, notably chondrichthyan fish and coelacanths, have retained an additional ParaHox gene (PDX2).

text: These genes were first shown to be arranged into a physically-linked chromosomal cluster in

text: amphioxus

text: , an

text: invertebrate

text: with a single member of each of the three gene families. All the ParaHox genes in the amphioxus genome are therefore in the ParaHox gene cluster. In contrast, the human genome has six ParaHox genes (

text: ), of which three genes (

text: ) are physically linked to form a human ParaHox gene cluster on

text: chromosome 13

text: . Mouse has a homologous ParaHox gene cluster on chromosome 5. The other three human ParaHox genes are remnants from duplicated ParaHox gene clusters that were generated in the

text: genome duplications

text: at the base of vertebrate evolution. Some vertebrates, notably

text: chondrichthyan

text: fish and

text: coelacanths

text: , have retained an additional ParaHox gene (PDX2).

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: chondrichthyan fish and coelacanths

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: chondrichthyan

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: invertebrate with a single member of each of the three gene families

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: ParaHox genes

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: a single member of each of the three gene families

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense than cartilage

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: homologous

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: What type of glands do vertebrates have?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: amphioxus

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: invertebrate with a single member of each of the three gene families

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: amphioxus

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: What did vertebrates evolve before they evolved ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: How many ParaHox genes are in the human genome?

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many different classes are vertebrates placed in?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Which of the following is not an invertebrate: chondrichthyan fish or coelacanths?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: invertebrate

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: amphioxus

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: homologous

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: amphioxus

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: ParaHox

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: amphioxus

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: invertebrate

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: chondrichthyan fish and coelacanths,

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: chondrichthyan

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: a single member of each of the three gene families.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: a single member of each of the three gene families.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: six ParaHox genes

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: ParaHox

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: a single member of each of the three gene families.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: a single member of each of the three gene families.

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: chondrichthyan fish

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: amphioxus,

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: a single member of each of the three gene families.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: amphioxus,

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: chondrichthyan fish

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: chondrichthyan fish

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: chondrichthyan fish

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: chondrichthyan fish

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: chondrichthyan fish

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: chondrichthyan fish

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: chondrichthyan fish

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: chondrichthyan fish

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: chondrichthyan fish

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: chondrichthyan fish

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: three

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: chondrichthyan fish

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: invertebrate

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: chondrichthyan fish

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: 2R genome duplications

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: invertebrate

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: chondrichthyan fish

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: chondrichthyan fish

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: invertebrate

text: Humans have 24 ribs (12 pairs). The first seven sets of ribs, known as "true ribs" (costae verae) also known as vertebrosternal ribs, are directly attached to the sternum through the costal cartilage. Rib 1 is unique and harder to distinguish than other ribs.  It is a short, flat, C-shaped bone.  The vertebral attachment can be found just below the neck and the majority of this bone can be found above the level of the clavicle.  Ribs 2 through 7 have a more traditional appearance and become longer and less curved as they progress downwards.  The following five sets are known as "false ribs" (costae spuriae), three of these sharing a common cartilaginous connection to the sternum, while the last two (eleventh and twelfth ribs) are termed floating ribs (costae fluctuantes) or vertebral ribs. They are attached to the vertebrae only, and not to the sternum or cartilage coming off of the sternum. Some people lack one of the two pairs of floating ribs, while others have a third pair.

text: Humans have 24 ribs (12 pairs). The first seven sets of ribs, known as "

text: true ribs

text: " (costae verae) also known as vertebrosternal ribs, are directly attached to the

text: sternum

text: through the

text: costal cartilage

text: . Rib 1 is unique and harder to distinguish than other ribs.  It is a short, flat, C-shaped bone.  The vertebral attachment can be found just below the

text: neck

text: and the majority of this bone can be found above the level of the

text: clavicle

text: .  Ribs 2 through 7 have a more traditional appearance and become longer and less curved as they progress downwards.  The following five sets are known as "

text: false ribs

text: " (costae spuriae), three of these sharing a common cartilaginous connection to the sternum, while the last two (eleventh and twelfth ribs) are termed

text: floating rib

text: s (costae fluctuantes) or vertebral ribs. They are attached to the vertebrae only, and not to the sternum or cartilage coming off of the sternum. Some people lack one of the two pairs of floating ribs, while others have a third pair.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: False ribs

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: attached to the sternum

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: They are attached to the vertebrae only, and not to the sternum or cartilage coming off of the sternum

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: ribs

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebral ribs

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Which of the following is not a type of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: vertebral ribs

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: they are attached to the vertebrae only, and not to the sternum or cartilage coming off of the sternum

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: False ribs

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: It is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: verae verae

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: before the first mammals

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many sets are known as "false ribs"?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebral

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: costae fluctuantes

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: floating ribs

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: costae fluctuantes

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebral

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: "false ribs"

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: 24 ribs

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: directly attached to the sternum

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: sharing a common cartilaginous connection to the sternum,

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: (12 pairs).

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: floating ribs

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: bone.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: floating ribs

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: floating ribs

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: directly attached to the sternum through the costal cartilage.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: sharing a common cartilaginous connection to the sternum,

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: "true ribs"

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: floating ribs

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: floating ribs

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: floating ribs

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: floating ribs

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: floating ribs

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: floating ribs

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: costal cartilage.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Humans have 24 ribs

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: floating ribs

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: Humans have 24 ribs

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: "false ribs"

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Humans have 24 ribs

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: floating ribs

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Humans have 24 ribs

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: floating ribs

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage.

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: floating ribs

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: costal cartilage.

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Humans have 24 ribs

text: The evolution of multicellularity brought about various challenges, many of which could be met by increasingly sophisticated innate immune systems, but which also served as an evolutionary driving force for the development of adaptive immune systems. The adaptive or "specific" immune system in its fully qualified form (i.e. based on major histocompatibility complex (MHC), T-cell receptors (TCR), and antibodies) exists only in jawed vertebrates, but an independently evolved adaptive immune system has been identified in hagfish and lampreys (non-jawed vertebrates).

text: The evolution of

text: multicellularity

text: brought about various challenges, many of which could be met by increasingly sophisticated innate immune systems, but which also served as an evolutionary driving force for the development of

text: adaptive immune system

text: s. The adaptive or "specific" immune system in its fully qualified form (i.e. based on

text: major histocompatibility complex

text: (MHC),

text: T-cell receptor

text: s (TCR), and

text: antibodies

text: ) exists only in

text: jawed vertebrate

text: s, but an independently evolved adaptive immune system has been identified in

text: hagfish

text: and

text: lamprey

text: s (non-jawed vertebrates).

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: jawed vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: four

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: jawed

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: jawed vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: jaws

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: jawed vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: mammary

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: immune system

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: jawed

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: non-jawed vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: jawed

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: multicellularity

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: adaptive immune systems

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: jawed

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: MHC

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: innate immune systems

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: innate immune systems

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: jawed

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: hagfish

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: innate immune systems,

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: jawed vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: jawed

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: jawed vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: sophisticated innate immune systems,

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: innate immune systems,

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: antibodies)

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: jawed

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: jawed vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: jawed

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: hagfish and lampreys

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: adaptive immune systems.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: jawed vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: jawed vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: jawed vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: The adaptive or "specific" immune system

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: jawed vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: The evolution of multicellularity

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: adaptive immune systems.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: jawed vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: jawed vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: jawed vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: multicellularity

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: innate immune systems,

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: innate immune systems,

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: multicellularity

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: innate immune systems,

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: multicellularity

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: multicellularity

text: The branching order suggests that Alloherpesviridae is the basal clade and that Herpesviridae and Malacoherpesviridae are sister clades. Given the phylogenetic distances between vertebrates and molluscs, this suggests that herpesviruses were initially fish viruses and that they have evolved with their hosts to infect other vertebrates.

text: The

text: branching order

text: suggests that Alloherpesviridae is the basal

text: clade

text: and that Herpesviridae and Malacoherpesviridae are sister clades. Given the phylogenetic distances between vertebrates and molluscs, this suggests that herpesviruses were initially fish viruses and that they have evolved with their hosts to infect other vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Herpesviruses

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: infect other vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: herpesviruses were initially fish viruses

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: Hosts

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Alloherpesviridae

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: Host

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: molluscs

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: herpesviruses were initially fish viruses

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: molluscs

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Malacoherpesviridae

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: Malacoherpesviridae

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: molluscs

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Alloherpesviridae

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: molluscs,

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: infect

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: herpesviruses were initially fish viruses

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: Alloherpesviridae

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Alloherpesviridae

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: phylogenetic distances between vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: hosts

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: molluscs,

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: molluscs,

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: sister clades.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: molluscs,

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: herpesviruses

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Alloherpesviridae

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Alloherpesviridae

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: molluscs,

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Alloherpesviridae

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: herpesviruses

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Alloherpesviridae

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: vertebrates and molluscs,

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Alloherpesviridae

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: Alloherpesviridae

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Alloherpesviridae

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Alloherpesviridae

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: Alloherpesviridae

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: herpesviruses

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: hosts

text: Because ectotherms depend on environmental conditions for body temperature regulation, as a rule they are more sluggish at night and in early mornings. When they emerge from shelter, many diurnal ectotherms need to heat up in the early sunlight before they can begin their daily activities. In cool weather the foraging activity of such species is therefore restricted to the day time in most vertebrate ectotherms, and in cold climates most cannot survive at all. In lizards, for instance, most nocturnal species are geckos specialising in "sit and wait" foraging strategies. Such strategies do not require as much energy as active foraging, and do not as a rule require hunting activity of the same intensity. From another point of view, sit-and-wait predation may require very long periods of unproductive waiting. Endotherms cannot in general afford such long periods without food, but suitably adapted ectotherms can wait without expending much energy. Endothermic vertebrate species are therefore less dependent on the environmental conditions and have developed a higher variability (both within and between species) in their daily patterns of activity.

text: Because ectotherms depend on environmental conditions for body temperature regulation, as a rule they are more sluggish at night and in early mornings. When they emerge from shelter, many

text: diurnal

text: ectotherms need to heat up in the early sunlight before they can begin their daily activities. In cool weather the foraging activity of such species is therefore restricted to the day time in most vertebrate ectotherms, and in cold climates most cannot survive at all. In lizards, for instance, most

text: nocturnal

text: species are geckos specialising in

text: "sit and wait"

text: foraging strategies. Such strategies do not require as much energy as active foraging, and do not as a rule require hunting activity of the same intensity. From another point of view, sit-and-wait predation may require very long periods of unproductive waiting. Endotherms cannot in general afford such long periods without food, but suitably adapted ectotherms can wait without expending much energy. Endothermic vertebrate species are therefore less dependent on the environmental conditions and have developed a higher variability (both within and between species) in their daily patterns of activity.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Endotherms

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: eight

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: body temperature regulation

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: In cool weather the foraging activity of such species is therefore restricted to the day time in most vertebrate ectotherms

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: limbs

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: ectotherms

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: endotherms

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: sit-and-wait predation may require very long periods of unproductive waiting

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: endotherms

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: not enough information

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class of vertebrates: ectotherms, endotherms, or endothermic?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: male and female

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: endothermic

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: ectotherms

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: sit-and-wait

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: endotherms

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Endothermic

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: endotherm

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: endothermic

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Endothermic

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: Endothermic

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: body temperature regulation,

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: Endothermic

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: variability

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Endothermic

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more sluggish at night and in early mornings.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: active foraging,

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: food,

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Endotherms

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Endothermic

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Endotherms

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: lizards,

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Endotherms

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: ectotherms

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: Endothermic

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: vertebrate ectotherms,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: suitably adapted ectotherms

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: ectotherms

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: ectotherms

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: more sluggish at night and in early mornings.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: Endothermic vertebrate species

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Endothermic

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: ectotherms,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: ectotherms

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Endothermic

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: sit-and-wait predation

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: Endotherms

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Endothermic

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: Endotherms

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: ectotherms depend on environmental conditions for body temperature regulation,

text: One of the people who helped figure out the vertebrate progression was French zoologist Georges Cuvier (1769–1832), who realized that fossils found in older rock strata differed greatly from more recent fossils or modern animals.  He published his findings in 1812 and, although he steadfastly refuted evolution, his work proved the (at the time) contested theory of extinction of species.

text: One of the people who helped figure out the vertebrate progression was French zoologist

text: Georges Cuvier

text: (1769–1832), who realized that fossils found in older rock strata differed greatly from more recent fossils or modern animals.  He published his findings in 1812 and, although he steadfastly refuted

text: evolution

text: , his work proved the (at the time) contested theory of

text: extinction

text: of species.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: what is the first group mentioned?

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: eight

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: spinal cord

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: more recent fossils or modern animals

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: extinction of species

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: fossils

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Georges Cuvier

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are living?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: what is the first group mentioned?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: evolution

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Georges Cuvier

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: modern animals.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: Georges Cuvier

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: vertebrate progression

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: evolution,

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: Georges Cuvier

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Georges Cuvier

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Georges Cuvier

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: rock strata

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: evolution,

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: rock strata

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Georges Cuvier

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Georges Cuvier

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Georges Cuvier

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: Georges Cuvier

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Georges Cuvier

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Georges Cuvier

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Georges Cuvier

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Georges Cuvier

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Georges Cuvier

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: Georges Cuvier

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Georges Cuvier

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Georges Cuvier

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrate progression

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: evolution,

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: evolution,

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrate progression

text: Paleontological evidence shows that the ancestors of living crocodilians were active and endothermic (warm-blooded). Some experts believe that their archosaur ancestors were warm-blooded as well. Physiological, anatomical, and developmental features of the crocodilian heart support the paleontological evidence and show that the lineage reverted to ectothermy when it invaded the aquatic, ambush predator niche. Crocodilian embryos develop fully 4-chambered hearts at an early stage. Modifications to the growing heart form a pulmonary bypass shunt that includes the left aortic arch, which originates from the right ventricle, the foramen of Panizza between the left and right aortic arches, and the cog‐tooth valve at the base of the pulmonary artery. The shunt is used during diving to make the heart function as 3-chambered heart, providing the crocodilian with the neurally controlled shunting used by ectotherms. The researchers concluded that the ancestors of living crocodilians had fully 4-chambered hearts, and were therefore warm-blooded, before they reverted to a cold-blooded or ectothermic metabolism. The authors also provide other evidence for endothermy in stem archosaurs. It is reasonable to suggest that later crocodilians developed the pulmonary bypass shunt as they became cold-blooded, aquatic, and less active.

text: Paleontological evidence shows that the ancestors of living crocodilians were active and endothermic (warm-blooded). Some experts believe that their archosaur ancestors were warm-blooded as well. Physiological, anatomical, and developmental features of the crocodilian heart support the paleontological evidence and show that the lineage reverted to ectothermy when it invaded the aquatic, ambush predator niche. Crocodilian embryos develop fully 4-chambered hearts at an early stage. Modifications to the growing heart form a pulmonary bypass shunt that includes the left

text: aortic arch

text: , which originates from the right

text: ventricle

text: , the

text: foramen of Panizza

text: between the left and right aortic arches, and the cog‐tooth valve at the base of the

text: pulmonary artery

text: . The shunt is used during diving to make the heart function as 3-chambered heart, providing the crocodilian with the neurally controlled shunting used by ectotherms. The researchers concluded that the ancestors of living crocodilians had fully 4-chambered hearts, and were therefore warm-blooded, before they reverted to a cold-blooded or ectothermic metabolism. The authors also provide other evidence for endothermy in stem archosaurs. It is reasonable to suggest that later crocodilians developed the pulmonary bypass shunt as they became cold-blooded, aquatic, and less active.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Crocodilians

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: endothermic

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: the ancestors of living crocodilians had fully 4-chambered hearts

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: aortic arches

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: aortic arch, foramen of Panizza

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense than cartilage.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Which of the following is not a type of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: crocodilians

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Crocodilian embryos develop fully 4-chambered hearts at an early stage

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: crocodilians

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: What is the first vertebrates that did not need water to reproduce?

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which of the following is not a vertebrate?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Which of the following is NOT true?

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: How many birds evolved before the first mammals appeared?

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: How many types of vertebrates are mentioned?

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Which of the following is not a vertebrate?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: ectothermy

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: ectothermy

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: ectothermy

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: ectotherms

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Crocodilian embryos

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: crocodilians

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: aquatic,

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: neurally controlled shunting

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: cold-blooded,

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: 4-chambered hearts

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: pulmonary bypass shunt that includes the left aortic arch,

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: active and endothermic (warm-blooded).

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: ectothermy

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: endothermic

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: (warm-blooded).

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: active and endothermic (warm-blooded).

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: (warm-blooded).

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: aquatic,

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: crocodilians

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: crocodilians

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: crocodilians

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: cold-blooded,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: crocodilians

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: ectothermy

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: crocodilians

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: pulmonary bypass shunt

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: crocodilians

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: cold-blooded,

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: crocodilians

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: Crocodilian embryos develop fully 4-chambered hearts

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: ectotherms.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: ectothermy

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: endothermic

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: ectotherms.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: endothermic

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Crocodilian embryos develop fully 4-chambered hearts

text: Most studies consider dinosaurs as endothermic (warm-blooded) animals, with an elevated metabolism comparable to that of today's mammals and birds. In a 2009 study, Herman Pontzer and colleagues calculated the aerobic endurance of various dinosaurs. Even at moderate running speeds, Heterodontosaurus would have exceeded the maximum aerobic capabilities possible for an ectotherm (cold-blooded) animal, indicating endothermy in this genus.

text: Most studies consider dinosaurs as

text: endothermic

text: (warm-blooded) animals, with an elevated

text: metabolism

text: comparable to that of today's mammals and birds. In a 2009 study, Herman Pontzer and colleagues calculated the

text: aerobic endurance

text: of various dinosaurs. Even at moderate running speeds, Heterodontosaurus would have exceeded the maximum aerobic capabilities possible for an

text: ectotherm

text: (cold-blooded) animal, indicating endothermy in this genus.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: mammals and birds

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: dinosaurs as endothermic

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: limbs

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebral skeleton

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: elevated metabolism

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: What does endothermy refer to?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: mammals and birds

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: endothermy in this genus.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: dinosaurs as endothermic

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: most studies consider dinosaurs as endothermic

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are living species of vertebrates placed in?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: endothermy in this genus

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: Ectothermy

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: ectotherm

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: endothermic

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: endothermic

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: ectotherm

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: endothermic

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Ectothermy

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: (warm-blooded)

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: mammals and birds.

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: metabolism

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: endothermic

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: mammals and birds.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: dinosaurs as endothermic

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: (warm-blooded)

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: elevated metabolism

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: mammals and birds.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: endothermic

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: endothermic

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: endothermic

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: endothermic

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Heterodontosaurus

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Heterodontosaurus

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: today's mammals and birds.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: today's mammals and birds.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: today's mammals and birds.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: ectotherm

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: ectotherm

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: elevated metabolism

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: endothermic

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: ectotherm

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: endothermic

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: ectotherm

text: The debate between Haeckel and His ultimately becomes fueled by the description of an embryo that Wilhelm Krause propels directly into the ongoing feud between Haeckel and His.  Haeckel speculates that the allantois is formed in a similar way in both humans and other mammals.  His, on the other hand, accuses Haeckel of altering and playing with the facts.  Although Haeckel is proven right about the allantois, the utilization of Krause’s embryo as justification turns out to be problematic, for the embryo is that of a bird rather than a human.  The underlying debate between Haeckel and His derives from differing viewpoints regarding the similarity or dissimilarity of vertebrate embryos.  In response to Haeckel’s evolutionary claim that all vertebrates are essentially identical in the first month of embryonic life as proof of common descent, His responds by insisting that a more skilled observer would recognize even sooner that early embryos can be distinguished.  His also counteracts Hacekel’s sequence of drawings in the Anthropogenie with what he refers to as “exact” drawings, highlighting specific differences.  Ultimately, His goes so far as to accuse Haeckel of “faking” his embryo illustrations to make the vertebrate embryos appear more similar than in reality.  His also accuses Haeckel of creating early human embryos that he conjured in his imagination rather than obtained through empirical observation.  His completes his denunciation of Haeckel by pronouncing that Haeckel had “‘relinquished the right to count as an equal in the company of serious researchers.’”

text: The debate between Haeckel and His ultimately becomes fueled by the description of an embryo that

text: Wilhelm Krause

text: propels directly into the ongoing feud between Haeckel and His.  Haeckel speculates that the

text: allantois

text: empirical

text: observation.  His completes his denunciation of Haeckel by pronouncing that Haeckel had “‘relinquished the right to count as an equal in the company of serious researchers.’”

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: allantois

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: common descent

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: all vertebrates are essentially identical in the first month of embryonic life

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: What is the first month of embryonic life?

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: allantois

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: allantois

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: What does Haeckel speculate about the allantois?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: common descent

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: all vertebrates are essentially identical in the first month of embryonic life

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: What did Haeckel claim?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Haeckel

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes are vertebrates placed in?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: allantois

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Haeckel

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: allantois

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: allantois

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: the allantois

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: allantois

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: allantois

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: humans and other mammals.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: Anthropogenie

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: highlighting specific differences.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: all vertebrates are essentially identical

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: identical

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: embryo illustrations to make the vertebrate embryos

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: differences.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: allantois

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: common descent,

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: all vertebrates are essentially identical

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: human embryos

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: human

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: common descent,

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: His

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: thropogenie

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: His goes so far as to accuse Haeckel

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: common descent,

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Anthropogenie

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: His goes so far as to accuse Haeckel

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Hacekel’s sequence of drawings in the Anthropogenie

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: Anthropogenie

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: thropogenie

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Anthropogenie

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: allantois

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: humans and other mammals.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: allantois

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: allantois

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: thropogenie

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: allantois

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: allantois

text: A limbus vertebra also see vertebral epophysis  is a bone trauma in the vertebral body bearing a radiographic similarity to a vertebral fracture. The anterior-superior corner of a single vertebra is the common site for this defect although it can also be seen at the inferior corner as well as the posterior or anterior margin.  Anatomically, it is assumed to be an intra-vertebral body herniation of the disc material occurring during adolescent growt spurt when the ring apophysis has not yet fused. It was first described by Schmorl in 1927 and later in detail by Leif Sward and Adad baranto.

text: A limbus vertebra also see vertebral epophysis  is a bone trauma in the vertebral body bearing a radiographic similarity to a vertebral fracture. The anterior-superior corner of a single vertebra is the common site for this defect although it can also be seen at the inferior corner as well as the posterior or anterior margin.  Anatomically, it is assumed to be an intra-vertebral body herniation of the disc material occurring during adolescent growt spurt when the ring apophysis has not yet fused. It was first described by Schmorl in 1927 and later in detail by Leif Sward and Adad baranto.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: limbus vertebra

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: one

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: disc

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: vertebral epophysis is a bone trauma

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebral disc

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: growt spurt

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: glands that secrete hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: limbus vertebra

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: the ring apophysis has not yet fused

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: limbus vertebra

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the common site for this defect?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Which came first, birds or mammals?

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: It was first described by Schmorl in 1927

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: What is the common site for this defect?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: adolescence

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: baranto

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: growt spurt

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: disc

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Adad baranto

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: disc

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: adolescent

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: limbus vertebra

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: limbus vertebra

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: disc

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: ring apophysis has not yet fused.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: single vertebra

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: ring apophysis

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: growt spurt

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: vertebral epophysis

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: limbus vertebra

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: ring apophysis has not yet fused.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: limbus vertebra

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: vertebral epophysis

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: vertebral epophysis

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: limbus vertebra

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: vertebral epophysis

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: vertebral epophysis

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: vertebral epophysis

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: vertebral epophysis

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: vertebral epophysis

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: growt spurt

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: vertebral epophysis

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: vertebral epophysis

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: vertebral epophysis

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: growt spurt

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: adolescent growt spurt

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: growt spurt

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: adolescent growt spurt

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: disc

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: growt spurt

text: The branching order among the herpesviruses suggests that Alloherpesviridae is the basal clade and that Herpesviridae and Malacoherpesviridae are sister clades. Given the phylogenetic distances between vertebrates and molluscs this suggests that herpesviruses were initially fish viruses and that they have evolved with their hosts to infect other vertebrates.

text: The branching order among the herpesviruses suggests that Alloherpesviridae is the basal clade and that Herpesviridae and Malacoherpesviridae are sister clades. Given the phylogenetic distances between vertebrates and molluscs this suggests that herpesviruses were initially fish viruses and that they have evolved with their hosts to infect other vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: molluscs

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: infect other vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: herpesviruses were initially fish viruses

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: digits

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrates and molluscs

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: Host

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: herpesviruses were initially fish viruses

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: herpesviruses

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: Alloherpesviridae

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: molluscs

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: molluscs

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: molluscs

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: infect

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: herpesviruses were initially fish viruses

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: hosts

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: molluscs

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: phylogenetic distances between vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: hosts to infect other vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: molluscs

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: molluscs

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: sister clades.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: molluscs

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: herpesviruses

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: The branching order among the herpesviruses

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: herpesviruses

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: molluscs

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: The branching order among the herpesviruses

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: herpesviruses were initially fish viruses

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: vertebrates and molluscs

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: molluscs

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: phylogenetic distances between vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: molluscs

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Alloherpesviridae

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: phylogenetic distances between vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: hosts

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: Alloherpesviridae

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: herpesviruses

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: hosts

text: ‘Ancient asexuals’: Bdelloid rotifers are assumed to have reproduced without sex for many millions of years. Males are absent within the species, and females reproduce only by parthenogenesis.

text: ‘Ancient asexuals’:

text: Bdelloid

text: rotifers are assumed to have reproduced without sex for many millions of years. Males are absent within the species, and females reproduce only by

text: parthenogenesis

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: asexuals

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: four

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: reproduction

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: males are absent within the species

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: males

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: ribs, tendons, ligaments, and bones

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sex

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: bdelloid

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: males are absent within the species

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: bdelloid

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which of the following is not a type of asexual reproduction?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Which of the following is not a type of asexual reproduction?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: parthenogenesis

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: parthenogenesis

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: parthenogenesis

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: rotifer

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: parthenogenesis

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: rotifer

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: parthenogenesis

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Bdelloid rotifers

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: Bdelloid rotifers

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: reproduced without sex

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: Males are absent within the species,

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: Males

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Males

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: sex

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: parthenogenesis.

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: sex

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: asexuals’:

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: without sex

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: asexuals’:

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Bdelloid rotifers

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: parthenogenesis.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Bdelloid rotifers

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: Males are absent within the species,

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: parthenogenesis.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Bdelloid rotifers

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Bdelloid rotifers

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Bdelloid rotifers

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bdelloid rotifers

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: Bdelloid rotifers

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Bdelloid rotifers

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Males

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: parthenogenesis.

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: parthenogenesis.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: parthenogenesis.

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: Bdelloid rotifers

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: parthenogenesis.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: Bdelloid rotifers

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: parthenogenesis.

text: Because of their multi-potent capabilities, mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) lineages have been used successfully in animal models to regenerate articular cartilage and in human models to regenerate bone.  Recent research demonstrates that articular cartilage may be able to be repaired via percutaneous introduction of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC’s).

text: Because of their multi-potent capabilities, mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) lineages have been used successfully in animal models to regenerate articular cartilage and in human models to regenerate bone.  Recent research demonstrates that articular cartilage may be able to be repaired via percutaneous introduction of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC’s).

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: mammals, birds, and reptiles

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: articular cartilage may be able to be repaired

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: limbs

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: articular cartilage

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: multi-potent

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: multi-potent

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: amphibians

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Vertebrate reproduction is asexual.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: mesenchymal

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Which of the following is not an example of a vertebrate that did not need water to reproduce?

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Which of the following is not an ancestor of amphibians?

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Which of the following is NOT the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: The adaptive immune system of vertebrates learns to recognize and attack

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: What happened first, birds or mammals?

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Which of the following is not a type of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: animal models

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: asexual

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: regenerative

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: bone.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: multi-potent capabilities, mesenchymal stem cell

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: bone.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: bone.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: bone.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: bone.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: multi-potent capabilities,

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: multi-potent

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: bone.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: bone.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Because of their multi-potent capabilities,

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: mesenchymal stem cell

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: mesenchymal stem cell

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: mesenchymal stem cell

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: mesenchymal stem cell

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: mesenchymal stem cell

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: mesenchymal stem cell

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: mesenchymal stem cell

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: articular cartilage

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: mesenchymal stem cell

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: articular cartilage

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: mesenchymal stem cell

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: bone.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Because of their multi-potent capabilities,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: mesenchymal stem cell

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: mesenchymal stem cell

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: mesenchymal stem cell

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: mesenchymal stem cell

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: bone.

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: mesenchymal stem cell

text: Like all Plasmodium species P. foleyi has both vertebrate and insect hosts. The vertebrate hosts for this parasite are mammals.

text: Like all Plasmodium species P. foleyi has both

text: vertebrate

text: and

text: insect

text: hosts. The vertebrate hosts for this parasite are

text: mammal

text: s.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: mammals

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: six

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: Host

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The vertebral column of vertebrates is made of cartilage.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: softer

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: mammals

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Vertebrate reproduction is asexual.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: mammals

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How does the immune system of vertebrates work?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: [iv]

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: parasite

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: parasite

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: insect hosts.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: vertebrate and insect hosts. The vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: insect

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrate

text: The position of the SVP is that "The fossil record of vertebrates unequivocally supports the hypothesis that vertebrates have evolved through time" and that evolution is "the central organizing principle of biology, understood as descent with modification" and is important to geology as well.  The Society believes only scientifically supported evolutionary theory should be taught in school and that creationism and intelligent design have no place in the scientific curriculum. To this end, SVP has set up programs to train educators in teaching evolution and to support teachers who oppose those who desire to bring intelligent design into the classroom.

text: The position of the SVP is that "The fossil record of vertebrates unequivocally supports the hypothesis that vertebrates have evolved through time" and that evolution is "the central organizing principle of

text: biology

text: , understood as descent with modification" and is important to

text: geology

text: as well.  The Society believes only scientifically supported evolutionary theory should be taught in school and that

text: creationism

text: and

text: intelligent design

text: have no place in the scientific curriculum. To this end, SVP has set up programs to train educators in teaching evolution and to support teachers who oppose those who desire to bring intelligent design into the classroom.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: vertebrates have evolved through time

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: eight

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: central organizing principle of biology

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: intelligent design have no place in the scientific curriculum

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: limbs

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrates have evolved through time

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: descent with modification

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: intelligent design have no place in the scientific curriculum

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: "the central organizing principle of biology, understood as descent with modification

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: vertebrates have evolved through time

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: biology

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: intelligent design

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: descent with modification

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: evolution

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: biology

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: descent with modification"

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: evolved through time"

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: intelligent design

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: descent with modification"

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: descent with modification"

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: vertebrates have evolved through time"

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: descent with modification"

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: intelligent design

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: descent with modification"

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: creationism and intelligent design have no place in the scientific curriculum.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: creationism and intelligent design have no place in the scientific curriculum.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: vertebrates have evolved through time"

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: descent with modification"

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: intelligent design

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: descent with modification"

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: evolution

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: descent with modification"

text: In vertebrates, the lower jaw (mandible or jawbone) is a bone forming the skull with the cranium. In lobe-finned fishes and the early fossil tetrapods, the bone homologous to the mandible of mammals is merely the largest of several bones in the lower jaw. It is referred to as the dentary bone, and forms the body of the outer surface of the jaw. It is bordered below by a number of splenial bones, while the angle of the jaw is formed by a lower angular bone and a suprangular bone just above it. The inner surface of the jaw is lined by a prearticular bone, while the articular bone forms the articulation with the skull proper. Finally a set of three narrow coronoid bones lie above the prearticular bone. As the name implies, the majority of the teeth are attached to the dentary, but there are commonly also teeth on the coronoid bones, and sometimes on the prearticular as well.

text: In vertebrates, the lower jaw (

text: mandible

text: or jawbone) is a

text: bone

text: forming the

text: skull

text: with the cranium. In

text: lobe-finned fish

text: es and the early fossil

text: tetrapod

text: s, the bone

text: homologous

text: to the mandible of mammals is merely the largest of several bones in the lower jaw. It is referred to as the dentary bone, and forms the body of the outer surface of the jaw. It is bordered below by a number of

text: splenial

text: bones, while the angle of the jaw is formed by a lower

text: angular bone

text: and a

text: suprangular

text: bone just above it. The inner surface of the jaw is lined by a prearticular bone, while the

text: articular

text: bone forms the articulation with the skull proper. Finally a set of three narrow coronoid bones lie above the prearticular bone. As the name implies, the majority of the teeth are attached to the dentary, but there are commonly also teeth on the coronoid bones, and sometimes on the prearticular as well.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: form the skull with the cranium

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: the lower jaw (mandible or jawbone) is a bone forming the skull with the cranium

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: coronoid bones

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: a set of three narrow coronoid bones lie above the prearticular bone

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Which of the following is not a type of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: lobe-finned fishes and the early fossil tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: It is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How does the immune system of vertebrates learn to recognize and attack specific pathogens

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are living species of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: splenial

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: dentary

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: splenial bones

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: dentary

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: ovary

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: lobe-finned fishes

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: lobe-finned

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: forming the skull with the cranium.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: lobe-finned fishes

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: three

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: the lower jaw

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: bone forming the skull with the cranium.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: teeth are attached to the dentary,

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: teeth

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: lobe-finned fishes

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: lobe-finned fishes

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: lobe-finned fishes

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: lobe-finned fishes

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: dentary bone,

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: lobe-finned fishes

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: lobe-finned fishes

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: dentary bone,

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: lobe-finned

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: lobe-finned fishes

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: In vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: lobe-finned fishes

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: lobe-finned fishes

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: lobe-finned

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: teeth are attached to the dentary,

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: dentary

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: lobe-finned

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: dentary bone,

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrates,

text: The vertebral column of humans takes a forward bend in the lumbar (lower) region and a backward bend in the thoracic (upper) region.  Without the lumbar curve, the vertebral column would always lean forward, a position that requires much more muscular effort for bipedal animals.  With a forward bend, humans use less muscular effort to stand and walk upright.  Together the lumbar and thoracic curves bring the body's center of gravity directly over the feet.  Also, the degree of body erection (the angle of body incline to a vertical line in a walking cycle) is significantly smaller to conserve energy.

text: The vertebral column of humans takes a forward bend in the lumbar (lower) region and a backward bend in the thoracic (upper) region.  Without the lumbar curve, the vertebral column would always lean forward, a position that requires much more muscular effort for bipedal animals.  With a forward bend, humans use less muscular effort to stand and walk upright.  Together the lumbar and thoracic curves bring the body's center of gravity directly over the feet.  Also, the degree of body erection (the angle of body incline to a vertical line in a walking cycle) is significantly smaller to conserve energy.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: bipedal animals

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: stand and walk upright

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: Without the lumbar curve, the vertebral column would always lean forward

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: The vertebral column of humans

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: erection

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: What does the vertebral column of humans take a forward bend in?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: without the lumbar curve, the vertebral column would always lean forward

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which of the following is not a type of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What does the adaptive immune system of vertebrates learn to recognize and attack specific pathogens?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: erection

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: erection

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: erection

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: muscle

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: erection

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebral

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: bipedal animals.

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: stand and walk upright.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: always lean forward,

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: feet.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: lumbar and thoracic curves

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more muscular effort

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: body erection

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: energy.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: the vertebral column would always lean forward,

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: The vertebral column of humans

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: The vertebral column of humans

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: The vertebral column of humans

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: The vertebral column of humans

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: lumbar

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: The vertebral column of humans

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: more muscular effort for bipedal animals.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: bipedal animals.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: erection

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: energy.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: body erection

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: muscular effort for bipedal animals.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: erection

text: Like all Plasmodium species P. wenyoni has both vertebrate and insect hosts. The vertebrate hosts for this parasite are reptiles.

text: Like all Plasmodium species P. wenyoni has both

text: vertebrate

text: and

text: insect

text: hosts. The vertebrate hosts for this parasite are

text: reptile

text: s.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: reptiles

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The vertebral column of vertebrates is made of bones.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: reptiles

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Vertebrate reproduction is asexual.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: reptiles

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How does the immune system of vertebrates work?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: It is impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: parasites

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: parasite

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: skeleton

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: insect hosts.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: The vertebrate hosts for this parasite are reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: The vertebrate hosts for this parasite are reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: insect hosts.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrate

text: The perichondrium (from Greek περί (peri 'around') and χόνδρος (chondros 'cartilage')) is a layer of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the cartilage of developing bone. It consists of two separate layers: an outer fibrous layer and inner chondrogenic layer. The fibrous layer contains fibroblasts, which produce collagenous fibers.  The chondrogenic layer remains undifferentiated and can form chondroblasts or chondrocytes. Perichondrium can be found around the perimeter of elastic cartilage and hyaline cartilage. Fibrocartilage and articular cartilage both lack perichondrium.

text: The perichondrium (from

text: Greek

text: περί (peri 'around') and χόνδρος (chondros 'cartilage')) is a layer of

text: dense irregular connective tissue

text: that surrounds the

text: cartilage

text: of developing bone. It consists of two separate layers: an outer fibrous layer and inner

text: chondrogenic

text: layer. The fibrous layer contains

text: fibroblasts

text: , which produce

text: collagenous fibers

text: .  The chondrogenic layer remains undifferentiated and can form

text: chondroblasts

text: or

text: chondrocytes

text: . Perichondrium can be found around the perimeter of

text: elastic cartilage

text: and

text: hyaline cartilage

text: Fibrocartilage

text: and

text: articular cartilage

text: both lack perichondrium.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: echinoderms

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: one

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: perichondrium

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: articular cartilage both lack perichondrium

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: layers

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: cartilage and hyaline cartilage

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Which of the following is not a type of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: perichondrium

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: articular cartilage both lack perichondrium

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How does the immune system of vertebrates learn to recognize and attack specific pathogens?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: How many years after birds evolved did mammals appear?

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many different classes of vertebrates are placed in five different classes?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: How many layers does the perichondrium contain?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: chondrogenic

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Perichondrium

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: chondrogenic

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: hyaline

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: chondrocytes

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: perichondrium

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: bone.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: The perichondrium

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: bone.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: articular cartilage both lack perichondrium.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: bone.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: perichondrium

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: lack perichondrium.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: chondroblasts or chondrocytes.

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: collagenous fibers.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: bone.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: articular cartilage both lack perichondrium.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: bone.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: The perichondrium

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: The perichondrium

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: The perichondrium

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: articular cartilage both lack perichondrium.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: The perichondrium

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: The perichondrium

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: bone.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: The perichondrium

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Perichondrium can be found around the perimeter of elastic cartilage

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: The perichondrium

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: The perichondrium

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: The perichondrium

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: The perichondrium

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: The perichondrium

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: perichondrium

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: fibrous

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: chondroblasts or chondrocytes.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: bone.

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: The perichondrium

text: An X-ray is essential for the proper diagnosis of a malunion. The doctor will look into the patient’s history and the treatment process for the bone fracture. Oftentimes a CT scan and probably a MRI are also used in diagnosis. MRI are used to check of cartilage and ligament issues that developed due to the malunion and misalignment. CT scans are used to locate normal or abnormal structures within the body and to help during procedures to guide the placement of instruments and/or treatments.

text: An

text: X-ray

text: is essential for the proper diagnosis of a malunion. The doctor will look into the patient’s history and the treatment process for the bone fracture. Oftentimes a

text: CT scan

text: and probably a

text: MRI

text: are also used in diagnosis.

text: MRI

text: are used to check of cartilage and ligament issues that developed due to the malunion and misalignment.

text: CT scans

text: are used to locate normal or abnormal structures within the body and to help during procedures to guide the placement of instruments and/or treatments.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: eagles

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: six

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: misalignment

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The vertebral column of vertebrates does not have a spine.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebral bodies

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrates that are

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: amphibians

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Vertebrate reproduction is asexual

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: What is the first vertebrate that did not need water to reproduce?

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Which of the following is not a type of amphibian?

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Which of the following is NOT the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What does the adaptive immune system of vertebrates do?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Which of the following is not a cartilage endoskeleton?

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: What happened first, birds or mammals?

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Which of the following is true of cartilage skeleton?

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: How many living species of vertebrates are mentioned?

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Which of the following is not a vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: sperm

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: malunion

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: asexual

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: MRI

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: fertilization

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: cartilage and ligament

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: X-ray

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: misalignment.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: X-ray is essential for the proper diagnosis of a malunion.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: cartilage and ligament

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: X-ray

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: X-ray

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: X-ray

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: An X-ray

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: bone fracture.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: X-ray

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: X-ray

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: X-ray

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: X-ray

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: X-ray

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: X-ray

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: X-ray

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: X-ray

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: X-ray

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: X-ray

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: X-ray

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: MRI

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: X-ray

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: X-ray

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: MRI

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: X-ray

text: Brian Keith Hall  (born, 1941) is the George S. Campbell Professor of Biology and University Research Professor Emeritus at Dalhousie University in Halifax, Nova Scotia.  Professor Hall has researched and extensively written on bone and cartilage formation in developing vertebrate embryos. He is an active participant in the evolutionary developmental biology (EVO-DEVO) debate on the nature and mechanisms of animal body plan formation.  Professor Hall has proposed that the neural crest tissue of vertebrates may be viewed as a fourth embryonic germ layer.  As such, the neural crest - in Hall's view - plays a role equivalent to that of the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm of bilaterian development and is a definitive feature of vertebrates (as hypothesized by Gans and Northcutt[1983]).  As such, vertebrates are the only quadroblastic, rather than triploblastic bilaterian animals.  In vertebrates the neural crest serves to integrate the somatic division (derived from ectoderm and mesoderm) and visceral division (derived from endoderm and mesoderm) together via a wide range novel vertebrate tissues (bone, cartilage, sympathetic nervous system, etc...).

text: Brian Keith Hall  (born, 1941) is the George S. Campbell Professor of Biology and University Research Professor Emeritus at Dalhousie University in

text: Halifax, Nova Scotia

text: .  Professor Hall has researched and extensively written on

text: bone

text: and

text: cartilage

text: formation in developing vertebrate embryos. He is an active participant in the

text: evolutionary developmental biology

text: (EVO-DEVO) debate on the nature and mechanisms of animal

text: body plan

text: formation.  Professor Hall has proposed that the

text: neural crest

text: tissue of

text: vertebrates

text: may be viewed as a fourth embryonic

text: germ layer

text: .  As such, the neural crest - in Hall's view - plays a role equivalent to that of the

text: endoderm

text: mesoderm

text: , and

text: ectoderm

text: of

text: bilaterian

text: development and is a definitive feature of vertebrates (as hypothesized by

text: Gans and Northcutt

text: [1983]).  As such, vertebrates are the only

text: quadroblastic

text: , rather than

text: triploblastic

text: bilaterian animals.  In vertebrates the neural crest serves to integrate the

text: somatic

text: division (derived from ectoderm and mesoderm) and

text: visceral

text: division (derived from endoderm and mesoderm) together via a wide range novel vertebrate tissues (bone, cartilage, sympathetic nervous system, etc...).

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: bilaterian

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: to integrate the somatic division

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: triploblastic bilaterian

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: germ layers

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: bone, cartilage, sympathetic nervous system

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: triploblastic

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: bilaterian

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: triploblastic bilaterian

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: bilaterian

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: In vertebrates the neural crest serves to integrate the somatic division

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: The answer: lobe-finned fish.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: The answer: birds.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes are vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: bilaterian

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: sympathetic nervous system

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: triploblastic

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: EVO-DEVO

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: bilaterian

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: quadroblastic,

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: quadroblastic,

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: integrate the somatic division

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: triploblastic

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: quadroblastic,

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: (bone, cartilage, sympathetic nervous system, etc...).

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: (bone,

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: triploblastic bilaterian

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: sympathetic nervous system,

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: quadroblastic,

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: triploblastic bilaterian

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: bilaterian

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: quadroblastic,

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: ectoderm

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: bilaterian

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: quadroblastic,

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: quadroblastic,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: sympathetic nervous system,

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: cartilage, sympathetic nervous system, etc...).

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: bilaterian

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: cartilage,

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: quadroblastic,

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: quadroblastic,

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: quadroblastic,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: bilaterian

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: sympathetic nervous system,

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: triploblastic bilaterian

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: sympathetic nervous system,

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: (bone, cartilage,

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: bilaterian

text: In their paper Andrikou and Arnone argue that to truly understand the evolution of muscle cells the function of transcriptional regulators must be understood in the context of other external and internal interactions. Through their analysis, Andrikou and Arnone found that there were conserved orthologues of the gene regulatory network in both invertebrate bilaterians and in cnidarians. They argue that having this common, general regulatory circuit allowed for a high degree of divergence from a single well functioning network. Andrikou and Arnone found that the orthologues of genes found in vertebrates had been changed through different types of structural mutations in the invertebrate deuterostomes and protostomes, and they argue that these structural changes in the genes allowed for a large divergence of muscle function and muscle formation in these species. Andrikou and Arnone were able to recognize not only any difference due to mutation in the genes found in vertebrates and invertebrates but also the integration of species specific genes that could also cause divergence from the original gene regulatory network function. Thus, although a common muscle patterning system has been determined, they argue that this could be due to a more ancestral gene regulatory network being coopted several times across lineages with additional genes and mutations causing very divergent development of muscles. Thus it seems that myogenic patterning framework may be an ancestral trait. However, Andrikou and Arnone explain that the basic muscle patterning structure must also be considered in combination with the cis regulatory elements present at different times during development. In contrast with the high level of gene family apparatuses structure, Andrikou and Arnone found that the cis regulatory elements were not well conserved both in time and place in the network which could show a large degree of divergence in the formation of muscle cells. Through this analysis, it seems that the myogenic GRN is an ancestral GRN with actual changes in myogenic function and structure possibly being linked to later coopts of genes at different times and places.

text: In their paper Andrikou and Arnone argue that to truly understand the evolution of muscle cells the function of transcriptional regulators must be understood in the context of other external and internal interactions. Through their analysis, Andrikou and Arnone found that there were conserved

text: orthologues

text: cis regulatory elements

text: present at different times during development. In contrast with the high level of gene family apparatuses structure, Andrikou and Arnone found that the cis regulatory elements were not well conserved both in time and place in the network which could show a large degree of divergence in the formation of muscle cells. Through this analysis, it seems that the myogenic GRN is an ancestral GRN with actual changes in myogenic function and structure possibly being linked to later coopts of genes at different times and places.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: bilaterians cnidarians

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: muscle

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: the cis regulatory elements were not well conserved

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: genes

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Muscles

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: myogenic patterning framework

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: glands that secrete hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: bilaterians

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: cis regulatory elements were not well conserved

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: bilaterians

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Context: Amphibians were the first vertebrates that did not need water to reproduce.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: context: Vertebrates evolved endothermy before they evolved ectothermy

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: context: Amphibians evolved from a lobe-finned fish ancestor.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Context: The adaptive immune system of vertebrates learns to recognize and attack specific pathogens.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Context: The earliest fish had a cartilage endoskeleton.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: context: Birds evolved before the first mammals appeared

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Context: An animal with a cartilage skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: Invertebrates

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class of vertebrates: deuterostomes, protostomes, or bilaterians?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: male and female

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: bilaterians

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: myogenic patterning framework

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: myogenic patterning framework

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: muscle

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: myogenic patterning framework

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: deuterostomes

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: bilaterians

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: bilaterians and in cnidarians.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: bilaterians

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: muscle function and muscle formation

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: high level of gene family apparatuse

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: gene regulatory network being coopted several times across lineages with additional genes

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: deuterostomes and protostomes,

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: ancestral gene regulatory network

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: muscle patterning system

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: additional genes and mutations

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: bilaterians

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: from the original gene regulatory network function.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: bilaterians

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: additional genes and mutations

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: additional genes and mutations

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: additional genes and mutations

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: a large degree of divergence in the formation of muscle cells.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: additional genes and mutations

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: additional genes and mutations

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: additional genes and mutations

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: bilaterians and in cnidarians.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: integration of species specific genes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: additional genes and mutations

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: a large degree of divergence in the formation of muscle cells.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: additional genes and mutations

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: additional genes and mutations

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: muscle cells the function of transcriptional regulators

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: muscle patterning system

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: muscle

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: muscle cells

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: myogenic

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: additional genes and mutations

text: The vertebrate fauna is dominated by the small basal ornithopod Oryctodromeus, which dominates the vertebrate assemblage and is known from several partial skeletons.  An ankylosaur, a Tenontosaurus-like iguanodontid, a hadrosaurid, dromaeosaurs, a tyrannosauroid, a possible neovenatorid allosauroid, a giant oviraptorosaur (represented by eggshell of the oogenus Macroelongatoolithus carleylei), indeterminate small theropods, possible neoceratopsians, large and small crocodilians, turtles, a variety of small mammals, and semionotid fish are known from very fragmentary remains.

text: The vertebrate fauna is dominated by the small basal ornithopod

text: Oryctodromeus

text: , which dominates the vertebrate assemblage and is known from several partial skeletons.  An

text: ankylosaur

text: , a

text: Tenontosaurus

text: -like

text: iguanodontid

text: , a

text: hadrosaurid

text: dromaeosaurs

text: , a

text: tyrannosauroid

text: , a possible

text: neovenatorid

text: allosauroid, a giant

text: oviraptorosaur

text: (represented by eggshell of the oogenus

text: Macroelongatoolithus

text: carleylei), indeterminate small

text: theropods

text: , possible

text: neoceratopsians

text: , large and small crocodilians, turtles, a variety of small mammals, and semionotid fish are known from very fragmentary remains.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: ornithopod

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: eggshell

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: ankylosaur, a Tenontosaurus-like iguanodontid, a hadrosaurid

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Oryctodromeus

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: eggshell

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Oryctodromeus

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: a giant oviraptorosaur

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: basal ornithopod

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: It is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: semionotid fish

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: semionotid

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many different classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: oviraptor

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: oviraptorosaur

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: eggshell

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: eggshell

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: oviraptorosaur

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: skeleton

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: oviraptor

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: semionotid fish

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: semionotid

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: eggshell

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: small basal ornithopod

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: tyrannosauroid,

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: semionotid fish

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: eggshell

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: eggshell

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: tyrannosauroid,

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: basal ornithopod Oryctodromeus,

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: eggshell

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: basal ornithopod Oryctodromeus,

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: semionotid fish

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: tyrannosauroid,

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: semionotid fish

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: basal ornithopod Oryctodromeus,

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: tyrannosauroid,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: tyrannosauroid,

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: semionotid

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: a variety of small mammals,

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: oviraptorosaur

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: a variety of small mammals, and semionotid fish

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: indeterminate small theropods,

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: tyrannosauroid,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: oviraptorosaur

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: tyrannosauroid,

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: eggshell

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: eggshell

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: tyrannosauroid,

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: eggshell

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: oviraptorosaur

text: Previously, L. guttatus was known to exhibit cranial endothermy, generating and maintaining metabolic heat in the cranial and optic regions to keep them 2 °C warmer than the rest of the body.  This adaptation is important for maintaining brain and eye function during the wide range of temperatures it experiences with its vertical movements.

text: Previously, L. guttatus was known to exhibit cranial endothermy, generating and maintaining metabolic heat in the cranial and optic regions to keep them 2 °C warmer than the rest of the body.  This adaptation is important for maintaining brain and eye function during the wide range of temperatures it experiences with its vertical movements.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: cranial

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: one

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: maintaining brain and eye function

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The vertebral column of vertebrates is made of bone.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: limbs

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: cranial and optic regions

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: softer

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: vertebrates reproduce sexually.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: L. guttatus

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How does the immune system of vertebrates work?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: cranial endothermy,

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: cranial endothermy,

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: maintaining brain and eye function

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: 2 °C warmer

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: cranial endothermy,

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: cranial endothermy,

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: 2 °C warmer

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: cranial endothermy,

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: metabolic heat

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: L. guttatus

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: cranial endothermy,

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: L. guttatus

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: cranial endothermy,

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: endothermy,

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: L. guttatus

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: cranial endothermy,

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: cranial endothermy,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: cranial endothermy,

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: cranial endothermy,

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: cranial endothermy,

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: cranial endothermy,

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: cranial endothermy,

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: cranial endothermy,

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: cranial endothermy,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: cranial endothermy,

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: cranial endothermy,

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: cranial endothermy,

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cranial endothermy,

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: cranial endothermy,

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: cranial endothermy,

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: cranial endothermy,

text: All vertebrates are built along the basic chordate body plan: a stiff rod running through the length of the animal (vertebral column or notochord), with a hollow tube of nervous tissue (the spinal cord) above it and the gastrointestinal tract below.

text: All vertebrates are built along the basic chordate

text: body plan

text: : a stiff rod running through the length of the animal (vertebral column or

text: notochord

text: ), with a hollow tube of nervous tissue (the

text: spinal cord

text: ) above it and the

text: gastrointestinal tract

text: below.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: chordates

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: stiff rod running through the length

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: a stiff rod running through the length of the animal

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebral columns

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: spinal cord

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: stiff

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: chordates

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Vertebrates reproduce sexually.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: chordates

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What does the adaptive immune system of vertebrates learn to recognize and attack?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: chordate

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: chordate

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: spinal cord

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: gastrointestinal tract

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: spinal cord

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Chordal

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: chordate

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: chordate

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: stiff rod running through the length of the animal

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: gastrointestinal tract

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: gastrointestinal tract

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: (the spinal cord) above it and the gastrointestinal tract

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: stiff rod

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: gastrointestinal tract

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: vertebrates are built along the basic chordate body plan:

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: chordate

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: All vertebrates are built along the basic chordate body plan:

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: chordate

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: gastrointestinal tract

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: a hollow tube of nervous tissue

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: All vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: All vertebrates are built along the basic chordate body plan:

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: (vertebral column or notochord),

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: gastrointestinal tract

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: gastrointestinal tract

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: All vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: hollow tube of nervous tissue

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: gastrointestinal tract

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: chordate

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: All vertebrates are built along the basic chordate body plan:

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: gastrointestinal tract

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: nervous tissue

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: gastrointestinal tract

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: nervous tissue

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: nervous tissue

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: nervous tissue

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: a hollow tube of nervous tissue

text: Studies to determine the evolutionary origins of vertebrates have led to understanding the development of immune system processes and furthermore answer the questions of how and why pathogens have learned to evade and shut down these selectable genetic traits.  Eight functional and four pseudo IRG genes have been identified in the invertebrate Branchiostoma floridiae.  Li et al. determined expression patterns of functional IFN-inducible GTPase genes in Branchiostoma japonicum at various immunologic sites when induced by pathogens and pathogenic substances.  This evidence suggests that IRGs may function in an immune-related capacity in cephalochordates.  The paradox remains that these IRGs function without induction by IFN activation pathways, since B. japonicum and other amphioxus species do not possess IFN and IFN receptor genes.  It is possible that IRGs may have existed prior to the Cambrian Explosion as an innate immune mechanism and with the evolution of the adaptive immune system in vertebrates, IFN evolved to modulate IRG function.

text: Studies to determine the evolutionary origins of vertebrates have led to understanding the development of immune system processes and furthermore answer the questions of how and why pathogens have learned to evade and shut down these selectable genetic traits.  Eight functional and four pseudo IRG genes have been identified in the invertebrate

text: Branchiostoma floridiae

text: .  Li et al. determined expression patterns of functional IFN-inducible GTPase genes in

text: Branchiostoma japonicum

text: at various immunologic sites when induced by pathogens and pathogenic substances.  This evidence suggests that IRGs may function in an immune-related capacity in

text: cephalochordates

text: .  The paradox remains that these IRGs function without induction by IFN activation pathways, since B. japonicum and other

text: amphioxus

text: species do not possess IFN and IFN receptor genes.  It is possible that IRGs may have existed prior to the

text: Cambrian Explosion

text: as an innate immune mechanism and with the evolution of the adaptive immune system in vertebrates, IFN evolved to modulate IRG function.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: cephalochordates

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: immune-related

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: IRGs may function in an immune-related capacity in cephalochordates

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: IRG genes

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: branchiostoma

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: IRGs

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: cephalochordates

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: B. japonicum and other amphioxus species do not possess IFN and IFN receptor genes

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: cephalochordates

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: What is the first vertebrate that did not need water to reproduce?

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: The Cambrian Explosion

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: The Cambrian Explosion

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: How many vertebrates have been identified?

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which class is Branchiostoma floridiae?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: How many pseudo IRG genes have been identified in the invertebrate Branchiostoma floridiae

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: adaptive immune system

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: amphioxus

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cephalochordates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: IRGs may function in an immune-related capacity

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: cephalochordates.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: amphioxus

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: immune system

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: do not possess IFN and IFN receptor genes.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: Eight functional and four pseudo IRG genes

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: IRGs

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: selectable genetic traits.

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: immune system

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Cambrian Explosion

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: IFN and IFN receptor genes.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Cambrian Explosion

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Cambrian Explosion

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: IRGs may have existed prior to the Cambrian Explosion

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Branchiostoma floridiae.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: cephalochordates.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Branchiostoma floridiae.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: IFN

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Cambrian Explosion

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Cambrian Explosion

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Branchiostoma floridiae.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: Branchiostoma floridiae.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Branchiostoma floridiae.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Branchiostoma floridiae.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: immune system processes

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: innate immune mechanism and with the evolution of the adaptive immune system

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: Cambrian Explosion

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cephalochordates.

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: innate immune mechanism and with the evolution of the adaptive immune system

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: cephalochordates.

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: immune system processes

text: Grazing can have varied effects on vertebrates. Kuhnert et al. observed that different bird species react in different ways to changes in grazing intensity. Grazing has also been thought to decrease the abundance of vertebrates, such as the prairie dog and the desert tortoise. However, Kazmaier et al. found that the effect of moderate grazing on the Texas tortoise did not show a significant difference when comparing grazed and ungrazed plots.

text: Grazing can have varied effects on vertebrates. Kuhnert et al. observed that different bird species react in different ways to changes in grazing intensity. Grazing has also been thought to decrease the abundance of vertebrates, such as the

text: prairie dog

text: and the

text: desert tortoise

text: . However, Kazmaier et al. found that the effect of moderate grazing on the

text: Texas tortoise

text: did not show a significant difference when comparing grazed and ungrazed plots.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: bird species

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: eight

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: abundance

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: Grazing can have varied effects on vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: Grazing

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: prairie dog

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Grazing can have varied effects on vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Grazing

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Grazing can have varied effects on vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Which of the following is not a vertebrate: prairie dog, desert tortoise, or grazing?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class of vertebrates: birds, tortoises, or birds?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Which of the following is not a sex?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: grazing

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: grazing

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: desert tortoise

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: bird species

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: Grazing can have varied effects on vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: abundance

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: decrease the abundance

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: prairie dog

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Grazing can have varied effects on vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: Grazing

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Grazing can have varied effects on vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: prairie dog

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: decrease the abundance

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: bird species

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: prairie dog

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Grazing can have varied effects on vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Grazing can have varied effects on vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Grazing can have varied effects on vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Grazing

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Grazing can have varied effects on vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Grazing can have varied effects on vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Grazing can have varied effects on vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: prairie dog

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: different bird species

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Grazing can have varied effects on vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: bird species

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: Grazing

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Grazing

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrates.

text: Ectotherms rely largely on external heat sources such as sunlight to achieve their optimal body temperature for various bodily activities. Accordingly, they depend on ambient conditions to reach operational body temperatures. In contrast, endothermic animals as a rule maintain nearly constant high operational body temperatures largely by reliance on internal heat produced by metabolically active organs (liver, kidney, heart, brain, muscle) or even by specialized heat producing organs like brown adipose tissue (BAT). Also as a rule, ectotherms have lower metabolic rates than endotherms at a given body mass. As a consequence, endotherms generally rely on higher food consumption, and commonly on food of higher energy content. Such requirements may limit the carrying capacity of a given environment for endotherms as compared to its carrying capacity for ectotherms.

text: Ectotherms rely largely on external heat sources such as

text: sunlight

text: to achieve their optimal

text: body temperature

text: for various bodily activities. Accordingly, they depend on ambient conditions to reach operational body temperatures. In contrast,

text: endotherm

text: ic animals as a rule maintain nearly constant high operational body temperatures largely by reliance on internal heat produced by metabolically active organs (liver, kidney, heart, brain, muscle) or even by specialized heat producing organs like

text: brown adipose tissue

text: (BAT). Also as a rule, ectotherms have lower metabolic rates than

text: endotherms

text: at a given body mass. As a consequence, endotherms generally rely on higher food consumption, and commonly on food of higher energy content. Such requirements may limit the

text: carrying capacity

text: of a given environment for endotherms as compared to its carrying capacity for ectotherms.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Ectotherms

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: six

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: carrying capacity of a given environment

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: endothermic animals as a rule maintain nearly constant high operational body temperatures

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: organs

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: muscle

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: endotherms

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: endothermic

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: ectotherms have lower metabolic rates than endotherms at a given body mass

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: endothermic

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: endothermic

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: endothermic

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: endotherms

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: endothermic

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: endotherms

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: endothermic

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Ectotherms

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: endothermic

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: muscle

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: endothermic

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: endothermic

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: endothermic

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: endothermic

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: Ectotherms

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: optimal body temperature

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: ectotherms have lower metabolic rates than endotherms

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: (liver, kidney, heart, brain, muscle)

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: (liver, kidney, heart, brain, muscle)

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: Ectotherms

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: endothermic

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: internal heat

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Ectotherms

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Ectotherms

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Ectotherms

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Ectotherms

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: endothermic

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Ectotherms

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: endothermic animals

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: metabolically active organs

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Ectotherms

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: endothermic animals

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Ectotherms

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: ectotherms have lower metabolic rates than endotherms

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: Ectotherms

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: endothermic

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Ectotherms

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: sunlight

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: endothermic

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: endothermic

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: brown adipose tissue

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: endothermic

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: brown adipose tissue

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: brown adipose tissue

text: Within the infraphylum Gnathostomata, cartilaginous fishes are distinct from all other jawed vertebrates.

text: Within the infraphylum

text: Gnathostomata

text: , cartilaginous fishes are distinct from all other jawed vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: fishes

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: six

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: jawed

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: cartilaginous fishes do not have a backbone.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: jaws

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: softer

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: fishes

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: cartilaginous fishes reproduce sexually.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: fishes

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What does the adaptive immune system of vertebrates do?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: cartilaginous fish

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: asexual

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: fertilization

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: jawed

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: Gnathostomata,

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: jawed

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: cartilaginous fishes are distinct from all other jawed

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: jawed

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: jawed

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: jawed vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: jawed vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: jawed vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: jawed

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: jawed vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: jawed

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: cartilaginous fishes

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: jawed vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: cartilaginous fishes

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: jawed vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: jawed vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: jawed vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: cartilaginous fishes

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Within the infraphylum Gnathostomata,

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: cartilaginous fishes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: Within the infraphylum Gnathostomata,

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: infraphylum Gnathostomata,

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: jawed vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: Within the infraphylum Gnathostomata,

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Within the infraphylum Gnathostomata,

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: Within the infraphylum Gnathostomata,

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Within the infraphylum Gnathostomata,

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Within the infraphylum Gnathostomata,

text: His discoveries as leader of the Siboga Expedition led him to propose Weber's line, which encloses the region in which the mammalian fauna is exclusively Australasian, as an alternative to Wallace's Line. As is the case with plant species, faunal surveys revealed that for most vertebrate groups Wallace’s line was not the most significant biogeographic boundary.  The Tanimbar Island group, and not the boundary between Bali and Lombok, appears to be the major interface between the Oriental and Australasian regions for mammals and other terrestrial vertebrate groups.

text: His discoveries as leader of the

text: Siboga Expedition

text: led him to propose Weber's line, which encloses the region in which the

text: mammalian

text: fauna

text: is exclusively

text: Australasia

text: n, as an alternative to

text: Wallace's Line

text: . As is the case with plant species, faunal surveys revealed that for most vertebrate groups Wallace’s line was not the most significant biogeographic boundary.  The

text: Tanimbar

text: Island group, and not the boundary between Bali and Lombok, appears to be the major interface between the Oriental and Australasian regions for mammals and other terrestrial vertebrate groups.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: mammalian

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: six

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: interface between the Oriental and Australasian regions

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: Wallace’s line was not the most significant biogeographic boundary

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: mammalian fauna

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: unspecified

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: glands that secrete hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: mammalian

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Wallace’s line was not the most significant biogeographic boundary

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: mammalian

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: what is the case with plant species

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the case with plant species?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes are vertebrates placed in?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Wallace’s line

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: Wallace’s line

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Weber's line

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: mammals

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: Australasian,

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: biogeographic boundary.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: exclusively Australasian,

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: Wallace’s line was not the most significant biogeographic boundary.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: mammals

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: Australasian,

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: Australasian,

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: As is the case with plant species,

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: mammals

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Wallace’s line was not the most significant biogeographic boundary.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: mammals

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Weber's line,

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Weber's line,

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Australasian,

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: mammals

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Australasian,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Weber's line,

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Weber's line,

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: the mammalian fauna is exclusively Australasian,

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Weber's line,

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: mammalian fauna is exclusively Australasian,

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Australasian,

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: faunal surveys revealed that for most vertebrate groups

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: plant species,

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Weber's line,

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: Australasian,

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: plant species,

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Weber's

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: plant species,

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: plant species,

text: Williston noticed that, over evolutionary time, the modular and serially repeated parts distinguishing animal groups exhibited trends in numbers and types.  For instance, ancient vertebrates were characterized by mouths that contained mostly similar teeth, whereas recent vertebrates are characterized by mouths that contain many different teeth, adapted for biting, tearing, and compacting food; differences ultimately characterized different diets, with carnivores bearing incisors and canines and grazers bearing mostly molars.  So pronounced were these trends that Williston (1914) declared that “it is also a law in evolution that the parts in an organism tend toward reduction in number, with the fewer parts greatly specialized in function”.

text: Williston noticed that, over evolutionary time, the modular and serially repeated parts distinguishing animal groups exhibited trends in numbers and types.  For instance, ancient vertebrates were characterized by mouths that contained mostly similar teeth, whereas recent vertebrates are characterized by mouths that contain many different teeth, adapted for biting, tearing, and compacting food; differences ultimately characterized different diets, with carnivores bearing incisors and canines and grazers bearing mostly molars.  So pronounced were these trends that Williston (1914) declared that “it is also a law in evolution that the parts in an organism tend toward reduction in number, with the fewer parts greatly specialized in function”.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: ancient vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: compacting food

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: ancient vertebrates were characterized by mouths that contained mostly similar teeth

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: teeth

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: teeth

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: molars

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: mouths that contained mostly similar teeth

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: ancient vertebrates were characterized by mouths that contained mostly similar teeth

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: teeth that contained mostly similar teeth

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Williston (1914)

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Williston (1914)

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Williston

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: cartilage skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: male

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: grazers

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: molars

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: molars

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: carnivores

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: carnivores

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: biting, tearing, and compacting food;

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: ancient vertebrates were characterized by mouths that contained mostly similar teeth,

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: molars.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: many different teeth,

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: teeth,

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: molars.

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: similar teeth,

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: similar teeth,

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: fewer parts greatly specialized in function”.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: similar teeth,

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: ancient vertebrates were characterized by mouths that contained mostly similar teeth,

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: similar teeth,

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: fewer parts greatly specialized in function”.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: recent vertebrates are characterized by mouths that contain many different teeth,

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: ancient vertebrates were characterized by mouths that contained mostly similar teeth,

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: ancient vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Williston noticed that, over evolutionary time,

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: recent vertebrates are characterized by mouths that contain many different teeth,

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: recent vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: carnivores

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: molars.

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: fewer parts greatly specialized in function”.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: evolutionary time,

text: The structure of Man: An Index to His Past History deals with various anatomical elements of the human body and attempts to frame them in an evolutionary context with other vertebrates. Wiedersheim himself suggests in the introduction that this work is in the same vein as  Thomas Huxley's earlier Evidence as to man's place in nature. The structure of Man began as a much shorter academic treatise, Der Bau der Menschen, produced in 1887 with a small intended circulation. In its original form it lacked any illustrations and gave only a brief overview of many of its topics. Thanks to a high degree of interest and correspondence regarding the work Wiedersheim decided to publish a revised and expanded version. The German second edition was published in 1893 with an English translation by Henry and Matilda Bernard following in 1895.

text: The structure of Man: An Index to His Past History deals with various anatomical elements of the human body and attempts to frame them in an evolutionary context with other vertebrates. Wiedersheim himself suggests in the introduction that this work is in the same vein as

text: Thomas Huxley's

text: earlier

text: Evidence as to man's place in nature

text: . The structure of Man began as a much shorter academic treatise, Der Bau der Menschen, produced in 1887 with a small intended circulation. In its original form it lacked any illustrations and gave only a brief overview of many of its topics. Thanks to a high degree of interest and correspondence regarding the work Wiedersheim decided to publish a revised and expanded version. The German second edition was published in 1893 with an English translation by Henry and Matilda Bernard following in 1895.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Humans

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: the vertebral column of vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrates have how many bones?

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: The structure of Man: An Index to His Past History

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: vertebrates reproduce sexually

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: What happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: The structure of Man: An Index to His Past History

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: what is the function of vertebrate kidneys

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: cartilage endoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes are living species of vertebrates placed in?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: How many sexes does the structure of Man: An Index to His Past History cover?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Thomas Huxley

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Wiedersheim

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Der Bau der Menschen

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: anatomical elements of the human body

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: evolutionary context

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: evolutionary context with other vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: 1895.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: anatomical elements of the human body

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: evolutionary context with other vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: other vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: 1895.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: evolutionary context with other vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Henry and Matilda Bernard following in 1895.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: 1895.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: evolutionary context with other vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Thomas Huxley's

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Thomas Huxley's

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: evolutionary context with other vertebrates.

text: Homeothermy and poikilothermy refer to how stable an organism's deep-body temperature is. Most endothermic organisms are homeothermic, like mammals. However, animals with facultative endothermy are often poikilothermic, meaning their temperature can vary considerably. Most fish are ectotherms, as most of their heat comes from the surrounding water. However, almost all fish are poikilothermic.

text: Homeothermy

text: and

text: poikilothermy

text: refer to how stable an organism's deep-body temperature is. Most endothermic organisms are homeothermic, like

text: mammal

text: s. However, animals with

text: facultative endothermy

text: are often poikilothermic, meaning their temperature can vary considerably. Most

text: fish

text: are ectotherms, as most of their heat comes from the surrounding water. However, almost all fish are poikilothermic.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: endothermic organisms

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: nine

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: deep-body temperature

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: most fish are poikilothermic

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: limbs

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: most of the following structures:

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: homeothermic

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: most fish are poikilothermic.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: poikilothermic

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: vertebrate kidneys

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How does the adaptive immune system of vertebrates work?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: how many living species of vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Which of the following is not a sex?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: ectothermy

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: ectotherms

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: endothermic

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: homeothermy

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: ectotherms,

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: deep-body temperature

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: almost all fish are poikilothermic.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: endothermic organisms are homeothermic, like mammals.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: Homeothermy

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: homeothermic,

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: almost all fish are poikilothermic.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: ectotherms,

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: ectotherms,

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: almost all fish are poikilothermic.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Homeothermy and poikilothermy

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Homeothermy and poikilothermy

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: poikilothermic.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Homeothermy and poikilothermy

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: ectotherms,

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Most fish are ectotherms,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: ectotherms,

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: ectotherms,

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: homeothermic,

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: endothermic

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Homeothermy

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: endothermic

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Homeothermy and poikilothermy

text: This condition is also known as arylsulfatase E deficiency, CDPX1, and X-linked recessive chondrodysplasia punctata 1. The syndrome rarely affects females, but they can be carriers of the recessive allele.  Although the exact number of people diagnosed with CDPX1 is unknown, it was estimated that 1 in 500,000 have CDPX1 in varying severity. This condition is not linked to a specific ethnicity. The mutation that leads to a deficiency in arylsulfatase E. (ARSE) occurs in the coding region of the gene. Absence of stippling, deposits of calcium, of bones and cartilage, shown on x-ray, does not rule out chondrodysplasia punctata or a normal chondrodysplasia punctata 1 (CDPX1) gene without mutation. Stippling of the bones and cartilage is rarely seen after childhood. Phalangeal abnormalities are important clinical features to look for once the stippling is no longer visible. Other, more severe, clinical features include respiratory abnormalities, hearing loss, cervical spine abnormalities, delayed cognitive development, ophthalmologic abnormalities, cardiac abnormalities, gastroesophageal reflux, and feeding difficulties. CDPX1 actually has a spectrum of severity; different mutations within the CDPX1 gene have different effects on the catalytic activity of the ARSE protein. The mutations vary between missense, nonsense, insertions, and deletions.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Bones and cartilage

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: spinal

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: Stippling of the bones and cartilage is rarely seen after childhood

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: chromosomes

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: bones and cartilage.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense than cartilage

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Which of the following is not an example of a vertebrate endocrine system?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: amphibians

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Stippling of the bones and cartilage is rarely seen after childhood

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: amphibians

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: What is the first vertebrates that did not need water to reproduce?

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which of the following is not a type of vertebrate?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Which of the following is not a type of amphibian?

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How does the immune system of vertebrates learn to recognize and attack specific pathogens?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: How many years before the first mammals appeared did birds evolve?

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: How can cartilage skeletons grow larger than bony skeletons

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: How many people are diagnosed with CDPX1?

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many different classes of vertebrates are living species of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Which of the following is not a type of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: stippling

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: sperm

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: stippling

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: chorionic

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: females,

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: 500,000

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: cervical spine abnormalities,

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: Absence of stippling,

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: missense, nonsense, insertions, and deletions.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: bones and cartilage,

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: calcium,

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: females,

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: calcium,

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: females,

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: females,

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: females,

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Phalangeal abnormalities

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: childhood.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Phalangeal abnormalities

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: females,

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Phalangeal abnormalities

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Phalangeal abnormalities

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: bones and cartilage,

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: arylsulfatase E deficiency,

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: cartilage is rarely seen after childhood.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: 500,000

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: arylsulfatase E deficiency,

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: females,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: cognitive development,

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: stippling,

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: recessive allele.

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage,

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: arylsulfatase E deficiency,

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: bones and cartilage,

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: cognitive development,

text: The late Devonian vertebrate transition was not the only terrestrial invasion in evolutionary history. The vertebrate transition was preceded by the plant and invertebrate terrestrial invasion. These invasions allowed for the appropriate niche development that would ultimately facilitate the vertebrate invasion. Furthermore, the late Devonian event is only significant in that it was the first land invasion by vertebrate organisms, and that it resulted in an explosion of vertebrate biodiversity due to the many different niches that these species were able to exploit. However, aquatic species have continued to develop adaptations suited to terrestrial life (and vice versa) from the late Devonian to the Holocene.

text: The late Devonian vertebrate transition was not the only terrestrial invasion in evolutionary history. The vertebrate transition was preceded by the plant and invertebrate terrestrial invasion. These invasions allowed for the appropriate niche development that would ultimately facilitate the vertebrate invasion. Furthermore, the late Devonian event is only significant in that it was the first land invasion by vertebrate organisms, and that it resulted in an explosion of vertebrate biodiversity due to the many different niches that these species were able to exploit. However, aquatic species have continued to develop adaptations suited to terrestrial life (and vice versa) from the late Devonian to the

text: Holocene

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: plant and invertebrate

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: six

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: vertebrate invasion

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: aquatic species have continued to develop adaptations suited to terrestrial life

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrates have four

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: plant and invertebrate

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: plant and invertebrate

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: aquatic species have continued to develop adaptations suited to terrestrial life

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: invertebrate

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: The late Devonian vertebrate transition was not the only terrestrial invasion in evolutionary history.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: lobe-finned fish

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: aquatic species have continued to develop adaptations suited to terrestrial life

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Which is not true?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: aquatic species

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: aquatic species

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: plant and invertebrate

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: aquatic

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: niches

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: aquatic species have continued to develop adaptations suited to terrestrial life

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: many different niches

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: plant and invertebrate

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebrate organisms,

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: vertebrate organisms,

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: land invasion by vertebrate organisms,

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: aquatic species have continued to develop adaptations suited to terrestrial life

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: plant and invertebrate

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: land invasion by vertebrate organisms,

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: plant and invertebrate terrestrial invasion.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: The late Devonian

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: vertebrate organisms,

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: vertebrate organisms,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: plant and invertebrate terrestrial invasion.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: The late Devonian

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: plant and invertebrate terrestrial invasion.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: plant and invertebrate terrestrial invasion.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: vertebrate biodiversity

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: many different niches

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: The late Devonian

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: niche development

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: aquatic species have continued to develop adaptations

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: invertebrate

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: aquatic

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: aquatic species have continued to develop adaptations

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: invertebrate

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: niche development

text: Likely being among the first amniotes in the biological sense, it would have laid amniotic egg not dependent on being laid in water to survive, possibly hiding them in damp vegetation or hollowed out tree stumps. This has been inferred from the fact that Casineria was found in rocks showing a rather dry environment. In the early Carboniferous period before the appearance of Casineria, vertebrates were primarily aquatic, only spending part of their time on land. Casineria and its relatives were the first vertebrates to live and reproduce on land.

text: Likely being among the first

text: amniote

text: s in the biological sense, it would have laid amniotic

text: egg

text: not dependent on being laid in water to survive, possibly hiding them in damp vegetation or hollowed out tree stumps. This has been inferred from the fact that Casineria was found in rocks showing a rather dry environment. In the early Carboniferous period before the appearance of Casineria, vertebrates were primarily aquatic, only spending part of their time on land. Casineria and its relatives were the first vertebrates to live and reproduce on land.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Amniotes

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: live and reproduce on land

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: vertebrates were primarily aquatic

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrates are primarily aquatic

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Amniotic egg

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: amniotic egg

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Which of the following is not a type of vertebrates: Casineria, amniotes or vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: aquatic

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: vertebrates were primarily aquatic

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: aquatic

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: amniotic

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: amniotes

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: amniotic egg

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: amniotes

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: amniotic egg

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: amniotes

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: amniotic

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: aquatic,

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: aquatic,

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: primarily aquatic,

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: primarily aquatic,

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: aquatic,

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: aquatic, only spending part of their time on land.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: aquatic,

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: laid in water

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: amniotic egg

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: primarily aquatic,

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: primarily aquatic,

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: aquatic,

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Casineria

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: aquatic,

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Casineria

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: aquatic,

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: vertebrates were primarily aquatic,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: primarily aquatic, only spending part of their time on land.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Casineria

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: aquatic,

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Likely being among the first amniotes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: aquatic,

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Casineria

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: vertebrates were primarily aquatic,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: amniotes

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: amniotes

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: amniotic egg

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: amniotes

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: amniotes

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: amniotes

text: Most vertebrate species possess two or three forms of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) expressed in three distinct brain regions. Although the function of the hypothalamic form (GnRH1; common to many vertebrates), in controlling the reproductive axis has been defined, the functions of the other two isoforms (GnRH2 and GnRH3) remain largely unknown. The presence and conservation of GnRH2 across vertebrate species indicate important biological roles, but the absence of GnRH2 in rodents has greatly hampered the use of these vertebrate models and modern molecular tools to pursue its functions.

text: Most vertebrate species possess two or three forms of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) expressed in three distinct brain regions. Although the function of the hypothalamic form (GnRH1; common to many vertebrates), in controlling the reproductive axis has been defined, the functions of the other two isoforms (GnRH2 and GnRH3) remain largely unknown. The presence and conservation of GnRH2 across vertebrate species indicate important biological roles, but the absence of GnRH2 in rodents has greatly hampered the use of these vertebrate models and modern molecular tools to pursue its functions.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: GnRH2 and GnRH3

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: reproductive axis

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: GnRH2 in rodents has greatly hampered the use of these vertebrate models and modern molecular tools to pursue its functions

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: brain regions

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: GnRH2

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: gonadotropin-releasing hormone

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: rodents

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: The presence and conservation of GnRH2 across vertebrate species indicate important biological roles

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: rodents

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: What is endothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: lobe-finned fish

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: reproductive axis

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: hypothalamic

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: hypothalamic form

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: modern molecular tools

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: reproductive axis

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: rodents

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: three

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: controlling the reproductive axis

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: two or three forms of gonadotropin-releasing hormone

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: two or three

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: three distinct brain regions.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: two or three forms of gonadotropin-releasing hormone

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: hypothalamic

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: gonadotropin-releasing hormone

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: rodents

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: defined,

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: rodents

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: hormone

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: two or three forms of gonadotropin-releasing hormone

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Most vertebrate species

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: rodents

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: two or three forms of gonadotropin-releasing hormone

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: gonadotropin-releasing hormone

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Most vertebrate species

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Most vertebrate species

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Most vertebrate species

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: Most vertebrate species

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: three distinct brain regions.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Most vertebrate species

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: reproductive axis

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: vertebrate models and modern molecular tools

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: (GnRH1;

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrate species

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: modern molecular tools

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: hypothalamic

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: reproductive axis

text: A typical vertebra consists of two parts: the vertebral body and the vertebral arch. The vertebral arch is posterior, meaning it faces the back of a person. Together, these enclose the vertebral foramen, which contains the spinal cord. Because the spinal cord ends in the lumbar spine, and the sacrum and coccyx are fused, they do not contain a central foramen. The vertebral arch is formed by a pair of pedicles and a pair of laminae, and supports seven processes, four articular, two transverse, and one spinous, the latter also being known as the neural spine. Two transverse processes and one spinous process are posterior to (behind) the vertebral body. The spinous process comes out the back, one transverse process comes out the left, and one on the right. The spinous processes of the cervical and lumbar regions can be felt through the skin.

text: A typical vertebra consists of two parts: the

text: vertebral body

text: and the

text: vertebral arch

text: . The vertebral arch is

text: posterior

text: , meaning it faces the back of a person. Together, these enclose the

text: vertebral foramen

text: , which contains the

text: spinal cord

text: . Because the spinal cord ends in the lumbar spine, and the sacrum and coccyx are fused, they do not contain a central foramen. The vertebral arch is formed by a pair of

text: pedicles

text: and a pair of

text: laminae

text: , and supports seven

text: processes

text: , four articular, two transverse, and one spinous, the latter also being known as the neural spine. Two

text: transverse process

text: es and one

text: spinous process

text: are posterior to (behind) the vertebral body. The spinous process comes out the back, one transverse process comes out the left, and one on the right. The spinous processes of the cervical and lumbar regions can be felt through the skin.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: vertebrates that do not contain a central foramen

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: spinal cord

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: spinal cord ends in the lumbar spine

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: articular processes

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: the vertebral body and the vertebral arch

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Which of the following is not a type of vertebral system: articular, transverse, or spinous?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: The spinous process of the cervical and lumbar regions can be felt through the skin.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: How many processes does the vertebral arch support?

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How does the adaptive immune system of vertebrates learn to recognize and attack specific pathogens

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Which came first, birds or mammals?

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are living species of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: Spinous process

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: the spinal cord

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: spinal cord

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: laminae

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: spinal cord

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: laminae

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Spinous process

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: articular,

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: seven processes,

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: enclose the vertebral foramen, which contains the spinal cord.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: they do not contain a central foramen.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: articular,

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: seven processes,

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: articular,

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: articular, two transverse, and one spinous,

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: spinal cord.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: vertebral body and the vertebral arch.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: they do not contain a central foramen.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: articular, two transverse, and one spinous,

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: a pair of pedicles

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: articular, two transverse, and one spinous,

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: A typical vertebra

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: vertebra

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: articular, two transverse, and one spinous,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: articular, two transverse, and one spinous,

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: a pair of pedicles and a pair of laminae,

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: A typical vertebra

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: vertebra

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: seven processes,

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: seven

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: A typical vertebra

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: articular, two transverse, and one spinous,

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: skin.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: articular, two transverse, and one spinous,

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: articular,

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: spinal cord.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: articular,

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: articular, two transverse, and one spinous,

text: The number of described vertebrate species are split evenly between tetrapods and fish. The following table lists the number of described extant species for each vertebrate class as estimated in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, 2014.3.

text: The number of described vertebrate species are split evenly between

text: tetrapod

text: s and

text: fish

text: . The following table lists the number of described

text: extant

text: species for each vertebrate

text: class

text: as estimated in the

text: IUCN Red List of Threatened Species

text: , 2014.3.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: split evenly

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: articulation

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: the number of described vertebrate species are split evenly between tetrapods and fish

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: digits

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: vertebrate species are split evenly between tetrapods and fish

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: Tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: skeleton

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: tetrapods and fish.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: evenly

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: vertebrate species are split evenly between tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: split evenly between tetrapods and fish.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: evenly between tetrapods and fish.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: tetrapods and fish.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebrate species are split evenly between tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: vertebrate species are split evenly between tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: tetrapods and fish.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: tetrapods and fish.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: The number of described vertebrate species are split evenly

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: tetrapods and fish.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: tetrapods and fish.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: tetrapods and fish.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: fish.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: tetrapods and fish.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: vertebrate species are split evenly between tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: tetrapods and fish.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: fish.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: fish.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, 2014.3.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, 2014.3.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: tetrapods and fish.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: The number of described vertebrate species are split evenly

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrate species are split evenly between tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: vertebrate species are split evenly between tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: vertebrate species are split evenly between tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrate species are split evenly between tetrapods

text: Fish eyes are broadly similar to those of other vertebrates – notably the tetrapods (amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals – all of which evolved from a fish ancestor). Light enters the eye at the cornea, passing through the pupil to reach the lens. Most fish species seem to have a fixed pupil size, but elasmobranches (like sharks and rays) have a muscular iris which allows pupil diameter to be adjusted. Pupil shape varies, and may be e.g. circular or slit-like.

text: Fish eyes are broadly similar to those of other vertebrates – notably the

text: tetrapod

text: s (amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals – all of which evolved from a fish ancestor). Light enters the eye at the

text: cornea

text: , passing through the

text: pupil

text: to reach the

text: lens

text: . Most fish species seem to have a fixed pupil size, but

text: elasmobranch

text: es (like sharks and rays) have a muscular

text: iris

text: which allows pupil diameter to be adjusted. Pupil shape varies, and may be e.g. circular or slit-like.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: amphibians

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: four

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: eyes

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: Fish eyes are broadly similar to those of other vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: eyes

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: fish eyes

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: tetrapods evolved from a fish ancestor

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many different classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: None of the above choices

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: amphibians

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: tetrapod

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: iris

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: (amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: eyes

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: Fish eyes

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: lens.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: muscular iris

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: Fish eyes are broadly similar to those of other vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: fish ancestor).

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Fish eyes are broadly similar to those of other vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: all of which evolved from a fish ancestor).

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: elasmobranches

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: fish ancestor).

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: elasmobranches

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: elasmobranches

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: fish ancestor).

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: muscular iris

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: muscular iris

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: cornea,

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: tetrapods

text: The true gill slits in embryonic fish develop into fish gills. However, the slits in tetrapods do not, so a more general name for the vertebral structures is pharyngeal slits. Gill slits likely originated from pharyngeal slits in tunicates that were used for filter-feeding. The term "gill slits" has also been used to refer to the folds of skin in the pharyngeal region in embryos. It is now accepted that it is the vertebrate pharyngeal pouches and not the neck slits that are homologous to the pharyngeal slits of invertebrate chordates.

text: The true gill slits in embryonic fish develop into

text: fish gill

text: s. However, the slits in

text: tetrapod

text: s do not, so a more general name for the vertebral structures is

text: pharyngeal slit

text: s. Gill slits likely originated from pharyngeal slits in

text: tunicate

text: s that were used for

text: filter-feeding

text: . The term "gill slits" has also been used to refer to the folds of skin in the pharyngeal region in embryos. It is now accepted that it is the vertebrate pharyngeal pouches and not the neck slits that are homologous to the pharyngeal slits of invertebrate

text: chordates

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: filter-feeding

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: true gill slits in embryonic fish develop into fish gills

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: slits

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: pharyngeal pouches

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: gills

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: tunicates

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: true gill slits in embryonic fish develop into fish gills

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: tunicates

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: cartilage endoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: mammals

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are placed in five different classes?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: male and female

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: embryonic

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: tunicates

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: gills

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: skin

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: gill slits

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebral

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: embryonic

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: chordates.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: filter-feeding.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: neck slits

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: gill slits

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: pharyngeal pouches

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebral structures

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: filter-feeding.

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: pharyngeal slits.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: tunicates

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: the slits in tetrapods do not,

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: tunicates

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: pharyngeal slits in tunicates

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: pharyngeal slits.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: pharyngeal slits in tunicates

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: invertebrate chordates.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: pharyngeal slits.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: pharyngeal slits.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: tunicates

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: gill slits in embryonic fish

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: pharyngeal slits in tunicates

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: embryonic fish

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: filter-feeding.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: filter-feeding.

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: skin

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: filter-feeding.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebral

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: embryonic fish develop into fish gills.

text: Prior to Hayflick's discovery, it was believed that vertebrate cells had an unlimited potential to replicate. Alexis Carrel, a Nobel prize-winning surgeon, had stated "that all cells explanted in culture are immortal, and that the lack of continuous cell replication was due to ignorance on how best to cultivate the cells". He supported this hypothesis by claiming to have cultivated fibroblasts from chicken hearts and to have kept the culture growing for 34 years. This indicated that cells of vertebrates could continue to divide indefinitely in a culture. However, other scientists have been unable to repeat Carrel's result.

text: Prior to Hayflick's discovery, it was believed that

text: vertebrate

text: cells had an unlimited potential to replicate.

text: Alexis Carrel

text: , a

text: Nobel prize

text: -winning surgeon, had stated "that all cells explanted in

text: culture

text: are immortal, and that the lack of continuous cell replication was due to ignorance on how best to cultivate the cells". He supported this hypothesis by claiming to have cultivated

text: fibroblasts

text: from

text: chicken

text: hearts and to have kept the culture growing for 34 years. This indicated that cells of

text: vertebrate

text: s could continue to divide indefinitely in a culture. However, other scientists have been unable to repeat Carrel's result.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: chicken hearts

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: spinal cord

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: all cells explanted in culture are immortal

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: cells

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: fibroblasts from chicken hearts

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: divide indefinitely

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: cells of vertebrates could continue to divide indefinitely

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: chicken hearts

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: cells of vertebrates could continue to divide indefinitely in a culture

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: What did Hayflick discover?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: what is the function of vertebrate kidneys

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are living species of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: explanted

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Alexis Carrel

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: divide indefinitely

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: fibroblast

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Alexis Carrel

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: fibroblast

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: chicken hearts

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: chicken

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: replicate.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: cells of vertebrates could continue to divide indefinitely

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: Alexis Carrel,

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: fibroblasts from chicken hearts

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: unlimited potential to replicate.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: divide indefinitely

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: cells of vertebrates could continue to divide indefinitely

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: chicken hearts

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: "that all cells explanted in culture are immortal,

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: fibroblasts from chicken hearts

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Alexis Carrel,

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Alexis Carrel,

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: vertebrate cells

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: vertebrate cells

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Alexis Carrel,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Alexis Carrel,

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: fibroblasts from chicken hearts

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: chicken

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Alexis Carrel,

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: Alexis Carrel,

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Alexis Carrel,

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Alexis Carrel,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: culture

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: fibroblasts

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: divide indefinitely

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: fibroblasts

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: fibroblasts

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: fibroblasts

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: fibroblasts from chicken hearts

text: Endothermy demands frequent respiration, which can result in water loss. In living birds and mammals, water loss is limited by pulling moisture out of exhaled air with mucous-covered respiratory turbinates, tissue-covered bony sheets in the nasal cavity. Several dinosaurs have olfactory turbinates, used for smell, but none have yet been identified with respiratory turbinates.

text: Endothermy demands frequent respiration, which can result in water loss. In living birds and mammals, water loss is limited by pulling moisture out of exhaled air with mucous-covered respiratory turbinates, tissue-covered bony sheets in the nasal cavity. Several dinosaurs have olfactory turbinates, used for smell, but none have yet been identified with respiratory turbinates.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: birds and mammals

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: six

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: respiratory turbinates

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: dinosaurs have olfactory turbinates

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: turbinates

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: respiratory turbinates

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: tissue

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: Endothermy

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: olfactory turbinates

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: dinosaurs have olfactory turbinates

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class: birds or mammals?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Endothermy

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: mucous

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Endothermy

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: bony

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: birds and mammals,

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: Endothermy

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: water loss is limited by pulling moisture out of exhaled air

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: bony sheets in the nasal cavity.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: mucous-covered respiratory turbinates,

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: bony sheets in the nasal cavity.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: Endothermy

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: moisture

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Endothermy

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Endothermy

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Endothermy

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: birds and mammals,

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: respiratory turbinates,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: mucous-covered respiratory turbinates,

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: none have yet been identified with respiratory turbinates.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: birds

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Endothermy demands frequent respiration, which can result in water loss.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: mammals,

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Endothermy

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: In living birds and mammals,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: Endothermy

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Endothermy

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: Endothermy

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: mucous-covered

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Endothermy

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: bony sheets

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Endothermy

text: Between 35 and 50% of all women over 50 had at least one vertebral fracture. In the United States, 700,000 vertebral fractures occur annually, but only about a third are recognized. In a series of 9704 women aged 68.8 on average studied for 15 years, 324 had already suffered a vertebral fracture at entry into the study and 18.2% developed a vertebral fracture, but that risk rose to 41.4% in women who had a previous vertebral fracture.

text: Between 35 and 50% of all women over 50 had at least one

text: vertebral fracture

text: . In the United States, 700,000 vertebral fractures occur annually, but only about a third are recognized. In a series of 9704 women aged 68.8 on average studied for 15 years, 324 had already suffered a vertebral fracture at entry into the study and 18.2% developed a vertebral fracture, but that risk rose to 41.4% in women who had a previous vertebral fracture.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: women over 50

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: eight

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: spinal

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: only about a third are recognized

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebral

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebral bones

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: vertebral

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: only about a third are recognized

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a vertebral class?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebral

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: vertebral fracture

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebral fracture

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebral

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: vertebral fracture

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebra

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebral

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: women over 50 had at least one vertebral fracture.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: 35 and 50%

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: vertebral fracture.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: 50% of all women over 50 had at least one vertebral fracture.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: 41.4%

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebral fracture.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebral fracture.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: vertebral fracture.

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: women over 50 had at least one vertebral fracture.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: women over 50 had at least one vertebral fracture.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: 50% of all women over 50 had at least one vertebral fracture.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: women over 50 had at least one vertebral fracture.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: 50% of all women over 50 had at least one vertebral fracture.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: women over 50 had at least one vertebral fracture.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: women over 50 had at least one vertebral fracture.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: Between 35 and 50%

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: vertebral fracture.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: vertebral fracture.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: women over 50 had at least one vertebral fracture.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: women over 50 had at least one vertebral fracture.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: 18.2%

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: 700,000

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: vertebral fracture.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Between 35 and 50% of all women

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebral fracture.

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: women over 50 had at least one vertebral fracture.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebral fracture.

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebral fracture.

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: vertebral fracture.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebral

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebral fracture.

text: Ossicles are small calcareous elements embedded in the dermis of the body wall of echinoderms. They form part of the endoskeleton and provide rigidity and protection. They are found in different forms and arrangements in sea urchins, starfish, brittle stars, sea cucumbers, and crinoids. The ossicles and spines (which are specialised sharp ossicles) are the only parts of the animal likely to be fossilized after an echinoderm dies.

text: Ossicles are small

text: calcareous

text: elements embedded in the

text: dermis

text: of the body wall of

text: echinoderm

text: s. They form part of the

text: endoskeleton

text: and provide rigidity and protection. They are found in different forms and arrangements in

text: sea urchin

text: s,

text: starfish

text: brittle star

text: s,

text: sea cucumber

text: s, and

text: crinoid

text: s. The ossicles and spines (which are specialised sharp ossicles) are the only parts of the animal likely to be fossilized after an echinoderm dies.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: echinoderms

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: six

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: rigidity and protection

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: Ossicles are small calcareous elements embedded in the dermis of the body wall of echinoderms

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: ossicles

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: ossicles

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: calcareous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: ossicles

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: crinoids

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: The ossicles and spines are the only parts of the animal likely to be fossilized after an echinoderm dies.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: crinoids

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which of the following is not a vertebrate?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How does the adaptive immune system of vertebrates work?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Which came first, birds or mammals?

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class: echinoderms, brittle stars, sea cucumbers, or crinoids?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: endoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: endoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: sexual

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: dermis

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: endoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: dermis

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: endoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: echinoderms.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: starfish,

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: rigidity and protection.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: fossilized

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: Ossicles

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Ossicles

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: rigidity and protection.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: Ossicles

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Ossicles

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: echinoderms.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: echinoderm dies.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: echinoderms.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Ossicles

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: endoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: echinoderms.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: echinoderms.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Ossicles

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Ossicles

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Ossicles

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Ossicles

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Ossicles

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: echinoderms.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: brittle stars, sea cucumbers, and crinoids.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: echinoderms.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: endoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Ossicles

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: Ossicles

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: dermis

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: endoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: calcareous

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: endoskeleton

text: Thermoregulation in both ectotherms and endotherms is controlled mainly by the preoptic area of the anterior hypothalamus. Such homeostatic control is separate from the sensation of temperature.

text: Thermoregulation in both ectotherms and endotherms is controlled mainly by the

text: preoptic area

text: of the

text: anterior hypothalamus

text: . Such

text: homeostatic

text: control is separate from the

text: sensation of temperature

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: endotherms

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: six

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: homeostatic control

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The vertebral column of vertebrates is separate from the sensation of temperature.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: hypothalamus

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: hypothalamus

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: softer

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: homeostatic control

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: endotherms

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: the sensation of temperature is separate from the sensation of temperature.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: endotherms

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How does the immune system of vertebrates work?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: endotherm

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: endotherms

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: endotherms

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: endotherms

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: homeostatic control

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: endotherm

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: endotherm

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: ectotherms and endotherms

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: ectotherms and endotherms

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: Thermoregulation

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: temperature.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: anterior hypothalamus.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: anterior hypothalamus.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: separate from the sensation of temperature.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: Thermoregulation

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Thermoregulation

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: endotherms

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Thermoregulation

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: endotherms

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Thermoregulation in both ectotherms

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: endotherms

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Thermoregulation in both ectotherms

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: endotherms

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: preoptic area of the anterior hypothalamus.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: preoptic area of the anterior hypothalamus.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: endotherms

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Thermoregulation in both ectotherms

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Thermoregulation

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: endotherms

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: ectotherms and endotherms

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: ectotherms and endotherms

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: endotherms

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: homeostatic

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: preoptic area of the anterior hypothalamus.

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: endotherms

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: homeostatic

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: endotherms

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: endotherms

text: The blood eagle is a ritualized method of execution, detailed in late skaldic poetry. According to the two instances mentioned in the Sagas, the victim (always a member of a royal family) was placed prone, the ribs severed from the vertebral column with a sharp implement and the lungs pulled through the opening to create a pair of “wings”. There is a continuing debate about whether the ritual was a literary invention, a mistranslation of the original texts or an actual historical practice.

text: The blood eagle is a ritualized method of

text: execution

text: , detailed in late

text: skaldic poetry

text: . According to the two instances mentioned in the

text: Saga

text: s, the victim (always a member of a

text: royal family

text: ) was placed prone, the ribs severed from the vertebral column with a sharp implement and the lungs pulled through the opening to create a pair of “wings”. There is a continuing debate about whether the ritual was a literary invention, a mistranslation of the original texts or an actual historical practice.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: eight

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: execution

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: ribs severed from the vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: ribs

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: laying eggs

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: ribs

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: the lungs pulled through the opening to create a pair of “wings”

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: ribs

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the blood eagle?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: ritualized

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: sex

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: ribs

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: blood eagle

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: rib

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: royal family)

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: The blood eagle

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: lungs pulled through the opening to create a pair of “wings”.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: ribs severed from the vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: pair of “wings”.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: ribs

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: lungs

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: lungs

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: lungs pulled through the opening to create a pair of “wings”.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: ribs severed from the vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: lungs pulled through the opening to create a pair of “wings”.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: ribs severed from the vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: The blood eagle

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: The blood eagle

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: The blood eagle

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: ribs severed from the vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: The blood eagle

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: mistranslation of the original texts or an actual historical practice.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: The blood eagle

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: lungs

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: The blood eagle

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: lungs

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: lungs

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: lungs

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: ribs

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: lungs

text: The coelacanths which live near Sodwana Bay, South Africa, rest in caves at depths of 90 to 150 m during daylight hours, but disperse and swim to depths as shallow as 55 m when hunting at night. The depth is not as important as their need for very dim light and, more importantly, for water which has a temperature of 14 to 22 °C.  They will rise or sink to find these conditions. The amount of oxygen their blood can absorb from the water through the gills is dependent on water temperature.  Scientific research suggests the coelacanth must stay in cold, well-oxygenated water or else its blood cannot absorb enough oxygen. The fish seems to be very well adapted to its environment, which is seen as one of the reasons why it has the slowest evolving genome of all known vertebrates.

text: The coelacanths which live near

text: Sodwana Bay

text: South Africa

text: , rest in caves at depths of 90 to 150 m during daylight hours, but disperse and swim to depths as shallow as 55 m when hunting at night. The depth is not as important as their need for very dim light and, more importantly, for water which has a temperature of 14 to 22 °C.  They will rise or sink to find these conditions. The amount of oxygen their blood can absorb from the water through the gills is dependent on water temperature.  Scientific research suggests the coelacanth must stay in cold, well-oxygenated water or else its blood cannot absorb enough oxygen. The fish seems to be very well adapted to its environment, which is seen as one of the reasons why it has the slowest evolving genome of all known vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: eight

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: gills

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The amount of oxygen their blood can absorb from the water through the gills is dependent on water temperature

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: gills

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: gills

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: iv

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: coelacanth

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: the fish seems to be very well adapted to its environment

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: coelacanths

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How does the immune system of vertebrates learn to recognize and attack specific pathogens

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: rise or sink

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: gills

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: gills

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: gills

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: gills

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: coelacanths

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: slowest evolving genome

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: blood can absorb from the water through the gills

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: slowest evolving genome

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: gills

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: gills

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: slowest evolving genome

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: slowest evolving genome

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: oxygen their blood

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: coelacanths

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: slowest evolving genome

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: coelacanths

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: water which has a temperature of 14 to 22 °C.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: slowest evolving genome

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: slowest evolving genome

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: slowest evolving genome of all known vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: gills

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: slowest evolving genome

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: slowest evolving genome of all known vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: slowest evolving genome

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: known vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: slowest evolving genome

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: slowest evolving genome

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: slowest evolving genome

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: They will rise or sink

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: slowest evolving genome

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: gills

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: gills

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: gills

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: slowest evolving genome

text: Some vertebrates also reproduce via spermatophores. Males of most salamander and newt species create spermatophores, which the females may choose to take up or not, depending on the success of the male's mating display.

text: Some vertebrates also reproduce via spermatophores. Males of most

text: salamander

text: and

text: newt

text: species create spermatophores, which the females may choose to take up or not, depending on the success of the male's mating display.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: salamander

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: reproduction

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The vertebral column of vertebrates does not have spermatophores.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: males

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: spermatophores

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: spermatophores

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: salamander

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Males of most salamander and newt species do not create spermatophores.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: salamander

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What does the adaptive immune system of vertebrates do?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: sperm

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: salamander

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: mating

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: salamander

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: salamander and newt

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: salamander and newt species create spermatophores,

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: reproduce via spermatophores.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: spermatophores.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: spermatophores.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: spermatophores.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: spermatophores.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: spermatophores.

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: spermatophores.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: spermatophores.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: male's mating display.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: salamander

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: spermatophores.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: spermatophores.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Some vertebrates also reproduce via spermatophores.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: Some vertebrates also reproduce via spermatophores.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: spermatophores.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: spermatophores.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Some vertebrates also reproduce via spermatophores.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: vertebrates also reproduce via spermatophores.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: spermatophores.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: spermatophores.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: salamander and newt species create spermatophores,

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: most salamander and newt species create spermatophores,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: spermatophores.

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: male's mating display.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: spermatophores.

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: spermatophores.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: spermatophores.

text: Paraxial mesoderm surrounding the notochord at the sides will develop into the somites (future muscles, bones, and contributes to the formation of limbs of the vertebrate ).

text: Paraxial mesoderm

text: surrounding the notochord at the sides will develop into the

text: somites

text: (future muscles, bones, and contributes to the formation of limbs of the

text: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: amphibians

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: six

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: formation of limbs

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The vertebral column of vertebrates does not have limbs.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: somites

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: somites

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: somites

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Paraxial mesoderm surrounding the notochord at the sides will not develop into the somites

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: notochord

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: It is impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: The adaptive immune system of vertebrates learns to recognize and attack specific pathogens.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: somites

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: mitosis

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: somites

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: somites

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: mitosis

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: somites

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: somites

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: limbs

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: formation of limbs

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: Paraxial mesoderm surrounding the notochord

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: sides

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: somites

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: limbs of the vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: Paraxial mesoderm

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: muscles,

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: somites

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: limbs of the vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Paraxial mesoderm

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Paraxial mesoderm

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Paraxial mesoderm

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Paraxial mesoderm

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: limbs of the vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Paraxial mesoderm

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Paraxial mesoderm surrounding the notochord

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Paraxial mesoderm surrounding the notochord

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Paraxial mesoderm surrounding the notochord

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Paraxial mesoderm surrounding the notochord

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: Paraxial mesoderm

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: limbs of the vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: Paraxial mesoderm

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: muscles, bones,

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: bones,

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Paraxial mesoderm

text: Specific to the cervical vertebra is the transverse foramen (also known as foramen transversarium). This is an opening on each of the transverse processes which gives passage to the vertebral artery and vein and a sympathetic nerve plexus. On the cervical vertebrae other than the atlas, the anterior and posterior tubercles are on either side of the transverse foramen on each transverse process. The anterior tubercle on the sixth cervical vertebra is called the carotid tubercle because it separates the carotid artery from the vertebral artery.

text: Specific to the cervical vertebra is the transverse foramen (also known as foramen transversarium). This is an opening on each of the transverse processes which gives passage to the

text: vertebral artery

text: and

text: vein

text: and a

text: sympathetic nerve plexus

text: . On the cervical vertebrae other than the atlas, the anterior and posterior tubercles are on either side of the transverse foramen on each transverse process. The anterior tubercle on the sixth cervical vertebra is called the carotid tubercle because it separates the

text: carotid artery

text: from the

text: vertebral artery

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Cervical vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: six

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: artery and vein

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: the carotid tubercle separates the carotid artery from the vertebral artery

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: transverse processes

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebral artery and vein

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: glands that secrete hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: carotid tubercle separates the carotid artery from the vertebral artery

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Why are vertebrate kidneys important?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: Sperm

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: sympathetic nerve plexus

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: tuberculosis

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: transverse processes

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: sympathetic nerve plexus

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebral

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Sperm

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: cervical

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: atlas,

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: vertebral artery and vein and a sympathetic nerve plexus.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: transverse foramen

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: transverse processes

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: transverse foramen

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: Specific to the cervical vertebra

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sympathetic nerve plexus.

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: sympathetic nerve plexus.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: cervical vertebra

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: cervical vertebra is the transverse foramen

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: cervical vertebra

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: transverse foramen

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: transverse foramen

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Specific to the cervical vertebra is the transverse foramen

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: sympathetic nerve plexus.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: transverse foramen

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: transverse foramen

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Specific to the cervical vertebra

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Specific to the cervical vertebra

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Specific to the cervical vertebra is the transverse foramen

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: transverse foramen

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: sixth

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: transverse foramen

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebral artery and vein and a sympathetic nerve plexus.

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: sympathetic nerve plexus.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: sympathetic nerve plexus.

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: tubercles

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: sympathetic nerve plexus.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebral artery

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebral artery and vein and a sympathetic nerve plexus.

text: There exists evidence for vertebrate speciation despite limitations imposed by the fossil record. Studies have been conducted documenting similar patterns seen in marine invertebrates. For example, extensive research documenting rates of morphological change, evolutionary trends, and speciation patterns in small mammals has significantly contributed to the scientific literature; once more, demonstrating that evolution (and speciation) occurred in the past and lends support common ancestry.

text: There exists evidence for vertebrate speciation despite limitations imposed by the fossil record. Studies have been conducted documenting similar patterns seen in marine invertebrates. For example, extensive research documenting rates of morphological change, evolutionary trends, and speciation patterns in small mammals has significantly contributed to the scientific literature; once more, demonstrating that evolution (and speciation) occurred in the past and lends support common ancestry.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: small mammals

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: marine

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: ancestry

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: small mammals have significantly contributed to the scientific literature

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: marine invertebrates

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: speciation

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: marine invertebrates

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: evolution (and speciation) occurred in the past

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: invertebrates

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: marine invertebrates

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: small mammals

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: evolution

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: marine invertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: marine

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: speciation

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: common ancestry.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: marine invertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: marine invertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebrate speciation despite limitations imposed by the fossil record.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: speciation

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: vertebrate speciation despite limitations imposed by the fossil record.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: marine invertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: limitations imposed by the fossil record.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: marine

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: marine invertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: vertebrate speciation despite limitations imposed by the fossil record.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: common ancestry.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: invertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: marine invertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: vertebrate speciation despite limitations imposed by the fossil record.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: marine invertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: vertebrate speciation despite limitations imposed by the fossil record.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: vertebrate speciation despite limitations imposed by the fossil record.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: vertebrate speciation despite limitations imposed by the fossil record.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: vertebrate speciation despite limitations imposed by the fossil record.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: marine invertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrate speciation

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: evolution

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: speciation

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: marine invertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: evolution

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: evolution

text: Like all Plasmodium species P. booliati has both vertebrate and insect hosts. The vertebrate hosts for this parasite are mammals.

text: Like all Plasmodium species P. booliati has both

text: vertebrate

text: and

text: insect

text: hosts. The vertebrate hosts for this parasite are

text: mammal

text: s.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: mammals

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: six

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: Host

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: vertebrates do not have a backbone.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: mammals

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Vertebrate reproduction is asexual.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: mammals

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How does the immune system of vertebrates work?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: parasite

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: parasite

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: insect hosts.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: vertebrate and insect hosts. The vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: insect

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrate

text: Molecular phylogeny research by Kraus et al. (2010) based on a part of "intron 9" of the gamma-glutamyl carboxylase gene has shown that feeding on fish has evolved at least twice independently in the group.

text: Molecular phylogeny

text: research by Kraus et al. (2010) based on a part of "

text: intron

text: 9" of the

text: gamma-glutamyl carboxylase

text: gene has shown that feeding on fish has evolved at least twice independently in the group.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: feeding

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: feeding on fish has evolved at least twice independently in the group

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: genes

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: skeletal muscle

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: feeding on fish

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: feeding on fish has evolved at least twice independently

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: feeding on fish

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: __

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: feeding on fish

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: phylogeny research

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: fertilization

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: twice

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: feeding on fish

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: feeding on fish has evolved at least twice independently

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: "intron 9"

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: gamma-glutamyl carboxylase

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: "intron 9"

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: feeding on fish

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: gamma-glutamyl carboxylase

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: feeding on fish has evolved at least twice independently

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: feeding on fish

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: feeding on fish

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: gamma-glutamyl carboxylase

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: gamma-glutamyl carboxylase

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: feeding on fish

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Molecular phylogeny research

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: "intron 9"

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: Molecular phylogeny

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: feeding on fish

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: feeding on fish

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: gamma-glutamyl carboxylase gene

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Molecular phylogeny

text: There are also a number of fish with elongated bodies that have no or reduced appendage-like fins, for example eels and swamp eels. While hagfish and lamprey also do not have appendage-like fins, they may not have lost them, but simply retained the form that vertebrates had before they evolved limbs.

text: There are also a number of fish with elongated bodies that have no or reduced appendage-like fins, for example

text: eel

text: s and

text: swamp eel

text: s. While

text: hagfish

text: and

text: lamprey

text: also do not have appendage-like fins, they may not have lost them, but simply retained the form that vertebrates had before they evolved limbs.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Hagfish and lamprey

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: six

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: evolved limbs

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: appendage-like fins

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: fins

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: fins

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: hagfish and lamprey

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: evolved limbs

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: appendage

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: fins

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: mammalian

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: appendage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: fins

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: embryonic

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: eels and swamp eels.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: limbs.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: limbs.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: appendage-like fins,

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: appendage-like fins,

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: appendage-like fins,

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: limbs.

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: appendage-like fins,

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: limbs.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: limbs.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: limbs.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: limbs.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: limbs.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: appendage-like fins,

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: appendage-like fins,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: appendage-like fins,

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: limbs.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: no or reduced appendage-like fins,

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: eels and swamp eels.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: eels and swamp eels.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: limbs.

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: limbs.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: limbs.

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: limbs.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: limbs.

text: The Ezh2 gene (enhancer of zeste homolog 2) is a component of polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2). This histone methyltransferase performs its biological activity by catalyzing the trimethylation of histone 3 lysine 27 (H3K27me3). The biological function of this gene allows for it to transcriptionally repress the target, Hox,  inhibitor genes of osteochodrogenesis. Ezh2 is crucial for epigenetic regulation of specific patterning during osteochondrogenesis, or bone and cartilage development, of the craniofacial skeletal elements.  By repressing inhibitors, Ezh2 promotes bone and cartilage formation in facial skeletal features arising from the neural crest.  Above average Ezh2 expression has become a biological marker for the most aggressive form for breast cancer known as Inflammatory Breast Cancer (IBC). But in 2013, a study performed by Zhaomei Mu and his associates concluded that the knockdown gene for Ezh2 inhibited both the migration and invasion of IBC cells. Also in vivo, its knockdown gene suppressed tumor growth, most likely by the presence of fewer blood vessels, or reduced angiogenesis, in the Ezh2 knockdown tumor versus Ezh2 tumors.

text: The Ezh2 gene (enhancer of zeste homolog 2) is a component of

text: polycomb repressive complex 2

text: (PRC2). This histone methyltransferase performs its biological activity by catalyzing the trimethylation of histone 3 lysine 27 (H3K27me3). The biological function of this gene allows for it to transcriptionally repress the target, Hox,  inhibitor genes of osteochodrogenesis. Ezh2 is crucial for epigenetic regulation of specific patterning during osteochondrogenesis, or bone and cartilage development, of the craniofacial skeletal elements.  By repressing inhibitors, Ezh2 promotes bone and cartilage formation in facial skeletal features arising from the neural crest.  Above average Ezh2 expression has become a biological marker for the most aggressive form for

text: breast cancer

text: known as

text: Inflammatory Breast Cancer

text: (IBC). But in 2013, a study performed by Zhaomei Mu and his associates concluded that the knockdown gene for Ezh2 inhibited both the migration and invasion of IBC cells. Also in vivo, its knockdown gene suppressed tumor growth, most likely by the presence of fewer blood vessels, or reduced angiogenesis, in the Ezh2 knockdown tumor versus Ezh2 tumors.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: echinoderms

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: six

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: bone and cartilage

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: Ezh2 promotes bone and cartilage formation

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: chromosomes

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: bone and cartilage formation in facial skeletal features arising from the neural crest

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: osteochondrogenic

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: angiogenesis

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Which of the following is not a type of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: lizards

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Ezh2 is crucial for epigenetic regulation of specific patterning

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: echinoderms

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: What is the first vertebrate that did not need water to reproduce?

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: How many lobe-finned fish ancestors have been identified?

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How does the immune system of vertebrates learn to recognize and attack specific pathogens?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: How many years ago did birds evolve?

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: How can cartilage skeletons grow larger?

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: How many types of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are living species of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Which of the following is not a sex: male or female?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: osteochondrogenesis

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: angiogenesis

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: angiogenesis

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Inflammatory Breast Cancer

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: osteochondrogenesis

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: osteochondrogenesis

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: craniofacial

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: Ezh2 gene (enhancer of zeste homolog 2)

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: bone and cartilage development,

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: bone and cartilage

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: neural crest.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: bone and cartilage development, of the craniofacial

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: osteochondrogenesis,

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: The Ezh2

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: neural crest.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: The Ezh2

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: neural crest.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: The Ezh2

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: The Ezh2

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: The Ezh2

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: The Ezh2

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: The Ezh2

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: The Ezh2

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: bone and cartilage

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: The Ezh2

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: Ezh2

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: The Ezh2

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: The Ezh2

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: osteochondrogenesis,

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Inflammatory Breast Cancer

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: neural crest.

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Inflammatory Breast Cancer

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: bone and cartilage

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: osteochondrogenesis,

text: Parker's distinction was to carry out a careful study of the process in a much wider variety of vertebrates; his ironic comment on the "anatomical suffering caused to fish from their being dragged into harmony with that mischievous piece of work, the vertebrate archetype" shows, from such a gentle man, a surprising vigour in debate. "It is high time for us to have ceased from transcendentalism: of what use is it?" he asked.

text: Parker's distinction was to carry out a careful study of the process in a much wider variety of vertebrates; his ironic comment on the "anatomical suffering caused to fish from their being dragged into harmony with that mischievous piece of work, the vertebrate archetype" shows, from such a gentle man, a surprising vigour in debate. "It is high time for us to have ceased from transcendentalism: of what use is it?" he asked.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: nine

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: archetype

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: fish from their being dragged into harmony

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: anatomical

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: anatomical suffering caused to fish

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: what is the vertebrate archetype

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: transcendentalism

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: transcendentalism

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: the process

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: "anatomical suffering

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: "anatomical suffering caused to fish from their being dragged into harmony

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrates;

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: a much wider variety of vertebrates;

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: vertebrate archetype"

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: vertebrates;

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: "anatomical suffering caused to fish

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: a much wider variety of vertebrates;

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: vertebrates;

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: a much wider variety of vertebrates;

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: a much wider variety of vertebrates;

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: a much wider variety of vertebrates;

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: vertebrates;

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: vertebrates;

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: a much wider variety of vertebrates;

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: vertebrate archetype"

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: vertebrate archetype"

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: a much wider variety of vertebrates;

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates;

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: vertebrates;

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrate archetype"

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates;

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: transcendentalism:

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates;

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrates;

text: MTE is based on an interpretation of the relationships between body size, body temperature, and metabolic rate across all organisms.  Small-bodied organisms tend to have higher mass-specific metabolic rates than larger-bodied organisms.  Furthermore, organisms that operate at warm temperatures through endothermy or by living in warm environments tend towards higher metabolic rates than organisms that operate at colder temperatures.  This pattern is consistent from the unicellular level up to the level of the largest animals and plants on the planet.

text: MTE is based on an interpretation of the relationships between body size, body temperature, and

text: metabolic rate

text: across all organisms.  Small-bodied organisms tend to have higher mass-specific metabolic rates than larger-bodied organisms.  Furthermore, organisms that operate at warm temperatures through

text: endothermy

text: or by living in warm environments tend towards higher metabolic rates than organisms that operate at colder temperatures.  This pattern is consistent from the unicellular level up to the level of the largest animals and plants on the planet.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: unicellular

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: metabolic rate

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: Small-bodied organisms tend to have higher mass-specific metabolic rates than larger-bodied organisms

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: unicellular

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: unicellular

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Small-bodied organisms tend to have higher mass-specific metabolic rates than larger-bodied organisms

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unicellular

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: This pattern is consistent from the unicellular level up to the level of the largest animals

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: lobe-finned fish

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: unicellular

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: immune system of vertebrates learns to recognize and attack specific pathogens

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: birds

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: on the planet

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: None

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Small-bodied organisms

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: larger-bodied organisms.

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: mass-specific metabolic rates

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: Small-bodied organisms tend to have higher mass-specific metabolic rates

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: larger-bodied organisms.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: organisms that operate at warm temperatures through endothermy

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: higher mass-specific metabolic rates

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: organisms that operate at warm temperatures

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: unicellular

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: larger-bodied organisms.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unicellular

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: warm temperatures

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: larger-bodied organisms.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: larger-bodied organisms.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: larger-bodied organisms.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: larger-bodied organisms.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: organisms that operate at warm temperatures

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: larger-bodied organisms.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Small-bodied organisms tend to have higher mass-specific metabolic rates

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: largest animals and plants on the planet.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: larger-bodied organisms.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: larger-bodied organisms.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: endothermy

text: Sanjuansaurus was named and described in 2010 by Oscar Alcober and Ricardo Martinez. The type species was named S. gordilloi after Raul Gordillo, the head fossil preparator and artist of the San Juan Museum. It is known from and based on an associated and partially articulated partial skeleton (PVSJ 605) consisting of a jaw fragment, most of the vertebral column from the axis to the anterior tail, the shoulder blades, an ulna, part of the pelvis, most of the long bones of the legs, and a few other bones.

text: Sanjuansaurus was named and described in

text: by Oscar Alcober and Ricardo Martinez. The

text: type species

text: was named S. gordilloi after Raul Gordillo, the head fossil preparator and artist of the San Juan Museum. It is known from and

text: based on

text: an associated and partially articulated partial skeleton (

text: PVSJ

text: 605) consisting of a

text: jaw

text: fragment, most of the

text: vertebral column

text: from the

text: axis

text: to the

text: anterior

text: tail, the

text: shoulder blades

text: , an

text: ulna

text: , part of the

text: pelvis

text: , most of the

text: long bone

text: s of the legs, and a few other bones.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: skeleton

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: most of the vertebral column from the axis to the anterior tail

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebral column from the axis to the anterior tail

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: What type of system does Sanjuansaurus have?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Sanjuansaurus

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: the pelvis, most of the long bones of the legs, and a few other bones.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Sanjuansaurus

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: What is Sanjuansaurus?

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: What kind of ancestor did Amphibians evolve from?

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: It is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: It is impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which class is Sanjuansaurus?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: How many sexes does Sanjuansaurus have?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: pelvic

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: ulna

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: pelvis

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: shoulder blades

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Sanjuansaurus

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: pelvis

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: pelvic

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: Sanjuansaurus

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: axis to the anterior tail,

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: axis to the anterior tail,

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: legs,

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: the shoulder blades, an ulna,

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: bones.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: pelvis,

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: legs,

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Sanjuansaurus

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Sanjuansaurus

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Sanjuansaurus

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Sanjuansaurus

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Sanjuansaurus

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: ulna,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Sanjuansaurus

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Sanjuansaurus

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Sanjuansaurus

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: Sanjuansaurus

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: legs,

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Sanjuansaurus

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Sanjuansaurus

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: ulna,

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebral column

text: As in the picture on the right where both air and barium are used together (hence the term "double-contrast" barium enema) air can be used as a contrast material because it is less radio-opaque than the tissues it is defining. In the picture it highlights the interior of the colon. An example of a technique using purely air for the contrast medium is an air arthrogram where the injection of air into a joint cavity allows the cartilage covering the ends of the bones to be visualized.

text: As in the picture on the right where both air and barium are used together (hence the term "double-contrast" barium enema) air can be used as a contrast material because it is less radio-opaque than the tissues it is defining. In the picture it highlights the interior of the colon. An example of a technique using purely air for the contrast medium is an

text: air arthrogram

text: where the injection of air into a joint cavity allows the cartilage covering the ends of the bones to be visualized.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: mammals, birds, and reptiles

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: six

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: joint cavity

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: cartilage covering the ends of the bones

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: bones

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: radio-opaque

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: amphibians

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: air can be used as a contrast medium

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: amphibians

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: The answer: Amphibians

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which of the following is not a type of vertebrate?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: The answer: a.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the function of the kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How does the immune system of vertebrates work?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: mammals evolved before the first birds

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Why can't air be used as a contrast medium?

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Which of the following is not a sex?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: enema

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: air arthrogram

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: enema

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: air arthrogram

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: bones

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: air

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: bones

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: "double-contrast" barium enema)

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: bones

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: air and barium

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: radio-opaque

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: enema)

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: air

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: air

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: "double-contrast" barium enema)

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: air

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: air

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: air arthrogram

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: air

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: bones

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: air

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: air arthrogram

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: cartilage covering the ends of the bones

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: air

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: air for the contrast medium is an air arthrogram

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: air arthrogram

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: air arthrogram

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: "double-contrast" barium enema)

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: "double-contrast" barium enema)

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: enema)

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: "double-contrast" barium enema)

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: barium

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: "double-contrast" barium enema)

text: If the theory that language could have evolved as a single adaptation is accepted, the question becomes which of its many functions has been the basis of adaptation, several evolutionary hypotheses have been posited: that it evolved for the purpose of social grooming, that it evolved to as a way to show mating potential or that it evolved to form social contracts. Evolutionary psychologists recognize that these theories are all speculative and that much more evidence is required to understand how language might have been selectively adapted.

text: If the theory that language could have evolved as a single adaptation is accepted, the question becomes which of its many functions has been the basis of adaptation, several evolutionary hypotheses have been posited: that it evolved for the purpose of social grooming, that it evolved to as a way to show mating potential or that it evolved to form social contracts. Evolutionary psychologists recognize that these theories are all speculative and that much more evidence is required to understand how language might have been selectively adapted.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: mammals

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: six

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: social grooming

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: it evolved to as a way to show mating potential

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: limbs

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: mating

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: mammal

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: language could have evolved as a single adaptation

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: lobe-finned fish

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: male

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: Maternal

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: social grooming

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: mating

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: evolutionary psychology

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: skeleton

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Maternal

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: mating potential

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: If the theory that language could have evolved as a single

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: social grooming,

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: show mating potential

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: mating potential

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: language

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: social grooming,

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: social grooming,

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: mating potential

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: social grooming,

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: show mating potential

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: social grooming,

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: social grooming,

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: social grooming,

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: social grooming,

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: social grooming,

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: several evolutionary hypotheses

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: social grooming,

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: social grooming,

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: social grooming,

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: social grooming,

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: speculative

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: a way to show mating potential

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: social grooming,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: mating potential

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: social grooming,

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: social grooming,

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: adaptation,

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: social grooming,

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: Evolutionary psychologists

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: mating potential

text: Vertebrates typically have four cone opsins (LWS, SWS1, SWS2, and Rh2) inherited from the first vertebrate (and thus predating the first vertebrate), as well as the rod opsin, rhodopsin (Rh1), which emerged after the first vertebrate but before the first Gnathostome (jawed vertebrate). These five opsins emerged through a series of gene duplications beginning with LWS and ending with Rh1. Each one has since evolved into numerous variants and thus constitutes an opsin family or subtype.

text: Vertebrates typically have four cone opsins (LWS, SWS1, SWS2, and Rh2) inherited from the first vertebrate (and thus predating the first vertebrate), as well as the rod opsin, rhodopsin (Rh1), which emerged after the first vertebrate but before the first

text: Gnathostome

text: (jawed vertebrate). These five opsins emerged through a series of gene duplications beginning with LWS and ending with Rh1. Each one has since evolved into numerous variants and thus constitutes an opsin family or subtype.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Gnathostome

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: four

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: opsin family or subtype

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: rod opsins emerged after the first vertebrate but before the first Gnathostome

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: cone opsins

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: LWS, SWS1, SWS2, and Rh2

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: rod

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: predating the first vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: the first Gnathostome (jawed vertebrate) emerged after the first vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: predating the first vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Rh2

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: rod opsin

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: Rh2

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Gnathostome

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: Gnathostome

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Gnathostome

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: Gnathostome

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: cone opsins

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: predating the first vertebrate),

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: cone opsins

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: four cone opsins

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: cone opsins

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Vertebrates typically have four cone opsins

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: first vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: predating the first vertebrate),

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: first vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Gnathostome

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: after the first vertebrate but before the first Gnathostome

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: Gnathostome

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Vertebrates typically have four cone opsins

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Vertebrates typically have four cone opsins

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Gnathostome

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Gnathostome

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: Gnathostome

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: five opsins

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: Gnathostome

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Gnathostome

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: gene duplications

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: rod

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Gnathostome

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: rod

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Gnathostome

text: Lampris guttatus are able to maintain their eyes and brain at 2 °C warmer than their bodies, a phenomenon called cranial endothermy and one they share with sharks in the Lamnidae family, billfishes and some tunas. This may allow their eyes and brains to continue functioning during deep dives into water below 4 °C.

text: Lampris guttatus are able to maintain their eyes and brain at 2 °C warmer than their bodies, a phenomenon called cranial endothermy and one they share with sharks in the

text: Lamnidae

text: family,

text: billfish

text: es and some tunas. This may allow their eyes and brains to continue functioning during deep dives into water below 4 °C.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: sharks

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: six

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: cranial endothermy

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The vertebral column of vertebrates is made of bone.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: eyes

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: cranial endothermy

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: softer

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: vertebrates reproduce sexually.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class: Lamnidae, Billfishes or tunas?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: cranial endothermy

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Lamnidae

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: Lamnidae

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: cranial endothermy

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: 4 °C.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: eyes and brain

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: cranial endothermy

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: warmer than their bodies, a phenomenon called cranial endothermy

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: cranial endothermy

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: cranial endothermy

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Lamnidae

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: cranial endothermy

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Lamnidae

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: water below 4 °C.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: cranial endothermy

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: cranial endothermy

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: cranial endothermy

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: cranial endothermy

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: cranial endothermy

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: cranial endothermy

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: cranial endothermy

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: cranial endothermy

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: Lamnidae

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Lamnidae

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: cranial endothermy

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: cranial endothermy

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: cranial endothermy

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: cranial endothermy

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cranial endothermy

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: cranial endothermy

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: cranial endothermy

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: cranial endothermy

text: The Haemosporidia have more complex lifecycles that alternate between an arthropod and a vertebrate host. The trophozoite parasitises erythrocytes or other tissues in the vertebrate host. Microgametes and macrogametes are always found in the blood. The gametes are taken up by the insect vector during a blood meal. The microgametes migrate within the gut of the insect vector and fuse with the macrogametes. The fertilized macrogamete now becomes an ookinete, which penetrates the body of the vector. The ookinete then transforms into an oocyst and divides initially by meiosis and then by mitosis (haplontic lifecycle) to give rise to the sporozoites. The sporozoites escape from the oocyst and migrate within the body of the vector to the salivary glands where they are injected into the new vertebrate host when the insect vector feeds again.

text: The Haemosporidia have more complex lifecycles that alternate between an arthropod and a vertebrate host. The trophozoite parasitises

text: erythrocyte

text: s or other tissues in the vertebrate host. Microgametes and macrogametes are always found in the blood. The gametes are taken up by the insect vector during a blood meal. The microgametes migrate within the gut of the insect vector and fuse with the macrogametes. The fertilized macrogamete now becomes an

text: ookinete

text: , which penetrates the body of the vector. The ookinete then transforms into an oocyst and divides initially by meiosis and then by mitosis (haplontic lifecycle) to give rise to the

text: sporozoite

text: s. The sporozoites escape from the oocyst and migrate within the body of the vector to the salivary glands where they are injected into the new vertebrate host when the insect vector feeds again.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Haemosporidia

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: parasitises erythrocytes

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The sporozoites escape from the ookinete

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: chromosomes

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: erythrocytes or other tissues

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: meiosis

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: What does the trophozoite parasitise?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: parasitises erythrocytes or other tissues in the vertebrate host

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which of the following is not a type of vertebrate?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Which came first, birds or mammals?

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Which of the following is not true?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: meiosis

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Haemosporidia

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: meiosis

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: Lymphocytes

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: sporozoites

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: meiosis

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: The Haemosporidia

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: Haemosporidia

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: erythrocytes or other tissues

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The Haemosporidia

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: Microgametes and macrogametes

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: erythrocytes

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: The Haemosporidia

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: meiosis

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: salivary glands

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Haemosporidia

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: The Haemosporidia

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Haemosporidia

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: blood.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: The Haemosporidia

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: The Haemosporidia

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: The Haemosporidia

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Microgametes and macrogametes

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: The Haemosporidia

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: The Haemosporidia

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: The Haemosporidia

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: The Haemosporidia

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: The Haemosporidia

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: The Haemosporidia

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: The Haemosporidia

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: oocyst

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: The Haemosporidia

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: meiosis

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: erythrocytes

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: The Haemosporidia

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: erythrocytes

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: oocyst

text: The vertebral column consists of 5 parts. The most cranial (uppermost) part is made up by the cervical vertebrae (7), followed by thoracic (12), lumbar (5), sacral (4–5) and coccygeal vertebrae (3–4).

text: The vertebral column consists of 5 parts. The most cranial (uppermost) part is made up by the

text: cervical vertebrae

text: (7), followed by thoracic (12), lumbar (5), sacral (4–5) and coccygeal vertebrae (3–4).

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: thoracic (12)

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: spinal cord

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The vertebral column consists of 4 parts.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: cervical vertebrae (7)

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: thoracic

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: The vertebral column consists of 5 parts.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: thoracic

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: How many parts are in the vertebral column?

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What does the adaptive immune system of vertebrates do?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: How many parts are in the vertebral column?

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: cranial

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: thoracic

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: sacral

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: thoracic

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: cranial

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: lumbar

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: cranial

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: thoracic

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: 5

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: cranial

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: 5 parts.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: sacral

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: cervical vertebrae (7),

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: The vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: The vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: The vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: cervical vertebrae (7),

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: The vertebral column consists of 5 parts.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: cervical vertebrae (7),

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: (7),

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: (7),

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: The vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: 5

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: cervical vertebrae (7),

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: cervical vertebrae (7),

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: The vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: The vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: (7),

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: (7),

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: The vertebral column consists of 5 parts.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: (7),

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: The vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: The vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: The vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: The vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: The vertebral column

text: The Vertebral Artery Test or Wallenberg Test is a physical exam for vertebral artery insufficiency.

text: The Vertebral Artery Test or Wallenberg Test is a physical exam for

text: vertebral artery

text: insufficiency.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Vertebral Artery

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: six

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: artery

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The Vertebral Artery Test is a test for vertebral artery insufficiency.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: arteries

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebral arteries

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: lizards

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: The Vertebral Artery Test is a physical exam for vertebral artery insufficiency.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: lizards

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: None of the above choices are true

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: The adaptive immune system of vertebrates learns to recognize and attack specific pathogens

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: The Vertebral Artery Test is a physical exam.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Wallenberg Test

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: mammalian

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: vertebral artery

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebral

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: vertebral artery insufficiency.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: vertebral artery insufficiency.

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: vertebral artery

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The Vertebral Artery Test

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebral artery

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebral artery insufficiency.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebral artery insufficiency.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: vertebral artery

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: The Vertebral Artery Test or Wallenberg Test

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Wallenberg Test

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: The Vertebral Artery Test

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: vertebral artery insufficiency.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: The Vertebral Artery Test or Wallenberg Test

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: The Vertebral Artery Test or Wallenberg Test

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: The Vertebral Artery Test or Wallenberg Test

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: vertebral artery insufficiency.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: The Vertebral Artery Test or Wallenberg Test

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: The Vertebral Artery Test or Wallenberg Test

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: The Vertebral Artery Test

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: The Vertebral Artery Test or Wallenberg Test

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: The Vertebral Artery Test or Wallenberg Test

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: The Vertebral Artery Test or Wallenberg Test

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: The Vertebral Artery Test or Wallenberg Test

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: The Vertebral Artery Test or Wallenberg Test

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebral artery

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Wallenberg Test

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: Wallenberg Test

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebral artery

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Wallenberg Test

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebral artery

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Wallenberg Test

text: The first jawed vertebrates appeared in the latest Ordovician and became common in the Devonian, often known as the "Age of Fishes". The two groups of bony fishes, the actinopterygii and sarcopterygii, evolved and became common. The Devonian also saw the demise of virtually all jawless fishes, save for lampreys and hagfish, as well as the Placodermi, a group of armoured fish that dominated the entirety of that period since the late Silurian. The Devonian also saw the rise of the first labyrinthodonts, which was a transitional form between fishes and amphibians.

text: The first

text: jawed vertebrates

text: appeared in the latest

text: Ordovician

text: and became common in the

text: Devonian

text: , often known as the "Age of Fishes". The two groups of

text: bony fishes

text: , the

text: actinopterygii

text: and

text: sarcopterygii

text: , evolved and became common. The Devonian also saw the demise of virtually all jawless fishes, save for lampreys and hagfish, as well as the

text: Placodermi

text: , a group of armoured fish that dominated the entirety of that period since the late

text: Silurian

text: . The Devonian also saw the rise of the first

text: labyrinthodonts

text: , which was a transitional form between fishes and

text: amphibians

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: labyrinthodonts

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: jawless

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: jawless fishes, save for lampreys and hagfish

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: jaws

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: actinopterygii

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: Bony fishes

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: glands that secrete

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: jawed

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: the Devonian also saw the demise of virtually all jawless fishes

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: jawless fishes

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: How many groups of bony fishes evolved and became common?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: cartilage skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many groups of bony fishes evolved and became common?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: labyrinthodonts

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: mammalian

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: actinopterygii

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: sarcopterygii

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: actinopterygii

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: actinopterygii

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: bony fishes,

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: jawed

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: jawless fishes,

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: jawless fishes,

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: labyrinthodonts,

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: bony

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: jawed vertebrates appeared in the latest Ordovician

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Devonian,

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: jawed

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: the demise of virtually all jawless fishes,

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: bony fishes,

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: labyrinthodonts,

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Devonian,

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: labyrinthodonts,

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: jawless fishes,

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Devonian,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Devonian,

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: latest Ordovician

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Ordovician

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: bony fishes,

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: Devonian,

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: fishes and amphibians.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Devonian,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: Ordovician

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: labyrinthodonts,

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: labyrinthodonts,

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: labyrinthodonts,

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: labyrinthodonts,

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: bony

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Ordovician

text: The introduction takes the story in the prologue two weeks forward to 8 October, the day when the bank recapitalisation plan was announced. Brown describes how the crises evolved to become much wider than a banking crises - it became what he calls the first crises of globalisation, which if not overcome will threaten a decade or more of low growth, with millions left jobless and millions more in poverty.  Brown recalls that in the last years of the 20th century, Europe and America had between them a majority share of the world's production, exports and investment. While after 2000 Europe and American had a minority share in all those areas, while still retaining a large majority of the world's consumption, financed by borrowing from the rest of the world. Brown states that this recently developed situation has become unsustainable. He says it's essential for emerging economic giants like China to further boost their consumption if global growth is to be optimised and the crises is to be fully overcome.  The introduction also discusses the need for morality to inform the conduct of market participants.

text: The introduction takes the story in the prologue two weeks forward to 8 October, the day when the bank recapitalisation plan was announced. Brown describes how the crises evolved to become much wider than a banking crises - it became what he calls the first crises of globalisation, which if not overcome will threaten a decade or more of low growth, with millions left jobless and millions more in poverty.  Brown recalls that in the last years of the 20th century, Europe and America had between them a majority share of the world's production, exports and investment. While after 2000 Europe and American had a minority share in all those areas, while still retaining a large majority of the world's consumption, financed by borrowing from the rest of the world. Brown states that this recently developed situation has become unsustainable. He says it's essential for emerging economic giants like China to further boost their consumption if global growth is to be optimised and the crises is to be fully overcome.  The introduction also discusses the need for morality to inform the conduct of market participants.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: What does Brown call the first crises of globalisation?

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: resting

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: after 2000 Europe and American had a minority share

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: limbs

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrates that are what?

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Which of the following is not an example of an endocrine system?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: echinoderms

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: a decade or more of low growth, with millions left jobless and millions more in poverty

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: what is the first crisis of globalisation?

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: what is the first crises of globalisation?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are mentioned in the passage?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Which of the following is not true?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: ovary

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: morality

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: asexual

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: globalisation

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: skeleton

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: __

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: poverty.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: first crises of globalisation,

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: consumption,

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: banking crises

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: consumption

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Europe and America

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: much wider than a banking crises

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: consumption

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: morality

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: globalisation,

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: banking crises

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: first crises of globalisation,

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: first crises of globalisation,

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: first crises of globalisation,

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: first crises of globalisation,

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: first crises of globalisation,

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: first crises of globalisation,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: first crises of globalisation,

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: first crises of globalisation,

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: first crises of globalisation,

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: first crises of globalisation,

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: millions left jobless and millions more in poverty.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: first crises of globalisation,

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: first crises of globalisation,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: first crises of globalisation,

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: morality

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: first crises of globalisation,

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: first crises of globalisation,

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: morality

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: production, exports

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: first crises of globalisation,

text: A study published by Roger Seymour in 2013 added more support to the idea that dinosaurs were endothermic. After studying saltwater crocodiles, Seymour found that even if their large sizes could provide stable and high body temperatures, the crocodiles' ectothermic metabolisms provided less endurance and only 14% of the muscle power of a similar sized mammal. Seymour reasoned that dinosaurs would have needed to be endothermic since they would have needed powerful muscles and endurance to compete with and dominate mammals throughout the Mesozoic era.

text: A study published by Roger Seymour in 2013 added more support to the idea that dinosaurs were endothermic. After studying saltwater crocodiles, Seymour found that even if their large sizes could provide stable and high body temperatures, the crocodiles' ectothermic metabolisms provided less endurance and only 14% of the muscle power of a similar sized mammal. Seymour reasoned that dinosaurs would have needed to be endothermic since they would have needed powerful muscles and endurance to compete with and dominate mammals throughout the Mesozoic era.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: crocodiles

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: powerful muscles and endurance

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: dinosaurs would have needed to be endothermic

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: limbs

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Muscles

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: endothermic

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: endothermic

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Which of the following is not a vertebrate?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: dinosaurs were endothermic

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the purpose of the kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How does the adaptive immune system of vertebrates work?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Which of the following is not a type of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: Ectothermic

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: endothermic

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: endothermic

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: endothermic

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: endothermic

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: endothermic

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: endothermic

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: mammals

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: saltwater

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: powerful muscles and endurance

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: dinosaurs were endothermic.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: muscles

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: muscles

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: muscle power

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: endothermic.

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: dinosaurs were endothermic.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: dinosaurs were endothermic.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: dinosaurs were endothermic.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: dinosaurs were endothermic.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: dinosaurs were endothermic.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: dinosaurs were endothermic.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: dinosaurs were endothermic.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: dinosaurs were endothermic.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: saltwater crocodiles,

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: 14% of the muscle power

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: mammals

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: dinosaurs were endothermic.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: mammals

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: ectothermic

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: ectothermic

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: endothermic.

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: endothermic.

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: endothermic.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: endothermic.

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: ectothermic

text: The sacral nerves are the five pairs of spinal nerves which exit the sacrum at the lower end of the vertebral column. The roots of these nerves begin inside the vertebral column at the level of the L1 vertebra, where the cauda equina begins, and then descend into the sacrum.

text: The sacral nerves are the five pairs of spinal nerves which exit the

text: sacrum

text: at the lower end of the

text: vertebral column

text: . The roots of these nerves begin inside the vertebral column at the level of the

text: L1 vertebra

text: , where the

text: cauda equina

text: begins, and then descend into the sacrum.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: one

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: sacral nerves

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The sacral nerves exit the sacrum at the lower end of the vertebral column.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: spinal nerves

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: sacral nerves

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: softer

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: L1 vertebra

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: The sacral nerves are the five pairs of spinal nerves which exit the sacrum

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: L1 vertebra

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What does the adaptive immune system of vertebrates do?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: cauda equina

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: cauda equina

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: cauda equina

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: spinal nerves

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: L1

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: five

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: The sacral nerves are the five pairs of spinal nerves

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: inside the vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: five

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: The sacral nerves

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebral column.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: The sacral nerves

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: The sacral nerves

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: L1 vertebra,

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: The sacral nerves are the five pairs of spinal nerves

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: L1 vertebra,

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: The sacral nerves

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: L1 vertebra,

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: The sacral nerves

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: vertebral column.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: The sacral nerves are the five pairs of spinal nerves

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: The sacral nerves

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: The sacral nerves

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: The sacral nerves

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: The sacral nerves are the five pairs of spinal nerves

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: vertebral column.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: L1 vertebra,

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: The sacral nerves

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: The sacral nerves are the five pairs of spinal nerves

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: The sacral nerves

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: cauda equina

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebral column.

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: The sacral nerves

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebral column.

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: The sacral nerves

text: Histological analysis of cross-sections of the ribs indicate that they grew in three different phases as an individual developed. As is the case in most land vertebrates, the first phase involves the growth of a rib primordium that ossifies (ossifies) into a rib bone. The second phase, which deviates from most other land vertebrates, is the development of a shelf of bone above the main shaft of the rib to form the T-shape. The third and final phase is the widening of the lower ridge into a teardrop-like shape, reinforcing the rib. While the third phase is unique to Eunotosaurus, the second phase is also seen in modern turtles. In turtles, the shelf of bone that forms from the rib shaft becomes a plate of the shell or carapace. In each rib of Eunotosaurus, the posterior surface of the lower ridge has Sharpey's fibers embedded in it. Sharpey's fibers help anchor muscles to bone. Most amniotes have Sharpey's fibers on the posterior and anterior edges of the ribs because the ribs are connected to each other by intercostal muscles, which are muscles that assist in breathing. The lack of Sharpey's fibers on the anterior side of the ribs of Eunotosaurus suggests that it lacked functional intercostal muscles. Turtles also lack intercostal muscles and instead have muscles that connect to the undersides of the ribs for the purpose of locomotion. If Eunotosaurus is close to the ancestry of turtles, it may have had similar sets of muscles.

text: Histological

text: analysis of cross-sections of the ribs indicate that they grew in three different phases as an individual developed. As is the case in most land vertebrates, the first phase involves the growth of a rib

text: primordium

text: that

text: ossifies

text: (ossifies) into a rib bone. The second phase, which deviates from most other land vertebrates, is the development of a shelf of bone above the main shaft of the rib to form the T-shape. The third and final phase is the widening of the lower ridge into a teardrop-like shape, reinforcing the rib. While the third phase is unique to Eunotosaurus, the second phase is also seen in modern turtles. In turtles, the shelf of bone that forms from the rib shaft becomes a plate of the shell or

text: carapace

text: . In each rib of Eunotosaurus, the posterior surface of the lower ridge has

text: Sharpey's fibers

text: embedded in it. Sharpey's fibers help anchor muscles to bone. Most

text: amniote

text: s have Sharpey's fibers on the posterior and anterior edges of the ribs because the ribs are connected to each other by

text: intercostal muscle

text: s, which are muscles that assist in breathing. The lack of Sharpey's fibers on the anterior side of the ribs of Eunotosaurus suggests that it lacked functional intercostal muscles. Turtles also lack intercostal muscles and instead have muscles that connect to the undersides of the ribs for the purpose of locomotion. If Eunotosaurus is close to the ancestry of turtles, it may have had similar sets of muscles.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Amniotes

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: anchor muscles to bone

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: a shelf of bone above the main shaft of the rib to form the T-shape

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: ribs

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Sharpey's fibers embedded in what?

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: ossifies

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: What does Eunotosaurus lack?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Amniotes

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Eunotosaurus is close to the ancestry of turtles

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Amniotes

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which phase is unique to Eunotosaurus?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How does the immune system of vertebrates learn to recognize and attack specific pathogens?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many different classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: amniotes

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: intercostal muscles

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: amniotes

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: ossified

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Sharpey's fibers

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: amniotes

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: land

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: amniotes

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: anchor muscles to bone.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: intercostal muscles,

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: intercostal muscles,

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: ribs

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: modern turtles.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: land vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Sharpey's fibers

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: land

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: bone.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: land

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Sharpey's fibers

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Sharpey's fibers

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: turtles,

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: Sharpey's fibers

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Sharpey's fibers

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Sharpey's fibers

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Eunotosaurus

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: ribs

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Sharpey's fibers

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: Eunotosaurus

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Sharpey's fibers

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Eunotosaurus

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: amniotes

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Eunotosaurus

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: intercostal muscles,

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: Sharpey's fibers

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Sharpey's fibers

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: bone.

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: amniotes have Sharpey's fibers

text: A digit is one of several most distal parts of a limb, such as fingers or toes, present in many vertebrates.

text: A digit is one of several most distal parts of a

text: limb

text: , such as

text: finger

text: s or

text: toe

text: s, present in many

text: vertebrate

text: s.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: echinoderms

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: six

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: limb

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The vertebral column of vertebrates does not have digits.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: digits

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: digits

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: softer

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: digits

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: A digit is one of several most distal parts of a limb present in many vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: digits

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How does the immune system of vertebrates work?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: The answer is birds.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: digit

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: digit

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: digits

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: digit

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: digits

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: digit

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: digit

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: digit

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: digit

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: most distal parts of a limb,

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: digit

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: digit

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: digit

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: digit is one of several most distal parts of a limb,

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: digit

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: digit

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: digit

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: A digit

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: digit

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: digit

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: digit

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: digit

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: digit

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: digit

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: digit

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: digit

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: digit

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: digit

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: digit

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: digit

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: digit

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: digit

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: digit

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: digit

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: digit

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: digit

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: digit

text: The fauna of the Wuyi Mountains is renowned for its high diversity, which includes many rare and unusual species. In total, approximately 5,000 animal species have been reported for the area. 475 of these species are vertebrates and 4,635 insects. The number of vertebrate species is divided as follows:

text: The fauna of the Wuyi Mountains is renowned for its high diversity, which includes many rare and unusual species. In total, approximately 5,000 animal species have been reported for the area. 475 of these species are

text: vertebrate

text: s and 4,635

text: insect

text: s. The number of vertebrate species is divided as follows:

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: 475

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: spinal cord

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: vertebrates do not have a backbone

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: 475

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: vertebrates reproduce sexually.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: insects

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: ectothermy

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: 475

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: 475

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: 475 of these species are vertebrates and 4,635 insects.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: 475

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: 475 of these species are vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: 4,635 insects.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: 475

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: 475

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: 475

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: 475

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: 475 of these species are vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: 475

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: 475

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: 475

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: 475

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: 475

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: 475

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: 475

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: 475

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: 475

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: 475

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: 475

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: 475

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: 475

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: insects.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: insects.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrates

text: Arabidopsis thaliana is currently the most popular model plant. Its small stature and short generation time facilitates rapid genetic studies, and many phenotypic and biochemical mutants have been mapped. Arabidopsis was the first plant to have its genome sequenced. Among vertebrates, guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) were used by Robert Koch and other early bacteriologists as a host for bacterial infections, becoming a byword for "laboratory animal," but are less commonly used today. The classic model vertebrate is currently the mouse (Mus musculus). Many inbred strains exist, as well as lines selected for particular traits, often of medical interest, e.g. body size, obesity, muscularity, and voluntary wheel-running behavior.

text: Arabidopsis thaliana

text: is currently the most popular model plant. Its small stature and short generation time facilitates rapid genetic studies, and many phenotypic and biochemical mutants have been mapped. Arabidopsis was the first plant to have its

text: genome

text: sequenced

text: . Among

text: vertebrate

text: s,

text: guinea pig

text: s (Cavia porcellus) were used by

text: Robert Koch

text: and other early bacteriologists as a host for bacterial infections, becoming a byword for "laboratory animal," but are less commonly used today. The classic model vertebrate is currently the mouse (

text: Mus musculus

text: ). Many inbred strains exist, as well as lines selected for particular traits, often of medical interest, e.g. body size, obesity, muscularity, and voluntary

text: wheel-running

text: behavior.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: guinea pigs

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: bacterial infections

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: mouse (Mus musculus) is the classic model vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Mus musculus

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: inbred

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: The classic model vertebrate is currently the mouse (Mus musculus).

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: The classic model vertebrate is currently the mouse

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Which came first, birds or mammals?

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Which is not true?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: wheel-running behavior

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: inbred

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: muscle

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: bacterial infections

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: musculus

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: the mouse (Mus musculus).

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus)

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: medical interest,

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: guinea pigs

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: mouse (Mus musculus).

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: mouse (Mus musculus).

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: muscularity,

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: inbred

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: bacterial infections,

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: guinea pigs

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: guinea pigs

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: guinea pigs

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: guinea pigs

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus)

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: guinea pigs

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: guinea pigs

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: guinea pigs

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: mouse (Mus musculus).

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: mouse

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus)

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: the mouse (Mus musculus).

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: voluntary wheel-running

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: inbred

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: muscularity,

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: medical interest,

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrates,

text: In some vertebrates, exposure to light can set off a chain reaction of enzymatic events within the pineal gland that regulate circadian rhythms. Some early vertebrate fossil skulls have a pineal foramen (opening). This correlates with the physiology of the modern "living fossils," the lampreys and the tuatara, and some other vertebrates that have a parietal eye, which, in some of them, is photosensitive. The parietal eye represents evolution's earlier approach to photoreception. The structures of the pineal eye in the tuatara are analogous to the cornea, lens, and retina, though the latter resembles that of an octopus rather than a vertebrate retina. The asymmetrical whole consists of the "eye" to the left and the pineal sac to the right. "In animals that have lost the parietal eye, including mammals, the pineal sac is retained and condensed into the form of the pineal gland."

text: In some vertebrates, exposure to light can set off a chain reaction of enzymatic events within the pineal gland that regulate

text: circadian rhythm

text: s. Some early vertebrate fossil skulls have a pineal

text: foramen

text: (opening). This correlates with the physiology of the modern "

text: living fossil

text: s," the

text: lamprey

text: s and the

text: tuatara

text: , and some other vertebrates that have a

text: parietal eye

text: , which, in some of them, is photosensitive. The parietal eye represents evolution's earlier approach to photoreception. The structures of the pineal eye in the tuatara are analogous to the cornea, lens, and retina, though the latter resembles that of an octopus rather than a vertebrate retina. The asymmetrical whole consists of the "eye" to the left and the pineal sac to the right. "In animals that have lost the parietal eye, including mammals, the pineal sac is retained and condensed into the form of the pineal gland."

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: vertebrates that have a parietal eye

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: regulate circadian rhythms

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: the pineal sac is retained and condensed into the form of the pineal gland

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: pineal glands

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: pineal gland

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: pineal gland

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: pineal sac

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: fossil skulls

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: vertebrates that have a pineal foramen (opening)

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How does the adaptive immune system of vertebrates learn to recognize and attack specific pathogens?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: circadian rhythms

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: pineal gland

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: circadian rhythms

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: the lampreys and the tuatara,

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: lampreys

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: regulate circadian rhythms.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: pineal gland."

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: parietal eye,

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: pineal gland

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: In some vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: parietal eye,

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: pineal gland that regulate circadian rhythms.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: fossil skulls have a pineal foramen

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: "In animals that have lost the parietal eye,

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: fossil skulls have a pineal foramen

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: light

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: parietal eye,

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: In some vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: mammals,

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: enzymatic events within the pineal gland that regulate circadian rhythms.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: pineal gland that regulate circadian rhythms.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: vertebrate fossil skulls have a pineal foramen

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: mammals,

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: In some vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: "living fossils,"

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: In some vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: In some vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: circadian rhythms.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: parietal eye,

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cornea,

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: circadian rhythms.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: pineal sac

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: enzymatic events within the pineal gland that regulate circadian rhythms.

text: Vertebrates are known from both body fossils and trace fossils. Vertebrate known from body fossils include (the following after Lucas et al. [2005], except where noted): hybodont sharks, indeterminate bony fish, lungfish, salamanders, the frog Prosalirus, the caecilian Eocaecilia, the turtle Kayentachelys, a sphenodontian reptile, lizards, several early crocodylomorphs including Calsoyasuchus, Eopneumatosuchus, Kayentasuchus, and Protosuchus), the pterosaur Rhamphinion, several theropods including Dilophosaurus, Kayentavenator Coelophysis kayentakatae, and the "Shake N Bake" theropod, the basal sauropodomorph Sarahsaurus, a heterodontosaurid, armored dinosaurs Scelidosaurus and Scutellosaurus, the tritylodontids synapsids Dinnebiton, Kayentatherium, and Oligokyphus, morganucodontids, possible early true mammal Dinnetherium, and a haramyid mammal. The majority of these finds come from the vicinity of Gold Spring, Arizona. Vertebrate trace fossils include coprolites and the tracks of therapsids, lizard-like animals, and several types of dinosaur.

text: Vertebrates are known from both body fossils and trace fossils. Vertebrate known from body fossils include (the following after Lucas et al. [2005], except where noted):

text: hybodont

text: sharks, indeterminate

text: bony fish

text: lungfish

text: , salamanders, the frog

text: Prosalirus

text: , the

text: caecilia

text: n

text: Eocaecilia

text: , the turtle

text: Kayentachelys

text: , a

text: sphenodontia

text: n reptile, lizards, several early

text: crocodylomorphs

text: including

text: Calsoyasuchus

text: Eopneumatosuchus

text: Kayentasuchus

text: , and

text: Protosuchus

text: ), the

text: pterosaur

text: Rhamphinion

text: , several theropods including Dilophosaurus,

text: Kayentavenator

text: Coelophysis kayentakatae

text: , and the "Shake N Bake" theropod, the

text: basal

text: sauropodomorph

text: Sarahsaurus

text: , a

text: heterodontosaurid

text: , armored dinosaurs

text: Scelidosaurus

text: and

text: Scutellosaurus

text: , the

text: tritylodontids

text: synapsids

text: Dinnebiton,

text: Kayentatherium

text: , and

text: Oligokyphus

text: morganucodontids

text: , possible early true mammal Dinnetherium, and a

text: haramyid

text: mammal. The majority of these finds come from the vicinity of Gold Spring, Arizona. Vertebrate trace fossils include

text: coprolite

text: s and the tracks of

text: therapsid

text: s, lizard-like animals, and several types of dinosaur.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: lizards, several early crocodylomorphs

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: bony

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: lizard-like animals, and several types of dinosaur.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrates known from body fossils

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: The majority of these finds come from the vicinity of what?

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: Bone is known from body fossils

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Vertebrate known from body fossils include

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: hybodont sharks

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: lizard-like animals, and several types of dinosaur.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: hybodont sharks

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: The frog Prosalirus

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are known from body fossils?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: How many species of vertebrates are known from body fossils?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: caecilian

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: haramyid

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: haramyid

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: "Shake N Bake"

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: caecilian

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: hybodont sharks,

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: indeterminate bony fish,

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: armored

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: armored dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: sphenodontian reptile, lizards,

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: hybodont sharks,

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: bony fish,

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: "Shake N Bake"

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: synapsids

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: crocodylomorphs

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: early true mammal

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: crocodylomorphs

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: crocodylomorphs

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Scelidosaurus and Scutellosaurus,

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: dontosaurid,

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: several types of dinosaur.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: lizards,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: lizards,

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: crocodylomorphs

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: haramyid mammal.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Scelidosaurus and Scutellosaurus,

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: Vertebrate trace fossils

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: synapsids

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: dinosaurs Scelidosaurus and Scutellosaurus,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: Vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: synapsids

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: Vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: Vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: synapsids

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: Vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Vertebrate

text: In humans, the chondrocranium begins forming at 28 days from mesenchymal condensations and is fully formed between week 7 and 9 of fetal development. While the majority of the chondrocranium is succeeded by the bony skull in most higher vertebrates, some components do persist into adulthood. In cartilaginous fishes (e.g. sharks and rays) and agnathans (e.g. lampreys and hagfish), the chondrocranium persists throughout life. Embryologically, the chondrocranium represents the basal cranial structure, and lays the base for the formation of the endocranium in higher vertebrates.

text: In

text: human

text: s, the chondrocranium begins forming at 28 days from

text: mesenchymal

text: condensations and is fully formed between week 7 and 9 of fetal development. While the majority of the chondrocranium is succeeded by the bony skull in most higher

text: vertebrates

text: , some components do persist into adulthood. In

text: cartilaginous fishes

text: (e.g.

text: shark

text: s and

text: rays

text: ) and

text: agnatha

text: ns (e.g.

text: lamprey

text: s and

text: hagfish

text: ), the chondrocranium persists throughout life.

text: Embryologically

text: , the chondrocranium represents the basal cranial structure, and lays the base for the formation of the

text: endocranium

text: in

text: higher vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: higher vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: endocranium

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: the chondrocranium is succeeded by the bony skull in most higher vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: cranial structures

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: cartilaginous fishes

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: endocranium

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Which of the following is not a vertebrate: sharks, rays, or hagfish?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: agnathans

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: the majority of the chondrocranium is succeeded by the bony skull in most higher vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: agnathans

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which is not a type of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How does the immune system of vertebrates learn to recognize and attack specific pathogens?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many different classes of vertebrates are living species of vertebrates placed in?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: fetal development

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: endocranium

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: bony skull

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: endocranium

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: fetal development

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: higher

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: cartilaginous fishes

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: lays the base for the formation of the endocranium

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: some components do persist into adulthood.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: bony skull

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: chondrocranium

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: bony skull

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: fetal development.

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: endocranium

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: humans,

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: some components do persist into adulthood.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: cartilaginous fishes

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: rays) and agnathans

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: endocranium

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: cartilaginous fishes

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: cartilaginous fishes

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: higher vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: chondrocranium

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: fishes

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: humans, the chondrocranium begins forming at 28 days

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: higher vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: higher vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: fetal

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: humans, the chondrocranium

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: bony skull

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: endocranium

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: chondrocranium

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: fetal

text: In many respects fish anatomy is different from humans and  mammals, yet it shares the same basic vertebrate body plan from which all vertebrates have evolved: a notochord, rudimentary vertebrae, and a well-defined head and tail.

text: In many respects fish anatomy is different from humans and  mammals, yet it shares the same basic vertebrate

text: body plan

text: from which all vertebrates have evolved: a

text: notochord

text: , rudimentary

text: vertebrae

text: , and a well-defined

text: head

text: and

text: tail

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: six

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: notochord

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: rudimentary vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: notochord

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: all vertebrates reproduce sexually.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: notochord

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: humans and mammals,

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: rudimentary vertebrae,

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: notochord,

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: head and tail.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: a notochord,

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebrae,

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: notochord,

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: fish anatomy is different from humans and mammals,

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: fish anatomy is different from humans and mammals,

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: fish anatomy is different from humans and mammals,

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: fish anatomy is different from humans and mammals,

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: fish anatomy is different from humans and mammals,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: fish anatomy is different from humans and mammals,

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: rudimentary vertebrae,

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: fish anatomy is different from humans and mammals,

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: fish anatomy is different from humans and mammals,

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: fish anatomy is different from humans and mammals,

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: fish anatomy is different from humans and mammals,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: notochord,

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: fish anatomy is different from humans and mammals,

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: fish anatomy is different from humans and mammals,

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: fish anatomy is different from humans and mammals,

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: notochord,

text: Like all Plasmodium species P. tumbayaensis has both vertebrate and insect hosts. The vertebrate hosts for this parasite are birds.

text: Like all Plasmodium species P. tumbayaensis has both

text: vertebrate

text: and

text: insect

text: hosts. The vertebrate hosts for this parasite are

text: birds

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: birds

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: Host

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The vertebral column of vertebrates is made of cartilage.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: softer

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: birds

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: birds are incapable of reproducing.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: birds

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: parasites

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: parasite

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: skeleton

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: insect hosts.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: vertebrate hosts for this parasite are birds.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrate

text: In May 2015, L. guttatus was shown to maintain its entire body core above ambient temperature, becoming the first known fish with this trait ('whole-body endothermy').  It can consistently keep its body core approximately  warmer than its environment.

text: In May 2015, L. guttatus was shown to maintain its entire body core

text: above ambient temperature

text: , becoming the first known fish with this trait ('whole-body

text: endotherm

text: y').  It can consistently keep its body core approximately  warmer than its environment.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: five

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The vertebral column of vertebrates is made of bone.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: limbs

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: all the parts of the body

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: softer

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: vertebrates reproduce sexually.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: ('whole-body endothermy').

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: warmer than its environment.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: entire body core above ambient temperature,

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: ('whole-body endothermy').

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: warmer

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: ('whole-body endothermy').

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: fish with this trait ('whole-body endothermy').

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: fish with this trait ('whole-body endothermy').

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: endothermy').

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: L. guttatus

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: ('whole-body endothermy').

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: L. guttatus

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: L. guttatus

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: In May 2015,

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: In May 2015,

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: 2015,

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: L. guttatus

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: L. guttatus

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: ('whole-body endothermy').

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: ('whole-body endothermy').

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: ('whole-body endothermy').

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: fish with this trait ('whole-body endothermy').

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: ('whole-body endothermy').

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: endothermy').

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: temperature,

text: Neural crest cells are a temporary group of cells unique to vertebrates that arise from the embryonic ectoderm cell layer, and in turn give rise to a diverse cell lineage—including melanocytes, craniofacial cartilage and bone, smooth muscle, peripheral and enteric neurons and glia.

text: Neural crest cells are a temporary group of cells unique to vertebrates that arise from the embryonic

text: ectoderm

text: cell layer, and in turn give rise to a diverse cell lineage—including

text: melanocytes

text: , craniofacial cartilage and bone, smooth muscle,

text: peripheral

text: and

text: enteric neuron

text: s and

text: glia

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Neural crest cells

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: spinal cord

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: Neural crest cells are a temporary group of cells unique to vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: cell lineages

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Neural crest cells

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Neural crest cells

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Neural crest cells are a temporary group of cells unique to mammals.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Neural crest cells

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: The adaptive immune system of vertebrates learns to recognize and attack specific pathogens.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: embryonic

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Neural crest cells

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: melanocytes

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: neural crest cells

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Neural crest cells

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Neural crest cells

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: Neural crest cells

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: bone,

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: Neural crest cells

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: neurons and glia.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Neural crest cells

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: bone,

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: Neural crest cells

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Neural crest cells

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: embryonic ectoderm cell layer,

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Neural crest cells

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: embryonic ectoderm cell layer,

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Neural crest cells

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: ectoderm

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Neural crest cells

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: Neural crest cells

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Neural crest cells

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Neural crest cells

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: craniofacial cartilage and bone,

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Neural crest cells

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: Neural crest cells

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: peripheral and enteric neurons and glia.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Neural crest cells

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: embryonic ectoderm

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Neural crest cells

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: Neural crest cells

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: smooth muscle,

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Neural crest cells

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: bone,

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: embryonic ectoderm

text: In the most primitive living vertebrates, the lampreys and hagfish, there is only one nostril and olfactory pouch. Indeed, the nostril also opens into the hypophysis. This is not necessarily, however, a primitive trait, but one that may have arisen later in the evolution of these particular groups. For example, the fossil heterostracans had paired nostrils, and these were also a very early vertebrate group.

text: In the most primitive living vertebrates, the

text: lamprey

text: s and

text: hagfish

text: , there is only one nostril and olfactory pouch. Indeed, the nostril also opens into the

text: hypophysis

text: . This is not necessarily, however, a primitive trait, but one that may have arisen later in the evolution of these particular groups. For example, the fossil

text: heterostracan

text: s had paired nostrils, and these were also a very early vertebrate group.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: lampreys and hagfish

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: four

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: hypophysis

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: the lampreys and hagfish had paired nostrils

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: nostrils

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: hypophysis

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sperm

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: lampreys and hagfish

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: the lampreys and hagfish had paired nostrils

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: lampreys and hagfish

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes are vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: hypophysis

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: hypophysis

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: paired nostrils

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: hypophysis

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: hypophysis

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: hypophysis

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: the lampreys and hagfish,

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: one

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: nostril and olfactory pouch.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: paired nostrils,

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: paired nostrils,

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: one nostril and olfactory pouch.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: one nostril and olfactory pouch.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: olfactory pouch.

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: olfactory pouch.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: fossil heterostracans

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: paired nostrils,

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: fossil heterostracans

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: the lampreys and hagfish,

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: paired nostrils,

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: paired nostrils,

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: paired nostrils,

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: In the most primitive living vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: paired nostrils,

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: fossil heterostracans had paired nostrils,

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: In the most primitive living vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: one nostril and olfactory pouch.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: one nostril and olfactory pouch.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: one nostril and olfactory pouch.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: paired nostrils,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: hypophysis.

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: olfactory pouch.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: hypophysis.

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: hypophysis.

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: hypophysis.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: hypophysis.

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: hypophysis.

text: True teeth are unique to vertebrates, although some invertebrates have analogous structures sometimes called "teeth". The organism with the simplest genome bearing such "teeth" is probably the worm genus Ancylostoma (Ancylostoma duodenale, Necator americanus). Molluscs have a structure called a radula which bears a ribbon of chitinous "teeth". However, these are histologically and developmentally different from vertebrate teeth, and are unlikely to be homologous. For example, vertebrate teeth develop from a neural crest mesenchyme-derived dental papilla, and the neural crest is specific to vertebrates, as are tissues such as enamel.

text: True teeth are unique to

text: vertebrates

text: , although some invertebrates have

text: analogous structures

text: sometimes called "teeth". The

text: organism

text: with the simplest

text: genome

text: bearing such "

text: teeth

text: " is probably the

text: worm

text: genus

text: Ancylostoma

text: Ancylostoma duodenale

text: Necator americanus

text: ). Molluscs have a structure called a

text: radula

text: which bears a ribbon of

text: chitin

text: ous "teeth". However, these are histologically and developmentally different from vertebrate teeth, and are unlikely to be

text: homologous

text: . For example, vertebrate teeth develop from a

text: neural crest

text: mesenchyme-derived

text: dental papilla

text: , and the neural crest is specific to vertebrates, as are tissues such as

text: enamel

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Invertebrates

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: six

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: teeth

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: invertebrates have analogous structures sometimes called "teeth"

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: How many teeth are unique to vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: teeth

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: true teeth

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: invertebrates have analogous structures sometimes called "teeth"

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: True teeth are unique to vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: It is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Invertebrates

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: invertebrates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: invertebrates

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: radula

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: chitinous

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: radula

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: enamel

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrate teeth

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: True teeth

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: Molluscs

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: teeth

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: some invertebrates have analogous structures

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: teeth

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: neural crest mesenchyme-derived dental papilla,

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: True teeth are unique to vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: neural crest

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: True teeth are unique to vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: worm genus Ancylostoma

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: True teeth are unique to vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: worm genus Ancylostoma

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: worm genus Ancylostoma

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: True teeth are unique to vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: worm

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: True teeth are unique to vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: True teeth are unique to vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: True teeth are unique to vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: chitinous "teeth".

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: True teeth are unique to vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: True teeth are unique to vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: True teeth are unique to vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: True teeth are unique to vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: True teeth are unique to vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: neural crest

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: invertebrates

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: neural crest

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: enamel.

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: neural crest

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: enamel.

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: neural crest

text: Hard-bodied and large invertebrates are much-more commonly preserved; typically as sizeable macrofossils.  These invertebrates are more frequently preserved because their hard parts—for example, shell, armor, plates, tests, exoskeleton, jaws or teeth -- are composed of silica (silicon dioxide), calcite or aragonite (both forms of calcium carbonate), chitin (a protein often infused with tricalcium phosphate), or keratin (an even-more complex protein), rather than the vertebrate bone (hydroxyapatite) or cartilage of fishes and land-dwelling tetrapods.

text: Hard-bodied and large invertebrates are much-more commonly preserved; typically as sizeable

text: macrofossil

text: s.  These invertebrates are more frequently preserved because their hard parts—for example,

text: shell

text: armor

text: , plates,

text: test

text: s,

text: exoskeleton

text: jaw

text: s or

text: teeth

text: -- are composed of

text: silica

text: silicon dioxide

text: calcite

text: or

text: aragonite

text: (both forms of

text: calcium carbonate

text: chitin

text: (a

text: protein

text: often infused with

text: tricalcium phosphate

text: ), or

text: keratin

text: (an even-more complex

text: protein

text: ), rather than the vertebrate

text: bone

text: hydroxyapatite

text: ) or

text: cartilage

text: of

text: fish

text: es and land-dwelling

text: tetrapod

text: s.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrate bone

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrate bone

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: apatite

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: reproductive strategy

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Bone

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: fishes

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: vertebrate bone (hydroxyapatite) or cartilage

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: vertebrate bone

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: How many years before birds evolved?

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class of vertebrates: fishes and land-dwelling tetrapods?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: testicle

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: exoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: land-dwelling

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: exoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: fishes and land-dwelling tetrapods.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: fishes

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: plates, tests, exoskeleton, jaws or teeth

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: (hydroxyapatite)

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebrate bone

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: vertebrate bone

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: fishes

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: fishes

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: land-dwelling tetrapods.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: exoskeleton,

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Hard-bodied and large invertebrates

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: fishes and land-dwelling tetrapods.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Hard-bodied and large invertebrates

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: vertebrate bone

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Hard-bodied and large invertebrates

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: invertebrates

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Hard-bodied and large invertebrates

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Hard-bodied and large invertebrates

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: exoskeleton,

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: land-dwelling tetrapods.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrate bone

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: exoskeleton,

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: chitin

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Hard-bodied and large invertebrates

text: In molecular biology, Adenylosuccinate synthase (or adenylosuccinate synthetase) () is an enzyme that plays an important role in purine biosynthesis, by catalysing the guanosine triphosphate (GTP)-dependent conversion of inosine monophosphate (IMP) and aspartic acid to guanosine diphosphate (GDP), phosphate and  N(6)-(1,2-dicarboxyethyl)-AMP. Adenylosuccinate synthetase has been characterised from various sources ranging from Escherichia coli (gene purA) to vertebrate tissues. In vertebrates, two isozymes are present: one involved in purine biosynthesis and the other in the purine nucleotide cycle.

text: In molecular biology, Adenylosuccinate synthase (or adenylosuccinate synthetase) () is an enzyme that plays an important role in

text: purine

text: biosynthesis, by catalysing the

text: guanosine triphosphate

text: (GTP)-dependent conversion of

text: inosine monophosphate

text: (IMP) and

text: aspartic acid

text: to

text: guanosine diphosphate

text: (GDP), phosphate and  N(6)-(1,2-dicarboxyethyl)-AMP. Adenylosuccinate synthetase has been characterised from various sources ranging from

text: Escherichia coli

text: (gene purA) to

text: vertebrate

text: tissue

text: s. In vertebrates, two

text: isozymes

text: are present: one involved in purine

text: biosynthesis

text: and the other in the purine

text: nucleotide

text: cycle.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: vertebrates, two isozymes are present: one involved in purine biosynthesis and the other in the purine nucleotide cycle

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: purine nucleotide cycle

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: one involved in purine biosynthesis and the other in the purine nucleotide cycle

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: isozymes

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Adenylosuccinate synthase

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: purine

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: echerichia coli

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: two isozymes are present: one involved in purine biosynthesis and the other in the purine nucleotide cycle.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Adenylosuccinate synthase

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: What is the first vertebrates that did not need water to reproduce?

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: How many isozymes are present in vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: The answer: lobe-finned fish.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: The function of vertebrate kidneys is filtering wastes out of the blood

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: The adaptive immune system of vertebrates learns to recognize and attack specific pathogens

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: cartilage endoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: What happened after birds evolved?

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which class is adenylosuccinate synthase in?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: How many sexes do vertebrates have?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: purine nucleotide cycle

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: purine biosynthesis

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: purine nucleotide cycle

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: two isozymes

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: purine nucleotide cycle.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: two isozymes

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: two isozymes

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: two isozymes

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: Adenylosuccinate synthase

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: purine nucleotide cycle.

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: two isozymes are present: one involved in purine biosynthesis

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Escherichia coli

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: two isozymes

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Escherichia coli

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: two isozymes are present: one involved in purine biosynthesis

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: two isozymes are present: one involved in purine biosynthesis

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Adenylosuccinate synthase

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: two isozymes

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: two isozymes are present: one involved in purine biosynthesis

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: two isozymes are present: one involved in purine biosynthesis

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Adenylosuccinate synthase

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: two isozymes

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: two isozymes

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: molecular biology,

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: In molecular biology,

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: purine nucleotide cycle.

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: molecular biology,

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: molecular biology,

text: The human heart is situated in the middle mediastinum, at the level of thoracic vertebrae T5-T8. A double-membraned sac called the pericardium surrounds the heart and attaches to the mediastinum. The back surface of the heart lies near the vertebral column, and the front surface sits behind to the sternum and rib cartilages. The upper part of the heart is the attachment point for several large blood vessels - the venae cavae,  aorta and pulmonary trunk. The upper part of the heart is located at the level of the third costal cartilage. The lower tip of the heart, the apex, lies to the left of the sternum (8 to 9 cm from the midsternal line) between the junction of the fourth and fifth ribs near their articulation with the costal cartilages.

text: The human heart is situated in the

text: middle mediastinum

text: , at the level of

text: thoracic vertebrae T5-T8

text: . A double-membraned sac called the

text: pericardium

text: surrounds the heart and attaches to the mediastinum. The back surface of the heart lies near the

text: vertebral column

text: , and the front surface sits behind to the

text: sternum

text: and

text: rib cartilages

text: . The upper part of the heart is the attachment point for several large blood vessels - the

text: venae cavae

text: aorta

text: and

text: pulmonary trunk

text: . The upper part of the heart is located at the level of the third costal cartilage. The lower tip of the heart, the apex, lies to the left of the sternum (8 to 9 cm from the

text: midsternal line

text: ) between the junction of the fourth and fifth ribs near their

text: articulation

text: with the costal cartilages.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: T5-T8

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The back surface of the heart lies near the vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: ribs

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebral column and rib cartilages

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Which of the following is not a vertebrate?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: vertebrae T5-T8

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Which is not the type of ancestor of amphibians?

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How does the immune system of vertebrates learn to recognize and attack specific pathogens?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Which came first, birds or mammals?

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many different classes of vertebrates are living species of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Which of the following is not a vertebrate?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: ovary

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: hypothermia

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: sperm

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilages

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: pulmonary trunk

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: cartilages

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: fertilization

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: T5-T8.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: T5-T8.

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: large blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The human heart is situated in the middle mediastinum,

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: ribs

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: pericardium

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: rib cartilages.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: venae cavae,

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: thoracic vertebrae T5-T8.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: thoracic vertebrae T5-T8.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: The human heart

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: thoracic vertebrae T5-T8.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: venae cavae,

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: thoracic vertebrae T5-T8.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: thoracic vertebrae T5-T8.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: thoracic vertebrae T5-T8.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: thoracic vertebrae T5-T8.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: thoracic vertebrae T5-T8.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: rib cartilages.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: thoracic vertebrae T5-T8.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: rib cartilages.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: thoracic vertebrae T5-T8.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: T5-T8.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: thoracic vertebrae T5-T8.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: The human heart

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: venae cavae,

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: venae cavae,

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilages.

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: heart

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: cartilages.

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: The human heart

text: Andersson is interested in ecology affecting fish and seeks to preserve the species of fish in the Baltic Sea.

text: Andersson is interested in ecology affecting fish and seeks to preserve the species of fish in the

text: Baltic Sea

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: eight

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: protection against predators

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The vertebral column of vertebrates is made of bone.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: limbs

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: vertebrates do not reproduce sexually.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: [iv]

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: asexual

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Andersson

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: ecology affecting fish

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Andersson is interested in ecology affecting fish

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Andersson is interested in ecology affecting fish

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Andersson is interested in ecology affecting fish

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Andersson is interested in ecology affecting fish

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: fish and seeks to preserve the species of fish in the Baltic Sea.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: ecology

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: ecology

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: fish

text: Evolution of the adaptive immune system occurred in an ancestor of the jawed vertebrates. Many of the classical molecules of the adaptive immune system (e.g., immunoglobulins and T cell receptors) exist only in jawed vertebrates. However, a distinct lymphocyte-derived molecule has been discovered in primitive jawless vertebrates, such as the lamprey and hagfish. These animals possess a large array of molecules called Variable lymphocyte receptors (VLRs) that, like the antigen receptors of jawed vertebrates, are produced from only a small number (one or two) of genes. These molecules are believed to bind pathogenic antigens in a similar way to antibodies, and with the same degree of specificity.

text: Evolution of the adaptive immune system

text: occurred in an ancestor of the jawed vertebrates. Many of the classical molecules of the adaptive immune system (e.g.,

text: immunoglobulin

text: s and

text: T cell receptor

text: s) exist only in jawed vertebrates. However, a distinct

text: lymphocyte

text: -derived molecule has been discovered in primitive

text: jawless vertebrates

text: , such as the

text: lamprey

text: and

text: hagfish

text: . These animals possess a large array of molecules called

text: Variable lymphocyte receptor

text: s (VLRs) that, like the antigen receptors of jawed vertebrates, are produced from only a small number (one or two) of

text: gene

text: s. These molecules are believed to bind pathogenic

text: antigen

text: s in a similar way to antibodies, and with the same degree of specificity.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: jawless vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: adaptive immune system

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: jawless vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: jaws

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: jawed vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: immune system

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: jawless

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: jawless vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: jawless

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How do vertebrates learn to recognize and attack specific pathogens?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: jawless vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: jawless vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: jawless vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Variable lymphocyte receptors

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: jawed

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: jawed

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: adaptive immune system

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: jawless

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: (one or two)

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Variable lymphocyte receptors

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: jawed vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: (one or two) of genes.

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Evolution of the adaptive immune system

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: jawed

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: jawed vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: jawed

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: jawless

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: jawed vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: jawed vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: jawed vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: jawed vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: antibodies, and with the same degree of specificity.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: jawless vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: jawed vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: jawless vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: lamprey and hagfish.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: jawed vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: jawed vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: Evolution of the adaptive immune system

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: adaptive immune system

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: Variable lymphocyte receptors

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: Variable lymphocyte receptors

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: adaptive immune system

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Evolution of the adaptive immune system

text: Coelacanths are a part of the clade Sarcopterygii, or the lobe-finned fishes. Externally, several characteristics distinguish the coelacanth from other lobe-finned fish. They possess a three-lobed caudal fin, also called a trilobate fin or a diphycercal tail. A secondary tail extending past the primary tail separates the upper and lower halves of the coelacanth. Cosmoid scales act as thick armor to protect the coelacanth's exterior. Several internal traits also aid in differentiating coelacanths from other lobe-finned fish. At the back of the skull, the coelacanth possesses a hinge, the intracranial joint, which allows it to open its mouth extremely wide. Coelacanths also retain an oil-filled notochord, a hollow, pressurized tube which is replaced by the vertebral column early in embryonic development in most other vertebrates. The coelacanth heart is shaped differently from that of most modern fish, with its chambers arranged in a straight tube. The coelacanth braincase is 98.5% filled with fat; only 1.5% of the braincase contains brain tissue. The cheeks of the coelacanths are unique because the opercular bone is very small and holds a large soft-tissue opercular flap. A spiracular chamber is present, but the spiracle is closed and never opens during development. Coelacanth also possess a unique rostral organ within the ethmoid region of the braincase. Also unique to extant coelacanths is the presence of a "fatty lung" or a fat-filled single-lobed vestigial lung, homologous to other fishes' swim bladder. The parallel development of a fatty organ for buoyancy control suggest a unique specialization for deep-water habitats. There has also been discovered small, hard but flexible plates around the vestigial lung in adult specimen, though not around the fatty organ. The plates most likely had a regulation function for the volume of the lung. Due to the size of the fatty organ, it is assumed to be responsible for the kidney's unusual relocation. The two kidneys, which are fused into one, are located ventrally within the abdominal cavity, posterior to the cloaca.

text: Coelacanths are a part of the

text: clade

text: Sarcopterygii

text: , or the lobe-finned fishes. Externally, several characteristics distinguish the coelacanth from other lobe-finned fish. They possess a three-lobed

text: caudal fin

text: , also called a trilobate fin or a diphycercal tail. A secondary tail extending past the primary tail separates the upper and lower halves of the coelacanth.

text: Cosmoid scale

text: s act as thick armor to protect the coelacanth's exterior. Several internal traits also aid in differentiating coelacanths from other lobe-finned fish. At the back of the skull, the coelacanth possesses a hinge, the

text: intracranial

text: joint, which allows it to open its mouth extremely wide. Coelacanths also retain an oil-filled

text: notochord

text: , a hollow, pressurized tube which is replaced by the

text: vertebral column

text: early in embryonic development in most other vertebrates. The coelacanth heart is shaped differently from that of most modern fish, with its chambers arranged in a straight tube. The coelacanth braincase is 98.5% filled with fat; only 1.5% of the braincase contains brain tissue. The cheeks of the coelacanths are unique because the

text: opercular

text: bone is very small and holds a large soft-tissue opercular flap. A spiracular chamber is present, but the

text: spiracle

text: is closed and never opens during development. Coelacanth also possess a unique

text: rostral organ

text: within the

text: ethmoid

text: region of the braincase. Also unique to extant coelacanths is the presence of a "fatty lung" or a fat-filled single-lobed vestigial

text: lung

text: , homologous to other fishes'

text: swim bladder

text: . The parallel development of a fatty organ for buoyancy control suggest a unique specialization for deep-water habitats. There has also been discovered small, hard but flexible plates around the vestigial lung in adult specimen, though not around the fatty organ. The plates most likely had a regulation function for the volume of the lung. Due to the size of the fatty organ, it is assumed to be responsible for the kidney's unusual relocation. The two kidneys, which are fused into one, are located ventrally within the abdominal cavity, posterior to the cloaca.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Sarcopterygii

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: four

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: hollow, pressurized tube

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: a hollow, pressurized tube which is replaced by the vertebral column early in embryonic development

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: notochords

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: hard

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: notochord

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Coelacanths

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: the spiracle is closed and never opens during development

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Coelacanths

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many different classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Which is not true about coelacanths?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: embryonic development

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: swim bladder

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: soft-tissue

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: fatty organ

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: Cosmoid scales

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: embryonic development

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Sarcopterygii,

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: fish,

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: early in embryonic development

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: in embryonic development

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: oil-filled notochord,

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: oil-filled notochord,

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: small

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: fat;

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: oil-filled notochord,

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: most other vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: coelacanth

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: deep-water

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: early in embryonic development

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: coelacanths

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: "fatty lung"

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: "fatty lung"

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: "fatty lung"

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: oil-filled notochord,

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: oil-filled notochord,

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: coelacanth

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: "fatty lung"

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Coelacanths

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: embryonic

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: intracranial joint,

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: soft-tissue

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: oil-filled notochord,

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: Cosmoid scales

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: embryonic

text: Though invertebrate chordates such as the lancelet have heads, there has been a question of how the vertebrate head, characterized by a bony skull clearly separated from the main body, might have evolved from the head structures of these animals. In 2014, a transient larva tissue of the lancelet was found to be virtually indistinguishable from the neural crest-derived cartilage which forms the vertebrate skull, suggesting that persistence of this tissue and expansion into the entire head space could be a viable evolutionary route to formation of the vertebrate head.

text: Though

text: invertebrate

text: chordate

text: s such as the

text: lancelet

text: have heads, there has been a question of how the vertebrate head, characterized by a bony skull clearly separated from the main body, might have evolved from the head structures of these animals. In 2014, a transient

text: larva

text: tissue of the lancelet was found to be virtually indistinguishable from the

text: neural crest

text: -derived

text: cartilage

text: which forms the vertebrate

text: skull

text: , suggesting that persistence of this tissue and expansion into the entire head space could be a viable evolutionary route to formation of the vertebrate head.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: chordates

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: eight

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: separate from the main body

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: bony skull clearly separated from the main body

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: heads

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: transient larva

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: chordates

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: larva tissue of the lancelet was found to be virtually indistinguishable from the neural crest-derived cartilage

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: chordates

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: vertebrate head

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Invertebrate chordates

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: larva

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: chordates

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: chordates

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: vertebrate head

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: embryonic

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: invertebrate chordates

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: invertebrate chordates

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: separated from the main body,

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: a bony skull clearly separated from the main body,

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: skull clearly separated from the main body,

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: neural crest-derived cartilage

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: bony skull clearly separated from the main body,

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: larva

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: invertebrate chordates

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: invertebrate chordates

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: larva

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: chordates

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: invertebrate chordates

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: neural crest-derived cartilage

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: invertebrate chordates

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: invertebrate chordates

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: invertebrate chordates

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: neural crest-derived cartilage

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: neural crest-derived

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: invertebrate chordates

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: invertebrate chordates

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: invertebrate chordates

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: a bony skull clearly separated from the main body,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: neural crest-derived

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: invertebrate chordates

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: neural crest-derived

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: neural crest-derived cartilage

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: neural crest-derived

text: In modern times, Alfred Romer (1894–1973) wrote what has been termed the definitive textbook on the subject, called Vertebrate Paleontology. It shows the progression of evolution in fossil fish, and amphibians and reptiles through comparative anatomy, including a list of all the (then) known fossil vertebrate genera. Romer became the first president of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology in 1940, alongside co-founder Howard Chiu. An updated work that largely carried on the tradition from Romer, and by many considered definitive book on the subject was written by Robert L. Carroll of McGill University, the 1988 text Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution. Carroll was president of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology in 1983. The Society keeps its members informed on the latest discoveries through newsletters and the Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology.

text: In modern times,

text: Alfred Romer

text: (1894–1973) wrote what has been termed the definitive textbook on the subject, called

text: Vertebrate Paleontology

text: . It shows the progression of evolution in fossil fish, and amphibians and reptiles through comparative anatomy, including a list of all the (then) known fossil vertebrate

text: genera

text: . Romer became the first president of the

text: Society of Vertebrate Paleontology

text: in 1940, alongside co-founder Howard Chiu. An updated work that largely carried on the tradition from Romer, and by many considered definitive book on the subject was written by

text: Robert L. Carroll

text: of McGill University, the 1988 text Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution. Carroll was president of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology in 1983. The Society keeps its members informed on the latest discoveries through newsletters and the Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: fish, amphibians and reptiles

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: four

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: fossil vertebrate genera

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: fish, amphibians, and reptiles

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: fossil vertebrate genera

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: What happened first, endothermy or ectothermy

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: what is the function of vertebrate kidneys

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are living?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: How many vertebrates have separate male and female sexes?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: amphibians

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: comparative anatomy

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: fish, and amphibians and reptiles

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: fish,

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: evolution

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: evolution in fossil fish,

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: fish,

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: fish,

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: anatomy,

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: comparative anatomy,

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Vertebrate Paleontology.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: fish,

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: evolution in fossil fish,

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: fish,

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: fish,

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Vertebrate Paleontology.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: fish,

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: fish, and amphibians and reptiles

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Vertebrate Paleontology.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Vertebrate Paleontology.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: fossil fish,

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: fish,

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: evolution in fossil fish,

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: fossil fish, and amphibians and reptiles

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: fossil fish, and amphibians and reptiles

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: fish,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: anatomy,

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: evolution

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: fish, and amphibians and reptiles through comparative anatomy,

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: anatomy,

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: comparative anatomy,

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: anatomy,

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: anatomy,

text: Within the vertebral column (spine) of vertebrates, including the human spine, each bone has an opening at both its top and bottom to allow nerves, arteries, veins, etc. to pass through.

text: Within the

text: vertebral column

text: (spine) of vertebrates, including the

text: human spine

text: , each bone has an opening at both its top and bottom to allow nerves, arteries, veins, etc. to pass through.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: six

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: spinal

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: each bone has an opening at both its top and bottom to allow nerves, arteries, veins to pass through.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: bone openings

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: softer

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: vertebrates reproduce sexually.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: fertilization

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: human spine,

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: nerves, arteries, veins, etc. to pass through.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: each bone has an opening at both its top and bottom

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: each bone has an opening at both its top and bottom

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: each bone has an opening at both its top and bottom

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: opening

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Within the vertebral column (spine) of vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Within the vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Within the vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Within the vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Within the vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: vertebral column (spine) of vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Within the vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Within the vertebral column (spine) of vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Within the vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Within the vertebral column (spine) of vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: Within the vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Within the vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: nerves,

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebral column

text: The genetic code is, for the most part, universal, with few exceptions: mitochondrial genetics includes some of these. For most organisms the "stop codons" are "UAA", "UAG", and "UGA". In vertebrate mitochondria "AGA" and "AGG" are also stop codons, but not "UGA", which codes for tryptophan instead. "AUA" codes for isoleucine in most organisms but for methionine in vertebrate mitochondrial mRNA.

text: The

text: genetic code

text: is, for the most part, universal, with few exceptions: mitochondrial genetics includes some of these. For most organisms the "

text: stop codon

text: s" are "UAA", "UAG", and "UGA". In vertebrate mitochondria "AGA" and "AGG" are also stop codons, but not "UGA", which codes for

text: tryptophan

text: instead. "AUA" codes for

text: isoleucine

text: in most organisms but for

text: methionine

text: in vertebrate mitochondrial mRNA.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: "AGA" and "AGG"

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: six

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: mitochondrial

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: UGA codes for tryptophan instead

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: stop codons

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: mitochondria

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: asexual

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: UGA codes for tryptophan

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: What did amphibians evolve from?

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How does the immune system of vertebrates learn to recognize and attack specific pathogens

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: mammals

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: isoleucine

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: AGA

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: muscle

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: mitochondrial genetics

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: gestation

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: "AGA" and "AGG" are also stop codons,

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: few exceptions:

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: mitochondria

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The genetic code

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: "AGA" and "AGG" are also stop codons,

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: mitochondria

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: universal,

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: mitochondrial genetics

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: tryptophan

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: mitochondrial genetics

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: "UGA",

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: mitochondrial genetics

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: vertebrate mitochondria

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: vertebrate mitochondria

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: vertebrate mitochondria

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: vertebrate mitochondria

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: mitochondria

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: vertebrate mitochondria

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: vertebrate mitochondria

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: The genetic code

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: vertebrate mitochondria

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: vertebrate mitochondria

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: vertebrate mitochondria

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: mitochondrial genetics

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: mitochondrial genetics

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: mitochondrial genetics

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: mitochondrial

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: mitochondrial genetics

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrate mitochondria

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: mitochondrial genetics

text: Its borders are the left atrium, vertebral column, and aortic arch.

text: Its borders are the

text: left atrium

text: vertebral column

text: , and

text: aortic arch

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: six

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: skeletal support

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: Its borders are the right atrium and aortic arch.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebral columns

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: aortic arch

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: softer

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: aortic arch

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Its borders are the left atrium, vertebral column and aortic arch.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: aortic arch

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: None of the above choices are true

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: None of the above choices are true

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: aortic arch

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: cardiovascular system

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vascular tissue

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: fetal

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: left atrium, vertebral column, and aortic arch.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: left atrium, vertebral column,

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: borders

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: Its borders are the left atrium,

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: left atrium, vertebral column, and aortic arch.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: left atrium, vertebral column, and aortic arch.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebral column, and aortic arch.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: context: Its borders are the left atrium, vertebral column,

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: left atrium, vertebral column, and aortic arch.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: left atrium, vertebral column, and aortic arch.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Its borders are the left atrium, vertebral column,

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: left atrium, vertebral column, and aortic arch.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: left atrium, vertebral column, and aortic arch.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: left atrium, vertebral column, and aortic arch.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: left atrium, vertebral column, and aortic arch.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: left atrium, vertebral column, and aortic arch.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: left atrium, vertebral column, and aortic arch.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: left atrium, vertebral column, and aortic arch.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: left atrium, vertebral column, and aortic arch.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: left atrium, vertebral column, and aortic arch.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: left atrium, vertebral column, and aortic arch.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: left atrium, vertebral column, and aortic arch.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: left atrium, vertebral column, and aortic arch.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: left atrium, vertebral column, and aortic arch.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: Its borders are the left atrium, vertebral column,

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: left atrium, vertebral column,

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: aortic arch.

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebral column,

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: aortic arch.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebral column,

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: left atrium, vertebral column, and aortic arch.

text: Koreaceratops is notable for the tall neural spines on its caudal vertebrae, and for the structure of its astragalus. In some of the distal caudal vertebrae, the neural spines are over five times the height of the vertebral centra to which they attach.  Lee et al. noted that several other ceratopsians also had tall neural spines on their caudals.  As this trait appears in several branches of ceratopsians, Lee et al. postulated that the feature was independently evolved, perhaps as an adaptation for swimming.  Lee et al. performed a phylogenetic analysis and found Koreaceratops to be positioned between Archaeoceratops and more derived ceratopsians.

text: Koreaceratops is notable for the tall

text: neural spines

text: on its caudal vertebrae, and for the structure of its

text: astragalus

text: . In some of the

text: distal

text: caudal vertebrae, the neural spines are over five times the height of the

text: vertebral centra

text: to which they attach.  Lee et al. noted that several other ceratopsians also had tall neural spines on their caudals.  As this trait appears in several branches of ceratopsians, Lee et al. postulated that the feature was independently evolved, perhaps as an adaptation for swimming.  Lee et al. performed a

text: phylogenetic analysis

text: and found Koreaceratops to be positioned between

text: Archaeoceratops

text: and more

text: derived

text: ceratopsians.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: ceratopsians

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: swimming

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: the vertebral centrum to which they attach

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebral centra

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebral centra

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: swimming

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Archaeoceratops

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: The feature was independently evolved, perhaps as an adaptation for swimming

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Koreaceratops

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: It is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebral

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: astragalus

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: sexual

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: astragalus

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: astragalus

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebral

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebral

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Koreaceratops

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: swimming.

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: swimming.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: over five times the height of the vertebral centra

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebral centra

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: neural spines

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: tall neural spines

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: swimming.

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Koreaceratops is notable for the tall neural spines

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Archaeoceratops

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: swimming.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Archaeoceratops

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: swimming.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Koreaceratops

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Koreaceratops

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: Koreaceratops

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Koreaceratops is notable for the tall neural spines

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Koreaceratops is notable for the tall neural spines

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Archaeoceratops

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Koreaceratops

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: over five times the height of the vertebral centra

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: Koreaceratops

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Archaeoceratops

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Koreaceratops

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: swimming.

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: swimming.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: swimming.

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: astragalus.

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: swimming.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: astragalus.

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: swimming.

text: Parthenogenesis is a mode of asexual reproduction in which offspring are produced by females without the genetic contribution of a male. Among vertebrates, the only examples of true parthenogenesis, in which all-female populations reproduce without the involvement of males, are found in squamate reptiles (snakes and lizards). There are about 50 species of lizard and 1 species of snake that reproduce solely through parthenogenesis (obligate parthenogenesis). It is unknown how many sexually reproducing species are also capable of parthenogenesis in the absence of males (facultative parthenogenesis), but recent research has revealed that this ability is widespread among squamates.

text: Parthenogenesis

text: is a mode of

text: asexual reproduction

text: in which offspring are produced by females without the genetic contribution of a male. Among

text: vertebrates

text: , the only examples of true parthenogenesis, in which all-female populations reproduce without the involvement of males, are found in

text: squamate

text: reptiles (

text: snakes

text: and

text: lizards

text: ). There are about 50 species of lizard and 1 species of snake that reproduce solely through parthenogenesis (obligate parthenogenesis). It is unknown how many sexually reproducing species are also capable of parthenogenesis in the absence of males (facultative parthenogenesis), but recent research has revealed that this ability is widespread among squamates.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: squamate reptiles

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: reproduction

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: all-female populations reproduce without the involvement of males

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: males

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: squamate reptiles

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexually

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: squamate

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: sexually reproducing species are also capable of parthenogenesis in the absence of males

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: squamate

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: Parthenogenesis

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: facultative parthenogenesis

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: sexual

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Parthenogenesis

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: parthenogenesis

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: squamate reptiles

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: 1

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: Parthenogenesis is a mode of asexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: all-female populations reproduce without the involvement of males,

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: males,

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: squamate reptiles

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: Parthenogenesis

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexually

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Parthenogenesis

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: squamate reptiles

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: all-female populations reproduce without the involvement of males,

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: squamate reptiles

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: squamate reptiles

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Parthenogenesis

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: squamate reptiles

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: squamate reptiles

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Parthenogenesis

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Parthenogenesis

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: squamate reptiles

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: squamate reptiles

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Parthenogenesis

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: 50

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: squamate reptiles

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: squamate reptiles

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: Parthenogenesis

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Parthenogenesis

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: Parthenogenesis

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Parthenogenesis

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Parthenogenesis

text: The exact pathogenesis of iniencephaly is still unknown though there are proposed theories, most of which view the neural tube malformation from the primary neural anomaly standpoint.Marin-Padilla and MarinPadilla have proposed that the cause for the abnormalities has to do with a deficiency in the primary mesoderm.   P. Erdinçler, et al. suggests from their findings that the cause of the anomaly is actually a defect in the occipital bone and rachischisis of the posterior vertebral arches leading to herniation of neural tissue through the opening in the bone during gestation.

text: The exact

text: pathogenesis

text: of iniencephaly is still unknown though there are proposed theories, most of which view the neural tube malformation from the primary neural anomaly standpoint.Marin-Padilla and MarinPadilla have proposed that the cause for the abnormalities has to do with a deficiency in the primary

text: mesoderm

text: .   P. Erdinçler, et al. suggests from their findings that the cause of the anomaly is actually a defect in the

text: occipital bone

text: and

text: rachischisis

text: of the posterior vertebral arches leading to

text: herniation

text: of neural tissue through the opening in the bone during

text: gestation

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: vertebral arches

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: eight

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: neural tube

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: the cause of the anomaly is actually a defect in the occipital bone

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebral arches

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebral arches

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: gestation

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: glands that secrete

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: iniencephaly

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: deficiency in the primary mesoderm

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: mesoderm

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: What is endothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How does the immune system of vertebrates work?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: mesoderm

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Marin-Padilla

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: gestation

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: mesoderm

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Marin-Padilla

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: mesoderm

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: posterior vertebral arches

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: The exact pathogenesis of iniencephaly

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: gestation.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: posterior vertebral arches

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: posterior vertebral arches

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: posterior vertebral arches

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: gestation.

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: a deficiency in the primary mesoderm.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: primary mesoderm.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: a deficiency in the primary mesoderm.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: primary mesoderm.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: a deficiency in the primary mesoderm.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: mesoderm.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: The exact pathogenesis of iniencephaly

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: vertebral arches

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: deficiency in the primary mesoderm.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: a deficiency in the primary mesoderm.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: occipital bone

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: The exact pathogenesis of iniencephaly

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: bone during gestation.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: vertebral arches

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: posterior vertebral arches

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: The exact pathogenesis of iniencephaly

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: gestation.

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: rachischisis

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: gestation.

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: neural tissue

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: primary mesoderm.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: mesoderm.

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: gestation.

text: Fish are vertebrates. All vertebrates are built along the basic chordate body plan: a stiff rod running through the length of the animal (vertebral column or notochord), with a hollow tube of nervous tissue (the spinal cord) above it and the gastrointestinal tract below. In all vertebrates, the mouth is found at, or right below, the anterior end of the animal, while the anus opens to the exterior before the end of the body. The remaining part of the body continuing aft of the anus forms a tail with vertebrae and spinal cord, but no gut.

text: Fish are

text: vertebrate

text: s. All vertebrates are built along the basic

text: chordate

text: body plan

text: : a stiff rod running through the length of the animal (

text: vertebral column

text: or

text: notochord

text: ), with a hollow tube of nervous tissue (the

text: spinal cord

text: ) above it and the

text: gastrointestinal tract

text: below. In all vertebrates, the mouth is found at, or right below, the anterior end of the animal, while the

text: anus

text: opens to the exterior before the end of the body. The remaining part of the body continuing aft of the anus forms a

text: tail

text: with vertebrae and spinal cord, but no gut.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Fish

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: four

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: stiff rod

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: a stiff rod running through the length of the animal

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrae and spinal cord

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: stiff

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: What kind of glands do vertebrates have?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Fish

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Fish are vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Fish

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: How many chordate ancestors are there?

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How does the immune system of vertebrates learn to recognize and attack specific pathogens?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: anus

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: anus opens to the exterior before the end of the body

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: chordate

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: spinal cord

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: gastrointestinal tract

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: spinal cord

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Fish

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: Fish

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: stiff rod running through the length of the animal

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: no gut.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: (the spinal cord) above it and the gastrointestinal tract

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: stiff rod

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: gastrointestinal tract

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Fish

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Fish

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Fish

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Fish

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Fish

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Fish

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Fish

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: Fish

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Fish

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Fish

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: hollow tube of nervous tissue

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Fish

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Fish

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: Fish

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Fish

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Fish

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: the anus

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: nervous tissue

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: no gut.

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: nervous tissue

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: nervous tissue

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: nervous tissue

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: a hollow tube of nervous tissue

text: Herrerasaurus displays traits that are found in different groups of dinosaurs, and several traits found in non-dinosaurian archosaurs. Although it shares most of the characteristics of dinosaurs, there are a few differences, particularly in the shape of its hip and leg bones. Its pelvis is like that of saurischian dinosaurs, but it has a bony acetabulum (where the femur meets the pelvis) that was only partially open. The ilium, the main hip bone, is supported by only two sacrals, a basal trait. However, the pubis points backwards, a derived trait as seen in dromaeosaurids and birds. Additionally, the end of the pubis has a booted shape, like those in avetheropods; and the vertebral centra has an hourglass shape as found in Allosaurus.

text: Herrerasaurus displays traits that are found in different groups of dinosaurs, and several traits found in non-dinosaurian archosaurs. Although it shares most of the characteristics of dinosaurs, there are a few differences, particularly in the shape of its hip and leg bones. Its pelvis is like that of saurischian dinosaurs, but it has a bony

text: acetabulum

text: (where the

text: femur

text: meets the

text: pelvis

text: ) that was only partially open. The

text: ilium

text: , the main hip bone, is supported by only two

text: sacrals

text: , a

text: basal

text: trait. However, the

text: pubis

text: points backwards, a

text: derived

text: trait as seen in

text: dromaeosaurid

text: s and

text: bird

text: s. Additionally, the end of the pubis has a booted shape, like those in

text: avetheropods

text: ; and the

text: vertebra

text: l

text: centra

text: has an

text: hourglass

text: shape as found in

text: Allosaurus

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: avetheropods

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: support

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: the vertebral centrua has an hourglass shape

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: sacrals

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebral centra

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: bony

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: basal

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: What does the ilium, the main hip bone, support by only two sacrals?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: the pubis points backwards

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: avetheropods

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: How many sacrals are supported by only two sacrals?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class of vertebrates: dinosaurs, archosaurs, or non-dinosaurian?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: How many sacrals are supported by only two sacrals?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: basal

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: derived trait

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: pubis points backwards

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: femur

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: saurischian

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: femur

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: basal

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: avetheropods;

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: avetheropods;

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: supported by only two sacrals,

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: hourglass shape

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: two sacrals,

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebral centra

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: bony

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: basal trait. However, the pubis points backwards,

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Herrerasaurus

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: dromaeosaurids and birds.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Herrerasaurus

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: dromaeosaurids

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: dromaeosaurids and birds.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Herrerasaurus

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: dromaeosaurids and birds.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: Herrerasaurus

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Herrerasaurus

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Herrerasaurus

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: dromaeosaurids and birds.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: the pubis points backwards,

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Herrerasaurus

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: Herrerasaurus

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Herrerasaurus

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Herrerasaurus

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: basal

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: the pubis points backwards,

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: basal

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: basal

text: Feduccia is best known for his criticisms of the hypothesis, accepted by most paleontologists, that birds originated from and are deeply nested within Theropoda, and are therefore living theropod dinosaurs.  Feduccia's first contribution relative to the origin and early evolution of birds, and their relationship with dinosaurs, was a critical review of the evidence then available for dinosaurian endothermy in 1973.  In a 1979 paper, Feduccia and Tordoff argued, against the position taken by John Ostrom, that Archaeopteryx was capable of powered flight, as indicated by the asymmetrical vanes of its primary feathers, a feature found only in flying birds.  In a paper coauthored with Storrs Olson in the same year, Feduccia noted that the robust furcula of Archaeopteryx could have served as a site of attachment for a well-developed M. pectoralis major, the principal depressor of the avian wing, responsible for powering the downstroke during avian flight.  Olson and Feduccia concluded that this provided further evidence for the flight capability of Archaeopteryx.  These initial excursions into the subject, and the argument that Archaeopteryx was clearly a bird, albeit primitive, were expanded upon in Feduccia's 1980 book, The Age of Birds.  Feduccia here criticized the theropod hypothesis for the origin of birds, but his position was largely agnostic, conceding that there was evidence in support of both a theropod ancestry of birds and an ancestry from more basal archosaurs, perhaps similar in overall morphological organization to Euparkeria.  Feduccia nevertheless suggested that on the basis of closer stratigraphic fit, ancestry from basal archosaurs rather than from coelurosaurian theropods might prove a better phylogenetic hypothesis.  He thus, essentially, agreed with the model for the origin of birds proposed by Gerhard Heilmann in his influential 1926 book The Origin of Birds.  Feduccia also criticized "ground-up" theories for the origin of avian flight, arguing on biophysical grounds that they were implausible, and noting that in other cases in which flight has developed among vertebrates it has occurred in an arboreal context.  He argued, instead, for a "trees-down" model for the origin of avian flight due to its lack of the biophysical constraints hindering "ground-up" acquisition of flight and due to the ability to call upon biologically functional stages, represented by living analogues, at each stage in the evolution of flight.

text: Feduccia is best known for his criticisms of the hypothesis, accepted by most paleontologists, that birds originated from and are deeply nested within

text: Theropoda

text: , and are therefore living

text: theropod

text: dinosaurs

text: .  Feduccia's first contribution relative to the origin and early evolution of birds, and their relationship with dinosaurs, was a critical review of the evidence then available for dinosaurian

text: endothermy

text: in 1973.  In a 1979 paper, Feduccia and

text: Tordoff

text: argued, against the position taken by

text: John Ostrom

text: , that

text: Archaeopteryx

text: was capable of powered flight, as indicated by the asymmetrical vanes of its primary

text: feathers

text: , a feature found only in flying birds.  In a paper coauthored with

text: Storrs Olson

text: in the same year, Feduccia noted that the robust

text: furcula

text: of

text: Archaeopteryx

text: could have served as a site of attachment for a well-developed M. pectoralis major, the principal depressor of the avian wing, responsible for powering the downstroke during avian flight.  Olson and Feduccia concluded that this provided further evidence for the flight capability of Archaeopteryx.  These initial excursions into the subject, and the argument that

text: Archaeopteryx

text: was clearly a bird, albeit primitive, were expanded upon in Feduccia's 1980 book, The Age of Birds.  Feduccia here criticized the theropod hypothesis for the origin of birds, but his position was largely agnostic, conceding that there was evidence in support of both a theropod ancestry of birds and an ancestry from more basal

text: archosaurs

text: , perhaps similar in overall morphological organization to

text: Euparkeria

text: .  Feduccia nevertheless suggested that on the basis of closer stratigraphic fit, ancestry from basal

text: archosaurs

text: rather than from

text: coelurosaurian

text: theropods

text: might prove a better phylogenetic hypothesis.  He thus, essentially, agreed with the model for the origin of birds proposed by

text: Gerhard Heilmann

text: in his influential 1926 book

text: The Origin of Birds

text: .  Feduccia also criticized "ground-up" theories for the origin of avian flight, arguing on biophysical grounds that they were implausible, and noting that in other cases in which flight has developed among vertebrates it has occurred in an arboreal context.  He argued, instead, for a "trees-down" model for the origin of avian flight due to its lack of the biophysical constraints hindering "ground-up" acquisition of flight and due to the ability to call upon biologically functional stages, represented by living analogues, at each stage in the evolution of flight.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Birds

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: powering the downstroke during avian flight

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: ground-up" theories

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: feathers

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Theropoda

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: ground-up" theories

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Theropod dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Amphibians

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: " in his 1980 book The Age of Birds.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Amphibians evolved from a lobe-finned fish ancestor

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Feduccia

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: theropod dinosaurs.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Feduccia

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: Feduccia

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Theropoda

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Feduccia

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Theropoda,

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: "ground-

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: downstroke

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: "ground-

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: wing,

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Euparkeria.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: flight capability

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: "ground-up"

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: theropod hypothesis

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: theropod

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: "ground-up"

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: basal archosaurs,

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: theropod hypothesis

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: theropod hypothesis

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: theropod hypothesis

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: theropod hypothesis

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: theropod hypothesis

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: The Age of Birds.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: theropod hypothesis

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: theropod hypothesis for the origin of birds,

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: theropod hypothesis

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: theropod hypothesis

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: theropod hypothesis

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: theropod hypothesis

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: "ground-up"

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: theropod

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: endothermy

text: miR-214 is a vertebrate-specific miR family that possesses one member in non-teleost vertebrates and two members in teleost fish. miR-214 is likely to have emerged within the Dnm3 gene after the divergence of jawed and jawless vertebrates and is located on the opposite strand of an intron of Dnm3 and is associated in an expression cluster with miR-199.

text: miR-214 is a vertebrate-specific miR family that possesses one member in non-teleost vertebrates and two members in teleost fish. miR-214 is likely to have emerged within the

text: gene after the divergence of

text: jawed

text: and

text: jawless vertebrates

text: and is located on the opposite strand of an intron of Dnm3 and is associated in an expression cluster with

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: teleost

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: jawed

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: jawless vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: jaws

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Dnm3 and miR-214

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: jawed

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: jawed

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: jawless vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: jawless

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: What is the first vertebrate to not need water to reproduce?

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: It is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: The answer: teleost fish.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the function of miR-214?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the function of miR-214?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: miR-214

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: jawless

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: miR-214

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: non-teleost vertebrates and two members in teleost fish.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: jawed

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: jawed and jawless

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: two members in teleost fish.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: miR-214

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: miR-214

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: jawed

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: miR-214

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: jawed and jawless

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: one member in non-teleost vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: jawed and jawless

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: jawless vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: miR-214

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: miR-214

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: non-teleost vertebrates and two members in teleost fish.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: miR-214

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: miR-214

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: jawed and jawless vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: fish.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: miR-214

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: fish.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: non-teleost

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: jawed and jawless vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: miR-214

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: miR-214

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: miR-214

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: fish.

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: miR-214

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: Dnm3

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: miR-214

text: Females of this species often undergo parthenogenesis. A male specimen was not noted until 2002. A few years later, a sexually reproducing strain was found.

text: Females of this species often undergo

text: parthenogenesis

text: . A male specimen was not noted until 2002. A few years later, a sexually reproducing strain was found.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: mammals, birds, and reptiles

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: six

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The vertebral column of vertebrates is made of bone.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: limbs

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: tendons, bones, and muscle

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: softer

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexually

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: parthenogenesis is the only way vertebrates reproduce.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: What was the first vertebrates that did not need water to reproduce?

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which of the following is not a type of vertebrate: ectothermy or endothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: What did Amphibians evolve from?

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the purpose of the kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What does the adaptive immune system of vertebrates do?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Which of the following is true of this species?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: parthenogenesis

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: sexually

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: parthenogenesis

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: skeleton

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: parthenogenesis

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Females of this species often undergo parthenogenesis.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: 2002.

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: sexually reproducing

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: parthenogenesis.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: male

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Females of this species often undergo parthenogenesis.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: Females of this species often undergo parthenogenesis.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: parthenogenesis.

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Females of this species often undergo parthenogenesis.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: 2002.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: parthenogenesis.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: 2002.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: 2002.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: parthenogenesis.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: 2002.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: 2002.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: parthenogenesis.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: parthenogenesis.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: 2002.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: 2002.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: parthenogenesis.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: 2002.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: 2002.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: A male specimen was not noted until 2002.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: parthenogenesis.

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: parthenogenesis.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: parthenogenesis.

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: parthenogenesis.

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: parthenogenesis.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: parthenogenesis.

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: parthenogenesis.

text: The significant increase in the size of the cerebral hemisphere through evolution has been made possible in part through the evolution of the vascular pia mater, which allows nutrient blood vessels to penetrate deep into the intertwined cerebral matter, providing the necessary nutrients in this larger neural mass.  Throughout the course of life on earth, the nervous system of animals has continued to evolve to a more compact and increased organization of neurons and other nervous system cells.  This process is most evident in vertebrates and especially mammals in which the increased size of the brain is generally condensed into a smaller space through the presence of sulci or fissures on the surface of the hemisphere divided into gyri allowing more superficies of the cortical grey matter to exist.  The development of the meninges and the existence of a defined pia mater was first noted in the vertebrates, and has been more and more significant membrane in the brains of mammals with larger brains.

text: The significant increase in the size of the cerebral hemisphere through evolution has been made possible in part through the evolution of the vascular pia mater, which allows nutrient blood vessels to penetrate deep into the intertwined cerebral matter, providing the necessary nutrients in this larger neural mass.  Throughout the course of life on earth, the nervous system of animals has continued to evolve to a more compact and increased organization of neurons and other nervous system cells.  This process is most evident in vertebrates and especially mammals in which the increased size of the brain is generally condensed into a smaller space through the presence of sulci or fissures on the surface of the hemisphere divided into gyri allowing more superficies of the cortical grey matter to exist.  The development of the meninges and the existence of a defined pia mater was first noted in the vertebrates, and has been more and more significant membrane in the brains of mammals with larger brains.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: mammals

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: increased size of the brain

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: vertebrates and especially mammals in which the increased size of the brain is generally condensed into a smaller space

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: hemispheres

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: the meninges and the existence of a defined pia mater

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: pia mater

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Which of the following is not a vertebrate?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: mammals

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: the nervous system of animals has continued to evolve to a more compact and increased organization of neurons and other nervous system cells

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: mammal

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How does the immune system of vertebrates learn to recognize and attack specific pathogens

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: meninges

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: sulci

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: sulci

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: meninges

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: meninges

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: grey matter

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: meninges

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: mammals

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: mammals

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: nutrient blood vessels

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: sulci or fissures

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: gyri

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: meninges and the existence of a defined pia mater

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: The significant increase in the size of the cerebral hemisphere

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: vascular pia mater,

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: mammals

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: mammals

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: vascular pia mater,

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: mammals

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: vascular pia mater,

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: vascular pia mater,

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: vascular pia mater,

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: mammals

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: vascular pia mater,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: vascular pia mater,

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: meninges

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: The significant increase in the size of the cerebral hemisphere

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: mammals

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: mammals

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: mammals

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vascular pia mater,

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: vascular pia mater,

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: sulci or fissures

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vascular pia mater,

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: vascular pia mater,

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: meninges

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vascular pia mater,

text: The story for fish is more complex. In teleost fish (which make up the great majority of existing species), the forebrain is distorted in comparison to other types of vertebrates: Most neuroanatomists believe that the teleost forebrain is in essence everted, like a sock turned inside-out, so that structures that lie in the interior, next to the ventricles, for most vertebrates, are found on the outside in teleost fish, and vice versa. One of the consequences of this is that the medial pallium ("hippocampal" zone) of a typical vertebrate is thought to correspond to the lateral pallium of a typical fish. Several types of fish (particularly goldfish) have been shown experimentally to have strong spatial memory abilities, even forming "cognitive maps" of the areas they inhabit. There is evidence that damage to the lateral pallium impairs spatial memory.

text: The story for fish is more complex. In

text: teleost

text: fish (which make up the great majority of existing species), the forebrain is distorted in comparison to other types of vertebrates: Most neuroanatomists believe that the teleost forebrain is in essence everted, like a sock turned inside-out, so that structures that lie in the interior, next to the ventricles, for most vertebrates, are found on the outside in teleost fish, and vice versa. One of the consequences of this is that the medial pallium ("hippocampal" zone) of a typical vertebrate is thought to correspond to the lateral pallium of a typical fish. Several types of fish (particularly goldfish) have been shown experimentally to have strong spatial memory abilities, even forming "cognitive maps" of the areas they inhabit. There is evidence that damage to the lateral pallium impairs spatial memory.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: teleost fish

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: the great majority

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: spatial memory abilities

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: structures that lie in the interior, next to the ventricles, for most vertebrates, are found on the outside in teleost fish

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: ventricles

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: medial pallium ("hippocampal" zone)

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Which of the following is not a type of vertebrates:

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: teleost fish

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: damage to the lateral pallium impairs spatial memory.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: teleost fish

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What does the medial pallium of a typical vertebrate correspond to?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: teleost fish

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: teleost fish

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: teleost fish

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: teleost fish

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: spatial memory

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: medial pallium

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: ventricles,

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: medial pallium

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: distorted

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: teleost fish

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: fish is more complex. In teleost fish

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: teleost fish

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: teleost fish

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: teleost fish

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: fish is more complex. In teleost fish

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: teleost fish

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: teleost fish

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: teleost fish

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: teleost fish

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: teleost fish

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: teleost fish

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: teleost fish

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: teleost fish

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: teleost fish

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: teleost fish

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: fish is more complex. In teleost fish

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: spatial memory

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: teleost fish

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: lateral pallium

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: "cognitive maps"

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: pallium

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: fish

text: Like all Plasmodium species P. uilenbergi has both vertebrate and insect hosts. The vertebrate hosts for this parasite are mammals.

text: Like all Plasmodium species P. uilenbergi has both

text: vertebrate

text: and

text: insect

text: hosts. The vertebrate hosts for this parasite are

text: mammal

text: s.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: mammals

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: Host

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The vertebral column of vertebrates is made of cartilage.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: softer

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: insect

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: mammals

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Vertebrate reproduction is asexual.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: mammals

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: parasite

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: muscle

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: parasite

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: skeleton

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: insect

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrate

text: Vision is the most important sense for birds, since good eyesight is essential for safe flight, and this group has a number of adaptations which give visual acuity superior to that of other vertebrate groups; a pigeon has been described as "two eyes with wings". The avian eye resembles that of a reptile, with ciliary muscles that can change the shape of the lens rapidly and to a greater extent than in the mammals. Birds have the largest eyes relative to their size in the animal kingdom, and movement is consequently limited within the eye's bony socket. In addition to the two eyelids usually found in vertebrates, it is protected by a third transparent movable membrane. The eye's internal anatomy is similar to that of other vertebrates, but has a structure, the pecten oculi, unique to birds.

text: Vision is the most important sense for

text: bird

text: s, since good eyesight is essential for safe flight, and this group has a number of adaptations which give visual acuity superior to that of other

text: vertebrate

text: groups; a pigeon has been described as "two eyes with wings". The avian eye resembles that of a

text: reptile

text: , with

text: ciliary muscles

text: that can change the shape of the

text: lens

text: rapidly and to a greater extent than in the

text: mammal

text: s. Birds have the largest eyes relative to their size in the animal kingdom, and movement is consequently limited within the eye's bony socket. In addition to the two eyelids usually found in vertebrates, it is protected by a third transparent movable membrane. The eye's internal anatomy is similar to that of other vertebrates, but has a structure, the

text: pecten oculi

text: , unique to birds.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: birds

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: good eyesight

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: birds have the largest eyes relative to their size in the animal kingdom

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: eyelids

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: a third transparent movable membrane

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: avian

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: glands that secrete

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: reptiles

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: birds have the largest eyes relative to their size in the animal kingdom

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: reptiles

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which of the following is not a vertebrate group: birds, reptiles, or mammals?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the most important sense for birds?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class: birds, reptiles or mammals?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: birds

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: ovary

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: pecten

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: ciliary muscles

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: pecten

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: birds,

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: birds,

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: two eyelids

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: "two eyes with wings".

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: two eyelids

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: two eyelids

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: bony socket.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: Vision

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Vision is the most important sense for birds,

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: birds,

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: birds,

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: movable membrane.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: birds,

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: birds,

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: avian eye resembles that of a reptile,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: avian eye resembles that of a reptile,

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: reptile,

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: bony socket.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: birds,

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: birds,

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: birds,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: ciliary muscles

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: ciliary muscles

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: movable membrane.

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: ciliary muscles

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: bony

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: ciliary muscles

text: In common parlance, endotherms are characterized as "warm-blooded." The opposite of endothermy is ectothermy, although there is no absolute or clear separation between the nature of endotherms and ectotherms in general.

text: In common parlance, endotherms are characterized as "

text: warm-blooded

text: ." The opposite of endothermy is

text: ectothermy

text: , although there is no absolute or clear separation between the nature of endotherms and ectotherms in general.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: endotherms

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: six

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: endothermy is characterized as "warm-blooded."

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: limbs

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: endogenous

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: endotherms

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: endothermy is characterized as "warm-blooded."

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: endotherms

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the opposite of endothermy?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: endotherms

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: endotherms

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: "warm-blooded."

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: "warm-blooded."

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: endotherms are characterized as "warm-blooded."

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: endotherms

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: "warm-blooded."

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: ectothermy,

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: endotherms are characterized as "warm-blooded."

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: endotherms

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: endotherms are characterized as "warm-blooded."

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: endotherms

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: endotherms are characterized as "warm-blooded."

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: The opposite of endothermy is ectothermy,

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: endotherms are characterized as "warm-blooded."

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: endotherms

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: endotherms are characterized as "warm-blooded."

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: endotherms are characterized as "warm-blooded."

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: endotherms are characterized as "warm-blooded."

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: endotherms

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: endotherms are characterized as "warm-blooded."

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: endotherms are characterized as "warm-blooded."

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: endotherms

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: endotherms are characterized as "warm-blooded."

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: ectothermy,

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: ectothermy,

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: ectothermy,

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: endotherms

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: endotherms

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: endotherms

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: endotherms are characterized as "warm-blooded."

text: The Popeye (POP) family of proteins, is restricted to vertebrates and is preferentially expressed in developing and adult striated muscle. It is represented by a conserved region which includes three potential transmembrane domains. The strong conservation of POP genes during evolution and their preferential expression in heart and skeletal muscle suggest that these novel proteins may have an important function in these tissues in vertebrates.

text: The Popeye (POP) family of proteins, is restricted to vertebrates and is preferentially expressed in developing and adult striated muscle. It is represented by a conserved region which includes three potential transmembrane domains. The strong conservation of POP genes during evolution and their preferential expression in heart and skeletal muscle suggest that these novel proteins may have an important function in these tissues in vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Popeye (POP) family of proteins is restricted to what?

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: skeletal muscle

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The Popeye (POP) family of proteins is restricted to vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: POP genes

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: skeletal muscle

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: adult

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: glands that secrete

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: is restricted to vertebrates and is preferentially expressed in developing and adult striated muscle

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: POP genes

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: evolution of amphibians

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the function of the Popeye family of proteins?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: sperm

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: skeletal muscle

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: skeletal muscle

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: skeletal muscle

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: The Popeye

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: three

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: heart and skeletal muscle

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The Popeye (POP) family of proteins,

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: three potential transmembrane domains.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: striated muscle.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: muscle.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: adult striated muscle.

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: The Popeye (POP) family of proteins,

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: developing and adult striated muscle.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: The Popeye (POP) family of proteins,

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: developing and adult striated muscle.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: muscle.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: muscle.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: The Popeye

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: The Popeye (POP) family of proteins,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: The Popeye (POP) family of proteins,

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: muscle.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: The Popeye (POP) family of proteins,

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: developing and adult striated muscle.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: The Popeye

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: developing and adult striated muscle.

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: The Popeye

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: Popeye

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: striated muscle.

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: novel proteins

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: skeletal muscle

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: developing and adult striated muscle.

text: Basal Ichthyopterygia, like their land-dwelling ancestors, still had vertebrae that possessed a full set of processes that allowed them to interlock and articulate forming a vertebral column supporting the weight of the body. As ichthyosaurs were fully aquatic, their bodies were supported by the Archimedes force exerted by the water; in other words: they were buoyant. Therefore, the vertebral processes had lost much of their function. Early ichthyosaurs proper had rear dorsal vertebrae that had become disc-shaped, like those of typical fishes. With more derived species, the front dorsals also became discs. Gradually, most processes were lost, including those for rib attachment. The vertebral bodies became much shorter. The front and rear sides of the discs were hollowed out, resulting in a so-called amphicoelous condition. A transverse cross-section of such a vertebra has an hourglass-shape. This morphology is unique within the Amniota and makes it easy to discern ichthyosaur vertebrae from those of other marine reptiles. The only process that kept its function was the spine at the top, serving as an attachment for the dorsal muscles. However, even the spine became a simple structure. The neural arch, of which it was an out-growth, typically no longer fused to the vertebral centre.

text: Basal Ichthyopterygia, like their land-dwelling ancestors, still had

text: vertebrae

text: that possessed a full set of processes that allowed them to interlock and articulate forming a

text: vertebral column

text: supporting the weight of the body. As ichthyosaurs were fully aquatic, their bodies were supported by the

text: Archimedes force

text: exerted by the water; in other words: they were

text: buoyant

text: . Therefore, the vertebral processes had lost much of their function. Early ichthyosaurs proper had rear dorsal vertebrae that had become disc-shaped, like those of typical fishes. With more derived species, the front dorsals also became discs. Gradually, most processes were lost, including those for rib attachment. The vertebral bodies became much shorter. The front and rear sides of the discs were hollowed out, resulting in a so-called

text: amphicoelous

text: condition. A transverse cross-section of such a vertebra has an hourglass-shape. This morphology is unique within the

text: Amniota

text: and makes it easy to discern ichthyosaur vertebrae from those of other marine reptiles. The only process that kept its function was the spine at the top, serving as an attachment for the dorsal muscles. However, even the spine became a simple structure. The

text: neural arch

text: , of which it was an out-growth, typically no longer fused to the vertebral centre.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Ichthyopterygia

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: supporting the weight of the body

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: the vertebral bodies became much shorter

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrae that possessed a full set of processes that allowed them to interlock and articulate

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: fertilized egg

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Which of the following is not a type of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: land-dwelling

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: ichthyosaurs were fully aquatic

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: land-dwelling ancestors

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class: Amniota?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: amniotic

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Archimedes force exerted by the water

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: fertilized eggs

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: vertebral processes had lost much of their function

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: amniotic

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Basal Ichthyopterygia,

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: Basal Ichthyopterygia,

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: supporting the weight of the body.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: they were buoyant.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: fishes.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: buoyant.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: land-dwelling

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: the vertebral processes had lost much of their function.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: land-dwelling ancestors,

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: vertebrae that possessed a full set of processes

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Basal Ichthyopterygia,

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: ichthyosaurs were fully aquatic,

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Basal Ichthyopterygia,

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: disc-shaped, like those of typical fishes.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: Basal Ichthyopterygia,

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: disc-shaped,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Basal Ichthyopterygia,

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: disc-shaped,

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: land-dwelling ancestors,

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Basal Ichthyopterygia,

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: Basal Ichthyopterygia,

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Amniota

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: typical fishes.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: The neural arch,

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Archimedes

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: The neural arch,

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: Amniota

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: The neural arch,

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: neural arch,

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: The neural arch,

text: Eyes in various animals show adaptation to their requirements. For example, the eye of a bird of prey has much greater visual acuity than a human eye, and in some cases can detect ultraviolet radiation. The different forms of eye in, for example, vertebrates and molluscs are examples of parallel evolution, despite their distant common ancestry. Phenotypic convergence of the geometry of cephalopod and most vertebrate eyes creates the impression that the vertebrate eye evolved from an imaging cephalopod eye, but this is not the case, as the reversed roles of their respective ciliary and rhabdomeric opsin classes and different lens crystallins show.

text: Eyes in various animals show adaptation to their requirements. For example, the eye of a

text: bird of prey

text: has much greater visual acuity than a

text: human eye

text: , and in some cases can detect

text: ultraviolet

text: radiation. The different forms of eye in, for example, vertebrates and molluscs are examples of

text: parallel evolution

text: , despite their distant common ancestry. Phenotypic convergence of the geometry of cephalopod and most vertebrate eyes creates the impression that the vertebrate eye evolved from an imaging

text: cephalopod eye

text: , but this is not the case, as the reversed roles of their respective ciliary and rhabdomeric opsin classes and different lens crystallins show.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: cephalopod

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: one

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: eye

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: vertebrates and molluscs are examples of parallel evolution

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: eyes

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: cephalopod

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: glands that secrete hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: cephalopod

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: the vertebrate eye evolved from an imaging cephalopod eye

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: cephalopod

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How does the adaptive immune system of vertebrates learn to recognize and attack specific pathogens?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Which of the following is not true?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: birds of prey

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: cephalopod

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: embryonic

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: ciliary and rhabdomeric opsin classes

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: rhabdomeric opsin classes

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: Eyes

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: imaging cephalopod eye,

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: ciliary and rhabdomeric opsin classes

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: ciliary and rhabdomeric opsin classes

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: greater visual acuity

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: rhabdomeric

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: vertebrates and molluscs

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: cephalopod

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: imaging cephalopod eye,

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: cephalopod

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: molluscs

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: vertebrates and molluscs are examples of parallel evolution,

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: cephalopod

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: molluscs

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: vertebrates and molluscs

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: parallel evolution, despite their distant common ancestry.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: molluscs

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: adaptation to their requirements.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: vertebrates and molluscs

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: ciliary and rhabdomeric opsin classes

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: vertebrates and molluscs

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: rhabdomeric

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: bird of prey

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: Phenotypic convergence of the geometry of cephalopod

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: rhabdomeric

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: rhabdomeric

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: rhabdomeric

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: rhabdomeric

text: Both basilosaurids have skeletons that are immediately recognizable as cetaceans. A basilosaurid was as big as the larger modern whales, with genera like Basilosaurus reaching lengths of up to  long; dorudontines were smaller, with genera like Dorudon reaching about  long.  The large size of basilosaurids is due to the extreme elongation of their lumbar vertebrae. They had a tail fluke, but their body proportions suggest that they swam by caudal undulation and that the fluke was not used for propulsion. In contrast, dorudontines had a shorter but powerful vertebral column. They too had a fluke and, unlike basilosaurids, they probably swam similarly to modern cetaceans, by using caudal oscillations. The forelimbs of basilosaurids were probably flipper-shaped, and the external hind limbs were tiny and were certainly not involved in locomotion. Their fingers, however, retained the mobile joints of their ambulocetid relatives. The two tiny but well-formed hind legs of basilosaurids were probably used as claspers when mating. The pelvic bones associated with these hind limbs were not connected to the vertebral column as they were in protocetids. Essentially, any sacral vertebrae can no longer be clearly distinguished from the other vertebrae.

text: Both basilosaurids have skeletons that are immediately recognizable as cetaceans. A basilosaurid was as big as the larger modern whales, with genera like Basilosaurus reaching lengths of up to  long; dorudontines were smaller, with genera like Dorudon reaching about  long.  The large size of basilosaurids is due to the extreme elongation of their lumbar vertebrae. They had a tail fluke, but their body proportions suggest that they swam by caudal undulation and that the fluke was not used for propulsion. In contrast, dorudontines had a shorter but powerful vertebral column. They too had a fluke and, unlike basilosaurids, they probably swam similarly to modern cetaceans, by using caudal oscillations. The forelimbs of basilosaurids were probably flipper-shaped, and the external hind limbs were tiny and were certainly not involved in locomotion. Their fingers, however, retained the mobile joints of their ambulocetid relatives. The two tiny but well-formed hind legs of basilosaurids were probably used as

text: clasper

text: s when mating. The pelvic bones associated with these hind limbs were not connected to the vertebral column as they were in protocetids. Essentially, any sacral vertebrae can no longer be clearly distinguished from the other vertebrae.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Dorudontines and Basilosaurids

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: eight

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: locomotion

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: dorudontines had a shorter but powerful vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: sacral vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: mating

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Which of the following is not a type of vertebrates: basilosaurids, dorudontines, or whales?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: protocetids

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: The two tiny but well-formed hind legs of basilosaurids were probably used as claspers when mating

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: protocetids

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How does the immune system of vertebrates learn to recognize and attack specific pathogens

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are basilosaurids?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: ambulocetid

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: ambulocetid

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: ambulocetid

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: ambulocetid

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: skeleton

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: protocetid

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: ambulocetid

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: cetaceans.

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: propulsion.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: sacral vertebrae can no longer be clearly distinguished

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: sacral vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: lumbar vertebrae.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: bones

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: caudal oscillations.

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: lumbar vertebrae.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: protocetids.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: not involved in locomotion.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: protocetids.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: ambulocetid

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: protocetids.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: ambulocetid

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: any sacral vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: dorudontines

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: extreme elongation of their lumbar vertebrae.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: protocetids.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: cetaceans.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: lumbar vertebrae.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: dorudontines

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: ambulocetid

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: protocetids.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: ambulocetid

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: ambulocetid

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: mating.

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: ambulocetid

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: ambulocetid

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: skeletons

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: ambulocetid

text: Denton suggested that these data undermined the notion that fish were ancestral to frogs, which were ancestral to reptiles, which were ancestral to birds and mammals. If they were, then wouldn't the difference in cytochrome C structures be increasingly different from carp to frog, to reptile, to mammal? How could the cytochrome c amino acid sequences for such a wide range of species all be "equidistant" from the sequence for bacteria? Molecular biologists quickly pointed out the fallacy in Denton's argument. Just as there is no such thing as a "living fossil", and all modern species are cousins, so too, the amino acid sequences for all living species have been evolving since the time of their divergence from a common ancestor. A modern carp is not an ancestor to a frog; frogs are not ancestors to turtles; turtles are not ancestors to rabbits. Similarly, the variations in eukaryotic cytochrome c structure with respect to bacteria are all due to mutations taking place since divergence from the common ancestor of these different organisms. It thus is not surprising that they show a similar level of divergence and equidistance of this type was even predicted and confirmed by researchers as early as 1963.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: reptiles, birds and mammals

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: eight

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: cytochrome C structures

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: frogs are not ancestors to turtles

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: amino acid sequences

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: cytochrome C structures

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: mammal

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: What are some examples of vertebrates that have an endocrine system?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: A modern carp is not an ancestor to a frog

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: reptiles

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What does the adaptive immune system of vertebrates learn to recognize and attack specific pathogens?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are mentioned?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: eukaryotic

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: frog

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: birds

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: frog

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Denton

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: frog

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: eukaryotic

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: frogs,

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: cytochrome C structures

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: fish were ancestral to frogs,

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: birds and mammals.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: wouldn't the difference in cytochrome C structures be increasingly different

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: mutations

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: rabbits.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: fish were ancestral to frogs,

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: turtles; turtles are not ancestors to rabbits.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: wouldn't the difference in cytochrome C structures be increasingly different

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: fish were ancestral to frogs,

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: fish were ancestral to frogs,

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: wouldn't the difference in cytochrome C structures be increasingly different

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: wouldn't the difference in cytochrome C structures be increasingly different

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: wouldn't the difference in cytochrome C structures be increasingly different

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: reptiles,

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: wouldn't the difference in cytochrome C structures be increasingly different

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: birds and mammals.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: birds and mammals.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: wouldn't the difference in cytochrome C structures be increasingly different

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: "living fossil",

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: birds

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: birds

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: eukaryotic

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: "living fossil",

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: eukaryotic

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: "living fossil",

text: This extracellular endopeptidase is present in vertebrate tissues.

text: This extracellular

text: endopeptidase

text: is present in

text: vertebrate

text: tissues.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: endopeptidase

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: four

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: skeletal support

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The vertebral column of vertebrates is made of cartilage.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: ribosomes

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: endopeptidase

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: endopeptidases

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: endopeptidases

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Vertebrate reproduction is asexual.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: endopeptidase

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Amphibians were the first vertebrates that did not need water to reproduce

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: endopeptidase

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Amphibians evolved from a fish ancestor

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: endopeptidase

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: endopeptidase

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: endopeptidase

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: cartilage endoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: E. coli

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: cartilage endopeptidase

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: eukaryotic

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Endopeptidase

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: somitogenesis

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: endopeptidase

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: endopeptidases

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: sperm

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: extracellular endopeptidase

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: This extracellular endopeptidase is present in vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: endopeptidase

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: This extracellular endopeptidase

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: endopeptidase

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: extracellular endopeptidase

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: extracellular endopeptidase

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: This extracellular endopeptidase

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: extracellular endopeptidase

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: extracellular endopeptidase

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: extracellular endopeptidase is present in vertebrate tissues.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: extracellular endopeptidase

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: This extracellular endopeptidase

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: endopeptidase

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: This extracellular endopeptidase

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: This extracellular endopeptidase

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: extracellular endopeptidase

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: extracellular endopeptidase

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: extracellular endopeptidase

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: This extracellular endopeptidase

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: extracellular endopeptidase

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: extracellular endopeptidase

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: extracellular endopeptidase

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: extracellular endopeptidase

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: This extracellular endopeptidase

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: vertebrate tissues.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: extracellular endopeptidase

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrate tissues.

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: extracellular endopeptidase

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: This extracellular endopeptidase

text: Ossicles are created intracellularly by specialised secretory cells known as sclerocytes in the dermis of the body wall of echinoderms. Each ossicle is composed of microcrystals of calcite arranged in a three-dimensional lattice known as a stereom. Under polarized light the ossicle behaves as if it were a single crystal because the axes of all the crystals are parallel. The space between the crystals is known as the stroma and allows entry to sclerocytes for enlargement and repair. The honeycomb structure is light but tough and collagenous ligaments connect the ossicles together. The ossicles are embedded in a tough connective tissue which is also part of the endoskeleton. When an ossicle becomes redundant, specialised cells known as phagocytes are able to reabsorb the calcareous material. All the ossicles, even those that protrude from the body wall, are covered by a thin layer of epidermis but functionally they act more like an exoskeleton than an endoskeleton.

text: Ossicles are created intracellularly by specialised secretory cells known as

text: sclerocyte

text: s in the

text: dermis

text: of the body wall of echinoderms. Each ossicle is composed of microcrystals of

text: calcite

text: arranged in a three-dimensional lattice known as a

text: stereom

text: . Under

text: polarized light

text: the ossicle behaves as if it were a single crystal because the axes of all the crystals are parallel. The space between the crystals is known as the

text: stroma

text: and allows entry to sclerocytes for enlargement and repair. The honeycomb structure is light but tough and

text: collagen

text: ous

text: ligament

text: s connect the ossicles together. The ossicles are embedded in a tough connective tissue which is also part of the endoskeleton. When an ossicle becomes redundant, specialised cells known as

text: phagocyte

text: s are able to reabsorb the calcareous material. All the ossicles, even those that protrude from the body wall, are covered by a thin layer of

text: epidermis

text: but functionally they act more like an

text: exoskeleton

text: than an endoskeleton.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: echinoderms

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: endoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The ossicles are embedded in a tough connective tissue

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: ossicles

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: ossicles embedded in what?

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: tougher

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: exoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Which of the following is not a vertebrate?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: echinoderms

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: all the ossicles, even those that protrude from the body wall, are covered by a thin layer of epidermis

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: echinoderms

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which of the following is not a vertebrate?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How does the immune system of vertebrates learn to recognize and attack specific pathogens

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Which came first, birds or mammals?

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Which is not true of echinoderms?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: exoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: exoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: echinoderms

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: connective tissue

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Ossicles

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: calcite

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: endoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: echinoderms.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: echinoderms.

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: endoskeleton.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: exoskeleton than an endoskeleton.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: Ossicles

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: ossicles are embedded in a tough connective tissue

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: tough

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: intracellularly by specialised secretory cells

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: sclerocytes

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: echinoderms.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: echinoderms.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: echinoderms.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: echinoderms.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: exoskeleton than an endoskeleton.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: echinoderms.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: echinoderms.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Ossicles

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: phagocytes

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: tough connective tissue

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: echinoderms.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: exoskeleton than an endoskeleton.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: echinoderms.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: echinoderms.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: echinoderms.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: Ossicles

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: echinoderms.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: phagocytes

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: connective tissue

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: phagocytes

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: connective tissue

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Ossicles are created intracellularly

text: Like all Plasmodium species P. lophurae has both vertebrate and insect hosts. The vertebrate hosts for this parasite are birds.

text: Like all Plasmodium species P. lophurae has both

text: vertebrate

text: and

text: insect

text: hosts. The vertebrate hosts for this parasite are

text: bird

text: s.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: birds

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: Host

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The vertebral column of vertebrates is made of cartilage.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: softer

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: birds

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: birds are incapable of reproducing.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: birds

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: parasites

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: parasite

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: skeleton

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: insect hosts.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: The vertebrate hosts for this parasite are birds.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrate and insect

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrate

text: In the vertebrate spinal column, each vertebra is an irregular bone with a complex structure composed of bone and some hyaline cartilage, the proportions of which vary according to the segment of the backbone and the species of vertebrate.

text: In the vertebrate

text: spinal column

text: , each vertebra is an

text: irregular bone

text: with a complex structure composed of

text: bone

text: and some

text: hyaline cartilage

text: , the proportions of which vary according to the segment of the

text: backbone

text: and the species of

text: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: one

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: spinal

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: each vertebra is an irregular bone with a complex structure

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebra

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: softer

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: vertebrates do not have a backbone.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How does the immune system of vertebrates work?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: fertilization

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: species

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: species of vertebrate.

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: spinal column,

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: each vertebra is an irregular bone

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: segment of the backbone

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: hyaline cartilage,

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: irregular bone

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: hyaline cartilage,

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: In the vertebrate spinal column,

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: hyaline cartilage,

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: In the vertebrate spinal column, each vertebra is an irregular bone

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: hyaline cartilage,

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: bone and some hyaline cartilage,

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: In the vertebrate spinal column,

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: In the vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: species of vertebrate.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: vertebrate spinal column,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: hyaline cartilage,

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: hyaline cartilage,

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: In the vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: hyaline cartilage,

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: vertebrate spinal column,

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: vertebrate spinal column,

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: In the vertebrate spinal column,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrate spinal column,

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: hyaline cartilage,

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: hyaline cartilage,

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: hyaline cartilage,

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: hyaline cartilage,

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrate spinal column,

text: Protists generally reproduce asexually under favorable environmental conditions, but tend to reproduce sexually under stressful conditions, such as starvation or heat shock.

text: Protists generally reproduce asexually under favorable environmental conditions, but tend to reproduce sexually under stressful conditions, such as starvation or heat shock.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Protists

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: six

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: reproduction

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: Protists reproduce asexually.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: digits

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: protists

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: softer

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexually

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Protists

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: vertebrates reproduce asexually

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Protists

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Protists

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: sexual

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: sexual

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: protist

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: protists

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: Protists

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: sexual

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Protists

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: Protists

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: reproduce asexually

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: sexually under stressful conditions,

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: Protists

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Protists

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: sexually under stressful conditions,

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexually

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Protists generally reproduce asexually under favorable environmental conditions,

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Protists

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: sexually under stressful conditions,

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Protists

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Protists

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Protists

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Protists

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: Protists

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Protists generally reproduce asexually under favorable environmental conditions,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Protists generally reproduce asexually under favorable environmental conditions,

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Protists

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Protists

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Protists generally reproduce asexually under favorable environmental conditions,

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: Protists

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Protists

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Protists

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: asexually

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: heat shock.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: asexually

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: Protists

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: heat shock.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: Protists

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: asexually

text: Templeton also studied the vertebrates of the island, especially the fish, birds and monkeys. Amongst the birds were five endemic species new to science. These were described by Edward Blyth in the Calcutta Journal as Athene castanotus, the chestnut-winged hawk owl; Malacocercus rufescens, the red dung thrush; Dicrurus edoliformis, the kingcrow, Dicrurus leucopyygialis the Ceylon kingcrow, and Eulabes ptilogenes, Templeton's mynah. The monkeys were studiously appraised and some of the results communicated to the Zoological Society of London. These communications, one of the monkey Cercopithecus pileatus and the loris Loris gracilis and the other on a supposed new species Semnopithecus leucoprymnus cephalopterus which turned out to be identical with Bennet's Semnopithecus nestor, are Templetons only personal contribution to the literature on the vertebrates of Ceylon. His knowledge of the smaller mammals, birds, reptiles and fishes was instead incorporated in the work of others, notably George Robert Waterhouse and his coworker Edgar Leopold Layard who in the introduction to Notes on the Ornithology of Ceylon says "I have had the advantage of consulting with Mr. Blyth and Drs. Templeton and Kelaart with each of whom i have been on terms of the closest intimacy and we mutually communicated our discoveries".

text: Templeton also studied the

text: vertebrate

text: s of the island, especially the fish,

text: bird

text: s and

text: monkey

text: s. Amongst the birds were five endemic species new to science. These were described by

text: Edward Blyth

text: in the Calcutta Journal as

text: Athene castanotus

text: , the chestnut-winged hawk owl;

text: Malacocercus rufescens

text: , the red dung thrush;

text: Dicrurus edoliformis

text: , the kingcrow,

text: Dicrurus leucopyygialis

text: the Ceylon kingcrow, and

text: Eulabes ptilogenes

text: , Templeton's mynah. The monkeys were studiously appraised and some of the results communicated to the Zoological Society of London. These communications, one of the monkey Cercopithecus pileatus and the loris Loris gracilis and the other on a supposed new species Semnopithecus leucoprymnus cephalopterus which turned out to be identical with Bennet's

text: Semnopithecus nestor

text: , are Templetons only personal contribution to the literature on the vertebrates of Ceylon. His knowledge of the smaller mammals, birds, reptiles and fishes was instead incorporated in the work of others, notably

text: George Robert Waterhouse

text: and his coworker

text: Edgar Leopold Layard

text: who in the introduction to Notes on the Ornithology of Ceylon says "I have had the advantage of consulting with Mr. Blyth and Drs. Templeton and Kelaart with each of whom i have been on terms of the closest intimacy and we mutually communicated our discoveries".

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: fish, birds and monkeys

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: four

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: Amongst the birds were five endemic species new to science

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrates of the island

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: fish, birds and monkeys

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: nesting

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Which of the following is not a type of vertebrates: fish, birds or monkeys?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: The monkeys were studiously appraised and some of the results communicated to the Zoological Society of London

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: What is endothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are mentioned?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Cercopithecus pileatus

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: mammalian

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Templeton's mynah

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: fish, birds and monkeys.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: smaller mammals, birds, reptiles and fishes

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: fish, birds and monkeys.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: i have been on terms of the closest intimacy

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: five

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: mnopithecus nestor,

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: nestor,

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Drs. Templeton and Kelaart

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: fish, birds and monkeys.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Templetons only personal contribution to the literature on the vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: mnopithecus nestor,

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Drs. Templeton and Kelaart

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Semnopithecus nestor,

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Semnopithecus nestor,

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: fish, birds and monkeys.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Drs. Templeton and Kelaart

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Drs. Templeton and Kelaart

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Drs. Templeton and Kelaart

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: birds,

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Templetons only personal contribution to the literature on the vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: vertebrates of Ceylon.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: smaller mammals, birds, reptiles and fishes

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: vertebrates of Ceylon.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Semnopithecus nestor,

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: Semnopithecus nestor,

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: Zoological Society of London.

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Kelaart

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Semnopithecus nestor,

text: According to the Talmud, a shofar may be made from the horn of any animal from the Bovidae family except that of a cow although a ram is preferable. Bovidae horns are made of a layer of keratin (the same material as human toenails and fingernails) around a core of bone, with a layer of cartilage in between, which can be removed to leave the hollow keratin horn. An antler, on the other hand, is made of solid bone, so an antler cannot be used as a shofar because it cannot be hollowed out.

text: According to the Talmud, a shofar may be made from the horn of any animal from the

text: Bovid

text: ae family except that of a cow although a ram is preferable. Bovidae horns are made of a layer of

text: keratin

text: (the same material as human toenails and fingernails) around a core of bone, with a layer of cartilage in between, which can be removed to leave the hollow keratin horn. An

text: antler

text: , on the other hand, is made of solid bone, so an antler cannot be used as a shofar because it cannot be hollowed out.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Bovidae

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: antler cannot be hollowed out.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: bones

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: bone and cartilage

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: solid

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: antler

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Bovidae

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: antler cannot be used as a shofar because it cannot be hollowed out.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Bovidae

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: what is the same material as human toenails and fingernails

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: shofar

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: antler

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: keratin

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: shofar

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Bovidae

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: Bovidae

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: bone,

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: an antler

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: bone,

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: bone,

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: solid bone,

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: horn

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Bovidae

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Bovidae

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: cow

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Bovidae

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Bovidae

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Bovidae

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Bovidae

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: Bovidae

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Bovidae

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: keratin

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Bovidae

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Bovidae

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: Bovidae

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Bovidae

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Bovidae

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: Bovidae

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: shofar

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: Bovidae

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: keratin

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Talmud,

text: Like all Plasmodium species P. neusticuri has both vertebrate and insect hosts. The vertebrate hosts for this parasite are reptiles.

text: Like all Plasmodium species P. neusticuri has both

text: vertebrate

text: and

text: insect

text: hosts. The vertebrate hosts for this parasite are

text: reptile

text: s.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: reptiles

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The vertebral column of vertebrates is made of cartilage.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: softer

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: reptiles

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Vertebrate reproduction is asexual.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: reptiles

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How does the immune system of vertebrates work?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: mammals evolved before birds

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: parasites

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: parasite

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: insect hosts.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The vertebrate hosts for this parasite are reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: The vertebrate hosts for this parasite are reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: The vertebrate hosts for this parasite are reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: insect hosts.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: insect hosts.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrate and insect hosts.

text: The aquatic to terrestrial transition of vertebrate organisms occurred in the late Devonian era and was an important step in the evolutionary history of modern land vertebrates. The transition allowed animals to escape competitive pressure from the water and explore niche opportunities on land. Fossils from this period have allowed scientists to identify some of the species that existed during this transition, such as Tiktaalik and Acanthostega. Many of these species were also the first to develop adaptations suited to terrestrial over aquatic life, such as neck mobility and hindlimb locomotion.

text: The aquatic to terrestrial transition of

text: vertebrate

text: organisms occurred in the late

text: Devonian

text: era and was an important step in the evolutionary history of modern land vertebrates. The transition allowed animals to escape

text: competitive pressure

text: from the water and explore

text: niche

text: opportunities on land. Fossils from this period have allowed scientists to identify some of the species that existed during this transition, such as

text: Tiktaalik

text: and

text: Acanthostega

text: . Many of these species were also the first to develop adaptations suited to terrestrial over aquatic life, such as neck mobility and hindlimb locomotion.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: land vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: locomotion

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: aquatic to terrestrial transition of vertebrate organisms

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: limbs

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: non-elastic

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: aquatic

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: aquatic

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: aquatic to terrestrial transition of vertebrate organisms

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: aquatic

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What allows animals to escape competitive pressure from the water and explore niche opportunities on land?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Devonian

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Which of the following is not true?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Acanthostega

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: asexual

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: adaption

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: modern land vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: aquatic

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: neck mobility and hindlimb locomotion.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: aquatic

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: neck mobility and hindlimb

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: neck mobility and hindlimb locomotion.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: neck mobility and hindlimb locomotion.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: neck mobility and hindlimb locomotion.

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: modern land vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: aquatic

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: The aquatic to terrestrial transition

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: aquatic

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: terrestrial over aquatic life,

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: aquatic life,

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: The aquatic to terrestrial transition of vertebrate organisms

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: modern land vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: land vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: land vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: neck mobility and hindlimb locomotion.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: The aquatic to terrestrial transition of vertebrate organisms

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: neck mobility and hindlimb locomotion.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: land vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: land vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: modern land vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: aquatic life, such as neck mobility and hindlimb locomotion.

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: neck mobility and hindlimb locomotion.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: neck mobility and hindlimb locomotion.

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: neck mobility and hindlimb locomotion.

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: adaptations

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: Acanthostega.

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: The aquatic to terrestrial transition of vertebrate organisms

text: The Living Planet Index (LPI) is an indicator of the state of global biological diversity, based on trends in vertebrate populations of species from around the world.

text: The Living Planet Index (LPI) is an indicator of the state of global

text: biological diversity

text: , based on trends in

text: vertebrate

text: populations of species from around the world.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: living planet

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: vertebrates do not have a backbone.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: lizards

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: The LPI is an indicator of the state of global biological diversity.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the LPI?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: sperm

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: The Living Planet Index

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: asexual

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: The Living Planet Index

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: skeleton

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: fertilization

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: species

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: The Living Planet Index

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: indicator of the state of global biological diversity,

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The Living Planet Index

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: (LPI) is an indicator of the state of global biological diversity,

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: species

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: The Living Planet Index

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: The Living Planet Index

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: The Living Planet Index

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: The Living Planet Index

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: species from around the world.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: The Living Planet Index

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: The Living Planet Index

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: The Living Planet Index

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: The Living Planet Index

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: The Living Planet Index

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: The Living Planet Index

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: The Living Planet Index

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: world.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: The Living Planet Index

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: The Living Planet Index

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: The Living Planet Index

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrate

text: Self-avoidance has only recently been explored in the vertebrate brain development and mainly in the context of patterning neurites in the Inner plexiform layers (IPLs). In contrast to Drosophila, mouse DSCAMs are typical cell surface molecules, lacking the massive alternative splicing of the fly Dscam1 orthologous undergoes. So although DSCAMs may retain a conserved function in mediating self-avoidance in vertebrates, the absence of molecular diversity makes it clear that they do not play a role in self-recognition.

text: Self-avoidance has only recently been explored in the vertebrate brain development and mainly in the context of patterning neurites in the

text: Inner plexiform layer

text: s (IPLs). In contrast to Drosophila, mouse DSCAMs are typical cell surface molecules, lacking the massive

text: alternative splicing

text: of the fly Dscam1 orthologous undergoes. So although DSCAMs may retain a conserved function in mediating self-avoidance in vertebrates, the absence of molecular diversity makes it clear that they do not play a role in self-recognition.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Drosophila

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: self-avoidance

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: Drosophila, mouse DSCAMs are typical cell surface molecules

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: IPLs

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: inner plexiform layers

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: self-avoidance

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Drosophila

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: they do not play a role in self-recognition

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Drosophila

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: What is endothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: None of the above choices are true

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the role of DSCAMs in vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: self-avoidance

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: self-avoidance

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: plexiform layers

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Drosophila

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: plexiform

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Drosophila,

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: Drosophila,

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: patterning neurites

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: Drosophila,

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: Inner plexiform layers

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Inner plexiform layers

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: mouse DSCAMs are typical cell surface molecules,

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: Self-avoidance

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: mouse DSCAMs are typical cell surface molecules,

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Drosophila,

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Drosophila,

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Drosophila,

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Drosophila,

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Self-avoidance

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Drosophila,

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: Drosophila,

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: mouse DSCAMs

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: self-recognition.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Drosophila,

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Drosophila,

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Self-avoidance

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: Drosophila,

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Drosophila,

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Drosophila,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: brain development

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Self-avoidance

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: Self-avoidance

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: plexiform layers

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Self-avoidance

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: Inner plexiform layers

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrate brain development

text: Romer was very keen in investigating vertebrate evolution. Comparing facts from paleontology, comparative anatomy, and embryology, he taught the basic structural and functional changes that happened during the evolution of fishes to primitive terrestrial vertebrates and from these to all other tetrapods. He always emphasized the evolutionary significance of the relationship between the form and function of animals and the environment.

text: Romer was very keen in investigating vertebrate evolution. Comparing facts from

text: paleontology

text: , comparative

text: anatomy

text: , and

text: embryology

text: , he taught the basic structural and functional changes that happened during the

text: evolution of fish

text: es to primitive terrestrial

text: vertebrate

text: s and from these to all other

text: tetrapod

text: s. He always emphasized the evolutionary significance of the relationship between the form and function of animals and the environment.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: four

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: environment

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: the vertebral column of vertebrates is made of bone

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: limbs

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: softer

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: terrestrial

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: all other tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: fishes

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: terrestrial

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: ectothermy

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: Tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What does the adaptive immune system of vertebrates learn to recognize and attack specific pathogens?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: embryology

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: evolution

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Romer

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: embryology

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: tetrapods.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: fishes

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: functional

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: primitive terrestrial vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: tetrapods.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: fishes

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: structural and functional changes

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: embryology,

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: tetrapods.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: terrestrial

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: evolution of fishes to primitive terrestrial vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: terrestrial

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: terrestrial

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Romer was very keen in investigating vertebrate evolution.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: fishes to primitive terrestrial vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: tetrapods.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: vertebrate evolution.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: vertebrate evolution.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: primitive terrestrial vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: fishes

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: embryology,

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: tetrapods.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: tetrapods.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: tetrapods.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: embryology,

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: relationship between the form and function of animals and the environment.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: embryology,

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: embryology,

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: embryology,

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: embryology,

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: embryology,

text: Vertebrae articulate with each other to  give strength and flexibility to the spinal column, and the shape at their back and front aspects determines the range of movement. Structurally, vertebrae are essentially alike across the vertebrate species, with the greatest difference seen between an aquatic animal and other vertebrate animals. As such, vertebrates take their name from the vertebrae that compose the vertebral column.

text: Vertebrae articulate with each other to  give strength and flexibility to the spinal column, and the shape at their back and front aspects determines the range of movement. Structurally, vertebrae are essentially alike across the vertebrate species, with the greatest difference seen between an

text: aquatic animal

text: and other vertebrate animals. As such, vertebrates take their name from the vertebrae that compose the

text: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: aquatic animals

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: aquatic

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: strength and flexibility

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: the greatest difference seen between an aquatic animal and other vertebrate animals

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrae that compose the vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: aquatic

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: aquatic

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: the greatest difference seen between an aquatic animal and other vertebrate animals

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: aquatic

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Which of the following is not a characteristic of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many different classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebral

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: aquatic

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebral

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: aquatic animal

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: aquatic

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: strength and flexibility

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: greatest difference

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrae are essentially alike across the vertebrate species,

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: strength and flexibility

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: aquatic

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: vertebrae that compose the vertebral column.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: vertebrae are essentially alike across the vertebrate species,

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: aquatic animal

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: aquatic

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: flexibility to the spinal column,

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: vertebrae are essentially alike across the vertebrate species,

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: vertebrae are essentially alike across the vertebrate species,

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: vertebrae are essentially alike across the vertebrate species,

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: aquatic animal and other vertebrate animals.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: vertebrae are essentially alike across the vertebrate species,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: spinal column,

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: aquatic

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: strength and flexibility to the spinal column,

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: spinal column,

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: spinal column,

text: Various patterns of behavior enable certain ectotherms to regulate body temperature to a useful extent. To warm up, reptiles and many insects find sunny places and adopt positions that maximise their exposure; at harmfully high temperatures they seek shade or cooler water. In cold weather, honey bees huddle together to retain heat. Butterflies and moths may orient their wings to maximize exposure to solar radiation in order to build up heat before take-off. Gregarious caterpillars, such as the Forest Tent caterpillar, benefit from basking in large groups for thermoregulation. Many flying insects, such as honey bees and bumble bees, also raise their internal temperatures endothermally prior to flight, by vibrating their flight muscles without violent movement of the wings (see insect thermoregulation). Such endothermal activity is an example of the difficulty of consistent application of terms such as poikilothermy and homiothermy.

text: Various patterns of behavior enable certain ectotherms to regulate body temperature to a useful extent. To warm up, reptiles and many insects find sunny places and adopt positions that maximise their exposure; at harmfully high temperatures they seek shade or cooler water. In cold weather, honey bees huddle together to retain heat. Butterflies and moths may orient their wings to maximize exposure to solar radiation in order to build up heat before take-off. Gregarious caterpillars, such as the

text: Forest Tent caterpillar

text: , benefit from basking in large groups for thermoregulation. Many flying insects, such as honey bees and bumble bees, also raise their internal temperatures endothermally prior to flight, by vibrating their flight muscles without violent movement of the wings (see

text: insect thermoregulation

text: ). Such endothermal activity is an example of the difficulty of consistent application of terms such as poikilothermy and homiothermy.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Reptiles

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: eight

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: regulate body temperature

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: ectotherms to regulate body temperature to a useful extent

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: wings

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: reptiles and many insects

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: endothermal activity

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: reptiles

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: To warm up, reptiles and many insects find sunny places and adopt positions that maximise their exposure

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: reptiles

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are living species of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Which of the following is not a sex?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: endothermally

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: ectotherms

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: homiothermy

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: endothermally

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: endothermally

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: endothermally

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: endothermal

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: reptiles

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: reptiles

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: regulate body temperature

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: wings

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: ectotherms

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: poikilothermy

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: temperature

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: reptiles

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: reptiles

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: reptiles

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: reptiles

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: homiothermy.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: reptiles

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: reptiles

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: ectotherms to regulate body temperature

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: ectotherms to regulate body temperature to a useful extent.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: reptiles

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: insects

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Various patterns of behavior enable certain ectotherms

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: reptiles

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: reptiles

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: reptiles

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: endothermally

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: ectotherms

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: homiothermy.

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: ectotherms

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: ectotherms

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: endothermally

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: homiothermy.

text: Although the word dinosaur literally means "terrible lizard", the name is something of an etymological misnomer; even though dinosaurs are reptiles, they are not lizards, nor are they descended from them. Instead, dinosaurs, like many extinct forms of reptile sub-groups, did not exhibit characteristics which were traditionally regarded as reptilian, such as a sprawling limb posture or ectothermy (colloquially referred to as "cold-bloodedness"). Additionally, many other prehistoric animals, including mosasaurs, ichthyosaurs, pterosaurs, plesiosaurs, and Dimetrodon, while often popularly conceived of as dinosaurs, are not taxonomically classified as dinosaurs.

text: Although the word dinosaur literally means "terrible lizard", the name is something of an etymological

text: misnomer

text: ; even though dinosaurs are

text: reptiles

text: , they are not

text: lizards

text: , nor are they descended from them. Instead, dinosaurs, like many extinct forms of reptile sub-groups, did not exhibit characteristics which were traditionally regarded as reptilian, such as a

text: sprawling limb posture

text: or

text: ectothermy

text: (colloquially referred to as "cold-bloodedness"). Additionally, many other prehistoric animals, including

text: mosasaur

text: s,

text: ichthyosaur

text: s,

text: pterosaur

text: s,

text: plesiosaur

text: s, and

text: Dimetrodon

text: , while often popularly conceived of as dinosaurs, are not

text: taxonomically

text: classified as dinosaurs.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: limb posture

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: dinosaurs are not lizards, nor are they descended from them

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: limbs

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: reptile sub-groups

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: ectothermy

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: lizards

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: lizards, nor are they descended from them

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: what is the word dinosaur literally means "terrible lizard"?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: ectothermy

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: ectothermy

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: ectothermy

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: reptilian

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: ectothermy

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: reptilian

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: embryonic

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: mosasaurs, ichthyosaurs,

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: ichthyosaurs,

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: limb

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: dinosaurs are reptiles, they are not lizards,

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: limb

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: a sprawling limb posture

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: limb

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: ectothermy

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: ectothermy

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: dinosaurs are reptiles, they are not lizards,

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: descended from them.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: mosasaurs,

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: dinosaur literally means "terrible lizard",

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: ectothermy

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: dinosaur literally means "terrible lizard",

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: dinosaurs.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: dinosaur literally means "terrible lizard",

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: dinosaur literally means "terrible lizard",

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Dimetrodon,

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: dinosaur literally means "terrible lizard",

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: sprawling limb posture

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: etymological misnomer;

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: etymological misnomer;

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: dinosaurs,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: ectothermy

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: ectothermy

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: ectothermy

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: ectothermy

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: ectothermy

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: ectothermy

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: ectothermy

text: Like all Plasmodium species P. paranucleophilum has both vertebrate and insect hosts. The vertebrate hosts for this parasite are birds.

text: Like all Plasmodium species P. paranucleophilum has both

text: vertebrate

text: and

text: insect

text: hosts. The vertebrate hosts for this parasite are

text: bird

text: s.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: birds

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: Host

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The vertebral column of vertebrates is made of cartilage.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: softer

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: birds

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: birds are unable to reproduce.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: birds

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What does the adaptive immune system of vertebrates do?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: parasites

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: parasite

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: skeleton

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: insect hosts.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: vertebrate hosts for this parasite are birds.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrate and insect

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrate

text: The cephalopods have a non-inverted retina which is comparable in resolving power to the eyes of many vertebrates. Squid eyes do not have an analog of the vertebrate RPE. Although their photoreceptors contain a protein, retinochrome, that recycles retinal and replicates one of the functions of the vertebrate RPE, one could argue that the photoreceptor as a whole is not maintained as well overall in cephalopods as in vertebrates. As a result, the useful lifetime of photoreceptors in invertebrates is much shorter than in vertebrates.  A third possibility, of having easily replaced stalk-eyes (some lobsters) or retinae (some spiders, such as Deinopis) is rare.

text: The cephalopods have a non-inverted retina which is comparable in resolving power to the eyes of many vertebrates. Squid eyes do not have an analog of the vertebrate RPE. Although their photoreceptors contain a protein, retinochrome, that recycles retinal and replicates one of the functions of the vertebrate RPE, one could argue that the photoreceptor as a whole is not maintained as well overall in cephalopods as in vertebrates. As a result, the useful lifetime of photoreceptors in invertebrates is much shorter than in vertebrates.  A third possibility, of having easily replaced stalk-eyes (some lobsters) or retinae (some spiders, such as Deinopis) is rare.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: cephalopods

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: eight

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: RPE

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: Squid eyes do not have an analog of the vertebrate RPE

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: eyes

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrate RPE

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Squid

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Squid eyes do not have an analog of the vertebrate RPE

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: cephalopods

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Squid eyes

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: The adaptive immune system of vertebrates learns to recognize and attack specific pathogens

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: invertebrates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Deinopis

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: invertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: retinochrome

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: cephalopods

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: cephalopods

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: RPE.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The cephalopods have a non-inverted

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: stalk-eyes

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: RPE.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: shorter

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: replaced stalk-eyes

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: RPE.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: The cephalopods

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: easily replaced stalk-eyes

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: The cephalopods

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: The cephalopods

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: The cephalopods

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: The cephalopods

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: invertebrates

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: RPE,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Squid eyes

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: invertebrates is much shorter than in vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: invertebrates is much shorter than in vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: invertebrates

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: The cephalopods

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: retinochrome,

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: invertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: retinochrome,

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrates.

text: By the 18th century, references to fish were hard to find in the Fishmongers' Company Court minutes, since the Company's main business had evolved into managing its extensive properties and administering its charities and trusts, such as Gresham's School as well as St. Peter's Hospital and almshouses at Newington in Surrey.

text: By the 18th century, references to fish were hard to find in the Fishmongers' Company Court minutes, since the Company's main business had evolved into managing its extensive properties and administering its charities and trusts, such as

text: Gresham's School

text: as well as

text: St. Peter's Hospital

text: and

text: almshouse

text: s at

text: Newington

text: in Surrey.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: six

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: administering

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: fish were hard to find in the Fishmongers' Company Court

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: vertebrate reproduction is asexual

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How does the immune system of vertebrates work?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes are vertebrates placed in?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: fertilization

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Gresham's

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: asexual

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: St. Peter's Hospital

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: skeleton

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: fertilization

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: managing its extensive properties and administering its charities and trusts,

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: By the 18th century,

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: By the 18th century,

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: By the 18th century, references to fish

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: By the 18th century,

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: references to fish

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: By the 18th century,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: By the 18th century, references to fish

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: By the 18th century,

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: By the 18th century,

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: By the 18th century,

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: By the 18th century,

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: By the 18th century,

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: references to fish

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: By the 18th century,

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: By the 18th century,

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: By the 18th century,

text: A frog is any member of a diverse and largely carnivorous group of short-bodied, tailless amphibians composing the order Anura (Ancient Greek an-, without + oura, tail). The oldest fossil "proto-frog" appeared in the early Triassic of Madagascar, but molecular clock dating suggests their origins may extend further back to the Permian, 265 million years ago. Frogs are widely distributed, ranging from the tropics to subarctic regions, but the greatest concentration of species diversity is in tropical rainforests. There are approximately 4,800 recorded species, accounting for over 85% of extant amphibian species. They are also one of the five most diverse vertebrate orders.

text: A frog is any member of a diverse and largely

text: carnivorous

text: group of short-bodied, tailless

text: amphibian

text: s composing the

text: order

text: Anura (

text: Ancient Greek

text: an-, without + oura, tail). The

text: oldest fossil "proto-frog"

text: appeared in the

text: early Triassic

text: of

text: Madagascar

text: , but

text: molecular clock dating

text: suggests their origins may extend further back to the

text: Permian

text: , 265 million years ago. Frogs are widely distributed, ranging from the

text: tropics

text: to

text: subarctic

text: regions, but the greatest concentration of

text: species diversity

text: is in

text: tropical rainforest

text: s. There are approximately 4,800 recorded species, accounting for over 85% of extant amphibian species. They are also one of the five most diverse

text: vertebrate

text: orders.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: amphibians

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: five

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The oldest fossil "proto-frog" appeared in the early Triassic

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: tails

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: amphibians

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: carnivorous

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: What are the five most diverse vertebrates orders?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: amphibians

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Frogs are widely distributed, ranging from the tropics to subarctic regions

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: amphibians

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: How many most diverse vertebrates orders?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How does the immune system of vertebrates learn to recognize and attack specific pathogens?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Frogs

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: frogs

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: carnivor

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: frog

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: subarctic

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: Triassic

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: frog

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: five

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: carnivorous

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: tail).

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: five

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: tail).

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: carnivorous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: carnivorous

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: frog

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Permian,

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: molecular clock dating

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Permian,

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Permian,

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Triassic

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: 265 million years ago.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: one of the five most diverse vertebrate orders.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: frog

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: 4,800

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Permian,

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: frog

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: 4,800

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: 4,800

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: five most diverse vertebrate orders.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: frog

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: molecular clock dating

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: frog

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: carnivorous

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: frog

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: molecular clock

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: molecular clock dating

text: The cranial endoskeleton of T. roseae shares derived features with tetrapods. There was a loss of opercular and extrascapular elements, enhancing head mobility in T. roseae compared to other tetrapodomorph fish. The formation of the neck allowed for locomotion in shallow waters. This environment allows for less motility compared to the three-dimensional space that fish are able to orient themselves in. The body of the organism in these environments would be fixed in the shallow pools with appendages planted on a substrate.

text: The cranial endoskeleton of T. roseae shares derived features with tetrapods. There was a loss of opercular and extrascapular elements, enhancing head mobility in T. roseae compared to other tetrapodomorph fish. The formation of the neck allowed for locomotion in shallow waters. This environment allows for less motility compared to the three-dimensional space that fish are able to orient themselves in. The body of the organism in these environments would be fixed in the shallow pools with appendages planted on a substrate.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Tetrapodomorph

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: six

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: locomotion

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: head mobility in T. roseae compared to other tetrapodomorph fish

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: appendages

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: opercular and extrascapular

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: asexual

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: fish are able to orient themselves in

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the purpose of the kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Which of the following is not a tetrapodomorph?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: extrascapular

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: T. roseae

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: planted on a substrate

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: endoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: endoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: endoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Tetrapodomorph

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: tetrapodomorph fish.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: tetrapodomorph

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: locomotion

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: enhancing head mobility

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: opercular and extrascapular elements,

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: opercular and extrascapular elements,

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: enhancing head mobility

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: appendages planted on a substrate.

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: tetrapods.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: tetrapods.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: tetrapodomorph fish.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: shallow waters.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: endoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: tetrapodomorph fish.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: tetrapods.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: tetrapods.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: tetrapods.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: tetrapodomorph fish.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: tetrapods.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: enhancing head mobility

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: tetrapods.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: tetrapods.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: tetrapodomorph fish.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: extrascapular

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: endoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: cranial endoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: endoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: endoskeleton

text: The Bone Valley Formation includes a diverse assemblage of vertebrate fossils. These include remains sea turtles, equines, felines, peccaries, and others.

text: The Bone Valley Formation includes a diverse assemblage of vertebrate fossils. These include remains

text: sea turtle

text: s,

text: equine

text: s,

text: felines

text: peccaries

text: , and others.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: equines

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: six

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: spinal cord

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The vertebral column of vertebrates is made of bones.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: sea turtles and equines

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: sea turtles

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: The Bone Valley Formation includes remains of vertebrate fossils.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: sea turtles

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: None of the above choices

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: The adaptive immune system of vertebrates learns to recognize and attack specific pathogens.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class of vertebrates: equines, felines, or peccaries?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: peccaries

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: equines

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: sea turtles, equines, felines, peccaries,

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: sea turtles,

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: sea turtles,

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: equines, felines, peccaries,

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: sea turtles, equines, felines, peccaries,

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: The Bone Valley Formation

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: sea turtles, equines, felines, peccaries,

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: sea turtles,

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: vertebrate fossils.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: sea turtles,

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: sea turtles,

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: The Bone Valley Formation

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: The Bone Valley Formation

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: sea turtles, equines, felines, peccaries,

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: The Bone Valley Formation

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: The Bone Valley Formation

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: sea turtles,

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: The Bone Valley Formation

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: The Bone Valley Formation

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: vertebrate fossils.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: sea turtles, equines, felines, peccaries,

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: equines, felines, peccaries,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrate fossils.

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: peccaries,

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: sea turtles,

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrate fossils.

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrate fossils.

text: The organism's evolutionary placement and unique embryology with five-fold symmetry were the major arguments in the proposal to seek the sequencing of its genome. Importantly, urchins act as the closest living relative to chordates and thus may shed light on the evolution of vertebrates. The  genome of Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, was completed in 2006 and established homology between sea urchin and vertebrate immune system-related genes. Sea urchins code for at least 222 Toll-like receptor genes and over 200 genes related to the Nod-like-receptor family found in vertebrates. This increases its usefulness as a valuable model organism for studying the evolution of innate immunity. The sequencing also revealed that while some genes were thought to be limited to vertebrates, there were also innovations that have previously never been seen outside the chordate classification, such as immune transcription factors PU.1 and SPIB.

text: The organism's evolutionary placement and unique embryology with five-fold symmetry were the major arguments in the proposal to seek the sequencing of its genome. Importantly, urchins act as the closest living relative to chordates and thus may shed light on the evolution of

text: vertebrate

text: s. The

text: genome

text: of

text: Strongylocentrotus purpuratus

text: , was completed in 2006 and established homology between sea urchin and

text: vertebrate

text: immune system

text: -related genes. Sea urchins code for at least 222

text: Toll-like receptor

text: genes and over 200 genes related to the

text: Nod-like-receptor

text: family found in vertebrates. This increases its usefulness as a valuable model organism for studying the

text: evolution

text: of

text: innate immunity

text: . The sequencing also revealed that while some genes were thought to be limited to vertebrates, there were also innovations that have previously never been seen outside the chordate classification, such as immune transcription factors

text: and

text: SPIB

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: chordates

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: chordates

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: immune system

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: some genes were thought to be limited to vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: Nod-like receptor genes

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Nod-like-receptor family

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sex

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Nod-like-receptor family

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: chordates

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: some genes were thought to be limited to vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: chordates

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: It is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: None of the above choices are true

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: This increases its usefulness as a valuable model organism for studying the evolution of what?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: chordates

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are mentioned?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: embryology

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: evolution of innate immunity

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: chordates

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: chordates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: evolution of innate immunity

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: embryology

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: chordates

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: chordates

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: immune system-related

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: five-fold symmetry

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: five-fold symmetry

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Nod-like-receptor family

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: five-fold symmetry

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: embryology with five-fold symmetry

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: innate immunity.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: chordates

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: some genes were thought to be limited to vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: chordates

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: innovations that have previously never been seen outside the chordate classification,

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: chordates and thus may shed light on the evolution of vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: chordates and thus may shed light on the evolution of vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: urchins act as the closest living relative to chordates

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: chordates and thus may shed light on the evolution of vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: innate immunity.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: chordates and thus may shed light on the evolution of vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: chordates and thus may shed light on the evolution of vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: chordates

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: chordates

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: chordates

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: embryology

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: innate immunity.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: five-fold symmetry

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: chordates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: innate immunity.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: chordates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: embryology with five-fold symmetry

text: The rib cage is an arrangement of bones in the thorax of all vertebrates except the lamprey and the frog. It is formed by the vertebral column, ribs, and sternum and encloses the heart and lungs. In humans, the rib cage, also known as the thoracic cage, is a bony and cartilaginous structure which surrounds the thoracic cavity and supports the pectoral girdle (shoulder girdle), forming a core portion of the human skeleton. A typical human rib cage consists of 24 ribs, the sternum (with xiphoid process), costal cartilages, and the 12 thoracic vertebrae. Together with the skin and associated fascia and muscles,  the rib cage makes up the thoracic wall and provides attachments for the muscles of the neck, thorax, upper abdomen, and back.

text: The rib cage is an arrangement of

text: bone

text: s in the

text: thorax

text: of all

text: vertebrate

text: s except the

text: lamprey

text: and the

text: frog

text: . It is formed by the

text: vertebral column

text: rib

text: s, and

text: sternum

text: and encloses the

text: heart

text: and

text: lung

text: s. In humans, the rib cage, also known as the thoracic cage, is a bony and

text: cartilaginous

text: structure which surrounds the

text: thoracic cavity

text: and supports the

text: pectoral girdle

text: (shoulder girdle), forming a core portion of the

text: human skeleton

text: . A typical human rib cage consists of 24 ribs, the sternum (with

text: xiphoid process

text: costal cartilage

text: s, and the 12

text: thoracic vertebra

text: e. Together with the

text: skin

text: and associated

text: fascia

text: and

text: muscle

text: s,  the rib cage makes up the

text: thoracic wall

text: and provides attachments for the muscles of the neck, thorax, upper abdomen, and back.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: lamprey and the frog

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: heart and lungs

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: lamprey and the frog

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: thoracic vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebral column, ribs, and sternum

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: glands that secrete hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: lamprey

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: lamprey and the frog

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Which came first, birds or mammals?

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes are vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Which of the following is not true?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: frog

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: fascia and muscles

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: thoracic cavity

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: lamprey and the frog.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: lamprey and the frog.

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: encloses the heart and lungs.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: the lamprey and the frog.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: 24 ribs,

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebral column, ribs, and sternum

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: bony

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: vertebrates except the lamprey and the frog.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: lamprey and the frog.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: the lamprey and the frog.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: lamprey and the frog.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: the lamprey and the frog.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: vertebrates except the lamprey and the frog.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: the lamprey and the frog.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: the lamprey and the frog.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: vertebrates except the lamprey and the frog.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: vertebrates except the lamprey and the frog.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: the lamprey and the frog.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: vertebrates except the lamprey and the frog.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: lamprey and the frog.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: the lamprey and the frog.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: lamprey and the frog.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: The rib cage is an arrangement of bones in the thorax

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: lamprey and the frog.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: rib cage

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: muscles,

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebral column,

text: Humans and some other mammals have evolved trichromacy based partly on pigments inherited from early vertebrates. In fish and birds, for example, four pigments are used for vision. These extra cone receptor visual pigments detect energy of other wavelengths, including sometimes ultraviolet. Eventually two of these pigments were lost (in placental mammals) and another was gained, resulting in trichromacy among some primates. Humans and closely related primates are usually trichromats, as are some of the females of most species of New World monkeys, and both male and female howler monkeys.

text: Humans and some other mammals have evolved trichromacy based partly on pigments inherited from early vertebrates. In fish and birds, for example, four pigments are used for vision. These extra cone receptor visual pigments detect energy of other wavelengths, including sometimes ultraviolet. Eventually two of these pigments were lost (in placental mammals) and another was gained, resulting in trichromacy among some primates.

text: Human

text: s and

text: closely related primates

text: are usually trichromats, as are some of the females of most species of

text: New World monkey

text: s, and both male and female

text: howler monkey

text: s.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: fish and birds

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: pigments

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: pigments inherited from early vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: pigments

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: pigments

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: placental

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: pigments

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: placental mammals

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: fish and birds

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Howler monkeys

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many pigments are used for vision in fish and birds?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: placental

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: trichromacy

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: placental

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: placental

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: placental

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: placenta

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: placental

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: fish and birds,

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: four

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: pigments

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: pigments inherited from early vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: extra cone receptor visual pigments

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: pigments

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: pigments inherited from early vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: placental

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: pigments

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: fish and birds,

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: placental mammals)

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: fish and birds,

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: fish and birds,

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: trichromacy

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: pigments inherited from early vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: trichromats,

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: pigments inherited from early vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: pigments inherited from early vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: four pigments are used for vision.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: birds,

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: pigments inherited from early vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: four

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: both male and female howler monkeys.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: placental

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: trichromacy

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: trichromacy

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: trichromacy

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: trichromacy

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: placental

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: placental

text: Shark skeletons are very different from those of bony fish and terrestrial vertebrates. Sharks and other cartilaginous fish (skates and rays) have skeletons made of cartilage and connective tissue. Cartilage is flexible and durable, yet is about half the normal density of bone. This reduces the skeleton's weight, saving energy. Because sharks do not have rib cages, they can easily be crushed under their own weight on land.

text: Shark skeletons are very different from those of

text: bony fish

text: and

text: terrestrial vertebrates

text: . Sharks and other

text: cartilaginous fish

text: skate

text: s and

text: rays

text: ) have skeletons made of

text: cartilage

text: and

text: connective tissue

text: . Cartilage is flexible and durable, yet is about half the normal density of bone. This reduces the skeleton's weight, saving energy. Because sharks do not have rib cages, they can easily be crushed under their own weight on land.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: sharks and other cartilaginous fish

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: four

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: rib cage

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: sharks do not have rib cages

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: rib cages

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: cartilage and connective tissue

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: about half the normal density

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Which of the following is not a vertebrate?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: sharks

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: sharks have rib cages

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Which is not true?

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Which of the following is not a vertebrate: sharks, rays or vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Which of the following is not a vertebrate: sharks, rays, or bony fish?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Which of the following is not a type of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Which of the following is not a vertebrate?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: rib cage

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: rib cages

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: terrestrial

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: bony fish

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: rib cages,

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: rib cages,

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: rib cages,

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: rib cages,

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: density

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: terrestrial vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: terrestrial vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: bony fish

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: terrestrial vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: cartilaginous fish

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Shark skeletons are very different from those of bony fish

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: terrestrial vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: cartilaginous fish

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: terrestrial vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: terrestrial vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: terrestrial vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: cartilaginous fish

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Shark skeletons are very different from those of bony fish

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Cartilage

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: terrestrial vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: bony fish and terrestrial vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: terrestrial vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: energy.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: rib cages,

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: Cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: cartilage and connective tissue.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: bone.

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrates.

text: Reproduction in snakes is almost exclusively sexual. Males ordinarily have a ZZ pair of sex determining chromosomes and females a ZW pair.  However, it was recently shown that E. maurus is capable of reproducing by facultative parthenogenesis resulting in production of WW female progeny.  The WW females were likely produced by terminal automixis (see diagram), a type of parthenogenesis in which two terminal haploid products of meiosis fuse to form a zygote, which then develops into a daughter progeny.  This is only the third genetically confirmed case of consecutive virgin births of viable offspring from a single female within any vertebrate lineage.

text: Reproduction in snakes is almost exclusively sexual. Males ordinarily have a ZZ pair of sex determining chromosomes and females a ZW pair.  However, it was recently shown that E. maurus is capable of reproducing by facultative

text: parthenogenesis

text: resulting in production of WW female progeny.  The WW females were likely produced by terminal automixis (see diagram), a type of parthenogenesis in which two terminal haploid products of meiosis fuse to form a zygote, which then develops into a daughter progeny.  This is only the third genetically confirmed case of consecutive virgin births of viable offspring from a single female within any vertebrate lineage.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: E. maurus

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: reproduction

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The WW females were likely produced by facultative parthenogenesis

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: chromosomes

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: a ZZ pair of sex determining chromosome

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: glands that secrete hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: snakes

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: consecutive virgin births of viable offspring from a single female

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What does the adaptive immune system of vertebrates learn to recognize and attack?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Males ordinarily have a ZZ pair

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: parthenogenesis

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: automixis

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: sexual

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: maurus

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: automixis

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: meiosis

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: snakes

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: third

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: sex determining chromosomes

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: consecutive virgin births of viable offspring from a single female

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: ZZ pair of sex determining chromosomes

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: two terminal haploid

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: ZZ pair of sex determining chromosomes

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual.

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: sex determining chromosomes

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: snakes

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: consecutive virgin births of viable offspring from a single female

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: snakes

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: third

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: ZZ pair of sex determining chromosomes

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: snakes

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: vertebrate lineage.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: vertebrate lineage.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: vertebrate lineage.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: ZZ pair of sex determining chromosomes

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: snakes

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: E. maurus

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: third

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: ZZ

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Males ordinarily have a ZZ

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: parthenogenesis

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: automixis

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: sexual.

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: snakes

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: terminal automixis

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: meiosis fuse to form a zygote,

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: meiosis

text: Like vertebrates, most invertebrates reproduce at least partly through sexual reproduction. They produce specialized reproductive cells that undergo meiosis to produce smaller, motile spermatozoa or larger, non-motile ova. These fuse to form zygotes, which develop into new individuals. Others are capable of asexual reproduction, or sometimes, both methods of reproduction.

text: Like vertebrates, most invertebrates reproduce at least partly through

text: sexual reproduction

text: . They produce specialized

text: reproductive cells

text: that undergo

text: meiosis

text: to produce smaller, motile

text: spermatozoa

text: or larger, non-motile

text: ova

text: . These fuse to form

text: zygote

text: s, which develop into new individuals. Others are capable of asexual reproduction, or sometimes, both methods of reproduction.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: invertebrates

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: eight

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: most invertebrates reproduce at least partly through sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: chromosomes

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: specialized reproductive cells

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: softer

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: asexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: invertebrates

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: most invertebrates reproduce at least partly through asexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: invertebrates

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How does the adaptive immune system of vertebrates work?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: meiosis

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: invertebrates

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: invertebrates

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: meiosis

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: invertebrates reproduce at least partly through sexual reproduction.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: invertebrates

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: sexual reproduction.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: invertebrates reproduce at least partly through sexual reproduction.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: spermatozoa

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: specialized reproductive cells

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: sexual reproduction.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction.

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: ova.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: invertebrates reproduce at least partly through sexual reproduction.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: sexual reproduction.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: invertebrates reproduce at least partly through sexual reproduction.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: invertebrates reproduce at least partly through sexual reproduction.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: invertebrates reproduce at least partly through sexual reproduction.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: invertebrates reproduce at least partly through sexual reproduction.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: invertebrates reproduce at least partly through sexual reproduction.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: invertebrates reproduce at least partly through sexual reproduction.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: invertebrates reproduce at least partly through sexual reproduction.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: invertebrates reproduce at least partly through sexual reproduction.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: invertebrates

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: invertebrates reproduce at least partly through sexual reproduction.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: invertebrates reproduce at least partly through sexual reproduction.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: invertebrates reproduce at least partly through sexual reproduction.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: most invertebrates reproduce at least partly through sexual reproduction.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: meiosis

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: invertebrates

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: sexual

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: invertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: specialized reproductive cells

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: meiosis

text: Somites are bilaterally paired blocks of paraxial mesoderm that form along the head-to-tail axis of the developing embryo in segmented animals. In vertebrates, somites subdivide into the sclerotomes, myotomes and dermatomes that give rise to the vertebrae of the vertebral column, rib cage, and part of the occipital bone; skeletal muscle, cartilage, tendons, and skin (of the back).

text: Somites are bilaterally paired blocks of

text: paraxial mesoderm

text: that form along the head-to-tail axis of the developing embryo in

text: segmented

text: animals. In

text: vertebrate

text: s, somites subdivide into the sclerotomes, myotomes and dermatomes that give rise to the

text: vertebrae

text: of the

text: vertebral column

text: rib cage

text: , and part of the

text: occipital bone

text: skeletal muscle

text: cartilage

text: tendon

text: s, and

text: skin

text: (of the back).

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: vertebral column, rib cage

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: skeletal muscle

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: the vertebrae of the vertebral column, rib cage

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: skeletal muscle, cartilage, tendons, and skin

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: somites

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: sclerotomes

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: somites

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: somites are bilaterally paired blocks of paraxial mesoderm

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: somites

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: somites

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Myotomes

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: somites

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: dermatomes

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: somites

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: sclerotomes, myotomes and dermatomes

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: sclerotomes, myotomes and dermatomes

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: skeletal muscle,

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: the vertebrae of the vertebral column,

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: sclerotomes, myotomes and dermatomes

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: sclerotomes, myotomes and dermatomes

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: skeletal muscle,

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: segmented

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: skeletal muscle, cartilage, tendons, and skin

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: segmented animals.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: segmented animals.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: segmented animals.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Somites

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Somites

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Somites

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: vertebral column,

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: In vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: skeletal muscle, cartilage,

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Somites

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: cartilage,

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: vertebrae of the vertebral column,

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: skeletal muscle, cartilage, tendons, and skin

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: segmented animals.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: Somites

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: Somites

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage,

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: skeletal muscle, cartilage, tendons, and skin

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: cartilage,

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Somites

text: New phylogenomic analysis shows urochordates, rather than cephalochordates, as the sister group to vertebrates. All OR genes were lost in the lineage of urochordata because of the absence of any vertebrate-type OR-like genes. The loss of vertebrate type OR-genes therefore suggests that they may have been lost in the urochodates genomes (lost genes conserved between amphioxus and vertebrates).

text: New phylogenomic analysis shows

text: urochordates

text: , rather than

text: cephalochordate

text: s, as the sister group to vertebrates. All OR genes were lost in the lineage of urochordata because of the absence of any vertebrate-type OR-like genes. The loss of vertebrate type OR-genes therefore suggests that they may have been lost in the urochodates genomes (lost genes conserved between

text: amphioxus

text: and vertebrates).

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: cephalochordates

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: cephalochordates

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: OR genes

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: cephalochordates

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: cephalochordates

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: cephalochordates

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: cephalochordates

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: What did vertebrates evolve before cephalochordates?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: The loss of vertebrate type OR-genes therefore suggests that they may have been lost in the urochodates genomes

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class: cephalochordates, urochordates, or amphioxus?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: How many sexes do vertebrates have?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: amphioxus

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: cephalochordates

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: urochordata

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: amphioxus

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: cephalochordate

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: urochordates, rather than cephalochordates,

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: urochordates,

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: vertebrate-type OR-like genes.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: cephalochordates,

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: OR genes

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: urochordates,

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: OR genes

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: cephalochordates,

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: cephalochordates,

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: cephalochordates,

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: urochordates,

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: urochordates,

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: urochordates,

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: urochordates,

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: urochordates,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: urochordates,

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: urochordates,

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: urochordates,

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: urochordates,

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: urochordates,

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: urochordates,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: vertebrate-type OR-like genes.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: cephalochordates,

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrates.

text: Even the groups that survived suffered extremely heavy losses of species, and some terrestrial vertebrate groups very nearly became extinct at the end-Permian. Some of the surviving groups did not persist for long past this period, while others that barely survived went on to produce diverse and long-lasting lineages. Yet it took 30million years for the terrestrial vertebrate fauna to fully recover both numerically and ecologically.

text: Even the groups that survived suffered extremely heavy losses of species, and some terrestrial vertebrate groups very nearly became extinct at the end-Permian. Some of the surviving groups did not persist for long past this period, while others that barely survived went on to produce diverse and long-lasting lineages. Yet it took 30million years for the terrestrial vertebrate fauna to fully recover both numerically and ecologically.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: terrestrial

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: nine

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: long-lasting lineages

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: it took 30million years for the terrestrial vertebrate fauna to fully recover

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: lineages

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: long-lasting

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: asexual

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: terrestrial

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: it took 30million years for the terrestrial vertebrate fauna to fully recover

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How does the adaptive immune system of vertebrates work?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are mentioned?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Permian

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: terrestrial vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Permian

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: fertilization

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: terrestrial

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: terrestrial

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: produce diverse and long-lasting lineages.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: extinct

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: diverse and long-lasting lineages.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: diverse and long-lasting lineages.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: long-lasting

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: produce diverse and long-lasting lineages.

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: species,

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: terrestrial

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: others that barely survived went on to produce diverse and long-lasting lineages.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: terrestrial

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: end-Permian.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: end-Permian.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: end-Permian.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: terrestrial vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: end-Permian.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: some terrestrial vertebrate groups very nearly became extinct

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: end-Permian.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: end-Permian.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Even the groups that survived suffered extremely heavy losses of species,

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: 30million years

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: diverse and long-lasting lineages.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: some terrestrial vertebrate groups very nearly became extinct

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: end-Permian.

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: terrestrial vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: diverse and long-lasting lineages.

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: diverse and long-lasting lineages.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: end-Permian.

text: For example, the basal ganglia (structures derived from the floor of the forebrain and making up MacLean's reptilian complex) were shown to take up a much smaller portion of the forebrains of reptiles and birds (together called sauropsids) than previously supposed, and to exist in amphibians and fish as well as mammals and sauropsids. Because the basal ganglia are found in the forebrains of all modern vertebrates, they most likely date to the common evolutionary ancestor of the vertebrates, more than 500 million years ago, rather than to the origin of reptiles.

text: For example, the basal ganglia (structures derived from the floor of the forebrain and making up MacLean's reptilian complex) were shown to take up a much smaller portion of the forebrains of reptiles and birds (together called

text: sauropsids

text: ) than previously supposed, and to exist in

text: amphibians

text: and

text: fish

text: as well as

text: mammals

text: and sauropsids. Because the basal ganglia are found in the forebrains of all modern vertebrates, they most likely date to the common evolutionary ancestor of the vertebrates, more than 500 million years ago, rather than to the origin of reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: reptiles and birds

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: three

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: forebrain

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: basal ganglia are found in the forebrains of all modern vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: forebrains

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: basal ganglia

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: reptiles

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: basal ganglia are found in the forebrains of all modern vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: reptiles

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: basal ganglia

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: amphibians

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: basal ganglia

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: ganglia

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: basal ganglia

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: ganglia

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: mammals and sauropsids.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: floor of the forebrain

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: origin of reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: basal ganglia

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: basal ganglia

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: the basal ganglia

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: basal ganglia

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: the basal ganglia

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: origin of reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: amphibians

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: the basal ganglia

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: modern vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: basal ganglia

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: basal ganglia

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: basal ganglia

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: birds

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: basal ganglia

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: 500

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: mammals and sauropsids.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: reptiles

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: basal ganglia

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: basal ganglia

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: basal ganglia

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: basal ganglia

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: basal ganglia

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: basal ganglia

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: basal ganglia

text: Initial facial changes usually involve the area of the face covered by the temporal or buccinator muscles. The disease progressively spreads from the initial location, resulting in atrophy of the skin and its adnexa, as well as underlying subcutaneous structures such as connective tissue, (fat, fascia, cartilage, bones) and/or muscles of one side of the face. The mouth and nose are typically deviated towards the affected side of the face.

text: Initial facial changes usually involve the area of the face covered by the

text: temporal

text: or

text: buccinator muscle

text: s. The disease progressively spreads from the initial location, resulting in atrophy of the skin and its

text: adnexa

text: , as well as underlying subcutaneous structures such as

text: connective tissue

text: fat

text: fascia

text: cartilage

text: bones

text: ) and/or

text: muscles

text: of one side of the face. The mouth and nose are typically deviated towards the affected side of the face.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Bones

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: six

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: bones

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: the vertebral column of vertebrates is made of bones

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: adnexa

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: bones

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: subcutaneous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Vertebrate reproduction is asexual.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which of the following is not a vertebrate?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: None of the above choices

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: fertilization

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: buccinator muscles

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: buccinator

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: fascia

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: connective tissue

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: bones

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: fertilization

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: temporal or buccinator muscles.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: temporal or buccinator muscles.

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: bones)

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: temporal or buccinator muscles.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: The mouth and nose

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: bones)

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: bones)

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: temporal or buccinator muscles.

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: (fat,

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: temporal or buccinator muscles.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: The disease progressively spreads from the initial location,

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: temporal or buccinator muscles.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: muscles.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: temporal or buccinator muscles.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: temporal or buccinator muscles.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: bones)

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: temporal or buccinator muscles.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: underlying subcutaneous structures

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: underlying subcutaneous structures such as connective tissue,

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: muscles.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: cartilage,

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: bones)

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: (fat, fascia, cartilage, bones)

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Initial facial changes

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: connective tissue,

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: muscles.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: adnexa,

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: (fat, fascia, cartilage, bones)

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: connective tissue,

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: bones)

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: (fat, fascia, cartilage,

text: In the clade of vertebrates, legs are an advanced trait since it is a feature that appears in the clade. However, in the clade of tetrapods, legs are primitive since they were inherited from a common ancestor.

text: In the

text: clade

text: of vertebrates, legs are an advanced trait since it is a feature that appears in the clade. However, in the clade of tetrapods, legs are primitive since they were inherited from a common ancestor.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: six

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: legs

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: Legs are primitive in tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: legs

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: legs

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: inherited

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: legs are primitive since they were inherited from a common ancestor

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: legs are primitive

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How does the adaptive immune system of vertebrates work?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: legs

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: how many classes of vertebrates are there

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: Tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: legs

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: tetrapods,

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: legs

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: legs are primitive

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: legs

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: legs

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: advanced

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: inherited from a common ancestor.

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: legs

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: tetrapods,

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: legs are an advanced trait

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: tetrapods,

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: legs

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: legs

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: tetrapods,

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: tetrapods,

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: legs are an advanced trait

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: legs are primitive since they were inherited from a common ancestor.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: tetrapods,

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: legs are an advanced trait

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: tetrapods,

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: tetrapods,

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: In the clade of vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: legs

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: legs

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: inherited from a common ancestor.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrates,

text: The arrangement in lampreys, which are among the most primitive of all fish, may indicate how the pituitary originally evolved in ancestral vertebrates. Here, the posterior pituitary is a simple flat sheet of tissue at the base of the brain, and there is no pituitary stalk. Rathke's pouch remains open to the outside, close to the nasal openings. Closely associated with the pouch are three distinct clusters of glandular tissue, corresponding to the intermediate lobe, and the rostral and proximal portions of the anterior pituitary. These various parts are separated by meningial membranes, suggesting that the pituitary of other vertebrates may have formed from the fusion of a pair of separate, but associated, glands.

text: The arrangement in

text: lamprey

text: s, which are among the most primitive of all fish, may indicate how the pituitary originally evolved in ancestral vertebrates. Here, the posterior pituitary is a simple flat sheet of tissue at the base of the brain, and there is no pituitary stalk. Rathke's pouch remains open to the outside, close to the nasal openings. Closely associated with the pouch are three distinct clusters of glandular tissue, corresponding to the intermediate lobe, and the rostral and proximal portions of the anterior pituitary. These various parts are separated by

text: meningial

text: membranes, suggesting that the pituitary of other vertebrates may have formed from the fusion of a pair of separate, but associated, glands.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: four

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: base of the brain

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: there is no pituitary stalk

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: glands

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: meningial membranes

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: fusion

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Pituitary

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: fusion of a pair of separate, but associated, glands.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: lamprey

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many different classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: Rathke

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Rathke's pouch

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: Rathke's pouch

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: glandular tissue

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: pituitary

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: meningial membranes

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Rathke

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: lampreys,

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: lampreys,

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: base of the brain,

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: pituitary stalk.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: pair

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: meningial membranes,

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: tissue

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: fusion

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: pituitary

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: lampreys,

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: pituitary stalk.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: lampreys,

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: lampreys,

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: lampreys,

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: lampreys,

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: fish,

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: pituitary originally evolved in ancestral vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: meningial membranes,

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: lampreys,

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: lampreys,

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: The arrangement in lampreys,

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: lampreys,

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: three distinct clusters of glandular tissue,

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: lampreys,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: Rathke's pouch

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: lampreys,

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: fusion

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: meningial membranes,

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: pituitary

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: meningial membranes,

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Rathke's pouch

text: In chiropractic, vertebral subluxation is a supposed misalignment of the spinal column leading to a set of signs and symptoms sometimes termed vertebral subluxation complex. It has no biomedical basis and is categorized as pseudoscientific by leading authorities. Traditionally, the "specific focus of chiropractic practice" is the chiropractic subluxation and historical chiropractic practice assumes that a vertebral subluxation or spinal joint dysfunction interferes with the body's function and its innate intelligence, as promulgated by D. D. Palmer, the inventor of chiropractic.

text: In

text: chiropractic

text: , vertebral subluxation is a supposed misalignment of the spinal column leading to a set of

text: signs and symptoms

text: sometimes termed vertebral subluxation complex. It has no

text: biomedical

text: basis and is categorized as

text: pseudoscientific

text: by leading authorities. Traditionally, the "specific focus of chiropractic practice" is the chiropractic subluxation and historical chiropractic practice assumes that a vertebral subluxation or

text: spinal joint

text: dysfunction interferes with the body's function and its

text: innate intelligence

text: , as promulgated by

text: D. D. Palmer

text: , the inventor of chiropractic.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: one

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: its innate intelligence

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: vertebral subluxation is a supposed misalignment

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: spinal column

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: spinal column

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: softer

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: What do vertebrates have?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: vertebral subluxation complex

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: How many vertebrates evolved endothermy before they evolved ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: vertebral subluxation

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: None of the above choices are true

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: How many years before birds evolved?

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: It has no biomedical basis

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are living species of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: innate intelligence

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: asexual

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: innate intelligence

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebral

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebral

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: spinal column

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: vertebral subluxation

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: innate intelligence,

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: vertebral subluxation is a supposed misalignment

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: spinal joint

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: spinal column

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebral subluxation

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: vertebral subluxation

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: vertebral subluxation

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: D. D. Palmer,

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: vertebral subluxation complex. It has no biomedical basis

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: vertebral subluxation

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: vertebral subluxation

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: vertebral subluxation

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: vertebral subluxation

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: vertebral subluxation

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: vertebral subluxation

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: vertebral subluxation

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: vertebral subluxation

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: vertebral subluxation

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: vertebral subluxation

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: vertebral subluxation

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: vertebral subluxation

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: vertebral subluxation

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebral subluxation

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: innate intelligence,

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebral subluxation

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: spinal column

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: biomedical basis

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: spinal column

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: biomedical

text: Placodermi (from the Greek πλάξ = plate and δέρμα = skin, literally "plate-skinned") is an extinct class of armoured prehistoric fish, known from fossils, which lived from the Silurian to the end of the Devonian Period. Their head and thorax were covered by articulated armoured plates and the rest of the body was scaled or naked, depending on the species. Placoderms were among the first jawed fish; their jaws likely evolved from the first of their gill arches. Placoderms are paraphyletic, and consist of several distinct outgroups or sister taxa to all living jawed vertebrates, which originated among their ranks. This is illustrated by a 419-million-year-old fossil, Entelognathus, from China, which is the only known placoderm with a type of bony jaw like that found in modern bony fishes. This includes a dentary bone, which is found in humans and other tetrapods,. The jaws in other placoderms were simplified and consisted of a single bone. Placoderms were also the first fish to develop pelvic fins, the precursor to hindlimbs in tetrapods, as well as true teeth. 380-million-year-old fossils of three other genera, Incistoscutum, Materpiscis and Austroptyctodus,  represent the oldest known examples of live birth.

text: Placodermi (from the Greek πλάξ = plate and δέρμα = skin, literally "

text: plate

text: -skinned") is an

text: extinct

text: class

text: of armoured

text: prehistoric fish

text: , known from

text: fossil

text: s, which lived from the

text: Silurian

text: to the end of the

text: Devonian

text: Period. Their

text: head

text: and

text: thorax

text: were covered by articulated armoured plates and the rest of the body was

text: scaled

text: or naked, depending on the

text: species

text: . Placoderms were among the first

text: jawed fish

text: ; their

text: jaws

text: likely evolved from the first of their

text: gill arch

text: es. Placoderms are

text: paraphyletic

text: , and consist of several distinct

text: outgroups

text: or

text: sister taxa

text: to all living jawed

text: vertebrate

text: s, which originated among their ranks. This is illustrated by a 419-million-year-old fossil,

text: Entelognathus

text: , from

text: China

text: , which is the only known placoderm with a type of

text: bony

text: jaw like that found in modern

text: bony fishes

text: . This includes a

text: dentary bone

text: , which is found in humans and other

text: tetrapod

text: s,. The jaws in other placoderms were simplified and consisted of a single

text: bone

text: . Placoderms were also the first fish to develop

text: pelvic fin

text: s, the precursor to

text: hindlimb

text: s in tetrapods, as well as true

text: teeth

text: . 380-million-year-old fossils of three other genera, Incistoscutum, Materpiscis and

text: Austroptyctodus

text: ,  represent the oldest known examples of

text: live birth

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Placoderms are sister taxa to all living what?

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: four

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: gill arch

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: Placoderms are paraphyletic

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: gill arches

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: a dentary bone

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: Bone is

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: live birth

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Which of the following is not a type of bony jaw like that found in modern bony fishes?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Placoderms

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Placoderms are paraphyletic

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Placoderms

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many different classes are vertebrates placed in?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: live birth

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: dentary bone

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: skin

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: dentary bone

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: dentary

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: live birth

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: living jawed vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: jawed vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: gill arches.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: a single bone.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: single bone.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: a dentary bone,

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: bone,

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: dentary bone,

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Placoderms were among the first jawed fish;

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: live birth.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Placoderms were among the first jawed fish;

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: gill arches.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: gill arches.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Placoderms were among the first jawed fish;

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: living jawed vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: gill arches.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Placodermi

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: bony jaw like that found in modern bony fishes.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Placodermi

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: bony jaw like that found in modern bony fishes.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: jawed vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: jawed vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: modern bony fishes.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: live birth.

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: dentary bone,

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: skin,

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: dentary bone,

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: live birth.

text: Alfred Sherwood Romer (December 28, 1894 – November 5, 1973) was an American paleontologist and biologist and a specialist in vertebrate evolution.

text: Alfred Sherwood Romer (December 28, 1894 – November 5, 1973) was an American

text: paleontologist

text: and

text: biologist

text: and a specialist in

text: vertebrate

text: evolution

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: amphibians

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: six

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: skeletal support

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The vertebral column of vertebrates is made of bone.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: digits

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: amphibians

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Vertebrate reproduction is asexual.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Alfred Sherwood Romer

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Alfred Sherwood Romer

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Alfred Sherwood Romer

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: Alfred Sherwood Romer

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Alfred Sherwood Romer

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Alfred Sherwood Romer

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Romer

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Romer

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: The answer: more than a million.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Alfred Sherwood Romer

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: monogamous

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: muscle

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Alfred Sherwood Romer

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Alfred Sherwood Romer

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: Alfred Sherwood Romer (December 28, 1894

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: evolution.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: evolution.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: Alfred Sherwood Romer

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Alfred Sherwood Romer

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Alfred Sherwood Romer

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Alfred Sherwood Romer

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: vertebrate evolution.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Alfred Sherwood Romer

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Alfred Sherwood Romer

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Alfred Sherwood Romer

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Alfred Sherwood Romer

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: Alfred Sherwood Romer

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Alfred Sherwood Romer

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Alfred Sherwood Romer

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Alfred Sherwood Romer

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Alfred Sherwood Romer

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Alfred Sherwood Romer

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: Alfred Sherwood Romer

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Alfred Sherwood Romer

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Alfred Sherwood Romer

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrate evolution.

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: vertebrate evolution.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: vertebrate evolution.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrate evolution.

text: Vertebrate is closely related to the word vertebra, which refers to any of the bones or segments of the spinal column.

text: Vertebrate is closely related to the word

text: vertebra

text: , which refers to any of the bones or segments of the

text: spinal column

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: five

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: spinal

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The vertebral column of vertebrates does not have any segments.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: softer

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Vertebrate reproduction is asexual.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: echinoderms

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How does the immune system of vertebrates work?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: any of the bones or segments of the spinal column.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: bones

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: spinal column.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: any of the bones or segments of the spinal column.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: bones or segments of the spinal column.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: bones or segments of the spinal column.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: bones or segments of the spinal column.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: Vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: bones or segments of the spinal column.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: bones or segments of the spinal column.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: bones or segments of the spinal column.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: bones or segments of the spinal column.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: any of the bones or segments of the spinal column.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Vertebrate is closely related to the word vertebra,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: Vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: bones or segments of the spinal column.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: Vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: Vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: Vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: bones

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Vertebrate

text: Prothero’s work on documenting evolutionary history of fossil vertebrates was cited by Richard Dawkins in his book The Greatest Show on Earth: the Evidence of Evolution. Skeptic Society founder Michael Shermer called Prothero's 2007 book, Evolution: What the Fossils Say And Why It Matters,  "the best book ever produced on the subject."

text: Prothero’s work on documenting evolutionary history of fossil vertebrates was cited by

text: Richard Dawkins

text: in his book The Greatest Show on Earth: the Evidence of Evolution. Skeptic Society founder

text: Michael Shermer

text: called Prothero's 2007 book, Evolution: What the Fossils Say And Why It Matters,  "the best book ever produced on the subject."

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: fossil vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: six

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: evolution

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: the vertebral column of vertebrates does not exist

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: fossil

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: the best book ever produced on the subject."

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: fossil

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Michael Shermer

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: The adaptive immune system of vertebrates learns to recognize and attack specific pathogens

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: evolution

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: evolution

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: fossil vertebrates was cited by Richard Dawkins

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: vertebrates was cited by Richard Dawkins

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: evolutionary history

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: evolutionary history of fossil vertebrates was cited by Richard Dawkins

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrates was cited by Richard Dawkins

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: fossil vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: Evolution.

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Evolution.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: fossil vertebrates was cited by Richard Dawkins

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: evolutionary history of fossil vertebrates was cited by Richard Dawkins

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: fossil vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Richard Dawkins

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Richard Dawkins

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Prothero’s

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: vertebrates was cited by Richard Dawkins

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: The Greatest Show on Earth: the Evidence of Evolution.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: vertebrates was cited by Richard Dawkins

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: vertebrates was cited by Richard Dawkins

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Evolution.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: fossil vertebrates was cited by Richard Dawkins

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: fossil vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: fossil vertebrates was cited by Richard Dawkins

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Evolution.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Evolution.

text: Mfge8 is secreted protein found in vertebrates, including mammals as well as birds.

text: Mfge8 is secreted protein found in vertebrates, including mammals as well as birds.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: mammals

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The vertebral column of vertebrates is made of bones.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: cell membranes

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Mfge8

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: softer

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: proteins

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: mammals

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: mfge8 is a protein found in birds.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: birds

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Mfge8 is a secreted protein

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: sperm

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: mfge8

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: secretion

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Mfge8

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: mammals as well as birds.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: secreted protein

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: Mfge8

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: Mfge8

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Mfge8

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: Mfge8 is secreted protein found in vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: secreted

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Mfge8 is secreted protein

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Mfge8 is secreted protein found in vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Mfge8

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Mfge8

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Mfge8

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: mammals as well as birds.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Mfge8

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Mfge8

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Mfge8

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Mfge8

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Mfge8

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: mammals as well as birds.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Mfge8

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Mfge8

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: Mfge8

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Mfge8

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: Mfge8

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: mammals

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Mfge8

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Mfge8

text: Recent work has identified mutations in the hedgehog acyltransferase (HHAT) gene that have caused acrania along with holoprosencephaly and agnathia. The mutation in  which causes this disease is a loss-of-function mutation. Before this discovery in 2010, HHAT was known to play a role in the Sonic Hedgehog Pathway. When HHAT contains a loss-of-function mutation, less HHAT protein is produced.  is necessary for the production of Hedgehog () proteins post-transcriptionally. As HHAT production decreases, production of long-range Hh proteins decreases proportionally. Decreases in Hh| production disturb the production of extracellular signal-regulated kinases, bone morphogenetic proteins, and fibroblast growth factors, all of which play important roles in craniofacial patterning. Disruption of these pathways leads to abnormal bone and cartilage formation causing acrania and multiple other craniofacial patterning problems.

text: Recent work has identified mutations in the

text: hedgehog acyltransferase

text: (HHAT) gene that have caused acrania along with

text: holoprosencephaly

text: and

text: agnathia

text: . The mutation in

text: which causes this disease is a loss-of-function mutation. Before this discovery in 2010, HHAT was known to play a role in the

text: Sonic Hedgehog Pathway

text: . When HHAT contains a loss-of-function mutation, less HHAT protein is produced.  is necessary for the production of Hedgehog () proteins post-transcriptionally. As HHAT production decreases, production of long-range Hh proteins decreases proportionally. Decreases in Hh| production disturb the production of

text: extracellular signal-regulated kinases

text: bone morphogenetic protein

text: s, and

text: fibroblast growth factor

text: s, all of which play important roles in craniofacial patterning. Disruption of these pathways leads to abnormal bone and cartilage formation causing acrania and multiple other craniofacial patterning problems.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Hedgehog and what other class?

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: six

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: craniofacial patterning

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: the vertebral column of vertebrates is made of cartilage

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: chromosomes

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: bone and cartilage.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: Bone morphogenetic proteins play an important role in what?

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: asexual

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Which of the following is not a vertebrate?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Hedgehogs

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Vertebrate reproduction is asexual.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Hedgehogs

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: What is the first vertebrates that did not need water to reproduce?

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: lobe-finned fish

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Which of the following is not a function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Which of the following is not a type of immune system?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: How long ago did birds evolve?

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bone morphogenetic proteins

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: How many living species of vertebrates are mentioned?

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Which of the following is not a sex?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: holoprosencephaly

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: acrania

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: hedgehog

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: acrania

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: acrania

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: hedgehog

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: hedgehog

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: craniofacial patterning.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: hedgehog acyltransferase

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: bone morphogenetic proteins,

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: post-transcriptionally.

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Hh proteins

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: hedgehog

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: mutations in the hedgehog

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: hedgehog

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: mutations in the hedgehog acyltransferase

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: mutations in the hedgehog acyltransferase

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: hedgehog acyltransferase

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: hedgehog

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: mutations in the hedgehog acyltransferase

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: mutations in the hedgehog acyltransferase

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: bone and cartilage

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Recent work has identified mutations in the hedgehog

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: hedgehog acyltransferase

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Sonic Hedgehog Pathway.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: mutations in the hedgehog

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: bone morphogenetic proteins,

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: hedgehog

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: Sonic Hedgehog Pathway.

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Sonic Hedgehog Pathway.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Sonic Hedgehog Pathway.

text: Like all Plasmodium species P. pulmophilium has both vertebrate and insect hosts. The vertebrate hosts for this parasite are mammals.

text: Like all Plasmodium species P. pulmophilium has both

text: vertebrate

text: and

text: insect

text: hosts. The vertebrate hosts for this parasite are

text: mammal

text: s.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: mammals

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: Host

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The vertebral column of vertebrates is made of cartilage.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: softer

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: mammals

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Vertebrate reproduction is asexual.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: mammals

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: parasite

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: muscle

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: parasite

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrate and insect

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrate

text: Bakker and Ostrom both pointed out that all dinosaurs had erect hindlimbs and that all quadrupedal dinosaurs had erect forelimbs; and that among living animals only the endothermic ("warm-blooded") mammals and birds have erect limbs (Ostrom acknowledged that crocodilians' occasional "high walk" was a partial exception). Bakker claimed this was clear evidence of endothermy in dinosaurs, while Ostrom regarded it as persuasive but not conclusive.

text: Bakker and Ostrom both pointed out that all dinosaurs had erect hindlimbs and that all quadrupedal dinosaurs had erect forelimbs; and that among living animals only the endothermic ("warm-blooded") mammals and birds have erect limbs (Ostrom acknowledged that

text: crocodilian

text: s' occasional "high walk" was a partial exception). Bakker claimed this was clear evidence of endothermy in dinosaurs, while Ostrom regarded it as persuasive but not conclusive.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: mammals and birds

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: forelimbs

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: all dinosaurs had erect hindlimbs

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: forelimbs

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: limbs

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: all dinosaurs had erect hindlimbs

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Ostrom

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: all dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Ostrom

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes are vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: quadrupedal

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: endothermic

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: erect hindlimbs

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: the endothermic

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: forelimbs;

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: erect forelimbs;

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: erect

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: endothermic

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: the endothermic

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: endothermic ("warm-blooded")

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: endothermic

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Bakker and Ostrom

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: dinosaurs

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: endothermic

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: endothermic

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: all dinosaurs had erect hindlimbs

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: birds

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: all dinosaurs had erect hindlimbs

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: mammals

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: endothermic ("warm-blooded") mammals and birds

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: among living animals

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: endothermic

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: endothermic

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: endothermic

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: endothermic

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: endothermic

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: endothermic

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: endothermic

text: In general, external temperature does not influence endothermic animal behavior or circadian rhythm because of the ability of these animals to keep their internal body temperature constant through homeostatic thermoregulation; however, peripheral oscillators (see Circadian rhythm) in mammals are sensitive to temperature pulses and will experience resetting of the circadian clock phase and associated genetic expression, suggesting how peripheral circadian oscillators may be separate entities from one another despite having a master oscillator within the SCN. Furthermore, when individual neurons of the SCN from a mouse were treated with heat pulses, a similar resetting of oscillators was observed, but when an intact SCN was treated with the same heat pulse treatment the SCN was resistant to temperature change by exhibiting an unaltered circadian oscillating phase. In ectothermic  animals, particularly the ruin lizard Podacris sicula, temperature has been shown to affect the circadian oscillators within the SCN. This reflects a potential evolutionary relationship among endothermic and ectothermic vertebrates, in how ectotherms rely on environmental temperature to affect their circadian rhythms and behavior and endotherms have an evolved SCN to essentially ignore external temperature and use photoreception as a means for entraining the circadian oscillators within their SCN. In addition, the differences of the SCN between endothermic and ectothermic vertebrates suggest that the neuronal organization of the temperature-resistant SCN in endotherms is responsible for driving thermoregulatory behaviors in those animals differently from those of ectotherms, since they rely on external temperature for engaging in certain behaviors.

text: In general, external temperature does not influence endothermic animal behavior or circadian rhythm because of the ability of these animals to keep their internal body temperature constant through homeostatic thermoregulation; however, peripheral oscillators (see

text: Circadian rhythm

text: ) in mammals are sensitive to temperature pulses and will experience resetting of the circadian clock phase and associated genetic expression, suggesting how peripheral circadian oscillators may be separate entities from one another despite having a master oscillator within the SCN. Furthermore, when individual neurons of the SCN from a mouse were treated with heat pulses, a similar resetting of oscillators was observed, but when an intact SCN was treated with the same heat pulse treatment the SCN was resistant to temperature change by exhibiting an unaltered circadian oscillating phase. In ectothermic  animals, particularly the

text: ruin lizard

text: Podacris sicula, temperature has been shown to affect the circadian oscillators within the SCN. This reflects a potential evolutionary relationship among endothermic and ectothermic vertebrates, in how ectotherms rely on environmental temperature to affect their circadian rhythms and behavior and endotherms have an evolved SCN to essentially ignore external temperature and use photoreception as a means for entraining the circadian oscillators within their SCN. In addition, the differences of the SCN between endothermic and ectothermic vertebrates suggest that the neuronal organization of the temperature-resistant SCN in endotherms is responsible for driving thermoregulatory behaviors in those animals differently from those of ectotherms, since they rely on external temperature for engaging in certain behaviors.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: endothermic and ectothermic

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: one

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: homeostatic thermoregulation

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: ectotherms rely on environmental temperature to affect their circadian rhythms and behavior

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: SCN

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: SCN

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: homeostatic thermoregulation

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Which organs do vertebrates have?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: endothermic

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: external temperature does not influence endothermic animal behavior or circadian rhythm

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: endothermic

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: What did Amphibians evolve from?

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes are vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Which vertebrates have male and female sexes?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: Ectothermic

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: ectotherms

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: homeostatic thermoregulation

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: endotherm

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: homeostatic thermoregulation

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: endotherm

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Ectothermic

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: endotherms

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: endotherms

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: keep their internal body temperature constant

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: ectotherms rely on environmental temperature

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: SCN

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: SCN

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: photoreception

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: homeostatic thermoregulation;

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: endotherms have an evolved SCN

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: endotherms

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: ectotherms rely on environmental temperature

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: endotherms

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: ectotherms

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: ectotherms

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: ectothermic vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: endothermic and ectothermic vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: endotherms

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: endotherms

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: endotherms

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: endotherms have an evolved SCN to essentially ignore external temperature

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: ectotherms

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: ectotherms

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: ectotherms

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: endotherms

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: ectotherms rely on environmental temperature

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: endotherms

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: homeostatic thermoregulation;

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: endotherms

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: homeostatic thermoregulation;

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: endotherms

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: ectotherms rely on environmental temperature

text: The introduction of the Nile perch had a decisive impact on Haplochromis stocks which it favoured as its prey, affecting both their abundance and diversity. It is believed that the contribution of this species flock to the fish biomass of the lake has decreased from 80% to less than 1% since the introduction of the Nile perch, and that some 65% of the Haplochromis species were driven to extinction in the process, an event which may well represent the largest extinction event amongst vertebrates in the 20th century.

text: The introduction of the Nile perch had a decisive impact on Haplochromis stocks which it favoured as its prey, affecting both their abundance and diversity. It is believed that the contribution of this species flock to the fish biomass of the lake has decreased from 80% to less than 1% since the introduction of the Nile perch, and that some 65% of the Haplochromis species were driven to extinction in the process, an event which may well represent the largest

text: extinction event

text: amongst vertebrates in the 20th century.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Haplochromis

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: 65%

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: prey

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: 65% of the Haplochromis species were driven to extinction

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Haplochromis

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: extinction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Haplochromis

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: the contribution of this species flock to the fish biomass

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Haplochromis

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes are vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Nile perch

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Haplochromis

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Haplochromis

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: Haplochromis

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: prey,

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: 80%

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: diversity.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Haplochromis

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: 1%

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: flock

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: extinction event amongst vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Haplochromis

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: extinction event amongst vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Haplochromis

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Nile perch

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: 80% to less than 1% since the introduction of the Nile perch,

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Haplochromis

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: 1% since the introduction of the Nile perch,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: 1% since the introduction of the Nile perch,

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Haplochromis

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: 80% to less than 1%

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: 1%

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Haplochromis

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: 80% to less than 1% since the introduction of the Nile perch,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Haplochromis

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: flock

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: Haplochromis

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: Haplochromis

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrates

text: This theory was popularized by Scott in 1950s and states that cartilage determines the craniofacial growth. Proponents of this theory state that cartilage is responsible for the growth and bone just replaced it. In this theory, mandibular condyle having cartilage at its end allows the downward and forward growth of the mandible. Maxilla, compromising of nasal septum and Nasomaxillary complex which is made up of cartilage, moves forward and downward also by the forces from the nasal septum. Bones in both maxilla and mandible respond to their respective cartilaginous growth centers. To test this theory, two approaches were taken by researchers in past. Either the cartilage was removed from the nasal septum or the cartilage was transplanted into the cultures to see the effects on the growth. When the cartilage was transplanted into the in vitro cultures, it was found that the cartilage from nasal septum grew as nearly as it did in vivo. In comparison, cartilage from mandibular condyle did not grew as well. Therefore, cartilage at condyle, cranial base synchondroses and nasal septum can act as growth centers.

text: This theory was popularized by Scott in 1950s and states that cartilage determines the craniofacial growth. Proponents of this theory state that cartilage is responsible for the growth and bone just replaced it. In this theory, mandibular condyle having cartilage at its end allows the downward and forward growth of the mandible. Maxilla, compromising of nasal septum and

text: Nasomaxillary complex

text: which is made up of cartilage, moves forward and downward also by the forces from the nasal septum. Bones in both maxilla and mandible respond to their respective cartilaginous growth centers. To test this theory, two approaches were taken by researchers in past. Either the cartilage was removed from the nasal septum or the cartilage was transplanted into the cultures to see the effects on the growth. When the cartilage was transplanted into the in vitro cultures, it was found that the cartilage from nasal septum grew as nearly as it did in vivo. In comparison, cartilage from mandibular condyle did not grew as well. Therefore, cartilage at condyle, cranial base synchondroses and nasal septum can act as growth centers.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: one

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: growth centers

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: bone just replaced it

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: cartilaginous growth centers

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: cranial base synchondroses

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: responsible for the growth

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Cretaceous

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: cartilage is responsible for the growth

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: What was the first vertebrates that did not need water to reproduce?

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: The answer: lobe-finned fish

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: How many years ago did birds first appear?

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: How many types of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Which of the following is not a type of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: in vitro

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: __

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: nasal septum

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Scott

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: Bone

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: in vitro

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: cartilage determines the craniofacial growth.

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: cartilage determines the craniofacial growth.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: bone just replaced it.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: cranial base synchondroses

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: cranial base synchondroses and nasal septum

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: bone just replaced it.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: cartilage determines the craniofacial growth.

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: cartilage determines the craniofacial growth.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: cartilage determines the craniofacial growth.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: bone just replaced it.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: cartilage determines the craniofacial growth.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: cartilage determines the craniofacial growth.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: cartilage determines the craniofacial growth.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: cartilage determines the craniofacial growth.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: cartilage determines the craniofacial growth.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: cartilage determines the craniofacial growth.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: cartilage determines the craniofacial growth.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: cartilage determines the craniofacial growth.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: cartilage determines the craniofacial growth.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: cartilage determines the craniofacial growth.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: Scott in 1950s

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: This theory was popularized by Scott in 1950s

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: This theory was popularized by Scott in 1950s

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: in vitro

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Scott

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Scott

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: Bones

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vivo.

text: The border mountains of Guizhou, Guangxi, and Hunan have been identified as one of the eight plant diversity hotspots in China. The main ecosystem types include evergreen broad-leaved forest, coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest, and montane elfin forest. Plant species endemic to this region include Abies ziyuanensis, Cathaya argyrophylla, and Keteleeria pubescens. In broad terms, the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau is one of the vertebrate diversity hotspots of China. At the level of counties, Xingyi is one of nine Chinese vertebrate diversity (excluding birds) hotspots. Animals only known from Guizhou include Leishan moustache toad, Kuankuoshui salamander, Shuicheng salamander, Guizhou salamander, and Zhijin warty newt.

text: The border mountains of Guizhou, Guangxi, and Hunan have been identified as one of the eight plant diversity hotspots in China. The main ecosystem types include evergreen broad-leaved forest, coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest, and montane elfin forest. Plant species

text: endemic

text: to this region include

text: Abies ziyuanensis

text: Cathaya argyrophylla

text: , and

text: Keteleeria pubescens

text: . In broad terms, the

text: Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau

text: is one of the vertebrate diversity hotspots of China. At the level of counties,

text: Xingyi

text: is one of nine Chinese vertebrate diversity (excluding birds) hotspots. Animals only known from Guizhou include

text: Leishan moustache toad

text: Kuankuoshui salamander

text: Shuicheng salamander

text: Guizhou salamander

text: , and

text: Zhijin warty newt

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: birds

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: birds

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: spinal cord

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: birds are not vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: birds

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: birds are the only vertebrate species in China

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: birds

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Kuankuoshui salamander

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: birds

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Vertebrate diversity (excluding birds)

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Zhijin warty newt

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many different classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: male

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Guizhou salamander

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: birds

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: elfin

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: warty newt

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: elfin

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: birds)

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: birds)

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: birds)

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: birds)

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: nine

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: birds)

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebrate diversity hotspots of China.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: birds)

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: birds)

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: birds)

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: birds)

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Kuankuoshui salamander,

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: birds)

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: vertebrate diversity hotspots of China.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: birds)

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: nine

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: nine

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: vertebrate diversity hotspots of China.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: birds)

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: birds)

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: birds)

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrate

text: Other distinctive traits are related to the tusk whorls on the lower jaw. Because they could rotate, this was a different method of jaw articulation which did not compare with primitive ray-finned fish. The lower jaw was entirely articulated with cartilage, without an intermediate structure between the opposite sides, allowing the separation of the bones when prey was struck. Moreover, the loose articulation caused lateral movement, making the tusk walls move out of alignment. The parts of the lower jaw would have rotated inwards upon closing in order for the tusk whorls to fit exactly into the hollow spaces in the upper jaw. It is suggested that a ligament attachment and retractor mechanism existed in a pit under the tusk whorl, a unique condition in vertebrates. The capacity of the teeth on the lower jaw to fit with the tooth rows in the upper jaw, upon closure, kept the tusk whorls in place.

text: Other distinctive traits are related to the tusk whorls on the lower jaw. Because they could rotate, this was a different method of jaw articulation which did not compare with primitive ray-finned fish. The lower jaw was entirely articulated with cartilage, without an intermediate structure between the opposite sides, allowing the separation of the bones when prey was struck. Moreover, the loose articulation caused lateral movement, making the tusk walls move out of alignment. The parts of the lower jaw would have rotated inwards upon closing in order for the tusk whorls to fit exactly into the hollow spaces in the upper jaw. It is suggested that a ligament attachment and retractor mechanism existed in a pit under the tusk whorl, a unique condition in vertebrates. The capacity of the teeth on the lower jaw to fit with the tooth rows in the upper jaw, upon closure, kept the tusk whorls in place.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: ray-finned fish

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: a ligament attachment and retractor mechanism

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: primitive ray-finned fish

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: teeth on the lower jaw

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: cartilage and what else?

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: What is a unique condition in vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: primitive ray-finned fish

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How does the immune system of vertebrates learn to recognize and attack specific pathogens?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many different classes of vertebrates are living species of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: a ligament attachment

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: fertilization

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: ray-finned fish.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: ray-finned fish.

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: ligament attachment and retractor mechanism

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: ray-finned fish.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: tooth rows

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: cartilage,

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: bones

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: retractor mechanism

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: a ligament attachment and retractor mechanism

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: ray-finned fish.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: ray-finned fish.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: ray-finned fish.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: ray-finned fish.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: ray-finned fish.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: ray-finned fish.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: ray-finned fish.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: ray-finned fish.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: ray-finned fish.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: ray-finned fish.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: ray-finned fish.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: cartilage,

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: ray-finned fish.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: ray-finned fish.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: ray-finned fish.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: ray-finned fish.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: ligament attachment and retractor mechanism

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage,

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: ray-finned fish.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: cartilage,

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrates.

text: Spirometra is a genus of Pseudophyllid cestode that reproduces in canines and felines but which can cause pathology in humans.  As an adult, this tapeworm lives in the small intestine of its definitive host and produces eggs that pass with the animal's feces.  The eggs hatch into coracidia which are eaten by copepods which become infected themselves.  In the copepod, the worm forms a procercoid, which is infective to vertebrates that ingest them.  Often, because the copepods are so small, vertebrates ingest copepods accidentally by drinking them.  In the vertebrate, the worms enter the plerocercoid stage.  The plerocercoids pass through several paratenic hosts before reaching a suitable definitive host where it can mature.  Once eaten by a canid or felid, the tapeworm matures and begins producing eggs.  Theoretically, a canid or felid that ate an infected human could become infected.

text: Spirometra is a

text: genus

text: of

text: Pseudophyllid

text: cestode

text: that reproduces in

text: canines

text: and

text: feline

text: s but which can cause pathology in humans.  As an adult, this

text: tapeworm

text: lives in the

text: small intestine

text: of its

text: definitive host

text: and produces eggs that pass with the animal's

text: feces

text: .  The eggs hatch into

text: coracidia

text: which are eaten by

text: copepod

text: s which become infected themselves.  In the copepod, the worm forms a

text: procercoid

text: , which is infective to

text: vertebrate

text: s that ingest them.  Often, because the copepods are so small, vertebrates ingest copepods accidentally by drinking them.  In the vertebrate, the worms enter the

text: plerocercoid

text: stage.  The plerocercoids pass through several

text: paratenic

text: hosts before reaching a suitable definitive host where it can mature.  Once eaten by a canid or felid, the tapeworm matures and begins producing eggs.  Theoretically, a canid or felid that ate an infected human could become infected.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Canid and felid

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: four

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: worms

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: vertebrates ingest copepods accidentally by drinking them

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: plerocercoid stages

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: plerocercoids

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: feces

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Which of the following is not a type of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Canid or felid?

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: the tapeworm matures and begins producing eggs

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How does the adaptive immune system of vertebrates learn to recognize and attack specific pathogens?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: How many years before birds evolved?

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which is not a class of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Which is not true about Spirometra?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: coracidia

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: feces

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: feces

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: tapeworm

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: tapeworm

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: coracidia

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: canid or felid,

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: copepods

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: plerocercoid

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: plerocercoid

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: plerocercoid

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: plerocercoid stage.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: small,

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: feces.

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: plerocercoid

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: canid or felid,

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: vertebrates ingest copepods accidentally by drinking them.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: worms enter the plerocercoid

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: drinking them.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: plerocercoid

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Spirometra

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: plerocercoid

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: plerocercoid

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: plerocercoid

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Spirometra

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Spirometra

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: humans.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: plerocercoid

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: canines and felines

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: plerocercoid

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: plerocercoid

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: eggs that pass with the animal's feces.

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: copepods

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: plerocercoid

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: coracidia

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: coracidia

text: Over the course of his career, Hall’s laboratory research has focused on developmental biology and evolutionary biology. His work played a major role in integrating these two fields into the discipline now known as Evolutionary Developmental Biology (evo-devo). He and his students, according to one source, “pioneered an epigenetic view of bone differentiation and of vertebrate development in general, and highlighted the importance of epigenetic tissue interactions in vertebrate evolution.” His 1975 paper “Evolutionary consequences of skeletal differentiation” (American Zoologist) marked the beginning of “the process of building a bridge between evolutionary and developmental biology from the developmental biology side.” His 1992 textbook Evolutionary Developmental Biology is widely viewed as definitive. “This work defines a field, which, in turn, has revitalized the study of evolution,” writes one source.

text: Over the course of his career, Hall’s laboratory research has focused on developmental biology and evolutionary biology. His work played a major role in integrating these two fields into the discipline now known as Evolutionary Developmental Biology (evo-devo). He and his students, according to one source, “pioneered an epigenetic view of bone differentiation and of vertebrate development in general, and highlighted the importance of epigenetic tissue interactions in vertebrate evolution.” His 1975 paper “Evolutionary consequences of skeletal differentiation” (American Zoologist) marked the beginning of “the process of building a bridge between evolutionary and developmental biology from the developmental biology side.” His 1992 textbook Evolutionary Developmental Biology is widely viewed as definitive. “This work defines a field, which, in turn, has revitalized the study of evolution,” writes one source.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: evo-devo

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: one

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: skeletal

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: epigenetic tissue interactions in vertebrate evolution

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: bones

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: epigenetic

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: vertebrate development in general

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: evo-devo

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which of the following is not a type of vertebrate: ectothermy, endothermy or vertebrate?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: evo-devo

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are mentioned in the passage?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: male and female sexes

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: epigenetic

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: epigenetic

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: bone differentiation

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: bone differentiation

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: epigenetic view of bone differentiation

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: skeletal

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: epigenetic

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: epigenetic view of bone differentiation

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: epigenetic view

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: bone differentiation

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: epigenetic tissue interactions in vertebrate evolution.”

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: vertebrate development

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: epigenetic view of bone differentiation

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: epigenetic

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: bone differentiation

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Evolutionary Developmental Biology

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Evolutionary Developmental Biology

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: bone differentiation

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: epigenetic

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: bone differentiation

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: epigenetic

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: bone differentiation

text: Sea levels in the Devonian were generally high. Marine faunas were dominated by bryozoa, diverse and abundant brachiopods, the enigmatic hederelloids, microconchids and corals. Lily-like crinoids were abundant, and trilobites were still fairly common. Among vertebrates, jawless armoured fish (ostracoderms) declined in diversity, while the jawed fish (gnathostomes) simultaneously increased in both the sea and fresh water. Armoured placoderms were numerous during the lower stages of the Devonian Period but became extinct in the Late Devonian, perhaps because of competition for food against the other fish species. Early cartilaginous (Chondrichthyes) and bony fishes (Osteichthyes) also become diverse and played a large role within the Devonian seas. The first abundant genus of shark,  Cladoselache, appeared in the oceans during the Devonian Period. The great diversity of fish around at the time have led to the Devonian being given the name "The Age of Fish" in popular culture.

text: Sea levels in the Devonian were generally high. Marine faunas were dominated by

text: bryozoa

text: , diverse and abundant

text: brachiopods

text: , the enigmatic

text: hederelloids

text: microconchids

text: and

text: coral

text: s. Lily-like

text: crinoids

text: were abundant, and

text: trilobite

text: s were still fairly common. Among vertebrates, jawless armoured fish (

text: ostracoderms

text: ) declined in diversity, while the jawed fish (gnathostomes) simultaneously increased in both the sea and

text: fresh water

text: . Armoured

text: placoderms

text: were numerous during the lower stages of the Devonian Period but became extinct in the Late Devonian, perhaps because of competition for food against the other fish species. Early cartilaginous (

text: Chondrichthyes

text: ) and bony fishes (

text: Osteichthyes

text: ) also become diverse and played a large role within the Devonian seas. The first abundant genus of shark,

text: Cladoselache

text: , appeared in the oceans during the Devonian Period. The great diversity of fish around at the time have led to the Devonian being given the name "The Age of Fish" in popular culture.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: gnathostomes

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: six

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: food

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: jawless armoured fish (ostracoderms) declined in diversity

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: jaws

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: gnathostomes

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: What is the first abundant genus of shark, Cladoselache, in the oceans during the Devonian Period?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: gnathostomes

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: jawless armoured fish (ostracoderms) declined in diversity

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: gnathostomes

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: jawless armoured fish

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Bondrichthyes

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Which came first, birds or mammals?

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony fishes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many different classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Which is not a sex?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: ostracoderms

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: trilobites

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: ostracoderms

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: (gnathostomes)

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: (gnathostomes)

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: food

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: jawless armoured fish

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: (gnathostomes)

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: (gnathostomes)

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: bony

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: (gnathostomes)

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: food

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: (gnathostomes)

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: declined in diversity,

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: (gnathostomes)

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: jawless armoured fish (ostracoderms)

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: (gnathostomes)

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: jawless armoured fish (ostracoderms)

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: (gnathostomes)

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: (ostracoderms)

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Devonian Period but became extinct in the Late Devonian,

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: (Chondrichthyes)

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: diversity, while the jawed fish (gnathostomes)

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: (gnathostomes)

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: jawless armoured fish (ostracoderms)

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: (gnathostomes)

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: (gnathostomes)

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: (gnathostomes)

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrates,

text: Some fossil vertebrae have been found. The most notable example is a partially preserved vertebral column of a single specimen, excavated in the Antwerp basin, Belgium by M. Leriche in 1926. It comprises 150 vertebral centra, with the centra ranging from  to  in diameter. However, scientists have claimed that considerably larger vertebral centra can be expected. A partially preserved vertebral column of another C. megalodon specimen was excavated from Gram clay in Denmark by Bendix-Almgeen in 1983. This specimen comprises 20 vertebral centra, with the centra ranging from  to  in diameter.

text: Some fossil vertebrae have been found. The most notable example is a partially preserved vertebral column of a single specimen, excavated in the

text: Antwerp basin

text: Belgium

text: by M. Leriche in 1926. It comprises 150 vertebral

text: centra

text: , with the centra ranging from  to  in diameter. However, scientists have claimed that considerably larger vertebral centra can be expected. A partially preserved vertebral column of another C. megalodon specimen was excavated from Gram clay in

text: Denmark

text: by Bendix-Almgeen in 1983. This specimen comprises 20 vertebral centra, with the centra ranging from  to  in diameter.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: C. megalodon

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: eight

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: spinal cord

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: considerably larger vertebral centra can be expected

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebral centers

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebral centra

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: vertebral

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: glands that secrete

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: fossil vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: considerably larger vertebral centra can be expected

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: fossil vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class: C. megalodon or C.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebral

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebral

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: spinal cord

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebral

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebral

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: C. megalodon

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: 20

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: vertebral centra,

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: considerably larger vertebral centra can be expected.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: 20

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: 150 vertebral centra,

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: vertebral centra,

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: scientists have claimed that considerably larger vertebral centra can be expected.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: C. megalodon

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: considerably larger vertebral centra can be expected.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: C. megalodon

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: C. megalodon

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: 1926.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: C. megalodon

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: C. megalodon

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: considerably larger vertebral centra can be expected.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: M. Leriche in 1926.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: C. megalodon

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: scientists have claimed that considerably larger vertebral centra can be expected.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: fossil vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: fossil vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: scientists have claimed that considerably larger vertebral centra can be expected.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: megalodon

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: C. megalodon

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: scientists

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: clay

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebral column

text: Clodronic acid (INN) or clodronate disodium (USAN) is a first generation (non-nitrogenous) bisphosphonate. It is an anti-osteoporotic drug approved for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in post-menopausal women and men to reduce vertebral fractures, hyperparathyroidism, hypercalcemia in malignancy, multiple myeloma and fracture related pain because of its potent anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects shown as a reduction in inflammatory markers like IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-alfa. While bisphosphonates are shown to be effective in reducing vertebral fractures and pain, their role in improving overall survival remains unclear.

text: Clodronic acid (

text: INN

text: ) or clodronate disodium (

text: USAN

text: ) is a first generation (non-nitrogenous)

text: bisphosphonate

text: . It is an anti-osteoporotic drug approved for the prevention and treatment of

text: osteoporosis

text: in post-menopausal women and men to reduce vertebral fractures,

text: hyperparathyroidism

text: hypercalcemia

text: in malignancy,

text: multiple myeloma

text: and fracture related pain because of its potent anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects shown as a reduction in inflammatory markers like

text: , and

text: TNF-alfa

text: . While bisphosphonates are shown to be effective in reducing vertebral fractures and pain, their role in improving overall survival remains unclear.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: vertebral fractures

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: osteoporotic

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: bisphosphonates are shown to be effective in reducing vertebral fractures

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebral bones

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebral bones

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: Bone is

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: menopause

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Osteoporosis

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: bisphosphonates are shown to be effective in reducing vertebral fractures

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: vertebrates evolved endothermy before they evolved ectothermy

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: lobe-finned

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: vertebral

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How does the immune system of vertebrates learn to recognize and attack specific pathogens?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: How many years before birds evolved?

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes are vertebrates placed in?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Which of the following is not true?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: cloning

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: hyperparathyroidism

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: menopause

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: osteoporotic

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: hyperparathyroidism

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: osteoporotic

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: menopause

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: vertebral fractures,

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: vertebral fractures,

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: fractures,

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: vertebral fractures,

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebral fractures,

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebral fractures,

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: hypercalcemia

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: post-menopausal

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hyperparathyroidism, hypercalcemia

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: men

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: vertebral fractures,

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: vertebral fractures,

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Clodronic acid

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: vertebral fractures,

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Clodronic acid

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: vertebral fractures,

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: vertebral fractures, hyperparathyroidism,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: IL-6, and TNF-alfa.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: vertebral fractures,

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Clodronic acid

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Clodronic acid

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: vertebral fractures,

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: multiple myeloma

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: women and men

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: hypercalcemia in malignancy,

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: hyperparathyroidism,

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: post-menopausal

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: osteoporosis

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: hyperparathyroidism,

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: osteoporosis

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: hypercalcemia in malignancy,

text: Like all Plasmodium species P. gonatodi has both vertebrate and insect hosts. The vertebrate hosts for this parasite are reptiles.

text: Like all Plasmodium species P. gonatodi has both

text: vertebrate

text: and

text: insect

text: hosts. The vertebrate hosts for this parasite are

text: reptile

text: s.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: reptiles

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The vertebral column of vertebrates is made of cartilage.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: softer

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: reptiles

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Vertebrate reproduction is asexual.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: reptiles

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: [iv]

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: parasites

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: parasite

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: skeleton

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: (d).

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: insect hosts.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The vertebrate hosts for this parasite are reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: The vertebrate hosts for this parasite are reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: The vertebrate hosts for this parasite are reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrate

text: Another notable example of animals possessing pharyngeal jaws are the fish from the family Cichlidae. Cichlid pharyngeal jaws have become very specialized in prey processing and may have helped cichlid fishes become one of the most diverse families of vertebrates. However, later studies based on Lake Victoria cichlids suggest that this trait may also become a handicap when competing with other predator species.

text: Another notable example of animals possessing pharyngeal jaws are the fish from the family

text: Cichlid

text: ae. Cichlid pharyngeal jaws have become very specialized in prey processing and may have helped cichlid fishes become one of the most diverse families of vertebrates. However, later studies based on

text: Lake Victoria

text: cichlids suggest that this trait may also become a handicap when competing with other

text: predator

text: species.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Cichlidae

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: cichlid

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: compete with other predator species

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: pharyngeal jaws have become very specialized

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: jaws

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: pharyngeal jaw

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Cichlids

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: cichlids have become very specialized in prey processing

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Cichlidae

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Cichlidae

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Cichlids

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: mammalian

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: cichlids

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Cichlidae.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: Cichlidae.

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: prey processing

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: one of the most diverse families of vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: pharyngeal jaws

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: pharyngeal jaws

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: pharyngeal jaws

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Cichlidae.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Cichlidae.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: one of the most diverse families of vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Cichlidae.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Cichlidae.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Cichlidae.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Cichlidae.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: Cichlidae.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Cichlidae.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Cichlidae.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Cichlidae.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: fish from the family Cichlidae.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: handicap when competing with other predator species.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: Cichlidae.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Cichlidae.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Cichlidae.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Cichlidae.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: pharyngeal

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrates.

text: Like all Plasmodium species P. saurocaudatum has both vertebrate and insect hosts. The vertebrate hosts for this parasite are reptiles.

text: Like all Plasmodium species P. saurocaudatum has both

text: vertebrate

text: and

text: insect

text: hosts. The vertebrate hosts for this parasite are

text: reptile

text: s.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: reptiles

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The vertebral column of vertebrates is made of cartilage.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: reptiles

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Vertebrate reproduction is asexual.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: reptiles

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What does the adaptive immune system of vertebrates do?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: mammals evolved before birds

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: parasites

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: parasite

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: skeleton

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: (iv)

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: insect hosts.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: The vertebrate hosts for this parasite are reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Like all Plasmodium species P. saurocaudatum

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: reptiles.

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrate

text: The areas both in and surrounding the Rupununi river are home to a great diversity of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems that harbor many species extirpated from other areas of South America. The Rupununi's freshwater eco-regions are areas of exceptional species richness, comparable to that of the Amazonia. Flora and fauna flourish in the Rupununi river because of the Rupununi's isolation from human activity. During an expedition, the South Rupununi Biodiversity Assessment Team (BAT), described the Rupununi river as being "very diverse"."The Northern Rupununi has more than fourteen hundred species of vertebrates, more than twenty-eight hundred species of plants, and countless species of invertebrates" (Rupununi, Rediscovering a Lost World).

text: The areas both in and surrounding the Rupununi river are home to a great diversity of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems that harbor many species extirpated from other areas of South America. The Rupununi's freshwater eco-regions are areas of exceptional species richness, comparable to that of the Amazonia. Flora and fauna flourish in the Rupununi river because of the Rupununi's isolation from human activity. During an expedition, the South Rupununi Biodiversity Assessment Team (BAT), described the Rupununi river as being "very diverse"."The Northern Rupununi has more than fourteen hundred species of vertebrates, more than twenty-eight hundred species of plants, and countless species of invertebrates" (Rupununi, Rediscovering a Lost World).

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: vertebrates, plants, and invertebrates

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: fourteen hundred

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: spinal cord

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The Northern Rupununi has more than fourteen hundred species of vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrates and invertebrates

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Which of the following is not a type of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: invertebrates

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: invertebrates

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: invertebrates

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: The Rupununi's freshwater eco-regions are areas of exceptional species richness

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How does the adaptive immune system of vertebrates work?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: How many species of vertebrates does the Northern Rupununi have?

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates does the Northern Rupununi have?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: How many species of vertebrates does the Northern Rupununi have?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: invertebrates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: human activity

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: invertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: invertebrates

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: invertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: invertebrates

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: invertebrates"

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: fourteen hundred

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: aquatic ecosystems

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: fourteen hundred

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: fourteen hundred

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: fourteen hundred species of vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: fourteen hundred

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: fourteen hundred species of vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: fourteen hundred species of vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: fourteen hundred species of vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: fourteen hundred species of vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: countless species of invertebrates"

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: fourteen hundred species of vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: fourteen hundred species of vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: fourteen hundred species of vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: fourteen hundred species of vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: fourteen hundred species of vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: fourteen hundred species of vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: fourteen hundred

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: fourteen hundred

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: fourteen hundred species of vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: invertebrates"

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: human activity.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: invertebrates"

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: invertebrates"

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: invertebrates"

text: This list of fossil fishes described in 2016 is a list of new taxa of jawless vertebrates, placoderms, acanthodians, fossil cartilaginous fishes, bony fishes and other fishes of every kind that have been described during the year 2016, as well as other significant discoveries and events related to paleontology of fishes that occurred in the year 2016. The list only includes taxa at the level of genus or species.

text: This list of

text: fossil

text: fishes

text: described in 2016 is a list of new

text: taxa

text: of

text: jawless vertebrates

text: placoderm

text: s,

text: acanthodians

text: , fossil

text: cartilaginous fishes

text: bony fishes

text: and other fishes of every kind that have been

text: described

text: during the year 2016, as well as other significant discoveries and events related to

text: paleontology

text: of fishes that occurred in the year 2016. The list only includes taxa at the level of

text: genus

text: or

text: species

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: jawless vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: four

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: jawless

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: jawless

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: jaws

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: jawless vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: Bony fishes

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: glands that secrete

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: jawless

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: the list only includes taxa at the level of genus or species

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: jawless

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Amphibians

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Amphibians evolved from a lobe-finned fish ancestor.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: chordates

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Vertebrate kidneys

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: birds evolved before the first mammals appeared

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many different classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: What is the most common sex in vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Placoderms

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: mammalian

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Placoderms

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: Cartilage

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: jawless

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: jawless vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: jawless

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: jawless

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: jawless

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: jawless

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: bony fishes

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: jawless vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: jawless vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: jawless

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: jawless

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: jawless

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: jawless vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: jawless vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: jawless vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: jawless vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: This list of fossil fishes described in 2016

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: jawless vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: fossil cartilaginous fishes,

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: jawless vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: cartilaginous fishes,

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: fossil fishes

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: jawless vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: jawless vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: acanthodians,

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: acanthodians,

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: acanthodians,

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: acanthodians,

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: acanthodians,

text: The pigeye shark or Java shark (Carcharhinus amboinensis) is an uncommon species of requiem shark, in the family Carcharhinidae, found in the warm coastal waters of the eastern Atlantic and western Indo-Pacific. It prefers shallow, murky environments with soft bottoms, and tends to roam within a fairly localised area. With its bulky grey body, small eyes, and short, blunt snout, the pigeye shark looks almost identical to (and is often confused with) the better-known bull shark (C. leucas). The two species differ in vertebral count, the relative sizes of the dorsal fins, and other subtle traits. This shark typically reaches lengths of .

text: The pigeye shark or Java shark (Carcharhinus amboinensis) is an uncommon

text: species

text: of

text: requiem shark

text: , in the

text: family

text: Carcharhinidae, found in the warm coastal waters of the eastern Atlantic and western

text: Indo-Pacific

text: . It prefers shallow, murky environments with soft bottoms, and tends to roam within a fairly localised area. With its bulky grey body, small eyes, and short, blunt snout, the pigeye shark looks almost identical to (and is often confused with) the better-known

text: bull shark

text: (C. leucas). The two species differ in

text: vertebra

text: l count, the relative sizes of the

text: dorsal fin

text: s, and other subtle traits. This shark typically reaches lengths of .

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: requiem shark

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: four

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: skeleton

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: the pigeye shark looks almost identical to (and is often confused with) the better-known bull shark

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebral count

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: dorsal fins

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Carcharhinidae

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: The pigeye shark or Java shark looks almost identical to (and is often confused with) the better-known bull shark

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: dorsal fins

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: pathogens

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: primates

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: cartilage skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: male

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebral

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: requiem

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: mammalian

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: requiem

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: carcharhinids

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebral

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Carcharhinidae,

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: shark,

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: dorsal fins,

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The two species differ in vertebral count,

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebral count,

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: dorsal fins,

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebral count,

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: dorsal fins,

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: vertebral count,

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Carcharhinidae,

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: vertebral count,

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Carcharhinidae,

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: pigeye shark

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: pigeye shark

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Carcharhinidae,

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: Carcharhinidae,

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: pigeye shark

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: pigeye shark

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Carcharhinidae,

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: The pigeye shark

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: pigeye shark

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: vertebral count,

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Carcharhinidae,

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: pigeye shark

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebral

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: roam within a fairly localised area.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebral count,

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebral

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: vertebral count,

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebral

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebral

text: Ray-finned fishes are the dominant vertebrate group, containing half of all known vertebrate species. They inhabit abyssal depths in the sea, coastal inlets and freshwater rivers and lakes, and are a major source of food for humans.

text: Ray-finned fishes are the dominant vertebrate group, containing half of all known vertebrate species. They inhabit abyssal depths in the sea, coastal inlets and freshwater rivers and lakes, and are a major source of food for humans.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Ray-finned

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: half

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: major source of food

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: ray-finned fishes are the dominant vertebrate group

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: fins

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: ray-finned

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: mammary

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: fishes

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: ray-finned fishes are the dominant vertebrate group

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Ray-finned

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: ectothermy

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What does the adaptive immune system of vertebrates do?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: mammalian

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: humans

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Ray-finned fishes

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: half

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: a major source of food

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: half

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: half

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Ray-finned fishes

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: half of all known vertebrate species.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: Ray-finned fishes

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Ray-finned fishes

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Ray-finned fishes

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: half

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Ray-finned fishes

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Ray-finned fishes

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Ray-finned fishes are the dominant vertebrate group,

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Ray-finned fishes

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: Ray-finned fishes

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: half of all known vertebrate species.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Ray-finned fishes

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Ray-finned fishes

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: humans.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Ray-finned fishes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: half

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Ray-finned fishes are the dominant vertebrate group,

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Ray-finned fishes

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: freshwater

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: humans.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: Ray-finned fishes

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: humans.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: abyssal depths

text: Over 32,000 species of fish have been described, making them the most diverse group of vertebrates. In addition, there are many species of shellfish. However, only a small number of species are commonly eaten by humans.

text: Over 32,000

text: species

text: of

text: fish

text: have been described, making them the most diverse group of vertebrates. In addition, there are many species of

text: shellfish

text: . However, only a small number of species are commonly eaten by humans.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: Over 32,000 species

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: skeleton

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: only a small number of species are commonly eaten by humans

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: limbs

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: only a small number of species are commonly eaten by humans

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What does the adaptive immune system of vertebrates do?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: shellfish

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: 32,000

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: fish have been described, making them the most diverse group of vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: fish have been described, making them the most diverse

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: diverse group of vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: fish have been described, making them the most diverse group of vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Over 32,000 species of fish

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Over 32,000 species of fish

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Over 32,000 species of fish

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Over 32,000 species of fish

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: fish have been described, making them the most diverse group of vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Over 32,000 species of fish

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: fish have been described, making them the most diverse group of vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: fish have been described, making them the most diverse group of vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: fish have been described, making them the most diverse group of vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: 32,000

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Over 32,000 species of fish

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: humans.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: fish have been described, making them the most diverse group of vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: humans.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrates.

text: The issue here is psychology versus social intelligence—as a separate and distinct perspective, seldom articulated. An appropriate introduction contains certain hypothetical assumptions about social structure and function, as it relates to intelligence defined and expressed by groups, constrained by cultural expectations that assert potential realities, but make no claims that there is an "exterior" social truth to be defined. This perspective pursues the view that social structures can be defined with the warning that what is mapped into the structure and how that information is stored, retrieved, and decided upon are variable, but can be contained in an abstract and formal grammar—a sort of game of definitions and rules that permit and project an evolving intelligence. Two halves of the coin: one half psychology; the other half social. Unfortunately, most references to social intelligence relate to an individual's social skills. Not mentioned, and more important, is how social intelligence (speaking of a group or assembly of groups) processes information about the world and shares it with participants in the group(s). Are there social structures or can they be designed to accumulate and reveal information to the individual or to other groups. The bigger question is how groups and societies map the environment (ecological, social and personal) into a social structure. How is that structure able to contain a worldview and to reveal that view to the participants? How are decisions made?

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: mammals, birds, and reptiles

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: to accumulate and reveal information to the individual or to other groups

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: there is an "exterior" social truth to be defined

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: limbs

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: amphibians

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: there is an "exterior" social truth to be defined

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: amphibians

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: The bigger question is how groups and societies map the environment (ecological, social and personal) into a social structure.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: The bigger question is how groups and societies map the environment (ecological, social and personal) into a social structure.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: Chordata

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: The earliest fish had a cartilage endoskeleton.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Mammals evolved before the first birds

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How are decisions made?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: are variable, but can be contained in an abstract and formal grammar

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: social intelligence

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: sexual

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: muscle

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: social intelligence

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: skeleton

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: sexual

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: variable, but can be contained in an abstract and formal grammar—a

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: variable, but can be contained in an abstract and formal grammar—a

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: stored, retrieved, and decided upon

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: "exterior" social truth

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: variable, but can be contained in an abstract and formal grammar—a

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: variable, but can be contained in an abstract and formal grammar—a

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: variable,

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: abstract and formal grammar—a

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: variable, but can be contained in an abstract and formal grammar—a

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: variable, but can be contained in an abstract and formal grammar—a

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: "exterior" social truth

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: variable, but can be contained in an abstract and formal grammar—a

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: variable, but can be contained in an abstract and formal grammar—a

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: variable, but can be contained in an abstract and formal grammar—a

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: variable, but can be contained in an abstract and formal grammar—a

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: variable, but can be contained in an abstract and formal grammar—a

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: variable, but can be contained in an abstract and formal grammar—a

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: variable, but can be contained in an abstract and formal grammar—a

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: variable, but can be contained in an abstract and formal grammar—a

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: variable, but can be contained in an abstract and formal grammar—a

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: variable,

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: variable, but can be contained in an abstract and formal grammar—a

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: variable, but can be contained in an abstract and formal grammar—a

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: variable,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: variable, but can be contained in an abstract and formal grammar—a

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: social skills.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: variable, but can be contained in an abstract and formal grammar—a

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: variable, but can be contained in an abstract and formal grammar—a

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: variable, but can be contained in an abstract and formal grammar—a

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: (ecological,

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: variable, but can be contained in an abstract and formal grammar—a

text: Vertebrates:

text: Vertebrates:

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: six

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: skeletal support

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The vertebral column of vertebrates is made of bone.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: the skeleton of the body

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: softer

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: amphibians

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Vertebrates do not reproduce sexually.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: amphibians

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: lizards

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: ectothermy

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: phylum chordata

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: eukaryotes

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How does the adaptive immune system of vertebrates work?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: The earliest fish had cartilage endoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: birds are vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: An animal with a bony skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: eukaryotes

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: males and females

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Vertebrates:

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: Vertebrates:

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: Vertebrates:

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: Vertebrates:

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: Vertebrates:

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Vertebrates:

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: Vertebrates:

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: Vertebrates:

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Vertebrates:

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Vertebrates:

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Vertebrates:

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Vertebrates:

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Vertebrates:

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Vertebrates:

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Vertebrates:

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: Vertebrates:

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Vertebrates:

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Vertebrates:

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Vertebrates:

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Vertebrates:

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Vertebrates:

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: Vertebrates:

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Vertebrates:

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Vertebrates:

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: Vertebrates:

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Vertebrates:

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: Vertebrates:

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: Vertebrates:

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Vertebrates:

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: Vertebrates:

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Vertebrates:

text: When the damage increases and the chondral defect reaches the subchondral bone, the blood supply in the bone starts a healing process in the defect. Scar tissue made up of a type of cartilage called fibrocartilage is then formed. Although fibrocartilage is able to fill in articular cartilage defects, its structure is significantly different from that of hyaline cartilage; it is much denser and it doesn't withstand the demands of everyday activities as much as hyaline cartilage. It is therefore at a higher risk of breaking down.

text: When the damage increases and the chondral defect reaches the

text: subchondral bone

text: , the blood supply in the bone starts a healing process in the defect. Scar tissue made up of a type of cartilage called

text: fibrocartilage

text: is then formed. Although fibrocartilage is able to fill in articular cartilage defects, its structure is significantly different from that of hyaline cartilage; it is much denser and it doesn't withstand the demands of everyday activities as much as hyaline cartilage. It is therefore at a higher risk of breaking down.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: hyaline cartilage

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: articular cartilage defects

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: It is much denser and it doesn't withstand the demands of everyday activities

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: subchondral bones

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: much denser

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: It is therefore at a higher risk of breaking down

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: fertilization

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Hyaline cartilage

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: fetus

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: fibrocartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: fibrocartilage

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: Hyaline cartilage

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: fertilization

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: chondral defect reaches the subchondral bone,

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: chondral defect reaches the subchondral bone,

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: healing process

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: chondral defect reaches the subchondral bone,

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: subchondral bone,

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: subchondral bone,

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: denser

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: fibrocartilage

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: fibrocartilage

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: chondral defect reaches the subchondral bone,

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: fibrocartilage

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: chondral defect reaches the subchondral bone,

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: fibrocartilage

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: fibrocartilage

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: fibrocartilage

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: chondral defect reaches the subchondral bone,

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: fibrocartilage

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: fibrocartilage

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: fibrocartilage

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: chondral defect reaches the subchondral bone,

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: fibrocartilage

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: chondral defect reaches the subchondral bone,

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: fibrocartilage

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: fibrocartilage

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: chondral defect reaches the subchondral bone,

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: activities

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: fibrocartilage

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: hyaline

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: fibrocartilage

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: hyaline

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: chondral defect reaches the subchondral bone,

text: Bonaparte (1996) interpreted the relatively large orbital opening in the skull as a juvenile trait. Tykoski agreed (2005) and suggested that certain skull features of the type specimen suggested that it was young, specifically, the skull bones are not completely fused, relatively large orbits, and a short snout. Sereno et al. (1993), supported the notion that Eoraptor was an adult specimen based on the closure of sutures in the vertebral column, and the partial fusion of the scapulocoracoid.

text: Bonaparte (1996) interpreted the relatively large orbital opening in the skull as a juvenile trait. Tykoski agreed (2005) and suggested that certain skull features of the type specimen suggested that it was young, specifically, the skull bones are not completely fused, relatively large orbits, and a short snout. Sereno et al. (1993), supported the notion that Eoraptor was an adult specimen based on the closure of sutures in the vertebral column, and the partial fusion of the scapulocoracoid.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Eoraptor

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: closure of sutures

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: closed of sutures in the vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: scapulocoracoid

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: fused

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: adult

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: adult

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Eoraptor was an adult specimen

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Eoraptor

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: zygote

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Eoraptor

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: fusion

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: sutures

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Eoraptor

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebral

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: embryonic

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: juvenile

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: Eoraptor

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: closure of sutures

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: closure of sutures

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: scapulocoracoid.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: scapulocoracoid.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: not completely fused,

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: closure of sutures in the vertebral column,

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: juvenile trait.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: juvenile

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: juvenile trait.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: juvenile

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Bonaparte (1996) interpreted the relatively large orbital opening

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: juvenile trait.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Bonaparte

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: juvenile trait.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: juvenile trait. Tykoski agreed (2005)

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: juvenile trait.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: scapulocoracoid.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Bonaparte

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: juvenile trait.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: (2005)

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: juvenile

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Eoraptor

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: adult specimen based on the closure of sutures

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Eoraptor

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: closure of sutures

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebral column,

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: closure of sutures

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebral column,

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: adult specimen based on the closure of sutures

text: Testosterone is observed in most vertebrates. Testosterone and the classical nuclear androgen receptor first appeared in gnathostomes (jawed vertebrates). Agnathans (jawless vertebrates) such as lampreys don't produce testosterone but instead use 4-androstenedione as a male sex hormone. Fish make a slightly different form called 11-ketotestosterone. Its counterpart in insects is ecdysone. The presence of these ubiquitous steroids in a wide range of animals suggest that sex hormones have an ancient evolutionary history.

text: Testosterone is observed in most vertebrates. Testosterone and the classical nuclear

text: androgen receptor

text: first appeared in

text: gnathostome

text: s (jawed vertebrates).

text: Agnathan

text: s (jawless vertebrates) such as

text: lamprey

text: s don't produce testosterone but instead use

text: as a male sex hormone.

text: Fish

text: make a slightly different form called

text: . Its counterpart in insects is

text: ecdysone

text: . The presence of these ubiquitous steroids in a wide range of animals suggest that

text: sex hormone

text: s have an ancient evolutionary history.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: gnathostomes

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: male sex hormone

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: Testosterone is observed in most vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: jaws

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Testosterone

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: Testosterone

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Testosterone

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: gnathostomes

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: lampreys don't produce testosterone

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: gnathostomes

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Which of the following is NOT the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How does the immune system of vertebrates learn to recognize and attack specific pathogens?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: nuclear

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: male sex hormone

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: Testosterone

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: androstenedione

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: nuclear androgen receptor

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: gnathostomes

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: gnathostomes

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: Testosterone

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: (jawless

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: 4-androstenedione

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Testosterone

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: Testosterone

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: Testosterone

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Testosterone

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: gnathostomes

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: lampreys don't produce testosterone

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: gnathostomes

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: gnathostomes

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: gnathostomes

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: 11-ketotestosterone.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: gnathostomes

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Testosterone is observed in most vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Testosterone

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: 11-ketotestosterone.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: gnathostomes

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Testosterone

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: gnathostomes

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: gnathostomes

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Testosterone

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: nuclear androgen receptor

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Testosterone

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: Testosterone

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: insects

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: nuclear androgen receptor

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: nuclear androgen receptor

text: Hyaline cartilage caps the long bones and the spinal vertebrae. Most childhood limb growth takes place at the ends of the long bones, not in the shaft. Normally, as a child grows, the most interior portion of the joint cartilage converts into bone, and new cartilage forms on the surface to maintain smooth joints. The old joint margins (edges) reabsorb, so that the overall shape of the joint is maintained as growth continues. Failure of this process throughout the body results in skeletal dysplasia. It also leads to very early onset of osteoarthritis, because the defective cartilage is extremely fragile and vulnerable to normal wear and tear.

text: Hyaline cartilage caps the long

text: bone

text: s and the spinal vertebrae. Most childhood limb growth takes place at the ends of the long bones, not in the shaft. Normally, as a child grows, the most interior portion of the joint cartilage converts into bone, and new cartilage forms on the surface to maintain smooth joints. The old joint margins (edges) reabsorb, so that the overall shape of the joint is maintained as growth continues. Failure of this process throughout the body results in skeletal dysplasia. It also leads to very early onset of

text: osteoarthritis

text: , because the defective cartilage is extremely fragile and vulnerable to normal wear and tear.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: spinal vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: eight

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: maintain smooth joints

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: limb growth takes place at the ends of the long bones

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: spinal vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: fragile and vulnerable

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Which of the following is not a type of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: most childhood limb growth takes place at the ends of the long bones

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What does the adaptive immune system of vertebrates learn to recognize and attack?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Which happened first, birds or mammals?

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Which of the following is not true?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: osteoarthritis

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: asexual

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: osteoarthritis

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Hyaline cartilage caps the long bones and the spinal vertebrae.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: Hyaline cartilage caps the long bones and the spinal vertebrae.

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: spinal vertebrae.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: Most childhood limb growth

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: spinal vertebrae.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Hyaline cartilage caps the long bones and the spinal vertebrae.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: fragile

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: bone,

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: limb growth

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: long bones and the spinal vertebrae.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: shaft.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Hyaline cartilage caps the long bones and the spinal vertebrae.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Hyaline cartilage

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Hyaline cartilage caps the long bones and the spinal vertebrae.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Hyaline cartilage

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: Hyaline cartilage caps the long bones and the spinal vertebrae.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: skeletal dysplasia.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: skeletal dysplasia.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Hyaline cartilage

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Hyaline cartilage

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: limb growth takes place at the ends of the long bones,

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: Hyaline cartilage caps the long bones and the spinal vertebrae.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Hyaline cartilage caps the long bones and the spinal vertebrae.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Hyaline cartilage caps the long bones and the spinal vertebrae.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: Hyaline cartilage

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: skeletal dysplasia.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: The old joint margins (edges) reabsorb,

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: skeletal dysplasia.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: bone,

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Hyaline cartilage

text: As the sclerotome develops, it condenses further eventually developing into the vertebral body. Development of the appropriate shapes of the vertebral bodies is regulated by HOX genes.

text: As the sclerotome develops, it condenses further eventually developing into the

text: vertebral body

text: . Development of the appropriate shapes of the vertebral bodies is regulated by

text: HOX gene

text: s.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: echinoderms

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: HOX genes

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The vertebral column of vertebrates does not have HOX genes.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: HOX genes

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: HOX genes

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: HOX genes

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: The sclerotome does not develop into the vertebral body.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: HOX genes

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How does the immune system of vertebrates learn to recognize and attack specific pathogens

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Why is cartilage a better choice?

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: sclerotome

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: HOX genes

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: HOX genes

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: sclerotome

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: HOX genes

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: sclerotome

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: sclerotome

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: vertebral body.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: sclerotome

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: Development of the appropriate shapes

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: As the sclerotome

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: HOX genes.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: sclerotome

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebral body.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sclerotome

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: HOX genes.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: sclerotome

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: As the sclerotome

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: sclerotome

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: As the sclerotome

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: As the sclerotome

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: As the sclerotome

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: HOX genes.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: HOX genes.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: HOX genes.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: vertebral body.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: As the sclerotome

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: HOX genes.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: HOX genes.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: HOX genes.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: HOX genes.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: sclerotome

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: HOX genes.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: sclerotome

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: sclerotome

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: HOX genes.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: sclerotome

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: sclerotome

text: Role of skin in locomotion  describes how the integumentary system is involved in locomotion. Typically the integumentary system can be thought of as skin, however the integumentary system also includes the segmented exoskeleton in arthropods and feathers of birds. The primary role of the integumentary system is to provide protection for the body. However, the structure of the skin has evolved to aid animals in their different modes of locomotion.Soft bodied animals such as starfish rely on the arrangement of the fibers in their tube feet for movement. Eels, snakes, and fish use their skin like an external tendon to generate the propulsive forces need for undulatory locomotion. Vertebrates that fly, glide, and parachute also have a characteristic fiber arrangements of their flight membranes that allows for the skin to maintain its structural integrity during the stress and strain experienced during flight.

text: Role of skin in locomotion  describes how the

text: integumentary system

text: is involved in locomotion. Typically the integumentary system can be thought of as

text: skin

text: , however the integumentary system also includes the

text: segmented exoskeleton

text: in

text: arthropod

text: s and

text: feathers

text: of birds. The primary role of the

text: integumentary system

text: is to provide protection for the body. However, the structure of the skin has evolved to aid animals in their different modes of locomotion.Soft bodied

text: animals

text: such as

text: starfish

text: rely on the arrangement of the fibers in their tube feet for movement.

text: Eels

text: snakes

text: , and

text: fish

text: use their skin like an external

text: tendon

text: to generate the propulsive forces need for

text: undulatory locomotion

text: . Vertebrates that fly, glide, and parachute also have a characteristic

text: fiber

text: arrangements of their flight

text: membrane

text: s that allows for the skin to maintain its structural integrity during the stress and strain experienced during flight.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: eels, snakes, and fish

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: three

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: fly, glide, and parachute

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: the skin has evolved to aid animals in their different modes of locomotion

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: flight membranes

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: a characteristic fiber arrangements of their flight membranes

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: softer

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: What is the primary role of the endocrine system?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: The primary role of the integumentary system is to provide protection for the body

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: What is the first vertebrates that do not need water to reproduce?

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Which animal is not a vertebrate?

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the primary role of the integumentary system?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the primary role of the integumentary system?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Why is cartilage skeleton better for growth?

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: How many living species of vertebrates are mentioned?

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Which of the following is not a vertebrate?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: exoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Eels

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: exoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: integumentary system

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: exoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: fly, glide, and parachute

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: flight.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: flight membranes

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: flight membranes

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: flight membranes

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: segmented exoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: external tendon

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: flight membranes

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Eels, snakes, and fish

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: flight membranes

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: starfish

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: starfish rely on the arrangement of the fibers in their tube feet

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: flight membranes

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Eels, snakes, and fish

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: fly, glide, and parachute

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: flight membranes

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: flight membranes

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: fish use their skin like an external tendon

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: birds.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: starfish rely on the arrangement of the fibers in their tube feet

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: flight.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Eels, snakes, and fish

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Role of skin in locomotion

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: exoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Eels, snakes, and fish

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: Eels, snakes, and fish

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: exoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: external tendon

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: exoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Role of skin in locomotion

text: Additional support comes from work on the development of the polychaete annelid Platynereis dumerilii, another protostome. Even more so than Drosophila, its pattern of central-nervous-system development is strikingly similar to that of vertebrates, but inverted. There is also evidence from left-right asymmetry. Vertebrates have a highly conserved Nodal signaling pathway that acts on the left side of the body, determining left-right asymmetries of internal organs. Sea urchins have the same signaling pathway, but it acts on the right side of the body. It was even shown that an opposing right-sided signal for regulating left-right asymmetry in vertebrates, i.e. BMP signaling pathway, is activated on the left side of the sea urchin larva, suggesting an axial inversion during evolution from basal deuterostome to chordate such like amphioxus. Because in amphioxus, Nodal signaling pathway is on the left side of the embryo, which is the same situation as vertebrates.  Sea urchins, like other echinoderms, have radially-symmetric adults, but bilaterally-symmetric larvae. Since sea urchins are deuterostomes, this suggests that the ancestral deuterostome shared its orientation with protostomes, and that dorsoventral inversion originated in some ancestral chordate.

text: Additional support comes from work on the development of the

text: polychaete

text: annelid

text: Platynereis dumerilii

text: , another protostome. Even more so than Drosophila, its pattern of central-nervous-system development is strikingly similar to that of vertebrates, but inverted. There is also evidence from left-right asymmetry. Vertebrates have a highly conserved Nodal signaling pathway that acts on the left side of the body, determining left-right asymmetries of internal organs.

text: Sea urchin

text: s have the same signaling pathway, but it acts on the right side of the body. It was even shown that an opposing right-sided signal for regulating left-right asymmetry in vertebrates, i.e. BMP signaling pathway, is activated on the left side of the sea urchin larva, suggesting an axial inversion during evolution from basal deuterostome to chordate such like amphioxus. Because in amphioxus, Nodal signaling pathway is on the left side of the embryo, which is the same situation as vertebrates.  Sea urchins, like other echinoderms, have radially-symmetric adults, but bilaterally-symmetric larvae. Since sea urchins are deuterostomes, this suggests that the ancestral deuterostome shared its orientation with protostomes, and that dorsoventral inversion originated in some ancestral chordate.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Deuterostome, chordate, and deuterostome

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: Nodal signaling pathway

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: the ancestral deuterostome shared its orientation with protostomes

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: central nervous systems

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Nodal signaling pathway

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: radially-symmetric

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Nodal

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: basal deuterostome

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: radially-symmetric adults, but bilaterally-symmetric larvae

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: basal deuterostome

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: echinoderms

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Which is not true?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: protostome

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: echinoderms

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: radially-symmetric

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: deuterostome

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: dorsoventral inversion

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: deuterostome

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: protostome.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: chordate

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: determining left-right asymmetries of internal organs.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: radially-symmetric

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: Nodal signaling pathway that acts on the left side of the body,

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Nodal signaling pathway

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: left-right asymmetry.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: radially-symmetric

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Nodal signaling pathway

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: basal deuterostome

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: radially-symmetric

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: basal deuterostome

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: amphioxus.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: basal deuterostome

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: chordate

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: protostome.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: left-right asymmetry.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Nodal signaling pathway

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: dorsoventral inversion originated in some ancestral chordate.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: protostome. Even more so than Drosophila,

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: left-right asymmetry.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: chordate

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: radially-symmetric adults,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: protostome.

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Nodal signaling pathway

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: Nodal signaling pathway

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: BMP

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Nodal signaling pathway

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: deuterostome

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: protostome.

text: The defining characteristic of a vertebrate is the vertebral column, in which the notochord (a stiff rod of uniform composition) found in all chordates has been replaced by a segmented series of stiffer elements (vertebrae) separated by mobile joints (intervertebral discs, derived embryonically and evolutionarily from the notochord). However, a few fish have secondarily lost this anatomy, retaining the notochord into adulthood, such as the sturgeon.

text: The defining characteristic of a vertebrate is the

text: vertebral column

text: , in which the

text: notochord

text: (a stiff rod of uniform composition) found in all

text: chordates

text: has been replaced by a segmented series of stiffer elements (vertebrae) separated by mobile joints (intervertebral discs, derived embryonically and evolutionarily from the notochord). However, a few fish have secondarily lost this anatomy, retaining the notochord into adulthood, such as the

text: sturgeon

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: chordates

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: three

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: stiff rod of uniform composition

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: retaining the notochord into adulthood

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: stiffer

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: glands that secrete

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: chordates

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: retaining the notochord into adulthood

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: chordates

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How does the immune system of vertebrates learn to recognize and attack specific pathogens

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: embryonically

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: chordates

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: chordates

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: notochord

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: vertebral discs

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: discs

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: embryonically

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: chordates

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: chordates

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: defining

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: retaining the notochord into adulthood,

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: (vertebrae) separated by mobile joints

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: (intervertebral discs,

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: stiffer

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: embryonically

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: vertebral column,

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: chordates

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: retaining the notochord into adulthood,

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: chordates

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: a few fish

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: (intervertebral discs,

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: the notochord

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: (intervertebral discs,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: vertebral column,

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: (intervertebral discs,

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: The defining characteristic of a vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: chordates

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: chordates

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: embryonically

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: the notochord

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: (intervertebral discs,

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: mobile joints (intervertebral discs,

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: notochord

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: embryonically

text: When vertebrates found their way onto land, the hyomandibula, with its location near the ear, began to function as a sound amplifier beside its function to support the skull. As evolution later attached the cranium of terrestrial vertebrates to the rest of the skull, the hyomandibula lost its supportive function and became an interior organ, the stapes, and thus its secondary function had become its primary function.

text: When vertebrates found their way onto land, the hyomandibula, with its location near the ear, began to function as a sound amplifier beside its function to support the skull. As evolution later attached the cranium of terrestrial vertebrates to the rest of the skull, the hyomandibula lost its supportive function and became an interior organ, the

text: stapes

text: , and thus its secondary function had become its primary function.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: vertebrates found their way onto land

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: support the skull

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: the cranium of terrestrial vertebrates to the rest of the skull

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: cranium

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: the hyomandibula

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: land-dwelling

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: the hyomandibula lost its supportive function and became an interior organ

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are living species of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: asexual

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cranium

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: stapes

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: cranium

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: hyomandibula,

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: land,

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: support the skull.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: began to function as a sound amplifier

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: ear,

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: hyomandibula,

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: sound amplifier beside its function to support the skull.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sound amplifier

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: sound amplifier

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: land,

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: a sound amplifier

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: land,

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: land,

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: When vertebrates found their way onto land,

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: When vertebrates found their way onto land,

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: the stapes, and thus its secondary function had become its primary function.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: hyomandibula,

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: hyomandibula,

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: When vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: When vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: terrestrial

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: hyomandibula,

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: evolution

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: hyomandibula,

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: hyomandibula,

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: evolution

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: cranium

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: hyomandibula,

text: The external oblique functions to pull the chest downwards and compress the abdominal cavity, which increases the intra-abdominal pressure as in a valsalva maneuver.  It also has limited actions in both flexion and rotation of the vertebral column. One side of the obliques contracting can create lateral flexion.

text: The external oblique functions to pull the chest downwards and compress the abdominal cavity, which increases the intra-abdominal pressure as in a

text: valsalva maneuver

text: .  It also has limited actions in both flexion and rotation of the

text: vertebral column

text: . One side of the obliques contracting can create lateral flexion.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: one

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: flexion and rotation

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The external obliques contracting can create lateral flexion.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: obliques

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: The external obliques

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: softer

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: the external obliques contracting can create lateral flexion

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How does the immune system of vertebrates work?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: valsalva maneuver

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: external obliques

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: valsalva maneuver

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: spinal cord

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: The external oblique

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: external oblique

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: flexion and rotation

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: limited actions in both flexion and rotation

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: obliques

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: external oblique

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: limited actions in both flexion and rotation of the vertebral column.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: external oblique

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: pressure

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: The external oblique functions to pull the chest downwards

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: The external oblique

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: The external oblique

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: The external oblique

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: The external oblique

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: The external oblique

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: vertebral column.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: The external oblique functions to pull the chest downwards

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: The external oblique

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: The external oblique

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: The external oblique

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: limited actions in both flexion and rotation of the vertebral column.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: vertebral column.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: The external oblique

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: The external oblique

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: intra-abdominal pressure as in a valsalva

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: valsalva

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: external oblique

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebral column.

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: valsalva

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebral column.

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: intra-abdominal pressure

text: Kabardino-Balkarski is located in the Caucasus mixed forests ecoregion.  This ecoregion is located along the Caucasus Mountains between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea.  It has one of the highest levels of species endemism and diversity in the world: 23% of vascular species, and 10% of vertebrates.

text: Kabardino-Balkarski is located in the Caucasus mixed forests ecoregion.  This ecoregion is located along the Caucasus Mountains between the

text: Black Sea

text: and the

text: Caspian Sea

text: .  It has one of the highest levels of species endemism and diversity in the world: 23% of vascular species, and 10% of vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: vascular species

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: 10

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: skeletal

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: It has one of the highest levels of species endemism

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: vascular

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: vascular species

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: 10% of vertebrates are vascular

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: vascular species

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, vertebrates evolved endothermy or vertebrates evolved ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: How many percent of vascular species are not vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: 10%

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How does the adaptive immune system of vertebrates work?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: How many years after birds evolved did vertebrates appear?

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many different classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vascular

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: 10%

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: 10%

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: Caucasus mixed forests

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: 10%

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: 10%

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: 10%

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: 10% of vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: vascular

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: 10%

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: 10%

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: 10%

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: 10%

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: 10%

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: 10%

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: 10% of vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: 10%

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: 10% of vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: 10% of vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: 10% of vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: 10% of vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Caucasus mixed forests ecoregion.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: 10%

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: 10%

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: 10%

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: vascular species, and 10% of vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vascular

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vascular

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrates.

text: :This article is about a group of ray-finned fish called Acanthomorpha or acanthomorphs.  ‘’Acanthomorph’‘ is also a descriptive name for a spiny-walled subgroup of the microscopic fossils called acritarchs.Acanthomorpha (meaning "thorn-shaped" in Greek) is a extraordinarily diverse taxon of teleost fishes with spiny-rays. The clade contains about one third of the world’s modern species of vertebrates: over 14,000 species.

text: :This article is about a group of ray-finned fish called Acanthomorpha or acanthomorphs.  ‘’Acanthomorph’‘ is also a descriptive name for a spiny-walled subgroup of the microscopic fossils called

text: acritarch

text: s.Acanthomorpha (meaning "thorn-shaped" in Greek) is a extraordinarily diverse

text: taxon

text: of

text: teleost

text: fishes with spiny-

text: ray

text: s. The

text: clade

text: contains about one third of the world’s modern species of vertebrates: over 14,000 species.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Acanthomorpha

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: one third

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The clade contains about one third of the world’s modern species of vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: fins

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Acanthomorpha.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: glands that secrete hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: acritarchs.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: The clade contains about one third of the world’s modern species of vertebrates: over 14,000 species

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: acritarchs.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Amphibians were the first vertebrates that did not need water to reproduce.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Acanthomorpha is a group of ray-finned fish with spiny-walled subgroups of the microscopic fossils called acritarchs.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Amphibians evolved from a lobe-finned fish ancestor.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: Acanthomorpha contains about one third of the world’s modern species of vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Vertebrate kidneys filter wastes out of the blood.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: The adaptive immune system of vertebrates learns to recognize and attack specific pathogens.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Acanthomorpha is a group of ray-finned fish with spiny-walled subgroup of the microscopic fossils called acritarchs.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Mammals evolved in the late Cretaceous period.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony skeletons are more rigid than cartilage skeletons.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: The clade contains about one third of the world’s modern species

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Acanthomorpha is a group of ray-finned fishes with spiny-walled subgroup of the microscopic fossils called acritarchs.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: zygote

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Acanthomorpha

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: asexual

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Acanthomorpha

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: skeleton

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: embryonic

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: teleost fishes

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: 14,000

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: ray-finned

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: one third of the world’s modern species of vertebrates:

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: spiny-rays.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: spiny-rays.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: spiny-walled

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: ray-finned

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: vertebrates:

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: acritarchs.Acanthomorpha

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: one third of the world’s modern species of vertebrates:

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: acritarchs.Acanthomorpha

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: acritarchs.Acanthomorpha

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: acritarchs.Acanthomorpha

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: ray-finned

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: vertebrates:

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: acritarchs.Acanthomorpha

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Acanthomorpha

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: acritarchs.Acanthomorpha

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: acritarchs.Acanthomorpha

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: one third of the world’s modern species of vertebrates:

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: 14,000

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: over 14,000

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: vertebrates:

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: acritarchs.Acanthomorpha

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: ray-finned

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: acritarchs.Acanthomorpha

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: acritarchs.Acanthomorpha

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: acritarchs.Acanthomorpha

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: acritarchs.Acanthomorpha

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: acritarchs.Acanthomorpha

text: Traumatic vertebral dissection may follow blunt trauma to the neck, such as in a traffic collision, direct blow to the neck, strangulation, or whiplash injury. 1–2% of those with major trauma may have an injury to the carotid or vertebral arteries. In many cases of vertebral dissection, people report recent very mild trauma to the neck or sudden neck movements, e.g. in the context of playing sports. Others report a recent infection, particularly respiratory tract infections associated with coughing. Trauma has been reported to have occurred within a month of dissection in 40% with nearly 90% of this time the trauma being minor.  It has been difficult to prove the association with mild trauma and infections statistically. It is likely that many "spontaneous" cases may in fact have been caused by such relatively minor insults in someone predisposed by other structural problems to the vessels.

text: Traumatic vertebral dissection may follow blunt trauma to the neck, such as in a

text: traffic collision

text: , direct blow to the neck,

text: strangulation

text: , or

text: whiplash injury

text: . 1–2% of those with major trauma may have an injury to the carotid or vertebral arteries. In many cases of vertebral dissection, people report recent very mild trauma to the neck or sudden neck movements, e.g. in the context of playing sports. Others report a recent infection, particularly

text: respiratory tract infection

text: s associated with

text: cough

text: ing. Trauma has been reported to have occurred within a month of dissection in 40% with nearly 90% of this time the trauma being minor.  It has been difficult to prove the association with mild trauma and infections statistically. It is likely that many "spontaneous" cases may in fact have been caused by such relatively minor insults in someone predisposed by other structural problems to the vessels.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: vertebral arteries

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: respiratory tract infections

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: It has been difficult to prove the association with mild trauma and infections

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebral arteries

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebral arteries

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: spontaneous

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Which of the following is not a vertebral endocrine system?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: vertebral arteries

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: It has been difficult to prove the association with mild trauma and infections statistically

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, vertebrates evolved endothermy or vertebrates evolved ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: vertebral dissection

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: not

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: before the first mammals

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many different classes of vertebrates are living species of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: playing sports

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: cervical dissection

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebral

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: respiratory tract infections

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebral

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebral

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: vertebral arteries.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: 1–2%

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: vessels.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: "spontaneous"

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: arteries.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: carotid or vertebral arteries.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebral dissection

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: "spontaneous"

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: infection,

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: vertebral arteries.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: "spontaneous"

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: vertebral arteries.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Traumatic vertebral dissection

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Traumatic vertebral dissection

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Traumatic vertebral dissection

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: vertebral arteries.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: vertebral arteries.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: respiratory tract infections associated with coughing.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Traumatic vertebral dissection

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Traumatic vertebral dissection

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Traumatic vertebral dissection

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: 1–2%

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: vertebral arteries.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Traumatic vertebral dissection

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: Traumatic vertebral dissection

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: playing sports.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: "spontaneous"

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebral arteries.

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: respiratory tract infections

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebral arteries.

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Traumatic vertebral dissection

text: The describing authors established some distinguishing traits. These were all autapomorphies, unique derived qualities. The longest neural spines reach a height of at least 4.3 times the height of their vertebral bodies. The rear middle back vertebrae have a very high and deep depression between their rear articular processes and the base of the neural spine, 2.6 times higher than that base is long, measured from the front to the rear. The rib of the dorsosacral vertebra is fused with the sacral yoke. With the second and third sacral vertebrae the keel at the underside is limited to the front part of the vertebral body. With the fourth sacral vertebra the keel has a similar position but is low and wide. The facets for the dorsosacral and first sacral ribs are located close to each other near the top edge of the ilium, higher than the facets of the other sacral ribs. The ridge on the inner side of the rear blade of the ilium runs obliquely to behind and above, forming a slightly swollen bone shelf, directed to the inside, on the rear part of the rear blade. The lower end of the ischium has a D-shaped cross-section due to an extension on the outer side.

text: The describing authors established some distinguishing traits. These were all

text: autapomorphies

text: , unique derived qualities. The longest neural spines reach a height of at least 4.3 times the height of their vertebral bodies. The rear middle back vertebrae have a very high and deep depression between their rear articular processes and the base of the neural spine, 2.6 times higher than that base is long, measured from the front to the rear. The rib of the dorsosacral vertebra is fused with the sacral yoke. With the second and third sacral vertebrae the keel at the underside is limited to the front part of the vertebral body. With the fourth sacral vertebra the keel has a similar position but is low and wide. The facets for the dorsosacral and first sacral ribs are located close to each other near the top edge of the ilium, higher than the facets of the other sacral ribs. The ridge on the inner side of the rear blade of the ilium runs obliquely to behind and above, forming a slightly swollen bone shelf, directed to the inside, on the rear part of the rear blade. The lower end of the ischium has a D-shaped cross-section due to an extension on the outer side.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: How many vertebrae are fused with the sacral yoke

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: spinal

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The longest neural spines reach a height of at least 4.3 times the height of their vertebral bodies

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: sacral vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: The vertebral endoskeleton includes what?

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Which of the following is not a characteristic of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: The longest neural spines reach a height of

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: The longest neural spines reach a height of at least 4.3 times the height of their vertebral bodies

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: What was the first vertebrates that did not need water to reproduce?

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Which of the following is not an ancestor of amphibians?

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What does the adaptive immune system of vertebrates learn to recognize and attack?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Which of the following is not a cartilage endoskeleton?

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: What did the authors establish?

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: How many species of vertebrates are mentioned?

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Which of the following is not a sex?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: ilium

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: autapomorphies

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: autapomorphies

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: ilium

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: autapomorphies

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: ischium

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: neural spines

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: 4.3 times the height of their vertebral bodies.

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: vertebral bodies.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: 4.3 times the height of their vertebral bodies.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: sacral vertebra

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: autapomorphies,

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: 4.3 times the height of their vertebral bodies.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: autapomorphies,

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: 4.3 times the height of their vertebral bodies.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: autapomorphies,

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: 4.3 times the height of their vertebral bodies.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: neural spines

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: 4.3 times the height of their vertebral bodies.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: autapomorphies,

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: 4.3 times the height of their vertebral bodies.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: autapomorphies,

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: 4.3 times the height of their vertebral bodies.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: 4.3 times the height of their vertebral bodies.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: 4.3 times the height of their vertebral bodies.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: 4.3 times the height of their vertebral bodies.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: 4.3 times the height of their vertebral bodies.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: 4.3 times the height of their vertebral bodies.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: autapomorphies,

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: autapomorphies,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: autapomorphies,

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: autapomorphies,

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: autapomorphies,

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: autapomorphies,

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: autapomorphies,

text: Several characteristics in therapsids have been noted as being consistent with the development of endothermy: the presence of turbinates, erect limbs, highly vascularized bones, limb and tail proportions conducive to the preservation of body heat, and the absence of growth rings in bones. Therefore, like modern mammals, non-mammalian therapsids were most likely warm-blooded.

text: Several characteristics in therapsids have been noted as being consistent with the development of

text: endothermy

text: : the presence of

text: turbinates

text: , erect limbs, highly

text: vascularized bones

text: , limb and tail proportions conducive to the preservation of body heat, and the absence of

text: growth ring

text: s in bones. Therefore, like modern mammals, non-mammalian therapsids were most likely warm-blooded.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: mammals

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: eight

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: preservation of body heat

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: growth rings in bones

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: limbs

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: turbinates

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: highly vascularized

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: mammals

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: therapsids were most likely warm-blooded

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How does the adaptive immune system of vertebrates work?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: growth rings

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are living species of vertebrates placed in?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: bones

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: therapsids

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: therapsids

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: preservation of body heat,

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: growth rings

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: limbs,

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: turbinates,

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: highly vascularized

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: endothermy:

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: heat,

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: therapsids

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: warm-blooded.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: therapsids

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Several characteristics in therapsids

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: endothermy:

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Several characteristics in therapsids

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: mammals,

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: mammals,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: endothermy:

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: turbinates,

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: mammals,

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: growth rings

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: mammals,

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: mammals,

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: modern mammals,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: endothermy:

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: endothermy:

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: endothermy:

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vascularized bones,

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: endothermy:

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: bones,

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: endothermy:

text: Cartilage in the second pharyngeal arch is referred to as Reichert's cartilage and contributes to many structures in the fully developed adult. In contrast to the Meckel's cartilage of the first pharyngeal arch it does not constitute a continuous element, and instead is composed of two distinct cartilagenous segments joined by a faint layer of mesenchyme.  Dorsal ends of Reichert's cartilage ossify during development to form the stapes of the middle ear before being incorporated into the middle ear cavity, while the ventral portion ossifies to form the lesser cornu and upper part of the body of the hyoid bone. Caudal to what will eventually become the stapes, Reichert's cartilage also forms the styloid process of the temporal bone. The cartilage between the hyoid bone and styloid process will not remain as development continues, but its perichondrium will eventually form the stylohyoid ligament.

text: Cartilage in the second pharyngeal arch is referred to as Reichert's cartilage and contributes to many structures in the fully developed adult. In contrast to the

text: Meckel's cartilage

text: of the

text: first pharyngeal arch

text: it does not constitute a continuous element, and instead is composed of two distinct cartilagenous segments joined by a faint layer of

text: mesenchyme

text: .  Dorsal ends of Reichert's cartilage

text: ossify

text: during development to form the

text: stapes

text: of the

text: middle ear

text: before being incorporated into the middle ear cavity, while the ventral portion ossifies to form the lesser cornu and upper part of the body of the

text: hyoid bone

text: . Caudal to what will eventually become the

text: stapes

text: , Reichert's cartilage also forms the

text: styloid process

text: of the

text: temporal bone

text: . The cartilage between the

text: hyoid bone

text: and

text: styloid process

text: will not remain as development continues, but its

text: perichondrium

text: will eventually form the

text: stylohyoid ligament

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Adult

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: contributes to many structures

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: Meckel's cartilage of the first pharyngeal arch it does not constitute a continuous element

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: pharyngeal

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Meckel's cartilage

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: a continuous element

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: adult

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: What is the first pharyngeal arch?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: The cartilage between the hyoid bone and styloid process will not remain as development continues

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: what is the function of vertebrate kidneys

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How does the immune system of vertebrates learn to recognize and attack specific pathogens

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are placed in five different classes?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Which of the following is not a sex?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: embryonic

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Meckel's cartilage

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: mesenchyme

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: Cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Perichondrium

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: cartilagenous

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: ossify

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Meckel's cartilage

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: adult.

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: many structures in the fully developed adult.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: continuous element,

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: first pharyngeal arch

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Reichert's cartilage

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: continuous element,

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: adult.

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: mesenchyme.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Meckel's cartilage

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: continuous element,

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Meckel's cartilage

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Meckel's cartilage

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Cartilage in the second pharyngeal arch

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Cartilage in the second pharyngeal arch

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: a faint layer of mesenchyme.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: a faint layer of mesenchyme.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Reichert's cartilage

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Meckel's cartilage

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Cartilage in the second pharyngeal arch

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: it does not constitute a continuous element,

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: a faint layer of mesenchyme.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: stylohyoid ligament.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Cartilage in the second pharyngeal arch

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: development

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Meckel's cartilage

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: Meckel's cartilage

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: Cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: mesenchyme.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: mesenchyme.

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: development

text: In the adjacent picture, the arrow points to an inferior costal facet. The facets are named for their location on the vertebral body, not the rib. The inferior costal facet is located on the inferior aspect of the vertebral body, but has a superior location on the rib. Similarly, the superior costal facet is superior on the vertebral body but is inferior on the rib.

text: In the adjacent picture, the arrow points to an inferior costal facet. The facets are named for their location on the vertebral body, not the rib. The inferior costal facet is located on the inferior aspect of the vertebral body, but has a superior location on the rib. Similarly, the superior costal facet is superior on the vertebral body but is inferior on the rib.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: vertebrates that have ribs

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: costal

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: the inferior costal facet is located on the inferior aspect of the vertebral body

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: costal facet

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: costal facet

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: softer

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: the inferior costal facet is located on the inferior aspect

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Why did vertebrates evolve endothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: what is the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How does the adaptive immune system of vertebrates work?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: What happened after birds evolved?

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Which of the following is not a sex?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebral

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: The rib

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: costal facet

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: costal

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: costal

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebral

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebral

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: rib.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: inferior

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: inferior aspect of the vertebral body,

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: rib.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: rib.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: inferior costal facet.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: superior

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: inferior costal facet.

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: inferior costal facet.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: inferior costal facet.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: rib.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: inferior costal facet.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: inferior costal facet.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: inferior costal facet.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: inferior costal facet.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: rib.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: inferior costal facet.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: inferior costal facet.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: inferior costal facet.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: In the adjacent picture,

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: inferior costal facet.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: picture,

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: inferior costal facet.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: inferior costal facet.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: inferior costal facet.

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: inferior costal facet.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: inferior costal facet.

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: rib.

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: inferior costal facet.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: rib.

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: picture,

text: Cartilaginous fish, such as sharks, also lack a true maxilla. Their upper jaw is instead formed from a cartilagenous bar that is not homologous with the bone found in other vertebrates.

text: Cartilaginous fish

text: , such as sharks, also lack a true maxilla. Their upper jaw is instead formed from a

text: cartilage

text: nous bar that is not

text: homologous

text: with the bone found in other vertebrates.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: sharks

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: eight

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: cartilaginous fish, such as sharks, also lack a true maxilla

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: jaws

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: cartilagenous bar

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: homologous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Cartilaginous fish lack a true maxilla.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What does the adaptive immune system of vertebrates do?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes are vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilagenous

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Cartilaginous fish,

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: Cartilaginous fish,

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: homologous with the bone

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: maxilla.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: Cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Cartilaginous fish,

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Cartilaginous fish,

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Cartilaginous fish,

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Cartilaginous fish,

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Cartilaginous fish,

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Cartilaginous fish,

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: Cartilaginous fish,

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Cartilaginous fish,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Cartilaginous fish,

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Cartilaginous fish,

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Cartilaginous fish,

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: Cartilaginous fish,

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Cartilaginous fish,

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Cartilaginous fish,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: Cartilaginous fish,

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Cartilaginous fish,

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: Cartilaginous fish,

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: Cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Cartilaginous fish,

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Cartilaginous fish,

text: Vertebral anomalies, or defects of the spinal column, usually consist of small (hypoplastic) vertebrae or hemivertebra where only one half of the bone is formed. About 80 percent of patients with VACTERL association will have vertebral anomalies. In early life these rarely cause any difficulties, although the presence of these defects on a chest x-ray may alert the physician to other defects associated with VACTERL. Later in life these spinal column abnormalities may put the child at risk for developing scoliosis, or curvature of the spine.

text: Vertebral anomalies, or defects of the spinal column, usually consist of small (

text: hypoplastic

text: ) vertebrae or hemivertebra where only one half of the bone is formed. About 80 percent of patients with VACTERL association will have vertebral anomalies. In early life these rarely cause any difficulties, although the presence of these defects on a chest x-ray may alert the physician to other defects associated with VACTERL. Later in life these spinal column abnormalities may put the child at risk for developing

text: scoliosis

text: , or curvature of the spine.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: hemivertebra

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: spinal

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: only one half of the bone is formed

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: spines

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sex

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Which of the following is not a type of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: hemivertebra

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: only one half of the bone is formed

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: hemivertebra

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which of the following is not a type of vertebrae?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: vertebral anomalies

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: VACTERL

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: VACTERL

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: VACTERL

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: VACTERL

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: VACTERL

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: hemivertebra

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: hemivertebra

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: bone is formed.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: only one half of the bone is formed.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: hemivertebra

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrae or hemivertebra

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: formed.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: VACTERL

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Vertebral anomalies,

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: hemivertebra

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: only one half of the bone is formed.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: hemivertebra

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Vertebral anomalies,

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Vertebral anomalies,

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Vertebral anomalies,

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: Vertebral anomalies,

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Vertebral anomalies,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Vertebral anomalies,

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Vertebral anomalies,

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Vertebral anomalies,

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Vertebral anomalies,

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: Vertebral anomalies,

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Vertebral anomalies,

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: hemivertebra

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: hemivertebra

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: VACTERL

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: VACTERL

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: VACTERL

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Vertebral anomalies,

text: Conventional classification has living vertebrates grouped into seven classes based on traditional interpretations of gross anatomical and physiological traits. This classification is the one most commonly encountered in school textbooks, overviews, non-specialist, and popular works. The extant vertebrates are:

text: Conventional classification has living vertebrates grouped into seven classes based on traditional interpretations of gross

text: anatomical

text: and

text: physiological

text: traits. This classification is the one most commonly encountered in school textbooks, overviews, non-specialist, and popular works. The

text: extant

text: vertebrates are:

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: extant vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: seven

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: skeletal

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: living vertebrates grouped into seven classes based on traditional interpretations

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: softer

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: extant

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: vertebrates reproduce sexually.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: extant

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: extant

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: Chordata

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: extant

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: No

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: male

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: seven

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: seven

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: physiological

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: seven classes

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: seven

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: seven classes

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: Conventional classification

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Conventional classification has living vertebrates grouped into seven classes

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: living vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: living vertebrates grouped into seven classes

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: seven classes

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Conventional classification has living vertebrates grouped into seven classes

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: seven classes

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Conventional classification has living vertebrates grouped into seven classes

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: seven classes

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: seven classes

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Conventional classification has living vertebrates grouped into seven classes

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: seven classes

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Conventional classification has living vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: seven classes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: seven classes

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: seven

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Conventional classification

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: gross anatomical and physiological traits.

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: physiological traits.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: Conventional classification

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: physiological

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: gross anatomical and physiological traits.

text: In the Early Devonian (416-397 Ma), the lobe-finned fishes split into two main lineages — the coelacanths and the rhipidistians. The former never left the oceans and their heyday was the Late Devonian and Carboniferous, from 385 to 299 Ma, as they were more common during those periods than in any other period in the Phanerozoic; coelacanths still live today in the oceans (genus Latimeria). The Rhipidistians, whose ancestors probably lived in estuaries, migrated into freshwater habitats. They in turn split into two major groups: the lungfish and the tetrapodomorphs. The lungfish's greatest diversity was in the Triassic period; today there are fewer than a dozen genera left. The lungfish evolved the first proto-lungs and proto-limbs; developing the ability to live outside a water environment in the middle Devonian (397-385 Ma). The first tetrapodomorphs, which included the gigantic rhizodonts, had the same general anatomy as the lungfish, who were their closest kin, but they appear not to have left their water habitat until the late Devonian epoch (385 - 359 Ma), with the appearance of tetrapods (four-legged vertebrates). Tetrapods are the only tetrapodomorphs that survived after the Devonian. Lobe-finned fishes continued until towards the end of Paleozoic era, suffering heavy losses during the Permian-Triassic extinction event (251 Ma).

text: In the Early Devonian (416-397 Ma), the lobe-finned fishes split into two main lineages — the

text: coelacanth

text: s and the

text: rhipidistian

text: s. The former never left the oceans and their heyday was the

text: Late Devonian

text: and

text: Carboniferous

text: , from 385 to 299 Ma, as they were more common during those periods than in any other period in the Phanerozoic; coelacanths still live today in the

text: ocean

text: s (genus

text: Latimeria

text: ). The Rhipidistians, whose ancestors probably lived in

text: estuaries

text: , migrated into freshwater habitats. They in turn split into two major groups: the

text: lungfish

text: and the

text: tetrapodomorph

text: s. The lungfish's greatest diversity was in the

text: Triassic

text: period; today there are fewer than a dozen genera left. The lungfish evolved the first proto-lungs and proto-limbs; developing the ability to live outside a water environment in the middle Devonian (397-385 Ma). The first tetrapodomorphs, which included the gigantic rhizodonts, had the same general anatomy as the lungfish, who were their closest kin, but they appear not to have left their water habitat until the late Devonian epoch (385 - 359 Ma), with the appearance of

text: tetrapods

text: (four-legged vertebrates). Tetrapods are the only tetrapodomorphs that survived after the Devonian. Lobe-finned fishes continued until towards the end of Paleozoic era, suffering heavy losses during the

text: Permian-Triassic extinction event

text: (251 Ma).

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: tetrapods and rhizodonts

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: four

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: four-legged

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: four-legged vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: four-legged vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: four-legged vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense than cartilage

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: What did the lungfish evolve in the middle Devonian?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: tetrapods are the only tetrapodomorphs that survived after the Devonian

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: tetrapodomorphs

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: yes

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How do vertebrates learn to recognize and attack specific pathogens?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many main lineages did the coelacanths split into?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: How many tetrapodomorphs survived after the Devonian?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: proto-lungs

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: proto-lungs

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: Rhipidistians

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: proto-lungs

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: Rhipidistians

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: proto-lungs

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: Lobe-finned

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: (four-legged

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: (four-legged

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: tetrapods (four-legged

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: gigantic rhizodonts,

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: (four-legged

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: (four-legged vertebrates).

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Carboniferous,

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: never left the oceans

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: rhizodonts,

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: late Devonian

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Devonian

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Devonian

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: (four-legged

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Carboniferous,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Devonian

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: lungfish,

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: fishes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: proto-lungs and proto-limbs;

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: proto-lungs and proto-limbs;

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: proto-lungs

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: proto-lungs

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: proto-lungs and proto-limbs;

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: proto-lungs

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: proto-lungs and proto-limbs;

text: Endochondral ossification is responsible for the initial bone development from cartilage in utero and infants and the longitudinal growth of long bones in the epiphyseal plate. The plate's chondrocytes are under constant division by mitosis. These daughter cells stack facing the epiphysis while the older cells are pushed towards the diaphysis. As the older chondrocytes degenerate, osteoblasts ossify the remains to form new bone. In puberty increasing levels of estrogen, in both females and males, leads to increased apoptosis of chondrocytes in the epiphyseal plate. Depletion of chondrocytes due to apoptosis leads to less ossification and growth slows down and later stops when the entire cartilage have become replaced by bone, leaving only a thin epiphyseal scar which later disappears.

text: Endochondral ossification

text: is responsible for the initial bone development from cartilage

text: in utero

text: and infants and the longitudinal growth of long bones in the epiphyseal plate. The plate's

text: chondrocytes

text: are under constant division by

text: mitosis

text: . These

text: daughter cell

text: s stack facing the

text: epiphysis

text: while the older cells are pushed towards the

text: diaphysis

text: . As the older chondrocytes degenerate,

text: osteoblasts

text: ossify the remains to form new bone. In puberty increasing levels of estrogen, in both females and males, leads to increased

text: apoptosis

text: of chondrocytes in the epiphyseal plate. Depletion of chondrocytes due to apoptosis leads to less

text: ossification

text: and growth slows down and later stops when the entire cartilage have become replaced by bone, leaving only a thin epiphyseal scar which later disappears.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: mammals, birds, and reptiles

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: one

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: longitudinal growth of long bones

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: the entire cartilage have become replaced by bone

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: epiphyseal plates

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: osteoblasts

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: longer than cartilage

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: increasing levels of estrogen

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Which of the following is not a type of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: a thin epiphyseal scar which later disappears

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How does the immune system of vertebrates learn to recognize and attack specific pathogens

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Which happened first, birds or mammals?

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Which of the following is not a vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: in utero

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: mitosis

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: apoptosis

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: mitosis

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: in utero

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Endochondral

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: Endochondral

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: longitudinal growth of long bones

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: the entire cartilage have become replaced by bone,

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: bones

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: epiphyseal plate.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: long bones

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: estrogen,

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: estrogen,

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: the entire cartilage have become replaced by bone,

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: estrogen,

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Endochondral

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Endochondral

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: estrogen, in both females and males,

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: estrogen,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: epiphyseal plate.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: bone,

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Endochondral

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: Endochondral ossification

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Endochondral

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: females and males,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: utero

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: estrogen,

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: estrogen,

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: mitosis.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: utero

text: It has been suggested that invertebrate and vertebrate signaling downstream from Smoothened has diverged significantly. The role of Suppressor of Fused (SUFU) has been enhanced in vertebrates compared to Drosophila where its role is relatively minor. Costal-2 is particularly important in Drosophila. The protein kinase Fused is a regulator of SUFU in Drosophila, but may not play a role in the Hh pathway of vertebrates. In vertebrates, Hh signaling has been heavily coupled to cilia.

text: It has been suggested that invertebrate and vertebrate signaling downstream from Smoothened has diverged significantly. The role of Suppressor of Fused (SUFU) has been enhanced in vertebrates compared to Drosophila where its role is relatively minor. Costal-2 is particularly important in Drosophila. The protein kinase Fused is a regulator of SUFU in Drosophila, but may not play a role in the Hh pathway of vertebrates. In vertebrates, Hh signaling has been heavily coupled to

text: cilia

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Drosophila

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: six

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: Hh

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: Drosophila where its role is relatively minor

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: cilia

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Suppressor of Fused (SUFU)

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: Hh

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: What type of glands do vertebrates have?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Drosophila

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Drosophila where its role is relatively minor

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Drosophila

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: In vertebrates, Hh signaling has been heavily coupled to cilia

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: What is ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Invertebrate signaling downstream from Smoothened has diverged significantly

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the role of SUFU in vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Invertebrate

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: How many species of vertebrates are described?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Drosophila

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Drosophila

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Drosophila

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: invertebrate

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: Hh signaling has been heavily coupled to cilia.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: Drosophila where its role is relatively minor.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: cilia.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: cilia.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: enhanced in vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: Hh

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Hh signaling has been heavily coupled to cilia.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Drosophila

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Drosophila where its role is relatively minor.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Drosophila

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Drosophila

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: invertebrate

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Drosophila

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: invertebrate

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: The role of Suppressor of Fused (SUFU)

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: cilia.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: invertebrate

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: vertebrates compared to Drosophila

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: invertebrate

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: invertebrate

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Drosophila

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: Hh signaling has been heavily coupled to cilia.

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: invertebrate and vertebrate signaling downstream from Smoothened

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: cilia.

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: invertebrate

text: Castile and León has a great diversity of fauna. Some of these are notable either for being endemic to the region or for their rarity. 418 species of vertebrates have been identified, constituting 63 percent of the vertebrates that can be found in Spain. Animals adapted to the high mountains, inhabitant of rocky landscapes, river dwellers, lowland species, and forest animals all can be found in Castile and León.

text: Castile and León has a great diversity of fauna. Some of these are notable either for being endemic to the region or for their rarity. 418 species of

text: vertebrate

text: s have been identified, constituting 63 percent of the vertebrates that can be found in Spain. Animals adapted to the high mountains, inhabitant of rocky landscapes, river dwellers, lowland species, and forest animals all can be found in Castile and León.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: river dwellers, lowland species, and forest animals

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: 418

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: the vertebral column of vertebrates is not found in Spain

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: 418 species of vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: lowland species

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: endemic to the region

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: lowland species

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: 418 species of vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: 418 species of vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class: lowland species, river dwellers, or forest animals?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: endemic

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: endemic

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: river dwellers, lowland species, and forest animals

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: 418

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: adapted to the high mountains,

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: 63 percent

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: 63 percent of the vertebrates that can be found in Spain.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: 63 percent of the vertebrates that can be found in Spain.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: 63 percent of the vertebrates that can be found in Spain.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: 418 species

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: 63 percent of the vertebrates that can be found in Spain.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: 418 species

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: river dwellers,

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: 63 percent of the vertebrates that can be found in Spain.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: 63 percent of the vertebrates that can be found in Spain.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: 418 species

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: 63 percent of the vertebrates that can be found in Spain.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: 63 percent of the vertebrates that can be found in Spain.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: 63 percent of the vertebrates that can be found in Spain.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: 418 species of vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: 63 percent of the vertebrates that can be found in Spain.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: 418

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: river dwellers, lowland species, and forest animals

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: 63 percent of the vertebrates that can be found in Spain.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: river dwellers,

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrates

text: They are minute rounded or pyriform parasites found within erythrocytes, or other circulating or endothelial cells of vertebrates, where they reproduce by merogony. The trophozoite stage is separated from erythrocyte by a single membrane. This distinguishes them from other blood parasites that usually have at least two membranes.

text: They are minute rounded or

text: pyriform

text: parasites found within erythrocytes, or other circulating or endothelial cells of vertebrates, where they reproduce by

text: merogony

text: . The

text: trophozoite

text: stage is separated from erythrocyte by a single membrane. This distinguishes them from other blood parasites that usually have at least two membranes.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: How many membranes does the trophozoite stage have?

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: eight

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: blood parasites

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: the vertebral column of vertebrates does not have any membranes

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: membranes

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: erythrocytes

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: merogony

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: What does the trophozoite stage consist of?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: other blood parasites that usually have at least two membranes

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: trophozoite stage

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: merogony

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: merogony

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: erythrocyte

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: merogony

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: skeleton

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: merogony

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: trophozoite

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: trophozoite

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: reproduce by merogony.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: two membranes.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: two membranes.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: erythrocytes,

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: a single membrane.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: merogony.

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: merogony.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: merogony.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: two membranes.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: trophozoite

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: merogony.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: merogony.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: pyriform parasites

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: circulating or endothelial cells of vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: blood parasites

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: blood parasites

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: a single membrane. This distinguishes them from other blood parasites

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: merogony.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: vertebrates, where they reproduce by merogony.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: trophozoite stage

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: blood parasites that usually have at least two membranes.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: merogony.

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: merogony.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: merogony.

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: endothelial cells

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: merogony.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: endothelial

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: merogony.

text: The style of writing is very light and readable, and technical concepts kept to a minimum. In the book vertebrate evolution is studied utilizing comparative anatomy & functional morphology of existing vertebrates, and fossil records. The book is considered a classic and has been used very frequently as a college-level or university introductory level text on the subjects of basic paleontology and vertebrate evolution.

text: The style of writing is very light and readable, and technical concepts kept to a minimum. In the book vertebrate evolution is studied utilizing comparative anatomy & functional morphology of existing vertebrates, and fossil records. The book is considered a classic and has been used very frequently as a college-level or university introductory level text on the subjects of basic

text: paleontology

text: and

text: vertebrate evolution

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: what is the last group mentioned?

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: functional

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: the vertebral column of vertebrates has no bones

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: functional morphology of existing vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: softer

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: fossil records

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: the book is considered a classic

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: fossil records

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: ectothermy

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: vertebrates evolved from a lobe-finned fish ancestor

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How does the adaptive immune system of vertebrates work?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: vertebrate evolution

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: vertebrate evolution

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: fossil

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: functional morphology

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: technical concepts kept to a minimum.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: comparative anatomy & functional morphology of existing vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: comparative anatomy & functional morphology of existing vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: fossil records.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: fossil records.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: comparative anatomy & functional morphology

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: comparative anatomy & functional morphology of existing vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: vertebrate evolution

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: comparative anatomy & functional morphology of existing vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: comparative anatomy & functional morphology of existing vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: comparative anatomy & functional morphology of existing vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: vertebrate evolution

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: comparative anatomy & functional morphology of existing vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: comparative anatomy & functional morphology of existing vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: comparative anatomy & functional morphology of existing vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: anatomy & functional morphology

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: functional morphology

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: functional morphology

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: anatomy & functional morphology

text: Three critical assumptions underlie the study of Mhc evolution: First, the Mhc is absent in all non-vertebrates. Second, jawless vertebrates (Agnatha) are monophyletic and are a sister group of jawed vertebrates (Gnathostoma). And third, jawless vertebrates lack the Mhc, which is present in all the jawed vertebrates. Klein’s group contributed significantly to the current general acceptance of these suppositions. The absence of the Mhc in non-vertebrates became apparent when scrutiny of non-vertebrate genomes failed to identify homologs of Mhc genes. Klein’s group provided strong support for agnathan monophyly by cloning, sequencing, and analyzing long DNA stretches of the representative agnathan and gnathostome species. And they isolated, in collaboration with Max Cooper’s group, lymphocyte-like cells, cloned, sequenced, and analyzed genes expressed in these cells, and found no evidence for expressed Mhc gene homologs. They did find, however, evidence for gradual evolution of the adaptive immune system. They could demonstrate the presence in jawless vertebrates of several auxiliary components and pathways, which the AIS co-opted when the three central receptors (Mhc, Tcr, and Bcr) emerged in the jawed vertebrates. They also contributed evidence for the omnipresence of Mhc genes in jawed vertebrates by identifying such genes in a wide range of species from bony fishes [zebrafish (Danio rerio), cichlid Aulonocara hansbaenschi, tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), carp (Cyprinus carpio), guppy (Poecilia reticulata), threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus), swordtail (Xiphophorus)]; through coelacanth (Latimeria chalumnae), African lungfish (Protopterus aethiopicus); birds [Bengalese finch (Lonchura striata), Darwin’s finches and their South American relatives]; to metatherian mammals [red-necked wallaby (Macropus rufogriseus) and eutherian mammal [rodents such as the mole rat (Spalax ehrenbergi)] and a variety of primates including prosimians, New World monkeys (NWM, Platyrrhini), Old World monkeys (OWM, Catarrhini) and apes]. In several of these species they worked out also the organization of the Mhcs, most notably in the zebrafish.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Agnatha and Gnathostoma

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: four

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: jawless

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: the Mhc is absent in all non-vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: central receptors

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: jawless vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: Bone is more dense than cartilage.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: mammalian

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Mhc

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Agnatha

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: the Mhc is absent in all non-vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: jawless vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: ectothermy

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Mhc, Tcr, and Bcr

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Bony fishes

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: cartilage skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Bony fishes

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Males

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: non-vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: adaptive immune system

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: mammalian

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: agnatha

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: AIS

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: (Gnathostoma).

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: bony fishes

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: adaptive immune system.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: expressed Mhc gene homologs.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: three central receptors

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: omnipresence of Mhc genes in jawed vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: omnipresence

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: Mhc gene homologs.

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Mhc gene homologs.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: jawless

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: expressed Mhc gene homologs.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: jawless

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Mhc gene homologs.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Mhc gene homologs.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: bony fishes

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: Mhc gene homologs.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Mhc gene homologs.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Mhc gene homologs.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: bony fishes

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: bony fishes

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: lymphocyte-like cells,

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: Mhc gene homologs.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: found no evidence for expressed Mhc gene homologs.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Mhc gene homologs.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: gradual evolution of the adaptive immune system.

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: AIS

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: Mhc genes

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: lymphocyte-like cells,

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: adaptive immune system.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: bony

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: gradual evolution of the adaptive immune system.

text: The classification of hagfish has been controversial. The issue is whether the hagfish is a degenerate type of vertebrate-fish (most closely related to lampreys), or represents a stage that precedes the evolution of the vertebral column (as do lancelets). The original scheme groups hagfish and lampreys together as cyclostomes (or historically, Agnatha), as the oldest surviving class of vertebrates alongside gnathostomes (the now-ubiquitous jawed vertebrates). An alternative scheme proposed that jawed vertebrates are more closely related to lampreys than to hagfish (i.e., that vertebrates include lampreys but exclude hagfish), and introduces the category craniata to group vertebrates near hagfish. Recent DNA evidence has supported the original scheme.

text: The classification of hagfish has been controversial. The issue is whether the hagfish is a degenerate type of vertebrate-fish (most closely related to lampreys), or represents a stage that precedes the evolution of the vertebral column (as do

text: lancelets

text: ). The original scheme groups hagfish and lampreys together as

text: cyclostomes

text: (or historically,

text: Agnatha

text: ), as the oldest surviving class of

text: vertebrates

text: alongside

text: gnathostomes

text: (the now-ubiquitous jawed vertebrates). An alternative scheme proposed that jawed vertebrates are more closely related to lampreys than to hagfish (i.e., that vertebrates include lampreys but exclude hagfish), and introduces the category

text: craniata

text: to group vertebrates near hagfish. Recent DNA evidence has supported the original scheme.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: gnathostomes

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: four

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: jawed

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: hagfish is a degenerate type of vertebrate-fish

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: jawed

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: cyclostomes

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: vertebrates include lampreys but exclude hagfish

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: hagfish

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: vertebrates evolved endothermy before they evolved ectothermy

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: evolution of the vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Vertebrates include lampreys but exclude hagfish

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Vertebrates include lampreys but exclude hagfish

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: birds evolved before the first mammals

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: How many sexes do vertebrates have?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: cyclostomes

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: gnathostomes

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: cyclostomes

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: lampreys but exclude hagfish),

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: vertebrate-fish

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: evolution

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: a stage that precedes the evolution

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: lampreys but exclude hagfish),

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: jawed

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: cyclostomes

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: cyclostomes

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: vertebrates include lampreys but exclude hagfish),

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: cyclostomes

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: cyclostomes

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: hagfish

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: cyclostomes

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: cyclostomes

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: cyclostomes

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: cyclostomes

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: cyclostomes

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: cyclostomes

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: gnathostomes

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebral column

text: Pinealocytes in many non-mammalian vertebrates have a strong resemblance to the photoreceptor cells of the eye. Some evolutionary biologists believe that the vertebrate pineal cells possess a common evolutionary ancestor with retinal cells.

text: Pinealocyte

text: s in many non-mammalian

text: vertebrate

text: s have a strong resemblance to the

text: photoreceptor cell

text: s of the

text: eye

text: . Some evolutionary biologists believe that the vertebrate pineal cells possess a common

text: evolution

text: ary ancestor with retinal cells.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: non-mammalian

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: pineal cells

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: mammalian vertebrates do not have a vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: pineal cells

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: pinealocytes

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: pineal cells

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: mammalian

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: mammalian vertebrates reproduce sexually.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: mammalian

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What does the adaptive immune system of vertebrates learn to recognize and attack?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: mammalian

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: mammalian

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: mammalian

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: pinealocytes

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: mammalian

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: non-mammalian

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: non-mammalian

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: Pinealocytes

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: Pinealocytes

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: Pinealocytes

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: pineal cells

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: Pinealocytes in many non-mammalian

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: Pinealocytes

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Pinealocytes

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: non-mammalian

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: the vertebrate pineal cells possess a common evolutionary ancestor

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: non-mammalian

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Pinealocytes

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Pinealocytes

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Pinealocytes

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: non-mammalian

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Pinealocytes

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Pinealocytes

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Pinealocytes

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Pinealocytes

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Pinealocytes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: non-mammalian

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: non-mammalian

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Pinealocytes in many non-mammalian

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: Pinealocytes

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Pinealocytes

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: Pinealocytes

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: Pinealocytes

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Some evolutionary biologists

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: Pinealocytes

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Pinealocytes

text: Calcaneal fracture- Camurati–Engelmann disease- Cancellous bone- Cartilage- Cartilaginous joint- Catel–Manzke syndrome- Cenani–Lenz syndactylism- Cervical dislocation- Cervical fracture- Cervical rib- Chalkstick fracture- Chance fracture- Chandler's disease- Charnley prosthesis- Charnley Retractor- Chauffeur's fracture- Child bone fracture- Chondroblast- Chondroblastoma- Chondrocyte- Chondrogenesis- Chondromalacia patellae- Chondromyxoid fibroma- Chondrosarcoma- Chopart's fracture-dislocation- Clarke's test- Clavicle fracture- Clay-shoveler fracture- Cleidocranial dysostosis- Clinodactyly- Club foot- Clubbed thumb- Cobb angle- Codman triangle- Cole carpenter syndrome- Colles' fracture- Combined tibia and fibula fracture- Compartment syndrome- Complex regional pain syndrome- Compression fracture- Computer-assisted orthopedic surgery- Congenital knee dislocation- Congenital limb deformities- Congenital patellar dislocation- Conradi–Hünermann syndrome- Coopernail's sign- Cortical bone- Cotrel–Dubousset instrumentation- Coxa valga- Coxa vara- Cozen's test- Crus fracture- Crush injury- Crush syndrome- Cubitus valgus- Cubitus varus- Cunningham shoulder reduction- Currarino syndrome

text: Calcaneal fracture

text: Camurati–Engelmann disease

text: Cancellous bone

text: Cartilage

text: Cartilaginous joint

text: Catel–Manzke syndrome

text: Cenani–Lenz syndactylism

text: Cervical dislocation

text: Cervical fracture

text: Cervical rib

text: Chalkstick fracture

text: Chance fracture

text: Chandler's disease

text: Charnley prosthesis

text: Charnley Retractor

text: Chauffeur's fracture

text: Child bone fracture

text: Chondroblast

text: Chondroblastoma

text: Chondrocyte

text: Chondrogenesis

text: Chondromalacia patellae

text: Chondromyxoid fibroma

text: Chondrosarcoma

text: Chopart's fracture-dislocation

text: Clarke's test

text: Clavicle fracture

text: Clay-shoveler fracture

text: Cleidocranial dysostosis

text: Clinodactyly

text: Club foot

text: Clubbed thumb

text: Cobb angle

text: Codman triangle

text: Cole carpenter syndrome

text: Colles' fracture

text: Combined tibia and fibula fracture

text: Compartment syndrome

text: Complex regional pain syndrome

text: Compression fracture

text: Computer-assisted orthopedic surgery

text: Congenital knee dislocation

text: Congenital limb deformities

text: Congenital patellar dislocation

text: Conradi–Hünermann syndrome

text: Coopernail's sign

text: Cortical bone

text: Cotrel–Dubousset instrumentation

text: Coxa valga

text: Coxa vara

text: Cozen's test

text: Crus fracture

text: Crush injury

text: Crush syndrome

text: Cubitus valgus

text: Cubitus varus

text: Cunningham shoulder reduction

text: Currarino syndrome

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Cenani–Lenz

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: six

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: articulation

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The vertebral column of vertebrates is made of cartilaginous bone.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: ribs

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Cartilage- Cartilaginous joint

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: cartilaginous

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Cretaceous

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Vertebrate reproduction is asexual.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Cretaceous

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: What is the first vertebrates that did not need water to reproduce?

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: What happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Amphibians evolved from a fish ancestor.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: Which of the following is not a vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Vertebrate kidneys

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the role of the immune system in vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: cartilage endoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: What did mammals evolve before?

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: How many living species of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Which of the following is not a vertebrate?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: Chondrogenesis

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Currarino syndrome

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: Cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Compartment syndrome

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: Cartilage

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Congenital

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Chondroblast-

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: Compression fracture-

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: Compression fracture-

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: Congenital knee dislocation-

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: Coopernail's sign- Cortical bone-

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Cancellous bone- Cartilage- Cartilaginous joint-

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: Cortical bone-

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: Chondroblastoma- Chondrocyte-

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Chondroblast- Chondroblastoma-

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Congenital knee dislocation-

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: syndrome- Complex regional pain syndrome-

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Cortical bone-

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Compression fracture-

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Crus fracture-

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Compression fracture-

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: Compression fracture-

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Complex regional pain syndrome-

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Compression fracture-

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Cartilaginous joint-

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Congenital knee dislocation- Congenital limb deformities-

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Cartilaginous joint-

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: Compartment syndrome- Complex regional pain syndrome-

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Compartment syndrome- Complex regional pain syndrome-

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Compartment syndrome- Complex regional pain syndrome-

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: Congenital

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Conradi–Hünermann syndrome-

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: Chondroblast- Chondroblastoma- Chondrocyte-

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: Cartilage-

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Computer-assisted orthopedic surgery-

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: Cortical bone-

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Congenital

text: The vertebral arch is formed by pedicles and laminae. Two pedicles extend from the sides of the vertebral body to join the body to the arch. The pedicles are short thick processes that extend, one from each side, posteriorly, from the junctions of the posteriolateral surfaces of the centrum, on its upper surface.From each pedicle a broad plate, a lamina, projects backwards and medialwards to join and complete the vertebral arch and form the posterior border of the vertebral foramen, which completes the triangle of the vertebral foramen. The upper surfaces of the laminae are rough to give attachment to the ligamenta flava. These ligaments connect the laminae of adjacent vertebra along the length of the spine from the level of the second cervical vertebra. Above and below the pedicles are shallow depressions called vertebral notches (superior and inferior). When the vertebrae articulate the notches align with those on adjacent vertebrae and these form the openings of the intervertebral foramina. The foramina allow the entry and exit of the spinal nerves from each vertebra, together with associated blood vessels. The articulating vertebrae provide a strong pillar of support for the body.

text: The vertebral arch is formed by pedicles and laminae. Two pedicles extend from the sides of the vertebral body to join the body to the arch. The pedicles are short thick

text: process

text: es that extend, one from each side, posteriorly, from the junctions of the posteriolateral surfaces of the centrum, on its upper surface.From each pedicle a broad plate, a lamina, projects backwards and medialwards to join and complete the vertebral arch and form the posterior border of the vertebral foramen, which completes the triangle of the vertebral foramen. The upper surfaces of the laminae are rough to give attachment to the

text: ligamenta flava

text: . These ligaments connect the laminae of adjacent vertebra along the length of the spine from the level of the second cervical vertebra. Above and below the pedicles are shallow depressions called vertebral notches (superior and inferior). When the vertebrae

text: articulate

text: the notches align with those on adjacent vertebrae and these form the openings of the

text: intervertebral foramina

text: . The foramina allow the entry and exit of the spinal nerves from each vertebra, together with associated blood vessels. The articulating vertebrae provide a strong pillar of support for the body.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Cerebral

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: 0

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: support

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The articulating vertebrae provide a strong pillar of support for the body.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebral notches

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: pedicles and laminae

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Which of the following is not a vertebral endocrine system?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: notches align with those on adjacent vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: It is not possible to tell

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: What is the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What does the adaptive immune system of vertebrates learn to recognize and attack specific pathogens?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Which came first, birds or mammals?

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: intervertebral fova

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: intervertebral notches

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebral notches

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: laminae

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: vertebral foramina

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: laminae

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebral arch

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: cervical

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: second cervical vertebra.

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: a strong pillar of support for the body.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: articulating vertebrae provide a strong pillar of support

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: Two pedicles

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebral arch is formed by pedicles and laminae.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: strong pillar of support

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: The vertebral arch is formed by pedicles

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: The vertebral arch is formed by pedicles

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: cervical vertebra.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: The vertebral arch

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: second cervical vertebra.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: The vertebral arch is formed by pedicles

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: The vertebral arch is formed by pedicles

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: The vertebral arch is formed by pedicles

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: vertebral notches

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: The vertebral arch is formed by pedicles

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: vertebral notches

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: The vertebral arch is formed by pedicles

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: The vertebral arch is formed by pedicles

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: The vertebral arch is formed by pedicles

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: The vertebral arch is formed by pedicles

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: vertebral notches

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: The vertebral arch is formed by pedicles

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: The vertebral arch

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: The vertebral arch is formed by pedicles

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebral notches

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: ligamenta flava.

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: spinal nerves from each vertebra, together with associated blood vessels.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: ligamenta flava.

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: The vertebral arch

text: The molecular mechanism behind this process lies in the expression and repression of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). BMPs are a wide family of proteins that perform many functions throughout the growing embryo, including stimulating the growth of cartilage and bone. In order to allow for the growth of precursor neural tissues, as opposed to precursor bone or cartilage tissues, BMP expression is decreased in the neural plate, specifically along the medial line, where the neural groove will soon form.The proteins produced from the genes Noggin and Chordin inhibit these BMPs, and subsequently allow neural commitment genes, like SOX, to be expressed.  These genes encode transcription factors, which alter the genomic expression of these cells, furthering them along the path of neural cell commitment.This process of BMP inhibition allows for the anchoring of the medial hinge point cells, providing the  neural folds with the foundation necessary for folding and closure to occur.  Noggin and Chordin have other roles in the neurulation process, including stimulating the neural crest cells to emigrate from the newly formed neural tube. The Sonic hedgehog gene also plays a role in attenuating BMP expression, forming the medial hinge point while inhibiting the formation of the dorsolateral hinge points, and in ensuring the proper closure of the neural folds.<ref>{{cite journal  |vauthors=Kirillova I, Novikova I, Augé J, etal |title=Expression of the sonic hedgehog gene in human embryos with neural tube defects |journal=Teratology |volume=61 |issue=5 |pages=347–54 |date=May 2000  |pmid=10777830 |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1096-9926(200005)61:5

text: The molecular mechanism behind this process lies in the expression and repression of

text: bone morphogenetic proteins

text: (BMPs). BMPs are a wide family of proteins that perform many functions throughout the growing embryo, including stimulating the growth of cartilage and bone. In order to allow for the growth of precursor neural tissues, as opposed to precursor bone or cartilage tissues, BMP expression is decreased in the neural plate, specifically along the medial line, where the neural groove will soon form.The proteins produced from the

text: gene

text: s

text: Noggin

text: and

text: Chordin

text: inhibit these BMPs, and subsequently allow neural commitment genes, like

text: SOX

text: , to be expressed.  These genes encode

text: transcription factor

text: s, which alter the genomic expression of these cells, furthering them along the path of neural cell commitment.This process of BMP inhibition allows for the anchoring of the medial hinge point cells, providing the  neural folds with the foundation necessary for folding and closure to occur.  Noggin and Chordin have other roles in the neurulation process, including stimulating the neural crest cells to emigrate from the newly formed neural tube. The

text: Sonic hedgehog

text: gene also plays a role in attenuating BMP expression, forming the medial hinge point while inhibiting the formation of the dorsolateral hinge points, and in ensuring the proper closure of the neural folds.<ref>{{cite journal  |vauthors=Kirillova I, Novikova I, Augé J, etal |title=Expression of the sonic hedgehog gene in human embryos with neural tube defects |journal=Teratology |volume=61 |issue=5 |pages=347–54 |date=May 2000  |pmid=10777830 |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1096-9926(200005)61:5

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Vertebrate classes include

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: anchoring

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: the vertebral column of vertebrates is made of cartilage

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: hinge points

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: Bone morphogenetic proteins

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are a wide family of proteins that perform many functions throughout the growing embryo

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: neurulation

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: echinoderms

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: BMPs are a wide family of proteins that perform many functions throughout the growing embryo

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: echinoderms

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: The answer: Amphibians.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: What is the first stage of vertebrates evolution?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: The answer: lobe-finned fish.

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Vertebrate kidneys filter wastes out of the blood.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: The adaptive immune system of vertebrates learns to recognize and attack specific pathogens

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: How many species of birds are there?

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: None of the above choices .

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: Neural tube

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: sonic hedgehog

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: neurulation

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: neurulation

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Neural tube

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: sonic hedgehog

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1096-9926(200005)61:5

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: neural tube.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: BMP expression is decreased in the neural plate,

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: sonic hedgehog

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: sonic hedgehog

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: precursor neural tissues,

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: neurulation

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: BMP

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: sonic hedgehog

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: precursor bone or cartilage tissues,

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: sonic hedgehog

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: neural tube.

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: neural tube.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: The Sonic hedgehog

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: sonic hedgehog gene in human embryos with neural tube defects

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: bone morphogenetic proteins

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: The Sonic hedgehog

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: sonic hedgehog

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: emigrate from the newly formed neural tube.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: bone morphogenetic proteins

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: human embryos with neural tube defects

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Sonic hedgehog

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: neurulation

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Sonic hedgehog

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: neurulation

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Sonic hedgehog

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: bone.

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: neural tube

text: David Burton Wake (born June 8, 1936, Webster, South Dakota) is emeritus professor of integrative biology and former Director and curator of herpetology of the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology at the University of California, Berkeley. Wake is known for his work on the biology and evolution of salamanders as well as general issues of vertebrate evolutionary biology. He has served as president of the Society for the Study of Evolution, the American Society of Naturalists, and American Society of Zoologists.  He is a member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the Linnean Society of London, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the American Philosophical Society, and in 1998 was elected into the National Academy of Sciences. He was awarded the 2006 Leidy Award from the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. He is married to the biologist Marvalee Wake. Wake is commemorated in the names of the salamander Cryptotriton wakei (Wake's moss salamander), the skink genus Davewakeum, the frog genus Wakea, and the lizard Cyrtodactylus wakeorum (Wakes' gecko)—the latter two named jointly after him and his wife.

text: David Burton Wake (born June 8, 1936,

text: Webster, South Dakota

text: ) is emeritus professor of

text: integrative biology

text: and former Director and curator of

text: herpetology

text: of the

text: Museum of Vertebrate Zoology

text: at the

text: University of California, Berkeley

text: . Wake is known for his work on the biology and evolution of

text: salamander

text: s as well as general issues of vertebrate evolutionary biology. He has served as president of the

text: Society for the Study of Evolution

text: , the

text: American Society of Naturalists

text: , and

entity_name: Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology

text: American Society of Zoologists

text: .  He is a member of the

entity_name: American Association for the Advancement of Science

text: American Association for the Advancement of Science

text: , the

text: Linnean Society of London

text: , the

text: American Academy of Arts and Sciences

text: , the

text: American Philosophical Society

text: , and in 1998 was elected into the

text: National Academy of Sciences

text: . He was awarded the 2006

text: Leidy Award

text: from the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. He is married to the biologist

text: Marvalee Wake

text: . Wake is commemorated in the names of the salamander

text: Cryptotriton wakei

text: (Wake's moss salamander), the skink genus

text: Davewakeum

text: , the frog genus

text: Wakea

text: , and the lizard

text: Cyrtodactylus wakeorum

text: (Wakes' gecko)—the latter two named jointly after him and his wife.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: salamanders

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: two

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: resting

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: vertebrates do not have a backbone

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: digits

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: softer

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: salamanders

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: the latter two named jointly after him and his wife.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: salamanders

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: The latter two named jointly after him and his wife

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: What is the difference between endothermy and ectothermy

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Vertebrate kidneys

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the name of the salamander Cryptotriton wakei?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Birds

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: How many living species of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes are vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: How many sexes are there in vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Cryptotriton wakei

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: Wake's gecko

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: moss

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: salamanders

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: David Burton Wake

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: evolutionary biology.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: David Burton Wake

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: Cyrtodactylus wakeorum

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: salamanders

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: David Burton Wake

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: Evolution,

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: David Burton Wake

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: lizard Cyrtodactylus wakeorum

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: vertebrate evolutionary biology.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: salamanders

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: David Burton Wake

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: David Burton Wake

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: David Burton Wake

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: Vertebrate Zoology

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: David Burton Wake

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: David Burton Wake

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: lizard Cyrtodactylus wakeorum

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: David Burton Wake

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: lizard Cyrtodactylus wakeorum

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: lizard Cyrtodactylus wakeorum

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: David Burton Wake

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrate evolutionary biology.

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Cyrtodactylus wakeorum

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: Cyrtodactylus wakeorum

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: Cyrtodactylus wakeorum

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: integrative biology

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: moss salamander), the skink

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrate evolutionary biology.

text: The vertebral column consists of vertebrae, and is divided into three sections: cervical (11-25) (neck), synsacrum (fused vertebrae of the back, also fused to the hips (pelvis)), and pygostyle (tail).

text: The vertebral column consists of vertebrae, and is divided into three sections: cervical (11-25) (neck),

text: synsacrum

text: (fused vertebrae of the back, also fused to the hips (pelvis)), and pygostyle (tail).

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: pygostyle

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: three

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: neck

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The vertebral column consists of vertebrae, and is divided into three sections.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: spines

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: synsacrum

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: The vertebral column consists of vertebrae.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: synsacrum

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: How does the immune system of vertebrates work?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: zygote

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: synsacrum

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: synsacrum

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: ovulation

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: pygostyle (tail).

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: three sections: cervical (11-25)

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: (neck),

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: consists of vertebrae,

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: three

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: pygostyle (tail).

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebrae,

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: The vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: The vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: cervical (11-25) (neck), synsacrum

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: The vertebral column consists of vertebrae,

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: synsacrum

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: The vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: The vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: The vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: three

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: The vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: The vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: The vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: The vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: The vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: The vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: three

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: The vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: The vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: The vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: synsacrum

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: The vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrae,

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: The vertebral column

text: This species is also known from fossil teeth and some fossilized vertebral centra. Shark skeleton is composed of cartilage and not bone, and cartilage rarely gets fossilized. Hence, fossils of C. chubutensis are generally poorly preserved. Although the teeth of C. chubutensis are morphologically similar to teeth of C. megalodon, they are comparatively slender with curved crown, and with presence of lateral heels feebly serrated. Fossils of this species have been found in North America, South America, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Africa, and Europe.

text: This species is also known from

text: fossil

text: teeth

text: and some fossilized

text: vertebral centra

text: . Shark

text: skeleton

text: is composed of

text: cartilage

text: and not

text: bone

text: , and cartilage rarely gets

text: fossilized

text: . Hence, fossils of C. chubutensis are generally poorly preserved. Although the teeth of C. chubutensis are morphologically similar to teeth of C. megalodon, they are comparatively slender with curved crown, and with presence of lateral heels feebly serrated. Fossils of this species have been found in

text: North America

text: South America

text: Cuba

text: Puerto Rico

text: Africa

text: , and

text: Europe

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: sharks

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: four

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: skeleton

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: cartilage rarely gets fossilized

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebral centrum

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: cartilage and not bone

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: rarely fossilized

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: sharks

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: fossilized vertebral centra

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: vertebral centra

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: ectothermy

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class: C. megalodon, C. chubutensis, or C. megalodon?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: None of the above choices

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebral

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: C. megalodon

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebral

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: C. megalodon

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: bone

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebral

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: vertebral centra.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: Shark

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: vertebral centra. Shark skeleton

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: cartilage and not bone,

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: lateral heels

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: rarely gets fossilized.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: vertebral centra.

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: vertebral centra.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: megalodon,

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Shark skeleton is composed of cartilage and not bone,

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Shark skeleton is composed of cartilage

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Shark

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: vertebral centra.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Shark

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: North America, South America, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Africa, and Europe.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: North America, South America, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Africa, and Europe.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Shark skeleton is composed of cartilage

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: vertebral centra.

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: C. megalodon,

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Africa, and Europe.

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: North America, South America, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Africa, and Europe.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebral centra.

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Shark skeleton is composed of cartilage

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: lateral heels feebly serrated.

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: bone,

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebral centra.

text: The earliest animals were marine invertebrates, that is, vertebrates came later. Animals are multicellular eukaryotes, and are distinguished from plants, algae, and fungi by lacking cell walls. Marine invertebrates are animals that inhabit a marine environment apart from the vertebrate members of the chordate phylum; invertebrates lack a vertebral column. Some have evolved a shell or a hard exoskeleton.

text: The earliest

text: animal

text: s were marine

text: invertebrate

text: s, that is,

text: vertebrate

text: s came later. Animals are

text: multicellular

text: eukaryote

text: s, and are distinguished from plants, algae, and fungi by lacking

text: cell wall

text: s. Marine invertebrates are animals that inhabit a

text: marine

text: environment apart from the vertebrate members of the

text: chordate

text: phylum; invertebrates lack a

text: vertebral column

text: . Some have evolved a

text: shell

text: or a hard

text: exoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: chordates

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: chordate

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: hard exoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: invertebrates lack a vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebrae

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: hard

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Which of the following is not a type of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: invertebrates

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: The earliest animals were marine invertebrates

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: marine invertebrates

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: what is the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What does the adaptive immune system of vertebrates do?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Yes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class: chordate phylum or marine invertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: chordate

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: chordate

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cell walls

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: exoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: exoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebral column

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: chordate

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: chordate

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: exoskeleton.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: invertebrates lack a vertebral column.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: vertebral column.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: vertebral column.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: hard exoskeleton.

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: invertebrates lack a vertebral column.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: marine invertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: vertebrates came later.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: marine invertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: marine invertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: vertebrates came later.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: marine invertebrates,

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: Marine invertebrates

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: chordate phylum;

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: invertebrates lack a vertebral column.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: hard exoskeleton.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: invertebrates lack a vertebral column.

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: chordate phylum;

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: chordate phylum;

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: vertebrates came later.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: exoskeleton.

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: plants, algae, and fungi by lacking cell walls.

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: cell walls.

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: exoskeleton.

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: exoskeleton.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: exoskeleton.

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: multicellular eukaryotes,

text: The circulatory systems of all vertebrates are closed, just as in humans. Still, the systems of fish, amphibians, reptiles, and birds show various stages of the evolution of the circulatory system. In fish, the system has only one circuit, with the blood being pumped through the capillaries of the gills and on to the capillaries of the body tissues. This is known as single cycle circulation. The heart of fish is therefore only a single pump (consisting of two chambers). Fish have a closed-loop circulatory system. The heart pumps the blood in a single loop throughout the body. In most fish, the heart consists of four parts, including two chambers and an entrance and exit. The first part is the sinus venosus, a thin-walled sac that collects blood from the fish's veins before allowing it to flow to the second part, the atrium, which is a large muscular chamber. The atrium serves as a one-way antechamber, sends blood to the third part, ventricle. The ventricle is another thick-walled, muscular chamber and it pumps the blood, first to the  fourth part, bulbus arteriosus, a large tube, and then out of the heart. The bulbus arteriosus connects to the aorta, through which blood flows to the gills for oxygenation.

text: The circulatory systems of all

text: vertebrate

text: s are closed, just as in humans. Still, the systems of

text: fish

text: amphibian

text: s,

text: reptile

text: s, and

text: bird

text: s show various stages of the

text: evolution

text: of the

text: circulatory system

text: . In fish, the system has only one circuit, with the blood being pumped through the capillaries of the

text: gill

text: s and on to the capillaries of the body tissues. This is known as single cycle circulation. The heart of fish is therefore only a single pump (consisting of two chambers). Fish have a

text: closed-loop circulatory system

text: . The

text: heart

text: pumps the blood in a single loop throughout the body. In most fish, the heart consists of four parts, including two chambers and an entrance and exit. The first part is the

text: sinus venosus

text: , a thin-walled sac that collects blood from the fish's

text: vein

text: s before allowing it to flow to the second part, the

text: atrium

text: , which is a large muscular chamber. The atrium serves as a one-way antechamber, sends blood to the third part,

text: ventricle

text: . The ventricle is another thick-walled, muscular chamber and it pumps the blood, first to the  fourth part,

text: bulbus arteriosus

text: , a large tube, and then out of the heart. The bulbus arteriosus connects to the

text: aorta

text: , through which blood flows to the gills for oxygenation.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: amphibians, reptiles, and birds

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: four

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: circulatory systems

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: fish have a closed-loop circulatory system

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: How many parts does the heart of a fish have?

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: fish, amphibians, reptiles, and birds

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: thicker

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: closed-loop

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Which of the following is not an example of a closed-loop circulatory system?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: reptiles

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Fish have a closed-loop circulatory system

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: reptiles

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the adaptive immune system of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Bony skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: It's impossible to say

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many different classes of vertebrates are there?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Which is not true about fish?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: Single cycle

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: amphibians

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: closed-loop

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: muscular

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: amphibians

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: vertebrates

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Single cycle

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: fish, amphibians, reptiles, and birds

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: fish, amphibians, reptiles, and birds

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: oxygenation.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: The circulatory systems of all vertebrates are closed,

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: fish,

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: fish, amphibians, reptiles, and birds

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: closed,

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: closed,

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: humans.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: humans.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: The circulatory systems of all vertebrates are closed,

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: humans.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: fish, amphibians, reptiles, and birds

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: fish, amphibians, reptiles, and birds

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: amphibians,

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: humans.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: humans.

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: humans.

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: humans.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: birds

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: fish, amphibians, reptiles, and birds

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: fish, amphibians, reptiles, and birds

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: fish, amphibians, reptiles, and birds

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: fish,

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: single cycle circulation.

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: birds

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: closed,

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: muscular

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: humans.

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: humans.

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: single cycle circulation.

text: Arthritis is a disorder of the joints. It involves inflammation of one or more joints. When affected by arthritis, the joint or joints affected may be painful to move, may move in unusual directions or may be immobile completely. The symptoms of arthritis will vary differently between types of arthritis. The most common form of arthritis: Osteoarthritis can affect both the larger and smaller joints of the human skeleton. The cartilage in the affected joints will degrade, soften and wear away. This decreases the mobility of the joints and decreases the space between bones where cartilage should be.

text: Arthritis is a

text: disorder

text: of the joints. It involves inflammation of one or more joints. When affected by arthritis, the joint or joints affected may be painful to move, may move in unusual directions or may be immobile completely. The symptoms of arthritis will vary differently between types of arthritis. The most common form of arthritis:

text: Osteoarthritis

text: can affect both the larger and smaller joints of the human skeleton. The

text: cartilage

text: in the affected joints will degrade, soften and wear away. This decreases the mobility of the joints and decreases the space between

text: bone

text: s where cartilage should be.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: Arthritis and what else?

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: eight

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: skeleton

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: cartilage in the affected joints will degrade, soften and wear away

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: joints

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: cartilage and what?

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: less flexible

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual reproduction

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Which of the following is not a type of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Arthritis is a disorder of the joints.

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: What is the first vertebrates that did not need water to reproduce?

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Which happened first, endothermy or ectothermy?

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Which of the following is not a type of amphibian?

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: None of the above choices.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Which of the following is not the function of vertebrate kidneys?

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: What is the most common form of arthritis?

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: How long ago did birds evolve?

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: Which of the following is not a type of arthritis?

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: How many types of vertebrates are mentioned?

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Which of the following is not a class of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Which of the following is not a type of vertebrates?

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: embryonic

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Arthritis

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: osteoarthritis

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: __

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: fertilization

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: skeleton.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: joints.

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: skeleton.

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: immobile completely.

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: one or more joints.

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: larger and smaller joints

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: space between bones

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: Arthritis

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: Arthritis

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: Arthritis

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: Arthritis

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: Arthritis

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: Arthritis

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: Arthritis

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: Arthritis

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: Arthritis

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: Arthritis

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: Osteoarthritis

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: Arthritis

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: Arthritis

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: human skeleton.

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: Osteoarthritis

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: Arthritis

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: Arthritis

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: Arthritis

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: Osteoarthritis

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: The cartilage

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: cartilage

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: Arthritis

text: At least nine groups of vertebrate OR genes have been identified (α,β,γ,δ,ε,ζ,η, and θ), each of which derived from ancestral genes in the most common ancestor of tetrapods and fish. Specifically, vertebrate OR genes convey an evolutionary pattern of three separate lineages: fish, amphibians, and mammals.

text: At least nine groups of vertebrate OR genes have been identified (α,β,γ,δ,ε,ζ,η, and θ), each of which derived from ancestral genes in the most common ancestor of tetrapods and

text: fish

text: . Specifically, vertebrate OR genes convey an evolutionary pattern of three separate lineages: fish,

text: amphibian

text: s, and mammals.

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: three

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: evolutionary pattern of three separate lineages

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: fish, amphibians, and mammals

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: OR genes

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: tetrapods

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: more dense

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: sexual

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: hormones

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: three separate lineages: fish, amphibians, and mammals

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: fish

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: unanswerable

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: endothermy

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: vertebrate OR genes

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: vertebrate OR genes convey an evolutionary pattern of three separate lineages

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: cartilage endoskeleton

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: cartilage skeleton

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: How many different classes are vertebrates placed in?

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: no

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: amphibians

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: amphibians

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrate

answers: NDQ_007076

answers: fish, amphibians, and mammals.

answers: NDQ_007077

answers: three

answers: NDQ_007078

answers: evolutionary pattern of three separate lineages:

answers: NDQ_007079

answers: three separate lineages: fish,

answers: NDQ_007080

answers: three

answers: NDQ_007081

answers: fish, amphibians, and mammals.

answers: NDQ_007082

answers: vertebrate OR genes

answers: NDQ_007083

answers: vertebrate OR genes

answers: NDQ_007084

answers: fish.

answers: NDQ_007085

answers: tetrapods and fish.

answers: NDQ_007087

answers: three separate lineages:

answers: NDQ_007089

answers: tetrapods and fish.

answers: NDQ_007090

answers: fish,

answers: NDQ_007093

answers: fish.

answers: NDQ_007095

answers: fish,

answers: NDQ_007096

answers: three separate lineages: fish, amphibians, and mammals.

answers: NDQ_007097

answers: vertebrate OR genes

answers: NDQ_007098

answers: vertebrate OR genes

answers: NDQ_007099

answers: tetrapods and fish.

answers: NDQ_007100

answers: fish, amphibians,

answers: NDQ_007101

answers: nine groups of vertebrate OR genes

answers: NDQ_007102

answers: nine

answers: NDQ_007103

answers: three

answers: NDQ_007104

answers: tetrapods and fish.

answers: NDQ_007112

answers: vertebrate OR genes

answers: NDQ_007113

answers: vertebrate OR genes

answers: NDQ_007114

answers: vertebrate OR genes

answers: NDQ_007115

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007116

answers: vertebrate OR genes

answers: NDQ_007117

answers: mammals.

answers: NDQ_007118

answers: vertebrate OR genes

text: In fish, there is a single membrane known as the primitive meninx. In other vertebrates – amphibians, reptiles and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater and a thick inner secondary meninx. In the early 1900s, Giuseppe Sterzi an Italian anatomist carried out comparative studies on the meninges from the lancelet to man. Contrary to previous reports the spinal meninges were seen to be very simple, both in the adult lower vertebrates and in the early developmental stages of the more advanced vertebrates. From the mesenchyme surrounding the neural tube only a single leaflet forms the primitive meninx. In the following phylogenetic and ontogenetic stages, the latter divides into an internal leaflet: the secondary meninx, and into an external one: the dura mater. Finally, in higher vertebrates, even the secondary meninx divides into the arachnoid and the pia. In the same animals, Sterzi demonstrated that, while in the spinal medulla the dura keeps its identity, in the skull it fuses with the periosteum. He also demonstrated the continuity of all meninges with the envelopes of nerves and with the filum terminale.

text: In

text: fish

text: , there is a single membrane known as the primitive meninx. In other vertebrates –

text: amphibian

text: s,

text: reptile

text: s and

text: bird

text: s, the meninges include a thick outer

text: dura mater

text: and a thick inner secondary meninx. In the early 1900s,

text: Giuseppe Sterzi

text: an Italian anatomist carried out comparative studies on the meninges from the

text: lancelet

text: to man. Contrary to previous reports the spinal meninges were seen to be very simple, both in the adult lower vertebrates and in the early developmental stages of the more advanced vertebrates. From the

text: mesenchyme

text: surrounding the

text: neural tube

text: only a single leaflet forms the primitive meninx. In the following

text: phylogenetic

text: and

text: ontogenetic

text: stages, the latter divides into an internal leaflet: the secondary meninx, and into an external one: the dura mater. Finally, in higher vertebrates, even the secondary meninx divides into the arachnoid and the pia. In the same animals, Sterzi demonstrated that, while in the spinal medulla the dura keeps its identity, in the skull it fuses with the periosteum. He also demonstrated the continuity of all meninges with the envelopes of nerves and with the filum terminale.